/
 
 LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS, BART.
 
 l.OXDON: l'BINTBD BY 
 
 srorriswooDF. and ro., hbw-btkmst sguaku 
 
 AND PARLIAMENT 8TBEET
 
 ^7 

 
 LETTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EIGHT HON. 
 
 SIR GEORGE COENEWALL LEWIS, BART. 
 
 TO VARIOUS FRIENDS. 
 
 EDITED BY HIS BROTHER, THE 
 
 REV. SIR GILBERT FRANKLAND LEWIS, BART. 
 
 CANON OF 'WORCESTER. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS, GEE EN, AND CO. 
 
 1870.
 
 
 PEE FACE 
 
 The Letters collected in this volume were written 
 by Sm George Cornewall Lewis to some of the most 
 intimate and valued of his friends. They form no 
 series, nor are they devoted to any particular subject or 
 class of subjects ; they are merely unconnected private 
 letters, written in various years without the slightest 
 expectation of their being published. 
 
 It may then be enquired, why are they printed ? 
 Why are they not suffered to remain in that privacy 
 for which no doubt they were intended ? I would 
 answer that three reasons have mainly contributed 
 to their publication. The first, because they forcibly 
 illustrate the character, the intellect and learning, and 
 the wisdom of their remarkable writer. The second, 
 because they contain many facts, and relate to many 
 subjects in which the public cannot but take interest, 
 and respecting which, I believe, they will be glad to 
 know the opinions of the author. The third, because 
 some of Sir George Lewis's friends — and especially two 
 of them, to whom he was deeply attached and who 
 were equally attached to him — were earnestly desirous 
 that they should be printed. 
 
 Sir George Lewis's was no ordinary character : there 
 was mixed with his clear intelligence and capacity for
 
 vi PREFACE, 
 
 profound and distinct thought a peculiar singleness and 
 simplicity with which such qualities .are rarely found in 
 union. A part of this simplicity was his entire freedom 
 from vanity. Aware of his own superiority he could 
 hardly fail to be, but on no occasion was he ever 
 tempted to make a display of it, either in order to 
 obtain praise or gain an advantage. Neither did he on 
 any occasion take offence: he never felt animosity 
 towards persons who misunderstood and disparaged 
 him, nor dislike to those who treated him slightingly 
 because in some common-place matters they were more 
 efficient than himself. He was gentle and unassuming, 
 calm, dispassionate, and just, and was consequently 
 beloved in private and respected in public life. An 
 anonymous writer has well described him as 'peculiarly 
 devoid of fuss ; ' he might have gone further, and said 
 that circumstances which almost invariably vex and 
 excite other men disturbed him but little. A contested 
 election, for example, neither made him angry nor 
 anxious ; a parliamentary attack scarcely annoyed him. 
 When under disadvantageous conditions, one candidate 
 against three, he contested the county of Hereford, I 
 well remember his calmness, and power to cast from 
 his thoughts all the petty vexations of his tedious work. 
 ( >iic morning he corrected in the carriage the sheets of 
 a book that he was carrying through the press; he 
 then canvassed in a town for many hours. Afterwards, 
 on our return home, before we had left the streets in 
 which he had been thus occupied, fresh sheets were 
 spread on the cushions, electioneering passed out of 
 hifl mind, and he was again busy preparing for the 
 printer. On another day, when apolitical attack had
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 been made on him, no sooner had he resumed his 
 journey homewards than he began conversing on in- 
 different subjects, so little had the proceedings of the 
 day affected him. He has likewise told me that his 
 rest was but seldom broken when there had been 
 vehement struggles and hostile debates in the House of 
 Commons — that he could sleep as well on the nights on 
 which they occurred as he could on any other nights. 
 Such was his equanimity on occasions when most other 
 men would have been excited. 
 
 The love of letters was, in Sir George Lewis's mind, 
 the dominant passion, and that for its own sake. It was 
 this quality which rendered his commerce so delightful 
 to his learned associates. Ever ready to plunge into 
 discussions of grave questions, bringing to them stores 
 of heaped-up knowledge, with a candid appreciation 
 of opinions at variance with his own, no man was 
 more sought after as a converser by the distinguished 
 members of the literary republic. The stores of his 
 knowledge were indeed wonderfully large. The fact 
 that his intellect was powerful never offered to him in 
 his early life, as it might have done to other young 
 men, a temptation to be contented with its existing 
 strength : his anxiety and assiduity to improve and to 
 extend it were uninterrupted. Very few scholars have, 
 I believe, permitted so small a portion of their time to 
 remain unemployed — very few devoted so large a 
 portion of it to careful study. To many among them, 
 idleness is in itself a pleasure, whilst common conversa- 
 tion and amusement occupy a more or less large portion 
 of their day. It was not so with Sir George Lewis ; 
 he was always employed, and for the most part with
 
 viii PREFAi / 
 
 occupation of a severe kind. So earnest was hisdesire 
 to elucidate, to remember, and to record, that from his 
 youth lie thoughl that to be doing nothing amounted to 
 a crime. ' Read, he lias often advised me, 'when you 
 have plenty of time at command; write in the shorter 
 spaces when your time is broken up; this is the way 
 to employ yourself to the best advantage: you will 
 forget whal you read in fragments of time — what you 
 write in them will not be lost.' And tins was the 
 practice that he followed. He also in his younger 
 days provided against the waste of any fragments which 
 circumstances might cause to be lost to him, by either 
 learning by heart or repeating in these intervals. I 
 think that I remember my father telling me that once 
 in Italy, when travelling after dark with George, he 
 repeated to him a great part of the third book of the 
 Jmeid ; and I well recollect, when on one occasion I 
 was waiting with him in the ante-room of a physician, 
 he took a Horace or Virgil from his pocket, and gave 
 it to me, that T might hear him say a portion of its 
 contents by heart, and he had repeated a large number 
 of lines before he was summoned to his interview. 
 
 With his mind and his memory thus carefully 
 cultivated, his learning soon became varied and ex- 
 tensive. Before he was five- and-twenty years of age, 
 being, as I have stated, an advanced classical scholar, 
 Lewis frequently employed himself in writing critical 
 papers relating to the history, the literature, and the 
 philosophy of the ancients. Tie had read with a con- 
 veyancer and special pleader, and had been called to 
 the bar.* At that age he also read and spoke French, 
 
 * He was called to the bar in 1831.
 
 PREFACE. ix 
 
 German, and Italian, and had gained a considerable ac- 
 quaintance with the principal authors in each language. 
 He had likewise made some progress in the study of 
 Spanish and Anglo-Saxon. Nor was his attention en- 
 grossed by these studies to the exclusion of English 
 literature, or of his interest in the current topics of 
 the day. His practice, steadily adhered to, of losing- 
 no time, always enabled him to find hours which 
 he could devote to them. Thus he became, as his 
 valued friend Dean Milman has written, ' a man who 
 not only might have aspired to the highest dignity 
 in the State,' but a man ' who might also have done 
 honour, as professor of Greek, to the most learned Uni- 
 versity in Europe.' This is an estimate of Sir George 
 Lewis's learning and character set forth by a friend 
 than whom no one was better capable of forming one. 
 And if the worthy and learned Dean had added, that 
 there were several other subjects, besides the Greek 
 language and literature, in respect to which Sir George 
 Lewis was well fitted to become a professor in an 
 .University, I believe that he need not have feared 
 contradiction. 
 
 Sir George Lewis had indeed a peculiar fitness for 
 such a sphere, and would, I feel sure, have held a high 
 rank among professors, had he formed one of their body ; 
 for if his knowledge was varied, so was it accurate and 
 clear, and he had besides a patience in and love of 
 teaching which made it a sort of recreation to him. 
 I remember his taking pleasure for many months in 
 giving instruction regularly to a young scholar of pro- 
 mising abilities. 
 
 It is sufficient to refer to Sir George Lewis's published
 
 x PREFACE 
 
 works to pmvo the wide scope of his learning, together 
 with his remarkable assiduity. They exhibit accuracy, 
 research, and a terseness of reasoning which fewwriters 
 
 haw attained and employed. After a clear statement 
 of his subject, an exhaustive' treatment of it follows, in 
 which all that is extraneous and superfluous is set aside, 
 and whatever can be adduced is brought together for 
 the development and establishment of his views. 
 
 It must not be supposed that even an approach to a 
 complete portraiture of a writer can be gained from 
 reading a single volume of his miscellaneous letters. 
 The materials are in this and every similar instance too 
 scant for the forming a detailed judgment of the author ; 
 but scant though they be, I think that the contents of 
 this volume serve in some degree to illustrate Sir George 
 Lewis's character, intellect, learning, and cast of mind, 
 and it is in this view that I publish them, believing that 
 they will be acceptable to many readers. 
 
 To turn to the second reason which induces me to 
 publish these Letters. The respect was so high in which 
 Sir George Lewis's opinions were held whilst he was 
 living, that he was continually consulted by speakers, 
 writers, and reasoners of all clashes and of all parties. 
 S-holars and politicians were alike glad to seek the 
 benefit of his wisdom and to listen to his mature, 
 dispassioned, and well-disciplined judgment. In the 
 Bouse of Commons he was no orator, and seldom took 
 a share in party debates; but on other occasions he 
 often spoke, labouring, with few references to persons, 
 to give information on the subject which was before the 
 House, striving to sweep away whatever was irrelevant 
 to it, and to cause ii to be better understood. And the
 
 PREFACE. m 
 
 members of the House had a peculiar confidence in 
 his word and in his statements ; partly through his 
 quiet, veracious, honest manner of speaking ; partly 
 through his occasionally avowing his ignorance of a 
 subject, as he now and then did, and could indeed well 
 afford to do ; and partly from the knowledge that he 
 never spoke with any secondary object, for the sake 
 of his own aggrandisement or promotion, or any other 
 personal or selfish motive. It was known to all his 
 friends, and to many members of the House of Commons 
 likewise, that he preferred literary to political occupa- 
 tion, and cared nothing for office and not much for a 
 seat in the House of Commons. He has several times 
 told me, during the time that he was a Cabinet minister, 
 that he should before long give up official and parlia- 
 mentary life. He had, however, so unusual a fitness for 
 it that it may well be doubted whether he would have 
 been permitted to do so ; and could he have been per- 
 suaded that the public required his services, I feel sure 
 that he would have continued them, setting all personal 
 considerations aside. 
 
 If the estimate of the weight and value of Sir 
 George Lewis's opinions was high during life, it has 
 certainly not diminished since his lamented death. The 
 void which that death left is still recognised as wide. 
 Many a time since it took place has it been said that 
 confusions would have been avoided, difficulties been 
 simplified, and events and decisions guided into better 
 channels, had his calm and wise counsel been still per- 
 mitted to prevail among us. Again and again, since 
 his death, with an unusual frequency which does honour 
 to his memory, has his authority been invoked — in
 
 m, PREFACE 
 
 Parliament and out of Parliament, by politicians on 
 both sides of the House, by scholars, philosophers, and 
 critics. Such, then, being the respect in which his 
 (•pinion- have been and still are held, I venture to think 
 that the Letters which I now publish, containing as they 
 do a great variety of statements, commentary, views, 
 and thought, will be cordially welcomed by the reading 
 public. 
 
 A third reason why I have felt desirous to print these 
 Letters is, because many friends of my brother who 
 valued him, and whom he likewise valued, have strongly 
 urged their publication. For the judgment of two of 
 these friends especially (I say this, of course, without 
 a thought of disparaging the judgment of the others), 
 namely, that of the Eight Hon. Sir Edmund Head 
 (Sir George Lewis's companion at college, and through- 
 out life his most intimate friend), and that of Mrs. 
 Austin, with whose powerful, refined, and highly culti- 
 vated intellect the public has long been well acquainted, 
 L have always felt deference. Qualified in every respect 
 to decide what is suitable for publication, they urged 
 that these letters deserved to be given to the world. 
 Both these friends have, alas! within the short space 
 of a few months from each other, been taken from the 
 society which they enlivened and adorned, and in whose 
 memory they will long and deservedly live. Their 
 opinions, however, with respect to this publication, still 
 weigh with me. as do also the opinions of others whom 
 I likewise respect ; and hence the third reason for 
 which I consign this volume to the printer's hands. 
 
 I add a short introduction, which is necessary, with 
 a lew occasional explanations, to enable the reader to
 
 PREFACE. xiii 
 
 understand the circumstances in which Sir George Lewis 
 was placed, as well as various allusions in his letters. 
 
 It remains for me to express to my brother's friends, 
 and to my own whom I have consulted in this matter, 
 my gratitude for the large share of kindness which they 
 have shown me; and especially to Earl Stanhope, 
 Mrs. Edward Villiers, Mr. Twisleton, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Grote, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Hayward, Mr. Eeeve, and 
 other contributors, who have been so obliging as to 
 allow letters addressed to them to be included in this 
 collection, I beg to offer my sincere thanks. 
 
 Gilbert Frankland Lewis. 
 
 IIahpton Court, Radnorshire : 
 February, 1870.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 George Cornwall, the eldest son of Thomas Frankland 
 Lewis, of Harpton Court, in Eadnorshire, and Harriet, 
 daughter of Sir George Cornewall, Bart., of Moccas 
 Court, Herefordshire, the writer of the following letters, 
 was born in London on April 21, 1806. His boyhood 
 was spent chiefly in London and Eadnorshire ; his 
 frame was strong, and, at this period of his life, his 
 health was good, with this single exception, that he 
 frequently suffered from severe headache. I can re- 
 collect only one point which marked a distinction be- 
 tween him and other boys — the eager pleasure which 
 he had in reading. The ' Arabian Nights,' two transla- 
 tions of Portuguese romances, ' Amadis de Gaul,' and 
 ' Palmerin of England,' were among the books that gave 
 him especial entertainment, and were in continual re- 
 quisition. The usual boyish lessons were done with 
 facility ; and, when he left home and took his place 
 among the forty boys at the school of Monsieur Cle- 
 ment, at Chelsea (who contrived by some means to 
 make his pupils talk French and to work at their 
 school-business whether they liked it or not), he was 
 found to be forward of his age, as well as inclined to 
 
 o 
 B
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 be -tudious. In January 1819, at about twelve years 
 of age, he was moved from this private school in 
 Chelsea to Eton College, where, after being examined by 
 bia tutor, Mr. Hawtrey, he was at once placed in the 
 Remove. The first letter that I print, written in the 
 following year, is chiefly descriptive of a sad calamity 
 which occurred in the school, but is likewise indicative 
 of the writer's feelings, and the subjects in which he 
 took an interest : — . 
 
 Eton: Sunday (1820). 
 
 Dear Mamma, — Since I wrote to you last a poor 
 fellow of the name of An^erstein has been drowned 
 here. He took a skiff after twelve and sculled himself 
 up as far as Bovney, where there is a most furious 
 stream, but not deep ; unluckily, he dropped one of 
 the sculls, and, in reaching over to get it, the boat, 
 which was a very light one, toppled over, and he fell 
 in. He rose three times and cried out, ' Help ! help ! 
 Make haste ! ' When he sank for the third and last 
 time, there were some fellows in a boat not more than 
 twenty yards off, but they could not save him. His 
 boat drifted to the land directly, but, unluckily, the 
 other scull fell out, so that it prevented a fellow who 
 was standing on the bank from going to his help ; 
 otherwise he might perhaps have been saved. The 
 moment he was drowned some fellows ran down with 
 all their might, and gave the alarm, and in a very short 
 time the whole river near the place where he fell in 
 was tilled with punts and people dragging all around. 
 Keate and all the masters, and I should think very near 
 the whole school, were there. He fell in about one 
 o'clock. However, although they went on dragging 
 the whole of that and the next day, they were un- 
 successful ; but, about eight o'clock in the morning of
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS MOTHER. 3 
 
 Wednesday", they dragged out his body about a quarter 
 of a mile down the river, in a deep hole of dead water 
 close to the bank. The hooks caught round his leg 
 below the knee. When he was first brought out, his 
 face was quite red, so that it is supposed that from 
 having pulled up against a strong stream and being 
 very hot, being suddenly plunged in very cold water 
 drove all the blood into his head and caused an 
 apoplexy ; so that if they could have dragged his body 
 out sooner it would have been of no avail. He was 
 then immediately brought on a hurdle to his tutor's 
 house, where, I believe, his body now is, but he is not 
 to be buried here. It is a horrid thing, and has com- 
 pletely stopped the boats for this half, which Keate 
 could not have done with all his slang. I do not be- 
 lieve that a single Eton fellow has been out on the 
 water since. 
 
 I am very glad the holidays are so near, for this lias 
 been the most stupid time I ever passed : the only 
 thing that it is possible to do is to play at fives, but 
 that is entirely prevented by the rain — there are hardly 
 ever two hours together but what some falls. The 
 fellow's name, who was nearly drowned by the boat 
 being upset when he was sailing, is Hylton. I know 
 nothing more about him as he boards at the other end 
 of college. My cousin Fitzharris had a most dreadful 
 battle the other day with Buccleugh ; I do not believe 
 that either of them w r ere the worse for it, as the only 
 claret that was spilled was by one of them slipping and 
 falling on his nose, which made it bleed. Our subject 
 last week for verses was Avarice, which, of all subjects, 
 is the worst. Yonge does not think proper to ascend 
 from tolerable to good, but makes a grand bathos, and 
 goes from middling to horribly bad. It is a miserable, 
 
 B 2
 
 I LETTER*. 
 
 narrow, cramped, and confined subject; it admits of 
 no poetical idea, and the verses are consequently as 
 niggardly as the subject. I have not been looked over 
 a single exercise in school for more than a fortnight, 
 and since I have been read over by Knapp, he has only 
 looked [over] one copy of lyrics and a theme of mine, 
 so thai I have no chance of being sent up this time. 
 Pray read this letter to Gilbert, for I have nothing to 
 tell him which I have not said in this letter, and it is 
 not the slightest use to copy this out for his inspection. 
 I have read ' King Lear ' and ' Hamlet,' and have begun 
 ' As you Like it.' ' King Lear ' is a most wonderful thing, 
 it leaves such a striking remembrance on one's mind. 
 The fool and the kins are such a good contrast ; the 
 scene on the heath is a most surprising effort of genius. 
 ' Hamlet ' is not so striking ; I must own that altogether 
 1 was rather disappointed with it, the plot flags so much 
 after the two first acts ; but there are some beautiful 
 pa<s;ie;es in it. However, one does not look back to it 
 with so much wonder and admiration as the other. I 
 shall most likely go to town in a post-chaise, and, if 
 the roads are tolerable, shall very likely be in time for 
 breakfast. 
 
 I remain, dear mamma, your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis wrote Latin verses when he was at 
 Eton not only with great facility, but with elegance 
 and correctness. Many copies that he showed up in 
 school are collected in a MSS. book, which is in the 
 Library at Ilarpton ; and should any lover of Latin 
 verse desire to continue the volumes of the ' Muste 
 F.t< menses,' he will find a number among them that are 
 well worthy of being included in his collection. He
 
 REV. E. C. HAWTREY TO T. F. LEWIS, ESQ. 5 
 
 was sent up for good, as the Eton phrase is, many- 
 times for verses, and for play. A letter written by 
 his tutor, Mr. Hawtrey, to George Lewis's father at 
 the time of his leaving Eton, shows that his love for 
 classical literature was already felt, and the foundation 
 of the scholarship laid which was afterwards so labo- 
 riously and successfully built upon : — 
 
 The Rev. Edward Craven Hawtrey to T. F. Lewis, Esq. 
 
 Eton College : Dec. 10, 1823. 
 
 My dear Sir, — I have great pleasure in assuring you 
 that your son has left Eton with great credit to himself 
 as a scholar, and that in all other respects he stands 
 deservedly high in the good opinion of all who know 
 him. 
 
 The distinction of being twice sent up for play in 
 three weeks is not only unusual under any circum- 
 stances, but has been obtained by him at a time when 
 there was no want of boys of talent in the sixth form, 
 and the difficulty has been rather which to reject than 
 which to choose. 
 
 In Latin he has certainly read much more than 
 most boys of talent have done at his age ; in Greek, I 
 think, as much. And his taste and habit of observa- 
 tion in both are such as give every reason to expect 
 that his success at Oxford will be as gratifying as it 
 has been at Eton. 
 
 His good sense and right feeling appear to others, 
 as well as myself, to have corrected those defects in 
 manner which were the only impediments to his 
 progress. His success during the last six months is a 
 convincing proof that this has been the case. 
 
 I have only to add, that I have parted with him
 
 6 LETTERS. 
 
 with very sincere regret, and shall ever feel the 
 warmesl interesl in his welfare. 
 
 I am, my dear sir, your most obedient and faithful 
 
 servant, , K c Hawtrey. 
 
 The friendship between Dr. Hawtrey and the pupil 
 in whom he took 'the warmest interest' continued 
 during the remainder of their lives. 
 
 Soon after his leaving Eton, Sir George Lewis 
 travelled for a few months in Switzerland and the 
 north of Italy ; he writes thus to his father from 
 Lausanne : — 
 
 Lausanne: Sept. 13 (1824). 
 
 My dear Father, — We have now been staying some 
 time at a country house half-way between Lausanne 
 and the lake, with a very steep hill to climb every day 
 to go up to the town, which of course is the regular 
 walk. Friday last was the great fast and holiday of the 
 Swiss, both Catholic and Protestant, and everything 
 was shut iij") as close as Edinburgh on a Sunday : the 
 three following days are celebrated by a fair, in which 
 there is nothing pretty to buy — nothing but large tubs, 
 gingerbread, and thin, bad silk handkerchiefs. Lau- 
 sanne is a dirty, steep, irregular town, famous for 
 aothing — one can hardly spin out a day of real sight- 
 seeing; for now that we have been in the German 
 part of Switzerland, we despise any common lions: 
 'Lagloire m'est fade,' as Buonaparte said; we must 
 have something super-excellent in that line. I went 
 the other day with Mr. Fazakerley to see the public 
 library here; there is nothing worth seeing in it, 
 except the Duchess of Devonshire's 'Virgil,' Annibal 
 Caro's translation of the ; Maeid ' only, illustrated with 
 copperplate engravings from drawings by modern
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 7 
 
 artists of the places mentioned in the poem ; it begins 
 
 with a vieAV of Carthage from the sea. 
 
 ****** 
 
 There is an English church both at Geneva and 
 Lausanne, and a regular clergyman who is paid by 
 subscription. The service here is read in a Roman 
 Catholic church, and the altar, and candlesticks, and 
 images, and pictures, are separated by a low curtain. 
 What a good example for the Irish — I think that you 
 had better mention it to Sir Abraham Bradley King. 
 The Catholics are earlier risers than we are, and they 
 have their prayers in the morning, and leave clear 
 room for us at half-past eleven. ' Galignani ' gave the 
 other day an article out of the ' Courier ' about your 
 last report on the leather and paper [duties] and quit 
 rents.* 
 
 The censure has been re-established in France, and 
 the newspapers all bear evident marks of it : some- 
 times whole columns and pages are left blank. I have 
 been reading lately a very well written book by a 
 Mr. Cramer, who was a tutor at Christ Church, on 
 ' Hannibal's Passage over the Alps ; ' it proves beyond 
 a shadow of a doubt a long-contested point — it is a 
 book well worth having. ' Galignani ' informs us that 
 there is a new Quarterly Eeview, and somebody said 
 there was a new Edinburgh, but I know nothing 
 about them whether they are amusing or not. This is 
 not at all a bad place for books, particularly old ones. 
 There are a number of old classics printed at Basle ; 
 there is a very good library at Berne, with a number of 
 manuscripts and old books, and a museum of stuffed 
 birds and animals. Mr. Yaughan came here the other 
 
 * Mr. Frankland Lewis was on a Commission of Inquiry into the 
 collection and management of the revenue in Ireland.
 
 8 LETTER S. 
 
 day and went on to Geneva, where he spent Saturday, 
 
 and went back to Berne this morning. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Henley Eden came baek from Geneva on Saturday, 
 having staid a day at Chamounix — raining the whole 
 time. Like us. they never saw Mont Blanc. There is a 
 steamboat of ten-horse power that performs its journey 
 from here to Geneva, thirty-six miles in six hours, set 
 up by a Mi*. Church, an American ; the engineer used 
 to work in the Liverpool packets. The Geneva people 
 have just launched an opposition boat of greater 
 power : the same Mr. Church has just set up one in 
 the lake of Constance. "We go to-morrow to Vevey 
 and see the Castle of Chillon, and if it is fine I shall 
 go on with Mr. Fox to the Great St. Bernard, and 
 make a second attempt at seeing Mont Blanc. • 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Soon after the last letter was written, in the Michael- 
 mas term in 1S2-4, Sir George Lewis commenced his 
 residence at Christ Church, and his wish was first to 
 obtain the highest university honours within his reach, 
 and afterwards to follow the law as a profession. With 
 these views he read with his usual assiduity, liking 
 thoroughly the work in which he was engaged. A 
 first class in classics, taken in 1828, was the earliest 
 reward of his labours ; he was confident of gaming also 
 a first class in mathematics ; but in this hope was dis- 
 appointed — his name appeared only in the second class. 
 N • lack of will, no lack of intellect interfered ; but 
 an unhappy failure of health. One morning when he 
 awoke his pillow was stained with blood ; a vessel in 
 his lungs was ruptured ; care and rest were prescribed 
 as necessary. But as the bleeding from the lungs
 
 THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH TO G. C. LEWIS. 9 
 
 continued, by the advice of his physician he lived for 
 a year on a vegetable diet; and spent winters in the 
 south of France and in Italy. We find from the 
 following letter of Dr. Smith, then Dean, that he was 
 elected a student of Christ Church in 1828 : — 
 
 Christ Church : June 18, 1828. 
 
 Dear Sir, — I am happy to have it in my power to 
 express my approbation of your diligence and good 
 conduct during your residence at Christ Church, and 
 the sense I entertain of the distinction you have ob- 
 tained in the university, by nominating you to a 
 studentship. 
 
 It will be necessary that you should come to Oxford 
 on Tuesday or Wednesday next, as I shall propose you 
 for election to the chapter on the 25th or 2Gth, and 
 you will be admitted on the day following. 
 I am, dear sir, very faithfully yours, 
 
 S. Smith. 
 
 As soon as Sir George Lewis had honourabl vanished 
 his university career, he commenced the study of law, 
 with a view, if his health should permit, to practise at 
 the Common Law bar. He entered at the Middle 
 Temple in June 1828, and was called to the bar in 
 November 1831. 
 
 The following letter, dated at York, was, I believe, 
 written in the summer of 1831, when he was travelling 
 the Northern Circuit as marshal to Baron Yaushan : — 
 
 York : July 14. 
 
 My dear Father, — We have got through three of 
 the public dinners of the judges ; that of yesterday was
 
 10 LETTERS. 
 
 given to a select party of forty-five barristers; the 
 remaining forty-five dine to-day. People are very veni- 
 sonivorous, as I have experienced by carving a haunch 
 of venison one day and a neck another. 
 
 There are about 120 causes on the cause-list at this 
 place, which is considered a small number. Pollock 
 has the most business here ; it is said that he sometimes 
 makes 1,000/. at York alone. John Williams is the 
 second fiddle, and he does his business extremely well. 
 He is a better speaker than Pollock, though he is not, 
 I suppose, so good a lawyer. My brother marshal 
 informs me that the marshal's fees sometimes amount 
 to more than 200/. on this circuit ; this time, however, 
 they will not be so much. All the building part of 
 the Minster is completed ; the inside woodwork alone 
 remains, which has been done very cheaply by some 
 foreign workmen who came over to carve wood for the 
 interior of Buckingham House, and were dismissed 
 when the works were stopped. 
 
 I rejoice that ministers succeeded on the wine duties, 
 and Sir Abraham Bradley King. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 Geo. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis decided on joining the Oxford 
 Circuit, and on December 19 we find him attending 
 the Worcester Quarter Sessions. His letter is addressed 
 to Mr. Head,* then Fellow of Merton College, whose 
 acquaintance he made at Oxford, and who, as will be 
 seen from subsequent letters, continued until the time 
 of his death to be one of his most intimate and highly 
 valued friends. 
 
 * Tlir Right Honourable Sir Edmund Walker Head, a Poor Law 
 Commissioner, and Governor of New Brunswick and afterwards of 
 Canada, died January 1867.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 11 
 
 17, Henrietta Street : Dec. 19 [probably 1831*]. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am sorry that I did not at once 
 send you my copy of ' Buttman,' as it would have saved 
 you much trouble ; but I have carefully looked over 
 your article, and found nothing to correct except clerical 
 errors. There are, however, several points on which I 
 still entertain considerable doubt ; so much so, that if 
 you think that you are not likely to write an article f 
 in the spring number, I would ask you to keep it back 
 for a time, that I might have an opportunity of looking 
 into some of the points with you ; for to discuss it on 
 paper would be endless. 
 
 3js- yfc yfc t£ 
 
 I am going out of London for a short distance on 
 Saturday, the 24th ; on the following Monday I shall 
 be at Worcester for the sessions ; and shall probably 
 pass through Oxford on my return to London about 
 the 7th or 8th. It would be time then to send your 
 article to the press, if there was no delay, as Hare 
 writes me word that he has matter for 160 pages at 
 Cambridge, which is the reason wiry I have not sent 
 your article to him. Till I hear from you, I will do 
 nothing ; but if a letter does not arrive by the 24th, I 
 will leave the parcel under sailing orders, so that it 
 may be despatched whenever I write. Direct to me 
 if the letter will not be in London by the 24th ; if it 
 will, you may enclose to my father. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 Geo. C. Lewis. 
 
 * From many of Sir George Lewis's letters the date of the year is 
 omitted. I supply it as well as I am able. — Editor. 
 
 f I believe that an article for the Philological Museum is alluded to. — 
 Editor.
 
 12 LETTERS. 
 
 The laborious pursuit of the law proved, however, 
 more than his health would bear; circumstances did 
 not compel him to continue to struggle for it, so, 
 reluctantly, he abandoned it. literature, more espe- 
 cially classical literature, and subjects connected with 
 politics, continually occupied his mind. His contribu- 
 tions to various periodicals were frequent, especially to 
 the 'Classical Museum,' the 'Museum Criticum,' and 
 'Black and Young's Foreign Quarterly Review.' 
 
 The next letters that we print were written on one 
 of his journeys, taken to the south of France, that he 
 might avoid the inclemency of an English winter. 
 
 Paris : Oct, 9, 1832. 
 
 My dear Father, — We were not sorry to arrive at 
 the fourth story of the Canterbury Hotel, although we 
 came very well from Calais, the roads being positively 
 good till within a few posts of Paris when the pave- 
 ment begins, and the horses being passably quick. The 
 journey to Lyons looks very appalling in prospect, I 
 do not know what it will be in reality ; sixty-two posts, 
 at the rate of nine or ten posts a day, is something 
 fearful. The Master of the Eolls* called on my 
 mother to-day, who has just come from that part of 
 the world ; he gives a good account of the steamboats, 
 so that we shall, if possible, embark at Chalons, which 
 will save eight posts before Lyons. We dined yester- 
 day at Lord Granville's ; there were no English people 
 at d inner, except the persons belonging to the embassy 
 and Leach. Several persons came afterwards, among 
 others Lord Rivers, who is just set out on a tour some- 
 where; and Talleyrand, who was to move towards 
 London to-day. 
 
 • Sir John Leach.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 13 
 
 I saw Senior to-day, who is come here for about a 
 fortnight partly on a speculation about French charities. 
 He showed me a long and very able letter he has 
 written to Brougham (privately) about the results of 
 their investigations. Brougham, it seems, wishes to 
 bring forward some measure on the subject. Senior's 
 principal suggestion is to take away the controlling 
 power of the magistracy, and to vest it, together with 
 the duty of revising and auditing the accounts, in paid 
 local authorities, who might also be employed for other 
 purposes. Everything, I think, now "shows that some- 
 thing is wanted in the rural districts more efficient 
 than the amateur services of the justices. He says 
 that their returns show that over the greater part of 
 England and Wales (particularly North Wales) things 
 are in a much worse state than he imagined ; and you 
 know that he did not think very highly of the condi- 
 tion of the labouring poor. 
 
 Soult was yesterday declared president of the Council, 
 and overtures have been made to Dupin to join him, who, 
 I hear, will probably refuse. Dupin has a strong party 
 in the Chambers, and will probably hold out in order 
 to force the King to make him prime minister and give 
 him carte blanche as to his cabinet ; so that he will 
 come in under nearly the same circumstances as our 
 Ministry. By the way, when you go to London do not 
 omit to read the last article in ' Blackwood's Magazine ' 
 for September. It is far the best thing on the present 
 state of parties and the state of the Tories which I 
 have seen. It is almost worth sending for into the 
 country. There is nothing in the appearance of Paris 
 which indicates distress to a wayfarer like myself. 
 Possibly, a person accustomed to walk the streets 
 might recognise more shops or houses to be let than
 
 II LETTERS. 
 
 usual ; but the number is too small to be discernible 
 by an inexperienced eye. Even in London one might 
 make a sad story about eight or ten houses to be let in 
 a Btreet, and say that it is a proof of distress. I have 
 no doubt that they have suffered severely, particularly 
 by the loss of many English families, who, now that 
 the charm is once broken, will probably never return. 
 The prices of eatables, drinkables, and books (the latter 
 especially) are certainly lower than in England ; I can- 
 not understand why. The number and size of looking- 
 glasses and gold clocks, even in bedrooms, is very 
 striking. The weather is getting cold, and I have been 
 perishing by a smouldering wood fire ; they were 
 moving the orange trees from the Tuileries gardens, 
 under cover, to-day. * * * You must, I fear, 
 have had a great deal of trouble with my books ; I 
 would have made a catalogue myself if I had thought 
 that it was worth while. 
 
 My mother is gone to-night to the opera to see the 
 Cenerentola. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Thursday, Oct. 11. — I had written so far on Tues- 
 day, not knowing that the ambassador's bag did not go 
 till to-morrow. It did not surprise me to hear that 
 there is no intention to appoint a commission to in- 
 quire into penal law ; for, as I collect from Senior, the 
 1 1 nine Office are very sulky at the activity of the Poor 
 Law Commission, and see the subject taken out of 
 their hands, at the same time that they are placed in 
 such a situation that it will be difficult for them not to 
 do something. They have set one stone rolling which 
 they cannot stop, and probably will not commit the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 15 
 
 same error again. If you will give hi. out of Knight's 
 draft to Gilbert, lie will pay with it so much of Britten's 
 bill some time this winter. Dupin has refused to join 
 Soult, and a regular doctrinaire ministry has been 
 formed, which, I fear, cannot stand. The philosophers 
 are more obnoxious in France than in England, if pos- 
 sible. They are very strict about passports now, and 
 it will be necessary for both me and Frigo (his courier) 
 to show ourselves to the police, in order to convince 
 them that we are not Carlists. Frigo has had a 
 tumour on his knee lanced, and I saw yesterday his 
 doctor, who seemed a respectable man, a hospital 
 physician. After speaking to him, it seemed to me 
 that we had only two alternatives, either to get a new 
 courier if we went to-morrow, or if we kept Frigo, to 
 wait till Monday. As the doctor positively assured me 
 that there would be no danger of his falling ill on the 
 road if he went on that day, and as I could not see 
 that he had any interest in deceiving me, we settled to 
 postpone our departure till Monday, particularly as the 
 weather is stormy and changeable, and we are assured 
 it will improve. The swelling was certainly on or close 
 to his knee, and the doctor called it tumeur blanche ; 
 whether that means what we call white swelling I know 
 not, but conclude that if it was a question of amputa- 
 tion, he would not have talked so confidently of a 
 speedy recovery. The streets and all the public places 
 and barrieres absolutely swarm with soldiers : I was 
 told that there are more than 20,000 in Paris, and 
 60,000 within short notice. If all these warriors are 
 to be depended on, we shall have no more grand weeks 
 in a hurry. They are making some additions to the 
 Tuileries, and workmen are employed in several other 
 buildings ; this is on account of the want of employ-
 
 16 LETTERS. 
 
 ment. Nevertheless, it is very striking to a person 
 just come from a country where the poor laws have 
 had their full swing, how rare an article a beggar is in 
 Paris : now and then a Savoyard boy, and that is all. 
 Even on the road, where the beggars beset the carriage 
 at the post-houses, I have not seen any except cripples 
 blind men, old women, and now and then young chil- 
 dren ; in short, only persons who are incapable of getting 
 a livelihood by labour. Of such a thing as a sturdy 
 1 >eggar, or a tradesman out of place, asking for alms, I 
 have not seen a trace. This difference must be owing 
 to the poor laws, for there is certainly a greater de- 
 mand for labour in England than in France. I went 
 to-day to the Louvre and spent a couple of hours in 
 the statue gallery. As in all other collections, there is 
 a great deal of trash, and a number of Eoman Emperors 
 which have no value except as portraits ; but there are 
 many statues of the finest period of Greek art ; they 
 have, however, been, for the most part, sadly doctored, 
 patched, and restored, and the partially corroded sur- 
 face of the face rubbed down to a polish. The collec- 
 tion is well arranged and catalogued and in handsome 
 rooms, which put our Elgin marble shed to the blush. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 I do not write to Gilbert, as I conclude you will act 
 as interpreter. 
 
 Cannes : Nov. 7, 1832. 
 
 My dear Father, — To-day, I am happy to say, is the 
 last day of our captivity, and to-morrow we shall be 
 released from this execrable fishing village, where 
 meat appears to be almost unknown, and fish, sparrows, 
 and roasted chestnuts are the staff of life. The fine
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 17. 
 
 weather has lasted, since we reached Avignon, into 
 November. In the last three days we have strong cold 
 winds, and have considerable difficulty in our frail 
 tenement, where none of the doors and windows have 
 an idea of shutting, and the floors are bare tiles, in 
 contending with the enemy. Nice, I conclude, will 
 furnish more hospitable quarters. There are orange 
 trees here in the open ground, so I suppose it cannot 
 freeze much in the winter. The country in this neigh- 
 bourhood is by no means fertile ; the hills are chiefly 
 covered with low firs (pinasters) ; the valleys with 
 vineyards mixed with olive trees ; there is no grass or 
 grain. Here and there two or three stunted half- 
 starved cows are to be discovered : and, rari nantes in 
 gurgite vasto, some sheep and goats. The sheep in 
 this part of the world are as often, perhaps more often 
 black than white. The chief products of this imme- 
 diate neighbourhood are oil and dried figs : perfumes 
 are also made at Grasses, a considerable town ten 
 miles in the interior, to which I made an expedition in 
 a cabriolet a couple of days ago ; and lest Gilbert 
 should think that the Hereford horses have a monopoly 
 of the slows, let him be assured that I was three hours 
 in going, and two and a half hours in returning, after 
 having baited there nearly two hours. With the 
 exception of getting rid of rain, we did not feel the 
 effect of change of climate till we were south ot 
 Lyons. The sun indeed shone during most of the 
 day, but there was a piercing cold wind, and after sun- 
 set it seemed to me quite as cold as average October 
 weather in England. There is this difference between 
 travelling in England and on the continent. In Eng- 
 land the cold is on the road, the warmth in the inn ; 
 on the continent the warmth is on the road, the cold 
 
 c
 
 lb LETTERS. 
 
 in the inn. Lyons is, as you know, the second town in 
 France ; it is placed in a striking situation, on a wedge 
 of land that separates the Rhone and Saone just before 
 their junction; both which rivers are crossed by 
 numerous and tolerably handsome bridges on each 
 side of the town. As the site of Lyons is thus limited 
 by nature, the space has been economised, and the 
 streets are for the most part wretchedly narrow. This 
 has been an extraordinarily dry year, and neither the 
 Saone nor the Rhone were navigable except by small 
 barges. At Avignon we heard that the oldest inhabit- 
 ant did not remember the Rhone so low as it has been 
 this year ; there had been no rain in that part of the 
 country for three or four months, nor on the coast of 
 the Mediterranean has there been any for seven or 
 eight months. It has rained here last night and to-day 
 a little, but not enough, as far as I can see, to lay the 
 dust. The springs here are nearly all dry, and the 
 
 bad water we get is brought from a distance of two 
 
 © © 
 
 miles. Avignon is a well-looking town, preserving 
 some relics of its ancient grandeur which have been 
 spared by the revolution. Like Conway, it is sur- 
 rounded by its walls, which are in a tolerable state of 
 preservation. The population now consists of 30,000 
 natives, a garrison of 4,000 soldiers, and 200 Polish 
 emigrants who were sent there by the French Govern- 
 ment. Every town and almost every village which 
 we have come through swarms with soldiers. Lyons, 
 of course, has its seven barracks well filled after the 
 revolt of the workmen last winter. Aix likewise has 
 its full share. Marseilles, being a large town, requires 
 to be kept in order, and Toulon is a naval arsenal, and 
 therefore requires a large military garrison. Even in 
 this lishing station there are some soldiers posted ; and
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 19 
 
 while I am writing these words, I hear the voice of the 
 drill-sergeant at his daily work ; so that if there is to be 
 a war, France seems to be well provided with troops so 
 far as numbers are concerned. Of the rest I know 
 nothing. The tract of country from Chalons to Mar- 
 seilles is very important, both on account of its pro- 
 ductiveness and its communications by land and water : 
 and the Eomans seem to me to have done very wisely 
 in establishing a chain of towns from Autun along the 
 Saone and Ehone to the sea. There is the greatest 
 facility in obtaining good stone, both for building and 
 for road-making, in the whole of this district ; never- 
 theless the roads in many places are so bad, that even 
 in this dry season they are only just passable. Nothing 
 can more forcibly prove the viciousness of the French 
 system than the state of the road from Lyons to 
 Avignon, from Avignon to Aix, and from Aix to 
 Marseilles, one of the most important lines for the 
 purposes of trade in all France. Marseilles has nothing 
 very remarkable except an oblong, perfectly land- 
 locked port of considerable size. It is the least striking- 
 port I ever walked along, which, I suppose, arises from 
 two reasons, one because there is no tide in the 
 Mediterranean, the other because the extreme dryness 
 parches up everything putrid. The weather at Mar- 
 seilles was as warm as a fine summer day not of the 
 hottest kind in England. Toulon is one of the places 
 where the French convicts are employed in government 
 works. There are now 4,000 of them in the arsenal. 
 From what I could learn, their punishment is almost 
 identical with our confinement in the hulks ; only the 
 duration is longer, the greater part being sentenced for 
 ten years, and many for life. They are not allowed 
 any meat, which is very dear at Toulon, and for the 
 
 c 2
 
 20 LETTERS. 
 
 first year they are constantly, clay and night, chained 
 two and two. I suspect that on the whole they are 
 lather worse off than the convicts in the hulks. As 
 soon as we are established at Nice we shall get rid of 
 Frigo, who is more helpless and useless every day. 
 My mother received to-day a letter from Aunt Here- 
 ford. Pray tell Gilbert I don't write to him as he 
 would have to pay the postage of the letter from 
 
 Your affectionate son, ~ ~ 
 
 Nice : Nov. 14, 1832. 
 
 .My dear Head, — I received a few days ago your 
 letter, and was glad to hear that my papers reached 
 you in safety ; not indeed that they incurred much 
 risk. As Thirlwall is in distress for matter, I am glad 
 I sent them, though a ' rudis indigestaque moles.' I 
 trust to your fostering hand to warm the dead seeds 
 into life. With respect to thrall, I suspect the custom 
 of piercing slaves' ears, although mentioned both in 
 Exodus and in Juvenal, would lead one on a false 
 scent. From thra A.S., the same as the English thro& 
 and the Sc. thrae, signifying woe, pain, calamity, &c, 
 thra-el is formed. El is as much the termination as 
 in thyril from thyr. It is difficult to say in what 
 relation thur and thra stand to one another : they may 
 be distinct roots ; or thra may have originally meant 
 pain from piercing. This is, however, so uncertain, 
 that it would be safer not to attempt to connect them 
 unless you can get some further link. Query, the 
 English throat and Latin terebro, which cannot come 
 from tero. t^i/oj in Greek (whence thro, in Latin 
 turnus, I suppose, torno tourner, tourneur, turner, &c.) 
 probably stands in the same relation to Sup or rop, as 
 drill to dur. I can make nothing of tur-ren, tur-st (in
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 21 
 
 Hajen's Glossary to Nib. Lied), thir-st, &c, which must, 
 I suppose, belong to the same family. In Provencal 
 traou is a hole, and traoucar is to make a hole. This 
 would seem to show that there was a form tralla or 
 trallus, or some such word (or else tral or dralle 
 German), as the Provencal changes the e into ou (the 
 Italian u), thus doutre from alter, aoubo from albus 
 (aube du jour), aoutar, to raise, from altus, &c. Grimm's 
 remarks on composition will make a good article, par- 
 ticularly if you add something of your own. There 
 are not, I think, many English improper compounds ; 
 cutthroat, daredevil, makeshift, wagtail, skinflint, cut- 
 water, breakwater, are instances. Also proper names, as 
 Shakespeare, Drinkwater, Thirwall (' Marmion,' Canto i. 
 xiii.) You had better give the whole passage in a 
 note for me. In French they abound ; see in the 
 dictionary the various compounds with garde. Hotel- 
 Dieu, Palais Bourbon, Hotel Meurice, &c, may also be 
 regarded as compounds, and they are improper. As far 
 as I can make out all the Celtic compounds are im- 
 proper ; at least, such seems to me the case when Welsh 
 names of places are translated to me, but it is difficult 
 to judge when one knows nothing of a language. It is 
 important to remark that no modern Latin language 
 has, as far as I am aware, formed a proper compound. 
 If on examination you should find this to be true, it 
 is a remarkable fact. Some morning, when you go to 
 the Bodleian, you will find it worth your while to 
 verify the following references : Archaeologia, vol. v. 
 p. 306 ; vol. ix. p. 332. With respect to French ne- 
 gatives there is a good deal in Kaynouard's works, 
 which I can show you when I return to England. It 
 is remarkable that in the Provencal there are no 
 double negatives, but they have dropt the ne and pre-
 
 ■•■2 LETTERS. 
 
 MTve only the pas. It would be a pity to make a 
 Beparate paper about yea and yes, if it should spoil 
 your general paper on the subject of affirmatives and 
 negatives. Or in that you might confine yourself to 
 the Latin languages, and bring in anything else by way 
 of illustration. By so doing you would avoid meeting 
 ou and [My in face. Could you not stir up some Oxford 
 man to write a review, generally the easiest work? 
 
 My mother and I, after having passed a deplorable 
 week at a wretched village, where we were forced to 
 do quarantine ' in the worst inn's worst room,' food 
 being scarce, the cold not contemptible, and the rooms 
 so small and the wind so high that we could not always 
 bear a fire, have now established ourselves in lodgings, 
 where we are fixt for a month at least, and probably 
 till the end of December. It is warm enough out of 
 doors, but never warm enough for my satisfaction in 
 the house. I am not surprised to hear of Johnson's 
 blunders ; for I strongly suspect he was the author of 
 the translation of Niebuhr, which Talboys sent me, 
 and of the ' achte Enkelinnen ' (the 'Eight Grand- 
 daughters ').* He seems to have a fatality in the medical 
 line, for I remember one of his translations was ' der 
 Arzt,' the artist. It is lucky for Talboys that nobody 
 has taken the trouble of comparing his translations 
 with the original. 'Galignani' gave the other day, 
 from the ' Courier,' a charge of a certain Baron Smith 
 to the Dublin grand jury, in which I find this passage : 
 — ' Every legal claim is a right, and every right is a 
 just one ; for just is right.' I hope you are convinced 
 by this exemplary argument, as the potato-headed 
 jury doubtless were. I see advertised in the French 
 
 • I cannot recollect the title of the translation from the German in 
 which this blunder was made. — Editor.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 23 
 
 newspapers a pamphlet against the government with 
 this motto, ' Indignatio ' (Juvenal). Query, whether a 
 reference to the dictionary would not have been equally 
 effective. My studies for the last few days have been 
 ' Vidocq's Memoirs,' a most entertaining, curious, and 
 instructive book, at least to those interested about 
 police and the ways of thieves. It is a fine commentary 
 on the effect of promiscuous intercourse in prisons. 
 The French system is much the same as ours, minus 
 transportation and the penitentiary. 
 
 It surprises me to hear that agitation has made such 
 progress at Oxford. I feel convinced, however, that 
 as the Catholic question made way for reform, so 
 reform will make way for the church. Another thing 
 I am convinced of is, that the church has a thousand 
 times more to fear from the dissenters than the 
 infidels, those who have a different faith than those 
 who have no faith. An infidel will not avow his dis- 
 belief, and the church gets the benefits of all the doubts ; 
 a dissenter feels himself a rival, and is proud to own 
 himself as such. A dissenter says that he has got a 
 better faith than yours, whereas an unbeliever looks 
 on all with equal contempt. Consequently I do not 
 expect much zeal on the part of the Eadicals, who are 
 chiefly like the French ; they have (as a person said to 
 me at Paris) une irreligion complete. But from the 
 dissenters a loud, strong, and well-concerted opposition 
 is to be expected. I shall be curious to see if they 
 can bring in Lord Henley for Middlesex. If Villiers* 
 is at Oxford, remember me to him ; I will write to 
 
 him when a little news accumulates. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 * The Honourable Ed-ward Villiers, brother to the Earl of Clarendon, 
 died October, 1843.
 
 24 LETT/-: US. 
 
 Nice: Nov. 20, 1832. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — I have not written to you before 
 chiefly because I thought that you would prefer reading 
 the letters written to my father to paying the value 
 of a tithe pig for a private despatch. Now that your 
 revenues are come in, I shall venture to address you in 
 particular. Not indeed that I have anything particular 
 to say, for it would be difficult to find any place less 
 fertile in subjects than Nice. In comparison with it, 
 Hereford is lively and active. Nice is a small town, 
 containing about 13,000 inhabitants, situated in a sort 
 of oblong basin, surrounded by hills which gradually 
 pass into the Alps and become mountains. The suburb, 
 or faubourg, where most of the best houses are, and 
 where we live, is separated from the town by a wide 
 bed of gravel, in the middle of which trickles a narrow 
 stream of water, but which is subject to sudden and 
 violent floods, when it becomes a large stream and 
 covers the large space of shingle which in common 
 times is bare. The consequence is, that the narrow 
 valley down which this torrent runs, instead of having 
 green meadows or trees at the bottom, is nothing but 
 a bed of gravel. There is nothing remarkable in the 
 town — no fine buildings, no handsome walks, no marks 
 of affluence or attention to ornament. The shops are 
 poor and bad except the confectioners', who shine in 
 their department. There is no English society here 
 now, as there appears to have been in some former 
 years ; my mother knows nobody except a sick Lady 
 Elizabeth Lowther, who never goes out, and has lived 
 many years in the south of France on account of her 
 health. All this may give you a bad idea of Nice. 
 On the other hand, the climate deserves all the good 
 that has been said of it. Considering we are, as it were,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS BROTHER. 25 
 
 at the very foot of the Alps, and that for some time 
 several of the mountains in sight have been covered with 
 snow, the perfect mildness and serenity of the weather 
 is extraordinary. For the last ten days we have had the 
 rainy season, and more rain fell during that time than 
 I ever saw fall in an equal time in England ; neverthe- 
 less the air during the whole time, although the sun 
 never showed itself, was perfectly mild, without the 
 least feeling of cold or dampness in the air. Vegetation 
 appears never to be interrupted. We have peas at 
 dinner almost every day, and fresh flowers and vege- 
 tables are now coming up in all the ill-cultivated 
 gardens about the town. The oranges are now hanging 
 on the trees in great abundance, some green, some 
 half yellow. The orange is a small tree, and a very 
 free bearer ; in its present state it is the most beautiful 
 fruit tree I ever saw. The fruit is picked in February for 
 exportation. The olive tree, which grows wild in this 
 neighbourhood, and with which all the hills are covered, 
 is so like an evergreen oak that one might easily be 
 mistaken for the other. Its colour, however, is rather 
 darker, and it has no particular beauty, except that, as 
 it does not lose its leaves in winter, it prevents this 
 country, which it covers, from ever looking bare. There 
 are no timber trees in this neighbourhood, no cattle, and 
 no grain. Carts and wagons moreover exist, but by 
 no means abound. The common people all speak a 
 vile patois, neither French nor Italian, perfectly unin- 
 telligible to strangers. Nothing but one or two motives 
 could induce any person to establish himself at Nice, 
 viz. health or economy ; and for those two purposes, 
 as far as I see, it is admirable. It is now only No- 
 vember 20, but you may judge of the warmth when I 
 tell you that hitherto we have dined with perfect
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 comfort in a room without a fireplace, and that the 
 flic- torment a horse so much as to render slow riding 
 disagreeable. In January it is of course colder, but in 
 ordinary years, during the da} T , the thermometer is 
 seldom under 50, and generally about GO. As to 
 economy, I saw a house in which a mother with two or 
 
 ■ 
 
 three daughters took a second floor, besides a kitchen 
 below, tin- whole sufficient for a family, probably with 
 ;i maidservant and cook, for 1,000 francs a year, i.e. 40/. 
 This included furniture, plate, crockery-ware, linen, &c. 
 
 * *n "F *& 
 
 I cannot say that I look forward with great pleasure 
 to a journey in the dead of winter, as the inns are so 
 fearfully cold ; but my mother is anxious to leave this 
 place, which she naturally finds very dull, and to see 
 the lions of Italy. There seems some prospect of my 
 
 being able to go by sea from Genoa to Civita Vecchia. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Your affectionate brother, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Not long after his return to England, Sir George 
 Lewis was employed for the first time in public business. 
 Questions relating to Poor Laws both in England and 
 Ireland, in consequence of the defective state of the 
 law. occupied general attention ; and he was named to 
 act upon a commission to inquire into the condition of 
 the poorer Irish resident in England and Scotland. 
 Thus employed he visited many of the largest English 
 ;n id Scotch towns. 
 
 I insert a letter from Sir T. Frankland Lewis, written 
 to his son, Sir George Lewis, in 1834, because the next 
 letter of Sir George Lewis, dated from Manchester, 
 where he was pursuing his inquiry into the condition 
 of the Irish resident there, refers to the principal subject 
 which it contains.
 
 T. FRANKLAND LEWIS TO G. C. LEWIS. 27 
 
 T. Frankland Leivis, Esq. to George Lewis, Esq. 
 
 January, 1834. 
 
 My dear George, — You have often heard me talk 
 of the Poor Law Committee, of which Sturges Bourne 
 was the chairman, and know how anxious a part I took 
 in all its proceedings. Nothing of importance passed 
 which I was not acquainted with during the sitting of the 
 committee. And when the bills were passing which re- 
 sulted from our recommendations, though the committee 
 sat no longer, I continued in constant communication 
 with Sturges Bourne on the subject of their provisions, 
 &c. If, therefore, there had been any such understand- 
 ing as there has been imputed to us, I must have known 
 it. Had there been such an understanding in the 
 House it is absolutely impossible that I could have 
 been ignorant of it. That the laws should only be 
 partially put into operation which were to prevent the 
 Irish from coming over to England, and fastening them- 
 selves on the Poor's Kate, was as far as possible from 
 being the wish or understanding of the committee or 
 the Parliament of that day. I may say that it was of 
 all others the evil that they dreaded most, and strove 
 most to contend against. It was particularly Sturges 
 Bourne's object to establish the most effective means of 
 preventing the evil, and I know that he thought the 
 mode resorted to would be effectual though expensive. 
 ****** 
 
 Judge-made law would fill many volumes. Magis- 
 trate-made law is generally provided for the occasion ; 
 in this instance Manchester will never shake off its 
 
 effects. 
 
 Your affectionate father, 
 
 T. Frankland Lewis.
 
 ?; LETTERS. 
 
 Manchester : Feb. 2, 1834. 
 
 My dear Father,— Gilbert left me yesterday for 
 Bawarden, having gone in the morning with me to see 
 the silk mill of a person who had imported raw Irish 
 human beings from Connaught to a considerable extent. 
 ] was much obliged to him for his visit, as it was a very 
 agreeable break to me. 
 
 What yon say about Sturges Bourne's act is quite 
 satisfactory ; I had not indeed any notion that such an 
 understanding had prevailed, or that so important a 
 matter could have been left to a vague understanding ; 
 nor indeed if it had, do I conceive that any person was 
 bound to acquiesce in it contrary to his judgment. The 
 loss to this town in a pecuniary point of view is not 
 very great ; whether such an opulent and nourishing 
 community as Manchester pays 10,000/. a year more 
 or less in poor rates cannot be a matter of much im- 
 port ; but in a moral point of view I conceive that the 
 practice has been most mischievous; in the first place 
 in promoting laziness, fraud, dependence, and improvi- 
 dence among the Irish labourers who are already here ; 
 and. Becondly, in attracting from Ireland the most 
 beggarly and worthless part of the population. The 
 public charities, which have been lavished with the 
 most indiscriminate profuseness, have assisted in pro- 
 ducing the same effects. 
 
 What yon Bay about the views of the Catholic priest- 
 hood is no doubt true of the Irish Catholics in Ireland ; 
 1 question, however, whether it is true of the Irish 
 Catholics in England. In the first place, most of the 
 priests on this side of the water are English. Out of 
 three priests at Birmingham, one was Irish, educated in 
 Portugal. Out of eight (I think) at Liverpool, one only
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 29 
 
 was Irish, educated at Maynooth ; and I must say that 
 he is a very respectable man, and gave very fair and 
 candid evidence. Here out of about six priests there 
 are two Irish Maynoothians ; and though one whom I 
 have seen is, in my opinion, an insincere man, yet I 
 hear a very high character of him on all sides, and 
 among persons quite above suspicion of interest or 
 caprice. The priests have taken a very decided part 
 against the Trades Unions, and all societies bound by 
 secret oaths ; and I believe that their influence has in 
 many instances had great effect. They dissolved the 
 union of the Irish bricklayers' labourers in Manchester 
 this autumn ; and it has never been formed again. 
 Altogether, in the contests between the masters and 
 workmen (which are the conservative and destructive 
 parties of these manufacturing districts), they have 
 sided with the former, and that in the most open and 
 uncompromising manner. The Irish occupy so low a 
 place in the scale of society in the large English towns, 
 that it is difficult to imagine that the most enthusiastic or 
 far-sighted among them could ever entertain the project 
 of supplanting the English on their own soil. If they 
 are like the Jews a separate, they are also like the Jews 
 a rejected caste ; they are emphatically in this country 
 what Tacitus says of the Jews among the Eomans, 
 ' despectissima pars servientium,' the most deoraded 
 of the working population. The Irish do not associate 
 with the English, not because they dislike the Eno-lish, 
 but because the English dislike them. They are <?lad 
 enough to perform their drunken orgies with any 
 Englishmen who will descend to their level, and herd 
 with them. All the reluctance is on our, not their part. 
 The very children in the mills complain of being put to 
 work next to an Irish child ; and in the Sunday-schools
 
 30 LETTERS. 
 
 the English move from them. All this has a tendency 
 to lower the Irish in their own estimation as Irish, to 
 make them wish to wear off the marks of distinction, 
 and to adopt the habits of persons by whose opinion 
 they are approved or condemned. I went to-day to 
 several houses and cellars in Little Ireland, which is 
 about the worst sink of Irishism in Manchester, and 
 several persons said that such a boy did not like to go 
 to chapel, and the other child was not sent to the 
 Sunday-school, for want of shoes and stockings. No 
 such motive would occur in Ireland : as no child would 
 have shoes and stockings, the want of them would not 
 be felt a disgrace. I have no doubt that the priests strive, 
 and strive successfully, to keep them within the fold of 
 the true church ; but I am inclined to think that the ac- 
 curate separation between the lower Irish and English 
 in Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester is owing 
 rather to an exclusion kept up against them than by 
 them ; and that if they were more frequently to rise in 
 the world, and to become assimilated in habits of order, 
 and cleanliness, and decency to the English, they would 
 not be more distinguishable from them than the English 
 Catholics are now. The Irish keep up all their national, 
 and provincial, and religious feuds ; the Ulster men turn 
 out against the Connaught men, as they might in Dub- 
 lin. There was a great battle here last autumn between 
 County Leitrim and County Roscommon. Not long ago 
 one Irishman, who quarrelled with a countryman of his 
 own, drinking in a pot-house, about the real presence, 
 finished the dispute by stabbing him to the heart with 
 a knife which lay on the table. But I do not find that 
 they ever array themselves as a body against the Eng- 
 lish, unless they consider the English as Orangemen. 
 They do not seem to have any notion of viewing the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 31 
 
 English as a common enemy, who is to be extirpated 
 or undermined ; on the contrary, I am inclined to 
 think that, on this side of the water, the English are 
 generally the aggressors, and that the Irish, whenever 
 their acts are organised or premeditated, usually act on 
 the defensive. Now and then, it is true, they issue 
 from the drinking houses, mad with gin, and scour the 
 streets ; but these are outrages which a good police 
 and a law armed with an effective sanction (now alto- 
 gether wanting) would suppress ; and even if, as at 
 present, not suppressed they could not ultimately lead 
 to very serious consequences. The English labourer, on 
 the contrary, views the Irish with hate and jealousy, 
 as the means of lowering his wages ; and though it is 
 my firm belief that such has not been the effect of the 
 Irish immigration (except in some peculiar and narrow 
 departments of industry), yet it is very natural that the 
 natives should think so. A few years ago a battle took 
 place at the entrance of Chester between the natives 
 and a band of Irish reapers, in which the latter were 
 (I understand) fairly beaten and driven back. 
 
 I have long been aware that my picture would be 
 very imperfect if not only London but also Bristol is 
 omitted. I thought it, however, prudent not to propose 
 too much at first, lest people should be alarmed; I 
 shall see how things turn up in Ireland, and shall 
 watch my opportunity, and, unless something unforeseen 
 happens, I expect to despatch Bristol on my return. 
 If after that enough time remains, I can complete my 
 inquiry in London. It is possible that I may go to 
 Leeds, which is forty miles from this place; I hear 
 contradictory reports about the number of Irish there. 
 You may direct to Manchester till you hear from me 
 again.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 I send you puff the second in the ' Manchester Guar- 
 dian, 1 and an admirable letter written by Sedgwick, in 
 older that you may see what is meant by sledge-ham- 
 ,u. ring a man. Pray return it to me. The ' Quarterly 
 Review ' is abusing the government for its remissness in 
 taking up the Poor Law question. Oh the matchless 
 impudence of the sentimental, humanitarian, anti- 
 Malthusian, anti-philosopher, charity-depending organ ! 
 There is a long, stupid article in the ' Edinburgh Ee- 
 view ' about secondary punishments. It by no means 
 supersedes my pamphlet. There is also a dull attack 
 on Whewell's ' Bridgwater Treatise.' Macaulay writes 
 about Lord Chatham, and McCulloch about the Corn 
 
 Your affectionate son, n n T 
 
 Glasgow : July 23, 1834. 
 
 My dear Head, — Villiers sent me a few days ago 
 some Homeric verses on the Duke of Wellington's 
 election. They are rather well done ; some of the hits 
 are very good, as, (ttt^b o ay(ov <Ai ThrfKeiZsm ra^avro 
 $u?^ayy;c, and 4>o£o<; sijv xsQaX^v from the description of 
 Theraites. Gaisford's criticism on them probably was, 
 if I may surmise at this distance, that as) in the first 
 page ought to be alsl. I bought at Manchester Baden 
 Powell's ' History of Philosophy,' in order to pass my 
 evening hours, and, what is more, I have read it. It 
 was scarcely fair on his unlearned readers for him to 
 quote Diogenes Laertius in the original Latin, with a 
 reference in the note which might even puzzle a learned 
 ler (p. 21). He is not, however, always equally 
 fortunate in his quotations of Latin authors ; thus, in 
 p. 58, he cites from Pliny of Hipparchus, ' Ausus rem 
 etiam Deo improbam,annumerare posteris stellas,' which, 
 I Buppose, means, ' having attempted a task difficult even
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. \V. HEAD, ESQ. 33 
 
 for a god to accomplish, viz. to count the stars for poste- 
 rity.' B. Powell translates it thus, ' who ventured also to 
 do a thing wrong in the sight of the Deity, to enumerate 
 the stars to posterity.' Another equally felicitous trans- 
 lation of Bacon's famous aphorism, ' Antiquitas saeculi 
 juventus mundi,' occurs in p. 91 ; that is, he says, ' We 
 are more ancient than those who went before us,' 
 which is exactly what Ave are not. Beckoning the life 
 of the world as we should reckon the life of an indi- 
 vidual, we are older than those who went before us, 
 but we are evidently not more ancient. Antiquity is 
 counted backwards, age is counted forwards. For 
 example, take any individual, as Socrates ; the older he 
 becomes, and the greater is his age, the less is the anti- 
 quity. If you wish to have a clear and concise defini- 
 tion of logic, I refer you to p. 86, where, speaking of 
 the Aristotelian philosophy, he mentions ' the systematic 
 forms which it gave to dialectical logic or the theory 
 of conclusiveness.' He does not, however, seem to 
 have an equally clear idea of other parts of Aristotle's 
 writings, even those on physical subjects ; for the Me- 
 teorologies are transmuted into 'A Book on Meteors' 
 (p. 175). 
 
 I see no advertisement of the ' Philological Museum,' 
 and therefore conclude that Thirlwall's attempts to get 
 money from the delegates have failed. 
 
 This is now about the tenth day since I came to 
 
 Glasgow. I may go across to Edinburgh for a few 
 
 days ; I shall then return, and sweep the western coast 
 
 by Paisley, Greenock, and Ayrshire to Portpatrick, 
 
 and so to Ireland. Will you send the enclosed paper to 
 
 Talboys?* -^ , , 
 
 J Jiver yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * A bookseller at Oxford. 
 D
 
 ;.| LETTERS. 
 
 In the summer of 1834 Sir George Lewis received a 
 Becond appointment Differences had occurred in the 
 House of Commons and in the Cabinet relative to 
 changes which many members desired to effect in the 
 Established Church in Ireland; and, with a view to 
 gel over them, Lord Althorp announced in June that 
 the King had issued a commission to inquire into the 
 stale of the Church property and Church affairs gene- 
 rally in Ireland. The names of the persons of whom it 
 consisted were the Chancellor, the Home Secretary, 
 the Secretary for Ireland, Thomas Doyley, T. N. Lister, 
 John Wrottesley, G. B. Lennard, E. C. Tufnell, Daniel 
 Maule, George Cornewall Lewis, W. H. Curran, W. T. 
 Hamilton, Acheson Lyle, and Wm. Newport. 
 
 Sir George Lewis next writes from Dublin, where 
 he was engaged with the inquiries which he had 
 undertaken. 
 
 He subsequently published an ' Essay on the Irish 
 Church,' which he appended to his account of ' Dis- 
 turbances in Ireland.' 
 
 Dublin : August 6, 1834. 
 
 My dear Father, — I received last night an invitation 
 from Sir (Wm.) Gosset to dine with him to-day, which, 
 I suppose, was in consequence of a letter from you ; I 
 had intended to call on him to-day at the Castle. My 
 commissioners were very tame when I came to an ex- 
 planation with them; not one of them hazarded a 
 remark. To-day I intend to read Le Marchant's letter 
 to them, which I have just received, and then I shall 
 have them to their meditations. 
 
 Yesterday 1 saw Curran, who seems to have been 
 very active, and to have done as much as could have 
 been expected in so short a time and with so laborious a
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO I1IS FATHER. 35 
 
 task. All the blank returns have been sent out, and the 
 commissioners will probably begin their work at the 
 end of September at the earliest. I have therefore nearly 
 two months clear for the Poor inquiry ; and, although 
 it may be troublesome, I am, on the whole, glad that I 
 have not withdrawn my neck from the yoke, which I 
 might easily have done. For, in the first place, these 
 people would have abused me, and have attributed the ill 
 results of their own inefficiency to the desertion of their 
 assistant commissioners ; and, secondly, there is such a 
 want of any person who can reckon up twenty without 
 a fault that I hope to be serviceable to them, however 
 thankless the service may be. My present notion is to 
 take the Terry Alt country, and to direct my inquiry 
 particularly to the connection of poverty, vagrancy, 
 and the pressing want of land, with crime and outrage. 
 You are aware that the Terry Alt were the people who 
 dug up meadow land at night, in order to get it for 
 potatoes. From what I can learn of the run [not 
 clearly legible in original] of the evidence as hitherto 
 collected, the evils of the present system of maintaining 
 the destitute poor in Ireland (viz. vagrancy, mendi- 
 cancy, intimidation, and theft) appear so great, that a 
 well organised workhouse system would be far prefer- 
 able. The difficulty is, under the circumstances of the 
 country, to work any system well, however good the 
 law may be. When More O'Ferrall came to Dublin, 
 and saw how things were going on at the Commission, 
 and how utterly worthless were the reports of the 
 assistant commissioners, he moved that they should 
 consider everything hitherto done as nothing, that the 
 whole business should be entrusted to the Secretary, 
 that the Board should adjourn sine die, only to be 
 called together by the Secretary if he wished for in-
 
 3G LETTERS. 
 
 structions; that fresh instructions should be prepared, 
 and everything be begun afresh. The paid commis- 
 sioners in Dublin and the busybodies of course would 
 qoI agree to this, but I think virtually this is the present 
 Mate of things. The Board meets pro forma ; no 
 business of importance is transacted by it; Whately 
 has long since ceased to attend or to take any cogni- 
 zance of the business; the Secretary has prepared a 
 long detailed string of queries, which, in fact, are new 
 instructions ; and the assistant commissioners are going 
 to start with them on a new plan of inquiry. The 
 reports received are, moreover, as far as I can learn, 
 mere waste paper. Of course you will not mention 
 any of this private history, as it is not fitted for the 
 world at large. 
 
 I think that you were right in not giving yourself 
 the trouble of going to London before you knew 
 whether the palpable and prominent objections could 
 be removed. I can form no guess what are the wishes 
 or intentions of the Government, and how far they are 
 prepared to concede. 
 
 My present intention is to leave Dublin next Monday. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Dublin : October 13, 1834. 
 
 My dear Father, — I returned yesterday morning by 
 the mail from Clonmel, having been to Carrick-on-Suir 
 for one night and examined into the poverty of that 
 most miserable and decaying place. To-day I went to 
 the Church Commission, and found the commissioners 
 preparing to start, in general well pleased with their 
 instructions and making no difficulties. One benefice 
 near Dublin was examined on Saturday containing six
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 37 
 
 parishes ; there were only fifteen Protestants in it. 
 Hitherto the number of Protestants has turned out to 
 be very small, smaller than was anticipated. 
 
 I am glad to hear that you have had some sport in 
 overseers throwing up, &c. ; it would have been very 
 dull if everything had gone off smoothly. 
 
 * # * * 
 
 The district allotted to me to examine is the dioceses 
 of New Eoss, Waterford, Lismore, and Cork. I shall 
 not, however, start for three weeks at the earliest, and 
 it is possible by that time that circumstances may have 
 arisen which will make some fresh arrangement neces- 
 sary. Our great object has been to make the com- 
 missioners as much automatons as possible, to leave 
 nothing to discretion, as we have some men who want 
 to show up the Protestants and others who want to 
 show up the Catholics. My notion is that we shall 
 make such a damning case against the Church as must 
 in the end produce an entire remodelling of its ministers 
 and revenues. In this case, as in that of the Poor 
 Law Commission, a measure intended as a temporary 
 stop-gap will produce permanent effects. I do not see 
 how our report can be delayed beyond February at 
 
 the latest. 
 
 # * * # 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The next letter is written to Mrs. Austin, whose 
 powerful intellect, accurate judgment, and varied know- 
 ledge made her society attractive to many of the wisest 
 of her contemporaries. George Lewis enjoyed her 
 friendship, and became her correspondent early in his 
 life. Most of his letters to her have unfortunately been
 
 :;- LETTERS. 
 
 destroyed, but Mrs. Austin has been obliging enough 
 to give me some which she lias preserved, and which 
 will, I think, be found interesting. 
 
 
 No date, but probably written in tbe autumn of 1834. 
 
 Dear Mrs. Austin, — You do me too much honour in 
 supposing that I wrote an article in the ' Quarterly 
 Review ' (query, on fox-hunting or horse-racing) in 
 which you are mentioned with praise. I am altogether 
 innocent or guilty, as the case may be, never having 
 written a word in that review. The only praise I have 
 at present to bestow on you is for your translation of 
 Sismondi, the chief part of which I read with great 
 pleasure, as far as the style is concerned ; I only wish 
 that our original histories were always written in as 
 good English. In proof of my diligence, I send you 
 some errata, which you may burn or use, at your 
 pleasure. Whenever you feel inclined to attack Bau- 
 mer, I have found you a bookseller, but as you have 
 only just finished Sismondi's superfetation, I shall 
 say nothing for the present on the subject. In the 
 summer I made a journey for the Poor Inquiry Com- 
 mission in Munster through the counties of Tipperary, 
 Limerick, and Kerry. Among other places I went to 
 Kenmare, which I saw under unfavourable circum- 
 stances, on account of bad weather ; but I think it 
 fortunate that you did not go there, as the climate is 
 moist, and this summer was remarkably cold and 
 cloudy in that part of Ireland. For the last six months 
 I have been in Dublin, demolishing the Church. Our 
 
 'o 
 
 • A short time after these words were written, Mrs. Austin's deatb oc- 
 curred, and an int. 1 . Bting notice of her appeared in tbe Times of Monday, 
 A ._ ;-t L2, L867, in which her warmth of heart, her intellectual power 
 and desire to maintain hij.di principles of action are very justly recorded.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. AUSTIN. 39 
 
 proper style and title is the Public Instruction Com- 
 mission, which the friends of the Church in this country 
 changed into Public Destruction Commission. It is a 
 mere statistical inquiry, and proceeds very satisfac- 
 torily, but, as you say, proves only what everybody 
 knows. Nevertheless it is something to establish dis- 
 agreeable truths beyond the power of contradiction. 
 Whately is supposed to have said that the clergy had 
 been long revelling in the Book of Job, but that now 
 they were forced to take a spell in the Book of 
 Numbers. 
 
 I can only return Mr. Austin's and your kind saluta- 
 tions, for I fear that there is no chance of my crossing 
 the Channel in the year 1834. At any time that you 
 have leisure to write, I should be happy to receive 
 even a few lines from you, particularly if anything 
 turns up promising better things in the way of a 
 scheme of codification. A letter would at any time 
 reach me enclosed to the Under Secretary, Castle, 
 Dublin, with ' Public Instruction ' on the corner of the 
 outside cover. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Dublin : November 22, 1834. 
 
 My dear Father, — It is very likely that the King- 
 may have had reasons for ejecting his ministry which 
 are not known to the public, and they may be good 
 and sufficient reasons ; but I confess that Lord Al- 
 thorp's move seems to me to have been laid hold of 
 as a pretext, and could not have been the real motive 
 for the change ; and if Lord Melbourne was willing to 
 try whether Lord Althorp could be dispensed with, 
 and the King had no objection to the principles of his
 
 40 LETTERS 
 
 ministers, I do not lliink lie acted fairly by them. It 
 seems quite impossible that the Tories can stand if they 
 remain Tories; and if they do not remain Tories, I 
 cannot >ee why they should wish to come in. Al- 
 together the thing is a mystery to me, which a few 
 weeks will now clear up. Whatever happens, I hope 
 that a provision will be made for the Irish Catholic 
 clergy. Have you seen Croly's pamphlet? If you 
 have not, I will send it to you. 
 
 We have made great progress with our business. 
 We have circulated queries in every parish in Ireland, 
 and have got answers in most. We have also employed 
 an enumerator in every parish to amend the census of 
 1831 by inserting the religious persuasion of each 
 individual ; and we have received notifications that 
 about 1,700 (out of 2,600) of these are already 
 completed. The commissioners have been nearly all 
 through Leinster, and have reported on about 250 
 parishes (these reports are ready for the press). If 
 everything goes on as it has gone, our inquiry will be 
 completed, and all the parochial reports will be ready 
 for the printer by the beginning or middle of March. 
 The chief expense (namely, that of employing the enu- 
 merators) has been already incurred, as they must be 
 paid If the Government were to decide to revoke the 
 commission, they would have to suppress the informa- 
 tion already collected, and to pay 4,000/. for nothing. 
 Moreover, if it was known that information was in 
 existence which was withheld, it would be said that 
 the Govern n lent dared not to produce it, lest it should 
 damn the Irish Church ; that it told a story too horrible 
 to be disclosed, which would be a most potent argu- 
 ment, on the principle of omne ignotum pro magnifico. 
 It seems to me that the revocation of the Church Com-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 41 
 
 mission would (in this country at least) be considered 
 so decided an indication of a reaction, so evidently the 
 first step of a counter-revolution, that in a minor degree 
 it would be like proposing to repeal the Eeform Bill. 
 I am not deluded by objects near my eyes into a mis- 
 taking their relative importance ; but you know that 
 the Irish Church Question was the touchstone of the 
 late Government, and that it will inevitably to a certain 
 extent be the touchstone of the new Government, and 
 that the revocation of the Church Commission would 
 be equivalent to a declaration that nothing was to be 
 done. It is a very different thing not issuing a com- 
 mission and recalling one already issued. There must 
 be some strong and cogent necessity to justify the latter 
 step. 
 
 I enclose you specimens of the form in which our 
 parochial reports will be set up ; each will be divided 
 into three parts, and \\\oy will be printed like the 
 queries of the Poor Law Commission, with one set of 
 heads on the margin, which will serve for the whole 
 volume. We are very well pleased with the appear- 
 ance of the reports which have been set up, and think 
 that they are very clear and usable. We do not 
 profess to show them, so you had better not let them 
 lie about. 
 
 I expect to be in Dublin some time longer. Lord 
 Wellesley, the Chancellor, the Attorney and Solicitor- 
 General, and Littleton have resigned. Gosset stays in, 
 or at any rate will wait to be turned out. 
 
 There has been no exultation hitherto among the 
 high Protestants ; to-day the men who come from 
 court say they are downcast on account of an article in 
 the ' Standard.' O'Connell is in Dublin, and is in a 
 perfectly quiescent state on the subject ; his present
 
 12 LETTERS. 
 
 Language is that repeal is not to be mentioned on the 
 hustings; the watchword is to be, 'Opposition to 
 an illiberal ministry;' and that all Liberals, Whigs, 
 and Repealers are to unite till the present crisis is 
 derided in favour of them, and forget all minor points 
 of disagreement. He has been ostentatiously saying 
 this to everybody who would hear him in the hall of 
 the four courts to-day.* 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. 0. L. 
 
 Dresden : October 1, 1835. 
 
 My dear Father, — Since I wrote last we have made 
 a long journey in the diligence from Frankfort through 
 Gotha, Erfurdt, and Weimar to Leipzig, where we staid 
 a day, and thence to Dresden. There was nothing 
 remarkable in this line of country, at least in that part 
 of it which we passed through during the day. The 
 only interesting sight at Leipzig is the field of battle, 
 which is completely seen from the observatory. The 
 celebrated bridge over the Elster is about as large as 
 the bridge over the Somergill at New Eadnor. The 
 liver itself is scarcely wider than a brook ; but it is 
 dee}), and the sides are steep, so that a horse cannot 
 leap it. We have passed just a fortnight at Dresden, 
 and go to-morrow to Berlin. A great part of our time 
 
 * On July 9, 1834, Earl Grey relinquished the office of Prime Minister, 
 and Lord Althorp like-wise resigned the Chancellorship of the Exche- 
 quer. In the same month Lord Melbourne was named First Lord of the 
 jury, and Lord Althorp rejoined the Cabinet. At the death, how- 
 ever, of Earl Spencer, which took place in the following November, Lord 
 Althorp'a removal to the House of Peers broke up this already tottering 
 government. The Duke of Wellington then carried on the business of 
 the country till Sir Robert Peel, who was Btayhlg in Rome, was able to 
 return to England. In December Sir Robert Peel formed a Cabinet 
 which was, in turn, but short-lived; it was broken np in April 1835, and 
 Lord Melbourne succeeded him.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 43 
 
 has been occupied in seeing the picture gallery, which 
 I suppose is the completest in Europe next to the 
 Pitti. It is peculiarly rich in Venetian pictures, and in 
 Correggio's ; it also possesses many paintings of the 
 Bolognese school, but scarcely any of much merit. 
 The chief part of the collection was purchased from the 
 Duke of Mantua by the Elector of Saxony in the first 
 quarter of the last century. There is little colour in 
 the Madonna di San Sisto, and the engraving gives a 
 better idea of it than of any picture I ever saw. It 
 has been recently cleaned, and it is said to have been 
 rubbed down and spoilt ; but neither Head nor I could 
 discover any strong trace of damage. A theory has 
 recently been started that it was intended to be used as a 
 flag at processions, which explains why it is painted on 
 silk. It is not a highly finished picture ; at least it 
 does not appear that Raphael took any extraordinary 
 pains with it. There is nothing remarkable here in 
 the way of architecture ; the situation of the town and 
 its bridge are extremely beautiful. There is a collec- 
 tion of views of Dresden and some other places in the 
 neighbourhood by Canaletti, who, it seems, passed some 
 years of his life here. We made an excursion of two 
 days to a mountainous district called ' the Saxon Swit- 
 zerland,' within a few hours of Dresden. It is a very 
 beautiful and remarkable tract of country, both in a 
 geological and picturesque point of view, and is not 
 half enough celebrated in England. It has the merit 
 of being accessible at a very small outlay of time, 
 labour, and money. 
 
 Saxony has a sort of constitution ; there are two 
 chambers, which meet every year and exercise some 
 control over the Government. But a much more 
 powerful control is exercised by Prussia, which overlays
 
 II LETTERS. 
 
 all the small states of central Germany, and is per- 
 petually interfering with their internal affairs. For 
 example, at the Saxon revolution of 1830 the censorship 
 of the press was removed, but it has been subsequently 
 re-established in consequence of a requisition from the 
 Prussian Government. The result of this oppressive 
 conduct of Prussia in all its external relations is, that it is 
 intensely hated by the other German states, and that in 
 case of a war with France they would be most unwilling 
 to join with her, however strong their interest might 
 be to keep France on the other side of the Rhine. 
 Prussia has, with great perseverance and adroitness, 
 carried a most important measure, viz. a commercial 
 union, in respect of custom duties, of the German 
 states. Instead of the duties beim* levied at the boun- 
 dary of each state, as formerly, they are now levied at 
 the boundary of the Confederation. This of course 
 necessitates the adoption by the small states of the 
 Prussian tariff, which is so arranged as to protect the 
 manufactures of Prussia. All the German states will 
 have joined this union next January, except Austria, 
 Hanover, Brunswick, and Hamburg. It will probably 
 give rise to an uniform system of weights and measures 
 and of coinage. However England may suffer by this 
 union, it is of extreme convenience to travellers. I 
 should not be surprised if some arrangement of the 
 -.line kind was made between Belgium and France. 
 It is said that proposals have been made to Belgium to 
 join the Prussian union. Our present intention is to 
 return by Hamburg, as we shall scarcely have time to 
 make the long journey to the Rhine; it is necessary to 
 ■ as high as Cassel in order to get to Cologne. We 
 had wished to go direct to Dusseldorf through Elber- 
 feld, the Prussian Manchester, but it seems that there
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER '. 45 
 
 is no post on that road. All travelling in Germany is 
 a Government affair, and is extremely inconvenient, at 
 least everything except posting. In France the dili- 
 gences are private speculations. We shall probably 
 leave Berlin about the 20th, and hope to be in London 
 on one of the first days of November. 
 
 The weather has latterly been fine without inter- 
 
 " " Your affectionate son, ^ r , T 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Berlin : October 7, 1835. 
 
 My dear Father, — We arrived at Berlin four days 
 ago, and intend to stay till about the 23rd or 24th, 
 when we shall go to Hamburg, and by the steamer 
 from thence to London ; the ordinary passage is about 
 sixty hours. I have seen Abercrombie, the Secretary 
 of Legation, and I find that he sent home, during Peel's 
 administration, the answers to some queries on the 
 management of ecdesiastical matters in Prussia which 
 I drew last autumn, and which were forwarded to the 
 Home Office by the Irish Government. They contain 
 a tolerably complete account of the subject, but want 
 further elucidation, which I hope to be able to get by 
 means of the letters given to me by Lord Minto. I 
 have seen Boeckh,* who is a middle-aged man, with 
 nothing remarkable in his appearance. 
 
 The King is now at Toplitz, as well as Ancillon, the 
 foreign minister. Berlin is a fine modern town, with 
 long wide streets and large Grecian buildings — what 
 Eegent Street would be if the architecture was not 
 barbarous. The neighbouring country is a sandy plain, 
 so barren that it can only just repay its cultivation. 
 
 * Augustus Boeckh, whose volumes on the ' Public Economy of Athens ' 
 Sir George Lewis translated.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 I received your letter at Dresden, at the time when 
 I put my own Letter into the post, so that I could not 
 acknowledge it. I was glad to hear that your bow- 
 meeting had gone off well, and that the weather in Rad- 
 norshire was better than on the Rhine. It is now be- 
 ginning to feel cold at night, but the days are clear and 
 sunny. Berlin is intensely cold in winter. I enclose a 
 Letter from Head* for his father. If my mother wishes 
 me to bring her any music, I can do so without difficulty 
 to anv extent ; only pray let her write the day this letter 
 arrives. The difference in the price of books between 
 England and Germany is enormous. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 17, Henrietta Street : Feb. 15, 1836. 
 
 My dear Head, — Raumer, in his book on England, 
 after some remarks on defects in the English govern- 
 ment, proceeds as follows : — 
 
 ' Ueberhaupt hat meine obige Bemerkung liber die 
 Manuel unci Gefahren constitutioneller Formen nicht 
 dem Absolutismus der Camarilla Oberwasser geben 
 sollen.' 
 
 Now you must know that the Oberwasser is the 
 stream of water which passes over the wheel in a 
 watermill, as distinguished from those mills in which 
 the water passes under the wheel. Oberwasser geben 
 is therefore 'to give an impulse to,' or more generally 
 ' to be favourable to.' 
 
 Mrs. takes a different view of the meaning. 
 
 In another sheet of her translation, which I received 
 yesterday, the passage stands thus: — 'My remarks 
 indeed on the defects and dangers of constitutional 
 
 * Hia friend^ Edmund Walk, r If. , |, l> (( ., vrith whom lie was travelling.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 47 
 
 forms do not at all tend to the absolutism of Camarilla 
 Oberwasser.' I was thinking of changing Camarilla 
 into Camilla, and adding a note stating that Camilla 
 Oberwasser, though her name was not as well known 
 as it deserved to be, had in fact been Queen of the 
 Bernese Oberland, and had governed laer subjects very 
 tyrannically, until she was justly dethroned by the 
 Papal Hohenstaufens. 
 
 If anything could compensate to me the loss of a 
 journey with you, it would be the acquisition of this 
 information about Queen Oberwasser, as well as the 
 remark of a friend of yours and mine, who said a 
 short time ago, in a large party, with an authoritative 
 tone, that it was all very well talking, but that there 
 was only one book in Spanish literature worth a far- 
 thing, and that was ' Gil Bias.' 
 
 The only news I hear is that the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham is dying, which will produce a contest for Buck- 
 inghamshire. The Irish Municipal and Constabulary 
 Bills will be brought forward this week ; the Irish 
 Church Bill is not expected till after Easter. Let me 
 hear how you go on. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The book alluded to in the following letter, which 
 Sir George Lewis states that he could fill with more 
 evidence, but could not make clearer or fuller, contains 
 two essays, the one on ' Irish Disturbances,' the other 
 on the ' Irish Church,' which he published in this year. 
 They contain facts which came to his knowledge, and 
 opinions that he formed, during the time that he served 
 on the two Irish Commissions of Inquiry. It does not 
 appear that in 1836 he would have gone so far as alto-
 
 18 LETTERS. 
 
 ge 
 
 ther to disendow and disestablish the Irish Church, 
 but in his opinion the changes that were then requisite 
 were very extensive. 
 
 London : April 0, 1836. 
 
 Mv dear Head, — I am much obliged to you for 
 your account of the Vulcanian whiteboys of South 
 Wales; like causes produce like effects, and I am 
 thankful for any parallel to so anomalous and singular 
 a state of things. The trade unions, so far as they went 
 in this country, are the best analogy ; but they are an 
 associated and definite body, guided by intelligent 
 sharp-witted men, and having large funds at their 
 control. The curious thing in Ireland is that the 
 system should be so extensive, so successful, and yet so 
 devoid of means. 
 
 I have just been looking over the evidence of the 
 Irish Poor Law Commission on the subject of disturb- 
 ances ; there is confirmation of what I have written 
 without end, but I do not find anything contradictory 
 or inconsistent with what I have stated, nor indeed 
 anything additional. If I had now to write the book 
 again, I could make a stronger case by giving more 
 evidence, but I am not aware that I could make it 
 eh arer or fuller. As yet I have found nothing to make 
 me think that I have not exhausted the subject. You 
 will doubtless have seen, and perhaps have attempted 
 to read, the Irish Poor Report in the newspapers. It 
 sins both in excess and defect; it does not contain an 
 account of the state of the people, the causes and 
 extent of their poverty, and the effects which it pro- 
 duces on them ; and it does contain all kinds of absurd 
 projects which I hope that no sane Government will 
 ever think of introducing. What do you think of the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 49 
 
 landlords of the commission refusing to sign unless 
 there was a clause recommending that a part of the 
 rate should be paid by the mortgagees ? One of the 
 most monstrous propositions which ever proceeded 
 even from a landlord, and still more, even from an Irish 
 landlord. It is probably too late now for the Govern- 
 ment to do anything more than move some resolutions 
 about Irish poor laws ; and people say that the Lords 
 will throw out the Irish Church Bill, and that they 
 will put Peel's scheme into the Irish Municipal Bill, 
 which the Commons will reject ; so that the Irish 
 measures of this year do not seem to promise much. 
 There is an inimitable dialogue on theory and practice 
 in the new number of the ' London Review ' by old 
 Mill in the character of Plato. A keeps up a running 
 fire of truisms, which B answers (being entirely con- 
 vinced about the second page against all his former 
 opinions). ' How true, how just, how incontrovertible ! 
 What magnificent notions you give me of the importance 
 of knowledge ; how my mind expands ; how I wish 
 that I had known all this before,' &c. &c. Per contra 
 there is an article on civilisation by John Mill which is 
 worth reading. 
 
 Before I went to Ireland I had very strong opinions 
 as to the influence of race on the Irish character. But 
 when I came to look at things more nearly, and to see 
 all the demoralising influences to which they have been 
 and are subjected, I asked myself whether a people of 
 Germanic race would have turned out much better ; 
 and I really could not answer in the affirmative. There 
 is a great difference in the physical appearance of the 
 peasantry in different parts ; the Celtic blood is purest 
 in the mountains, in Kerry and Galway. On the other 
 hand, in Kilkenny and Tipperary the peasantry have 
 
 E
 
 50 LETTERS. 
 
 not the Celtic stamp strongly marked ; they are large- 
 limbed and fair-haired. The genuine Celts are small, 
 with stiff black hair and dark Hashing eyes ; Curran is 
 a perfect type of this cast of features. Yet Tipperary 
 
 is the most disturbed county in Ireland, and Kilkenny 
 one of the worst. Cork, a very Celtic county, is in 
 general pretty quiet. I remember talking to Beaumont 
 about the negroes in the same manner, and he seemed 
 to have undergone a similar change of opinion, and to 
 think that external influences had been far too much 
 disregarded in forming an estimate of the negro cha- 
 racter. Cceteris paribus, I would sooner have a Ger- 
 man than a Celt, and a Protestant than a Catholic ; 
 but I have no doubt that a peasantry of Catholic Celts 
 may be so governed and placed under such moral 
 influences as to be peaceable, industrious, and con- 
 tented ; and I have no doubt that a peasantry of 
 Protestant Germans might, if properly oppressed and 
 brutalised, be made as bad as the Irish. You re- 
 member the German Bauernkrieg. 
 
 I have written an article for Hayward on La Eon- 
 ciere ;* it is a stupid affair, but having once undertaken 
 it, I was bound to finish. The evidence is nearly 
 balanced, and it is difficult to make out anything with 
 certainty ; so that one wants the exact words, and the 
 
 • See the Law Magazine, vol. xv. p. 241. Monsieur dela Roncierewas 
 charged with having annoyed the family of Monsieur de Morell, at 
 Saumur, by writing them anonymous letters; and with afterwards, by 
 means of a ladder, sealing the wall of his house, to the bedroom window 
 . : Mademoiselle de Morell, which was on the third story, entering her 
 room, committing a criminal assault upon and wounding Mademoiselle 
 ,i MorelL Mademoiselle Morel! was subject to fits which deprived her 
 during a greal part of every day of the full possession of her faculties. 
 The circumstances of the whole case are very extraordinary. The jury 
 1 La Ronciere guilty, and In* was sentenced to twelve years' imprison- 
 ment. The evidence, however, does not appear to justify such a conclu- 
 -i .n.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 51 
 
 report I had was so loose that one could affirm nothing 
 with confidence. The story is in truth a marvellous 
 one ; the only result I have arrived at is that both La 
 Eonciere and the lady are mad, or as good as. It 
 seems to have been much discussed at Paris, and there 
 is now a considerable minority who think La Eonciere 
 ought to have been acquitted. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 I heard from Beaumont a short time ago ; he is 
 writing a book on Ireland,* and intends to come over 
 to England this season. I wish you could see him 
 again ; if he wants to learn about poor laws, I shall 
 
 send him to you. 
 
 * # * # 
 
 Georgiana Gordon has got some Scotch songs to 
 send you. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 33, Hertford Street : May 13, 1836. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Politics seem very quiet, although there have been 
 reports of disagreements in the Cabinet on the Irish 
 Municipal Bill, one party wishing to break with the 
 Lords and the other not. It seems to me most likely 
 that the affair will be compromised by the Commons 
 assenting to the Lords' amendments, but saving five or 
 six large towns, viz. Dublin, Derry, Limerick, Water- 
 ford, and Cork. Belfast is not a corporate town. The 
 Government will probably do nothing this session about 
 Irish poor laws ; the Irish Liberal members are almost 
 to a man adverse^ and therefore ministers, being them- 
 
 * JOIrlande sociale, politique et religieuse. Par Gustave de Beaumont. 
 2 vols. Paris, 1840. 
 
 e 2
 
 52 LETTERS. 
 
 selves reluctant, can afford not to act. As to the Irish 
 Church Bill, the Lords will certainly throw it out; and 
 it is expected that the English Tithe Bill will founder 
 in the Commons. This, therefore, will not be a very 
 innovating session, according to all appearances. 
 
 In the new number of the 'Edinburgh Review ' 
 there is an excellent article on 'Irish Tithe,' which I 
 advise you to read. I believe it to be written by one 
 of my colleagues on the Irish Church Commission. 
 There is also a good article on Newman's Arians, against 
 the new sect. Arnold's performance on Hampden and 
 the Oxford malignants seems to me both violent and 
 weak. In the ' Quarterly ' there is a very able article 
 against Napier, the author of which is not known ; 
 but it is said to be by Sir George Murray, or written 
 under his direction. There is also a strange collection 
 of all the worst parts of the worst French novels, 
 written by Croker ; it will save many people a great 
 deal of trouble, and will probably add greatly to the 
 popularity of the said novels. I hear that a novel was 
 put in a shop window with the inscription, ' One of the 
 novels reviewed in the last "Quarterly." There is a 
 new review, railed the ' Dublin,' intended to serve as 
 the organ of the Irish Catholics. The tone of the first 
 number is, on the whole, moderate ; there is a complete 
 demolition of the stories about the ' Black Nunnery,' 
 published by a woman named Maria Monk. 
 
 I enclose you my article on La Eonciere. My 
 father has read it, and lie thinks that Mdlle. de Morell 
 wrote the Letters, the motive being to force her parents 
 to marry her to La Eonciere. I incline very strongly 
 in favour of this explanation ; when I wrote the article, 
 I thought the probability was in favour of the girl 
 having written the letters, but I could not find an
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 53 
 
 adequate motive. It was a desperate game, but I think 
 it explains everything. Pray read the trial with this 
 view; the letters are not those of a man, but of a 
 woman, and of a woman viewing the facts from the 
 supposed standpunct of Mdlle. de Morell, and guarding 
 the suspicious points with preconcerted excuses. The 
 governess was doubtless in the plot. 
 
 I am thinking of beginning Sanscrit, and indeed 
 have done something, but am terrified by the number 
 of letters. Eosen is willing to be my instructor. There 
 is an interesting article by him on Buddhism in the 
 ' Penny Cyclopsedia.' I see there are nearly three times 
 as many Buddhists as Christians in the world. I have 
 also some thoughts of writing on ' Transportation,' but 
 I fear it is hopeless to gain attention to the subject. 
 My book on Ireland has not sold much ; there is no 
 market for books on Irish subjects unless they are full 
 of religious bigotry. I have not heard my father make 
 any remarks on your mode of doing business,* except 
 expressing satisfaction with it. If anything falls from 
 him, I will not fail to mention it to you. 
 
 Johnstone told me he was going to Eadnorshire and 
 
 Brecknockshire, but he did not mention Herefordshire. 
 * * # * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Loudon : July 15, 1836. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 ^ $fc ^ $fe 
 
 I have been occupied during the last ten days with 
 writing remarks on the report of the Irish Poor Com- 
 missioners. They will, I believe, be printed privately, 
 
 ' His friend, Sir Edmund Head, as this and following letter show, 
 had now been appointed an Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner. Mr. 
 Frankland Lewis was the Chief Poor Law Commissioner.
 
 M LETTERS. 
 
 for the use of the Government ; but on this subject you 
 must keep a ftaug sir) y^wa-c-r, [xiyag, as the Irish Com- 
 missioners would probably send over a detachment of 
 Whiteboys to despatch me if they found out that I 
 criticised their performance in so insidious a manner. 
 I Hatter myself that I have made a complete smash of 
 them, but of this you will judge when I show you in 
 the country what I have written. Their utter miscon- 
 ception of the entire subject, both the state of Ireland 
 and the English poor law, is less provoking than the 
 impudent way in which they beg the question while 
 professing to argue it. 
 
 Tufnell has got me a very good statement of the 
 causes which induce the sailors to prefer the merchant 
 service to the navy. The writer says that the wages are 
 nearly equal ; if anything, the King's wages are rather 
 the lowest. He attributes the preference mainly to the 
 short period of service, and doubts as to the effect 
 of discipline. I suspect, however, that he is wrong. 
 Would you tell me exactly what your Bay of Biscay 
 friend said to you ? It appears that the foreign mer- 
 chant trade is much worse than the coasting trade; 
 the men are worse fed. 
 
 I want any facts or arguments to show that it is not 
 safe to give out-door relief to the impotent poor, and 
 that the workhouse acts with nearly as much effect 
 upon them as upon the able-bodied. I am afraid that, 
 having no workhouses, you can tell me nothing. My 
 present intention is to leave London with my mother 
 on the 28th, and to be at Harpton on the 29th. I 
 should like very well to go to Cardigan ; how, and by 
 what road, will you go? But why during the assizes? 
 We should have to bivouac. 
 
 I have been reading Wordsworth's 'Athens and
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO NASSAU W. SENIOR, ESQ 55 
 
 Attica.' It is a very good book.* He makes an in- 
 genious attempt at a passage in the ' Politics ' f at which 
 Niebuhr and many others have tried their hands : 
 KXeitrQivyg wo'hl^ovg etyvhsrevo-e ^ivoug xa) %o67\.oug 
 [Asroixovg. Some have inserted xa.) after SovXoug ; but 
 why should he put the slaves between the two classes 
 of aliens ? Niebuhr reads ^ivoug [xsrolxoug, xa) fiouXoug. 
 The expression %ivog [xsroixog occurs, but %ivog seems 
 scarcely necessary. For AO VAOVZ Wordsworth reads 
 A4>VAOVZ : the letters are very close ; but query, 
 were any metceci in the tribes ? This is hardly a fair 
 question for an assistant commissioner who has to 
 settle about rents of cottages. 
 
 Ever yours, G c L 
 
 Sir George Leivis to Nassau W. Senior, Esq. 
 
 Harpton : August 7, 1836. 
 
 My dear Senior, — I should be very sorry that you 
 should think me unreasonable about the Malta Com- 
 mission, but I am fully resolved to have no share in it, 
 in any shape or maimer, unless I am recognised by the 
 Colonial Office. How would it be possible for me, if I 
 were to go merely as Austin's friend, to take a part in 
 the business ? My presence would be an impertinent 
 intrusion. What could I say to the authorities of the 
 place ? That I had taken upon myself to institute 
 inquiries into the state of the island and its govern- 
 ment ? It seems to me that I misfht as well seat 
 myself on the bench in a court of law, and say that I 
 was come to assist the judge in trying causes. It is 
 verv true that I should be there with Austin's consent ; 
 but what would that matter to the persons whose 
 
 * Wordsworth's Athens and Attica. Murray, 1836. See page 222. 
 t See Aristotle's Politics, chap. III., ii. 4. Eaton's edit. p. 108.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 . mducl might becalled in question ? They would say 
 that 1 was come into the island as a volunteer spy, as a 
 self-appointed inquisitor; that their cause was tried 
 coram //"// }/i</ic>'. If the Government offered to give 
 me a commission in the middle of the proceedings, I 
 might then consider whether I would join Austin ; but 
 after what has happened about the Poor Law assistant 
 o.inmissionerships, should I be justified in thrusting 
 myself into such a position, upon the speculation of 
 having my acts legalised, and rescued from absurdity 
 and ridicule by the arrival of an authority which after 
 all might be withheld ? I can conceive no temptation 
 strong enough to induce me to face such risks as these ; 
 and in the present case there is so little that is alluring, 
 that if it were not for the circumstance of Austin being 
 the commissioner, I doubt whether I would go as the 
 colleague of any other person if the appointment were 
 offered me on the most unobjectionable terms. The 
 few hundred pounds I could make are no great object 
 to me; the subject is not one of great interest or 
 importance, and Austin is perfectly competent to the 
 t;i>k without any assistance, to say nothing of my 
 assistance. I have neither the prospect of doingmyself 
 good, nor of serving the public. The only reason why 
 I feel any regret is that, knowing how liable Austin is 
 to attacks of ill health, I think that the presence of a 
 colleague on whom he could to a certain extent rely 
 would relieve him from a good deal of occasional 
 anxiety, and perhaps shorten the duration of the in- 
 quiry. But, although I would never lose an oppor- 
 tunity of serving him in any way in my power, I cannot 
 help feeling that, in going out on the terms suggested, 
 I should be making a sacrifice which no man can be 
 expected to make.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO NASSAU W. SENIOR, ESQ. 57 
 
 It does not seem to me that the difficulty about the 
 King could amount to much if there was any wish to 
 appoint a second commissioner ; but if the Colonial 
 Office have decided to appoint only one, I do not see 
 what should now induce them to alter their decision. 
 
 I am fully sensible of the kindness which you have 
 shown me, and the interest you have taken about me 
 on this as on other occasions, and I only regret that I 
 should have been unable to follow your advice. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 I have asked Edward Villiers to send you my paper 
 on the ' Irish Poor Law Question ; ' when you have 
 read it, pray let Tufnell have it at the Admiralty. 
 
 Soon after the foregoing letter to Mr. Senior was 
 written, Lord Glenelg, who was then Colonial Secretary, 
 proposed to Sir George Lewis to be joint commissioner 
 with Mr. Austin to inquire into the affairs of the island 
 of Malta, where confusion existed and discontent pre- 
 vailed. At first he hesitated whether he would accept 
 the appointment, but chiefly, I think, for the three 
 following reasons, he consented to do so — that he could 
 assist in making great improvements in the government 
 and administration of justice in the island — that he had 
 for a colleague Mr. Austin, of whose talent and know- 
 ledge he had the highest opinion, and with whose views 
 he mainly coincided — and that the weakness and dis- 
 order of his lungs would be benefited (as indeed proved 
 to be the case) by his passing one or two winters in a 
 warm and dry climate. 
 
 In the autumn the commissioners left England, Mrs. 
 Austin accompanied them. Their journey was tedious, 
 and the quarantine at the end of it annoying ; but the
 
 58 ' LETTERS. 
 
 cordial reception which they met on the island was 
 satisfactory and encouraging. There are at Harpton 
 two lithographs designed and printed at Valetta com- 
 memorating the ovations of the inhabitants when the 
 commissioners drove from the landing place to their 
 hotel 
 
 The following letters, some written by Sir George 
 Lewis on his journey, and others after his arrival at 
 Valetta, contain much that is interesting: — 
 
 Paris : September 23, 1836. 
 
 My dear Father, — We left London on Tuesday as we 
 
 intended by the steamer for Boulogne, and arrived there 
 
 duly at the end of twelve hours. On the following 
 
 day we slept at Abbeville, yesterday we went to Beau- 
 
 vais, and this morning we came on to Paris, and 
 
 arrived in time for an early dinner. We intend to 
 
 stay here to-morrow, and the next day to continue our 
 
 journey towards Marseilles. The weather has been fine 
 
 till to-day, when it rained a good deal ; and Austin 
 
 has had pretty good health, and there has been no 
 
 grievance. 
 
 ***** 
 
 Our journey has been so devoid of incidents that I 
 have really nothing to say further, except that I will 
 write from Marseilles and let you know what we do 
 about sailing, and how soon we may expect to be at 
 Malta. At present we do not intend to stay at Lyons 
 even a day, but to go on to Avignon without stopping. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Avignon : October 4, 1830. 
 
 My d.ar Father,— We left Paris as we intended, and 
 went to Chalons by Dijon, having turned from the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 59 
 
 Auxerre road by a newly-made line, which, though 
 longer, saved us both time and pave. From Chalons 
 we descended the Saone in the steamer to Lyons in 
 about eleven hours ; stayed a day at Lyons, in conse- 
 quence of our carriage being delayed, and then went in 
 another steamer down the Ehone to Avignon in about 
 thirteen hours. The country is seen to much greater 
 advantage from the rivers than by the road, whence I 
 had seen it before. In particular the entrance into Lyons 
 by the Saone is extremely striking and beautiful. The 
 Pont St. Esprit which we passed under in going down 
 the Ehone is a long but common-place stone bridge 
 of eighteen arches. The only thing remarkable about 
 it is, that from the width of the piers and the rapidity 
 of the current, it produces a fall like that of old London 
 bridge, which it is dangerous for small boats to pass. 
 We found at Avignon a letter from the English consul 
 at Marseilles (to whom we had written), stating that the 
 ship of war had not arrived, and accordingly we hired a 
 caleche and went to Nismes, a drive of six hours, and 
 have returned to Avignon to-day. The amphitheatre at 
 Nismes is externally almost as perfect as the day when it 
 was built; internally it has suffered considerably. If my 
 memory does not deceive me, it is much larger than the 
 amphitheatre at Verona, and must be one of the largest 
 Eoman works in existence. The Maison Carree is a 
 w T ell-preserved Corinthian temple, of small size, built 
 by Agrippa, the grandson of Augustus. Nismes is a 
 thriving manufacturing town, containing 45,000 in- 
 habitants, and is altogether a different place from what 
 I had expected. It would, on many accounts, be an 
 agreeable residence. On our return we saw the Pont 
 du Gard, which is at a short distance from the road : 
 it is an aqueduct, consisting of three tiers of arches
 
 CO LETTERS. 
 
 crossing the valley of the river Gard. From its height, 
 
 and the massiveness of the masonry, its effect is very 
 
 fine. To-morrow we shall sleep at Aix, and on the 
 
 following morning go on to Marseilles. Austin has 
 
 unfortunately had a great deal of bad health, and has, 
 
 I fear, suffered much from the journey. We have 
 
 likewise not been lucky in our weather ; it has rained, 
 
 more or less, nearly every day since we left Paris. 
 
 Nothing can exceed the appearance of prosperity in 
 
 the parts of France through which we have travelled. 
 
 A vast number of suspension bridges have been 
 
 erected over all the streams in this part of France 
 
 within the last few years : there are now not less than 
 
 fourteen bridges between Chalons and Lyons. The 
 
 pillars are made slender, and the chain light ; and the 
 
 expense must be very small. There are steamboats 
 
 every day up and down the Saone and Rhone ; and 
 
 they appear to load almost to excess. I received my 
 
 mother's letter at Lyons, which arrived the day that we 
 
 were there. I will write again from Marseilles before 
 
 we sail for Malta. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Marseilles : October 8, 1836. 
 
 My dear Mother, — We arrived at Marseilles the 
 
 day before yesterday, having slept at Aix on the 
 
 road ; and I have received your's and Gilbert's joint 
 
 composition. 
 
 ***** 
 
 My former visit to Marseilles was made under much 
 more favourable auspices than my present one. During 
 the whole of yesterday there was a hurricane of wind 
 and rain, with lightning, such as I never witnessed
 
 G. 0. LEWIS TO HIS MOTHER. 61 
 
 before ; and the rain, having lasted through the night, 
 continues this morning with almost unabated vigour, 
 though the storm has diminished. Going out was 
 next to impossible ; the water in the streets was in 
 some places up to a man's knees. Having seen the 
 town before, I do not so much care ; but it is unlucky 
 for Austin and Mrs. Austin, particularly as the former 
 is much exhausted by the journey, and wants some fine 
 weather to set him up. The despatches sent out by 
 the Admiralty to the commander of the Mediterranean 
 squadron were forwarded from Malta to the Levant, 
 and a ship arrived here the day before yesterday from 
 Smyrna, the consequence of which is that it will have 
 to perform quarantine at Malta when we arrive, and 
 we shall be detained eight or ten days in the lazzaretto. 
 It is a frigate, the ' Vernon,' commanded by Captain 
 Mackerbie. It is now lying in quarantine three miles 
 from the harbour. We shall embark to-morrow, and 
 if the wind is fair, shall be at Malta in five days. Our 
 journey has in every respect been prosperous, except 
 the bad weather and Austin's bad health. We have 
 sold our carriage here for 800 francs — two pounds more 
 than we gave for it, and have only lost a few pounds 
 for the repairs. Nanni has turned out very well as a 
 courier. 
 
 Mrs. Austin has a brother settled here as an engi- 
 neer ; Austin and she are staying at his house. I dined 
 with him yesterday, and he told me much about the 
 commercial state of the town, with which he is tho- 
 roughly acquainted. He describes the mercantile class 
 as extremely narrow-minded, jealous, and timid, utterly 
 unable to act together from distrust and suspicion. 
 The administration of the Custom House laws is vexa- 
 tious and uncertain in the extreme. The officers
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 themselves are in some cases aware of it, but say they 
 must obey their orders from Paris. There is a sort of 
 trade union of portefaix here, which overawes the 
 Government, and does what it pleases. It has even 
 prevented the erection of a single crane for unlading 
 vessels. Nothing can exceed the weakness of the 
 Government in this respect ; the English Government, 
 as compared with it, is Hercules to a pigmy. He thinks 
 that if the French commercial code was improved, and 
 administered in an enlightened spirit, the increase of 
 the trade of this town would be enormous ; as it is, the 
 progress is very considerable. The rent of houses at 
 Marseilles is higher than at Paris, and provisions are 
 exceedingly dear. It must be one of the most expen- 
 sive places in the world to inhabit. The Marseillais 
 call the French ' etrangers ; ' they call themselves Pro- 
 vencaux. Mr. Taylor has had some English and some 
 Parisian workmen ; he says that the natives dislike the 
 latter more than the former. There is a vast deal of 
 superstition among all classes — as much as in Italy ; 
 the mass of the people are in a very brutish state. It 
 seems to me that the parts of France that I have seen 
 are in a more thriving state than any part of England, 
 • except the manufacturing districts. Nothing can exceed 
 the look of comfort among the peasantry. It is a ter- 
 rible contrast to Ireland. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Lazzaretto, Malta : October 25, 1836. 
 
 My dear Father, — We arrived in the harbour of 
 Valetta, after a tedious voyage of ten days, on the 20th, 
 and immediately went into the lazzaretto, where we 
 have been imprisoned ever since. We had every
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. C3 
 
 variety of weather on our voyage — strong wind, no 
 wind at all, contrary wind, and even a fair wind for a 
 few hours. The ' Vernon,' in which we were, is the 
 largest frigate in the British navy, and is said to be the 
 largest in the world. She is a beautiful ship, and an 
 admirable sailer ; had she not been a remarkable sailer 
 we should probably have been driven out of our course 
 towards Gibraltar. She was built by Captain Symonds, 
 who seems to have begun a new era in naval architec- 
 ture. We saw a good deal of the western coast of 
 Sardinia, and passed close to its southern point, a single 
 rock. The next land we saw was Maritimo, a small 
 island at the north-western extremity of Sicily ; and we 
 were afterwards driven to Pantellaria, a little island 
 half-way between Cape Bon and Sicily, from which, 
 after a couple of days' calm, we made Malta. "We 
 were towed into the harbour ofValetta by a steamship. 
 The day was beautiful, and there was a general turn 
 out of the inhabitants to see us arrive. The size and 
 extent of the fortifications, the amphi theatrical appear- 
 ance of the town, and the fleet lying at anchor in the 
 harbour, altogether made nearly the most striking sight 
 which I ever witnessed. Austin, I am sorry to say, 
 has been a good deal shaken by the journey, and the 
 voyage on the top of it. There is something in the per- 
 petual noise and restlessness of a ship, particularly when 
 there is much tacking, which is exceedingly trying to a 
 person in an irritable, nervous state. For this reason I 
 am not sorry that we have had to go into the lazzaretto, 
 as it has enabled him to recruit his strength. We so ' 
 to-morrow to the hotel, and shall stay there for a few 
 days, till we have arranged about our house and ser- 
 vants. I think that we shall probably have a large 
 house, which will serve both for dwelling and office.
 
 61 LETTERS. 
 
 A house with seventy or eighty rooms in Valetta lets 
 for about 60/. a year. An ordinary house fetches about 
 .'lit/. I have seen the chief authorities here, viz. 
 Col. Evans, the temporary governor; Sir Frederick 
 Hankey, the secretary and virtual governor; and Sir 
 John Stoddart, the chief justice. The latter is a hot- 
 headed man, who once wrote the new 'Times.' Hankey 
 is a man of ability and of pleasant, frank manners. In 
 person he is something like Lord Harrowby. There 
 seems to be considerable excitement among the people 
 at our arrival. They wish to give us something like a 
 public reception on our release from the lazzaretto, 
 which, I hope, may not take place. Mitrovich, the 
 Maltese O'Connell, seems to me, from his letters, to be a 
 well-meaning, but exceedingly weak man. It is evi- 
 dent that he wishes the Government to buy him. I 
 suspect that he might be had body and soul for 200/. 
 a-year. The people, of course, think him a giant. The 
 real grievance of the Maltese., I am sorry to say, lies 
 beyond the reach of commissioners and governments, 
 viz. the excessive population of the island. I fear that 
 in that respect it greatly resembles Ireland, and I hear 
 it said that the priests recommend early marriages on 
 the ground of virtue. There is something melancholy 
 in witnessing an evil of this magnitude, which a Go- 
 vernment can do no more to arrest than it can control 
 the winds. The increase is still going on. We shall 
 begin our business in the first days of November; our 
 firsl step will probably be to hear what the agitators have 
 to Bay against the Government. This letter will go to 
 Marseilles. T will write by the packet, about the 8th 
 or 10th of next month. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 65 
 
 P.S. — If a parcel should be sent with copies of my 
 article on the Church question in the ' London Eeview,' 
 will you send some copies to some of the members of 
 the Government ? 
 
 Malta : November 5, 1836. 
 
 My dear Head, — The only novelty which I saw on 
 my road to Marseilles, was the remains at Nismes and 
 the Pont du Gard. The Maison Carree has been a good 
 deal spoilt by restorations ; it is, however, still a pretty 
 copy in miniature of a Greek temple. The amphi- 
 theatre is exceedingly fine, and the exterior is still so 
 perfect that the top of the wall is preserved for a large 
 part of the circuit. The interior has been much 
 damaged. It appears to have been used as a fortress 
 or castle in the middle ages ; and has, moreover, been 
 damaged in the common way, by being used as a 
 quarry. The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct over the 
 river Gard or Gardon, consisting of three tiers of 
 arches : the lower tier has been disfigured by the 
 application of a modern bridge to it. * * * At 
 Marseilles we embarked on board a frigate which had 
 come from Smyrna, and therefore subjected us to the 
 necessity of performing quarantine on our arrival at 
 Malta. I found it quite a mistake to suppose that there 
 is no motion in large ships ; a small vessel has, more- 
 over, this advantage, that it is worked without there 
 being a crew of four hundred and fifty men to walk 
 over one's head during the chief part of the night. 
 We had all kinds of foul winds and calms, and were 
 ten days in reaching Malta. We saw the southern 
 point of Sardinia, the north-west coast of Sicily, and 
 a part of the coast of Africa near Cape Bon. We also 
 remained about two days in sight of a hateful little 
 island called Pantellaria. Valetta is on the whole the 
 
 F
 
 66 LETTERS. 
 
 most striking and beautiful town I ever saw : the 
 indentations of the harbour, the extent and grandeur 
 of the fortifications and their combination with the 
 rock, and the terrace-like arrangement of the houses, 
 form a collection of objects which no town that I 
 know can equal. It resembles Edinburgh in some 
 points, viz. the mixture of buildings and rock, and the 
 rising of the streets in stages one over another. In 
 other respects it is, of course, very different. The 
 French, of course, did much mischief itf Malta, as in 
 all other places which they occupied : among other 
 things they stripped the leaden roofs of the barraccas — 
 large porticoes in which the knights used to walk in 
 hot weather. They now serve for the same purpose in 
 cold weather, as their uncovered walls exclude the 
 wind while they admit the sun. 
 
 We found ourselves on our arrival, much to our 
 surprise, floating down the full tide of popularity. We 
 made a sort of triumphal entry (of course against our 
 will) into the town ; the streets were illuminated at 
 night, and we were annoyed with all kinds of marks 
 of respect. This state of things, however, has not been 
 of long endurance ; and we are already beginning to 
 think of rotten eggs and dead cats. The people evi- 
 dently thought, or were told, that we came out with a 
 Maltese Magna Charta in our pockets ; and when we 
 summoned the chief complainants, and began to talk 
 of inquiry, they were manifestly quite surprised, and 
 Beemed to think that we had merely to give a grind or 
 two, and oul would come a whole code of laws ready 
 made. After three days of inane declamation on the 
 parts of the complainants, and of damnable iteration 
 on «.ui- part, they have at last begun to perceive that 
 it will be necessary for us to investigate a subject before
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 67 
 
 we report on it, and that, in order to investigate, we 
 must take evidence. This sequence of propositions, 
 which in England may seem tolerably clear, has only 
 become manifest to our gentlemen by means of a long 
 succession of the severest intellectual throes. It would 
 have edified you to see the gravity which we main- 
 tained during the most ludicrous parts of the touching- 
 patriotic pathos addressed to us. The two main evils 
 of Malta are, for the upper classes, practical exclusion 
 from office, and brutal treatment by the English in 
 society ; and for the lower classes over population. 
 On the latter subject, nearly the same opinions and the 
 same morality seem to prevail as in Ireland ; the priests 
 recommend early marriages on the score of what they 
 are pleased to call virtue. The consequence of virtue 
 being to cover this little rock with people so thickly, 
 that already carrubas have become an article of food ; 
 and if the increase goes much further, the people must 
 starve if they are not fed by English charity. I have 
 seen Hookham Frere, who found himself in Malta 
 fourteen years ago, at his wife's death, and has for- 
 gotten to return to England. He has translated four 
 plays of Aristophanes, and will, I imagine, publish them. 
 The society here appears to consist almost exclusively 
 of persons in government offices, and military and naval 
 officers. Let me know how the unions go on. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. 0. Lewis. 
 
 Valetta: November 8, 1836. 
 
 My dear Father, — Since I finished my letter to you, 
 the packet has been respited till to-day ; and we have, 
 in the meantime, seen the leaders of the complaining 
 party several times, and have arranged to begin with 
 
 r 2
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 the question of the liberty of the pros-. In many 
 respects the people here, I am sorry to say. remind me 
 of the [rish. They have in common mistrust and 
 mendaciousness among the upper classes, and super- 
 stition and prolificness among the lower, and its 
 consequence, over population. The jealousy and dis- 
 trust which the complaining party have shown to us 
 were perfectly ludicrous ; the deportment, however, 
 of the deputation which waited on us was quite irre- 
 proachable, and far superior to anything to be met 
 with in Ireland. Everybody describes the suffering of 
 the poorer classes as extreme at certain seasons ; but it 
 is a subject on which no information has been collected. 
 We shall probably send out some queries in the course 
 of the winter, and for this purpose I should be obliged 
 to you to send me, through the Colonial Office, the thin 
 volume, published by Fellowes, containing Cowell's 
 report, and Arrivabene's account of the poor in Bel- 
 gium ; and Senior's volume on foreign poor laws. 
 * * * * 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis, 
 
 Malta : December 6, 183B, 
 
 My dear Father, — I received your letter and my 
 mother's by the last post, and was sorry to hear of the 
 illness of my godchild. In this island it is quite a 
 angularity to have less than ten children; the place is 
 B perfect human wan-en, and with regard to the num- 
 bers of families, the upper classes are just as bad as 
 the lower. Starring nobles with fine sounding titles, 
 and a couple of hundred pounds a year, marry at 
 twenty, and beget twelve or fourteen children. You 
 may judge, with an upper class multiplying in this
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 69 
 
 manner, of the intense hatred with which they regard 
 the English, who fill all the well-paid offices; and of 
 the eagerness with which they look forward to the 
 time when the places will be given to Maltese. The 
 people have contracted such a habit of dependence on 
 the Government, that their only notion of improvement 
 in their condition seems to be the multiplication of 
 moderately paid offices to be given to Maltese. The 
 Government, instead of attempting to give the people 
 feelings of self-reliance, have intentionally kept them 
 in a state of pupilage, have discouraged all movement, 
 have stifled all inquiry, have perpetuated ignorance, and 
 have even discountenanced trade as being troublesome. 
 On the whole, the Government of this island has 
 hitherto strongly resembled the Austrian Government 
 in Lombardy, except that it has done nothing for pri- 
 mary education, and that it has not oppressed the 
 upper classes. The chief secretary, who has virtually 
 governed the island for the last ten or twelve years, 
 was a secretary of Sir Thomas Maitland, who appears 
 to have been an ape of Bonaparte, and to have added 
 to the mistaken principles of his model a brutality and 
 coarseness of deportment which Bonaparte had not. 
 There are a certain number of English here, who 
 admire what they call Maitland's vigour and energy : 
 but the more rational among them are now quite aware 
 that his system of driving and kicking mankind into 
 obedience is, in the long run, mischievous and absurd. 
 Yie have been hitherto engaged in inquiring into the 
 liberty of the press ; we have completed our oral exa- 
 minations, and are now drawing the report and the 
 law. The present system is as close as anything can 
 well be. The Government permit no press, except one 
 in their own control, and all political discussion, on all
 
 70 LETTERS. 
 
 rides of every question, is prohibited. We shall report 
 in favour of the freedom of the press, but shall recom- 
 mend strict regulations in the way of punishment for 
 
 libels on private character and on foreign states. The 
 great dangers here are the attacks on private character 
 — which in so small a society, and one with so vora- 
 cious an appetite for slander, would render the island a 
 perfect hell — and the attacks on foreign Governments 
 by Italian exiles settled here, which might induce the 
 Governments to retaliate, and so to vex the trade of the 
 island. The latter is a serious consideration with an 
 overflowing population already hanging over the verge 
 of subsistence. The leaders of the popular party are 
 for the most part poor creatures, although there is one 
 man, an advocate, of very considerable ability. Among 
 the Government people there is scarcely anything re- 
 markable. There is one Maltese judge of excellent 
 sense, and in other respects a sound and able man. 
 The two greatest demagogues in the island are the 
 chief justice and the attorney-general, who are in a 
 state of perpetual feud with the Government. The 
 former is Dr. Stoddart, once editor of the Times, and 
 endued with all the pestilent habits of mind and con- 
 duet engendered by newspaper-editing. He is open- 
 mouthed on the subject of a free press, and I have no 
 doubt that lie looks forward to a free newspaper as a 
 means of writing against his colleagues, like Brougham. 
 There is a good deal of dinner-giving here, pretty 
 much in the Dublin style. One meets the same people 
 again and again; and it is merely the same pack 
 re-shuffled. The dinners are formed of the English 
 Government employes, of the officers of the garrison 
 and fleet, and Hookham Frere. There is no inter- 
 course whatever in small parties with the Maltese. As
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 71 
 
 to the mass of naval and military officers, it is, of 
 course, unnecessary to say anything ; among the em- 
 ployes there is nothing agreeable except Nugent, who 
 is a great circumstance in such a society, and has pre- 
 served his mind from the narrowing and corrupting 
 influence of a small town. Hookham Frere has been 
 very civil and good-natured to me, and has lent me his 
 Aristophanes, and so forth ; but he has disappointed 
 me exceedingly. I expected a man of humour in con- 
 versation, and of terse, pointed expression ; instead of 
 which, he is slow, hesitating and long, and without a 
 glimmer of wit. His opinions are, of course, puerile, 
 and worthless in the extreme, just what one would ex- 
 pect from a small litterateur shut up for twelve years in 
 a small island. The Maltese are narrow, uninteresting, 
 frivolous, and illiterate for the most part; but their man- 
 ners and deportment are, almost without exception, un- 
 objectionable, and very superior to those of some of the 
 vulgar English wives of naval men and Government 
 officers, who find themselves in an unwonted position of 
 power and importance, and therefore think it incumbent 
 on them to trample on the Maltese with all the weight 
 of their vulgarity. If an Englishman is to preserve any 
 vestige of sympathetic feelings towards his own coun- 
 trymen as such, he should certainly never see them out 
 of England. 
 
 I enclose some drawings of Malta stone vases for 
 gardens and hot-houses. The prices are very reasonable, 
 and they can be sent to London for a trifling expense. 
 Pray show them to Lushington, who wished me to buy 
 him some, and to Lady Grenville, or any other person 
 who may be likely to wish for any. They are made with 
 great ease and rapidity, and according to any pattern. 
 * * # ■*
 
 72 LETTERS. 
 
 I shall be curious to know what Mr. Nichous lias 
 reported on an Irish Poor Law. The Government, I 
 
 fear, will not be disinterested enough to do anything 
 effectual; it is clear that the English landlords would 
 carry whatever they propose. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : January 10, 1837. 
 
 My dear Head, — Many thanks for your long letter. 
 I did not understand you to express yourself as being 
 dissatisfied with your present employment ; but, as I 
 thought that you might have some misgiving about the 
 rectitude of your choice, I gave you my reasons, 
 founded on experience, for thinking that to a man who 
 has an English career open to him, Colonial Office is a 
 miserable pis-aller. This would not be the case if the 
 colonial appointments were not so scandalously bad as 
 they have been, and as, I fear, they are likely still to be. 
 Your account of your district is on the whole pros- 
 perous, and I am heartily glad to hear that the joint 
 menage goes on so prosperously.* The Poor Law agi- 
 tation -eems now, in great measure, to have subsided. 
 The landlords probably begin to find that their rents 
 are better paid, and prefer the satisfaction of filling 
 their purses to that of abusing Whig commissioners 
 and Malthusian legislation. 
 
 It is so long since I read Pascal's Provinciales that 
 I scarcely remember them. The only distinct recollec- 
 tion I have of them is that the early letters are a 
 masterpiece of clear and almost popular statement 
 and exposure of subtle verbal sophisms. I have lately 
 read Mill".- ' History of British India.' A great many of 
 
 ' .Mr. Head was then living in Herefordshire with the Editor.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 73 
 
 the details about the squabbles and wars with the petty 
 Indian princes are invincibly dull, but the work is, on 
 the whole, both interesting and instructive. It must be 
 said that the English Government in Hindostan during 
 the last thirty or forty years of the last century was one 
 of the most detestable that ever existed. Omnipotent 
 for the purpose of fleecing the people, it was power- 
 less to protect them. The tax-gatherer extracted the 
 last rupee from the wretched ryot, but there was no- 
 body to save his person and property from the attacks 
 and depredations of armed ruffians. It is curious to 
 observe how invariably the governors fall out among 
 themselves when there is not a strong public opinion 
 to keep them in awe. The history of Indo-English 
 administration is a history of disputes between mem- 
 bers of the same governing body. I question whether 
 the Colonial Office are sufficiently aware of this unques- 
 tionable truth. If it was merely for their own case, 
 they ought to seek to raise up a sound and powerful 
 public opinion in the colonies. Pray thank Gilbert for 
 his letter. I expect to leave Malta now in no very 
 long time, certainly before Easter. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta: April 3, 1837. 
 
 My dear Head, — I sent you by the last packet a 
 specimen of Maltese engraving, which seems to me 
 very respectable. Mrs. Austin found in the ancient 
 cathedral of this island — in the Citta Vecchia (the capi- 
 tal in former times) — some designs in inlaid wood which 
 are attributed to the eleventh century. She had a copy 
 made of one, which I saw, and the style seemed to me 
 at least not earlier than the sixteenth century. There
 
 7 1 LETTERS. 
 
 is nothing in this island, either ancient or remarkable, 
 in the way of art. 'Hie knights appear to have thought 
 of nothing but building new forts, and enlarging the 
 defences of Valetta. They have been so successful in 
 this ambition, that the very extent of the fortifications 
 is a source of weakness, inasmuch as it would take 
 20,000 men to man the works if the town was regu- 
 larly invested. This contingency, however, is most 
 improbable, one may say almost impossible, so long as 
 England retains the command of the sea. Neverthe- 
 less, the Ordnance are not satisfied unless they keep 
 the place in a perpetual state of siege ; and I hear that 
 orders have lately come out from England to cut down 
 some mulberry trees in one of the ditches. A well- 
 fortified town may be an excellent contrivance in time 
 of war, but it is an excessive inconvenience in time of 
 peace. It takes between a quarter and half an hour of 
 walking through narrow gates and across ditches, and 
 up steep steps, and under covered ways, to get clear of 
 the defences, whenever one wishes to breathe some air. 
 You can conceive Ehrenbreitstein on the scale of a 
 town large enough to contain 50,000 people. 
 
 The native language of the Maltese is an Arabic 
 dialect, which agrees pretty nearly with the Arabic 
 spoken on the coast of Barbary as far as Egypt. It has 
 never been written, and cannot even be said to have an 
 alphabet. There are not, as far as I am aware, any 
 literary compositions in it preserved by tradition. The 
 people are an Arab race, descended from the Saracens, 
 who obtained possession of the island ; their physi- 
 ognomy bears a striking resemblance to the Jewish. 
 They are a gloomy people; they never seem to laugh, 
 or Bing, or dance; their amusements, if such they can 
 be called, are of a religious cast, such as processions on
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 75 
 
 saints'-clays, &c. I hear that the country people pass 
 the chief part of their Sundays and giorni di festa in 
 the churches. They are exceedingly ignorant ; and 
 not unnaturally, as there has been no education for the 
 poor, very little for the rich, and no free press. They 
 are, however, by no means wanting in acuteness and 
 ability. Their practical talent is indeed remarkable: 
 and in this respect they appear to great advantage, 
 even by the side of the English, who (with their de- 
 scendants) excel all other nations in this quality. There 
 is a pernicious race of nobles who transmit their titles 
 to all their sons, together with fortunes varying from 
 500/. to 40/. or 50/. a year, and a self-imposed inability 
 to follow any money-making occupation. These people 
 are ignorant, narrow-minded, stupid, and rapacious of 
 public money ; and it would be well if their titles 
 could be abolished. 
 
 As, however, they are now excessively poor, and 
 they have no means of recruiting their fortunes by 
 rich marriages, a few more descents and divisions of 
 property must confound them with the middle and 
 working classes. There is also a numerous body of 
 priests, more than 1,000 (including the regulars) to a 
 population of 120,000. The priests are for the most 
 part bigoted and ignorant; but their influence has 
 considerably declined of late years, and their incomes 
 are most pitiful, varying from 10/. to 30/. or 40/. a year. 
 The merchants, the advocates, the doctors, and the 
 Government employes form the really valuable part of 
 the population. From the narrow policy of the Govern- 
 ment in discouraging education and discussion, there is 
 a great want of knowledge, both of facts and principles, 
 in these classes ; but there is a very fair sprinkling of 
 intelligence, and on the whole I should be very san-
 
 76 LETTERS. 
 
 guine of the influence which might be produced upon 
 them by a Government which looked to improving the 
 condition of the community, and not merely to raising 
 a revenue in order to divide it among English heads of 
 useless departments. 
 
 The misery which prevails among the mass of the 
 people is caused by the excess of their numbers. The 
 great unnatural commerce drawn into Malta by the 
 Berlin and Milan decrees gave a stimulus to population, 
 and also accustomed the working classes to a higher 
 standard of living, from which they have now fallen. 
 But the main cause of the over-population is the igno- 
 rant recklessness of the people, and the pernicious 
 morality inculcated by the Catholic clergy as to the 
 necessity of early marriage in order to prevent irregular 
 intercourse. The world, always ready to find bad 
 motives for every action, attributes this doctrine in 
 Ireland and elsewhere to the desire of the clergy to 
 augment their fees. In my opinion, their advice u 
 perfectly disinterested ; and is founded on a sincere 
 conviction (however mistaken) that they are dis- 
 charging an imperative religious duty. I am not at 
 all clear that Protestant clergymen would not give just 
 the same advice, if the practice of confession afforded 
 them the means of enforcing it. 
 
 I agree with you in what you say about the Irish 
 Poor Law Bill ; but it seems to me that the whole will 
 ultimately shake down into the English system. The 
 refusal of the express right to relief will be quite 
 illusory: practice will establish what the legislature 
 does not grant. Mr. Nicholls's report seemed to me 
 feeble and confused in the expression, but generally 
 right in the opinions and recommendations. 
 
 The vulgar adjective from Malta, used by sailors and
 
 E. W. HEAD, ESQ. TO G. C. LEWIS. 11 
 
 others in this island is Maltee. I suppose they argued 
 that as the singular of bees is bee, so the singular of 
 Maltese is Maltee. Carrying their principle one step 
 further, it seems to me that cheese ought to be plural 
 and chee singular. 
 
 Whenever you are tired of novels, buy ' Colletta 
 Storia di Napoli ' (in four duodecimo volumes, price 
 about 15-s.), and read it, particularly the last volume, 
 containing the history of the revolution of 1821. 
 Also observe a passage about kangaroos. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 I shall be excused for inserting Sir Edmund Head's 
 interesting letter, written after the receipt of that 
 which I have just printed. 
 
 Hereford : April 27, 1837. 
 
 My dear Lewis, — I answered a letter of Mrs. Austin's 
 a few days ago respecting the works of art in Malta, 
 and therein expressed an intention of waiting to see 
 whether I heard from you by this packet before I 
 wrote. You will see what I have said to her respecting 
 the date of the wood work. I should think that the 
 designs (if the drawings sent by her are faithful), about 
 1,500, perhaps a little, but certainly a very little earlier. 
 
 I fear that I can be of no use to her in what she 
 wanted, viz. searching for a publisher. You know 
 that my acquaintances in that line have not been 
 numerous, and my residence, if residence I have, is 
 not very favourable to any exertions which I would 
 otherwise willingly make. 
 
 I will buy Colletta and read it forthwith. I have 
 just read Hallam's new volume of 'Introduction to the 
 Literature of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.' I think
 
 78 LETTERS. 
 
 the book poor — entertaining it was not perhaps likely 
 to be. There is none of that overflow of the man's 
 own reading, and that internal evidence of his thorough 
 acquaintance with the book he treats of, which alone 
 raise a work of the kind above a mere dry compilation. 
 Hi- digression on the Romance languages is not 
 'griindlich,' and considering that your book* is the 
 only one in English on the subject, he might have 
 quoted it or referred to it. The Biographic Universelle 
 is his great authority. The history of the Roman law 
 and universities is meagre from Savigny. He is more 
 at home on polemical points at the time of the Refor- 
 mation ; but while he makes justification by faith the 
 test of Protestantism, and the point at issue between 
 Luther and the Romish Church, he either knows not 
 or mentions not that very curious schism in the bosom 
 of the Church which Ranke so well describes. Though 
 he has the names of Contarini and Sadoletus, he says 
 not one word of their holding justification by faith, 
 nor of their attempt to force it on the Pope at the 
 time of the Council of Trent, I suspect Hallam's 
 German is very slight, and though he quotes Meiners 
 and others, I very much doubt his intimate acquaintance 
 with them. If this be so, think of a man writing a 
 history of literature, and virtually leaving out German. 
 Hamlet, with a part of Hamlet omitted, is a joke to it. 
 The omission of Ranke is the more inexcusable, 
 because Milman reviewed it not long since in the 
 'Quarterly.' 
 
 I quite agree in your view of the morality which 
 the < ihurch of England would inculcate, if they could, 
 as to marriage. They act upon it a good deal them- 
 
 ' An Eaaaj on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages, 
 by Sir GK I lornewall Lewis. Parker, 1835.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 79 
 
 selves, if one is to judge by the number of curates 
 
 who die and leave large families. Your definition is 
 
 very good. It is precisely the suppression of the 
 
 majors which makes the difference between the very 
 
 high Church and the Eomanists. 
 
 George Clive ended a letter to me not long ago with 
 
 the following pious and benevolent ejaculation, writing 
 
 from the depth of Wales : ' That the devil would fly 
 
 ' away with this miserable race of Celtic savages, is the 
 
 'fervent prayer of yours sincerely, G. C .' I need 
 
 not say how heartily I repeat 'Amen' to the above 
 
 petition — reckoning, of course, that Wales begins just 
 
 beyond New Eadnor.* The gradual action of Boards 
 
 of Guardians, railroads, and other opportunities of 
 
 intercourse, may civilize them in about three centuries. 
 # # * * 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 E. W. Head. 
 
 Malta : June 2, 1837. 
 
 My dear Head, — I enclose a letter from Mrs. Austin 
 intended, I suppose, to explain about her marqueterie, 
 the history of which she has made out. It seems to 
 be curious in a historical point of view, and some of 
 the figures are by no means wanting in merit. George 
 Clive is, I have no doubt, quite right in his opinion of 
 the intelligence of the Welsh. And how that intelli- 
 gence is to be raised, while they retain their villainous 
 Celtic language, it is not easy to see. What you said 
 in a former letter about the cowardice and timidity of 
 the Welsh is, I suspect, true of all ignorant and borne 
 communities. It prevails here to a remarkable degree. 
 There are not half a dozen people in the island who 
 
 * Sir George Lewis's family residence is close to New Radnor,
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 have an idea of speaking out freely, or acting with 
 
 boldness. Limited and ' routinier' people look only to 
 
 the particular consequence of the act, instead of trusting 
 
 to the general effect of their conduct. 
 
 # * # # 
 
 I have read Hallam's book, which is dry, meagre, 
 and ill written, with a few misplaced patches of 
 laboured rhetoric. So far from understanding any one 
 subject well, he does not seem to understand any one 
 book well. His text is a mere digest of compilations 
 and biographical dictionaries. I believe that he knows 
 a little German, for a governess who lived in his family 
 
 went afterwards to Lady , who told me that 
 
 Hallam had learnt of her. Probably he spells through 
 a book by the help of a dictionary with about the 
 same success that he translates ' das Biicherwesen,' ' the 
 being; of books.' It must be confessed that charlatanerie 
 is marvellously successful. I do not think Hallam had 
 seen my essay on the Romance languages till after his 
 lucubrations on the subject had been printed ; for he 
 spoke to me about it nt the end of last London season, 
 when, I believe, most of his book was through the 
 press. 
 
 I have lately read Thirl wall's fourth volume,* which 
 perhaps is the best. He has thrown much new light 
 on the history of Athens at the close of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. After all, however, the history is so 
 uncertain that one scarcely knows what to believe. 
 He has succeeded in shaking Xenophon's credit to a 
 greater degree than I should have thought possible. 
 The next volume will, I suppose, complete the work 
 with Alexander's death. 
 
 The policy of the Government about their bishops 
 
 * Thirlwall's 'History of Greece.'
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 81 
 
 has been thoroughly absurd. Why not appoint Arnold 
 and Thirlwall at once ? However, the House of Lords 
 seem determined to resist to the last ; and it is clear 
 that liberal bishops will not convert them. It is, in 
 my opinion, impossible to foresee the issue of the 
 present struggle.* It depends on so many uncertain 
 elements, such as the King's life, the price of corn, &c, 
 that one can only see that, sooner or later, the Lords 
 must go to the wall. 
 
 Do not miss the passages about the kangaroos, and 
 about Caraccioli outsailing Nelson, in Colletta. I will 
 write to you soon again. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : July 15, 1837. 
 
 My dear Father, — Your letters of the first of this 
 month arrived to-day, and I have just time to acknow- 
 ledge them (together with my mother's, which came 
 some time ago by Marseilles) by the French steamer 
 which goes in a few hours. My reason for writing is 
 to relieve you from any apprehensions which you may 
 have conceived from hearing exaggerated reports of 
 the mortality caused by the cholera in this island. 
 The cholera has now been in the island about five 
 weeks, and has, by this time, killed nearly 2,000 people. 
 The alarm has been great ; doctors and all persons 
 called on to act have generally neglected their duties : 
 the people have shown the utmost want of prudence, 
 combined with the most stupid and selfish cowardice, 
 and accordingly the disease has made much more havoc 
 than it would otherwise have made. The deaths are 
 
 • Cliielly respecting Irish affairs, Irish Municipal Corporations, Irish 
 Tithes and Poor Laws.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 now from 100 to 120 a day in a population of 120,000. 
 Several of our servants and messengers have lost rela- 
 tions, and our housemaid lias been attacked, but is now 
 nearly out of danger. The disease, however, has chiefly 
 confined itself to the working classes ; the few persons 
 of a higher station who have died have owed their 
 death t<» some known and manifest imprudence or folly, 
 such a- over-fatigue, exposure to sun, or refusal to take 
 medicine. The people here very generally refuse t<> 
 lake medicine, from distrust of the doctors and the 
 Government. Reports also have been very industriously 
 circulated, that the bread has been poisoned by the 
 Government. A charitable society has been formed for 
 the distribution of soup, on the committee of which 
 1 have acted. The distribution commenced yesterday, 
 and a complaint has been already made that there is 
 reason to fear it was poisoned. The people are in 
 such a brutish state of ignorance, and their moral state 
 is so degraded, that it is perfectly ' desesperant ' to 
 have anything to do with them. Such are the effects 
 of a paternal military despotism, which rules people by 
 keeping them in ignorance and dependence. I do not 
 conceive that persons who lead a regular wholesome 
 life are in any greater danger here than they were in 
 London during the prevalence of the cholera, and you 
 remember what that chance amounted to. 
 
 I will answer your letters by the next post. The 
 manufacturing distress in England is a terrible evil ; I 
 do not see my way out of it ; and I trust the Poor Law 
 Act may survive it and the general election. I hope 
 you will stick firmly to the principle, and that you will 
 
 nail your colours to the mast. 
 
 * # # * 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 83 
 
 Malta: July 31, 1837. 
 
 My dear Head, — Your last letter gave a very gloomy 
 picture of the prospects of the Poor Law Act. From 
 the account of the proceedings of the committee in 
 deciding on the Eeport, I cannot help suspecting that 
 many people who find it convenient to join in, and 
 make use of, the clamour, would nevertheless flinch 
 from approving out- door relief when it came to a 
 question of aye or no. There is not, I am confident, 
 a maxim which more commonly deceives in practice 
 than the current one, that people are, in the long run, 
 guided by their pecuniary interests. The truth is, 
 that the interest of prejudice is, nine times out of ten, 
 quite as strong as the interest of money, and very often 
 far stronger. Nevertheless, the interest of money is 
 excessively powerful ; and when one remembers with 
 what tenacity the landlords cling to the corn laws, and 
 how they mould their opinions in order to support 
 their supposed pecuniary interests on this subject, it is 
 difficult to believe that the landlord majorities of the 
 two Houses of Parliament will ever seriously entertain 
 a project which is likely to make so deep a cut into 
 their incomes. 
 
 The difficulty of introducing the measure into the 
 manufacturing districts seems, at present, insuperable ; 
 the distress must make the working people ten times 
 more alert than they would otherwise be on the subject. 
 A trade union, supported by a poor-rate, is one of the 
 prettiest pieces of machinery that can be conceived. 
 
 I am glad you thought my paper on Irish Poor Laws 
 was worth publishing.* The argument against the com- 
 
 * Abstract of Final Report of Commissioners of Irish Poor Inquiry, 
 ■with Letters to Ministers, by G. C. Lewis and N. Senior. F. C.Wesley, 
 162, Piccadilly. 
 
 a 2
 
 SJ LETTERS. 
 
 missioners' plan (if plan it can be called) seems to me 
 conclusive to any candid reader as it stands. But my 
 own suggestions are very imperfectly developed, and 
 are qoI fitted to stand hostile and captious criticism, 
 although they seemed to me fitted for their purpose, 
 viz. to assist persons, not sitting down to object, but 
 desirous of information. If I had been in England, I 
 could have made this part much more complete ; and 
 I think I could have shown that the objections of 
 Whately and others, if good at all, are good against 
 every kind of poor law, their own included ; and that 
 the choice lies between such a measure as I have 
 suggested or none. I am confident that any plan of 
 out-door relief in Ireland woidd simply amount to a 
 very inconvenient mode of transferring the net revenue 
 of the land from the landowner and tithe-owner to 
 the peasantry. I prefer Eaumer's plan of converting 
 the tenants into 'Eigenthumer' directly; and, indeed, I 
 agree with him so far, that if I looked only to par- 
 ticular expediency, and put out of the question the 
 dangerous example of an extensive invasion of the 
 right of property, I should prefer this change to the 
 present state of things. I have no doubt that if the 
 Irish peasantry were a proprietary class, like the 
 Trench peasantry, habits of frugality would be formed 
 to which they are now strangers. But adopt what 
 plan 3 7 ou will the question always recurs, how are you 
 to strike at the root of the evil — the improvident 
 habits of the people with regard to breeding ? Such 
 an insuperable wall of prejudice is opposed to all im- 
 provement on this head, that one almost despairs. 
 For this reason it seems to me so important to settle 
 the Church questions in Ireland. It is not so much 
 lor the sake of quieting the tithe agitation, as for un-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 85 
 
 sentimentalizing the cause of the Catholic clergy, and 
 for making it possible to gain a hearing for some other 
 than the theologico-ethical opinions with which they 
 poison men's minds. It seems impossible to make the 
 Catholic priests see that early marriages do not, on the 
 whole, prevent the limited evil which they are intended 
 to guard against ; that adultery of the husband and 
 of the wife, and prostitution of the children, are the 
 natural consequences of them. The Maltese priests, 
 although these consequences are developed under their 
 eyes in the most lucid manner, are nevertheless utterly 
 blind to them. 
 
 # -» * * 
 
 I have been reading Helvetius' works lately (' De 
 l'esprit de l'homme '). His system of ethics is, as a 
 system, narrow and false, and he was not capable of a 
 close and long-sustained train of reasoning ; but his 
 writings contain a vast number of admirable remarks 
 and suggestions, and cannot be read without profit, 
 even if it was merely for the sake of the excellent tone 
 in which they are conceived. The French Eevolution 
 and Bonaparte have terribly spoilt the French philo- 
 sophy, and have filled it full of inane declamation and 
 national prejudice. Latterly, too, they have attempted 
 to borrow some of the maddest speculations of the 
 German mystical philosophers. 
 
 We have had occasion lately to look at some French 
 laws, and to look at some reports relating to the con- 
 coction of them. It must be confessed that they do 
 their legislative work in a most masterly manner in 
 France as compared with England. There are cer- 
 tainly now men in France who can draw laws in a 
 manner in which laws could not be drawn in England. 
 If the French were guided in practice by rather better
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 ,nii. rims, they would run us a very hard race in most 
 thines, and would excel us in many. It is remarkable 
 enough that in a country which boasts so much of its 
 practical talenl as England, everything that comes from 
 the Government and legislature seems to be written 
 between asleep and awake. 
 
 We have had cholera lately in Malta, and the disease 
 being clearly non-contagious, we have been put in qua- 
 rantine by every port in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar and 
 the Ionian Isles included. Sir Howard Douglas, in the 
 latter place, refused even to admit into the lazzaretto the 
 passengers in the Government steamer, and sent them all 
 back to Malta. The cholera has likewise been raging in 
 Sicily, and there have been riots in Messina and Syracuse 
 # * # # 
 
 Our inquiry is now drawing to a close, and I expect 
 to be in England before the winter. There is, doubt- 
 less, a great deal to be said against Brecknockshire'"" 
 and Herefordshire, but I think you have had a great 
 escape in not plunging into a colony. It would be 
 fearful to feel one's self cooped up in the ' kleinstadt- 
 ischer Geisl ' for life. 
 
 What do you say to the translation of the title of 
 the fairy tale, w Prince Cheri et la Princesse Belle 
 Etoile,' into ' Prince Cherry and Princess Fair Star? ' 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : September 2, 1887. 
 
 My dear Father, — I wrote you a few lines by one of 
 the French steamers to tell you that the cholera was 
 nearly extinct in Malta. Since I wrote to you it has 
 gone '»u steadily diminishing, and it can now scarcely be 
 
 Sir Edmund Bead's district, as Assistant Poor Law Commissioner.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 87 
 
 said to exist (five deaths in the last two days), except 
 for the purpose of keeping us in quarantine with all 
 the Mediterranean. The Boards of Health, among 
 whom all exploded errors are carefully preserved, per- 
 sist in treating cholera as a contagious disease, contrary 
 to the most manifest facts and to the almost unanimous 
 opinion of medical men. After the governor here had 
 been threatening the doctors and scolding the people 
 for treating the cholera as contagious, Sir Howard 
 Douglas, in Corfu, refused to allow the passengers to 
 land from the Government steamer, and sent them back 
 to Malta ; and Sir Alexander Woodford, at Gibraltar, 
 subjected ships from Malta to a quarantine of sixteen 
 days. Such is the union between the three military 
 governors of the English colonies in the Mediterranean. 
 There is a strange rambling book on the Ionian Isles, 
 written by Colonel Charles Napier, the brother of the 
 historian, which I have lately read. Many of his 
 opinions are wrong, but, on the whole, he has a sound 
 judgment, and he seems to have that most rare quality, 
 public spirit. I should judge him to be an abler man 
 than his brother. * * * I fear, however, that it is 
 necessary to have some special interest about Mediter- 
 ranean colonies to care for the book. A Mr. Slade, a 
 naval man, has lately written two volumes about the 
 Mediterranean. The part relating to Malta is mere 
 gossip, which he must have heard at different dinners 
 and have written down without examination. I have 
 not looked at the rest of the book, but I hear that it is 
 full of nonsense about the power of Russia. I am con- 
 fident that there never was a more groundless alarm ; 
 and I can scarcely think that any ministry would be so 
 absurd as to go to war with Eussia upon such grounds 
 as Mr. Urquhart and Mr. Slade and such politicians
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 tlv .,, oa ^th. I confess thai I have a much greater 
 fear of ail American war, if the ( Government persist in 
 their measures againsl Canada. Whatever the Ameri- 
 can Government may do, the American people are sine 
 to assisl the Canadians if we begin coercing them by an 
 armed force, and then we shall have the old follies and 
 abominations over again. What possible advantage 
 England derives from the possession of Canada, I con- 
 fess I am unable to see. If, however, the ministers 
 irritate the Canadians into expressions and measures 
 insulting to England, they will be able to appeal to the 
 silly national pride of the people, and will probably be 
 supported in a war. Perhaps, too, they may find it 
 convenient to divert people's attention from internal to 
 external politics. The only security against the most 
 pernicious folly, both on the part of the Government 
 and the people, seems to me to be the expense of a war 
 and the disturbance which it would occasion to trade. 
 It is fortunate that the concerns of individuals are man- 
 aged with a little more prudence than those of nations ; 
 otherwise mosl men would be beggars before they 
 were thirty. 
 
 I was much obliged to you for your information 
 about the sentiments of the Government on the ques- 
 tion of the liberty of the press for Malta. They accord 
 very closely with what we had anticipated. Profound 
 indifference to everything but the party interest of the 
 moment is the characteristic of the present ministry, 
 and. 1 fear, of any ministry which is likely to succeed 
 them. We have written to request permission to re- 
 turn to England when we have finished our inquiry, 
 which cannot occupy us much longer. I expect, at 
 any rate, to be in England by the end of the year. It 
 seems absurd to talk of the great difficulty of an inquiry 
 in such a little place as Malta ; but the truth* is, they
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 89 
 
 have here a set of ancient complicated institutions, 
 founded upon a totally different set of legal and politi- 
 cal principles from those of England, and consequently 
 every subject requires a special study before one can 
 feel certain that one is not making mistakes. Having 
 undertaken the inquiry, and having finished a large 
 part of it, I should not like to slur over the remainder 
 for the sake of being in England a few months sooner. 
 Moreover, the inquiry does not simply concern the 
 government of 120,000 people. We hope that if our 
 recommendations are acted on, the moral influence of 
 England in the Mediterranean would be increased, and 
 that her character for good faith would be raised, which 
 must stand very low in the Mediterranean after her 
 conduct about Sicily, Genoa, Parga, and Malta ; to say 
 nothing of Nelson and Caraccioli. As to a free press 
 in Malta being an European question, the notion is per- 
 fectly absurd, and I am confident that Metternich (if 
 the case has been properly represented to him) cannot 
 consider it so. Probably he objects to everything, on 
 the principle that he may gain and cannot lose ; and if 
 the measure was introduced he would doubtless ac- 
 quiesce in it without remark. The pretension is too 
 monstrous to be maintained, and I am convinced that 
 the House of Commons would not support the Govern- 
 ment in deferring so much to the chimerical fears of 
 Austria. 
 
 We have had a long continuance of hot weather, 
 and are to have a month of it more. Nobody thinks 
 of going out in the sun. We dine at three o'clock, and 
 I usually ride in the evening about seven o'clock. The 
 heat produces languor and lassitude of body and mind, 
 but I never had better health. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 90 LETTERS. 
 
 Malta : October 8, 1837. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am glad to hear from Gilbert that 
 you and he have set up ajoint-stockm^nage;itmustbea 
 greal advantage to him in every way, only I should fear 
 
 thai you are not often at home. The more I see of 
 colonial life, the more I am satisfied that you did rightly 
 in preferring your present employment, with all its 
 drawbacks, to the colonial service. The scum of Eng- 
 land is poured into the colonies : briefless barristers, 
 broken-down merchants, ruined debauchees, the offal of 
 every calling and profession are crammed into colonial 
 places. You probably saw that O'Connell, in his letter 
 about Euthven, after denouncing him as a swindler and 
 a scoundrel, unfit for the society of gentlemen, went on 
 to say that he had done his best to give him a colonial 
 appointment. This may be taken as evidence of the 
 general opinion as to the qualifications for colonial ser- 
 vice ; and, although the Government may not have 
 been able to stomach Ruthven, many of the people who 
 have been sent out quite recently are only one degree 
 
 i tetter. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 This is the sort of society in which, if I am not 
 much mistaken, you would have found yourself plunged 
 
 had you accepted a colonial appointment. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I confess it seems to me that no man who is not in 
 debt, or has not a large family, is justified in going out 
 to a colony. If I was Gilbert, I would rather be 
 rector of Monnington than bishop of Calcutta. 
 
 The Government here have lately been making some 
 changes in their charitable institutions, which we have 
 recommended. The expenditure in charities is now 
 H't.iHHi/. ;i year out of a revenue of less than 100,000/.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. W. HEAD, ESQ. 91 
 
 One of the institutions which we recommended to be 
 gradually abolished was (what in Italy is called) a 
 Conservatorio, that is, a charity boarding-school for 
 girls, who remain in it till they can get places, or are 
 married. On examining the girls in the Conservatorio 
 somewhat more closely than had hitherto been done, 
 it has recently turned out, that although they have 
 been regularly taught to read Italian, they never learnt 
 the meaning of the words ; and although there are 
 some who have been undergoing this process for 
 several years who can pronounce Italian to perfection, 
 they cannot understand or speak a word of it. I hope 
 this is not the way in which English is taught in Welsh 
 schools. 
 
 The Government press of this place has recently 
 reprinted an account of the blockade of Valetta by a 
 French knight named Kansijat, who had been finance 
 minister under the order ; and having sympathized 
 with the French revolution, was placed by Bonaparte 
 at the head of the French commission of government. 
 The man himself is a great curiosity, being a French 
 Jacobin under the mantle of the chivalrous monk of 
 St. John ; and his book would, I think, interest those 
 who have no special interest about Malta, I will lend 
 it to you when I return to England, and you can try 
 whether you can read it. 
 
 I begin now to doubt whether I shall be in England 
 before the spring : we have still some work to do, and 
 after a hot Malta summer, I am rather afraid of plung- 
 ing suddenly into an English winter. My hopes of 
 seeing Greece have all vanished ; quarantine makes all 
 rapid movement impossible. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 .Malta : November l">. L887. 
 * • * * 
 
 My dear Father, — The change in the commercial 
 policy of this island which we recommended has been 
 mtly carried into effect; and I enclose yon a copy 
 of our Report which we have printed in Italian, and 
 tin.' law giving effect to our scheme. Now that it is 
 finished, it goes into a nutshell, but I can assure you 
 that the trouble which it cost was not small. In order to 
 fix a Bystem of custom duties, it is necessary to consider 
 all the alternatives ; and the combination^ are so 
 numerous, and the variety of project- so great, that 
 nothing can be fixed without iireat consideration. 
 
 A Moiis. Bailly has lately been in Malta on a 
 mission from the French Government to examine their 
 line of Mediterranean packets. He has given us a 
 copy of a book lately published by him on the finances 
 of England. It contains the first attempt I have seen 
 to give a complete account of the taxation of England; 
 that is. of the taxes levied by subordinate authorities 
 as well as by the supreme Government. He reckons 
 the annual taxation of the United Kingdom at two 
 milliards o( francs, or eighty millions sterling, which, 
 he says, is rather under than over the truth. However 
 large the revenue raised in England, I am confident 
 that the evils caused by the abstraction of the money 
 are as nothing when compared with the evils caused by 
 protecting and discriminating duties, and by vexatious 
 regulations tor securing the collection of the revenue. 
 I have been lately reading Sir Henry Parnell's book on 
 financial reform; parts of it are rather feeble and 
 confused; but, on the whole, he is successful in making 
 out that an immense improvement may be effected in 
 raising the revenue in England. One of the greatest
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 93 
 
 obstacles to financial reform is the routinier prejudices 
 of official persons. I have observed this in Malta, where 
 all sinister interest was out of the question. 
 
 I have read Macaulay's article on Lord Bacon in the 
 'Edinburgh Review.' It is written in his usual sparkling, 
 lively, and antithetical style, and the historical part of 
 it is interesting and amusing. His remarks on the 
 ancient philosophy are, for the most part, shallow and 
 ignorant in the extreme : his objections to the utility 
 of logic are the stale common-places which all the 
 enemies of accurate knowledge, and the eulogists of 
 common sense, practical men, &c, have been always 
 putting forth. There is generally throughout the article 
 a want of soundness and coherency, and a puerile and 
 almost girlish affectation of tinsel ornament, which, 
 coming from a man of nearly forty, convince me 
 that Macaulay will never be anything more than a 
 rhetorician. 
 
 We have had a rainy October, but latterly the 
 weather has been finer. The thermometer, however, 
 gets gradually lower ; it now falls to a little below 60°, 
 
 and a fire at night is not uncomfortable. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 Ever your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : December 13, 1837. 
 
 My dear Father, — Since last post went out I have 
 
 received two letters from you and two from my mother. 
 
 * * * * " 
 
 I have been sorry to hear of the death of the ass,* 
 a finer one I will undertake to say never ate an English 
 
 * Sir George Lewis had purchased for one of his father's friends, at 
 the price of 50/., a large Maltese ass, which died on its passage to Eng- 
 land.
 
 14 LETTERS. 
 
 thistle. I should hope that Mr. Raymond will turn up. 
 I will Bend you, by next post, an account of what I 
 paid. There is his keep for some time, besides the 
 crib, and the payment for his freight and food when 
 
 nn board. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 We were much obliged to you for your hints about 
 the spirit duty, and we had actually prepared a state- 
 ment for the colonial office which was to have gone by 
 this post, requesting them to send out an English ex- 
 ciseman. It is, however, very difficult to do anything 
 satisfactory in the matter, and I fear that the Govern- 
 ment must suffer for its past imprudence and neglect, 
 1 1 y incurring a present loss. 
 
 I read a volume of Pickwick, which, I believe, did 
 not contain above half what has appeared ; it is an imita- 
 tion of Theodore Hook's novels, with descriptive passages 
 imitated, half in jest, half in earnest, from the descrip- 
 tions in Walter Scott's novels. The wit (if such it is 
 to be called) chiefly arises from caricature, broad farce, 
 and practical jokes, such as a man who never handled 
 ;i gun going out shooting, &c. Its popularity, though 
 rapid and extensive, will, I think, be short lived. His 
 parodies of speeches are amusing, though too much 
 exaggerated. 
 
 Piay tell Miss Ashton I have received all her 
 translation, and have revised ;i good deal of it. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : Jamiary 9, 1838. 
 * * # 
 
 My dear Father, — I am sorry that you should have 
 had the trouble of reading our report on the custom.-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 95 
 
 in Italian, as I could, without difficulty, have sent you 
 an English copy. The new tariff lias now been in 
 force just two months, and experience has hitherto 
 proved that we were right ; for there has been an 
 increase of revenue as well as an improvement of trade. 
 I read a long article in ' Galignani ' from the Times, full 
 of ultra-radical topics, and abusing us for beginning with 
 a tariff taxing the food of the poor. It was written 
 by some person wholly ignorant of the facts of the 
 case, e.g. he speaks of the free trade which the island 
 enjoyed under the order, whereas the most important 
 articles of consumption were then monopolized by the 
 Government ; there were heavy discriminating duties 
 on articles which could be imported, and there were 
 numerous monopolies granted to individuals as in 
 England in Queen Elizabeth's reign. The principle of 
 our tariff was an unpopular one ; but on the whole it 
 has been well received, even by the public at large (if 
 such a term be applicable to Malta); the mercantile 
 classes are almost unanimous in its favour on account 
 of its simplicity, and the small number of articles in- 
 cluded in it. I believe it to be the only tariff in the 
 world framed exclusively for the purpose of raisin g 
 revenue. The duty on grain is certainly liable to the 
 objection which you mention. The quantity of wheat 
 annually imported is about 60,000 quarters, the 
 quantity of wheat annually grown in the island is 
 about 20,000 quarters. It was impossible to raise a 
 revenue in any other way, and we were aware that 
 we were putting a large sum annually into the pockets 
 of the landlords ; but the notions about protecting 
 native industry, which prevail in Malta as in other 
 countries, prevented this effect from being considered 
 as an evil, and therefore we said nothing about it in
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 our report. The distinction between superior and 
 interior wines was preserved from the former tariff, 
 and I have not heard that it has given rise to much 
 
 difficulty in practice. 
 
 # * # * 
 
 It is, however, quite a mistake to suppose that the 
 Maltese are disaffected to England, and that there is a 
 Russian party in Malta. If the whole community could 
 vote by ballot to-morrow on the question of England 
 or Russia, I question whether Russia woidd have six 
 votes, though there is no doubt that she constantly 
 keeps her eye on the island, and sends agents and spies 
 from time to time. 
 
 We have now got to finish our laws on the liberty 
 of the press, and have a few points of trifling import- 
 ance to settle. We shall then begin a report on part 
 of the judicial system, and when that is finished I shall 
 go to England, leaving Austin here to finish the inquiry 
 into the courts and the state of the law. I will not fail 
 to let you know as soon as I am able to fix a time for 
 leaving the island. I shall probably go by a French 
 steamer to Marseilles, and travel across France in 
 malle-postes and diligences. I should like to see Cadi/, 
 and Co-mo Gordon, and Gibraltar, and Lisbon, but I 
 dread the long pnssagc necessary for seeing them. 
 Edward Goulburn has come out as aide-de-camp to 
 
 Sir Henry Bouv eric 
 
 # # # # 
 
 I have looked through Mr. Nicholls' Second Reporl 
 on Irish Poor Laws. It seems to me less twaddling 
 
 than the first, and to show a better acquaintance with 
 the subject. I cannot, however, agree with him in 
 thinking that there is a- much destitution in the north 
 as in the south of Ireland (the difference as to White-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 97 
 
 boy offences proves the reverse), nor do I see how the 
 
 law can directly prevent the subdivision of land, as he 
 
 implies in i. 32. No attempt seems to have been made 
 
 to rehabilitate the commissioners' report ; it appears to 
 
 be set aside by common consent. 
 
 Pray thank my mother for two letters. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 We have had fine, clear, blue weather lately. The 
 clover is already high, and the almond trees are in 
 
 blossom. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : February 8, 1838. 
 
 My dear Father, — The English mail is now expected 
 hourly, but has not yet arrived, so that I have not 
 heard from you since I wrote last. The French 
 steamers have, however, brought us ' Galighani ' down 
 nearly to the end of January, containing the news of 
 the suppression of the insurrection in Canada and 
 Lord Durham's appointment. 
 
 On the whole the country has shown more good 
 sense and more moderation about Canada than I gave 
 them credit for. It remains to be seen whether they 
 will sustain their character, or whether, after a painful 
 period of self-restraint, they will not break out into 
 some violence and folly. 
 
 I have been reading lately as much as an ordinary 
 reader can digest of the Duke of Wellington's des- 
 
 ^ CD 
 
 patches. The rapidity and justness of his decisions, 
 his unvarying good sense, his profound feeling of 
 public duty and of regard for public interests, are most 
 strikingly displayed in them. If his political views 
 had not been so narrow, and if he had had more 
 
 H
 
 98 LETTERS. 
 
 knowledge, lie would have been the greatest English 
 
 statesman as well as the greatest English captain. 
 # # * * 
 
 In some of his letters the Duke of Wellington shows 
 a talent for speculating on general questions which, 
 if cultivated, might have borne great fruit. I could 
 point out two or three instances in which this power 
 is displayed ; one that will most interest you is in a 
 letter dated Bombay, April 11, 1804, to a Major 
 Graham (vol. ii. p. 202), in which the workhouse 
 principle (i.e. of making relief disagreeable by accom- 
 panying it with restraint) is very distinctly stated. 
 
 The papers bring accounts of intense frost in London 
 and Paris, and I hear that the Ehone, rapid as it is, 
 has been frozen down to Avignon. The month of 
 January in Malta has been remarkably fine ; blue sky 
 nearly the whole day, and little wind, which is the 
 bane of this island. The thermometer has been rarely 
 under 50°. Since the beginning of this month there 
 has been a change for the worse, the temperature has 
 been lower, and there has been a good deal of wind 
 and rain. But it is perfectly ludicrous to talk of severe 
 cold in Malta at any time of the year. A small fire is 
 always sufficient in the house, and a great coat is 
 never required out of the house, even for riding. 
 
 Everything here is as still as death. We were at 
 one time a little afraid that the Italian exiles would 
 make use of the liberty of the press to attack their own 
 Governments but there are only one or two in the 
 island, and it has been intimated to them that if they 
 attempt anything of the sort, they must be off, and I 
 have no idea that they can venture to run this risk. 
 The Italian Liberals are for the most part a most imbe- 
 cile and odious race; nothing, indeed, would induce
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HIS FATHER. 99 
 
 people to tolerate them except the sanguinary ferocity 
 of their stupid Governments. 
 
 I cannot yet fix any time for leaving the island. I 
 do not now expect to move before the beginning of 
 April. Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Malta : February 22, 1838. 
 * * * * 
 
 My dear Father, — This is the carnival week, and 
 there is a great deal of amusement going on in the 
 shape of balls, regattas, and what not. The officers of 
 the army divert themselves in various ways. A few 
 days ago they were all in motion to see a wager between 
 two midshipmen, who undertook to race one another, 
 each floating in a half barrel, the one drawn by six 
 geese and the other by eighteen ducks. But the ducks 
 and geese spoiled the sport, for (as a person present 
 described it to us) ' non volevano camminare.' 
 
 The Canada business has, on the whole, ended well. 
 It remains to be seen what Lord Durham will do in 
 the way of a new constitution. The radicals have 
 certainly acted very ill. However bad the conduct of 
 the Government might have been, it afforded no reason 
 for inciting to rebellion, or for approving it when it 
 had taken place. 
 
 Everything is going on well here. I enclose a 
 pamphlet relating to our new tariff which has been 
 just published. As yet, I cannot say when I shall 
 return. I hope by next post to be able to foresee 
 more nearly. Pray remember me to Head if he is 
 still in London. Has he had the misfortune of be- 
 coming a baronet ? 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. G. Lewis. 
 
 H 2 
 
 !D
 
 100 LETTERS. 
 
 Malta: March 23, 1838. 
 
 # # * * 
 
 My dear Father, — We have received a letter from 
 the Colonial Office, desiring us to wind up our com- 
 mission as soon as we can ; and we have now reported 
 or finished our reports upon everything except two 
 subjects, viz. the question of a consiglio popolare, or 
 representative assembly, and law reform. On the for- 
 mer of these we have collected our materials, though 
 the report is not written. The latter will take time, 
 as it will involve the formation of codes which Austin 
 is ready to undertake if the Government wish it. I 
 intend to leave the island shortly, so that you need not 
 write to me in Malta after the receipt of this letter. 
 
 # # * * 
 
 On the whole the English Government have behaved 
 very well with respect to Malta. There were two 
 great obstacles to overcome, viz. indifference about so 
 BmaD an object, and interest in maintaining numerous 
 jobs, and abuses, and blunders. 
 
 I send some acorns from a famous oak at Belgrade ; 
 pray sow them. 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Paris: May 9, 1838. 
 
 My dear Mother, — I left Malta on the 27th of April 
 by the French steamer, and arrived at Marseilles on 
 the 3rd of May. On the following day I left Mar- 
 seilles by the diligence, and arrived at two o'clock 
 thi- morning at Paris, being a slice out of the fifth 
 night that I passed in the diligence. 
 
 :• * * * 
 
 I intend to leave Paris not earlier than the 12th,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD. 101 
 
 and not later than the 14th. You can judge from this 
 
 when I am likely to be in London. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The changes effected by this Commission in the 
 government and laws of the island of Malta were, as 
 had been anticipated, very extensive. In the adminis- 
 tration of justice, in the method of taxation, in the 
 regulations relating to education, to the press, the police, 
 as well as in other important matters, many alterations 
 were made by which discontent was removed, and 
 satisfaction given to the inhabitants. 
 
 The dry genial climate in which George Lewis had 
 spent a year and a half had been beneficial to his 
 health ; the languor produced by excessive heat during 
 a summer had been more than compensated for by the 
 freedom from cold which he had enjoyed during two 
 winters. 
 
 On his return he writes to his friend Sir Edmund 
 Head, who was still acting as an Assistant Poor Law 
 Commissioner in Herefordshire. 
 
 London : June 2, 1838. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am glad to hear from Gilbert that 
 you are likely to be in London in about a fortnight 
 from the present time ; but I fear that you will not 
 stay more than a few days. You are, of course, aware 
 that the 18th is just a week before the coronation. 
 
 The principal change which I observe in London 
 since I went to Malta is the increased number of omni- 
 buses, hack cabs, &c. They are now so numerous as 
 almost to make it disagreeable to walk in the streets. 
 By-the-by I heard that somebody moved the Court of 
 Queen's Bench the other day to grant two mandami. 
 
 I have heard two lectures of Carlyle's on the litera-
 
 L02 LETTERS 
 
 ture of England and France in the eighteenth century. 
 He is interesting and even instructive to hear ; though 
 he belongs to a class whose business it is to deny all 
 accurate knowledge, and all processes for arriving at 
 accurate knowledge, and to induce mankind to accept 
 blindly certain mysterious dicta of their own. It is 
 clear that so long as this set of opinions prevails the 
 great mass of every community, even those calling 
 themselves the educated classes, must be, for most 
 practical purposes, in the same state of enlightenment 
 as Sir William Courtenay's late followers in Kent. The 
 decryers of reason, logic, science, theory, speculation, 
 pride of human intellect, &c. ; and the eulogists of 
 common sense, moral sense, intellectual humility, &c, 
 form two great classes, whose respective opinions assume 
 very various forms, but amount in the end to the same 
 thing. 
 
 Arnold has published the first volume of his c History 
 of Home,' and Thirlwall the fifth of his ' History of 
 Greece.' Both of these are decidedly democratic works, 
 and will, no doubt, have their influence. Thirhvall's 
 fifth volume does not finish the reign of Philip ; I sup- 
 pose his sixth will end with the death of Alexander. 
 I will talk to you about Arnold's book when I see you. 
 
 What a picture of Walter Scott's character is exhi- 
 bited in Loekhart's life of him. How low and vulgar 
 his objects and how sordid his view of literature. He 
 contracted to deliver novels as a Manchester manufac- 
 turer might contract to deliver bales of calico ; and he 
 received the money in advance in order to buy farms 
 or pay for gilt furniture. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 In January, 1839, George Lewis succeeded his father
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO JOHN AUSTIN, ESQ. 103 
 
 as one of the three principal Poor-Law Commissioners ; 
 thus we find the next letter to Mr. Austin alluding to 
 a conversation which he had held in the Poor-Law 
 Office. 
 
 29, Hertford Street : December 2, 1839. 
 
 My dear Austin, — You are aware that it has been 
 the practice in our colonial system to consider the 
 governor as the mere representative of the Crown, as 
 a mere viceroy ; and, consequently, that when a House 
 of Assembly has been established in a colony, the colony 
 lias ceased to be a Crown colony — in other words, the 
 Crown has lost its power of legislating in the colony by 
 Orders in Council. Nevertheless, it is quite clear that 
 it might be expedient to impose upon the legislative 
 power of a colonial governor the check of a popularly 
 elected body, though it might not be expedient to 
 abandon the power of legislating in the colony by 
 Orders in Council. The notion that the two powers 
 must be simultaneously abandoned seems to have 
 arisen from a clumsy application of Whig doctrines 
 about ' taxation and representation,' and ' the influ- 
 ence of the Crown.' 
 
 The only exception to this rule in our colonies is 
 furnished by British Guiana, which is a Crown colony, 
 but the governor's legislative power is checked by two 
 councils — one a general council, composed half of 
 elected and half of official members ; the other & finan- 
 cial council, composed exclusively of elected members 
 styled financial representatives. The chief secretary of 
 Guiana, a Mr. Young, is now in England. He is a 
 friend of Lefevre's, and I had a long conversation with 
 him a few days ago at the Poor-Law Office. He gave 
 a favourable account of the working of these bodies, 
 and said that the governor had never found any diffi-
 
 104 LETTERS. 
 
 culty with them. They had passed every financial 
 measure which the Government had proposed. He said 
 that it had never been, in fact, necessary to resort to an 
 Order in Council in order to pass a measure rejected 
 by the councils ; but he added, that the councils were 
 well aware that the Colonial Office would interfere by 
 an Order in Council if they resisted the reasonable de- 
 mands of the Government. He stated that the Crown 
 had sometimes legislated in the colony, but not in con- 
 tested points. 
 
 I have doubt that if a similar power had been re- 
 served to the Crown in Canada, Jamaica, and the other 
 colonies, we should have avoided the difficulties into 
 which they have fallen. If a House of Assembly is 
 factious, the governor and Colonial office are powerless ; 
 but, unwilling to apply to Parliament, they struggle on 
 and allow matters to proceed from bad to worse, until 
 an Act of Parliament becomes absolutely necessary. 
 Little as the Colonial Office may know of the state of 
 our colonies, it is the only part of our government 
 which does know anything about them. Parliament is 
 as ignorant as it is indifferent. Consequently, if the 
 Colonial Office is unable to legislate when it will, the 
 time for Legislation is lost, the colony falls into con- 
 fusion, till at length the fear of downright anarchy 
 compels the unwilling Ministry to bring a bill into 
 Parliament. The result is that the only direct inter- 
 ference which the mother country exercises on a 
 chartered colony is by occasional and capricious acts 
 of the supreme legislature. 
 
 There is nothing in our recommendations which ought 
 to sugge>t the idea that Malta would, in case of their 
 adoption, cease to be a Crown colony. You will be 
 able to judge whether it will be advisable to make an
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD. 105 
 
 express remark to that effect. If they were to get an 
 elective council, and if the Government were to acquire 
 the habit of deferring habitually to its opinion, a ques- 
 tion might possibly arise as to the power of the Crown 
 to legislate alone. Provided this power was distinctly 
 reserved, and there was a good governor, I should 
 have little fear of giving them their 'consiglio popo- 
 
 lare.' 
 
 . Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Poor-Law Office : December 18, 1839. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Your account of Hampden's book* makes me curious 
 to read it. I always suspected that it was more heter- 
 odox than Senior and others were willing to admit ; 
 for the Oxford people do not in general make a great 
 stir about nothing. It is very probable that Hamp- 
 den did not himself see the consequences of his own 
 arguments. 
 
 I passed an evening a few days ago with Austin and 
 John Mill. We had a long conversation on the effects 
 of the Eeformation, Austin (who was in good health) 
 arguing strenuously that the Eeformation has, on the 
 whole, been an evil to mankind. His chief arguments 
 were : First, that it has produced sectarianism, with 
 all its concomitant evils of hatreds, divisions, persecu- 
 tions, &c. He thinks that the bitterness between par- 
 ties in the Catholic church (as Jansenists and Molinists) 
 has been mainly owing to the Eeformation. Secondly, 
 that it has rendered theological questions popular. 
 He says that, before the Eeformation, theology was 
 confined to the schools, and that if it had not been for 
 
 * Hampden's Bampton Lectures.
 
 106 LETTERS. 
 
 the Reformation, people would not dispute about free 
 will and grace more than they dispute about nominal- 
 ism and realism, or syllogism and induction. He says 
 thai the Catholic church is entitled to the gratitude of 
 the world for having handed down the torch of know- 
 ledge and resisted barbarism during the middle ages ; 
 but that no person actuated by the spirit of Protest- 
 antism has ever rendered any service to mankind. He 
 says that reason was advancing before the Eeformation, 
 and that it would have made more steady advances if 
 the Reformation had not taken place. He doubts 
 whether new opinions would have been proscribed and 
 condemned by the Church ; but he thinks that free 
 speculation would have been permitted as under Leo 
 the Tenth. 
 
 What he now wishes to see is a truly Catholic and 
 comprehensive church — a church which does not act 
 on the maxim ' compelle entrare,' but which treats 
 every person as a member, unless he refuses to be so 
 treated ; which views every man as a Christian, as the 
 State views every man a subject. For this purpose he 
 would not change the articles and symbols of any 
 church, but would get rid of all tests, subscriptions, 
 &c, and carefully exclude all condemning and anathe- 
 matising priests, all men such as Philpotts, from the 
 endowments of the clergy. 
 
 This outline will give you an idea of his opinions on 
 the subject. I fully assent to the conclusions, but I 
 feel great difficulty in forming any confident opinion 
 respecting the effects of the Eeformation. It is a great 
 thing that the Church has no official organ for con- 
 demning opinions. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD. 107 
 
 Loudon : January 4, 1840. 
 
 My dear Head, — I agree with you in dissenting from 
 Austin's views concerning the effects of the Reforma- 
 tion ; at least, to the extent to which he carries them. 
 I think it true that a great deal of the mischief done 
 by the Church of Rome since the Reformation is im- 
 putable to the provocation which this great schism 
 gave to the Catholic party. I also think that the re- 
 action against Protestantism which took place at the 
 end of the sixteenth century was in some degree owing 
 to a disappointment as to the effects of the change. 
 But I cannot bring myself to believe that the perse- 
 cuting and obscurantist spirit of the Church of Rome 
 would have been ever got the better of by any other 
 means than open resistance. I do not believe that the 
 rulers of the Church would ever have seen that it was 
 their interest to tolerate freedom of thought and dis- 
 cussion. If so, open resistance, with all its attendant 
 evils of sectarianism, mutual persecution, and so forth, 
 was inevitable. I am every day more and more in- 
 clined to attach weight to the destruction of the execu 
 tive portion of the Church, and to the silencing its 
 speaking organs of doctrine. I see constantly abortive 
 attempts to procure authoritative declarations and con- 
 demnations by the Church, without people being aware 
 precisely what they are aiming at. They feel the 
 want, but they do not quite see how to satisfy it. 
 
 There is another most important consequence of the 
 Reformation as to the diminution of the hold of the 
 clergy on men's minds, viz. the secularization of the 
 Church property. 
 
 Milman was saying the other day that before the 
 Reformation nearly the whole of Westminster belonged 
 to the Abbot of Westminster. Macaulay, who was
 
 108 LETTERS. 
 
 present, added that the revenues of the Abbot of Glas- 
 tonbury would be now equal to at least 500,000/. 
 a year. Conceive what power over opinions would be 
 exercised by a spiritual aristocracy with such mighty 
 possessions as these. We see what power of this sort 
 is exercised in this country by a comparatively torpid 
 and uneducated aristocracy solely by the means of rents 
 and money ; how much greater power would be exer- 
 cised by an aristocracy equally rich, containing many 
 active and educated men, and having spiritual associa- 
 tions and sanctions to back it. 
 
 I confess that I have great doubts whether the popu- 
 larization of theological controversies has been exclu- 
 sively owing to the Eeformation. The Reformation 
 and the general diffusion of printing are nearly contem- 
 poraneous ; and I attribute to the latter, and to the 
 spirit of discussion which it created, much of the pole- 
 mical spirit which arose at this time. The disputes of 
 the Jansenists and the Molinists show that polemics 
 may become popular in an age of general reading in 
 the bosom of a Catholic country. 
 
 Austin argues in nearly the same tone against the 
 French revolution, and doubts whether the world 
 would not have advanced more quickly without it. I 
 have also heard him question the good effects of the 
 American War of Independence. 
 
 With regard to the French Revolution his case is 
 Btronger than with regard to the Reformation. There 
 is no doubt that the terror excited by the atrocities of 
 the democratic and infidel party in the French Revolu- 
 tion has given great strength to the anti-popular and 
 clerical party. Still it is difficult to be too grateful for 
 the utter annihilation of the old aristocratic institutions 
 and opinions in France, and a large part of Germany ;
 
 G. 0. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD. 109 
 
 and a peaceable reform would not have effected this. 
 A peaceable reform in 1789 would probably have pro- 
 duced in France the same ultimate effect as the Eevo- 
 lution in 1688 in England. It would have curtailed 
 the power of the king and the privileges of the nobles ; 
 and it would ultimately have transferred the governing 
 power from the court to the territorial aristocracy. 
 
 I bought the other day a ' Dictionnaire du bas lan- 
 gage.' It contains the following article — Meche, de- 
 couvrir la ?7ieche, eventer un complot, un dessein, une 
 entreprise, que Ton tenait secrete. The same word is 
 in Eoquefort, but is not so clearly explained. It is 
 clearly connected with to mich, and is perhaps the 
 origin of it. Skinner derives a micher, a covetous man 
 (I suppose because he conceals, hides, hoards money) 
 from mica, in French miche, because he counts all the 
 crumbs that fall from his table. This etymology, Mr. 
 Eichardson says, is undoubtedly the true one. There 
 is a slight objection to it to which Mr. Eichardson does 
 not advert, viz. that the French form of mica is not 
 michehut mie, like^'<? from pica. 
 
 It occurred to me the other day that the Eoman 
 maxim respecting slave-children, ' partus sequitur ven- 
 trem,' is partly founded on the ground that ' hors le 
 mariage il n'y a de certain que la maternite.' Slave 
 women, of course, were not married ; and even where 
 a free man had intercourse with a slave, it was un- 
 certain who might be the father of her children. The 
 maxim was doubtless in part founded on the interest 
 
 of the masters. 
 
 * # * # 
 
 I am glad to hear that Tremenhere is likely to make 
 an interesting report. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. G. Lewis.
 
 110 J JITTERS. 
 
 The glossary referred to in the two next letters is a 
 glossary of provincial words used in Herefordshire and 
 some of the adjoining counties which Sir George Lewis 
 had himself compiled and published in the preceding 
 year.* 
 
 Wilton Place : January 25, (probably) 1840. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have sent the Herefordshire 
 glossary to Day,f and have received from him, in return, 
 a list of Shropshire and also of Sussex provincialisms. 
 
 Among the former is songowing for gleaning, which 
 he spells song-going, and derives it from the practice 
 "I* singing the harvest home. 
 
 You will see that in page 122 of the glossary, songal 
 or songle is noticed as having been formerly used in 
 Herefordshire in the sense of a handful of gleaned 
 corn. Songow is doubtless formed from songal, accord- 
 ing to the Cheshire practice of changing / into w. 
 
 Is it possible that songle can be derived from the 
 French sangle (lit de sangle), which means a girth, and 
 is probably the same as the Latin cingulum? 
 
 The resemblance of the sound is close, and the 
 meaning is tolerably near. 
 
 Query, is the expression songle now known in any 
 part of Herefordshire? 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G-. C. Lewis. 
 
 ' In many of the Dutch towns, cingel or singel is 
 
 tin; name of a street in the suburbs without the walls, 
 
 situate nt a certain distance and concentrical with them 
 
 i .f a p;nt < >f them, thus surrounding them like a cingulum. 
 
 This i> the true etymology of the singel at Meldorf, which 
 
 was doubtless outside the old city wall.' — Niebuhr, 'Nach- 
 
 gelassene Schriften nicht philologischen Inhalts,'p. 48. 
 
 • Mm 10. 
 
 \ .Mr. Day was an Assistant Poor Law Commissioner.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. AUSTIN. Ill 
 
 June 10, 1840. 
 
 Dear Mrs. Austin, — There is an article in the Times 
 to-day on your translation of Eanke.* I think that you 
 will be pleased to see the high terms in which the 
 writer speaks of Eanke 's work ; the spirit or nature of 
 which he appears to understand and appreciate justly. 
 I should certainly say that the reception which this 
 important work has hitherto met with is an encourage- 
 ment to undertake something more by the same author. 
 There is more probability of sweetening the bitter 
 theological and sectarian spirit of this country by 
 indirect than by direct means. 
 
 Murray, however (with whom I dined yesterday), is 
 very desirous that you should undertake some original 
 work. Do you feel a Beruf of this sort ? 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : September 28, 1839 (probably) or 1840. 
 
 My dear Head, — I find in your copy of the Here- 
 fordshire glossary the following addition under scallage, 
 1 shilling, a lean-to or shed built against a building 
 (E. Field).' There is a Scotch word shiel or shieling 
 for a shed which may be connected with shelter; as 
 shade and shed are the same word. Possibly shilling 
 or shieling may be connected ; and scallage is perhaps 
 a corruption of shilling. There is no Scotch dictionary 
 here, and therefore I can find nothing about shieling. 
 
 In a list of words which appear to be in Mr. Dyke's 
 writing, there is the following remark under ' lich-yat,' 
 which is the common name for churchyard gate in his 
 part of the country : ' I am told that collions is another 
 term for the same gateway, but I never heard it used.' 
 
 * Ranke's 'History of the Topes,' translated by Sarah Austin. Murray, 
 1340.
 
 112 LETTERS. 
 
 The word collions is written in pencil, and Mr. Dyke 
 seems to be doubtful whether he has got the right form. 
 I suspect thai he means scallenge, or some similar sound. 
 Would you or Lady Head have the kindness to write 
 to Mr. Dyke, and direct his attention to the article 
 scaUage in the glossary, and ask him whether that is the 
 word to which lie alludes? 
 
 Perhaps this question may bring out some other 
 form of the word which may throw light on its 
 etymology. I suspect that the etymology given in the 
 glossary is wrong. 
 
 When you go to London, pray do not forget to call 
 
 on Grote, at 4, Eccleston Street, Belgrave Square. 
 # * # * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Similarity of literary taste, study, and knowledge 
 gained for Sir George Lewis the intimate friendship of 
 George Grote. He valued Mr. Grote's opinion and 
 judgment so highly, that few, if any, of his pleasures 
 exceeded that which he took in discussing with the 
 learned historian of Greece, not only subjects connected 
 with early history and philosophy, but likewise topics 
 connected with politics and passing events. He had 
 also great enjoyment in the society of Mrs. Grote, 
 with whose varied and brilliant conversation he was 
 always entertained. A visit from them at Harpton was 
 a welcome event, so likewise was the receipt of their 
 Letters. 
 
 The next letter that we print was written to Mr. 
 Grote; and in the further correspondence others will 
 be found, some of which are addressed to him, and 
 some to Mrs. Grote,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 113 
 
 January 23, 1841. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I am sorry that you took the 
 trouble of sending to inquire after me. I have this 
 evening reached the crapula of a headache ; which, 
 though more or less unpleasant, is a far better thing 
 than the headache itself. 
 
 I hope that Mrs. Grote is recovered, and that she 
 has escaped the transition state. 
 
 I return two out of the several books of yours in 
 my possession. If you are by chance sitting in your 
 own room, pray send me the volume of Seneca the 
 philosopher, which contains a treatise styled Apocolo- 
 cyntosis. If you are sitting upstairs, pray put it out 
 for me to-morrow and I will send again. 
 
 When you are next within reach of the Od}~ssey, 
 pray see if you can satisfy yourself as to the connection 
 of the two verses xvii. 322—3, r,[j.io-u yelp r dp-rrig &c, 
 with what precedes. The use of irorvia in Od. i. 14 
 disproves Hawtrey's theory about the word viz., that 
 it means wife. Query, why is it never used in the 
 masculine gender ? 
 
 How inartificial and forced the beginning of the 
 Odyssey is, as compared with the beginning of the 
 Iliad! JEgisthus, in v. 29, is lugged in by the head 
 and shoulders without there being any apparent reason 
 why Jupiter should be thinking of him and Orestes, 
 rather than of any other conceivable thing. The speech 
 of Minerva, beginning at verse 45, is, however, quite 
 worthy of the author of the Iliad. The verses 55-62 
 are, in particular, most beautiful. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The following letter from Sir George Lewis to his
 
 Ill LETTERS. 
 
 cousin. Miss Duff Gordon, illustrates the readiness to 
 explain and give information which I mentioned in the 
 preface. He had always great pleasure in the society 
 of his present correspondent. 
 
 London: September 3, 1841. 
 
 My dear Georgiana, — By the science of aBsthetics, 
 the Germans (who introduced the word from the 
 Greek) mean that science which deals with beauty 
 considered as the subject of the fine arts. Hence 
 comes the adjective a3sthetical, which has a corre- 
 sponding sense. Thus it might be said that a picture 
 which showed great knowledge of colouring, drawing, 
 anatomical details and so forth, but was composed 
 without taste or a sense of beauty, had technical but 
 not a3sthetical merit. Mr. Price's essay on the Pic- 
 turesque, Mr. Knight's essay on Taste, Burke's essay 
 on the Sublime and Beautiful, are ossthetical treatises. 
 ^Esthetics may be shortly defined as the science of 
 taste. 
 
 You will find a full explanation of the meaning of 
 the word in the article aesthetics in the first volume of 
 the 'Penny Cyclopaedia.' 
 
 The Greek word from which aesthetics is borrowed 
 means, ' that which concerns sensations,' and therefore 
 docs not describe very correctly the subject of the 
 science of taste and the fine arts. But the word is 
 convenient, and seems now pretty generally adopted 
 both in France and England. It has, however, the 
 disadvantage of not being :i^ yet generally understood ; 
 a fact which is proved by your question. 
 
 The weather is very fine, and will, I hope, enable 
 the harvest to be got in fairly. London filled a good 
 deal for the meeting of Parliament ; but the battle is 
 now over, and people arc going away. They are to
 
 REV. SYDNEY SMITH TO G. C. LEWIS. 115 
 
 meet on Monday to adjourn to the 24th, when Peel 
 will probably continue the Poor Law Commission for 
 a year, and ask for a loan of four millions. It is 
 expected that there will be no opposition to either of 
 these proposals, and that after a very short time 
 Parliament will adjourn, or be prorogued, till February. 
 I am told that Fielden has received the sobriquet of 
 the ' Self-acting mule.' I hope that you will be able to 
 see the wit and appropriateness of this name. 
 
 Your affectionate cousin, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 I cannot resist inserting the following characteristic 
 letter from the Eev. Sydney Smith to Sir George Lewis 
 which I found among his papers. 
 
 Combe Florey : September 11, 1841. 
 
 Dear Lewis, — You appear to be awkwardly situated, 
 both as respects your future colleague, and the dura- 
 tion of your office. I shall not leave this place for 
 London till about the 22nd of October. We are 
 popular, and have a run upon the road to the Rectors 
 Head, which, in our case, is often more full than you 
 philosophers suppose rectors' heads ever to be ; but if 
 you can come, write and name your day, and I will 
 tell you whether we can receive you or not. I shall 
 be sincerely glad to see you if we are free. 
 
 What shall we do when our friend Mrs. Grote re- 
 turns from Italy ? We must get models of the Antinous 
 and Apollo. Common gestures and human postures 
 will not do. You must look like a dying gladiator, 
 and I must set up in my old age for a Sacerdos Belvi- 
 dere. I am very sorry she is going ; there will be no 
 philosophy, but in Pantaloons, till her return. 
 Yours, my dear Lewis, very sincerely, 
 
 Sydney Smith, 
 i 2
 
 116 LETTERS. 
 
 London : December 8, 1841. 
 
 My dear Father. — 
 
 * * * 
 
 \<> materia] change has taken place in Mrs. Hare's 
 
 state It is certainly not at all desirable that 
 
 you should think of returning [from Rome] at present, 
 and in this opinion Guthrie* concurs, who is now 
 attending me for a slight cough, which I made worse by 
 my journey to Cheltenham. I shall stay in the house 
 for a day or two, and leave the office to Head, by 
 which means I shall avoid all risk. 
 
 There are indications that Peel intends to make 
 some concession to the manufacturing interest. What- 
 ever he proposes this session (if it be tolerably fair) 
 must be carried ; for there is no other party now 
 strong enough to form a Government. But if he can- 
 not suggest a reasonable compromise between the agri- 
 cultural and manufacturing interests, his Government 
 will become involved in difficulties, which will under- 
 mine it before many years are over. It is impossible 
 to foresee what new combination may be formed ; but 
 I am satisfied no Government can stand against the 
 restless desire of the lar^e towns to obtain a relaxation 
 of the present restrictions on the import trade. I am 
 afraid that Peel will allow himself to be influenced by 
 taunts about changing his opinions on the Catholic 
 
 question. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Guthrie says that the disease of the girl at Venice is 
 ichthyosis, or fish-skin, a very rare disease, of which, 
 however, he saw an example no long time ago. He 
 says that it is so rare as to be a curiosity. Its 
 
 ' The eminent surgeon, G. J. Guthrie, Esc[.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 117 
 
 cause is unknown, and it does not appear to affect the 
 
 general health. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Your affectionate son, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Note. — Mrs. Hare, the mother of Sir T. Frankland 
 Lewis, died early in 1842. Sir T. Frankland Lewis 
 received his son's letter in Eome. 
 
 Chester Street : March 13, 1842. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I was greatly interested by your 
 last letter, written from Eome, and delight to find that 
 you have set to work so methodically and made your- 
 self master of the ground-plan of Eome. I suppose 
 that Bunsen's and Gerhard's works give everything 
 that is known, together with much that is not known. 
 Never having been at Eome, I have seen none of 
 Eaphael's profane works ; but I can easily believe that 
 your judgment of them is correct. Nothing can be 
 more exquisite than the beauty, and grace, and sweet- 
 ness of his Madonnas ; but the subject is a limited one, 
 and scarcely bears such frequent repetition. However, 
 I suppose that the Dresden Madonna is his finest pic- 
 ture. If you can contrive it, you should see the 
 Nismes amphitheatre and the Pont du Gard on your 
 way home. These provincial buildings give one a 
 lofty idea of the solid, commanding character of Roman 
 architecture. What grand railways the Eomans would 
 have made if they had been invented in old times ! 
 
 I knew that some attention was paid to modern his- 
 tory and physical science in Italy ; but I am surprised 
 to hear that there is any speculative philosophy. Such 
 pursuits are not much encouraged in countries where 
 the 'Times,' and ' Morning Herald,' and 'Bell's Life in
 
 US LETTERS. 
 
 London ' reign supreme; but even the indifference and 
 
 ridicule of an ignorant mob are heavenly, as compared 
 with the iron hand of a jealous, priest-ridden, people- 
 fearing Italian Government. Bentham has an Italian 
 admirer and imitator, named Gioja. I have lately 
 bought one of his works, a treatise on the compensa- 
 tion of wrongs. There is, I believe, very little know- 
 ledge of Greek in Italy. Micali, who wrote a history 
 of the ' Antichi popoli d' Italia,' is ignorant of Greek. 
 I doubt whether there are half-a-dozen Italians who 
 could read a page of Xenophon's 'Anabasis/ Pro- 
 bably, most Italians who have any pretensions to 
 education can read Latin. It is remarkable that the 
 knowledge of Greek is now nearly confined to the 
 PmU •stunt countries. This was not so formerly. How- 
 ever, Greek never made its way into Spain. I do 
 not remember having seen or heard of a Greek book 
 printed in Spain, or edited by a Spaniard. 
 
 Peel's corn-law measure is a slight improvement on 
 the present scale, but it retains a prohibitory duty, and 
 makes no essential change in the existing system. The 
 agriculturalists, however, were at first a good deal 
 alarmed by it, and many of the more unreasonable 
 among the country gentlemen have been inclined to 
 kick against it, The friends of the Government say 
 that it will raise much more revenue than the present 
 scale, inasmuch as wheat will be imported without 
 waiting for the low duty. The harvest this year will 
 probably not be an abundant one. The budget is, I 
 think, on the whole a good one. I like the income- 
 tax and the amendment of the tariff. The timber- 
 duties pari seems to me ill-managed. Peel's speech on 
 the budgvt is considered very able ; all important dis- 
 cussion on the com laws is at an end for this session.
 
 G, C. LEWIS TO GEORGE, GROTE, ESQ,. 119 
 
 The case was, in my judgment, ill-argued by the Oppo- 
 sition, and Peel is certainly stronger now than he was 
 on the first day of the session. I see nothing which 
 is likely to shake his Government for many years to 
 come. 
 
 There is something perpetually stirring in Parlia- 
 ment about Poor Laws — a question, or a return, or 
 some small matter, but sufficient (with the current 
 business) to occupy my time so completely that I 
 have hardly been able to read or do anything for 
 myself, except correct the proofs of the reprint of 
 my translation of Boeckh.* There has not, how- 
 ever, been any debate in either house, except in 
 the House of Lords, in a case brought forward by 
 Philpotts. Duncombe has a motion for a committee 
 on Local Acts, and Gilbert Unions, next week, which 
 the Government will resist. I do not expect that the 
 Government will make any essential concession, but 
 that there will be a good many modifications of the 
 law. We have been revising all our legislation lately, 
 and re-issuing our orders, which has cost us much 
 labour. We have just made a new order, to quiet 
 the doctors, who are very clamorous. On the whole, I 
 consider the prospects of the Poor Law Commission 
 much brighter now than they were this time last year. 
 Graham has been very kind to me,' and I like him 
 much as a man of business. I need not say anything 
 of Head as a colleague ; I only wish I could feel easy 
 about his health. He has lately been, by Graham's 
 desire, to Paisley, to ascertain the amount of distress 
 there, and he has discovered that the relief fund has 
 been grievously mismanaged. Chadwick has been 
 
 * Boeckb's 'Public Economy of Athens/ translated by Sir George 
 Lewis, and first published by Mr. Murray in 1828.
 
 120 LETTERS. 
 
 writing a long report on the means of preventing 
 disease by drainage, cleansing, &c. It contains a great 
 deal of good matter, and, on the whole, I prefer it to 
 anything else he has written. We shall present it 
 shortly as his report, without making ourselves respon- 
 sible for it. Lister has had a severe pulmonary attack, 
 from which he is slowly recovering. Senior has writ- 
 ten an article for the 'Edinburgh Review,' on the 
 national character of France, England, and the United 
 States — I should rather say their international charac- 
 ter, as shown in their conduct to other countries. John 
 Mill is about to print his work on Logic, which is com- 
 pleted. I have been reading a controversial work on 
 Ancient Christianity, written against the Puseyites. It 
 is an exhibition of the bad doctrines and spirit of the 
 primitive Church, written by a person who seems 
 deeply read in the Greek and Latin Fathers, but to 
 have no acquaintance with classical literature. It is a 
 curious work, and I shall like to talk to you about it 
 when I return. The writer is a strenuous Low Church- 
 man. Eastlake has published a useful translation of 
 the first part of Kugler ; and Mrs. Jameson an account 
 of the picture-galleries in or near London, which is 
 said to be very good. 
 
 I fear that I have deferred writing until it is doubt- 
 ful whether this letter will reach you before you leave 
 Home. Pray remember me to Mrs. Grote. I am glad 
 to hear so good an account of her health. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 YVildbad: August 17, 1842. 
 
 My dear Head, — By a singular accident, I have been 
 prevented from answering your letter of the 7th until
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD. 121 
 
 to-day. A travelling servant whom I took with me, 
 fell sick at Heidelberg. A medical man saw him 
 there, who pronounced that he had a little fever, and 
 gave him some calomel. I waited a day at Heidel- 
 berg, and the next I started with the Austins, in a 
 Lohnkutsch, for Stuttgart, whence they were to go to 
 Carlsbad, and I to Wiklbad. However, he continued 
 ill upon the road, and I left him at Heilbronn, with 
 instructions to follow me to Wiklbad. I stayed a 
 day at Stuttgart, and when I arrived at Wiklbad, I 
 found that the man had come the day before, and that 
 the small-pox had made its appearance on him. The 
 consequence of this discovery ought, strictly, to have 
 been that the hotel and all its inmates should be put in 
 strict quarantine until the man was convalescent, viz. 
 about four weeks. The king's commissioner at Wild- 
 bad had, however, taken upon himself to dispense with 
 the law so far as to send the man, in the custody of a 
 surgeon, to the hospital at Stuttgart, and to seal up the 
 room in which he had slept. Your letter for me had 
 been given to him before my arrival, and was lying 
 upon the table in his room ; but, although I used all 
 my eloquence to obtain it, I was unable to get the 
 seals removed until to-day. Small-pox is treated in 
 this country like the plague in the Mediterranean, 
 which, considering that vaccination is compulsory as 
 well as gratuitous, seems to me to be carrying the 
 
 paternal principle of government rather too for. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The national hatred of England seems to be almost 
 at its height in Germany. The newspapers (particu- 
 larly the 'Allgemeine Zeitung ') abound with articles 
 advising the establishment of a separate manufacturing 
 system and the exclusion of English manufactures.
 
 122 LETTERS. 
 
 The party who would naturally resist the demands 
 of the German manufacturers (viz. the landowners) 
 are reduced to silence and despair by the exclusion of 
 their corn from England. The cry for protection in 
 Germany is unquestionably the consequence of the 
 corn laws, and a retaliation against them. A body of 
 delegates from the Zollverein is now sitting at Stutt- 
 gart, and one of the subjects for their consideration is 
 the exclusion of foreign cotton twist. They will pro- 
 bably resist this cry for the present, as Prussia, with a 
 strong body of weavers, is against it ; but if our corn 
 laws are persisted in, the blow will infallibly come. 
 We seem to be on the eve of a war of tariffs — a war 
 by which Germany, France, and America will more 
 certainly damage England, with less suffering and loss 
 to themselves, than by a war of fleets and armies. 
 Minute accounts of the distress in England, from the 
 speeches of Cobden, &c, in Parliament, and from the 
 extreme newspapers, are given in the German papers, 
 with an intimation that they come far short of the 
 truth. These accounts are dwelt upon with the most 
 evident satisfaction; the distress is attributed to the 
 diminution of our foreign trade, and it is argued that 
 foreign nations have only to persist in their protective 
 policy (imitated from England herself) in order to 
 lower the proud superiority of England, and bring her 
 to the verge of a revolution. 
 
 In the case of a French war, we may rely on the 
 interests of the Germans, but certainly not on their 
 affections. Their hatred of England is only second to 
 their hatred of France. I am sorry to say that there 
 is ii< » doubt about the correctness of the above view. 
 
 I saw Zacharia,* in passing through Heidelberg. 
 
 * Karl Salamo Zachariii, the learned author of ' Vierzig Biicher von 
 Staate' &c
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUXD HEAD. 123 
 
 He has married a pretty, simple-mannered German 
 woman, and has one child. He has published an ac- 
 count of his travels in the Levant, and particularly of 
 his stay at Salonichi and Athos. There is a new law- 
 lecturer at Heidelberg, named Vangerow, a man of 
 much eminence. He has at present engrossed nearly 
 all the law students. Strauss is living at Stuttgart ; he 
 is about to marry a Dresden singer. 
 
 We intend to move to Kissingen, in Bavaria, in a 
 few days. Pray direct there until yen hear from me. 
 But as it is possible that we might be detained here, if 
 the subject should be of importance, pray write me a 
 few lines to both places. Mr. and Mrs. Yilliers desire 
 to be remembered to you. I am glad to hear that 
 you are well. The weather is excessively hot. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Wildbad : August 22, 1842. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 w *Jv «S? ^ 
 
 I hope that you will appreciate the following story. 
 When Voltaire was in Germany, he was one day talk- 
 ing against the Jews of the Old Testament, and was 
 particularly severe in his condemnation of Habakkuk, 
 against whom he brought various specific charges. 
 On a subsequent day, a person who had been present 
 at the former conversation returned to the subject of 
 Habakkuk, and offered to prove, by reference to pas- 
 sages in Scripture, that Voltaire had wholly mistaken 
 his history and character. Voltaire listened to this 
 proposal with considerable impatience ; at last, he cut 
 it short, by saying, ' C'est egal, Habakkuk etait capable 
 de tout.'
 
 124 LETTERS. 
 
 The news of the disturbances in the manufacturing 
 
 districts of England will be received with exultation 
 from one end of Europe to the other, and the appoint- 
 ment of the Duke of Wellington to the Horse Guards 
 will probably be taken to mean that the country is 
 placed under military government. All this will en- 
 courage the manufacturing party to press for further 
 protection. There is scarcely anything too extravagant 
 for the German public to believe about England, pro- 
 vided it be to our discredit. The English news in 
 their newspapers is almost exclusively confined to 
 detailed accounts from the ' Sun,' and such like autho- 
 rities, of the distress and riots in the manufacturing 
 districts. This is not confined to the papers which 
 incline to liberal politics, if, indeed, such can be said to 
 exist in Germany, It is equally true of the absolutist 
 organs. The censorship permits this, in order to create 
 a horror of a free government. Not a word against 
 Russia would be allowed to appear, although the Ger- 
 mans hate the Russians, if it be possible, even more 
 than they hate the English. 
 
 I took a letter for Malta, the other day, to the 
 Wildbad postmaster, and gave it into his hands, saying 
 that it probably ought to go by Baden and Strasburg 
 to Marseilles, as I had written via Marseilles on the 
 letter. lie looked at it for some time, and then said 
 to me, with a sort of inquiring air, 'Malta ist in 
 England, wahrscheinlich, oder in Irland.' Since 
 
 Lord W — "s remark, that he had been too 
 
 Bick in crossing from Dover to Calais to allow him to 
 think of crossing the Simplon, I have not heard of 
 BO choice a bit of geography. 
 
 * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 125 
 
 Kissingen : September 6, 1842. 
 
 My dear Grote, — My principal reason for not having 
 before written to you is that I had very little to say ; 
 and I fear that my stock of memorabilia has not been 
 much increased by delay. I travelled with Yilliers* 
 and his wife, by the ordinary railway and steamer line, 
 as far as Bonn, where I landed, and left them to go on 
 to Wildbad. At Bonn I found the Austins, and, after 
 staying a couple of days at Bonn, travelled with them 
 up the Bhine, as far as Heidelberg, and thence to 
 Stuttgart, where I parted from them, they going to 
 Carlsbad, and I to Wildbad. Austin had quite made 
 up his mind as to the Malta project ; his principal 
 reason seemed to be that the salary was not sufficient 
 to enable him to save anything, and he had enough 
 to live upon in Germany. Moreover, he seemed quite 
 uncertain about his health. He talked a ^reat deal 
 about all he had seen and heard in Germany, particu- 
 larly the latter. He thinks that the mischief done by 
 our corn-laws, in encouraging the Germans to set up 
 a manufacturing system of their own, and to exclude 
 foreign manufactures (chiefly English), cannot now be 
 undone, although the progress of their prohibitory 
 policy would probably be arrested by judicious legis- 
 lation on our part. Even the Austrians are now 
 beginning to manufacture for themselves, and to think 
 of encouraging native industry by duties. The Austins 
 intend to pass the present month at Carlsbad, and after 
 going to Dresden for a short time, to pass the winter 
 at Berlin. He meditates an article for the ' Edinburgh 
 Eeview,' on Prussia. I found Wildbad a quiet, se- 
 cluded watering-place in the Black Forest, where there 
 are natural baths, which people take upon the sand, 
 
 * Hon. Edward Yilliers, brother to the Earl of Clarendon.
 
 126 LETTERS. 
 
 through which the water rises. Villiers derived no 
 benefit from the baths, and, after I had stayed there 
 aboul a week, we came through Wiirtzburg to Kissen- 
 gen, where we have been a few days, and which I 
 shall leave this week. Kissingen has some mild chaly- 
 beate saline waters, which attract a large number of 
 Badgaste during the season, but the number is now 
 much diminished, as the season ends in the middle of 
 this month. The kino- of Bavaria has built a fine kur- 
 saal, decorated internally in the Munich style, and also 
 a handsome colonnade for peripatetics. The neigh- 
 bouring country has little beauty or interest. Much 
 distress has been created in Germany by the hot sum- 
 mer ; the hay harvest has foiled, so that there is not 
 sufficient food for cattle in the winter. A large num- 
 ber of cattle have, in consequence, been brought into 
 the market, and the price of meat is now extraordi- 
 narily Ioav, as it will be extraordinarily high in the 
 winter. I saw a statement in a newspaper, that sheep 
 are selling, in some part of Prussia, at eight groschen 
 a-piece (less than a shilling), and oxen at three to four 
 dollars. If cattle are not imported into England from 
 Germany at these prices, when will they be imported? 
 Dr. Strauss is now living at Stuttgart, and he is 
 about to be married to a Dresden Sangerin (older than 
 himself), whose name I forget. It is said that he 
 received 30,000 florins ( ="c0,000 francs) for his 
 'Christliche Grlaubenslehre,' and that the booksellers 
 will give him five Friedrichs d'or a sheet for all that he 
 writes. He is still a young man — not much above 
 thirty, 1 was informed. I understood that he had nothing 
 like a party or sect in Wirtemburg ; his writings had 
 created some ' Verwirrung ' among the younger Theo- 
 logen, but had made no converts. His last work, in
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 127 
 
 which he openly repudiates, not only Christianity, but 
 also all that is considered essential to natural religion, 
 appears to have alienated even moderate sceptics from 
 him. He has no professor's office, and is not likely to 
 obtain any ; but he appears to enjoy the most entire 
 toleration, both political and social. His writings have 
 certainly been read over all Germany. I have met 
 with a very interesting book, which I will show you 
 when I return to England, viz. ' A History of English 
 Deism in the last Century,' by a Dr. Lechler, published 
 last year at Stuttgart. It has, doubtless, been called 
 forth by Strauss's writings. The book throws much 
 light upon the progress of philosophical speculation in 
 England during the last century, and is important with 
 reference to the influence of Locke's Essay. It is not 
 very creditable to us that the book should have been 
 hitherto unnoticed in England. It is written in a per- 
 fectly candid and impartial tone, which will account for 
 its neglect, I intend to stop at Dusseldorf in my way 
 down the Ehine, and to see Elberfeld ; also to visit 
 Utrecht, Amsterdam and the Hague, and to embark at 
 Botterdam, so as to be in London on the 19th or 20th. 
 Pray remember me to Mrs. Grote, and believe me 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 After Christmas, 1842, difficulties connected with 
 the administration of the Poor Law in Ireland required 
 Sir George Lewis to go to Dublin for a short time. 
 Thence he writes thus to Mr. Grote : — 
 
 Bilton Hotel, Dublin: January 11, 1843. 
 
 My dear Grote, — Since I have been in Dublin the 
 weather has been wet and windy, and I have scarcely
 
 128 LETTERS. 
 
 done more than walk from the hotel to the office and 
 back again. I have, however, dined out two or three 
 times, - sen a certain number of people, and read the 
 newspapers, and I have now obtained a pretty good 
 idea of our position in this country. Everything in 
 Ireland is carried on with such a hubbub and noise, 
 and there is so much insincerity in a vast deal that is 
 said, that there is no finding out the truth except by 
 coming to the place and selecting one's informants. 
 
 The principal and most formidable opposition to the 
 Poor Law in this country proceeds from the land levels ; 
 it is, in fact, an anti-democratic movement. The boards 
 of guardians are extremely popular in their constitu- 
 tion, and, I need not add, are quite new. The ex- 
 oflicio guardians are limited in number ; they must not 
 exceed one- third of the board. The elected guardians 
 ore chosen annually by a suffrage nearly universal, 
 inasmuch as every occupier of land or houses is rated, 
 and every ratepayer has a vote. Moreover, the rate- 
 payers can, if they wish it, vote secretly by returning 
 the voting paper in a sealed cover — a practice which, I 
 understand, is often followed. The consequence of this 
 state of things is, that the elected guardians are virtu- 
 ally returned by the priests, and the landlords have no 
 control over their election. The boards of guardians, 
 consisting thus of a majority of tenants appointed by 
 the priests, decide upon all matters within the scope of 
 the Irish Poor Law. Although these matters are not so 
 extensive as those that are managed by an English 
 board, they are nevertheless important. The guardians 
 prepare a valuation, make a rate, give relief (which, 
 though it is confined to a workhouse, amounts to some- 
 thing), and appoint a clerk, collectors, and workhouse 
 officers. What, however, is, perhaps, most important,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GEOTE, ESQ. 129 
 
 they establish the principle that certain municipal 
 powers relating to the affairs of the poor are to be 
 administered, not by the landlords exclusively (as 
 hitherto), but by a board consisting partly of landlords 
 and partly of tenants ; and in which, at present, the 
 tenants always have a majority. The Irish landlords 
 (as is natural considering what has hitherto been the 
 rural regime in Ireland) cannot stomach this ; more- 
 over, they dislike excessively paying a tax for the poor 
 at all. They would hate a poor law, even if it were 
 administered by a grand jury. The consequence of 
 all this is, that the gentlemen have done and are doing 
 their best to defeat and obstruct the law, and to per- 
 suade the Government to relieve them, if not of the 
 whole law, at least of its most distasteful provisions. In 
 this attempt they are assisted by the resistance made 
 to the payment of rates. Every person is here rated, 
 and the number of ratepayers under five pounds often 
 exceeds half the entire number of ratepayers. These 
 cottiers are wretchedly poor, and they derive no con- 
 solation from the doctrine of the political economists, 
 that the rate ultimately falls on the rent. Primarily it 
 is paid by them ; their goods are distrained if it is not 
 forthcoming ; and such is the competition for land, that 
 somehow or other the landlord can contrive to throw 
 additional charges on the tenants, although any but an 
 Irish landlord would suppose it impossible to shave 
 them closer than they are already shorn. Hence has 
 arisen the resistance to the poor rate and the necessity 
 of collecting it at the point of the bayonet; a necessity 
 which throws great doubts upon the expediency of 
 rating the small occupiers. The danger of an exemp- 
 tion is, that it may offer a premium to the sub-division 
 of holdings. 
 
 K
 
 130 LETTERS. 
 
 So far as there is any middle class in the country, 
 these p< rsons (viz. the strong fanners, as the Irish call 
 them) are generally favourable to the poor law. Its 
 chief supporters are the priests, who are extremely 
 favourable to it, on account of the decisive influence 
 which they possess over the election of guardians. 
 
 From this account you may judge of the sincerity 
 and patriotism of O'Connell's proceeding in taking the 
 held against this measure, and using it as an argument 
 for repeal — in other words, for rent* As a measure 
 tending to strengthen and consolidate the power of the 
 Catholic or popular party in Ireland, it certainly ranks 
 next after Catholic emancipation, the Eeform Bill, and 
 the Municipal Bill, to say the least of it. Upon the 
 management of rural affairs it lias a more direct and 
 searching influence than any of these measures, and if 
 the Board of Guardians could be firmly established, 
 and take their rank among the settled institutions of 
 the country, a way would be opened for modifying the 
 power of the grand juries. Already a Commission has 
 proposed the transfer of some of the functions of grand 
 
 juries to the Boards of Guardians. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I have taken your advice and returned to the 
 
 'Athenaeum, 5 but I wish that you would use your 
 
 influence with the editor to induce him to give an 
 
 abstract of the contents of each number on the first 
 
 page, as is done in the 'Spectator:' perhaps Mrs. 
 
 Grote will take this matter in hand. 
 
 * * # # 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * So the fund was called raised by O'Connell for the promotion 01 
 repeal.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GEOTE, ESQ. 131 
 
 Dublin : January 29, 1843. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I agree with you in thinking that 
 we shall probably weather the anti-poor-law storm 
 in Ireland ; but I can assure you that the wind is 
 blowing very hard, and we are close upon a lee shore. 
 It is true, as you say, that no substitute is likely to be 
 ultimately more popular than the present law; but that 
 does not diminish our difficulty, which arises from the 
 general resistance to the execution of the law as it 
 stands. 
 
 Your description of Feuerbach's book has interested 
 me much : I will certainly read it. I see that the 
 4 Deutsche Jahrbiicher ' have been suppressed by the 
 Saxon Government in consequence of the interference 
 of Prussia and Bavaria. 
 
 I send you by to-day's post a copy of an Irish news- 
 paper, in order that you may read a report of a speech 
 by a Mr. Conner on fixity of tenure. This is another 
 instance of the practice of discussing the causes of the 
 poverty of the working people, the part of Hamlet 
 being omitted. It is strange this man does not see 
 that if the present precarious occupiers are converted 
 into owners, a new set of precarious occupiers will 
 grow up under them, unless all tenancy at will is 
 prohibited. Pray keep this paper, as I wish to show 
 it to my father. 
 
 I leave Dublin to-morrow, and hope to be in Chester 
 Street on Tuesday night. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 From the next letter, written to Mr. Austin, it 
 appears that Sir George Lewis found it necessary to 
 pay special attention to his health. Had he taken 
 
 s 2
 
 182 LETTERS. 
 
 more exercise he might have been stronger — but he 
 was very sensitive to cold, and had consequently an 
 aversion to going out much in winter ; and what with 
 the requisite attendance at the Poor Law Office, and 
 his usual literary occupations, his constitution suffered 
 from has too sedentary habits. He was recommended 
 to consult Dr. Jephson at Leamington, from whence he 
 now writes ; he found benefit from the strict diet which 
 the doctor enjoined, coupled with injunctions to ride 
 daily. 
 
 Dale Street, Leamington : October 23, 1843. 
 
 My dear Austin, — A letter which I received lately 
 from Mrs. Austin contained an expression which leads 
 me to hope that you are meditating the publication of 
 something more upon jurisprudential subjects. I can- 
 not forbear from writing to you to express my great 
 satisfaction at your having formed this intention. I do 
 not know whether you intend to continue your general 
 course of lectures, or to finish your papers on codifica- 
 tion. Brougham's pamphlet has had the effect of 
 calling attention to the latter subject; and I think that 
 the prejudices against a digestion of the law, as well 
 common as statute, have been softened of late years. 
 Hut whatever you may decide to publish, I shall be 
 equally thankful for the additional instruction. I have 
 long thought that no living person is so competent as 
 yourself to instruct the world upon ethical and legal 
 subjects ; and I am satisfied that if you would unlock 
 your Btores, you would find that your teaching would 
 gradually make its due impression. 
 
 It has been a great vexation and disappointment to 
 me to be absent from London at the time when you 
 are there. I wish that you could be induced to re-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 133 
 
 main a few weeks longer ; if you could, ray house, if it 
 should be any convenience to you, is entirely at your 
 disposal. I retain it till the end of the year, but I 
 shall go to my father's house in Grafton Street when 
 I return to London. I shall probably come to London 
 in about a fortnight. My health has got so much out 
 of order, that I found it necessary to do something for 
 it, and I have derived very decided benefit from the 
 strict regimen upon which Dr. Jephson has put me, 
 and which I have now pursued nearly three weeks. 
 
 I should not be surprised if he could do good in 
 your case ; his chief skill lies in chronic disorders of 
 the digestive organs. People come to him from far 
 and wide ; he makes at least 16,000/. a year, which is 
 an extraordinary provincial income. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grafton Street : August 14, 1844. 
 
 My dear Head, — Last night I was reading Sprengel's 
 ' Geschichte der Medicin,' and I found in it two singular 
 facts. One is that a certain Dr. Yeit was publicly burnt 
 at Hamburg, in 1522, for having attended women in 
 childbirth disguised as a midwife. 
 
 The other is, that according to Cardan's statement, 
 necromancy was up to his time taught as a science 
 in the University of Salamanca, and that the lectures 
 upon it had only been then lately prohibited. Cardan 
 died in 1576. 
 
 I imagine that the belief in necromancy in Western 
 Europe was a tradition from Greece and Rome, con- 
 firmed by the story of the Witch of Endor. 
 
 It seems as if Salamanca always kept a little behind 
 Oxford.
 
 134 LETTERS. 
 
 Lvell, in his work on Geology, mentions that lectures 
 founded on the Ptolemaic system of the world had 
 been delivered at Salamanca in this century. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Ilarpton : Saturday, September 14, 1844. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 * * * # 
 
 I quite agree with you about O'Connell's speech. It 
 was a masterpiece of demagogical oratory, but showed 
 manifest signs of fear, and an absence of all fixed views 
 as to future policy. He now sees that the Government 
 are not afraid of indicting him, and that if they get a 
 verdict they can shut him up. It looks to me as if his 
 present intention (for he varies from day to day) is to 
 give up striving for a completely separate Irish party, 
 and to attempt some sort of co-operation with the 
 Whigs and Liberals in England. This is the best thing 
 that can happen. Perhaps he may think that he may 
 be strong enough to turn out the Tories, and bring 
 back a Government which he can control. After all, it 
 is a sorry triumph for a great demagogue, the would- 
 be leader of a nation, to celebrate his liberation from 
 gaol by a decision on a technical point of law, due 
 to the legislature whose oppression he is always de- 
 nouncing. He cannot pretend to say that it is due 
 to his own party and followers, and therefore being 
 unwilling to ascribe it to an English party, he gives it 
 to Providence. I hope you observed an inimitable 
 passage about Providence acting by secondary causes, 
 and that one of the chief of these was — ' The Morning 
 Chronicle.'
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 135 
 
 It is very difficult to arrive at any confident con- 
 clusion after reading a French trial. The witnesses 
 are never pressed home, and there is so much hearsay 
 evidence, that almost any rumour might seem to be 
 proved. But certainly the impression left on my mind 
 by the rambling investigation at the two trials of 
 Fualdes' * murderers, was, that the conviction was right. 
 
 * This singular murder, which made a sensation throughout France, took 
 place on the night of the 20th of March, 1817. A woman dressed in 
 man's clothes entered a house of the lowest reputation, inhabited by one 
 Bancal and his wife and Colard and Anne Benoit, in the town of Ilodez, 
 in the south of France. As she reached the top of the stairs, a noise was 
 heard at the bottom, and she, anxious to be concealed, and Madame 
 Bancal wishing to conceal her, placed her in a small bedroom adjoin- 
 ing the kitchen. The noise proved to be that of five or six men forcing 
 up Monsieur Fualdes, a magistrate of the town, into the kitchen, where, 
 after having compelled him to sign some papers, they laid him on the 
 kitchen-table and murdered him. The principal assassins were Bastide 
 Gramont, Fualdes' godson, and Jausion, a banker and agent, at Rodez ; 
 the others were hired for the purpose. When the murder was ended, 
 Bastide, a man remarkable for his height and strength, heard a noise in 
 the small bedroom, out of which he drew the woman in disguise. He 
 would have killed her on the spot, as a dangerous witness of what had 
 taken place, but Jausion interfered in her favour, and they were at length 
 content with her swearing a solemn oath by the side of the corpse, that 
 she would reveal nothing that she had seen or heard. She was then per- 
 mitted to depart. The murderers proceeded to carry the body of Fualdes 
 to the outskirts of the town and throw it into the river Aveyron ; where, 
 however, it was found on the next morning. 
 
 Suspicion fell upon Jausion, Bastide, the Bancals, Colard, and others, 
 and they were arrested and examined. The man Bancal afterwards fell 
 ill, made a statement which compromised his fellow-prisoners, and died. 
 
 About the same time, a certain Madame Manson, the wife of a French 
 officer, whom, according to her own words, she had taken for a husband 
 ' comme on prend une pilule,' and from whom she was separated, a lady 
 of very doubtful character, admitted to a young aide-de-camp, that she 
 was the woman who was concealed in the small bedroom at Bancal's. 
 She was arrested as a possible accomplice in the murder, or as, at all 
 events, a probably important witness in the case. During her many ex- 
 aminations, her assertions were continually withdrawn or modified. She 
 prevaricated and contradicted herself, partly, it is supposed, from shame ; 
 partly from fear of revenge on the part of the prisoners ; at length, how- 
 ever, it appeared pretty clear that she was the woman who was concea'ed,
 
 136 LETTERS. 
 
 Madame Hanson's story comes out at last pretty 
 clearly, partly from herself, and partly from her con- 
 fidantes; and it is so little creditable to her, and there 
 is so much reluctance to tell it, that I can hardly doubt 
 its truth. I do not see what plausible theory can be 
 invented for explaining it on the supposition of its 
 falsehood. You ought to read the trial in the French 
 collection. 
 
 We went yesterday to see Sir Harford Brydges. 
 
 What a pretty place Boultibrooke is ! 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 In the autumn of 1844 Sir George Lewis married 
 Lady Maria Theresa Lister, the widow of Thomas 
 Henry Lister, Esq., a sister of the present Earl of 
 Clarendon ; an union which contributed largely to his 
 subsequent happiness. Many of his letters are now 
 dated from Kent House, in Knifditsbrido;e, the lease of 
 which belonged to Lady Theresa, and which they now 
 jointly occupied. 
 
 The next letter is written to the Hon. Mrs. Edward 
 
 that she had seen the murder through cracks in the door, had sworn the 
 oath, and had been allowed to leave the house as I have described. 
 
 Alter a trial at Rodez, some of the prisoners were found guilty, but 
 the trial was proved to be informal, and a fresh trial ordered to be held 
 at the neighbouring town of Alby. The result of this second trial was, 
 that Bancal's wife, Bastide, Jausion, Colard, and Bach were condemned 
 to death, but Bach recommended to mercy. Other prisoners had lighter 
 punishments; Madame Manson was acquitted. Bastide, Jausion, and 
 Colard were executed. 
 
 The vehement interest which was felt in these trials, arose partly from 
 a belief that the murder of Fualdes was a political murder; this clearly 
 was not the case, as the motive was robbery, which Bastide and Jausion 
 in fact committed. The position and evidence of Madame Manson like- 
 wise tended in a great degree to increase it. — See ' Causes Celebres,' 
 published by Lebrun, rue des Saints Peres. Paris.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. MRS. E. VILLIERS. 137 
 
 Villiers, who, by his marriage, had become his sister- 
 in-law. 
 
 Kent House: February 3, 1845. 
 
 My dear Elizabeth, — I return the letter on mes- 
 merism and Miss Martineau which you have had the 
 kindness to send me. The writer of it wisely abstains 
 from confident and sweeping conclusions on the sub- 
 ject. I cannot say that it lias at all altered such 
 opinions as I have been able to form on what is called 
 mesmerism and its influences. There is much in the 
 view of the writer which appears to me very reason- 
 able ; but there is one expression in his letter which I 
 must quarrel with. He calls mesmerism ' a new 
 science.' I cannot admit it to be new or a science. 
 It is not new in the ordinary acceptation of the word, 
 for it was introduced byMesmer before the year 1780, 
 more than sixty years ago. Nobody would now think 
 of calling vaccination a new discovery, and yet it is 
 posterior to mesmerism. Moreover, at the time when 
 mesmerism was introduced, its claims to be considered 
 as a valuable scientific discovery underwent a most 
 careful and conscientious investigation by a Commission 
 of competent persons appointed by the French Govern- 
 ment, and their report, drawn by the celebrated 
 Bailly, denounced it as a delusion either useless or 
 mischievous. Instead of a new science, therefore, I 
 should be inclined to call it an old imposture, long 
 since exploded by the decision of competent and dis- 
 interested judges. 
 
 Nothing can be a greater mistake than to suppose 
 that the subject of mesmerism requires investigation, 
 or that it has not attracted the attention of the medical 
 profession. I believe that a respectable library might
 
 188 LETTERS. 
 
 be made of books on the subject ; and that almost as 
 much has been written upon it as upon judicial astro- 
 Logy, witchcraft, the art of interpreting dreams, phre- 
 nology, or homoeopathy. Miss Martineau's complaints 
 of want of investigation and of indifference to truth, 
 and her tacit assumption throughout her letters that 
 the year 1844 is the year one of mesmerism, only 
 prove her utter ignorance of what had been written or 
 done, Ions before she was born, with regard to the 
 mock science upon which she has undertaken to 
 instruct the world. 
 
 But those wdio have ^qq\\ or read of the effects of 
 mesmerism, or animal magnetism, say that these effects 
 are something real and unquestionable, and that it 
 cannot be set aside as a mere imposture and imagina- 
 tion, like astrology or palmistry. That certain effects 
 are produced on certain persons by what is called 
 mesmerism is undeniable ; but it does not thence 
 follow that mesmerism is a science, new or old. 
 
 The original theory of Mesmer with regard to hid 
 pretended discovery is fully stated in Bailly's report. 
 Great changes in that theory, and in its practical appli- 
 cation, have been made since his time, and the language 
 of the mesmeric writers is so mystical and imprecise 
 (not excepting Miss Martineau's), that it is very difficult 
 to make out what they intend to teach, or whether 
 they agree in any common doctrine. It seems, how- 
 ever, that they all conceive the essence of mesmerism 
 to consist in this: that when two persons are brought 
 into relation with one another (generally by means of 
 contact, or close approach), some physical influence is 
 exercised by one body upon the other. This physical 
 influence was compared by the early mesmerists to 
 magnetism, and metallic rods and conductors were
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. MRS. E. VILLI ERS. 139 
 
 used in order to convey it. Of late years all agents, 
 except the hands and looks of the mesmerizer, have 
 been generally abandoned. 
 
 Now, it appears to me that there is no evidence of 
 the existence of a specific influence, or fluid, or occult 
 agency such as the mesmerists assert. If it was a phy- 
 sical agency communicated from one body to another, 
 it oug;ht to act according to natural and invariable 
 laws, like a contagious disease. Yet we know that this 
 is not the case. We know that women, and young 
 women, are much more susceptible of mesmeric in- 
 fluences than any other class of persons. This is not 
 the case with those influences which we know to be 
 purely physical. If a philosopher, or a weather-beaten 
 soldier, and a hysterical girl were vaccinated, the former 
 would be as likely to take the cowpox as the latter. 
 
 The claim of mesmerism to be considered a science, 
 and a useful or important discovery, rests entirely upon 
 the assumption that it works by a specific physical 
 influence. But as soon as the imposture and the ex- 
 aggeration are cleared away, it appears to resolve itself 
 into one out of the many well-authenticated examples of 
 strange nervous affections produced by the imagination. 
 It is a matter of certainty that various circumstances, 
 having apparently nothing in common, can, through 
 the imagination, give such an impulse to the nervous 
 system as to produce various phenomena, some of a 
 hysterical or convulsive character, and some connected 
 with somnambulism, or sleep accompanied with im- 
 perfect consciousness. Instances of these strange and 
 eccentric affections are afforded by the dancing madness 
 of the middle ages, the Tarantism which prevailed in 
 Southern Italy in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
 turies, the paroxysms of the French convulsionnaires in
 
 140 LETTERS. 
 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century, and the con- 
 vulsive seizures of the English Methodists and other 
 religious fanatics. In all these cases women are said 
 to have been more easily affected than men; and the 
 propagation of the nervous hysterical convulsions was 
 wonderfully assisted by sympathy and the presence of 
 many persons. It is to be observed that Mesmer's 
 original experiments were made upon assemblages of 
 persons, and not upon single patients. 
 
 It is possible that the power of producing hysterical 
 symptoms, or of bringing on a state of semi-conscious 
 sleep, may, if employed by skilful and scientific phy- 
 sicians, be turned to some good account. I cannot say 
 that I have any expectation that such will prove to be 
 the case ; my belief is, that if any good could have been 
 elicited from it, some progress towards the discovery of 
 that good would have been made in the sixty or seventy 
 years which have elapsed since the quack Mesmer tried 
 to make money by his pretended discovery. Never- 
 theless, I can conceive that some means may be found 
 of guiding and restraining a power which seems now so 
 liable to abuse, that no one thinks of applying it except 
 in cases where all other means have failed. 
 
 I am, however, utterly incredulous as to the pre- 
 tensions of mesmerism with respect to mental pheno- 
 mena. I do not believe that we shall ever learn any 
 new truth, either as to matter of fact or matter of 
 opinion, from any mesmeric patient in a state of som- 
 nambulism. I have no faith either in mesmeric 
 clairvoyance or mesmeric intuitions ; and I fear that, 
 notwithstanding Mesmer and Miss Martineau, we shall 
 never be able to acquire knowledge by any other than 
 the tedious and painful means of observation and 
 
 aomng.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. MRS. E. V1LLIERS. Ul 
 
 As to Miss Martineau's own case, nothing in my 
 opinion can be safely inferred from it in respect to the 
 virtues of mesmerism. In the first place, even if there 
 had. been a perfect cure, no safe conclusion could be 
 built upon a single case. Our knowledge of the animal 
 economy is too limited to enable a person (and that 
 person unskilled in medicine) to pronounce with con- 
 fidence upon the effects of a process of treatment tried 
 in one instance. But, in the next place, it appears 
 clearly from Mr. Greenhow's pamphlet, that Miss 
 Martineau had begun to improve before she was 
 mesmerised ; that she was then taking a medicine 
 (iodine), from which she was likely to derive benefit ; 
 and, what is most important, that after all she was not 
 cured of her malady. The nervous symptoms of pain 
 were mitigated ; but the displacement of the organ still 
 continues, and may, for aught that we know, reproduce 
 the same symptoms on some slight provocation. 
 
 With regard to Jane and her somnambulistic revela- 
 tions, I must be allowed to suspend my belief until 
 I know a little more about Mrs. Montagu Wynyard. 
 Miss Martineau, already a believer in mesmerism, of an 
 enthusiastic and credulous temperament, and nearly 
 stone deaf, is formed by nature for a dupe. Mrs. 
 M. W. may, perhaps, be desirous of notoriety, or she 
 may be amused by deceiving the world, or she may be 
 practising a pious fraud on Miss M., thinking to do her 
 good. Half-witted girls, such as Jane is described to 
 be, have sometimes a large dose of cunning ; and it is 
 not unlikely that Jane may be something between a 
 dupe and an accomplice. 
 
 Such is my confession of faith with regard to mes- 
 merism. I believe that the mesmerists have discovered 
 that there is a power of producing, principally in young
 
 142 LETTERS. 
 
 W< mien and boys, certain hysterical and nervous affec- 
 tions, which had previously been supposed only to arise 
 spontaneously. There appears to be nothing novel or 
 unexampled in the phenomena of mesmerism, as regards 
 either the convulsions or the somnambulism, except 
 that they are produced by an external agency. It is 
 possible that by a vigilant observation of these pheno- 
 mena, some means of controlling them and rendering 
 them useful may be discovered. A strong presumption 
 against the probability of success is, however, created 
 by the fact that since 1780 no person of a truly 
 scientific spirit has felt inclined to pursue this line of 
 enquiry. 
 
 Believe me, ever yours affectionately, 
 
 Gr. C. Lewis. 
 
 Loudon : July 25, 1845, 
 
 My dear Head, — Sir Robert Inglis made an exceed- 
 ingly confused, dull and unimpressive speech yesterday 
 to about sixty members, on the grievances of the tithe- 
 owner in respect to rating.* He evidently did not 
 understand the question, and certainly nobody could 
 understand his speech. He was answered by Sir James 
 Graham, who stated the opposite views with remark- 
 able clearness and in a small compass. The House 
 seemed to understand him — indeed, they could not 
 well avoid it ; and he evidently satisfied his audience. 
 Lord John Manners said a few words about bringing 
 forward the Stoek-in-Trade Bill earlier next session, and 
 nobody else spoke. The Bill was then read a second 
 time without a division. 
 
 Inglis has not advanced the case of the tithe-owner 
 by this move. The probability is, that unless some 
 
 * For Sir ft "In it Inglis's speech, see ' Hansard,' 3rd series, vol. Ixxxii. 
 p. 1042.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 143 
 
 more vigorous hand takes up the subject, it will never 
 be revived. Sir James Graham seemed quite satisfied 
 with the result. The Scotch and Irish Bill went 
 through committee last night with little opposition, and 
 no division. I was not in the House. There are one 
 or two verbal amendments to be made, and the report 
 is to be brought up to-night. I expect it will be read 
 a third time on Monday. The Valuation Bill is not to 
 be proceeded with to-night. The report is still to be 
 brought up. Probably it will be taken on Monday. 
 Power is still in attendance. 
 
 You have heard of poor Mr. Olive's death.* I 
 understand that he had had some warning previously, 
 and that he had even been advised not to go to George 
 Olive's house by the railway. 
 
 w *jf •!? *jv 
 
 The Commons Enclosure Bill will certainly pass this 
 Session. It ought to have a great effect in Wales. 
 
 Thank you for Horner's letter. I will show it to 
 Clarendon. 
 
 There is a curious pamphlet by Baptist Noel, re- 
 commending the Voluntary system for the Irish Pro- 
 testant Church. It is addressed to the Bishop of 
 Cashel, who must be highly pleased with it. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Ems : September 15, 1845. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ems is now beginning to thin, but it does not expire 
 till the end of the month, We intend to leave it this 
 week, and to go through Schwalbach and Schlangenbad 
 
 * Edward Bolton Clive, of Whitfield, Herefordshire, member for the 
 city of Hereford.
 
 Ml LETTERS. 
 
 to Biberich, — down the Rhine to Coblentz, stay a day 
 there, in order to see some of the Moselle, and after- 
 wards give a day to Andernach in order to see Laach. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The German papers are full of information relative to 
 the schism in the Catholic Church ; the Deutsche 
 Catholiken, or the Christkatholische Gemeinde, as they 
 
 call themselves. It took its rise in a letter written by a 
 Silesian priest, named Ronge, remonstrating against the 
 exhibition of the sacred tunic at Treves. The Bishop 
 of Treves and his clergy worked this imposture beyond 
 all reasonable limits of prudence, and a serious reaction 
 amongst all the more honest and rational Catholics has 
 been the consequence. I have seen some of Ronge's 
 pamphlets ; he is said to be a perfectly sincere, honest 
 and determined man, a sort of little Luther ; he writes 
 in a homely popular style, with every appearance of 
 strong feeling. His principal point is separation from 
 Rom.e ; and this topic coincides with the national 
 patriotic movement now alive in Germany, which., 
 moreover, all the Governments encourage. Hence 
 they fall themselves German Catholics. They permit 
 marriage of the clergy, communion in both kinds, 
 celebration of mass in German, and they reject confes- 
 sion. They call themselves Catholics, but are substan- 
 tially Protestants. They have formed a sort of free 
 ( !hurch, with fund- of its own, to which Protestants and 
 even Jews have contributed ; and which Prussia, 
 Baden, and Wirtemberg have recognised as a legaJ 
 Church. Their numbers are said to exceed 30,000, 
 and T hear that sixty priests have joined them. Many 
 of these have given up livings of considerable value. 
 They are favoured by some of the higher Catholic 
 clergy, particularly by the Archbishop of Freiburg.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 145 
 
 They are just the reverse of our Puseyites, who are 
 Catholics calling themselves members of a Protestant 
 Church ; these people are Protestants, calling themselves 
 members of a Catholic Church. They differ moreover 
 from the Puseyites in two other respects ; one, that 
 many of their priests have sacrificed their emoluments 
 when they changed their opinion — the other, that the 
 converts are chiefly among the middle class, merchants, 
 tradesmen, &c. My belief is that the movement is of 
 genuine importance, and that the Catholic Church of 
 Germany is in a critical position as respects its con- 
 nection with Rome, and the maintenance of some of its 
 characteristic doctrines. Much will depend on the 
 conduct of the leading men : the Catholic Governments 
 are doing all they can to stifle the movement. I have 
 read a historical investigation into the sacred tunic of 
 Treves, by two professors of Bonn. It seems that there 
 are about twenty other sacred tunics, particularly one at 
 Argenteuil, in France, which has been recognised by the 
 Pope, and on which Lord Clifford has written a book. 
 Moreover, they profess to have seen at the late exposure 
 of the tunic, that the vesture without a seam has seams in 
 it. The whole affair is far too ludicrous to endure solemn 
 criticism ; the Church of Treves forgot that while they 
 were hoodwinking the multitude, they were committing 
 the capital error of outraging the reason of the upper 
 and middle classes. They have already smarted pretty 
 severely for this piece of dishonest folly ; and I feel 
 convinced that they have not yet seen the last or the 
 worst. 
 
 The Germans seem fonder of the Zollverein and the 
 exclusion of foreign manufactures than ever. We may 
 
 expect to see the prohibition stricter every year. 
 * * * *
 
 146 LETTERS. 
 
 Have you heard the anecdote of some person calling 
 
 on Guizot, and asking him if he was recovered from his 
 
 attack of illness ? ' Je me porte beaucoup mieux' (was his 
 
 answer). ' Regardez, je lis des romans,' showing Thiers' 
 
 history of Napoleon. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Downing Street : March 11, 1846. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I tried to find you on Sunday, but 
 unluckily failed, my object being, among other things, 
 to thank you for the copy of your twelfth and last 
 volume, which has safely reached me. You have, I 
 think, every reason to look back with satisfaction upon 
 the time and labour which you have devoted to this 
 great enterprise. 
 
 You have effectually accomplished the object which 
 you set before you, and your success has been generally 
 recognised by competent and impartial judges, and 
 indeed by the general voice of the public. 
 
 All other histories of Greece are superseded by your 
 work ; and those who treat the subject hereafter must 
 take your treatment of it as their starting point. 
 
 The established character of your history at our 
 universities, where its political principles would not 
 make it acceptable, is a remarkable fact, and is creditable 
 both to you and to tliem. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 16, 1846. 
 
 My dear Grote, — The parcel containing the copy of 
 your history, with the volume of the Seneca and my
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GMOTE, ESQ. 147 
 
 article, arrived safely ; and I am muck obliged to you 
 for the present of your book. I have looked through 
 the whole of it so as to see its general plan and structure, 
 and I have also read consecutively a portion of the 
 first volume. Your mode of treating the mythological 
 part is, I think, quite successful. You have contrived 
 to give a correct view of the character and contents of 
 the religious and heroic legends of the Greeks without 
 losing yourself in endless detail. 
 
 I feel satisfied that your work will occupy a very 
 high place in the historical literature of the country, 
 and that it will influence the opinions of all studious 
 persons upon the nature of what is called early history. 
 
 Thirlwall's first volume is based upon sound principles 
 of criticism ; but, in the first place, his citations of 
 authorities are insufficient ; and in the next place, his 
 views are scarcely expressed with distinctness. He 
 always seems, like Lord Eldon, to exercise his ingenuity 
 in evading a decision of the question. You have fairly 
 stated the case, and argued and illustrated it so as to 
 meet every objection and remove every obscurity. 
 
 I do not know whether you are acquainted with 
 Otfried Midler's articles — Attika, Eleusinia and Pallas, 
 in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopadie. They are well 
 worth reading, particularly that on the Eleusinia. There 
 is likewise in the same Encyclop£edia (which is in the 
 London Library) an article on the (kkyssey, by Nitzsch. 
 I would also recommend to you the articles Inspira- 
 tion and Orakeln. 
 
 There is a new work on Greek mythology and religion 
 by Heffter. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 h 2
 
 148 LETTERS. 
 
 Kent House: April 5, 1846. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I cannot resist writing to express 
 to you the satisfaction, as well as instruction, which I 
 have derived from reading the two last published 
 volumes of your history. You have, in my opinion, 
 accomplished the task which you have undertaken, and 
 although particular parts might be developed, you have 
 succeeded completely in placing the whole question 
 of the mythology and legendary narrations of the 
 Greeks upon what I believe to be their true footing, 
 without the omission of any material part of the subject, 
 and without leaving any possibility of mistake as to 
 your conclusions and the grounds of them. The subject 
 of the Greek mythology, and the mode of its treatment, 
 is, as you know, of great attraction for me ; and I offered 
 Macvey Napier to review your book, intending to be 
 full on this part of it, but he wrote me word that John 
 Mill had already undertaken the article. Your chapter 
 on the state of society described in the Homeric poems 
 is very successful ; perhaps you might have said a little 
 more on the state of the mechanical arts, and the ideas 
 about external nature, than you have given. Everything 
 on the latter head is collected in Voelcker's Homerische 
 Geographic The chapter on the Homeric poems is 
 most interesting, and in the chief part of it I concur. 
 But I cannot agree with your view of the early books 
 of the Iliad, and I doubt the possibility of distinguishing 
 between an Achilleid and an Iliad. In particular, the 
 ninth book, which you consider of inferior execution, 
 seems to me one of the finest parts of the poem, and at 
 all events it relates mainly to Achilles. Inconsistencies 
 do not convince me that the poem was not the work 
 of one poet. They merely prove to me that his plan
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 149 
 
 was not perfect. There is an article by Colonel Mure 
 in the ' Foreign Quarterly Eeview,' showing that the 
 JEneid is full of inconsistencies. There are gross incon- 
 sistencies and incoherencies in the plot of several of 
 Walter Scott's poems and novels. The examination of 
 the plan of the Iliad seems to me too detailed, and too 
 full of very doubtful matter, to have a place in a general 
 history of Greece. It somewhat breaks the course of the 
 preliminary part, and it would be better suited to a 
 history of Greek Literature. The first glimmerings of 
 history, where almost every fact is insulated or disputed, 
 form the least interesting portion of your subject. Your 
 chapter on the Spartan constitution, however, quite 
 satisfies all I could have wished, and your theory about 
 the lots, as to which I never could make out anything, 
 seems to me both novel and sound. I enclose on a 
 separate paper a few remarks on individual passages, 
 which have occurred to me. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 In consequence of dissensions in the Poor-Law office, 
 and of difficulties attending the administration of the 
 law, the Government found it desirable to re-model the 
 commission in the early part of 1847. In the month 
 of July in that year, Sir George Lewis resigned the 
 office of commissioner. Allusions to these changes 
 will be found in the following letter to Mr. Grote : — 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 26, 1847. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I am sincerely obliged to you for 
 your very kind and warm letter. You will, I am sure, 
 not suspect me of making empty professions when I 
 say that I value your good opinion and your esteem
 
 150 LETTERS. 
 
 infinitely more than I care for the abuse of ten thousand 
 brawlers or writers in newspapers. There is, however, 
 nothing in the change announced by the Government 
 of which I disapprove. On the contrary, they appear 
 to me to have taken the best step both for the public 
 and the commissioners which the circumstances of the 
 case admitted. Lord John completely threw over the 
 report of the Andover Committee, and said that the 
 Government intended to found no measure upon it. 
 But he added that there was a state of feeling in Parlia- 
 ment, and a relation between the Home office and the 
 commissioners, which rendered a change in the consti- 
 tution of the department expedient, when the question 
 of the renewal of the commission came before the 
 House. He proposes to retain the present central 
 control unimpaired, transferring the issue of general 
 orders to the Queen in Council ; constituting the de- 
 partment differently, and enabling it to be represented 
 directly in the House of Commons. At the same time, 
 I believe, the department will be made perpetual, 
 instead of being, as at present, only temporary. It has 
 been my great object to prevent the attacks of the last 
 session from being used as a means of destroying the 
 central office, and subverting the existing administra- 
 tion of the law. Although and his friends had 
 
 personal objects, the aim of Wakley and the Times 
 and their adherents was more extensive. If the Go- 
 vernment make a good arrangement of the personnel of 
 the new department, the amount of public injury done 
 will not be great. For my own part, nothing but a 
 consciousness of the impossibility of resigning would 
 have induced me to hold my office even up to the 
 present time. To be exposed to the insults of all the 
 refuse of the House of Commons without the power of
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GEOTE, ESQ. 151 
 
 defending oneself, and to have one's chief opponent as 
 the secretary of the board of which one is a member, 
 without the power of dismissing him, is a position which 
 nothing but necessity can render tolerable, and which 
 I only submit to for the present because I have no 
 alternative. 
 
 If it should be found on experience that the direct 
 representation of the Poor-La w commission in Parlia- 
 ment leads to the abandonment of some wholesome 
 regulations which are now in force, and renders the 
 administration less impartial, this change for the worse 
 must be imputed to our parliamentary constitution, 
 and not to the Poor-Law department or the existing 
 administration. Parliament is supreme, and we cannot 
 be better governed than Parliament is willing to govern 
 us. It is vain for a body of subordinate functionaries 
 to attempt to enforce, on such a subject as Poor Laws, 
 opinions which are repudiated by the majority of the 
 sovereign legislature. 
 
 Pray remember me kindly to Mrs. Grote, and thank 
 her for her good wishes. 
 
 What progress are you making with your two new 
 volumes ? 
 
 I presume that you have not yet begun to reprint 
 your two first volumes ; I have a few notes on Vol. II. 
 to send you, but they are not written out. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 There is an article of mine on Local Taxation in the 
 last number of the ' Edinburgh Eeview.' There is also 
 an excellent article by J. Austin on Centralization. 
 
 We have taken Villiers Lister from Mr. Youldon's
 
 152 LETTERS. 
 
 and sent him to Harrow this school time. He seems 
 very happy at the change. 
 
 In the next letter, written to the daughter of Mr. 
 Austin, Lady Duff Gordon,* who by marriage was the 
 first cousin of George Lewis, he bears testimony to the 
 great merits of the article on Centralization,'!* men- 
 tioned in the last letter, which Mr. Austin had contri- 
 buted to the last number of the ' Edinburgh Eeview ;' 
 and, at the request of my much lamented friend, Mrs. 
 Austin, I append another letter on the same subject, 
 which, by doing honour to her husband, had given her 
 great pleasure ; it is written by Mr. J. S. Mill to Sir 
 Alexander Duff Gordon. 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 24, 1847. 
 
 My dear Lucie, — I have read with great pleasure 
 and profit your father's article on Centralization. It 
 says all that can be said on the subject within the 
 limits of a review ; indeed, I wonder that he was able 
 to pack so much mailer into so small a compass. It 
 will assist materially in clarifying people's ideas on this 
 much misunderstood subject, and will serve to diminish 
 the unreasoning antipathy with which centralization, as 
 distinguished from excessive or injudicious interference 
 of the central government, is regarded in this country. 
 I seriously hope that he may fulfil a sort of half-promise 
 which lie makes, of writing a second article on ' The 
 legitimate province of the governing power.' Local 
 authorities are in general less skilful and more weak 
 
 * Lady Duff Gordon is well known for her contributions to literature, 
 especially by her lately published letters from Egypt, which have been 
 read with so much entertainment. Lady Duff Gordon's lamented death 
 took place at Cairo in July, 1£69. 
 
 | Edinhiryh Revieto, Jan. 1847, vol. Ixxxv. p. 221 .
 
 J. S. MILL, ESQ. TO SIR A. DUFF GORDON. 153 
 
 than central authorities ; and, therefore, if the inter- 
 ference is wrong, local authorities are likely to do less 
 mischief. This seems to me the substance of the popu- 
 lar objection to centralization. 
 
 * # * # 
 
 Ever yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 From Mr. John Stuart Mill. 
 
 India House : Jan. 27, 1847. 
 
 My dear Sir Alexander, — I regret to hear that Mr. 
 Austin is again suffering from illness, which has, perhaps, 
 been brought on by the application required in writing 
 his admirable article in the ' Edinburgh,' and by the 
 very natural and intelligible reaction after it was 
 finished. In his bad health he must at least have 
 the consolation of feeling himself useful, for the article 
 is exactly one of those things which he can do so well, 
 and which so few are capable of doing at all — a thorough 
 discussion of the subject it treats of, going down to the 
 roots and fundamentals of a matter never treated in 
 that way before — eminently calculated not only to give 
 clear ideas and to correct vague feelings and confused 
 notions on that particular subject, but also to educate 
 the minds of those who wish to study such subjects — a 
 class that would probably be much more numerous if 
 there were not so lamentable a paucity of such helps 
 to them. One of the persons of greatest intellect that 
 I have known said, after reading the article, ' What a 
 pity the same man does not, in the same manner, pre- 
 cisionize other and even more important questions of 
 political morals ;' and I do hope that he will now be 
 encouraged to do so. There is really some hope of 
 this now that he has actually finished something ; for
 
 i:.l LETTERS. 
 
 his inability to satisfy himself is the only thing except 
 ill health which has ever seemed to me to stand in the 
 way. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J. S. Mill. 
 
 Desirous to remove a shir which he thought had 
 been unjustly cast upon his administrative ability during 
 the later part of the time in which he had acted as 
 Poor-Law commissioner — released from an office the 
 tenure of which was incompatible with his sitting in 
 Parliament, Sir George Lewis now sought a seat in the 
 House of Commons. A vacancy was about to occur in 
 the county of Hereford ; his mother's family resided in 
 that county ; his father's residence was close upon the 
 borders of it ; he was well known there by many 
 friends ; and when it was understood that he was 
 willing to come forward, a requisition was sent to him, 
 which he accepted. In the following letters he speaks 
 of his canvass ; he was elected on August 4, without 
 opposition. 
 
 Hereford : July 2, 1847. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 To-day I canvassed the outskirts of Hereford, and I 
 do not go to Eoss till next week. Hereford alone will 
 occupy about five days. I propose now to be absent 
 all next week, if you have nothing to say to the con- 
 trary. 
 
 The number of voters for the county exceeds 7,000, 
 and it is difficult to make much impression on so large 
 a body without giving some time to the work. I have 
 no reason to fear a contest, but the mere act of can- 
 vassing suggests the idea of starting fresh candidates;
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 155 
 
 and if the dissolution should be deferred much longer, 
 
 I should not be surprised if somebody started on a sort 
 
 of forlorn hope. The yeomanry of the county are 
 
 numerous and independent, and are a good deal under 
 
 the influence of the small proprietors. Fortunately, 
 
 however, there is no subject on which they feel strongly. 
 
 I have scarcely heard anything about Poor Laws in 
 
 Hereford. Both the Low Church and Dissenters have, 
 
 however, taken up the Protestant cry ; and I have been 
 
 asked several questions about Maynooth, Endowment 
 
 of the Catholic clergy, Education Grant, &c. One of 
 
 the relieving officers of the Hereford Union refused his 
 
 vote to-day because I would not promise to be against 
 
 all endowment of Popery. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 My dear Head,- 
 
 Monuington : July 6, 18-47. 
 * * # 
 
 I have had to-day some reminiscences of my ancient 
 pulmonary enemy. I think it was owing to the great 
 heat of the last few days, and to standing in the sun to 
 canvass. The consequence probably will be that I shall 
 be able to do less this week, and that I may not be 
 able to return till the week beginning on Monday, 
 the 19th. Pray let me know if this will be at all 
 inconvenient. If you should see Brand, pray let 
 him know that my return will not be so soon as I 
 expected. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Leavis.
 
 156 LETTERS. 
 
 P.S. The debate* in the Lords on Friday night was 
 worth rending. The arguments pro and con were well 
 stated. I was much struck with Lord Stanley's speeeh, 
 who appeared to me thoroughly to understand the 
 question. It was curious to see in what a summary 
 manner they did execution upon Borthwick's and 
 Etwall's clauses. 
 
 Hereford : Aug. 5, 1847. 
 
 My dear Head, — My election passed off quietly 
 yesterday, notwithstanding the alarms of Fear^us 
 O'Connor and Oastler.f * * * Nothing could go off 
 better or more peaceably than the whole affair. 
 * * * I hope you will write the Settlement J article 
 in the 'Edinburgh Review.' I see no necessity for 
 making it very long. You might begin with a re- 
 ference to my article on Local Taxation, at the end 
 of which the subject is adverted to, and the intention 
 to appoint a committee is mentioned. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Ilarpton : Aug-. 10, 1847. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have received a letter from Lord 
 John Russell announcing his intention to offer me a 
 parliamentary office before the beginning of the session. 
 I shall not mention this to anybody but my own im- 
 mediate relations, as circumstances may arise to prevent 
 the intention from being fulfilled (although Lord John 
 
 * Debate of Friday, July 2, on the Poor-Law Administration Bill. See 
 Jlii/isurd, 3rd Series, vol. xciii. p. 1130. 
 
 t Reports had been circulated tliatFeargus O'Corjnoror Oastler would 
 oppose him. 
 
 % The article may be seen in the Edinburgh Review of April, 1848; 
 vol. lxxxvii. p. 461. It was reprinted and circulated by the Government 
 when the law of assessment was altered in 1805.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 157 
 
 himself expresses no doubt), but I lose no time in com- 
 municating it to you, as showing what his intentions 
 are to the commissioners. It seems to me that the 
 great difficulty in your case is to find an office that 
 
 will suit you. 
 
 * # * # 
 
 Have you come to any understanding with Empson 
 about the Law of Settlement ? 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis was appointed Secretary to the 
 Board of Control in the following month of November. 
 
 Grove Mill House : Sept. 28, 1817. 
 
 My dear Head, — I cannot tell you how glad I was 
 to receive the account of Lord Grey's offer, for, al- 
 though, after Lord John's letter, I felt convinced that 
 the Government seriously intended to provide for you, 
 I did not feel sure how soon a fitting opportunity would 
 arise amidst the pressure which is kept up from all 
 quarters upon the Government. 
 
 Lord Grey's letter is quite satisfactory, and I collect 
 that you have made inquiries which satisfied you as to 
 the eligibility of the appointment. I know very little 
 about the place ; I fear it is terribly cold, but I sup- 
 pose pine-wood is cheap, and stoves are capacious. It 
 is odd it should be in North America. You must take 
 some lessons about hoisting the British colours, §c. 
 
 I cannot make out why they keep the Poor-Law 
 appointments so long open. Are they waiting for 
 Hawes to find a seat? 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G, C Lewis.
 
 158 LETTERS. 
 
 Lord Grey, then Colonial Secretary, had offered to 
 Sir Edmund Head the Governorship of New Brunswick, 
 llis oner was accepted. 
 
 Grove Mill House, Watford : Oct. 81, 1847. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I was very glad to receive your 
 letter, and to find that you were so well and so agree- 
 ably employed. I shall read your pamphlet on Swit- 
 zerland with much interest.* My mind is not in the 
 blank paper state, but in a state much worse, that is, 
 a number of confused blots and scratches have been 
 made upon it by various contradictory articles which I 
 have read in newspapers, out of which I can decipher 
 nothing clear. 
 
 A short time ago I made an excursion into Here- 
 fordshire to attend some agricultural societies, and to 
 deliver my sentiments on subjects of which I was con- 
 siderably ignorant ; with that interruption I have been 
 here since the end of September, and have not lost 
 sight of my intended review of your third and fourth 
 volumes. I found, however, that I could do nothing 
 without books of reference, and therefore I postponed 
 my article till the April number. This abominable 
 meeting of Parliament,! however, deranges me in every 
 way, and will, I fear, render much of what I have 
 written useless. I have, however, carefully read a second 
 time your last two volumes, and am ready to write the 
 article as soon as I am within reach of my books. The 
 task is not a light one, for the quantity of material in 
 your two last volumes is immense. At present I am 
 writing on a subject on which I had previously collected 
 some notes, a subject not strictly of logical science but 
 connected with it, viz. the legitimate province of au- 
 
 * 'Seven Letters on the recent Politics of Switzerland.' Newby, 1847. 
 + Parliament in November, the Session began on the 18th.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO REV. GILBERT F. LEWIS. 159 
 
 thority in matters of opinion and practice* The problem 
 is to determine the cases in which we can properly 
 believe anything, not on appropriate evidence, under- 
 stood by us, but merely because another person thinks 
 so and so. It opens a great variety of questions con- 
 nected with ethics and politics, which have never been 
 looked at from this point of view, and it interests me 
 to pursue the various threads of speculation. I have, 
 however, very much lost my faith in the advantage of 
 abstract speculation on morals and politics in the pre- 
 sent state of knowledge and opinion, and I write it 
 rather for my own sake than from any idea of being 
 useful. It seems to me that there is too little consensus 
 about elementary facts in the moral sciences for any 
 abstract treatment to be of much avail ; and I have 
 come to the conclusion (particularly after reading your 
 four volumes) that an enlightened commentary upon 
 historical data, well ascertained, is the best form in 
 which instruction on such subjects can be presented to 
 the public. A series of good histories would be the 
 best foundation and preparation for a really scientific 
 treatment of politics and morals. My best regards to 
 Mrs. Grote. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grove Mill House : Nov. 3, 1847. 
 
 My dear Gilbert. — I have written again to Empscn 
 about your article,f and will let you know his answer. 
 I quite agree with what you say about gardening, as 
 to the distinction between flower-gardens and wild 
 thickets — such as a jardin anglais was supposed to be. 
 
 * His essay on the 'Influence of Authority or Opinion/ was publisLed 
 by Parker in 1849. 
 
 t Ediiibvrgh Bevieiv, vol. lxxx-\iii. p. 4C3.
 
 ICO LETTERS. 
 
 Would it not be well to look into Mr. Price's book on 
 ' The Picturesque' ? He was a great enemy of formal, 
 n L'ular gardens. 
 
 I have an idea that there is an epigram of Martial 
 which speaks of hothouses — of plants kept in an arti- 
 ficial state under glass. If I am not mistaken, it is 
 quoted in ' Beckman,' but under what head I do not 
 remember; I think I could find the passage if I was 
 in London. The gardens of the ancients were for the 
 most part mere shrubberies, with statues, like their idea 
 of the Elysian fields, as described in the sixth JEneid. 
 Horti, in the plural, in Latin, meant a villa. Horti 
 Caesaris is Caesar's villa — i.e. a large palace, with 
 grounds laid out, close to Rome. They had, however, 
 flower-gardens to a certain extent. The ancients had 
 some exotic fruits, ' Persica mala,' &c. ; but few, if 
 any, exotic flowers. 
 
 Whately, the author of the book on gardening, was 
 either the father or the uncle of the Archbishop of 
 Dublin. 
 
 I am afraid that this detestable meeting of Parlia- 
 ment will accelerate my start at the Board of Control, 
 and that I shall have to leave this place and go up to 
 London very soon. My only consolation for this anti- 
 Christmas session is, that I hope there will be six weeks 
 
 interval afterwards. 
 
 Yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Grove Mill House, Watford : Not. 5, 1847. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I received yesterday the volume 
 on ' Swiss Politics,' which you were so good as to send 
 me. I have since read it with great interest, and feel 
 much indebted to you, both for having written the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GBOTE, ESQ. 161 
 
 book, and having sent me a copy of it. The narrative 
 is lucid and flowing, and the view taken of the whole 
 series of events appears to me perfectly just and dis- 
 criminating. It carries one back to the seventeenth 
 century, and seems to place one in the midst of the 
 Thirty Years' War. Open lawlessness, free bands, re- 
 ligious zeal producing political revolutions and wars, 
 priests leading the people in council and in the field — 
 all this is very unlike the present century. The antici- 
 pations to which your narrative leads are very gloomy, 
 and I see by yesterday's paper that the seven cantons 
 have formally seceded from the Diet, and that civil war 
 is declared. The cause of the mischief is religious 
 bigotry working upon an" imperfect federal constitu- 
 tion. Probably neither would have led to open war 
 without the other. Unless one party can defeat the 
 other in the field, and a settlement can be effected by 
 force, I see no escape from the present complication 
 but a division of the present confederacy into two 
 leagues. In this case the larger and more Protestant 
 section might make a better federal constitution than 
 they now possess. I subjoin one or two remarks which 
 occurred to me in reading your work. 
 
 In p. 22, line 12, there is a misprint, which obscures 
 the sense — some such word as defend or justify is 
 apparently omitted. — Page 121. It might have been 
 desirable to explain why the Legislative Council of the 
 Canton de Vaud was so obstinate in rejecting the 
 reasonable prayer of the petition. The constitution 
 was then popular, and the canton is, I believe, chiefly 
 Protestant. There is an apparent absence of motive 
 for making so decided a resistance to the strongly-ex- 
 pressed opinion of the great body of their constituents. 
 — Page 128. It seems clear from the narrative that 
 
 M
 
 162 LETTERS. 
 
 the principle of arms, imported into the Sonderbund, 
 and distinguishing it from the previous league of 
 Sarnen, was a retaliation against the Corps francs, and 
 partly in self-defence. The Protestant party had pre- 
 viously shown a disposition to resort to arms. If this 
 be so, it is a point in the case of the pro-Jesuit cantons 
 to the statement of which they are entitled. 
 
 I forgot when I last wrote to you to answer what 
 yon had said about the Poor Law Commission. The 
 truth is, that I have been so glad to emancipate myself 
 from the subject lately that I overlooked it in writing 
 to you. Lord John Russell decided to retain Nicholls 
 as Permanent Secretary in the Poor Law Office, on the 
 ground of his being the Senior Commissioner, and of 
 his having given up a lucrative office under the Bank 
 of England upon his first appointment. I hope that he 
 may prove an efficient Secretary. They offered Head 
 the Governorship of New Brunswick, which is 3,000/. 
 a year for six years. It is complete banishment into 
 the backwoods, but the climate is better than Canada ; 
 and, after all that had passed, Head accepted it without 
 hesitation. The employment is honourable and suffi- 
 ciently lucrative. For my own part, I regret very 
 much that he could not be appointed to some office 
 in this country. The Government have offered me one 
 of the Secretaryships of the Board of Control, and I 
 have virtually accepted it, but I have not yet been up 
 to London to see Hobhouse. I do not apprehend that 
 the office is a very laborious one. I hear that Jones 
 Loyd was favourable to the Government interference 
 with the Bank, but I have still to learn how bankrupt 
 merchants are to be made richer by more bits of paper. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C LEWIS TO REV. G. FRANKLAND LEWIS. 103 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 21, 1847. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — I hope that you have arrived 
 safely after your several journeys, and that your house- 
 hold derangements have been set to rights. The Dean * 
 has been publishing in the ' Times ' his memorial to the 
 Queen, and is doing his best to prolong the agitation. 
 I suppose that it will end in Hampden being installed, 
 and in the Government offending a large part of the 
 Church for no conceivable object. 
 
 I send you a copy of the ' Epigram ' of Martial, and 
 also a passage from the postscript to Mason's ' English 
 Garden,' which contains an abstract of the poem. You 
 should by all means procure Mason's ' Poems,' which I 
 believe is not an uncommon book, and read this poem, 
 as it sets forth his principles very distinctly. He is an 
 anti-formalist, or naturalist, but pins his faith to the 
 doctrine of sweeping curves ; and is opposed to the 
 Dutch or French garden, formed on the pattern plan, 
 on the one hand, and to the modern school of unim- 
 proved nature, founded by Knight and Price, on the 
 other. You will also be amused by Mason's ' Heroic 
 Epistle to Sir William Chambers,' which very success- 
 fully ridicules his work on ' Oriental Gardening.' 
 Chambers, I believe, built Somerset House, and there- 
 fore must have been an architect of no common 
 powers ; but I suspect his book on ' Oriental Garden- 
 ing ' was a piece of charlatanism. 
 
 *Jv yfc ^p $fe 
 
 Your affectionate brother, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * Dr. Merewether, Deau of Hereford. 
 
 m 2
 
 164 LETTERS. 
 
 Grove Mill : Dec. 28, 1847. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I am glad that you have made so much progress 
 -wit 1 ! your article. The subject is an interesting and 
 
 reeable one. Sir William Temple's ' Essay,' at which 
 I looked the other day, contains a good deal of matter. 
 I see that the remark about the climate of England 
 enabling one to go out more days in the year than any 
 other is given there to Charles the Second. Sir William 
 Chambers's work may safely be set down as a piece of 
 charlatanism. 
 
 With respect to Oriental gardening, I enclose you 
 some notes from a book of authority which I have 
 borrowed from the India Board, and am now reading. 
 Duhalde's book was in the London Library after all. 
 It is in the catalogue as large as life. 
 
 The Dean of Hereford has suddenly become a hero, 
 a capacity in which I did not expect to meet him. 
 The 'Times' of to-day, by the pen of Mr. Mozley, 
 nearly deifies him. I cannot understand what should 
 have driven him to such extremities. We shall all be 
 anxious to hear what were the proceedings of to-day. 
 Julius Hare has written a pro-Hampden pamphlet, 
 which the 'Chronicle' praises. 
 
 Tray thank my father for his letter received to-day. 
 I will write to him to-morrow. 
 
 Your affectionate brother, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Grove Mill: Jan. 14,1848. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — The passages from the 'Jesuits' 
 Letters ' are curious, and I do not see how it can be 
 doubted that the Chinese had at that time attained to
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 165 
 
 considerable skill in laying out gardens on a large scale. 
 They had no theory to support (like Chambers), and 
 the utmost that can be suspected is, that there is 
 exaggeration. It does not, however, follow that the 
 English style of landscape gardening (of which Stowe * 
 may serve as the model) had anything to do with 
 China, or was in the remotest manner borrowed from it. 
 The description of the canals in the Chinese gardens 
 resembles that of the Indian gardens in one of the 
 extracts I sent you. In the note at the end of Mason's 
 ' Garden ' is a reference to the article, Architecture da 
 Jardinage, in the French ' Encyclopedic' This work 
 is at Moccas,f and it might be worth your while to 
 look at the article. 
 
 t* *5r w «ff 
 
 I suppose that something will be done about the 
 Militia, and that there will be a small increase of the 
 army in consequence of the Duke of Wellington's letter. J 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Grove Mill : Jan. 5, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have been so often assisted by you 
 on points about pictures, that I am tempted to trouble 
 you again about a picture at the Grove which puzzles 
 me. Theresa is collecting; materials for a catalogue of 
 the pictures, and we have been examining them closely 
 for purposes of description. You may perhaps re- 
 member a fine half-length portrait something in the 
 style of Bronzino, which hangs over a door in the inner 
 
 * In Buckinghamshire ; the residence of the Duke of Buckingham. 
 t In Herefordshire ; the residence of Sir George Cornewall. 
 I 'The Duke of Wellington's letter to Sir John Burgoyne, on the 
 defences of the country.' See Annua? Register vol. xc^ f or lgJ8.
 
 1GG LETTERS. 
 
 library. It represents, apparently, a young Italian or 
 Spanish cavalier or gentleman, in the dress correspond- 
 ing to thai of Queen Elizabeth's time — but black. He 
 wears a sword, and a dagger on the loins, with chased 
 gold and Bteel hilts. The face is remarkably handsome. 
 It is painted on panel. On the back, on the rough 
 wooden sm-face, is an old inscription, the letters of 
 which seem to have been branded in with hot iron, 
 and afterwards traced with some plaster or white 
 substance. The upper part of it can now be read with 
 difficulty, and a portion of it may have been planed 
 off. As for as I can make out, it is as follows: — 
 
 PERARI DE REVONA 
 KEYE PINXIT 
 
 A 1550 
 
 The letters under which I have put a dot, in the 
 first line, are indistinct. Something also may have been 
 lost at the end of the line. The second and third 
 hues are quite distinct, and every letter certain. The 
 first line seems to contain the name of the person 
 represented ; in which case the mysterious word in the 
 second line is the painter's name. Or the whole may 
 be the name of the painter. But as the word before 
 ' pinxit ' is quite unintelligible to me, I can make out 
 nothing. The date, which is certain, ought to give the 
 clue. I have no books of reference here, and there- 
 fore have nothing to assist me. 
 
 The ' Times ' failed altogether in making a hero out of 
 Merewether. I do not know whether you saw 7 the 
 articles in the ' Chronicle ' against him. They "were 
 remarkably pungent, and there was no answering 
 them ; so the ' Times ' let their man drop. The affair, 
 I hear, is nol yet over ; but it is clear that bishops and
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 167 
 
 deans in these degenerate days have no taste for 
 martyrdom, and dislike flying in the face of power. 
 The Government will prevail ; but the victory will be 
 dearly bought, and will cost much too high a price. I 
 have sent for Hampden's s Lectures,' and am going to 
 follow Wilberforce's example, and read them. 
 
 I cannot believe that steam-navigation has made so 
 great a difference in our coast defences as the Duke of 
 Wellington's letter throughout assumes. His whole 
 argument is based on the assumption that the defences 
 which were sufficient from 1815 to 1845 are sufficient 
 no longer. He does not enter into this question upon 
 which everything seems to me to turn. I should like 
 to see it discussed by gens du metier. At all events, 
 the advantage cannot be all on one side. Our steam 
 navy is in proportion as much stronger than theirs as 
 our previous sailing navy ; perhaps, counting private 
 steamers, even stronger. No doubt, if the French could 
 land a large army with artillery, materiel, &c, we are 
 in a scrape. But this is the question and always has 
 been. 
 
 I recommend to you Eicardo's book on the Naviga- 
 tion Laws : * it is essential as to colonial trade. The 
 case against them is stronger than I supposed. 
 
 I hope that Lady Head and your children have 
 
 escaped without influenza. I direct this to Chester 
 
 Place, hoping it will find you. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. G L. 
 
 * Important discussions on the Navigation Laws took place in Parlia- 
 ment in 1848 and 1849, the result of which was an Act effecting great 
 changes, which passed in May 1849. The hook alluded to is the 
 ' Anatomy of the Navigation Laws/ by John Lewis Eicardo, M.P. 
 London, Gilpin, 1847.
 
 168 LETTERS. 
 
 Kent House: Feb. 8, 1848. 
 
 .My dear Gilbert, — The passage in Pliny, about which 
 you wrote to me at Grove Mill, is in his ' Natural 
 History' (book xix. ch. 23). Translated, it as follows : — 
 k The cucumber is of a pulpy nature, and its fruit is out of 
 the ground. The Emperor Tiberius was extremely fond 
 of it, and it was served every day at his table. For in 
 iine weather his gardeners wheeled the plants out into 
 the sun on moveable frames ; and in winter placed them 
 under the protection < if glass.' Specularia may mean any 
 transparent substance, as talc or glass: specularis lapis 
 is used by Pliny for talc. Juvenal applies the word 
 specularia to the glazing of a lectria or sedan-chair. 
 The passage is quite unambiguous as to forcing cucum- 
 bers in winter under some vitreous substance. 
 
 Martial has also an epigram (viii. 14) in which specu- 
 laria is applied to a hot-house for forcing fruit. The 
 Romans must certainly have been familiar with the prac- 
 tice of forcing fruits and vegetables, and even flowers, 
 but the clearness and scarcity of glass and talc must have 
 
 confined the use of hot-houses within narrow limits. 
 * * * * 
 
 Yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C L. 
 
 The following letter was addressed by Sir George 
 Lewis to Mrs. Austin in Paris, where she and Mr. Austin 
 were residing when the disturbances broke out in 
 February 1848. 
 
 Kent House : March 4, 1848. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I have heard intelligence of 
 yourself and Austin several times during the last few 
 days, but 1 cannot refrain from writing to enquire after
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MBS. AUSTIN. 169 
 
 } t ou in the present state of things, and to express my 
 hope that you have not been subjected to any serious 
 inconvenience by the late alarms. All accounts, both 
 public and private, represent the town as perfectly quiet; 
 and I suppose to those who staid at home while the 
 disturbances lasted, there was only that annoyance which 
 arises from a feeling of uncertainty. Even in quiet 
 times, and with a settled Government, it is not easy to 
 see very far into the future, and he must be a bold 
 prophet who will undertake now to predict the course 
 of events on the Continent. Of one thing, however, we 
 may be pretty sure, that the future will not be a copy 
 of the past, and that things will not follow the same 
 course now as either in 1789 or 1830. There appears 
 to be no tendency to propagandism at present. All the 
 movement is Ashleyite or Walterite. It appears to be 
 not merely a social but a socialist revolution- Somebody 
 has said that a provisional government is a government 
 which supplies the people with provisions. We shall 
 now see the system of out-door relief, limitation of 
 hours of work, interference between employer and 
 workman, tried on a large scale. This seems destined 
 to be the modern protectionism,, now that corn laws and 
 protective custom duties are giving way. There is a 
 strong party ready to try the experiment in this country, 
 but no principle of that sort is ever carried to its full 
 extent at one blow in England. Both in our wise and 
 foolish acts we generally do things by halves ; and con- 
 sidering the large alloy of folly in public opinion, per- 
 haps the existence of this perpetual drag-chain which 
 we put on in going up, as well as going down hill, is not 
 to be lamented. 
 
 During the last few months I have much changed 
 my mode of life, having commuted a very laborious
 
 170 LETTERS. 
 
 office into one with little labour, and having besides had 
 to attend in Parliament. India is a very interesting 
 subjeel from its magnitude, but the government is 
 mainly in the local authorities and the Court of Direc- 
 tors, and the Board of Control is, as its name imports, 
 merely a controlling body. It originates very little, and 
 all the preliminary work is done at the India House. 
 However, it is the link with Parliament, upon which 
 everything ultimately depends ; and since the abolition 
 of the trading functions of the Company, the Court of 
 Directors is assuming more and more the character of 
 a sub-departmenl of the Government. There is a grow- 
 ing feeling, I think, against the retention of our American 
 colonies, the West Indies and Canada ; and more disposi- 
 tion to look to the East, where all our recent acquisitions 
 have occurred. The overland journey contributes to this. 
 
 Louis Philippe will be treated here with respect, but 
 there is no real sympathy with him. It has been said 
 that, although he would not allow the people to have 
 their dinner, he has had his dessert, 
 
 I read with great admiration and assent Austin's letter, 
 which Lucie * mentioned to me. Pray give him my best 
 regards, and believe me, 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : April 16, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I was extremely glad to receive 
 your letter written in Halifax harbour, describing your 
 safe arrival, and, on the whole, favourable passage. The 
 time < >f year was not propitious, and you had a narrow es- 
 cape of a terrible storm on leaving the port of Liverpool. 
 You were lucky in not having many fellow-passengers. 
 Lady Duff Gordon, Mrs. Austin's daughter.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 171 
 
 By the time you receive this letter, yow will have 
 reached your destination and have assumed the go- 
 vernment of the colony. Judging from the weather in 
 England, the winter cannot have yet relaxed its grasp, 
 and you will have a cold journey from St. John's. 
 
 I shall be very anxious to know your first impres- 
 sions, and how you and Lady Head like your new life 
 and habitation. I always regret that I have not seen 
 America, which I am never likely to see now. 
 
 Since you left England, the consequences of the 
 French revolution have been working themselves out 
 rapidly, but nothing has yet assumed a definitive shape, 
 either in France or elsewhere. The French Provisional 
 Government has continued its communist course, acting 
 under the dictation of the working classes in Paris. The 
 financial and commercial crisis has in consequence been 
 immediate — production is diminished, trade and credit 
 are almost paralysed. An extreme system of out-door 
 relief, at the cost of the general Government, is esta- 
 blished in Paris. The town has, however, been kept 
 quiet, and the Government appear to wish to consoli- 
 date their own power as far as they can. They are 
 very despotic, but not yet warlike. They have thrown 
 cold water on the Irish mission to Paris, and have not 
 yet interfered in any foreign quarrel. Milan, however, 
 has successfully rebelled, and has expelled the Austrian 
 army, which now occupies Verona and Mantua in 
 strength, and will not abandon Lombardy without a 
 struggle. The King of Sardinia has marched to the 
 assistance of the Lombards, but no engagement with 
 the Austrians lias yet taken place. Vienna has expelled 
 Metternich, and concessions have been extorted from 
 the Government ; but the quarrel with the people is 
 now settled, or at least suspended, and Hungary has
 
 172 LETTERS. 
 
 obtained terms with which it is satisfied. The power 
 of Austria is still great; and if she resolves to fight for 
 Lombardy, the French will probably march an army 
 over the Alps, to assist the insurgents in Sardinia. The 
 Prussian revolution has gone further than the Austrian 
 — there is to be a free constitution, with a parliament 
 and liberty of the press. A Liberal Ministry has also 
 been called to power. There is a strong movement to- 
 wards the iu tit n of Germany — an attempt to strengthen 
 the Diet, and change the Staatenbund intoaBundestaat. 
 Whether this will be effected is still doubtful. At 
 home, the chief feature in politics has been the more 
 decided split between the Government and the Radicals, 
 and the attempt of the latter to form a separate party, 
 and to gain possession of power by the extension of the 
 suffrage. Much opposition has been offered by them 
 to a bill lately brought in for altering the law of Treason 
 and Sedition. 
 
 A threatened movement of the Chartists, which w 7 as 
 to take place on Monday last, and to bring about an 
 English revolution, w r as completely frustrated by the 
 preparations of the Government and the voluntary or- 
 ganisation of the upper and middle classes. There was 
 more genuine alarm in London on that day than I ever 
 remember to have existed. 1V< >ple hardly doubted of the 
 event, but they feared a bloody conflict in the streets. 
 
 My Sattara debate came on a short time ago, and is 
 adjourned. It is too unimportant, luckily, to excite at- 
 tention in these stirring times. Your article appears 
 in the new number of the ' Edinburgh Review,' and 
 reads very well ; but people are thinking of nothing 
 now but extension of suffrage, the five points of the 
 Charter, repeal of the Union, risings of the people, and 
 such like pressing questions. John Lefevre has been
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIX EDMUND HEAD, BART. 173 
 
 appointed Clerk of the House of Lords ; he succeeded 
 Le Marchant, according to the intention announced to 
 you by Lord John Eussell. The Under Secretary's office, 
 held b} T Le Marchant, is political; I have not heard who 
 is to have it. My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis having been for rather more 
 than six months Secretary to the Board of Control, 
 was now requested to change his office and to 
 become Under Secretary to the Home Office. The 
 second post was considered of somewhat greater im- 
 portance than the first, and he was more familiar with 
 the subjects with which its business required him to 
 deal, but the necessary attendance at the office was 
 more close, and he much regretted the inroad thus 
 made upon the leisure which he had been in the habit 
 of devoting to literary work. 
 
 Kent House : May 14, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I wrote to you I have re- 
 ceived your second letter from Halifax, and also have 
 heard of your safe arrival at Fredericton, and your in- 
 stallation as Governor, together with sundry compli- 
 ments from your new subjects. By this time I suppose 
 that even the winter of New Brunswick has relaxed its 
 grasp, and that you are able to go about and see the 
 new country. You have the ' regni novitas,' without 
 the ' res dura ' which is its usual accompaniment ; for 
 the causes which shake European society do not reach 
 
 across the Atlantic. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 There has been lately a shifting of offices, which has 
 reached me in its effects, and has transferred me from
 
 171 LETTERS. 
 
 the Board of Control to the Home Office. John 
 Lefevre having become Clerk of the House of Lords, 
 Lc Merchant lias succeeded to his place. T have suc- 
 ceeded to Le Merchant's; and Wilson, the editor of the 
 'Economist,' is my successor. Stanley, who is Foreign 
 Under Secretary, is called up to the House of Lords,* 
 so that Hawes and I are the two Under Secretaries in 
 the House of Commons. The change is not one which 
 I particularly desired, as the Board of Control was a 
 quiet nook, which left me a good deal of liberty during 
 the recess, and there is more to be done and more 
 attendance at the Home Office. The subjects at the 
 Home Office are, however, more familiar to me, and 
 
 they are better suited to a county seat. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Our Chartist commotions are gradually subsiding; 
 but there is a strong tendency in the direction of an 
 extension of the suffrage, in consequence of the pro- 
 gress of events on the Continent. Hume is to bring 
 forward a motion on the subject at the end of this 
 month. I do not think that anything will be done this 
 session, but I have great doubts whether public opinion 
 will be satisfied without some advance in the popular 
 direction. The small boroughs, which are chiefly under 
 the influence of large landowners, form the main ground 
 of objection. 
 
 Since the ridiculous scene f at Limerick the ultra- 
 Repeal party in Ireland has become contemptible, and 
 the State trials now about to commence have lost half 
 their interest. But the repeal feeling through the 
 country is strong, and is rather increased by the Poor 
 
 • i ' Baron Eddisbury. 
 
 See the account of the attack made in Limerick on Messrs. Smith 
 
 O'Brien, Meagher, and Mitchell: Annual Register for 1848; Chronicle, 
 p. 59.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 175 
 
 Law, which alienates the affections of the smaller 
 Protestant gentry. Twisleton has been in town this 
 week, and I have seen him ; but he has nothing new to 
 say. I also met Whately at Senior's at breakfast, but 
 he talked of nothing but craniology, mesmerism, and 
 bad etymologies. 
 
 The Danish question will probably be settled, but the 
 Italian mess is thicker than ever. The Austrians occupy 
 Verona, and Mantua, and the north-east angle of 
 Lombardy ; and if Charles Albert cannot dislodge them 
 with the help of the Pope, the French will probably 
 march over the Alps. The Italians do not wish to 
 invite them, but they will perhaps appear some day soon 
 as unbidden guests. Macaulay has resigned his seat 
 in the Cabinet. I hope his ; History' may flourish the 
 more in consequence. My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : June 20, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I had the pleasure of receiving your 
 letter from Fredericton, dated April 21 ; and I have 
 delayed answering it for some time in consequence of 
 the incessant occupation of my day as well as night, 
 which my present office combined with Parliament 
 produces. The business is not of any great importance. 
 The Home Office is a sort of central point for an 
 immense number of offices and officers, commissions, 
 lord-lieutenants, magistrates, &c; all their corre- 
 spondence with the Treasury and other departments, 
 and all their applications for instructions or money, 
 pass through or are made to the Home Office. It is 
 also a house of call for numbers of people who wish to 
 receive information, or to communicate it. Then there
 
 17G LETTERS. 
 
 is a great deal of routine parliamentary business, 
 arrangements about returns, and the like. The time of 
 the Secretary of State is very much occupied with 
 Cabinets and interviews ; and it is only by constant 
 attention on the part of the Undersecretaries that at a 
 moment of pressure, such as has been lately caused by 
 the Chartists, the routine minor business of the office 
 is kept going. The Home Office is likewise a Colonial 
 ( Iffice for the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man ; and 
 although these are not large communities, each of them 
 has a governor and a little government complete in it- 
 self, which gives rise to the various questions which a 
 separate' government invariably creates. On the whole, 
 although the Home Office subjects are more familiar to 
 me, and I feel that I am more in my proper place, I 
 regret on many accounts the easy life which I had at 
 the Board of Control. 
 
 The state of the Continent has not altered very 
 materially since I wrote to you last. The Danish 
 question will be settled without a general war ; but the 
 German States are in confusion. There have been fresh 
 disturbances at Berlin; the Prussian Government is 
 without strength. The Court of Austria is still in a 
 fugitive state, and has virtually emigrated from Vienna. 
 Belgium and Holland keep their heads above water, 
 and have suffered less than any of the continental 
 countries. France is still only one degree removed 
 from anarchy. 
 
 The charlatans who got to the head of affairs are 
 utterly discredited, but there is nobody to take their 
 place. John Austin, who is just come over, describes 
 the state of mind of the French as one of perfect 
 political scepticism and indifference. They have no 
 rallying point. They have no confidence in any public
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 177 
 
 man, and no attachment to any political institution. 
 They care no more for a republic than a monarchy. 
 He says that if they were really in earnest about 
 republican institutions, there would be much more 
 chance of their re-establishing order and stability. 
 He thinks that there is no active vindictive revolu- 
 tionary spirit among them. The Eevolution consists 
 in a vast commercial crisis. Everybody is poorer 
 than he was. The landowner does not get his rents. 
 The manufacturer dismisses his workmen. The skilled 
 artificer receives twelve instead of forty francs a week. 
 If he will not work for this sum he must go to the 
 ateliers nationaux : i.e. receive out-door relief, with an 
 illusory labour. But my expectation is that we shall see 
 a succession of weak Governments in France, and a 
 succession of men at the head of affairs for some time 
 to come with no fixed policy or system, but living by 
 shifts and expedients, sometimes putting down anarchy 
 by force, sometimes appeasing the popular anger by 
 bribes and dishonest concessions. In short, I look 
 forward to a state of things similar to that in Spain, 
 varied by the difference of national character. The 
 Italians have shown more good sense and self-command 
 than the French. The King of Naples has quarrelled 
 with his subjects, and Sicily has declared itself indepen- 
 dent. But the Pope is still on his throne, and the 
 Roman State holds together. Charles Albert has made 
 himself virtually king of northern Italy ; and his recent 
 defeat of the Austrians will probably lead to their 
 expulsion from Italy without French interference. The 
 Italian patriots dread the French, and will not call them 
 in until an absolute necessity arises. I had a short 
 conversation with Lord Palmerston about Italy a week 
 or two ago, and he then was very confident that the 
 
 N
 
 178 LETTERS. 
 
 Austrians would be driven out of Italy without a 
 general war. It is curious how entirely the continental 
 revolutions have turned upon secular interests: for the 
 most part they have resolved themselves into economical 
 questions. Indeed the question of out-door relief seems 
 likely to be worked out over the Continent on a larce 
 scale. The Pope has only maintained himself by plac- 
 ing himself at the head of apolitical party : his govern- 
 ment has lost its ecclesiastical character. The Church 
 everywhere now plays second fiddle to the State. The 
 quarrel between Palmerston and the Spanish Govern- 
 ment has been a nine days' wonder; and although it is 
 not yet settled, and indeed in appearance the breach is 
 now wider than ever, yet I do not anticipate anything 
 
 serious from it at present. 
 
 # * # * 
 
 At home, public business is neither in a very satisfac- 
 tory nor a very unsatisfactory state. The great diffi- 
 culty of the finances remains where it was — certainly 
 not diminished, perhaps rather increased. The country 
 will not bear an additional income-tax, and no more 
 money is to be got out of the indirect taxes. The 
 West India proposition of the Government is accept- 
 able to no one. It affords no substantial relief to the 
 colonists, but it sacrifices revenue, and it is doubtful 
 whether it will be carried. The repeal of the naviga- 
 tion laws has been upon the whole well received. It 
 will not pass this session, but I look upon its success 
 next session as nearly certain ; at least, if there is not a 
 
 change of Administration. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 The Eepeal party in Ireland is full of internal dissen- 
 sion and distrust. The priests do not like the Jacobin 
 section, who are the most forward and enterprising. On 
 the other hand, this portion contains all the real energy
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 179 
 
 and talent of the party. There is a vast deal of 
 genuine suffering and a general disaffection to the 
 English connection among the Catholics — and this it is 
 which constitutes the real danger. If the provinces 
 were sound, the brawlers in the large towns would be 
 contemptible. 
 
 In England the slackness of trade has produced 
 much distress in the towns and manufacturing districts ; 
 and this, combined with the events on the continent, 
 has given a real importance to the question of parlia- 
 mentary reform. Nothing will be done now ; but I 
 fully expect that four or five years will not pass over 
 us without sweeping away some twenty of the small 
 boroughs, and transferring their members to more 
 populous places.* The great weakness of the present 
 system is, that the minority of the property as well as of 
 the population of the country has the preponderance in 
 the representation. 
 
 Your account of your colony and its government is 
 very interesting, and implies, I fear, that your first year 
 will bring you a good deal of delicate arrangement. 
 American society is now a very interesting study, for it 
 is clear that its democratic institutions are becoming 
 more and more a model to Europe. 
 
 My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Loudon : August 6, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have to acknowledge two letters 
 from you, dated June 14 and July 9, which I have 
 received with much pleasure, as I think that your new 
 life proves both interesting and agreeable, and you 
 
 ' This expectation, long foreseen, has since been fully verified. 
 
 n 2
 
 180 LETTERS. 
 
 have every reason to be satisfied with your decision as 
 to going out. I had intended to write to you sooner, 
 but you will, T am sure, forgive me when you recall the 
 delights of the last six weeks of the session, with which 
 we used to be familiar, though not from personal expcri- 
 ence. There has been a more than usual allowance of 
 tedious talk this session ; and what with late nights and 
 morning sitting-, and the necessity of attendance of 
 the subordinate members of the Government, I really 
 had hardly a spare quarter of an hour for some weeks. 
 The Government is not very strong, and does not 
 exercise much personal ascendency in the House. The 
 schism in the Conservative party has likewise led to a 
 practical secession of the natural leaders of that party 
 from the debates, and has thrown the Opposition into 
 the hands of a set of men who, being destitute of real 
 talent, can only succeed by occupying time and multi- 
 plying cavils and objections. 
 
 Our old friend * * *, the village lawyer, has been 
 very prominent and busy in this vexatious petty 
 warfare. The only man of genuine talent among 
 the Protectionists is * * *, and his talent consists 
 mainly in good comedy. He is a sort of Brummagem 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Owing to these two causes, the waste of time and 
 protraction of debates this session has been fearful. 
 The Government made a fatal mistake in meddling 
 with the sugar duties — this has been the great blunder 
 of the session. They ought to have stuck to the settle- 
 ment of 184G, which the House never would have 
 disturbed if they had stood by it. Having committed 
 this leading error, they proceeded to follow it up by a 
 profusion of technical errors in the arrangement of the 
 details of a most complicated set of scales of duties,
 
 O. C. LEWIS TO SIH EDMUND HEAD, BART. 181 
 
 the discussion and correction of which has occupied 
 many a weary hour, and brought much discredit on 
 the Government. In the course of these debates, they 
 started an attack upon Hawes for suppressing a des- 
 patch, and upon Lord Grey for misquoting a memorial. 
 These attacks were pursued with the usual zeal which 
 belongs to personal questions, and created a great deal 
 of interest for some time, quite disproportionate to the 
 importance of the subjects. The result of the whole 
 series of attacks and debates has been that the Col< mial 
 Office is in bad odour, and that some other arrange- 
 ment of the office is a probable event. 
 
 It is certainly a defect that the Colonial Secretary 
 should not be in the House of Commons. The Under 
 Secretary does not speak with sufficient authority. 
 This, however, cannot be avoided, so long as the rule 
 remains about two Secretaries of State only being in 
 the House of Commons. Sir George Grey and Lord 
 Palmerston must both be in the Commons. Molesworth 
 has been making a speech on colonial policy, which you 
 will read with interest. It is an elaborate attack on 
 our entire colonial system, and he has taken advantage 
 of the present unpopularity of the Colonial Office to 
 attribute to its influence what are in fact the evils 
 inherent in dependance. When he talks of abolishing 
 the interference of the Colonial Office, and giving self- 
 government to the colonies, he means in fact the 
 abolition of the influence of England, and the grant 
 of independence to the colonies. This is not quite fair 
 — but he has shown very clearly the cost of the colonies, 
 and has drawn up a better debtor and creditor account 
 than has ever been exhibited before. The repeal of the 
 navigation laws would have passed the House of 
 Commons this session, but it was sacrificed to the su^ar
 
 182 LETTERS. 
 
 duties — a measure which pleased nobody, did no good, 
 and gave up revenue. I expect that it will be carried 
 next session unless the House of Lords pluck up courage 
 to throw it out, It is a subject, however, in which 
 their prejudices rather than their interests are concerned, 
 which makes some difference. 
 
 The French Eevolution has now passed into the stage 
 of military despotism — at which it was pretty sure to 
 arrive ; but it will not long remain there, as Cavaignac 
 is not a man of much capacity, and he has no military 
 reputation independently of the late conflict in Paris. 
 Bonaparte had both these qualifications after the 18th 
 Brumaire. I expect that there will be a succession of 
 weak Administrations, despotic in their measures, but 
 guided mainly by civilians. Hitherto the Chamber has 
 not been sufficiently tranquil and orderly for debates 
 of any magnitude. Everything seems to be decided by 
 ejaculations and conversational remarks. The bour- 
 geoisie seems thoroughly sick of the Eepublic, and of 
 its fraternity and equality ; but they have cracked the 
 china jar of royalty, and cannot, I suspect, mend or 
 replace it. People still talk of the Comte de Paris ; 
 and Louis Philippe, I am told, expects to be sent for 
 every day ; but I have no faith in a restoration. In 
 the first place, I doubt whether it would have any 
 practical effect ; in the next place, the French are too 
 deeply imbued with the phraseology and cant of repub- 
 licanism to wish for a restoration of royalty even for a 
 practical benefit, The Austrians are driving back the 
 Italian army, and the French have been asked to inter- 
 fere. This stru^le is still uncertain as to its event, 
 The probability is that Austria will retain the north-east 
 angle of Italy for a time, but will be driven across the 
 Alps in the end. The Holstein affair hangs fire, but
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 183 
 
 Palmerston is still very confident that it will be settled 
 The Queen of Spain has miscarried ; the King wishes 
 that she should have a child, but they are quite 
 'estranged from one another. 
 
 At home, Chartism has for the present been ex- 
 tinguished by the convictions of Ernest Jones and his 
 colleagues ; the main subject of interest lately has 
 been the (so-called) Irish rebellion. The leaders of 
 the confederates utterly miscalculated their strength, 
 but they defied the Government, and it was necessary 
 to give them the honours of rebels. The Habeas Corpus 
 Act was suspended in a day, and the Irish Government 
 was armed with all powers necessary for suppressing 
 an insurrection ; but, unluckily for the rebels, it turned 
 out that the priests were against a rising, and the re- 
 bellion has, as it appears, been suppressed by forty-five 
 policemen firing one volley at a few hundreds of a 
 ragged regiment, and without calling in the aid of the 
 military. Smith O'Brien has not been taken ; he is, or 
 was, hiding himself in the north of Tipperary, and there 
 is an idea that he has succeeded in getting on board a 
 ship in Galway Bay, which will take him to America. 
 Ireland is in a more distracted state than ever, but I 
 hope that the events of this year will do for Eepeal 
 what 1745 did for Jacobitism in Scotland. The ex- 
 tended Poor Law is eating deep into the margin of the 
 incumbered properties in many parts of the country, 
 and extensive changes of ownership of land are, I think, 
 impending. The Poor Law of Ireland is exercising a 
 most powerful influence on the social state of the 
 country. In England the Poor Law is no longer heard 
 of. The experiment of direct responsibility to Parlia- 
 ment has been decidedly successful. This is Graham's 
 opinion as well as miue. Charles Buller has carried a
 
 184 LETTERS. 
 
 Bill making vagrants and irremovables a union charge. 
 
 He was forced to give up the proposition of altering 
 
 the principle of calculating the common fund. 
 # * # * 
 
 I will send you the book you wish. Have you got 
 Campbell's two last volumes? A good discussion of 
 American democratic institutions, with reference to 
 their fitness to European society, would be of great 
 value and interest now. Pray keep your eye on this 
 subject. It has never yet been well treated. I hope 
 that Lady Head is better ; my kind regards to her. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Grove Mill House : Sept. 28, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I sent yau a short time ago a copy 
 of Brougham's Bill containing a digest of Criminal Law, 
 which you wished to have. Hawes promised to forward 
 it in your bag, and I hope it has reached you safely. 
 I dare say the Criminal Law of New Brunswick is in a 
 most incondite state ; probably nobody knows what is 
 law and what is not. 
 
 The last part of the session was tedious, and pro- 
 longed beyond the usual time, but uneventful. The 
 Peelites nearly all went away, and there remained 
 some Protectionists, some Radicals, and the members 
 of the Government, with a few supporters. This made 
 the attendance more strict. A long time was occupied 
 with the estimates, and economy is now the order of 
 the day, as Charles Wood was at last compelled to 
 propose a loan of two millions. All establishments are 
 now to be reduced to the lowest footing compatible 
 with efficiency. The best part of the session was 
 muddled away by the discussions on the sugar duties, a
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 185 
 
 change which satisfied nobody, and solved no problem. 
 The real difficulties of the case remain untouched, and 
 the question about the maintenance of the African 
 squadron will come on for decision next session. A 
 committee has investigated the case, and has reported 
 against the efficiency of the squadron for its purpose ; 
 still, there is a reluctance to withdraw it altogether 
 and leave the slave trade to its natural action. The 
 unwillingness to continue the large expense necessary 
 for maintaining the squadron is at the same time very 
 great. 
 
 Gladstone made a very able speech against the 
 Colonial Office arrangement relative to Vancouver's 
 Island. The feeling of the House, so far as there 
 was one on the subject, went, I think, with him. For 
 my own part, I cannot see what advantage we could 
 gain from a new settlement in this remote region — six 
 months' sail from England, and far distant from any 
 of our foreign possessions ; for practically it is in a 
 different world from our provinces on the western coast 
 of North America. If any people can colonise it with 
 advantage, it must be the Americans. I should be 
 glad to know your opinion on this subject. There has 
 not been any really important legislation this session 
 affecting England, unless the Act enabling the Queen 
 to send a Minister to Rome deserves that name. The 
 Scotch Entails Act is an important measure for that 
 country. The Health of Towns Act passed after a 
 multitude of changes, and Chadwick has at length 
 been installed as the paid Commissioner, where I hope 
 he may remain quiet. The Act does not apply to the 
 metropolis or the large towns, and will, I presume, 
 have no important operation. It was so emasculated 
 by Henley in Committee that its powers will not
 
 18G LETTERS. 
 
 amount to much in practice. Some cases of cholera 
 have occurred at Hull, so that they will start at a 
 lucky moment. The change in the Poor Law has, so 
 far, been decidedly successful. Buller carried some 
 short Bills, making a few changes in details, but every- 
 thing of importance remains as it was. He is trying to 
 deal with the subject of vagrancy. The horrors of 
 workhouses, and the blessings of out-door relief, are 
 now as much forgotten in the House of Commons as 
 if they had never been mentioned. Since the French 
 Eevolution of this spring and Louis Blanc's doctrines, 
 even the 'Times' is very shy upon the subject of the 
 right to relief and employment by the State. The Irish 
 rebellion, wherever it ventured to show itself, has been 
 crushed by a few policemen. The military have never 
 been called on to act. What the event of the trials at 
 Clonmel * will be, remains to be proved. No jury trial 
 in political cases can be satisfactory in Ireland. The 
 jurors are either political friends or political enemies, 
 and an acquittal does not seem to prove innocence, or 
 a conviction guilt. It is just such a tribunal as an 
 Election Committee, when every member voted accord- 
 ing to his party, and not according to the evidence. 
 For the present the Repeal party is on the ground, and 
 the problem is, how to prevent a new organisation of 
 the same sort being formed on an anti-English basis ? 
 
 The continent is in confusion, but not yet at Avar. 
 The Holstein question is settled, but there has been a 
 bloody emeute at Frankfort. Northern Italy is on the 
 brink of war, and the French Government is said to be 
 
 • For an account of the trials at Clonmel before the Special Mission 
 which had been issued, see Annual Reyider for 1848, p. 389. Smith 
 O'Brien, McManus, Meagher, and O'Donoghue were found guilty of high 
 treason.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 187 
 
 living only from day to day. England now is the only 
 fixed point in Europe ; for, although Holland and 
 Belgium are sound, they are too weak to form a point 
 d'appui. 
 
 I have been living at Grove Mill since the end of 
 the session, going up occasionally to the Office, and 
 writing some of an ' Essay on Authority in Matters of 
 Opinion,' which I hope to print this winter. I regret 
 very much that I am not able to show it to you, and 
 profit by your advice and knowledge. 
 
 Sir George Grey has been with the Queen in Scot- 
 land. My father and Lady Lewis have been making a 
 Scotch tour, and have seen the other half of the Chan- 
 cellor Clarendon's pictures at Bothwell Castle. Theresa 
 is working hard at her catalogue. Graham is at 
 Netherby. Lord George Bentinck's death was awfully 
 sudden, and without apparent cause. I do not think 
 that it will unite the Peelites and Protectionists, who 
 are essentially dissimilar. My best regards to Lady 
 Head. I hope you are well, and not frightened at the 
 approach of the enemy, winter. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Grove Mill: Nov. 24, 1848. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am really quite ashamed of having 
 allowed so long a time to elapse without writing to you. 
 I have three letters of yours to acknowledge, two con- 
 taining a most interesting account of your peregrina- 
 tions, and all showing that your new life is anything 
 but unpleasant. My only excuse for this long interrup- 
 tion is, that for some time past I have been going daily 
 to London in order to attend the Office, and returning 
 by the evening train, so that I have been oscillating
 
 188 LETTERS. 
 
 like a pendulum, and my whole time has been thus 
 filled up. Early in October I went for about ten days 
 into Herefordshire, where I had the satisfaction of act- 
 ing as Steward at Bromyard Eaces, and attending at 
 two public dinners. I then returned to Grove Mill. 
 Waddington, my colleague, went to Brighton, and did 
 not return to the Office till yesterday. During that 
 interval I was forced to be present every day, in order 
 to sign letters and keep things in motion. Everything 
 is quite quiet now in England. The Chartists, both in 
 London and the provinces, are reduced to silence ; all 
 the prosecutions against them prospered, and they had 
 no support from the middle classes. Manufactures and 
 trade are somewhat reviving, and the revenue is said 
 to be improving. The circulation is in a sound state ; 
 there is no rash speculation, but good bills are dis- 
 counted on easy terms. The railway companies have 
 been pulling in ; their shares have undergone a great 
 depreciation, and they are taking steps for limiting 
 their expenditure and placing their management on a 
 sounder basis. We have, I think, passed the worst; 
 but with the present state of the continent, and the 
 great destruction of potatoes which has again taken 
 place this year, also a harvest under the average, the 
 demand for our manufactures must be curtailed. Every- 
 body is retrenching his expenditure, and the Govern- 
 ment among the rest. Economy is the order of the day 
 in all the public departments. The Treasury thinks a 
 grant of 100/. is now a great concession to anybody. 
 All estimates are undergoing a severe revision. The 
 Admiralty have been reducing establishments, and 
 stopping works at the dockyards, and all the offices 
 are preparing for an economical session. The demand 
 for retrenchment is the popular cry : people feel them-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 189 
 
 selves pinched by the pressure of the times, and, as 
 usual, attribute it to a wrong cause, viz. the weight of 
 taxation. They therefore think that, if taxation were 
 diminished, they would be relieved. It is as if anybody 
 thought that the cold of a Canadian winter would be 
 diminished if the days were lengthened without the 
 sun's power being increased. Finance, however, both 
 as to estimates and as to ways and means, will be the 
 great question of next session. Ireland, of course, will 
 occupy a large space. Eebellion is crushed, certainly 
 for the present, and, I hope, permanently. This year 
 ought to be the 1745 of Ireland. The writ of error* 
 is now under argument before the Irish Queen's Bench. 
 I hardly expect that so important a conviction will be 
 set aside on technical grounds. There are, however, 
 grave doubts whether the refusal to give the panel and 
 list of witnesses was right. The great practical subject 
 in Ireland now is the Poor Law. This is the third (or 
 rather fourth) year of scarcity ; the potato began to 
 fail in 1845 ; and I suspect that this winter will, for 
 the landlords, be the true Irish crisis. Eenewed de- 
 mands come upon exhausted means ; the patience and 
 finances of England are dried up, and its assistance 
 will be furnished with reluctance and parsimony. The 
 Poor Law is now better organised than ever ; the col- 
 lection proceeds regularly ; and it is finding out all the 
 weak places. Connaught is fairly insolvent, but in 
 Minister many of the unions are in a struggling state ; 
 and it is clear that an entire change, partly in the per- 
 sonnel and partly in the habits of the proprietors, is 
 
 * The writ of error respecting tlie Irish trials for high treason was 
 disallowed by the Irish Court of Queen's Bench. The case was after- 
 wards carried into the House of Lords, by whom the judgment of the 
 Court below was confirmed. See Annual Reyister for 1819, p. 351.
 
 190 LETT KRS. 
 
 impending. All the social elements of Ireland are no-w- 
 in an unsettled state; they are all moving about as in 
 a great seething caldron of impurities. The convic- 
 tion that Ireland never can be settled until the priests 
 receive an endowment is gaining ground, and, strange 
 to say, notwithstanding Exeter Hall and the Dissenters, 
 I am inclined to think that, as far as England is con- 
 cerned, the question might be pushed through. The 
 great difficulty is the hostility of the Irish priesthood 
 themselves. No doubt their opposition would, in the 
 great majority, be insincere ; but they are so committed, 
 so w T rong-headed, and so afraid of offending their flocks 
 icithout nmking sure of their endowment, that they will 
 declare against it as a body, and thus put an almost 
 irresistible argument in the mouths of the English Anti- 
 Catholics. The Irish Protestants are beginning to look 
 upon Catholic endowmeut in the light of an insurance 
 for their estates, and many people see that we should 
 soon save the amount in the army and police, to say 
 nothing of prestige abroad. It is curious to observe 
 what a Nemesis oppressed nations have it in their 
 power to inflict. The Irish not only torment us at 
 home, but carry a hatred of England wherever they 
 settle, and thus fill America with enemies of our Go- 
 vernment. So the Poles are scattered over Europe, and 
 furnish revolutionists to every continental State. I 
 understand that they have been most active both at 
 Vienna and Berlin ; and they are in league with the 
 Rouges in every metropolis in Europe. If the Govern- 
 ment had seen any reasonable prospect of carrying the 
 question of Catholic endowment this session, they were, 
 I believe, quite prepared to make any sacrifice of power 
 or party connection for the purpose. But to propose 
 it without a fair chance of success, would be to gain
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 191 
 
 no present advantage, and to increase the difficulties 
 of a settlement hereafter. The English Poor Law has 
 ceased to occupy attention as a national question. The 
 management of workhouses now takes its place with 
 the management of prisons, &c, as a question of local 
 interest and detail. A good deal is said about vagrancy, 
 and the number of Irish vagrants is much increased. 
 They are beginning to refuse relief at the workhouses ; 
 but the trade of vagrancy is really kept up by the 
 public, not by the vagrant wards. There is .to be a 
 general measure on turnpike trusts and highways in- 
 troduced by the Home Office next session ; and I am 
 preparing with Coulson a Bill on the subject of valua- 
 tions for local taxes. There is to be a committee on 
 the Irish Poor Law, and about thirty or forty new 
 unions are to be formed in Ireland. Large alterations 
 are likewise to be made in the electoral districts. By 
 the way, Lord Courtenay has accepted the Chiltern 
 Hundreds, and has been appointed a Poor Law In- 
 spector. * * * The new Board of Health have been 
 issuing very voluminous decrees and instructions about 
 cholera. Hitherto, however, the cholera has made but 
 little progress, only a few cases on the banks of the 
 Thames, and those have now nearly ceased. Some of 
 the doctors, I hear, doubt whether it has been the 
 Asiatic cholera ; but I suspect that it has been the real 
 disease, though to a very limited extent, and not in a 
 very severe form. There has been a great deal of dis- 
 cussion in the newspapers of the Conservative side as 
 to the possibility of re-union since George Bentinck's 
 death. The discussion, however, has only served to 
 widen the breach. There is a genuine repugnance 
 and difference of Grund-ausichten between the Peelites 
 and Protectionists. If they shook hands over the corn-
 
 192 LETTERS. 
 
 law quarrel, they would part company upon some new 
 question within a month. A junction between the 
 Peelites (or some of them) and the Whigs is possible : 
 a junction between the Peelites and Protectionists, I 
 look upon as impossible. Lord John Eussell has not 
 shaken off the weakness of his trachea which he had 
 during last session; this is a dangerous defect for a 
 
 person who has to make so much use of his voice. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 WindischgrStz is a man of decision, and he has 
 settled the Vienna democrats for the present. But 
 great concessions to the popular party will, I suppose, 
 be inevitable, and how anything like a popular form 
 of government is to be reconciled with the disjointed 
 state of the Austrian Empire is more than I am able 
 to comprehend, The Slavonic race hang upon its rear, 
 as you say, in great force ; and there is no making 
 Lombard) 7 and Venice bind up with the Tedeschi. 
 The Frankfort Parliament still go on with their debates, 
 and call themselves the central power. What their 
 power may be, I have never discovered. If they were 
 the only popular Assembly in Germany it would be 
 different. At Berlin the King has at last plucked up 
 a little courage; he has allowed the army to disarm 
 the burgher guard, and silence the Assembly. The 
 Democratic party have had the sense to understand 
 that for the present they are beaten, and have not 
 attempted to light. But Prussia must end in having a 
 very popular form of government. In France, Louis 
 Napoleon is considered nearly certain of his election as 
 President. Thiers supports him — audi am told that 
 the paysans will vote for him to a man. Many of them 
 believe that he is the Emperor himself, so vague are 
 their notions of historical events. I hear that the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIX EDMUND HEAD, BART. 193 
 
 army is the only real puissance in France, the only 
 organisation and compact body ; and that they are not 
 impatient, but quite resolved to get the supreme power 
 into their hands. Bugeaud is their man. They wish 
 for righting, but would prefer a civil to a foreign war. 
 Manet alta mente repostum, I suppose, the affront they 
 received in February, when Louis-Philippe was bowled 
 over so unceremoniously. 
 
 There has been a check to our arms in Moultan, on 
 the north-west frontier. Hardinge's settlement with 
 the Sikhs appears to be unsound, and I suppose it 
 will end in the old story of annexation. Those half- 
 occupations of a country never answer. The more I 
 observe of Indian affairs, the more I am convinced that 
 there is no real resting-place between entire govern- 
 ment and perfect non-interference, as far as we are 
 concerned. We are so powerful, and stand on a level 
 so much higher than the natives, that remonstrances, 
 representations, advice from our agents, though in- 
 tended bona fide, have to the public opinion the effect 
 of commands. Cum rex implorat, precibus prascepta 
 colorat. That monkish verse ought to be written at 
 the top of all instructions to our Eesidents at the semi- 
 dependent courts. 
 
 I have read lately Hampden's ' Bampton Lectures,' 
 which, in point of ability and knowledge of the subject, 
 seems to me the first theological work which has been 
 produced for a long time in this country. Parts of it are 
 obscure in point of conception. His metaphysics and 
 logic are not in fact very profound ; but his accounts 
 of the origin of some of the doctrines — particularly the 
 Trinitarian and Eucharistic — are admirable. It is a 
 book quite worth reading. But as to the question of 
 orthodoxy, I confess I cannot defend him. He lias 
 
 o
 
 194 LETTERS. 
 
 been unskilfully and dishonestly attacked, and has 
 been charged with opinions which are not in his book, 
 lie cannot be convicted of heresy on any one doctrine 
 — it cannot be proved, for example, that he is a So- 
 cinian. But his argument goes distinctly and fully to 
 the rejection of every system of dogmatic theology — 
 above all, to the rejection of every creed involving the 
 use of scholastic phraseology, such as the Nicene and 
 Athanasian creeds. As these creeds are recognised in 
 our articles as well as liturgy, I do not see how his 
 orthodoxy can be maintained unless he abandons a 
 part of his book. 
 
 Macaulay's ' History ' is announced ; two volumes are 
 ready, which bring the history down to the arrival of 
 William. He reckons on thirteen volumes. Grote 
 also announces two more volumes, which are to go as 
 far as the Athenian siege of Syracuse. I hear that 
 literature is suspended for the present in Germany. 
 They were thinking of breaking up the University of 
 Bonn. Colonel Mure (who wrote some travels in 
 Greece) is about to publish a history of Greek litera- 
 ture. The early part is a very full discussion of the 
 Homeric question. 
 
 I wrote to Beaumont about a copy of the French re- 
 port on the fight of June ; but got no answer from him. 
 I will send you a box of books at the end of the year. 
 When you write next, pray tell me how far I am to go 
 as to price. Would 10/. be too much ? I propose to 
 send you Lord Ilervey's ' Memoirs ' as one book. Lord 
 Talbot, I am sorry to say, is at the point of death, and 
 Lord Melbourne is also dying. Gilbert and Jane are 
 gone to Cheam. The Clarendons have been over in 
 England for about a month. Both are looking very 
 well. He is to have the Garter, vacant by Lord
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 195 
 
 Carlisle's death. The approbation of his administration 
 
 in Ireland is universal. 
 
 Theresa and I desire our best remembrances to 
 
 Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grove Mill : Jan. 8, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — It is a long way to wish you and 
 Lady Head a happy New Year across the Atlantic ; 
 but letters now travel so fast, that to correspond with 
 Fredericton is like writing to Borne or Vienna a few 
 years ago. I have received your last letter, for which 
 I am much obliged, and will soon make up your 
 parcel of books and attend to your other commissions. 
 I hope that you will not find the severity of the winter 
 a serious inconvenience. Probably furs, stoves, and 
 thick walls keep out the enemy cold effectually. I am, 
 however, anxious to know how you find it on ex- 
 perience. I should think that after a time the snow 
 must grow very tiresome, and you must long to get rid 
 of that incessant white covering to all outward objects. 
 
 The newspapers will have told you much better than 
 I can all the public events which have occurred in the 
 last two months. The machine has been working very 
 fast for some time, but at last the engineers seem to 
 have succeeded in stopping its pace, and most of the 
 wheels are now either at rest or turning slowly. 
 
 The French, not caring for the Eepublic represented 
 by Cavaignac, and dazzled by the prestige of the name 
 Napoleon, elected Louis Napoleon as their President. 
 
 ^ yfc * sj£ 
 
 The decisiveness of his majority has had a tran- 
 quillising effect, and for the present France is quiet. 
 
 o 2
 
 196 LETTERS. 
 
 They are tired of disturbances, and wish for rest and 
 peace. In Austria, Windischgratz holds the sword with 
 a strong hand, and everything is just now in a state of 
 compression ; but I cannot think that things will re- 
 lapse quietly into the old despotic regime. Prussia 
 has obtained a democratic constitution, retaining the 
 forms of royalty. This, with some modifications, will 
 probably stick ; but I doubt whether she will be able 
 to lay hold of Saxony, Wirtemberg, and Bavaria. 
 Italy is still at sea, but the Democratic party have 
 made fools of themselves, and the Pope will, no doubt, 
 return to Pome. He is too great a card for a small 
 Italian State to throw away. With its historical recol- 
 lections, it woidd be madness for Pome to lose its pre- 
 eminence as head of the Catholic world. 
 
 In England there have been two more deaths in 
 public life — poor Charles Buller and Lord Auckland. 
 Charles Buller died of the consequences of an opera- 
 tion, which brought on erysipelas, and the erysipelas 
 was followed by typhus. He will be a great loss in 
 his office. Baines, his successor, is at present only a 
 lawyer. We shall see how he deals with the economi- 
 cal parts of the subject. He is, however, a shrewd, 
 able man. Lord Auckland was very popular in the 
 Xavy, and his loss will be felt in his office. His suc- 
 cessor is not yet appointed. Lord Normanby, Lord 
 Minto, Francis Baring, Lord Hatherton, and even 
 Graham or Sidney Herbert are talked of for it. I 
 have no idea who is likely to be appointed. The 
 session begins on February 1. Finance will be the 
 main subject ; but the revenue has begun to improve 
 and trade is mending. We have, I think, past the 
 worst. It is a remarkable fact that after all the 
 political convulsions of last year, the English Funds
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 197 
 
 were four per cent, higher in January 1849 than in 
 January 1848. The Irish Poor Law will also give rise 
 to much discussion ; but as there is to be a Committee, 
 I trust it will be taken out of the House, or at least a 
 good deal of it. The English Poor Law expenditure 
 for the year ending Lady Day 1848 shows an increase 
 of nearly 900,000/. over the preceding year. 
 
 Everybody is in raptures with Macaulay's ' History.' 
 He gets 500/. for six 3^ears for his two volumes, and 
 divides the profits after 6,000 copies. This number is 
 already sold. It has had more success than any book 
 since Lord Byron's poems and Walter Scott's novels. 
 
 Theresa desires her best remembrance to you and 
 Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Knightsbridge : Jan. 23, 1849. 
 
 My dear Grote, — It never occurred to me as a 
 possibility that 3 t ou would re-write your two first 
 volumes — a vollig umgearbeitete Ausgabe seems to me 
 quite out of the question. I never thought that you 
 would do more than modify certain parts and passages 
 which might appear to you susceptible of improvement, 
 when you have the advantage of reading the work in 
 the compact form of print and referring backwards and 
 forwards. I believe that I wrote out everything which 
 appeared to me of any use or importance in the notes 
 which I gave you ; but when you come to town, I will 
 send you my two first volumes, which contain whatever 
 notes I have made. When you come, I hope that we 
 may not fail of meeting, as I should be very glad to 
 have a good conversation with you. I have gone once 
 through your fifth and sixth volumes, the first more
 
 198 LETTERS. 
 
 attentively than the second, as I read it when I was in 
 the country and had more time. On the whole, I am 
 glad that I have reserved my review, as the battle of 
 Marathon made an inconvenient period to stop at, andl 
 can now cany on the history to the consequences of the 
 Persian war, viz. the origin and growth of the Athenian 
 otpX^i- The Peloponnesian war begins a new phase 
 of history. Your new volumes quite come up to the 
 expectations raised by the preceding ones, which is, I 
 think, as high praise as need be given. Your account 
 of the position of Athens at the end of the Persian war, 
 of her voluntary leadership passing into a compulsory 
 empire, and of the difference between the democratic 
 government at home and the imperial government 
 abroad, is far clearer, fuller, and more instructive than 
 anything to be found in any previous historian of the 
 same epoch, Boeckh and Thirlwall not excepted. As 
 for Mitford and writers of that stamp, it is perfectly in- 
 conceivable how they have confounded the national and 
 imperial government of Athens. It is as if anybody 
 were to argne that because the English government in 
 Canada or Jamaica or the Mauritius was bad, therefore 
 it is bad in England. How any tolerably attentive 
 reader of Thncydides — who read him in the original, 
 which I presume Mitford did — could fail to perceive 
 this strongly marked difference, I confess I am unable 
 to comprehend. If I am not mistaken, Mitford quotes 
 the words of Thucydides — rupawloa s^sts T7,v ciz^v ; 
 i.e. your relation to your subject allies is that of a 
 rupai/voc, or despot to his subjects — as a proof that, 
 according to the avowal of the Athenians themselves, 
 democracy is a tyrannical government. Is it possible 
 for the force of blunder to go further ? There is a note in 
 p. 480 of your fifth volume, in which you appear to me to
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 199 
 
 have overlooked the fact that the article is wanting 
 and have construed the sentence as if it were present. 
 Tec o\ 6ixu(TTripia ^.KrSo^dpa xarsenr^s HspixXr^ neces- 
 sarily means, ' Pericles gave pay to the courts.' If the 
 meaning were, ' He established the paid courts,' it would 
 be ra (jiurQoipopa. I do not, however, think that the 
 sentence implies either that Pericles established the 
 courts, or found them existing. 'As to the courts, 
 xaTso-TYjfrs ixi(T^o<^ooa^ he gave the members a daily 
 pay for attendance.' Whether he established them or 
 not, non constat. I need scarcely remind you of the 
 importance which Aristotle attaches to the payment of 
 public officers, and how often he insists upon it as a 
 characteristic of democracy. 
 
 It is always pleasant to find ideas shared by one's 
 friends and those whose opinions one respects. I read 
 Lord Hervey's* most admirable work some months ago; 
 and if I had written to you about it, I should have used 
 almost the same words as you have employed. The 
 extreme unfairness of Pope's character, and its universal 
 reception, both struck me forcibly, as well as the parallel 
 with Aristophanes. There is, I think, a distinction to 
 be made between the exaggerations of party writers 
 and the pictures of professed satirists. The latter are 
 so distorted and caricatured, and are painted with so 
 deliberate an intention of rendering the object hideous, 
 that they often give an impression utterly false. Wit- 
 ness, for example, what you refer to — the portrait of 
 
 * Memoirs of the Reign of George II., by John Lord Hervey. 2 vols. 
 Murray, 1848. Mr. Grote had -written to Sir George Lewis, ' I have 
 recently read Lord Hervey's. Memoirs, on the recommendation of a 
 friend. If you have not read them, I recommend them to your notice ; 
 for they really afford the best expose of the real interior of a court which I 
 have ever happened to light upon — resting too upon evidence which seema 
 above all suspicion.'
 
 200 LETTERS. 
 
 Socrates in 'The Clouds.' Many of Juvenal's and Swift's 
 descriptions fall under the same category. In fact, for 
 purposes of truth, I distrust the representation of every 
 satirist by profession. Party writers sometimes are, 
 indeed, as bad as satirists (e.g. Junius) ; but in general 
 they do not write with a deliberate and formed inten- 
 tion of perverting fact. They are under the influence 
 of strong prejudice; they see facts through a coloured 
 medium ; but in general their writings, with due 
 allowances and deductions, afford materials on which 
 true history may be founded. E.g. Xenophon was a 
 strong partisan — but nobody can deny that he has left 
 us much valuable history ; and so with most modern 
 contemporary historians and writers of memoirs. To 
 return to Lord Hervey. His work has not, I think, 
 been sufficiently appreciated ; it contains passages 
 worthy of Tacitus, and altogether exhibits the work- 
 ings of a masculine understanding. His picture of the 
 English Court in the time of George II. is a curious 
 pendant to the picture of the Prussian Court about the 
 same time in the ' Memoirs of Madame de Bareith.'* 
 There are also some curious memoirs of the Princess of 
 Zell,f the wife of George I. ; but whether they are 
 genuine or not, I have never been able to ascertain. I 
 have been told that the Duke of Cambridge (who ought 
 to know something on the subject) treated them as 
 genuine. 
 
 The Tooting cholera would, as you say, have been 
 glorious game for the ' Times.' The fact is, that the 
 Commissioners did all they could to get rid of these 
 contractors' establishments, but were thwarted by the 
 
 • Mr mo! res de Frediriqtie-Sophie- Wilhdmine de Prusse, Marc/rave de 
 Bareith, Soeur de Frederic le Grand. 2 vols. Colburn, 1812. 
 t Memoirs of Sophia Dorothea. 2 vols. Colburn, 1845.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 201 
 
 large London parishes. This, however, would have 
 availed little against the rhetoric of the ' Times.' 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House: April 5, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — It is, I am sorry to say, a long time 
 since I wrote to yon, and I have received two letters, 
 which I have not acknowledged, but which I read with 
 much interest, especially as I was very glad to hear of 
 the arrival of your young American and of Lady Head's 
 recovery. If she is not already christened, I propose 
 the name of Columbine, as suited to the land of her 
 birth. 
 
 Since the beginning of the session, what with Office, 
 and attendance at the House, and the Irish Committee, 
 and correcting the proofs of my book, as well as finish- 
 ing the manuscript, I have really had no time for 
 writing you a proper letter, such a one as was fit to 
 make a long voyage. I made, however, the selection 
 of books which you desired and despatched them, and 
 will add at the end of this ]etter the amount of their 
 cost, which 1 paid. Gilbert was unable to arrange about 
 the apple grafts, and therefore I sent the box without 
 them. 
 
 My book is now about to be published, and whenever 
 there is another opportunity of sending to you, I will 
 not fail to forward a copy. Your speech to the Legis- 
 lature was well suited to its purpose, and your govern- 
 ment seems quite successful. I heard Hawes cite you 
 one night as a specimen of one of Lord Grey's appoint- 
 ments : and the relations of New Brunswick with the 
 mother country are now quite satisfactory. I agree with 
 you that the responsible government, though it may be
 
 202 LETTERS. 
 
 defective in theory, may nevertheless be worked in 
 practice, if the parties concerned are reasonable. But 
 it cannot be worked, unless people in this country see 
 that, pro tanto, it is a concession of virtual indepen- 
 dence to the colony. If cases like those under discussion 
 now in Xova Scotia and Canada are not to be tolerated 
 by the Colonial Office, responsible government is im- 
 possible ; and yet there is an indisposition in many people 
 here to acquiesce in the proceedings to which I allude. 
 Altogether, our colonial relations are in a very unsatis- 
 factory state just at present. There is a constant series 
 of attacks on the Colonial Office, which can end in no 
 good result, inasmuch as they are founded on no intel- 
 ligible or consistent view, and, in fact, imply that there 
 is to be no interference from this country. Wakefield 
 has recently published a book on ' Colonisation.' It is 
 merely a re-hash of his old opinions, seasoned with some 
 new abuse of the Colonial Office and Lord Grey. 
 
 The navigation laws repeal will pass the House of 
 Commons, but whether the Lords will agree to it is 
 uncertain. There is an idea that, if they throw it out, 
 Lord John will resign and the Protectionists come in. 
 The chief subject, however, since the opening of the 
 session has been the eternal Ireland. In one form or 
 another, Ireland has occupied about three out of every 
 four nights. The English has now become practically 
 an Irish House of Commons — Gra3cia capta ferum 
 victorem cepit ; but instead of outshining us with her 
 arts and sciences, Ireland overlays us with her barbar- 
 ism. The main question has been, how to relieve the 
 distressed unions in the west. The Government be^an 
 by proposing a small grant. This was reluctantly given, 
 much opposed by the Protectionists and many Eadicals, 
 and Graham declared that he would not consent to
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 203 
 
 another vote. It then became necessary to find some 
 exclusively Irish fund, and the Government accordingly 
 proposed a rate in aid of sixpence in the pound from 
 all the unions in Ireland. This proposal has created 
 violent complaints in Ireland. Ulster, in particular, 
 objects to being taxed for Connaught, and nearly all 
 the Irish members speak and vote against this new 
 
 tax. 
 
 * # * * 
 
 I have been attending- the Irish Poor Law Committee 
 three days in the week. There are twenty-six members, 
 chiefly Irish, and Somerville and I represent the Govern- 
 ment. Graham has attended a good deal and has been 
 friendly, but very rambling in his examinations. The 
 evidence has been very incoherent and diffuse. Power 
 and Twisleton have each had four entire days. The 
 subject most interesting to the Irish members is the 
 area of taxation, which the large landowners wish to 
 diminish and to make conterminous with estates as far 
 as possible. Every man wishes to have a close parish. 
 The evidence is favourable to the workhouse in its 
 strictest form ; and the evils of a tax system of out- door 
 relief have been so fully developed in Ireland that the 
 outcry against the English Poor Law has died away. 
 The subject is now nearly forgotten, and its ordinary 
 administration jogs on like that of any other part of 
 
 the public affairs. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Affairs in Italy seem to have settled themselves for 
 the present. Austria retains Lombardy, but grants a 
 paper constitution to her entire empire. How this can 
 work, I confess I am unable to understand. Carlo 
 Alberto has saved his dynasty by abdicating. The 
 Pope is still in exile, and there is no immediate question
 
 204 LETTERS. 
 
 of his return. The Archduke John renounced his 
 absurd office of the Head of the Empire ; and it has 
 been offered to the King of Prussia, who declines it. 
 The Frankfort Parliament must surely dissolve before 
 long. Russia is walking into Transylvania, but in 
 other respects is quiet. In France, things are shaking 
 down. Louis Napoleon appears to have acted with 
 tolerable prudence, and there is no disposition to risk 
 a war, with the certainty of expense and the uncertainty 
 of success. 
 
 I have introduced as a Home Office measure a bill 
 altering the entire management of the roads, abolishing 
 turnpike trusts, and placing all roads under the control 
 of a county board of magistrates and the Board of 
 Guardians. It is opposed by the Tory country gentle- 
 men, because they are sulky about the price of corn, 
 and by the clerks of 1100 trusts, so that I am not very 
 sanguine of its success, but it has a good deal of 
 support. Your consolidation of the Criminal Law is 
 very useful, and ought to pass. Do you assume the 
 power of repeating English statutes in force before the 
 
 foundation of the colony ? 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Everybody in this house is well. My best regards to 
 Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : June 10, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have received with much pleasure 
 two letters from you, which I had intended to acknow- 
 ledge earlier, but you doubtless remember that as the 
 session advances the work by no means diminishes ; and 
 I have been so busy and so tired, that I have not had
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIE EDMUND HEAD, BART. 205 
 
 time and courage sufficient to write you a justum 
 volumen, as the commentators say. I have, had to 
 attend the Irish Poor Law Committee — a committee 
 on the removal of Smithfield Market ; and, latterly, a 
 committee on Local Turnpike Bills. These have for 
 some time taken up every day from twelve to four, 
 so that you may conceive my spare time has not been 
 abundant. The General Eoads Bill was defeated by the 
 opposition of the clerks to trusts, who are nearly all 
 attorneys, and their influence with members, particu- 
 larly as there was at Easter some expectation of a 
 Protectionist dissolution, was irresistible. We were 
 forced to withdraw it, and the question must now be 
 settled in some other way. I have therefore been 
 attending a committee on the Eenewal of certain Local 
 Acts, in order to make a beginning of reform, and to 
 find out exactly how the present system works. I 
 must say that a more splendid exhibition of the ad- 
 vantages of uncontrolled local discretion can scarcely 
 be conceived. It has convinced me still more strongly 
 of the policy of the Poor Law Amendment, and has 
 made me feel practically what the management of the 
 Boards of Guardians would have been if they had been 
 left to their own devices. I am meditating some plan 
 of overhauling the turnpike trusts, and of establishing 
 some control over them by a standing committee of 
 quarter sessions, without altering the system entirely, 
 or incorporating them with the highways. 
 
 The Government has now weathered the danger of 
 the navigation laws, and will reach the end of the 
 session. It is expected that the prorogation will be 
 before the end of July this year, for a wonder. The 
 prudence of the Lords got the better of their desire to 
 restore the corn laws, and they abstained from turning
 
 206 LETTERS. 
 
 out the Government, which they could easily have done 
 if they had wished it, for Ministers would certainly 
 have resigned if the Navigation Bill had not been 
 carried. There was a great reluctance to place the 
 government of the country in the hands of Stanley and 
 ] Israeli. Nevertheless, the opportunity w T as a tempting 
 one, for the farmers in a mass believe that the present 
 depression of agriculture is produced by free trade, 
 and they would turn out every member who was op- 
 posed to a fixed duty on corn. The most acceptable 
 candidate now to many agricultural constituencies, e.g. 
 to the city of Hereford and in some degree to the 
 county, would be a Protectionist Radical — a friend of 
 economy, enlargement of the suffrage, and protection 
 to native industry. This, I take it, would also make 
 a cood candidate for the United States. There is no 
 doubt that a dissolution at the present time would give 
 a great gain to the Protectionists, though perhaps not 
 a majority. The triumph of the Protection party 
 would, however, be short-lived : the convulsion would 
 be terrible. There would be a great struggle between 
 the town and country populations, and the former 
 would attempt to gain the superiority by altering the 
 balance of the representation — by diminishing the 
 number of members for counties and small boroughs 
 and increasing the number for large towns. In this 
 they would ultimately succeed, and when the change 
 was once made, good-bye for ever to the power of the 
 agricultural party. From this extremity we have been 
 saved for the present by the prudence of the Lords. If 
 the harvest should prove abundant, prices will, it is true, 
 be low ; but the farmers will have a good deal to sell, 
 and if the consumption is brisk, I do not think they 
 will be so ill off as at present. There will probably
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 207 
 
 be in some cases a re-adjustment of rents, and in 
 others a change of tenants ; and in this manner the 
 country will gradually adapt itself to the altered law. 
 
 Ireland is in a terrible state. The suffering and 
 misery are perfectly awful ; but there has been so 
 much lying and so much exaggeration, that people in 
 England do not know what to believe, and the distress 
 passes now comparatively unheeded, though as great, 
 if not greater, than at any previous time. The Encum- 
 bered Estates Bill of this session is a really drastic 
 measure, and must, when rents begin again to be paid, 
 cause many of the deeply mortgaged properties in the 
 west to change hands. Creditors, however, have no 
 interest in forcing a sale at a season of depression : 
 they are a sort of partners in the concern, who do not 
 wish the property to be forced into the market at a 
 moment of depreciation. Therefore, unless the potato 
 returns this year in full vigour, I do not expect many 
 sales to be made for some time to come. By the bye, 
 when you write next, would you have the kindness to 
 let me know how far the potato disease has ceased in 
 your province and in North America generally, so far 
 as your information extends. I cannot believe that 
 the disease is likely to be a permanent one, which has 
 now become a favourite theory with many people. 
 
 I thought I had mentioned to you some time ago 
 that I "was writing on the subject of ' Authority.'* I 
 feel certain that I alluded to it in a letter written about 
 September or October last, which I fear you may not 
 have received. My book has been favourably reviewed 
 in the ' Examiner,' the ' Athenaeum,' and some other 
 newspapers, and nearly 200 copies have been sold, 
 
 * Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion. Published 
 by Parker, 1849.
 
 208 LETTERS. 
 
 which, as the subject is not a very attractive one, and 
 the mode of treatment is not intended to be popular, 
 is quite as much as I could hope for. I had consider- 
 able difficulty in dealing with the question of Church 
 authority; and I am glad to find that Milman approves 
 of my chapter, who is an excellent judge in the 
 matter. 
 
 I am meditating now a work on the ' Methods of 
 Political Reasoning.' It will take me several years, if 
 I am ever able to complete it. The work which I 
 have in my mind, if I could execute it properly, is 
 an organon for the use of the political enquirer — a 
 manual of rules for the guidance of the historian or 
 politician in the method of conducting his investiga- 
 tions. A work of this kind would dispose of nearly 
 the whole body of political speculators, from Plato 
 downwards, without refuting their conclusions sepa- 
 rately, by showing that their methods were unsound, 
 and could lead to nothing but error, except, indeed, by 
 accident.* 
 
 I have had so little time to read that volume of modern 
 history which the ' Times ' puts forth daily, that I dare 
 say you are now more au fait of what is going on 
 upon the continent than I am. The French expedition 
 to Pome was an unprincipled blunder. It was in- 
 tended to be an electioneering move, but it failed of 
 its purpose, and has increased the confusion of Europe. 
 Louis Napoleon's address is an imitation of the Ame- 
 rican President's Message. It is somewhat feeble and 
 puerile in its style, but is more veracious and honest 
 than such documents usually are in France. It is 
 curious that they talk of extending their Poor Law. 
 
 * Sir George Lewis's Treatise on the Methods of lieasoninff in Polities 
 was published by Parker in 1S52.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 209 
 
 Germany is all in pieces. There has been a revolu- 
 tion and fifrhtmo; in Baden, and movements alons; the 
 Ehine, and the Frankfort Assembly is at last disbanded. 
 Prussia is now attempting again to take the lead, but 
 all is uncertain and fluctuating;. The intervention of 
 Eussia in Hungary is the great event in central Europe, 
 but hitherto it has led to little result. Italy is awaiting 
 the event of the French interference at Koine. I con- 
 fess that I have great doubts whether the Pope will 
 ever recover his temporal power. This seems to me 
 one of the changes which is likely to be permanent. 
 The Pope cannot become a constitutional sovereign, 
 negotiating with a parliament, and he can hardly hope 
 to recover his despotic powers, together with an eccle- 
 siastical set of Ministers. The interests now are exclu- 
 sively political and socialist: the Church, as such, goes 
 for nothing in the revolutionary movements of the 
 continent. There is nothing original or native in any 
 of the continental reforms. Everything is a mere copy of 
 American institutions, as formerly everything used to 
 be a copy of English institutions. In politics they seem 
 to be nothing but a set of grown-up children. I have 
 in vain endeavoured to extract your drawings from 
 Murray. I have kept no copy of what I paid for your 
 books. My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 Gr. C. L. 
 
 Garnstone, Herefordshire : Sept. 4, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — I had intended writing to you and 
 thanking you for your last letter as soon as the session 
 was over, but I have put it off from day to day until 
 now, partly in consequence of a series of duty gaieties 
 which I have been going through for my constituents. 
 
 P
 
 210 LETTERS. 
 
 I have already attended Leominster and Hereford 
 races, two days of each, and have been to a bow 
 meeting, and have a music meeting in prospect. I 
 have likewise been at Whitfield and Eywood,* as well 
 as at Harpton, and am just returned from Perrystone, 
 where I have greatly enjoyed the society of William 
 Clifford, who a little reminds me of Montaigne trans- 
 ferred to the nineteenth century. Yorke and Mrs. 
 Yorke and Mrs. Hall were there. I never was at 
 Perrystone before, and found it a more beautiful place 
 than I expected. Nothing in its way can be finer than 
 the wooded bank down to the river. 
 
 The farmers are in better humour, on account of the 
 abundant produce of the soil and the prospect of a 
 good harvest ; all sorts of crops are prosperous, except 
 hops ; and the potato blight, though it has shown itself 
 in a very decided form, is not extensive in this part of 
 the country. There is, however, still a great hankering 
 after a revival of the Corn Law, in some shape or other, 
 among the farmers. All classes have felt the uneasi- 
 ness arising from straitened means. The agriculturists 
 find a remedy in a protection duty on corn ; the town 
 populations look to retrenchment and consequent re- 
 duction of taxation. Both are equally mistaken in 
 the cause of their distress, and consequently in their 
 remedy. Just now, however, the manufacturers are 
 fully employed, and I heard only to-day that the 
 demand from Leeds and Bradford is now clearing this 
 county of its wool at high and increasing prices. The 
 excitement of the railway speculations has done much 
 harm ; and having been driven up by unsound competi- 
 tion far above their proper height, they have now been 
 
 • Respectively the residences of the Rev. Archer Clive <and Lady 
 Langdale.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 211 
 
 as unfairly depressed by the exposure of Hudson's pro- 
 ceedings, which has made people think that no railway 
 management is to be trusted. It was very unlucky 
 for Herefordshire that it did not get a railway before 
 the tide turned. It will be several years before rail- 
 way speculation will revive, and then it will assume a 
 much more sober form. 
 
 The Government was, I think, on the whole, stronger 
 at the end than at the beginning of the session. They 
 did tolerably well what was required of them, and the 
 other parties rather lost than gained ground. The 
 Protectionists were unable to show that they had any 
 definite policy, or any confidence in their leaders. 
 Disraeli, though a hard hitter in attack, failed as an 
 exponent of a measure or a system of policy. The 
 Peelites were not only small in numbers, but disunited 
 among themselves. Peel and Graham stood on several 
 occasions nearly alone — Gladstone, Lincoln, and the 
 minor Peelites going off in other directions. Peel 
 appears to me clearly to have abandoned definitively 
 all idea of being a party leader or holding office. He 
 is anxious, however, to maintain his position in the 
 House of Commons, and to be considered as the chief 
 speaker in it when he thinks fit to exert himself. Hume 
 is still very stout, but he had a bad illness this year, 
 and is beginning to show symptoms of failure. Cobden 
 is trying to find some popular cry to take the place of 
 free trade, and has made the most of retrenchment and 
 peace. But he has lost credit for good sense : his 
 notions about arbitration are so erroneous and super- 
 ficial that many persons see through them ; and 
 although the Eaclical party has a good avenir, still 
 it is not making much way in opinion at the present 
 moment. The 'Chronicle' has been for some time a 
 
 r 2
 
 212 LETTERS. 
 
 Peelitc paper, and is very ably written. Smyth and 
 Hay ward are two of the writers. I do not know 
 whether any copy of it readies Fredericton, but its 
 articles arc well worth reading, and its foreign corre- 
 spondence is remarkably good, particularly that from 
 Germany. 
 
 The Queen's visit to Ireland is a political event of 
 some importance. 
 
 Lord John and the Cabinet were afraid, but Clarendon 
 urged it strongly, and they gave way. 
 
 Everything turned out better than the most sanguine 
 expectation could have anticipated. The people were 
 enthusiastic, there was no dissentient minority, and the 
 Queen and Prince were most gracious in manner and 
 expression, and were really pleased. There had been 
 a small number of persons who wished to mark their 
 sympathy with Smith O'Brien and the rebels of 1848 ; 
 but they were overborne by the general feeling, and 
 moreover there was an unwillingness in the citizens of 
 Dublin to permit anything which might have the effect 
 of preventing future visits so advantageous to trade. 
 * * * I am rather sanguine as to this visit giving 
 an impulse to the Irish mind in the right direction, and 
 in assisting the disposition which now exists towards 
 an acquiescence in the union with England, and to a 
 final abandonment of the Eepeal movement. The first 
 number of the new ' Nation,' which has just appeared, 
 confirms the idea that the Irish agitators will now 
 apply their exertions to more practical objects, and 
 that they will cease to pursue the phantom which im- 
 poverished the whole nation for the sake of filling the 
 purse of one man. The Encumbered Estates Commis- 
 sion of last session is an important measure, but it will 
 not operate suddenly. Some years must elapse before
 
 O. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 213 
 
 its working can be felt. In a few words, it seems to 
 me to be this : a contrivance for enabling tenants for 
 life to sell a portion of the settled property for the 
 payment of debts, without the intervention of the Court 
 of Chancery.* The land question has now been pretty 
 well exhausted in Ireland, both by enquiries and legis- 
 lation. A great deal about the management of estates 
 by the courts which was not known before came out 
 during the last two sessions ; but it was very technical, 
 and was understood and attended to only by a few. 
 The measures of last session will require patching, and 
 assisting where they are deficient, but the neck of the 
 question has been broken. The Irish Poor Law cannot 
 be much mended ; the amending bill of last session 
 contained nothing very material. The chief alteration 
 going on is administrative, viz. a reduction in the size 
 of the large unions and electoral divisions, but this 
 is still in fieri. The only great Irish question now 
 remaining unsettled is the Church question. You know 
 my opinions on this subject, and I believe we are quite 
 agreed about it ; and what I thought I still think, but 
 what the practical solution may be I am quite unable 
 to predict. There seems now a greater disposition 
 among the Catholics to say nothing on the subject; 
 but if ever any large portion of the land of Ireland 
 gets into the hands of Catholics, good-bye to the 
 Established Church. 
 
 The continental wars are now appeased, and nothing 
 remains to be settled but the results of the French 
 intervention in Eome. The Pope will probably be 
 restored, but his tenure will be a frail one ; and, if he 
 
 * It is obvious from this statement that Sir George Lewis would not 
 have entertained favourably any approach to fixity of tenure in Ireland, 
 or the weakening the power of the landlord over his tenants.
 
 214 LETTERS. 
 
 does not give satisfaction, the next shake in Italy will 
 be sure to see him again in exile. A good many 
 travellers have gone abroad this summer, but nothing 
 like the former number. Twisleton sailed on August 25 
 for New York, and intends to see the United States ; 
 but I suppose he will hardly visit our provinces. I 
 hope your expedition into the woods will have been as 
 interesting as that of last year. My best regards to 
 Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grove Mill, Watford : Sept. 20, 1849. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Grote, — Your letter has followed me 
 from Herefordshire, where I have been lately going 
 through a long course of gaieties, to Grove Mill, to which 
 we returned at the end of last week. I kiss your rod in 
 the most submissive manner, and plead guilty to con- 
 siderable delay about Grote's ' History ' — though I 
 cannot admit that it is two years. I do not remember 
 undertaking to review the third and fourth volumes 
 till last year, that is, 1848. I intended to write the re- 
 view during the session, and made some progress after 
 Easter, but the pressure of business at the end of the 
 session (which, as Grote knows, is very heavy upon 
 official members) prevented me from finishing it. t I 
 have brought the six volumes with me to this place, 
 and I have them now all before me. I shall lose no 
 time in finishing my article, and I have every reason to 
 believe that it will be ready before the end of October. 
 I shall send it immediately to Empson, and hope that 
 he will insert it in the next number ; but that, of course, 
 will depend on him. 
 
 We were much disappointed at losing your visit, but
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. QUOTE. 215 
 
 I hope that we shall contrive to meet before long. I 
 am due in London on October 1, take my turn of 
 attendance at the Office, and expect to remain there 
 during that and the following month. Is there no 
 chance of your leaving the Beeches,* and coming to 
 that unromantic street, Savile Eow, where there are no 
 twisted roots, during that time ? I have a great deal 
 of frozen-up conversation to inflict on you and Grote. 
 Believe me ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Home Office : Nov. 27, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — I think I wrote you word that I 
 had been in Herefordshire in September, and had made 
 a circuit of divers visits. Since October 1, 1 have been 
 in London and in constant attendance at the Office ; 
 therefore, as you may conceive, I have no adventures to 
 relate which can compare with your excursion up the 
 country, into the woods, and across lakes. During the 
 chief part of the time Sir George Grey and Waddington 
 have been absent ; but the country was as quiet as a 
 duck-pond, and the business was quite of a routine 
 nature. 
 
 There is now an assembling of official persons ; the first 
 winter Cabinet was held to-day. As to internal afi'airs, 
 the chief subject is the low prices of corn and cattle, 
 and the despondency of the agriculturists, who derive 
 no comfort from anybody who does not tell them that 
 they are finally and irredeemably ruined. Eents are 
 ill paid in some places, and there is great consternation 
 among landlords. The feeling in favour of protection 
 is strong and nearly universal in all the agricultural 
 parts of the community. On the other hand, they are 
 
 • Mrs. G rote's residence, near Burnharn,
 
 210 LETTERS. 
 
 united in nothing except a wish to have their protec- 
 tion restored. They do not like Disraeli, who is their 
 best man, or at least their best speaker in the House of 
 Commons. They do not believe him to be sincere, nor 
 do they confide in his judgment. There is also great 
 difficulty in an Opposition imposing a new tax while 
 the revenue exceeds the expenditure. For this is what 
 protection means, when it comes to be translated into 
 an actual motion. 
 
 The colonial questions are in a ticklish state. There 
 is much dissatisfaction with the recent management of 
 the Colonial Office, and the state of the Cape at this 
 moment is highly unsatisfactory. Nothing is more 
 likely than a junction of Protectionists and Eadicals 
 upon some colonial question ; and the Government can 
 at any moment be put in a minority, if two or three 
 parties combine against it. But as no one party is 
 strong enough to form a government, they are not 
 likely to take a step which would put them in the 
 position of having the offer and declining. On the 
 whole, I see no great change in the position of the 
 Government. Though weak in itself, it is relatively 
 strong, and though there is a prevailing feeling in 
 favour of protection throughout the agricultural con- 
 stituencies, the Protectionists are not in a position to 
 take advantage of it. 
 
 The Chancellor* is better, and it is expected that 
 he will go on, for the present at least. Denman has 
 had a second paralytic stroke ; he has not sat this term, 
 and it is not expected that he will ever sit again. Lord 
 Campbell is talked of as his successor. 
 
 Everything foreign is in a fluctuating, unsettled state, 
 but things are shaking down by degrees. The French 
 
 * Lord Cottonham.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 217 
 
 are becoming more absurd every day, and are decidedly 
 
 drifting to leeward in the esteem of Europe. The 
 
 Germans would be the first continental power, if they 
 
 could but unite. This, however, is hopeless. Prussia 
 
 and Austria must remain separate, even if the minor 
 
 States are swallowed up. 
 
 I have written lately an article* on Grote's ' History,' 
 
 which will, I hope, appear in the next number of the 
 
 ' Edinburgh Eeview.' I have also gone on with my 
 
 political ' Arbeit,' and have been writing on the ' Nature 
 
 and Treatment of History.' This has caused me to read 
 
 several interesting discussions — among others, some 
 
 essays on the speeches in the ancient histories, and in 
 
 some modern ones, particularly the Italian. I have 
 
 found a calculation that the speeches in Thucydides 
 
 are more in bulk than a fourth of the work. Does 
 
 this appear to you possible ? If I am not mistaken, 
 
 one of the speeches in Thucydides answers a speech, 
 
 argument by argument, delivered elsewhere — that is, 
 
 for instance, a speech in the Assembly at Athens 
 
 answers a speech at some Peloponnesian meeting of 
 
 delegates of allies. Do you remember which speech 
 
 it is? I have a distinct recollection of observing at 
 
 Oxford that such was the case in one instance. 
 
 My father is, I think, in excellent health ; he has 
 
 lately had his picture painted by Watts. Grant has 
 
 lately finished my picture, and has greatly improved 
 
 it, both as a portrait and a painting. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 Mrs. Edward Villiers is in town with her children. 
 Earnest is at school. The twins are prodigiously fine 
 children — much taller separately than any single con- 
 temporary, which seems unfair. I do not believe that 
 
 * Edinburgh Rfiviexv, vol. xci. p. 118.
 
 218 LMTTERS. 
 
 the question of personal identity has ever clearly been 
 made out between them. 
 Best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Home Office : Nov. 29, 1849. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have just received your letter of 
 the 13th instant; and as I wrote to you a few days ago, 
 I will only answer your question about Milman. He 
 has been gazetted Dean of !St. Paul's, and seems pleased 
 at his appointment. The drawback is the distance of 
 his house from the society of which he is fond, and on 
 which the state of his eyesight makes him quite de- 
 pendent in the evening. 
 
 The Welshmen clamoured for a Welsh bishop, and 
 Lord John satisfied them very dexterously by giving 
 them an Englishman, formerly head of Lampeter, who 
 understands Welsh. 
 
 Empson has had a paralytic stroke and renewed 
 bleedings from the nose ; lie is, however, better at pre- 
 sent. Lord Jeffrey assists him with the 'Edinburgh 
 Review.' 
 
 Fox Maule has just been added to the Cabinet, an 
 event of no great importance to the public. He has, 
 however, a good deal of weight in the House of Com- 
 mons, and he is a great man in Scotland. Dalhousie's 
 health is said to be failing, and there is even an idea 
 that he will not remain much longer in India. The 
 great weakness of the Government now is its colonial 
 policy, or rather the state of several of the colonies. 
 The adjustment of the agricultural interest is also an 
 operation which will not be made silently. Even sober- 
 minded persons think that many landlords and a
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 219 
 
 majority of the farmers will be ruined in the process. 
 I am not so desponding myself ; but I confess that I 
 look forward to a serious struggle between the agricul- 
 tural and the other interests before an equilibrium is 
 established. 
 
 I have just been included in a commission issued to 
 try to devise some means of changing the site of Smith- 
 field Market. The subject is not an easy one, and I 
 expect that it will give a good deal of trouble before 
 it is over. There has been an immense deal of exag- 
 gerated declamation on the subject. 
 
 We have just had a thanksgiving as well as your 
 province ; but for a different cause — namely, the cessa- 
 tion of cholera. In Hereford diocese they had two 
 thanksgivings — one from the bishop, and a second from 
 the Queen ; but they never had the cholera, so their 
 thanks were quite disinterested. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kniglitsbridge : Jan. 25, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have had the pleasure of receiving 
 your letter of December 20, and as you do not mention 
 the cold, I suppose that your winter had not then pro- 
 mised to be more severe than usual. Here, however, 
 the frost has been longer and sharper than in any winter 
 since 1838. It began a little before Christmas, and has 
 only just now broken up — I hope not to return. The 
 Thames began to be so much impeded with ice, that 
 for a few days the steamers did not ply, which is 
 unusual. 
 
 We have stayed till within the last few days at Grove 
 Mill, leading a very quiet life. I have been writing my 
 ' Political Logic,' which, if it is ever finished, few people
 
 220 LETTERS. 
 
 will read. I shall nevertheless do my best to complete 
 what I fear may prove a somewhat thankless labour. 
 
 My article on G rote's 'History' has appeared in 
 the last number of the ' Edinburgh Review ; ' there is 
 a good review of Lamartine's 'History,' by Senior; 
 and a long dissertation on ' Colonisation,' by Monteagle. 
 Grote is hard at work at his 'History,' and has nearly 
 completed two more volumes. Macaulay's continua- 
 tion is not promised till two or three years hence. 
 
 The session is just about to begin, and there will be 
 a violent explosion of anger from tiie Protectionists. I 
 have no doubt that the agricultural interest is much 
 depressed. The farmers are suffering universally, and 
 in many places rents are ill paid. This is particularly 
 the case in Herefordshire. The agriculturists are not, 
 however, agreed as to their remedy. They wish, of 
 course, for a restoration of protection, but they are 
 afraid to ask for a duty sufficient to raise prices mate- 
 rially. They talk about the special burdens upon land, 
 but they fail in showing any practicable means by which 
 their pressure can be mitigated. They are not united 
 as to their remedy, and still less as to their leader. 
 They dislike the idea of Disraeli leading the House of 
 Commons, and yet they have nobody superior to him. 
 The session will be an angry one, and the event is un- 
 certain ; but although I think it likely that the present 
 Government may be turned out, I do not see what 
 other Government can come in. 
 
 I shall try to do something about the roads this 
 session, after last year's failure. The turnpikes present 
 the chief difficulty ; the highways are more easily 
 managed. A parochial assessment bill, amending the 
 law as to valuations, is also proposed. 
 
 I have been working lately at a commission on the
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 221 
 
 subject of Smith field and Newgate Markets ; the latter 
 being the market for the sale of dead meat. The mag- 
 nitude of the business transacted at these two markets 
 is enormous. The value of the stock sold at Smithfield 
 is estimated at seven millions a year. Both of them 
 are too confined, and ought to be removed. I expect 
 that our report will be ready about Easter. 
 
 Chadwick has been preparing a wonderful plan for 
 abolishing intramural interment (as it is called), and 
 making the Government the universal undertaker. This 
 plan has, I believe, been subsequently modified, and it 
 is not likely to be agreed to in its first state ; but I have 
 not seen the amended version. Whatever is done, I 
 fear that the subject will give an immensity of trouble 
 before it is settled. 
 
 You will be sorry to hear that poor Buckland is in 
 a state of entire mental alienation, so as to be incapable 
 of acting as Dean. This malady is not yet known 
 publicly, but will not, I suppose, remain a secret. His 
 manner was always hurried and a little excited ; but 
 I never suspected him of a tendency to insanity. Your 
 story about ' baptismal pants ' is excellent.* 
 
 The Gorham case is to go against the Bishop ; and 
 Campbell is at last to be Chief Justice. Best regards 
 to Lady Head. Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : April 24, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — I ought long ago to have thanked 
 you for two interesting letters, and have continued my 
 
 * Baptism by immersion is frequently administered in the rivers of the 
 United States ; and 1 believe that the allusion here is to the advertise- 
 ment of the proprietors of a shop who, anxious to supply garments for the 
 
 use of persons taking a part in this rite, advertised ' Baptismal Pants.' 
 
 Editor.
 
 222 LETTERS, 
 
 chronicle of events. I quite agree with you in thinking 
 
 that a federation of the North American provinces is not 
 a likely event, nor is the way to annexation straight or 
 short. I had a conversation lately with Mr. Lawrence, 
 the new American Minister, on the subject, and I saw 
 
 plainly that the annexation of Canada was a balanced 
 question for the States, and that it could not be carried 
 without a division of opinion, even if the Canadians 
 desired to be annexed. I have lately received a letter 
 from Twisleton, dated at New Orleans, on the subject 
 chiefly of Cuba, and the desire of the Americans to 
 obtain it, as well as on their chance of success. He 
 mentions that he had heard from you and intended to 
 pay you a visit, which intention I hope he will be able 
 to fulfil. 
 
 You will have seen from the newspapers the course 
 of the parliamentary debates. The relative positions 
 of parties remain pretty much as they were. No two 
 of them show any disposition to combine, and the 
 Government is stronger than any one other party. 
 The Protectionists have shown that they are afraid to 
 put forward the question of protection and to propose 
 a restoration of the corn duties. 
 
 This session has likewise exhibited Disraeli's unfitness 
 for the part of a leader more clearly than before. He 
 was called on to do something positive, and has utterly 
 foiled. ThePeelites hang off and remain isolated. Peel 
 and Graham give a steady support to the Government; 
 Gladstone, Thesiger, and Sydney Herbert are hostile to 
 it, but do not approximate to the Protectionists. Lincoln 
 is in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Colonial affairs are quieter. The Ceylon case has 
 passed off for the present. The Cape disturbances are 
 at an end ; and the Australian Bill is nearly through
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 223 
 
 Committee. Lord John has announced the abolition 
 of the Lord Lieutenancy, which had been determined 
 on some time ago. The plan is to have a fourth 
 Secretary of State, and to allow the present state of 
 things to go on till the end of the year. Clarendon is 
 favourable to the change, and it will not be much 
 opposed, so that it will probably pass this session. 
 
 My Highways Bill is still in suspense. It is generally 
 approved of: but the difficulty of carrying anything 
 which appeals to impose any additional burdens on 
 farmers is at its maximum just now, and I do not feel 
 sure what the result will be. I have also introduced 
 a Parochial Assessments Bill, which would make a great 
 improvement in the law. 
 
 There is a plan now on foot for making a railway 
 from Gloucester to Eoss, which is likely to be executed. 
 The Great Western give considerable assistance ; but 
 in these days of railway insolvency, it is no easy matter 
 to carry such a scheme into effect. 
 
 My father is in very good health now, but he was 
 a good deal annoyed by a burglary which took place 
 in the house at Harpton while he was there at Easter. 
 The thieves broke in on the ground floor, and carried 
 away a silver inkstand and plate to the value of about 
 eighty pounds. They were probably Birmingham 
 thieves and had no connection with the neighbourhood.* 
 The Dean of Hereford, much to the relief of Xew 
 Eadnor,f has lately died. Many people wish Gilbert to 
 become a candidate, but he prefers remaining as he is, 
 and has no wish to be a Church dignitary. The Deanery 
 
 * The burglars proved to be Birmingham men, assisted by a person in 
 the neighbourhood ; they came in the hope of finding money collected 
 at a rent-day : but the rent-day had fortunately been postponed. 
 
 t Dr. Merewether was also Hector of New Radnor.
 
 224 LETTERS. 
 
 of Hereford is not very tempting: 1,000/. a year with 
 a house in ruins, and the Cathedral to subscribe to. 
 
 Last night Lord John announced the intention of the 
 Government to issue a commission for enquiry into 
 the two Universities ; the announcement has created a 
 strong sensation, and the Church will resent it. I have 
 heard nothing of the persons of whom it is likely to 
 consist. 
 
 I am sorry to say that Mrs. Villiers has had some 
 severe attacks of pain lately, which have affected her 
 sleep and altogether lowered her health. Ferguson has 
 been very attentive to her. 
 
 The article in the last 'Edinburgh Eeview ' on my 
 book* is by Senior. My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis was now (1850) removed, at the 
 wish of his colleagues, from the Under Secretaryship 
 of the Home Office to the more important office of 
 Financial Secretary to the Treasury. He makes re- 
 marks upon this change of work and of position in the 
 following letter to Sir Edmund Head: — 
 
 London : July 11, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I had the pleasure of re- 
 ceiving your last letter I have seen Twisleton, fresli 
 from Fredericton, from whom I was extremely glad to 
 have an account of you and Lady Head, as an eye- 
 witness of your colonial greatness. It was an odd 
 accident that you should have met in that distant 
 quarter of the world. Twisleton seems to have enjoyed 
 
 * ' Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion/ Edinburgh Review, 
 vol. xci. p. 508.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIE EDMUND HEAD, BART. 225 
 
 his journey much, and to have made a careful observa- 
 tion of the state of things and men in America. 
 
 I have lately made a change of office, which is a 
 promotion in point of salary, and also as to the im- 
 portance of the duties. On these accounts I am bound 
 to be pleased with the change. At the same time, I 
 regret the Home Office, the duties of which suited me 
 very well, and I do not feel that I have any parti- 
 cular aptitude for being the econome of the Govern- 
 ment, and revising the items of treasury expenditure, 
 which is the business of the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 Tufnell * was tired of being the Parliamentary Secre- 
 tary, and his health has not been good lately. His 
 retirement made a vacancy in that office, which there 
 was a difficulty in filling, until Hayter was induced to 
 take it. I was placed in Hayter's office, and Edward 
 Bouverie has succeeded me. One of the first fruits of 
 this transfer is, that I have to serve on a commission 
 for reporting on closing the country post-offices on 
 Sunday, a subject which has stirred up the Sabbata- 
 rian mind of England, and has produced a wonderful 
 quantity of petitioning and agitating. It is a question 
 on which there are two irreconcilable parties, and 
 whatever is done is sure to give mortal offence to 
 one — possibly to both. 
 
 Peel's death has been a very sad event. He leaves 
 a great blank in public life ; his great experience, his 
 extensive knowledge, his long official career, and his 
 practised habits of debate and power of .speech gave 
 him a position in the House of Commons which nobody 
 else filled. He had, it is true, lost his party, and he 
 told for little in a division, but his voice had great 
 
 * Right Hon. Henry Tufnell, M.P. for Devonport. 
 
 Q
 
 226 LETTERS. 
 
 weighl in the country, and no speech of his was a 
 matter of indifference even in the House. I cannot 
 say that I prized his judgment very highly, nor do I 
 think that as a guide in public affairs, when he had 
 
 ceased to be an administrator, lie was of great value, 
 lie did not see far before him ; he was not ready in 
 applying theory to practice ; he did not foresee the 
 coming storm. But, when it had come, there was no 
 man who dealt with it so well as he did. For con- 
 cocting, producing, explaining, and defending measures 
 he had no equal, or anything like an equal. There 
 was nothing simile aut secundum. When a thins; was 
 to be done, he did it better than anybody. The mis- 
 fortune was, that he saw the right thing too late ; and 
 went on opposing it when men of less powerful minds 
 saw clearly what was the proper course. Latterly, 
 when he became more of a reformer, he was some- 
 times too bold, as in his scheme for planting Con- 
 naught, which really was very wild and fanciful. 
 
 Peel's death will exercise a great influence upon the 
 Peelite party, but I do not expect either that the 
 Peelites will become Protectionists, or that the Pro- 
 tectionists will give up protection and adopt Peelite 
 leaders. Graham is a great sufferer by the change, as 
 he had constantly stood by Peel, when his other friends 
 went different ways. 
 
 Upon Gladstone it will have the effect of removing 
 a weight from a spring — he will come forward more 
 and take more part in discussion. The general opinion 
 is, that Gladstone will renounce his free-trade opinions, 
 and become leader of the Protectionists. I expect 
 neither the one event nor the other. I do not believe 
 that Gladstone will give up free-trade, nor do I think 
 that Disraeli will submit to be displaced from the lead.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 227 
 
 Even his followers could hardly make such a proposi- 
 tion to him. 
 
 Palmerston achieved a great triumph over his enemies. 
 His speech was an extraordinary effort. He defeated the 
 whole Conservative party, Protectionists and Peelites, 
 supported by the extreme Kadicals, and backed by 
 the ' Times,' and all the organized forces of foreign 
 diplomacy. 
 
 After all has been said and done, the Greek affair was 
 
 very undignified and unjustifiable ; and the principle 
 
 involved in Pacifico's case is a dangerous one. Unless 
 
 it is carefully limited, it would lead to the most 
 
 monstrous consequences. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ireland is beginning to mend, and a good potato 
 crop will set it on its legs again. * * * Colonial 
 affairs are quieter. Less is heard about the Colonial 
 Office, but there have been awkward disclosures of 
 private letters before the Ceylon Committee. * * * 
 I expect that the session will last till about August 20. 
 We shall then, I suppose, go for a short time to Here- 
 fordshire, and return to town for the autumn, or, 
 rather, winter. 
 
 Villiers * goes to Cambridge next October term. 
 
 My father has quite recovered his health ; he goes 
 to Harpton in a few days. I have made considerable 
 progress with my book,f at which I employ all my 
 odd hours. I wish I could have the benefit of your 
 revision. My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * T. Villiers Lister, Esq., Lady Theresa Lewis's sou of her first 
 marriage. 
 
 t His treatise on politics, published by Parker in 1852. 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 LETTERS. 
 
 Grove Mill : Sept. 15, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — The latter part of the session was 
 uneventful, though very fatiguing, from the number of 
 hours which the House sat. Since the prorogation, we 
 have been staving at Grove Mill, with the exception of a 
 day's excursion which we made to Combe, Lord Craven's 
 place, near Coventry. It contains a very interesting 
 collection of pictures, chiefly portraits which Theresa 
 wished to see on account of her book.* There are 
 fine full-length portraits of Prince Eupert and Prince 
 Maurice, and also of the Princess of Orange when a 
 child, by Vandyke. There is a good full-length portrait 
 of Charles I., by Mytens, and numerous portraits of the 
 Queen of Bohemia, and all her family, by Honthorst, 
 who seems to have been a sort of court painter to the 
 Palatinate. The collection was made by her and left 
 to her favourite Lord Craven, and it has remained 
 undisturbed since his time. There are several portraits 
 of Sophia, the daughter of the King of Bohemia, and 
 Electress of Hanover — who forms the link between the 
 Stuarts and Georges. I never saw a likeness of her 
 before. 
 
 I am supposed to be in attendance on the Treasury 
 during the month of September, and I go up as often 
 as I am wanted, which is about twice a week. There 
 is one junior lord in London : Charles Wood is in 
 Scotland, Hayter is in Ireland, and Trevelyan on the 
 continent. I never knew so profound a stagnation in 
 public affairs both at home and abroad, as far as this 
 country is concerned. The Editor of the ' Observer,' 
 whom I saw yesterday, told me that he had great diffi- 
 culty in finding topics for his leading articles. Wad- 
 
 * ' Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord-Chancellor Cla- 
 rendon, illustrative of portraits in his Gallery.' 3 vols. Murray, 1852. t
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 229 
 
 dinoton told me he had had nothing to do at the Home 
 Office but to protect General Haynau from the brewers. 
 
 At the Treasury there has been a good deal of routine 
 business, because people cannot live without money 
 even in the month of September ; but it is all of a quiet 
 nature. 
 
 The Queen was very well received in her progress to 
 Balmoral ; I saw Prescott, the American, who had met 
 her at Castle Howard ; like other people he was struck 
 with the intelligence and information of the Prince. 
 The Scotch have been much pleased by her residing for 
 a few days at Holyrood ; the Prince made a peculiarly 
 good speech on laying the stone of the National Gallery 
 at Edinburgh. I do not know whether you happened 
 to read it. Clarendon has likewise been acting king in 
 Ireland, and has been making a most successful progress 
 in Ulster. He has had an excellent reception ; which, 
 considering what took place about Dolly's brae, proves 
 that the Orange party are down in the world. I look 
 upon it that repeal is now virtually extinct, and Orange- 
 ism in a moribund state. The only active and really 
 living movement in Ireland now is that which is re- 
 presented by the Tenant-Eight League. The question 
 between landlord and tenant is a real one, but it is an 
 internal domestic question, and does not concern 
 imperial relations. The religious questions still con- 
 tinue, and the bigoted party has prevailed in the synod 
 of Thurles by a majority of two. 
 
 The French President has been emulating our Queen 
 and making visits to the provinces, according to the 
 newspapers, which, I presume, may be relied on ; his re- 
 ception on the whole has been highly favourable. I find 
 myself becoming, what I never expected to be, a strong 
 Bonapartist. It is clear that the French look back with
 
 230 LETTERS. 
 
 no satisfaction on any part of their history except the 
 Empire. They dislike the ancien regime, and its 
 inequalities, besides which it may be admit ted that the 
 Government of France, during the last century, was 
 too bad for a civilized nation to endure very long. 
 They are not proud of the Eestoration — a Government 
 imposed on them by foreigners. Louis Philippe's was 
 a sordid, self-seeking system, and hence they have 
 nothing to look back on with pleasure but the wars 
 and glory of the Consulate and Empire. A nation 
 must have some recollections, and the Bonapartist 
 recollections alone offer any chance of stability to a new 
 Government. It does not follow that the feeling which 
 grows out of military glory, and creates a prestige for 
 the name of Napoleon, necessarily requires to be fed 
 with fresh military glory. Louis Napoleon seems to 
 be pacific — he is no captain — nor a man capable of 
 leading armies, and he will probably limit his ambition 
 to being Prince President for life. It is clear that he 
 intends to break through the restriction as to his re- 
 election, and to become a candidate at the end of his 
 four years ; and as he will no doubt use all the influence 
 of Government, as well as the prestige of his name, to 
 secure his return, I do not see how any one can have a 
 chance against him. It is clearly the best thing for the 
 country that he should be re-elected quietly. 
 
 Louis Philippe's death was no political event; it 
 does Palmerston some good by removing the centre of 
 a constant set of cabals and intrigues against him ; but 
 otherwise it has little importance. 
 
 I have felt very sincere regret, as I have no doubt you 
 will feel, for poor William Clifford's * death. He is quite 
 
 * William Clifford, Esq., who resided at Perrystone, near Ross, in 
 Herefordshire.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 231 
 
 irreplaceable : he has left nobody behind him like 
 himself; the mixture of benignity, humour, simplicity, 
 knowledge, modesty, and boldness of thought was 
 quite peculiar. His death was sudden, and I have not 
 heard what it was caused by. 
 
 Bailey, my colleague, has also died after a long-suffer- 
 ing illness ; he was a strong Protectionist, but a per- 
 fectly honourable and straightforward colleague. He 
 is to be succeeded by a Mr. Booker, a flaming Protec- 
 tionist from Glamorganshire, who will, I fear, give 
 some trouble. 
 
 Twisleton is gone for a short time to Germany * * * 
 I hope you are quite well. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 P. S. Whenever you have another parcel of books, 
 there are two which I should wish to add to your 
 list. One is a little volume lately published by Francis 
 Newman, entitled ' Phases of Faith ; ' giving an account 
 of his successive changes of religious opinion, and con- 
 taining a good deal about Oxford and Oxford men 
 which will, I think, interest you. The other is a work 
 in four octavo volumes, by a Monsieur Charles Comte, 
 entitled ' Traites de Legislation,' published about fifteen 
 years ago. It contains the best and truest account of 
 the savage state of society and mode of life which I 
 am acquainted with, and I should be glad to know 
 what you think of it with reference to the Red man. 
 I recommended it to Twisleton, who promised me to 
 read it. 
 
 Grove Mill : Dec. 28, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have not yet thanked you for 
 the interesting journal of your travels, which you must
 
 232 LETTERS. 
 
 have had much pleasure in making, and of which I 
 was very glad to have so full an account. You cer- 
 tainly made a terrible stumble* at the threshold; it 
 was very lucky that Lady Head was able to recover so 
 soon, and she certainly showed a most Amazonian 
 boldness in following you so soon. I received the 
 letter to Wortley, and forwarded it to him. I have 
 also given your commission to Cochrane, who under- 
 takes to execute it. It must be confessed that books 
 are very cheap if one watches one's opportunity. The 
 difference between buying a book when it is in the 
 market and ordering a book simply is immense. 
 Foreign books in England are the cheapest of all, when 
 they are not new. 
 
 I passed the month of November and nearly all 
 December in London with no incidents in my own life. 
 I went down to Hereford to attend a county meeting 
 for promoting a railway from Gloucester to Hereford. 
 A large sum in shares has been subscribed, and it is 
 nearly enough, but I have not yet heard whether it is 
 quite enough. The meeting was w T ell attended, and 
 Brunei came down. It will be a great convenience to 
 all the dwellers in that part of the country if it can be 
 executed. There has since been a county meeting on 
 the Papal aggression, which I did not attend. The 
 amount of nonsense which has been talked on this 
 subject has been very large. The creation of dioceses 
 in the ambitious manner in which it was done, was, 
 however, a very wanton attack on the Protestant feel- 
 ing of the country, which was quite contented to 
 slumber if it had not been roused by the Pope. No 
 
 * The sudden illness of Lady Head, as they were about to start from 
 New Brunswick on an expedition to Canada and the United States 
 Lady Head recovered in the course of a few days.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 233 
 
 doubt the Pope and his advisers had been misled, by 
 the Puseyite conversions, into supposing that all Eng- 
 land was ready to go to Piome. By this time they 
 have probably discovered their error. I do not expect 
 that this row will alter the relation between Catholics 
 and Protestants in this country ; the storm will blow 
 over, and both parties will be as they were. But it 
 will bring the Puseyites to their bearings ; it will be 
 an instantia crucis to them which will compel them to 
 choose one road or the other. The extreme left will 
 become Roman, the middle and the extreme right will 
 gradually drop the ' ritualism ' and the other distinctive 
 attributes of Puseyism, and relapse into old-fashioned 
 High Church opinions, such as used to be held at 
 Oxford thirty years ago. It is expected that the 
 Government will bring in a Bill prohibiting the Eoman 
 Catholic bishops from assuming territorial names of 
 sees. If this is done, it will be a very innocent piece 
 of legislation, but it will probably produce an infinite 
 quantity of deraisonnement, and bad theological poli- 
 tics. Lord John's letter took advantage of the oppor- 
 tunity against the Puseyites, but there were some 
 unfortunate expressions in it, not necessary for his 
 purpose, which offended the Catholics. 
 
 Disraeli's letter was a failure. The Protectionists, as 
 a party, have taken no line in the matter. They would, 
 however, have put themselves at the head of the 
 national feeling if Lord John had not : the Peelites 
 are inclined to inaction. There was an excellent letter 
 in the ' Times,' on the side of indifferences, signed 
 4 Carolus.' It was written by Charles Greville. 
 
 Protection is considered even by its friends as a 
 hopeless cause. Calvert has been returned for Ayles- 
 bury, quite an agricultural borough, in the county of
 
 284 LETTERS. 
 
 the Duke of Buckingham and Disraeli, without diffi- 
 culty ; his Protectionist opponent withdrew. The farmers 
 are, however, really in a depressed and suffering state. 
 The price of wheat lias continued for a year at about 
 forty shillings, and it is not likely to advance. Eents 
 must be lowered, but re- adjustment is a slow and pain- 
 ful process, and landlords put off the evil day as long 
 as they can. The agricultural cry now is for relief in 
 the way of taxation, but taxation is not the cause of 
 their difficulties, and a change of taxation will afford 
 them no real relief. The pressure for a transfer of local 
 burdens is stronger than ever. I should not be sur- 
 prised if some more expenses of criminal justice were 
 transferred. Lunatic asylums are also talked of. My 
 belief, however, is that all these transfers will turn out 
 to be mere moonshine. If prices continue on their 
 present range, the arrangements between landlord and 
 tenant must undergo a general revision. In the mean- 
 time the country thrives ; the revenue keeps up, trade 
 increases, crime and pauperism diminish. 
 
 There is a great interest and expectation about the 
 effects of the Crystal Palace. It is not a popular sub- 
 ject at Knightsbridge, particularly at this moment, when 
 we are overrun with the workmen who stream along 
 the road at meal-times as if a manufactory was break- 
 ing up. I have never been able to make out precisely 
 what good it is to do ; but it is a ' grand idea,' it ' em- 
 bodies the spirit of the age,' &c. &c, and so I suppose 
 it will have some effect. It will certainly bring a great 
 many people to London, and increase the profits of 
 hotel and lodging keepers. 
 
 I have nearly finished the first draft of my book.* 
 It will make two octavo volumes, and it will take a 
 
 'Treatise on Politic?.' Parker, 1852,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 235 
 
 year, or perhaps more, to complete and revise. My 
 wife has begun printing a life of Lord Falkland.* She 
 has also written lives of Lord Capel and Lord Hertford, 
 and will publish them with an account of the collection 
 of pictures at the Grove. Murray publishes. 
 
 I wish you and Lady Head a happy New Year. Our 
 winter promises now to be a mild one. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Brougham says that the second epistle of John is 
 likely to cause as much controversy as the first. You 
 know that the first epistle of St. John contains the text 
 about the three witnesses. 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : March 6, 1851. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have been putting off a letter to 
 you for some time from week to week, because I had 
 nothing but little events to tell you. ISTow I have got 
 a great event, and I accordingly sit down to give you 
 an account of it. The session opened quietly enough. 
 Everything except agriculture was prosperous, trade 
 was increasing, the manufacturing districts in better 
 work than ever, retail trade thriving, the funds high, 
 credit sound, plenty of gold in the bank, our foreign 
 relations pacific, the colonies without an insurrection, 
 and not even a border war in India. As to asricul- 
 
 a 
 
 ture, there was no statistical case of depression to be 
 made out. Land maintains its value ; farms are re-let, 
 though often at a reduced rent ; pauperism is diminish- 
 ing ; and the agricultural labourers, though their money- 
 
 * ' Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord-Chancellor Cla- 
 rendon, illustrative of portraits in his Gallery/ by Lady Theresa Lewis. 
 Murray, 1852.
 
 286 LETTEBS. 
 
 wages are in many counties as low as 7s., arc admitted 
 
 to have never been in a more comfortable state. The 
 notice of the Papal measure in the Queen's Speech was 
 likewise brief, and the debate on the Address passed off 
 without any strong feeling. The motion to bring in 
 tiie Anti-Papal Bill, however, roused the Irish Catholic 
 members, and they combined for the purpose of turn- 
 ing out the Government on the first question which 
 should present itself. This question was Disraeli's 
 motion on agricultural distress, On which the Govern- 
 ment had a majority of only fourteen. The next step 
 was the proposal of the Budget, which was coldly re- 
 ceived — no great interest was satisfied; and the scheme 
 for the commutation of the window tax into a house 
 tax was received with a violent outcry in the large 
 towns. It now became manifest that the Budget would 
 not be carried without considerable alterations, to the 
 necessity of which the Chancellor of the Exchequer* 
 doubtless looked forward with great uneasiness. A 
 vote of censure for the proceedings with respect to 
 Ceylon was likewise impending over the Colonial Office, 
 and was likely to be carried. At this moment a divi- 
 sion took place on a Bill for enlarging the franchise, in 
 which the Government were beat by their own friends 
 by a majority of two to one. This latter event, added 
 to wdiat had already occurred, furnished a ground for 
 resignation. The decision was come to quite suddenly, 
 and was just in time to avert the fust debate on the 
 Income Tax. What has passed since, as to resignations 
 and negotiations to form a new ministry, has been all 
 fully explained in the most authentic manner in the 
 debates of the two Houses. Stanley, when first applied 
 
 1 Right Hon. Sir Charles Wood, now Viscount Halifax.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 2.37 
 
 to, was reluctant to undertake the formation of a Go- 
 vernment. He was averse to a dissolution, and with- 
 out a dissolution he had a minority in the House of 
 Commons : moreover, the question of Protection as well 
 as the Anti-Papal Bill were great puzzles. He advised 
 the Queen to try a union between the Whigs and the 
 Peelites. The Queen then sent for Lord Aberdeen and 
 Graham, but they had committed themselves privately 
 to a strong opinion against any legislation on the anti- 
 papal question ; and Lord John could not, after what he 
 had done, withdraw his Bill altogether. The negotiation 
 therefore failed, and Stanley was again applied to. He 
 first tried the Peelites, and offered the Foreign Office 
 to Lord Canning. He afterwards tried to prevail on 
 Gladstone to join him ; this latter offer must, I pre- 
 sume, have been made with the intention that he should 
 lead in the Commons. Both refused, and he then tried 
 purely Protectionist materials. Lord Ellenborough was 
 to have the Foreign Office, Disraeli the Colonies, the 
 Duke of Northumberland the Admiralty, Sugden to be 
 Chancellor, Thesiger and Walpole Attorney and Soli- 
 citor ; Herries, and afterwards Tom Baring, were said 
 to have refused the office of Chancellor of the Exche- 
 quer, and Henley of Home Secretary. These two 
 refusals brought matters to a crisis ; and upon finding 
 that his own friends would not take office, he gave up 
 the attempt. My belief is that if he had himself been 
 in the House of Commons, he would have formed his 
 Government. * * * When this attempt was abandoned, 
 there was nothing for it but to bring back the former 
 ministers, which was accomplished by throwing over 
 the transition the decent veil of a consultation with the 
 Duke of Wellington. The second reading of the Anti-
 
 238 LETTERS. 
 
 Papal Mill is fixed for Friday night, and the war will 
 begin again. The resignation of ministers was, in fact, 
 produced by the defection of the Irish members; and 
 the difficulty of the crisis is to satisfy the Protestant 
 feeling of England without offending the Catholic feel- 
 ing of Ireland. Graham's course fulfils the latter con- 
 dition, Lord John's the former. The question is, to 
 devise some course which will fulfil both conditions. I 
 believe it might have been done originally, by confining 
 the Mill to England ; and as the aggression, as it is 
 called, was limited to England, the defensive measure 
 might fairly have been kept within the same limits. 
 The Bill, however, has been made general, and it is 
 no easy matter now to cut it down. Something of the 
 kind, however, must be done, if the Bill is not to be 
 debated continuously till next Christmas. 
 
 As to the Budget, there must be some modification, 
 and that is now an easier undertaking. The chief effect 
 of the late move has been to give a deadly stab to the 
 cause of Protection. Among public men Lord Stanley 
 has gained the most, and Disraeli lost the most. The 
 Government is still in an insecure position, but just at 
 present nobody will try to turn it out. Such is our 
 present situation ; and I fear that Lord John's solution 
 of dilficulties will not be so successful as your move 
 
 with respect to the Chief Justice. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 If any (,( >py of Lord Holland's 'Peminiscences' reaches 
 your province, you will find it worth reading ; but it 
 is a gossiping book, and his idolatry of Napoleon is 
 positively puerile, and appears in its true light when 
 the grounds of it come to be stated. I suspect, how- 
 ever, that his account of Marie Antoinette, for which 
 lie has been so much abused, is true.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 239 
 
 Senior is passing the winter at Palermo on account 
 
 of his bronchitis. 
 
 # # * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grove Mill: Sept. 1,1851. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I wrote to you last the 
 session has been brought to an end, and the question 
 about which there was so much speculation, as to 
 whether the ministry would survive the session, has 
 been brought to a practical solution. The last five or 
 six weeks of the session were at least as fatiguing to 
 the official members as usual. I do not think that 
 anybody can know what bore is, in its intensest form, 
 who has not been compelled to sit through all the 
 debates, morning and evening, to the last moment, 
 during the last month of the session. Of course it is 
 not so bad as the lot of a Neapolitan State prisoner, or 
 a galley-slave chained to his oar. It is not physical 
 suffering, nor is it even mental pain ; but it is bore, in 
 the proper sense of the word, and in its highest degree. 
 Of the three parties the Government was, on the whole, 
 least damaged by the session. The Peelites made them- 
 selves unpopular by their line on the Anti-Papal Bill. 
 As they had not, as a party, distinguished themselves 
 by any peculiar love of religious equality, their con- 
 duct was referred partly to love of Catholicism and 
 partly to faction. The Protectionists were weakened 
 by various blunders of Disraeli, also by their ambiguous 
 language on the subject of Protection, and their re- 
 luctance to commit themselves to any definite policy 
 on the subject. My belief is, that if they came in they 
 would only temporize ; they would not propose to
 
 240 LETTERS. 
 
 restore any duty on corn, but they would try some 
 relief in the way of changes of taxation, and attempt 
 to quiet their supporters by assuring them that they 
 had their good at heart. If they could once come in 
 (which would not be very difficult), and if, when once 
 in, they could trust their leaders, and agree among one 
 another (which would be far more difficult), I am dis- 
 posed to think that they might go on for a time upon 
 the plan of doing nothing. However, that is not the 
 general opinion among our people. Hayter, whose 
 business it is to count votes, and to find out parlia- 
 mentary feeling, thinks that, even in a new Parliament, 
 they could not last through a session. It was certain 
 that when the agriculturalists found that no immediate 
 attempt to recover Protection was to be made, they 
 would cool amazingly. 
 
 The Anti-Papal Bill consumed the chief part of the 
 session ; as a measure of legislation, it is wholly unim- 
 portant. The whole dispute seems to me de nuga. 
 caprina. Neither the assumption of the territorial 
 title, nor the prohibition to assume it, is of the slightest 
 practical moment. The English bishops, for the pre- 
 sent, submit to the law. The Irish bishops, against 
 whom it was not directed, are beginning to make a 
 bluster ; but I expect that it will be a fuoco di paglia. 
 Paul Cullen's acceptance of the chair at the Dublin 
 meeting, when he was moved into it as Archbishop of 
 Armagh, was very close to a public assumption of the 
 title. The signatures in the newspapers prove nothing. 
 The titles may have been added by a printer's devil. 
 The real cause of the Catholic revival in this country 
 is not political ; it is due exclusively to the Oxford 
 School. They, and their adherents, have made con- 
 verts among the clergy and upper classes in England,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 241 
 
 upon theological grounds. In Ireland, where the 
 
 political influences are more felt, there have been no 
 
 conversions to Catholicism. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 Gladstone's pamphlet * about Naples has had a pro- 
 digious run ; it has been universally read, and has 
 made a most powerful impression. For the future, it 
 will do good ; but, for the present, it will probably 
 increase the sufferings of these wretched men. The 
 reaction in all the continental Governments is most de- 
 cisive. The Government is everywhere more coercive 
 and jealous than before the last revolutions. Vienna 
 is still en etat de siege ; so is Lyons, with the guns 
 braques upon the town. Sardinia may, for the pre- 
 sent, have gained a little. All people, however, de- 
 scribe Paris as having recovered its former cheerful 
 appearance. 
 
 The Exhibition has been wonderfully successful. 
 The foreigners have admired and been pleased. Num- 
 bers of French and a good many Germans came over. 
 They stayed only a few days — and spent but little 
 money — and saw as many sights as they could. All 
 the authorities — the Commissioners, the Woods, the 
 Government, and the Court — are in favour of removing 
 the Crystal Palace when its work has been done. There 
 was a sort of popular feeling in favour of keeping it, 
 which found an expression in the House of Commons, 
 but nobody has a purpose to suggest, and the money 
 for purchasing and maintaining it is not forthcoming ; 
 so I expect to see it disappear at the fated time. There 
 is really not an intelligible reason to be assigned in 
 favour of its permanence. * * * Coode has lately 
 
 * ' Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen, on the subject of State Prisoners 
 at Naples.' See Annual Register for 1851, p. 138. 
 
 K
 
 212 LETTERS. 
 
 written a report on the Law of Settlement, in which he 
 .argues the question on general grounds ; and strongly 
 urges the abolition of removals. The more I examine 
 the subject the more I am satistied that this is the 
 right thing to do. I will send you a copy, as you will 
 be interested by reading it. The language is unneces- 
 sarily strong, and the tone is exaggerated ; but I think 
 that he proves his case, and demolishes the arguments 
 in favour of the law. 
 
 The potato disease shows itself again this year, if 
 not in a very destructive, yet in an unmistakable form. 
 Where it is slight, it is confined to the leaves, or to 
 the leaves and stalk. In some parts of Ireland it 
 will, I fear, make a considerable deduction from the 
 crop. 
 
 My father and Lady Lewis made an excursion this 
 summer as far as Milan, and were back by the 
 beginning of August. The weather beyond the Alps 
 was not very hot. There is a new essay by Manzoni, 
 on the ' Historical Romance,' which they procured, 
 and I have read. It is written with elegance and 
 good taste, but there is little force or novelty in it. It 
 reminds me of some of Dugald Stewart's essays. 
 
 Senior is much the better for his winter in Italy. 
 Macaulay is continuing his ' History' in a leisurely way ; 
 there is to be nothing more this year. Grote, on the 
 other hand, works on like a German professor. He 
 has two more volumes, the ninth and tenth, nearly 
 ready. * * * My wife has nearly finished printing 
 her three lives, ' Lord Falkland, Lord Capel, and the 
 Marquis of Hertford.' There is to be a long intro- 
 duction, containing an account of the pictures, which 
 is nearly ready for the press ; and I expect that the 
 w< irk will be out before Christmas.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 243 
 
 We went down to Whitfield,* for a bow-meeting, at 
 which all the county attended. The day was beautiful. 
 I have since been staying at Grove Mill, but in attend- 
 ance at the Treasury, Trevelyan being absent. * * * 
 My best regards to Lady Head. I hope your children 
 are thriving. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 19, 1851. 
 
 My dear Head, — I despatched some time ago your 
 box of books, which contained the set of Memoirs, and 
 a few other books, for which I enclose the bill. It is, 
 as you see, paid. I will also pay Cochrane's account, 
 and you can pay me for both. I sent you the second 
 volume of a new periodical, called ' Notes and Queries,' 
 thinking it might interest you. Both Bathurst and I 
 have written some articles in it. His are signed by his 
 initials, mine are signed 'L.' Since that time I have re- 
 ceived your letter of March 31, for which many thanks. 
 I will tell my father to write to you. He is very well, 
 and is meditating a summer tour on the continent. 
 
 The Government have had sundry reverses and mis- 
 adventures since the crisis, but their position remains 
 substantially unchanged. Graham's speech on the 
 Anti-Papal Bill gave great offence; it was thought 
 mischievous and dangerous, and produced a general 
 feeling against him, except among the Irish Catholics. 
 It has entirely destroyed the prestige connected with 
 him, and I look upon a coalition between him and the 
 Government at present as impossible. The conduct of 
 the Peelites generally on this question has been equivocal 
 
 * The residence in Herefordshire of his friend and political supporter, 
 the Rev. Archer dive. 
 
 R 2
 
 244 LETTER*. 
 
 and unintelligible, and has done them no good. It 
 has been a damaging question for all parties; and if the 
 Pope wished to produce confusion and do mischief, he 
 could not have taken a more effectual step. The Pro- 
 tectionists are now certainly desirous of coming in ; a 
 dissolution would increase their numbers; but if they 
 seriously set about trying to re-impose a Corn Law, they 
 would infallibly fail. My belief is, that they would not 
 make the attempt, but would try other measures of 
 (real or supposed) agricultural relief. The country is 
 averse to frequent changes of Government : and it is 
 not unlikely that they might go on for some time if 
 they abstained from any reactionary measures. Their 
 position, however, would be very different from Peel's 
 in 1841. When Peel came in the Corn Laws were 
 Mill in force, and he began by mitigating them. More- 
 over, his Cabinet contained three of the strongest men 
 in the House of Commons, which would not be the case 
 with a Protectionist Government at present. My seat 
 in Herefordshire is in a very tottering state : two new 
 Protectionist candidates are announced, viz. Charles 
 Hanbury, a brother of Bateman; and Mr. King King, of 
 Staunton. We£g Prosser has announced his intention 
 of retiring at the next election. It is possible that the 
 Protectionist feeling mav be less strong at the dissolu- 
 tion than it is now ; but a good deal will depend on 
 this harvest. Hitherto the great supplies have come 
 from France, which nobody anticipated. The life of 
 the Government is precarious, but I think it more 
 likely than not that it will last to the end of the session. 
 The Irish are making the same use of the Anti-Papal 
 Bill which O'Connell made of repeal. They use it as a 
 means of disturbance, and of gaining popularity, but 
 do not wish actuallv to force the Government out.
 
 G. G. LEWIS TO SIR E DM VXD HEAD. BART. £45 
 
 The country is remarkably prosperous, with the single 
 exception of the agriculturists. Even in agriculture 
 there is no case for legislative interference. The 
 labourers are well off, and the land is tilled. Landlords 
 and tenants must re-adjust their contracts, and rents 
 must fall. The limitation of" the Income Tax to one 
 year will put our whole financial system in the kettle 
 at the beginning of next session. I * * *. The 
 Poor Law Board has now become purely adminis- 
 trative, and has no character or policy of its own. 
 liaines, however, has managed the business very well 
 in the House of Commons, and has disarmed all oppo- 
 sition and hostility. A great change has, however, 
 taken place since our day. This has been partly owing 
 to old -'s death, and partly to the experience ob- 
 tained under the Irish Poor Law. Twisleton has now 
 established himself and his excellent library in chambers 
 in the Albany. I do not make out that he is doing 
 anything. 
 
 I have myself sometimes formed a project of translat- 
 ing Aristotle's 'Politics.' I wish you would undertake 
 it ; but I doubt whether it would be expedient to add 
 notes illustrative of modern institutions. There is a 
 good German translation by Stahr, and a new edition 
 of Barthelemi St.-Hilaire's translation is coming out, 
 For the present, whatever spare time I have is occupied 
 with my political treatise, which I expect to finish by 
 the end of the year, so as to print it in the course of 
 the spring and summer of 1852. It will consist of two 
 volumes, and therefore will occupy some time in print- 
 ing. It will go over the same ground as that treated 
 in Mill's ' Logic,' but will not agree in all his views, and 
 will be fuller and more detailed. Mill's ' Logic ' is, as 
 you say, an admirable book. It has not, I think, been
 
 246 LETTERS. 
 
 sufficiently praised or estimated at its worth. It is a 
 superior book to his ' Political Economy.' In conse- 
 quence of Mill's recommendation, I have read Comte's 
 1 Cours de Philosophic' twice over. My estimate of the 
 moral and political part of this treatise differs alto- 
 gether from Mill's, but I think you would find it worth 
 reading. 
 
 Grote's 'History of Greece' has quite established itself 
 in public esteem. It is regularly read at Universities 
 by candidates for honours. The two first volumes have 
 reached a third edition, and have been translated into 
 German. The remaining volumes have reached a 
 second edition. lie has two more volumes, the ninth 
 and tenth, ready, which bring down the history to the 
 battle of Mantinea. Boeckh has published a new edition 
 of his ' Staats-haushaltung. ' It contains many correc- 
 tions and additions, but is substantially the same work as 
 the first edition. I have heard with great pleasure of 
 Lord Grey's approbation of your conduct, and do not 
 doubt that it is well deserved. As your province seems 
 now quiet, could you not come over this summer and 
 see the Great Exhibition? It is a wonderful sisht, 
 quite unlike anything which ever before existed ; from 
 its gigantic dimensions, the multitude, variety, the 
 completeness, and the individual excellence of the 
 articles exhibited. It is a complete repertory of the 
 useful arts for the whole world, exhibiting the best 
 works of each country. Its success has been beyond 
 all expectation, the opinion in its favour is unanimous, 
 the frondeurs are silenced, and the receipts are im- 
 mense. Our best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 247 
 
 P.S. Did you ever read Volney's account of the 
 Indians in his work on America ? 
 
 Grove Mill : Dec. 21, 1851. 
 
 My dear Head, — I received your letter some time ago, 
 and I have been terribly remiss about writing to you. 
 The truth is, that I have been very much occupied of 
 late with completing my treatise on 'Politics,' which, I 
 am happy to say, is now as good as finished, and the 
 first part is gone to the press. It will make two 
 volumes, each containing 500 closely-printed pages ; 
 so you see that I had enough to fill up all my horce 
 mibsecivce. Theresa likewise has been carrying her 
 book through the press, and the correction of proof- 
 sheets, &c, has taken up a good deal of my time. The 
 whole of it is now in the printer's hands, and nothing 
 remains to be printed but the catalogue of the pictures 
 at the Grove, on which she has bestowed much trouble, 
 and which, I fear, will be too long for the non-artistical 
 reader. 
 
 The great event of late is the new French revolution. 
 I agree very much with the articles in the ' Times,' 
 which you have doubtless read. Louis Napoleon is a 
 man with a great deal of selfish ambition, and with 
 considerable daring and firmness. The Assembly 
 would not allow him to be re-elected for another 
 term of four years ; and being able to reckon on the 
 support of the army, he determined to put them down 
 by force, and establish a mock constitution, but in 
 reality a military Government. The cry about Social- 
 ism is mere hypocrisy ; the leaders of the Assembly 
 whom he sent to Ham are not Socialists ; nor is it true 
 that there was any intention of arresting him. It is 
 clear that the whole affair is a singerie of the Consulate
 
 248 LETTERS. 
 
 and Empire, but the use of force has been more 
 direct than under the Convention or at the 18th Bru- 
 maire. The proceedings of the Comite de Salut Public 
 were regular and constitutional as compared with his 
 performance. If the press and the tribune are fairly 
 silenced, and the army has no internal enemies to con- 
 tend against, they will cry out for their reward, and ask 
 for plunder. This can only be given them by engaging 
 in a foreign war, and such would be the infallible re- 
 sult of a real restoration of the Imperial regime in 
 France. I do not, however, believe in the possibility 
 of restoring the Empire without the Emperor. After 
 all, Xapoleon himself was the soul of his own system. 
 
 Our domestic affairs are thriving. The revenue 
 keeps up, but there is a falling off in the assessed 
 taxes, on account of the interval between the going out 
 of the Window Tax and the coming in of the House 
 Tax. Interest is low, the funds are high, and specula- 
 tion in Gold Companies is commencing. The Protec- 
 tion cry has very much lost its national importance. 
 If the Protectionists were to come in, they would not 
 venture to propose a restoration of the Corn Law, but 
 would merely dabble a little with shiftings of taxation. 
 As respects particular seats, however, the cry is still 
 alive. It can be used with effect for local purposes, 
 as in Herefordshire. The gentlemen for the most part 
 see the inutility of attempting a reaction against the 
 large towns and all the intelligence of the country ; 
 but the farmers are more hot-headed and short-sighted, 
 and more easily duped by interested leaders. 
 
 I have not yet seen Disraeli's book about George 
 Bentinck, and only know T what has been said of it in the 
 newspapers. It seems for the most part to be heavy, 
 as abstracts of debates and speeches always are. It is
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 24i> 
 
 impossible to make a hero out of Bentinck. He was 
 not really an able man ; but he was proud, bold, deter- 
 mined, and honest, and thoroughly wrong-headed on 
 all economical questions, which gave him an influence 
 during; the free-trade struggle. He had likewise sreat 
 arithmetical skill, and great power of cramming statis- 
 tical details. He was a painfully bad speaker, and his 
 speeches were the result of mere cram. He had no 
 resources of his own. The great question for next 
 session will be the Eeform Bill, as to which there are 
 great expectations. There w T ill, I suppose, be enlarge- 
 ments of the suffrage, and something will probably be 
 done with the smallest and most corrupt boroughs. 
 The St. Albans enquiry has produced a great impres- 
 sion. The French coup d'etat will have anti-democratic 
 effect here, as showing the practical fruits of universal 
 suffrage, in that country at least. 
 
 I hardly think that there will be an opportunity of 
 legislating on the Law of Settlement next session ; but 
 if any measure is brought in, it will, I believe, be 
 total abolition and not union settlement. I have got 
 a Highway Bill which I want to bring in, but I fear 
 there will be no opportunity. The Customs Board 
 have got into bad odour, in consequence of some rash 
 prosecutions of the great Dock Companies. I had to 
 attend a most tiresome committee all last session, and 
 I am afraid that it will be renewed when Parliament 
 
 meets. 
 
 * # # # 
 
 The Kossuth business was somewhat absurd, but his 
 speaking is said to have been extraordinary. I do not 
 suppose that any foreigner ever spoke with so much 
 success to large crowds of people. He had never been 
 
 in England before. 
 
 # # * *
 
 2oO LETTERS. 
 
 I have not seen Bunsen's work on Hippolyius, but I 
 
 believe that the object of it is to show that the treatise 
 attributed to Origen, lately published by the Oxford 
 University Press, is not by Origen. Grote told me 
 that he had read the volume, and that it is worth read- 
 ing. It contains a good deal on the opinions of the 
 Greek philosophers. Shall I send you a copy with 
 your next parcel of books — it only costs a few shillings 
 — or will you wait to your summer visit ? I shall be 
 happy of course to back your application, but I should 
 think that it would be granted without hesitation. 
 
 My father is remarkably well — very little changed, I 
 think, since you saw him, either in his mind or habits. 
 Gilbert and Jane and their children have likewise been 
 well. Mrs. Villiers* is entirely confined to the house, 
 except for an occasional drive, but she has been better 
 for the last three months than she has been for some 
 time. We had January weather at the end of Novem- 
 ber, but latterly mild spring weather with southerly 
 winds. Henry Bulwer is going to Florence ; I have 
 not heard who succeeds him in the United States. 
 
 My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 In February 1852, Lord Eussell's Government re- 
 signed, and before the end of the month Lord Derby 
 accepted office ; and, in consequence of the prospect of 
 an early dissolution of the Parliament which had been 
 elected in 1847, many members, and among them Sir 
 George Lewis, began a canvass. It had been for some 
 time made known in Herefordshire that three candi- 
 
 * The Hon. Mrs. George Villiers, the mother of Lady Thereea Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 251 
 
 dates* of Protectionist principles would be brought 
 forward. 
 
 Kent House : April 14, 1852. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have postponed writing to you so 
 long, since I received your letter with the intelligence 
 that you would come over this spring, that I fear it is 
 almost too late for me to begin. I intended some 
 weeks ago to write you a long account of the change 
 of Government, but at the time I was much occupied 
 with clearing out and making the final arrangements 
 before the change of office ; and since that time I have 
 been so much occupied with my canvass that I have 
 delayed my letter. 
 
 The change of Government was not unexpected, but 
 it might, I believe, have been prevented. The division 
 on Lord Palmerston's motion was a surprise, and he 
 himself did not wish to turn out the Government. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 However, the cup was full, and a little movement 
 was sufficient to make it run over. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The chief effect of the change has been that Graham 
 and Cardwell have come to sit among the Whigs — 
 while Gladstone and Sidney Herbert sit below the 
 
 gangway. 
 
 * # * # 
 
 The dissolution is likely to take place at the end of 
 May or beginning of June, and I hear that the result 
 will be, that the numbers will stand nearly as at present, 
 though many seats will be changed. My canvass was 
 very good in the towns — the shopkeepers are, for the 
 most part, free traders. The same is also the case with 
 the small freeholders throughout the country; but they 
 
 • Thev were the Hon. Charles Hanburv, Mr. Booker, and Mr. Kiner 
 Kin?.
 
 252 LETTERS. 
 
 are generally dependent, and cannot always be relied 
 
 on for voting. 
 
 * « * * 
 
 Altogether, I consider my chance a good one ; but 
 until the canvassing lists are received from all parts of 
 the county, I cannot feel sure. 
 
 I am very glad to think that I shall see you again so 
 soon. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : July 29, 1852. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I send you the the first part of the 
 evidence relating to the Income Tax, which is all that I 
 have received. It is disappointing, as throwing any 
 light on the really difficult parts of the question, but it 
 proves that the principal evasions are in Schedule A — 
 not, as was alleged and believed, in Schedule D — and 
 that they are principally owing to the exemptions. 
 
 The American evidence shows that the State of 
 New York is taxed on the same principle on which 
 the County rate is imposed in this country — with this 
 difference, that ' means and substance ' is assessed as in 
 Scotland. 
 
 I have been thinking again of the plan of a history 
 of Greece and Home combined, for the post-Alex- 
 andrine period, about which we had a conversation ; 
 and I feel satisfied that it is the best mode of treating 
 both the histories of that period. 
 
 There are two main points of union before the wars 
 which ended in the complete subjugation of Greece. 
 ( hie is the expedition of Pyrrhus, the other is the 
 wars with Carthage for the possession of Sicily. These 
 two events bring Greece and Rome into contact.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GROTE, ESQ. 253 
 
 Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C., and Pyrrlms 
 was born in 318, only live years afterwards. The 
 events immediately following the death of Alexander 
 might therefore form an introductory narrative — the 
 combined history being the main theme. 
 
 Pyrrhus invaded Italy in 280 ; and the first Punic 
 war began in 264 — sixteen years afterwards. If the 
 Punic wars of Eome are taken in connection with the 
 Punic wars against the Greek cities of Sicily since the 
 Peloponnesian war, they are likely to be regarded with 
 a different feeling. The devastation of the flourishing 
 and civilized island of Sicily and its Hellenic cities, by 
 the cruel and faithless Carthaginian Bapj3a$o«, must 
 move the sympathies of every modern reader. 
 
 But as the Romans succeeded in defeating the 
 Carthaginians, and treated them with great kindness, 
 we are apt to sympathize with the beaten party. The 
 historv of the Punic war is taken as an isolated fact, 
 and not, as it ought to be, in connection with the prior 
 historv of the Carthaginians in Sicily. 
 
 The wars of Rome against Philip, Perseus, and the 
 Achaeans belong equally to Greek and to Roman history; 
 and by a singular accident the two streams of Grecian 
 and Punic warfare are lost in the sea at the same point, 
 for Carthage and Corinth are both taken in the year 
 146 B.C. 
 
 I would therefore take for my subject, the history of 
 Greece and Rome, from the birth of Pyrrhus to the 
 capture of Corinth, a period of 172 years — 318-146 
 
 B.C. 
 
 The proper subject of the history of Polybius is the 
 period of 74 years from 220 to 146 B.C. In his two 
 introductory books, however, he gives a portion of the 
 history of the preceding century. The terminus a quo
 
 254 LETTERS. 
 
 chosen by Polybiua would not suit your purpose — 
 the terminus ad quern might be imitated. 
 
 I enclose a note of the two books which I am desirous 
 of procuring. I also add the title of a book which 
 you might find interesting, as throwing light on the 
 conduct of the Athenians in the affair of the Mercuries. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Had the representation of minorities passed by Lord 
 Derby's Government in 1867 formed a portion of our 
 law in 1852, Sir George Lewis would for a second 
 time have represented Herefordshire ; but the united 
 strength of three adversaries, combined with the Pro- 
 tectionist feeling which still existed among the farmers, 
 was too powerful for him. His canvassing books 
 showed a large majority, but the smaller voters were 
 so dependent on the farmers, that they could not be 
 polled in his favour, and he was defeated. He was 
 also unsuccessful at Peterborough, which city he con- 
 tested later in the year. 
 
 Grove Mill : Sept. 29, 1852. 
 
 My dear Head, — It was very unlucky that my elec- 
 tioneering troubles lasted all the time when you were 
 in England ; and now that I have settled down into a 
 peaceable life, and could have enjoyed more of your 
 
 society, it is unfortunately too late. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 The feeling of regret at the Duke of Wellington's 
 death has been strong and universal. There have been 
 some good articles on him in the newspapers. There 
 is an excellent characteristic (sic) of him in to-day's 
 ' Examiner ; ' and the life in the ' Times ' (written by a 
 Mr. Dud) contained a good precis of his history. I
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 255 
 
 see that it is to be published separately in a shilling 
 volume. It is expected that he will have a public 
 funeral, and will be buried in St. Paul's. 
 
 There has been a report in the 'Chronicle' of an 
 intended Commercial Treaty between France and 
 England ; but I have not heard it confirmed from 
 any authentic source, and it is denied in the ' Moniteur.' 
 I fear it is too good to be true. Louis Napoleon is 
 quietly preparing the way for the Empire ; and it 
 is expected that before next spring he will have 
 procured a vote from the electors declaring him 
 Emperor. 
 
 Nearly 250 copies of my book have been disposed 
 
 of; which, considering the time of its publication and 
 
 its subject, is, I think, a great success. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Grove Mill House : Nov. 13, 1852. 
 
 My dear Head, — Our two first letters crossed on the 
 way, and I have since had the pleasure of receiving 
 your letter of October 18. I have deferred writing to 
 you until the meeting of Parliament, thinking that 
 there would be something important to write about ; 
 but the passage in the Queen's Speech about free-trade 
 is oracular and evasive ; and the debate showed nothing 
 except that the Free-Trade party were united and de- 
 termined. Lord Derby's declaration as to the abandon- 
 ment of Protection was complete and conclusive ; all 
 that now remains is, to see how they will deal with 
 Charles Yilliers's motion, and what Disraeli's Budget 
 will be. I own that I am exceedingly curious to see 
 what they will propose, for their surplus is not likely
 
 2ofi LETTERS. 
 
 to exceed a million, if it amounts to so much ; and I 
 am quite at a loss to know what they can propose 
 which will give any relief or satisfaction to the agri- 
 culturists. They must try to do something for their 
 clients ; and if there is not the reality, there must be 
 the appearance. 
 
 There is among well-informed persons now a great 
 alarm and mistrust as to the designs of the President 
 and the probable deficiency of our defences. My own 
 belief is, that he is at this moment sincere in his pro- 
 fessions of a pacific disposition. 
 
 * # # # 
 
 There is also a very bad feeling towards us in the 
 Austrian Government, partly on account of Palmerston's 
 policy and partly on account of the Haynau affair. 
 It is said that the PJiine province is disaffected to the 
 Prussian Government, and that the population would 
 receive a French army with open arms. All these are 
 ugly symptoms, and my belief is that our relations 
 with the continent have never been so bad or so in- 
 secure since 1815. All the great Powers are now 
 despotic ; and as England is the only exception, its posi- 
 tion is the more invidious. It is now the only place 
 where truth can be heard and where political refugees 
 can obtain an asylum. When France was an accom- 
 plice with us in this offence against the other Powers, 
 the guilt was less. 
 
 I have heard nothing new from Peterborough since 
 1 wrote to you. Whalley is still a candidate ; no Tory 
 has come forward. The writ cannot be moved before 
 the 2Gth, and the election will take place on one of 
 the early days of December. I do not feel sure of the 
 result, though it would be very bad luck if I were 
 the first to be beat. T believe that the Herefordshire
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 257 
 
 petition is to be prosecuted, but I have heard nothing 
 
 final. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 12, 1852. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have lately returned from a most 
 disappointing journey to Peterborough, having been 
 beat by a majority of fifteen. * * * The debate 
 which took place on Charles Villiers' motion* is quite 
 intelligible from the newspaper report. The passage 
 in the Queen's Speech on free-trade was studiously 
 ambiguous, and rendered a parliamentary declaration 
 on the subject necessary. A moderate resolution had 
 been prepared by Graham, and assented to by Lord 
 John and Gladstone. Charles Villiers was willing to 
 move it, but Cobden insisted on something stronger, in 
 the secret hope that the House would reject it, and 
 thus damage itself in public opinion, thereby promoting 
 the cause of parliamentary reform. Palmerston got 
 possession of the resolution prepared by Graham, and 
 moved it as an intermediate proposition. The House, 
 not wishing to turn out the Government before thev 
 proposed their Budget, agreed to this course. It was 
 fortunate that the decision went this way, for it would 
 have been most unwise to prevent the appearance of 
 the Budget, which has since seen the light. The com- 
 plete and definitive throw over both of Protection and 
 
 * In February 1852, Lord John Russell resigned, and was succeeded as 
 Prime Minister by the Earl of Derby. In August the Parliament was dis- 
 solved, and a new Parliament assembled on November 4. The reference 
 in the Queen's Speech to free-trade being considered ambiguous Mr. 
 Charles Villiers subsequently moved resolutions pledging Parliament 
 to a free-trade policy. Annual Register for 1852, p. 129. 
 
 S
 
 258 LETTERS. 
 
 local burdens must loosen the hold of the Government 
 upon the agricultural body, and upon this their chief 
 Btrength depends. The farmers do not care much about 
 the repeal of half the Malt Tax, but the extension of 
 the Income Tax and the doubling and extension ot 
 the House Tax are unpopular all over the country, 
 and particularly in the towns. It is by no means im- 
 probable that the Government may fail in carrying 
 their Budget,* and, considering the flourish of trum- 
 pets with which it was ushered in, they can hardly in 
 
 that case avoid going out. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 The floods have been dreadful; half the country has 
 
 been under water. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis, no longer in Parliament, now 
 occupied himself with literary business, and consented 
 to become Editor of the ' Edinburgh Review.' 
 
 Lord Derby's brief Government terminated in De- 
 cember 1852. He was succeeded by Lord Aberdeen ; 
 but thouirh Sir George Lewis would willingly have 
 
 DC ~ J 
 
 been re-elected to Parliament, had any opportunity 
 favoured his obtaining a seat, he had no disposition 
 for another public office. He expresses himself to that 
 effect in the following letter; — 
 
 o 
 
 Kent House: Jan. 2, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I wrote to yon last, two 
 events have happened, of which one is important to me 
 individually, the other is important to the public at 
 large. One is, that I have accepted the Editorship of 
 the ' Edinburgh Peview ; ' the other is, that there has 
 been a change of Government. 
 
 * Right lion. B. Disraeli was Chancellor of the Exchequer.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 259 
 
 About three weeks ago poor Empson died, and 
 Longman asked me to be his successor. There is a 
 good deal of work to be done, but it is unaccompanied 
 with the drawback of attendance at an office ; and, 
 situated as I was, I thought it wisest to accept. I 
 shall try, if I can, to get a seat in Parliament ; but if I 
 was in Parliament, and had an offer of office, I should 
 refuse it, as the work of an office is incompatible with 
 my present employment. Empson left the January 
 number in an incomplete state, and I have been work- 
 ing very hard for the last fortnight in completing the 
 arrangements for bringing it out. I am in hopes that 
 you will be inclined to give me some help — any article 
 on an American subject would be acceptable. There 
 are some new American novels on ' Life in the West,' 
 which are said to be interesting. No review of such a 
 book is worth anything unless it is written by a person 
 who knows something about the life which is described. 
 There was to have been an article on ' Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin ' in the January number, but the writer was un- 
 able to finish it in time. 
 
 With respect to the change of Government, you will 
 have seen in the newspapers all that is material. There 
 was no real anxiety on the part of the Opposition to 
 turn out the Government ; the sections of it were 
 divided, and there was none of that ' coalition ' which 
 Lord Derby spoke of. The Budget, however, was 
 more than human flesh and blood could bear. The 
 promises of a substitute for Protection which Disraeli 
 had made at the elections, rendered it necessary that 
 the Government should propose something which 
 appeared for the benefit of the agriculturists. They 
 sounded some of their supporters among the county 
 members as to a transfer from the local rates to the 
 
 8 2
 
 260 J. KIT I: US. 
 
 Consolidated Fund; but I believe the answer they got 
 was, that a measure which destroyed the power of the 
 magistrates and the local authorities would not be 
 acceptable to their party. They had nothing, then, to 
 propose but a reduction of the Malt Tax, which created 
 a large deficit, and rendered an increase of taxation 
 necessary. This latter object was effected by doubling 
 and enlarging the House Tax. Disraeli was evidently 
 very confident of the success of his Budget, and im- 
 patient to produce it. But when it had been out a 
 week, it was clear that the country would not a<j;ree to 
 it. The fanners did not care about the reduction of 
 the Malt Tax ; but the towns did care very decidedly 
 for the increase of the House Tax, and showed a strong 
 objection to it. The Government made an energetic 
 whip, and pressed every vote that could be obtained. 
 The proposition was, however, unpopular, and they 
 were beat by nineteen in a very full House. Having 
 made their Budget a means of redeeming their promise 
 to give their party an equivalent for Protection, they 
 could not modify it, and therefore defeat upon it 
 was vital. Lord Derby immediately resigned, and the 
 Queen sent for Lord Lansdowne and Lord Aberdeen. 
 L«>rd Lansdowne had the gout, and could not go to 
 Osborne. Lord Aberdeen was then sent for alone, and 
 he undertook the formation of a ministry composed of 
 Teelites and Whigs. Nothing can be better than the 
 list of names. All that is doubtful is the number of 
 
 votes. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 My wife has had a bilious fever, which has kept her 
 in bed a long time, but she is now, I am happy to say, 
 beginning to recover. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 2CA 
 
 Kent House : March 26, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am quite ashamed to think how 
 long it is since I have written to you. I have three 
 letters of yours to acknowledge, which I had much 
 pleasure in receiving. There has been nothing, how- 
 ever, very interesting to write to you about, and I find 
 that my Eeview work compels me to write so many 
 letters of a quasi-official sort, that I have been remiss 
 about all others. I have to keep a sort of office, with- 
 out any clerks. There will be some good articles in 
 the next number of the Review ; but it will be chiefly 
 political, not literary. There is great difficulty in find- 
 ing persons who can write well on literary and general 
 subjects. Besides, my acquaintance lies chiefly among 
 politicians. There is to be a good review of Alison's 
 recent trashy 'History,' and also an estimate of Disraeli's 
 political career; an amusing article moreover on the 
 ' Welsh Clergy,' by Conybeare, a son of the Dean of 
 LlanclafF, now vicar of Axminster. There will also be 
 articles on ' Education ' and the ; Income-Tax. ' I shall 
 be glad to know what you think of the number, as it is 
 the first number really edited by me. If you wish, I 
 can send you a copy. The only interruption to the 
 monotony of my life has been a visit to Oxford, where 
 I went in order to examine for the Ireland University 
 Scholarship. I was asked to accept, and thought it right 
 to go, although it cost me a good deal of trouble, and 
 came at an inconvenient moment. I was disappointed, 
 on the whole, by the exhibition made ; some of the 
 mistakes made even by the best men were amazinor 
 and there was no great talent displayed by any one. 
 Butler, a scholar of University, son of the Dean of 
 Peterborough, a Rugby man, was the successful eandi-
 
 2G2 LETTERS. 
 
 date. All the best men belonged to Balliol or Univer- 
 sity, and their eminence proves the success of the sys- 
 tem of open scholarships, which must gradually spread 
 to all the Colleges. Christ Church and Brasenose have 
 lost all their distinction as places of learning, and Oriel 
 is not very eminent. 
 
 Gladstone's connection with Oxford is now exercising 
 a singular influence upon the politics of the University. 
 Most of his High Church supporters stick to him; and 
 (insomuch as it is difficult to struggle against the cur- 
 rent) he is Liberalizing them, instead of their Torifying 
 him. He is giving them a push forwards, instead 
 of their giving him a pull backwards. As he has 
 just joined a Whig ministry (for such it is, in fact), 
 this is the critical moment. If he does not move, his 
 Oxford friends must either follow him or separate 
 from him. In general, they have chosen the former 
 
 alternative. 
 
 # * # # 
 
 The chief point which the most ultratractarians now 
 contend for is confession, but the bulk of the party are 
 merely very high-churchmen. They are against Eome 
 and its distinctive tenets, but wish to have a powerful 
 hierarchy, with extensive powers and exalted position 
 of bishop and priest, great funds at their disposal, mute 
 acquiescence on the part of the laity, and so forth ; but 
 no union with Eome. There is a Tutors' Association at 
 Oxford, where speeches (and very good ones, too) are 
 made. The Commission has stirred up the University, 
 and I see that the University has new life in it. Among 
 the junior tutors there is a well-marked Liberal party ; 
 small in numbers, but strong in talent, and evidently 
 not timid. I expect to see great changes in Oxford 
 before ten years are over. I have begun to read Lord
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 2C3 
 
 Grey's book,* which lias been favourably reviewed 
 by the newspapers, and is well spoken of. It is written 
 in a conciliatory tone, and all controversy is, as much 
 
 as possible, avoided. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 P.S. — What do you think of writing an article for 
 the ' Edinburgh ' upon the following work : ' Histoire 
 du Canada depuis sadecouvertejusqua nos jours ' ? par 
 Garneau; three vols. 8vo : Quebec, 1852. It would 
 be in time if ready for next summer. G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : April 26, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have just received your letter of 
 the 4th, and I had previously received your letters 
 containing the information about the Spirit Law, for 
 which I was much obliged. I sent the account of the 
 Spirit Law to Conybeare, who has used it for an arti- 
 cle on ' Teetotalism.'f 
 
 There is no occasion for you to be in any hurry about 
 the Canada article. You can defer it till you return to 
 England, and we can get over the book from Quebec. 
 Nobody thinks of anything now but war, and all eyes 
 are turned Eastward. The colonies are so well governed 
 and behave so well that nobody thinks about them. 
 
 I shall be very happy to see you again in June. I 
 do not understand that there is any intention of recall- 
 ing you, and I presume that you may prolong your 
 stay as long as you wish it. Do you intend to bring 
 away your things in June, and to break up your esta- 
 blishment, so as to leave yourself no option of return- 
 
 * ' The Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell's Administration,' by Earl 
 Grey. 2 vols. Bentley, 1853. 
 t Edinburgh Review, vol. c. p. 44.
 
 204 LETTElls. 
 
 iii2" ? The Duke of Newcastle seems to take a I0112; time 
 about filling up vacant Governments. With respect 
 to the stability of the present Government, which must 
 be an element in all your calculations, I should say 
 that, now that the Reform Bill is given up, the chances 
 are that it will last till the beginning of another session. 
 There is no strong party at present ready to take the 
 Government, and therefore the object will rather be to 
 discredit, to damage and to undermine, than to turn out. 
 
 * # * * 
 
 You doubtless saw the fate of the Poor Settlement 
 Bill. Palmerston made an indiscreet promise about 
 Irish removals, which alarmed the English members, 
 and the Bill was virtually thrown out for this session. 
 The plan of a Union rate (which is very much bor- 
 rowed from your article) has also offended many of the 
 country gentlemen. The abolition of removal simply is 
 (as is natural) chiefly opposed by the members for 
 large towns. I see that there will be great difficulty in 
 carrying the measure, but I am told that the House 
 would agree to reduce the term of irremovability from 
 live to two years. This would make a great practical 
 difference. 
 
 We have just completed our report on the City of 
 London, and are to sign it this week. We recommend 
 a plan for dividing the entire metropolis into munici- 
 palities, which will be attended with important results, 
 if it is ever carried into effect. 
 
 I suppose that the weather in America and that 
 in England have little to do with each other. We had 
 severe cold with much snow in December and the first 
 part of January, but since that time the season has 
 been unusually fine, particularly March and the first 
 half of April. I have little domestic news to tell you. 
 There has been the usual allowance of influenzas, coughs,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO W. JR. GREG, ESQ. 205 
 
 etc. Mrs. Villiers has been confined several weeks to 
 her bed, but is now recovered. Addington has lately 
 retired from the Under Secretaryship of the Foreign 
 Office, and lias been made a Privy-Councillor. His 
 successor is Hammond, a senior clerk in the Office. 
 Milman has just published a ' History of Latin Chris- 
 tianity,' i.e. a history of the Western Church, in three 
 vols. It comes down to about 1300. My best regards 
 to Lady Head. Your reign seems a very peaceable one. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis's next letter is to his friend Mr. 
 Greg, whose frequent contributions to literature he 
 continually read with satisfaction and interest. 
 
 Sir George Leiuis to W. R. Greg, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : June 10, (probably) 1853. 
 
 Dear Greg, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 C. Wood's* Indian speech reads well as a history 
 of internal administration of India. The subject 
 of the Government does not seem to me to have 
 been well discussed hitherto. Every Government of 
 a dependency is of a necessity a double Government. 
 There is a local element and an imperial element to be 
 reconciled. Where there is a white population in the 
 colony we give them a local legislature, as in Canada. 
 The local element is then provided for by the local 
 body in the colony. The imperial element is provided 
 for by the Governor plus the Colonial Office, together 
 with occasional legislature in Parliament. This is, to 
 all intents and purposes, a double Government, in which 
 
 * Now Viscount Halifax.
 
 2GG LETTERS. 
 
 the constituent elements are constantly coming into 
 collision, unless care and forbearance is exercised. 
 
 In India the people are not sufficiently civilized and 
 intelligent to admit of this solution of the problem. 
 They belong to the coloured races, and when they were 
 independent they were always governed despotically. 
 There cannot be a Hindu House of Assembly. Never- 
 theless there is a local element in Indian Government 
 which must be provided for. According to the present 
 system, the Directors — who are chosen by the pro- 
 prietors of Indian Stock, and are supposed to be 
 acquainted with the circumstances of India, to have 
 been servants of the Company, or to have dwelt there — 
 represent the local element. How far they may do 
 this effectually or satisfactorily, is a question open to 
 debate ; but it seems to me that the present form of 
 double Government for India is an attempt to solve a 
 problem which must be solved in one way or another 
 for every dependency. The interference of Parliament 
 is no solution at all; for Parliament has no local 
 knowledge or interest, and it represents the imperial ele- 
 ment as much as the President of the Board of Control. 
 
 I am afraid that the prospects of the wheat harvest 
 arc very bad. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : July 31, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * # 
 
 The Government has gone on successfully on the 
 whole; the Budget and the India Bill have been 
 the two questions of the session. Gladstone has 
 managed the former admirably ; but his measure
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 2G7 
 
 for altering the interest of the debt has foiled, in 
 consequence of the recent fall in the funds. The 
 tax on the succession of real property was generally 
 popular ; and the Lords, though Lord Derby did his best 
 to whip up his party, were afraid to throw out the Bill. 
 The India Bill is, I believe, the best measure which 
 could have been proposed. It prepares the way for a 
 gradual extinction of the Company, which will come at 
 last, and when it comes will be no great improvement. 
 The Bussian question is still unsettled. My belief is, 
 that the Emperor will not this time attempt to march 
 against Constantinople, and that, after keeping his troops 
 in Moldavia and Wallachia for a time, he will make 
 some agreement and evacuate them. What has taken 
 place will give a shake to the Turkish Empire, will 
 have loosened its cohesion, will have displayed its weak- 
 ness, will have unsettled men's minds and have pre- 
 pared them for a more decisive catastrophe hereafter. 
 All this is a decided gain to Bussia, without going 
 farther. At the same time, the language of the Emperor 
 is still unfriendly and was recently threatening, and it is 
 dangerous to predict what his course may be if anything 
 should occur to irritate or offend him. Bussia is, after 
 all, a semi-Oriental country, and we must not expect it 
 to act in perfect accordance with European maxims of 
 policy. 
 
 W TT *f? 
 
 The camp at Chobham has been a subject of great 
 interest this year, and numbers of people have been to 
 see it. There lias been a good deal of grumbling among 
 both the officers and the soldiers about the wet and 
 hardships, merely in order to play at soldiers. The 
 season — an unusually wet one — has been unlucky, but I 
 believe the game has been worth the candle. During
 
 268 LETTERS. 
 
 the last few days the principal topic has been the 
 secession of the cabmen to the Mons Sacer. The 
 Government measure was, in my opinion, hasty and ill- 
 considered, and I believe that the cab proprietors had 
 a real grievance, which might by proper precautions 
 have been prevented. 
 
 I shall be anxious to hear an account of your life in 
 the woods ; the effects of your accident* will, I hope, 
 gradually wear oft'. Our best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Sir Geor'je Lewis to W. R. Grrtf, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : Aug. 1, 1853. 
 
 My dear Mr. Greg, — My views as to the Voting 
 Paper question agree very much with the letter of Mr. 
 Enfield. I fear, too, that the letter from Leeds correctly 
 describes the working of the system under the operation 
 of strong party spirit. If properly-paid collectors were 
 employed by the returning officer, opportunities for 
 fraud woidd be less ; but I fear that with ignorant and 
 illiterate voters all sorts of tricks would be played. 
 Friends and agents of the candidate would get access 
 to the voting paper before it was returned to the 
 collector, and would write upon it, and so render it 
 unfit for use. It would be necessary to enable the 
 voter to obtain a second paper ; and this permission 
 would create all sorts of questions. Great difficulty 
 would likewise be experienced in construing Clauses 
 8 and 12 of the Bill. It is not stated that the col- 
 lector must receive the paper from the voter, or from 
 his servant or agent, or even at his house. How, 
 
 • A fall from his horse, by which he was much bruised and had a 
 rib broken.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO W. R. GREG, ESQ. 269 
 
 therefore, would the ' default' mentioned in Section 12 
 be determined before four o'clock? Anybody, so 
 far as I see, might deliver it to the collector, where- 
 ever he might be, before the clock struck four. It is 
 scarcely possible to exaggerate the ignorance and help- 
 lessness of some of the poorer class of voters in the 
 backward part of the country. My belief is, that the 
 system is impracticable where there is strong party 
 feeling and large funds for the purposes of corruption 
 and intimidation. This conclusion has, however, been 
 forced upon me by facts, contrary to my wishes ; for I 
 should gladly see the mode of voting in question ex- 
 tended to parliamentary elections. It solves the problem 
 of treating, which cannot, as far as I see, be solved 
 in any other way, and it is an effectual solution. 
 
 !gp * Wf *|s 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Worcester : Sept. 14, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I have had lately the offer of the Government of 
 Bombay, which was made me in a flattering manner 
 by Charles Wood. It was, however, impossible 
 for my wife to leave Mrs. Villiers, and there was a 
 difficulty about taking Alice ; * so that I decided at 
 once, on domestic grounds, to refuse. I was not 
 personally much tempted by the offer, notwithstand- 
 ing the large amount of the salary. India is an in- 
 teresting field, especially at the present moment ; but it 
 would have cut short a great many threads which I 
 have begun to spin. I therefore remain constant to 
 the ' Edinburgh Review,' and am just about bringing 
 
 * Miss Alice Lister, Lady Theresa Lewis's second daughter.
 
 270 LETTERS. 
 
 out another number. We passed nearly the whole of 
 the month of August at Harpton, and are now staying 
 a few days with the Cradocks* at Worcester, after 
 having made some Herefordshire visits. We intend to 
 be at Kent House in about a week, which will enable 
 me to perform the obstetrical services for the October 
 number of the Eeview. The article on the 'Income 
 Tax' in the April number, to which you refer, was 
 
 written by no other person than . I had a great 
 
 deal of bother with his illegible scraps of MSS., but it 
 contained much solid thought and analysis, and the 
 actuaries who were so roughly handled, and who more 
 <>r less hunibu<iL r ed the Committee, never ventured to 
 reply to it. The tone of the article was suggested by 
 
 me, but all the detail was worked out by himself. 
 
 * * * Everything is in a perplexed state at Con- 
 stantinople. Russia is ashamed to recede, but afraid to 
 strike. The Turks have collected a large army, and 
 have blown up their fanaticism, and, reckoning on the 
 support of France and England, are half inclined to 
 try the chances of war. France and England are 
 desirous of peace. I think that both parties are in the 
 wrong — Russia in making unjust demands ; Turkey in 
 resisting a reasonable settlement. 
 
 War is quite on the cards, but I still persist in think- 
 ing that it will be averted, unless some accidental spark 
 tires the train. 
 
 The harvest will be pretty well got in, but will be 
 ■under an average. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Dr. Cradock, now the Head of Brasenose College, Oxford, and 
 Mrs. Cradock, Lady Theresa Lewis's eister-in-law. Dr. Cradock was nt 
 that time a Canon of Worcester.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDJUUXD HEAD, BART. 271 
 
 Kent House : Oct. 7, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I wrote to you I have been 
 staying a few days at Birmingham, and also made one 
 or two visits in that neighbourhood ; and we returned 
 to town towards the end of September, in order that I 
 might bring out my October number, which is now, I 
 am happy to say, accomplished. There are some good 
 articles in it, but too long. 
 
 Prolixity is the bete noire of an editor. Every 
 separate contributor has some special reason for wish- 
 ing to write at length on his own subject. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 The Turkish question is now approaching a crisis, and 
 the Derbyites are sanguine that it may break up the 
 Government and let them in again. The position in 
 Avhich we are placed is a very complicated one. Enssia 
 has acceded to the terms which we proposed, and 
 Turkey has put herself in the wrong, so far as we are 
 concerned, in this particular quarrel. Yet we are called 
 upon to assist Turkey in a war against Russia, in order 
 to prevent Constantinople from becoming Russian. 
 France has behaved very well throughout the whole 
 dispute, and has shown no disposition to make terms 
 for herself by playing a separate game. The Danube 
 is now the only security for peace ; neither army dares 
 to cross it, and while this broad river rolls between 
 them, there can only be a constructive war, and negotia- 
 tion may still be effectual. Even now I do not despair 
 of peace, though the chances are greatly diminished. I 
 think it possible that I may attend the annual dinner at 
 the Hereford fair on the 19th, which will give me an 
 opportunity of sounding the Protectionist feelings of 
 the farmers. I hear that they have finally abandoned
 
 27-2 LETTERS 
 
 all idea of recovering a Corn Law, but some of the 
 ex-Protectionists have, I fear, cast only the protection 
 slough, ;ii id remained Derbyites, having previously been 
 Liberals. 
 
 On the 21st, the first meeting of my City Commission 
 is to be held. Labouchere and Sir John Patterson are 
 my colleagues. The principal object seems to be to 
 throw the municipal franchise open to a larger number 
 of persons. My father and Lady Lewis are at Harpton; 
 Gilbert is at Monnington ; his little girl has lately been 
 unwell, and it will be necessary to take her to the sea- 
 side. We have had one of the wettest and darkest, 
 though not one of the coldest, summers I remember ; 
 at the same time the amount of heat has been small. 
 The harvest will, in many parts of the countiy, be 
 deficient by a third or a fourth. With my best regards 
 to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House: Oct, 14, 1853. 
 
 Dear Mrs. Grote,— I agree with all you say about 
 John Mill's article, and I hope that Grote will think 
 as you do ; at the same time, I could have wished that 
 he had said a little more about the volumes which he 
 was reviewing. I rejoice to hear of the steady sale of 
 the work, but I would not print more than will supply 
 the market until an edition in eight volumes can be 
 brought out. I am in favour of stopping at the death 
 of Alexander, and of making the continuation a separate 
 work. I have often talked to Grote about this con- 
 tinuation, which ought, in my opinion, to include all 
 the civilized world of that time — Italy, Spain, Carthage, 
 Greece, Asia, Egypt. This would be really interest-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. GROTE. 273 
 
 ing ; but what is called the history of Greece — from 
 Alexander to the taking of Corinth — cannot be made 
 interesting or instructive if treated by itself. Witness 
 Thirlwall's volumes for this period. 
 
 I think that you ought to notice volumes five and six 
 of Moore. They will be sent to you as soon as published. 
 The article * ought to appear in January ; if it is 
 postponed longer, Croker will be as much forgotten as 
 the Talmud. I do not think that a regular biography 
 is needed, but, above all, pray study brevity, for people 
 will not read long articles, however good. I am writ- 
 ing on ' Fox.' 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 1, 1853. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The article on 'Church Parties' is by Mr. Cony- 
 beare, the son of Conybeare, Dean of Llandaff, who 
 wrote a volume on ' Geology.' He is a very clever 
 writer, and his article has made a great sensation in 
 the ecclesiastical world. The extremes of all parties 
 dislike it. The ' Eeform ' article has also been much 
 read. The review of Grote is by John Mill. 
 
 My time during the last month has been principally 
 occupied with an enquiry into the affairs of the City of 
 London, of which there have been long reports in the 
 'Times' and other papers. The subject has excited 
 more interest than I expected ; we found ourselves 
 compelled to admit the reporters, and as the newspapers 
 have plenty of space during the recess, they have been 
 
 * ' On Moore's Life/ by Lord John Russell. Edinburgh Review, vol. 
 xcix. p. 494. 
 
 T
 
 274 LETTERS. 
 
 glad to fill it up with evidence on a subject which con- 
 cerns so many persons. It is evident to me that the 
 City have continued their old system just a little too 
 long, that public opinion among the great body of the 
 community lias got ahead of them, and that when the 
 exposure has arrived they find themselves with scarcely 
 a friend out of their own ranks. They are like Louis 
 Philippe when the day of adversity and trial is come : 
 they have nothing to look back upon but a long course 
 of selfish and sordid conduct, and there are no acts 
 which enlist any public sympathy in their favour. 
 
 The Eastern question still drags its slow length along. 
 No subject ever produced so much writing ; so many 
 despatches, projects, proposals, mediations, suggestions, 
 couriers, and telegraphic despatches. The electric tele- 
 graph is a most fertile mother of lies. It has added to 
 the number and currency of false reports immensely. 
 The principal feature of the present phase of the ques- 
 tion is, that Turkey desires war. Her Government is 
 in almost a desperate state. Her finances and internal 
 affairs are in hopeless confusion ; and the Divan wish 
 for a war, in order that they may involve France and 
 England in it, and that, when the kettle has been stirred, 
 something may come out of it for the benefit of Turkey. 
 A desperate policy is always a bad policy, and such is 
 now the policy of Turkey. My own belief is, that 
 England has little or nothing to fear from a Russian 
 occupation of Constantinople, but this is a heresy which 
 it is scarcely safe to utter. 
 
 A Reform Bill is on the anvil, and will, I suppose, be 
 
 announced in the Queen's Speech, and introduced early 
 
 in the session ; whether it is lost or carried, it will 
 
 probably produce a dissolution next summer. 
 * * # #
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 275 
 
 I have been writing a review on the 'Memoirs of Fox.' 
 I shall have much pleasure in reading your Abhandlung 
 on * Shall and Will.'* You should dedicate it to the 
 Scotch and Irish nations. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 4, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I wish you and Lady Head a happy 
 New Year. All Januarys are, I suppose, equally cold 
 at Fredericton ; but we have already had an extra 
 allowance of winter, and every prospect of its con- 
 tinuance. Since I last wrote to you there has been 
 the strange escapade of Palmerston. He disliked the 
 Reform Bill, partly as being too extensive to suit his 
 taste. He therefore resigned, solely upon this measure ; 
 but he probably expected that a threat of resignation 
 would bring his colleagues to terms, and was surprised 
 at being taken at his word. When he was out, he 
 found that the country took his resignation very coolly, 
 and that he was so much courted by the Derbyites 
 that he could not avoid becoming their leader in the 
 House of Commons in the next session. He could not 
 hope to occupy a neutral place ; and so, finding that 
 his position was a bad one, that it was too late in life 
 for him to set about forming a new party, he changed 
 his mind, and intimated to the Government that he 
 wished to return. His colleagues were glad to take 
 him back, and so the affair was patched up. 
 
 Everything in the East looks warlike ; and if our fleet 
 
 * 
 
 ' An Essay on Shall and Will,' by the Right Hon. Sir Edmund W. 
 Head. First edition published by Murray in 1804 ; second edition pub- 
 lished by Murray in 1858. 
 
 t2
 
 •i:g letters. 
 
 does not come into conflict with the Russian fleet, it 
 will be next to a miracle. My expectation is, that before 
 long England and France will be at war with Russia ; 
 and as long as war lasts all measures of internal improve- 
 ment must slumber. The Reform Bill must remain on 
 the shelf, if there is war ; for a Government about to 
 ask for large supplies and to impose war taxes cannot 
 propose a measure which is sure to create dispersion 
 and to divide parties at home. 
 
 I have just finished my January number, in which 
 there are some good articles, including that on the 
 'Ottoman Empire;' the review of 'Fox's Memoirs' is 
 by me. In the next number but one there is to be an 
 article on ' Teetotalism ;' and I have promised the author 
 of it to ask you for information respecting the New 
 Brunswick Liquor Law, as well as the similar law in 
 Maine. Are these measures effectual? and do they 
 really prevent spirit drinking ? If there is anything in 
 print on the subject which you could recommend, per- 
 haps you might be able to send it to me. 
 
 I expect before long to hear of your being able to 
 fix some time for coming to England. Political pros- 
 pects are uncertain in the extreme, on account of the 
 imminence of war. If war is averted, there will be a 
 Reform Bill, which is likely to lead to an early dissolu- 
 tion. If war arrives, the Reform Bill and all other 
 similar measures likely to produce party struggles and 
 divisions must be postponed. This is all I can tell you 
 by way of guiding your conduct : I am sorry that it is 
 
 not more definite. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 211 
 
 Kent House : March 4, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have had the pleasure of receiv- 
 ing your two letters, and am much obliged to you for 
 the documents relating to Temperance, which I will 
 use as you desire. They give exactly the information 
 which I wanted. The result is just what might have 
 been anticipated, but it is extraordinary that such a 
 prohibition should ever have been enacted. I shall be 
 much obliged to you if you will write such an article 
 on Canada as you describe ; a view of its present state 
 and prospects, with only slight references to its early 
 history, would suit the ' Edinburgh Review ' best. 
 Both the last numbers were out of print almost im- 
 mediately. The next number will be ponderous, unless 
 it is redeemed by an excellent article on ' Mormonism,' 
 by Conybeare. 
 
 The war still hangs fire in an extraordinary manner; 
 but as a messenger Avas sent to St. Petersburg last week 
 with an ultimatum, the uncertainty must soon be dissi- 
 pated. Our Government have no hope of peace ; but the 
 Emperor will fight witli tremendous odds against him, 
 and one does not see where his hope of success lies. 
 What is singular in this matter is, that the French Go- 
 vernment are not eager for war and the French people 
 do not take it up warmly. They like fighting for 
 plunder or territory, not for the balance of power, 
 however much they may talk of glory. The Turkish 
 question occupies the attention of the public almost 
 exclusively ; even the new Reform Bill, which disfran- 
 chises 70 seats and almost doubles the existing con- 
 stituency, has been received with comparative indif- 
 ference. It was put off last night till after Easter, in 
 consequence of the unwillingness of many supporters of
 
 278 LETTERS. 
 
 the Government to vote against a dilatory motion in the 
 present state of onr foreign relations. The Government, 
 however, intend, if they are able, to bring it on after 
 Easter. The great difficulty about it is, that as it affects 
 so many seats, the House will get rid of it, if it can ; 
 and the country are so well satisfied with the existing 
 state of tilings, that they will not put a sufficient pres- 
 sure on their members to compel them to support it. 
 There has been much stir at Oxford in consequence of 
 the adoption by the Hebdomadal Board of a plan of 
 Pusey's for their own reform. It was a complicated 
 contrivance for a combined court in certain cases. It 
 was carried in Convocation ; but the Government have 
 announced that they will not accept it. An excellent 
 pamphlet has been published by Yaughan, Professor of 
 Modern History, in answer to Pusey's evidence attack- 
 ing the professional system of teaching. 
 
 The remarks on ' Shall and Will ' to which you allude 
 are in an article in 'Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary,' 
 in vol. xlvii., or JSTo. xciv. of the 'Edinburgh Review.' 
 I dare say I can get you a copy of it without difficulty ; 
 but when I have got it, how shall I send it to you ? 
 Will the Colonial Office forward it ? or shall I cut out 
 the article ? 
 
 Baines * has proposed the abolition of the Law of 
 Settlement in a good speech. The Bill consists of a 
 clause abolishing removals, and half-a-dozen clauses 
 embodying a plan similiar to that proposed in your 
 article. The abolition of settlement can be carried, 
 but there will be great resistance to union charge- 
 ability. 
 
 I am Avriting regularly on the Roman history,f 
 
 * Right Hon. Matthew Baines, Chief Poor Law Commissioner. 
 
 t ' Credibility of the Early Roman History,' published by Parker, 1855.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 279 
 
 and have just finished Coriolanus. It is slow, tiresome 
 work, and I shall not complete it till the end of the 
 year. I have no domestic news. My best remem- 
 brances to Lady Head. I gave your message to 
 Graham. When shall we hear of your intentions of 
 returning ? 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : June G, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have received the letters about 
 the Liquor Law you were so good as to write me. and 
 have given all the information to my contributor. His 
 article will probably appear in the next number. I 
 likewise sent the extract from the old number of the 
 ' Edinburgh Review ' which you wished to have. The 
 bookseller whom I employed took some time in finding 
 the number, which caused a delay. 
 
 My own life has been lately of the most jog-trot 
 order. I have been working steadily at my Roman 
 history, and been following Mebuhr through all his 
 wonderful perversions and distortions of the ancient 
 writers. I have finished as much as occupies the first 
 seven books of Livy, and have only to go through the 
 three remaining ones. I have never moved from town. 
 
 The war continues to be almost the only subject of 
 public interest. The papers are full of nothing else ; 
 and I hear that no subject excites any real interest in 
 Parliament. The Oxford Bill has been much debated 
 in the House of Commons, and the Government expect 
 to carry it. I received only yesterday a note from Lord 
 John Russell, saying that two members are to be added 
 to the five Commissioners already named in the Bill, 
 and asking me to be one of them. I have consented,
 
 280 LETTERS. 
 
 although the office is unpaid, and will probably be 
 troublesome, difficult and unpopular. The duties do 
 not appear to begin until Michaelmas 1855. It is 
 understood that a fouith Secretary of State is to be 
 appointed, and that the War and Colonial departments 
 are to be separated. I hear that the Duke of Newcastle 
 is to retain the War Department and to give up the 
 Colonies. It seems most likely that Lord John Russell 
 will take the Colonies, but the question is supposed to 
 be still unsettled. If he does not take them, Molesworth 
 is talked of, but Sir George Grey seems to me more 
 likely. There is a wish in a large part of the public 
 that Lord Talmerston should be the War Secretary, 
 but the Duke of Newcastle does not wish to give up 
 this subject ; indeed, I hear that he would prefer to 
 retain both departments. The Kussians are making 
 slow progress on the Danube, and the Turks have 
 hitherto defended Silistria with success. It is expected 
 that some French and English troops will be moved to 
 the relief of the place, if they can reach it in time, but 
 the public, of course, know nothing of the future move- 
 ments of the army nor of either fleet. France is quite 
 quiet. The good society of Paris growls at the Emperor, 
 and bears with great impatience the suppression of all 
 discussion, both in the Assembly and in the press; but 
 the paysans are satisfied, and there is no Pretender who 
 is a real rival to Louis Napoleon. Austria — that is, the 
 Court and ministry — is anti-Bussian at heart, but it is 
 restrained by prudential considerations from taking a 
 decided part against Nicholas. In Prussia, on the other 
 hand, both Court and ministry are Russian, as Bunsen 
 has found to his cost. His recall has been regretted by 
 a large number of people here, as he had become half- 
 Anglicized.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 281 
 
 The new Crystal Palace at Sydenham is to be opened 
 this week with a great ceremony. I went to see it a 
 short time ago, and it is an extraordinary erection for 
 a private company. It will contain the largest and 
 completest collection of casts in the world. My best 
 regards to Lady Head. I hope that Ave shall soon 
 hear something certain about your arrival. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Knightsbridge : July ti, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I had heard the welcome news of 
 the offer of Governor-Generalship of Canada having 
 been made to you, but I abstained from writing to 
 congratulate you until I knew from you that you had 
 accepted it. The office is the highest in the Colonial 
 service, and the appointment is in every way honour- 
 able to you. It was, I have no doubt, made entirely on 
 public grounds, from the experience of the manner in 
 which you had administered the Government of New 
 Brunswick and from a knowledge of your abilities and 
 character. The duties are no doubt difficult, and the 
 post is conspicuous ; but your previous experience in 
 New Brunswick will be of essential use to you, and you 
 will enter upon the undertaking with every prospect of 
 success. It is certainly a very singular accident, that 
 a small society such as that of Merton should have sent 
 out two successive Governors-General of Canada.* It 
 shows the importance of the Commission to which I 
 have recently been added ; namely, that for carrying 
 the Oxford Act of this session (for I suppose it will 
 become an Act) into execution. I am not very sanguine 
 
 * The Earl of Elgin and Sir_ Edmund Head
 
 282 LETT/: US. 
 
 as to the working of the Commission, and do not much 
 like the job ; but when the Bill has passed and the 
 Commissioners have met, I will let you know more 
 about the prospects. 
 
 It will be impossible for you to write the meditated 
 article. When you have moved to Canada, pray send 
 for the book of which I sent you the title (published 
 at Quebec); and when you have had time to look at it, 
 pray let me know if anything can be made of it for 
 my purpose. 
 
 The Government has not prospered lately. The fate 
 of the motion for admitting Dissenters to Oxford * was 
 singular; I have no doubt that the division was influ- 
 enced by the knowledge of the fact disclosed by the 
 religious census published in the winter, that the Dis- 
 senters are about half the population. 
 
 The changes of office connected with the War Depart- 
 ment had likewise a damaging effect. I believe that 
 the Duke of Newcastle wished to retain both depart- 
 ments ; but when his colleagues decided that the two 
 should be separated, he made his election in favour of 
 War. In my opinion, he chose the wrong one. Sir 
 George Grey,f I suspect, was by no means desirous of 
 office. He is, however, now your chief, and your 
 correspondence will be with him. Your appointment 
 was decided on before the change of departments ; 
 it was made by the Duke of Newcastle. I wrote him 
 a few lines expressive of my gratification at his 
 decision. 
 
 If the 'Edinburgh Review' travels to Canada, pray 
 read the first article in the July number, just about to 
 
 * The division was in favour of the Dissenters. See Annual Register 
 for 1854, p. 204. 
 
 t Right lion. Sir George Grej T succeeded the Duke of Newcastle at 
 the Colonial Office.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 283 
 
 appear. It contains a very clear and very authentic 
 account of the negotiations in the Eastern question. 
 You may rely on it as giving the true version of the 
 business. The war might have been prevented if Lord 
 Stratford had advised the Turks to accept the Vienna 
 note. The article on ' Minorities ' * is mine. 
 
 Pray give my best regards and congratulations to 
 Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Sept. 21, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am lately returned from an ex- 
 pedition up the Khine, and have received the two letters 
 which you have had the kindness to write. We took 
 Therese and Alice, f and, as bad luck would have it, 
 both of them had feverish attacks, which compelled us 
 to stop a week at Coblentz, and afterwards four or live 
 days at that most uninteresting place Namur. We went 
 as far as Bingen, and then turned ; we passed about 
 ten days at Bonn, and there saw much of Tocqueville, 
 who was fortunately staying there. The alienation of 
 the entire upper classes of Paris from the Emperor and 
 his Court, as he describes it, is most extraordinary. 
 They have seceded in a body, and at present there are 
 no defections. Since our return to London, poor little 
 Alice has had an attack of pleurisy (owing to a cold 
 which she caught on the road), and she has been very 
 seriously ill, and we are not able to move far from this 
 house at present. 
 
 I am occupied in bringing out the October number 
 of the ' Edinburgh Eeview.' It will contain some cood 
 
 * Edinburgh Review, vol. c. p. 22G. 
 
 f Lady Theresa Lewis's two daughters.
 
 28* LETTERS. 
 
 political articles. r lhe paper on 'Locke,'* about which 
 
 you enquire, was by Rogers, of Birmingham. 
 
 * # • * 
 
 I see that you have just been gazetted Governor- 
 General It was very unlucky that you did not con- 
 trive to pay us a visit, for when once you are installed 
 in Canada you may find it difficult to get away. * * * 
 Everybody is now waiting for the news of the landing 
 of the Sebastopol expedition (a word, you must know, 
 which, according to the Eussian pronunciation, has the 
 accent on the penult, like homoeopathy, the unmeaning 
 letter being accented). I hear that the strength of the 
 defending forces is imperfectly known ; but if France and 
 England make the attempt, they must go on fighting 
 until it is successful. Austria has played a timorous 
 and feeble part ; still she must not be confounded with 
 Prussia, for she has committed acts of hostility against 
 Russia, and under ordinary circumstances Eussia must 
 have declared war against her. Moreover, her occupa- 
 tion of the Principalities sets the English and French 
 armies free, and enables them with safety to attack 
 Sebastopol. 
 
 The cholera has been bad in London and created a 
 good deal of alarm, but is now abating. It has done 
 much harm to our troops on the Black Sea, and still 
 more to the French. 
 
 I have just sent to the press the first part of my work 
 on Eoman history. There is a great deal of it, but it 
 is now, I rejoice to say, nearly finished. 
 
 Our best regards to Lady Head. I hope she like3 
 the idea of being Queen of Canada. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * Edinburgh Bevi&v, vol. xcix. p. 383.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 285 
 
 Kent House : Nov. 18, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — I would have written to you earlier, 
 if I had been sure that I should be safe in directing to 
 you at New York. I congratulate you now on taking 
 possession of your new government. The post is im- 
 portant and interesting, and I have no doubt that you 
 will feel at your ease in it after the experience you 
 have had. It is, I think, well that Lord Elgin * has 
 cleared away his own remanets before he resigned. 
 
 The atmosphere seems pretty clear in America ; I wish 
 I could make you a similar report of things in Europe. 
 It is now unfortunately too clear that, notwithstanding 
 the delusive success of the battle of the Alma, the ex- 
 pedition to Sebastopu has been rash and ill-calculated. 
 The position of the Allies is a most precarious one. 
 Their numbers, never large, have been reduced by 
 disease and the enemy, and they are now the besieged 
 rather than the besieging party. Reinforcements will 
 be sent out, but the Russian army will probably receive 
 equal, if not greater, additions. I do not see how the 
 place is to be taken, or how, if it is not taken, our army 
 can be extricated and our guns brought away. It was 
 said at the beginning that the Russians, though not 
 formidable for aggression, were powerful for defence. 
 In consequence of the momentary success at Silistria, 
 we chose to disregard this truth, and to invade the 
 Russian territory. I hope with all my heart that we 
 may not pay dearly for our imprudence ; but I cannot 
 help thinking that the present prospect of affairs is 
 most unfavourable. If you have got a Thucydides, or 
 Grote's ' History of Greece,' you will find in Nicias's 
 despatch from Syracuse a curious parallel to the pre- 
 
 * The retiring Governor.
 
 286 LETTERS. 
 
 sent state of things at Sebastopol, where he says that 
 the Athenians, who came as besiegers, have become 
 the besieged. It is to be hoped that the parallel will 
 cud here. At all events, Lord Eaglan will not sacrifice 
 his army to an eclipse of the moon. 
 
 What yon say of the feelings of the American Go- 
 vernment towards England is, I fear, common to most 
 other Governments. They would all rejoice if any 
 great calamity were to befall us. I saw Mr. Ogden 
 Hammond ; but he called upon me in September, only 
 a lew days before he was to return to America, and 
 therefore I was unable to do anything for him. He 
 seemed a shrewd, sensible man ; he spoke very highly 
 
 of your government in New Brunswick. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I have been engaged in Review work, and in re- 
 vising my book on Roman history, and getting it through 
 the press, which is very tedious work, on account of 
 the number and length of the notes. I expect to com- 
 plete the printing of the first volume (500 pages) by 
 the beginning of next month. My criticism is purely 
 negative. I set up nothing of my own. One of my 
 objects is, to show that Niebuhr's reconstructive 
 theories are untenable, as well as the accounts which 
 he sets aside. 
 
 Macaulay's two volumes are supposed to be completed, 
 and are expected by Easter. Ford has lately sent me 
 an interesting article on the ' Pilgrim Fathers, and the 
 Early History of the United States Settlements,' written 
 by a Mr. Lucas, a friend of his. It is very unlucky 
 that you did not come over to England in your inter- 
 regnum ; but I hope that your new reign will be so 
 peaceable that you will be able to come next summer. 
 The Oxford Commissioners have had a meeting, but
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 287 
 
 nothing has been done. I have omitted to ascertain 
 the facts about the book yon mention, but I will send 
 you them in my next letter. Ticknor's ' Spanish Stories ' 
 are very curious. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 29, 1854. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I am much obliged to you for your suggestion, but 
 I doubt whether there is any use now in printing an 
 article on Canada, for the public attention is so com- 
 pletely occupied with the war in the Crimea and the 
 affairs of the East, that scarcely anybody will turn his 
 eyes to the West. 
 
 The little ante-Christmas session has been chiefly 
 important as showing the determination of the country 
 and of Parliament to carry on the war ; but what 
 is to be the result of this ill-advised expedition to 
 Sebastopol, it is difficult to conjecture. Our army is 
 in a position at present in which it can neither advance 
 nor recede. It can neither take the town nor re-em- 
 bark. The belligerents of this country rely upon the 
 effect of fresh reinforcements. But the Eussians have 
 greater facilities for sending reinforcements than the 
 Allies ; and it by no means follows that the sending 
 reinforcements will alter the relative strength of the 
 armies. The battle of Inkerman saved the Allies from 
 a desperate danger. If it had not been for the extra- 
 ordinary bravery of the Guards, the Eussians would 
 have succeeded in occupying the heights, and in that 
 case our whole army might have been destroyed. 
 Even if we take Sebastopol, our object is not much
 
 288 LETTERS. 
 
 advanced in effecting a settlement, for the Emperor 
 would not negotiate. A permanent occupation of the 
 Crimea is impossible; and if we simply dismantle the 
 fortress and depart, it will speedily be rebuilt. It 
 seems to me that the entire expedition is a mistake, 
 and that, whatever the event may be, it must cost us 
 infinitely greater sacrifices than the utmost success can 
 compensate. I fear that we are still at a long distance 
 from the termination of our war to promote civilization 
 by supporting the Turks. 
 
 The clamour about the Foreign Enlistment Bill* 
 was quite unexpected and most unreasonable. The 
 Government only carried it by a small majority, and 
 they would have gone out if they had been beaten. 
 
 There is a strong feeling against the Duke of New- 
 castle as War Minister, founded on the idea that the 
 war has not been carried on with sufficient energy. 
 The fact is, that the Government were urged into the 
 Sebastopol adventure by popular clamour; that they 
 undertook it with an imperfect knoAvledge of the 
 difficulties of the enterprise ; and that the military men 
 anticipated that, if the army could once be landed, the 
 place: would speedily fall. This delusion was shared 
 by all the world in September, and even October last ; 
 but now that events have dispelled the illusion, the 
 people forget their own mistake, and visit its conse- 
 quences on the head of the War Minister. 
 
 I am just bringing out the January number of the 
 4 Edinburgh Review.' It contains some articles which 
 would, I think, interest you. That on ' Parliamen- 
 tary Opposition ' is mine. I wrote it at Bonn, in the 
 summer. I have likewise completed the M.S. of my 
 
 * This I'.ill was brought hi by the Government during the short winter 
 session ; it was strongly opposed in the House of Lords. See Annual 
 Register, 1854, p. 231.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SrR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 289 
 
 work on Roman history, and have printed the first, 
 and about a hundred pages of the second volume. It 
 will be finished in about two months. It will, I think, 
 place the question on an intelligible issue, whereas 
 Niebuhr is so capricious and inconsistent as to make 
 everything unintelligible. I had a great hunt at the 
 London Library for the ' Grands Jours d'Auvergne,' 
 in which the Librarian assisted, but we were unable to 
 discover the book to which you referred. Are you 
 sure that it was anonymous ? There is no trace of it 
 in the catalogue under this title. 
 
 I do not know whether you saw a life of Lockhart 
 in the ' Times.' It was written by Mr. Elwyn (the 
 present editor of the ' Quarterly '), Lady Eastlake, and 
 Mihnan. It was an eloge rather than a biography or 
 an impartial character. 
 
 The Oxford Colleges are giving great signs of life. 
 Several revised statutes — or, what is the same, plans of 
 revised statutes — have been sent in to the Commis- 
 sioners, but no meeting has hitherto been held upon 
 any of them. You probably saw that old Eouth has 
 lately died. He wanted only a month or two of a 
 hundred years. 
 
 I am thinking of writing an article on the treaty of 
 Tilsit and the intended partition of Turkey between 
 Alexander and Napoleon. There is a good deal about 
 it in Thiers' recent 'History.' I shall be very anxious to 
 hear how you find your new proconsulate, and whether 
 you are satisfied with the state of affairs. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The lamented death of Sir Thomas Frankland 
 Lewis, the father of Sir George Lewis and of the 
 
 u
 
 290 LETTERS. 
 
 Editor, occurred at Harpton Court, in January 1855. 
 A short illness of two days terminated unexpectedly 
 a life valuable to his family, his friends, and his con- 
 stituents. This event caused a vacancy in the repre- 
 sentation of the Radnorshire Boroughs, and it be- 
 came necessary for Sir George Lewis to decide without 
 delay whether he would become a candidate. It was 
 the belief of his friends that lie desired again to sit in 
 Parliament ; but during the years that had passed since 
 his defeat in Herefordshire he had become more and 
 more indisposed to return to active political life. His 
 preference for literary rather than parliamentary and 
 official occupation had increased. He disliked elec- 
 tioneering in every form, and the having to listen so 
 frequently to long, late, tedious debates ; and it was 
 with difficulty that he could be persuaded to re-enter 
 the House of Commons. Indeed, had it not been that 
 Lady Theresa Lewis, myself, and other relatives, urged 
 him, for a variety of reasons, not to abandon a career 
 for which he was so eminently fitted, the probability is 
 that he would not now have stood for the vacant seat 
 or have entered the House of Commons at any future 
 period. His unwillingness was, however, fortunately 
 overcome, and, after a short canvass, he was elected 
 unopposed. 
 
 He writes of these events in the next letter to Sir 
 Edmund Head. 
 
 Ttarpton : Feb. 10, 1855. 
 
 My dear Head, — Before this letter reaches you, you 
 will have received from Gilbert an account of my poor 
 father's death, which took place so suddenly that I 
 only received the telegraphic message informing me 
 of it a couple of hours after the letter which brought 
 the news of his beincr ill. 
 
 * * * *
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO W. R. GREG, ESQ. 291 
 
 The attendance at the funeral was large — although 
 the snow fell all the morning, with a piercing east 
 wind — and the demonstration of respect and regard 
 
 very general and sincere. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 After the day on which this mournful ceremony took 
 place I was called upon to take steps for securing the 
 seat in the Radnor Boroughs. I issued an address, and 
 afterwards canvassed Presteign, Knighton, and Rhaya- 
 der, where I met with a very favourable reception. The 
 
 election has since taken place without opposition. 
 
 # # * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to W. R. Greg, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : Feb. 14, 1355. 
 
 My dear Greg, — Many thanks for your congratula- 
 tions on my return to Parliament, which was accom- 
 plished without difficulty, as no candidate appeared 
 against me in the field, and I had not even to make pre- 
 parations for a contest. My desire for office at present 
 is scarcely above freezing point. 
 
 I wish that I could agree with you as well about 
 foreign as I do about domestic politics ; but this 
 war has been distasteful to me from the beginning, and 
 especially so from the time when it ceased to be defen- 
 sive and the Russian territory was invaded. My 
 dislike of it, and my conviction of its repugnance to the 
 interests of England and Europe was only increased 
 with its progress. I shall rejoice greatly if its future 
 course should convince me of error. The ideas put 
 forward in some of the articles of the ' Times ' about 
 
 u 2
 
 292 LETTERS. 
 
 our possible military power seem to me extravagant. 
 I am glad that you think so too. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. 0. Lewis. 
 
 Harptoa : Feb. 16, 1855. 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * # # * 
 
 The recent political changes * have produced a pro- 
 digious quantity of negotiation and parleying, but have 
 ended in wonderfully small result, for the substitution 
 of Lord Tan mure for the Duke of Newcastle is not 
 likely to change the course of the campaign, or to con^ 
 vert failure into success. I have been for a long time 
 very desponding about the siege of Sebastopol, and 
 I have still but faint hopes of the town being taken. 
 The winter, however, cannot last much longer, and 
 fighting must recommence when the spring weather 
 begins. The numbers of the Eussian army are immense, 
 and it seems impossible that we should be able to 
 increase our numbers sufficiently to be able to invest 
 
 the town. 
 
 • * * # 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The result of Sir George Lewis's return to Parliament 
 was, that Lord Palmerston in the course of a few weeks 
 offered him the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 which Mr. Gladstone had just vacated. There are many 
 persons who will perhaps discredit the assertion made 
 in the following letter, that he ' most reluctantly made 
 
 * In February Viscount Falmerston succeeded the Earl of Aberdeen 
 as Prime Minister, and various changes took place in the Cabinet. 
 Annual Register for 1855, pp. 207-208.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 293 
 
 up his mind to accept ' it ; but that such was the fact 
 is well known to myself and all those among his 
 friends who were intimately acquainted with his wishes. 
 
 Kent House : March. 18, 1855. 
 
 My dear Head, — Events have succeeded one another 
 so closely with me of late, that I really have had no 
 time to write to you. Soon after my return to London 
 after my election, I received quite unexpectedly the 
 offer of the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer in 
 Lord Palmerston's Government. I had just returned 
 from the country. I had had no time to look into my 
 private affairs since my father's death — I had not even 
 proved his will. I had the ' Edinburgh Eeview ' for 
 April on my hands ; and the last part of my volumes 
 on Roman history. I had been out of Parliament for 
 two years, and I did not know the present House of 
 Commons. I was to follow Gladstone, whose ability 
 had dazzled the world ; and to produce a War Budget, 
 with large additional taxation, in a few weeks. All 
 these circumstances put together inspired me with the 
 strongest disinclination to accept the offer. I felt, how- 
 ever, that in the peculiar position of the Government, the 
 office having been already refused by Cardwell and F. 
 Baring, refusal was scarcely honourable, and would be 
 attributed to cowardice ; and I therefore most reluc- 
 tantly made up my mind to accept. I remembered the 
 Pope, put in hell by Dante, ' Che fece per viltade il 
 gran rifiuto.' My re-election passed off without diffi- 
 culty. I went down to Harpton for two nights, and 
 made a speech in the Town Hall at Radnor. Since my 
 return to London I have been engrossed with the 
 
 * A portion of this letter is printed in the preface to Sir George Lewis's 
 historical articles from the Edinburgh Review, collected into a volume : 
 published by Messrs. Longmans in 18G4.
 
 204 LETTERS. 
 
 business of my office, and have hardly had a moment 
 to spare. There is an awkwaid question about the 
 newspaper stamp, which I have had to plunge into. 
 There arc also all the preparations to be made for the 
 impending Budget, and measures to be taken for pro- 
 viding sufficient sums to meet the enormous extra- 
 ordinary expenditure which the war in the Crimea is 
 causing. ( rladstone has been very friendly to me, and 
 
 has given me all the assistance in his power. 
 * * * * 
 
 The prospects both of the war and of the negotiations 
 at Vienna are in the highest degree uncertain. I can add 
 but little to what the newspapers tell you. The Eussian 
 Envoy agrees to accept the four bases, and expresses a 
 wish for peace. The capture of Sebastopol seems as 
 distant as ever, unless we can gain some advantage over 
 the covering army, which renders all close investment 
 of the place impossible. The Emperor Louis Napoleon 
 has been burning to go to the Crimea ; and he is said 
 to be still resolved on this move, notwithstanding the 
 dissuasion of all his advisers. It seems, however, that 
 his project is at least adjourned for the present. I had 
 intended to go down to Harpton at Easter, but this 
 will now be impossible. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : June 10, 18-jo. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am quite ashamed to think how 
 long it is since I wrote to you. The fact is, that events 
 pass too rapidly to allow of my sending you a regular 
 account of them as they occur ; and it is difficult to 
 know where to begin making a selection. My Budget 
 was an alarming task, on account of the magnitude of
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 2£a 
 
 the sum to be raised. The additional taxes were, 
 however, assented to without resistance by the House, 
 who feared a larger addition to the Income Tax, and 
 thought that if they objected to my proposition taxes 
 which they disliked still more would be substituted. I 
 had great anxiety and difficulty about the loan, for 
 (luckily) it had been so long since the system of war 
 loans had ceased that the official traditions were lost, 
 and I could scarcely find anybody to give me any 
 information on the subject who had himself had any 
 personal knowledge or experience. There are few 
 persons now in office who were public servants in 
 prominent positions during the late war. However, I 
 contrived to avoid all pitfalls, and the loan was ne- 
 gotiated upon terms favourable to the public and 
 sufficiently advantageous to the contractors. The money 
 market was in a state favourable to such an operation ; 
 for at present there is an abundance of money, but a 
 want of profitable investment for the purposes of trade. 
 No wild speculations are in fashion, so that there is a 
 run upon Government securities. The funds are high 
 and Exchequer bills at a good premium, although the 
 rate of interest upon them has been lately reduced a 
 little. 
 
 I have succeeded in carrying the Newspaper IU11, 
 which I received as an inheritance from Gladstone. 
 The effect of it will be, that the 'Times' and other 
 daily papers will be in the same position as the 
 ' x\thena3iim.' They will have an unstamped and a 
 stamped edition, the latter of which will be fitted for 
 going by the post. The newspaper press, both in town 
 and the country, has been violently opposed to this 
 remission of duty, which narrows the market and keeps 
 out competitors. My belief is. that their fears will prove
 
 2 DC LETTERS. 
 
 groundless, and that the existing newspapers will have 
 an advantage in the new race of competition. I expect 
 that whatever increase there may be in the newspaper 
 circulation will be produced rather by adding to the 
 sale of the old newspapers than by calling new news- 
 papers into being. 
 
 You will have seen from the papers the course of 
 the long debate on the war in the Commons. The only 
 real part of the conflict was decided by the division 
 before Whitsuntide, which showed that the House did 
 not wish to brinof in Lord Derbv. Since Whitsuntide 
 the debate has been resumed for the sake of enabling 
 members to deliver their opinion on the war, but it has 
 had no practical importance ; and it ended on Friday 
 
 night without a division. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 The general feeling of the country is decidedly war- 
 like. They are not deterred by the pecuniary sacrifices 
 which the war requires, by the burdens which it imposes, 
 or by the small amount of national interest which it 
 involves. They consider the campaign in the Crimea 
 as a duel with Russia, and they will not recede until 
 we have made our utmost exertions to take the place. 
 The last news is favourable. The successes in the Sea of 
 Azof must cut off a portion of the supplies of the 
 Russian army, and the substitution of Pelissier for 
 Canrobert is likely to have almost as important effect. 
 Canrobert was a man unequal to supreme command, and 
 therefore influenced by advisers who gave different 
 counsels, and the result was inaction. Public opinion 
 in France is generally hostile to the war, but the 
 Emperor, who values the opinion of the army, remains 
 firm, and the campaign will now proceed until something 
 decisive occurs.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 297 
 
 My book on Roman history has been reviewed in 
 
 some of the newspapers, but it has not hitherto been 
 
 reviewed by any competent judge. About three 
 
 hundred copies of it have been sold, which, for such a 
 
 book, I consider very satisfactory. I will try to send 
 
 you a copy through the Colonial Office, 
 
 # # * # 
 
 The appointment of Liddell in Gaisford's place * gives 
 satisfaction to all the reforming party at Oxford. * * * 
 The Oxford Commission proceeds on its labours. It will 
 throw open the Colleges, so far as restrictions of founders, 
 kin, diocese, country, school, &c, are concerned; but 
 it will leave the exclusively Church character of the 
 University untouched, except so far as new Halls may 
 be created for Dissenters. I have had lately several 
 conversations with Lord Elgin about Canada and other 
 matters. He seems to me a very shrewd and sagacious 
 man. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Downing Street : August 17, 1855. 
 
 My dear Head, — The session is at last over, and all 
 the parliamentary difficulties of the Government have 
 been overcome. The great difficulty of Sebastopol, 
 however, still remains, and does not seem to approach 
 nearer to a solution, although the news which has just 
 arrived of the Russians having made what seems a rash 
 attack upon the position of the French and Sardinians 
 looks as if they found themselves in a bad state. As 
 long as our army remains in the trenches before 
 Sebastopol, no Government can have any stability. 
 
 * As Dean of Christ Church.
 
 298 LETTERS. 
 
 Our domestic politics are entirely dependent on the 
 
 events of the siege, as they occur from day to day. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 The resources of the country with respect to taxation 
 and borrowing are immense ; the revenue keeps up 
 well to the estimate, notwithstanding the increased 
 rates of duties and the influence of the war upon trade. 
 There is, however, a great difference between the pre- 
 sent and the late war, in an economical point of view, 
 which people in general seem to me to overlook. In the 
 last war the funds were 1« »w, interest was high, and prices 
 were enormously raised. Now, the Three per Cents, 
 are above ninety, and prices are not materially affected, 
 with the exception of the prices of grain, which Lave 
 been raised by deficient harvests. The reason of this 
 difference seems to me to be twofold. First, in the 
 late war the continent was ravaged, and the means 
 of exchange destroyed. The continental system of 
 Napoleon likewise shut the ports of Europe against us. 
 Secondly, our own Order in Council produced quarrels 
 with neutral powers, and impeded our trade with 
 countries which the power of Napoleon did not reach. 
 Now the continent of Europe is practically at peace. 
 Production goes on as usual. The war is a duel fought 
 between the armies of Russia and the Allies upon a re- 
 mote and barren shore. We have, moreover, had the 
 good sense to concede the principles of maritime war- 
 fare which were asserted in the last war, and have thus 
 remained on good terms with the United States and 
 other neutral powers. Our present war abstracts forty 
 millions a year from the national income, and burns it 
 in gunpowder at the Crimea. But the sources of 
 wealth How as before. The production of income is 
 unimpeded. Trade and manufactures are not ob-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO W. R. GREG, ESQ. 299 
 
 structed. If I hold the office of Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer in the next session, it will be probably 
 necessary for me to produce another War Budget, and 
 therefore to lay on new taxes. Among the custom 
 duties it was proposed this year to modify the timber 
 duty. I communicated with Lord Elgin on the subject, 
 but his opinion was against any alteration. Next year 
 it may be more difficult to resist an increase, and I 
 should be very thankful if you would consider the ques- 
 tion with reference to the North American provinces. 
 The present discrimination is too large ; but an addition 
 might be made both to the foreign and colonial duties, 
 which would preserve a certain interval. 
 
 The Queen is to pass a week at Paris, in an uninter- 
 rupted succession of festivities. The dislike of the 
 educated classes for Louis Napoleon will probably tell 
 upon her reception. We intend to start for Harpton 
 next week, and to stay there a couple of months. 
 There are, however, to be Cabinets all the summer, at 
 which somebody must attend. 
 
 I hope that a copy of my book on Eoman history 
 will reach you. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to W. R. Greg, Esq. 
 
 Downing Street : Sept. 25, 1855. 
 
 My dear Greg, — Neither the Allies nor the Eussians 
 are at present moving, and it is quite uncertain what 
 the relative position of the armies will be at the end of 
 the fighting season ; assuming, however, that by No- 
 vember next the whole of the Crimea up to Perekop is in 
 the hands of the Allies, what is your plan for the future
 
 300 ' LETTERS. 
 
 government of the Crimea ? The main objection to the 
 system of counterpoise, as opposed to limitation, was, 
 that it was an armed truce — that it was a chronic state 
 of war in the Black Sea — and necessitated the mainte- 
 nance of fleets and armies in those regions. Would not 
 the same objection apply to an occupation of the Crimea 
 by the Allies ? Is the occupation to be joint, by France 
 and England ? If so, on what terms is such a joint 
 government to be conducted ? Are there to be two 
 consuls, one named by France and one by England ? 
 Or is the government to be named alternately by the 
 two powers? Could the Crimea be handed over to 
 Turkey ? Would this be a measure in the interests of 
 civilization, or would Turkey be able to hold it if 
 France and England were otherwise occupied? The 
 main object of the expedition may now be said to have 
 been accomplished ; but now that it is accomplished, 
 the promoters of the expedition do not seem to be 
 
 agreed as to the use to be made of the success. 
 
 # # * # 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The following letter is written to Henry Eeeve, Esq., 
 Clerk of Appeals in the Privy Council Office, who had 
 long been a valued friend of Sir George Lewis, and 
 who had succeeded him as Editor of the ' Edinburgh 
 Review.' 
 
 Downing Street: Oct. 17, 1855. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I acted on your friendly hint, and 
 accelerated my journey to London by a week. I had 
 previously intended to come up on Saturday next. As 
 it was. however, it turned out luckily, for is come
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. SOI 
 
 over on a sort of mission from the hank of France ; 
 and I had an opportunity of conferring with him while 
 he is in London. The drain of bullion upon the Bank 
 of England has been greater and more rapid than I 
 anticipated. It has been caused mainly by the remit- 
 tances for the war, and the action of the Bank of France, 
 to which some other accessory causes have been added. 
 The Bank has not behaved imprudently, nor has the 
 Government done anything which can be complained of. 
 The balances in the Exchequer are large, and the pay- 
 ments have been made without pressing on the resources 
 of the Bank. There has not been over-trading, and stocks 
 are low. In order to act upon the exchanges, the Bank 
 must resort to measures of a stringent kind for contract- 
 ing a trade which is not otherwise than wholesome. 
 This will produce distress, but the policy is inevitable. 
 The high price of corn will also affect the revenue by 
 diminishing the consumption of tea, sugar, spirits, beer, 
 and other similar articles. I fear, therefore, that if 
 the war is to be prolonged for any considerable time, 
 we must look to carrying it on under less favourable 
 financial conditions than those which have hitherto 
 existed. The revenue and trade of the country are in 
 a sound state. The difficulty arises solely from the 
 drain of bullion, and from the measures to which the 
 Bank is driven in order to counteract it. 
 
 The news from Ears * is important. It is another 
 blow to the Russians, but it is evident that they do not 
 intend to evacuate the Crimea without a straggle. All 
 the recent information tends to this conclusion, and it 
 remains to be seen whether the allied generals will be 
 
 * The Russians lind attacked Kars, but were repulsed by our troops, 
 leaving 4,000 men killed, 100 prisoners, and one gun. — Annual Register, 
 1855, p. 1-57.
 
 LETTEI - 
 
 able to expel the Russians from the Crimea before the 
 winter. 
 
 I have not vet had time to read vour new number, 
 which seems to contain interesting articles. 
 
 Ever yours truly. 
 
 G. 6. Lewis. 
 
 • : L ■ la to TT. K. . Esq. 
 
 Ke::: Houe N 27, ] 355. 
 
 My dear I _. — The number of the 'North British 
 ' onlv reached me yesterday, and I have not 
 been able to answer your letter till to-day. 
 
 I have read vour article * but I do not feel sure that 
 I thoroughly understand vour meaning, or that I see 
 how you would make your system march. You appear 
 to assume that the Government is to be a Government 
 of departments — that each man is to do what seems 
 best to himself in his own department, provided he can 
 cany it in Parliament, even against the opposition of 
 - colleagues. You put the case of a Foreign Minister, 
 now. in favour of continuing the war, and a Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer in favour of making peace, 
 p. 1 Now, in the first place, it seems to me that your 
 system would render meetings of the Cabinet useless or 
 us. Ministers would meet to dispute, and 
 part to differ. Besides, how would it be safe to read 
 confidential despatches before persons who were in 
 communication with men of an opposite party, and 
 would immediatelv go and disclose the information ? 
 However, I will suppose that no Cabinets were held and 
 that each minister acted for himself, according to the 
 of his judgment. What I do not understand is, 
 
 - v ' ? far 1655, arti .aid Statesmen.'
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO W. U. GREG, ESQ. 303 
 
 how a war could be conducted by a warlike Foreign 
 Minister if the Chancellor of the Exchequer was peace- 
 ful. He would say, I am against war ; I think it im- 
 politic and mischievous, and I shall prepare a pe 
 Budget. ^Vhen the estimates came in from the War 
 Departments to the Treasury fur approbation, he would 
 withhold it, unless they were reduced to a peace scale. 
 The same argument might be extended to every other 
 department in succession. Nearly all new measures 
 involve some question of expenditure — new salaries, 
 new pecuniary arrangements of some kind. Suppose 
 that the Colonial Secretarv wished to give 20 millions 
 for emancipating the negroes, but the Chancellor of 
 the Exchequer opposed him ; he could not stir. It is 
 this power of the purse which has made the First Lord 
 of the Treasurv the Prime Minister and head of the- 
 Administration. 
 
 In the manner in which Cabinets are now formed, 
 he and the Chancellor of the Exchequer act together, 
 and no difficulty arises. But if the Foreign Secretarv 
 was in favour of war, and the Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer opposed it, and the Prime Minister sup- 
 ported either one against the other, the one whom he 
 did not support must go out. 
 
 It seems to me that your plan would virtually 
 abolish the office of Prime Minister. I do not see 
 what power he would have with a set of colleagues who, 
 on all the great subjects of the day, differed from him 
 and from one another. 
 
 There is much more which I could say to you on the 
 subject, if we were to meet. Moreover. I do not agree 
 in your estimate of individuals. I believe the Duke 
 of Newcastle to be a laborious and public-spirited man,
 
 304 LETTERS. 
 
 and to have been most unjustly run clown last winter. 
 * * * You must remember that one of the first qualifi- 
 cations of a minister is to obtain public confidence ; and 
 no amount of brilliancy in speaking will supply this 
 capital defect. Fox, and Burke, and Sheridan are 
 remarkable proofs of this truth. It is not necessary to 
 have a great orator at the head of each department, as 
 you may see by looking at the list of the Cabinet in 
 Pitt's long administration, which lasted seventeen years, 
 against an amount of talent which, as it was at its 
 commencement, has never since been equalled. 
 
 The French are becoming very pacific in their 
 language, and are beginning to take a new view of the 
 progress of the war. There is no truth in the state- 
 ment that Eussia has offered us terms of peace. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to Henry Reeve, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 2, 1855. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — Bright's speech, in which he pro- 
 poses a heavy Income Tax upon all realized property, 
 has revived in me the idea of reviewing a similar plan 
 published in a work called ' The People's Blue Book,' 
 which abounds with fallacies, and which may be taken 
 as a sample of this system of finance. I think I could 
 expose the whole scheme (Bright's included) in about 
 a dozen pages. If I have time to write it,* should you 
 be disposed to insert such an article ? and if so, how 
 soon must it be ready ? I have no wish to say anything 
 against the Income Tax. On the contrary, to the 
 extent of seven-pence in the pound, I think it as little 
 
 * I believe that he had not time to write it. I do not find that it was 
 published. [Editor.]
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 305 
 
 objectionable a tax as can be levied when so large a 
 revenue is required as our present armaments demand. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 13, 1855. 
 
 My dear Head, — I must begin by thanking you 
 
 for your interesting letters written during your progress, 
 
 and giving a very satisfactory account of your dominions. 
 # * * * 
 
 I have been a good deal annoyed lately by a dark 
 spot which came suddenly in one of my eyes, and 
 which Guthrie has treated by making me go through a 
 course of mercury for several weeks. He has done 
 me no good, but he has prevented the mischief from 
 increasing or taking place in the other eye, which at 
 first he apprehended. He attributes it to over work of 
 eyes and brain ; as to which I have considerable doubt, 
 as I had not been working much this autumn. At 
 first he interdicted me from reading and writing, but I 
 have been unable to obey this injunction long. The 
 object of mercury is to promote vascular action, and 
 thus to produce absorption. He thinks that the spot 
 is owing to the rupture of a small vessel in the retina, 
 or in the brain near the optic nerve. 
 
 Poor Molesworth's end was very sudden.* His death 
 was, I believe, caused by peritonitis, which required 
 stronger remedies than his constitution would bear. I 
 doubt whether he would have produced that golden 
 age in the colonies which the newspapers anticipated 
 from his advent ; but he was a courageous man, with 
 independent opinions, and, though not a man of business, 
 
 * Right Hon. Sir William Molesworth, Bart., Secretary of State for 
 the Colonies ; bora 1810, died October 22, 1855. 
 
 X
 
 30G LETTERS. 
 
 might have settled important colonial questions on right 
 principles. 
 
 There has been a good deal of uneasiness in the 
 money market lately, on account of the large shipments 
 of gold to the East, but at present things are quieter. 
 Parliament will not meet before the usual time, and 
 there will be no dissolution until the Government is 
 brought to a stand-still. The country is still very war- 
 like, and desirous, as it seems to me, of continuing the 
 Avar, rather for glory and prestige than for any solid 
 object. Louis Napoleon, however, and the French 
 generally are pacific, and terms of peace have been 
 arranged between France and Austria, to which England 
 has acceded and which Austria will offer to Russia. I 
 do not expect that they will be accepted ; but if they 
 are peremptorily rejected, the refusal can scarcely fail 
 to draw the bonds closer between Austria and the 
 Western Powers. The reluctance of France to con- 
 tinue the war on the present scale of expense is great 
 and must influence our farther joint proceedings, whatso- 
 ever may be the issue of the proposal about to be 
 made. 
 
 I found it necessary to resign my seat at the Oxford 
 Commission, and Twisleton * has been appointed my 
 successor — a very good choice. The recent changes in 
 the Cabinet — Stanley and Baines — are not of great 
 importance. 
 
 Ever yours sincerel} T , 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : Dec, 14, 1855. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — I have devoted a considerable 
 portion of the day to the examination of Bright's scheme. 
 
 • The Hon. Edward Twisleton.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 307 
 
 The subject is essentially dry; but I think I have made 
 my argument intelligible to anybody who cares about 
 such matters ; and it is important that a plan proposed 
 by him, and supported by such a paper as the 'Daily 
 News,' should be understood. 
 
 You can judge whether you think it worth adding. 
 
 I am totally at a loss even to conjecture how the 
 
 large sum which he states was calculated. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House: Dec. 15, 1855. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — Many thanks for your remarks, 
 which are just. I have gone too far in saying that a 
 high Income Tax would put a stop to investment, 
 though such is its tendency. I will modify the passage 
 in the proof. 
 
 In the ' Almanac de Gotha,' the ' contributions 
 directes ' for the French Budget of next year are 
 taken at 469 millions, equal to about 18 millions 
 sterling. This, compared with our Income Tax, Land 
 Tax, Assessed Taxes, and other direct taxes, is not a 
 very large sum. 
 
 I am inclined to think that an Income Tax of 
 15 or 20 per cent, upon Schedules A and C exclu- 
 sively would operate in some such way as this. It 
 would be a deduction from the income of all existing 
 owners and holders of stock. 
 
 But with respect to 2 mrc ^ asers it would operate by 
 depreciating the value of the property. People would 
 not invest without getting something like 3 per cent, 
 on their money. The consequence would be, that 
 land would sell at 20 (perhaps), instead of 30 years' 
 
 x 2
 
 308 LETTERS. 
 
 purchase, and that the Three per Cents., instead of 
 being at 96, would be at 70. As to land, it -would 
 approximate to the system of the Indian Land Revenue. 
 As to the funds, it would be in effect a fraud upon the 
 existing creditors. It -would be a forcible withholding 
 of the part of the annuity which had been sold. With 
 respect to the future, the Government would neither 
 gain nor lose — as, in case of a new loan, they would 
 borrow cm so much worse terms : the increased Income 
 Tax W( mid be allowed for in the terms offered. 
 
 It would have a curious eflect upon the Indian 
 debt. For the past, it would be a fraud on the lender; 
 for the future, it would be a virtual diminution of the 
 credit of the Indian Government, and a forced contri- 
 bution of the Indian to the English Exchequer. 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. 0. Lewis. 
 
 Downing Street : Jan. 28, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I last wrote to you the death 
 of poor Mrs. Villiers has taken place. * * * It has 
 been a great blow to Theresa, who has lived with her 
 from childhood in the closest intimacy. 
 
 The meeting of Parliament is now impending, and 
 I am about to attend a Cabinet at which the Queen's 
 Speech will be settled. The peace negotiations* have 
 made steady progress from the beginning, and I do 
 not see any rock ahead on which they are likely to 
 founder. The draft of terms was prepared by France 
 and Austria in concert, and proposed to England. It 
 underwent some slight modifications, and was proposed, 
 as you have seen, to Russia. When the terms were 
 
 • Sebastopol had fallen on Sept. 0, 185t«
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 309 
 
 prepared, and indeed when the proposition was made, 
 scarcely any hope was entertained that they would be 
 accepted. The chief advantage of the arrangement 
 was thought to consist in involving Austria, and causing 
 her to break off friendly relations with Kussia. The 
 Russian Government, however, wisely preferred not to 
 take another ticket in the lottery of war. They prob- 
 ably thought that, after a year or two more fighting, 
 they might have to submit to terms as much worse 
 than the present terms as the present terms are worse 
 than the Vienna terms. Nesselrode is believed to have 
 been the main promoter of pacific counsels. The only 
 point of importance which remains unsettled is the 
 non-fortification of the Aland Islands, which we insist 
 upon. Paris is to be the place of meeting, and England 
 is to be represented by Clarendon and Cowley, Kussia 
 by Brunow, and France, I believe, by Walewski. When 
 the preliminaries have been signed, the first point will 
 be the settlement of an armistice ; and when this has 
 been agreed upon, they will proceed to negotiate the 
 treaty. My belief is, that this will not occupy a very 
 long time, as the subject has been thoroughly threshed 
 out during the last year. All peaces are unpopular, 
 and all peaces, it seems to me, are beneficial, even to 
 the country which is supposed to be the loser. How 
 greatly England prospered after the peace of 1782, 
 and France after the peace of 1815 ! I suppose that 
 this peace, if it takes place, will be no exception to the 
 rule. On the whole, it will be unpopular in England, 
 for all the nonsense of the country, which is well re- 
 presented in the Press, wishes to continue the war for 
 the sake of military prestige. In France, indeed, the 
 peace will be popular ; nor has the war ever been 
 popular there, as it has been in England.
 
 810 LETTERS. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 As to the timber duties, all financial arrangements 
 must remain suspended until we know what the result 
 of the negotiations is to be. There is a deficit upon 
 the present year which must be provided for ; but the 
 provision for the coming year, from April 1, cannot be 
 made until we know whether we are to have peace 
 or war. 
 
 Macaulay's book has had a prodigious success. It 
 is exceedingly interesting, and throws a flood of light 
 upon the period ; but it is too long, and it is over- 
 done with details. All the part about Ireland is ex- 
 cellent. He is peculiarly strong upon ecclesiastical and 
 controversial questions of all sorts. 
 
 I am about to take steps for enclosing* Eadnor 
 Forest ; its present state, is an evil both economically 
 and morally. 
 
 My best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : April 13, 1856. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The signature of peace was accomplished with less 
 difficulty than might reasonably have been anticipated. 
 Eussia had suffered more than we were aware of, and 
 was sincerely desirous of bringing the war to an end. 
 She made concessions which, when they were first 
 promulgated, all the agents of Eussia on the continent 
 and all the friends of Eussia in England treated as out 
 of the question. France wished for peace, in order to 
 prevent additional expense, and to close the drama 
 
 * Thin important local improvement was completed in 1866.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIM EDMUND HEAD, BART. 311 
 
 with a triumph for their arms. Austria wished for 
 peace, in order to put an end to her costly armed neu- 
 trality. England was content to make peace upon fair 
 terms ; but the public opinion of this country was not 
 averse to the continuance of the war, if satisfactory 
 terms were not procured. Clarendon has conducted 
 the negotiations with great ability, and with acknow- 
 ledged success, on the part of England : he has been 
 both firm and conciliatory. 
 
 There is some discussion now going on upon mis- 
 cellaneous topics, of which Italy is the principal. I 
 do not know that anything of much consequence will 
 emerge from these subsidiary conferences. The House 
 of Commons is tolerably quiet. The Opposition are 
 looking for an opportunity of putting the Government 
 in a minority. Their notion is, that this can be done 
 by finding some question on which the Peelites and 
 Cobdenites will vote with them. A division of this 
 sort would, however, probably lead in the first instance 
 to a dissolution. The question which stands in the 
 worst position at present is that of the American re- 
 cruitment. We hear that the publication of Marcy's 
 despatch* has produced a great effect in the States, and 
 that the whole mass of public opinion is now with 
 him. I do not believe that Pierce ever wished to 
 provoke war, or that he wishes it now ; but in picking 
 a quarrel for political objects, and in deliberately pur- 
 suing an offensive course when all grounds of com- 
 plaint have been removed, he is playing with edge- 
 
 * For ail account of the dismissal of Mr. Crampton, the British 
 Minister at Washington, and of Mr. Marey, the American Secretary of 
 State's letter to Mr. Dallas, the American Minister in Enoland, on the 
 subject of enlisting American citizens in the service of England during 
 the war with Russia, see Annual Reyister for 1856, p. 277.
 
 'M2 LETTERS. 
 
 tools. People in this country are grown familiar with 
 war; they would enter upon it more lightly than they 
 
 would have done a few years ago. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 There is to be an article on my book on Eome, by 
 Bunbury, in the new number of the ' Quarterly.' I 
 am told that it is a qualified defence of Niebuhr. It 
 is remarkable that Niebuhr has not yet found a 
 champion, although more than a year has elapsed 
 since my work was published, nor has anybody taken 
 up the cudgels in defence of Macaulay and the; ballad 
 theory. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The next letter is from Sir George Lewis to the 
 Honourable Edward Twisleton, for whom he enter- 
 tained both a high opinion and a sincere friendship. 
 Other letters to the same correspondent follow. 
 
 Sir 0. C. Lewis to Hon. E. Twisleton. 
 
 Kent House : June 2, 1856. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — Many thanks for your note. 
 The instance which you mention of Niebuhr's exag- 
 geration respecting a book which he did not know to 
 be a spurious * production is very characteristic of his 
 mind. His ' Roman History ' teems with cases where 
 he lias built a vast imaginative super-structure upon a 
 foundation of error. If you would have the kindness 
 to draw up such a note as you propose, I should be 
 
 Niebuhr believed the Abbe" Soulavie's spurious Memoirs of the 
 Minority of Louis AT. to be Massillou's, and called it Mhe best historical 
 work in French literature.' See Notes ami Queries, vol. iii. p. 401.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO THE HON. E. TWISLETON. 313 
 
 very glad to insert it on any future occasion when I 
 may be able to resume the subject. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 A German professor at a College at Liege has 
 undertaken to translate my work into German, and I 
 shall send him some corrections and additions. 
 
 Sir 0. C. Lewis to Hon. E. Tivisleton. 
 
 Kent House : June 9, 1856. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I am greatly obliged to you 
 for the note on Niebuhr,* and will certainly avail my- 
 self of it whenever I have an opportunity. An ex- 
 ample of this sort, taken from modern history, will 
 enable people to form some idea of the license of his 
 imagination in ancient history, where the quantity of 
 certain information is comparatively so scanty. 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : July 6, 1856. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am much obliged to you for your 
 two letters. I have likewise received your note about 
 Ticknor,f who is arrived, and whom Lady Theresa has 
 seen ; but we have not yet met. He is to breakfast 
 with us this week, and I shall have much pleasure in 
 making his acquaintance. I was much interested by 
 reading your official and private letters about your 
 ministerial crisis, which were sent round to the Cabinet. 
 You were doubtless right in remaining passive, and 
 
 * See note on previous page. 
 
 t Ed. Ticknor, of Boston, U. S. A., a gentleman of learning and leading 
 position in his own country, author of an excellent account of Spanish 
 literature, &e.
 
 314 LETTERS. 
 
 throwing the responsibility upon the ministers and the 
 Assembly. It seems to me that half the mistakes 
 which people make in politics arise from doing too 
 much. ' Xe quid nimis' is an invaluable maxim for a 
 person who is constantly called upon to act under the 
 influence of excitement, both in himself and others. 
 The imperfect fusion of the provinces and the necessity 
 of a double majority is an evil which is sure to make 
 itself felt from time to time. To a certain extent we 
 have it at home. We are often told that an Irish 
 measure was carried against a majority of the Irish 
 members ; a Scotch measure against a majority of the 
 Scotch members ; a measure affecting the manufac- 
 turers against a majority of the manufacturing mem- 
 bers, and so on. It is, I think, clear that Canada is in 
 a sound state, and that the difficulties in the way of its 
 Government are such as admit of being overcome. It 
 was very fortunate that your prudence and foresight 
 kept you out of the recruiting business. If your Secre- 
 tary had done as much as Mr. Howe, we might really 
 have had a war with the United States. 
 
 I see from the Blue Book that you had an interview 
 with Crampton and Strobel. I should like much to 
 know your view of the conduct of our agents in the 
 United States — how far they gave any just cause of 
 offence to the United States Government. You have, 
 doubtless, read Hertz's trial. The disclosures made 
 at that trial have been partly met by general denials, 
 and partly by counter-evidence which discredits the 
 character of the principal witnesses, but Ave have never 
 heard precisely what Crampton and Howe did. 
 Marcy's object evidently was not to stop the recruiting, 
 but to get Crampton into a trap and to use the case 
 against him as political capital. Dana's lecture on
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIH EDMUND HEAD, BART. 315 
 
 ' Sumner,' which you were good enough to send me, is 
 very interesting. It illustrates the relations of the 
 South and North, and their feelings to one another. 
 People here speak of the outrage on Sumner as a proof 
 of the brutal manners of the Americans and their low 
 morality. To me it seems the first blow in a civil 
 war. It betokens the advent of a state of things in 
 which political differences cannot be settled by argu- 
 ment, and can only be settled by force. If half Eng- 
 land was in favour of a measure which involved the 
 confiscation of the property of the other half, my 
 belief is that an English Brooks would be equally 
 applauded.* If Peel had proposed a law which, 
 instead of reducing rents, had annihilated them ; 
 instead of being attacked with invective by a man of 
 words, such as Disraeli, he would probably be attacked 
 with physical arguments by some man of blows. I see 
 no solution for the political differences of the United 
 States, but the separation of the Slave and Free States 
 into distinct political communities. If I was a citizen 
 of a Northern State, I should wish it. I should 
 equally wish it if I was a citizen of a Southern State. 
 In the Northern States the English race would remain 
 unimpaired. But I cannot help suspecting that it 
 degenerates under a warmer sun, and that a com- 
 munity formed of Anglo-Saxon masters within the 
 tropics and negro slaves would degenerate. I see no 
 reason why the pure English breed should not be kept 
 up in the Northern Provinces and the Northern States. 
 It may also be kept up in Australia, which has a 
 climate suited to our race, and has fortunately been 
 
 * Extracts from this remarkable letter are printed by Sir Edmund 
 Head in his preface to Sir George Lewis's ' Historical Articles.' Longmans, 
 1864.
 
 316 LETTERS. 
 
 kept untainted by the curse of coloured slavery. 
 There is nothing in Central American questions which 
 ought to create any real embarrassment. They in- 
 volve considerations of honour rather than of interest. 
 Many people here think that there is a party in the 
 United States who wish for a foreign war as a means 
 of healing their internal differences. But, query, what 
 would happen if, in a war provoked for this purpose, 
 England were to invade the Southern States and to 
 proclaim the emancipation of the slaves? 
 
 The session is now drawing to a close. The division 
 on Moore's motion * showed that there is no wish to 
 disturb this Government for the present. The only 
 question of any importance which remains is the Bill on 
 the appellate jurisdiction of the House of Lords, against 
 which the feeling; in the House of Commons is strong;. 
 This will be soon be settled one way or the other, and 
 the session is likely to be over by the first days of 
 August. I shall then go to Harpton, and pass the rest 
 of the summer there. Bunbury's article in the 
 ' Quarterly ' on my book was a poor performance. It 
 was, in fact, a mere expression of dissent, with scarcely 
 any attempt at reasoning. His defence of Niebuhr was 
 also qualified by such large admissions as destroyed a 
 great part of its value, and left one in uncertainty 
 what his meaning is. The truth is, that the arbitrary 
 mode of dealing with historical evidence which he 
 recommends can only be judged by an actual specimen — 
 by a sample. Show us how you deal, for instance, with 
 the war of Porsena, or the siege of Veii, and then we can 
 
 " A motion adverse to the Government, respecting the differences 
 between England and the United States, was made by Mr. G. H. Moore, 
 member for Mayo, and was supported by SirF. Thesiger, Sir John Walsh, 
 and other Conservative members. However, on a division, it was nega- 
 tiviil by a majority of 104.
 
 G. 0. LEWIS TO SIM EDMUND HEAD, BART. 317 
 
 judge of your principles. My book is to be translated 
 into German by a certain Dr. Liebrecht, who is a pro- 
 fessor at Liege, but a native of Germany. He is a 
 disciple of the Grimm school, and seems much stronger 
 in mediaeval than in classical antiquities. I have pre- 
 pared some additions and corrections, which I am to 
 send to him when I have time to write them out. The 
 article in the ' Edinburgh' is by Grote. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Nov. 5, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — Since I last wrote to you I have 
 been passing a quiet life at Harpton, undisturbed by red 
 boxes full of unpleasant despatches about foreign affairs ; 
 and my chief occupation has been to correspond with 
 the Governor of the Bank about the state of affairs in 
 the City during the late depression, and with divers 
 authorities on the subject of the currency (including 
 Lord Overstone) about the renewal of the Bank Act of 
 1844. The political state of the country is now tran- 
 quil to the point of stagnation. The only thing that 
 keeps us at all alive is the disputes got up by the 
 Foreign Office, which now holds the same place in our 
 social economy as the Colonial Office used to hold — 
 namely, in providing scrapes, and furnishing subject for 
 parliamentary battles. If it were not for Naples, and 
 Bolgrad, and the Isle of Serpents, the newspapers 
 would scarcely have anything to write about. The 
 protection cry has been unable to resist the influence 
 of several consecutive years of high prices of agricul- 
 tural produce, and tiie farmers-friends at the recent 
 agricultural dinners have had scarcely anything but the 
 very unpromising subject of agricultural statistics to
 
 318 LETTERS. 
 
 talk about. I attended an agricultural dinner * at 
 Hereford, for the first time since my election contest, a 
 short time ago, and was sufficiently well received. The 
 seat which I lost might now be recovered for the 
 Liberal party, if there was a good candidate, but the 
 difficulty is to find one. 
 
 *n> -7? *ff yf! 
 
 The chief occupation of the Conservative newspapers 
 has been to quarrel with one another about the true 
 principles of Conservatism, and to dispute as to the 
 worthiness of their leaders. The 'Morning Herald' 
 maintains that every true Conservative ought to agree 
 with Spooner in disendowing Maynooth. The Press 
 complains that this question is breaking up the party, 
 and that the party ought to follow Disraeli and its other 
 leaders without asking questions. The fact is, that 
 Conservatism is now little more than a name. There 
 is no cause, and no leaders whom the party care to 
 follow. The result is, that they are divided into 
 various sections, who show no disposition to act together 
 when critical questions arise. 
 
 The United States seem to me to have come nearer 
 to a separation of North and South than they ever were 
 before. I take for granted that Buchanan will win. 
 The Southern States are thoroughly in earnest. They 
 are fighting for their property. The Northern States 
 have only a principle at stake : they will be less united 
 and less eager. At the same time, it is not at all clear 
 that they can continue to form one State, or rather one 
 political body ; and they may reach a point when, like 
 
 * At this dinner he expressed a strong opinion that peace might and 
 ought to be maintained with the Northern States. Other Members of 
 the Cabinet had spoken in an opposite sense. He subsequently uro-ed on 
 his colleagues a peaceful policy towards America.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 319 
 
 a married couple who cannot agree, they may part by 
 
 common consent. Each may find his account in a 
 
 separation. If I was a Southerner, and if I wished to 
 
 preserve slavery at all risks, I should certainly be for 
 
 a separation. Some extracts from Southern papers, 
 
 which were lately copied in the ' Times,' expressed in 
 
 plain and naked language the doctrine of the ancient 
 
 politicians, that every community of free citizens must 
 
 rest upon slavery, and that the working classes ought to 
 
 be slaves without reference to the colour of the skin. I 
 
 think they are imprudent in holding this language. 
 
 The real strength of their case and the real practical 
 
 difficulty lies in the physical and mental inferiority of 
 
 the negro race, and in the unfitness of the whites for 
 
 field labour under the tropics. If it was a simple 
 
 slavery like that of the ancient Romans — a white slave 
 
 class in a temperate climate — a practical solution might 
 
 be found. The phrase ' Black Eepublican,' which I see 
 
 used by the Southern speakers, is ingenious. It suggests 
 
 the idea that the Bepublic is to consist mainly of 
 
 negroes ; and the word ' black ' conveys a nebenbegriff 
 
 of something ill-omened and inauspicious. 
 
 I read the revises of your interesting essay on ' Shall 
 
 and Will,' which Murray sent me, and removed one or 
 
 two errors of the press. I also altered one of your 
 
 German examples, at the suggestion of Professor 
 
 Liebrecht, a German, who is to translate my Eoman 
 
 book, and who was then staying with me. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I am about to remove to London for Cabinets and 
 other November occupations, but I hope to return to 
 Harpton for Christmas. I send you a list of ivorks 
 upon the Hudson's Bay Company, copied from the
 
 320 LETTERS. 
 
 catalogue in the Colonial Office. You will probably 
 be able to select from it what you want. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Ilarpton : December 24, 1856. 
 
 My dear Grote, — I have directed a copy of some 
 Letters from the Bank Directors, about the Act of '44, 
 which have been printed privately for the Cabinet, to 
 be sent to your house in town. They will, I think, 
 interest you, though they do not contain anything 
 remarkably new or striking. They all point in the 
 same direction, viz. the renewal of the Act and the 
 privileges of the Bank without any material alteration. 
 The most plausible suggestion is to increase the amount 
 of notes issued against securities from 14,000,000/. to 
 16,000,000/. Even Norman is in favour of this change. 
 The Spoonerites would approve of the augmentation, 
 because they believe that it would increase the quantity 
 of paper in circulation. But I doubt whether the Bank 
 would issue an additional note. They would simply 
 keep two millions less of gold in their cellars. To all 
 plans for giving the Government a direct legal control 
 over the Bank, and a power of interfering on extraor- 
 dinary occasions, I am decidedly hostile. In cases of 
 extreme necessity, they can always interfere, by virtue 
 of that authority which is lodged in all Governments 
 to consult the ' salus populi,' but they ought to be 
 themselves the judges of this necessity, and to be 
 responsible for their judgment. You have, no doubt, 
 seen Lord Overstone's letter in the 'Times.' It prepares 
 the minds of the public for an enquiry ; but I doubt 
 whether, when the Committees are appointed, there will 
 be much valuable evidence to be got. I had about
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO GEORGE GXOTE, ESQ. 321 
 
 two hours of Tooke one morning when I was in town. 
 He is as hostile to the Bank Act as ever. One cannot help 
 feeling a respect for Tooke, on account of his book on 
 Prices, but he allowed a little of the laudator temporis 
 acti to creep out, when he assured me that the Bank 
 directors in 1812 understood their business better than 
 those of the present day. 
 
 I was sorry to miss seeing you when I was in town, 
 but you were unluckily at Burnham, and I was too 
 much occupied to be able to offer to pay you a visit. 
 
 I have been reading the second volume of Schweo-- 
 ler's Eoman History which has recently appeared. 
 Substantially he follows Niebuhr, but differs from him 
 in details. It is enormously learned and elaborate, 
 750 closely-printed pages for the history from the 
 beginning of the Eepublic to the year before the Decem- 
 virate, just sixty years ; a great deal of it is in the style 
 of a historical novel. 
 
 The smallest hint suffices as a foundation for a whole 
 scaffolding of hypotheses, which serve as links to connect 
 insulated notices. The problem with respect to the 
 period from the commencement of the consular govern- 
 ment to the landing of Pyrrhus is how far an annalistic 
 form of narrative is to be taken as evidence of contem- 
 porary records, of itself, and without any proof that 
 such records existed. The annual consuls, if they were 
 regularly recorded, furnished an annalistic chronological 
 notation, as the Olympic victors furnished a quin- 
 quennial chronological notation. But are we authorized 
 in inferring that because the events are arranged by 
 years under the successive consuls, therefore they were 
 registered at or near the time, or at any rate while the 
 memory of the particular year was fresh? This is 
 Schwegler's doctrine, and it is distinctly laid down by 
 
 Y
 
 322 LETTERS. 
 
 him in the first page of his second volume. He deposes 
 Niebuhr's 'annals' and 'annalists' but substitutes 
 1 chroniken ' in their place. I cannot see that we gain 
 much by this beyond another word. 
 
 Gladstone is employing his ex-ministerial life in 
 writing upon Homer. I have read an essay of his, 
 which is to appear in the 'Quarterly.' It is esthetic 
 and not historical; a comparison of Homer, Virgil, and 
 Tasso. He writes me word, however, that he is treat- 
 ing the historical problem. 
 
 I hope that you are making progress with your 
 philosophers. Do you adhere to your original plan — 
 Plato and Aristotle — and then stop ? I cannot help 
 thinking that } T ou might include Zeno and Epicurus. 
 However, there is plenty to be said on the great 
 academics. 
 
 I have been sorry to hear that Liddell, the Dean of 
 Christ Church, is advised to go to Madeira on account 
 of the state of his lungs. Arthur Stanley is to be 
 interred in Ecclesiastical History. The appointment is, 
 however, a good one. 
 
 My best regards to Mrs. Grote. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Jau. 27, 1857. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am ashamed to say that I have 
 allowed a long time to elapse without thanking you 
 for your last letters, and writing to you in return. I 
 am just now returned to London to prepare for the 
 session, having passed the whole recess at Harpton, with 
 the exception of a few weeks in November, when I 
 came up for cabinets. My chief occupation of a literary 
 kind has been the revision of my work on Roman
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 323 
 
 History for the use of a certain Professor Liebreclit, a 
 German who is attached to a sort of college at Liege. 
 It has taken me more time and cost me more 
 trouble than I anticipated. The number of new 
 publications on Eoman histories and antiquities is 
 large, and they suggest new points ; and when one 
 begins altering anything which depends on a large 
 number of passages the tangle becomes great. The 
 history of the Eepublic down to the war of Pyrrhus 
 still remains a puzzle to me. I do not think that there 
 is anything else like it. The annalistic arrangement of 
 the narrative under consuls, the apparent accuracy of 
 the record of the consulates, and the close connection 
 between the consuls and the events, form an enigma 
 of which it is difficult to find a solution, when one 
 remembers the late period at which historians began to 
 exist. To tell the truth I was not much struck with 
 Grote's article. His plan of assuming a great difference 
 between the regal and consular periods, of treating the 
 regal history as fabulous and making authentic history 
 begin with the Eepublic, seems to me purely empirical 
 and arbitrary. 
 
 The chief subjects of interest now to the public are 
 foreign policy and finance. The disputes about the 
 Bessarabian frontier are settled and we shall hear no 
 more of Bolgrad. The Neapolitan affair has blown 
 over for the present. The Neufchatel business, which 
 does not much affect us, is settled. There remains the 
 Persian war, of which the actual state is, that our ex- 
 pedition has landed at Bushire, and that we hear 
 uncertain reports of the submission of the Shah 
 
 Bowring and the consul at Canton have also got up 
 a serious dispute with the Chinese, and another China 
 war is impending. The country is not very fond of 
 
 Y a
 
 324 LETTERS. 
 
 these disputes, but the pugnacious spirit of the people 
 is strong when the Government has once got up the 
 quarrel. 
 
 With respect to finance there lias been a well-sus- 
 tained agitation for reducing the Income Tax to the 
 peace standard. There will be considerable difficulty 
 with this year's Budget, on account of the large amount 
 of army and navy estimates, which will much exceed 
 those of any former year of peace. The country is 
 prosperous, and all brandies of industry are thriving. 
 George dive's opponent at Hereford has announced 
 his retirement, and he will walk over the course when 
 the vacancy about to be made by Sir Robert Price's 
 
 retirement occurs. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I have not yet seen Lowe since his return from 
 America, but I shall shortly see him almost nightly, 
 and I will then inquire his views about Canada. Our 
 American affairs seem to be going on smoothly. My 
 best regards to Lady Head. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton: Sept. 8, 1857. 
 My dear Head, — There are not many things in the 
 personal relations of official life from which I derive 
 much satisfaction ; but I had real pleasure in seeing 
 you take your seat at the Council Board,* and in 
 thinking that I had been to some extent useful to 
 you in the matter. No honour was ever better de- 
 served ; and I trust that you may find this proper 
 recognition of your services strengthen your position 
 in your Government. 
 
 * Sir Edmund Head had just been made a Privy Councillor.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 325 
 
 I have every reason to expect that we shall be 
 at home between October 8 and 18, and I trust 
 that you will be able to execute your intention of 
 making us a visit, which is now easily accomplished 
 from Eoss. 
 
 I have been reading some letters from the wife of a 
 Scotch officer in the native cavalry regiment which 
 began the mutiny at Meerut. They confirm very 
 strongly my belief, that, although there was much 
 smouldering discontent, there was no preconcert, and 
 that the outbreak was caused by mismanagement and 
 want of judgment in the English commanders. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Downing Street : Oct. 2, 1857. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I enclose a number of ' Notes 
 and Queries,' in which you will find an article* illus- 
 trative of your exposure of Niebuhr's wonderful 
 delusion respecting the historical forgery of Soulavie. f 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis enjoyed the friendship of Earl 
 Stanhope long before his publication of the ' Life and 
 Times of Pitt ;' but their friendship was increased when 
 
 * Notes and Queries, vol. iv. p. 173. Sir George Lewis writes, 'That 
 Niebuhr should deliberately put a production of the Abbe Soulavie at the 
 head of French historical literature, and on a level with the greatest 
 histories of classical antiquity, must be considered as an indication of the 
 predominance of fancy uncontrolled by judgment and discretion.' 
 
 t Niebuhr, in a letter to Count Adam Moltke, pronounced the spurious 
 Memoirs of the Minority of Louis XV., published by the Abbe Soulavie as 
 the work of Massillon, to be the ' best historical work in the French 
 literature,' and worthy to be placed ' beside Thucydides and Sallust.' — 
 Notes and Queries, vol. iii. p. 401.
 
 32 G LETTERS. 
 
 Sir George became also the historian of the same period 
 in a series of articles in the 'Edinburgh Review.' And 
 an important common interest gave rise to a corre- 
 spondence, a part of which Lord Stanhope has very 
 obligingly placed in my hands. 
 
 The next letter is addressed to hitn. 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 20, 1858. 
 
 My dear Stanhope,— I inquired of the Treasury 
 authorities if it was possible to make the arrangement 
 respecting the grant for the Portrait Gallery which you 
 suggested, and I regret to say that such a course seems 
 never to be followed. I am afraid that the money 
 must remain in the paymaster's hands until it is 
 wanted. 
 
 The article in the recent number of the ' Edinburgh 
 Eeview ' to which you allude is mine, and I am much 
 pleased at finding that you consider the narrative of 
 facts correct. I made it with considerable care and 
 with every desire to bring out the precise truth. With 
 regard to Pitt's sudden change of intention after his 
 resignation in 1801, it is possible that I have not 
 allowed sufficient weight to his feeling about the King's 
 madness. I knew that he was often placed in a most 
 painful position on this account, and that he was often 
 beset by the doctors and the sons and princesses, who 
 implored him to do nothing to agitate the King. At 
 the same time it was impossible for Pitt to act upon 
 the principle of humouring the King in all his fancies 
 and caprices ; and Pitt could hardly treat the King's 
 objection to the Catholics, and his scruple about the 
 coronation oath, as a monomania. I can understand 
 Pitt, who, ill as the King had used him, nevertheless 
 entertained a strong feeling of personal allegiance to
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 327 
 
 him, being much pained by the remark which was re- 
 peated to him. Still I cannot clearly understand his 
 change of intention, and it is an awkward circumstance 
 his concealing it from Lord Grenville, who was certainly 
 the second man in his Cabinet. It is certain that Pitt 
 (differing in this from Lord Grenville) acted afterwards 
 upon the principle of yielding to the King's strong ob- 
 jections unless he considered the point vital, and of not 
 attempting to coerce him by parliamentary means. In 
 the 'Life of Wilberforce,' vol. iv. p. 32, is a remark 
 which Wilberforce quotes from a conversation with a 
 'good authority.' Pitt had told Pox that he never 
 would force the King. This communication must have 
 been made at the time alluded to in the letter to 
 Dundas published by you. If I remember rightly, Pitt 
 says in this letter that he conveyed to Fox a message 
 to the above effect. 
 
 I have heard an anecdote on good authority that 
 when Pitt was pressing Mr. Fox on the King, the latter 
 objected that ' Mr. Fox was the most unpopular man 
 in his dominions.' ' If he is so,' said Mr. Pitt, 'it is I 
 who have made him so, and I will restore him his 
 popularity in six months.' It is possible, or probable, 
 that something to this effect passed between Pitt and 
 the King ; but there is a tone in this repartee which 
 does not sound to me worthy of Pitt. He was as far 
 removed as possible from being a vainglorious man ; 
 and anything in the nature of a boast, even if it was 
 true, does not suit his character. 
 
 I am much nattered by your suggestion as to collect- 
 in op my articles and printing them as a series ; but this 
 could only be worth doing in the event of my being 
 able to bring them down to the Peace. At present I 
 am fully occupied with other things ; but when I have
 
 328 LETTERS. 
 
 more leisure I intend to write another article in con- 
 tinuation. 
 
 Is there any prospect of any of Mr. Pitt's papers 
 being published? He died so unexpectedly, that all 
 which he had preserved must have passed into the 
 hands of his executors. 
 
 I hope that Lady Stanhope's arm, against which 
 fortune seems to have a spite, is becoming better. 
 Believe me yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Feb. 5, 1858. 
 
 My dear Head, — I had the pleasure of receiving 
 your letter written after your return to your procon- 
 sular dominions, and was glad to hear that you had so 
 good a passage. Since you went we have passed 
 through a commercial crisis, mainly caused by the 
 over-trading of the Americans, and I had an anxious 
 week in November, when the limit fixed on issues 
 began to press on the Bank and to threaten a suspen- 
 sion of payments in their banking department. The 
 interference of the Government removed the momen- 
 tary pressure, and things have since righted themselves 
 with wonderful rapidity. We are now beginning the real 
 session, the week before Christmas having merely been 
 praeludia pugnse. Some of the recent appointments 
 have given dissatisfaction, and the Government does 
 not stand so well as it did a month or two ago. The 
 India Bill is to be launched next week, and upon this a 
 concerted attempt will unquestionably be made to turn 
 out the Government. The ground chosen will mainly 
 be time ; it will be declared to be premature, and it 
 will be argued that there is danger in meddling with 
 the Government of India while the country is still in an
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 329 
 
 unsettled state. It is believed that Graham will lead 
 the van in this attack. T. Baring is likewise playing a 
 prominent part on the same side. At first I was dis- 
 posed to think that there was a good deal of force 
 in the argument of time, but on reflection, I doubt 
 whether much can be made of it. It may be wrong 
 for the Government to propose the abolition of the 
 Company, but when they have once proposed it, Par- 
 liament must decide the question. They cannot merely 
 postpone the decision, leaving the Company hanging 
 between heaven and earth, condemned by the Govern- 
 ment, and not directly and distinctly supported by 
 Parliament. This would be the worst state of things 
 for the public service imaginable, and would tend more 
 than anything to weaken the Government of India. The 
 attempt will be to avoid a vote upon the merits of our 
 India Bill, and to turn out the Government upon 
 some bye issue which will not commit the majority to 
 any line of Indian policy. I doubt whether it will 
 succeed, but the feeling of the House will soon be put 
 to the test. There may be objections to legislating in 
 the midst of a crisis, but we seldom legislate when 
 things are prosperous. Parliament and the public are 
 inert bodies not easily set in motion ; and a body like 
 the East India Company is not easily demolished by 
 abstract reasoning;. I am satisfied that the right 
 course has been taken," and I have little doubt that 
 sooner or later the policy which we have adopted will 
 triumph. I see more difficulty about a Eeform Bill ; 
 for however moderate it may be, the large majority of 
 the House will be, openly or secretly, against it, and 
 without more popular pressure than is likely to be 
 applied to them, they will hardly be induced to pass 
 it. Nevertheless they will not like to get rid of it by
 
 330 LETTERS. * 
 
 a directly adverse vote. There is still much to be 
 done for suppressing the outstanding portions of the 
 Indian revolt, particularly in Oude ; but I look upon 
 it that all serious struggle is at an end, and that the 
 ultimate result has ceased to be doubtful. I bear the 
 Indian mutiny a particular grudge, because it was the 
 cause of my not seeing more of you during your visit 
 last mii inner to England. 
 
 Lady Lewis has been passing the winter at Eome — 
 she complains much of the cold. Lady Gordon and 
 her daughters are also there. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Downing Street : Feb. 16, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I enclose a copy of Milman's 
 letter, which will, I think, interest if it should not 
 convince you. I showed it to Lord Lansdowne, who 
 believes that Pitt did really resign upon the Catholic 
 Question in 1801, and he says that Fox, having ori- 
 ginally disbelieved it, afterwards changed his opinion. 
 There is not much difference between us, except as to 
 the strength of the epithets by which the opposite of 
 high-mindedness in Addington's conduct is to be desig- 
 nated. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 1, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I am gratified by Brougham's 
 approbation, for he knows the history of that time. I 
 will send him Milman's letter and will try to extract 
 some detailed opinions from him. I think I can prove 
 by the dates, and by the comparison of Lord Malmes-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 331 
 
 bury's diary aud Lord Grenville's letters, that Pitt's 
 communication with the King through Eldon was not 
 an intrigue. Milman, however, is right in saying that 
 Eldon played a shabby part, and turned to Pitt when 
 he saw that Addington would not last. 
 
 Pitt was too proud a man to intrigue, and for him 
 to attempt to intrigue with the King against Addington 
 was absurd. It would have been like a husband in- 
 triguing with his wife against her lover. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G\ C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 4, 1858. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — I send you a letter from Brougham 
 containing his views on Addington, which are worthy 
 of attention. You will see what he says about the dis- 
 solution in 1804. 
 
 I have made some progress already with another 
 article in continuation of that in the last number. I 
 shall probably finish it in another week, so that it will 
 be ready whenever you choose to have it. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 G-. C. Lewis. 
 
 The first reading of the India Bill was carried by a 
 large majority, but on February 12 Lord Palmerston 
 resigned in consequence of an adverse division, by which 
 his government was censured for having left a despatch 
 from Count Persigny unanswered. Lord Derby accepted 
 office. 
 
 In the next letter to Mr. Reeve the change of govern- 
 ment is alluded to ; it also forms the subject of the 
 succeeding letter to Sir Edmund Head.
 
 332 LETTERS. 
 
 Kent House : March 5, 1858. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — 
 
 * * # # 
 
 Every day brings new disclosures, and we shall soon 
 be fully informed as to the intentions of these apostles 
 of resistance to democratic aggression, and these organs 
 of the great Conservative party. If they go on as they 
 promise, we can do nothing better than support them. 
 Their reckoning will be with the gentlemen at their 
 backs. 
 
 I suppose that Malmesbury's despatch, which is to 
 remove a difficulty which does not exist, and Walewski's 
 answer, which is to explain what has been already ex- 
 plained and was never misunderstood, will shortly be 
 made public. The whole affair is broad comedy, but I 
 suppose that it will be treated as serious by the country, 
 who see that they have made a mistake and will not 
 
 acknowledge it. 
 
 * # # * 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 3, 1858. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The late change of government was quite a surprise 
 to us ; we none of us anticipated it when we went down 
 to the House. * * * The present Ministry adopted our 
 Indian policy reluctantly, but refused to adopt our Bill. 
 In order to gain popularity, as they thought, they con- 
 cocted a marvellous Bill of their own, which was received 
 with a chorus of laughter and was speedily withdrawn. 
 They have since brought in some modified resolutions
 
 HON. E. TWISLETON TO SIB G. C. LEWIS. 333 
 
 which, with certain alterations, will pass and become the 
 foundation of a Bill. Their Budget has no marked feature, 
 and is in fact a mere stop-gap to get over present diffi- 
 culties. 
 
 Gladstone has lately published a marvellous book on 
 Homer, in three thick volumes. There is a volume on 
 the mythology, in which he traces a large part of the 
 Greek mythology to traditions from the patriarchs, to 
 whom he moreover assumes that Christianity was in 
 some way revealed by anticipation. Hence he finds 
 the doctrine of the Trinity in Homer, and holds that 
 Latona is compounded of Eve and the Virgin Mary. 
 
 It seems to me a rechauffee of old Jacob Bryant. 
 
 # * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 I insert the following extract from a letter from Mr. 
 Twisleton to Sir George Lewis, because the next 
 letter from Sir George Lewis is a reply alluding to the 
 same subject : — 
 
 From the Honourable Edward Twisleton to Sir George 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 Rome : May 5, 1858. 
 
 My dear Lewis, — 
 
 * * * # 
 
 I have been here twelve weeks and do not expect to 
 leave till the first week in June, so that I am likely to 
 have a full experience of a Eoman May. I heard of 
 you from Dr. Pantaleone in reference to some inquiry 
 which you had made concerning the existence of 
 vultures in these parts. I presume your object was mere 
 information, but that you would not lay much stress on
 
 334 LETTERS. 
 
 their possible absence from Home now as bearing on 
 the auguries of Bomulus and Remus. Herodotus, I 
 think, mentions the existence of the lion in parts of 
 Northern Greece, where no lion has been seen for 
 centuries, except in a menagerie, possibly, under the 
 Romans. What a strange form of superstition is the 
 belief in auguries and auspices; and what a dreamy 
 state it indicates in the popular mind, when it was first 
 accepted. Subsequently men of intellect would acquiesce 
 in what they had been taught them in childhood. You 
 probably know Ammianus Marcellinus's defence of it 
 in the 21st book of his History, chap. i. It is a mere 
 begging the question, and asserts that ' Volatus avium 
 dirigit Deus,' without giving a particle of proof of 
 
 it. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I was very sorry that you individually ceased to be 
 in the Cabinet.* It must be a great satisfaction, how- 
 ever, to have been Chancellor of the Exchequer for 
 
 three years in difficult times with credit and honour. 
 
 # * * # 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Edward Twisleton. 
 
 Sir G. C. L. to Mr. Twisleton. 
 
 Kent House : May 15, 1858. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — On the receipt of your letter 
 of the 5th, I sent the interesting paper f enclosed in it 
 to the editor of ' Notes and Queries,' who will insert it 
 without delay. I have requested that the proof may 
 
 * There had been a change of Government, and Mr. Disraeli had suc- 
 ceeded Sir George Lewis as Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 t The paper contains explanations relative to the power of speech 
 possessed by the Confessors of Tipasa, which has been regarded as 
 miraculous. See Notes and Queries, second series, vol. v. p. 409.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 335 
 
 be sent for my correction, and when it is published I will 
 send you a copy by the post. Dr. Pantaleone was good 
 enough to send me some information about Italian 
 vultures, which are still found in the High Apennines. 
 Brydone states that they likewise occur at Etna ; 
 whether this is true I doubt. The story of the augury 
 of Eomulus and Eemus seems to me to imply a violation 
 of natural phenomena, not because vultures are un- 
 known in Italy, but because the vulture is a solitary 
 bird which haunts the high grounds. It never flies 
 in flocks on the plains and low grounds. Even when 
 vultures are attracted to the low grounds by abundance 
 of food (as after a battle), they do not come in flights 
 though they may be numerous. The Alban tunnel is 
 a highly curious work, and implies an amount of labour 
 for which no adequate motive appears. The rock is 
 stated not to be hard, and to have been entirely worked 
 by the chisel. There is a similar tunnel from the 
 Fucine Lake, the history of which is known. I have 
 a heresy with regard to the Cloaca maxima, as to which 
 I should like to know your opinion. My belief is that 
 the arch was not introduced into Greek and Eoman 
 architecture until after the age of Alexander, and that 
 its occurrence in any construction is a proof of a date 
 later than that period. Hence I infer that the received 
 chronology and stories as to the Cloaca maxima are 
 fabulous, and that it is not in fact much anterior to the 
 Via Appia. 
 
 The members of the late Government have been very 
 quiet since their resignation, and have abstained from 
 every attempt to bring on another Ministerial change. 
 The present ministers might have had no difficulty in 
 reaching the end of the session. They might have 
 adopted our India Bill as well as our Indian policy, and
 
 33G LETTERS. 
 
 thus have saved themselves from the marvellous scheme 
 which covered them with ridicule, and would, if per- 
 sisted in, have infallibly led to their defeat. They 
 might have abstained from the attempt to gain 
 popularity with the Bright and Gibson school, at the 
 expense of Lord Canning and of the safety of India. 
 Their weakness and incapacity would not alone have 
 been sufficient to overcome the various motives which 
 induced the Liberal party to remain passive. Their 
 determination not to allow the Opposition to leave them 
 alone has, however, brought upon them a vote of cen- 
 sure, which was moved yesterday by Cardwell and 
 supported by Lord John Russell.* The division will 
 probably take place on Monday, and it is expected that 
 there will be a fair majority against the Government. 
 They threaten a dissolution, but I know not whether 
 their threat will be carried into effect. If you have 
 any thought of looking for a seat in this event, pray 
 let me know. I will attend to what you say about the 
 Suez Canal, and will see if anything can be done. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : August 1, 1858. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 ^t tt ^fr ")P 
 
 The session of Parliament has now come to a close, 
 and I have gone through the unpleasant and not very 
 useful task of attending the debates on the India Bill. 
 The party connected with the directors tried to defeat 
 the measure by delay ; but they were out-voted by 
 the union of the parties of the present and late Govern- 
 ment, which produced an overwhelming number. As 
 
 * The vote of censure was withdrawn on May 21.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIX EDMUND HEAD, BART. 337 
 
 soon as the Indian party saw that they could not defeat 
 the measure, they tried to make the best terms they 
 could with the Government, and the Government were 
 willing to negotiate with them, in order to emancipate 
 themselves from a dependence on the support of the 
 late Government and their friends. A bargain was 
 struck, and the Government carried clauses modified so 
 as to suit the Directors, by the assistance of about fifty 
 men on our side of the House, who, subtracted from 
 the Opposition, and added to the Government, gave 
 the latter a majority. The result is, that a Bill has 
 been passed which is substantially an abolition of the 
 Board of Control, and a substitution of the Secretary 
 of State for the Chairman of the Court of Directors. 
 However, the organization of the Company and its 
 separate existence are destroyed, and the result is as 
 good as could be expected to be produced when a Go- 
 vernment takes up a measure of its predecessor which 
 it had opposed immediately before coming into office. 
 Lord Stanley showed a spirit of fairness and a perfectly 
 even temper in managing the Bill ; but the whole 
 matter was arranged underhand with the Company. 
 Bulwer * is said not to be a man of business, but he 
 speaks well in the House, and he makes upon me the 
 impression of understanding what he is about, and of 
 having a comprehensive mind. His deafness is a 
 disadvantage to him in debate. I should think that, 
 for the present at least, he will leave things to the 
 management of the Under Secretaries. The conduct 
 of the Government on the Jew Bill has given a shock 
 to the old-fashioned Tories, but the bulk of the party 
 seem still disposed to support the Government for the 
 sake of the men, without reference to their measures. 
 
 * Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, the Colonial Secretary. 
 
 Z
 
 338 LETTERS. 
 
 The promised Reform Bill is a difficulty for them 
 ahead ; some think that Disraeli and Lord Stanley will 
 insist on a strongly democratic measure, and will go 
 out if they do not prevail. In that case Gladstone 
 would be incorporated. I doubt, however, as to Disraeli 
 taking any line which would produce disruption of the 
 
 Cabinet. 
 
 * * t * 
 
 I believe the alarm about a war with France to be 
 groundless ; but Louis Napoleon has certainly lost 
 prestige and stability since February, and is more 
 likely to be driven to desperate measures. 
 
 Ellice is to visit Canada, and Senior is to meet him 
 on your side the water, but, I believe, in the States. 
 We go to Harpton to-morrow. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : August 11, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I have to-day returned my cor- 
 rected proof to the printer, and you will soon receive 
 a revise. I have expunged a good many notes, but 
 have left those which contained interesting extracts 
 from recent works. I have likewise omitted all the 
 remarks on the Peninsular war, and have added an 
 ending on home policy, which is better suited to the 
 article.* Many years ago I had a conversation with 
 Lord Grenville on the policy of this war. He retained 
 his opinion as to its impolicy, on the ground that we 
 had no right to expect that Bonaparte would deviate 
 from his constant system of crushing one antagonist 
 before he attacked another. I had likewise conversa- 
 tions with Brougham and Lord John this season on the 
 
 D 
 
 * Edinburgh Review, vol. cviii. p. 299.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 339 
 
 question ; and I stated to them my views. They both 
 differed from me, and thought that the Whigs were 
 wrong. I am still convinced — first, that the policy, 
 though successful, was hazardous and unpromising ; 
 and, secondly, that our patriotic feelings, combined 
 with Napoleon's interested misrepresentations, lead us 
 to exaggerate the share which we had in producing 
 the downfall of 1814. I should like much to know 
 what Guizot or Lord Aberdeen would say on this 
 point, or how much an unprejudiced German would 
 attribute to the Spanish war. You will observe that 
 the question of continuing the war against Napoleon is 
 quite distinct from the question of continuing it in 
 Spain. Nobody could be more belligerent in his feel- 
 ings than Lord Grenville : he stood almost alone for a 
 time in his disapprobation of the Peace of Amiens. 
 Yet he was perhaps more hostile than anybody to the 
 policy of fighting in Spain. The drain of men no 
 doubt assisted ; but it was the Russian expedition 
 which mined Napoleon, and that failure was not pro- 
 duced by want of men. 
 
 I am rejoiced to hear that Pemberton Leigh* is at 
 last made a peer. 
 
 I am thinking of an article for the period from 1760 
 to 1780, as a review of Massey's History, but this would 
 
 be for some time hence. 
 
 Yours ever truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Ilarpton : August 21, 1858. 
 
 My dear Keeve, — I have not the smallest objection 
 to your showing the article to Brougham. His remarks, 
 if he reads it, could not fail to be instructive and 
 
 * He was created Baron Kingsdown in 1858 ; died in 1867. 
 
 z2
 
 340 LETTERS. 
 
 valuable. I had a long conversation with him on the 
 period, and I made a few slight alterations and addi- 
 tions in consequence of what he told me. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I have had a correspondence with a gentleman in 
 the British Museum about the origin of Byron's verses, 
 1 Weep, daughter of a royal line,'* &c. It is astonish- 
 ing how many incorrect explanations of them have 
 been given, including the note in Lockhart's edition. 
 * * * I have been looking into some curious letters 
 of Lady Charlotte Lindsay, relating to the Queen's trial. 
 They are not fitted for publication ; but they have sug- 
 gested to me that the period from 1812 to 1830 might 
 furnish the subject for another article. There is not 
 much new for this period in the way of private letters. 
 Something might be gleaned from books, such as 
 Moore's and Eaikes's Journals ; but, on the other hand, 
 more could be obtained from oral information. I feel 
 satisfied, from looking over the ' Annual Eegister,' that 
 the Ante-Eeform Bill period is beginning to be for- 
 gotten. Those who lived under Eldon and Sidmouth, 
 and Vansittart and Castlereagh, would have little idea 
 that the main object of the Liberal party during an 
 entire session would be to bring in a Conservative 
 Government and to keep it in when this object had 
 been effected. This circumstance shows how much 
 
 * Weep, daughter of a royal line, 
 
 A sire's disgrace, a realm's decay ; 
 All ! happy if each tear of thine 
 Could wash a father's fault away. 
 
 "Weep — for thy tears are virtue's tears — 
 
 Auspicious to these suffering isles ; 
 And be each drop, in future years, 
 
 Repaid thee by thy people's smiles. 
 
 Miscellaneous Toems.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 341 
 
 the character of our Government has been altered 
 since 1830. 
 
 Froude may answer the article in the ' Edinburgh 
 Beview,' but he will not easily refute it. 
 
 I am sorry that we have no chance of seeing you. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Sept. 7, 1858. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — Lord Brougham's notes are ex- 
 tremely curious and interesting, and I am much obliged 
 to you for sending them to me. I have not, however, 
 thought it necessary to make any considerable changes 
 in consequence of them. Page 300. I have expressed 
 myself more doubtingly about the proposal to Lord 
 Wellesley in 1807. I think it not impossible that he 
 was seconded by some of the Cabinet, as being a zealous 
 adherent of Pitt. I asked Lord Lausdowne if he had 
 heard of this offer, but he had not ; and he said that 
 he was sure that the King (who had no taste for Lord 
 Wellesley) was at least no party to it. Horner was 
 not a man to record rumours without some founda- 
 tion. 
 
 Page 300.* King's consent to Fox. Lord Brougham 
 says that the King was now helpless, but his position 
 during Pitt's life was different. My argument is, that 
 if Pitt had stood by Lord Grenville, the King would 
 have given way in 1804. His position in 1804 would 
 then have been the same as his position in 1807. What 
 
 * The pages refer to vol. cviii. of the Edinburgh Review, containing 
 Sir G. C. Lewis's article on the Grenville. Portland, and Perceval 
 administrations. This and Sir G. C. Lewis's other historical essays, first 
 published in the Edinburgh Review, have been republished by Messr?. 
 Longmans in a separate volume.
 
 342 LETTERS. 
 
 made it different was the willingness of Pitt to form a 
 Government without Fox. 
 
 Page 304. I have added a note containing a re- 
 ference to the facts recorded by Lord Brougham. You 
 can judge whether you think it material. 
 
 Page 306. I have inserted a reference to the dis- 
 solution. I omitted it only for brevity's sake. Lord 
 Brougham repeats what he stated in his article in 
 vol. lxvii. of the 'Edinburgh Review,' p. 28, that the 
 King had formed the design of turning out the ministry 
 in 1800, upon the report called the ' Delicate Investi- 
 gation.' I have not mentioned this suspicion, because 
 I have been unable to find the slightest confirmation 
 of it either in Lord Holland's book, or in the Grenville 
 letters, or in any other quarter. I will enquire of 
 Lord Lansdowne what he thinks of it; but I have 
 great doubts whether the King could have succeeded, 
 even if he had made the attempt, and the attempt 
 would have been a dangerous one for the Eoyal 
 Family, as he must have appealed to the people 
 virtually against his own son and the heir to the 
 throne. The King was very wary and cunning in 
 such matters, and never made an attempt to turn out 
 a ministry which failed. 
 
 Page 311, note. I was aware of the passage in 
 ' Peter Plymley ;' it is at the end of the second letter, 
 but it does not go to the length stated by Lord 
 Brougham. The passages which I have quoted are 
 decisive as to the tendency of a negotiation when the 
 ministry was in extremis. 
 
 Page 321. Lord Brougham thinks that Canning 
 wished to go into quarantine for a few months, and 
 then to return to office. My firm belief is, that he 
 wished to succeed the Duke of Portland as Prime
 
 O. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 343 
 
 Minister, and that if he could have accomplished this 
 object he would not have retired for a day. All his 
 proceedings at this time show clearly that this was his 
 object. 
 
 Page 326. I have added, on Lord Brougham's 
 authority, a statement that Lord Castlereagh voted for 
 Lord Porchester's motion, but I am unable to verify it, 
 as the ' Annual Eegister ' (which is my only means of 
 reference) does not show what line he took on this 
 question. Perhaps you would have the kindness to 
 refer to Hansard, and to see whether it contains a 
 division list for this debate. The date is February 23, 
 1810. I heard the story about Canning taking the 
 King's hand at the levee, and placing it on his thigh to 
 make him feel the mark of the wound made by 
 Castlereagh's bullet, from Lord John Eussell. He told 
 me that the King resented it extremely as an extraor- 
 dinary breach of decorum — at which I do not wonder. 
 It is to be observed that at this time the King was 
 
 o 
 
 nearly blind. — Page 330. I have no doubt that in 
 January 1811, Lord Grenville and Lord Grey, if they 
 had come into power, would have stopped the Penin- 
 sular war. It does not follow from this that they 
 would have stopped it in July 1812. 
 
 Page 341. Lord Brougham's opinion, that the Whigs 
 were wrong in breaking off about the household point 
 in 1812, is important, and quite accords with the view 
 which I have taken. I do not, however, agree with 
 him that Lords Grenville and Grey were actuated by 
 vanity ; at least, I am sure that Lord Grenville had not 
 a particle of vanity in his composition. They were, it 
 is true, actuated to a great extent by personal motives. 
 
 It is difficult to state the case of leadership between 
 Castlereagh and Canning fairly. Both Lord John and
 
 344 LETTERS. 
 
 Brougham himself assured me that Lord Castlereagh 
 was preferred to Canning upon his merit, and not on 
 
 grounds of favour. You will observe that Lord Cas- 
 tlereagh's mother was a Seymour, and that he was 
 therefore closely connected with the Hertford family. 
 Lady Eertford was at this time in great favour; 
 and Lord Yarmouth held a place at Court, and was 
 much with the Prince. I believe, however, that it 
 was not this connection which led to his being pre- 
 ferred, but his courage, his frankness, and other moral 
 qualities which gave him an ascendency in the House 
 of Commons. His birth and family no doubt assisted ; 
 but, on the other hand, his Irish origin was a draw- 
 back. Lord Grenville had a prodigious contempt for 
 Lord Castlereagh's knowledge and abilities ; but it is 
 certain that he maintained his ground well as a leader, 
 and that Canning found it necessary to yield his pre- 
 tensions, and first to take a subordinate office from him, 
 and then serve under him in the Cabinet. 
 
 I am working now at the Liverpool period, and have 
 made a narrative of the proceedings relative to the 
 Princess of Wales, from her marriage, which will, I 
 hope, be interesting. The period from 1812 to 1830 is 
 too long for a single article, unless it is made a mere 
 
 dry summary of events. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 I consider the Liberal party at present to be extinct 
 as a party. There is in the House of Commons a 
 majority composed of persons holding Liberal opinions 
 which no dissolution will, I believe, convert into a 
 minority ; but the only organization which at present 
 exists within it is for the purpose of keeping in the 
 Government and pre venting the formation of a Liberal 
 ministry. I see no reason why this state of things
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 345 
 
 should not continue for another session, beyond which 
 I do not pretend to look. 
 
 I consider the conduct of the Government on the 
 India Bill to have been mean and discreditable, and 
 I do not think that the course which they took in 
 striking a bargain with the Company is understood by 
 the public. With regard to Church rates, I cannot but 
 think that the course taken by the Dissenters, in insist- 
 ing on their abolition and refusing all compromise, is 
 unreasonable, but the question has been well agitated in 
 the boroughs, and the pressure on Liberal members is 
 great. The feeling on our side is extraordinarily strong. 
 I will return Brougham's notes in a day or two. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Harpton : September 16, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — My views upon Gladstone's book 
 and on Homeric criticism generally differ so much from 
 Merivale's, that I am afraid that my opinion on his 
 articles is of little value. In the first place, it seems to 
 me that Merivale's remarks upon the devotion by a man 
 of business of his spare hours to classical literature apply 
 more to himself than to Gladstone. He is the working 
 Under Secretary of the Colonial Office, bound to give 
 the best part of every day to his official business. 
 Gladstone has been out of office since February 1855. 
 During the recess his time is at his entire command. 
 During the session he has much spare time. I cannot, 
 therefore, admit that Gladstone can justly plead want of 
 time, provided he chooses to devote it to Homer. In the 
 next place, the Homeric question, as he treats it, is not 
 a question of extensive reading. The amount of positive 
 testimony about the preservation of the Homeric poems 
 lies within a small compass ; and for the rest, according
 
 316 LETTERS. 
 
 to his method, what is principally wanted is a careful 
 study of the poema themselves. I cannot go the length 
 of Merivale's scepticism with regard to the uncertainty 
 of the Homeric text. I do not concur in Colonel 
 Mure's view of their having been written by the original 
 poet, In it I am willing to allow much for faithful reci- 
 tation and to think that (with the exception of a few 
 interpolations) we have substantially the poems in the 
 form in which they were originally composed. Meri- 
 vale's statement as to each Greek town having a pecu- 
 liar version of Homer is, I believe, an enormous ex- 
 aggeration, and the testimonies about rhapsodists may, 
 I think, be explained by supposing that the poems 
 were often recited in fragments, and not continuously. 
 I should be willing to meet Gladstone upon his own 
 ground, of the substantial integrity of the traditional 
 text (which certainly is identical with what was read by 
 Ihrodotus and Thucydides), but to contend that his 
 view of Homer, as an historian and an exponent of 
 religion, &c, is fundamentally wrong. A critique of 
 his book ought, I think, to give a summary of his prin- 
 cipal opinions and results, stated succinctly and in con- 
 nection, so that the reader should understand what he 
 is called upon to believe, and these should be contro- 
 verted by radical objections. Merivale's attempts to 
 identify the places visited by Ulysses with places in real 
 geography are less startling than Gladstone's, and more 
 in accordance with the views received among the 
 ( I reeks; but I believe them to be equally chimerical. If 
 Homer had known anything of Sicily, it is not likely 
 that he should have been ignorant ofiEtna. My convic- 
 tion is, that Thrinakia, Ogygia, Scylla, and Charybdis, 
 the Isle of ^Eolus, &c, are as unreal as Lilliput, and 
 Brobdignag, and the Isle of Laputa.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 347 
 
 Merivale is a very able man, with much reading, and 
 he cannot treat a subject of this kind without being 
 
 forcible and instructive. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I cannot say that I see very distinctly what Lord 
 
 means by saying that the Whigs want views as well as 
 
 leaders. What are the questions on which they want 
 
 views ? The late Government explained its views very 
 
 clearly about India, and brought forward a measure to 
 
 which the House substantially agreed. As the Eadicals 
 
 wish for an entire and organic change in our institu- 
 te o 
 
 tions, and not merely a development of them, it is very 
 
 easy for them to put forward views. 
 
 * # * * 
 
 What a strange book Alison's History is ! Heaps of 
 
 balderdash, with occasional gleams of acuteness and 
 
 good sense. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Sept. 21, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — 
 
 * # # # 
 
 I have been working steadily at Lord Liverpool's 
 administration, which I find a most interesting theme. 
 
 The materials are so ample that I have difficulty in 
 bringing the subject within review limits, but I think 
 now that I see my way to two articles, the one up to 
 Lord Castlereagh's death, in 1822 ; the second from 
 1822 to 1830. Lord Castlereagh was the real Prime 
 Minister of Lord Liverpool's Government so long as he 
 lived, viz. during the ten years from 1812 to 1822. 
 From that time to 1827 Canning took his place. He 
 Liberalized the Tory ministry ; and if he had lived, there 
 would have been an amalgamation with the Whigs, and
 
 848 LETTERS. 
 
 we should have had a moderate Reform Bill, without 
 
 the violent break which occurred in 1830. As it was, 
 the Duke of Wellington came in, and restored the Go- 
 vernment to the prce-Canningite state. This produced 
 Lord Grey's ministry, the reaction of 1830, and the 
 Reform Bill. Canning likewise could have conceded 
 Catholic emancipation without the violent blow to the 
 public morality which its concession by Peel produced. 
 I hope you approve of this division. 
 
 I have written a long letter to Tocqueville, to explain 
 to him that the present state of politics is dangerous to 
 nothing except the morality of public men. I have 
 shown him how this danger equally besets both sides of 
 the House — how public morality is equally perverted 
 by finding excuses for supporting men who abandon 
 their principles, and for not supporting men who act 
 upon their principles ; the motive in both cases being 
 purely personal. 
 
 Fronde is a complete historical sophist. He has 
 undertaken to prove an historical paradox ; and if the 
 evidence will not support it — tant pis pour elle — it 
 must be so forced into the service. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Sept. 22, 1858. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have received your interesting 
 letter relative to your ministerial crisis, together with 
 the newspaper containing copies of the correspondence. 
 Merivale has likewise sent me some other newspapers 
 containing articles on the subject. It appears to me 
 that the course you took was right and quite success- 
 ful. You gave the Opposition every chance, with the 
 exception of a dissolution, which I do not think that
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 349 
 
 you were bound to give. Since the dates of the news- 
 papers which Merivale sent, there appears, from what 
 I read in the ' Times,' to have been a further stage in 
 the drama, viz. a fictitious tenure of offices for one 
 day, in order to bring the ministers within the provi- 
 sions of an Act which saves them from vacating their 
 seats and facing a new election. I am unable from the 
 accounts which I have seen to understand the rights of 
 this question, which looks like a political manoeuvre to 
 keep in office a set of ministers who were afraid to go 
 back to their constituents. If you think that this trans- 
 action is likely to lead to a debate in the House of 
 Commons, pray send me before February or March 
 next an outline of your case, as I might have an op- 
 portunity of saying a word upon it. Bulwer, in point 
 of capacity, seems to me superior to most of his col- 
 leagues, and he is very competent to defend your 
 policy. Roebuck is a likely man to take up a Canadian 
 question ; but there is no party feeling now on our side 
 of the House, except so far as there is a feeling in 
 favour of ministers. Whatever they do now is sup- 
 ported by the whole of their own side of the House 
 from party feelings, and by half of our side of the 
 House from spite against the other half. 
 
 The completion of the Atlantic cable seems to have 
 produced far more interest and excitement in America 
 than in England ; but I fear there is some fatal defect 
 which cannot be got over. It has been proved that a 
 line can be laid down unbroken ; they must now try 
 to lay down a continuous line which will transmit 
 messages. Money is sure to be found for so important 
 an object. 
 
 The news from China, as to the conclusion of a treaty, 
 is most satisfactory. Elgin will be a great man when
 
 350 LETTERS. 
 
 he comes back. I sec that lie is gone to try to open 
 Japan ; but, as we have bad no Bowling there to pick a 
 quarrel, and no squadron to throw shells into Nanga- 
 sarchi, he is uot likely to succeed, unless the Emperor 
 of Japan is influenced by the example of his brother 
 of China. There were great differences of opinion 
 about Elgin when he went out; he seems, however, to 
 have conducted himself with prudence, sagacity, and 
 courage, in the midst of very difficult circumstances, 
 and to have earned the success that he has obtained. 
 I never took a desponding view of the Indian rebel- 
 lion, and never, since the fall of Delhi, thought that 
 our empire was in danger. Considering, however, that 
 the mutiny only broke out in May or June last year, 
 and that for some months the mutineers had every- 
 thing their own way, the rapidity with which all open 
 and organized resistance has been put down seems to 
 be marvellous. Remember that nearly all reinforce- 
 ments have gone round the Cape. 
 
 I have been writing an article on our history from 
 1806 to 1812, which will appear in the October num- 
 ber of the ' Edinburgh Review ; ' and I am now work- 
 ing on the period from 1812 to 1830 for the same 
 purpose. I have likewise begun a treatise, of an abstract 
 political kind, on ' Federal, National, Provincial, and 
 Municipal Government ;' but there is little encourage- 
 ment for works of this sort. I am thinking likewise 
 of writing an essay to prove that the recent German 
 attempts to interpret the Eugubine tables and other 
 Italian inscriptions in unknown tongues are frivolous 
 and vexatious. Gilbert is at Worcester. We intend to 
 stay here till February. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO A. HAY WARD, ESQ. 351 
 
 Mr. Hayward has been obliging enough to allow me 
 to print several of the letters which follow, addressed 
 to him by Sir George Lewis. 
 
 Harpton, Radnor : Oct. 28, 1858. 
 
 My dear Hayward, — If you are not engaged in any 
 other way just at present, would you like to come 
 here on Tuesday next, the 2nd ? We should be most 
 happy to see you ; and I am desired to mention that 
 the roads are not yet blocked up with snow. If you 
 leave Paddington by the 9.30 train, you will arrive at 
 our station (Kington, beyond Leominster) about four. 
 
 The political article in the new ' Quarterly ' is evi- 
 dently 's. His antipathy to Palmerston has become 
 
 a sort of mania. It is quite ludicrous for the admirers 
 of the Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh to 
 talk of Palmerston's ignorance of domestic questions. 
 Palmerston understands foreign policy, military and 
 naval affairs, and the militia, thoroughly well. He has 
 also got up all the sanitary questions, and believes in 
 them, which is something to say for anybody. I am 
 afraid it is more than I can say for you. 
 
 Disraeli does not seem to have got his Eeform- 
 prospectus ready, or at least not ready for publication. 
 Query — will the shares come out at a premium or a 
 discount ? I look upon it that his scheme of having 
 an aristocratic Eeform Bill, to increase the power of 
 the country gentlemen, must end in smoke. It would 
 not live as long as their India Bill. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 In his letter to Mr. Eeeve, dated August 11, 1858, 
 Sir George Lewis stated his wish to ascertain what
 
 352 LETTERS. 
 
 Bhare in the downfall of Napoleon, in 1814, ' Gnizot, 
 Lord Aberdeen, or an unprejudiced German' would 
 attribute to the war which was carried on by the 
 English in Spain. 
 
 I insert two curious and interesting letters on this 
 Bubject, written by Lord Aberdeen to Sir George Lewis 
 in the following autumn. 
 
 The Earl of Aberdeen to Sir G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Argyll House: Nov. 6, I808. 
 
 My dear Lewis, — The Duke of Argyll has truly in- 
 formed you that it would give me great pleasure to 
 answer any enquiries in my power connected with your 
 present object, your candour, moderation, and love 
 of truth renders this a duty as well as a pleasure. 
 
 As far as I understand the object of your letter, it 
 relates to the precise amount of influence which Eng- 
 land may be supposed to have possessed in the over- 
 throw of Napoleon in 1814 ; and especially the effect of 
 the Spanish war. 
 
 You will easily imagine that this must be a matter 
 respecting which great difference of opinion may pre- 
 vail ; but I think that I may safely answer for the great 
 importance attached to our exertions by the Continental 
 powers. I arrived at Teplitz in the month of August 
 1813, and, I believe, brought the intelligence of the 
 1 tattle of Vittoria. At all events, I was commissioned 
 to send to the Duke the Grand Cross of the Order of 
 Maria Theresa, very rarely given to anyone, and only 
 to those who had gained a decisive victory. Living 
 on intimate terms with Prince Metternich, I had the 
 means of seeing the great interest and anxiety with 
 which all the operations of the Duke were regarded by 
 the Austrian Government ; and frequent conversations
 
 THE EARL OF ABERDEEN TO G. C. LEWIS. 353 
 
 with the Emperor Alexander led me to the same con- 
 clusion. 
 
 It is perfectly true that the battle of Leipzig was 
 the great turning-point of the war, and after this that 
 the Allies might have crossed the Ehine, and ultimately 
 made their way to Paris, as in fact they did, without 
 receiving any great assistance from the British army. 
 After the battle of Leipzig the states of Germany 
 hastened to join the Alliance, and although Talleyrand 
 said that the poor King of Saxony's watch was a 
 quarter of an hour too slow, this did not affect his 
 subjects. 
 
 The Allies advanced through a wasted country, in 
 frightful weather, and with a very imperfect commis- 
 sariat ; and although I have occasionally heard surprise 
 expressed at the slowness of the Duke's advance in the 
 south, it was still known that he was obtaining suc- 
 cesses, the extent of which were exaggerated, but which 
 I cannot doubt materially influenced the progress of 
 the war. The system of concealment pursued by 
 Napoleon tended to increase the alarm, and aggravate 
 reports of hostile successes. 
 
 The perseverance of England did much to encourage 
 the Powers of the Continent, and perhaps our subsidies 
 may have done more, but we are accustomed to ex- 
 aggerate their value and importance. No doubt the 
 sums were enormous for us to pay, but they were a 
 very poor indemnity for the Powers to receive, (sic) 
 and very little able to meet the expenses of such 
 a war. I was authorized to promise a million sterling 
 to Austria, but anyone, looking to a ruined country 
 compelled hastily to raise an army of 400,000 men, 
 and to employ them in active operations, may see what 
 a small part of the actual expense it would cover. 
 
 A A
 
 354 LETTERS. 
 
 I am aware that it was the habit of Bonaparte to 
 attribute the great cause of his ruin to the Spanish 
 war; ami, according to the habitual falsehood and 
 trickery of the man, I have no doubt your explanation 
 is the true one. At the same time, the personal absence 
 of Bonaparte from Spain was of immense importance, 
 and was fully appreciated by the Duke of Wellington. 
 I recollect, at Paris in 1814, hearing Prince Schwart- 
 zenberg ask the Duke if he had ever been opposed to 
 Xnpoleon in the field. He replied that he had not ; 
 and thai at any time lie would rather have seen a re- 
 inforcemenl arrive against him of 40,000 men. 
 
 In the absence of specific questions I do not very 
 well know to what to direct my remarks, but a conver- 
 sation, should such be possible, would speedily exhaust 
 the subject. Or, if there should be any doubtful point 
 which you think I could assist in clearing up, I beg 
 that you would state it without scruple ; and be 
 assured that I should have the greatest pleasure in 
 making myself of any use. 
 
 Believe me, very truly yours, 
 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 The Earl of Aberdeen to Sir 0. C. Lewis. 
 
 Argyll House : Nov. 10, 1858. 
 
 My dear Lewis, — I ought to have written to you 
 earlier, and indeed had fully intended to do so ; but I 
 found very little to add to my last letter, and scarcely 
 any difference of views and statement to remark. 
 
 It is quite true that many of our popular writers, in 
 consequence of England having taken a larger and 
 more direct part in the overthrow of Bonaparte in 
 1815, have been led to regard our campaign in 1814
 
 THE EARL OF ABERDEEN TO G. C. LEWIS. 355 
 
 in a similar manner. This is clearly a great mistake. 
 I would not on any account disparage the efforts of the 
 Duke of Wellington. It is difficult to say to what 
 extent the knowledge of his perseverance may have 
 strengthened the confidence of the Allies ; but it is 
 manifest that he could not have materially influenced 
 the great events of the war. Our communications with 
 the Duke were rare and difficult, and we were often 
 for weeks together without knowing anything of his 
 movements. 
 
 The fact is, that until the battle of Leipsig, notwith- 
 standing the junction of Austria and Prussia, Bonaparte 
 carried on the war at least on a footing of equality ; 
 but when by a masterly combination he was compelled 
 to fight at a disadvantage, all was lost. This was the 
 real fight of giants, and decisive of the fate of Europe. 
 The lesser German states lost no time in joining the 
 Alliance, and made their treaties accordingly one after 
 another. 
 
 I have heard Bonaparte greatly blamed for leaving 
 numerous garrisons all over Europe, which were lost 
 to him for any useful purpose ; but his head had been 
 turned by continual conquest ; and he could not 
 reconcile himself to the abandonment of any strategic 
 point. 
 
 He made wonderful exertions with very reduced 
 means in the beginning of 1814, and perhaps it may 
 be considered in a military view the most brilliant 
 period of his life. Some symptoms of discord began 
 to pervade the Alliance which had not appeared at 
 moments of distress. He took advantage of this by 
 professing to desire peace, but was never in good faith. 
 During the conferences at Chatillon he repeatedly 
 
 A A °.
 
 i}bG LETTERS. 
 
 changed his instructions to Caulaincourt, according to 
 the events of the campaign. 
 
 Caulaincourt and others about him were sincerely 
 desirous of peace. Lord Castlereagh was perfectly 
 honest, although not especially desirous of peace. On 
 oik' occasion we had brought the negotiation to a point 
 at which Caulaincourt said he would be ready to sign. 
 I asked Castlereagh what he wished ; for that we might 
 probably be ready in four-and-twenty hours. He re- 
 plied, L We shall be stoned when we return to England,' 
 w but if he should be ready, we must sign nevertheless.' 
 He knew at that time that the Regent, as well as all 
 England, were against any peace with Bonaparte. 
 
 You express surprise at the superior popularity of 
 Castlereagh in the House of Commons, but this is not 
 wonderful. His great courage, his mild and conciliatory 
 manner, although without the brilliancy of Canning, 
 were most attractive. The whole affair preceding the 
 duel was so unjust towards him, that everyone took 
 his part and sympathised with him. Although fully 
 admitting the superior brilliancy of Canning, there was 
 always a spice of intrigue about him. 
 
 Your extract from his speech at Lisbon, I must say, 
 I think decidedly bad. 
 
 You refer to the intended marriage of the Princess 
 Charlotte without being able to explain the rupture. 
 I heard much about it at the time. No doubt the 
 Princess of Wales was very active ; and although the 
 country was decidedly in favour of the marriage, I 
 believe that some of the Opposition of the day were 
 against it. I remember hearing that on one occasion 
 the Prince of Orange was unfortunately exhibited before 
 the Princess Charlotte in a state of intoxication, which 
 greatly disgusted her. It was also said that the Duchess
 
 G. G. LEWIS TO F. L. BODE Nil A M, ESQ. 357 
 
 of Oldenburgh was very active, but I do not know 
 what motive she could have had. The Prince of 
 Orange subsequently married her sister, a Kussian 
 Grand -Duchess. 
 
 I have no belief in George IV.'s having any serious 
 design of marrying again after he had got rid of his wife. 
 Ever most sincerely yours, 
 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 The next letter is addressed by Sir George Lewis to 
 his friend F. L. Bodenham, Esq., of Hereford, whose 
 opinion of political affairs generally he held in high 
 estimation. His views on voting by ballot will be read 
 at this time (1869) with much interest. 
 
 Harpton : Nov. 17, 1858. 
 
 My dear Bodenham, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I am much obliged to you for your opinion on the 
 subject of Eeform. There can, I think, be no doubt 
 that a 10/. franchise in the counties would be favour- 
 able to the Liberal interest. It is equally clear that a 
 reduction of the borough franchise must have a 
 democratic tendency. It would certainly in the large 
 towns strengthen the Eadical interest. In the towns of 
 moderate size, and in boroughs such as Radnor, it would 
 strengthen the Liberal interest generally. Where the 
 small voters were venal, the politics of the purchaser 
 would determine their votes, but I cannot think that 
 unpurchased they would often be found on the Tory 
 side. A new Eeform Bill, lowering the borough 
 franchise, followed by a general election, would probably 
 give such an impulse to the question of the Ballot as 
 to carry it in the House of Commons. The House of
 
 358 LETTERS. 
 
 Lords could not long resist. I cannot think, looking to 
 the habits and feelings of this country on the subject of 
 elections, that it would be possible to carry a Ballot Bill 
 with a clause for lining or imprisoning a voter who 
 exhibited his vote. The change would be so complete 
 thai one can hardly conceive such a provision acquiesced 
 in. Now, if the concealment is optional and not com- 
 pulsory, I am disposed to think that the Ballot would 
 have little effect. There are in every constituency a 
 large number of independent voters who care for 
 nobody, who have political opinions, and who wish to 
 proclaim them. All these would continue, if permitted, 
 to vote openly. There are also a large number of 
 persons, not so independent, and with little or no regard 
 for politics, but who wish to please or serve somebody 
 by their vote, and to place him under a sort of obliga- 
 tion. These of course consider it a great hardship to 
 be debarred from voting openly. If these two classes 
 are added together, I think you will in most con- 
 stituencies leave only an inconsiderable minority. These 
 persons might wish to find safety in concealment ; but 
 would concealment avail them ? Would not those who 
 had the means of intimidating or annoying them treat 
 concealment as evidence of guilt, and proceed to extre- 
 mities unless they were satisfied that the voter voted 
 according to their wish ? If this was the way in which 
 the system worked, an optional Ballot would leave 
 matters pretty much as they are. Pray turn this over 
 in your mind. Nobody is more competent than your- 
 self to judge how far such a system would produce the 
 effects which both parties agree in anticipating from it. 
 A new lleform Bill would increase the cry for 
 Ballot in two ways. In the first place, it would increase 
 the number of borough members pledged to Eadical
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 359 
 
 measures. In the next place, it would strengthen the 
 argument for the Ballot by adding to the number of 
 poor and dependent voters. 
 
 St. Martin has played us a trick this year. Instead 
 of summer, he has sent us cutting cold winds from the 
 north-east. I hope your brother has not suffered from 
 them. Yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Harpton : Nov. 21, 1858. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I congratulate you and Mrs. Eeeve 
 on your safe return from the perils of land and sea, and 
 am glad to hear that you have had a pleasant journey.* 
 I am much obliged to you for carrying my volumes f to 
 Pantaleone. In vol. i. p. 390-407 I have shown that 
 the occurrence of vultures in large nights in the plains 
 of Italy is inconsistent with natural history. Even in 
 the Alps and high grounds which the vulture alone 
 frequents it is a solitary bird. I see that in p. 516 I 
 have mentioned eagles, which I ouavht not to have 
 included, but I believe that my statements about the 
 vulture are correct. The vulture is stated to be still 
 found in the mountains of southern Italy, and Brydone 
 says that it is found in iEtna. My statement respecting 
 the date-palm is taken from Rothman's curious tract on 
 'Ancient Climate,' which is quoted in the note to vol. i. 
 p. 515. I afterwards found a similar statement in 
 Tournon's book on Rome. I knew that there were one 
 or two palms at Rome in warm situations, but had no 
 idea that there were as many as you mention. There 
 are (or were) two or three scrubby ones at Nice, but 
 none at Pisa. 
 
 * They had been travelling in Italy. 
 
 | Sir G. C. Lewis's work on Roman history.
 
 3G0 LETTERS. 
 
 I forgot to answer your question about the antiquity 
 of eruptions at ..Etna. Lyell treats the subject at length 
 in his ' Principles of Geology,' and states that the vol- 
 canic character of the mountain ascends to thousands of 
 years anterior to any historical period. He arrives at 
 
 this conclusion upon geological data. 
 
 * * # * 
 
 I have written two articles on the period from 1812 
 to 1830, and I should be glad if they could appear in 
 your two next numbers,* as the second contains a 
 history of the Reform question which would be read 
 with interest while the question is pending. I am afraid, 
 however, that I could not prepare the first article for 
 January number without making a journey to London 
 on purpose. I have had some very interesting corre- 
 spondence with Lord Aberdeen upon the share of Eng- 
 land in the first downfall of Napoleon. I find that my 
 opinions agree very closely with his, which has given me 
 much satisfaction, as he was in Germany at the time 
 and knew what was going on. 
 
 # # 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Dec. 7, 1858. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — 
 
 * * # # 
 
 I think Charras hypercritical and unwilling to give 
 Napoleon credit for what he accomplished. Charras f 
 evidently wishes to throw the blame of defeat from the 
 French army on their generals, and to deny the 
 superiority of the English troops, which he never 
 
 * Of the Edinburgh Bedew. 
 
 t Charras (Lieutenant-Colonel), Ilistoire de la Campagne de 1815. 
 •_' vols. Bruxelles, 1858.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 361 
 
 admits. There is a passage from a letter of the Duke 
 of Wellington to Lady Mornington, his mother, quoted 
 in Scott's ' Visit to Paris in 1815.' The Duke said that 
 ' Bonaparte did his duty — that he fought the battle 
 with infinite skill, perseverance, and bravery : and this ' 
 (he added) ' I do not state from any motive of claiming 
 merit to myself; for the victory is to be ascribed to the 
 superior physical force and constancy of British soldiers.' 
 I cannot help thinking that this is the true explanation 
 — that the two generals were evenly matched, and that 
 the English troops fought better than the French. 
 Charras's theory is that the troops were equal, but 
 that the English were better commanded than the 
 
 French. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harpton : Dec. 13, 1858. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — 
 
 * # # * 
 
 Could you ask any of your big wig friends whether 
 the account which I have given of the parts played by 
 the Counsel * in the Queen's trial is correct ? I know 
 that the account which I have given of Brougham 
 agrees with Parke's opinion,*!* who was himself one of 
 the Counsel for the Crown. 
 
 Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo ; and it is pos- 
 sible that some other management might have succeeded 
 better. He may have made some errors ; but would 
 Ney, or Soult, or any other of his generals have made 
 so few? I have often heard my father quote a remark 
 
 * See Edinburgh Review, vol. cix. p. 157. 
 t Lord Wensleydale.
 
 862 LETTERS. 
 
 of the Duke of Wellington, that if lie had had his 
 Peninsular regiments at Waterloo, the battle would not 
 have lasted till two o'clock. I think he said this to my 
 lather, or in his presence. I confess it seems to me, on 
 the whole, that Napoleon fought the Waterloo campaign 
 with extraordinary skill. It was a desperate game, and 
 he was forced to play his last card. France was, in 
 truth, sick of him, and the Allies were determined to 
 bring him down. Delay would only have made his 
 position worse. As to the Peninsular war, it certainly 
 operated to a certain extent as a diversion and a drain 
 — but the question is to what extent ? The view which 
 I have taken accords very much with that entertained 
 by Lord Aberdeen, whose letters I wdl show you, 
 together with those of my other correspondents, if you 
 like to read them. 
 
 The Due d'Aumale's opinion is a good one, and I 
 feel much respect for it. Tocqueville promised to send 
 me his view, but he has not done so. I feel satisfied 
 that it was what the Germans call the 'Befreiung's 
 Krieg ' which really brought down Napoleon in 1814. 
 England contributed powerfully, but indirectly, to its 
 successful result. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 20, 1859. 
 
 My dear Head, — We have just migrated to London, 
 and on arriving there I found your letter of the 2nd 
 and its enclosures. I am glad to hear so good an 
 account of the position of your affairs. Unless there is 
 a great struggle, and great dissidence of opinion in the 
 colony, I do not expect that the question will be taken 
 up seriously in Parliament. I shall, however, know
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 3G3 
 
 more in about a week after the meeting of Parliament. 
 By that time it will probably appear if there is any in- 
 tention of raising the question. I have not yet received 
 the ' Kelations de Jesuites,' * but do not doubt it will 
 reach me in due time. I am much obliged to you 
 for sending me a copy. I will try to get Curtis's 
 book, and to read it. 
 
 The two subjects which now engross attention here 
 are the Keforni Bill and the threats of a war in 
 northern Italy. Bright's campaign has, on the whole, 
 been a failure. His plan of Americanising our Go- 
 vernment has met with no response from the country ; 
 and he has now put forward an extensive scheme of 
 disfranchisement and enfranchisement — for abolishing 
 all boroughs with a population under 8,000, and for 
 reducing all boroughs with a population under 16,000 
 to one member. Under this plan, Eadnor, Leominster, 
 Ludlow, Tewkesbury, Brecon, and even larger places, 
 go into Schedule A ; and Durham, Winchester, Taun- 
 ton, Stafford, Hereford, and other of the smaller class 
 of county towns, go into Schedule B. The seats thus 
 liberated are chiefly distributed among the large towns ; 
 six to Manchester and Liverpool, four to the Tower 
 Hamlets and Marylebone, &c. I doubt whether the 
 country desire anything of this sort. They are prepared 
 to abolish nomination, and to give a reasonable weight 
 to the manufacturing and mercantile classes, but I do 
 not think they are prepared for such a large transfer of 
 power as this change implies. However, the practical 
 decision will be made upon the Government Bill, 
 which will probably be introduced early in the session. 
 If it is a tolerably fair measure, there will be a strong 
 
 * Relations de Jesuites, contenant ce qui s est passe de plus remarquabh 
 dans les missions desperes de la Compac/nie de Jesus dans la nOUVeUe France. 
 3 vols. Quebec : Augustin Cote, 1858.
 
 864 LETTERS. 
 
 disposition among many of the Liberal party to support 
 it on the second reading, and vote against such parts of 
 it as they object to in Committee. Nothing is known 
 as to the details of the Government Bill, and I strongly 
 Buspect that they content themselves with general dis- 
 cussion, and settle no details until the last moment. 
 
 As to the Italian Avar, the experiment tried by 
 Louis Napoleon has probably convinced him that the 
 French are not so anxious for war as he supposed. 
 The King of Sardinia is, however, very reckless, and 
 the Emperor of Austria not reluctant ; and if a cannon 
 is once fired Louis Napoleon is almost sure to put into 
 the pool. 
 
 Gladstone's mission to the Ionian Islands has been 
 a singular business. It has ended in the recall of 
 Young, and in his temporary appointment without 
 salary. Whether he is to be a sort of legislative 
 dictator, a Lycurgus or Solon, I know not ; but it is 
 understood that he will return to England before the 
 end of March. I have not heard anybody named as 
 likely to be his permanent successor. 
 
 I have been, while I was in the country, preparing 
 an essay on the ' Characteristics of Federal, National, 
 Provincial, and Municipal Government,' and I have 
 attempted to treat the question of federal government 
 as a security against war, with reference to the ideas 
 circulated by the Peace Society. The more I consider 
 the federal system the more I am impressed with its 
 defects. If I were an American, I greatly doubt 
 whether I should wish to perpetuate the existing 
 union ; and I do not see that the good of mankind 
 would be promoted by attempts to introduce or extend 
 the federal system in Europe. I asked Lowe to put 
 on paper for me what he considered to be the principal
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 3G5 
 
 motives which induced the Americans to uphold their 
 federal system ; and he gave me the following list. 
 
 1. They are afraid of each other. If separate, they 
 must maintain armies. 
 
 2. They find in federation some slight counterpoise 
 to democracy. 
 
 3. They have the advantage of a Zollverein. 
 
 4. They c:m gratify their aggressive spirit by remain- 
 ing one country as regards foreign states. 
 
 5. The South, separate from the North, would be in 
 danger of extermination by a servile war. 
 
 6. The North would lose a market for its manu- 
 factures. 
 
 7. The long rivers of America render separation 
 difficult. The Mississippi runs through ten states. 
 
 Pray tell me at your leisure whether you assent to 
 this statement of reasons, and whether there are any 
 other motives of importance to be added. 
 
 The second volume of the German translation of my 
 work on Eoman history has recently appeared. The 
 translator writes me word that its reception has been 
 good. The sale of the translation has been larger than 
 that of the original. 
 
 The article on Lord Liverpool's ministry in the 
 January number of the ' Edinburgh Eeview ' is by me. 
 
 ^ $fc ^ 3& 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 GK C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 2, 1859. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I read yesterday the narrative of 
 Sir Ealph Abercrombie's proceedings when he had 
 the chief command in Ireland. It is an interesting ac- 
 count, and throws much light on the state of tilings
 
 3G6 LETTER >S. 
 
 immediately before the arrival of Lord Connvallis. 
 Abercrombie, like Lord Cornwallis, adopted a humane 
 policy and attempted to restrain the cruelty of the 
 ascendency party. But as lie was not Lord-Lieutenant 
 as well as Commander-in-Chief, and as Lord Camden, 
 though a well-meaning was a weak man, he was un- 
 able to maintain his ground, and his principal order 
 was disapproved by the Irish Government. Differences 
 arose between him and the Castle — and in a short time 
 lie resigned. 
 
 The ' Castlereagh Correspondence,' vol. i. p. 164, 
 contains the letter directing the military to art without 
 the authority of the civil power of which Abercrombie 
 so much complained. Assuming that the narrative is 
 correct, and that the Government had nothing to urge 
 in favour of their view — assuming likewise that Aber- 
 crombie was not more peremptory or obstinate than he 
 ought to have been — it may be true that Lord Cornwallis 
 erred in calling him ' wrong-headed.' The point can 
 scarcely be determined without further information. 
 Substantially, Abercrombie was no doubt in the right, 
 and the course which he took was honourable to him. 
 It showed his humanity and independence. All this 
 would appear in a detailed narrative, but I hardly see 
 how it could be treated in a short note referring to an 
 incidental expression. Abercrombie had left Ireland 
 before Lord Cornwallis went there. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 From Sir George Lewis to his brother, the Rev. Gilbert Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 22, 1850. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — Nobody seems to know what will 
 be the result of the Eeform debates. It is generally
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO REV. GILBERT LEWIS. 3G7 
 
 expected that Lord John will carry his resolution, and 
 by a large majority, but it is thought that the Govern- 
 ment will make such concessions as will enable them 
 to move the second reading and to persuade the House 
 to agree to it. If this takes place, they will probably fix 
 the Committee for after Easter, and trust to the chap- 
 ter of accidents. Everything depends on the extent to 
 which they are ready to yield. If they will treat the 
 Eeform Bill as they treated the India Bill of last session 
 — that is to say, abandon their own scheme and allow 
 a new Bill to be made and passed by their opponents — 
 they may get through their difficulties, and reach the 
 end of the session. This is not an impossible event, 
 but many things must happen before it can be accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The prospects of peace are better. Cowley's mission 
 to Vienna has smoothed the way : and if a congress is 
 assembled to discuss the question of Central Italy, war 
 will probably be averted. I do not expect a dissolution. 
 The leaves in this garden are as much out as they 
 usually are at the middle of April. 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 On April 1, 1859, Lord Derby's Government was 
 beaten, on a division in the House of Commons, by a 
 majority of 39 ; and in consequence, on April 23, 
 the Parliament was dissolved. The elections took 
 place immediately. Sir G. C. Lewis was again chosen 
 for the Eadnor Boroughs without opposition ; and on 
 May 31 the new Parliament assembled. 
 
 A vote of want of confidence in the Conservative 
 Cabinet was soon afterwards moved by Lord Hartiug- 
 ton ; there was again a majority of 13 against the
 
 3G8 LETTERS. 
 
 Government, and on June 17 Lord Derby resigned. 
 The Queen sent for Lord Granville, who failed to make 
 a Government. Differences which had existed between 
 Lord John Russell and Lord Palmerston were recon- 
 ciled. Lord Palmerston became Prime Minister, and 
 Lord John Russell went to the Foreign Office. Sir 
 G. C. Lewis was again appointed Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer. A doubt, however, whether Mr. Gladstone 
 should be included in the Government having been 
 decided in the affirmative, and it being known to Sir 
 G. C. Lewis that Mr. Gladstone was anxious to be 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, he wrote at once to Lord 
 Palmerston to put that office at his disposal, and to 
 request that the offer of it which had been made to 
 him might not be permitted in any way to interfere 
 with the arrangements he wished to make. The re- 
 sult was, that Sir G. C. Lewis became Secretary of 
 State for the Home Office and Mr. Gladstone Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer. 
 
 Kent House : April 9, 1850. 
 
 My dear Head, — I was much obliged to you for the 
 copy of your speech, and for the account of your pro- 
 ceedings. The question seems now to be put fairly 
 before the Legislature ; and it is clear that the public 
 opinion of the Province has acquiesced in the course 
 which you took at the change of Government. Not a 
 word has been said on the subject in the House of 
 Commons since its meeting, and as far as England is 
 concerned the matter is concluded, unless it should be 
 revived from your side the water. 
 
 The Government Reform Bill was formed on the 
 principle of making a popular concession directly, and 
 of taking it back as far as possible indirectly. The
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 369 
 
 result of this was, that the Liberal party would not 
 accept it. They were determined that the concession 
 should be pure et simple, without qualifications, con- 
 ditions, and mutual concessions. The debate was well 
 kept up for seven nights ; and the Bill was completely 
 demolished. Even those who spoke for the Govern- 
 ment gave up the Bill, and only defended it on the 
 ground that it might be re-modelled in Committee. 
 The majority was somewhat larger than our whips 
 reckoned upon (39): rather more than thirty of our 
 men voted with the Government. If they had voted 
 with the Opposition we should have had a majority of 
 100. Had this been the case, the ministers would 
 hardly have ventured to advise a dissolution. The 
 dissolution is to take place either in Passion or Easter 
 week. I do not anticipate any great change in the 
 relative strength of parties. The probability of another 
 dissolution at an early period deters candidates, and 
 
 there is no strong feeling either for Eeform or against it. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The new Parliament will meet about the end of May ; 
 and if there is an united Liberal majority, it is likely 
 to be followed speedily by some vote adverse to the 
 Government. At the same time, our lead is in such a 
 state as to render a combined movement of this sort 
 difficult and uncertain. 
 
 I am afraid that the prospects of peace are gradually 
 becoming darker and darker. Louis Napoleon has 
 committed himself to such an extent with Cavour and 
 the Sardinian Government that he can scarcely recede, 
 and the French preparations for war on the south- 
 east frontier are threatening in the extreme. I have 
 gone on for a long time refusing to believe in war, but 
 I fear that it is now imminent. There is no necessity 
 
 ?, B •
 
 370 LETTERS. 
 
 for our taking any part in it, but it is impossible to be 
 Banguine as to our remaining long mere spectators of 
 an European war. It is to be hoped that the modern 
 improvements in artillery may lead to a rapid decision, 
 and to its speedy termination by the defeat of one or 
 the other power. 
 
 Lord Eadstock has not yet sent me the copy of 
 Curtis.* I am much obliged to you for the gift, and 
 shall read it with pleasure. The article on Lord 
 Cornwallis in the forthcoming ' Edinburgh Review ' is 
 mine. Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : July 17, 1859. 
 
 My dear Hayward, — I shall be highly flattered by 
 your taking the trouble to review my pamphlet. If 
 you do, pray explain clearly the proceedings about the 
 Conspiracy Bill and Bernard's case, which are stated 
 correctly in my pamphlet,*} - and which the public have 
 never understood. The state of the law is highly un- 
 satisfactory, but it has suited the purposes of numerous 
 persons to represent it as satisfactory and adequate. 
 Somebody has published at the same time a pamphlet 
 on ' Unpunished Offences committed at Sea,' which 
 bears on a branch of the same subject. I have not yet 
 seen it. It might be worth your while to look at it. 
 
 I will read your two articles, but have not yet had 
 time to do so. I see that both the reviews have 
 articles on our defences. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 " ' History of the Constitution of the United States/ by George Ticknor 
 Curtis. 2 vols. Harper, New York. 
 
 t A pamphlet on 'Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of 
 Prisouers,' by Sir George Cornewall Lewis. Parker, 1859.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO A. HAY WARD, ESQ. 371 
 
 Kent House : July 25, 1859. 
 
 My clear Hayward, — I am much obliged to you for 
 your notice of my pamphlet in the ' Examiner,' which 
 does more than justice to the author. 
 
 My answer to what you say about extradition is this. 
 I believe the system is carried to a great extent among 
 the German states, and to a considerable extent among 
 other Continental states, which have comprehensive 
 extradition treaties, with an obligation to surrender 
 upon the inhibition of a simple mandat d arret. The 
 extent to which the system may be carried depends 
 mainly upon the wording of the treaties. The expense 
 of verifying the criminal and sending him home to be 
 tried is small, and opposes no serious obstacle to the 
 working of the system. But if you attempt to try your 
 subjects at home for crimes committed abroad, you 
 must not only have a police abroad to look after them, 
 but you must bring over the witnesses for the trial. 
 Now this you have, in the first place, no power to do ; 
 and in the next place, if you had, or if they were willing 
 to come, the expenses would be a practical bar. 
 
 The foreign jurists who write on extradition give no 
 facts from which the practical operation of the system 
 can be judged. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Aug. 1, 1859. 
 
 My dear Head, — I send you by this post a pamphlet* 
 which I have recently published on the questions raised 
 last year by the attentat on Louis Napoleon, and by 
 the Conspiracy Bill and Bernard's case. The subject 
 
 * Pamphlet on the ' Extradition of Prisoners.' 
 
 B B '-!
 
 372 LETTERS. 
 
 brandies into various directions, and it has never yet 
 been treated as a whole. The collection of the 
 materials cost me a good deal of trouble, as they were 
 scattered in different books of reference, as well as 
 parliamentary and official documents, and I was assisted 
 by the advice of somegood legal heads. I asked Dallas 
 whether questions ever arose between the United States 
 and England on the Canadian frontier, but he was not 
 aware of their existence. It seems to me that wherever 
 there is a land frontier there is always a tendency to 
 the state of things of which the English and Scotch 
 border affords so striking an example. 
 
 The change of Government was effected by a com- 
 bined party move, but after the challenge offered before 
 the dissolution, there was no difficulty in inducing 
 Liberal members to vote. The chief difficulty lay in 
 bringing about a reconciliation between the leaders ; 
 but that object having been effected, the construction 
 of the new Government proceeded without any serious 
 impediment. The arrangement which I should have 
 preferred was that Lord Palmerston should, as Prime 
 Minister, go into the House of Lords, and that Lord 
 John should lead the House of Commons and that 
 Clarendon should be Foreign Secretary. However, 
 Lord Palmerston was unwilling to leave the House of 
 Commons, and so this arrangement could not be effected. 
 The office of Chancellor of the Exchequer was originally 
 offered to me, but as Gladstone expressed a wish to 
 have it I gave way to him. I have found the Home 
 ( Hlice excessively troublesome, rather than laborious. 
 My entire time has been occupied by an uninterrupted 
 succession of petty business, each subject, however, 
 having ;i certain importance, and requiring attention 
 and accuracy, in order to avoid scrapes. The session
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 373 
 
 will probably end about the fifteenth, and then I go to 
 Harpton, where I am to give a bow meeting at the end 
 of the month. 
 
 The Indian finances are in a deplorable state, and 
 people are beginning to ask themselves what benefit 
 they derive from the large territories which we have 
 annexed in that part of the world. The ' Times ' talks 
 of shearing off the border provinces and re-establishing 
 the native princes, which I take to be a very hopeless 
 enterprise. 
 
 I received the copy of Curtis, which you" were so 
 good as to send me, and I have read a good deal of it. 
 It is written in a perspicuous and agreeable style. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 G-. C. Lewis. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to Henry Reeve, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 4, 1859. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — 
 
 # # # * 
 
 Bright's plan (for taxation) is not properly under- 
 stood ; the ' Economist ' comes the nearest, but the 
 ' Daily News ' praises it, and the article in the ' Times ' 
 was weak, and evidently written by a person who did 
 not see through it. I will try to write an exposure 
 of this and the scheme in the ' People's Blue Book ' (on 
 which it is, in fact, founded), to serve as a tail-piece to 
 
 , in about two or three pages.* You can judge 
 
 whether you think it worth adding. I should not wish to 
 
 write anything which would consider as interfering 
 
 with the effect of his article ; but my conviction is, that 
 Bright's finance would be more ruinous than his Beform, 
 
 * See the last few pages of the article on ' Taxation,' Edinburgh Review, 
 January, 1860.
 
 374 LETTERS. 
 
 and thai this admits of a simple exposure to all who 
 understand the elements of Political Economy. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Home Office: Jan. 17, 1800. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — The account which you have 
 received of the rapidity and mysteriousness of the 
 Emperor's change of policy appears to me, so far as I 
 have the means of judging, greatly exaggerated. While 
 the negotiation of the treaty of Zurich was in progress, 
 he was kept constantly in mind of his engagements at 
 Villafranca, and of the understanding of Austria (not 
 shared by him) that the Grand-Dukes were to be re- 
 instated. This naturally turned his policy in a some- 
 what Austrian direction. There was then no good feel i no; 
 between Austria and Russia. The approximation 
 between France and Russia rested on quite different 
 grounds. But the Emperor's personal feelings, con- 
 sistently with the policy of the war, have always been 
 pro-Italian ; and Walewski tendered his resignation on 
 this account some time in October, I think, but was 
 pacified by an article in the ' Moniteur.' Since the 
 summer, time has told in favour of the Italian states. 
 The conduct of their provisional governments has been 
 rational and moderate. It has become evident that 
 their former rulers cannot lie restored without force ; 
 and if France were to join in, or even permit, the use 
 of force for this purpose, it would counteract the policy 
 of its late campaign in northern Italy. The English 
 Government has held the same language throughout, 
 and the Emperor, finding that the course of events has 
 rendered forcible intervention to restore the old rulers 
 impossible, has turned in the direction of England,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 375 
 
 which has constantly maintained this principle. It 
 seems to me that this is a simple and natural explana- 
 tion of his conduct. I doubt the existence of those 
 profound and far-sighted designs which people are so 
 fond of attributing to Louis Napoleon. If his popularity 
 were waning, if his throne were in danger, and if a 
 bold stroke were required, he might attack the Rhine 
 provinces of Prussia. But he knows that this would 
 bring all Europe about his ears, and that England 
 would probably before long be found in the ranks 
 against him. My notion of him is that his views are 
 changeable, and that he generally shapes his policy 
 with a view to immediate objects. 
 
 This free trade scheme, which he has just entered 
 upon, has, I suspect, been taken up hastily and with- 
 out a full consideration of the consequences to which it 
 may lead him. However, if he can carry it, he will be 
 an enormous benefactor of his country. This, and his 
 anti-papal manifesto, will give him much support in 
 this country, from quarters where he has hitherto been 
 regarded with suspicion and dislike ; and his altered 
 position will naturally produce a close approximation 
 to our Government. That approximation, however, 
 will not arise from any change in our policy of prin- 
 ciples of government, and I apprehend that our course 
 of foreign policy will be consistently pursued, with such 
 adaptations to circumstances as the state of Europe may 
 render necessary. The great question now to be solved 
 is, whether the congress will meet. If it does not 
 meet, an attempt must be made to solve the Italian 
 difficulty by other means. I confess that my own im- 
 pressions are in favour of an attempt to come to a 
 solution through a congress ; but many great authori- 
 ties take a different view, and I admit that no s;ood
 
 376 LETTERS. 
 
 would be done by a congress meeting merely to record 
 irreconcilable opinions and (hen to separate. Pray 
 give me a line, if you have anything further of im- 
 portance. 
 
 5Tours very sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent Hou?e ■ March 12, 18G0. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am afraid that I have allowed a 
 long time to elapse without writing to you, and with- 
 out thanking you for your last letter. The interval has 
 been lengthened by a troublesome attack of neuralgia 
 in the head, from which I have suffered much since the 
 beginning of February, and from which [ am only just 
 now recovered. My doctor thought it was produced 
 by malaria, owing to the neglected state of the drainage 
 at the Home Office. It was accompanied with great 
 depression, and for a time I could do very little work. 
 
 The affairs of the Government have, on the whole, 
 gone on prosperously since the opening of the session. 
 The French Treaty originated in the visit of Cobden to 
 Talis, and in the impression which he made upon the 
 Emperor. It was not suggested by the Government. 
 It is founded on a somewhat hazardous and experi- 
 mental policy. The certain sacrifice of revenue which 
 we make is large. The advantages to be obtained are 
 problematical. My own belief is, that the reduction 
 of the duties on wines and brandies will not lead to any 
 great increase of the import of these articles. On the 
 other hand, if the French faithfully perform their share 
 of the contract, there ought to be a large increase in 
 the sale of some of our manufactures in France. It 
 must, I think, end in a considerable increase of the 
 permanent rate of the Income Tax, which cripples our
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIB EDMUND HEAD, BART. 377 
 
 power of increasing taxation for an extraordinary or 
 temporary purpose, and renders it necessary on any 
 such occasion to have recourse at once to borrowing. 
 The country, however, have been captivated by the 
 benevolent character of the scheme, and all the questions 
 hitherto have been carried in the House by large 
 majorities. Even the annexation of Savoy, the pro- 
 spect of which comes at an inopportune moment, does 
 not seem to influence the result. After the consent of 
 the Sardinian Government to put the question to the 
 vote, it cannot scarcely be doubted that the cession of 
 the province will take place. All that is required is 
 the expressed consent of the inhabitants, and their vote 
 must be given under the influence of fear. It is plain 
 that the conditional consent of their own Government to 
 the cession is obtained, and they will naturally be afraid 
 by an independent vote to offend those who may so 
 soon become their masters. The Reform Bill has, on 
 the whole, been well received. The measure was care- 
 fully prepared, and it is studiously moderate with respect 
 to disfranchisement and the distribution of the liberated 
 seats. It makes a large addition to the existing con- 
 stituency both in counties and boroughs. It is not 
 expected that the Conservatives will make any fight on 
 the second reading. 
 
 I have heard nothing up to the present time of any 
 intention to make any change in your Government. If 
 you wish it, I could speak to the Duke of Newcastle on 
 the subject, and ascertain his views. 
 
 Believe me ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 378 LETTERS. 
 
 Sir George Lea-is to W. R. Grey, Esq. 
 
 Kent I Touse: March 24, 1800. 
 
 My dear Greg, — T have been for some days confined 
 to my room by an obstinate attack of influenza, and 
 have been prevented from thanking you foryour letter 
 relative to the Budget and the Reform Bill. 
 
 The Budget and the French Treaty have been founded 
 upon liberal and philanthropic views, which proceed 
 upon the assumption that everything is to inarch 
 uninterruptedly to its pre-appointed end. If these 
 anticipations are all verified, there will be an increase 
 in our foreign trade, an extension of our manufactures, 
 an improvement in our working classes, and a consequent 
 increase in the productiveness of the remaining taxes. 
 There will likewise be more pacific and settled relations 
 between England and France, and a consequent reduc- 
 tion of armaments on both sides of the Channel. With 
 a revenue thus increased and an expenditure thus 
 diminished, the deficiency created by the Budget will 
 disappear. All political calculations of this sort, 
 dependent on the absence of disturbing causes during 
 a considerable series of years, are necessarily uncertain. 
 It is for each person to judge them according to his 
 own view- of probability. 
 
 With regard to the Reform Bill, I cannot but think 
 thai your Tears are exaggerated. If they were really 
 shared by any large number of persons, it is not likely 
 that the second reading should have been debated two 
 nights without an amendment either being moved or 
 threatened ; when the Bill reaches Committee, many 
 amendments will doubtless be moved, and some may 
 be carried. No material change is likely to be made 
 in the county franchise, or in the transfer of seats. If it
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MISS DUFF GORDOX. 379 
 
 be true that many members on our side of the House 
 
 wish for an 8/. rental franchise in the boroughs, it will 
 
 probably be carried. From all I have heard, however, 
 
 my impression is that a majority of the House would 
 
 support the Bill as it stands. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The next letter is written by Sir George Lewis to 
 his cousin, Miss Duff Gordon. 
 
 Kent House : April 30, 1860. 
 
 My dear Georgiana, — The translation in the ' Times ' 
 of the 23rd is an extract of a literal version of 
 Theocritus,* made and published by Mr. Banks, son of 
 Mr. Banks of Kington. He has now taken the name 
 of Davies, from his uncle, and lives at Moor Court. He 
 is a good scholar, and is about to publish an English 
 verse translation of some Greek fables f which I edited. 
 
 There are many points of resemblance between the 
 fights of ancient and modern pugilists, but you will 
 observe that the ancients did not fight with the naked 
 fist. They covered it with thongs of bull hide, so that 
 their blows were much more severe, and the contest was 
 more sanguinary and dangerous. They likewise bound 
 similar thongs round the arm ; so as to avoid such an 
 accident as befell Sayers in the last battle. 
 
 The covering for the fists was called by the Eomans 
 a cestus ; and it appears, from the description in Virgil, 
 to have been armed with lead and iron. This must 
 
 ! Idyll 22 of Theocritus. Castor and Pollux, going in search of water, 
 meet the gigantic Amycus. A quarrel ensues, and a tight takes place ; 
 the description of which is singularly like the contest for the champion- 
 ship hetween Heenan and Sayers, which, at the date at which Sir George 
 Lewis was writing, had recently occurred. 
 
 f The Fables of Babrius.
 
 380 LETTERS. 
 
 have made it a most formidable weapon, similar to the 
 steel knuckles of the Yankees. 
 
 Ever yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House: April 22, 18G0. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I was much obliged to you 
 for your note, which contains the skeleton of the whole 
 subject In Hale's 'Analysis of Chronology' vol. i., there 
 is a collection of the different dates which have been 
 assumed for the chief events in the early Biblical history. 
 The dates for the creation fill three closely printed 
 pages. The dates for the deluge vary from 3246 to 
 2104 B.C. Those for the exodus vary nearly 350 
 years. Even for the foundation of the Temple there is 
 a discrepancy of 280 years. 
 
 Wiener begins his Biblical chronology with Saul, 
 but attempts no consecutive tables for the previous 
 period. 
 
 Is it possible, from internal evidence, to determine the 
 commencement of contemporary history among the 
 Jews ? Can it be safely assumed that they had annalistic 
 registration as early as the building of the Temple, about 
 1000 B.C. ? If the two books of Kings are written by 
 the same author, it is clear that he could not have been 
 a contemporary of the earlier part of the period, more 
 than 400 years. 
 
 Among the great officers of Solomon are named two 
 scribes and a recorder. (1 Kings iv. 3.) In the same 
 chapter, verses 32, 33, Solomon is stated to have 
 spoken 3,000 proverbs, and to have made 1,005 songs : 
 also to have spoken of trees, beasts, fowl, reptiles, and 
 ti>he<. This latter statement seems to mean that he had 
 written a work on the Natural history of animals and
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 381 
 
 plants. The very idea of such a work did not occur 
 to the Greeks till centuries after the time of Solomon, 
 who may be considered as about contemporary with 
 Homer. 
 
 A book of the acts of Solomon fuller than the account 
 given in the book of Kings is referred to in 1 Kings 
 xi. 41. 
 
 Are you acquainted with the articles ' Abel,' ' Adam,' 
 ' Cain,' ' Eve,' and ' Lamech,' in Bayle ? They touch in 
 part upon questions of chronology. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : April 27, 1860. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — Clinton, in the first volume of 
 his ' Fasti,' has a dissertation on the Scripture chro- 
 nology down to 501 B.C. It treats the whole series 
 of dates up to Adam as equally certain, because it rests 
 upon the evidence of witnesses both inspired and con- 
 temporary. What he can mean by saying that Moses 
 was a contemporary witness for all the period before his 
 lifetime, I do not understand. He professes to avoid all 
 arbitrary alterations of texts, but he rejects the 480 
 years in 1 Kings vi. 1, as being irreconcilable with 
 other statements and computations. 
 
 If you have not got Clinton's book, and should wish 
 to read his dissertation, I shall be happy to lend you 
 the volume. There is a work by Des Yignoles on the 
 early Biblical chronology which is much quoted by the 
 German writers. I believe the author was a French 
 refugee Protestant, who went to Berlin after the revo- 
 cation of the edict of Xantes. 
 
 Many thanks for your letter. There is nothing 
 improbable in the supposition that the Jews used
 
 382 LETTERS. 
 
 writing for historical purposes as early as David and 
 Solomon. Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 5, 1860. 
 
 My dear Twisleton — The early part of Genesis con- 
 tains frequent references to the year as a recognised 
 measure of time. Bohlen says that the account of the 
 deluge shows that the solar year is meant, and he thinks 
 that the use of the solar year is inconsistent with an 
 caily date of composition. I question the force of this 
 inference; but I have likewise a difficulty in extracting 
 any distinct result as to the length of the year from the 
 account of the deluge. 
 
 The deluge is represented as lasting a year, Gen. 
 vii. G — viii. 13. 
 
 From viii. 5-12, the following appears to be the 
 interval of time : — 9 months +• 1 day -J- 40 days -f flight 
 of raven -f flight of dove -f 7 days -f- 1 day -f- 7 days. 
 
 The following is another computation, founded on 
 vii. 11, 12, 17-24; viii. 3: — 
 
 1 month + 17 days -f 40 days -f- 150 days -f- 150 
 days = 387 days. 
 
 But this period appears to include a portion of the 
 time when the waters were running off, not included 
 in the former calculation. Unless there is some other 
 mode of reckoning up this sum which has not occurred 
 to me, I do not see how Bohlen can maintain that the 
 account of the deluge contains a clear reference to the 
 solar year. At the same time, I have no doubt that 
 every nation had from the earliest times a solar year 
 more or less accurate. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L.
 
 G. C LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 333 
 
 Kent House : Mary 7, 1860. 
 
 My clear Twisleton, — I observe that Bohlen treats tlie 
 interval between the 17th day of the second month and 
 the 17th day of the seventh month as equal to 150 
 days, and therefore as implying a month of 30 days. The 
 Greek year, even in the time of Aristotle, was usually 
 considered as consisting of 12 months of 30 days each, 
 and this is probably the assumption in the account of 
 the deluge. 
 
 The deluge is described as lasting from the 17th of 
 the second month of the 600th year of Noah's life to 
 the 27th of the second month of the 601st year of his 
 life. Gen. vii. 11 — viii. 13, 14. I am unable to dis- 
 cover the motive for making the duration of the deluge 
 ten days longer than a year. Bohlen's remarks are in 
 vol. i. p. 222 ; vol. ii. p. 157, of the English translation. 
 
 There is a curious passage, viii. 21, 22, which contains 
 a recognition of the permanence of the phenomena 
 upon which the solar year is founded. Their per- 
 manence is conceived as a sort of concession made to 
 man by God, in consequence of His repentance for the 
 mischief which He had done by the deluge. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 July 23, I860. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 This has been the most fatiguing session I remember 
 since I have been in Parliament ; but the work done 
 has been by no means proportioned to the fatigue. I 
 heard the other day a story of some county magistrates 
 who insisted that the convicts on the treadmill in the
 
 384 LETTERS. 
 
 county prison should be made to believe that they were 
 grinding air, when they were, in fact, grinding corn. 
 There is no necessity to practise any such delusion upon 
 us: we are quite aware that we have been grinding 
 air. 
 
 The Queen is to go to Balmoral on the 6th of next 
 month, ami to stay till September 14, when she in- 
 tend- to go to Germany for a short time. Parliament 
 is not likely to be prorogued until the last week of 
 August. 
 
 There is an article of mine on 'George Eose's Memoirs ' 
 in the last number of the ' Edinburgh Eeview.' * His 
 
 account of Pitt is curious, and may be relied on. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 7, 1860. 
 
 My dear Head, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Your conflagration f was a most unfortunate event ; 
 but I am glad to learn from your account that you have 
 no1 sustained any material pecuniary loss. In a country 
 where you are dependent on lires for very existence 
 during so large a portion of the year, it seems extra- 
 ordinary that more precautions against this danger 
 
 should not be taken in building large houses. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 * Edinburgh Review, vol. exii. p. 34. 
 
 t Sir Edmund Head, the Governor of Canada's, house at Spencer 
 Wood, near Quebec. Dinner was served ; the Bishop and heads of 
 departments, &c, were the guests ; hut as soon as they had sat down an 
 alarm of tire was given, and they gave assistance in carrying the furniture 
 and goods out of the house into the snow. The house, being principally 
 of wood, burnt very quickly.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 385 
 
 I do not write at length, as I am uncertain whether 
 this letter may find you in Canada. The Prince of 
 Wales's visit will be a great event in the province, and 
 it will also attract much attention in this country. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Harp ton : Oct. 2, 1860. 
 
 My dear Eeeve, — I cannot at all see my way in 
 Italian affairs. If the quarrel between Cavour and 
 Garibaldi continues, the King of Naples may return. I 
 am not at all a fanatic for Italian freedom, but I should 
 much rejoice to see a nation with such fine intellectual 
 endowments as the Italians withdrawn from the dead- 
 ening pressure of the Church, and of such Governments 
 as the Church encourages, and as encourage the Church. 
 I do not see how this is to be done unless all Italy, 
 minus Eome and Venetia, becomes one nation under 
 one king and one parliament. It does not seem that 
 this is at present practicable, and yet an attempt to 
 govern the several provinces of Italy by viceroys nomi- 
 nated by Sardinia and by separate parliaments must 
 fail. I know of no other alternative ; a federation 
 such as Louis Napoleon proposed is out of the question. 
 
 All my spare time lately has been given to an enquiry 
 on a question of antiquity ; and I have not thought of 
 anything for your review. I have likewise written some 
 additional remarks on foreign jurisdiction, for a French 
 translation of my pamphlet on that subject which is to 
 be published by a Belgian advocate at Brussels. They 
 are in answer to Professor Mohl, of Heidelberg, who is 
 very severe on England for not assisting in maintaining 
 the ' Welt-Kechtsordiiung ' by a system of universal 
 interference. 
 
 c c
 
 386 LETTERS. 
 
 I have looked through Sir Kobert Wilson's volume 
 on the Russian campaign,* and I should be disposed 
 to write an article upon it, if you think the subject 
 would be interesting. Of course, I should not attempt 
 to go into the military details. 
 
 I hope you may have a pleasant tour in Spain. 
 Everybody says that the country is improving ; but the 
 improvement has been long in coming. 
 
 I agree with you in thinking that we shall not have 
 war. Neither France nor Austria wishes it, and all 
 the other powers will do what they can to prevent it. 
 At the same time, it is impossible to answer for the 
 future, when so many people are flinging about fire- 
 brands. Yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : 1860. 
 
 Dear Mrs. Austin, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Garibaldi would have been called a buccaneer, if he 
 had failed. Having succeeded, he will be regarded as a 
 hero. For myself, I shall rejoice in his success, if he 
 should succeed in permanently deposing the present 
 Government of Sicily, and in substituting a better form of 
 rule. Eevolutions against a Government so bad as that 
 of Naples are merely a question of prudence. I always 
 presume against a sanguinary revolution of any sort, 
 because, in general, they fail of their intended object, 
 and end in making things worse than before. But they 
 do not always fail, and one hopes that this case may be 
 an exception to the rule. 
 
 I am very sorry to hear what you say of yourself ; 
 
 • Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Buonaparte,' 
 by General Sir Robert Wilson. 1 vol. Murray, I860.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 387 
 
 but remember that Miss Berry was subject to violent 
 palpitations of the heart, and she lived to be near 
 ninety. Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 22, 18G0. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — It was very kind of you to send 
 me a copy of the engraving of Mr. Pitt as a Cambridge 
 student. I am much obliged to you for it. It is 
 an interesting memorial, and I am glad to possess it. 
 His face (as was natural) acquired a more forcible and 
 manly expression as he grew older. 
 
 I have looked through the new collection of Lord 
 Auckland's papers,* with the exception of the Spanish 
 Journal, which I found wholly unreadable. There is 
 not much about Lord Auckland himself in them, and 
 the letters of his correspondents (as you truly remark) 
 contain no new fact. Many of them, however, are in- 
 teresting, and illustrate the feeling and state of opinion 
 of the time, particularly those written during the 
 French Eevolution. Lord Loughborough's letters are 
 worthy of notice. He was evidently a sagacious, con- 
 triving, active-minded man ; and after reading his letters 
 I understand better how he could have intrigued to 
 oust Pitt and make himself Prime Minister in 1801, 
 which appears to me clearly to have been his intention. 
 
 I cannot understand why the editor should begin 
 with the Coalition and go on to 1788, and afterwards 
 return to 1781 (see vol. i. p. 309). The result is, that 
 one letter of Wedgwood's, about the French Treaty, 
 appears in p. 133, and another in p. 427. No explana- 
 tion is given why the collection should end with an 
 
 * ' Auckland (William Lord), Journal and Correspondence/ with a 
 preface by the Ri^ht Rev. Lord Auckland, Bishop of Bath and "Wells. 
 4 vols. London, 1800. 
 
 c c 2
 
 388 LETT EliS. 
 
 insignificant letter in 1793, which is needed, seeing that 
 Lord Auckland held office (with the sole exception of 
 M. Pitt's second ministry) until 1807, and lived till 1814. 
 One should wish to have an authentic account of his 
 proceedings in 1801. 
 
 The editor entirely mistakes the meaning and effect 
 of Mr. Pitt's letter in vol. ii. p. 401. It contains no 
 such overture as he states. I suspect that he con- 
 founded a meeting of the Cabinet with a meeting of 
 the Council. 
 
 By the way, this letter shows that meetings of the 
 Privy Council had not become the mere forms which 
 they are at present. They are now attended only by 
 members of the Cabinet, with the exception of the 
 Prince, and not a word is ever said at them. 
 
 I hope that Lady Stanhope has been benefited by 
 
 the sea-side. I shall be very glad to have the pleasure 
 
 of meeting you again, an event which the session will 
 
 at least bring about. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 The Grove, Watford : Dec. 2G, 18G0. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I came here on Monday to 
 pass a few days, and I thought that I had put 
 Montalembert's letter in my box, but I find that I 
 unluckily omitted to do so. I will return it in a day 
 or two. In the meantime I thank you for sending 
 it to me. I read it with interest, as showing his 
 present views. I can perfectly understand why the 
 leaders < >f the French constitutional party (among whom 
 Montalembert wishes no doubt to be included) should 
 have been indignant at the support given to the 
 Emperi >rby the Government and people of this countiy.
 
 G. G. LEWIS TO MBS. AUSTIN. 389 
 
 How far the support or toleration of a new de facto 
 Government should be carried is always a difficult 
 point ; but the feelings of the Orleanists, and of the 
 other public men in France who sigh after a tribune, 
 with respect to the conduct of England are natural and 
 intelligible. These, however, are not the grounds of 
 Montalembert's present denunciations of England. He 
 denounces us, not for being the friend of Louis Napoleon, 
 but for being the enemy of the Pope. Now, without 
 being at. all fanatical about Italian liberty and nation- 
 ality, I confess I see with great satisfaction the demoli- 
 tion of the Austrian power beyond the Alps, the over- 
 throw of the King of Naples, and the spoliation of the 
 Pope. All this was done by Catholic powers. It is 
 ludicrous to talk of ' fanatisme protestant.' The Pope 
 has had his territory taken from him by good Catholics, 
 by men who go to confession, and believe in the im- 
 maculate conception ; and if it were not for the defence 
 of the French army, the Komans themselves would 
 pitch the Pope and his cardinals into the Tiber. I con- 
 ceive that the ascendency of the Eoman Church has been 
 the curse of Italy, and anything which tends to weaken 
 it I look upon with unmixed satisfaction. Such I 
 believe to be the feeling of a considerable portion of the 
 educated classes in France. They do not sympathize 
 with the views of Montalembert and the Ultramontranc 
 party, and I am utterly indifferent to reproaches against 
 England springing from this source. As to Thiers, he 
 is no doubt thoroughly soured by his long exclusion 
 from office, and he is about as fair a judge of political 
 opponents as Fox was of Pitt in the year 1801 or 1802. 
 I am very sorry to hear what you say of Lucy.* 
 Alexander ,f whom I saw a short time ago, did not 
 
 * Lady Duff Gordon. t Sir Alexander Duff Gordon.
 
 890 LETTERS, 
 
 appear to think her in any danger. I trust lie may 
 prove right in his security. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : Jan. 21, 1861. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I read with much interest the 
 articles in the New York papers which you had the 
 kindness to send me. It is certain that this break 
 up of the Union, for such it apparently is, has taken the 
 world by surprise. When the Prince of Wales was 
 at Washington in last October, nobody thought that 
 Buchanan would be the last President of the old Union. 
 The greatest events seem to be the least anticipated. 
 Nobody in England expected that the great rebellion 
 would end in the execution of the king ; and when 
 Charles II. was in exile, nobody expected that he would 
 be restored. When Napoleon was at the height of his 
 power, nobody expected that he would be deposed ; and 
 when he was at Elba, nobody expected that he would 
 again be Emperor of France. The French Revolution 
 itself was clearly a universal and complete surprise, 
 both to France and the rest of Europe. Everybody 
 thought that the old French monarchy rested on an 
 immovable basis. Revolutions, as Aristotle has remarked, 
 spring from small causes, but they are made on account 
 of great interests. The immediate cause in this case is 
 small. The importance of Lincoln's election was not 
 great one way or the other. But it is clear that the 
 feelings and interests about slavery have been gradually 
 growing to the point of difference at which common 
 discussion and decision by vote of a joint Assembly 
 becomes impossible. The assault upon Sumner was 
 not, if properly regarded, a proof of the brutal manners
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 891 
 
 of the Southern gentlemen — it was the first blow in a 
 civil war. It was an outward sign that the Hall of 
 Congress was not a place where slavery and anti- 
 slavery could settle their disputes. Olmsted's third 
 volume, which I have been reading with great interest 
 and profit, shows the width of the chasm between the 
 North and the South on the subject of federal compacts, 
 if it is resisted by the Slave-holding States. However, 
 so far the practical problem is clear. There is no doubt 
 that free labour is preferable to slave labour, if the 
 option exists. But there is a point at which the heat 
 is such that white labour in the open air becomes im- 
 possible. I want to know what the Northern States 
 propose to do from that point. What is their slavery 
 legislation south of the line, where none but niggers 
 can work in the fields? Olmsted's book does not, 
 so far as I see, contain a vestige of an attempt to 
 answer this question, and yet, if the United States are 
 to remain in their present extent, it must receive a 
 practical answer. Buchanan's conduct has been weak 
 and impolitic in the extreme — the natural result of a 
 position of political dishonesty. One of the strongest 
 objections to the present political state of the Union 
 seems to me to be that every leading public man is 
 almost of necessity driven to disgraceful compromises 
 and to dishonest compliances and professions. If he had 
 used coercion at first, before the other States of the South 
 were committed, he might possibly have succeeded. I 
 doubt, even so, whether he would have brought South 
 Carolina back, but this was the only chance. Now, 
 however, that six or seven States have virtually joined, 
 coercion can lead to nothing but an armed struggle ; 
 and an armed struggle will not hold the Union together. 
 The means are inconsistent with the end. It is the
 
 392 LETTERS. 
 
 most singular action for restitution of conjugal rights 
 which the world ever heard of. You may conquer an 
 insurgent province, but you cannot conquer a seceding 
 State. The Roman plebs used secession as a means of 
 extorting concessions from the patricians, but they 
 would not have returned until they had gained their 
 end. In this case the seceders are to be brought back 
 by force, the concession of the point at issue is to be 
 refused, and the two contending [parties] are to live 
 harmoniously and happily ever after in the tender 
 embraces of federal union. Such an idea seems to me 
 utterly absurd and extravagant. 
 
 The progress of events is so rapid that I confess I 
 cannot see my way at all as to the probable form of 
 the new system which is to emerge from the chaos. 
 Head thinks it not impossible that the Western States 
 will form a Union of their own. 
 
 »2r *JF ■ft* 3}r 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : March 10, 1861. 
 
 My dear Head, — I was very glad to receive your 
 letter giving an account of your arrival at New York, 
 and of your having had on the whole a good voyage. 
 I trust that your cold journey to Quebec will be equally 
 prosperous. The denouement of the Anderson affair has 
 been fortunate. A release on technical grounds is not a 
 bad solution of the difficulty. I should hope that the 
 Federal Government, which has enough on its hands at 
 present, will not renew their claim of this fug itivus. 
 
 I was much interested by your account of the state 
 of feeling at New York. The refusal of Tennessee and 
 Arkansas to join the new Confederacy may give some 
 hopes of a compromise ; but I cannot see how it can be
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 393 
 
 expected that men who have committed themselves so 
 far as the leaders of the secession movement can be 
 expected to come back, except upon such terms as they 
 themselves would dictate. They would not only lose 
 their present position, but they would scarcely be safe 
 from proscription, if they acquiesced in the re-establish- 
 ment of the old Union, and thus to a certain extent 
 put themselves in the power of a republican executive. 
 
 Nevertheless, I hear that the latest letters from the 
 North still speak of peaceable re-union as a possible 
 event. 
 
 If the seven States of the extreme South finally 
 separate, the chances are that the separation will not be 
 effected without their coming to blows. If it was a 
 mere question of cutting off a Federal limb, I think the 
 operation might be performed without hostilities ; but 
 they have common property to divide, and as this 
 cannot be done by a decree of the Court of Chancery, 
 and as the joint owners are not likely to agree about 
 the partition, the arbitration of the sword will probably 
 be called in. 
 
 Our own politics have been pretty stationary since 
 your departure. The House of Commons has been 
 seized with a mania of appointing Committees, and there 
 have been some long debates on Italian affairs, and 
 on the occupation of Syria. The Volunteer Eeform 
 Bills await their second reading, but nobody expects 
 that they will pass the House of Commons. Pray 
 give my best regards to Lady Head. I hope Miss 
 Lefevre* has been amused by her adventure across the 
 Atlantic. Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 * Miss Lefevre, daughter of Sir John Lefevre, who was paying a visit 
 to Sir Edmund and Lady Head.
 
 894 LETTERS. 
 
 Kent House : April 9, (probably) 1801. 
 
 -M\ dear Reeve, — 
 
 # * # # 
 
 There is a circumstance relating to the early expe- 
 ditions in Flanders, which Lord Grenville told my 
 father, and of which Lord Stanhope does not seem to 
 be aware. The King insisted on appointing the general, 
 and he would select the Duke of York, who used to 
 dine during the campaign at four o'clock, and was 
 never visible after that hour, as he drank all the even- 
 ing. After one of his disasters, Pitt wrote to the Kin^, 
 insisting that the Duke should be brought before a 
 court martial. The King's answer to this letter is given 
 in Mahon's series. Pitt remained firm for a time, but 
 at last consented to yield, on condition that the ap- 
 pointment of general, and all other arrangements of 
 the foreign expeditions, should be made in future by 
 the ministers, and not by the King. The King was 
 forced to consent to this condition, in order to save his 
 son from exposure ; and accordingly the appointments 
 for the Egyptian expeditions were made by Pitt him- 
 self and Lord Grenville, without the interference of the 
 King. 
 
 You may rely on the substance of this story being 
 quite authentic. I will introduce it into my article, if 
 I write one. 
 
 I do not altogether defend Pitt's warlike policy during 
 the Revolution, but (subject to the explanation which 
 I have given) I do not go the length of Macaulay's 
 censure. I think worse of his giving in to the re- 
 actionary spirit during our little Tory reign of terror, 
 and sanctioning the war of prosecutions, together with 
 suspension of Habeas Corpus, Coercion Acts, &c, which 
 were then resorted to. I suspect that the number of
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 39o 
 
 persons in this country who really sympathized with 
 
 the French Bevolution after 1792-3 was very small and 
 
 perfectly contemptible in a political point of view. In 
 
 Ireland, I admit, the state of things was different ; but 
 
 in Ireland Pitt's policy was always mild and conciliatory, 
 
 and almost ultra- Whiggish. Lord Grenville told me 
 
 that Pitt never would have allowed any person to call 
 
 him a Tory — but then he used Whig and Tory in the 
 
 old sense. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : May 13, 1861. 
 
 My dear Head, — I have been, I am afraid, remiss in 
 thanking you for your interesting letters on the state 
 of things in America. You will see, however, that I 
 profited by your views of the probable course of events 
 in the article which I wrote for the ' Edinburgh Review.' 
 The Northern States has been drifted, or rather plunged, 
 into war without having any intelligible aim or policy. 
 The South fight for independence ; but what do the 
 North fight for, except to gratify passion or pride ? 
 Ticknor, in his curious letter, talks of averting anarchy ; 
 but if the North had remained quiet, they had nothing 
 to fear from anarchy. If the North intended to resort 
 to coercion, they should have lost no time in attacking 
 the South, before they had made preparations for war. 
 Having lost much precious time, their true policy was 
 to negotiate with the South and recognise the secession, 
 in which case the Border States would, for a time at 
 least, have stuck to the North. By following their 
 present course, they have lost Virginia, and the other 
 Border States, if not against them, are at least not with
 
 396 LETTERS. 
 
 them. AW' have been engaged during the last week 
 in deciding on the line to be taken by this country 
 with respect to the contending parties. We recognise 
 the Southern States as a belligerent power, but not as 
 an independent State; and we have settled a procla- 
 mation, founded on the Foreign Enlistment Act, which 
 
 will shortly be issued. 
 
 * # # * 
 
 The new American Minister for France, who lately 
 passed through this country, sent us a message through 
 Dallas that his Government wished to purchase arms 
 of our Government. We shall decline on the ground 
 of neutrality. 
 
 The Budget is passing slowly through Parliament. 
 People are very reluctant to part with the paper duty, 
 and our majority of eighteen was obtained only by the 
 reluctance to mve a vote which might turn out or en- 
 danger the Government. The Opposition are pursuing 
 a dilatory policy, in the hope that some news may 
 arrive from America which will show the necessity of 
 further expenditure. I trust that these disturbances 
 may not in any way interfere with your plans of return- 
 ing in the summer or autumn. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : June 9, 18G1. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I received yesterday at the 
 Office a copy of the Lectures,* from twelve to seven- 
 teen, in continuation of the published set ; but I have 
 not received the ' Middle Temple Lectures,' which you 
 say you have sent through Alfred Austin. I will read 
 
 ' ' Lectures on Jurisprudence,' by the late John Austin. Edited by 
 Mr?. Austin.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MBS. AUSTIN. 307 
 
 these lectures, and return them in a few days. I sent 
 you the MSS. of the published lectures by the railway. 
 I hope they reached you safely. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 The Epicureans taught that the touch was the most 
 
 important of the senses, but I doubt whether any such 
 doctrine as that expressed in the enclosed note can be 
 found in Lucretius, or was held by the Epicureans. 
 They certainly did not hold that the sight was identical 
 with the touch, though they held that all objects of the 
 sense are corporeal. (See book iv. 299-305). 
 
 I am much obliged to you for your kind advice, 
 and am very glad that anything that I have lately said 
 in Parliament has given you satisfaction. I fear it has 
 not been of much importance. My health has been 
 better of late ; but if I thought that it was materially 
 affected by my present mode of life, I should not 
 hesitate in giving it up ; it would cost me nothing, as 
 far as my own tastes and inclinations are concerned, 
 
 but rather the reverse. 
 
 * * * # 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : June 24, 1881. 
 
 My dear Head, — I return Ticknor's interesting letter, 
 which you had the kindness to send me. Another 
 letter, which you sent me previously, I am ashamed to 
 say that I cannot at this moment find, but I will return 
 it when I recover it. 
 
 We hear threatening accounts from Washington of 
 the bad disposition of Seward towards this country, 
 and of the possibility of their declaring war against us. 
 It seems, however, incredible that any Government of 
 ordinary prudence should at a moment of civil war
 
 ;;;i,s LETTERS. 
 
 gratuitously increase the number of its enemies, and, 
 moreover, incur the hostility of so formidable a power 
 as England. The first effect would be that we should 
 raise the siege of the Southern ports and ourselves 
 blockade the Northern ports. I cannot, however, 
 believe that Seward will be so insane as to take such 
 a step. Their speculation, I believe, is, that they will 
 bring about a war between France and England; 
 but how a quarrel with us is to effect this object, I do 
 not see. 
 
 I am rather apprehensive as to the effect of our send- 
 ing three regiments to Canada. It may be miscon- 
 strued, and produce irritation ; and the danger of in- 
 vasion from the United States cannot be considerable. 
 
 Our own session is dragging on. A great effort was 
 made by the Opposition upon the Paper-duty question ; 
 but that attempt having failed, it is not likely that 
 any other party motion of importance will be tried. 
 The sudden death of Lord Campbell creates the 
 necessity of appointing a new Chancellor, and, as 
 Bethell will probably have the great seal, of appointing 
 a new Law Officer. We are very ill off for lawyers in 
 the House of Commons, and the move will weaken the 
 Government. Lord Campbell was in perfect health 
 on the day preceding his death. He seems to have 
 died sleeping. 
 
 I have no private news to send you. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House: July 8, 1861. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — It seems to me that the course 
 of the Bonn Gymnasium very much represents the 
 ideas of our public school reformers, except that I doubt
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWISLETON. 309 
 
 whether they would be satisfied with the proportion of 
 time allotted to the modern languages. The highest 
 class gives as much time to Hebrew as to French. 
 Two hours a week for several years ought, however, to 
 enable a student to acquire enough of French to be 
 able to read it. I observe that French is taught by 
 Germans. If this could be done in our public schools, 
 it would get over one of the chief obstacles to the teach- 
 ing of the modern languages. The number of hours 
 accounted for is six per diem, without allowing for 
 holidays and half-holidays. I suppose that exercises 
 are done — that they are practised, for instance, in writ- 
 ing Latin prose — and that this is done out of school 
 
 hours. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L 
 
 Among the arrangements that had been made when 
 Lord Palmerston returned to the Treasury in June 1859, 
 was the appointment of Mr. Sidney Herbert to be 
 Secretary for War. We believe that at that time there 
 already existed in him the seeds of the fatal disease 
 that soon deprived the country of one of its most ac- 
 complished and trustworthy statesmen. Gradually his 
 health failed ; and as the session of 1861 advanced, it 
 became clear that he must relinquish his office. A 
 difficulty arose in the nomination of his successor, from 
 the fact of two, the Secretaries of State, Lord Eussell 
 the Foreign, and the Duke of Newcastle the Colonial 
 Secretary, being in the House of Lords. Under these 
 circumstances, it was very desirable that the new 
 Secretary for War should have a seat in the House of 
 Commons. After some consideration and the discus- 
 sion of various alternatives, Lord Palmerston decided
 
 •100 LETTERS. 
 
 to ask Sir G. C. Lewis to leave the Home and accept 
 the War Office. Sir G. C. Lewis had always asserted 
 the principle that a member of a Government, sink- 
 ing personal wishes, ought to undertake such office and 
 business as his colleagues thought it desirable to 
 assign him. His want of acquaintance with military 
 business, and in a minor degree other causes, made him 
 extremely unwilling to consent to the change. Many 
 of his friends urged him to decline, but his own opinion 
 was unchanged, namely, that he ought to do what 
 was required of him; so he set aside alike his own 
 wishes and his friends' advice. The following letter 
 to the Editor expresses the aversion in which he per- 
 sonally held the change. 
 
 Home Office : July 9, 1861. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — It seems that Sidney Herbert's 
 state of health is such as to render it impossible for him 
 to retain his office, and that another arrangement for fill- 
 ing it will speedily become necessary. Lord Palmerston's 
 wish is, that I should change to the War Department. 
 He thinks that it is necessary that there should be a 
 commoner at the head of this office, and he is unable to 
 prevail on any other person in the House of Commons 
 to accept it. The proposal is in the highest degree 
 di -tasteful to me, but I do not well see how I can refuse 
 to acquiesce in the transfer. In the event of the change 
 inking place, Sir George Grey would return to the 
 Home Office. 
 
 I know scarcely anything of the details of military 
 administration, and I should have to learn my business 
 from the first elements. 
 
 Ever yours affectionately, 
 
 G. 0. L.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO SIR EDMUND HEAD, BART. 401 
 
 Harpton : Sept. 8, 1861. 
 
 My dear Head, — After much deliberation your 
 successor has been appointed, and will, I presume, be 
 ready to assume the administration during the autumn, 
 so as to enable you to return before the winter. Lord 
 Monck was a Lord of the Treasury when I was Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, and therefore I had frequent 
 official relations with him. He lost his English seat, 
 and being an Irish peer cannot sit for an Irish seat, so 
 that he has been thrown out of a political career. He 
 is a man of good sense and judgment, and of fair 
 abilities and application. He has never been tried 
 in anything difficult, but I should not be surprised 
 if he acquitted himself with propriety in his new 
 office. 
 
 There is, however, a great difference between being 
 first and being second. There is no saying more true 
 than the Greek proverb : — a-pyj) tov oivfya. Ssi^st. It 
 shows what he is in a variety of ways. It shows what 
 is bad and it shows what is good in him. 
 
 I have not written to you since my change of office, 
 which, as you may suppose, was not of my seeking. 
 The reports which were current as to the very laborious 
 nature of its duties, turn out, as I partly suspected, to 
 be quite fabulous. What it may be during war, I know 
 not ; probably its duties are then harassing and anxious, 
 but during peace its duties appear to be less than those 
 of the Home Office, so far as mere correspondence is 
 concerned, and during the session, the parliamentary 
 attendance is much lighter. Poor Sidney Herbert died 
 ,of the Bright disease. He was not sufficiently frightened 
 about himself in time, and went on with his office when 
 
 d D
 
 402 LETTERS. 
 
 he should have devoted himself exclusively to his 
 health. He is a great loss both in private and public. 
 The poor Bishop of Durham likewise died about the 
 same time, of an obscure but painful disease, which 
 afiected his biliary system. His death is a severe blow 
 to his large family. 
 
 The Duke of Newcastle has probably written to en- 
 quire your opinion as to the policy of sending further 
 reinforcements to Canada. The subject has been under 
 the consideration of the Government, and a premature 
 announcement of a decision on the subject has found 
 its way into the newspapers. Notwithstanding the 
 paragraph which you had the kindness to send me I 
 cannot but think that the Washington Government is 
 bent upon punishing the South, and will strain every 
 nerve to accomplish this object, without allowing its 
 attention to be diverted to other quarrels. This being 
 the case, I believe that, however they may swagger, 
 they will keep their eyes steadily pointed to the South 
 without turning them for a moment in the direction of 
 Canada. There is likewise a difficulty about finding 
 barrack-room for additional troops. I should be glad 
 to know your opinion on this point, as the question 
 must be decided speedily. My best regards to Lady 
 Head. It will be very pleasant to see you again in 
 England. I fear your return will be too late for paying 
 us a visit at Harpton. 
 
 Ever yours, &c, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I was very sorry to miss 
 seeing 3*011 when you were in London. I hope that I 
 may be in better luck when you make your next visit.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. AUSTIN. 403 
 
 I enclose some copies of my inscription,* and will 
 send copies to anybody in Paris whose direction yon 
 will give me. I am rather in hopes that some foreigner 
 ignorant of English may take it for a genuine inscrip- 
 tion. I have heard that when Champollionf was in 
 Egypt, some of his scholars played him a trick by in- 
 venting a hieroglyphical inscription of their own upon 
 plaster, and burying it in a place which he was ex- 
 cavating. He found the inscription, believed it to be 
 genuine, included it in his collection, and published it 
 with an interpretation. I should like to verify this 
 story. Perhaps St. Hilaire might know something of 
 it. If it is true it goes far to support Brownius, as it 
 shows that the method of interpretation is lax enough 
 to include everything. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 a c. l. 
 
 Harpton: Sept. 30, 1861. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I was very glad to receive 
 your interesting letter, and particularly to find that you 
 had been able to do so much in France. I am sure 
 that the exertion of travelling and of seeing different 
 people cannot fail to be beneficial to you after your 
 
 * Inscriptio Antiqua in Agro Bruttio nuper Reperta ; edidit et inter- 
 pretatus est Johannes Brownius : — 
 
 IIEYDIDDLEDIDDLE 
 
 THECATANDTHEFIDDLE 
 
 THECOU1UMPEDOVERTHEMOON 
 
 THELITTLEDOGLAUGHED 
 
 TOSEESUCHFINESPOPT 
 
 ANDTHEDISHRANAUAYUITHTHESPOON, 
 
 Is treated and interpreted after the manner of an ancient inscription. 
 
 t A few years ago the scribbling of a German boy was imported from 
 America, and published by a librarian in Paris as an Aztec manuscript. — ■ 
 
 [Editor.] 
 
 D D 2
 
 404 LETTERS. 
 
 long seclusion. There never was so accomplished a 
 sphinx as Louis Xapoleon : for while one man sees in 
 him a poisonous serpent, another sees in him a gentle 
 dove ; and both profess to be equally well-informed, 
 and to speak from indubitable authority. My convic- 
 tion is that England is the last country he will attack. 
 His wms will be made for territorial aggrandizement — 
 for the Rhine province — for a slice of Switzerland or 
 of Spain. He cannot annex England — and the utmost 
 he can hope is to inflict some loss or disgrace upon us. 
 He must, however, be perfectly aware that this is a 
 game at which two can play ; and that if he was to 
 burn Portsmouth or Plymouth we should never rest 
 until we had done him some similar mischief. Besides, 
 after all, wars are generally made for some supposed 
 interest and not out of mere passion. I was not aware 
 of the remark of Tocqueville, to which you refer, but I 
 do not think that he knew any Greek, and even as to 
 L.itin, he probably knew about as much as all Catholics 
 learn, and no more. He had no acquaintance with 
 aicient literature, and no fondness for it. His mind 
 was entirely formed upon modern models. Pray pre- 
 sent my best remembrances to your host, and propound 
 to him, as a point of literary interest, when Dante first 
 became known in French literature? As far as I can 
 make out, he was comparatively unknown in England 
 until the middle of the last century. Bayle's article on 
 Dante shows that his ' Divine Comedy ' was nearly un- 
 known in France at that time. So far as I am aware, 
 there is no trace of an imitation of Dante in Milton. 
 
 There is no political news. The statement in the 
 newspaper about sending troops to Canada, is, to say 
 the least, premature. The Washington Government 
 has been a little more civil lately ; their hands, more-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO HON. EDWARD TWJSLETOK. 405 
 
 over, are pretty full of their own quarrel with the 
 South. 
 
 Sir Edmund Head is to return to England in Novem- 
 ber. I sincerely hope that Lucy's* voyage will answer, 
 but I suppose it will be some time before you can hear 
 of her arrival at the Cape. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 War Office: Nov. 30, 1861. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I am much obliged to you for 
 your interesting letter, and I quite agree with you as 
 to the lessons which history teaches of the superiority 
 of military organization over undisciplined forces. All 
 experience, from that of Sparta downwards, bears wit- 
 ness to this truth. It is clear that whatever may be 
 thought of the Volunteers, we are not now in a con- 
 dition to reduce our regular army. This unfortunate 
 affair of the ' Trent ' renders it quite uncertain whether 
 we may not, before Easter, be engaged in a war with the 
 Northern States. I cannot help hoping that they may 
 not refuse to make reparation. It is anything but 
 clear that the Washington Government ordered the 
 act which has been committed. I hear that the Lieu- 
 tenant who boarded our ship stated distinctly that they 
 were not acting under orders from their Government. 
 This is quite consistent with the statement which is at- 
 tributed to General Scott. Lincoln's cabinet have doubt- 
 less been desirous of catching the Southern envoys, and 
 may have caused their wish to be known ; but it does 
 not follow that they gave the instructions to board the 
 ' Trent.' It seems incredible that Seward can seriously 
 
 * Lady Duff Gordon, "who had gone to the Cape for the sake of her 
 health.
 
 406 LETTERS. 
 
 desire to provoke a war with England. If he wishes it, 
 the banking and commercial interests, who will surely 
 make themselves felt, cannot be so insane. There must 
 surely be an interval after the receipt of our despatch, 
 when the voice of reason and prudence lias some 
 chance <>f being heard. 
 
 December 3. — Since I wrote the above, the news 
 from America shows that the Captain acted without 
 orders from his Government, but the manner in which 
 Slidell and Mason have been received, and the general 
 tone of the New York press, leave little hope of a peace- 
 able solution. The question will have been virtually 
 settled before our despatch is received. Seward ought 
 not to delude himself with the hope that we fear war 
 or shall recede from our demand. I believe, moreover, 
 that the notion of separating France from England, 
 and inducing her to join the Northern States, is quite 
 fallacious. Louis Napoleon wishes to break the block- 
 ade, and he will take no step in the opposite direction. 
 — &c, &c. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 War Office : Dec. 5, 1861. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I have no doubt that, as you 
 say, the gravity of the recent event was not appreciated 
 in America. However, as Cockburn said of Graham, 
 we shall soon iron the smile out of their face. The 
 case of Laurens is irrelevant, as he was captured in an 
 enemy's ship, not in a neutral vessel. I do not know 
 the particulars of the case of Lucien Bonaparte, but if 
 the ship was in a port, either friendly to France or at 
 war with France, we were justified in using belligerent 
 rights against her.
 
 G. C LEWIS TO HON. EDWAIW TWISLETON. -107 
 
 It is quite certain that the French Government wish 
 for war between England and America. The blockade 
 of the South would be raised, and they would get the 
 cotton which they want. I suspect, moreover, that 
 Louis Napoleon would lose no time in recognizing the 
 i independence of the Southern States. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : Dec. 11, 1861. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — It is, I think, certain that there 
 is no decided case in our Admiralty courts which justi- 
 fies the seizure of Slidell and Mason. I have not yet 
 heard of any act of our cruisers which is parallel. The 
 Lucien case, as you may have seen in the ' Times,' is 
 wholly different. The only question is, whether our 
 Government or law advisers have not formerly laid 
 d own general principles which would justify this act. 
 Now, in a question of this sort, you must interpret the 
 principles of a government by its practice. Few logi- 
 cians are so cautious as not, for their present purpose, to 
 as sume major premises unnecessarily wide, and which 
 they would be forced to abandon if applied to different 
 minor premises. 
 
 The doctrine which we advanced in 1812 respecting 
 the search made for seamen in neutral ships is one of 
 which individually I do not approve ; but nationally, I 
 admit we are committed to it. It certainly approaches 
 to the act which we now condemn, but it is not identi- 
 cal. The extract from the 'Annual Eegister,' reprinted 
 in the papers which I sent you, does not represent our 
 pretensions correctly ; but you will find them well stated 
 (and certainly without any disposition to recede from 
 them) in the enclosed pamphlet by Croker, who, as
 
 408 LETTERS. 
 
 Secretary to the Admiralty, thoroughly understood the 
 question. 
 
 You will likewise find our claims on the subject 
 defined in the declaration of the Prince Eegent, 'Annual 
 Register ' for 1813, State Papers, p. 330. All this is 
 perfectly well known to the American Government, 
 and I do not think that they would derive any in- 
 formation or support to their case from the papers 
 which I sent you, if they were published to all the 
 world. You will observe that if the principle con- 
 tended for by the Americans were admitted, we could 
 not object to a Confederate cruiser taking Adams out of 
 one of Cunard's steamers, as we recognize the belligerent 
 rights of both parties. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House: Dec. 16, 1861. 
 
 My dear Reeve, — The Prince's death * is a terrible 
 calamity ; and it will be so regarded by the public, 
 though they do not know the extent of their loss. 
 It will entirely alter the Queen's existence : he can- 
 not be replaced. I am quite unable to estimate the 
 probable consequences of this most disastrous event. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Letter not having date of year, from G. C. L. to Mr. 
 
 Tiv islet on. 
 
 Kent House : April 1, (probably) 1862. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I can add a good instance of 
 the Hebrew sh becoming s in the Greek, viz. o-jxXos 
 or <rly7<r>g from shekel; see Xen. 'Anab.' i. 5. 6; 
 Hesychius in <r/yXov, Photius in alx7,og. 
 
 • Prince Albert's lamented death took place on Dec. 14, 1861.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 409 
 
 I can understand a hieroglyphic becoming an alpha- 
 betic system, but such is not the doctrine of Champollion. 
 See the passage in my volume,* pp. 393 and 260. He 
 supposes the hieroglyphic writing to have been phonetic 
 from a remote period. 
 
 It appears to me that Eenan is not an orthodox 
 Egyptologist. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 a c. l. 
 
 Kent House : April 2, 1862. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — I enclose a few notes on the 
 two last volumes of your interesting book.f I am 
 afraid that they are of no great value, but such as they 
 are I send them. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Vol. III. ch. xxiii. — There was a celebrated quotation 
 made by Mr. Pitt, in reply to Mr. Fox, on the occasion 
 of ihe mutiny at the Nore, — ' Si in tanto rerum omnium 
 metu solus non timet,' J &c. — which might be worth 
 notice. 
 
 Page 51. — I have not at this moment the means of 
 referring to Wilberforce's Diary, § — but in general Lord 
 Grenville was very tolerant in questions of religious 
 dissent, though he had a strong religious belief, and I 
 should have thought it very improbable that he would 
 
 * ' Astronomy of the Ancients,' by Sir George Lewis. Parker, 1862. 
 
 t ' Life of Pitt,' by Earl Stanhope. 4 vols. Murray, 1862. 
 
 \ These words form part of a speech ascribed to Cato when replying 
 to Csesav in the Senate. See the ' Catilinarian War ' of Sallust, chap. Hi 
 The sentence runs thus : Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium est, 9 
 periculum ex illis metuit : sin in tanto omnium metu solus non timet, e 
 magis refert, me mihi atque vobis timere. 
 
 § See vol. ii. p. 222 of ' Memoirs of Wilberforce," by his Sons. 5 vols 
 Murrav, 1838.
 
 410 LETTERS. 
 
 have quarrelled with Pitt on such a subject. lie was 
 certainly very active in urging Pitt to the measure of 
 1801, on which his Government was broken up. 
 
 Page 86. Mr. Frere told me that the first part of 
 the l Loves of the Triangles,'* together with the idea 
 and plan of the poem, was his, and all the rest was 
 Mr. Canning's. 
 
 Page 88. — I believe that you are quite right in sup- 
 posing that none of the poetry, and I believe it maybe 
 added the prose, of the 'Anti-jacobin ' was by Pitt. Some 
 ( >f the prose articles were contributed by Lord Grenville : 
 I believe the financial ones. 
 
 Page 11C- — Wearing the hair short, and without 
 powder, was at this time considered a mark of French 
 ])i inciples. Hair so worn was called ' a crop.' Hence 
 Lord Melbourne's phrase f ' crop imitating wig.' This 
 is the origin ' of croppies,' as applied to the Irish rebels 
 of 1798. 
 
 Page 155. — In Howell's 'State Trials,' vol. xxvii., it 
 is stated that Napper Tandy,J having been arraigned 
 on his attainder, Avas acquitted by the jury. Query? — 
 Was there any subsequent trial? 
 
 Page 17G. — Lord Grenville told me that he men- 
 tioned his intention to Pitt, to use this quotation, § and 
 
 ' ; Loves of the Triangles,' a mathematical and philosophical poem : 
 ' Poetry of the Anti-jacobin,' p. 113. 
 t 'Poetry of the Anti-jacobin,' p. 40: — 
 
 I swear hy all the youths that Malmesbury chose, 
 
 By Ell 'a sapient prominence of nose, 
 
 By Morpeth's gait, important, proud, and big, 
 By Leveson Gower's crop-imitating wig, &c. 
 t Na pper Tandy, an Irishman who promoted a French descent on the 
 <■< ast of Donegal. ' He boasted that, land where he pleased, he would be 
 j oined by :i0,C00 men ; but no signs of any junction appeared.' [I find 
 no account of any subsequent trial.— Editor.] 
 
 Mr. Pitt was speaking in favour of the union of Ireland with ^ng-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 411 
 
 that Pitt was so pleased with it that ' he begged it of 
 him.' 
 
 It was supposed that Pitt substituted nova for mi hi, 
 in order to avoid alluding to the imputation that he 
 promoted the Irish rebellion from motives of personal 
 ambition. 
 
 Page 181. — My belief is, that you might have denied 
 still more strongly the prevalent imputation of bribery 
 by secret means for carrying the Union. The small 
 sums furnished from the secret service money appear 
 to have been used for paying pamphleteers and writers 
 in the press. All Lord Castlereagh's political bribery 
 was avowed, and most of it was by Act of Parliament. 
 
 Appendix, p. xi. — I always suspected that George III. 
 gave money for elections out of his civil list ; but I 
 never could find any proof. It is now furnished by the 
 King's own letter, of January 23, 1798.* 
 
 Appendix, p. xvi. — There is a clear notice in the 
 King's letter of June 11, 1798, that he will not consent 
 to further relaxations of the laws against the Catholics. 
 This is material with respect to Pitt's knowledge of the 
 King's feelings on the subject. The King was likewise 
 hostile to the payment of the Catholic Clergy, p. xviii. 
 but he was highly favourable to the Union, pp. xvi. xvii. 
 
 Vol. IV. p.^212.— The origin of Martello Towers, I 
 believe to have been that, when piracy was common in 
 
 land. See Lord Stanhope's l Life of Pitt,' vol. iii. 175-G. ' ^Eneid,' 
 
 xii. 197 : 
 
 Non ego, nee Teucris Italos parere jubebo, 
 Nee nova regna peto ; paribus se legibus ambaa 
 Invictse gentes seterna in fcedera mittant. 
 
 Titt substituted nova for mihi. 
 
 Lord Stanhope's 'Life of Pitt,' 3id vol. Appendix, p. xi. The 
 
 King's words are, ' As to the fonner, I have seme debts, of which the 
 
 sums borrowed for the late elections makes the most coEsideiable part,' 
 
 &c.
 
 112 LETTERS. 
 
 the Mediterranean, and pirates, like the Danes, made 
 plundering descents upon the coasts, the Italians built 
 towers near the sea, in order to keep a watch, and give 
 warning if a pirate Bhip was seen to approach the land. 
 This warning was given by striking on a bell with a 
 hammer ; and hence these towers were called ' torri da 
 mart olio.' I cannot remember where I read this explana- 
 tion, but I am sure that I found it in some credible 
 book. 
 
 Page 398. — There is a full-length portrait of Pitt at 
 I M ( >]>inore, in what was formerly Lord Grenville's sitting- 
 room. My impression is, that it is a repetition of 
 Uoppner's. There is likewise a full length portrait of 
 Pitt at the Trinity House, in his uniform of Master. It 
 is a good picture which I have seen. It may be 
 remarked, that in the portrait at Windsor Castle, Pitt 
 holds in his hand a copy of his Sinking Fund Bill. It 
 seems from your statement that this must have been 
 Lawrence's own vicw r of Pitt's principal achievement. 
 
 Pace 339. — It should be added that Lord Powis 
 never went to Ireland, and never assumed the Lord 
 Lieutenancy. 
 
 Page 416. — Lord Grenville told my father that Pitt 
 had formed a plan for abolishing all customs duties, 
 and that he would have carried it into effect if the 
 war of the French Pievolution had not broken out, 
 which defeated all his financial and commercial plans. 
 Lord Grenville said that the amount of the public 
 expenditure at that time rendered such a plan quite 
 feasible. 
 
 The Grove : April 20, 1862. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — To say the truth, I did not buy 
 ' Lord Auckland's Letters,' and it so happens that I have 
 not yet fallen in with the two new volumes, so that I
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 413 
 
 am ignorant of their contents. I will, however, take 
 care to read them before long. I felt perfectly certain 
 that Pitt and Lord Grenville were not parties to any 
 plan for a partition of France in 1793-4, and I am 
 not at all surprised to hear that the correspondence 
 does not bear out the statement. 
 
 The lot of a Foreign Minister would indeed be a 
 hard one, if he were responsible for every foolish plan 
 which an over-zealous diplomatic agent may send him, 
 and to which he is forced to give a civil answer. 
 
 I shall be curious to read Pitt's letter referring to Lord 
 Auckland's intrigues in 1800. It is a dark passage in 
 his history, but I am inclined to think that Lord 
 Auckland was sincere in his fear of the Catholics, and 
 that he was not, like Lord Loughborough, merely 
 flattering the King's prejudices for personal objects. 
 His connection with the Archbishop of Canterbury 
 probably gave him facilities for communicating with 
 the King on this subject. The sincerity of his opinion 
 (for which I generously give him credit) did not, how- 
 ever, justify him, in his subordinate official position, 
 clandestinely communicating with the King, on so 
 delicate a question, against the policy of the Prime 
 Minister, to whom he was under great personal obliga- 
 tions, and who regarded him as a private friend. I 
 read your letter in to-day's ' Times ' about Pitt's last 
 words, with much interest. It is clear from other cir- 
 cumstances that he was conscious of approaching death, 
 which frequently is not the case. 
 
 The article on your last volumes, in the ^Quarterly,' is, 
 I conclude, by Lord Robert Cecil. It is a well written 
 composition, but is in my opinion very unjust to Lord 
 Grenville. Whether Pitt or Lord Grenville were right 
 in the lines which they respectively took in 1801-5 is
 
 Ill LETTERS. 
 
 an arguable question, and candid judges may differ 
 
 aboul it; but it is quite a mistake to say that Lord 
 ( l-renville owed liis political position exclusively to Pitt. 
 l/u(l Grenville was brought into Parliament by his 
 elder brother, without the smallest reference to Pitt, 
 who had at that time no seats to give away. He made 
 his parliamentary position by his own ability; and 
 although Pitt no doubt took him into his cabinet, as 
 much may be said of any other member of a cabinet 
 who is not Prime Minister. Lord Grenville had much 
 of that quality which his friends called firmness, and his 
 enemies obstinacy; but to say that his obstinacy was 
 1 unreasoning ' is entirely to mistake his character. I 
 will venture to say that Lord Grenville never took any 
 important step in public life for which, whether right 
 or wrong, he was not able to allege excellent reasons. 
 W'raxall mentions that when Pitt was in want of a 
 leader in the House of Lords, he sent Lord Grenville 
 there, in order to get rid of a dangerous rival in the 
 House of Commons. I do not believe that this w r as 
 Titt's motive : but the existence of the rumour shows 
 what was the impression at the time with respect to 
 their relative positions. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 5 ; 1862. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — I am glad that you approve of 
 my suggestion of a catalogue of portraits. Pray bring it 
 before the trustees in any way you think fit. I don't 
 know whether my letter is worthy of being entered on 
 the minuti s 
 
 I would propose to include the statues and busts, 
 an I to exclude miniatures. Engravings belong to a
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO EARL STANHOPE. 415 
 
 different category ; au authentic list of them would be 
 valuable, but might be made without the assistance of a 
 public authority. 
 
 Pitt's letter to Lord Auckland shows that he believed 
 the latter to have behaved towards him in an unfriendly 
 manner. This can only allude to intrigues on the 
 Catholic Question. 
 
 Pitt's opinion of Burke's writings on the French 
 Revolution is curious — that they are rhapsodies in 
 which there is much to admire and nothing to as- 
 sent to. 
 
 My opinion of Burke's writings and speeches on the 
 French Revolution, and on Hastings, is that there is 
 much in them wild and rhapsodical, but that his view 
 of both subjects is substantially right. Lord Grenville 
 advised me to read the vindication of ' Civil Society ' 
 (written in imitation of Lord Bolingbroke), which lie 
 said was Burke's best writing in point of style. I 
 always observed that his estimate of Burke was very 
 different from that of the present generation. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Kent House : May 7, 1862. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — You are quite welcome to 
 publish the enclosed note, of the accuracy of which 
 there is no doubt. I have often conversed on it with 
 my father. Lord Grenville was himself a consistent 
 free trader, and was always hostile to the corn laws, at 
 a time when even free traders did not venture to utter 
 a word against them. If Pitt had been minister in 
 1815, he would never have consented to increasing the 
 rigour of prohibition after the war. There seems to 
 have been much intimacy between Lord Grenville
 
 410 LETTERS. 
 
 and Lord Auckland after Pitt's death— more than I was 
 aware of. 
 
 I agree with you that the latter appears to have a 
 peculiar obliquity of vision with respect to facts. His 
 letter describing what took place in the House of 
 ( lommons on the night on which he first appeared on 
 the Treasury bench, after his change of politics, would 
 be incredible, if it had not been published by his 
 
 family. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 I enter (with his permission) one or two letters from 
 E. A. Freeman, Esq. (the author of the valuable 'History 
 « >f Federal Government,' and more recently of the 'His- 
 tory of the Norman Conquest of England'), because they 
 serve to render complete a correspondence between him 
 and Sir George Lewis on the subject of the former book, 
 which Mr. Freeman has been kind enough to contribute. 
 
 Edward A. Freeman, Esq., to Sir George Lewis. 
 
 Somerleaze Wells : May 9, 1862. 
 My dear Sir,— I hope I am not taking a liberty in 
 thanking you for putting out your book on 'Ancient 
 Astr< >n< >my,' which I am reading with perfect delight. I 
 cannot follow the astronomical part, but I cannot fancy 
 a greater service to history than you have done, by up- 
 setting all the Egyptian and Babylonian dreams which 
 have filled people's heads for some years past. I only 
 doubt about one thing. Is there not a fair presumption, 
 if there be no evidence to the contrary, that modern 
 Coptic represents old Egyptian in the same way that 
 modern English represents old Teutonic, or the romance 
 of the Klephts represents the Greek of Homer? At
 
 E. A. FREEMAN, ESQ., TO G. C. LEWIS. 417 
 
 the same time I should doubt whether such a resem- 
 blance would enable anybody to make out the elder 
 form of the language, if, as seems the case in Egypt, 
 all intermediate forms and all cognate dialects had 
 vanished. 
 
 Pray forgive my intrusion, and believe me yours 
 truly, 
 
 Edward A. Freeman. 
 
 War Office : May 17, 1862. 
 
 My dear Stanhope, — I think that I have discovered, 
 with the assistance of a friend, the origin of Windham's 
 statement respecting Martello towers. An attack was 
 made on the tower of Mortella * in Corsica, bv the 
 British forces, both by sea and land, in February 1794. 
 The tower was taken after an obstinate defence ; but 
 the two attacking ships were beaten off. This circum- 
 stance is likely to have given rise to the confusion 
 between Martello towers generally and this tower of 
 Mortella. See James's ' Naval History of Great Britain ' 
 (Lond. 1822), vol. i. p. 286, where the event is described. 
 Martello towers were intended for defences against a 
 landing ; and the successful defence of the tower of 
 Mortella against two of our ships probably gave rise to 
 the erroneous etymology in question. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 * Sir G. C. Lewis's opinion of the origin of the name ' Martello ' 
 towers has been previously published by Earl Stanhope in his agreeable 
 little volume of Miscellanies. Murray, 1863. 
 
 E E
 
 US LETTERS. 
 
 Kent House : May 10 (probably), 1862. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — Many thanks. If I am not 
 mistaken, there was an article on the Countess of 
 Desmond in the ' Quarterly Eeview'* a year or two 
 ago. There is likewise an account of old Parr by 
 Hervey in Hervey's works, as well as in the ' Harleian 
 Miscellany.' 
 
 I believe that it may be stated generally that no in- 
 stance exists of any member of a royal or noble family, 
 whose birth was registered when it occurred, having 
 attained the age of a hundred years. 
 
 Ealegh appeals to the memory of all the noblemen 
 and gentlemen of Munster ; but one should like to 
 know what it was exactly that they remembered. 
 
 The well known passage in the Psalms f shows what 
 was the result of universal experience as to the duration 
 of life at an early period of Hebrew History. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Note written on the above letter by Mr. Tivisleton. 
 
 N.B. In the autumn of 18G0, Sir G. C. Lewis told 
 me at Harpton he did not think there was sufficient 
 evidence to show that anyone had exceeded the age of 
 
 • Quarterly Review for March, 1853, vol. xcii. p. 855. The longevity 
 of Old Parr and the Countess of Desmond, 
 
 ' Who lived to the age of a hundred and ten, 
 And died of a fall from a cherry-tree then,' 
 
 is also the subject of various articles in Notes and Queries. She is some- 
 times stated to have died at the age of 140, sometimes of 162 years ; 
 while Old Parr has been said to have reached the age of 152 years and 
 9 months. 
 
 f Psalm xc. 10. ' The days of our years are three score years and ten, 
 and if by reason of strength they be four score years, yet is their strength 
 but labour and sorrow,' &c.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. A. FREEMAN, ESQ. 419 
 
 one hundred and nine years. I did not understand 
 him to deny the possibility of the fact ; but to speak 
 only of evidence for the fact. 
 
 E. T. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to E. A. Freeman, Esq. 
 
 May 29, 1862. 
 
 My dear Sir, — 
 
 * * * * 
 
 I am greatly pleased to find that a judge so compe- 
 tent as yourself approves of my chapter on ancient 
 Egyptian and Assyrian history. It seemed to me that 
 the Egyptologists and the interpreters of cuneiform were 
 taking undue liberties with the credulity of the public, 
 and that it was high time for somebody to interfere. I 
 wish that the task had been undertaken by some one 
 who had more time to devote to the subject, and who 
 had more knowledge of Oriental languages. But I 
 have at least thrown down the gauntlet, and I am 
 surprised that no one has hitherto taken it up, at least 
 in print. I suppose they say that the arguments are so 
 insignificant as not to deserve notice. 
 
 Believe me yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 Edward A. Freeman, Esq., to Sir George Lewis. 
 
 Somerleaze, Wells : May 30, 1862. 
 
 My dear Sir, — I do not see how anybody can answer 
 the Egyptian part of your book, nor indeed the 
 Assyrian either, though it is not quite so full. I want 
 very much, if I can find a place, to treat of it along 
 with Eawlinson's and the other side, but I am not sure 
 that I shall be able to, as in the ' National Eeview' your 
 book is to be written about by an astronomer, which I 
 
 E E 2
 
 •J 20 LETTERS. 
 
 rather regret, as I look on it as much more historical 
 than scientific, and mere scientific men are so fond of 
 running down all ages which did not know so much as 
 they do themselves. But I do not know who the 
 astronomer is. 
 
 I hope about November to bring out the first volume 
 of my History of Federal Government, bringing the 
 subject down to the end of the Achaian League. I hope 
 then to go on with Switzerland, Holland, and America. 
 It has been actually begun sinre the disruption in 
 America, but I have had the subject before my eyes for 
 the Last ten years. It seems to me that all English 
 writers except Bishop Thirl wall have strangely neglected 
 Grecian History since Alexander ; so I hope I may be 
 doing some good in that w r ay. 
 
 Believe me very truly yours, 
 
 Edward A. Freeman. 
 
 Sir George Leivis to E. A. Freeman, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : June 7, 1862. 
 
 My dear Sir, — I am glad to hear that your first 
 volume on Federal Governments,* is to appear in the 
 course of the year ; the subject is one which deserves 
 historical treatment. M. Croix's volume is superficial 
 and unsatisfactory. 
 
 Federal Government lies on the confines between 
 International and National Law, and affords many 
 interesting and instructive problems. It touches on 
 the question of Congresses, on which much nonsense 
 has been talked and written. The contrast between a 
 federal system and a system of dependencies (like that 
 
 * History of the Federal Government from the Foundation of the Achaian 
 League to the Disruption of the United States, by Edward A. Freeman. 
 Blacmillan, I B63.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. A. FREEMAN, ESQ. 421 
 
 of our Colonial Empire) is also instructive. The 
 differences (as you doubtless see) are great and decisive. 
 It is surprising that so able a man as Sir James Stephen 
 should have supposed that our colonial system is federal. 
 I agree with you as to the mistake of neglecting all 
 Greek history after Alexander. I proposed to 
 Mr. Grote, when he had completed his first history, to 
 compose a second work, including the same subject as 
 the history of Polybius ; viz. an introductory sketch of 
 Grecian History from Alexander, and a combined 
 account of Greek and Eoman History from the first 
 Punic War to the taking of Corinth or Carthage. I am 
 satisfied that this would form an excellent subject and 
 might be satisfactorily treated, even with our present 
 imperfect materials. It would take up Eoman affairs 
 nearly at the point when they begin to have a purely 
 historical character. 
 
 I am afraid that I did not explain my meaning 
 clearly about Coptic. I did not mean to assert that 
 Coptic grew out of nothing. I have no doubt that it 
 contains remnants of the ancient Egyptian language. 
 What I meant to say is, that its form and substance have 
 undergone such changes as to render the interpretation 
 of the hieroglyphic language, by a reflex etymological 
 process, ' periculosa? plenum opus aleas.' 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 E. A. Freeman, Esq., to Sir George Lewis. 
 
 Somerleaze, Wells: June 10, 1802. 
 
 My dear Sir, — I have done my best to work out some 
 of the points which you speak of in my introductory 
 chapter. I have made the chief difference between a 
 federation and a colonial system to be that though a
 
 422 LETTERS. 
 
 colony may be as independent internally as a canton, 
 yet neither it nor its citizens have any voice in deciding 
 the general policy of the Empire, while a canton has as 
 a canton or by the individual votes of its citizens. So 
 I laid it down that though a purely municipal division, 
 a city or province, might have as much internal indepen- 
 dence as a canton, yet the rights of such city or pro- 
 vince were merely concessions liable to be withdrawn 
 by the central legislature, while the independence of a 
 canton is inherent, and the Diet, or Congress, cannot 
 touch it without its own consent. I hope this is right, 
 but I do not profess to be a lawyer. 
 
 My first volume is mainly a constitutional history of 
 the Achaian League. Till I began to write, I had no 
 notion what a mass of materials there really is, incidental 
 expressions of Polybius for instance, which I find, 
 moreover, that German scholars continually fail to 
 understand, simply from not being used to the goings 
 on of a free country. But of course I only occupy a 
 very small portion of the great subject; you trace it. I 
 should doubt Mr. Grote being the man for it ; his heart 
 is so thoroughly with Athens that he cannot care for 
 times when Athens has become contemptible. So he 
 despises my Achaians, and hates my Macedonians. 
 
 Pray forgive this long letter, and believe me very 
 truly yours, 
 
 Edward A. Freeman. 
 
 Barpton, Radnor : Oct. 4 (probably), 1802. 
 
 My dear Twisleton, — I have delayed too long thank- 
 ing you for your letter, and for the little guide book 
 containing an interesting account of the Scavi at Uri- 
 conium, of which I am ashamed to say I had not heard. 
 The Eomans seem to have understood the art of build-
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. AUSTIN. 423 
 
 ing durable brick walls ; both their bricks and their 
 cement were at least as good as ours. Chimneys are a 
 comparatively modern invention ; there is an article 
 upon them in that excellent book, Beckmann's ' History 
 of Inventions.' The Romans were unquestionably the 
 most practical nation of antiquity, and in this respect 
 they far excelled their teachers the Greeks. It is a 
 curious circumstance that the Greeks, with all their 
 scientific knowledge of astronomy, could not make a 
 good calendar ; and it was left to the Romans, who 
 were comparatively ignorant of the subject, to establish 
 a calendar which, with a trifling reform, is now used 
 by all civilised nations. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Autumn of 1862. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I have forwarded your letter 
 
 to Head. His direction is 29 Chesham Street. I shall 
 
 have much pleasure in seeing Barthelemy St. Hilaire if 
 
 he remains in England until I return to town. He is 
 
 an excellent writer, and I hear that his work on Buddha 
 
 has already become so scarce that a copy sells for 
 
 double the price of publication. I confess, however, 
 
 that I am unable to set up any interest about Oriental 
 
 philosophers and teachers. The only book in the whole 
 
 circle of Oriental literature which seems to me worth 
 
 reading is the ' Arabian Nights.' 
 
 * * * * 
 
 When you are at Oxford you will be some way on 
 your road to this house. I wish that I could tempt 
 you to come here and to bring B. St. Hilaire if he 
 should be so disposed. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L.
 
 42-4 LETTERS. 
 
 Ilarpton : Oct. 7 (probably), 18G2. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — If I were in London I could 
 easily find out the title of Feuerbach's book; and I 
 might perhaps hit upon the passage in Leibnitz ; but I 
 have no means of reference in the country for these 
 two writers. I have read Leibnitz's ' Theodicee,' but 
 know little of his other works. 
 
 I cannot recall any passage in Bacon where he uses 
 L'iri civiles for practical politicians, though I dare say 
 such a passage exists. In ' Nov. Org.' i. 92. he applies 
 prudentia civilis to the wisdom of practical politicians ; 
 and in the De Aw/mentis, e. g. lib. 8, he applies the 
 term doctrina or scientia civilis to the doctrine of practi- 
 cal politics. 
 
 I am very sorry that we have no chance of a visit 
 from you. My movements are now uncertain, for I 
 shall be forced to come up to London on the 21st for 
 
 public business. 
 
 # # * * 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 War Office : Dec. 16, 1862. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Theresa has suffered a good deal of pain.* * * There 
 is no symptom to create alarm or even uneasiness, but 
 
 she has not made much progress. B wrote me 
 
 word that there was a report of Captain 's death.* 
 
 Did you hear anything of it ? 
 
 Yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 The report of the death of Captain } which was generally 
 
 believed in his neighbourhood, arose thus :— Two gamekeepers, brothers,
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO REV. G. F. LEWIS. 425 
 
 Jan. 1, 1863. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — Your story about the two keepers 
 is excellent, and deserves to be embalmed in the next 
 
 edition of Joe Miller. It will make very angry 
 
 if some indiscreet person tells it to him. 
 
 My pedigree * pamphlet remains in proof, and has 
 not been printed off. I will not fail to send you copies 
 as soon as I have any. * * * The Northerners have 
 sustained a great reverse at Frederickburg ; but the 
 Southerners omitted or were unable to follow up their 
 success, and although the moral effect has been consider- 
 able, the military position remains unchanged. The 
 two armies are looking at one another across the 
 Eappahannock, and neither is likely to cross it. 
 
 Ever yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Kent House : Feb. 8, 1863. 
 
 My dear Hay ward, — I read with much satisfaction 
 your article on Lord Lansdowne. His most character- 
 istic quality was in my opinion his excellent judgment. 
 I have never in my life known a person whose judg- 
 ment on things both public and private was more 
 invariably sound than his. He wanted self-reliance, 
 and he disliked steady hard work. These two latter 
 
 who were going their rounds on their respective masters' estates, which 
 adjoined one another, met near the deer park of one of them Captain 
 
 . Some of the deer had been in the habit of breaking through the 
 
 fence of this pai'k and wandering in the neighbouring woods, and one 
 especially, an old buck, had given the keepers a great deal of trouble. 
 At length some one killed the errant old buck; and in the course of con- 
 versation one keeper told the other — ' Well, the old buck is dead at last.' 
 By this, his less matter of fact and more metaphorical companion 
 understood — not the deer — but the deer's proprietor ; and informed 
 
 the neighbourhood generally of Captain 's death. 
 
 * Pedigree of his own family.
 
 426 LETTERS. 
 
 qualities prevented him from accepting the office of 
 Prime Minister, for which he was pre-eminently fitted, 
 and caused persons who did not know him well to 
 underrate his natural abilities, which were much greater 
 than was generally believed. If he exerted himself, he 
 was quite a match for any of his contemporaries in 
 debate He had lived in familiarity with nearly all 
 the ablest men of his day, and his opinions were all 
 enlightened. 
 
 I have read the first volume of Kinglake. * * * 
 Kinglake's fault is that (as has been said of Sallust) he 
 tries to write better than he can write. This constant 
 strain and effort gives a stiff, pedantic character to his 
 style, deprives it of flow and facility, and produces a 
 sense of painful parturition which communicates itself 
 to the reader. If he would consent to express himself 
 in common English much of his book would be 
 pleasant reading enough.* * * His attempt to throw all 
 the credit or blame of the expedition to Sebastopol 
 upon the Duke of Newcastle is a complete delusion. 
 His story about the sleepy Cabinet may be partially 
 tine, but the plan of the expedition had been discussed 
 by the Cabinet at repeated sittings, and the despatch in 
 question only embodied a foregone conclusion. I do 
 not agree with Kinglake that a careful discussion of the 
 draft would have led to giving a wider discretion to 
 Lord Eaglan. The discretion which the despatch gave 
 seems to me to have been unusually wide and scarcely 
 justifiable. If it had been more discussed, the Cabinet 
 would perhaps have thought that they were throwing 
 on him undue responsibility. 
 
 There is no doubt that Lord Palmerston resigned on 
 account of the Eeform Bill. 
 
 Ever yours truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO MRS. AUSTIN. 427 
 
 Kent House : Feb. 8, 1863. 
 
 My dear Mrs. Austin, — I am much obliged to you 
 for kind letter of enquiry. I am happy to say that 
 Lady Theresa bears this heavy blow * with fortitude, 
 and that her health has not suffered from it, which 1 
 was afraid might be the case. 
 
 Poor Lord Lansdowne had almost anticipated death, 
 though he kept up a good fight against his infirmities 
 to the last. His place will remain vacant ; there is no 
 one to fill it up. Nobody ever administered a large 
 fortune with greater consideration for others or with 
 greater kindness to his numerous friends. His judg- 
 ment was admirable ; and his great natural abilities 
 were only obscured by want of self-reliance and by 
 excessive caution. It is much to be lamented that he 
 never accepted the office of Prime Minister, for which 
 he had pre-eminent qualifications. 
 
 I was very sorry at not being able to dine at Senior's, 
 but I was unwell and confined to the house for nearly 
 a fortnight. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 Sir George Lewis to E. A. Freeman, Esq. 
 
 Kent House : Feb. 14, 1863. 
 
 My dear Sir, — I am much obliged to you for your 
 kindness in sending me the first volume of your 'History 
 of Federal Governments,' which I have read with much 
 interest and advantage. The first part is very instruc- 
 tive and contains many new analogies. 
 
 * The calamity alluded to is tbe death of Lady Theresa Lewis's eldest 
 daughter, Mrs. William Harcourt. for whom all her relations had the 
 deepest affection.
 
 428 LETTERS. 
 
 It seems to me that the essential idea of a federal 
 government as distinguished from a federation — of a 
 Bundes Btaat as distinguished from a Staatenbund — is 
 that the sovereignty is divided between a number of 
 governments being one more than the number of states. 
 It' there are n states there must be n+1 governments. 
 Each state must have a peculiar government, and the 
 entire federation must have a common government. 
 If you were to suppose a union of live monarchies, the 
 formula would be equally true. Each state would have 
 its monarch, and the five monarchs or their plenipoten- 
 tiaries would form the federal government. Writers 
 who call our colonial system a federal government over- 
 look this important consideration, and forget that it 
 wants the essential characteristic of federalism. If you 
 suppose one of the state governments to exercise the 
 powers of a federal government, the other state govern- 
 ments would speedily become mere municipalities. It 
 seems, therefore, necessary that the federal government 
 should be distinct from any of the state governments. 
 
 I agree for the most part with the analogies between 
 ancient and modern institutions which you trace in the 
 first part of your volume ; but I rate less highly than 
 you do, the effect of direct democracy upon the indi- 
 vidual character. The Athenian Ecclesia met only once 
 a month regularly, and probably the questions discussed 
 at it were not numerous. The judicial functions of the 
 Athenian citizen were probably quite as important as 
 his functions of ecclesiast. 
 
 Page 250. — There is no English word which corre- 
 sponds exactly with the word rupavvog. But the 
 English word 'tyrant' implies a harsh, oppressive 
 exercise of power, which the Greek word does not. A ru- 
 puwos was necessarily an usurper, or the descendant or
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO E. A. FREEMAN, ESQ. 429 
 
 successor of an usurper. Cromwell and Napoleon were 
 both ropavvoi. If Lincoln happened to be an able man, 
 with military talent, and were to make himself master 
 of the Northern states, he would be a rtipavvog. 
 
 Page 264. — It seems to me a mistake to refer the 
 passages cited from Thucydides to the absolute rule of 
 the demus of Athens at home. They apply exclusively 
 to the a.o-/y], to the subject states. Over these the 
 power of the demus, considered as an unit, was absolute. 
 
 Page 284. — It is here correctly stated that the 
 English Cabinet has no legal existence. That is to say, 
 the Cabinet has no corporate character ; its decisions as 
 such have no authority ; it is merely a meeting of 
 ministers to discuss important business. But the state- 
 ment in p. 2S0, that the Ministry has no legal existence 
 seems to me inaccurate. Every minister has legal power 
 to do acts relating to his own department, and is legally 
 responsible for them. The Cabinet may discuss a 
 despatch to be written to a foreign government and 
 may agree to it ; but the Foreign Secretary has alone 
 power to write the despatch, and he is alone responsible 
 for it in a legal sense. A minister who signed a treaty 
 might be impeachable for the contents of the treaty, 
 but his colleagues could not be impeached, although 
 they might have agreed to it in the Cabinet. It is true, 
 as is stated in p. 313, that our law does not recognise 
 a Prime Minister ; but somebody is responsible for every 
 ministerial act. The reasons why votes of censure or 
 of want of confidence have taken the place of impeach- 
 ment are not the defect of legal responsibility but the 
 superior efficiency of the former remedy. 
 
 Page 296. — * I believe that an officer such as our 
 
 * Soon after this letter was written Sir George Lewis stated his 
 opinions on this subject more fully. They are published in Notes and
 
 •430 LETTERS. 
 
 Speaker was unknown to the ancients. Their delibera- 
 tive assemblies had no president who maintained order, 
 and put the question to the vote. The magistrates had 
 generally the initiative, sometimes they had it exclu- 
 sively ; and they exercised a sort of control over the 
 assembly. But a citizen who made a motion in the 
 Roman comitia or senate, himself, as I conceive, put 
 the motion. Eogare legem implied that the person 
 who proposed the law, put the question to the vote. 
 There is nothing in the passage of Polybius which im- 
 plies that the magistrates put the question to the vote. 
 (See Thucydides, i. 87, where the Ephor, after having 
 spoken, puts the question.) 
 
 I take the liberty of sending you a copy * of a political 
 dialogue, which I have lately published. You will find 
 in it some of the questions about Federalism slightly 
 touched upon. The best justification of a federal 
 system is when the separate states are too weak to 
 defend themselves separately against powerful enemies. 
 Believe me yours very truly, 
 
 G. C. Lewis. 
 
 War Office : Feb. 20, 1803. 
 
 My dear Head, — I am much obliged to you for the 
 copy of your excellent translation, and also for the two 
 volumes, which are useful books of reference at all 
 times, but particularly at the present time. If you and 
 Lady Head and Caroline should wish to see the proces- 
 sion of the Prince of Wales on the 7th, there will 
 be places at this office at your disposition — or, if you 
 care to go to Windsor to see the wedding, I can give 
 
 Queries, 3rd series, vol. iii. p. 281, where the article on the 'Presidency 
 of Deliberative Assemblies ' has his name attached to it. 
 
 * Dialogue on the Best Form of Government, G. C. Lewis, 1803.
 
 G. C. LEWIS TO REV. G. F. LEWIS. 431 
 
 you a ticket for the antechapel. You need not appear 
 in full dress. 
 
 Seward's letter to the French government shows how 
 utterly hopeless all attempts to move the Federal govern- 
 ment must be until some strong necessity is applied to 
 them. 
 
 Ever yours sincerely, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 War Office : April 4, 1863. 
 
 My dear Gilbert, — I enclose a copy of the bill for 
 amending the Local Government Act. 
 
 I intend, if I am able, to go to Harpton on Monday 
 with Theresa, and to stay there till the following 
 Saturday. I am anxious to get some fresh air at 
 Easter, and I think that a complete change may do 
 Theresa good, after so many things to depress her. 
 
 I hear nothing new. The story of a congress for the 
 affairs of Poland is, so far as I know, mere moonshine. 
 Princess Alice is to be confined immediately. Lord 
 Palmerston's speeches have been, on the whole, very 
 good. His vigour is perfectly marvellous. 
 
 Ever yours affectionately, 
 
 G. C. L. 
 
 This was one of the last letters that Sir George Lewis 
 wrote ; the last that I ever received from him. 
 
 It will have been observed that on the lGth of the 
 previous December he had mentioned the illness of 
 Lady Theresa Lewis ; he wrote ' that she had suffered 
 pain,' that ' she had not made much progress.' Her illness 
 had, in fact, been so serious as to give him constant 
 anxiety during many weeks. To this anxiety succeeded 
 deep grief for the death of Mrs. William Harcourt
 
 432 LETTERS. 
 
 which occurred early in 1863; and for whom he 
 entertained the love of a daughter. In March he 
 himself was annoyed by an attack of a disorder which 
 though of little consequence in itself served farther to 
 interfere with his habits and to depress his spirits. He 
 was commonly disinclined to move from place to place, 
 for railway journeys disagreed with him, but after the 
 occurrence of these distressing circumstances he thought 
 that country air and a change of scene would be 
 beneficial both to Lady Theresa Lewis and himself. He 
 consequently determined to spend the Easter holy days 
 in Radnorshire. He left London on the 4th of April. 
 It was his last journey. He had not passed more than 
 a day at I hup! on before he was seized with one of the 
 bilious attacks from which throughout his life he had 
 frequently suffered ; congestion of lungs followed. The 
 disorder, at the same time, of two organs which for 
 many years had been weak and defective, was more 
 than his constitution could withstand. In a few days he 
 breathed his last.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ABE 
 
 ABERCROMBIE, Sir Ralph, his pro- 
 ceedings in Ireland, 365, 366 
 
 Aberdeen, Lord, forms a government in 
 1852, 258-260. Resigns, 292. His 
 opinions as to the Peninsular War, 
 352 
 
 Addington, Mr., retires from the Fo- 
 reign Office, 265. His conduct in 
 1801, 330. Lord Brougham's views, 
 331 
 
 ' iEneid,' Colonel Mure on the incon- 
 sistencies of the, 149 
 
 ^Esthetics and wsthetical, meaning of the 
 words, 114 
 
 JEtna, vultures at, 359. Antiquity of 
 the eruptions of, 360 
 
 Agriculturists, distress of the, in 1850, 
 234. And in 1851, 235, 245. Their 
 state in England in 1849, 206, 210, 
 215, 220 
 
 Aix, soldiers at, 18 
 
 Aland Islands, not to be fortified, 309 
 
 Alban tunnel, the, 335 
 
 Albert, Prince, 229. His death, 408 
 
 Alison's ' History of Europe,' 261 
 
 Alma, battle of the, 285 
 
 Althorp, Lord, resigns the Chancellor- 
 ship of the Exchequer, 39, 42 note. 
 Joins Lord Melbourne's Cabinet, 42 
 note. Removes to the Upper House, 
 42 note 
 
 American institutions, influence of, on 
 Europe, 179, 184 
 
 Angerstein, an Eton boy, fatal accident 
 to, 2 
 
 Anti-Jacobin, authorship of the, 410 
 
 'ApXV, origin and growth of the Athe- 
 nian, 198 
 
 Argenteuil, the holy tunic of, 145 
 
 Aristotle, translations of his ' Politics,' 
 245 
 
 Armies, superiority of organised over 
 undisciplined, 405 
 
 AUS 
 
 Arnold, Rev. Dr., his article on Hamp- 
 den and the Oxford malignants, 52 
 
 'Athenaeum,' the, 130 
 
 Atlantic telegraph cable, completion of 
 the, 349 
 
 Auckland, Lord, his death, 196. Pub- 
 lication of his papers, 387. Remarks 
 on the book, 387, 388. His intrigues 
 in 1800, 413. His obliquity of vision, 
 416 
 
 Auguries and auspices, belief in, 334. 
 Ammianus Marcellinus's defence of 
 it, 334 
 
 Austin, Mr., appointed joint-commis- 
 sioner with Sir G. C.Lewis to inquire 
 into the affairs of Malta, 57. His 
 health, 57, 61. His arguments to 
 show the evil effects of the Reforma- 
 tion, 105, 106. Objections to his 
 views, 107. His views of the French 
 Revolution and American War, 108. 
 In Germany, 125. His view of the 
 effects of the corn laws, 124. His 
 article on centralisation in the 'Edin- 
 burgh Review,' 151, 152. In Paris 
 in 1848, 168. Publication of his 
 ' Lectures on Jurisprudence,' 396 
 
 Austin, Mrs., Sir G. C. Lewis's friend- 
 ship and correspondence with, 37. 
 Her translation of Sismondi, 38. 
 Her death, 38 note. Accompanies 
 her husband to Malta, 57. On the 
 marqueterie of Malta, 73, 79. Her 
 translation of Ranke's ' History of the 
 Popes,' 111. In Germany, 125. In 
 Paris in 1848, 168. Publishes her 
 husband's ' Lectures,' 396. 
 
 Austria retains Lombardy, and grants 
 her empire a paper constitution, 203. 
 Bad feeling in, against England, 256. 
 Conduct of, during the Russian war 
 with Turkey, 280. Occupies the 
 Danubian principalities, 284. Diffi- 
 
 F F
 
 i;i 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A I - 
 
 culties of, 192. Demolition of the 
 power 'it', beyond the Alps, 389 
 
 trians, the, expelled from .Milan, 
 171. Occupy Verona and .Mantua. 
 175. Defeated by Charles Albert^ 
 177. Drive the Italians back, 182 
 Avarice, a subject for verse at Eton, 3 
 Avignon, city of, 18. Troops at, 18 
 A ■-.]. Sea <>t'. disasters of the Russians 
 in the, 296 
 
 JtACON, Lord, Macaulay's Essay on, 
 ) 82 
 
 1 1 ; ii. n volution in, '209 
 v. .Mr., his death, 231 
 
 Bailly, Mons., his work on the finances 
 of England, 92 
 
 Bainen, Right Bon.Matthew, 196. Pro- 
 poses the abolition of t lie Law of Set- 
 tlement, 278 
 
 Ballot, Sir G. C. Lewis's views on \ 
 by, - ; -">7 
 
 Hank of England, drain of bullion from 
 the, 801. Correspondence respecting 
 the Bank Act of 181-1, 317. 320. 
 Pressure on their banking department 
 in 1858, 328 
 
 ' Baptismal pants.' story of the, 221 
 
 Baring, Mr. !•'., refuses the Chancellor- 
 ship of the Exchequer, 293 
 
 Basle, old classics printed at, 7 
 
 Bathurst, Mr. Wm., his articles in 
 • Notes and Queries,' 243 
 
 Beaumont, Custave de. his opinions as 
 tu external influences on race, 50. 
 Bis ' LTrlande sociale, politique et 
 religious* 1 ,' 51 
 
 Belgrade, famous oak at, 100 
 
 Bent hick. Lord i leurge, his sudden death, 
 187. Disraeli's 'Life' of, 248 
 
 Bentinck's character and political in- 
 fluence, 219 
 
 Berlin, city and neighbourhood of, 45. 
 Climate of, and winter, 46. Dis- 
 turbances of 1848, 176 
 
 Bernard's case, 370, 371 
 
 Berne, Library and museum at, 7 
 
 Bodenham, Mr. F. L., 357 
 
 B leckh, Augustus, 45. SirG-. C. Lewis's 
 translation of his 'Public Economy of 
 Athens,' 45 note, 119 note. New 
 edition of his ' Staats-haushaltung,' 
 246 
 
 Bohemia, Queen of, portrait of, at Combe, 
 
 B en, on the length of time thedelugo 
 lasted, 382, ■ 
 
 Bon.; Napoleon, the Emperor, 
 
 r.uL 
 
 Lord Aberdeen's remarks on, 352. 
 
 Effect of his continual conquests, 355. 
 Professes to desire peace, 355. ('pi- 
 nions in England against peace with 
 
 him, 356. Causes of his fall, 360-362 
 
 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, elected Pre- 
 sident of the French Republic, 192, 
 195. His prudence, 204. His mes- 
 sage, 208. His visits to the provinces, 
 229. His pacific policy, 230. Re- 
 i stablisb.es the Empire by force, 247. 
 His conduct in the war with Russia, 
 271. Hisdesire to go to the Crimea, 
 224. His preparations for Mar, 369. 
 II is policy and feelings when the 
 treaty of Zurich was in progress, 374. 
 His changeable views, 375. His free- 
 trade scheme, 376. Speculations as 
 to his future course, 404. Wishes to 
 bnak the blockade of the Southern 
 States, 406 
 
 Bonaparte, Lucien, case of, 406, 407 
 
 Bonn, the course at the Gymnasium of, 
 399 
 
 Booker, Mr., 231 
 
 Books, prices of, in England and Ger- 
 many, 46 
 
 Bothwell Castle, pictures at, 187 
 
 Bourne, Sturges, his Act, 27, 28 
 
 Bouverie, Edward, becomes. Home Secre- 
 tary, 225 
 
 Bowring, Sir John, his dispute with the 
 Chinese, 323 
 
 Bright, Mr., his speech upon the Income 
 Tax, 304. Results of his campaign, 
 363. Remarks on his schome of tax- 
 ation, 373 
 
 Brougham, Lord, his inquiries into cha- 
 rities. 13. His views on codifications, 
 132. His digest of criminal law, 184. 
 His views on Mr. Addington, 331 
 
 Brunswick, New. trovernment of. given 
 to Sir E. W. Head, 162. Criminal 
 law of, 184. Climate of. 195. Sue- 
 cess of Sir E. Head's government, 201 . 
 Liquor Law. 276. 279 
 
 Buccleugh, his battle with Fitzharris, 3 
 
 Buchanan, President of the United 
 States, his conduct, 391 
 
 ' Buck, the old,' story of the death of, 
 425 note 
 
 Buckingham. Duke of, his death, 47 
 
 Buckland, Dean, his mental alienation, 
 221 
 
 Buddhists, Rosen's article on the, 53. 
 Numbers of, in the world, 53 
 
 Bugeaud, Marshal. 193 
 
 Buller, Mr. Charles, his Poor-law Bill, 
 184, 186. His death, 196.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 435 
 
 BUL 
 
 Bulwer, Sir H., goes to Florence, 250 
 
 Bunbury, Mr. E. H., his review of Sir 
 G. C. Lewis's work on .Roman His- 
 tory, 312 
 
 Bunsen, Baron, his work on Hippolytus, 
 2.50. Eecalled, 280 
 
 Burials, intramural, Mr. Chadwick's 
 plan for abolishing, 221 
 
 Burke, Mr., Pitt's opinions of his writ- 
 ings on the French Revolution, 415. 
 Sir G. C. Lewis's opinions of his 
 writings and speeches, 415 
 
 Butler, Mr., gains the Ireland Univer- 
 sity Scholarship, 262 
 
 Byron, Lord, question of the origin of 
 his verses, ' Weep, daughter of a 
 royal line,' 340 
 
 CABINET, English, remarks on the, 
 429 
 
 Cabmen of London, secession of, 268 
 
 Calendar, the Roman, 423 
 
 Calvert, Mr., returned for Aylesbury, 
 233 
 
 Camilla Oberwasser, Queen, 47 
 
 Campbell, Lord, talked of for Lord 
 Chief Justice, 216. Becomes Lord 
 Chief Justice, 221. His death, 398 
 
 Canada, insurrection in, 88, 97, 99. 
 Question of the annexation of, to the 
 United States, 222. Under the go- 
 vernment of Sir E. W. Head, 281. 
 Ministerial crisis of 1858, 348, 349. 
 The Prince of Wales's visit to, 385. 
 Troops sent from England to, 398, 
 402, 404. Appointment of Lord 
 Monck as Governor-General, 401 
 
 Cannes, life at, in 1832, 16. Climate 
 and products of, 17 
 
 Canning, Mr., his wish to succeed the 
 Duke of Portland as Prime Minister, 
 342. Takes the King's hand at a 
 levee, 343. His brilliancy, but a 
 spice of intrigue about him, 356 
 
 Canrobert, Marshal, in the Crimea, 
 296 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, state of, in 1849, 
 216. Disturbances at the, 222 
 
 ' Capel, Life of Lord,' by Lady Theresa 
 Lewis, 235 
 
 Cardan, his statement regarding necro- 
 mancy, 133. His death, 133 
 
 Cardwell, Rt. Hon. E., sits among the 
 Whigs, 251. Refuses the Chancellor- 
 ship of the Exchequer, 293 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas, his lectures, 101. His 
 views, 102 
 
 Carnival at Malta, the, 99 
 
 CHA 
 
 Caro, Annibale, his translation of the 
 
 iEneid at Lausanne, 6 
 Caroline, Princess, narrative of the pro- 
 ceedings against, 344 
 Carrick-on-Suir, state of, in 1834, 36 
 Carthaginians, their wars against Rome 
 
 and Sicily, 253 
 Castlereagh, Lord, his moral qualities 
 and ascendency in the House of Com- 
 mons, 344. His superior popularity 
 in the House of Commons, 356. His 
 political bribery, 411 
 Catholic priests in England and Ireland, 
 28, 29. Their opposition to trades 
 unions and all secret societies, 29 
 Catholic Church, Mr. Austin's views as 
 to a truly, 106. Schism in the, in 
 Germany, 144 
 Catholics, question of a Catholic endow- 
 ment for Ireland, 190. Feeling caused 
 by the creation of Catholic dioceses, 
 232. Real cause of the Catholic 
 revival in England, 240 
 Cavaignac, General, his rule, 182 
 Cavour, Count, and the war in Italy, 
 369. His quarrel with Garibaldi, 385 
 Centralisation, Mr. Austin's article on, 
 
 151, 152 
 Celts, characteristics of genuine, 50. 
 
 George Clive's wish, 79 
 Cestus, the, of the Roman boxers, 379 
 Ceylon, proceedings respecting, 236 
 Chadwick, Mr., his report on the means 
 of preventing disease, 120. Becomes 
 Commissioner of Health, 185. His 
 plan for abolishing intramural burials, 
 221 
 Chambers, Sir W., his work on ' Ori- 
 ental Gardening,' 163 
 Champollion, trick played upon him, 
 
 403 
 Charities, French, Mr. Senior's inves- 
 tigations on, 13. Maltese, 90, 91. 
 Lord Brougham's inquiries, 13 
 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 
 marches to assist the Lombards, 171, 
 175. His war with Austria, 177, 182. 
 Abdicates, 203 
 Charles I., portrait of, byMytens, 228 
 Charlotte, Princess, her intended mar- 
 riage with the Prince of Orange, 356 
 Charras, Colonel, his ' Histoire de la 
 
 Campagnede 1815,' 360 
 Chartist movement of 1848, 170-174. 
 Conviction of Ernest Jones and his 
 colleagues, 183. Cessation of the 
 movement, 188 
 Chatham, Earl of, Macaulay's Essay on, 
 32 
 
 *ff2
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 illon, conferences at, 356 
 Chimneys, 123 
 
 bham, camp at, 2 
 
 era, ravages of the, in Malta, 81, 
 .S'i. in Si( ily, 86. In England in 
 - 186, 191. And in 1854, 284 
 Christianity, ancient, work on, L20 
 i ronicle, the .Miming,' a Peelite 
 paper, 21 l 
 Chri Bibli 'al, Hale's collection 
 
 of tin- different dates assumed for the 
 eh; -in.3N0. Sir G. C.Lewis's 
 
 remarks on, 380. Clinton and other 
 authors, 381. References to the year 
 in the Bible, 382 
 
 h rates, conduct of the dissenters 
 respecting the, 3 15 
 
 John Mill's article on, 49 
 
 Clarendon, Bar] of, has irter, 194. 
 
 In Ireland as Lord Lieutenant, 229. 
 Hi- pari in the peace of Paris, .'ill 
 Clement, .Monsieur, his school at Chel- 
 sea, 1 
 Clifford, Lord, his work on the holy 
 
 tunic of Argenteuil, 145 
 Clifford, Mr. W., his death, 230 
 Clinton's 'Fasti,' 381 
 Clive, Mr. George, his pious wish, 79. 
 
 Hi- election for Hereford, 324 
 Clive, Mr. Edward Bolton, his death, 
 
 143 
 CloacamaximafSir G. C. Lewis's heresy 
 
 with regard to the, 335 
 Cobden, .Mr., in 1849, 211. His part 
 in the French Commercial Treaty, 
 37G, 378 
 ' um, the word, 111 
 Colonial Office, the, as an English ca- 
 !• • r. 72. Vote of censure impending 
 over the, 236 
 
 nil 3, English, qualifications for ser- 
 vice in the, 90. Difference between a 
 Crown colony and a colony with a 
 II oust of Hepresi ntatives, 103. Speech 
 Sir William Moles worth on the, 181. 
 Unsatisfactory staff of our colonial 
 relation-, 202. Wakefield's work, 
 of the, in 1850, 222. Sir 
 G. Grey becomes Secretary for the 
 282 
 Combe, Lord (raven's pictures at, 228 
 pounds, improper, in French and 
 English, 21 
 
 Iff. I hi :' -. Lis 'Traite de L6- 
 ation,' 231. His ' Cours de Phi- 
 phi.',' '_'16 
 
 [uestion of, 420 
 
 of, in 1848, 189 
 torio, a, of Malta, 91 
 
 DER 
 
 Conspiracy Bill, the, 370, 371 
 
 I ontrol, Board of, duties of the, 170 
 
 Convicts on a treadmill, story of, 384 
 
 Conybeare, Rev. Mr., his article on the 
 Welsh Clergy, 261. On Teetotalism, 
 263. On 'Church Parties,' 273. And 
 on Mormonism, 277 
 
 Coode, Mr., his report on the Law of 
 Settlement, 241 
 
 Coptic language, Sir G. C. Lewis's re- 
 marks on the, 421 
 
 ( !ork, quietness of, 50 
 
 Corn-laws, Sir R. Peel's scale, 118. 
 Discussions on the, 118. Feeling in 
 Germany as to the, 122 
 
 Cottenham, Lord, his illness, 216 
 £itat of 1851, 249 
 
 Court i nay, Lord, made a Poor-law In- 
 tor, 191 
 
 Cowley, Lord, his mission to Vienna, 
 367 
 
 Cramer, Mr., his work on 'Hannibal's 
 1'assage over the Alps,' 7 
 
 Crampton, Mr., dismissed from Wash- 
 ington, 311, 314 
 
 Criminal law, Lord Brougham's digest 
 of the, 184 
 
 Crocker, J. W., his artielo on French 
 novels in the ' Quarterly Review,' 52 
 
 Croly, Rev. Dr., his pamphlet, 40 
 
 ' Croppies,' origin of the term, 410 
 
 Crystal Palace of 1851, 234. At Syden- 
 ham, opening of the, 281 
 
 Cuba, desire of the Americans to obtain, 
 222 
 
 Curran, Mr. W. II., on the Irish Church 
 Commission, 34. His work, 34 
 
 DALIIOUSIE, Lord, failure of his 
 health, 218 
 Dana, Mr., his lectures on 'Sumner,' 315 
 Danish question, the, in 1848, 175, 176, 
 
 182, 186 
 Dante, when first known in French and 
 
 English literature, 404 
 1'ate-palm, the, in Italy, 359 
 Davies, Mr. Banks, of Moore Court, his 
 
 translation of an idyll of Theocritus, 
 
 379 
 Deism, Dr. Lechler's history of, in Eng- 
 land, 127 
 Deluge, length of time it lasted, 382 
 Denman, Lord, his illness, 216 
 ' Deutsche Jahrbucher,' the, suppressed, 
 
 131 
 Derby, Karl of, applied to by the Queen, 
 
 236. Fails to form a ministry, 237. 
 
 Accepts office, 250. Abandons Pro-
 
 INDEX. 
 
 437 
 
 DES 
 
 tection,255. Resigns, 258-260. Again 
 accepts office, 331. Resigns, 367, 368. 
 Causes of the downfall of his govern- 
 ment, 372 
 Desmond, Countess, age of the, 418 
 Disraeli, Mr., his qualities as a debater, 
 211. How regarded by the Protec- 
 tionists, 216, 220. His unfitness for 
 a leader, 222. His letter, 233. His 
 blunders, 239. His budget of 1852, 
 255, 258, 260. Estimate of his 
 career, 261. Again becomes Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, 334. His 
 Reform prospectus, 351 
 Dissenters, motion for admitting the, to 
 Oxford, lost, 282. Proportion of, to 
 the whole population, 282. Their 
 conduct respecting church rates, 345 
 Douglas, Sir Howard, at Corfu, 86, 87 
 Dresden, picture-gallery of, 43. Town 
 of, 43. The 'Saxon Switzerland' 
 near, 43 
 ' Dublin Review,' first number of the, 52 
 Dupin, M., his negotiations in 1832, 
 
 13. Refuses to join Soult, 15 
 Durham, Lord, appointed Governor- 
 General of Canada, 97, 99 
 Durham, Bishop of, his death, 402 
 
 EASTLAKE, Sir C, his translation 
 of the first part of Kugler, 120 
 Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of Lord John 
 
 Russell, 236-238. Passed, 240. 
 
 Unimportant, 240. 
 Eden, Mr. and Mrs. Henley, in Switzer- 
 land, 8 
 'Edinburgh Review,' 52. Sir G. C. 
 
 Lewis becomes editor of the, 258, 
 
 261. Mr. Reeve becomes editor of 
 
 the, 300 
 Egyptologers, Sir G-. C. Lewis's remarks 
 
 on the, 419 
 Eldon, Lord, his conduct when he saw 
 
 the Addington ministry could not last, 
 
 331 
 Electric telegraph, the, a mother of lies, 
 
 274 
 Elgin, Earl of, his treaty with China, 
 
 349. Goes to open Japan, 350 
 Elster, bridge over the, 42 
 Elwyn. Mr., editor of the ' Quarterlv,' 
 
 289 
 Empson, Professor, his illness, 218. 
 
 And death, 259 
 Encumbered Estates Act, importance of 
 
 the, 207, 212 
 Epicureans, their views as to the senses, 
 
 397 
 
 FRA 
 
 Eton, accident at, 2 
 
 Evans, Colonel, temporary governor of 
 
 Malta, 64 
 Exhibition of 1851, 234. Its success, 
 
 241, 246 
 Extradition, remarks on, 371, 372 
 
 FALKLAND, Life of Lord,' by Lady 
 Theresa Lewis, 235 
 
 Federal system of government, 364. 
 Mr. Lowe's list of the motives which 
 induced the Americans to uphold their 
 federal system, 365. Mr. Freeman's 
 •History,' 420. Sir G. C. Lewis's 
 remarks on the federal system, 420, 
 428 
 
 Feuerbach, his work, 131 
 
 Fielden, his sobriquet of ' self-acting 
 mule,' 115 
 
 Finances of England, Mons. Bailly's 
 work on the, 92. Sir H. Parnell's 
 work on the, 92 
 
 Fish-skin disease, 116 
 
 Fitzharris, his battle with Buccleugh, 3 
 
 Ford, Mr. Richard, his article on the 
 Pilgrim Fathers, 286 
 
 Foreign Enlistment Bill, 288 
 
 ' Fox, Memoirs of,' Sir G. C. Lewis's 
 article on, 275 
 
 France, the censure re-established in, 7. 
 Politics in, in 1832, 13-15. Climate 
 of the south of, 17- Soldiers every- 
 where in, 18. Importance of the 
 country from Chalons to Marseilles, 
 19. State of the roads, 19. Pro- 
 sperity in the South, 60, 62. Com- 
 pared with England in legislative 
 work, 85. Hatred of, in Germany, 
 124. Revolution of 1848, 169, 171. 
 State of mind of the people in, at 
 that time, 170. Progress of the 
 revolution, 182. Louis Napoleon 
 elected President, 193, 195. Blunder 
 of sending the French expedition to 
 Rome, 208. Louis Napoleon's ad- 
 dress, 208. Absurdities of the 
 French, 217. The various govern- 
 ments, how regarded by the people, 
 230. Supplies of grain received in 
 England from, 244. The rmpire re- 
 established by Louis Napoleon, 247. 
 Commercial treaty between England 
 and France, 255. Detection of the 
 upper classes from the Emperor and 
 his court, 283. Tired of the war in the 
 East, 306. Alarm of a war between 
 England and, 338. The French 
 Commercial Treaty. 376, 378
 
 ins 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1 1.\ 
 
 Frankfort Assembly dissolved, 209 
 Fraderickburg, battle of, 425 
 Freeman, Mr. E. A., hi.-- remarks on 
 
 the ■ Astronomy of the Ancients,' 
 
 •» It;. 117. His 1 History of Federal 
 
 ■ vernment,' 420. 127 
 Free-trade Bchenie of the Emperor 
 
 Louis Napoli on, 375, :; 77. 378 
 Frere, Hookham, his residence in .Malta, 
 
 JO. Hi- character, 71 
 Froude, Mr. J. A., Sir G. C. Lowis's 
 
 opinion of his ' History,' IS IS 
 Fnaldes, murder and trial of the mur- 
 
 darers of, 1 35 note 
 I'ui'iiu Lake, tunnel from the, 335 
 
 GARDENS, Sir G. V Lewis's article 
 on, 157. ' lardens of the ancii 
 158. Mason's gardening, 163. Price 
 and Knight's works, L> ; >. Sir W, 
 1 ambers on 'Oriental Gardening,' 
 Sir W. Temple's ' Essay,' Mil. Du- 
 halde's cook, JGl. Chinese gardens, 
 165. Landscape gardening, 165. 
 Passages in Pliny and Martial as to 
 forcing fruits and vegetables, 168 
 Garibaldi, his quarrel with Count Ca- 
 rour, 385. His successes in 1860, 
 386 
 Geneva. English church at, 7 
 
 I L, Lord Hervey's picture of the 
 Court of, 199, 200 
 George III., his election bribery, 411 
 Gi rmany, interference of Prussia iutlio 
 affairs of the small states of, 44. In- 
 conveniences of travelling in, 45. In- 
 stance of paternal government in, 
 121. Hatred of England in, 121, 
 124. Of France, in, 122. And of 
 Russia, 124. Drought in, in 1842, 
 126. Schism in the Catholic Church 
 in. 111. Confusion in, in 1849, 209, 
 217 
 'Oil Bias,' a gentleman's remark on, 47 
 Gioja, his philosophical works, 118 
 Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., his Bpeech 
 respecting Vancouver's Island. 185. 
 I' ! : if Peel's death upon 
 
 his course, 226. His • Two Letters to 
 the Earl of Aberdeen,' 211. Sits be- 
 low the gangway, 251. Joins n Whig 
 ministry, 262. His influence on ()x- 
 tics, 262. His budget in 1853, 
 Vacates the < chancellorship of 
 Exchequer, 292. His work on 
 Homer, 322, 333, 345. His mission 
 to the Ionian Islands, 864. Again 
 I • ineellor of the Exchequer, 
 
 <;i:o 
 
 368, 372. Ilis Budget in 1860, 378. 
 And for 1861, 396 
 Glastonbury, revenues of the Abbots of, 
 before the Reformation, 108 
 
 Gordon, Lady Duff, letter to, 152. Her 
 literary works, 152. Her death, 152. 
 Sir <i.C. Lewis's correspondence with, 
 114. Her illness, 389 
 Gorham case, the, 221 
 Gossett, Sir W., 34 
 Goulburn, Edward, 96 
 Graham, Sir James, his speech respect- 
 ing tho grievances of tithe-owners, 
 112. And on the Anti-Papal Bill, 
 243. Sits among the Whigs, 261 
 Granville, Lord, sent for by the Queen, 
 
 368 
 Grasses, perfumes made at, 17 
 Greece, Grate's 'History* of, 146, 147. 
 
 Thirlwall's, 1 17 
 Greek, knowledge of, almost confined to 
 Protestant countries, 118. Nevermade 
 its way into Spain, 118 
 Greg, Mr. W. R., his contributions to 
 literature, 265. His article on 'Cabi- 
 nets and Statesmen,' in the 'North 
 British Review,' 302 
 Grenville, Lord, his opinion of the im- 
 policy of the Peninsular War, 338, 
 339. His tolerance in questions of 
 religious dissent, 409. His ability, 
 414. His consistent free-trade views, 
 415 
 Greville, Charles, his letter in tho 
 
 ' Times,' 233 
 Grey. Earl, resigns, 39-42, notr. Ad- 
 verse to the Peninsular War, 343 
 Grey, Earl, offers Sir E. W. Head the 
 Governorship of New Brunswick, 159. 
 Attack upon, in Parliament, 181. His 
 ' Colonial Policy' published. 263 
 Grey, Sir George, becomes Secretary of 
 
 State for tho Colonies, 282 
 Grote. Mr. George, his friendship with 
 Sir G.C. Lewis, 112. In Loin.', 117. 
 • Completion of his 'History of Greece,' 
 
 146. Character of the work, 146, 
 
 147. His ' Seven Letters on the Re- 
 cent Politics of Switzerland,' 158, 
 160. His ' History of Greece,' 194, 
 197. Review of his 'History' in 
 the 'Edinburgh Review,' 220. Works 
 at his ' History.' 212. The work es- 
 tablished in public esteem. 216. Its 
 sale. 272. His article on Sir G. C. 
 Lewis's Roman history, 317. 323 
 
 Grote, Mrs., Sir G. C. Lewis's enjoyment -r 
 
 in her society, 112. In Rome, 117 
 Grove Mill, a picture at. 165
 
 INDEX. 
 
 439 
 
 GUI 
 
 -Guiana, British mode of government of, 
 
 103 
 Guizot, M., story of, 146 
 
 HALE'S 'Analysis of Chronology,' 
 dates of, for Biblical history, 380 
 
 Hallam, Henry, his remarks on ' Litera- 
 ture of Europe,' 77, 80 
 
 ' Hamlet,' Sir G. C. Lewis's opinion of, 4 
 
 Hammon, Mr. Ogden, 286 
 
 Hammond, Mr., becomes Under Secre- 
 tary cf the Foreign Office, 265 
 
 Hampden, Rev. Dr., his ' Bampton Lec- 
 tures,' 105. The Hampden contro- 
 versy, 163, 164. His 'Bampton Lec- 
 tures,' 193. His theology and ortho- 
 doxy, 193 
 
 Hankey, Sir Frederick, secretary of 
 Malta, 64, 69 
 
 Harcourt, Mrs. "William, her death, 
 427 
 
 Hare, Julius, his part in the Hampden 
 controversy, 164 
 
 Hare, Mrs., her illness and death, 116, 
 117 
 
 Harpton, burglary at, 223 
 
 Hawes, Sir B., attack upon, in Parlia- 
 ment, 181 
 
 Hawtrey, Rev. E. C, his remarks on 
 Lewis's work and play at Eton, 5 
 
 Haynau, General, in London, 229 
 
 Hayter, Sir Wm., becomes Parliamentary 
 
 Secretary to the Treasury, 
 
 '.lo. 
 
 Hi 
 
 opinion as to the Protectionists. 240 
 Hay ward, Mr., contributes to the ' Chro- 
 nicle,' 212. His review of Sir G. C. 
 Lewis's pamphlet on ' Foreign Juris- 
 diction,' &c, 371. His article on Lord 
 Lansdowne, 425 
 Head, Sir Edward Walker, Bart., his 
 friendship with Sir G. C. Lewis, 10. 
 Whom he accompanies on a tour in 
 Germany, 43, 46. Appointed Assist- 
 ant Poor-law Commissioner, 53. His 
 health, 119. Goes to Paisley, 119. 
 His article on Settlement in the ' Edin- 
 hurgh Review,' 156. Lord Grey's offer 
 to him, 157. Becomes Governor of 
 New Brunswick, 158, 162. Arrives 
 at Halifax, 170. And at Frederick- 
 ton, 173. Success of his government, 
 201. His travels, 231. His accident, 
 268. Becomes Governor-General of 
 Canada. 281. His 'Essay on Shall 
 . and Will,' 275, 319. Made a Privy 
 Councillor, 324. In England, 324. 
 Returns to Canada, 328. Destruc- 
 tion of his house by fire, 384. Ap- 
 
 1ND 
 
 pointment of his successor, 401. Re- 
 turns to England, 405. In London, 
 423 
 
 Head, Lady, her illness, 232 
 
 Heffter, his woik on Greek mythology 
 and religion, 147 
 
 Helvetius, his system of ethics criti- 
 cised, 85 
 
 Herbert, Rt. Hon. Sidney, sits below the 
 gangwaj 7 , 251. Appointed to the War 
 Department, 399. His illness and 
 death, 399, 400. Cause of his death, 
 401 
 
 'Hertford, Life of Lord,' by Lady The- 
 resa Lewis, 235 
 
 Hertz's trial, 314 
 
 Hervey, Lord, character of his ' Memoirs 
 of the Reign of George II.,' 199, 200 
 
 Hindostan, English rule in, 73 
 
 History, Sir G. C. Lewis's work on the 
 nature and treatment of, 207 
 
 Holland, Lord, His ' Reminiscences,' 
 238. His idolatry of Napoleon, 238. 
 His account of Marie-Antoinette, 238 
 
 Home Office, duties of the, 175, 188 
 
 Homer, Mr. Grote's chapter on the 
 poems of, 148. Mr. Gladstone's 
 work on, 322, 333, 345 
 
 House Tax introduced, 248. Proposed 
 to be doubled by Mr. Disraeli, 258, 
 260 
 
 Hudson, George, his proceedings, 211 
 
 Hudson's Bay Company, list of woiks 
 upon the, 319 
 
 Hull, cholera at, 1S6 
 
 Hume, Mr. Joseph, his motion on the 
 suffrage, 174. In 1849, 211 
 
 Hungary obtains terms from Austria, 
 172 
 
 Hylton, accident to, 3 
 
 ICHTHYOSIS, 116 
 
 _L Income Tax in 1851, 245. Evi- 
 dence relating to, 252. The article 
 in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 270. 
 Mr. Bright' s speech upon the, 304. 
 Tendency of a high income tax, 307. 
 Agitation for the reduction of, 324 
 
 India, relations of England with the na- 
 tives^)!". 193. Sir C. Wood's speech on 
 265. Views respecting the govern- 
 ment of, 266. State of the finances 
 of, in 1859, 373. Bill of 1853, 266, 
 267. Of 1858, 328, 329, 331. Scheme 
 of Lord Derby's ministry, 331, 336. 
 The result, 337. Conduct of the 
 government respecting the, 345-
 
 uo 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 IND 
 
 Indian mutiny in 1867, 880. > s ir G. C. 
 Lev is'i i iewi of the, 860 
 
 Inglis, Sir Robert, his speech on tlio 
 grievances of the tithe-ownere, 142 
 
 Inkerman, battle of, 287 
 
 Ionian Islands, Sir Howard Douglas at 
 the, B6, B7. Colonel Napier's book 
 on the, 87. Mr. Gladstone's mission 
 to the, :;<u 
 
 Ireland, Commission of inquiry into the 
 collection and management of the re- 
 m -ii in- in, 7. The Whiteboys of, 48. 
 Evidence of the Irish Poor-lav Com- 
 mission, 48. Affairs of, in 1837. 81. 
 Causes of the wretchedness of the 
 people, St. Difficulty of getting at 
 the truth in, 128. Opposition to the 
 
 1' • Lavs in, 128. Speech of Mr. 
 
 Connor on fixity of tenure. 181. The 
 Repeal f< eling in 1848, 1 74. Internal 
 dissensions among the Repeal party, 
 178. The real danger in, 179. The 
 rebellion of 1848, 183. 186. Tin trials 
 at Clonmel, 18G. The true Irish cri- 
 sis. 1811. Question of a Catholic en- 
 dowment. 190. Wretched state of the 
 country in 18t9. 207. Visit of the 
 Queen and Prince Albert. 212. Im- 
 portance of the Encumbered Estates 
 Act, 207, 212. And of the Church 
 question. 213. State of the country 
 in 18.30. 229. Conduct of Sir Ralph 
 Abercrombie in. 365, 366. Question 
 of bribery for carrying the Union, 411 
 
 Irish, the poor, residing in England and 
 Scotland, Commission to inquire into 
 the condition of tlio, 26. How re- 
 garded by the lower orders of English, 
 29, 80. Question of the influence of 
 race on the character of the, 49. The 
 
 Irish in America, their hatred to Eng- 
 land. 190 
 
 Irish Church affairs, Commission to in- 
 quire into, 34. ' Essay on,' by Sir 
 G. ('. Lewis. 34. Districts for inquiry 
 allotted to him, 37. Statistics col- 
 lected, W. His 'Essay on the Irish 
 Church,' 47. The Hon. Baptist Noel's 
 pamphlet recommending the volun- 
 tary bj stem, 143 
 
 • 1 ■ ib disturbances, Essay on,' Sir G. C. 
 L « is'a, 17 
 
 Irish Municipal Bill, reported disagree- 
 ments respecting the, 61 
 
 Irish Poor-law Commission, utter mis- 
 conception of the Commissioners of 
 the Bubject, ."i l 
 
 Irish Poor Laws. Sir <L C. Lewis's pa- 
 per on the. 83. Mr. Nicholls's reports, 
 
 LEI 
 
 96. Administration of, and opposi- 
 tion to the, 128-131. The Poor-law 
 Committee, 203 
 
 Isabella II. , Queen of Spain, her es- 
 trangement from her husband, 183 
 
 Italian Liberals in 1838, 98 
 
 Italy, philosophy in modern, 117. Little 
 knowledge of Greek in, 118. The 
 war in 18.">9, 363, 364, 369. State of, 
 in 1860, 374. Remarks on Italian 
 freedom, 385. The Emperor Louis 
 Napoleon's proposed federation of 
 states in, 385. Effect of the Roman 
 ascendency on, 389 
 
 JAMESON, Mrs., her account of the 
 picture galleries in or near London, 
 
 120 
 Jephson, Dr., 133 
 John. Archduke, renounces his office of 
 
 head of the Empire, 204 
 Johnson, his blunders, 22 
 John, St., controversy as to the first and 
 
 second Epistles of, 235 
 Jurisdiction, foreign, Sir G. C. Lewis's 
 
 pamphlet on, 385 
 
 KARS, repulse of the Russians from 
 before. 301 
 Kenmare, climate of, 38 
 Kent House, Sir G. C. Lewis removes 
 
 to, 136 
 Kilkenny, disturbances in, 50 
 4 King Lear, 'SirCC.Lewis'sopinion of, 4 
 Einglake, Mr., his • History of the War 
 
 in the Crimea,' 426 
 Kissingen, waters of, 126 
 Knuckles, steel, of the Yankees, 380 
 Kossuth, Louis, his speeches, 249 
 
 LABOUCHERE, Mr., on the City 
 Commission, 272 
 Lansdowne, Lord, character of, 425, 
 
 127 
 La Ronciere, affair of, 50, and note 52 
 Lausanne in 1824, 6. 7 
 Leach, Sir John, in France, 12 
 Lechler, Dr., his ' History of English 
 
 Deism in the last century,' 127 
 Lefevre, Sir John, becomes Clerk of the 
 
 House of Lords, 173 
 Lefevre. Mi-s, 393 
 Legislative work in France and England 
 
 compared. 85, 86 
 Lefgh, Mr. Pemberton, created Lord 
 
 Kingsdown. 339
 
 INDEX. 
 
 441 
 
 LEI 
 
 Leipzig battle-field, 42 
 
 Le Merchant, 173, 174. His letter to 
 the Irish Church Commissioners, 34 
 
 Lewis, Lady Maria Theresa, her mar- 
 riage, 136. Her catalogue of pictures 
 at Grove Mill, 165. Her catalogue, 
 187. Her ' Lives of the Friends and 
 Contemporaries of Lord Chancellor 
 Clarendon,' &c, 228, 235, 242, 247. 
 Her illness, 260. Death of her 
 mother, 308. At Kome, 330. Her 
 illness, 424, 431. Loss of her eldest 
 daughter, 427 
 
 Lewis, Sir G-. Cornewall, Bart., his birth, 
 parentage, and early life, 1 
 
 — at Eton, 2 
 
 — his Latin verses and play, 4, 5 
 
 — visits Switzerland and the north of 
 
 Italy, 6 
 
 — commences his residence at Christ- 
 
 church, 8 
 
 — failure of his health, 8 
 
 — nominated student of Christchurch, 8 
 
 — studies the law, and is called to the 
 
 bar, 9 
 
 — travels the Northern Circuit, 9 
 
 — joins the Oxford Circuit, 10 
 
 — his friendship with Sir E. Head, 10 
 
 — abandon's law for literature, 12 
 
 — winters in the south of France, 12-19 
 
 — at Nice, 20 
 
 ■ — ■ returns to England, 26 
 
 ■ — named a Commissioner to inquire 
 
 into the condition of the Irish poor 
 
 resident in England and Scotland, 
 
 26 
 ■ — letter from his father on the subject, 
 
 27 
 
 — visits the poor Irish quarters in 
 
 Manchester, 30 
 
 — in Scotland, 32 
 
 — appointed a Commissioner on Irish 
 
 Church affairs, 34 
 
 — publishes an ' Essay on the Irish 
 
 Church,' 34 
 
 — inquires into the state of the poor 
 
 in Ireland, 35, 36 
 
 — districts allotted to him for his 
 
 Church inquiry, 37 
 
 — his correspondence with Mrs. Austin, 
 
 37 
 
 — takes a journey through Germany, 42 
 
 — meets Augustus Boeckh, whose work 
 
 he translates, 45, 119 note 
 
 — his Essays on Irish Disturbances 
 
 and the Irish Church, 49 
 
 — writes an article on La Roneiere for 
 
 the ' Law Magazine,' 50, 52 
 
 — begins the study of Sanscrit, 53 
 
 LEW 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, Bart., 
 writes remarks on the report of the 
 Irish Poor Commissioners for the 
 government, 53 
 
 — appointed joint Commissioner with 
 
 Mr. Austin to inquire into the affairs 
 of Malta, 57 
 ■ — his journey 57-62 
 
 — their arrival at Valetta, 64 
 
 — his article on the Church question in 
 
 the ' London Review,' 65 
 
 — triumphal entry of the Commis- 
 
 sioners, 66 
 
 — his account of the island, 67-71 
 
 — his objections to colonial service, 90 
 
 — his criticisms on Macaulay's Essays 
 
 and the ' Pickwick Papers,' 93, 94 
 
 — leaves Malta, 100 
 
 — improvement in his health, 101 
 
 — in London, 101 
 
 — his remarks on Carlyle and Sir W. 
 
 Scott, 101, 102 
 
 — becomes a Poor-law Commissioner, 
 
 103 
 
 — his glossary of provincial words 
 
 used in Herefordshire and the 
 neighbourhood, 110 
 
 — his friendship with Mr. Grote, 112 
 
 — goes to Germany, 121 
 
 — returns to England, 127 
 
 — goes to Ireland about the admini- 
 
 stration of the Poor Laws, 127 
 
 — at Leamington for his health, 132 
 
 — married to Lady Maria Theresa Lis- 
 
 ter, and removes to Kent House, 
 136 
 
 — his remarks on mesmerism, 138— 
 
 142 
 
 — goes to Germany, 143 
 
 — resigns his Poor-law Commissioner- 
 
 ship, 149 
 
 — his article on Local Taxation in the 
 
 1 Edinburgh Review,' 151 
 
 — obtains a seat ia the House of Com- 
 
 mons, 154-156 
 
 — becomes Secretary to the Board of 
 
 Control, 157 
 
 — his work on the ' Influence of Autho- 
 
 rity on Opinion,' 159 
 
 — becomes Home Secretary, 173, 174 
 
 — his incessant occupation, 175, 180, 
 
 201 
 
 — at work at his 'Essay on Authority 
 
 in Matters of Opinion,' 187, 201 
 
 — brings in a bill to alter the manage- 
 
 ment of the roads, 204, 220 
 
 — his work on Committees, 205 
 
 — publication of his work on ' Autho- 
 
 rity,' 207
 
 142 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1.. « is, Sir (I. ( lornewall, Hart., his 'Trea- 
 tise "ii (lie Methods of Reasoning 
 in Politics,' 208 
 
 — reviews Grote's ' History of Greece,' 
 
 914,217, 220 
 
 — writes on the 'Nature and Treat- 
 
 ment of History,' 21 7 
 
 — his portrait by Grant, 217 
 
 — included in a Commission for tho 
 
 removal of Smithfield Market, 
 219, 221 
 
 — writes his ' Political Logic,' 219,227 
 
 — his Highways Bill, 223 
 
 . — review of his 'Influence of Autho- 
 rity' in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 
 224 
 
 — becomes Financial Secretary to the 
 
 Treasury, 221 
 
 — duties of his qi 9 office, 225 
 
 — his 'Treatise <m Politics,' 234, 245, 
 
 247, 256 
 
 — his articles in ' Notes and Queries,' 
 
 243 
 
 — his three Protectionist opponents in 
 
 I [erefordshire, 250 
 
 — thinks of a plan for a history of 
 
 Greece and Koine combined, 252, 
 272 
 
 — debated in Herefordshire and at 
 
 Peterborough, 254, 257 
 
 — becomes editor of the 'Edinburgh 
 
 Revi( w,' 258 
 
 — his views as to voting papers at 
 
 elections. 268 
 
 — offered the government of Bombay, 
 
 269 
 
 — his article on Fox's Memoirs, 276 
 
 — publication of his work on Roman 
 
 history, 279, 284, 312 
 
 — ac. ] ts a Commissionership to carry 
 
 the Oxford Act into operation, 281 
 
 — writes mi Minorities, 283 
 
 — goes up the Rhine, '_',s;s 
 
 illness of his step-daughter, 283 
 death of his father. 289 
 
 — his elect on for tho Radnorshire 
 
 Borough-. 290, 293 
 comes f lhancellorof the Exchequer, 
 292, 293 
 
 — his Budget, 294 
 
 — carries his Newspaper Bill, 295 
 
 — resigns his < Oxford Commissionership, 
 
 306 
 
 — his pp phecy of a civil war in 
 
 A in. rica, 315 
 German translation of his 'Roman 
 History,' :;17 
 
 — hi- eorr< Bpondencewith the Governor 
 
 of the Hank of England, 317 
 
 LID 
 
 Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, Bart., revises 
 his ' Roman History,' 323 
 
 — his friendship with Earl Stanhope, 
 
 3£5 
 
 — his historical essays, 341, 347, 350 
 
 — his views as to the Homeric text, 
 
 346 
 
 — and as to the Ballot, 357 
 
 — his essay on the ' Characteristics of 
 
 Federal, National, Provincial, and 
 Municipal Government,' 364 
 
 — again elected for the Radnor 
 
 Boroughs, 367 
 
 — and again appointed Chancellor of 
 
 the Exchequer, 308 
 
 — resigns the Chancellorship, and goes 
 
 to the Home Office, 368 
 
 — his pamphlet on ' Foreign Juris- 
 
 diction and the Extradition of 
 Prisoners,' 370 
 
 — his illness in 1860, 376 
 
 — his views respecting the French Com- 
 
 mercial Treaty, 376 
 
 — his article on ' George Rose's Me- 
 
 moirs,' 384 
 
 — his pamphlet on Foreign Jurisdiction, 
 
 385 
 
 — leaves the Home Office and takes the 
 
 War Office, 400 
 
 — his aversion to the charge, 400 
 
 — his inscription of Johannes Brownius, 
 
 403 note 
 
 — his ' Astronomy of the Ancients,' 409 
 
 — his remarks on Lord Stanhope's 
 
 'Life of Pitt,' 409-414 
 
 — Mr. Freeman's remarks on tho ' As- 
 
 tronomy of the Ancients,' 416, 417 
 
 — Sir G. C. Lewis's doubts as to eei tain 
 
 cases of alleged longevity, 418 
 
 — publication of his ' Dialogue,' 430 
 
 — his illness and death, 432 
 
 Lewis, Sir Gilbert Frankland, his article 
 on Gardening in the 
 Review,' 159 
 
 Lewis. Sir Thomas Frankland, appointed 
 on tho Commission of inquiry info 
 the collection and management of tho 
 revenue in Ireland. 7- His letter to 
 his son George on the poor Irish re- 
 siding in England, 27. At Rome, 
 116. Death of his mother, 117. In 
 Scotland, 187. His picture by Watts, 
 217. His health, 217, 223, 227, 250. 
 Visits Italy with Lady Lewis, 242. 
 His death. 289 
 
 Liberal party extinct as a party, 344 
 
 IAch-yat, the word, 111 
 
 Liddell, Dr., becomes Dean of Christ- 
 church, 297 
 
 Edinburgh
 
 INDEX. 
 
 443 
 
 LIE 
 
 Liebrecht, Dr., his translations of Sir 
 G. C. Lewis's book on Roman his- 
 tory, 317 
 
 Limerick, ridiculous scene at, 1 74 
 
 Lindsay, Lady Charlotte, her letters re- 
 lating to Queen Caroline's trial, 340 
 
 Lion, the, in Northern Greece, accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, 334 
 
 Liquor Law of New Brunswick, 276, 
 279 
 
 Lister, Mr., his illness, 120 
 
 Lister, Villiers, at Harrow, 151. At 
 Cambridge, 227 
 
 Lister, Lady Maria Theresa, married to 
 Mr. G. C. Lewis, 136 
 
 Lockhart, Mr., authors of the life of, in 
 the 'Times,' 289 
 
 London, City of, report of the Commis- 
 sioners respecting the, 264. Meetings 
 of the Commissioners, 272-274 
 
 Longevity, doubts as to certain alleged 
 cases of, 418 
 
 Loughborough, Lord, his character, 387 
 
 Louis-Philippe, King of the French, in 
 1848, 170. Pun respecting him, 170. 
 His government, how regarded by 
 the French, 230. His death, 230 
 
 Louvre, statues in the, 16 
 
 ' Loves of the Triangles,' authorship of 
 the, 410 
 
 Lowe, Mr., his visit to America, 324. 
 His list of American motives in 
 favour of federal union, 365 
 
 Loyd, Mr. Jones, favourable to Govern- 
 ment interference with the Bank, 163 
 
 Lucas, Mr., his article on the Early 
 History of the United States Settle- 
 ment, 286 
 
 Lyons, city of, 18. Troops at, 18. 
 Entrance into, by the Saone, 59 
 
 Lytton, Sir E. Bulwer, undertakes the 
 Colonies, 337. His speeches, 337. 
 His superiority to his colleagues, 
 349 
 
 MACAULAY, Lord, his Essay on 
 the Earl of Chatham, 32. And 
 on Lord Bacon, 93. Objections to 
 his essays, 93. Resigned his seat in 
 the Cabinet, 175. Publication of the 
 first two volumes of his 'History,' 
 194. Number of volumes upon which 
 he reckons, 194. His receipts, 197. 
 Success of the work, 197. His third 
 and fourth volumes, 310 
 
 Magnetism, animal, 137, 138 
 
 Maitland, Sir Thomas, his govern- 
 ment of Malta, 69 
 
 MEC 
 
 Malmesbury, Earl of, his despatch, 332 
 
 Malt Tax reduced, 260 
 
 Malta, Commission to inquire into the 
 affairs of, 57. Arrival of the. Com- 
 missioners at, 63. Over-population 
 of the island, 64, 67, 68. Mischief 
 done by the French in, 66. Trium- 
 phal entry of the Commissioners, 66. 
 Main evils of the island, 67, 68. 
 Society at, 67, 70. Sir T. Maitland' s 
 government, 69. State of the press, 
 69. Character of the people, 71, 75. 
 Stone vases for gardens made at, 71. 
 Engraving and inlaid woodwork of,. 
 73. The fortresses of, 74. Language 
 of, 74. The race of nobles of, 75. 
 The priests and their character, 75. 
 Maltese and Maltee, 77- Cowardice 
 and timidity of the people, 79. Ra- 
 vages of the cholera in, 81, 86. Im- 
 portance of the Malta inquiry, 89. 
 Climate of, 89, 97, 98. Change in 
 the commercial policy of, 92. 95. 
 Russian views as to the, 96. The 
 carnival at, 99. Effects of the 
 changes made by the Commission in 
 the government and laws of, 101. 
 Question of a ' consiglio popolare ' for, 
 104, 105 
 
 Manchester, effect of the Irish poor re- 
 sident at, 28 
 
 Manufacturing distress in England in 
 1837, 82 
 
 Manzoni. his essay on the ' Historical 
 Romance,' 242 
 
 Marie-Antoinette, Lord Holland's ac- 
 count of, 238 
 
 Marriages, early, of the Maltese, 64, 67, 
 68. Of the Irish, 84, 85 
 
 Marseilles, city of, 19. Storm at, 61. 
 The mercantile class of, 61. Ad- 
 ministration of the Custom-house 
 laws at, 61. Trade union of porte- 
 faix at, 62. Rents and prices at, 62. 
 People of, 62 
 
 Maitineau, Miss, and mesmerism, 137- 
 141 
 
 Martello towers, origin of, 411. Mr. 
 Windham's statement as to, 417 
 
 Mason's 'English Garden,' 163. His 
 ' Heroic Epistle to Sir W. Chambers,' 
 163 
 
 Maseey, Mr., his ' History of England,' 
 339 
 
 Maule, Mr. Fox, joins the Cabinet, 218. 
 His weight in the House of Commons 
 and in Scotland, 218 
 
 Maurice, Prince, portrait of, 228 
 
 Mkclie, etymology of the word, 109
 
 I II 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ml I. 
 
 M .-nil. mutiny at, 325 
 Melbourne, I. ird, becomes Firsl Lord of 
 the Treasury, 42 note. His death, 
 
 P.U 
 
 Mendicancy in England and Franco, 
 compared, 15, 16 
 
 Merewether, Dr., Dean of Hereford, his 
 memorial to the Queen, 163, 164, 
 166. His death, 223 
 
 Mi rival, . Mr. Eerman, 345, 347. His 
 views .is to the Homeric question, 
 346 
 
 Mesmerism, not a new science, but an 
 old imposture, 137. Theory of Mes- 
 mer, 138. Remarks upon the impos- 
 ture, 138 -142 
 
 Metternich, Prince, expelled from 
 Vienna, 141 
 
 M ili, his ' Antichi Popoli d' Italia,' 
 lis 
 
 Midwifery, a man put to death for prac- 
 tising, 133 
 
 Mill, John, liis article on civilisation, 
 49. His dialogue on theory and 
 practice, 49, His ' History of British 
 India,' 7-'. His book on 'Logic,' 
 120, 245 
 
 Mill, Mr. John Stuart, his letter to 
 Sir A. Duff Gordon respecting Mr. 
 Austin's article on Centralisation, 
 153 
 
 Milman, Rev. Dr., gazetted Dean of 
 St. Paul's, 218. Publishes his 'His- 
 tory of Latin Christianity,' 265 
 
 Mitford, his ' History of Greece,' 198 
 
 Mitrovich, the Maltese < CConnell, 64 
 
 Mohl, Professor, his remarks on Eng- 
 land, 385 
 
 Molesworl i, Sir W., his Bpeech on the 
 Colonies, 181. His >harh, 305 
 
 Monck, Lord, appointed Governor-Gene- 
 ral of Canada, mi 
 
 Monk. Maria, her stories of the ' Black 
 Nunnery ' demolished, 52 
 
 Montalembert, Comte de, his denuncia- 
 tions of England, 389 
 
 M e, Thomas, Lord Russell's 'Life 
 
 and Letters of,' 273 
 
 Moore, Mr. G. H., his motion on the 
 differences with America, 316 
 
 Moulton, check received by the English 
 at. 193 
 
 Muller, outvied, his 'Attika,' 'Eleu- 
 
 -inia,' and ' Pallas," 1 \~ 
 
 Munster, state of, in 18 48, 189 
 Mure. Colonel, his article on the 
 ieid,' 149. His -History of 
 
 Greek Literature, 1 194. His views 
 
 as to the Homeric text, 3 16 
 
 21. Dropped in 
 
 retains the "War 
 Feeling against 
 
 OD V 
 
 VTAPIER, Colonel Charles, his book 
 
 ll on the Ionian Isles, 87 
 
 Naples, disturbances in, in 1848, 177. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone's 'Letter' about the 
 
 State prisoners at, 241 
 
 Napoleon 111., Emperor of the French. 
 
 See BONAFABTB. 
 
 Napoleon I., Emperor, Lord Holland's 
 
 aeeollllt of, 258. See BoNAl'AKTE. 
 
 ' Napoli, Colletta Storia di," 77 
 Navigation Laws, Mr. Kicardo's work 
 
 on the, 167. Bill respecting, passed, 
 
 206 
 Navy, reasons why sailors prefer the 
 
 Merchant Service to the, 5 1 
 
 Necromancy taught as a science in Sala- 
 manca, 133. Probable origin of the 
 belief in, 133 
 
 Negatives in French, 
 
 Provencal. 22 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, 
 Department, 282. 
 him, 288, 303. Resigns, 292 
 
 Newman, Francis, his ' Phases of Faith,' 
 231 
 
 Newspaper Bill, Sir G. C. Lewis's, 
 carried, 295 
 
 Nice in 1S32, 24. Climate and vegeta- 
 tion of, 24 
 
 Nicholls, Mr., his Reports on the Irish 
 Poor Laws, 96. Retained as perma- 
 nent Under-Secretary in the Poor-law 
 Office, 162 
 
 Niebuhr, his 'Roman History,' 312, 
 313. How he regarded the Abbe 
 Soulavie's work, 312, 325 note 
 
 Nismes, visit to the amphitheatre at, 
 59,65. The Maison Carree at, 59, 
 65. Town of, 59. Pont duGard of, 
 59, 65 
 
 Noel, lion, ami Rev. Baptist, his Pam- 
 phlet on the Voluntary System for the 
 Irish Church, 143 
 
 Nore, mutiny of the, Pitt's quotation on 
 the, 409 
 
 ' Notes and Queries,' 2 13 
 
 OASTLER, Mr, 156 
 O'Brien, Mr. Smith, attack on, at 
 Limerick, 174. His rebellion, 183. 
 Pound guilty of high treason, 186 
 
 O'Connell, Daniel, his speeches in Dub- 
 lin in 1834. 41, 42. His denuncia- 
 tions of Ruthven, 90. Instance of 
 his sincerity and patriotism, 130. 
 His position in 1844, 134 
 
 O'Connor, Feargus, 156 
 
 ' I >dyssey,' meaning of trirvia in i. 14,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 445 
 
 FE 
 
 113. The beginning contrasted -with 
 that of the 'Iliad,' 113. Nitzsch's 
 article on the, 147 
 
 O'Ferrall, Mr. Moore, and the Irish Poor 
 inquiry, 35 
 
 Olive trees at Nice, 26 
 
 Orange trees at Nice, 25 
 
 Orange, Prince of, proposed marriage 
 of, to the Princess Charlotte, 356. 
 Marries a Russian Grand Duchess, 
 357 
 
 Overstone, Lord, his letter in the ' Times,' 
 320 
 
 Oxford Bill, the, 279. Commission on 
 the, 279, 281, 286, 289 
 
 Oxford University, views of the Tracta- 
 rians, 262. Success of open scholar- 
 ships at, 262. Mr. Gladstone's in- 
 fluence on Oxford politics, 262. Dr. 
 Pusey's plan for the reform of the 
 Hebdomadal Board, 278 
 
 PACIFICO'S case, dangers of the 
 principle involved in the, 227 
 
 Palmerston, Lord, division on his motion, 
 251. His triumph over his enemies, 
 227. Moves a resolution on free- 
 trade, 257. His promise as to Irish 
 removals, 264. Eesigns, but sub- 
 sequently returns, 275. Becomes 
 Prime Minister, 292. Resigns on a 
 motion of censure, 331. His varied 
 knowledge, 351. His vigour and 
 speeches, 431 
 
 Panmure, Lord, goes to the War Office, 
 292 
 
 Paris, state of, in 1832, 13, 14, 15. In 
 
 1848, 169, 171 
 
 Paris, Peace of, of 1856, 309, 310 
 Parnell, Sir H, his work on the finances 
 
 of England, 92 
 Parr, Old, age of, 418 
 Parties, state of, in 1832, 13 
 Pascal's ' Provincial Letters,' 72 
 Patterson, Sir John, on the City Com- 
 mission, 272 
 Peel, Sir Robert, forms a government, 
 Dec. 1834, 43. Indications of his 
 intention to make some concession to 
 the manufacturing interest, 116. His 
 corn-law scale, 118. His position in 
 
 1849, 211. His death, and loss to 
 the country, 225, 226. His political 
 character, 226 
 
 Peelites refuse to join Lord Stanley, 
 237. Their line on the Anti-Papal 
 Bill, 239, 243 
 
 Pelissier, Marshal, in the Crimea, 296 
 
 PRI 
 
 Peninsular War, opinion of the Earl 
 of Aberdeen as to the, 552. Lord 
 Grenville's opinion, 338, 343 
 
 'People's Blue Book,' remarks on the, 
 referred to, 373 
 
 Perrystone, visit to, 210 
 
 Persia, war of England with, 323 
 
 Persigny, Count, his imanswered des- 
 patch, 331. Philosophy, French, 85. 
 Modern Italian, 117 
 
 ' Pickwick Papers,' remarks on the, 94 
 
 Pilgrim Fathers, Mr. Ford's article on 
 the, 286 
 
 Pitt, Lord Stanhope's Life of, 325. Sir 
 G. C. Lewis's articles on, 326. Pitt's 
 change of intention in 1801, 326, 330. 
 George Rose's account of him, 384. 
 Engraving of him as a student, 387. 
 Demands a court-martial on the Duke 
 of York, 394. His warlike policy 
 during the Revolution, 394. Sir 
 G. C. Lewis's remarks on Lord Stan- 
 hope's 'Life,' 409. Pitt's quotation 
 on the mutiny of the Nore, 409. 
 Portrait of him, 412. His plan for 
 abolishing all customs duties, 412. 
 His letter referring to Lord Auck- 
 land's intrigues, 413. The article in 
 the ' Quarterly Review ' on the 
 'Life,' 413 
 
 Pius IX., Pope, in exile, 196, 203, 209. 
 Difficulties of his position, 209. How 
 regarded by the Romans, 389 
 
 Poles, their danger to Europe, 190 
 
 Pollock, Mr., on the Northern Circuit, 10 
 
 Polybius, his history, 254 
 
 Poor Law, Mr. Buller's changes in the, 
 184, 186. Mr. Coode's report on the 
 Law of Settlement, 241. The Settle- 
 ment Bill lost, 264. Mr. Baines's 
 proposal for the abolition of the Law 
 of Settlement, 278. Gloomy picture 
 of the Poor-law Act, 83. Effect of 
 the Poor Law, as making beggars, 
 16. Discussions respecting the Poor 
 Laws in 1842, 119. Proposed 
 changes in the administration of the, 
 150. Debate on the Bill in the 
 Lords, 156 
 
 Portrait Gallery, National, grant for 
 the, 326 
 
 Potato disease, 188, 207, 242 
 
 n^rvio, use of, in Od. i. 14, 113 
 
 Powell, Baden, his ' History of Philo- 
 sophy,' 32. His translations, 33 
 
 Printing, effects of the discovery of, on 
 polemics, 108 
 
 Prize-fighters of ancient and modern 
 times, 379
 
 •146 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PBO 
 
 Protection a li< cause, "233. 
 
 Deadly blow to, 238. Ambiguous 
 language of the leaden <>t', 239. 
 Their probable courses, '239, 218. 
 Abandoned by Lord Derby, 255. 
 Struggles of the Protectionists, 206. 
 I>.i doI confide in Disraeli, 216, 220 
 
 Prussia, interference of, in the affairs of 
 the small German Btates, 44. Revo- 
 lutiim in, in 1848, 172. Disturb- 
 ances in, 176. The burgher guard 
 disarmed, and tin- Assembly silenced, 
 192. Formation of a democratic con- 
 stitution, 196. Attempts to take the 
 bad in Germany, 209. Troubles in 
 the Rhine Province, 256. lis sym- 
 pathy with Russia during the war 
 with' Turkey, 'J.s.l 
 
 Public Instruction Commission, 34, 37, 
 39. Work done, 40 
 
 Punjab, Hardinge's arrangement ^it li 
 the, 193 
 
 Pusey, Dr., his plan for the reform of 
 tlu" Hebdomadal Board, 278 
 
 Puseyites, the, compared with the Ger- 
 man Cat holies, 145. In 1850, 233 
 
 Q 
 
 UARTERLY REVIEW,' the, 32, 
 
 52 
 
 "RADICALS, their 'irreligion com- 
 
 XI plete,' 23 
 
 Railway stock, depreciation of, 188. 
 
 Railway from Gloucester to Hereford, 
 
 232 
 Railways, speculation in, harm done by, 
 
 210 
 Ranke's 'History of the Popes,' Mrs. 
 
 Austin's translation of the, 111 
 Ransijat. the .Maltese, his blockade of 
 
 Vairtta, 91 
 
 Raphael, his Madonna di San Sisto, 43. 
 His works, 117 
 
 Raumer, translation of a passage in his 
 work on England, 46 
 
 Reeve, Mr, II., becomes editor of the 
 ■ Edinburgh Review,' 300 
 
 >rm Bill of 1854, 277- Difficulties 
 of a, in 1858, 329. The promised 
 Bill of Lord Derby's ministry, 337, 
 351, 363, 366, 368, 369. The Bill 
 of 1860, 377, 378 
 
 Reformation, Mr. Austin's views as to 
 the evil effects of the, 105, 106. Sir 
 • J. C. Lewis's views, 107. Power of 
 the Church before this period, 107 
 
 ataon, French, Mr. Austin's views 
 regarding the, 108 
 
 Si 'A 
 
 Ruthven, O'Conncll's denunciations of,90 
 
 Rhone, bridges over the, 60. Travel- 
 ling on the, 60 
 
 Ricardo, J. L., his 'Anatomy of the 
 Navigation Laws,' 167 
 
 Rivers, Lord, in France, 12 
 
 Roebuck, Mr., 349 
 
 Rogers, Henry, his article on Locke, 284 
 
 Roman Church, effect of the ascendency 
 of the, on Italy, 389 
 
 Romans, the ancient, a practical people, 
 423. Their works, 423 
 
 Romance languages, Ilallam's digres- 
 sion on the, 78. Sir G. C. Lewis's 
 Essay on the, 78, 80 
 
 Rome, works relating to the topography 
 of, 117. Mr. and Mrs. Grote in, 117. 
 French intervention in, 208. Results 
 of this intervention, 213 
 
 Ronge, his letter respecting the sacred 
 tunic at Treves, 144 
 
 Rosen, Dr., his article on Buddhism, 
 53 
 
 Routh, Dr., his death, 289 
 
 Rupert, Prince, portrait of, 228 
 
 Russell, Lord John, his letter, 333. 
 His Anti-Papal Bill, 236. Resigna- 
 tion and re-formation of the ministry, 
 236. His Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 
 as a legislative measure, 240. Re- 
 signation of his government, 250. 
 Goes to the Foreign Office in Lord 
 Palmerston's government, 368, 372 
 
 Russia, views of, as to Malta, 96. 
 Hatred of, in Germany, 124. Enters 
 Transylvania, 204. War with Turkey 
 in 1853, 263, 267, 270, 271, 274, 275, 
 277, 280, 284, 287, 291, 296, 297- 
 300, 306, 308. Mr. Kinglake's book, 
 426 
 
 SAILORS, reasons why they prefer the 
 merchant service, 54. Foreign 
 merchant trade, 54 
 
 St. Alban's inquiry, the, 249 
 
 Salamanca University behind the time 
 in its teaching, 133, 134 
 
 Saone, travelling on the, 60. Bridges 
 over the, 60 
 
 Satirists, their unfairness, 199, 200 
 
 Savoy, cession of, to France, 377 
 
 Saxon Switzerland, 43 
 
 Saxony, visit to, 43. Form of govern- 
 ment of, 43. Interference of Prussia 
 in the internal affairs of, 44 
 
 SeaUage, shilling, shieling, shade, and 
 shed, remarks on the words, 111 
 
 Scavi, the, at Uriconium, 422
 
 INDEX. 
 
 447 
 
 SCH 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein question, 17-5, 176, 
 
 182, 186 
 Schwegler, his ' Roman History,' 321. 
 
 His doctrine, 321 
 Scott, Sir W., remarks on his character, 
 
 102 
 Search, right of, 407. Mr. Croker's 
 
 views, 407 
 Sebastopol. siege of, 284, 285, 287, 292, 
 
 294. Fall of, 308 
 Senior, Mr. N. W., his investigations on 
 French charities, 13. His sugges- 
 tions as to English charities, 13. His 
 article on France, England, and the 
 United States, 120. His review of 
 ' The Influence of Authority in Mat- 
 ters of Opinion,' 224. At Palermo, 
 239 
 Senses, views of the Epicureans as to 
 
 the, 397 
 Seward, Mr., his ill-feeling towards 
 England, 397, 403, 404. His letter 
 to the French Government, 431 
 Sicily, ravages of the cholera in, 86. 
 Declares its independence, 177, 386. 
 Devastation of, by the Carthaginians, 
 253 
 Silistria, siege of, 280, 285 
 Slade, Mr., his work on the Mediter- 
 ranean, 87 
 Slaves, maxim as to the children of, 
 
 109 
 ' Sledge-hammering ' a man, 32 
 Slidell and Mason, Messrs., seizure of, 
 
 406, 407 
 Smallpox, treatment of, in Germany, 
 
 121 
 Smith, Baron, his charge to a Dublin 
 
 grand jury, 22 
 Smith, Rev. Sydney, characteristic let- 
 ter from, 115 
 Smithfield Market, Commission on, 219, 
 
 221 
 Socrates, Aristophanes' character of, in 
 
 ' The Clouds,' 200 
 Songowing and songle, meaning of the 
 
 words, 110 
 Sophia Dorothea, Memoirs of, 200 
 Sophia, Electress of Hanover, portrait 
 
 of, at Combe, 228 
 Soult, Marshal, becomes President of 
 
 the Council, 13 
 Spain, no Greek book printed or edited 
 
 in, 118 
 Sprengel, his ' Geschichte der Medical,' 
 
 singular facts mentioned in, 133 
 Stahr, his German translation of Aris- 
 totle's ' Politics,' 245 
 Stanhope, Earl, his friendship with Sir 
 
 TIT 
 
 G. C. Lewis, 325. His 'Life of 
 
 Pitt,' 325 
 Stanley, Lord, his speech on the Poor- 
 law Administration Bill, 156 
 Stanley, Lord (now Earl of Derby), 
 
 manages the India Bill. 337 
 Stanley, Rev. A. P., becomes Professor 
 
 of Ecclesiastical History, 322 
 Steamboats from Lausanne to Geneva, 
 
 8 
 St.-Hilaire, Barthelemi, his translation 
 
 of Aristotle's 'Politics,' 245. His 
 
 works, 423 
 Stoddart, Sir John, Chief Juslice of 
 
 Malta, 64. His character, 70 
 Strauss, Dr., his residence at Stuttgart, 
 
 123. His marriage, 123, 126. His 
 
 works, 126, 127 
 Suffrage, strong tendency towards ex- 
 tension of the, 174. Weakness of 
 
 the system in 1848, 179 
 Sugar Duties, discussions on the, 180, 
 
 181 
 Sumner, Mr., outrage on, 315. Dana's 
 
 lecture on, 315 
 Switzerland, Mr. Grote's pamphlet on, 
 
 158, 160 
 Symonds, Captain, his ships, 63 
 Syria, debates on the occupation of, 
 
 393 
 
 TALBOT, Lord, his death, 194 
 Talleyrand, Prince, in Paris, 12 
 Tandy, Napper, question of the trial of, 
 
 410 
 Taxation, Mr. Bright's plan of, 373 
 Teetotalism, Mr. Conybeare's article on, 
 
 263, 276 
 Tenant-Right League, the, 229 
 Tenure, fixity of, in Ireland, Mr. Con- 
 nor's speech on, 131 
 Terry Alt country, state of the, 35 
 Thanksgiving for the cessation of the 
 
 cholera, 219 
 Theological controversy, causes of the 
 
 popularisation of, 105, 108 
 Thirlwall, Rev. Dr., his 'History of 
 
 Greece,' 80, 147 
 Thrall, remarks on the word, 20 
 Thucydidt's, bulk of his speeches, as 
 
 compared with his whole work, 217 
 Ticknor, Mr. E., in England, 313. His 
 
 Spanish stories, 287. His letter, 395 
 Tipasa, confessors of, powers of speech 
 
 of the, 334 
 Tipperary, disturbances in. 50 
 Tithe-owners, Sir Robert Inglis's speech 
 
 on the grievances of the, 142
 
 I In 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tocqueville, M. de, at 1! i, 288. His 
 
 i^n nance of ancient literature, 4oi 
 
 Tooke, Mr., his hostility to the Hank 
 a - of l-si i. 321 
 
 Tories, .slat.' of, in L882, 13 
 
 Toulon, city «.!', 19. Convicts at, 19, 20 
 
 Tractariana, chief point contended for 
 by tho most iilti-a. 262. Views of 
 the bulk of the party, 262 
 
 Transylvania entered by the Russians, 
 •Jin* 
 
 Travelling in England and on the Con- 
 tinent contrasted, 17. In France in 
 1836, 59. In Germany und in France, 
 45 
 
 •Trent' affair, the, 405, 406 
 
 Treves, the Bacred tunic at. and Ronge's 
 letter. 1 11. History of the tunic, 145 
 
 Tufnell, Kt. Hon. Henry, his retirement, 
 
 225 
 
 Ivpawos, idea conveyed by the word, 
 428, 129 
 
 Turkey, war with Russia, 263, 267, 270, 
 271, 274, 275, 277, 280, 281, 287, 
 291. 296, 297-300, 306, 308. In- 
 tended partition of, 289 
 
 Turnpike trusts, bill for abolishing, 204. 
 I lefeated, 205. Difficulties to be mot, 
 220 
 
 Twisleton, Hon. E., his visit to the 
 I'nited States. 214. At New Bruns- 
 wick, 221. In the Albany, 245. Be- 
 comes a Commissioner to carry the 
 Oxford Act into operation, 306 
 
 UNITKI) STATES, difficulty with, as 
 to recruiting, 311, 314. Sir G. C. 
 Lewis's prophecy of a civil war in, 
 315. Stakes of cither side, 318. Cora- 
 mencement of the civil war, 390. 
 Secession of the Southern states, 392. 
 The Northern Stites drift into war, 
 395. Their conduct* 395. The Queen's 
 proclamation of neutrality, 396. En- 
 deavour of the I'nited States Minister 
 to France to purchase arms in Eng- 
 land, 396. Progress of tho civil 
 war. 402, 425. The 'Trent ' affair, 
 405, 406. Wish of tho French Go- 
 vernment for war between England 
 and the United States. 407 
 
 Universities, commissions to inquire intD 
 the tWO, 221 
 
 Urqidiart, .Mr., his views about Russia, 
 87 
 
 V 
 
 ALETTA, harbour and fortifica- 
 tions of, 63, 74. Striking view 
 
 W K L 
 
 of the town cf, 63, 66. Ransijat's 
 blockade of the city, 91 
 Vancouver's Island, Mr. Gladstone's 
 
 Speech respecting, 185 
 
 Vangerow. the law lecturer at Heidel- 
 berg, 123 
 Vaughan, Mr., in Switzerland, 7 
 Vaughan, Professor, his answer to Dr. 
 
 Pusey, 278 
 'Vernon' frigate, the, 63 
 Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, his 
 
 recklessness, 364 
 Victoria, Queen, her visit to Ireland, 
 
 212. Her progress to Balmoral in 
 
 1850, 229. Her visit to Paris, 299 
 4 Vidoeq's Memoirs,' 23 
 Vienna Democrats, the, put down by 
 
 Windischgratz, 192 
 Villafranca, peace of, 374 
 Villiers, Hon. Edward, 23. Goes with 
 
 his wife to Germany, 125 
 Villiers, Mr. Charles, his motion as to 
 
 free-trade, 257 
 Villiers, Hon. Mrs. George, 250, 265. 
 
 Her death, 308 
 Virgil, tho Duchess of Devonshire's, at 
 
 Lausanne, 6 
 Voltaire, story of, 123 
 Voting papers at elections, views as to, 
 
 268, 269 
 Vultures in Italy, 335, 359 
 
 , Lord, his remark about 
 
 crossing the Simplon, 124 
 
 Wakefield, his work on ' Colonisation,' 
 202 
 
 Wales, North, state of the charities of, 
 13. The Whiteboys of South Wales, 
 48. Cowardice and timidity of the 
 Celts of, 79. Mr. Conybeare's article 
 on the clergy of, 261 
 
 Wales, Prince of, his visit to Canada, 
 385. And to the United States, 390 
 
 Walewski, Count, his answer, 332 
 
 Waterloo, various opinions as to the 
 causes of Napoleon's failure at, 360- 
 362 
 
 Wellesley, Marquis, resigns tho Lord 
 Lieutenancy, 41 
 
 Wellington, Duke of, Homeric verses 
 on his election, 32. Remarks on his 
 despatches. 97- His political views, 
 97, 98. His talent for speculation 
 on general queshons, 98. Appointed 
 to the Horse Guards, 124. His letter 
 to Sir J. Burgoyne on the defences of 
 the country, 165, 167. His death, 
 254. Lives of him in the newspapers,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 449 
 
 WES 
 
 254. His public funeral, 255. Never 
 opposed to Napoleon, 354. Effect of 
 his perseverance in the Peninsula, 
 355. His account of Napoleon's 
 efforts at Waterloo, 361 
 
 Westminster, revenues of the Abbots of, 
 before the Eeformation, 107 
 
 Whately, Archbishop, ceases to attend 
 the Public Instruction Board, 36. 
 Joke attributed to him, 39. His 
 book on gardening, 160. His Con- 
 versation at Mr. Senior's, 175 
 
 Whiteboys of Ireland and of South 
 Wales, 48. Compared with English 
 trade-unionists, 48 
 
 Wildbad, baths at, 125 
 
 Williams, Mr. John, on the Northern 
 Circuit, 10 
 
 Wilson, Sir Robert, his ' Narrative of 
 the Russian Campaign ' of Napoleon, 
 386 
 
 Wilson, Mr., becomes Secretary to the 
 Board of Control, 174 
 
 Windischgratz, Prince, puts down the 
 Vienna Democrats, 192, 196 
 
 Wood, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles, proposes a 
 
 ZUR 
 
 loan of two millions, 184. His 
 Budget in 1851, 236. His Indian 
 speech, 265 
 
 Woodford, Sir Alexander, at Gibraltar, 
 87 
 
 Wordsworth, Rev. Dr., his 'Athens 
 and Attica,' 55. His translation of 
 a passage in Aristotle's ' Politics,' 55 
 
 YORK MINSTER in 1824, 10 
 York, Duke of, story of his conduct 
 in Elanders, 394 
 York, New, taxes of, 252 
 Young, Mr., Chief Secretary of British 
 
 Guiana, 103 
 Young, Sir John, recalled from the 
 Ionian Islands, 364 
 
 ZACHARIA, Karl Salamo, notice of 
 him and his works, 122, 123 
 Zell, Princess of, Memoirs of the, 200 
 Zollverein, formation of the, 44. Fond- 
 ness of the Germans for the, 145 
 Zurich, treaty of, 374 
 
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 thereto. By J. C. FoWLEK, of the Inner 
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 Willich's Popular Tables for As- 
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 and Church Property, Renewal Fines, &c. ; 
 the Public Funds ; Annual Average Price 
 and Interest on Consolsfrom 1731 to 18G7 ; 
 Chemical, Geographical, Astronomical, 
 Trigonometrical Tables, &c. Post 8vo. 10s. 
 
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 INDEX. 
 
 Acton's Modem Cookery 20 
 
 Alcock's Residence in Japan 17 
 
 Allies on Formation of Christendom 15 
 
 Alpine Guide (The) 17 
 
 Althaus on Medical Electricity 10 
 
 Andbews's Life of Oliver Cromwell 3 
 
 Abnold's Manual of English Literature . . 5 
 
 Abnott's Elements of Physics 8 
 
 Arundines Cami 18 
 
 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson 6 
 
 Aybe's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 15 
 
 Bacon's Essays by Whately 5 
 
 Life and Letters, by Spedding . . 4 
 
 Works 5 
 
 Bain's Mental and Moral Science 7 
 
 on the Emotions and Will 7 
 
 ■ — on the Senses and Intellect 7 
 
 on the Study of Character 7 
 
 Ball's Guide to the Central Alps 16 
 
 Guide to the. Western Alps 10 
 
 Guide to the Eastern Alps 16 
 
 Babnabd's Drawing from Nature 12 
 
 Bayldon's Rents and Tillages 13 
 
 Beaten Tracks 16 
 
 Beckee's Charicles and Gallns 18 
 
 Bexfey's Sanskrit-English Dictionary 6 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing 20 
 
 Bxackley's Word-Gossip 7 
 
 German-English Dictionary . . 6 
 
 Blaine's Rural Sports 19 
 
 Veterinary Art 19 
 
 Bouene on Screw Propeller 13 
 
 's Catechism of the Steam Engine . . 13 
 
 Examples of Modern Engines . . 13 
 
 Handbook of Steam Engine 13 
 
 Treatise on the Steam Engine 13 
 
 Improvements in the Stearn- 
 
 Engine 13 
 
 Bowdlee's Family Shakspeaee 13 
 
 Beande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, 
 
 and Art 9 
 
 Beay's (C.) Education of the Feelings . . . .' 7 
 
 ■ Philosophy of Necessity 7 
 
 On Force 7 
 
 Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles. . . . 11 
 
 Buckle's History of Civilisation 2 
 
 B cll's Hints to Mothers 20 
 
 Maternal Management of Children . . 20 
 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt 3 
 
 God in History 3 
 
 Memoirs 4 
 
 Bunsen (E. De) on Apocrypha 15 
 
 's Keys of St. Peter 15 
 
 Bubbuey's Mary's Every Day Book 20 
 
 Burke's Vicissitudes of Families 4 
 
 Burton's Christian Church 3 
 
 Yikrani and the Vampire 17 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer ". 20 
 
 Calveet's Wife's Manual 15 
 
 Cates's Biographical Dictionary 4 
 
 Cats and Faelie's Moral Emblems 12 
 
 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths 6 
 
 Chesney's Euphrates Expedition 17 
 
 Indian Polity 2 
 
 Waterloo Campaign 2 
 
 Child's Physiological Essays 11 
 
 Chorale Book for England 11 
 
 Clough's Lives from Plutarch 2 
 
 Cobbe's Norman Kings 3 
 
 Colenso (Bishop) 011 Pentateuch and Book 
 
 of Joshua s 15 
 
 Commonplace Philosopher in Town and 
 
 Country 6 
 
 Conington's Chemical Analysis 9 
 
 Translation of Virgil's jEneid 19 
 
 Contanseau's Two French Dictionaries . . 6 
 Contbeaee andHowsoN'sLife and Epistles 
 
 of St. Paul 14 
 
 Cook's Acts of the Apostles 14 
 
 Voyages 4 
 
 Coopee's Surgical Dictionary 10 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine 11 
 
 Cotton's Introduction to Confirmation. . . . 14 
 
 Coulthaet's Decimal Interest Tables .... 20 
 
 Counsel and Comfort from a Cily Pulpit . . 6 
 
 Cox's (G. W.) Manual of Mythology 18 
 
 Aryan Mythology 3 
 
 Tale of the Great Persian War 2 
 
 Tales of A ncient Greece .... 18 
 
 — (H.) Ancient Parliamentary Elections 1 
 
 History of the Reform Bills 1 
 
 Whig and Tory Administrations 1 
 
 Ceesy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 13 
 
 Critical Essays of a Country Parson 6 
 
 Ceowe's History of France 2 
 
 Cullet's Handbook of Telegraphy 12 
 
 Cusack's History of Ireland 2 
 
 Daet's Iliad of Homer 19 
 
 D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation in 
 
 the time of Calvin 2 
 
 Davidson '8 Introduction to New Testament 14 
 
 Dayman's Dante's Divina Commedia 19 
 
 Dead Shot (The), by Mabksman 19 
 
 Db la Rive's Treatise on Electricity 8 
 
 Denison's Vice-Regal Life 1 
 
 De Tocqueville's Democracy in America . 2 
 
 Dobson on the Ox 19
 
 22 
 
 NEW WORKS published Bi LONGMANS and CO. 
 
 Dovb's Law of Storms 8 
 
 1V\ i i ■'- Fairyland 11 
 
 . s tity of Borne 3 
 
 Easti.ake's Hints on Household Taste .... 12 
 
 History of Oil Painting 11 
 
 Life of Gibson 11 
 
 FuMiM'ss Names of Places c 
 
 Ki>\\ lbdb*s Shipmaster's Guide 20 
 
 Elements of Botany '■' 
 
 Ellicott's Commentary on Ephesiaus 14 
 
 Destiny of the Creature 14 
 
 Lectures on Life of Christ .... 14 
 
 . Commentary on Galatians 14 
 
 — Pastoral Epist. 14 
 
 Philippians,&c. 14 
 
 , Thessalonians 14 
 
 i • •, s a n<l Reviews 15 
 
 Ewald's History of Israel 1-* 
 
 PArRBAiRs's Application of Cast and 
 
 Wrought Iron to Building 18 
 
 Information for Engineers .... IS 
 
 . Treatise on Mills and Millwork 12 
 
 Iron Shipbuilding 13 
 
 Faraday's Life and Letters 3 
 
 Farkak's Chapters on Language 5 
 
 Families of Speech 7 
 
 Fei.kin on Hosiery & Lace Manufactures.. 13 
 
 Ffotlkes's Christendom's Divisions 15 
 
 Pitzwtgbsjc on Horses and Stables 19 
 
 Five Wars in a Protestant Sisterhood 11 
 
 Fi im wii's Diversities of Life 7 
 
 Forbes's Earls of Granard 4 
 
 }„wu;k's Collieries and Colliers 20 
 
 Francis's Piabinaj Book M 
 
 Fresh fi; i i>'s lr i i (.Caucasus — 16 
 
 Fboudb's History olBaglajad l 
 
 Short Studies 6 
 
 Ganot's Elementary Physios 8 
 
 Gascoigitb's Doctor Harold 18 
 
 Gilbbbt's Cadore ii» 
 
 . an<l CnuiiciiiLL's Dolomites 10 
 
 Girtin's House I Live In 11 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems, Illustrated 18 
 
 Gould's Silver store C 
 
 Graham's Book About Words 5 
 
 GbaST'S Ethics of Aristotle 5 
 
 ■ Home Politics 2 
 
 Graver Th nights of a Country Parson 6 
 
 Gray's Anatomy 10 
 
 I eibow on Bronchitis 10 
 
 Gbovb on Correlation of Physical Forces .. 8 
 
 etbt's Chapters of French History — 2 
 
 Gwili's Encyclopedia of Architecture .... 12 
 
 on of B cp r c e enta trvea 5 
 
 Habtwis's Harmonies of Nature 9 
 
 Polar World 9 
 
 Sfaandits Living Wonders. .. • 9 
 
 ■ Tropical World 9 
 
 f Shaftesbury 3 
 
 Hu Manual of Geology 8 
 
 Hawkers Instructions to Young Sports- 
 men 19 
 
 IIerschel's Outlines of Astronomy 7 
 
 Hewitt on the Diseases of Women 10 
 
 Holmes's Surgical Treatment of Children.. 10 
 
 System of Surgery 10 
 
 Hooker and Walker-Arnott's British 
 
 Flora 9 
 
 Horne's Introduction to tho Scriptures . . 15 
 
 Compendium of the Scriptures . . 15 
 
 How we Spent the Summer 16 
 
 Howard's Gymnastic Exercises 11 
 
 Howitt's Australian Discovery 17 
 
 Northern Heights of London 17 
 
 Rural Life of England 17 
 
 Visits to Remarkable Places .... 17 
 
 Hugiies's Manual of Geography 8 
 
 Hume's Essays 7 
 
 Treatise on Human Nature 7 
 
 Humehkeys's Sentiments of Shakspearc . . 12 
 
 Ihne's Roman History 2 
 
 Ingelow's Poems 18 
 
 . Story of Doom 18 
 
 Mopsa 18 
 
 Instructions in Household Matters 20 
 
 Jameson's Legends of Saints and Martyrs . . 12 
 
 Legends of the Madonna 12 
 
 Legends of the Monastic Orders 12 
 
 Legends of the Saviour 12 
 
 .TonNSTON's Geographical Dictionary 8 
 
 J ikes on Second Death 15 
 
 on Types of Genesis 15 
 
 KalisCii's Commentary on the Bible 5 
 
 Hebrew Grammar 5 
 
 Keith: on Destiny of the World 14 
 
 Fulfilment of Prophecy 14 
 
 Kerl's Metallurgy, by Crookes and 
 
 Rohrig 13 
 
 Kesteyex's Domestic Medicine 11 
 
 Ki i:uy and Ssehcb's Entomology 9 
 
 Landon's (L. E. L.) Poetical Works 18 
 
 Latuam's English Dictionary 5 
 
 River Plate 8 
 
 Lawi.or's Pilgrimages in the Pyrenees 16 
 
 Lecky'S History of European Morals 3 
 
 Rationalism 3 
 
 Leigiiton's Sermons and Charges 14 
 
 Leisure Hours in Town 6 
 
 ins of Middle Age 6 
 
 Letjieby on Food 20 
 
 Lbwbb'8 Biographical History of Philosophy 3 
 
 Lewis's Letters 4 
 
 LiEDELi-andScoTT'sGreek-Engiish Lexicon 6 
 
 Abridged ditto 6 
 
 Life of Man Symbolised 11 
 
 Margaret M. Hallahan 14 
 
 LimiI.ey and Moore's Treasury of Botany 9 
 
 Lindsay's Kvideuce for the Papacy 14 
 
 Longman's Edward the Third 2 
 
 Lectures on H istory of England 2 
 
 Chess Openings 20 
 
 Lord's Prayer Illustrated 11
 
 NEW WORKS published by LONGMANS akd CO. 
 
 ■2B 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture 13 
 
 Gardening 13 
 
 Plants 9 
 
 Lowndes's Engineer's Handbook 12 
 
 Lyra Bucharistica 16 
 
 Germanica 11, 16 
 
 Messianica 16 
 
 Mystica 16 
 
 Mabeldean 17 
 
 Macaulat's (Lord) Essays 3 
 
 History of England . . 1 
 
 ■ Lays of Ancient Rome IS 
 
 - — Miscellaneous Writings 6 
 
 Speeches 5 
 
 Works 1 
 
 Macparren's Lectures on Harmony 11 
 
 Mackintosh's Scenery of England and 
 
 Wales 8 
 
 MACLEOD'S Elements of Political Economy 4 
 
 Dictionary of Political Economy 4 
 
 Elements of Banking 19 
 
 Theory and Practice of Banking 19 
 
 McCulloch's Dictionary of Commerce 20 
 
 — — — Geographical Dictionary .... 8 
 
 Maguiee's Life of Father Mathew 4 
 
 Manning's England and Christendom .... 15 
 
 Maecet on the Larynx 10 
 
 Marshall's Physiology 11 
 
 Maeshman's History of India 2 
 
 Life of Havelock 4 
 
 Maetineau's Endeavours after the Chris- 
 tian Life 16 
 
 Martineau's Letters from Australia 16 
 
 Masset's History of England 1 
 
 Massingberd's History of the Reformation 3 
 
 Matheson's England to Delhi 16 
 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury 4 
 
 — Geogranhical Treasury 8 
 
 Historical Treasury 3 
 
 — — — Scientific and Literary Treasury 9 
 
 ■ Treasury of Knowledge 20 
 
 ■ Treasury of Natural History .. 9 
 
 Maury's Physical Geography. 8 
 
 Vat's Constitutional History of England.. 1 
 
 Melville's Digby Grand 18 
 
 General Bounce 18 
 
 — — — — G ladi;itors 18 
 
 ■ Good for Nothing 18 
 
 ■ Holinliy House 18 
 
 Interpreter 18 
 
 ■ Kate Coventry 18 
 
 ■ Queen's Maries 18 
 
 Mendelssohn's Letters 4 
 
 Menes and Cheops 7 
 
 Merivale's (H.) Historical Studies 2 
 
 (C.) Fall of the Roman Republic 3 
 
 — ^— Romans under the Empire 3 
 
 ■ 15 yle Lectures 3 
 
 Merrifiei.D and Evebs'S Navigation 7 
 
 Miles on Horse's Font and Horse Shoeing. 19 
 
 on Horses' Teeth and Stables 19 
 
 MILL (J.) on the Mind 4 
 
 Mill (J. S.) on Liberty 4 
 
 England and Ireland 4 
 
 Subjection of Women 4 
 
 on Repres ntative Government 4 
 
 on Utilitarianism 4 
 
 's Dissertations and Discussions 4 
 
 Political Economy 4 
 
 Mill's System of Logic 4 
 
 Hamilton's Philosophy 4 
 
 Inaugural Address at St. Andrew's . 4 
 
 Miller's Elements of Chemistry 9 
 
 Hymn Writers 15 
 
 Mitchell's Manual of Assaying IS 
 
 Monsell's Beatitudes 16 
 
 His Presence not his Memory. . 16 
 
 ' Spiritual Songs ' 16 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies 18 
 
 Lalla Rookh 18 
 
 Journal and Correspondence .... 8 
 
 Poetical Works 18 
 
 (Dr. G.) Power of the Soul over 
 
 the Body 15 
 
 Morell's Elements of Psychology 7 
 
 Mental Philosophy 7 
 
 Muller's (Max) Chips from a German 
 
 Workshop 7 
 
 Lectures on the Science of Lan- 
 guage 5 
 
 ■ (K. O.) Literature of Ancient 
 
 Greece g 
 
 Muechison on Continued Fevers 10 
 
 on Liver Complaints 10 
 
 Muee's Language and Literature of Greece 2 
 
 New Testament Illustrated with Wood En- 
 gravings from the Old Masters 11 
 
 Newman's History of his Religious Opinions 4 
 
 Nichols's Handbook to British Museum.. 20 
 
 Nightingale's Notes on Hospitals 20 
 
 Nilsson's Scandinavia 9 
 
 Northcote's Sanctuary of the Madonna . . 14 
 
 Northcott on Lathes and Turning 12 
 
 Norton's City 0: London 17 
 
 Odling's Animal Chemistry 10 
 
 Course of Practical Chemistry .. 10 
 
 Manual of Chemistry 9 
 
 Lectures 011 Carbon 10 
 
 Outlines of Chemistry 10 
 
 Our Children's Story is 
 
 Owen's Comparative Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of Vertebrate Animals 9 
 
 Lectures on the Invertebrata 8 
 
 Packe's Guide to the Pyrenees 17 
 
 Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology .. 10 
 
 Pereiea's Manual of Materia Medica 11 
 
 Perkins's Italian and Tuscan Sculptors .. 12 
 
 Phillips's Guide to Geology 8 
 
 Pictures in Tyrol jg 
 
 Piesse'S Art of Perfumery 13 
 
 Chemical, Natural, and Physical Magic 13 
 
 Pratt's Law of Building Societies 20 
 
 Prendergast's Mastery of Languages 6 
 
 Prescott's Scripture Difficulties 15 
 
 Peoctor's Handbook of the Stars 7 
 
 Saturn 7 
 
 Pyne's England and France in the Fifteenth 
 
 Century 2 
 
 Quarterly Journal of Science 9
 
 
 NI.W WORKS i-luli.shkd by LONGMANS am. CO. 
 
 Recreations of a Country Parson G 
 
 Rkiciiel's Seo of Rome 1 v 
 
 Rkilly's Map of Mont Blanc 10 
 
 Reimann on Aniline Dyes 13 
 
 Religious Republics 15 
 
 Ruby's Memorials of London 17 
 
 Rivers's Rose Amateur's Quids 9 
 
 Uonnixs's Cavalry Catechism 19 
 
 Rogers's CorroBpondenco of Groysou 7 
 
 Eclipse of Faith 7 
 
 Defence of Faith 7 
 
 Essays from the Edinburgh Re- 
 
 6 
 
 Reason and Faith 6 
 
 R.>< jet's Thesaurus of English Words and 
 
 Phrases 5 
 
 Roma Sotterranea 17 
 
 Ronalps's Fly-Fisher's Entomology 19 
 
 Rowton's Debater 5 
 
 Russell on Government and Constitution 1 
 's (Earl) Speeches and Despatches 1 
 
 .,.,,. 
 
 Samublson's German Working Man 
 
 Sandabs's Justinian's Institutes 
 
 Scheppler on Ocular Defects 
 
 Scott's Lectures on the Fine Arts . . 
 Albert Durer. 
 
 Seeboum's Oxford Reformers of 1198 
 
 Sewell's After Life 
 
 Glimpse of the "World 
 
 History of the Early Church 
 
 Journal of a Home Life 
 
 Passing Thoughts on Religion . . 
 
 _ Preparation for Communion 
 
 Principles of Education 
 
 Readings for Confirmation 
 
 Readings for Lent 
 
 Examination for Confirmation .. 
 
 Stories and Tales 
 
 Thoughts for the Holy Week .... 
 
 Seymour's Pioneering in the Pampas 
 
 Shaptesbuey's Characteristics 
 
 8b \kspeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, 
 illustrated with Silhouettes 
 
 Shipley's Church and the World 
 
 Invocation of Saints 
 
 Short's Church History 
 
 Smart's Walker's English Pronouncing 
 Dictionaries 
 
 Smith's (South-wood) Philosophy of Health 
 
 (J.) Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck 
 
 (Sydney) Miscellaneous Works . . 
 
 Wit and Wisdom 
 
 S>>utbey's Doctor 
 
 Poetical Works 
 
 Stanley's History of British Birds 
 
 BBIHG'8 Analysis of Mill's Logic 
 
 Stephen's Essays in Ecclesiastical Bio- 
 graphy 
 
 Stirling's Secret of Hegel 
 
 STONBHBHGI on the Dog 
 
 on the Greyhound 
 
 S i iu c k n n d's Tudor Princesses 
 
 Queens of Englaud 
 
 ^troni and Free 
 
 Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of 
 I Scottish University City 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 2 
 17 
 17 
 
 3 
 17 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 17 
 15 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 r> 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 9 
 
 4 
 7 
 19 
 19 
 4 
 ( 
 7 
 
 Sweetman's Through the Night, and 
 
 Onward 17 
 
 Taylor's (Jeremy) Works, edited by Eden 15 
 
 TniRi/w all's History of Greece 2 
 
 Timbs's Curiosities of Loudon 17 
 
 Thomson's (Archbishop) Lava of Thought 5 
 
 Thompson's Paraguayan War It. 
 
 (A. T.) Conspectus 1 1 
 
 Todd (A.) on Parliamentary Government . . 1 
 and Bowman's Anatomy and Phy- 
 
 siology of Man 11 
 
 Trench's Realities of Irish Life 2 
 
 Trollope's Barchester Towers 18 
 
 Warden 18 
 
 Twiss's Law of Nations 20 
 
 T yndall's Lectures on Heat S 
 
 Lectures on Sound 8 
 
 Uncle Peter's Fairy Tale 18 
 
 Use's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and 
 Mines 12 
 
 Van Der Hoeven's Handbook of Zoology . . 8 
 Vaughan's Revolutions in English History u 
 
 Warburton's Hunting Songs 18 
 
 Watson's Principles and Practice of Physic 10 
 
 Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry 9 
 
 Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes. ... 7 
 
 Webster & Wilkinson's Greek Testament 11 
 
 Weld's Notes on Burgundy 1(> 
 
 Wellington's Life, by Gleig 4 
 
 West on Children's Diseases 10 
 
 on Nursing Children 20 
 
 Whately's English Synonymes 5 
 
 Logic 5 
 
 Rhetoric 5 
 
 on Religious Worship 16 
 
 Whist, what to Lead, by Cam 20 
 
 White and Riddle's Latin-English Dic- 
 tionaries 5 
 
 Wilcocks's Sea Fisherman 19 
 
 Williams's Aristotle's Ethics 5 
 
 . History of Wales 2 
 
 Williams on Climate of South of France. . 10 
 
 Consumption 10 
 
 Willich's Popular Tables 2ft 
 
 Willis's Principles of Mechanism II 
 
 Winslow on Light 8 
 
 Wood's (J. G.) Bible Animals ;> 
 
 Homes without Hands .... 9 
 
 (T.) Chemical Notes 10 
 
 Wright's Homer's Iliad 19 
 
 Yeo's Manual of Zoology 8 
 
 Yonge's English-Greek Lexicons 6 
 
 Two Editions of Horace 18 
 
 Youatt on the Dog 19 
 
 on the Horse 19 
 
 Zeller's Socrates 3 
 
 — ■ Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics . . 3 
 
 BTOTTISWOODi: AND CO., PBIHTBBS, NEW-STREET KQUAttE AM) PAELIAMENT STUEBT.
 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 ffirrf 1 
 
 OTIS APR28197 
 
 'ULl.019% 
 
 Series 9482 
 
 I