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 G R A 
 
 MAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE, 
 
 BY THE LATE 
 
 SIR, WILLIAM JONES KNT. 
 
 FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE 
 ROYAL SOCIETIES OF LOMDON AND COPENHAGEN. 
 
 
 THE FIFTH EDITION, REVISED. 
 WITH AN INDEX. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PRINTED FOR J. MURRAY AND S. HIGHLEY, NO. 3'2, FLEET STRHET; 
 AND J. SEVVELL, CORNHILL. 
 
 ISOl. 
 
Printed /^j/ S. Rousseau, 
 
 at (he Arabic and Per/Ian Prefs, 
 
 fFood Strut, Spa Fields, 
 
ADVERTISEMENT r_f 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 The name of Sir William Jones, as an Oriental 
 scholar, has loiig been held in the highest estimation : 
 one proof of ichich is, that, in the short space of thirty 
 years, the following Grammar has been printed five times. 
 To say any thing in this place, by ivay of encomium on its 
 excellent and learned Author ; or to descant o?i the mcjits of 
 this ivorli, ivould be to insult the wulersfandings of the lite- 
 rati : yet, tvith respect to the present edition, it must be 
 observed, that the greatest care has been tahen to revise it by 
 the several former editions, and to correct the literal errors, a 
 small number of tvhich had unavoidably crept into it. A 
 few elucidatory notes have been added, and a new Nustaleek 
 Type has been adopted, in preference to the Niskiii hand, 
 tvhich necessity compelled the editors of the preceding edi- 
 tions to maJiC use of. 
 
 May, 1801. 
 
 S, Rousseau. 
 
 ir^T z'^^o 
 
THE 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 T, 
 
 HE Perfian language is rich, melodious, and elegant ; 
 it has been fpoken for many ages by the greatcll princes 
 in the politeft courts of Afia ; and a number of admirable 
 W'orks have been written in it hy hillorians, philofophers, 
 and poets, who found it capable of expreffing with equal 
 advantage the moil beautiful and the moll elevated fen- 
 timents. 
 
 It mull feem ftrange, therefore, that the iludyof this lan- 
 guage iliould be fo little cultivated at a time when a talle 
 for general and diffufive learning feems univerfally to pre- 
 vail ; and that the fine productions of a celebrated nation 
 fliould remain in manufcript upon the fhelves of our public 
 libraries, without a fingle admirer who might open their 
 treafures to his countrymen, and difplay their beauties to 
 the liglit ; but if we confider the fubjeCl with a proper at- 
 tention, we Ihall difcover a variety of caufes which have 
 concurred to obllrucl the progrefs of Eallern literature. 
 
 b Some 
 
ii PREFACE. 
 
 Some men never heard of die Afiatic writings, and others 
 will not be convinced that there is any thing valuable in 
 thorn; ibme pretend to be bufv, and others are really idle; 
 Ionic dctcll the Perfians, bccaufe they believe in IS lahommed, 
 and others defpifc their language, bccaufe they do not un- 
 derftand it: we all love to excufe, or to conceal, our ig- 
 norance, and are feldoni \^'illing to allow any excellence 
 beyond the limits of our own attainments; like the favages-, 
 who thought lliat the fun rofe and fet for them alone, 
 and could not imagine that the waves, which furrounded 
 their illand, loft coral and pearls upon any other fliore. 
 
 Another obvious reafon for the negledl of the Perlian 
 language is the great fcarcity of books, vrhich are necelTary 
 to be read before it can be perfe6lly learned, the greater 
 part of them are preferved in the different mufeums and 
 libraries of Europe, where they are fhew^n more as objeds 
 of curiofity than as fources of information ; and are ad- 
 mired, like the charadlers on a Chinefe fcreen, more for 
 their gay colours than for their meaning. 
 
 Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and Rome 
 arc Hudied by every man of a liberal education, and diffufe 
 
 a gene- 
 
PKEFACE. HI 
 
 a general refinement through our part of tlie world, the 
 works of the Perlians, a nation equally difUnguiilietl in an- 
 cient hiltorv, are either wholly unknown to us, or confi- 
 dered as entirely dellitute of tallc and invention. 
 
 But if this braneh of literature has met with fo many 
 obftrudlions from the ignorant, it has, certainly, been 
 checked in its progrefs by the learned themfelves ; moll of 
 ■v^ hom have confined their lludv to the miruite refearehes 
 of verbal criticifm; like men who difeovera precious mine, 
 but inliead of fearching for the rich ore, or for gems, 
 amufe themfelves with colle(fting fmooth pebbles and pi<^ces 
 of cryftal. Others mi^ook reading for learning, which 
 ought to be caretully dillinguiilied by every man of fenlc, 
 and were fatisfied with running over a great number of 
 manufcripts in a fuperficial manner, witliout condefcend- 
 ing to be flopped by their difficulty, or to dwell upon 
 their beauty and elegance. The rell have left nothing 
 more behind them than grammars and dictionaries; and 
 though they deferve the praifes due to unwearied pains 
 and indullry, yet they would, perhaps, have gained a more 
 fliining reputation, if they had contributed to beaufity and 
 
 en- 
 
iv TREFACE. 
 
 enlighten the yaft temple of learning, inflead of fpending 
 their lives in adorning only in its portieos and avenues. 
 
 There is nothing whieh has tended more to bring pohte 
 letters into diferedit, than the total infcnlibility of com- 
 mentators and cri ticks to the beauties of the authors whom 
 tliey profefs to illulhate : a few of them feem to have re- 
 ceived the fmallell: pleafure from the moll elegant compo- 
 fitions, unlets they found fome miilake of a tranicriber to 
 be corrected, or fome eltabliflied reading to be changed, 
 Ibme obfcure expreffion to be explained, or fome clear 
 paflage to be made obfcure by their notes. 
 
 It is a cu-cumllance equally- xmfortunate, that men of the 
 molt refined talle and the brightelt parts are apt to look 
 upon a dole application to the Itudy of languages as incon- 
 fiftent with their fpirit and genius : fo that the itate of let- 
 ters feenis to be divided into two clallcs, men of learning 
 who have no tafte, and men of tafte who have no learning. 
 
 M. de Voltaire, who excels all writers of his age and 
 country in the elegance of his ftyle, and wonderful va- 
 riety of his talents, acknowledges the beauty of the Perlian 
 images and fentiments, and has verfified a very fine palTage 
 
 from 
 
PREFACK. V 
 
 troin Sadi, whom he compares to Petrarch; if that extra- 
 ordinary man had added a know ledge of the Afiatick hm- 
 gviages to liis other acquifitions, we Ihould hy this time 
 have fcen the poems and hitlorics of Perha m an European 
 drefs, and any other recommendation of them would have 
 been lumeceflary. 
 
 But there is yet another caufe which has operated more 
 itrongly than any before mentioned towards preventing the 
 rife of oriental literature; I mean the fmall encouragement 
 which the princes and nobles of Europe liave given to men 
 of letters. It is an indifputable truth that learning will 
 always flourilh moll were the ampleil rewards are propofed 
 to the indufiry of the learned ; and that the moll fliining 
 periods in the annals of literature are the reigns of wife and 
 liberal princes, who know that fine writers are the oracles 
 of the world, from whofe teflimony every king, llatcfman, 
 and hero, mull expect the cenfure or approbation of pollerity. 
 In the old Hates of Greece the highell honours were given 
 to poets, philofophers, and orators; and a iingle citv (as an 
 eminent writer * obferves) in the memory of one man, pro- 
 
 * Afcham. 
 
 c duccd 
 
Yl PREFACE. 
 
 duced more numerous and Iplendid monuments of human 
 irenius than moll other nations have afforded in a courle 
 of ages. 
 
 The hberahty of the Ptolemies in Egypt drew a num- 
 ber of learned men and poets to their court, whofc works 
 remain to the prefent age the models of talle and elegance ; 
 and the writers, whom Auguflus protedted, brought their 
 compofition to a degree of perfection, which the language 
 of mortals cannot furpafs. Whilft all the nations of Eu- 
 rope were covered with the deepell lliade of ignorance, the 
 Califs in Aha encouraged thelNIahommedans to impre^ve their 
 talents, and cultivate the £np_ arts ; and even the Turkilli 
 Sultan, who drove the Greeks from Conftantinople, was a 
 patron of literary merit, and was himfelf an elegant poet. 
 The illuftrious family of jNledici invited to Flarence the 
 learned men whom the Turks had driven from their coun- 
 try, and a general light fucceeded the gloom which igno- 
 rance and faperftition had fpread through the weltern 
 world. But that light has not continued to fhine with 
 I'fjual Iplendour ; and though fome flight efforts have been 
 made to reftorc it, yet it feems to have been gradually 
 
 decavino; 
 
PREFACE. Vil 
 
 decaying for the laft century; it grows very faint in Italy; 
 it fcems wbolfy extingnifhcd in France ; and whatever 
 fparks of it remain in other countries are confined to the 
 elofets of humble and modeft men, and are not general 
 enough to liave their proper influence. 
 
 The nobles of our days conlider learning as a fubordinate 
 acquifition, which would not be confident with the digni- 
 ty of their fortunes, and fhould be left to thofe who toil 
 in a lower Iphere of life : but they do not refledl on the 
 many advantages which the lludy of polite letters would 
 give, peculiarly to perfons of eminent rank and high em- 
 ployments ; who, inftcad of relieving; their fatigiies by a 
 ferics of unmanly pleafures, or ufelefs diverlions, might 
 fpend their leifure in improving their knowledge, and in 
 eonverling with the great flatefmen, orators, and philofo- 
 phcrs of antiquity. 
 
 If leaminc; in o:eneral has met with fo little encouraji'e- 
 mcnt, iHU lefs can be expected for that branch of it, which 
 lies fo far removed from the common path, and ^\'hich the 
 greater part of mankind have hitherto conlidered as incaj)a- 
 ble of yielding either entertainment or inftrutRion : if pains 
 
 ynd 
 
Viii rUEFACE. 
 
 jind want hr tho lot of a fcholar, the life of an orientalift 
 mull certainly be attended with peculiar hardfnips. Gen- 
 tius, wlio piiblilhed a beautiful Perfian w^ork called The 
 Bed of Ru.'ics, with an ufeful but inelegant tranllation, lived 
 oblcTU'clv in Holland, and died in mifery. Hyde, who 
 might have contributed greatly towards the progrefs of 
 eallern learning, formed a number of expenlive projecls 
 with that view, but had not the lupport and affiftance 
 which they deferved and required. The laboui's of Menin- 
 Iki immortalized and ruined him ; his dictionary of the 
 Afiatick languages is, peAaps, the molt laborious compi- 
 lation that ever "was xxndcrtaken by any iingle man ; but 
 he complains in his preface that his patrimony was exhaufl- 
 ed by the great expence of employing and fupporting a 
 number of writers and printers, and of raifmg a new prefs 
 for the oriental characlers. M. d'Herbelot, indeed, re- 
 ceived the moll fplendid reward of his indultry : he was 
 invited to Italy by Ferdinand H. duke of Tufcany, who 
 entertained him with that ftriking munificence which al- 
 wa} s dillinguiflied the race of the Medici : after the death 
 of Ferdinand, the illultrious Colbert recalled him to Paris, 
 
 where 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 where he enjoyed the fruits of his labour, and fpent the re- 
 mainder of his days in an honourable and cafy rctiremeni. 
 But this is a rare example : the other princes of Europe 
 have not imitated the duke of Tufcany ; and Chrillian VIJ. 
 was referved to be the protcdor of the eallern mufes in the 
 prefent age. 
 
 Since the literature of Afiawas fo much neglected, and 
 the caufes of that neglect were fo various, we could not 
 have expected that any flight power would rouze the na- 
 tions of Europe from their inattention to it ; and they 
 would, perhaps have perfilted in defpiling it, if they had 
 not been animated by the moll powerful incentive that can 
 influence the mind of man : interell \^'as the magic wand 
 which brought them all within one circle; interell was the 
 charm Avhich gave the languages of the Ealt a real and folid 
 importance. By one of thofe revolutions, which no human 
 prudence could have forefeen, the Perfian language found 
 its way into India ; that rich and celebrated empire, which, 
 by the flourilliing Itate of our commerce, has been the 
 fource of incredible wealth to the merchants of Europe. A 
 variety of caufes, which need not be mentioned here, gave 
 
 d thp 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 the Englilli nation a moll cxtcnfive power in that kingdom: 
 onr India company began to take under their proted:ion the 
 princes of the country, by whofe protection they gained 
 their lirlt lettlement ; a number of important affairs were to 
 be tranfadled in peace and war between nations equally 
 jealous of one another, who had not the common inilni^- 
 ment of conveying their fentiments ; the fervants of the 
 company received letters which they could not read, and 
 were ambitious of gaining titles of which they could not 
 comprehend the meaning ; it was found highly dangerous 
 to employ the natives as interpreters, upon whofe fidelity 
 they could not depend ; and it was at lafl; difcovered, that 
 they mult apply themfelves to the ftudy of the Perfian lan- 
 guage, in which all the letters from the Indian princes were 
 written. A few men of parts and talle, who relided in- 
 Bengal, have lince amufed themfelves with the literature of 
 the Eall, and have fpent their leifure in reading the poems 
 and hiftories of Perfia ; but they found a reafon in every 
 page to regret their ignorance of the Arabick language, 
 without which their knowledge mull be very circumfcribed 
 and imperfed;. The languages of Afia will now, perhaps, 
 
 be 
 
PREFACE. Xi 
 
 be Ib.idicd with imcomrnon ardour ; they art- known to be 
 ulliul, and will laon be tbuiid in(lru<5live and entertaining; 
 the valuable nianulcripts that enrich om' pnblick libraries 
 will be in a few years elegantly printed ; the manners and 
 fentiments of the eaftern nations will be perfectly known; 
 and the limits of our knowledge will be no lefs extended 
 than the bounds of our empire. 
 
 It was with a view to facilitate the progrefs of this 
 braneh of literature, that I reduced to order the following 
 jnftruclions for the Perfian language, which I had collected 
 feveral years ago ; but J. would not prefent my grammar to 
 the publick till I had confidenibly enlarged and improved 
 it : I have, therefore, endeavoured to lay down theclearefi: 
 and moll accurate rules, which I have illulirated by fele6l 
 examples from the moll elegant WTiters ; I have carefully 
 compared my work with every compolition of the fame na- 
 ture that bus fallen into my hands ; and though on fo ge- 
 neral a fubjecT: I mull have made feveral oblervations 
 which are common to all, yet I flatter myfelf that my 
 own remarks, the difpofition of the whole book, and the 
 palfages quoted in it, will futficiently dillinguifli it as an 
 
 original 
 
2Jii PREFACE. 
 
 original production. Though I am not confcious that there 
 arc anveflential millakcs or oinifTions in it, yet I am fenfi- 
 ble that it falls very fliort of perfedion, which feemsto with- 
 draw it fclf from the purfuit of mortals, in proportion to 
 their endeavours of attaining it ; like the talifman in the 
 Arabian talcs, which a bird carried from tree to tree 
 as often as its purfucr approached it. But it has been my 
 chief care to avoid all the harfli and afFecled terms of art 
 which render moll didadlick works fo tedious and unplea- 
 fant, and which only perplex the learner, without giving 
 him any real knowledge: I have even refrained from making 
 any enquires into general grammar, or from entering into 
 thofe fubjedls which have already been fo elegantly difculled 
 by the moll judicious philofophcr *, the moll learned divine f , 
 and the moll laborious fcholar of the prefent age J. 
 
 It was my lirll delign to prefix to the grammar a hillory 
 of the Perfian language from the time of Xenophon to our 
 days, and to have added a copious praxis of tales and poems 
 
 * Sec Hermes. 
 
 t A (liort Introducllon toEn<>;lifh Grammar. 
 
 ~ The grammar prefixed to the Dictionary of the Englifh lano-uacre. 
 
 extrad;ed 
 
PREFACE. Xiii 
 
 extradled from the claflical writers of Perfia ; but as thofe 
 additions would have delayed the publication of the gram- 
 mar, which was principally wanted, I thought it advifabh; 
 to refervc them for a foparate volume, which the publick 
 may expc6t in the courfe of the enfuing winter. I have 
 made a large colle6lion of materials for a general hillory of 
 Alia, and for an account of the geography, philofophy, and 
 literature of the eallern nations, all which I propofe to ar- 
 range in order, if my more folid and more important ftu- 
 dies will allow me any intervals of leifure *. 
 
 I cannot forbear acknowledging in this place the fignal 
 marks of kindnefs and attention, which I have received from 
 many learned and noble perfons ; but General Carnac has 
 obliged me tlie moll fenfibly of them, by fupplying me 
 with a valuable collcclion of Perfian manufcripts on every 
 branch of callcrn learning, from which many of the beft 
 examples in the following grammar are extracted. A very 
 learned Profellbr f at Oxford has promoted my lludics \^•ith 
 
 * Seethe ITiftory of the Vcrjlan Language, a Defcription of Afia, and a Short 
 Hiftory of Perfia J publifhcd with mj Life of Nader Shah m the year 1773. 
 
 t Dr. Hunt. 
 
 e. . tliat 
 
X\y PREFACE. 
 
 that candour and benevolence which fo eminently diftin- 
 gmih liim , and many excellent men that are the principal 
 ornaments of that imivcrrity have conferred the highell fa- 
 vours on me, of which I fhall ever retain a grateful fenfe : 
 but I take a fmgular pleafure in confeffing that I am indebt- 
 ed to a foreign nobleman * for the little knowledge which 
 I have happened to acquire of the Perfian language ; and 
 that my zeal for the poetry and philology of the Afiaticks 
 was owing to his converfation, and to the agreeable corre- 
 fpondence witli which he ftill honours me. 
 
 Before I conclude this Preface it w^ill be proper to add a 
 few remarks upon the method of learning the Perfian lan- 
 guage, and upon the advantages which the learned may ex- 
 peCl from it. When the Itudent can read the charadlers 
 with fluency, and has learned the true pronunciation of 
 every letter from the mouth of a native, let him perufe 
 the grammar with attention, and commit to memory the 
 regular inflexions of the nouns and verbs : he needs not 
 burden his mind \s'ith thofe that deviate from the com.mon. 
 
 * Baron Reviski, 
 
 form, 
 
PREFACE. XV 
 
 form, as thoy will be infenfibly learned in a fliort conrfe of 
 reading. By this time he \vill fnid a diclionary necelfarv, 
 and I hope he will believe me, \yhen I alfert, from a lung 
 experience, that, whocNcr poifeires the admirable work of 
 Meninlki, will have no occalion for any other diclionary of 
 the Perlian tongue. He may proceed by the help of this 
 work to analyfe the paiTages quoted in the grammar, and to 
 examine in what manner they illultrate the rules ; in th<^ 
 meantime he nuill not nc<>lecf to converfe with his livinLi" 
 inftru(?lor, and to learn from him the phrafes of common 
 difcourfe, and the names of vilible obje(fl:s, which he will 
 foon imprint on his memory, if he ^^ ill take the trouble to 
 look for them in the diclionary : and here I mult caution 
 him againll condemning a work as defecliye, becaufe he 
 cannot find in it every word which he hears; for founds in 
 general are caught imperfectly by the ear, and many words 
 are fpelled and pronounced very ditferently. 
 
 The firll book that I would recommend to him is the Gu- 
 lillan or Bed of Roses, a work which is highly efteemed in 
 the Eaft, and of which there are leveral tranflations in the 
 languages of Europe; the manufcripts of this book arc very 
 
 common ; 
 
XVI rPvEFACE. 
 
 common ; and hy comparing them with the printed edition 
 of Gentius, lie w ill i'oon learn the beautiful flowing hand 
 iifcd inlVrha, which conlills of bold llrokes and flourifhes, 
 iomc of which cannot be imitated by our types. It will 
 then be a proper time for him to read fome Ihort and cafy 
 chapter in this work, and to tranflate it into his native lan- 
 gnao'e with the utmoft exactnefs ; let him then lay afide the 
 original, and,, after a proper interval let him turn the fame 
 chapter back into Perfian by the alhllance of the grammar 
 and didionary : let him afterwards compare his lecond 
 tranllation with the original, and correcl its faults accord- 
 ing: to that niodeL This is the exercife fo otten recommended 
 by the old rhetoricians, by which a iiudent will gradually ac- 
 quire the ll:yle and manner of any author, whom he delires 
 to imitate, and by which almoll any language maybe learned 
 in Ijx months with eate and pleafure. When he can ex- 
 prefs his fentiments in Perhan with tolerable facility, I 
 would adviie him to read fome elegant hiftory or poem with 
 an intelligent native, who will explain to him in common 
 words the refined exprellions that occur in reading, and will 
 point out the beauties of learned allufions and local images. 
 
 The 
 
PREFACE. XVll 
 
 The mod excellent book in the language is in my opinion 
 the colled ion of tales and fables called Anrah Solieili by 
 AufTein Vaez, furnamcd Cafliefi, who took the celebrated 
 workofBidpai or Pilpay for his text, and has compriled 
 all the wifdom of the eallern nations in fourteen beautifiJ 
 chapters. At fome Icifure hour he may defire his Munflii 
 or writer to tranfcribe a feclion from the Guliftan, or a fa- 
 ble of Callicfi, in the common broken hand ufed in India 
 which he will learn perfcdly in a few days by comparing 
 all its turns and contractions with the more regular hands 
 of the Arabs andPerfians: he mull not be difcouraged by 
 the difficulty of reading the Indian letters, for the charac- 
 ters are in reality the fame with thofe in ^vhich our books 
 are printed, and are only rendered difficult by the frequent 
 omilTion of the diacritical points, and the want of regula- 
 rity in the pofition of the words : but we all know that we 
 are often at a lofs to Vead letters ^vhich we receive in our 
 native tongue; and it lias been proved that a man who has a 
 perfect kno\\'lcdge of any language, may, with a proper 
 attention, decvpher a letter in that idiom, though it be 
 written in characters which he has never i^ccu before, 
 and of which he lias no alphabet. 
 
 f In 
 
Xviii PREFACE. 
 
 In lliort, I am pcrluaded, that wlioever will lludvthe Per- 
 lian language according to my plan, will in Ids than a year 
 be able t(; tranllatc artd to anlu'cr any letter from an Indian 
 prince, and to convcrlo with the natives of India, not onlj 
 with tluencv, but with elegance. But if he defires to dif- 
 tino-uifli himfelf as an eminent translator, and to underlland 
 not only the general purport of a compofition, but even the 
 jxraces and ornaments of it, he mull: neceilarih' learn the 
 Arabiek tongue, which is blended with the Perfian in fo An- 
 gular a manner, than one period often contains both lan- 
 ouages, A\ holly diftinA from each other in expreffion and 
 idiom, but perfedly united in fenie and conllruAion. This 
 muft appear ftrange to an European reader ; but he may 
 form fome idea of this uncommon mixture, when he is told 
 that the two Afiatick languages are not always mixed like 
 the words of Roman and Saxon origin in this period, " The 
 ''' true law is right reafon, conformafole to the nature of 
 " things ; which calls us to duty by commanding, deters 
 ^' us from fin by forbidd.ng* ;" but as we may fuppofethe 
 Latin and Englifli to be conneAed in the following fen- 
 
 * See Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol. III. p, 351. 
 
 tence. 
 
PRETACE. xr: 
 
 tence, Tlie true lex h recta ratio, cojfforrnal'lc naturae, 
 " which hj commavding Yocct ad officium, by forhldd'nig ii 
 " fraiide dctcrreat." 
 
 A knowledge of tliefe two languages \\ill he. attended 
 with a ^ aricty of advantages to thofe who aec^iurc it ; the 
 Hebrew, Chaldaick, Syriaek, and Ethiopian tongues are 
 dialeds of the Arabiek, and bear as near a refemblance to 
 it as the lonick to the Attick Greek ; the jargon of Indof- 
 tan, very improperly called the language of the Moors, con- 
 tains lb great a number of Perfian words, that I was able with 
 very little diificultv to read the fables of Pilnai whic h :n\\ 
 tranllated into that idiom ; the Turkifh contains ten Ara- 
 bick or Perlian \\-ords for one originally Scythian, by which 
 it has been lb refined, that the modern kings of Perfia were 
 fond of fpeaking it in their courts : in lliort there is fcarcc 
 a country in Afia or Africa, from the fouree of the Nile to 
 the wall of China, in which a man who underllands Ara- 
 bick, Pcrfian, and Turkilh may not travel w ith fatisfaclion, 
 or tranlacl the moll important affairs with advantage and 
 fccuritv. 
 
 As 
 
XX PREFACE. 
 
 As to the literature of Afia, it will not, perhaps, be ef- 
 lentiallv wicUil to the greater part of mankind, who have 
 neither Icitiircnor inclination to cultivate fo cxtcnfive a 
 branch of learning; but the civil and natural hiftory of fuch 
 mighty empires as India, Perfia, Arabia, and Tartary, can» 
 not fail of delighting thofe who love to view the great pic- 
 ture of the univerfe, or to learn by what degrees the moil 
 obfcure ilates have rifen to glory and the moft flourilhing 
 kingdoms have funk to decay; the philofopher will confider 
 thofe works as highly valuable, by ^^'hich he may trace the 
 human mind in all its various appearances, from the rudeft 
 to the molt cultivated Itate: and the man of talle will un- 
 doubtedly be pleafed to unlock the ftores of native genius, 
 and to gather the flowers of unreltrained and luxuriant 
 tancy *. 
 
 * SIrW. Jonesacqiiaintsus, inaformcrcditionof thisGraminar,thatfincelus 
 profeffional ftudies had wholly engaged his attention, and induced him not 
 only to abandon oriental literature, but even to efface, as fiir as poffible, the 
 very traces of it from his memory, he committed the cunducl; and revifal of 
 that edition of his Grammar, and the compofition of the hidcx lo Mr. Rich- 
 ardfon, in whofe {kill he had a perfed confidence. 
 

 
 ifA_ ij\J 'if: 
 
 
 A 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE- 
 
 OF LETTERS. 
 
 JL HE learner is luppofed to fee acquainted with the 
 common terms of grammar, and to know that the 
 Perfians write their characters from the right hand to the 
 left. 
 
 There are thirty-two Periian letters, 
 
 A Ahf 
 
2 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 ly. HI. IL I. 
 
 Finals. Initials and Medials. 
 
 . , . , ConneSled. UnconneBed. ConneSled. Unconnccled. 
 
 Alif t 1 I ) A 
 
 Ba 
 
 * 
 
 
 • 
 
 Pa 
 
 *ji 
 
 
 V 
 
 Ta 
 
 O 
 
 
 ♦♦, 
 
 Sa 
 
 Jf^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 .Teem 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 & 
 
 Che 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Hha 
 
 C 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Kha 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 • 
 6 
 
 Dal 
 
 > 
 
 
 3 
 
 Zal 
 
 > 
 
 
 * 
 
 Ra 
 
 / 
 
 
 ; 
 
 Za 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Zha 
 
 '} 
 
 
 ; 
 
 Seen 
 
 LT 
 
 U^ 
 
 LT 
 
 Sheen 
 
 LT 
 
 u^ U" 
 
 ♦ 
 * 
 * 
 
 y 
 y 
 
 t 
 
 B 
 
 J 
 
 P 
 
 »« 
 
 T 
 
 
 S 
 
 C7 
 
 ♦ 
 
 J 
 
 ip; 
 
 Ch 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hh 
 
 * 
 
 i7 
 
 Kh 
 
 > 
 
 D 
 
 • 
 
 Z 
 
 ; 
 
 R 
 
 • 
 
 Z 
 
 
 Zh 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 ft 
 
 Sh 
 
 Siaud 
 
Slaiid 
 
 Lf 
 
 Zzaiid 
 
 Lf 
 
 To 
 
 L 
 
 Zo 
 
 li 
 
 Aine 
 
 t 
 
 Ghine 
 
 
 Fa 
 
 • 
 
 Kauf 
 Kaf 
 
 I? 
 
 Gaf 
 
 ^ 
 
 Laum 
 
 J 
 
 Meem 
 
 > 
 
 Noon 
 
 0- 
 
 Vau 
 
 > 
 
 Ha 
 
 m 
 
 Ya 
 
 
 
 Lam-alif H. 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 TV. III. 11. I- 
 
 Finals. Initials and Medials. 
 
 Conneaed. Unconneaed. Conncaed. Unconneaed. 
 
 ^ Sf 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 ^■A 
 
 1, 1. 1. T 
 
 t; li i; Zz 
 
 • p A 
 
 A 
 
 ^ Gh 
 
 ? F 
 
 ^ r r G 
 
 J A i L 
 
 r 
 
 ;> ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 V 
 H 
 Y, ee, i 
 
 The 
 
4 A GnA:MMAJi OF TflE 
 
 I'hc iccond and fourth columns of thefe letters from 
 the riiiht and arc ufed onU^ ^^'hen thev arc connected with 
 a preceding letter ; as j/* ^Mohammed. Every letter 
 Ihould be conneded ^ith that which foUows it, except thefe 
 ievcri; I alif, ^ dal, \ zal, ^ ra, ^ za, j' zha, and ^ vau^ 
 wliich are never joined to the following letter, as will 
 appear from the words ^^^^ burk a leaf, iSj^^^ daveree 
 a doimmo)!. 
 
 Though the perfedl pronunciation of thefe letters can 
 be learned only from the mouth of a Pcriian or an Indian, 
 yet it will be proper to add a few obfervations upon the 
 moll remarkable of them. 
 
 OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 It will be ncedlefs to fay much of the thi*ee firit confo- 
 nants ^^ ^^ ^::^ fmce their found is exactly the fame as 
 our /', p, and f, in the words lar, peer, and too, which 
 would be written in Per/ian jL y^. and y*. 
 
 This letter, which the Arabs pronounce like a th, has 
 
 in Perfian the fame found as a . »// or s, as J^J vl Abu 
 
 L/ -'7, 
 
 Lcis, a proper name. It might, therefore, have been 
 rejeded from the Perfian alphabet without any inconve- 
 nience ; 
 
PEKSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 nicnce ; but it is ufcftil in fhowing the origin of words' 
 as it is fcldoni, or never, uled in any that are not Ara- 
 bic. The fame may be obferved of the following letters, 
 - / r' / --^ ^ -^ /' / lJ ^'^"^^^cli are fcldoni ufed in words 
 originally Perfian. 
 
 -^ and - 
 
 Tlie firll of thefe letters anfvvers to our foft g in ge7n, 
 which a Perfian would write >. or to our^', in^ar jU: the 
 fecond of them ^^ founds exadlly like our ch in the words 
 cherry y cliech ; as , --O; Chirkes Circassia. 
 
 'T is a very llrong afpirate, and may be cxprefled in our 
 characlers by a double /?, as jU hhal a condition. 
 
 4- is formed in the throat, and has a found like the Ger- 
 man ck ; but the Perfians pronounce it lefs harflily than the 
 Arabs, and give it the found of c before Qy o, or ii in the 
 Tufcan dialed, as ^U chan a lord, which a Florentine 
 would pron9unce like can. This is the \^ord fo varioully 
 and fo crroneouily written by the Europeans. The fo- 
 vereign lord of Tartary is neither the cham, ns our travel- 
 
 B lers 
 
6 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 lers call him, nor the han, as Voltaire will have it, but 
 the ,»|U kh^n, or can, with an afpirate on the firft letter. 
 
 * anfwers cxadly to our d in deer -^ 
 
 This letter, which the Arabs pronounce dh, has in Per- 
 sian the found oi j z \ and is often confounded with it : 
 thus they write ,*f^)j and ,*r^^/ guzuHitun to pass : It is 
 feldom ufed but in Arabic words : though it fometimes oc- 
 curs in words purely Perlian, as ,*J^j)^ Azarbijan the 
 province of Media, fo called from ijl, an old word for j^re, 
 bccaufe the adorers of fire, if we believe the Afiatic hifto- 
 rians, lirft built their temples in that province. 
 
 ; 
 
 and the three 
 
 liquids J ^ /M^i'^ pronounced exadlylike 
 ourr, I, m, n; as ^j i! anim rest, JU laleh a tulip, lU mar a 
 serpent, ^(L* nanlread. But ,»j before a w-< has the found 
 of 7n, as >vl/ kumbed a toiver, .^s amber amber ms *. 
 
 * Whenever ,♦! precedes ,,j^^^ it Hkewife' takes the found of vi) as aXsX' 
 yumpuloo i2 itr^'i/y /Mar;^f/. SonriCtlmes, howeverj ,♦( before ^B!=a»/ retahis its origi- 
 
 ginal founds as., / w ) aunbaur that time. 
 
 * 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 7 
 
 ; 
 
 : has the found of our z, as j'jJH lalehzar a led of 
 tulips, 
 
 ft 
 
 ) 
 
 This letter has the found of our s in the words pleasure, 
 treasure ; and correfponds precifely with the foft g of the 
 French in gens, or their ; in jour. It may be exprefled 
 in our charadlers hyzh, as J)j* zhaleh hail, dew; for it has 
 the fame relation to 2 which sh has to s. 
 
 ^and^ 
 
 .— ^ and ,Jw are our s and sh, as &',,ji^ /^•• 
 Selim Ihah kins Selim. 
 
 k^ 
 
 Thefe four letters are pronounced by the Arabs in a 
 manner peculiar to themfelves ; but in Perfian they aie 
 fometimes confounded with other letters ; thus ^ differs 
 little from ,^ as ^vu? Saddar the name of a Persian look; 
 but the politer and more learned Perfians pronounce it 
 Swaddar : and ^ has nearly the fame found with .j:^, 
 but fome what llronger, as J^ otr essence; a word of- 
 ten ufed in Englifli, fincc our ronnedion with India, to 
 
 denote 
 
8 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 denote the precious perfume called otter of roses. The 
 word is Arabic, as tlie letters c and L> fuffieiently 
 prove. / J} and i^ differ very little from j ; but they are 
 pronounced more forci])ly, and may be exprclled by zz, as 
 , ^Ui) Nezzami the nanw of a poet ; J;^ Khezzur the 
 name of a prophet in the easteni irtmances, the fame as the 
 Scripture Elijah. 
 
 p- and Q^ 
 
 Tliefe two letters are extremely harfh in the pronun- 
 tion of the Arabs. The found of q, fays Meninfld, est 
 vox vititli inatrcm vocantis: but in Perlian it is a fort of 
 vowel, and anfwers to our broad a if it be placed before 
 J ; as, >1p abid an adorer ; but if I but do not follow this 
 letter, then it anfwers fometimes to our e, as, ,^**^\kp ef~ 
 fautet a lliepherdefs : fometimes it has the found of i, as, 
 >^^J^ ifhrut pleasure ; it takes the found of o, as ijp 
 oiv perfume: of ii; as, ,^^*^ ^ uzccmnt a resohdion: alfo 
 of Ihort a, as v»^y^ arub ati Aralkin. As to ^ it is com- 
 monly pronounced in Perlia like a guttm'al or afpirated g ; 
 as ^ILp gholam a hoy, a servant. 
 
 i has the found of /'in fall, as , !^ an omen. 
 
 u 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. Q 
 
 ^V and ^ 
 
 ^ is another harfli Arabic letter, but in Perfian it io of- 
 founded witii ^^, ^^hich lias tlic Ibund of our />', 
 
 ten con 
 
 as /m'-^^ Kennau ilie province of Carmania \ ^^K[\{ afa- 
 InJons mountain in the Oriental tales. 
 
 <y 
 
 u 
 
 When ^^ has three points or a dafli above it, the 
 Perlians give it the found of g in the word goT/, as 
 ^Uvw^ guhftan a bed of roses; but thefe points arc very 
 feldom written in the Perlian manufcripts ; fo that tlie 
 dillindlion between ,,^ A- and ^^n- can be learned only 
 by ufe : thus they often write ^^I'j rose-water, and pro- 
 nounce it trylab. 
 
 See the remark on j, Thefe letters are the liquids 
 /, m, n, r. 
 
 is a flight afpiration, and is often redundant, as /y 
 hchdr tJie spring; which is pronounced al molt like bear; 
 >^^r( Herat a city in tlie province of Corasan, whicli the 
 Greeks call Aria: 3 therefore is the h of the French in 
 
 c Jionnefe, 
 
10 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 ho?ur/c, whence came our ho?iest without an afpiration. 
 At the end of a word it frequently founds like a vowel, as 
 J^ ke, v>hicli has the fame icnfc and pronunciation as 
 the Itahan che which. 
 
 OF YOWELS. 
 
 The long vowels are I ^ ify ^^^ "^^7 t>e pronounced 
 as a, 0, ee, in the words call, stole, fred; ^fU as, khan a 
 lord, ImI ora to him, ;J neez also; but the fliort vowels 
 are exprefled by fmall marks, two of which are placed above 
 
 the letter, and one below it, as w^ ba or be, ^^ be or bi,, 
 
 .^. bo or bu ; thus. 
 
 '>' J 
 
 
 I ^v-> iS:^,:J^ U} cJ^ J I 
 
 
 Ager an turke Shirazee beduft lired dile marau. 
 Bekhale binduiili bukhiliem Sumurcund u Bokhararau. 
 
 The mark placed above a confonant Hiuws that the 
 
 iyllablc ends with it, as (/>^y> Su-mur-cimdee, a native 
 of Samarcand ; the firll of which fyllablcs is fhort, the fe- 
 cond and third long by pofition, and the latl long by nature: 
 
 but 
 
PERSIAN LAN^GUAGE. 11 
 
 but this belongs to the prolbdj. The fliort vowels are very 
 feldom written in the Perfian books; and the otiier ortho- 
 graphical marks are likewilc iifually fupprclled, except Mud- 
 da, ^ Humza% and Tulbdced ■"; the two firll of which are 
 mod common. 
 
 Miidda above an I, gives it a very broad found, as ,»iT 
 aim thai ; Humza fupplies the place of (/ in words that end 
 in & : it therefore fometimes reprefents tlie article, as ^^C 
 namci a looJi, or denotes the former of two fubdantives, as 
 ^^Ci^ JC nafei' mullik a rag of musk; or, laftly, it marks 
 the fccond perfon lingular in the compound preterite of a 
 verb, as o^l^ dadei which would regularly be iJU^U da- 
 deh-ee fhou hast o-f/'e/z. Tuilideed fliews a confonant to 
 
 ID 
 
 be doubled, as o *? turrch a lock of hair. 
 
 The omiliion of the Ihort vowels will at iirll perplex the 
 lludent ; lince many words that are compounded of the 
 fame confonants, have different fenfes according to the dif- 
 ference of the vowel omitted: but until he has learned the 
 exa(9: pronunciation of every word from a native, he may 
 give every lliort vowel a kind of obfcure found ver>^ com-- 
 mon in Englilh, as in the words 50/2, bird, mother, whic"h 
 a Mohammedan would ^^'rite without any vowel, s)?, ///, 
 7uihr, thus the Perfian word > bd maybe pronounced like 
 our ha(/'» 
 
 Van 
 
tX2 A GRA^niAR or TIIR 
 
 Van * and Ya ij arc often iilcd as confonants, like 
 V and y \ thus, ,»'!^ ^''an fl town in Ajnnenia ; ♦d^v:' juvaii 
 pnrnis, giorane, young; ,» / Yumnn, that province of 
 Arabia wliicli we call the happy ; jU>^ Kliodayar, a pro- 
 per name fignifying the friend of God. • before I lofes 
 itfi found, as /♦lU*- klu'in a tea hoard or trayy a!fo a talle. 
 
 I would not advife the learner to ftndy the parts of 
 fpeecli until he can read the Perfian characters with tole- 
 rable fluency ; which he will foon be able to do, if ke 
 will fpend a few hours in writing a page or two of Perfian 
 in Englifh letters, and refloring them after a Hiort inten-al 
 to their proper charadlers by the help of the alphabet. I 
 fliall clofe this feAion with a piece of Perlian poetry "writ- 
 ten both in the Aliatic and European chara<3;ers ; it is an 
 ode by the Poet Hafiz, the firfl: couplet of which has been 
 already quoted ; and a tranflation of it fliall be inlerted in 
 its proper place. 
 
 ^" ^^ ^ ^' ^^' ^ J'^ '^ 
 
 Budeh fakce mye bdkee keh der junnut nakhahce yaft, 
 Kunare abe ruknabtid ya gulguflite mufullrira. 
 
 ♦^U5 
 
 o 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. IS 
 
 ';lf^. O^f C'^y' ^ J^ >' >^^ '''^^ C^^ 
 
 Fvighaii keen luli-yan fliokhc llicerccngarc^ fhubrafliob 
 Chiinan burdunde fubr az dil keh turkan kbaiic yugmara. 
 
 Ze iflike natemdme ma jemale yare muftugbnecft 
 Beab u reng xi khal u khatt cheh hajet ru-ye zdbara. 
 
 Hadees az mutreb u mye gu va raze dehre kiimter ju 
 Keh kus nekfhud u nekfhaycd behikmet een mo-ammara. 
 
 r^h >^h w^-y. -^ ,c^^/';.v cr^ 0^ >^ 0^ 
 
 Men az an hufne rozefzun keh yiifiif dallite daniftum 
 Keh ilhk az perdei ifmet u biirun ared zuleikhara. 
 
 >/) /";) Cjk ;' -^^^^ cr 4/V 
 
 D Nafeehet 
 
y 
 
 14 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Naleehet gollie kiin jana keh az jan dofter darend 
 Jnvanane faadctmende pende peere danara. 
 
 Bedem guftee va khurfendem afak allah neku guftee 
 Javabe telkhe mayzeibed lebe lale Ihekerkhara. 
 
 Ghazel guftee va durr fuftee beja va khulli bukhan Hafiz 
 Keli ber ndzmc to eflliaiied felek akde fury-yara. 
 
 In this fpecimen of Perlian writing the learner will ob- 
 forve a few combinations of letters, which he muft by no 
 means forget; as U lamalif, compounded of J /, and ) a, in 
 the word tUi^ mofella : but the moll ufiial combinations are 
 formed with ^ ^ ^ ^ which have the lingular property 
 of cauling all the preceding letters to rife above the line, 
 
 as ! /U' bokhara, ^ nakhcheer, ^. tas-heeh. The 
 letters that precede p m are alio fometimes raifed. 
 
 The 
 
PERSIAN LA?fGUAGE, 3 5 
 
 llic Arabic chaniclcrs, like thofc of the Europeans, are 
 written in a variety of different hands ; but (he mod com- 
 mon of tliem are the /^'^' Nulkhee, the . *t^U)' Taleek, or 
 hanging, and tlie j:.J.'A^:^ Shekefteh, or broJicn. Our 
 books have hitherto been printed in the Nufkhee hand, and 
 all Arabic manuferipts, as well as moll: Perfian and Turkifli 
 hiftories, are written in it; but the Perfians write their poeti- 
 cal works in the Taleek, which anfwers to the moH: elegant 
 of our Itahe hands, and in which this edition of tlie 
 Grammar is printed. As to the Shekefteh, it is verv irre- 
 gular and inelegant, and is chiefly uied by the idle Indians, 
 \vho will not take time to form their letters perfectly, or 
 even to infert the. diacritical points; but this hand, however 
 difficult and barbarous, mull be learned by all men of 
 bnlinefs in India, as the letters from the prii-ces of tlie 
 country are feldom written in any other manner. A ipe- 
 cimen of thefe different forms of writing is engraved, and 
 inferted at the end of this Grammar. 
 
 OF 
 
](3 A fiTAMMAR OF THE 
 
 OF NOUNS, 
 AND FIRST OF GENDERS. 
 
 Thk reader will foon perceive with pleafure a great re- 
 femblancc betwec^n the Perfian and Engiifh languages, in 
 the facility and limplicitj of their form and conftniciion : 
 the former, as well as the latter, has no difference of ter- 
 mination to mark the gender, either in fubftantives or ad- 
 jedlives : all inanimate things are neuter, and animals of 
 different fexes either have different names, as^w.; pufer a Z'oy, 
 tsXi kuneez a girl, or are diftinguiflied by the words I ner 
 mahy and d^U madehybwa/e; as I j^* Ihayre ner a //ot?, 
 p*U J^ ihayre madeh a lioness. 
 
 Sometimes, indeed, a word is m.ade feminine, after the 
 manner of the Arabians, by having d added to it, as 
 ijy^u*.^ mafhuk a friend, amicus, j^Jut^ malliuka a 
 mi-siress, amica, as in this verfe : 
 
 Gul der ber u mye ber kuf u mafliuka bekamuft. 
 
 Flowers are in my bofom, wine in my hand ; and mv 
 miftrefs yields to my defire. 
 
 • When this word j^^J!^ Js pronounced like the Englifli foare, (portion,) it 
 fignifics a lion ; but if it be pronounced like the Englifli y}:ox'\Jbcer, then it fignifies 
 milk. 
 
 but 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. l^ 
 
 but in general, when the Perfians adopt an Arabic noun of 
 the feminine gender, they make it neuter, and chatige the 
 final D into ,^ ; thus .^su nimet a benefit is written ,^:>.^ : 
 and almoll all the Perfian nouns ending in ,^, which are 
 very numerous, are borrowed from the Aral^. 
 
 OF CASE S. 
 
 The Perfian fubflantivcs, like ours, have but one varia- 
 tion of cafe, which is formed by adding the fyllable 1 1 to 
 the nominative in both numbers ; and anfwers often to the 
 dative, but generally to the accufative cafe in other lan- 
 guages ; as. 
 
 Nominative, -_ , ^ pufer a child. 
 
 Dative and Ace. t > _ V puferra to a child, or the child. 
 
 When the accufative is ufed indefinitely, the fyllable I » 
 is omitted, as iM>'^ / J^ gul chiden to gather a flower , that 
 is, any flower \ but vv^hen the noun is definite or limited, 
 that fyllable is added to it, as >^ ) j^ gulra cliid he ga- 
 thered the flxjwer, that is, the particular flower . There is 
 no genitive cafe in Perfian, but when two fubfiantlives 
 of different meanings come together, a kefra or fliort c (-) 
 
 K is 
 
]8 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 is added in reading to the former of them, and the latter re- 
 mains imaltcred, as ^^ wXji^ i^ic musk of Tartary, whicb 
 mull be read mnflike Khoten. The fame rule muft be 
 cbfcrvcd before a pronoun poiloirive ; as »^ ^ pufere 
 mun my child: and before an adjective ; as ^ L't* -J:^'*"^^ 
 fliumlliire tabnak a bright scymitar. If the firll word ends 
 in I or « the letter (/ is affixed to it as I'^L pallia a hasha, 
 L)4^ (/l^-l pafliai jNIoufel the basha of Mousel, [y^ mi- 
 \i\h.Vi fruits, lofj^ C/i^^ir* i^i^'^^"^^'^i lliireen sivcet fruits ; 
 ylj zaunoo a hiec, \J^ C^y'; zaunooe fhuma ?/az/r hnee : 
 if nouns ending in b come before other nouns or adjedlives,. 
 the mark * Hamza is added to them, as ,*\\*^ J^"^^ 
 chuflimei hejvan the fountain of life. 
 
 The other cafes are exprelled for the moil: part, as in 
 Qi;r language, bj particles placed before the nominative, as. 
 
 Vocative, _V (/I ai pufer cMld. 
 Ablative, y^«^v jl az pilfer from a child. 
 
 The poets, indeed, often form a vocative cafe by adding 
 } to the nominative, as lj?l,^ fakia O cup-hearer, t'^,^ 
 ihaha O A'/wo-; thus Sadi ufes llvlt bulbula as the vocative 
 of , Lij bulbul a ni^htins^ale. 
 
 tx 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. IQ 
 
 Bulbiila muzhdehe buhaur bi-jaiir, 
 Khuburc bud beboom bauz bukzaiir. 
 
 Bring, O nightingale, the tidings of fpring ; leave all 
 unpleafant news to the owl. 
 
 In fome old compofitions the particle ^^ mur is prefixed 
 to the acciifativc cale ; as ^>, l^^l ^ mur ora deedum 
 / saw him ; but this is either oblblete or inelegant, and is 
 leldom ufed by the moderns. 
 
 The reader, who has been nfed to the inflexions of 
 European languages, will, perhaps, be pleafed to fee an 
 example of Pcrfian nouns, as they anfwer to the cafes in 
 
 Latin : 
 
 jk* gul a rose, rofa. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. /"^ (I ^^osc, rofa. U^ roses, rofae. 
 
 Gen. , '^ of a rose, rof^e. iX of roses, rofarum^ 
 
 Pat. )1^ to a rose, rofae. ]jU^ to roses, rofis. 
 
 Ace. )J^ the rose, rofam. \ jK^ the roses, rofas. 
 
 ^ " y/ O rose, 6 rofa. [X (J\ roses, 6 rofae. 
 Poet. 10 ^ '* 
 
 Abl. , k' j]frovi a rose, rofa. [^ j\ from roses, rofls. 
 
 JA 
 
20 A GRAMMAR OF Tilt. 
 
 UL bulbiil a n'urhtinrrale. 
 
 (J* * V, O 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. and Gen. , U^, cl nightingale. 
 Dat. and Ace. I ytX to a iiMthiPale. 
 Voc. Ll^ (/) (Poet. IIX) O mghti?/ga!e. 
 Abl. IX j\ from a nightingale. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. and Gen. /V)!^^ mghtin gales, 
 Dat. and Ace. l^ltX^ /o 7irghiin gales. 
 Voc. /^I^» Cf ' ^ nightingales. 
 
 Abl. (*j^^. j\ fromjnghtingales. 
 
 Eoy, bring the wine, for the feafon of the rofe approaches ; 
 let us again break our vows of repentance in the midll: of 
 the rofes. O Hafiz, thou defireft, like the nightingales, 
 the prefence of the rofe : let thy very foul be a ranfom for 
 the earth where the keeper of the rofe-garden walks ! 
 
 I fhall 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 21 
 
 I lliall in this manner quote a few Pcrfuin couplets, as 
 examples of the principal rules in this grammar : inch quo- 
 tations will give fomc variety to a fiibjcA naturally barren 
 and unplcafant ; will ferve as a fpecimen of the oriental 
 ftyle; and will be more eafily retained in the memory than 
 rules delivered in mere profe. 
 
 OF THE ARTICLE. 
 
 Our article a is fupplied in Pcrfian ])y adding tlic letter 
 ij to a noun, \vhic\i reftrains it to the fmgular number ; 
 as J^ gulee a single rose ; 
 
 One morning T went into the garden to gather a rofe, wlien 
 
 on a fuddcn the voice of a nightingale ltruc;k my car. 
 Without this termination ,1^ gul would iignify roses or 
 flowers collectively, as 
 
 Call for wine, and fcatter flowers around. 
 AVhcn a noun ends in o the idea of unity is exprefled by 
 the mark Humza, as >""^.' chulhmei (f single fountain'^. 
 
 * Whenever j is placed bt^fore at the end of a noun, the Idea of unity is ex.- 
 preffcd by ^> as . v ' j rauliee a ivjy, read, pjtb. 
 
 •• t *x ' 
 
 " i' OF 
 
22 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 OF NUMBERS. 
 
 From the two examples in a preceding fedion it appears 
 that the Perlian plural is formed by adding ^ ) or i; to the 
 lingular : but thefe terminations are not, as in many lan- 
 guages, wholly arbitrary ; on the contrary, they are regu- 
 lated with the utmoll precifion. The names of animals 
 form their plural in ^1, as 
 
 ^^ / gurk a wolf. ^i^y gurkan ivolves. 
 
 >^J^,^ pelenk a tygcr, ^) !^!iA;^ pelenkan fygers, 
 
 but words which Signify things without life make their 
 plurals by the addition of the fyllable t, as 
 
 It bal a wing, U[ balha tvings, 
 
 kL^ fahii a sJior^e. L^LiX^ fahilha shoi^cs. 
 
 Both thefe plurals occur in the following elegant dilHch, 
 
 The night is dark ; the fear of the waves opprefs us, and 
 the whirlpool is dreadful ! How fhould thofe, who bear 
 liglit burdens on the fliores, know the mifery of our 
 fituation. 
 
 There 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 23 
 
 There are, however, a few exceptions to thefe rules : 
 the names of animals fometimes make their plurals in i 
 as well as in ^1, as ^;i,jiyfliutur a camel, i;y;,i.^fl\uturha 
 and rl^/>^^^ fhiituran camels; and on the other fide, the 
 names of things fometimes have plurals in ^1, as ,^_^J leb 
 a lip, ^U leban lips» 
 
 Names of perfons ending in I or • form their plurals in 
 jmU as L*)^ dana a learned man, /MLL*I^ danayan learned 
 mew, yi aloo a plum, i\)\. ^^ alooyaun plums: and 
 thofe that end in o are made plural by changing the 
 lad letter into ,*i!^ gan, as y bucheh an infant, ,*'^'^ 
 buchugan infants ; and fometimes by adding ^!^ as a fepa- 
 rate fyllablc ; thus, ^-} furifliteh an angel, ^^ Ji^-i 
 furilliteh gan ansrc/s. 
 
 If the mune of a thing ends in o, the final letter is 
 generally abforbcd in the plural before the fyllable t, as C \^ 
 khaneh a house, L*U khanha houses. 
 
 In fome modern Perfian books, as the life of Nader Shah 
 and others, the plural often ends in ^/l or in sil^U if the 
 lingular has a final 5 . 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 /P'j^yi niiwazifh a favour. >^^)^y niiwazifliaty^ww/rs'. 
 ,jJ3 kalat a castle. s^^/U kalajat castles: 
 
 but 
 
^.\ A Gn.VMMAK OF THE 
 
 but tlicfi* muft be confidcrcd as barbarous, and are a proof 
 
 that the late dreadful commotions which liavc ruined the 
 
 empire of the Perlians, have begun to deftroy even the 
 
 beautiful limplicity of their language. 
 
 Jt muft not be omitted, that the Arabic fubftantives 
 
 frequently have two forts of plurals, one formed according 
 
 to the analogy of the Perlian nouns, and anotlier after the 
 
 irregular manner of the Arabians ; as ,„_^.^ aib a vice, 
 
 l^^p aibha and ^__^) I ^p avaib vices ; ,jJ^ kalah a castle, 
 
 c •" „ * .*. 
 
 Lx)3 kalaha and oiljf kallaii castles; ^_^'.L* navib a viceroy ^ 
 
 I ^ O _ ♦ " ■' 
 
 plur. s«^l J navab, which our countrymen have miltakeii 
 
 for the iingular number, and fay very improperly a naloh. 
 
 This is one argument out of a great rnnnber to prove the 
 
 impolTibility of learning the Perfian language accurately 
 
 without a moderate knowledge of the Arabic ; and if the 
 
 learner will follow my advice, he will perufe with attention 
 
 the Arabic grammar of Erpenius * before he attempts to 
 
 tranllate a Perlian manufcript. 
 
 • There are two fiiie editions of this grammar, the firft publiflied by the very 
 learried Golius, and the fecond by the late Albert Schultensj both thefe Orientalllls 
 have added a number of Arabic odes and elegies, which they have explained in ex- 
 cellent notes ; but thefe editions are fcarce, and MeninlTci has inferted in his gram- 
 rnar the fubflance of Erpenius, with many new remarks, — But fince the above works 
 are not to be procured without a very great espence, we beg the Oriental rtudent 
 to read with attention the Arabic Grammar of Mr. Rlchardfon, who took great 
 pains to render the acquirement of that difficult languiige eafy and pleafant. 
 
 OF 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 52 
 
 OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The Pcrfiaii adjedives admit of no variation, but in the 
 degrees of comparifon. The politive is made comparative 
 by adding to it ^, and fuperlative by adding ^.f^^ *, as 
 
 s^^f khubyaiV, "'^ khubter /az;r;', i*f p^i^ 
 khubterin fairest. 
 
 Our than after a comparative is exprelfed by the prepo"" 
 fition j\ az, as 
 
 The brightnefs of thy face is more fplendid than the cheek 
 of day : the blacknefs of thy locks is darker than the 
 liue of night. 
 
 The moon is bright, but thy face is brighter than it: the 
 cyprefs is graceful, but thy Ihape is more graceful than 
 the cyprefs. 
 
 • The A-rabic adjeftive y«XX/ bulund blgb, fuhllmc; Is compared by the Perfians 
 thusj Comp. j/XK bulundur or fjSX> huimi^iiur higher, morefuhUme; Supcrl. 
 .,,' y^UX buluiidurln or .,x ^i-V-^ hnXnvAiwx'ixi highejl, mtJlfubUT.c, 
 
 G An 
 
26 A GRAMMAR or THE 
 
 An adje(^ive is fometimes ufcd lubilantively, and forms 
 its plural like a noun, ^W^ hhakecman the nise ; if it 
 be a compounded adjedive, the fyllables ^) and \j denoting 
 the plural number of the oblique cafe, are placed at the end 
 of it, as J>:^U fahibdil ; an honest man ) oblique \J^\^ 
 lahibdilra: plural ^lf>^U fahibdilan, oblique l^lf>^U 
 fuhibdilanra ; as 
 
 J^ d) ^K^. O^ ^ ^ 
 
 The damfels with faces like angels are dejecfted at the fight 
 of that cheek ; the nymphs with the fragrance of jeila- 
 mine are filled with envy when they view thofe curls. 
 
 OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 The perfonal pronouns are thefe which follow ; 
 
 ^ mun J. 
 
 Sing. ^ mun /. Oblique, )^ mera me. 
 
 Plur. U ma we. l^U mara us. 
 
 / 
 
fEKSlAN LANGUAGE. 27 
 
 y to Thou, 
 
 Sing, y to thou. Obi. \ ^ tura Mcff. 
 
 Plur. It"^^ fliumd r/oz^ or ?/e. IjU'"^^ fhumard you. 
 
 ^) o JJc. 
 Sing. *l o /?c, ^/ze, ovit. Obi. ly^l ova. him, her, ov it. 
 Plur. ^^iLi^l iflian /%. 'r^-^^ ifhanra fhcrn. 
 
 The poets often life /mL^ for /jLliyi, as 
 
 I went, and bruifed their helmets; I disfigured their beau- 
 tiful laces. 
 
 After a prcpolition ^! is often changed into (J* or , or 
 ^^1 oe, as 
 
 AYhen the king of the world fliewed his face, the general 
 kilfed theground, and advanced before him. Fnrdiisi. 
 
 Sometimes after the preposition ^.^ in, the letter * is 
 inferted to prevent the hiatus, as •> bedo for .1 beo in 
 
 it-, 
 
 \ 
 
28 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 if ; the fame may be obferved of /♦,''> bed:m for ^L bean 
 2?? that, ,,K> bcdecnfor ,,,^1 in this*. 
 
 The pofTeirive are the fame with perfonals, and arc dif- 
 tinguifhed by being added to their fubftantives ; as 
 
 Sing. ,»^ L dili mim ?7n/ heart. 
 
 y J^ dih to fhi/ heart. 
 
 ij ^ or _j) j^ dili o his or her heart. 
 Plur. U (/U; dilhai ma our hearts. 
 
 ig^J:^ i*jV) dilhai flmma your heaiis. 
 Poet. ^C* 
 
 Cj^^.} (/V; dilhai iHian their hearts. 
 Poet. ^iLj^ 
 
 They are often exprefled in the lingular number by thefe 
 final letters ^ em, ^^ et, and . '^ eili, and after aa -f'or d 
 by ff\ am, ^^1 at, and . ili) alli: but after nouns ending in 
 
 I alif or ^ vau the letter ij ya is inferted before the finals 
 /» C^ ^; as 
 
 • In the fame manner and from the fame motives the old Romans added a i to 
 many words followed by a vowel) thus Horace, if we adopt the reading of Mure- 
 tnt, ufes t'lbid for tlbi, 
 
 Omne crede diem t'lVul LlluxilTe fupremum. 
 
 / 
 
PERSIAN I.A^■r!UA^,E. 2f) 
 
 y^ dilcni viij hcarf. 
 
 ^^^'» dilct fliy heart. 
 
 . jL'}^ dilclli ///s or Iter hcarf. 
 
 ^1 ^^U jainci am my role. 
 
 O^l ^U jainei at thy robe. 
 
 . •>) -,*U iamei afli ///.«? or her role, 
 
 / v^ niaiin my hair. 
 
 >^v 4^ miiit ///^ /^a/V. 
 
 , fii' V* muifli his or /?^r /^fl?V. 
 
 In poetry, and fometimcs in profe, the oblique cafes of the 
 perfonal pronouns are alfo exprcfled by ^ c^ ^, as 
 
 Joy be to Shlraz and its cliarming borders ; O heaven, pre- 
 ferve it from decay ! 
 
 ml 
 
 Thcfe obUque cafes are joined to any word in the fentence 
 which the poet linds convenient ; thus in the coupk^t jnl^ 
 quoted the pronoun . ;;: it is added to .jU) ; f<^ i^^ ^^^^* 
 folio whig diftich, .^ the dative of y thua, is placed after 
 the conjunclion v ger if. 
 
30 A GRAlviMAR OF THE 
 
 Tinge the facred carpet with wine, if the mailer of the 
 feall orders thee ; for he that travels is not ignorant of 
 the ways and manners of banquet-houfcs. 
 
 Our reciprocal pronouns oim and self are expreffed in 
 Perlian by the following words, which are applicable to 
 all perfons and fexes ; as 
 
 Nom. ^J? or , ♦:i^^ Oblique, \j^^ 
 
 ^f ^^ 
 
 ♦ ;;:*ij ^ or , Su^ •^^ 
 
 or ij tSr 
 
 cr^'^'-r "' (j' 
 
 ^'JCT^ 
 
 a7 
 
 thus we may ufe 
 
 yf y thyself. 
 
 *^ *l Ms or herself 
 
 s*^ 
 
 U ourselves. 
 
 sf' \g^^ yourselves. 
 
 ^f 
 
 ^li^J 
 
 themselves *. 
 
 • I here ufe bis feJf and their /elves inftead of the corrupted words iirnfelf and tbem- 
 (slves ; [in which ufage I am juftified by the authority of Sidney, and of other wri- 
 ters in the reign of Elizabeth : f elf items to have been originally a uoun, and was? 
 perhaps, a fynonimous word {or foul; according to Locke's definition of it, " Self 
 *' is that confclous thinking thing, which is fenlible or confcious of pleafure and 
 " pain, capable of happinels and mifery :" if this obfervation be juft, the Arabs have 
 
 exadly the fame idiom, for their , ^Jli foul, anfwers precifely to our felf, as 
 
 ♦ • ♦♦ ^^ 
 
 J ^ <-wJ^ ^ J ^ " a boy threw klsfelf into a river." 
 
 »f t» ♦» * 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE, 31 
 
 S4^ is alia joined like the Latin ipse to ever}- perfon of 
 a verb, as 
 
 Sing. Plur, 
 
 ^>T ^^ ipse veni. / >T ^^ ipsi venimiis, 
 
 {/>T ^^ ipse veyiisti.. > >T ^^ ipsi venisfis. 
 
 >T ^♦s^ ipse vcjiit. >>T ^♦5' ipsivenerunf. 
 
 The word ^ ♦^ feems to be redundant in the following beau- 
 tiful lines of Sadi, 
 
 Doffc thou know w^hat the early nightingale faid to me ; 
 " What fort of man art thou, that canll be ignorant 
 " of love ?" 
 
 When ^«^ is ufed as a pronoun poflellive, it anfwers to 
 the Greek dCpsT^pog, and fignifies wy, fhi/, our, your, his 
 or her, and their, according to the perfon and number of 
 the principal verb in the fentence ; as in this couplet of 
 Hafiz, 
 
 ]j^U ^^ ^U; A. / ^ 
 
 ' ' •* I fee 
 
32 A GRAMMAR OF TIIE 
 
 I fee no man, either among the nobles or the populace 
 to whom I can truft the fccret of my atHicled heart. 
 
 The demon ftrative pronouns are the following : 
 
 .^r-l this. 
 
 Sing, ^r i this. Oblique cafes, ) JO I 
 
 riur. ^lOj these. j^bj 
 
 or Ul or ]j\,X>j 
 
 ^1 that. 
 
 Sing. m\ that. Oblique cafes, I^T 
 
 Plur. ^L*T those. )^CT 
 
 or UT or 1yly}T 
 
 When ^S ecn is prefixed to a noun, fo as to form one 
 word, it is frequently changed into a\ im, as ^^ JL<I im- 
 fliub to-night ; 
 
 ,^i:wi ^;W^ ^yr >T J 
 
 Heaven \ how great is my happinefs this night ; for this 
 night is my beloved come unexpectedly ! 
 
 and j^y-*) imroz to-day ; 
 
 '' This 
 
PERSIAN LAXOUAGE. 33 
 
 " This day is a day of mirth, and joy, and the fcafl of 
 " fpring ; tJiis day my heart obtains its dciires, and 
 " fortune is favourable." 
 
 The words ^T and ^1 j\ prefixed to pronouns j&cr50^?a/, 
 change them into possessives, and are read with a (liort vowel, 
 a?2i to or ez a?n io, thine, as 
 
 O my moon of Canaan (O Jofeph) the throne of Eg}'pt 
 is thine. 
 
 i . 
 The relatives and interrogatives are fupplied by the inva- 
 riable pronouns J ke and ^ che, of which the former 
 ufually relates to perfons, and the latter to things : in the 
 oblique cafes of thefe pronouns the final o is, for the mod 
 part, abforbed before the fy 11 able I j, as 
 
 Nom. J ivho. Oblique, ^f or ] j J ?vhom. 
 
 ^ which. 1^ or \ \s ivhich. 
 
 f and ,^ are interrogatives, and are very often 
 joined to tlie verb ,^^y^\y as ^^^^/v^-J ivho is it f .^^^^^^^ 
 what is it P 
 
 I O hca- 
 
84 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 O heaven I whole precious pearl, and vvhofe iheflimable 
 jewel is that royal maid, with a check like the moon, 
 and a torchead like Venus ? 
 
 ^}>y kudam is alfo an interrogative pronoun, as 
 
 We are fond of wdne, w-anton, diflblute, and with roll- 
 ing eyes; but ivho is there in this city that has not the 
 fame vices ? 
 
 Our soever is expreffed in Perflan by ^ or ^t! ^ prefixed 
 to the relatives, as 
 
 Jyj and ,X-J^yy whosoever. 
 ^^ and ^ ! w ivhatsoever. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 The Persians have adive and neuter verbs like other 
 nations ; but many of their verbs have both an adive and 
 neuter fenfe, which can be determined only by the con- 
 llru6tion. Thefe verbs have properly but one conjugation, 
 
 and 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. . 35 
 
 and but three changes of tenles; the imperative, the aorill, 
 and the preterite ; all the other tenles being formed by the 
 help of the particles .* and Jt, or of the auxiliary 
 verbs ,vrXvw or r\J)^^ to />t% aiid ^v^l^ to ic ivilli/ig. 
 The palfive voice is formed by adding the tenfes of the verb 
 fubftantive ^i^ui^to the participle preterite of the active; 
 >,j^ o>l*^ it was read. The inflexions ofthefe auxilia- 
 ries mufl be here exhibited, and mufl be learned by heart, 
 as they w^ill be very ufefid in forming the compound tenfes 
 of the active verbs. 
 
 C/'^^ /o le. 
 
 The prefent tenle of this verb is irregular, but very 
 eafy, and mull be carefully remembered, as it is the model 
 for the variations of perfon in all tenfes. 
 
 Indicative ^food, Prefent Tenfe. 
 
 Sing. ^1 / am. Plur. /I luc are. 
 
 ij\ thou art, >) 2je are, 
 
 ^«^«-l he is. >l they are. 
 
 This tenfe joined to nouns, pronouns, or adjedivcs often 
 coalefces with them, and lofes the initial I alif ; as with 
 pronouns. 
 
 Sing. 
 
9/6 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Sing. /^ ego sinn. Tim. / U 7ios summ. 
 
 jy til es. ^U"— ^^ vos csfis. 
 
 y^^^^ ille est. >^^J illi sunt. 
 
 With adjcdives, 
 
 ^<^^ty I am glad, / ^Li^ ?''^ are glad.. 
 
 (/^s^ji^ thou art glad. >^Li^ you are glad. 
 y^^^y^^^^J:^ he is glad. >;Li-^ they are glad. 
 
 The negatives are formed by prefixing ^ or *, as ^1 ^ 
 / a??i not, &c. but ,^^^y^] ^ is commonly written ,^^^J //2£?re 
 is not, as 
 
 '* The path of love is a path to which there is no end, in 
 " which there is no remedy for lovers, but to give up 
 *' their fouls." Hafz. 
 
 Second Prefent from the defective ^'<-v to he. 
 
 Sing. /^ I am. Plur. /^{ we are. 
 
 .^^ thou art. >.j'vww t/ou are. 
 
 ^*l/-^ he is. >^^^ fhci/ are. 
 
 Preterite. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. Sff 
 
 rroterite. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 ^^y^ I ivas. /^y^ 1VC were. 
 
 [j^y^ thou wast. >)^, you were, 
 
 ^y^ he 7vas. >;X ihey ivere. 
 
 Preterite Imperfect. 
 
 r)r, if fe^;r. ^ ^r. {f ^''- 
 
 Compound Preterite. 
 
 j»| 0^^^ I have leen. /! e^^^ tvehaveleen, 
 
 (/I 0^^^ or 0^^^ //ioz^ hast been. > I o^^^ yozf have been. 
 ^-^.^1 0;^^ /ie has been. >l o;^^ ^/^ey have been. 
 
 Preterpluperfecl. 
 
 ^>Ji^ 0^^^ / had been. /^„>-^ ''^r. ^^'^ ^^^ ^^^'^* 
 
 (jT^A^j^ 0^^^ ///OM hadst been. >/«Ji^ c^r. 3^°" ^^^ ^^^''^ 
 >,J:^ 6^^^ /ic had been. >/,-i^ 8)^. ^^^^i/ ^^^^ ^'^^''• 
 
 Future. 
 ^^^ ^J^ I ivillbc. ^y^ f^^f U'c u ill be. 
 
 >r. i<i}f ^^^^'' ^^^^^ ^^' :>y* '^f youwUl be, 
 
 ^y^ ^^\f he will be. ^y^ A^^f thcy^vill be. 
 
 K Imperative. 
 
3ft A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Imperative. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 >^>^^L let us he. 
 . it or y^ he thou. /^l he ye. 
 
 >A^L or ^l let him be. yU^L let them he. 
 
 Subjundlive or Aorift 
 
 ^r"^L or ^y^ I he. f^'^K ^^ f..y. ^^'^ ^'^* 
 
 J^L* or {j y^ tlwu heest. >jv,tL or >^^ you he. 
 
 ^[ or ^y^ he he. >^l or >^^ they he. 
 
 Potential. 
 ^)y^ I would he. J ^y^ we would he. 
 
 (J^v thou ivouldst he. (S>\y^ youivould he. 
 
 lS s^ he ivould he. iSJ"sf they ivould he. 
 
 Future Subjuncftive. 
 
 f^[ t)y^ I shall have heen. /^^^[i^yiveshallhaveheen. 
 J^L 5*1 thoushalt have heen. /J^i^^y you shall have heen. 
 
 /^\ ^^y^ he shall have heen. j^[ i^y they shall have heen. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Prefent, Cj^y, ^7 contradlion ^y to he. 
 Preterite, cjj^.^ i^y^ to have heen. 
 
 Participles. 
 l^L he'ing. 9^y heen. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. ZQ 
 
 i\jy<J>^ to be. 
 uU'd in forming tlie Paliive Voice. 
 
 Indicative Prefent. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 C/>i^ *[^ thou art. >»,ji^ Z^ you are. 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 Preterite Imperfed. 
 
 Compound Preterite. 
 
 iS\ DyW or DyU' Moz/ hast leen. > I d^v,.^^ you have been, 
 vij^v-l D>«sji^ he has leen. >) D>,ji^ //^ey havcleen, 
 
 Preterpluperfe(R-. 
 
 ^^y^ ^y<^ I had been, f ,,)y, ^^<^ ^^'^ hml been. 
 
 iS)y, ^y<j^ thou hadst been. > ^y^ e>^u^ you had been. 
 )X ^>^^ ^^^ ^^^^ been, J»^y ^>^^ they had been. 
 
 Future. 
 
40 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 j^^t^^ X!^ / willlc. ^Jiy >^J^ we tvtll le. 
 
 j,^^ A^ thou wilt he. ^^^ -^f y^^ ^^'^^ ^'^• 
 
 >,ji^ > 1 ^ he u'ill he. >«-i^ >^ ' f" they ivUl he. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 / y^^ we he. 
 y±^ he thou. ^^-^ y^^^ ^^' 
 
 ^y^^ let him he. .^y^^ they he. 
 
 Subjundlive, or Aorift. 
 
 ^ ^^Ky I he. / \.±.^ we he. 
 
 (J y,J^ thou heest. >t>^ y^^^ ^^' 
 
 ^ he he. >^^-i^ they he. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 i\j^^iiy to he. ^^y ^J^m^ to have heen. 
 
 Participles. 
 heing. tyVJi^ having hecn. 
 
 ^\f 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 41 
 
 ^^1^ or /♦'>*'^ ^^ ^'^ iiiUwg. 
 Aorill, 
 uCed in forming the Compound Future of verbs. 
 
 Sing. /[\f- I irill. Plur. /^^l^ nr. ivUl. 
 
 wl^ tliou wUt. ^:'^ f' y^^^ iinll. 
 
 >l^ he tuilL ^f ^^^^y '^''^^^^ 
 
 The other tenfes are formed like thofe of the regular verbs. 
 
 OF TENSES. 
 
 It will here be ufeful to exhibit an analyfis of all the 
 tenfes of a Perfian verb, and to lliow in v\'hat manner they 
 are deduced from the infinitive, which is properly confidcrcd 
 by the oriental grammarians as the fpring and fountain of 
 all the moods and tenfes, and which, therefore, is called in 
 Arabic j>.a^ mafdar or tlie source. 
 
 All regular infinitives end in ^!> , as i\jy'^) io arnve, 
 ^(>JC to grieve, ,»/>v-<'l* to fear. 
 
 The third perlbn of the preterite is formed by rcjccfling 
 ^ from the infinitive, as >v-- 1 lie arrived, >JC he grieved, 
 >,v- ^ he feared. 
 
 >.r"; d^ '■)) ^^^ C^';.^ i 
 
 \. I f;d(i, 
 
42 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 I faid, is the zephyr breathing from the garden ? or a ca- 
 ravan of miilk coming from Khoten ? 
 
 The letter ; prefixed to this tenfe is often redundant, as 
 .. i ^ * ^^w ) i^U he took the mantle, and departed. 
 
 From the preterite is formed the imperfed: tenfe by pre- 
 fixhig the particles .^ or A, as ^^j^^* or j^^ A heivas 
 arriving. 
 
 In the third perfons the imperfedl tenfe is fometimes ex- 
 pretfed by adding (/ to the preterite, as (/>v'C he icas 
 grieving, (/>yCv't* tliey ivere grieving : this form is very 
 common in profe, as 
 
 ** They w^ere immerfed in pleafm-e and delight, and were 
 '' conflantly liftening to the melody of the lute, and of 
 ^' the cvmbal." 
 
 The fame letter {J added to the firll and third perfons 
 of the paft tenfe forms the potential mood, as .^/'^K i 
 mighty could, should, or ironM grieve, y^cJt* ive might, 
 <^c. grieve ; fo Ferduli in a love-fong, 
 
 " If 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 43 
 
 *' If I could llcep one niglit on thy bolbm, I lliould feem 
 ** to touch the Iky with my exalted head." 
 
 and Hafiz, 
 
 *^ Thofe locks, each curl of M'liich is worth a hundred 
 '' niulk-bags of China, would hv. fweet indeed if their 
 *' fcent proceeded from fweetnefs of temper." 
 
 The participle preterite is formed from the infinitive by 
 changing ^ into o, as o^u-^^ arrived, o>--L sprinMcd ; 
 from which participle and the auxiliary verbs ,^'st^ and 
 i^j<^Ji^ are made feveral compound tenfes, and the paflive 
 voice; as ^\ c>v^'-L / have sprinMcd, ^^y o.u--L / had 
 sprinkled, /^^"^L c^^L I shall have sprinkled, f,-^^^ a ^t[ 
 I was sprinkled. 
 
 (} ">y >H Jr-^ ^^ C)^^' ^^ C 
 
 AVe have given up all our fouls to thofe two inchanting 
 narciffus's (eyes), we have placed all our hearts on thofe 
 two black hyacinths (locks of h;dr.) 
 
 The 
 
•44 A GPwVMMAR OF THE 
 
 The Perfians are very fond of the participle preterite ; 
 and it is very often iifed by their elegant writers to conned^: 
 tlic members of a fentence, and to fufpend tlie fenfe till 
 the elofc of a long period : in poetry it fometimes is ufed 
 like the third perfon preterite of a verb, as in this fine 
 couplet : 
 
 "-^-y., "'■• jy I/' > C^. l^ip 
 
 " The brightnefs of the cup and the goblet obfcures the 
 " light of the moon ; tlie cheeks of the young cup- 
 " bearers Heal the fplendour of the fun." 
 
 In the ode from which this couplet is taken every dillich 
 ends with the word c^j for ^j lie struck. 
 
 In compofition the infinitive is contraded by rejedling 
 /M» as >„i^ -^ly^ / luill he; fo Hafiz, 
 
 ^^-^ ^\^f C)^f. 'A /) A. (^ 
 
 Tlie breath of the wefi;ern gale will foon flied muik around; 
 the old world will again be young. 
 
 This 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 45 
 
 This fliort infinitive is likewilb ufed after imperfonal verbs, 
 ViS ^/ ^\\^ it is possible to do \ :>/ >\ ^^ ^^ necessary to 
 do ; tlius Hafiz, the Anacrcon of Pcrlia, 
 
 " It is inipofTible to attain the jewel of thy willies by thy 
 " own endeavours ; it is a vain imagination to think 
 " that it will come to thee without allifliance." 
 
 and the poet quoted in the hiflory of Cazvini, 
 
 " The life of man is a journal, in which he nmft write 
 " only good a(fl:ions." 
 
 The imperative is regularly formed by thro"wing away 
 the termination ^> from the infinitive, as ,^y arrive 
 thou, from i\jJ^j ^o arrive: the letter ^ is often pre- 
 fixed to the imperative, as ^ say thou ; fy*/^^ fear thou ; 
 fo Ferdufi in his noble fatire againft a king who had 
 flighted him. 
 
46 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 O king Malimud, thou conqueror of regions, if thou fearell 
 not me, atleall fenr God ! why haft thou inflamed my 
 wrathful temper ? doft thou not dread my blood-drop- 
 ping fword ? 
 
 It muft be here obferved, that the negative I and ) are 
 changed in the imperative into ^ and ,^, as /f/:^ ^^ 
 
 not asJi ; 
 
 (T/^ ^ f^ e>-vAJ J^^^ )J) 
 
 '' I have felt the pain of love ; ask not of whom ; I have 
 *' tafted the poifon of abfence ; ask not from whom." 
 
 Before verbs beginning with ) alif the letters ) ^ and i 
 are changed into J ^ and ., as before J] are ufed 
 ; L Iring thou, j ^\io not Iring"; 
 
 /•.♦♦> J •« 
 
 " Boy, Iring sl cup of wine ; Iring a few more cups of 
 " pure wine." 
 
 '^" N^v^-jf^ ^; c'^* ^^ C''*"^ ^-^ 
 
 .;:> 
 
I'EUSIAN LA^'GUAGE. 47 
 
 *' Say, /'W;/o- ?/o tapers into our aifembly, for this night 
 ^' the moon of mv beloved's check is at its full in our 
 " banquet ; sprinkle no perfume in our apartment, for 
 '' to our minds the fragrance that conftantly proceeds 
 " from thy locks is fufficiently pleaiing." 
 
 The contracted participle ufed in compound epithets is 
 exadly the fame with the imperative, as^X! excite tJioiiy 
 j..Jj\ >^.J>^ 7?nrth-ejritmg ; j«3) bijlame tliow, ^'J^ 
 J* 31 world -inflaming, Gcfiafrose, the name of a fairy iri'the 
 Pcrfian tales tranflated bv Colonel Dow*. 
 
 The participles of the prefent tenfc are formed by adding 
 .♦ff, ) or c> to the imperative, as i*J^^jf ^^j '"^^^^^ ?>-^; 
 arriving ; which lall participle is often ufed for a noun ot 
 action, as o>jL a player. 
 
 * The " Tales, tranflated from the PeiTian of Inatulla of Dchli," in two vo- 
 lunies, J /Ob, by Colonel Dow, are very erroneous, infomuch, that there arc feveral 
 tales irlbrted which are not to be found in the original, and many otliers omitted, 
 or much altered. In confequence of tliis, Jonathan Scott, Efq. Perfian Secretary 
 to Warren Haftings, Efq. when Governor General of Bengal, and tranflator of Fe- 
 rillitn's Iliftory of Dekkan and of the Reigns of the later Eraptrors of Hindooftan, 
 undertook the tranflation of the wliole work, which he publillied in three volumes 
 in 1799, under the title of" Bahar-Danulb, or, Garden of Knowledge: An Orien- 
 tal Koai.mce : Tranllated from the Perfic of Einaiut Oollah :" But in this tranda- 
 tion Mr. Scott has omitted (ix Itories, for which he has given a futficient rc;'fnn in 
 the appendix to his laft volume. 'Ibis work we e;irneiily rccomtDCnd to the pcrufal 
 of the Perfiaji lludent. 
 
 From 
 
48 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 From the imperative alio is formed the conjurjiftive tenfe 
 or aorill by adding to it the iilual perfonal termination, as 
 from (JJ come tliou, / ^ ^ f^ffJi/ <>r ?''^V/ come. ' 
 
 " When the fun of the wine fliall rife from the eail of 
 " the cup, a thoufund tuhps will fpring from the gar- 
 ^' den of the cup-bearer's cheek." 
 
 By this afFecled, yet lively allegory, the poet only means 
 that " the cup-bearer \\\\\ blulli when he fhall prefent the 
 " wine to the guefls." 
 
 For the moll part this form of the Perfian verb, which 
 the grammarians properly call the aorill, or indefinite tenfe, 
 anfwers to tlie potential mood of other languages, and is go- 
 verned by conjunctions as in Latin and Englilli : this will 
 be fee n more clearly in the following example taken from 
 the life of Nader Shah ; 
 
PERSIAN LAXGUAGE. 4q 
 
 " It is evident to the dilcerning and intelligent part of 
 " mankind, that, whenever the affairs of the world 
 " are thrown into confufion, and fortune favours (he 
 " delires of the unjnft, the great Difpofer of events, in 
 " the effufion of his endlefs mercy, fele(fls fome fortu- 
 " nate hero, whom he fiipports with his eternal favour: 
 " and whom he commands to heal with the balm of 
 " benevolence the wounds of the afflided, and to 
 " fweeten the bitter draught of their misfortunes with 
 " the honey of juftice." 
 
 in which period the words s^J^ kerded, ^ kuned 
 ^)^)/,. perdazcd, and ;;L^ feed, are the aorifl of 
 ^>j/ kerdiden, ^j^f kerden, ^yr^^'^/, pcrdakhten, 
 and ^y^O^ fakhten, governed by the conjunction j 
 that. 
 
 N Til' 
 
50 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 The prefent tenle is formed by preiix/ng ^ or A 
 to the aorill, as / \y^ I /mow, j \^.^ thou knoivcsf, 
 > !>^ he hiotccth : 
 
 O gentle gale, pafs by the place which tlmu hiowest, and 
 difclofe the fecrets of my heart which thou himvest, 
 
 *« 
 With that fweet hue which thou hear est on the rofe of 
 thy cheek, thqudraivest a line over the face of the gar- 
 den-rofe. 
 
 The particles ^ and A are fometimes joined to the 
 verb, and fometimes feparated from it, according to the 
 pleafure of the writer, as 
 
 Purfiie thy pleailires eagerly, for while thou canfl clofe 
 thine eye, the autumn is approaching , and the frefb 
 feafon is passing away. 
 
 The 
 
ft. ^ 
 
 The letter ) prefixed to the aorift reftraius it to the 
 future tenfe, as /"^^ / will arrive ; thus Nakhiliel)! in his 
 work called ^L* ^^ or The 2\tles of a Parrot, Night 35, 
 
 O Nakhffiebi, a man who dclires to enjoy his beloved 
 mufl be adive and diligent: whoever labours dili- 
 gently in his affairs, will at lall attain the object of his 
 willies. 
 
 After having given this analyfis of the Perfian verb, it 
 will be neceilliry to add a table of the moods and tenfes as 
 they anfwcr to thofe of European languages. 
 
 Verb AcT:ive, /M>-^^^ porsidun to ask. 
 
 Indicative Mood, Prefent Tenfe. 
 
 Sing. /^ j.^ ^^ I ask, Plur. ^ y^^ >^ ?''^ Gsk- 
 
 <^ A <:* ^^^^^^ ashest. ^^f., 'i<r* V^^^ ^^^^^' 
 
 Simple 
 
52 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Simple Preterite. 
 Sing,^ Plur. 
 
 f>^/^ ^ asJicd. i' j^>^ j'^ wc ashed. 
 
 O^j^^ thou ashcdst. >>^:^j: V^^^ asked. 
 
 >^^^ lie aslicd. >^/,, ^^^^y os^(^^' 
 
 Compound Preterite. 
 
 ^1 o^/^y> thou asked. / ) Cy^'^ r ?^'c have asked. 
 
 5 " ^•' thou hast asked. > J e^u^ ^ you have asked. 
 or OyCs^^^ ** " ^* 
 
 " '^' /ze /?«5 asked. >) &>^^ ^^^^^ /^^fl^?^^ asked. 
 
 Preterite Imperfecft. 
 
 fJ^j;^ , ^ I u^as asking. / >^^^ ^ ive ivere asking, 
 
 ^^y., I's* ^^^^^^ wast asking. >>;^^, !'^ you luere asking. 
 >^^^ *V* he zvas asking. ^^/„ /*V* ^^^y were asking. 
 
 Preterpluperfecl. 
 
 f^y, ^^^^. -'^ ^^^^ asked. / ^ V ^>;^y. ^^'^ ^^^^ asked, 
 
 ^ ^y, B>^^ //^o^^ ^ac?5^ asked. > > *. c^^-v--'^ ?/oz^ ^«^Z asked. 
 )% ^^^jf he had asked. Jis^ ^^/, ^^^^y had asked. 
 
 Firit 
 
PERSIA.N LANGUAGE. 
 
 Firll Future. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 f^ j^^ I shall ask. f^ /:i, ^''^ .9//(3// a^h. 
 
 (f^jir ^^'^^' shall ask. ^"/r. //^-''^ shall ask. 
 
 'J^^ he shall ask. >^/rr ^^'^.'7 '^hall ask. 
 
 Second Future. 
 >^-, /^^^ f" I tvUl ask. '^.^j:, ^^^f 7/'e ?rill ask. 
 
 ^"^f id^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^' "^z, '^^f' y^^'' ^^'^^^ ^"**^'* 
 
 ^'/. "^i^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^' ^/ j^\f they jvill ask. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 ^ j^ l^t its ask. 
 
 . j^j. or , j^^^ ask thoiu ^j:, ^^ V^^'-' 
 
 j^ . let him ask. ^ ^ let them ask. 
 
 Subjuudive or Aorill. 
 
 ^^ / ma?/ ask. ^ /., ^^^ ^"^// ^^'^^'• 
 
 <^7r. ^^^^^^ mayst ask. '^a ^^^' ^"^'^ ^^^' 
 
 >-^^ he may ask. ^^r, ^^^^U ^^^^V ^'^^' 
 
 Pot(intial. 
 
 j^y^^A -^ '''%^''' ^^- ^•^'^- i<^ ^:^/, ^''^ might, ^c. ask. 
 P^r^^r. ^^'^^^^ mightsf ask. U>>^/; !/ou viight ask. 
 
 iS^,-^A ^^^' '"'.'?^'^ ^^■'''^- ^ ^-^Z. ^^^^y Tiiight ask. 
 
 o Compound 
 
54 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Compound Future. 
 
 Sing. f''^^\ ^^r^^r. ^ shall have ashed. 
 
 ,J-\ i^-^ f thou shalt have ashed. 
 
 >-L p>>>^^ he shall have ashed. 
 riur. /^^"^^L ^^^:^^. ^^'^ shall have ashed. 
 
 ^iJ~\ c^cv^ ^ you shall have ashed. 
 
 jC^[^ o^cv^^^ ^/ze?/ 5/?a// have ashed. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Prefent, cj^^j;, l^ ^-^^'^ contracled /-^^j^ 
 Preterite, /♦ (^ v ^J^j; to have ashed. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Prefent, c)^/,^ and o>^^^ ashing. 
 Preterite, o^u.^^ asA-ec^ or having ashed. 
 
 Paffive Yoice. 
 Indicative Prefent. 
 
 Sing. f^^Siy (^ ^^f„ ^ ^''' ashed. 
 
 ij y^^'^ .^ ^^j;^ thou art ashed. 
 
 )}-^^ P* 9J^j^^ ^^ ^^ ashed. 
 Plur. /^,ji^*' ^ ^^\^jr, ^^^ ^^^ ashed. 
 
 ^^y-^ ,'V« ^x^^. yo^^ ^^^ ashed. 
 
 Preterite. 
 
Sing. >^> 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Preterite 
 
 x^ y / 71'cis asliccL 
 
 Vv^ v 
 
 lJ^<,J:^ CyC^y thou irast asJicd. 
 tv-" - he was asked. 
 
 ■>'•• 
 
 ».^^ o>^ - ?/ozi 2^'C/'c ashed. 
 jL t. j^^ o>v^^ //^t'y ?rc're asked. 
 
 Preterpluperfcdl. 
 
 Sino'. /»^v f>Oi^ ?>^^ I had leeji asked. 
 
 l/^^ ■\«-_l«^ ?>vv^ ^ //?o/« /^«r/,v/ Z•ce/^ ashed. 
 
 ^*/ d><«j1x CA-V- - //6' had leen asked. 
 Plur. / >•. c.v^ix- e>--'r u'e had heen asked. 
 
 \* * •^ ? c^:!^ ?><---" ^ //ow have been asked. 
 
 >\v ^> '''^ tx-^ ^ thcii had heen asked. 
 
 Aorill. 
 
 Sing, f *,«ix 5>'^ / -^ ?^^«3/ ^'<^ asked. 
 
 {J yj^ o>v^y /^/^od/ mai/est be asked. 
 
 * ^^♦^ Py*-^ /* ^'^ ''*^^ be asked. 
 Plur. / ^.-i^ ^y^r i^'^ ^^^!/ ^'^ asked. 
 
 -L y _A^ e>v--'^ //ow ///rty be asked. 
 
 J. y f*^ D>v«- ^ ///^'^ wiO!^ I^'C asked. 
 
 Future. 
 
56 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. >^>^ i^^f' ^^/, ^ ^^^oll he ashJ. 
 
 j^^^iy' .c<^f ^>^ /„ liC shall he o^sled , 
 
 /^Siy J^^f' ^^r ^'^ shall be asked. 
 Plur. >,.i^ /^"^'^ ^'V^. ^^'^ 5^/^^^ ^'^ «5^t'^. 
 
 >_:^'^ >^ j »p D>v^^ 3/02/ 5/?«// he asked. 
 
 /.J:^ Ai}^ ^^f ^^^y shall he asked. 
 
 Infinitive^ 
 
 Prefent, /M>,ji^ ^>^r ^^ ^^ asked. 
 
 Preterite, ^^y ^^Ji^^ ^^f ^^ have hecn asked. 
 
 Negative verbs are formed by prefixing ^ or 5 to the 
 affirmative in all the tenfes, as 
 
 • * 
 
 Sing. ^\^ J I do not know, nefcio. 
 
 j)^** / thou dost not k?ioiv, nelcis. 
 
 >l^ .^ he does 7iot knoiv, nefcit. 
 Plur. ^ U "./ ive do not know, nefcimus. 
 >J)_5 ''^ you do not know, nefcitis. 
 
 "♦I h 
 
 >^)^ "J they do not '^now, nefciunt. 
 
 o-^.- cfUi-T ^J>j ^j^ ^ ;l /l> 
 
 I know 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 5? 
 
 / hnoir not why the damlcls, tall as cyprcll'es, with black 
 eyes, bright as the moon, have not the colour of love. 
 
 Uafiz. 
 
 OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 In tlie ancient language of PeiTia there were very few or 
 no irregularities : the imperative, which is often irregular 
 in the modern Periian, was anciently formed from the infi- 
 nitive by rejecting the termination ,♦ !> ecdun ; for origi- 
 nally all infinitives ended in ,»f^ dun, till the Arabs intro- 
 duced their harfh confonants before that fyllable, which 
 obliged the Perlians, who always afFe6led a fweetnefs of 
 pronunciation, to change the old termination of f )me verbs 
 into ,»^ tun, and bv degrees the o'riginal infinitives grew 
 quite obfolete : yet they ftill retain the ancient imperatives 
 and the aorifis which are formed from them. This little 
 irregularity is the only anomalous part of the Perfian lan- 
 guage, which, neverthelefs, far furpafles in fimplicity all 
 other languages, ancient or modern, of which I have any 
 knowledge. This remark on the formation of the Perfian 
 imperatives from an obfolete verb, may be ufeful to thofe 
 w^ho are curious in ancient diale6ls; as it will enable them to 
 trace out a confiderable part of the old Perfian language or Peh- 
 levian {J »X^ which has the fame relation to the modern 
 Jyj or Perfic, as the Icelandic has to the Danilh, or 
 
 p the 
 
5S A GRAMMAR OF Tilt- 
 
 the Saxon to the Englifli ; and which was, perhaps, fpo- 
 ken in the age of Xenophon. This is the language in 
 whieh the works of Zeratiiflit or Zoroafter are preferved, 
 and into which the fables of Bidpai or Pilpai were firft 
 tranflated from the Indian : but as we rejeded the Saxon 
 alphabet to admit the Roman ; fo the Perlians, when they 
 embraced the religion of Mohammed, adopted the charac- 
 ters in which the Alcoran was written, and incorporated into 
 their language a multitude of Arabic words and phrafes. 
 
 The Perlian verbs that form their imperatives, and confe- 
 quentlj their aorills, from obfolete infinitives, may be di- 
 Uributed in the following clafles : the old infinitives may 
 be found by adding ^(> eedun to the imperatives, and the 
 aorilts by adding to them the perfonal terminations. 
 
 L Irre- 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE, 5^ 
 
 I. 
 
 Irregulars that form their imperatives by rejecfling 
 
 Infin. Imper. Aorili. 
 
 ^'^[ fo draiu a sahre ^') ^') 
 
 ^^j] to sow together *)] ^M 
 
 ^^;I;T to rehuJic ^t;T ^j]f\ 
 
 ^'^^^ to emir ace iP^^ f^ ^*^ 
 
 i*f^-f\ to cut . ^\ /^^S 
 
 ij^j^'i^ to speah Idh/ yliif /;^^ 
 
 ^>Ui) to sprinJdc ^^\ / Kiih\ 
 
 fj)/^^ to press ^h\ ^^6\ 
 
 ^ y to threw down CT^^ ^'^^\ 
 
 ^>:/T to fill ^1 /r T 
 
 l*J^j*^ to hri?ig J*) and jj ^^^T and ^^T 
 
 ^^L to tinge, to weave ^i J' I 
 
 ^.^ to bear ^^ ^^ 
 
 CI)J:4 ^^ ^'^''''''^^' A^. rj.^4 
 
€o 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Iniin. 
 -^>|^^ to read 
 
 ^>) / to chive 
 
 to huz 
 
 ^)^^ to resign 
 i*))/-^ ^0 shave 
 /♦l>Li^ to comb 
 ^;-'^Kj>^ to cleave 
 /M;yXji^ to Jmnf 
 Cj)/^"^ to 7iiwiber 
 Cj^^^-^ to hear 
 i\j^y^ to slumher 
 i^Uj'^ to freeze 
 
 ^'^ , . to press 
 
 ^ /to throw 
 
 for ^f>wV? J 
 
 V /v' 5; V ^'^ P^yform 
 "^f to straw 
 
 for 
 
 O'v^ 
 
 C/' 
 
 to kill 
 
 ^tdS:/ to scatter 
 
 /T 
 
 Impcr. 
 
 Jf 
 
 and 1 1 
 
 J V p.. 
 
 
 
 .'VA'V^ 
 
 ^« A^iiJ 
 
 y 
 
 Aorift. 
 and f^j\^ 
 
 ^ and /X- ^.ii 
 
 * » 
 and ^ \^ 
 
 
PEK5IAN LANGUAGE. fil 
 
 Infint Iinpcr, ^ Aorift. 
 
 ^,f>[' to move ♦)!! ^ U 
 
 1-. / ^J,l^ to remain ^U >" I* 
 
 and ,.-Xc':v ^ "^ f 
 
 11. 
 
 Irregulars that change ^ into j/l 
 
 iJ^yA to rest (/UT / UT 
 
 ^''^^ i'o increase i)]'}] or (/l;^ / Iv'l or / I;? 
 
 or ^1,,;. ^ >^ ^ / f .. > f .. >- 
 
 The participle of this verb, iifed in compound 
 adjedives, is ^yT, as ^^T w^f^^ sleep?/, drottmed 
 in sleep, 
 
 ^^^>) ^o besmear (/!>! /^.J^' 
 
 ^^yt^ /o strain O'H^ / H. 
 
 i*jsy^- to measure ijL-^ / i^ 
 
 ^^^^j to polish c/l^; ^J^; 
 
 ^^^^i^^ to praise cf^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 C))^'^ i^ strohe ^^— ^ /^..^*^ 
 
« 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Infin. 
 
 Imper. 
 
 t*j^y*} to command 
 
 (/u/ 
 
 f*J^y iO shoiv 
 ^ . /to open 
 
 
 Aorift. 
 
 III. 
 
 Irregulars that change ^ into w or , 
 
 <^ ^, to disturb 
 
 fy' 
 
 Q^\i to hiflame ^^\; ^ \; 
 
 C/^ U ) ^^ understand ^^^ j^ ^ ^ h 
 
 This imperative is very anomalous. 
 ^Y^l^i^ji^ to hasten ^-^t;^^^ 
 
 i*r^^^>J> to hlossom , — O,*- ^ 
 
 Cj^,./ to deceive ^ ^^ ^-'^^^ w-^/./ /^ } 
 
 ^^ to smite ^— ^y /^' r 
 
 I have never met with this Grange imperative. 
 
 ^l tofind ^t /I 
 
 ^^% 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. ' ^3 
 
 Infin. Iinper. Aoiift. 
 
 ^^ to dig .1^ ^^\i 
 
 ^ to say / ^J 
 
 and {j ^ 
 
 ^j^sC^J:^ io hear y^-^ fT^^ 
 
 IV. 
 
 Irregulars that change j- into j, j^ and ^^i^ 
 
 ^^1 )) io exalt 
 
 ;l/l 
 
 f;'/! 
 
 ^^}\ to hifiame 
 
 ;V' 
 
 ^;v' 
 
 ,*f^y^ to ham 
 
 >>^ 
 
 f;r^ 
 
 
 ;:r^^ 
 
 
 ^y^\J>\ to throw 
 
 ;i>» 
 
 ^;i>t 
 
 ^j^^/,\ io gain 
 
 ;;>■! 
 
 p-;>i 
 
 ^*/^^ 1 to excite 
 
 • 
 
 ;:^' 
 
 f;rOi 
 
 ^^ ^T ^0 7^a;z^ 
 
 ;;./ 
 
 ^;;/ 
 
 ^l /o^% 
 
 ;f 
 
 r>^. 
 
 ^^)^ -< io finish 
 
 ;l;4 
 
 r>''^. 
 
 ^*f^y^^ to heivare 
 
 }^4 
 
 f';:^.^, 
 
 ^^^ ^0 ^'0?7 
 
 h 
 
 r^' 
 
 ;y^\ /O 5?/? 
 
 k. 
 
 ^;.. 
 
 ^j;^''^^^ ^ tahe captive 
 
 k., 
 
 r^. 
 
 ^^l ^0 ^i^W^ 
 
 ;l" 
 
 0'. .. 
 
 cry 
 
*64 A graMjMak of the 
 
 Infin. ImpcT. Aorijfi:. 
 
 ■^v" to collect )y ^)y 
 
 ^j^L^y to prcpaj-e "J^^^ fJ^^^ 
 
 ♦ ;c^^jw^ to prick *• 
 ^i^y^ to hum J 
 
 ♦^)>r to melt ^*)>r 
 
 ^*f^Sy to soothe jiy 
 
 ^^U,.^^ to understand cf^^^^^ 
 ^.} to sell J^.} 
 
 V. 
 
 Irregulars that change ^ into ^ 
 
 \j^\^\ to fill ^10) f)^^ 
 
 ^^ICJ' to tJiinh ;ICJl z'^K^'l 
 
 ^^l^) to swallow ^1^1 ^^l-j' 
 
 ^)^^/o raise. ;)^^ ^;l;^ 
 
 ^^^)>X.^ ^0 suppose j\^^ f)^'^, 
 
 jyC^)^ /o ^a2;e ;t; z';!; 
 
 ♦ •••MJif 
 
 *^ . .^^0 leave, pass jJLT and il/T jri^Tand /»;!>/ 
 or ^yi<>/ ^ I I 
 
 ^'^y to loose, dismiss jy ^^\J 
 
 VI. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 65 
 
 VI. 
 
 Irregulars that rejcdl — ^ 
 
 Infm. Impcr. Aorift. 
 
 f*/^^ to plant ^) £\\ 
 
 ^•;-'l;T to adorn {J\j\ ^ l^T 
 
 -yCwjl to Ic necessary (Jl^ / t 
 
 ,*/^^\, to accept (/L /I 
 
 ./u-lw to deck fj\ ^ ^\^ 
 
 ^y;vJ)^ to know ^1^ /')^ 
 
 ^; ^0 fe (/; ^^; 
 
 f*/^ to luasli [S y* / y^ 
 
 ^yUjU fo resemlle .mU y U 
 
 'o resem 
 
 to vieiv 
 
 VII. 
 
 Irregulars in ♦> 
 ^^>^T fo create ^J") J^ j'\ 
 
 ^J>y to choose ^y /T* •> 
 
 R VIII. 
 
W A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Irregulars in ^ that rejed ^ 
 Infill. Imper. Aorift» 
 
 ^/:\. io accept ^^^^ ^^;,^ 
 
 ^/ to take / ^/ 
 
 r^lTTtUUJ IX. 
 
 Irregulars that change . — *^ into e 
 
 ^^Xv^ to leap ^ ^^ 
 
 ^•>^ /o Z^e delivered e i ^ . 
 
 ^*x^^ ^ to le willing t]^ /^^^ 
 
 X. 
 
 Irregulars that change /y-^ into ^ or > 
 
 ^^j;t^^^ ^0 o^cewcl ^'^ ^,-^^ 
 
 ^^^ to hind ^ ^jX 
 
 ^^^Uv* to cause to sit down ^\±^ J[f^ 
 
 -yUwiiv* to sit down .*j^ /^* 
 
 XI. 
 
PERSIA X LANGUAGE. 6/ 
 
 XL 
 
 Irregulars that add (/ 
 
 Infin* Iniper. Aorifl. 
 
 ^^1; to I'C horn (J]j / f j 
 
 ^^^ to caress (/(^ ^' (^ 
 
 ^^Uj to open (/^-^ (^ ^^ 
 
 XII. 
 Irregulars that reject ,♦(»} 
 
 ^^Ix-'^ ^a send C^-^/ /^/ 
 
 ^^y to place X f{ 
 
 XIII. ' 
 
 Irregulars not reducible to any clafs. 
 
 ^^UT to prepare jUT ^;l-T 
 
 ^^v^T /o coriie- {J\ ^ J 
 
 ^vU to rise *^ ^♦Jr 
 
 ^^f^ to give ^^, ^^ 
 
 ^^j to strike ^l ^ \ 
 
 P \, to take r}^^-^^ /^^ 
 
 and .,;;C.Uv- w f 
 
 Cr^ 
 
 Irifin.r 
 
"Ob a grammar of the 
 
 Infin. Imper. Aorift. 
 
 / 
 
 
 and ^^^ CA^ r 
 
 lJ)/^focIie ^ ^j^ 
 
 , » 
 CT^ to write , H,y f^ y 
 
 Example of an irregular verb. 
 ♦^L yaftun to find. Contracted infinitive ,^*^i 
 t Prefent Tenfe. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 jjL .^ thou findest. ^\, <* you find. 
 
 >^L .^ he finds. >A^L .^ they find. 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 /"^l I found. ^. t ive found, 
 
 ^[^thoufoundest. ^u^l you found. 
 
 O^H, ^i^fi^^^' ' >^L they found. 
 
 Future. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. ^9 
 
 Future, or Aorift. 
 Sing. Pliir. 
 
 f^K I sliall or may jimL ^ [^ ire shall or inaij Jim! . 
 
 ^ I tJwu shalt or may si find. >.; L^ you shall or may find. 
 
 > L he shall or mayfiml. A \ they shall or may fiml 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Wi^L or w^L jiml thou. yCjL ^//f/ yo^/. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 Prefcnt, U or ^[fiiditig. 
 Preterite, J^l having found. 
 
 It is better for me not to turn my face from patience ; it 
 may happen that I may find \\ hat my heart delires. 
 
 The contracted participles, as ithasbeen before obferved, 
 are of great ufeinthe compofitionof words, as ♦-vO) y^ ^J:^ 
 mirtli-exciHng, from .^^J>^ ^\'l^ich in Arabic Signifies 
 
 mirth, and the participle of .;u<. 1 to excite: but of 
 thefe elegant compounds I Ihall fpeak at large in the n(^\t 
 fec^ion. s 01' 
 
f^ A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 OF THE COMPOSITION 
 
 AND 
 
 DERIVATION OF WORDS. 
 
 O) 
 
 NE of the chief beauties of the Perllan language is 
 the frequent ufe of compound adjecftives ; in the variety 
 and elegance of which it furpalles not only the Ger- 
 man and Engiilh, but even the Greek* Thefe compounds 
 may be multiplied without end according to the pleafureand 
 tafte of the writer ; they are formed either by a noun and the 
 contracted participle, as ,^^„/ , j; or ^.^.^^ heart 'alluring, 
 or by prefixing an adjedlive to a noun, as {J y^^ sweet- 
 smellingy or, laftly, by placing one fubllantive before ano- 
 ther, as j)/x)^ rose-cheelied. 
 
 Since one of the nouns in a compound word is often 
 borrowed from the Arabic, a man who wilhes to read the 
 Perfian books with fatisfadlion, ought to have a competent 
 knowledge of both languages. I iliall fubjoin a lift of 
 the moft elegant compounds that I can recoiled ; but I 
 mull exprefs moft of them in Englifli by circumlocutions; 
 for though we have fome compound epithets which give a 
 
 grace 
 
PERSIAN language; ff 
 
 grace to our poetry, yet in general the genius of our lan- 
 guage feems averfe to them. Thus /H ^T from ^T 
 a/cum and ^% an eye, a Perfian epithet, which an- 
 fwers to the Greek sXikSttiC^ fccms very harfh in Enghlh, 
 if we tranflate it faam-cijcd ; Lady Wortley Montague's 
 tranflation * stag-eyed is not much better, and conveys a 
 different idea from what the eastern poets mean to exprefs 
 by this epithet. 
 
 Adjedives compounded of nouns and participle?. 
 
 
 U^l ,6 gul efflian shedding flowei^s, 
 
 ^U-M ^'^ durr eflhan sprinldbig pearls. 
 
 ^Liil ^^y goher eflhan scatteiing gems. 
 
 ^Ui) ^S teegli eflhan Irandlshing a scymitar. 
 
 fjit^] ^^ khon eflhan droppwg Hood, 
 ;^;' jj) dil azar afflicting the heart, 
 J^J CJ^, J^^^ ^^^'^^ wounding the soul. 
 ^-C^l s-^r tab ef ken darting flames, 
 ^-O' ^ beekh efken tearing up roots. 
 .Y^^^ w^t-^ ^cng efken cast insr stones. 
 ^^<w^) oy coh efken throwing down mountains 
 
 See her letters from Conftantinople. 
 
72 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 »X^) *^ merd efken overtJwoivhig heroes. 
 ♦^ T j^ amber agcen full of amhergns. 
 
 ♦ ^/T ;*/^^ furiir ^geen /«// of pleasures, 
 
 (•T ^t^ miiriid tivCv fidji'l/ing our desires. 
 
 I J L dil aver stealirig hearts. 
 
 )/T ,mI>;^ jehan ara . 
 
 ;, j^i* ^ adorning the ivorla.. 
 
 and I y) /L? alcm ara 
 
 ) ,T , j.Sy* mcjlis ara gracing the banquet. 
 j iT \s dil ara rejoicing the heart. 
 ^) iT J^ dil aram giving rest to the heart. 
 U ;T ^ , J neberd azma experieiiced in battle. 
 UT ^ • J ruh afa appeasing the spirit. 
 l^-T ,»)Ip' jan afa giving rest to the soul. 
 
 • JT , ♦ \^ khon alud sprinMed ivith Hood. 
 ^ JT ;ti^ ghntar alud covered with dust. 
 
 ^ JT ILj^ khata alud stained zvith crimes. 
 hJI ^ •! ruh efza refreshing the spirit. 
 ) r?) ...jj^/ bill jet efza increasing cheaj fulness. 
 ^^^y-^ yr-^ fhehr afliob disturUng the city ; 
 
 elegantly applied to beauty, to which likewife 
 the poets give the following epithet, 
 
 Cj^?^ J*J ^"^ efzun increasing daily. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 73 
 
 :f M ,^1*^ ll-r efraz raising his head. 
 
 *)>! , ♦ ,s i iicrdcn cfniz L'xaltiv}<£ his necP, 
 
 J.il /L? idem ofmz ,. , ^ . ,, 77 
 
 ^-^ ^ ^ enhghtcmng the ivortd. 
 
 or ;Ol ^U' jehan cfruz 
 
 : . }| JtJ triti efruz ijjflamina: the universe. 
 Uh] "f/^ marikch cfruz hindlingthejight* 
 
 a beautiful epithet for the anemone. 
 * ^^T , ^v ! ^ danifli amuz skilled in science. 
 : ^J ^ kar amuz expert in affairs, 
 Vv*T tst'* muzhdch amecz mixed zvith joyful tidings. 
 This participle v,-T is iifed in a great variety of 
 compounds. 
 u-*! y^-^^j nihet amecz giving rest, 
 *.,J] /^ fitem 'dme^z full of threats. 
 Vv^T yyi^ dichd ameez jnixed with honey. 
 *^v^T ^^ J reng ameez mixed with colours, that is^ 
 
 deceitful. 
 i*)>) y V pertu cndaz darting rays. 
 ;1>) s:>^) dehlhet cndaz striking with fear , 
 ,M>) , iu'T atefh enda^' casting out fire. 
 ,*f>) ^* teer endci^ shooting arrows. 
 
 >;> 
 
7-1 A GllAMMAR OF THE 
 
 * *> 1 s^^y^ zulmut enduz gatliering darhicssy 
 
 an epithet of the nig] it. 
 y\>l ^^j^ ibrct enduz attracting woifdcr. 
 
 vjG) .j^[hJ\ iltiftxt engccz ejt'citwg 7'cspec(. 
 
 vJjI ^J3' khulas engecz promoting sincerity, 
 
 >X I ^Cb iitnch engeez liaising a iimudt. 
 
 vX;) ,^^^J^^ khejlet engeez causing blushes to ?ise. 
 
 ♦^n-CJ) ^(iHi^ kbefekan engeez inahing the heart Icat, 
 
 VsX;) ^^jl irihad cng^iz producing safety. 
 ^l^f ^;y^ merdum obar devouiing men. 
 1*/^/^ ^'b'jan afvecn that created the sold. 
 J. . 1^ dil bcr fif ravish er of hearts. 
 ^a^ ,-'>-^ faveh perver Z'rec? in the shade, 
 
 an epitliet for an ignorant young man \\\\o has 
 
 not {cGVi the world. 
 j^y^ ^^ ulenia pei'.cr cherishing learned men. 
 J*jC. L*/ ^^^^ perver nourisliing the lody. 
 ji (j^^>^ ifl^J^ baz sporting ttith Jove. 
 j'f}j^^ rP'Jx. P^^^^^^ pezee'r accepting an excuse. 
 )hj^* ^'^ turaneh perdaz composing tunes, 
 
 a mulician. 
 >'^>^. Cj i'ckhun perdaz composing sentences, 
 
 an orator. 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 ^w Lii* nekil bend conipiUng narrafivefi, 
 
 •An hilloriaii. 
 
 jX v^ adu bend that enslaves his enem'iefi. 
 
 \^ jJ^ fitneh becz spreading sedition, 
 
 Vv hp otar becz shedding pcrf/nne. 
 
 l^v zj^K nadcreh peera collecting viemorahlc events 
 '^Xf., Cj^^ albman peyvcnd reaching the s/n/, 
 ^.•^;> ip alcm tab if/ flaming the ivorld, 
 an epithet of the fun. 
 
 [5 ^ ^) doulctjiii wishing prosperity, 
 ,».-^ , (^ Cful chcen sratherins: roses. 
 ♦ _s^ i^Xj^ fliukufeh chcen cropping floivers. 
 ,»,^r ,,J fckhun chcen collectinfr words, 
 
 an informer. 
 
 *.^ S"^"^ fcher kheez rising: in the morninfj;, 
 C)^ y^"^^"^^ f' khofli khan sircetJy singing. 
 j\J,\y^ ']6hm\^Xv possessing the luorld. 
 /V!^; J^C-^* nukteh dan sJiilful in suit let ies. 
 C^, e^^ khurdeh been seeing minute objects. 
 ^\ j ♦/ fekhiin ran lengthening his discow'se. 
 ^1 ^!^ kamian gaining his desires, 
 V ] ♦f*^ khnn reez sheddino: Hood. 
 
76 A GRAMMAR Ol- THE 
 
 ♦J . jO^ flicker reez dropphig stigar, 
 
 V ) J golier reez scattcr'uigjeivels. 
 
 V 1 .J^'A aflik reez sheddbiir tears. 
 )*♦> ghemzedd dispersing care, 
 
 ]^j ^M^v* zulmet zeda dispelling darkness, 
 ^\,\ rahzen infesting the ^vay, a robber. 
 jO^ yf"*^^ fihr iiz preparing enchantments, 
 ^l;:^'^ dilfitan ravishing hearts. 
 
 : wJ^ dilfiiz inflaming the heart. 
 
 iKj:^ ^y jan fhikar a hunter of souls. 
 ^ ^J!:^ /" iimr lliikaf destroying life. 
 
 ♦yX.^^ ^^ i^i lliiken hreaking the ranks. 
 
 )\fJ>^ f' t enjum fhumar eciual to the stars in numler. 
 / K^-^ji^ j^ kar ihinas skilful in lusiness. 
 / J^^} yX,i^ flieker furufli selling sugar. 
 , j^« 3 ^^ khod furuih loasting of hirjiself 
 ""^•'Z r^ nazar fereeb deceiving the beholder, 
 j]jf I^ yiger gudaz melting the heart. 
 J \jS U^ fumma gudaz dispelling a calamity. 
 JlS Li> zeja kuller spreading light. 
 ->X» L; alem geer sulduing the icorld. 
 UlCJ) dilkufha rejoicing the heart. 
 
PERSIAN LAJS'GUAGE. 77 
 
 liiJ jyiif kiflivcr kuiliA conquering provinces. 
 
 .%r^'* ,^^' J *y 'duninirniihccn silling on a fJiro)ie. 
 ^^•J ^'^^ viranch iiilliocn inhabiting a desert. 
 t^* y rehiiiima showing the iray. 
 j\ y \—^ l..^ ghereeb nuvaz lincl to strangers. 
 ^.^ j\ y L)y> bcrbiit nuviiz tuning a ha? p. 
 
 ^^•L^l^ kam yab thaf finds 2vhat he desires. 
 
 II. 
 
 Words compounded of adje(flives and nouns. 
 
 (J^j >^^y khob ruyi with a beautiful face. 
 (J J?- c'J[ piikcezehkhui havinsr pure intentions. 
 (J ^^""^ ^ khofli khui of a stueet disposition. 
 ^^!>H pakdamen with ujiblemished virtue. 
 j\^ ^m^f khob avaz with a pleasing voice. 
 ^^) ^^f khob rayheh with a pleasant scent. 
 d^^ /JA*^ khofli el han ?i.77A 5?ree/ 7/o/t',9. 
 
 an epithet of the nightingale, as in this elegant 
 dillich, 
 
 ij The 
 
79 A GRAMMAR OF THi: 
 
 The brightnefs of youth again returns to the bowers ; the 
 rofc fends joyful tidings to the nightingale with fwcet 
 notes. 
 
 ^^'^J L/f ^^^^^^ roftar ivalMng gracefully. 
 J feijV;^ fhireenkar ivith gentle manners. 
 / , ^^ \*f /^ fliireen dihen ivitli a siueet mouth. 
 
 ^^v e<vv^ fiah chefhm hlach-eyed. 
 
 The compounds of this form are very numerous, an<i 
 may be invented at pleafure. 
 
 III. 
 
 Adjectives compounded of two nouns. 
 Each of thefe epithets is a fhort limile. 
 
 (/>V ^A P^^ ^"}i .,7 ,1. ^ ^ 7 
 
 /.^ (/^peripeyker J J ^ 
 
 )^ ) iS ji^ P^ri rukhfar ivith the clieehs of an angel.. 
 ■ M /^JiX* Gemfhid kulah ivith the diadem of Gemshid^ 
 ] j\^ Dara hifhmet 2Vith the troops of Darius o 
 aYnQQn fak ivith legs like silver.. 
 
 \^ ^^Xj^fheker leb zvith lij)s of sugar. 
 
 jbsJ h^ tut! guftar talMng like a parrot.. 
 
 «• « 
 
PERSIAN LAXGLTAGE. 79 
 
 %-^' -f ghunclich lob ivlth lips liJce rosc-liich. 
 
 iS ^ ♦>"^^ femcn buvi ivdJi the scent of jessamine^ 
 
 « > • ^ •' ^ ^ 
 
 ^ .♦^""^'^ fcmcn bcr 7rifJi a bosom Uhc jessamine, 
 
 -^ J^ gulrokh zvHh cheeks like roses* 
 
 ij ^X gulruyi with a rosy face. 
 
 ij y-Xji^ miithk buyi uith the scent ofmusJi\ 
 
 . ,} y.i^V'l yaJciit \\xh ivith lips like ruLies. 
 
 J) y^^-i^ iheer dil ivlth the heart of a lion^ 
 
 AVhen we conlider the yaft number of epithets that may 
 be compounded after thefe three forms^ and that thoie 
 epithets are often ufed for fubftantives without a noun 
 being expreiicd, we mull allow that the Perfian language 
 is the richeft in the world. Thefe compounds are thought 
 fo beautiful by the Perlian poets, that they fometinies fill 
 a dillich with them, as 
 
 
 A damfel with a face like the moon, fcented like niul>:. 
 a raviflier of hearts, delighting the tbul, fedueing the 
 l<^'nfes. beautiful as tlie full moon, 
 
 Tl;e 
 
80 A GKAMMAK UF THE 
 
 The particle >t hem together, prefixed to nouns, forms 
 another elegant clafs of compounds implying society and 
 intimacy, as 
 
 .♦'tJ^^ hcmaflii}ari of the same 7icst. 
 s^JJ^lf^ hemaheixg of the same inclinatioJi. 
 ^yj^^ hembezm of the same banquet. 
 JUvw^l hempifter lying on the same pilhir. 
 ^ 1 y^\. hemkhabeh sleeping togethe?\ 
 ^ j^ hemdem hreathing together, that is, 
 very intimately connedled. 
 
 The particles t* iiot, ^ little, and ^^ ivithout, are 
 placed before nouns to denote privation,' as >v«j L* na 
 umeed hopeless , ^^U,^ C na lliinas, ignorant, j^sX^^ t* na 
 fliukufteh^fl rose not yet llown ; L^ kembeha of little value, 
 IHp ^ kem akil ivith little sense; ^l ,^^^ bee bak/e«r- 
 less ^'vw^^ ,r'^ hee aman merciless: this particle is often 
 joined to Arabic verbs, as yi ^^ bee tammul inconside- 
 rate, ^_^-J " , > bee terteeb irre^iular. 
 
 '"7' ...» (J ♦ o 
 
 Example. 
 
 •« ♦♦ «* 
 
 Henceforth 
 
;; 
 
 PERSIAN' LANGUAGE. JSl 
 
 Henccrforlli, wherever I write thy rKvnic, I will write 
 J disc, 2uildnd, und faithless^ 
 
 Names of agents are generaHy participles active in c>, 
 as OyCj^r^ fazcndeh a coin poser ; or they are formed by 
 
 adding y ger, ^l^^gar, or ban, to a fubftantive, as 
 a goldsmith, jK^^> ci ivritcr, r*j-^l a gardener. 
 
 Nouns of action are often the fame with the third per- 
 i^oi\ preterite of a verb, as y.:>^*i * > P liiylng and selUng, 
 j^^S^y ^ >*T coming atid going. 
 
 Adjeclivcs implying pofleiHon or plenty are formed by 
 adding to nouns the terminations il,^ fiir, .^J keen,>.- 
 mend, ^^^ ntik, /!• -sar or ', ver, as y' — *r^^ lashful 
 .♦,.-vU sorroicfal, >v» 1^ learned, ^^j^] venomous 
 /t^>^| hopeful', yy'^ hating life. 
 
 The Arabic words *; zu, ^^^'v^ flihyb, and , L) ehl 
 prefixed to nouns form likewife adjectives of polfellion, 
 as jib ,^ majesticli, dignitatc pncditus, jU^^ ^^^\^ 
 
 beautiful, venultate prasditus, ^.^^'^ U irise, fapientiil 
 pr^ditus. We may here obferse, that the Indians ufe a 
 great variety of phrafes purely Arabic, fome as proper 
 names and titles of chiefs and princes, and others as epi- 
 
 X thets 
 
82 A GTIAMMAR OF THE 
 
 tlicts or conftant adjundls to fubliantivcs ; fucli are the 
 
 naiDCs J*>'! '*-C^^ Shnjalicddoula, J«>') /* Nejmcd- 
 doula, J4>') , j^'^- Slienifcddouia J^>'! -J .^ Sc- 
 
 rajeddoiila, which fignity in Arabic (he force, tJie star, 
 the sun, and the lamp of the state ; fuch is alfo the title 
 
 which they gave Lord CUve, y,^jXi\ o>J Zabdatuhnulk 
 the flower of the Idngdom ; in the fame manner tliey feklom 
 mention the province of JK^ Bengala without adding, 
 
 by way of epithet, ^Hx') ,^^^ ]cnnQt\\[hc\[ni the paradise 
 of regions, an Arabic title given to that province by 
 
 >^^.j v^w^'mT Aurens^zeeb. 
 
 Some adjectives are formed from nouns by adding .^f 
 as ^.-^^^'^ fi^^^y^ i^^ )] golden, ^■^ )j^j made of emeralds. 
 
 The termination J! added to fublhmtives forms adverbs 
 that imply a kind of limilitude, as p^lL*'^ prudently , 
 UliC a prudent man, ^ K ^^ courageousl//, like a man of 
 co>Aras:e. 
 
 Adjectives of limilitude are formed by adding W afa, 
 I— ^ i^^i, or , 'V^ vcili, to fubllantives, as W ^Ip amber afa 
 
 lilie amlergris, Ul ^^rii.^ like inusk, UT ,^^J^ like para ^ 
 disc, L*^ / lilie magic, . i^* ./^ rde a rose-hid, 
 /^« y* or rr'*y^- like the moon. 
 
 Some 
 
PEnSIAN TANOUAGE. 
 
 Some adjedlivcs and adverts arc formed by nouns dou- 
 bled with the letter 1 alif hc^twecn them, as ^JU up to 
 the him, ^\.^^ from the I'Cghunni^ to tJicnuJ, ^^L«J;<^^*; 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 or 
 
 ♦ ' J^ J uicniu- colon red. 
 
 J J 7 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 Exam|ilc. 
 
 A garden, in which were the cleared rivulets, an orchard 
 in which the notes of the birds were melodious : the 
 one v\'as full of many-coloured tulips, the other full of 
 fruits li'ith various hues. 
 
 The two lirll lines of this tetraftich are ih pure Arabic. 
 
 This termination ^Ij fam, as well as ^'y goon, denotes 
 colour, as ^'i^U or ^^ J^XT rosC'Colourcd, f^)/^] emendd- 
 coloured. 
 
 From the compounds above mentioned, or any other 
 adjectives compounded or fimple, may be formed abfrracl 
 fubftantivcs by adding (/, as 
 
84 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 X^,^ ^^ lashftd, ij j^.,,^ j^Ji^ haslif Illness. 
 
 ^cV'*)^ learned, i/>^^" ') karnhig. 
 
 I 
 
 cL,.^ //ficA^ /^''— -^ IJacliness 
 
 If the adjective end in o the abflradl is made by chang- 
 ing D into /, as ^Klv^ 7?e?r^ ,^0^^^ novelty. 
 
 Other abfiads are made cither by adding j\ to the third 
 perfon of the pall tenfe, as j^j^j sight, I^^U speech ^ 
 j^ij motion; or by adding ^ to the contradled partici- 
 pk^ , ^'U) rest, ^^^^^ praise, rj^lS*)^ temptation. 
 
 The letter ) ahf added to fome adjeiftives makes thern 
 abftradl nouns, as fpf irarm, U / ivarmth, 
 
 Nouns denoting the place of any thing are formed by 
 the terminations ^l:^) illan, ^1^ dan, ylj zar, cl^ gah, 
 or U ja, as 
 
 ^^j^ negarillan * a gallery of pictures. 
 
 » The five firft of thefe names are the titles of as many excellent books : the 
 Behariftan and Guliftan are poetical compofitions by Jami and Sadi ; the Nsga- 
 riftan is a veiy entertaining mifcellany in profe and verfe ; and the Shekerdan 
 is a mifcellaneous work in Arabic upon the hiftory of Egypt : as to the Sum- 
 buliftan, I have feen it quoted, but recoUeft neither the fubjeft, nor the nam« 
 of its author. The Greeks fometimes gave thefe flowery titles to their books j 
 thus Pamphilus pv.biilbed a treatife on dilferent fubjeasj which he called As/^WV 
 iltAA ameudo%v; and Apoftolias compiled an IWV/i% ^] jJlSX>^ a garden of 
 molets, or a coUe6lion of proverbs and fentencee. 
 
 C)^j\: 
 
PKUSIA-V LANGf AGE 85 
 
 ^'U^l^^ bcharillaii tJtc mansion of the spring. 
 ^'civ^ gulillaii a ioivcr of roses. 
 
 ,»jK X^S>^ HiekcrdLiii 
 
 ^ i'^ / ^ , .,. a cjic.st of sii^ar. 
 or ^vU^^v^i^ Ihekeniiaii 
 
 ^IXwX..^,.^ lumbiililtun « garden of Ityachitlis. 
 
 C)^/;^Ji^ fliccriflan ///e country of lions. 
 
 ^\:^.^ ]mn\{ii\n fairy 'land. 
 
 J ^j^ gulzar a bed of roses. ' 
 
 ^)Uil lalelizar a lorder of tulips. 
 
 o&^lvP' ibadetgah a place of tvorsliip. 
 
 Ip- w'ly^' khab ja or &!^ ^'^^ ^^^^ g^h Me place 
 
 of sleep, a bed. 
 
 The learner mufl: remember, that when thefc compounds 
 are ufed as dillinct fubllantivcs, the termination ^) of the 
 plural, and \j of the oblique cafe, mull be added to the 
 end of them, as 
 
 Sing. Norn. .♦^* ,.:' ^^J>^ .7-7 
 
 U<.^ L^.y.. ^ giyi ^f^^iiii sweet lips. 
 
 Obi. ) Av^ /♦r'^O^ 
 
 Plur. Nom. ,»;tv> ,^f y^^^ - ■, • 1 i- 
 
 U u' L^"^- o^^r/i- wit/i sweet lips. 
 
 Obi. i;'^, ..^.^^^^ 
 
 The Perfian verbs are compounded either with jioiins 
 and adjectives, or with prcpofitions and other particles. 
 
 Y The 
 
SG A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 The verbs cliieily iifed in the firll fort of compofition are 
 ^^/ to (h, fj.j^l to hing, ^-M^^ to have, ^^\^^ 
 to maJcc, ^^y--*} to order, ^^jf to devour, .*iy to striJce, 
 ij^.y^iolear, ^^^^ to shoiv, ^wJw0^oi^^>,^ 
 to become, ^>T to come, ^!>^ to see, ^:h/ to take, 
 and ^'l^ to fiml. The moll common of thefe is ^^/ 
 which is joined in all its inflexions to a multitude of Ara- 
 bic gerunds or verbal nouns, as well as to Perfian adjectives 
 and participles, as 
 
 Cj^/ j^/^ ikrar kerdun to cor>fess.. 
 t\))/ j^^^ intizir kerdun to expect. 
 C))/ f^^j ruju kerdun to return, 
 i\))/ f^ temAm kerdun to complete^ 
 t^^/ /_^ por kerdun to Jill, 
 C\\/ ^ } terk kerdun to leave, 
 t\))/ t^ '^^^ kerdun /o Wse (oriri).. 
 
 Thus Hafiz, 
 
 
 0" 
 
 rt 
 
PERSIA N LANGUAGE. 87 
 
 It is morning ; boy, fill tlic cup with wine : the rolling 
 heaven makes no delay ; therefore hasten. The fun 
 of the wine rises from the eall of the cup : if thou 
 feekeft the delights of mirth, leave thy ileep. 
 
 Ch)^ f^^ hujum averdun to assault, 
 
 ♦ (» f.T >l yad averdun to remember. 
 
 ♦ Jv^U . ^ aieb daflitun toivonder, 
 .•iM» /./x^ niiizur daflitun to excuse^ 
 
 ."jsj. yUv^j^ hefed berdun to envy, 
 Chr y^'^^ itikad berdun to believe. 
 ,♦!> 1*^ /" ghemm kliordun to grieve. 
 ,tf* 1*^ >*/ «.^ fougend khordun to sivear. 
 
 ♦ ,:^pU ♦A*] rMien fakhtun to enlii^hfen. 
 
 ,♦;;?' I-- '^ ter fakhtun to moisten. 
 
 .♦1*4/ y^li'J! iltifat numudun ^o esteem. 
 ,,;t:':J , i^*.> medhufh o^eflitun to be astonished. 
 . ♦ |> ^ /^ ^\^ ghcmnak gerdidun to be afflicted. 
 ,♦(>! >> pedeed amcdun /o appear. 
 ,♦»>• .♦jLv^l ihfan deedun ^o be benefited, 
 
 ♦ J^'L / J^;«^ perverifli yaftun to be educated. 
 
 .j^/ y^ kenir griftun to be confirmed. 
 
 The 
 
88 A GRAMMAK OF THE 
 
 The verbs ^^j and ^u v«/ arc ^'cry frequently ufed 
 in compofition, as ^(>j tju nareh zedun /o call aloud^ 
 ,*',^y"*} >AJ fikr fernindun to co?isider ; thus Gelaleddm 
 Riizbehar, 
 
 ^\^:lile the nightingale iings thy praifes with a loud voice, 
 I am all car, like the flalk of the rofe-tree. 
 
 and Hafiz, 
 
 Conlider attentively ; where is a rofe without a thorn -^ 
 
 Some of the particles, with which verbs are compounded, 
 are Cgnificant, and others redundant and ornamental, as 
 
 Mjt) j^ der amedun to enter. 
 
 CJyJ* J^ ^^^ averdun to carry in, 
 ^^\ ^ M der khaftun to require. 
 ^[ js ^^v yaftun to tinder stand. 
 ^f>1 j,^ her amedun to ascejid. 
 
 ^ her gelhtun to return. 
 i\J^y) ^ ber afudun to rest. 
 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 89 
 
 i'/^h jl baz daflitcn to with-Iiold. 
 
 ,♦<>*] ^^3 furud amcdcn to descend. 
 
 '*/^'') L /^'.'^ vapcs daflitcn to detain. 
 
 ,M^)» ^^ ler daderi to I'diilsh, to confine to a place. 
 
 In the prefent tcnfc of a compound verb the particlt; 
 .^ is inferted between the two words of which it is com- 
 pofed, as i\)^/ j^^ to jilL 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 ^f ^ J. tlioujillest, j^ ^ J, you fill. 
 
 JCJ .^ j.^ he fills. >w ^ j.^ they fill. 
 
 Sometimes the two words of which a verb is compounded 
 ■are placed at a great diftance from each other, as 
 
 
 " O wellern breeze, fay thus to yon tender fawn, thou 
 " haft confined us to the hills and deferts." 
 
 where o J^ >-- the preterite of /*')!; ^ to confine, rele- 
 guer, is feparated by three words. The noun .-- has a 
 number of different fenfes, and is tlierefore the moll ditii- 
 
 z cult 
 
go A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 cult ^vord in the Ferfian language ; it fignitics the head,, 
 the icp, the pointy the principal tiling, the aii\ desire, love, 
 will, intention, &c. and fometimes its meaning is {o vague 
 that it feems a mere expletive, though the Ferlians un- 
 doubtedly feel its force. 
 
 There are derivative verbs in Perfian, as in Hebrew and 
 Arabic, v^hich may be called causals : they are formed 
 from the tranlitive verbs by changing ^> into /Jy^*l> 
 and fometimes into ,»i>^*U5 as 
 
 .♦OjC* to shine. /♦ja^jLC* and ,*!^wtLr^o cause to shine, 
 /♦(yUw^i to arrive. Cj^^^j ^^ c^^use to arrive, to bring. 
 
 *» 
 
 O heaven ! hring that mufky fawn back to Khoten ; brings 
 back that tall waving cyprefs to its native garden.. 
 
 OF 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 9* 
 
 OF PERSIAN NUMBERS. 
 
 The numerals and invariable parts of fpeech belong 
 more properly to a vocabulary than to a grammar; but for 
 the ule of fuch as will take the trouble to learn them by 
 heart,. I will here fubjoin the moft common of them : 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 w^,. yek 
 
 ow^. 
 
 r 
 
 
 J5) du 
 
 tivo. 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^ feh 
 
 )y^ chehar 
 
 three, 
 four.. 
 
 d 
 
 b 
 
 <f!.. P^"g^ 
 
 fee. 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 , Sx^ fhelh. 
 
 irix. 
 
 V 
 
 ♦ 
 
 "^ heft 
 
 seven.. 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 „^^1. heflit 
 
 eight. 
 
 «1 
 
 y 
 
 ^ nuh. 
 
 ■nine. 
 
 V 
 
 a' 
 
 •*• 
 
 c^ deh 
 
 ten. 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
 D^^^*L^ yazdch 
 
 eleven.. 
 
 ir 
 
 
 e^ ,M4^ duazdeli. 
 
 twelve. 
 
 if 
 
 > 
 
 e^'wv' iizdeh, 
 t^yLr chehardch 
 
 thirteen, 
 fourteen 
 
 j'6 
 
 ^ 
 
 p^^l^ panzedeh 
 
 ffteen. 
 
92 
 
 1^ 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 At 
 
 ^^ 
 ,r. 
 
 fiV ( t 
 iV( f 
 
 t 
 
 VI I 
 A< • 
 
 it. 
 
 J 
 r 
 
 C 
 
 t 
 
 ♦ 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 b^u^ llianzcdeh 
 D^Sy liefdeh 
 ty'^ hefhdeh 
 t* ;*y niizdeh 
 ,^^^^,,.wv bceft 
 
 yip chehcl 
 
 c'v?^ penjah 
 .^'J^^ llieflit 
 ^IxiL heftad 
 *l*iiiv heflitad 
 ^y naved 
 yU;> fad 
 >^*^ dufad 
 ><3..^ feelad 
 
 s/.r/t't.'h. 
 seventeen, 
 eighteen. 
 7uneteen. 
 twenty. 
 ^ beefl u yek tiveniy~ont. 
 thirty, 
 forty. 
 
 sixty. 
 
 seventy. 
 
 eighty. 
 
 ninety. 
 
 u hundred. 
 
 two hundred. 
 >^2^ leeiaa three hundred, 
 
 M>)\^, cheharfad four hundred. 
 j^\, panfad five hundred. 
 
 six hundred. 
 
 seven hundred, 
 
 eight hundred. 
 
 nine hundred. 
 
 V 
 
 >^2-iJ^ llieflifad 
 >,ax^ heftfad 
 
 ^c^'Ji^ heflitfad 
 
 » 
 
 ^>a^ nuhfad 
 
 I" 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 0)3 
 
 /'" ^- i1 V liezar a thousand . 
 
 r ' " -i ;^> 55 <^<^^^ hczar ten thousand. 
 
 I ^ ' " ' .^* ;^ t. >c' fad hczar a hundred thcmand' 
 
 or „^0 lac 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 ♦ ♦ 
 
 ,^^i^/ — '^ nukhull first. 
 
 ^^^ duuiii second. 
 
 fyy^ Hum third. 
 
 >ilj^ cheharum fourth. 
 
 r- 
 
 penjum .^^^-f- 
 
 All the other ordinals are formed in the fame manner by 
 adding ^ to the cardinal numbers. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 jLwv befiar much. w/>) endek little^ 
 
 y^ 1 eenja /ze?'<?. U^ T anja Merc. 
 
 If I could fend my very Ibul to that place, how trifling a 
 prefexit would it be ! 
 
Q4 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 [y^ j ]\ ez eenja hence. {^^ f j| ez anja thence 
 
 y^<:\ beniu hither. *) anfu tMthe?\ 
 
 {f cuyd where or 71 hi the?'. U jl ez cuja w/iewce. 
 J U w her ciij:i kch wheresoever. 
 , ♦ ( 4 ^ beerun without. , ♦ ' 4 1 ^ derun 1 . , . 
 
 or ,»'5i>l endernn J 
 
 The nightingales were warbhng in the garden, and the 
 fawns were fportlng oa the hills. 
 
 • 3 fOrU 1 7 7 1/7 
 
 ^■^ . . , - > veloiv. !lt bala atee. 
 
 ©r ^*^ forud j 
 
 That evil which comes from ahave is not evil. 
 
 c 1^^^ fehergah > ^w the morning. 
 
 ^I>1 bamdad *] 
 
 o^/"feh(' ' ' ' 
 
 or ^ ieher 
 
 & !^t^^ Ihamgah in the eve7nng, 
 ij^ dee i/esterday^ ) * i ferda to-morrow. 
 
 /A^.^ peilh hefove, . y*^^ pes fr/ifer. 
 
 ^r^ 
 
PEPiSlAN L.VNGUAGK. 
 
 ,*j^->n ekniin ?ioiiK 
 ,»f v; chiin wJien. 
 '/ M hcrkez cvin\ 
 JJy licnu'Ayet. 
 t" ta iinlll. 
 
 9^ 
 
 el^^'T angah then. 
 
 fJi^A heniandcm d'lrectJij. 
 
 herkezneh never. 
 
 A 
 
 ij X biirec once. 
 A hem also. 
 
 ^) jl >*.^ biid cz an afterwards. 
 JLv*1 heincillicli ahvaijs. 
 A,jA,'i deigcrbar again. 
 
 /rr 
 
 nccz ce'e/z. 
 
 The following lix adverbs arc nearly fynonymous, and 
 fignity as, like, in the same manner as ; 
 
 ^ hemchu. 
 
 ,*^ chencen^ 
 ^' Itj- chendncheh. 
 
 t hcmchun, 
 ^^^ hemchenecn. 
 
 -^Cj'^'f. chenankeh. 
 
 
 ) j^ cher^ wherefore^ 
 
 y cii ivherc P 
 
 >^ chend /zo?^; ??/«;??/ .^ 
 
 ez behri che on ichat account P 
 
 ^^^ chim 7/oii> .^ 
 
 JyG cheguneh //o?6' or luhat. 
 
 ,„,J2jJ eenek behold! . t^ calh would f 
 
 LT' 
 
 Ji* megcT perhaps. \^l^ mcb^da lest lij chance. 
 
 A hem 
 and ^ behein 
 
 I 
 
 together, t^" alone. 
 
 eox^ 
 
1 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 *1 ^w or va o?ic!. X hem, or Vv* also. 
 
 ; . I ya or. J ) agcr, or J ger ?/. 7/^- ^ 
 
 ^y* ) agercheh, ^S gercheh though. 
 
 tl emma, ^jU leiken, L bel, JX^ belkch hut. 
 >Lr^ licrchcnd, -O^w herchendkeh although. 
 ^^^It benabereen therefore. . ^> pes the??, inorcQver. 
 J keh s'vice. \ ^] zera because. 
 
 X^ megcr unless. yf j^^ except. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, 
 
 jl ez ov J from, hy, of. ^\ aber, or ^^ ?//)0?i. 
 
 . ^^ pes cf/?er. //^^ peilh lefore. 
 
 .^ beh, or >,.^ be, joined to the noun, in, to. 
 I ba ivlth. , V be without. 
 
 iS^^ pehlevi 72ear. i^ der ifi, 
 
 (j*)^ berai, ^::^yf^ bejelietybr. 
 
 ,„M^ jf ezjehet, ^^ jl ez behr ow account of. 
 
 ,»fC# meian hettveen. iS y" ^^^i toivard. 
 
 ^-3 forud leneath, f'j zedr under. 
 
 j,j zeher al'ove. ^y nazd /zear, 
 
 INTER- 
 
J^ERSfAN LANGUAGE. Q7 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 H eia, Ul ayoha oh/ cT ah ahl' 
 
 puj^ or U.'j^ dcreeglia alus ! 
 
 Thus in the tale of the merchant and the parrot by Gola- 
 leddin Rumi, 
 
 e^ /; >-^ c^y t^t''" O^- ^ 
 
 •* 
 
 Alas ! alas! that fo bright a moonftiould by hidden jb 
 the clouds ! 
 
 ^'Je fughan and /^^^ efsiis are likewiie interjeclions 
 that exprefs grief ; thus in a tetraftich by the fultan Togrul 
 Ben Erflan, 
 
 (/;.V C^k J^ c^^ )^y:,) 
 ^;^-^ A J'/ C^.-^ >V ^ 
 
 I^U f'y^ /-) A ^ C/^' 
 
 Yellerday the prefencc of my beloved delighted my foul ; 
 and to-day her abfence fills me with bitternefs ; alas ! 
 that the hand of fortune fhould write joy and grief 
 alternately in the book of my life ! 
 
 B b Thi^ 
 
qj:^ A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 This "Tcat hero and poet was the lall king of the Scl- 
 jukian race : he was extremely fond of Ferdufi's poetrv^ 
 and in the battle in which he loft his life, he was heard 
 to repeat aJoud the following verfes from the Shahndma : 
 
 r^'v. f-A ;/ cc.' cr 
 
 When the duft arofe from the approaching armj, the 
 cheeks of our heroes turned pale ; but I raifed my 
 battle-ax, and with a fmgle ftroke opened a paiTage for 
 my troops : my fteed raged like a furious elephant, 
 and the plain was agitated like the waves of the Nile. 
 
 * Thefe lines are quoted by d'Herbelot, p. 1029, but they are written differently 
 in my manufcript of Ferdufi, v/hich I have here followed. 
 
 OF 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 99 
 
 OF THE PERSIAN SYNTAX. 
 
 T, 
 
 HE conftruclion of the Perfian tongue is very eafy, 
 and may be reduced to a few rules, mofl of which 
 it has in common with other languages. The nominative 
 is ufually placed before the verb, with which it agrees in 
 number and perfon, as in this pious fentence of a Perfian 
 philofopher. 
 
 '^ ♦ . 
 
 Wherefore art thou come P if thou art come to learn the 
 fcience of ancient and modern times, thou haft not 
 taken the right path: doth not the Creator of all 
 things knoiv all things ? and if thou art come to feek 
 him, know that were thou firll wastjixed, there he was 
 present. 
 
 * See the Bibliotheque Orientale^ p. Q50, 
 
 yet 
 
idO A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 yet it is remarkable, that many Arabic phirals are con- 
 iidered in Pcriian as nouns of tlie lingular number, and 
 agree as fuch with verbs and adjectives, as 
 
 B}' the approach of fpring, and the return of December, 
 the leaves of our life are continually folded. 
 
 v^'here /Vly^l the plural of rij^ a leaf, governs ;^/C^ 
 in the lingular. 
 
 There is another ftrange irregularity in the Perlian 
 fyntax ; the cardinal numbers are ufually joined to nouns 
 and verbs in the lingular, as ^\^ ^.^ ^ ) '^ a thousand and 
 one days. 
 
 If the gale fhall waft the fragrance of thy locks over the 
 tomb of Hafiz, a hundred thousand floivers will spring 
 from tlic earth that hides his corfe, 
 
 Thefe idioms, however, are by no means natural to 
 
 the Perlian, but feem borrowed from the Arabs, who fay, 
 
 ^U * <AJ ,^Ju'l a thousand and one nights. In Arabic 
 
 too 
 
PERSIAN LANCT'ACK. 101 
 
 too a noTHi of tlie pUiral number, it it lignify a tiling 
 without life, rcqiiircvs a verb in the lingular, aiul that of 
 the tcminiPxe gender, tor the Arabics verl^s Ir.i-. ^ (iiltinet 
 genders like nouns, as 
 
 The rivers murmured, and the branehes ^\"ere bent (o 
 adore their Maker. 
 
 (^U!^ ^s,i'\ ^:li 
 
 Their cups overflowed with wine, and my eyes with tears. 
 
 Moft adlive verbs require the oblique cafe in \ ^ after 
 them, as 
 
 If that fair damfel of Shiraz would accept my heart, I 
 would give for the black mole on her cheek the cities 
 of Samarcand and Bokhara. 
 
 It has before been obferved (fee page l r) that the \ ^ is 
 
 omitted if the noun be indefinite or general, ,j ^ ^U 
 
 fill a cup ; but that it is Inferted, if the thing be particular 
 
 and limited, ^f ^ h /^^ he-filled the cup; examples of this 
 
 occur in almofl every page. 
 
 c c All 
 
102 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 ATI nouns or verbs by which any profit or acquifilion is 
 implied govern the obhque cafes, as 
 
 Yes ! "Whenever the fun appears, vvhat advantage can 
 there be to * Soha, but his being hidden ? 
 
 The following remark relates to the pofition rather than 
 to the fyntax : in a period of two or more members, each 
 of w^hich might end with an auxiliary verb, the firft of 
 them commonly contains the verb, which is underilood in 
 the reil, as 
 
 The difadvantages of hafte are many, and the advantages 
 of patience and deliberation (are) innumerable. 
 
 The adjedive is placed after its fubftantive, and the 
 governing noun is prefixed to that which it governs, a& 
 ^^f (J^J ^ beautiful face, J^ ij^^ the scent of a rose; 
 but if this order be inverted a compound adjedive is formed, 
 ^sij^j ^^ ^ f cm' faced, ij ^ rose-scent ed. 
 
 * Soha is the Arabic name for a very fmaltand obfcure ftar in the conftellatioa 
 of the Great Bear. 
 
 Con- 
 
■y> 
 
 PF.RSIAN LAXGUAGE. 103 
 
 Conjanclions wliicli cxprcts conjecliire, condition, will, 
 motive, &;c. require the conj.vmclive, or potential mood, a?. 
 
 .. . ^ y^;, f 
 
 7 ^^ J [f ^ * / 
 
 I , •*' I * ♦ ^*-' ! 
 
 
 J^/\ i^-^^^ w^.^ r >^ 
 
 If I had known ///<7i thy i:bfence would have been fo 
 forrowful and afflicting, I would not have departed 
 from thee a fmgle day ; I would not have left thee a^ 
 lingle moment. 
 
 Prepofitions and interjeclions are fxxed to nouns in the 
 nominative cafe, as 
 
 I have heard that two doves lived together m one neft, 
 and whifpered their feerets m one chamber ; the dull: 
 of jealoufy had never fullied their minds, and the 
 anguifli of misfortune had never pierced their hearts. 
 
 
10-i A GKAM^JAR OF THE 
 
 S.^lv^l ^\ >^ ^ >*'^- ^' 
 
 ♦L/-' ♦* , ^ v 
 
 * V 
 
 C 
 
 -^ ♦" 
 
 Tlie fpider holds the veil i?f the palace of Caviar ; the o\n 1 
 Hands fentinel on the watch-tower of Afrafiab. 
 
 Tliefe are the principal rules that I have collccled for 
 the Perfian language ; but rules alone will avail but little, 
 unlefs the learner will exemplify them in his own re- 
 learches : the only office of a grammarian is to open the 
 mine of literature, but they who wifli to pollefs the gems 
 mull endeavour to find them by their own labours. 
 
 * ,**/J y is an Arabic word fignlfj'ing a turn, a change, a watch, excii- 
 
 bix: hence i*)^j Ci^r* "^ Perfian, and l***-^ '^^ \i^ y ^^ Turkifh, 
 lignify to rehcve the guards hy the founds of drums arid trumpets. This office is given 
 by the poet to the owl, as that of A \i>sj' or chamberlain is elegantly afligned 
 
 to the Jpider. Some copies have ^^^ y Inflead of ^i^'y which reading 
 ■would make very good fenfe^ but deftroys the beauty of the allufion. 
 
 A PER- 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 JOi 
 
 A PERSIAN FABLE *. 
 The Gardener and the Nigiitinga} e. 
 
 (/^x ^ (f J? J'f ^^^ ^\ ^% -^>' ^;;/ 
 
 
 y: 
 
 ;:r-' >j:^ 
 
 ^ ^u> ^ 
 
 
 Or^J U 
 
 (>^ 0;/ ;^T (/;;t J^ 
 
 
 • From the Anvar Sohelll, by Caftiefi. See hereafter, p. 14L 
 
 D D 
 
20G 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 'A ^-"..A- ^ f'W' wJ xA J 
 
 • •• 
 
 J c^/ j^^ Jl^ c^k X> ;.v ^''J)^ t/>iA. 
 ^^ t}^ d^ /^ -r. j^A l}> 
 
 
PERSIAN' LANGUAGE. iO/ 
 
 J^l') ;) ^)/ M:0 1;;1 ^f Jl> . y^; C/^ of; ;. ^^__/ ^\ ^ 
 
 y^c ^L; /, ^t-'^^ J>.^ JX ^.-'^ ^.^^ 
 
 
 ^- .- 
 
 •^^^^ vU^vf, 
 
 C 
 
 C^ ^^> / 
 
 
 ' * ( VlwvO 
 
 <' 
 
 't* ^- c^';^' ^^ ;; ^\r^ C;t*k >^'l^ 
 
 /' 
 
 ji 
 
 - ^. /I JA J^. 
 
 ./ y f\ju\/ (fy/* A')/ ;Jj'~-:.4 U.-^ -'^ <.r? z''^- 
 
10^ A G1?.\1MMAR OF TllL 
 
 (j-^-: ^,^)) '^h/ ^T^ 
 . ,yi jk. ;>yi J/ 13! 
 
 I 
 
 >U^e.,; ; t/o-,^*. Uj >,l J./ j^T cfU? ^y_5r: 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 1 OQ 
 
 A Uieral translation of the foregoing Fable. 
 
 The gardener and the NIGHTINGALE. 
 
 It is related that a hufbandman had a fwcet and pleafant 
 orchard, and a garden more frclli than the bower of Ircm*. 
 The air of it gave mildnefs to the gales of the fpring, and 
 the fcent of its herbs that refreflicd the fpirits, conveyed 
 perfume to the very foul. 
 
 VERSES. . 
 
 A bower like the garden of youtli, a bed of rofes bathed 
 in the waters of life ; tlic notes of its nightingales 
 railing delight ; its fragrant gale Hiedding perfume. 
 
 And in one corner of his garden there was a rofe-bufli 
 freflier than the fhrub of delire, and more lofty than the 
 branch of the tree of mirth. Every morning on the top 
 of the rofe-buHi the rofe blollbmed, coloured like the 
 cheek of heart-alluring damfels wiih gentle minds, and 
 the face of lily-bofomed maids fcented like jellamine. 
 
 * A fabuloii? paradlfiacal garden incniioncd in the Oricntnl tnW. 
 
 i: e The 
 
110 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 The gardener began to lliow an extreme fondnefs for thefe 
 excellent rofes, and faid, 
 
 A DISTICH. 
 
 I know not what the role fays under his lips, that he 
 brings back the helplefs nightingales with their mourn- 
 ful notes. 
 
 One day the gardener, according to his eftablifhed cuftom, 
 went to view the rofes ; he faw a plaintive nightingaje, 
 who was rubbing his head on the leaves of the rofes, and 
 was tearing afunder with his fliarp bill that volume adorned 
 with gold. 
 
 A DISTICH. 
 
 The nightingale, if he fee the rofe becomes intoxicated ; 
 he lets go from his hand the reins of prudence. 
 
 The gardener viewing the fcattered condition of the rofe- 
 leaves, tore with the hand of confuiion the collar of pa- 
 tience, and rent the mantle of his heart with the piercing 
 thorn of uneaiinefs. The next day he found the Hime 
 adion repeated, and the flames of wrath occafioned by the 
 lofs of his rofes, 
 
 AN 
 
PERSIAN J-ANGUAGE. 1 1 1 
 
 . AN HEMISTICH. 
 added another fear to the fear which he had hetbre. 
 The third day by the motion of the nightingale's bill» 
 
 AN HEMISTICH. 
 
 the rofes were pkindered, and the thorns only remained. 
 
 Then the refentment caufed by the nightingale broke out 
 in the breafl; of the gardener, he fet a deceitful ipringe in 
 his way, and having caught him witli the bait of treachery, 
 he confined him in the prifon of a cage. The dilheart- 
 ened nightingale opened his mouth, like a parrot, and 
 faid, Oh, Sir, for ^^lrdt canfc haft thou imprifoned me r 
 for what reafon hatl thou refolved to dillrefs me ? if thou 
 formed the defire of hearing my fongs, my own ncll is in 
 thy garden, w^here in the morning thy bower Ihall be the 
 houfe of my mufic ; but if thou haft another idea, inform 
 me of what thou haft in thy mind (an Arabic pln-afe). 
 
 The gardener faid, I^oll: tliuu not know how thou halt 
 fpoiled my fortune, and liow often thou haft dillrelfed me 
 with the lofs of my favom'ite rofe ; it is right tliat thy 
 adion fhould be requited, and that thou, bcnig fcparated 
 
 tVom 
 
112 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 from thy friends and family, and fecluded from all joy 
 and diverlions, fliouldft mourn in the corner of a prifon ; 
 whilll I, affli61:ed with the anguiih of feparation from my 
 darling flowers, weep in the cottage of care. 
 
 A DISTICH OF HAFIZ. 
 
 INIourn, O nightingale ! if with me thou regretteft the 
 lofs of thy friend, for we are two mournful lovers, 
 and our employ- ment is weeping. 
 
 The nightingale faid. Depart from that refolution, and 
 conlider, that if I am imprifoned for fuch an oiFence as 
 tearing a rofe, \^iiat will be thy puniHiment if thou tearell 
 ii heart afunder ? 
 
 VERSES. 
 
 He tliat formed tlie Iky by exact meafure, knows th-e 
 right rewards for good and evil ; whoever does well, 
 good will come to him ; and if he does ill, evil will 
 attend him. 
 
 This difcourfe taking effect upon the heart of the gar- 
 dener, he fet\he nightingale at liberty. The bird tuned 
 his voice in his free Hate, and faid. Since thou hall done 
 
 me 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 113 
 
 me this fervicc, according to the fcntence (in the Alcoran) 
 Is there any recompenfe for benclits, but benefits ? it is 
 necelTary to reward thee for it. Know, that under the 
 tree where thou flandeft there is a coffer full of gold ; take 
 it, and fpend it to fupply tliy wants. 
 
 The gardener fearched the place, and found the words 
 of the nightingale to be true ; he then faid, O nightingale! 
 what a wonder it is, that thou couldft fee the coffer of 
 gold beneath the earth, and not difcover the fpringe upon 
 the ground ! 
 
 The nightingale faid, Dofl thou not know that (an 
 Arabic fentence) when fate defcends caution is vain ? 
 
 AN HEMISTICH. 
 
 It is impoffible to contend with fate. 
 
 When the decrees of heaven are fulfilled, no light re- 
 mains to the eye of underflanding, and neither prudence 
 nor wifdom bring any advantage. 
 
 F F 
 
 Lfi^ 
 
114 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 OF VERSIFICATION. 
 
 jL he modern Periians borrowed their poetical meafures 
 from the Arabs : they are too various and complicated 
 to be fully explained in this grammar ; but when 
 the learner can read the Perlian poetry with tolerable eafe, 
 he may receive further information from a treatife written 
 profeffedly upon verification by (/>w^ Yahidi, who was 
 himfelf no contemptible poet. 
 
 There are nineteen forts of metre which are ufed by the 
 Perfians, but the moil common of them are pj j^ ^ or 
 the iambic meafure, U ) / ^ or the trochaic meafure^ 
 and T ;y y a metre that conlilts chiefly of thc-fe com- 
 pounded feet which the ancients called 'E7riTpiTiiC> and 
 w^hich are compofed of iambic feet and Ipondees alter- 
 nately, as amatorcs piicllarutn. In lyric poetry thefe 
 verfes are generally of twelves or fixteen l}llables, as 
 
 Btbui 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 115 
 
 Bebui na | fei kakher 1 sebl zan tur I re bukfhaycd 
 
 Zi jadi zul I fi mufhklnefli I chi tub uftad I u der dllha. 
 
 When the zephyr difperfcs the fragrance of thofe miifky 
 locks, what ardent deiire inflames the hearts of thy 
 admirci^ ! 
 
 They fometimes confifl of fourteen fyllables in this form. 
 
 as 
 
 «* 
 
 Ta ghanchc | ekhendanet j devlet be | kc khahtd dad 
 AT Ihakhi ! gidl rana | ez behri I kc mlruyl 
 
 Ah! to whom will the fmiling rofe bud of thy lips give 
 delight ? O fweet branch of a tender plant ! for whofe 
 life doll thou grow ? 
 
 or in this, 
 
 as 
 
 Goihem he [ mc bcr kiili | ney u nagina | ti chengucft 
 ChEfhmem he ! me bcr liilT j to u gerde [ flii jamcfl 
 
 My 
 
Il6 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 ^fy ear is continually intent upon tlie melody of the 
 pipe, and the foft notes of tlie lute : my eye is con- 
 tinually fixed upon thy rubied lip, and the circling 
 cup. 
 
 This kind of meafure is not unlike that which Sappho ufes 
 in thofe elegant lines quoted by Hephellion, 
 
 IToflco SoLiiLzldx "uroctSog ^^aSivoiv Sl 'A(ppo^iT<xv, 
 which he fcans thus, 
 
 r>^VXs7oi [Xoi j T£^, OVTOl Sv j VlX[AOCl K^EKSIV \ TOV lajcV 
 
 no9w ^oc[jLs7 j (7CC "urociSo; fS^oc \ S'lvciv ^i' 'A j (p^oStTtxv. 
 Other lyric verfes contain thirteen fyllables in this form, 
 
 w.o-| jo-o-j-- 
 
 as, 
 
 Seba be teh j nelti peer j i meiforolh j amed 
 Ke musimi I tarb u elfh t u nazu nolh I amed 
 
 Tlie zephyr comes to congratulate the old keeper of the 
 banquet-houfe, that the feafon of mirth, joy, w^an- 
 tonncfs, and ^vine is coming. 
 
 or. 
 
rnilSJAN' LANGI'AGE. II7 
 
 or, 
 as, 
 
 o- lu-.o-o 
 
 Scba belutf I bogou an | gaziili ra | ni^ra 
 Ke ser becouh | va bjiiban | to dadcl ] mara 
 
 This couplet lias been tranllated in another part of \X\'i 
 grammar. Sec p. 89. 
 
 The Perfians fometimes ufed a mcafure confilling of 
 trochees and fpondces alternately, like thelc vcrfes of Ca- 
 tullus and Arillophanes. 
 
 Cras amet qui nunquam amavit, quique amavit eras amct, 
 
 thus Hafiz, 
 
 Aber azari beramcd badi neuriizi vazecd 
 
 The vernal clouds appear, the gales of the picafaiit feafon 
 breatlie. 
 
 But the moft common Pcrfian verfe contains eleven lylla- 
 bles, as 
 
118 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Chuukeh gul reft va gulillan derguzertit 
 Nelheiivi zan pes zebulbul fcrgnzcilit 
 
 When the rofes T\'ither, and tlie bower lofes Its fwectnefs, 
 you have no longer the talc of the nightingale. 
 
 In this lalt meaftire are writ ten all the orcat Perfian 
 poems, whether upon heroic or moral fubjecls, as the 
 works of Ferdufi, and of Jami, the Boilan of Sadi, and 
 the Melhavi of the excellent Gelaleddin. lliis fort of 
 vcrfe anfwers to our common heroic rhvme, \^"hich was 
 brought to fo high a degree of perfection by Pope, and 
 which the Engliili poets wdll do well to retain, inftead of 
 adopting the lefs harmonious meafures of other nations. 
 
 I have dwelt the longer upon the different forts of 
 verfe ufed in Perlia, becaufe there are few books or even 
 common letters written in the Perlian language, which are 
 not interfperfed with fragments of poetry ; and becaufe all 
 the Perfian verfes mufi: be read according to the paufes of 
 canfion: thus the following elegant couplet quoted by 
 Meninlki : 
 
 1^ w 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. I ly 
 
 mull be pronounced. 
 
 Tebader die 
 
 Ke fazee bcr 
 
 cheen 
 
 ne her tarec 
 gulee furce 
 
 buved zulfee tera fad cheen 
 zefumbul pu de cheen ber 
 
 with a Ilrong accent upon every fourth f\ilable ; and it 
 may here be obferved, that the Perllans, like the French, 
 ufually accent the lafl fvllablcs of their words. 
 
 As to the profody, nothing can be more eafy and 
 limple ; their vowels f alif, ^ van, and (/ ya are long by 
 nature; the points, which they commonly fapprefs, are 
 naturally fliort ; and every fliort fyllable that ends with 
 a confonant is long by pofition; as jl '^.^^ Shiraz, Lt^^ 
 sumbul, ^it^ dehan, ^/"^^^ semen : but the Perlians, like 
 other poets, have many licences ; they often add a fliort 
 vowel which does not properly belong to the word, as in 
 the firll ode of Hafiz, 
 
 Lkci^ ^1:31 J^ Veil aftiidu muflikilha, 
 
 and U ,yo/^^) ^' cujii dunendi hall ma. 
 
 ^ * They 
 
120 A GRAMMAR OT Tii'E 
 
 Tlacy alio fliorten fome long lyllablj^.s at pleafure hy 
 omilting the vowels ) alii', ^ van, and i< ya ; thus ^';^^ 
 iH'eruii, which is a fpondee, becomes an iambic foot when 
 it Js written ^*^ berQn : in the fame manner y^ is ufed for 
 jd^, and .♦!> for ,»!*v Tlie omillion of ) alif is more 
 common: fo tj is put for t\j, and /M*^ for ^Uil, as in 
 this beautiful couplet, 
 
 '' Call for wine, and fcatter flo\%'ers around ; what favour 
 " canlt thou expcA from fortune r" lb fpake the rofe 
 this morning ; O nightingale ! \N'hat fayefi; thou to her 
 maxim ? 
 
 In which lines ^liJ^isufed for ^\±h^}f shedding flowers, 
 and f,^""^^ for ol^^:^^^ the morning. 
 
 I lliall dole this feAion wdth fome examples of Perfian 
 verfes from the ^^y^* or hemistich^ to the \^h or ode, 
 which differs from the d^,^' or elegy in nothing but the 
 number of the diftichs, of which the ode feldom contains 
 fewer than five, and the elegy feldom few^er than tw^enty. 
 
 I fhall 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE, 121 
 
 I fliall not fet down thele examples at random, but fliall 
 leled fuch as are remarkable for beauty of fentimcnt or 
 delicacy of exprellion. 
 
 ol^^X^ AN HEMISTICH. 
 
 He tliat plants thorns will not gather rofes. 
 
 ^M^^ A DISTICH. 
 
 crk c^^ ^ ^A -^* '> ^^> ' 
 ♦♦ •• ♦• 
 
 The caravan is departed, and thou fleepefl ; the defert 
 lies before thee ; whither wilt thou go ? of whom wilt 
 thou alk the way ? what wilt thou do ? how wilt thou 
 €xifl ? 
 
 ,S\, I A TETRASTICH. 
 
 ^/ ^r ^ ^ V <J Jh 
 
 H H 
 
 At 
 
122 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 At the time that the dawn appears, doft thou know for 
 ■what reafon the bird of the morning complains ? He 
 fays, that it is fliown in the mirror of the day, that a 
 whole night of thy life is palled, while thou art loft 
 in indolence. 
 
 Another. 
 
 J -I "A y "•••• 
 
 (/U- Jjli" ,.J ^^-^, 
 
 Boft thou defire to be free from forrow and pain ? hear 
 a maxim more valuable then a precious gem : Defpife 
 not thine enemy, though he be diltrefled ; and truH 
 not thy friend, if he be proud and malevolent. 
 
 In all the Perfian: elegies and odes the two iirft hemif- 
 tichs have the fame rhyme, which is continued through 
 the whole poem at the end of every diflich.' A fliort piece 
 of poetry, in which the two firft lines do not rhyme 
 together, is called .^iaiJ a fragment; as this elegant fable 
 of Sadi on the advantages of good company : 
 
 ^ 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. lUS 
 
 (^> ij..r/^ >^>^^ }\ >r; 
 
 Oiie day, as I was in the bath, a friend of mine put into 
 my hand a piece of fccnted clay *. I took it^ and 
 faid to it, " Art thou miilk or ambergris ? for I am 
 "' charmed with thy dehghtful fcent." It anfvvcrcd,. 
 '^ I was a del|3icable piece of clay ; but I was fome 
 '' time in tlie company of the rofe ; the fweet quality 
 ^' of my companion was communicated to me; other-^ 
 *' wife I fliould have been only a piece of earth, as 1 
 ** appear to be." 
 
 y^'-'*^ / D ghili khnflibui, a l<in'^ of unfiuous cLiy, which the Perfiuus 
 p«rfumc with eiXcncc of roli-Sj and ule in the baths iulUiui of foap. 
 
124 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 ^\^len botli lines of each couplet rhyme together through 
 a Avhole compofition, it is called {J y^'.* as in * the fol- 
 lowing examples : 
 
 Such is the nature of inconllant fortune, neither her mild- 
 nefs nor her violence are of long duration ; fhe exalts 
 no one whom flie does not at lafl opprefs ; for flie is 
 light in her aiFeclion, but mofl harfli in her hatred. 
 
 * •••*'^ ^ *£/ ♦ ( A ^- ♦ 
 
 «« 
 
 The happy* Feridun was not an angel ; he was not formed 
 
 • An ancient king of Perfia, highly celebrated for his eminent virtues. The 
 leanied and excellent d'Herbelot has made a miftake in his tranflation of thefe 
 lines (fee the article Farrakh in his Bibliotheque Orientale) for not recolle<5ting 
 
 the fenfe ^^ 7 P happy, he made a proper name of it, and tells us that Far- 
 rakh was a man whom the Perfians coniider as a perfeft model of juftice and mag- 
 nanimity. 
 
 When 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 1^2 
 
 of mu(k or ambergris. He gained his reputation by juf- 
 tice and liberality : be thou juft and liberal, and thou wilt 
 be a Fcridun. 
 
 /-"I 
 
 There was an affectionate and amiable youth, who was 
 betrothed to a beautifid girl. 1 have read, that as they 
 were failing in the great fca, they fell together into 
 u whirlpool. When a mariner went to th(; young 
 man that he might catch his hand, and five him 
 
 I I frorr* 
 
 ••«r.- 
 
y26 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 from pcrilliing in that unhappy juncfture ; he called 
 : aloud, and pointed to his millrcfs from the midft of 
 the waves : " Leave me, and take the hand of my 
 " beloved." 1 he whole world admired him for that 
 fpeech ; and when he was expiring he was heard to 
 ia,y ; " Learn not the tale of love from that wretch 
 " who forgets his beloved in the hour of danger." 
 
 Thefe examples will, I hope, be fufficient to undeceive 
 thofe who think that the Aliatic poetry coniiils merely 
 in lofty figures and flowery defcriptions. There is fcarce 
 a leflbn of morality or a tender fentiment in any European 
 language, to which a parallel may not be brought from 
 the poets of Alia. The verfes of eleven fyllables, which 
 are ufed in the great Perlians poems, always rhyme toge- 
 ther in couplets. It is unnccellliry in this fedion to give 
 an example of the Perllan 6>v,^* or elegy, as it differs 
 only in its length from the {'h or ode, except that the 
 
 Caffideh often turns upon lofty fubjeds and the Gazal 
 comprifes for the moft part the prailes of love and mer- 
 riment, like the lighter odes of Horace and Anacreon. 
 The moft elegant compofer of thefe odes are ^^ Jami 
 
 and 
 
PERSIAN LANCUAGE. 127 
 
 and il^U Ilafiz, each of whom has left an ample collec- 
 tion of his Ivric poems. 1 mav confidently affirm that 
 few odes of the Greeks or Romans upon fimilar fuhjects 
 are more finely poliihed than the fongs of thefe Periian 
 poets : they want only a reader that can fee them in their 
 original drefs, and feel their heauties without the difad- 
 vantage of a tranllation. I lliall tranferibe the firll; ode of 
 Hafiz that offers itfelf, out of near three hundred that I 
 have paraphrafed : when the learner is able to underlland 
 the images and allufions in the Perfian poems, he will fee 
 a reafon in every line why they cannot be tranllatcd lite- 
 rally into any European language. 
 
 >^V ijf )\, o [S^ l/ 
 
 J 
 
3 28 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 y\ J^ ^:>^; -^ (^^' 4 
 >^'V (/-^ ^^'^ l/^ iS^ 
 
 The rofe is not fweet \\ ithout the check of mv beloved ; 
 the fpring is not fwect without wine. 
 
 Tiie borders of the bower, and the walks of the garden, 
 are not pleafant without the notes of the nightingale. 
 
 The motion of the dancing cyprefs and of the waving 
 flowers is not agreeable without a miftrefs whofe cheeks 
 are like tulips. 
 
 Tlie prefence of a damfel with fweet lips and a rofy com- 
 plexion is not delightful without killes and dalliance. 
 
 The rofe-garden and the wine are fweet, but they are not 
 really charming ^\'ithout the company of my beloved. 
 
 AJl the pictures that the hand of art can devife are not 
 agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful girl. 
 
 Thy , 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 1 2p 
 
 Thy life, O ITafiz, is a trilling piece of money, it is 
 not valuable enough to be thrown away at our tcaft. 
 
 The lall diflich alludes to the Afiatic cuftom of throw- 
 ing money among the gueils at a jjridal feall, or upon any 
 other extraordinary occalion : the Perlians call this money 
 <l:i* nilar, and him who collecls it ,.K-r j^SC nifar cheeu, 
 
 I fliall conclude this grammar with a tranflation of the 
 ode quoted in the ledion upon the Perlian letters ; fee 
 p. 12. 
 
 If that lovely maid of Shiraz would accept my heart, 
 I would give for the mole on her cheek the cities of 
 Samarcand and Bokhara. 
 
 Boy, bring me the wine that remains, for thou wilt not 
 find in paradife the fweet banks of our Rocnabad, or 
 the roly bowers of our ISIo fella. 
 
 Alas ! thefe wanton nymphs, thefe fair deceivers whofe 
 beauty raifes a tumult in our city, rob my heart of 
 reft and patience, like the Turks that are fcizing 
 their plunder. 
 
 K K 
 
 Yet 
 
130 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Yet the charms of our darlings have no need of our 
 imperfedt love ; what occalion has a face naturally- 
 lovely for perfumes, paint, and artificial ornaments ? 
 
 Talk to me of the fingers, and of wine, and feek not to 
 difclofe the fecrets of futurity ; for no one, however 
 wife, ever has difcovered, or ever will difcover them. 
 
 I can eafily conceive how the enchanting beauties of 
 Jofeph affected Zoleikha fo deeply, that her love tore 
 the veil of her challity. 
 
 Attend, O my foul ! to prudent counfels ! for youths of 
 a good difpoiition love the advice of the aged better 
 than their own fouls. 
 
 Thou hail fpoken ill of me ; yet I am not offended : 
 may Heaven forgive thee ! thou hall fpoken w^ell ; but 
 do bitter words become a lip like a ruby, which ought 
 to ihed nothing but fweetnefs ? 
 
 O Hafiz! when thou compofell verfes, thou feemefl to 
 make a Uring of pearls : come, ling them fweetly : for 
 Heaven feems to have Ihed on thy poetry the clearnels 
 and beauty of the Pleiads. 
 
 The 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 1.31 
 
 The wlldiiefs and fiinplicity of tliis Perfian fong ple.ifcd 
 me fo much, that I have attempted to traiillale it in verfe : 
 the reader will exciile the lingularity of the meafure which 
 I have iifed, if he conliders the ditTiculty of bringing lb 
 many callern proper names into our ftanzas. 
 
 I have endeavoured, as far as I was able, to give my 
 tranflation the eafy turn of the original ; and I have, as 
 nearly as polTible, imitated the cadence and accent of the 
 Perfian meafure ; from which every reader, who under- 
 flands mufic, will perceive that the Afiatic numbers are 
 capable of as regular a melody as any air in ^letaftafio. 
 
 A PERSIAN SONG. 
 
 Sweet maid, if thou ^a ouldll charm my fight, 
 And bid thefe aruis thy neck infold ; 
 That rofy cheek, that lilly hand 
 Would give thy poet more delight 
 llian all Bokhara's vaunte<l gold. 
 Than all the gems of Sarmarcand. 
 
 - Bov, 
 
132 A GRAMMAR OF THE 
 
 Boj, let yon * liquid ruby flow. 
 And bid thy penfivc heart be glad. 
 Whatever the frowning zealots fay : 
 I'ell them their Eden ci^nnot Ihow 
 A llream fo clear as Rocnabad, 
 A bow'r fo fweet as Mofellay. 
 
 Oh ! when thefe fair, perfidious maids, 
 ^Yhofe eyes our fecret haunts infell, 
 Their dear deftrudlive charms difplay. 
 Each glance my tender breaft invades. 
 And robs my wounded foul of reft. 
 As Tartars feize their deftin'd prey. 
 
 In vain with love our boforas glow ; 
 Can all our tears, can all our fighs 
 New luftre to thofe charms impart ? 
 Can cheeks where living rofes blow. 
 Where nature Ipreads her richefl dies. 
 Require the borrow'd glofs of art ? 
 
 Nfc.-' '>< W <2 mghed ruhj is a commoii periphrafis for wine In the Pcr- 
 lian poetry. See Haiiz, ode 22. 
 
 Speak 
 
PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 133 
 
 Speak not of late— ah ! change the theme, 
 And talk of odours, talk of wine, 
 Talk of the flower's that round us bloom : 
 'Tis all a cloud, 'tis all a dream ; 
 To love and joy thy t}iou<i;hts confine, 
 Nor hope to pierce the facred gloom. 
 
 Beauty has fuch rcfifllefs pow'r, 
 That ev'n the chafle Egyptian dame * 
 Sigh'd for the blooming Hebrew boy : 
 For her how fatal was the hour. 
 When to the banks of Nilus came 
 f A youth fo lovely and fo coy ! 
 
 But ah ! fweet maid, my counfel hear ; 
 (Youth fhould attend when thofe advife 
 Whom long experience renders lage) 
 While mulic charms the ravifli'd ear. 
 While fparkling cups delight our eyes. 
 Be gay ; and fcorn the frowns of age. 
 
 • Zuleikha, Potiphar's wife. f ^okph, 
 
 L 1 What 
 
3 34 A GRAMMAR, &C. 
 
 "What cruel anfwer have I heard ! 
 And yet, by heav'n, I love thee Hill : 
 Can aught be cmel from thy lip ? 
 Yet fay, how fell that bitter word 
 From lips which ilreams of fweetnefs fill. 
 Which nought but drops of honey lip ? 
 
 Go boldly forth, my fimple lay, 
 Whofe accents flow with artlefs eaie, 
 Like orient pearls at random ilrung ; 
 Thy notes are fweet, the damfels fay. 
 But, oh, far fweeter, if they pleafe 
 The nymph for whom thefe notes are fung ! 
 
 END OF THE GRAMMAR » 
 
A 
 
 CATALOGUE* 
 
 OF THE 
 MOST VALUABLE BOOKS 
 IN THE 
 
 PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Oxf, The Public Libraries at Oxford. 
 
 Par. The Royal Library at Paris. 
 
 Lond. The Britifli Mufeum at London. 
 
 Priu. The Colledions of private jSIen. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 The garden of purity, by Mirkhond.— A general hilloiy 
 of Perlia iii fcveral large volumes. OxJ\ Prlo 
 
 The hiftory of the life of Sultan Acber, by the learned 
 and elegant Abu Fazl. Oxf 
 
 * An extenhve Catalogue of Saiifcrit, and other Oriental MSS., prrfented to (h» 
 Royal Society by Sir William and Lady Jones, may be ictw in Sir W. Jones's Work*, 
 4to, vol. YL p. 4-11, et fcqq. 
 
136 A CATALOGUE OF 
 
 f J * ^/ •••• » 
 A dcfcription of tlie Indian empire, written by the order 
 of Sultan Acber by a focicty of Ikilful men.— A tranf- 
 lation of this book would be extremely ufeful to the 
 European companies that trade in India, as it contains 
 a full account of CYcry province and city in the domi- 
 nions of the Mogul, of his revenues and expences, 
 both in peace and war, and of all the cufloms and 
 ceremonies in his palace ; together with a defcription of 
 the natural productions of his empire *. Qj'f. 
 
 The actions of Sultan Baler ; written either by himfelf, or 
 under his infjpeClion.— This book contains a minute 
 account of that prince's wars, and a natural hiliory of 
 his dominions. Oxf. 
 
 Xhe history of Cashnir, by a native of that extraordinary 
 country.---A very curious and entertaining work. Oaf, 
 
 ^U o't;l A tj^ 
 The hiftory of the lives of the Perfian kings, from the 
 head of the Sefi family to the death of Abbas the Cruel, 
 improperly called the Great. Oxf 
 
 • This work was tranflated by Mr. Francis Gladwin, and publiflied at Calcutta 
 in three volumes 4t0i and fince, at London, in two volumes 8vo, 
 
PERSIAN BOOKS. 137 
 
 The select chromcJe.'—T\\\'^ work is an excellent liiflory of 
 Perfivi, and has been tranllated into Arabic and Turkifh. 
 
 o.r/: 
 
 A iliort hlll(jry of Perfia, in one volume, by Khandemir, 
 a learneci and agreeable writer. Oxf. 
 
 The heart of histories. — A copious hiflory of the Perfian 
 empire, written in the middle of the (ixteenth century 
 by Abdallatif, a native of Cazvin. 
 
 The look of victory. — A hiftory of the life of Timur, 
 commonly called Tamerlane, written in a moll beau- 
 tiful and elegant ftyle. 
 
 An account of the lives of the Perfian poets, by Devlct- 
 fliah of Samarcand. Par. 
 
 The hiftory of the life of Nader Shah, king of Perfia, 
 written by Mirza Mahadi, and tranflated into French 
 by the author of this grammar. 
 
 M M POETRY. 
 
138 A CATALOGUE OF 
 
 POETRY. 
 
 Sliah Nameh. A colleaion of heroic poems on the an- 
 cient hiftories of Perfia, by Ferdufi. See the treatife 
 on Oriental i)oetry added to the life of Nader Shah, 
 i^&.. II. p. 248. Oxf, Priv. 
 
 The works of Khakani;, a fublime and fpirited poet. Odf- 
 Priv. 
 
 The odes of Haiiz r fee the treatife above mentioned. 
 Lond. Oxf. Par, Priv,. 
 
 {S>»^ "^^^ 
 
 The works of Sadi ; containing ^I'tJ^ or ihe led of roses, 
 ^^y^ or the garden, and ,,::^U> '^ or the rays of lights 
 The two firfl of thefe excellent books are very common ; 
 but I have not feen the lall: they are all upon moral 
 fubjeds^ and are written with all the elegance of the 
 Perfian language. Oxf 
 
 ^! ^U 
 
 The works of Ahli ; containing, 
 
 ill::- y^ laiiftl magic, a poem. 
 ^U^^ ^ T'^''^ the taper and the moth, a poem, 
 > Ls2^ \^^ l*y a hook of elegies. 
 s^U'p ^.^[^'j a lookofodes,. Oxf 
 
PERSIAN IJOOKS. 139, 
 
 Tlie works of Jiimi; containing, among others, 
 
 Ul 'X-L^ the chain of gold, a poem, in three 
 
 books. 
 ([ y\ , ♦(LL^ ^^* S-elman and Aha I, a tale. 
 
 \)^) , ;^-*. the loves of Joacph and Zuklkha, a 
 
 very beautiful poem. 
 *jJJ^ ^ XJ the hvcs of Leila and Megenwn. 
 ^ U ,^^J\ a collection of odes. 
 ^ilX^y^^ the mansion of the spring, 
 ,1^111 "Jy' the gift of the noble, 
 jl A\ "^ th*^ manners of the just ^ VXj ^ 
 
 A book of elegant odes, by MirKhofru. 0,i/- 
 
 ^y) t>r/^' J--: -V 
 
 vv«2« 
 
 A poetical work Mesnavi, upon leveral fubjeas, of 
 religion, hillory, morality, and politics ; compofed by 
 Gelaleddin, furnamed Rumi.— This poem is greatly 
 admired in Perfia, and it really dclervcs athniration. 
 Or/. Vriv. 
 
 ^ 
 
140 A CATALOGUE OF 
 
 The poems of Anvari, which are quoted by Sadi in liis 
 Gulillan, aiid are much elleemed in the Eafl. 
 
 The works of Nezami ; containing fix poems : 
 ^y3^[»}\ jS^] the secrets of lovers. 
 jX^^^ s:iJ\ the seven faces. 
 /♦ r'y^s.ji^ ^ ^j^ the loves ofCosrit arid Shhin. 
 ^^ jyCS^^ the life of Alexander. 
 Cjy^ ^ X^ Lteila and Megeiinn, a tale. 
 j^y^U\ c)y ^^^^ treasure tf secrets. Land. Priv. 
 
 Pendnama, a book of moral fentences, not unlike thofe of 
 Theogenis in Greek, by ^Iki/ /♦^^>^>>/ Ferideddin 
 Attar. Lond. Oaf. 
 
 *• 
 The works of Catebi, containing live poems : 
 
 /♦^y^l ^-w-f^ the junction of two seas. 
 
 w-^t e^ the ten chapters. 
 
 fj-tP ^ /V^ hcauty and love. 
 
 ^ya^ ^ j^^ the conqiiei'or and triumpher. 
 
 ^)>IU ^ ^\^^ the loves of Baharam and Gulendam. 
 
 There 
 
PERSIAN BOOKS. 1^1 
 
 There nre many more hiftorics and poems written in 
 PerfKiii ; but tliofc above-mentioned are the moll celebrated 
 in Alia. The poets of the lecond clafs were J y^j 
 Roudeki, wlio tranflated Pilpai's fables into vcric; i3'>--^; 
 Reihidi, who wrote an art of poetry called J^"] '*l\,^ 
 the inchaufcd ganlofs ; (/^U' ! Ahmed i, who compofed 
 an heroic j)oeni on tlie actions of TanKn-Linc : not to 
 mention a grexit number of elegiac and lyric poets, who 
 are very little known in Europe. 
 
 PHILOSOPHT. 
 
 The light of Solcil or Canopus.— x\ very elegant para- 
 phrafe of Pilpai's tales and fables, by Cafliefi. O.if. 
 
 The touchftone of learning ; a more fimple tranflation of 
 Pilpai, by Abu Fazl. O.if. 
 
 The Perfian tales of a thoufand and one days, tranflated 
 into French by Petit de la Croix. 
 
142 A CATALOGUE OP 
 
 Scganiliin, tJie gallery of pictures, by Jouini.— A mifcel- 
 laneous \^^ork upon moral fubjedls, in profe and verfe. 
 There is a beautiful copy of this book in the Bodleiai^ 
 jjbrary at Oxford. Marsh 397. 
 
 A fy ilem of natural philofophy, by Isfahani. Ojf 
 
 The natural hiflory of precious flones. Oxf, 
 
 There are many books in Perfian upon Geometry, Al- 
 gebra, Agronomy, Mechanics, Logic, Rhetoric, and 
 Phylic; all which deferve to be read and lludied by the 
 Europeans. The Perlians are very fond of elegant manu- 
 fcripts; all their favourite works are generally written upon 
 fine filky paper, the ground of which is often powdered 
 with gold or filver dull: : the two firfl leaves are commonly 
 illuminated, and the whole book is fometimes perfumed 
 with elTence of rofes or fandal wood, The poem of 
 Jofeph and Zuleikha in the public library at Oxford is, 
 perhaps, the mpfi: beautiful manufcript in the world : the 
 margins of every page are gilt and adorned with garlands 
 
PERSIAN BOOKS. 113 
 
 of flowers ; and the liand-Avriting is elegant to the highcll 
 degree: it is in the collcdlion of the learned Greaves, N i. 
 The Afiatics have many advantages in writing : their ink 
 is extremely blaek. and never lofes its colour ; the Egyp- 
 tian reeds with which tliey write, are formed to make the 
 iineft llrokes and flourifhcs ; and their letters nm fo Cvafily 
 into one another, that they can write falter than any other 
 nation. It is not llrange, therefore, that they prefer their 
 manufcripts to our beft printed books ; and if they fliould 
 ever adopKtlie art of printing, in order to promote the 
 general circulation of learning, tJiey will ftill do right to 
 preferve their claftical works in manufcript. 
 
 I fliall conclude with a Perfian ode in four Afiatic 
 hands, and fliall add a few remarks upon each of thcra, 
 
 I. 
 
 N I S K H I, 
 
 Tliis is the form of writing ufed by the Arabianij, who 
 invented the charaAers ; as every Pcrdan ftudent fliould 
 acquire a knowledge of the Arabic, it ought therefore to 
 be learned. Tiiis hand is frequently employed by the 
 Perflans, and the hifl:ory of Nader Sliah was \\ ritten in it. 
 The Nilkhi is the parent of the Taleek, and of all the other 
 hands in which the Arabic and Perfian languages are now 
 written. 
 
 IL 
 
( IM ) 
 II. 
 
 T A L i: E K. 
 
 The Taleck is the moll beautiful hand writing \i{cd by 
 the rerfians. In a charader called Nuftaleck, compounded 
 of the Nifkhi and Talcek the prefent edition of this Gram- 
 n}ar is printed. It difFers, however, confiderably 
 
 from the p;raceful turns and beautiful fiourifiies of fe- 
 vcral o{ tlie manufcripts. The Nuftaleek characler here 
 ufed mav be as cahly read by Europeans as the ^ilkhi. 
 In the manufcripts written in the Talcek hand, the llrokes 
 of the reed are extrernelv fine, and the initial letters ; )* ; are 
 fcarccly perceptible. As the Perfians always write their 
 lines of an equal length, they are obliged to place their words 
 in a very irregular manner ; if the line be too fliort, they 
 lengtiien it by a fine ftroke of the reed ; if too long, they 
 Avrite the w^ords one above another. In the Perfian poems 
 the tranfcribers place both members of a couplet on the 
 fame line, and not the firll above the fecond, as we do : a 
 PcrHan would write the following verfes in this order : 
 IFifh ravisli'd ears The monarch hears, 
 
 Assumes the god, Jffects to nod. 
 
 It muft be confeil'ed; that this irregularity in writing, joined 
 to the confufion of the diacritical points, which are often 
 placed at random, and ibmetimes omitted, makes it very 
 ditficult to read the Perfian manufcripts, till the language 
 
 becomcjs 
 
( M5 ) 
 
 becomes familiar to iis ; but this difficulty, like all others 
 in the world, will be infcnfibly furmounted by the habit 
 of induftry and perfevenincc, without which no great dc- 
 fign was ever accomplilhed. 
 
 III. 
 
 SHEKESTEH. 
 
 In this inelegant hand all order and analogy are negled- 
 cd ; the points which dillinguifli ^ from t'j, ^ from --y 
 and Si^ from >^, J^ and^.^, &c. arc for moll part oinit- 
 ted, and thefe feYcn letters, I ) ) j ) j ^ ^-re connected 
 with thofe that follow them in a moll irregular m.anner. 
 This is, certainly, a conliderable difficulty, which mull be 
 furmounted before the learner can tranllate an Indian letter: 
 but I am perfuaded ; that thofe who chiefly complain of it 
 have another difficulty Itill greater, which is their imperfect 
 knowledge of the language. 
 
 o o NISKHL 
 
( li6 ) 
 
 N I S K H I. 
 
 •• J' '•: J ^ ^^ • ^ V 
 
 (^^»!u\a^ A:^ /*-v^ aJ lXXs (^^U^ ^T-^ 
 
{ 147 ) 
 
 NUSTALEEK. 
 
 >T^ JL 
 
 -B' 
 
 
 
A D Y E Pt T I S E M E N T. 
 
 jL he following Index will be found, it is hoj^rd, of coniideraLK* 
 iill» to ](\irncrs, ;iiul to tliolc in particular who arc ^mp^o^idcd 
 with diclionarics. It is not onlv intended as a liteial alpliabetieal 
 explanation and analylis of the exinicls and authorities fr(;m the 
 various writers intcrfpcrfed through the Grammar, hut, as a voca- 
 bulary, it may be emplo^'ed to achantage, by in^printing on the 
 memory a number of ufctul words. 
 
 It may not be improper, however, to inlorm thofo who have 
 made but little progrefs in tliis language, that, in eonfulting any 
 dictionary, there are a variety of infeparable particles prefixed and 
 annexed to words, which mult be analyfed or feparated before the 
 meaning can be found : for example, 
 
 ,^^^-vw^!^ which literally tlgnifies to desire is, muft not be looked 
 for under the letter ; but under ) , the s prefixed being the infepa- 
 rable prepofition for, io, in, ^\i implying desire, ^c. and ,^^^ 
 (for ^j^^l) the third perfon prefent of /M^^^ to be. 
 
 It is unneceflary to multiply examples, but it will fave the 
 learner much trouble if he keep in mind, that the principal of thefe 
 prefixed particles are, 
 
 !) the Arabic article the. 
 
 i (or ^^ before words beginning with I) the charadcriliic of tiie 
 firft future, and fometimes of the imperative. 
 
 ^ or .' the prepofition in, to, for, &c. 
 
 } prefixed fometimes by way of pleonafm, to wliich no trantlation 
 can give any prccife meaning. 
 
 L U'itJi. 
 
 » 
 
 , V luithout. p p J 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 J iSov j)) frorrty zt'ith, by, &c, 
 
 > (for /) iih'ich, 2vhaf. 
 
 ^ ^ or ^^'t charac^eriftlcs of the prefent tenfe.— Thefe charac- 
 
 teriftics of the prefent are frequently omitted by the Perlian authors. 
 ^ (or ^ before words beginning with I) the negative prefixed 
 to imperatives. 
 
 ^ or; (or j before \vords beginning with !) the general nega- 
 tive prefixed to all other tenfes *. 
 
 Tlie following particles are commonly annexed to w^ords : 
 The poii'eiiive pronouns 
 ^ ^\ or / imj, mine. U our. 
 
 ^^ s^] or ,^M^ fhi/y thine. ^jT"^^ your. 
 
 ^li'iSy her, its. .t or , ja. their, 
 
 .♦jl the plural of nouns having reference to living creatures* 
 i; the plural of inanim.ate nouns., 
 f or t the poetic vocative. 
 1 1 the termination of the oblique cafes^. 
 ^M^v-^ the third perfon prefent of /♦N" io he,~ 
 fj is fometimes equivalent to our a or one ; and at other times 
 after nouns ending with ) or c it marks that the- following noun is 
 m the genitive caie ; and it is then equal to our of. 
 
 The Perfian writers make frequent ufe of the contradred infinitive; 
 when the learner therefore cannot find fuch words as >v-^ ^ or >v-- T 
 in the Index, let him look for ^^u^ ^ Cj^^j^ ^^' 
 
 *** The a prefixed to fome words in the Index ftiov/s that they 
 are of Arabic original. 
 
 * Notwithftandlng the above obfervations, which will fa ve the learner fome perplexity in 
 confulting diftionaries, many of the compounded words, and fuch oblique tenfes as differ moft 
 from their infinitives, are for his greater eafe and. fatisfaftion inferted in this Index. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 / 
 
 w^T Water, fountain: luilre. a .\^f\ pi- (>f . U affairs, con- 
 j^S upon: a cloud. ditions ; fecrets. 
 
 to ^ ♦ < 
 
 a A A pl-of ^ the jufi:. cV''^ to draw a sz^wc^, hnifcy &?c. 
 
 ^^*^! colour, paint, conip. of^^S a y'v^ I. choice, liberty; prudence. 
 
 water fl7iG?\,^)0; colour. a j^\ end, finally; another. 
 
 a jLw'l Abfal, proper name. a z^/') moderns; pofterity. 
 
 a V^yS Abufazel (father of vir- a ^^) Adam; a man: ameircngcr 
 
 tuc) proper name. « I^J when. 
 
 « >^i^^^ Abuleis (father of the yl;' the gthPcrfian month; vernal. 
 
 lion) proper name. f^ fire, 
 
 v^) (annexed to luordsj thy. cf^ *iy ^^ province of jNIedia. 
 
 ^^•'t fire. ^Jiv'T fiery. yT bringing, bring thou,^}'. .ru^.T 
 
 a p a mark, imprefiion.. (/l^T or \jj adorning, from 
 
 ^s] to plant. ,»;u-I^T to adorn. 
 
 a ^\^\ pi. o/"*i> the eyes. m\ ^\ reft. 
 
 a j\^\pl.ofy the noble, free. ^^.^| jg worth, /rom ^i>J;/ 
 
 « Cr,;^' ^'' C^';^' ^^^^^ g^^^^- ,;l may bring, /;'o/« ^*.;,! 
 
 a ^(L^l aprefent, favour, benefit. ^ y^:;.^) f.,f^ty, rectitude. 
 
 a>/)Ahmed (moil worthy of ^j)lrcm,?iameqfafalulousgar- 
 praife) a /jropcr 7iafnc. den in the East. 
 
i/ 
 
 f 
 
 ;♦ from. 
 
 >^) ^IjT he fcts at liberty. 
 DH C/5^;T liberty, 
 
 ^ I ^' I afflicting, /row 
 
 rj)j^J^ ^^ rebuke, affliel, wound. 
 
 ^1 jl from that. 
 
 l/'Tjl thence, 
 
 ^r;t jl from this. 
 
 « 
 
 U^ I /M hence. 
 ♦ •» / 
 
 ^ /! on account of. 
 '^' /y. )^ vvhcrefore } why ? 
 ^^^^ y! on account of, 
 tsjjl afflicted, from ^i\jp 
 U jl whence. 
 ^ UjT experienced, /ro??? Ch^^)'^ 
 ,yi;UjT temptation, experience. 
 i\^sy^)^ to try, tempt. 
 ^jL^ yj from amidfl. 
 ^ '^Z^, j' from one another. ^ 
 
 i\\sj^ to few together, 
 W like, refembhng: appeafmg. 
 ^^'UT reft, loth from ,*J\yJ 
 ^„^~^f a horfe. 
 ^ /^^'^^ hearing, found. 
 (/>;*/ /ir") they lillened. 
 
 a /' .-I />/, o/^v-- fecrets. 
 
 c 
 
 U'^l hea\"en. 
 
 O'-^r-' 
 
 to rell. 
 
 . i! f aimed' cd to zvordsj their. 
 ^,^-1 a tear. 
 j^] c]ear, evident. 
 (/l^i-T love, friendiliip, familik- 
 
 rity : knowledge. ] t/,7''/ 
 
 >,.^y^ 1 dillurbing, yro7;i 
 
 ♦ ;;?yil to difrurb. 
 ^'vJl^-T a nelL 
 
 <7 w^l ij^) confufion, pain. 
 
 G ^\J^\ pi. o/*,^yi^ parts, trads. 
 
 « j!>*^l equality, temperance. 
 
 a ^lij;^) belief, faith. 
 a ^ 1 great ; greater. 
 
 jit) a beginning. 
 
 « m\^\ pi. of ^^^ branches. 
 
 ♦y:^ J;) to embrace, 
 a il^l pL of j^ rivals, jealoufy. 
 
 ^pJi^s] to cut. 
 w^l^T the fan. 
 
 ^^\ or ^bl a bottle; a coffer. 
 
 * • « 
 
 ^^l::?! to fall. 
 
 j\^\ exalting, //'OTTZ ^\/\ 
 
■J' 
 
 wlvvvj^l Afraiiab, proper imnic. 
 
 l*r-^*/^ to inflame. 
 
 j^^?) inflaiwing, from tlie ahorc. 
 
 ^(> )l to create. 
 
 1*/}^ creating, from the above. 
 
 K'l or \J^p\ increafiug, jront 
 
 1*1 )*J^^ to incrcale. 
 
 i*J^p^ increafiug. 
 
 //'y^ 1 alas ! 
 
 /M_5yU3) to fpcak idly. 
 
 /Mlii) fprinkling, fliedding. 
 
 ^>Uil to fprinklc, fliedj 
 
 i\j^/^\ to prefs. 
 
 ..X^) throwing, from 
 
 /V/>^C^i to throw. 
 
 a ^)>?) ^/. o/' ^>if cups. 
 
 a fi^^^\ their cups. 
 
 a ^1 3*1 affirmation, confirmation. 
 
 a .S] Akber (greater) prop, narfie^ 
 
 J ) or i^] intelligent, vigilant ; 
 
 knowledge. 
 y1 if, ^;y1 though. 
 Jt filling. ^ia/J" to fill, 
 ^yj ) now. 
 ^JI" full. 
 a j) Me article the. 
 
 f/ I'l but, except. 
 ^/ y^^JsJ] eftceni, relpecl. 
 a /»w-l gcnlicncfs, lenity. 
 n ^••Ir'l nuifical notes. 
 o y;;-,-J^l the mind. 
 a ,^'! a thouland. 
 ^yi fprinkled, llained, 7 /'>/// 
 ^^yi to fiain, fprinkle. 
 (f' ,c^^ ^ God, heaven ; divine. 
 r/>Jl ///e yf /•«/'. article prefixed to 
 >, aid, flrength, hand, &c. 
 ^1 (annexed to ivords) mv. 
 
 ^^U) to prepare ; to be ready. 
 
 jUT preparing. 
 
 rt,»(Ul lecurity, mercy; fincerity, 
 
 >l he came ; coming. 
 
 ^f>T to approach: the approach. 
 
 ^^^ - >l coming and going. 
 
 )«^-*l to-dav. 
 
 ^^^jj^^^l to-night. 
 
 ,«ju^«,^T to learn, teach. 
 
 /7 
 
 iT fkilled, teaching. 
 
 a 
 
 ♦^^•. I to mix. 
 >^T liope. /;>;*' hopefii!. 
 ^v-«' a prince, a noble. 
 :^,jj^ >'4^^-<*' Mirkhond ikili, 
 
propel' mnne. 
 j^*T mixing, from j*/-'-'^^ 
 ^1 he: that: time: now. 
 ^L*T thofe. 
 ,*;C'^Ij] to fill. 
 a ;lli:ol defire, expedation. 
 
 1/ T there, in that place. 
 
 » 
 
 a J* ) or ^[f ] liars. 
 
 j^^!>l to throw, dart. 
 
 ^j>) throwing, from the alove. 
 
 i*J^jJ^ within. 
 
 ^,J^\ little. 
 
 ,»^^>) to gain, gather. 
 
 , ♦ ( ^ •> f to belmear. 
 
 ;,>) gathering, gaining. 
 
 . Aj>) thought, confi deration. 
 
 •^1 thither. 
 
 .-\^! that which; he who. 
 
 ^CJT or fil^/T then, at that time. 
 .♦X'-K^j to think. 
 
 ^ ' ) to excite, raife. 
 
 >v^C«j! railing, exciting. 
 
 i7y 1^* ) Anvar (fplendor)j5rop.?2a???e. 
 
 UT thofe. 
 
 ^' ;U' /^/. of J rivers. 
 
 01 
 
 (/^) or ^! or ^ he, llie, it : his, 
 
 hers, its. 
 y^ ^1 himfelf, herfelf. 
 *UTa voice, Ibmid: fame. 
 a i*j^ ^ pi' ^f cj^ times. 
 X^\ devouring, fwallowing,/ro7?j 
 ♦yO^L^) to devour. 
 ;/ bringing, yro77i ^^;/ 
 1 /*) him, her, it; to him, &c. 
 
 ^ L?^>^' P^' Rf CV^ leaves. 
 ^,j^l to bring. 
 
 „^^y^l a throne: a manufaclur- 
 
 ing village. 
 a f-^^\ pi' oj ^J»^ affairs, adlions. 
 fi j^f fii*ft : the beginning, 
 a /V:^*^ forefathers, the ancients. 
 .♦;;^ •! to hang. 
 
 a L] fkilful : endowed with, 
 poiTelTed of: people. 
 
 ^T a fawn. 
 
 (/T coming; comethou,yr. /♦(>«T 
 (/! or L 1 O! 5zV?z o/" f/ze voc. case. 
 ft /»L ! times, days, pi. of a*, 
 ^^vCvwJ to Hand. 
 
I 
 
 c 
 
 theinfelvcs. ty-*-^~'j thciii: to 
 
 thev: their, 
 them. 
 
 {J ^[ once 
 
 ;;;P ij\ O Sir ! 
 
 a .%J 1 the rig'ht hand. 
 
 ,»J this. ,»jlj) thcle. 
 
 U^ ! here. 
 
 ''I lb, thus. 
 
 r 
 
 hither. 
 
 ^JC^S behoia. 
 ^cj a mirfor. 
 Ul thefe. 
 
 
 nature. 
 
 J with; in: to, for. 
 
 « 
 
 t with, poflelled of : fnice. 
 >,^L a gate; a chapter, 
 ^t Baber, a proper name. 
 
 ♦ ^L to phiy. 
 
 ^L thcwind, air; let it be. 
 L>i> X zephyr; a gentle gale; the 
 
 eaft or morning ^ind. 
 e^t w^ine. 
 
 il a load, baggage. 
 ^yL Pcrfian. 
 
 ;l playing, play thou, /r. ^;;^L 
 L again, anew 
 ,»;^--U *l to ^vit^l-ho]d 
 o>;L a player; playing 
 -^L being, be thou^ //"owi i^j^y^ 
 U' L a balhaw, governor 
 >^L it may be; it may happen, 
 
 from ^f;,. 
 ^>J^'-t^ to fprinkle, difTufe 
 c^L a garden. ^ti^L a gardener 
 ^^t to weave : to tinge 
 a i'L the remainder; permanent 
 
 ^^ t fear, care 
 
 ^^ pure, charte, clean 
 
 jlj L affe(5lionatc 
 
 Ji/ L more pure 
 
 .^Lu t innocent, nnblemllhcd 
 */L beautiful, amiable 
 owl gentle, pure, lovely 
 
 !l a wing : an arm 
 H above, upwards 
 .♦uJt to iLrain 
 ,I>*L ii^ tlie morning 
 c^v't fifteen 
 ^ua-'L five hundered 
 
f\ togellicr 
 
 >L it is ncceflary, from ^♦r^-^.l 
 -l>l pcrinanent, from (jTl a 
 
 foot, cjid iSs^ the partkipic of 
 
 ,v"'-'^ to have 
 ^♦JCv^'t to be necciTarj 
 i*f^\»^ to accept 
 ^^^ he took'or bore up 
 /f/-^ fear \\\ou, from i^J^^} 
 J^y^^ he killed, from i*j/^y^ 
 The first : appears to he redundan t. 
 J" (pi. ,^\^- ail infant 
 s,!*^^' for 
 
 « y ^ metre : the fea. 
 (^ }\)/ the Iambic meafure. 
 « \<»\/ the Trochaic meafure. 
 
 a - > y a kind of verfe, con- 
 chy ♦ • 
 
 fifting of Iambics and Spondees 
 a ^.y ^ dual of /^ the tvNO feas. 
 ! '^ Bokhara, name of a place. 
 .,*:x/ to boil 
 
 U .V 
 
 J*'"" . I woidd give, from 
 
 .^j^.ty^ to give. 
 
 > bad- ^>^ bad of me 
 
 h!> to or for thefe 
 ^'^ * •• ♦ 
 
 .''> know thou. , ^^^ l> I 
 
 4 
 
 might have known, fr. ^'uJ I ^ 
 
 :> p'ivc thou, /ro7?z /♦u!* 
 ^^> confpicuoufly, pubhclj 
 ,«f>^!>> to become confpicuous 
 
 C^ "V 
 
 ^> accepting, //w/? 
 
 ,*P j-/^ to accept 
 
 ^^ full. ^ the bofom : upon 
 s::^ > upon thy bofom, ^ car- 
 rying, ravifliing, /row ,»u^ 
 
 C)'>r^^A 
 
 to rell 
 I fliould refl 
 
 ,♦ i><Ty- to afcend 
 
 (/ly for, becaufe 
 
 >Ty arifes, comes, fr. i\jM'ji 
 iijy a harp, lute 
 mj'y, a ray, Iplendor 
 
 ♦ Jt-~lr^ to rife, arife 
 ,*/'^Uj^ to linifli, eompofe 
 ^*K^^^ compoling, completing 
 
 • :1^^^ he finiflies, performs 
 ,«;tt)^ ^ to raife exalt 
 
 ,M^ ;^ to bear, carry, lead 
 
 > ^ ^ they carry off 
 
 &^ -. a veil tapellry 
 
 (f !»o,v a chamberlain, porter. 
 
 ^j.^ alk thou, alking 
 
j^j. is arrives 
 
 j^j.^ above, on the top or head 
 
 ,»i>u--' - to alk 
 
 >' J o>^y vvc Iiavc alTced 
 
 ,,M^^^ he went away. 
 
 „^^ a leaf; power; arms; orna- 
 men; a miitical inftnimcnt 
 
 ♦^J > to return, recede 
 /♦r^*--J^^ to afcend, mount 
 ^).^ a butterfly, moth 
 
 i^j. a protestor, nouriflier ; edu- 
 cating ; educate thou 
 C}))^A ^^ educate, nourilli 
 /pj^y education 
 1*)^/'^ without, out of 
 ^^ together 
 
 i*f^A ^^ beware, abllain 
 ♦ y^ abftinence, chattity 
 {J J, an angel, fairy 
 .♦jLvj - ruinous, difordered, fcat- 
 
 tered 
 ^> under, below 
 *j^j^'}^ to witluT, deeay 
 >,l>,,^^ they will give up, /ro/;i 
 
 ^•'ji^^ a garden : a bread 
 to bind, Ihut 
 
 O 
 
 a boy, child 
 
 jt — > much, many 
 '•"^ J^'^l it bioflbincd 
 
 ^' let us break 
 
 a .^j^^ ^S^^t : prudence 
 
 a jlL^ lazy: a mifcreant 
 
 a JL^ vain, fruit lefs. 
 
 >»^^ after. /^Tyl >ot.^ afterwards 
 
 U^^ 2fi? pcrsoii impcrafite, from 
 
 i\j^y^} to command, &c. 
 .^ji^^ — ^K is to my delire 
 >^(i^ he fliall dig,yro7« ^^ 
 ;f>X leave thou 
 *,C lay thou, from , . ;i/ 
 ^y><-^ it fliall pafs, from i*j^ijj 
 , L but 
 
 a It misfortune: without 
 a ^IL a country, region 
 
 LJv a nif]^htinc;ale 
 ..^^^^ but 
 .^_ , X _i^'^^ a tiger 
 a,X yes 
 
 , *;> it fliall perifli, //o?// /♦', ^ 
 , - ^'w therefore 
 
J'X mourn thou, from ^>^C 
 > five. oi/' fifty 
 
 ^,, the fifth 
 
 >X. binding, compiling; bind thou 
 
 ^ advice, counfel 
 
 ,^\)^ to fuppofe, think 
 *>X« can bind,y)w/i ^7^^— -^ 
 
 it jJ!u2X a garden of violets 
 yy^ Ihowed, Jrom /M^y The 
 : prefixed seems to he i^ediindant 
 
 O^y^ to be 
 
 ■JJ'^y^ they were, from ]j^y^ 
 
 94*. a little branch 
 
 C r*]y ^^ excufe 
 , Y*f a KllS 
 , ♦ f bc^*/ a garden 
 >v^^ he kifled, from 
 i^\/^y to hide, cover, conceal 
 ^y an owl. ^y^^ to the owl 
 (/y fragrance, fmell. 
 J^ (/*/ rofe-fcented 
 ^ good: in, into 
 ^y^ the fpring 
 
 ^Ixv^iL the manfion of the fpring 
 .j^Jf chearfulnefs 
 jY^ becaufe, for, on account of: 
 
 all, every one; fortune; pre- 
 
 excellence 
 A^^ Baharam (the planet Mars) 
 
 proper name 
 iS*X/ the breaft, fide; near: the 
 
 ancient Perfian language. 
 ^ together, one with another 
 ,.- without 
 
 Iv come thou, from /^>T 
 .♦jL'^^ a defart : uncultivated 
 /LI fliall find 
 
 
 )L bring thou, from t\)sjyS 
 a . yiU white: brightnefs. 
 JL a cup 
 
 ^J^lw^ fearlefs 
 
 ^hUL faithlefs, mercilefs 
 
 {Jjy*\^^ thou fhalt learn, from 
 T 
 
 « ,^i^^ a houfe; a difiich 
 
 Llx^ inconfiderate 
 
 . ^^^ v";t^ irregular 
 
 Jl^^^ without afliflance 
 ♦ 
 ^^ a root, origin 
 
 j\^^ without a thorn 
 
 * 
 j^ ignorant 
 
 ,,;^ to fift 
 
.♦,x^ to take captive 
 
 ^-^HJi>^^ falie, faithlels 
 
 W.. openly: a dilrovery 
 
 JA-y^ lieartlcls, dircoufolate 
 
 -v^^ old; an old man 
 
 ) ^ adorning, colleding . 
 
 .♦;c-^l^ to deck 
 
 t[J^j^^ without, out of doors 
 
 j^^ llicdding, fitting; fr. ,*/^ 
 
 »,^;^vww^ twenty 
 
 /Ay^ betbre; the front 
 
 ■ U""^'' innumerable 
 
 »1 H^^ inconlhmt; afflicted 
 
 ^TfeCv. new. ,^'CJ^ novelty 
 ... ^ 
 
 Aw the face, form 
 
 L an elephant 
 ^ fear, danger 
 
 j'vv^^^ unequalled 
 ^^^'^^^^ to meafure 
 C^, feeing 
 
 ^^ I may lee, loth from i*jj^y 
 l;Clv or L:;} ) , ^ endlels 
 
 JyU helplels, unfortunate 
 
 ,*f^y^ to join, touch 
 
 >^^ touchhig, joining, reaching 
 
 t^l or ^1^ {annexed to ivonh) thy 
 
 C* until, that, in order to 
 
 w' n^Mt, liame; fplendor;Ilrength 
 
 defire; a fever; contorfion, 
 /M^wU* to caufc to lliine 
 /C I rnay turn, Sc-c. from 
 ^>jC to turn, twill; to fhine,. 
 
 make warm ; to be able 
 ^^\i bright, fhining 
 ^Y^t* to tvvift ; haften ; wager 
 
 ^C . obfcurity; a hair; a thread, 
 
 the fumiTiit 
 -1^1" fpoil, prey, ruin 
 p'yC obfcurity, darknefs 
 a ^'jt a- hiftory, chronicle 
 wX.;t' ^ark. /-^.yT darker 
 Cyt* frelh, new, }oung 
 ^'fijC more freth, &r. 
 ^;;JL'* to inflame,, burrt 
 a UC confideration, fpeculation- 
 L" let alone,, leave, relinquilli 
 a Jj' a prefent; rare, elegant 
 a ^^> prudence, advice; govern- 
 ment ; regulation 
 a ij^ji' a record, obligation. 
 
f 
 
 " moift, frcfli 
 )y thcc ; to thee 
 J,\ '^ harmony, modulation 
 
 a 
 
 "./ 
 
 a tomb 
 
 a .„^^^ } order, regularity 
 ^^^ thou feareil, from 
 
 (J 
 
 c 
 
 M^ 
 
 to fear 
 
 0>u^ /^ thou mayefl fear 
 a ^y:J' pointing; ihame, anguiili 
 a ^ } a beautiful man or \^'oman ; 
 a Turk ; leaving, relinquilhing 
 
 i^ 
 
 a 
 
 correcting ; arranging 
 ^ compolition, invention 
 
 a J^\ JU." 0/' JU." ^U) omnipo- 
 tent God 
 
 a Lf^' hafte 
 
 a (jJ^ hanging, dependent ; 
 the moll elegant kind of Per- 
 fian hand-writing 
 
 a IjUT negligence : contempt 
 
 a ^ JC* relaxation, walking ; con- 
 templation 
 
 J^ bitter, feverely 
 
 ^8L/^ bitter in the mouth 
 
 [VJ diversion; fpecftacle, feeing 
 J -t^-'* full, perfed:; completion. 
 
 end: completely 
 
 £Z U/ a wifh ; fupplication 
 
 ,»- the body, perfon 
 LX." alone, only; folitary 
 y* thou: thy. ^♦r ^ thyfelf 
 a / )W (pi. of ^ ^n hiftories 
 ^!^r it is poiliblc, />'. ^j;^\y 
 a "jy repentance; converfion 
 ,*f^y to Collect ; to pay debts 
 a y^>A^" congratulation 
 
 ^^.^yrwretched,empty,nakcd,poor 
 'IS an arrow : the river Tigris 
 >s." fliarp ; violent, palTionate 
 ^J* a fword 
 
 a ij '^ moifture 
 
 a i t the conftellation Pleiades 
 
 a ^^ precious : the eighth 
 
 U a place 
 
 4^U an enchanter; enchanting 
 
 & ;U a remedy 
 
 ^^ filTure, a breach 
 
^J)) v-/tj to tear 
 ^[^ 'd cup, glals; mirror 
 ^*\^ a mantle, robe; a bed 
 ^U ii colledion 
 /nUtbc foul; a beautiful woman 
 ^Cl? fouls; friends; lovers 
 (/)♦? ^U delighting the foul 
 /lyU having life, an animal 
 a ,»r^^ the forehead 
 a yC- lludy, endeavour 
 1^ which; wherefore, why? 
 a y^-^^/' (pi- w^^'Z") a wound 
 -^ p fortune ; tlie world, globe 
 . ►-O; CircafTia 
 a J ^ '<x crime 
 ) *p or v^ except, unlefs 
 .♦,:<,.^ to leap: to feek, examine 
 
 an eye 
 
 ^* a fountain 
 ^>viu^ to talte, try 
 ^\ o>^ I have tailed 
 a >v a curling lock 
 ^U^ a kind of mufical inllru- 
 
 inent, a lyre, a lute 
 ^G the heart. ;.«5>^ hcart- 
 
 piercing 
 
 , ^jXa^ what doft tliou do ? cmnp- 
 ^/ -^ (/^>"' '^) ^vhat, rt;?^ /7/tf 
 'id person prrs. of *j\/ 
 ^•M how ? what ? 
 (I ^y^^J'\ Jelaiedihn (flift 
 glory ot" religion) proper name 
 a >L- a vuhune : tlie li^in 
 a JU". beauty, elegance 
 ^Ji>»'. Jemfliid, proper name 
 a ^* colle(R:ion, allembly, troo]w 
 
 ♦ >%• a garden, meadow 
 
 j^j^'f a verdant plain, meadow 
 
 ^(It^ in like manner 
 
 ^ lA^ in this manner, thus 
 
 ID 
 
 a ,^1^ or J^ paradife 
 >V how many ? 
 X >^ how often? 
 jhIxvJ^ fairy land 
 y^J^^ a harp, lute 
 *r when (or .♦^) like, as 
 v" feck thou, from .*.* — - 
 
 ^.^1 at an anfwcr 
 
 ♦ • ♦ 
 
 ,»'l*r young; a young man 
 ^!^; youth 
 
 ,.(*r how? when 
 s s 
 
S^f^, when that 
 
 Xf *:^ Jouini, name of an author 
 *''^ thou mayeit feek, from 
 
 ^ what, which 
 
 ^ leaping, yro?/^ /V^^ 
 
 il^ four 
 e^yl^ fourteen 
 /^\\p^ four hundred 
 
 -^yG' the fourth 
 
 ^L^ the world 
 
 IjlCJU' conqueror of the world 
 
 ij>l;?' pollefling the world 
 c./^^ diligence, folicitude 
 
 jj; what ? ^;:>wvs^ what is it? 
 Ju^ he gathers, from /M>^ 
 K./:^' ^ what dofl thou feek ? 
 (/yCs^ ^ what doll thou fay ? 
 ..sC' China: a ringlet 
 
 jT^i I may gather, ^/o'w /♦ *>^ 
 
 <Z v*« 
 
 p-Unecellity : poverty 
 CL , Ui^ arriving; completion; 
 harveft, produce : profit 
 
 a JaJ^Hafiz (a man of great me- 
 mory) name of a poet 
 
 G J U a condition, ftate : a thing i 
 time prefent 
 
 a ,^jj^U motion, action; flate 
 
 a , j^^ imprifonment 
 
 ^' CH^^ (P^' ^f ^/^) garden? 
 ^ w--.>^ news; an accident 
 a j)ff caution 
 
 a .^^ p motion : a vowel 
 a yUvj? enay, malevolence 
 a ,j^p beauty, elegance 
 
 a ,j;^"^ follow^ers, troops 
 a ^ true : truth, reafon 
 fincerity: truly 
 
 a decree; wiiHom 
 
 c 
 
 a ^^^ fcience; a miracle 
 
 a >•• wife: a dodlor, learned 
 
 man, philofopher, phyfician 
 a \}h lawful 
 a A^ a bath 
 
 a >* praife 
 
 a Ji,'^\f Cph of ^;t^)' acci- 
 dents, news 
 a Jjf aflxilance, fupport : a for- 
 
^ 
 
 a 
 
 trefs ; eminence, mountain 
 ^ \*f? [pi. of ^:>^U) neceila- 
 
 ries, nccefiitics : things 
 a ^:^tj? lite; portico; veltibule 
 a , Vs- [pi. of J^^) frauds. 
 a ^\ ^ living, life ; an animal 
 
 ^U a thorn 
 
 jU;1? anguilli, refentment 
 ^Y^^U to rile 
 
 a . ,^b pure, excellent ; noble. 
 a h\S n]ind, heart, dilpoiition 
 
 jSU Khakani, 7iame of a poet 
 ^U earth, dull 
 a jU a mole ofi the face 
 a /U^'U the Creator 
 ^U a lord, grandee; an inn 
 \)^ (pi. of ^\^) houfes. 
 a yf hiliory ; news ; fame 
 i^J^ relate \ho\\y from 
 i*J)^)/f inform, relate 
 
 ♦^ Khotcn, Tar fan/ 
 a , U alliamed, bkilliinD; : envv 
 a ^^'U"^ a blufii, llianie 
 j> God 
 
 J>^\^y a prince, lord, patron 
 
 \^C^\y^ O God ! O heaven ! 
 
 ^Bo^ >«'>^ the only Lord God 
 
 j[Jy^ friend of God, prop, name 
 
 ^D^ Itatcly, pomppus 
 
 ii >^/! murmured.: fcll,yro/» i» 
 
 ^^> intellecl : fmall 
 
 c^^ minute, fubtilc ; minutia[^ 
 
 yJ^^ contented. fA^f I ^in 
 
 contented. (3>"y^ content 
 ^^^ charming, pleafant 
 /f^P a cock or hen 
 i/-)/ ^-igp^ emotion : an attack 
 >^ buying ; he bought 
 Cj'^'f tlie autumn 
 •.j^ Khofru, Cijrits 
 a ^ Khezzar, proper name 
 a Ls^ a mullacho ; a line, rule 
 a II35' ii crime, cTror 
 ^IH^ palpitation of the heart 
 o. ^^j^^^U^ the bell part of any 
 
 thing, the fuhilance, cream 
 a lP^ lincerity, purity 
 ^f>Vr fmiling, plealant 
 w*'!*^ lleep ; a dream 
 ^y w^l^ drowned in llcp 
 
</: 
 
 U^^li>^ die place of reft : a bed 
 I J^ eating, devouring 
 
 ,*/^^y to be williDg 
 
 ^i'^ a reader, linger, fniging : 
 
 viands, viduals ; a table 
 i\j>^ ^ to read, fing 
 t)y afK, eall, wifli for 
 ,^!^ you will, frofn ^j^Vf 
 O^ pleafant, fair, gentle 
 j^'^ more beautiful, &c. 
 I*'' /^^ moft beautiful 
 (/«; w^*^ fair-faced 
 <,^ ^^ iP^f one's fclf 
 ^♦.y^ to cat, devour 
 J^^i' the iun 
 ^^ fvveet 
 
 l^y' joy be to— ' 
 
 ij y^f' A^eet-fcented 
 
 LS ^^""^ f' fweet-tempered 
 ^^ blood. V.y*^ blood- dropping 
 (/^ difpofition, temper 
 ^<>y? to chew the cud 
 Jli' imagination, phantaly ? a 
 fpcdre : vain^ fruitlefs 
 ^ Tiling, from ^;;-L? or 
 Cj'^J'^ to rife, fpring up 
 
 {/> v^ thou iiaft rifen 
 
 ^J^ darknefs, night 
 ^S equity ; a pift; alamcntatioii 
 i^)h to give 
 j\^ having, /?'o 772 ^*/^^^) 
 a As a family; houfe ; town 
 1 jl^ Darn, Darius 
 ^j^^ I have, enjoy, poiTefs 
 >yl^ they have or hold 
 ,„^^U he had 
 ♦ -^U to have, hold 
 v'-f ♦ u vround, a fear. 
 
 -^1^ a net, fnh.re, trap 
 
 y^l^ a fold, lappet, or hem of a 
 
 garment 
 ^1^^ knowing: a velTel ; fhcath 
 C U a wife or learned man 
 ^t t')^ prudently, wifely 
 
 L I know 
 
 ♦y;»J!^ to know 
 , yi;!^ learning 
 
 >U'^ )^ learned ; a. dodlor 
 (/>X^ 1^ learning, literature , 
 >^l^ they know, from ♦.XvJl^ 
 
 
^*|_5 faare, allurcincnt ; a grain: 
 cannon ball. 
 
 & 
 
 ^^i,<v^^ the hand 
 
 ;t^ thou knowcd, doll Ihou ;i'> a remitter, journal ; index 
 
 know ? 
 a (Sj^^) dominion, admin iflra- 
 
 tion ot jntlice 
 j^ in, above; around: agate 
 ^ J) fP^' 9f ^^J^) pearls 
 I*JM^ j^ to enter 
 i\\)j^^j^ to carry in 
 i*f^ ^^j^ to fulpend; contend; 
 
 provoke 
 y,^^]^ a plant, tree 
 ^;i^]^js to require, demand 
 ^ (^ a wound, torment : dregs 
 ^^i^^y) right, compleat 
 ^jj^y_j harfli, hard 
 ^y ^/jy he was betrothed 
 J wXJ;^ delay 
 
 *.X^;) he beholds, from 
 Cr'^j^^^^ )) ^^ view, behold 
 ^«;4 within : the heart; intrails 
 i^ )^ the Perfian language 
 I 1^ the lea, a wave 
 ^^t M to underliand 
 U.' ,'^ or :%} js alas ! 
 
 V-? 
 
 J 
 
 3'^ minute; rubtli, Imall ; 
 
 a l\il)ti]tv : a miiuile 
 
 j)j j^ depart iVuni, leave 
 ,^^^/f j\ it pa lies away 
 J ^ again : another 
 Jj the heart 
 ^)*l/^ ravilliing, delightful, co?;//i. 
 of (^ and v^] participle of 
 
 ,*;^J' -I to exalt, lliipcnd 
 ^* agreeable, lalutary, comp. of 
 
 J) "'^^ r?) '^Z^'" yV? ^^'*^- ^f 
 
 ^ to defire, alk 
 
 •/> 
 
 (!>'^ a miltrcls; heart-ravilhing, 
 comp^ of [-^and j\ ^ paiiicip. of 
 ♦^tl^ to have, hold 
 js^^ heart-wounding, cowp. of 
 1, and J y^ part, of ^^y-^ to 
 burn 
 ^^_^j jI'^ heart-deceiving, comp. of , 
 , L and ,^^ji /^u;^ o/" ,;d' 3 
 to deceive 
 J:X'^ heart-conquering, co//;^). 
 0/' J; ^^//^ ^f from ^>.:':/ 
 
 TT 
 
I 
 
 to open, conquer, &c. 
 ^K time: breath: plcafiire 
 cU^ the brain, the palate 
 jLvv^^ africnd ;. harmony, comp. 
 
 of ^^ breath, and jU' from 
 
 .V 
 
 .y;^U to do, make 
 two 
 
 a ,^s «^ a fpecies of large trees ; 
 
 an orchard ; rattles for children 
 
 cti»^ a circle, orbit, revolution: 
 
 rolling 
 
 (Ji^^ dillance, ablence 
 j^^ fewing, piercing 
 
 ^)J^> 
 
 twelve 
 
 ^^w^v^*^ a friend, mirtrels 
 /^•^ dearer, more friendly 
 >o*^ two hundred 
 a,^A^ or J*^ felicity; riches; 
 
 a kingdom, Hate 
 A^^ the fecond 
 6^ a village; a giver: ten 
 ^^ fortune, fate, time, "world 
 /jiL^ a gift, liberality 
 
 (/* winter, firft winter months 
 December; yefterday 
 
 fit) (p^- (f J ' friends, fami- 
 lies, habitations : a country 
 
 > ^ he faw, from 
 
 ^> ^ to fee 
 
 />; fight 
 
 hj;.^ yellerday 
 
 /^^,) i^nother. l\M,) ^'^g-'^i^i 
 
 ^l*j^ a colledHon of an author's 
 works, chiefly poetical: aroyal 
 court, tribunal of jultice 
 
 a .^ poflelTed of, endowed with 
 « wx3 g^^^ 
 
 ^iim^ 
 
 fear, alionifliment 
 
 jhIjI^ a villager 
 ) ^k ^^ ^^^ thoufand 
 
 a yj^^l I tranquillity 
 ,*! i a fecret, myllery 
 ^) t a declivity, foot of a hill 
 a ^^\ ) companion, favour 
 ,»f>l 1 to draw, drive, banilh 
 ol J aw^ay, path 
 
 ^l^y cly to rob, fteal, infefl the 
 highway 
 
a J* \ J fragrant ; fragrance. 
 
 a ,^\j a verfc of four lines, a 
 
 "word of four letters 
 a. 9- *P ). returning 
 -^ y a eheck, face ; a groan ; the 
 found of a miifical inftrument 
 iLvi- ' a clieek 
 
 a JUy anenibalTv; a mandate 
 ^f^cjU-/ to caufe to arrive 
 
 ♦ ^/ to grow : to be delivered 
 a ^ ^ manner, law, regulation 
 yCv-^ / arrives, from 
 
 ,»i>^-/ to arrive 
 Xl^j a line, thread 
 a jJ^i Rafliid (a condudor) pro- 
 per name. 
 M [^1 tender, delicate, lovely 
 
 )^v3 I motion 
 
 ^ J I WGnt,froi/i 
 
 ♦ ;3i to go: departure 
 ,*\x^ i to dance : motion 
 
 a / J colouring, painting,embroi^ 
 dery: vvb'iting ; a letter, cha- 
 ra(fter; arithmetic 
 X^\ Roknabad, name of a place 
 a jytj {pi ofj.*j) enigmas 
 
 a ^j he threw; throwing^ 
 
 /f J lorrow, pain 
 
 >y a wanton, diliblutc, drunken 
 
 pcrfon 
 ^..X^Jy colour, paint 
 y^^J^* ^j nianj'-coloured, various 
 
 /♦•;;'Vw^*; coloured 
 a Uy right, competent, worth 
 ci 7 *i the foul, life, fpirit 
 !/) ^.y fpirit-railing, //•. ^,.i\ 
 /^*j Rudcki, prop, nanw, 
 
 j^j a day 
 
 CJyP^h) ^'"crcafing daily 
 
 j^j*^ fortune, world, time, an 
 
 age ; wind, air, vanity 
 ^L* ywJM a journal 
 iS j*j one day : fortune 
 ,*r'-*j fplendid, evident - 
 jLV--,y more fplendid 
 .^'"^j light, iplendor 
 
 a y^-^»j a garden. 
 
 a ty^j beauty, elegance 
 
 ij^j or ^j face, top 
 
 (J •J thou doil g^o, from *'}, 
 
 ^*j thou doll gro\\', from «y>. 
 
tj a 5oad, wav 
 
 a .♦I'y J herbs (/V2 ge?2cralj pro- 
 
 peril/ i wcet bafiJ 
 ,*^y J to pour 
 v./ P^^iririg, dropping 
 ,*f^,j to buz 
 
 J (for jj) from: if 
 
 ,♦ ( J^' to be born ; to bring forth 
 
 /Ij a complaint: a bed, a place 
 i\j>)^j the tongue; language 
 c c>j the moil excellent of any 
 
 thing, the flour, cream 
 j>j above, high, fuperior 
 
 >" ' a wound, blow, liroke. 
 
 \^j difpelling 
 
 ^^j to flrike, hurt, impel 
 
 J J gold 
 
 sjj pale, yellow 
 
 y^ from whom ? 
 
 v' ) a lock of hair 
 
 U" j Zuleikha, Pofiphars tvife 
 
 a ^jtt^ tlie wprld; fortune; time 
 
 . feafon 
 
 f^^j^) emerald-coloured 
 
 ,^ -^ ♦ ^ ) made of emeralds 
 ^ •• 'J ■> 
 
 Cj^f*) gi'oi^ri<^> earth 
 
 ^) ftriking, dillurbing, /r. ^^y 
 
 i^^J') a prifon 
 
 J(^>j life 
 
 a \]^j decay, mifery 
 
 ^j poifon, venom 
 
 ^^C ^j poifonous 
 
 Dv; Venus; courage; gall. 
 
 ^*j[ J lofs, damage 
 
 ij an ornament; beauty 
 
 /j 
 
 J J ^ goldfmith 
 
 }^^ )) ornamentedwith gold 
 
 O^J 
 
 ) to live 
 
 to ) beautiful 
 ^IjJ more beautiful 
 >v.'J agrees, /ro77z 
 ^^cs^'y to quadrate, agree with 
 vj under, below 
 !y j becaufe, for 
 
 L*^ like, reif^^mbling 
 
 a , tL^ a ihore, coall:, bank 
 
♦ J;^L-^ to prepare, make 
 ^K^y full ot 
 
 j^L-^ preparing 
 
 ^ jl,-^hc makes both from ^'s l,..^ 
 D> jL-^ a coinpoler, performer 
 ^L-^ a cup 
 a (jf'w-^ the leg 
 
 a 3'U a cup-bearer, water-carrier 
 a'^^^K^V^ a traveller ; going 
 JL-^ a year, age 
 ^ L.^ a iliade 
 a ^ s.^.^ a caule, motive 
 , «j^ xN-^to relign, commit, recom- 
 mend, charge, enjoin 
 .^^L^^y light of weight 
 ^1 iLO bearers of light bm-dens 
 « 'A^Ajv^ to prick 
 
 foldier, foldicry, army 
 white 
 
 ^^^ 9^vw^ the morning, aurora 
 .y^l:;-^ to take, ravifh 
 ,«fU^ taking : a country 
 . j^^y^ praife, from i*))^-^ 
 ,*jyC^ to take 
 
 ♦ !^ j;^ to lliave, erafe, efface 
 
 X injury, opprefiion, tyranny, 
 threatening 
 
 ♦ib',-v 
 
 d 
 
 X- 
 
 ^ 
 
 the injured, alHidc^d 
 
 ^' 
 
 a t yrr.nt 
 
 / 
 
 K^ the wicked 
 , ^-..vU' a tyrant, 
 ^;>y> fo praiii: 
 
 
 a kind of carpet 
 
 ^^^'"^ rh^iiu:, n^fdody; the 
 
 cooing of doves 
 a '^^^""^ adoration 
 CL y^^y-^^""^ difpolition, temper 
 a /'^""^ the morning, crcpufcic ; 
 
 inchantment 
 ^^/^^ or f^ the morning 
 « C/;^ belonging to the morning 
 ^ adverfity, danger, poverty 
 ^ fpeech ; a word 
 y-^ head, end, extremity ; love, 
 
 defire : principal, fupreme 
 ffr ly— "^alamp, lanthern; the fun 
 ^.-)^ from beginning to end 
 j^^^y^y lofty, tall; glorious 
 i\h^)r^ ^^ banifli to a place, to 
 
 confine 
 
 
 %y^ to mix, compofe 
 '^/i j^ an occurrence, acci- 
 dent : a talc, i^ws^, warblin^ 
 
 i'^ u 
 
'XiJ y^ wanton : aflonifhed, con- 
 
 j 
 
 fufed : a vagabond 
 • >^ a cyprefs-tree; a horn 
 a i.v^ajoy: a prince, chief 
 /fr{,j^ mixing, /ro77i i^r^^j'^ 
 Sy^ convenient, proper 
 [S\^ it is proper 
 >/ ^U^ of a good dilpofition ; 
 
 happy, auguft 
 (/>A^ Sadi, ??rt7we o/'a poet 
 a JCv- an endeavour, diligence. 
 
 ^^^ thou piercefi^, from 
 ^^J^ to pierce, bore 
 ^^cS^ Sekandcr, Alexander 
 a i^.y^ quiet, resignation 
 a j'wJw^ pure v^ater: a phain, 
 a ^LvvLv^/ a chain, feries, lineage 
 ^ ^♦f^U' Selman., proper iiame, 
 a ^-'^ Sehm (perfed, unble- 
 
 miflied) proper name 
 yU^y^"""^ a native of Samarcand 
 .y* jeflamine 
 j--^^- jeiTamine-bofomcd 
 
 \y^ a hyacinth. 
 ^l;:,w«Xs^,^ a garden of hyacinths 
 „^J^ a flone 
 
 .Y:-^ ftony 
 
 fl ^l^blacknefs : melancholy 
 ♦ j*i^^ to burn, inflame 
 .^^y I would touch, rxxhyfi^om 
 *CJ^y^ to liroke, rub, touch 
 (Jjy a beautiful kind of red rofe 
 J^ inflaming, from ^^/^y" 
 /.S y- an oatli 
 
 iS y^ towards ; a place, part, flde 
 ^ three 
 
 L^ Soha, name of a star 
 .e;^^ tall, ered: 
 ** L^ /^e 5to?' Canopus ; name of a 
 
 Perfian author 
 ^ thirty 
 *'elv-~' or ^v^ black 
 
 (5 
 
 Lv' blacknefs 
 
 'jl: 
 
 bathed, full of water. 
 
 t'^>v^ thirteen. 
 k,-^^ three hundred 
 ^' Silver. 
 |,,vv^ the face, coloured 
 
 fllvered 
 <^,vv- the bofom, breafl 
 -^»^v^ the third 
 
LT 
 
 ij j^ ^J^ bafhfulnefs 
 
 a 
 
 jX to \v:ilh 
 
 or , ;^ ( anjic.vcd to7L'onh)\\\^, ^ fix 
 
 Iicr ; to him, to her 
 -^lJ-:i biancli, tuig, hora 
 , jU^V-- mirth 
 -^l'^ the evening 
 
 ol^<tl'^ in the evening 
 
 ^(U- f^Jor /♦(l^-;J) they ; their 
 
 ,»f>li' to comb 
 
 b^v l'^ lixtecn 
 
 t^.^^ a king, emperor 
 
 . &4wl'^ royal, princely 
 
 ^^^^/I'- night 
 
 * 
 
 a ^^^IS vouth 
 • ♦ "^ 
 
 ^J^ one night 
 Z^^:^^ halte 
 
 ^j!;- fixty 
 
 l:i^ or -.' U'i make halte 
 ♦ .*'3lvl'- to inatrc hade 
 yil (pi. /M'^- or K/^-) a camel 
 a /"^^ 'I tree 
 
 ftrcngth, force, agility 
 
 a 
 
 C- 
 
 >C^ he was: going, yro?;j 
 -♦j>X to be, cVc, 
 
 V 
 
 -^-- wine 
 
 iLv¥ J^ batlillil 
 
 a 1 V^ ^/V. of S'^l) pw^ts, learned 
 
 men, doclors 
 a ^Ljl'^ Hght, flame, fplendor 
 j^^ a hunter 
 .^; !^'' breaking, from 
 ,.;i!>l-' to cleave, tear, break 
 a ,^::^-'.cw a complaint 
 
 ^<^^ lugar 
 
 11*^ ^C' eatuig lugar 
 
 .*\^X'■ to hunt, take, lei/x^ 
 
 ^ /^^ >/ a cheft ot liigac 
 
 ^,^^J ^<v,.i:^ lugar- lipped 
 
 .;: — C ^^ to break, defeat 
 
 ^vv^Gix Shekeffeh (broken) the 
 current Persian Jnind-irritlngy 
 itsed in ffindostan 
 
 *X^<^^'to blollbm ; lo admire 
 
 Iw^^ji^ paiicnt 
 
 ,.'L^Cji^ patience, toleration 
 ^ 
 
jour. 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 iiv* 
 
 C 
 
 a 
 
 vourlMves 
 \\j±^ nnmbcr: numerous 
 l;U-t^ ye, you ; to you 
 c ^^If^Ji^ odour, fragrance 
 t*^)/""^^^ to number, enumerate 
 ^ the fun ; gold 
 a fcvmitar , 
 
 a candle, wax taper 
 
 odour: nature, cuftom; 
 an atom 
 
 to underftand 
 knowing, from the above 
 or /M)*^--i^ to hear 
 
 I have heard 
 they heard, y)'. i*]^^-^.J^ 
 jovial, gay, wanton, bold, 
 infolent 
 a >..ji^ honey, honey-comb 
 
 ^ a city: the moon; aknave 
 ' infane ; enamoured 
 a lion ; alfo a tiger 
 s^ the top band of a book 
 ^ 'H^hivaz, 7iamcqf a place 
 the habitation of lions 
 a lionefs 
 
 U-i;^ r/.'S^ 
 
 a lion 
 
 f*r'y^yj^ Shireen (fwcct, gentle) 
 
 proper name 
 I ^ ---^^ of pontic manners 
 
 a 
 
 ^__^U? beautiful 
 
 ^^.o- [^ honefl-hearted 
 
 ^j?w3 a lord, mafler, pofTefTor 
 
 ♦ 
 
 friend : endowed with 
 
 J-. 
 
 « Lo the zephyr; youth 
 
 a ^^ or 'T Lo morning, aurora 
 
 fs/^ in the morning 
 
 .^J^*'^ one morning 
 
 a ^ patience 
 
 a 
 
 iS- 
 
 
 a boy 
 
 a 
 
 \)\- 
 (/;l.. 
 
 c;^"/:^ 
 
 I «l w 
 
 A. 
 
 company, fociety 
 fz JlJ^ a leaf, book, page 
 >o a hundred 
 y^^^Cx? Saddar (a hundred gates) 
 
 name of a Periian booli 
 j]*^ >o a hundred thoufand 
 ^f^y ^j-^ to expend, employ 
 a ^_^JL^ difficult, fevere 
 ^^Jt^ a rank, file; order 
 a U.O purity, pleafure 
 
a /'t^ faltiiip; ; tlie fealbn ot fall- 
 
 a U a calamity 
 a sli^yo voice, found, noifc 
 ^ w^ y^ fancy, tniage, form ; a 
 fpc^tre 
 
 ♦ f^ J .^js^ (-0 fcitin 
 
 ing among the Mahomedans ; 
 
 vietaphoiicalhj the fpring 
 a ^^o hunting; prey 
 1*)^/ J^o to take prifoner 
 
 a ^X^ mind, confcience 
 a l^- light, fplendor 
 
 a w ^yi^ joy, mipth, feftivity 
 
 ^U" J? the houfc of mirth 
 
 a ^ i? a border, margin, part 
 
 a D J? a lock ot hair 
 
 a /%'. y!^ ciiftom, ^vay, manner 
 
 ,^JJ? thou alkelT, from ♦(>^^LL- 
 (J' •^ ^ ... 
 
 fit o^iL riling, G.s tfic sun 
 
 a -n/^ defire, avarice 
 
 (i -w^l^? ii circuit, walk 
 
 1^^ a parrot 
 r»jl?Jj (he deluge 
 
 a ,J-^i» told, i^ly: folding 
 
 a^J:» a bird 
 
 ^ 
 
 a Jl^ viclory : Timur or Tamer- 
 lane 
 a ,^^^^A^ darknefs 
 
 t 
 
 a ,^s\p cuftom, ufagc 
 
 « . ^iL? a check; a tooth; an 
 accident ; a heavy cloud 
 
 a i^^\£> ii lover, miftrefs ; ena- 
 moured 
 
 a ,.K^l; two lovers 
 
 a ^J*lp the end, illue, event, fuc- 
 cefs ; finally 
 
 a ^ V the worlil, time; learned 
 
 ij\»^^ /l^ enlightencr or intla- 
 
 K X 
 
 ^ 
 
mer of the world 
 rt ^1p univerfal : plebeian 
 a .(^^^-^ Abbafi, name of a dy- 
 
 77asty of Ai^abian Iihalifs 
 
 el^C^^V^Lp a place of worfliip 
 
 a y^:^^ wonder, my llery, example 
 
 a >^^ >» wonder, admiration 
 ♦ * 
 
 a J^\^ juflice 
 
 a •,jS' an enemy 
 
 a \\jS' 2i cheek, face, temples 
 
 a ^.^\s^ 2i wild Arab 
 
 a^.^S' an Arabian inhabiting a city 
 
 a ^rVjP a field, court, area; an 
 empty Ipace : a dice-table 
 
 a . j^ajP poetry, profody 
 
 a v\P magnificent, incomparable 
 
 a >^jtS' mirth, converfation ; 
 the pleafures of the table 
 
 a fV.'J> love 
 
 C/jL ^iS' fondnefs 
 
 a ,,^^/^^^ chaility, integrity ; de- 
 fence, fafeguard 
 
 a Jb& perfume, ottar of rofes 
 
 \^iaP perfumed, fragrant 
 
 a ^^\ rjf'ip' God preferve 
 
 a ^ a llring of pearls : a treatj 
 
 a jUp prudence, memory, art, 
 
 knowledge ; narrative 
 a >^:^^f^ puniftiment, torment 
 a / knowledge, fcience, art 
 
 [ 
 
 Ss. 
 
 a ^U> (pi. of ^^ ) learned men. 
 
 a jjt life. ^jk my life 
 
 a Aa a<$iion,^ operation 
 
 a ySs amber, ambergris 
 
 a ^.^vtuP a nightingale 
 
 a s^^^Qs' 2i Ipider 
 
 ^ ^*-^J^ (p^- ^w^^) vices 
 a x^ age, time ; compac^l, proi=> 
 
 mife 
 a X^ 2i touchiione, proof 
 a ,^_~nP a vice, crime, ftain 
 a /^ a feilival, folemnity ; joy 
 a f yiuP mirth, delight ; life 
 a .t^ a fountain ; an eye, look; 
 
 gold; effence : paradife 
 

 O- 
 
 U^.i '^ abient, in vifibIe,concealed 
 
 » 
 
 « ;Ij^ dull: a thick vapour 
 
 a ^,_^ i' a ftranger, foreigner: ex 
 
 traordinary 
 a , jl t^ a fawn 
 « jtP an ode 
 
 a >^v\-t^ (y->/. of the above) odes 
 a ^<3p vexation 
 a A^ a boy, fervant 
 a 
 
 /" care^ griefs terror 
 
 .♦^(> forrow 
 
 ^IX/ afflided 
 
 ^f^ a rofe-bud 
 
 ■ H^^^si to ficcp, flumber 
 
 ♦- 
 
 fl ,^H^t overflowed, yro7«. , joJs 
 
 a Jb an omen, preface 
 
 ^t coloured 
 
 a <-X^ a tumult, fti<^lon, difcord, 
 
 mifchief, fcandal 
 a jT glorious: glory, ornament 
 
 a f>* ranfom, redemption 
 <7 /j!i abfcnce, fcparation 
 ^^^<«I3 oblivion, y/'o;7i 
 C/'^Vr'^'''/ ^^ forget 
 
 U), 
 
 Ci r j^ Iiappy 
 
 lo to-morrow 
 
 f^^)} Fcrdufi (belonging to 
 
 paradife) ?mjne of a poet 
 i\j^^'^^/ to fend 
 
 ^'iy? an angel, meilenger; fairy, 
 a ,^ji abfcnce; a. troop; a feA 
 t^jyy*** to command 
 •^ below: dejed^ed 
 .^^ ^} felling : he fold, from 
 ,».;;r,> to fell 
 i^jJ*^ )*} to dcfcend' 
 (/;•/ (/(^^' ^0*/') inflamed, 
 
 ^V felling 
 
 ^«X'-*} he fells, hoflifroiii ,*^^p 
 
 a »■* • • fplcndor 
 
 .♦j>U«} to be d{^jcclcd 
 
 ,,< .9 or , ,: • deceit, /)\ .jd.' 3 
 
,♦,!,>) Fori doun, 7iame of a lihig a jj^ fate, predellination, quan- 
 ♦y;i') to deceive litj ; value; dignity, power. 
 
 ..|,^ to freeze, congeal a ,1 JJconltancj, confiftency, con- 
 ,»l'jl:3 Icattering, fi^om ,»j^^Jih lirniation; quiet 
 
 ,»'»^3 to prefs, fqueeze a ,,f^ contiguous, related to 
 
 a ^^^l^ eloquence, melody a >l^'> {pi. of d>.^*) poems, 
 ^|U3 forrow, complaint; alas! elegies 
 
 a xC^ confideration, care a .^ a palace 
 
 Ui^^ X^? conlider ; Lyd.^ is the a ^ a tale; an aAion 
 
 imperative of ,o\^y'*h a c>^^* an elegy, poem 
 
 ,yC^thro\ving, throw thou, /;^o7w « ^ f'lte, death, judgement; ju~ 
 C)AkJ> to throw, throw away, rifdidion 
 
 lay afide fl ..aIi)? a fragment : fegment, part 
 
 a ^^CLMieayen ; the w^orid ; fortune /H^* ^ ^^S^ 
 
 a } in, into a ,jcO* (pi. s^U^ *) a caftle 
 
 a ^yis? abundance : he diffufed, fl / a pen 
 
 Li an elephant j^ a writer, an engraver 
 
 a s^^J3 (pi. of y„^)3) hearts 
 
 ^ a / the moon 
 
 ^% Kaf, the name of afaluhus a \3 a \\ord, fpeech, eloquence 
 
 mouvtain a ^Jf violence, force, opprciiion; 
 G >• a form, figure, fliape, ftature power ; chaftifement ; anger 
 
 a ^Ji a cup> goblet a JJ meafure ; reafoning, 
 
^ / 
 
 thought, advice, argument; a (V''«/^^ caravan 
 
 fy li ogifm . . ;> '/ t o 1 efl'en 
 
 a /3 ftation, Handing; nnur- , ^iO would! 
 
 tion ; confufioii, tumult JV-'j a Iroufri, li;i]], gaik-rv, 
 a ^<rJ Cefar, an emperor chamber 
 
 u 
 
 ^•>/to dig 
 
 . jb U a curling lock 
 
 
 a ^ as, like^ in the fame manner >JU the body; a form, model 
 
 a ^'^ Katcbi (a writer, a le- ^U deflrc, wifli 
 
 "cretary) proper name 'J^/^^ dciire ; the obtaining 
 
 a ^t<^^ like my eyes, comp. of one's wifli 
 
 > like, (j^^\ ^y^^y and (he dU a place: a ftraw: lellening 
 
 inscparalle pronoun my, « ^/ pride, magnificence 
 
 ^)^l^ to carefs / T: ^ dove 
 
 j^ bufinefs, objecl; a maker a ^^^bv a book, letter, writing 
 
 ;U;I^ a lliop, place of bufincfs; (/ ^vhere? whither? how? 
 
 the world ,^r'^\/to melt, difpel 
 
 ;;// a battle, conteft ;i,/ melting, J'rom the alove 
 
 y^O expect: one who labours, ^ ly/ who ? ^^.-I^^who is there ? 
 
 adjufts, penetrates, brings a ,ju-!;/ to leave, neglea 
 
 thmg to bear {J^^}^ j^ ^^ P^^^s through 
 
 ^'>T/^U to penetrate, lubour, ,,;-:-:-yJ to pafs: to leave 
 
 &^* J if: a perfornHT, maker 
 
 i V 
 
/ 
 
 ! J whom ; to whom ; hire, rent 
 
 e>jly fporting, Hvipping, llrut- 
 ting 
 
 ^ f though 
 
 sf bufincfs, labour : he made 
 
 ,^})/ a whirlpool, gulf, pre- 
 cipice 
 
 ^ I ^y^ action, labour, profelTion ; 
 hfe 
 
 >»t?; {j"i/ ^^^ circling glafs 
 
 y<^j) I made, from 
 
 i\)^/ to do, make 
 
 i*J^f the neck 
 
 jy a battle-axe, mace 
 ♦ ;^yf to take 
 
 ^ f a wolf 
 
 ^J warm. Uy warmth 
 
 ^Uy Carmania, name of a place 
 
 ^J marriage, nuptials, betroth- 
 ing; a pledge 
 
 iSjJ or ^f lamentation, vreep- 
 ing 
 
 t*l^ ) to flee, efcape. 
 
 no- 
 
 U 
 ♦ iUvjy to weep 
 
 tJ that, which 
 ^^!y to perform 
 *yC!i-t/ to pafs 
 i\)^/ to choofe ; to bite 
 9> ♦; felect ; inoft excellent, 
 
 ble, glorious: bitten. 
 , jJ a perfon, any one 
 y.wJ fpreading, ilrewing, jTroTTi 
 r-j)/^ to fpread, llrew, fcatter 
 ,*f-^^ to break, tear 
 , UwJ breaking, f7'om the above, 
 U/ conquering,opening,&c^'o?7J 
 j»'^U/ to open, difcover, con- 
 quer ; to rejoice 
 > \tS he difcovers, fr. the above 
 ♦y:JL/ to become : to kill 
 
 Cr 
 
 to break, rend 
 
 ,jJitif to fcattei*, diflblvt 
 
 Cachemire, na7ne of place 
 >,t±S he has difcovered, ^c.from 
 ^^,yiJ to difcover? open, con- 
 quer, delight 
 
lyu a religion, clnnate, country 
 ^\ ^/.Ju I have ruHored or drawn 
 ,^^ the hand, the palm 
 ,^«^J hefaid. jldTrpeech 
 
 /^'^ I laid 
 
 ♦^ to Ipeak, lay ; Ipeaking 
 'th thou hall faid; he laid . 
 ^ (gul) a rofe 
 J^ (geel) clay 
 >.,^lu rofe- water 
 
 «**', 
 
 J 10 hair locks 
 ^[tj a word, writing, oration 
 ^!>iLr Gulendam (role-rcfcm- 
 bhng, fi^oju t a rofe, and 
 ^?>l form, ligure, &c.) a pro- 
 per name 
 tllJ a diadem, cap 
 ,«^1^ a rofe-biiHi 
 ^C^vfe' rofe-lcentcd 
 wvls' a clofet, cottage, hut 
 il J^ a bed ot" roios 
 ♦ ;lw..i:) Gulillan (a rulc-gardcn^ 
 bower of roles) ////c' of a cele- 
 
 Iraied look 
 ijj^ — fe^ a beautiful fpecies of red 
 
 role 
 ^t^ a rofe-gardcn 
 ^^^oLo^ rofc-chceked 
 ^ vij^ role- coloured 
 ^'^Jiij^ Itrewing flowers 
 ,^^JiJs,^ a role- walk ; bo\^ er, 
 
 delightful place 
 [^y^^J^ rofe-coloured 
 a ^i^'L^ rph of ^ J^) the whole; 
 
 univcrlal. The whole works 
 y little; defedive; abfent 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 ♦ r'v-U to inicrt, place, comnait; 
 
 to loole, liberate 
 
 / 
 
 « J'> perfedion, aceompli/li- 
 
 inent, finilliing 
 \J of little vahir-. ••/ IcH 
 IpjU with little fcnfe 
 .J do tiiou; doing, />. ^^f 
 ^U a boundary, margin, fide, 
 
 part, ihore ; an embmce 
 >j/ a vault, arch, toMer, cupola 
 
/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >U rotting;, //WW 
 ,.(>>j or *j/SJ to rot 
 
 ♦,.A> a fervant maid, female fl.ive 
 
 > •• 
 
 J where? 
 
 y lav thou, from ^yta> 
 / ;iJ an ear 
 
 ♦ /, i'/ li Hen thou, j9*om 
 ^^y ^y to liften. 
 
 Tom 
 
 a corner 
 y"y I fmote, /r 
 ,^p S to fniite 
 ,»ty Cy' various, many-coloured 
 D v' a mountain 
 ^y a jewel, pearl ; luftre : ef- 
 
 lence : felf-exifting 
 / who, which: fince 
 /who 
 
 the univerfe 
 
 .^^ taking 
 
 • ,.y might i\\^s.Q, hothfroni ,X" ^ 
 y^^^ v.h.o i.s it? comt). of ,/ 
 
 " ^ ^ Is 
 
 v.- 
 
 who, m?d?>dpers.prcs. of ♦ f'J *^ 
 -^ 07* ,,^/ hatred, revenge, 
 
 rancour. ,t-N/ full of 
 ,»^ that thcfe, comp. oj i amir,/ 1 
 
 J 
 
 J I' a tulip 
 
 jljJl' a border or bed of tulips 
 
 ^>lf to move 
 
 w^J ^/>/. /♦|tJ) a lip; margin 
 
 a ^^ the heart, pith, marrow 
 
 ^_^U up to the brim 
 
 XtJ an army 
 
 , jiJ ^C^ a conquering army 
 
 «^^!2Jbenignity,gentlenefs,grace, 
 
 favour, humanity, generofit/ 
 U) a ruby, ruby lip 
 ^.^CJ a lack, a hundred thoufand 
 a s^^ for the w^orfhip (of 
 
 God) comp, of ) for, and )for 
 
 the Arab, article if ar.d k^ 
 
 adoration 
 a /♦lyy the moft precious fort cf 
 
 pearls: beautiful women 
 a Jl^ a lion 
 
c 
 
 u 
 
 Xi but 
 a U Leil or J^J niglit 
 
 Leila, a ri'onia7i's inxine 
 
 C 
 
 ^ fawiexed to jvordsj my 
 
 a U water, li(|\ior, juice 
 a U that, A\'lii(:}\ 
 
 U Ave ; 01 iT s4^ l« ourfelvcs. 
 e^U female: a vvomaa 
 it* a ferpent 
 f^U us; to us 
 a ^^^t« bent, y)'o?.u Iv^ 
 ^»j^U to rub, grind,, polifli. 
 ^>U to remain 
 
 ♦^i^U to referable 
 yjGU they remain, from ,»,'>U 
 eU the moon: a month 
 ^ idU with cheeks like the moon 
 (/* loU with a face like the moon 
 
 J^ limar, monthly; a fifh 
 i* I U inclining, having a pro- 
 p^n-fity 
 
 f^L<. left, by cliance 
 a L^.^^ extend (1, dilated, fpread 
 , -.^^ do not atk, from ♦ >^^ 
 rt j'j':* fjmilitudc, rcfcmblance 
 
 « (/y;'-<- rliyme 
 
 rt ^L-"** an aircmbly, ban(}uet 
 
 a I'^y^* Megeniim ( diliracicil 
 
 with love) proper name 
 a -K^y* a place were people af- 
 
 fcmble; a collection, junction 
 
 a ^^-^; love, friendfliip, bene- 
 volence; affection; company 
 
 a ^..^..s/^ a friend, millrcfs: amia- 
 ble, dear, beloved 
 
 a / fy^^ confined, imprilbned 
 
 o^j?^a friend, counfcllor; fpoufe, 
 hulband, wife ; any one who 
 from their Ration in a tamily 
 is admitted into the liaram 
 or women's apartments 
 
 a 'i^'^ vile, contemptible, trifling 
 
 a [/"* place, time, opposition 
 z z. 
 
J,/* Itlohamed (praife- worthy), 
 
 proper ?iame 
 a y,^'-^ alilitflion, difgrace 
 a ^jX^^"" contracted ; an epitome 
 a y^^y^ difcordant, confufed 
 i*jy a magazine, treafury 
 a j-M governing ; a governor, 
 
 maglftrate 
 a sii^v^ a fpace of time 
 a , P't^j* aftoniihcd, difturbed 
 a ij^M to talle : the tafte, palate 
 ] ^ me ; to me 
 a ^^ I ,,< {pi. of ,^^ j^ favours^ 
 
 graces 
 a J ,^ defirc, will, affection 
 
 a A^j^ ipl' of A^^) remedies, 
 plafters 
 
 ^^1 or ^sjM a man, hero : brave 
 
 ^\^^ courageoully, manfully 
 
 ^,!y^ to die ; to be extinguiihed 
 
 a w^;y-« courteiy, generofity 
 
 e^j>* joyful tidings 
 
 ,^ enamoured, intoxicated 
 
 a ^k. 
 
 ' difdainful ; ricli; 
 content 
 
 a f^^J:^ perfumed ; tlic palate 
 OL ^/Xj^ the fight 
 ,♦!♦*/ o>/\^ to view 
 a ijA-< the eaft. 
 Lx.i^ attentive; attention 
 
 ^^^Jji^ muflv ij <y.Kti.^ fmelling 
 of muflv. 
 
 U" -^ 
 
 a 9- or ^ol .^^ an hemiHich; one 
 
 half of a folding door 
 a jyK,^3^ a fource : infinitive 
 lUz^ Mofeila name a place, 
 a >^.^ damage, diladvantage 
 « >«^ ii-* a linger, mafician 
 a \ «)jL-<t an excnfe 
 a J^st^ a battle, field of battle 
 a ijyii^^ a friend, a lover 
 a Jytjk^ a miitrefs 
 a pix^ fcented, perfumed 
 a L^a* reafonable, rational, pro- 
 bable, pertinent 
 a (jA,«. an enigma, myflery 
 a ^^^ i^ivdC) idea, fignification 
 
cr 
 
 a ^yx,^ efiabliflied, known a \jX^ a houfc of entertainment, 
 
 a ^ a. prieft of the Parfces, Gue- an inn; any jilacc vvlicre tra- 
 
 bres or woilliippcrs of lire vcllcrs red at nlirhi • a day's 
 
 ^^;f "* cup -bearers joaniey> a (bgc 
 
 ^^ the brain, head, marrow, fuh- a j^^^ a coiKjueror, uiiimphcr 
 
 llance, or beftpart of anything a ^^aiX* advantages 
 
 a ,^j[i^ reparation, alienation a ^(iJX- a bird's bill 
 
 c; >lJl^ condition, ftation; dignity; jlJ^ do not bring. Mc iwpcraf. 
 office: refidenco: muficaitone o/'^V^' witli the negative prc- 
 
 a jS/i^ quantity, fpace, number fixed 
 
 a ^^- intention, will, defire //^ liilen not, the negative 
 a ^^v^ a condu^or, mover, dif- imperative of cjM^^^ 
 
 po^er a -^ •.<) a wave 
 
 a ^::^^K*^. recompence, reward a w-:>^ a caufe ; an acceptor 
 
 ^.C perhaps, by chance : unlefs a ^j;;^ melodious ; adjuftcd, 
 U wine arranged, weighed 
 
 « ^ L a iailor " /"^ ^^"^^'' ^^'^^^^" 
 
 a^GUakingdom, power, pof- ^ J-\^ Mouful, namcofapJacc 
 
 feliion, inheritance; an angej i, y* n^n' 
 
 a *^jJ^ ravs of liglit « > ;-- ^iri^ 
 
 ^^ I : my. ^f ^^ myfelf ^^ ;>-:?'" Separated, repudiated, 
 a [;C^ finillicd, concluded abandoned 
 
 >t,l full of, endowed wiili .^ t^^^' i'li"; moon: love- a feal- 
 
ring: a gold coin about ll. i6s /'^Vr^ I complain, from m/J^^ 
 
 coi] 
 
 ^v^ like the moon [^^^ fnuts 
 
 . ^<t wine 
 O 
 
 , .* character id't'ic of tltc pros, tense CJ 
 
 . . 
 
 ^vx,* do not bring, the negative I* not, ^u«l t* hopelefs 
 
 impcratiueof ^^j^\ w^l* pure, lincere ; like 
 
 .♦iL* bctNN'een, among: middle /'l^X imperfect 
 
 ^v^U. do not mix or fprinkle, the ^^^ worthlefs, defpicable 
 
 negative imperat. of .:;J'-^'] « 5 .,^; memorable events; rare 
 
 iS^. ij* ^^^^^ ^""aAvelt, '2d pcrs, 6^^A^ ;,L* Nadir Shab,j&rop.wa?//e 
 
 present of f^j^^^ jC blandiihments ; wantonnels 
 
 ojf*/^ a wine drinker; an earth- ^-^jl* gentle, tender, delicate 
 
 en drinking velTel Cj^J^ elegant, delicate, amiable 
 
 jtu^ thou knowell ^CC unblown, miblemifhed 
 
 ^v^ dying y)'o/?2 /M^y^ //''•^L* ignorant 
 
 ) J^jv* the fon of a prince or great a ^t* a conqueror, defender 
 
 man, a knight. iS^y* ^jj^ o. ^\. fpedator, fuperintendant 
 
 Mirza Mahadi, proper name JL* a bag (of mulk): the navel 
 
 i j.^ dofi: thou grow ? from ^^ full of. JiT fuddenly 
 
 " ^j ijy^ unexpededly 
 
 .J>^ thou llrikelt ^[ft* plaintive, complaining 
 
 j(L.^ is it becoming ? ^^C^L* to complain 
 
 i^ a cloud, a fog A a name. lyt^C thy name 
 
 . p*A^ a feller of wine, co/??^. of J>-1* iiluftrious ; a hero 
 
 ^ wine, and part, of ^^) ^\^ a book, hijftory 
 
 ^^C. thou draweft, bearell ^C tread 
 
a s«^;,C ^ viceroy, dcput} 
 
 ^^ a battle, war 
 
 \^^ ]S not. ,^-<*fc<^^ 
 7^, g ... 
 
 not have been 
 fr ^* a propbct 
 
 ^yi^ I will not turn 
 <^/^» do yoii not tear ? 
 ,»()y^* it is inij)ofribki 
 a j^ fcattcring, difpcrdng 
 a JC prole ; to diffafe, Itrew 
 ,,^'^^^ I would not bavelbiiglit, 
 ** or leaped 
 
 t 
 
 G yi a liar, planet : fortune. 
 a •/ (rraniniar, l\ritax 
 
 y CI 
 
 « * 
 
 ^^ hunting; the chace ; prey 
 ^jj^^y lirli 
 ^ ^ Naklhebi, /;/'o/A name 
 
 ^ male 
 
 . ^f ^ a narcillus 
 
 ^^* gentle, tame ; liglit : loft 
 
 s'j near 
 '■J 
 
 a i>* defeendinp^ ; Iiofpitalitv 
 a !«%* delcent ; happening 
 a >"'"' INilklii (a tranleript) the. 
 character in trhich Arabic ?na- 
 miscripts arc general/j/ u-rittcn 
 
 % 
 
 a /'•^ a gale 
 
 .j'-^'^'^v* to caufe (o lit down 
 I would a Wd'J alacrity, j)leafure 
 .♦<>l:':-* to fix 
 ,,;iwJ:v* to lit down 
 ijfJJiS you do not f/rar 
 ,»..J!:v* fittin";, fro/n ,,;^ — i:J 
 a .^y-"^ counlel, exhortation 
 
 <s 
 
 >11* Nezzami, name of a poet 
 
 a J*i^ the light, the eye 
 
 jt il' rolling the eyes, ogling 
 
 a > vcrfe ; a firing of pearls 
 
 .♦f, ,* e V to call or fing aloud 
 
 a „^^^^ a benefit ; vidluals 
 
 ♦jL* beautiful, good ; fwift 
 
 a ^^j^ inufie, harmony 
 
 a , yJC foul, felf; breath; defire 
 
 a jcC gain, utility 
 
 a /iC read}' money 
 
 a , :i.V painting, embroidery 
 
 <i LV a narratioji, report, copy, 
 
 tranflation 
 ,^ a pidure, ornauHMit ; ;i Ikm^;- 
 
 tiful woman 
 -♦•Iv'i^* Negarillan (a gallery of 
 pictures) iitlenf aceh'lraicdlooli 
 j:.C-^* fubtilties. nnlleries 
 
 A A A 
 
,«;^^0* ^^ ^'ie"^^ thing drinkable, from ,*)^tj 
 
 ys^ "'' y^ good s^'^'^'y or ^*J-'^^y to -svrite 
 
 ^.CJ or c 1^* ciUtody, care, obfer- , M^,y write thou, from the above 
 
 vation .^ nine 
 
 y!_)-X* preferve thou, imperaf. of ^ \A^cing, from 
 
 ^••^1^ J^ i\)^^y to place 
 
 j^* Ihowing. >^y' they Ihow / I c^^L* we have placed 
 
 Cjsy^ to lliow Jl>/ a tree, llirub 
 
 ly* melody, voice: wealth ^XJ hidden, /}^07/2 ♦^^iy* 
 
 »«^!y f"^/. o/'^.^l') viceroys, &c. ^ J ^ river; flowing 
 
 ^y to foothe ^jL,' to hide, lie hid 
 
 jiy foothing, y}w7? tlie alove .J a pipe, a flute 
 
 C/'J^y ^P^' ^^^>^y) ^ flavour *CJ even, alio : again 
 
 e>jiy foothing, warbling, //w/i ,,»^w«y there is not 
 
 r*/^^y *xiL^S to write 
 
 Jiy a benefit »,^J good, excellent 
 
 <2^^^«^* a turn, change, watch, cen- vC* bright, beautiful, elegant 
 
 tinel. ^^^y^^y torelieveguard ,^„y<;^' reputation, goodnefs 
 
 j\;^^* the fpring, the early fpring: " L* the river Nile 
 
 new year 
 a -r y the prophet Noah. ^ 
 
 a y.^y^ y a complaint ^ and; he, flie, it 
 
 ^y ninety Lj^^h '^^^^^^ behind, again 
 
 a jy light, brightnefs L*/^') W^'^ ^ ^^ detain 
 
 j^jy the firfl: day of the fpring a ^\^ evident 
 
 o^^y nineteen a y^U3*)^ a(ftions, occurrences, 
 ^y drinking, a drinker; any events: battles: misfortunes 
 
A ^ 
 
 ^j\y Van, name of a town /^^^^^^ ^^ ^^/^ altha.oh 
 
 a ^^^ eflence, iuljllance, cxift- [/ wherever 
 
 iincQ, natui'e, body, pcrlbn / ^^:^ ^ Avherefuever 
 
 Cz-^V^^.* ^^ commit, perform, y^^^ ever.'" j/^ never 
 
 give a bcnclit to /^^ o^, ^,)^ ^vholbcver 
 
 ;!;> or J, like, polieirmg ^)^^ athoufand, :i nigiitingale 
 rt J;, a leaf of a tree o?' paper -'^^ to be, cxift 
 
 h ^'^'^ ^'^*^^"- c:^^ ^ight. ;jl-ii^ eighty 
 
 >;, it blows, from ^i>;. ^^./^^ Vightceii 
 
 >::>^^ he, ihe, it is -,; ii^ven. Jj;:i^ feveiity 
 
 ^, like, refembling t^c?^ feventeen 
 
 a JU^, enjoyment; arrival; meet- a L whether, but 
 
 ing: eonjimaion /: ;md, alfo ; togetlier : bc.th 
 
 « ^J' * fituaiion ; action; gefture a /?: (i/;z/z(\r6'(/? /o /ron/.v) tlicir 
 
 c; t^, good faith ; a promife. ^' V''^ ^^' ^^^^^ ^'^^^^^^ ^^-^^^f- 
 a '•but: a prince; a lla\'c »,( only 
 
 01' he, Ihc, it; his, her, its ^>^ directly 
 
 ;i^.^ a defcrt ; depopulated ^1l of the fame inelination 
 
 -^>>X of the fame bampiet 
 ;Uv^v>t lying on the fame pillow 
 
 a JJ dreadful, terrible '^^^^nr. j^, the fane way 
 
 c/i or ^\/. feparation, abfencc ^^.-^ ^r ,r-\ like, as 
 
 « ^f\ an allault; impetuohty j^^- fl^oping togcthcT 
 
 A ""'^ C)'A '-'■''">'• ^''''''''''' z',^^ ini inlimate friend 
 
 ^i^, Herat /m///c o/\^ dfif |^^J^-t jetting together, acom- 
 
 A^ whcnc^ver ^^1^;^,^^ 
 
 • ♦ ■•■ 
 
 ^^A ^'' -5" I: whatfoever ^-r ^q uaivcrlul 
 
I 
 
 , ^ r if 'v lives, it comes 
 /-'^^^ I ^vcnt, frojn ^^ 
 
 ^-•t 
 
 always 
 
 ^>v black ; an Indian 
 >»B^v time, fcalbn 
 I w yet 
 
 ft \^ air: wind: found 
 /^ no, never 
 ^' !>^^ .f^.t Jofl thou not know ? 
 
 to lay dos\ n 
 
 
 if 
 
 L O ; or 
 
 y'L I may find, loth from ^l 
 ^t remember ; memory, record 
 X a friend, miftrcfs ; defender, 
 power, advantage 
 
 ,.^/t () heaven ! O Lord ! comp- 
 
 of L a^t^i w^; ^'^ iord, maftcr 
 
 &mI eleven 
 ,,,^^ L ielfamine 
 
 ^^L he found, Jr. ^^t to find 
 s^^i a ruby, 
 
 ,,^j {aiuiexed to uw^ds) thy. 
 fl> the hand; aid, power, ftrengtl^ 
 , jii.1 (afi7jexed to words) their 
 , Jjv that is to fav, viz. 
 ^sL prcy; fpoil, booty 
 . ^ , X one 
 
 ^ ^^ a hero, conqueror ; incom- 
 parable ; unequalled 
 
 (/l^ precious, valuable, rare. 
 
 •• ^ '> 
 
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