THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. JUST COTTUKI! Sl'ANCKM'.KltC. THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA 1735-1740 ADELAIDE L. FRIES WINSTON -SALEM N. C. PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY EDWARDS i BROUGHTON, PRINTERS AND BINDEF RALEIC H . N . C Copyright, 1005, By ADELAIDE L. FRIES. PREFACE. In the life of any individual, association, or na- tion, there will probably be one or more occurrences which may be considered as success or failure ac- cording to the dramatic features of the event and the ultimate results. Of this the Battle of Bunker Hill is a striking example. On the morning of ^ June 1 7th, 1775, a force of British soldiers attacked a small body of raw, ill-equipped American volun- ^. teers, who had fortified a hill near Boston, and 5 quickly drove them from their position. By whom ""* then was the Bunker Hill Monument erected ? By the victors in that first engagement of the Revolu- tion? No, but by proud descendants of the van- w quished. whose broader view showed them the in- z calculable benefits arising from that seeming defeat, which precipitated the great struggle, forcing every > man in the Colonies to take a position squarely for ' or against the American Cause, convinced the timid "> that only proper equipment would be needed to en- . j able the American army to hold its own against the foe, and taught the British that they were dealing, not with hot-headed rebels who would run at first * sight of the dreaded "red coats." but with patriots who would stand their ground so long as a charge of powder remained, or gunstocks could be handled as clubs. PRKJ'ACK. Very much the same line of argument may be ap- plied to the first attempt of the Moravian Church to establish a settlement on the American Continent. The story is usually passed over by historians in a few short paragraphs, and yet without the colony in Georgia, the whole history of the Renewed Church of the Unitas Fratrum would have been very different. Without that roovemjent the Moravian Church might never have been established in Eng- land, without it the great Methodist denomination might never have come into being, without it the American Moravian provinces, North or South, might not have been planned. Of course Provi- dence might have provided other means for the accomplishment of these ends, but certain it is that in the actual development of all these things the "unsuccessful attempt" in Georgia, 1735 to 1740, played a most important part. In preparing this history a number of private libraries, the collections of the Georgia Historical Society, the Congressional Library, the British Mu- seum, were searched for data, but so little was found that the story, in so far as it relates to the Moravian settlement, has been drawn entirely from the origi- nal manuscripts in the Archives of the Unitas Fra- trum at Hcrrnhut, Germany, with some additions from the Archives at Bethlehem, Pa., and Salem, N. C. For the general history of Georgia, of the Moravian Church, and of the YVesleys, Steven's History of Georgia, Hamilton's History of the Moravian Church, Levcring's History of Bethle- hem, Pa., Some Fathers of the American Moravian PREFACE. 7 Church, by de Schweinitz, Strobel's History of the Salzburgers, Tyreman's Oxford Methodists, and Wesley's Journal have been most largely used. The history of the Moravian settlement in Geor- gia falls into that period when dates are much con- fused through the contemporaneous use of the old style, or Julian calendar, and the new style, or Gre- gorian calendar. As the latter is now current every- where, except in Russia and the Orient, it is here employed throughout, old style dates being trans- lated where they occur in the records. Special thanks are due to Rev. A. Glitsch, Arch- ivist at Herrnhut, for courtesies extended while the author was examining the invaluable collection of papers entrusted to his care, and also for his super- vision of the copying of such documents as were selected ; to Mr. Isaac Beckett, of Savannah, for in- formation respecting the Moravian lands; to Mr. John Jordan, of Philadelphia, for copies of deeds and other papers relating to the settlerr-ent ; to Mr. W. S. Pfohl, of Salem, for assistance with the illus- trations ; and to Mr. John W. Fries for suggestion and inspiration for the work, and the constant en- couragement and sympathetic interest without which the author's courage would have failed dur- ing the tedious years of gathering material for the book, which is now presented to those who may find in it something of explanation, something of inter- est, concerning the Moravian settlement in Geor- gia, and the broader history which the story touches on every side. ADELAIDE L. FRIES. AUGUST, 1904. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. ANTECEDENT EVENTS. The Province of Georgia 13 The Salzburgers 18 Unitas Fratuni 21 Halle Opposition 25 CHAPTER II. NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. The Schwenkfelders 28 Preliminary Steps 36 The "First Coin pan}-" 47 CHAPTER III. THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. The Voyage 57 Making a Start 65 Aim and Attainment 70 CHAPTER IV. REINFORCEMENTS. The "Second Company" 89 Four Journals 98 Organization 122 CHAPTER V. THE SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. The English Clergymen 143, Work Among the Indians 147 The "Society" 155 Rumors of War... . 161 io TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. DISINTEGRATION. Span genberg's Visit 169 A Closing Door 181 Wesley, Ingram and Toltschig 190 The Negro Mission 201 CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION. Later Attempts in Georgia 221 The Savannah Lands 229 Arrivals, Departures, Deaths 236 Summary 242 ILLUSTRATIONS. August Gottlieb Spangenberg Frontispiece View of Savannah opposite page 18 Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf. ... " " 22 Ecce Homo " " 26 Gen. James Oglethorpe " 50 Plan of Savannah , " " 67 Province of Georgia " " 75 Gen. James Oglethorpe '' " in David Nitschmann, Episc " " 132 Tomochichi. " " 148 Count Zinzendorf, portrait bust " " 160 Peter Bohler " " 190 Zeisberger Preaching to the Indians.. " " 218 Savannah and Environs " 229 James Habersham " " 231 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA, 1735-1740. CHAPTER i. ANTECEDENT EVENTS. THE PROVINCE OF GEORGIA. It was in the year 1728 that the English Parlia- ment was persuaded by James Oglcthorpe, Esq. soldier, statesman and philanthropist, to appoint a committee to investigate the condition of the debtors confined in the Fleet and Marchalsea prisons. The lot of these debtors was a most pitiable one, for a creditor had power to imprison a man for an indefi- nite term of years, and the unfortunate debtor, held within the four walls of his prison, could earn no money to pay the debt that was owing, and unless friends came to his rescue, was utterly at the mercy of the oft-times barbarous jailor. The Committee, consisting of ninety-six prominent men. with Ogle- tliorpe as Chairman, recommended and secured the redress of many grievances, and the passing of bet- ter laws for the future, but Oglcthorpe and a few associates conceived a plan which they thought would eradicate the evil by striking at its very root, the difficulty which many found in earning a living in the overcrowded cities. In 1663 King Charles II. ha 1 granted to eight 14 Tin-; MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. "Lords Proprietors" the portion of North America lying between the 3ist and 36th degrees of latitude, enlarging the boundaries in 1665 to 29 and 36 30'. By 1728 most of these Lords Proprietors had tired of their attempt to govern the colonies they had established in "Carolina," and in 1/29 seven of the eight sold their interest to the English crown, the district being divided into "North Carolina," "South Carolina." and a more southerly portion, nominally included in the latter, which was held in reserve. To this unused land the thoughts of Oglethorpe turned, and he and his friends addressed a memo- rival to the Privy Council, stating "that the cities of London, Westminster, and parts adjacent, do abound with great numbers of indigent persons, who arc reduced to such necessity as to become burthensome to the public, and who would be will- ing to seek a livelihood in any of his majesty's plan- tations in America, if they were provided with a passage, and means of settling there." Tliev there- fore asked for a grant of land Iving south of the Savannah River, where they wished to establish a colony in which these unfortunate men might begin life anew, and where Protestants, persecuted in some parts of Kuropc, might find a refuge. They also offered to take entire charge of the affair, and their petition, after passing through the usual chan- nels, was approved bv the King, (Jeorge TI. a char- ter was prepared, and the great seal was affixed June 91)1, 1/32. This instrument constituted twenty-one noble- men and gentlembn a bodv corporate, by the name EVKNTS. 15 and stylo of "The Trustees for establishing the Col- ony of Georgia in America," and in them was vested full authority for the collecting of subscriptions and the expending of moneys gathered, the selection of colonists, and the making and administering of laws in Georgia; but no member of the corporation was allowed to receive a salary, or any fees, or to hold land in the new province. The undertaking was to be strictly for the good of others, not for their own pecuniary benefit. The charter granted to them "all those lands, countries, and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Caro- lina, in America" between the Savannah and Alta- maha, gave them permission to take over any Brit- ish subjects, or foreigners willing to become such, and guaranteed to each settler the rights of an Eng- lish subject, and full liberty of conscience, Papists alone excepted. This apparently pointed exception was natural enough, since from a political stand- point the new colony was regarded as a valuable guard for the Protestant English Colonies on the north, against the Indians and Roman Catholic colonists to the south, who had been keeping the border settlers in a continual state of uneasiness, even in times of nominal peace. Moreover England had not forgotten the terrible experience of the latter half of the preceding century, when it was war to the death between Catholic and Protestant, and the latter party being the stronger the former was subjected to great and unpardonable persecu- tion, many were executed, and all holding that faith were laid under political disabilities which lasted for a hundred and fifty years. 16 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. The plans of the Trustees were very broad. The} 1 intended "to relieve such unfortunate persons as cannot subsist here, and establish them in an urderh manner, so as to form a well regulated town. As far as their fund goes they will defray the charge of their passage to Georgia give them necessaries, cattle, land, and subsistence, till such time as the\ can build their houses and clear some of their land." In this manner "many families who would otherwise starve will be provided for, and made masters of houses and lands ; * :;; * and by giving refuge to the distressed Salzburgers and other Protestants, the power of Britain, as a reward for its hospitaliu , will be increased by the addition of so many relig- ious and industrious subjects." Each of the emigrants was to receive about fifty acres of land, including a town lot, a garden of five acres, and a forty-five acre farm, and the Trustees offered to give a tract of five hundred acres to any well-to-do man who would go over at his own ex- pense, taking with him at least ten servants, and promising his military service in case of need. But there was a commercial as well as a benevo- lent side to the designs of the Trustees, for they thought Georgia could be made to furnish silk, wine, oil and drugs in large quantities, the importing of which would keep thousands of pounds sterling in English hands which had hitherto gone to China, Persia and the Madeiras. Special provision was therefore made to secure the planting of mulberry trees as the first step towards silk culture, the other branches to be introduced as speedily as might be. ANTECEDENT EVENTS. 17 Filled with enthusiasm for their plan, the Trust- ees proceeded to spread abroad the most glowing descriptions of the country where the new colony was to be settled. "The kind spring, which but salutes us here, Inhabits there, and courts them all the year. Ripe fruits and blossoms on the same trees live At once they promise, when at once they give. So sweet the air, so moderate the clime, None sickly lives, or dies before his time. Heaven, sure, has kept this spot of earth uncurst, To shew how all things \vere created first." So wrote ( )glethorpe, quoting the lines as the best pen picture he could give of the new land, and truly, if the colonists found the reality less roseate than they anticipated, it was not the fault of their gener- ous, energetic leader, who spared neither pains nor means in his effort to make all things work out as his imagination had painted them. The Trustees having, with great care, selected thirty-five families from the number who wished to go, the first emigrant ship sailed for Georgia in November, 1732, bearing about one hundred and twenty-five "sober, industrious and moral persons," and all needful stores for the establishment of the colony. Harly in the following year they reached America, and Oglethorpe, having chosen a high bluff on the southern bank of the Savannah River, concluded a satisfactory treaty with Tomochichi, the chief of the nearest Indian tribe, which was later ratified in a full Council of the chiefs of all the i8 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Lower Creeks. His fairness and courteous treat- ment won the hearts of all, especially of Tomochichi and his people, who for many years remained on the best of terms with the town which was now laid out upon the bluff. THE SAI^HURGERS. The Salzburgers, referred to by name in the pro- posals of the Georgia Trustees, were, at this time, very much upon the mind and heart of Protestant Europe. They were Germans, belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg, then the most eastern district of Bavaria, but now a province of Austria. "Their ancestors, the Vallenges of Piedmont, had been compelled by the barbarities of the Dukes of Savoy to mid a shelter from the storms of persecu- tion in the Alpine passes and vales of Salzburg and the Tyrol, before the Reformation ; and frequently since, they had been hunted out by the hirelings and soldiery of the Church of Rome, and condemned for their faith to tortures of the most cruel and revolt- ing kind. In 1684-6, they were again threatened with an exterminating persecution : but were saved in part by the intervention of the Protestant States of Saxony and Brandenburg, though more than a thousand emigrated on account of the dangers to which they were exposed. "But the quietness which they then enjoyed for nearly half a century was rudely broken in upon by Leopold, Count of Firmian and Archbishop of Salz- burg, who determined to reduce them to the Papal faith and power. lie began in the year 1729, and ere he ended in 1732 not far from thirty thousand ANTECEDENT EVENTS. 19 had been driven from their homes, to seek among the Protestant States of Europe that charity and peace which were denied them in the glens and fast- nesses of their native Alps. "The march of these Salzburgers constitutes an epoch in the history of Germany. :! ' f Arriving at Augsburg, the magistrates closed the gates against them, refusing them entrance to that city which, two hundred years before, through Luther and Melancthon and in the presence of Charles V and the assembled Princes of Germany, had given birth to the celebrated Augsburg Confession, for clinging to which the Salzburgers were now driven from their homes ; but overawed by the Protestants, the officers reluctantly admitted the emigrants, who were kindly entertained by the Lutherans. "The sympathies of Reformed Christendom were awakened on their behalf, and the most hospitable entertainment and assistance were everywhere given them." Only a few months after the signing of the Georgia Colony Charter, the "Society for the Prop- agation of Christian Knowledge'' requested the Trustees to include the Salzburgers in their plans. The Trustees expressed their willingness to grant lands, and to manage any money given toward their expenses, but stated that they then held no funds which were available for that purpose. In May, 1733, the House of Commons appropri- ated r 0,000 to the Trustees of Georgia, "to be ap- plied towards defraying the charges of carrying over and settling foreign and other Protestants in said colony,' 1 and over 3.000 additional having been given privately, the Trustees, at the suggestion 2O THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. of Jlerr von Pfcil. consul of Wittenberg at Rcgens- berg, wrote to Senior Samuel Urlsperger, pastor of the Lutheran Church of St. Ann in the city of Augs- burg, who had been very kind to the Salzburgcrs on their arrival there, "and ever afterward watched over their welfare with the solicitude of an affec- tionate father." On receipt of the invitation from the Trustees, seventy-eight persons decided to go to Georgia, and left Augsburg on the 2 1st of Octo- ber, reaching Rotterdam the 2jth of November, where they were joined by two ministers, Rev. Mr. Bolzius, deputy superintendent of the Latin Orphan School at Halle, and Rev. Mr. Gronau, a tutor in the same, who were to accompany them to their new home. In England they were treated with marked kindness, and when they sailed, January 19, 1734, it was with the promise of free transportation to Georgia, and support there until they could reap their first harvest from the fifty acres which were to be given to each man among them. They reached Charlestown, South Carolina, the following March, and met General Oglethorpe, the Governor of Georgia, who was intending an imme- diate return to Europe, but went back to help them select a suitable place for their settlement, they pre- ferring not to live in Savannah itself. The site chosen was about twenty-five miles from Savannah, on a large stream flowing into the Savannah River, and there they laid out their town, calling it "Ebe- nezer," in grateful remembrance of the Divine help that had brought them thither. Haron von Reck, who had accompanied them as Commissary of the Trustees, staved with them until thev had made a ANTECEDENT EVENTS. 21 good beginning, and then returned to Europe, leav- ing Ebenezer about the middle of May. UNITAS FRATRUM. But while the Salzburgers received so much sym- pathy and kindness in Germany on account of their distress, other exiled Protestants, whose story was no less touching, were being treated with scant courtesy and consideration. On the 6th of July, 1415, the Bohemian Reform- er, John Hits, was burned at the stake. But those who had silenced him could not unsay his message, and at last there drew together a little body of earn- est men, who agreed to accept the Bible as their only standard of faith and practice, and established a strict discipline which should keep their lives in the simplicity, purity, and brotherly love of the early Apostolic Church. This was in 1457, an ^ tne movement quickly interested the thoughtful people in all classes of society, many of whom joined their ranks. The formal organization of the Unitas Fra- tritm (the Unity of Brethren) followed, and its preaching, theological publications, and educational work soon raised it to great influence in Bohemia, Moravia and Poland, friendly intercourse being es- tablished with Luther, Calvin, and other Reformers as they became prominent. Then came destruction, when the religious liberty of Bohemia and Moravia was extinguished in blood, by the Church of Rome. The great Comenius went forth, a wanderer on the face of the earth, welcomed and honored in courts and universities, introducing 22 TiiJi MORAVIANS IN GICORGIA. new educational principles that revolutionized meth- ods of teaching, but ever longing and praying for the restoration of his Church ; and by his publication of its Doctrine and Rules of Discipline, and by his careful transmission of the Episcopate which had been bestowed upon him and his associate Bishops, he did contribute largely to that renewal which he was not destined to see. In the home lands there were many who held secretly, tenaciously, desperately, to the doctrines they loved, "in hope against hope" that the great oppression would be lifted. But the passing of a hundred years brought no relief, concessions grant- ed to others were still denied to the children of those who had been the first "protestants" against relig- ious slavery and corruption, and in 1722 a small com- pany of descendants of the ancient Unitas Fratrum slipped over the borders of Moravia, and went to Saxony, Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, having given them permission to sojourn on his estates until they could find suitable homes elsewhere. Hearing that they had reached a place of safety, other Moravians took their lives in their hands and followed, risking the imprisonment and torture which were sure to follow an unsuccessful attempt to leave a province, the Government of which would neither allow them to be happy at home nor to sac- rifice everything and go away. Among these emi- grants were five young men, who went in May, 1724, with the avowed intention of trying to rcsus- ciatc the Unitas Fratrum. They intended to go into Poland, where the organization of the Unitas Fratrum had lasted for a considerable time after its NICHOLAS LKXVIS. COl'NT ZINZEXDORF. ANTECEDENT EVENTS. 23 ruin in Bohemia, but, almost by accident, they de- cided to first visit Christian David, who had led the first company to Herrnhut, Saxony, and while there they became convinced that God meant them to throw in their lot with these refugees, and so re- mained, coming to be strong leaders in the renewed Unity. Several years, however, elapsed before the church was re-established. One hundred years of persecu- tion had left the Moravians only traditions of the usages of the fathers, members of other sects who were in trouble came and settled among them, bring- ing diverse views, and things were threatening to become very much involved, when Count Zinzen- dorf, who had hitherto paid little attention to them, a\voke to the realization of their danger, and at once set to work to help them. It %vas no easy task which he undertook, for the Moravians insisted on retaining their ancient disci- pline, and he must needs try to please them and at the same time preserve the bond of union with the State Church, the Lutheran, of which, as his tenants, they were officially considered members. His tact and great personal magnetism at last healed the differences which had sprung up between the settlers, the opportune finding of Comenius' Ratio Disciplinae enabled them with certainty to formulate rules that agreed with those of the an- cient Unitas Fratrum, and a marked outpouring of the Holy Spirit at a Communion. August I3th, 1727, sealed the renewal of the Church. 24 Tin-; MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. "They walked with God in peace and love, But failed with one another ; While sternly for the faith they strove, Brother fell out with brother ; But He in Whom they put their trust, Who knew their frames, that they were dust, Pitied and healed their weakness. "He found them in His House of prayer, With one accord assembled. And so revealed His presence there, They wept for joy and trembled : One cup they drank, one bread they brake, One baptism shared, one language spake, Forgiving and forgiven. "Then forth they went with tongues of flame In one blest theme delighting, The love of Jesus and His Name God's children all uniting! That love our theme and watchword still ; That law of love may we fulfill, And love as we are loved." (Montgomery.) At this time there was no thought of separating from the State Church and establishing a distinct denomination, and Zinzendorf believed that the I'nitas Fratrum could exist as a society working in, and in harmony with, the State Church of whatever nation it might enter. This idea, borrowed proba- bly from Spener's "ccclcsiolac in ccclcsia," clung to him, even after circumstances had forced the Unit\ ANTECEDENT EVENTS. 25 to declare its independence and the validity of the ordination of its ministry, and many otherwise inex- plicable things in the later policy of the Church may be traced to its influence. HALLE OPPOSITION. In 1/34 Zinzendorf took orders in the Lutheran Church, but this, and all that preceded it, seemed to augment rather than quiet the antagonism which the development of Herrnhut aroused in certain quarters. This opposition was not universal. The Moravians had many warm friends and advocates at the Saxon Court, at the Universities of Jena and Tubingen, and elsewhere, but they also had active enemies who drew their inspiration prinicpally from the University of Halle. The opposition of Halle seems to have been largely prompted by jealousy. In 1666 a revolt against the prevailing cold formalism of the Luther- an Church was begun by Philip Jacob Spener, a minister of that Church, who strongly urged the need for real personal piety on the part of each in- dividual. His ideas were warmly received by some, and disliked by others, who stigmatized Spe- ner and his disciples as "Pietists," but the doctrine spread, and in the course of time the University of Halle became its centre. Among those who were greatly attracted by the movement were Count Zin- zendorf's parents and grandparents, and when he was born, May 26th, 1700, Spener was selected as his sponsor. Being of a warm-hearted, devout nature, young 26 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Zinzcndorf yielded readily to the influence of his pious grandmother, to whose care he was left after his father's death and his mother's second marriage, and by her wish he entered the Paedagogium at Halle in 1710, remaining there six years. Then his uncle, fearing that he would become a religious en- thusiast, sent him to the University of Wittenberg, with strict orders to apply himself to the study of law. Here he learned to recognize the good side of the Wittenberg divines, who were decried by Halle, and tried to bring the two Universities to a better understanding, but without result. In 1719 he was sent on an extensive foreign tour, according to custom, and in the picture gallery ol Diisseldorf saw an Ecce Homo with its inscription "This have I done for thee, w r hat hast thou done for me?" which settled him forever in his determination to devote his whole life to the service of Christ. Rather against his wishes. Count Zinzendorf then took office under the Saxon Government, but about the same time he bought from his grandmother the estate of Berthelsdorf, desiring to establish a centre of piety, resembling Halle. The coming of the Mo- ravian and other refugees and their settlement at Herrnhut, near Berthelsdorf, was to him at first only an incident; but as their industry and the preaching of Pastor Rothe, whom he had put in charge of the Berthelsdorf Lutheran Church, began to attract attention, he went to Halle, expecting sympathy from his friends there. Instead he met with rebuke and disapproval, the leaders resenting the fact that he had not placed the work directly under their control, and apparently realizing, as he ECCE HOMO von Doincnifo Foti seb. 1589 zu Horn . ld'24 xu "X'onodij KDKNT EVENTS. 27 (lid not, that the movement would probably lead to the establishment of a separate church. In spite of their disapprobation, the work at Herrnhut prospered, and the more it increased the fiercer their resentment grew. That they, who had gained their name from their advocacy of the need for personal piety, should have been foremost in op- posing a man whose piety was his strongest charac- teristic, and a people who for three hundred years, in prosperity and adversity, in danger, torture and exile, had held "Christ and Him Crucified" as their Confession of Faith, and pure and simple living for His sake as their object in life, is one of the ironies of history. Nor did the Halle party confine itself to criticism. Some years later Zinzendorf was for a time driven into exile, and narrowly escaped the confiscation of all his property, while its methods of obstructing the missionary and colonizing efforts of the Moravians will appear in the further history of the Georgia col on v. CHAPTER II. NEGOTIATIONS WITH TIIK TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. THE SCIIWEXKKEI.DERS. Among those who came to share the hospitali- ties of Count Zinzendorf during" the years immedi- ately preceding the renewal of the Unitas Fratrum, were a company of Schwenkfelders. Their sojourn on his estate was comparatively brief, and their as- sociation with the Moravian Church only tempo- rary, but they are of interest because their necessi- ties led directly to the Moravian settlements in Geor- gia and Pennsylvania. The Schwenkfelders took their name from Cas- per Sclnvenkfeld, a Silesian nobleman contempo- rary with Luther, who had in the main embraced the Reformer's doctrines, but formed some opinions of his own in regard to the Lord's Supper, and one or two other points. Ilis followers were persecuted in turn by Lutherans and Jesuits, and in 1725 a num- ber of them threw themselves on the mercy of Count Zinzendorf. lie permitted them to stay for a while at Ilerrnhut. where their views served to increase the confusion which prevailed prior to the revival of 1727, about which time he moved them to Ober-I'.ertlielsdorf. In 1732. Zinzendorf's personal enemies accused him, belore the Saxon Court, of being a dangerous NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 29 man, and the Austrian Government complained that he was enticing its subjects to remove to his estates. The Count asked for a judicial investigation, which was grunted, the Prefect of Gorlitz spending three days in a rigid examination of the affairs of Herrn- hut. The result was a most favorable report, show- ing the orthodoxy of the settlers, and that instead of urging emigration from Bohemia and Moravia, Zinzendorf had protested against it, receiving only those who were true exiles for conscience' sake. In spite of this the Saxon Government, a few months later, forbade him to receive any more refugees. In April, 1/33, a decree went forth that all Schwenkf elders were to leave the Kingdom of Sax- ony. This, of course, affected those who were living at Ober-Berthelsdorf, and a committee of four wait- ed on Count Zinzendorf, and requested him to secure a new home for them in the land of Georgia in Xorth America. Probably Zinzendorf, whose atten- tion had been caught by the attractive advertise- ments of the Trustees, had unofficially suggested the idea to them. Lest his opening negotiations with the English Company should foment the trouble at home, he sent his first communication to them anonymously, about the end of 1733 "A nobleman, of the Protestant religion, connect- ed with the most influential families of Germany, has decided to live for a time in America, without, however, renouncing his estates in Germany. Hut as circumstances render it inadvisable for him to take such a step hastily, he wishes to send in advance a number of families of bis dependents, composed 3 30 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. of honest, sturdy, industrious, skillful, economical people, well ordered in iheir domestic affairs, who, having no debts, will try to sell such possessions as they cannot take with them in order to raise the funds for establishing themselves in their new- home. "This nobleman, on his part, promises: 1 i ) To be governed by the King, and the Eng- lish Nation, in all things, matters of conscience alone exceptcd ; that is, he will be true to the Prince, the Protestant Succession, and Parliament in every- thing relating to the estates he may receive in this country, and thereto will pledge his life, and the property he may in future hold under the protection of His Majesty of Great Britain. (2) To be surety for the dependents that he sends over, and to assume only such jurisdiction over them as is ctistoniarv among English Lords on their estates. (3) To carefully repay the English Nation such sums as may be advanced for his establishment in Georgia, and moreover, as soon as the proper! v is in good condition, to consider it only as rented until the obligation is discharged. (4) To assist the King and Nation, with all xeal and by all means in hi< power, to carry out !li> Majesty's designs for Georgia, lie will bring to that all the insight and knowledge of a man of af- fairs, who from youth up has studied the most wholesome principles and laws for a State, and has had personal experience in putting them into execu- tion ; but. on the other band, he ha^ learned such NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 31 self-control that he will meddle with nothing in which his services are not desired. "In consideration of these things the nobleman asks that 1 i ) If more knowledge of his standing is de- sired he shall be expected to give it to no one except a Committee of Parliament, composed of members of both houses, appointed by his Britannic Majesty, or to a Committee of the Collcgii directoriatis of America, who shall be empowered to grant his re- quests ; this in view of the fact that the petitioner is a German Nobleman, whose family is well known, his father having been Ambassador to England, and his kindred among the foremost statesmen of Europe. (2) After the Committee has received sufficient and satisfactory information it shall be silent in re- gard to the circumstances and his personality, as he has weighty reasons for not wishing to subject himself to criticism. (3) He shall be given a written agreement, guar- anteeing the following things : a. That he shall receive enough land for a house- hold of fifty to sixty persons, and for about a hun- dred other dependents, most of whom have a trade or profession, and all able to help build up the coun- try. b. That his dependents shall be given free trans- portation, and supplies for the voyage. c. That they shall be taken directly to the place mentioned in the agreement. (/. That he and his agent shall have certain sums advanced to him for the expenses of the removal 32 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. to Georgia, the money to be given them only when they are ready to embark in England, payment to be made several years later, a rate of interest having been mutually agreed on, and the estate in Georgia being given for security if necessary. c. All that is needed for the building of a village for himself and his dependents shall be furnished them, but as an interest bearing loan. /'. That he, and the colonists who will go with him, shall have full religious liberty, they being neither papists nor visionaries. g. That if any of his dependents should fall into error no one should attempt to correct them, but leave him to handle the matter according to his own judgment; on the other hand he will stand surety for the conduct of his dependents as citizens. h. That he and his descendents shall be taken under the protection of the English Nation if they request it. /. That he may be permitted to choose whether he will go himself to Georgia, or send a representa- tive to set his affairs in order, and if the latter, then the representative shall receive the courteous treat- ment that would have been accorded him. ;. That those among his colonists who wish to preach the gospel to the heathen shall be allowed to do so; and their converts shall have the same re- ligious freedom as his colonists. k. That lie and his dependents in Georgia shall be given the 1 privileges in spiritual affairs which the independent Lords of Germany enjoy in tempo- ral affairs. /. That all his property shall be at the service of NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 33 the State in time of need, but neither he nor his de- pendents shall be called on for military duty, in lieu whereof he will, if necessary, pay a double war tax." From this document it appears that even at this early stage of the negotiations Zinzendorf's plans for the settlement in Georgia were well matured. A town was to be built by his colonists, where they should have all privileges for the free' exercise oi their religion; they, as thrifty citizens, were to as- sist in the upbuilding of Georgia; they were to preach the gospel to the heathen ; they were not to bear arms, but in case of war to pay a double tax. His careful avoidance of the plea of religious perse- cution was caused by the fact that his own King had ordered the exile of the Schwenkfelders, for Zinzendorf all his life sought to pay due respect to those in authority, and even w r hen his conscience forced him to differ with them it was done with per- fect courtesy, giving equal weight to all parts of the commandment "Honor all men ; love the brother- hood ; fear God ; honor the King." The proposals of the Count were forwarded through Herr von Pfeil, and were presented to the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia by a Mr. Lo- renz. Who this gentleman \vas does not appear, but a man bearing that name was one of the Ger- mans, living in London, who in 1/37 formed a so- ciety for religious improvement under the influence of Count Zinzendorf. 34 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Through the same channel the answer of the Trustees was returned : "Mu. LORENZ, The proposals sent by Baron Pfeil from Ratis- bon (Regensberg) to the Trustees of Georgia have been read at their meeting, but as they see that the gentleman asks pecuniary assistance for the estab- lishment he contemplates, they answer that they have absolutely no fund from which to defray such expenses, but that in case the gentleman who sug- gests it wishes to undertake the enterprise at his own cost they will be able to grant him land in Georgia on conditions to which no one could ob- ject, and which he may learn as soon as the Trustees have been informed that he has decided to go at his own expense. You will have the kindness to for- ward this to Baron Pfeil, and oblige, your most humble servant J. VERNOX." Whether this plea of "no fund" was prompted by indifference, or whether they really considered the money appropriated by Parliament as intended for the Salzburgers alone, is immaterial. Perhaps Zin- zcndorf's very proposals to consider any assistance as a loan made them think him able to finance the scheme himself. The Schwenkfelders, being under orders to ex- patriate themselves, left Berthelsdorf on the 26th of May. 1/34. under the leadership of Christopher Wiegner (sometimes called George in Moravian MSS.) and at their request George Bdhnisch, one of the 1 lerrnhut Moravians, went with them. Their NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 35 plan was to go through Holland to England, and thence to Georgia, but in the former country they changed their minds and sailed for Pennsylvania. In December of the same year Spangenberg was in Rotterdam, where he lodged with a Dr. Koker, from whom he learned the reason for their, until then, unexplained behavior. Dr. Koker belonged to a Society calling, themselves the '''Collegiants," the membership of which was drawn from the Re- formed, Lutheran, and various other churches. Their cardinal principles were freedom of speech, freedom of belief, and liberty to retain membership in their own denominations if they desired. The So- ciety was really an offshoot of the Baptist Church, differing, however, in its non-in si stance upon a par- ticular form of baptism. Twice a year the mem- bers met in the Lord's Supper, to which all were welcomed whose life was beyond reproach. Tn Hol- land they enjoyed the same privileges as other sects, and had a following in Amsterdam. Haarlem, Rot- terdam. Leyden, etc. Tt appeared that the Schwenkfelders had first ad- dressed themselves to these Collegiants, especially to Cornelius van Putten in Haarlem, and Pieter Ko- ker in Rotterdam, but when their need grew more pressing they appealed to Count Zinzendorf. When he was not able to obtain for them all they wanted, they turned again to the Collegiants, and were in conference with them in Rotterdam. The Collegi- ants were very much opposed to the Georgia Col- ony, "the Dutch intensely disliked anything that would connect them with England." and although Thomas Coram. one of the Trustees, who happened 3<> THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. to be in Rotterdam, promised the Sclnvenkfelders free transportation (which had been refused Zin- zendorf), the Collegiants persuaded them not to go to Georgia. Their chief argument was that the English Government sent its convicts to Georgia, a proof that it was not a good land, and the Sclnvenk- felders were also told that the English intended to use them as slaves. Disturbed by this view of the case, the Sclnvenk- felders accepted an offer of free transportation to Pennsylvania, where they arrived in safety on the 22nd of September. Spangcnberg had wished to serve as their pastor in Georgia, thinking it would give him opportunity to carry out his cherished wish to bear the gospel message to the heathen, and he felt himself still in a measure bound to them, despite their change ot purpose, and at a somewhat later time did visit them in their new home. There was some idea of then taking them to Georgia, but it did not materialize, and they remained permanently in Pennsylvania, settling in the counties of [Montgomery, Berks and Lchigh. Their descendents there preserve the cus- toms of their fathers, and are the only representa- tives of the Schwcnkf elder form of doctrine, the sect having become extinct in Europe. PRELIMINARY STEPS. While the exile of the Sclnvenkfelders was the immediate' cause which led Zinzendorf to open nego- tiations with the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia, the impulse which prompted him involved far more NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES oi ; GEORGIA. 37 than mere assistance to them. Foreign Missions, in the modern sense of the word, were almost un- known in Zinzendorf's boyhood, yet from his earli- est days his thoughts turned often to those who lay beyond the reach of gospel light. In 1730, while on a visit to Copenhagen, he heard that the Luther- an Missionary Hans Egede, who for years had been laboring single handed to convert the Eskimos of Greenland, was sorely in need of help ; and Anthony, . the negro body-servant of a Count Laurwig, gave him a most pathetic description of the condition of the negro slaves in the Danish West Indies. Filled with enthusiasm, Zinzendorf returned to Herrnhut, and poured the two stories into willing ears, for ever since the great revival of 1727 the Moravian emigrants had been scanning the field, anxious to carry the "good news" abroad, and held back only by the apparent impossibility of going forward. Who were the}', without influence, with- out means, without a country even, that they should take such an office upon themselves ? But the de- sire remained, and at this summons they prepared to do the impossible. In August, 1/32, two men start- ed for St. Thomas, in April, 1733, three more sailed for Greenland, and in the face of hardships that would have daunted men of less than heroic mold, successful missions were established at both places. But this was not enough. "My passionate de- sire," wrote Zinzendorf from Herrnhut in January, 1735, "my passionate desire to make Jesus known among the heathen has found a satisfaction in the blessed Greenland, St. Thomas and Lapp work, but 38 Tine MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. without appeasing- my hunger. I therefore look into every opportunity which presents itself, seeking that the kingdom of my Redeemer may be strength- ened among men." Xor did he lack ready assistants, for the Mora- vians were as eager as he. "When we in Herrn- hut heard of Georgia, of which much was being published in the newspapers, and when we realized the opportunity it would give to carry the Truth to the heathen, several Brethren, who had the Lord's honor much at heart, were led. doubtless by His hand, to think that it would be a good plan to send some Brethren thither, if it might please the Lord to bless our work among the heathen, and so to bring those poor souls, now far from Christ, nigh unto Him. We tried to learn about the land, but could secure no accurate information, for some spoke from hearsay, others with prejudice, and many more with too great partiality. But we at last decided to venture, in the' faith that the Lord would help us through." The needs of the Schwenkf elders gave a new turn to their thoughts, and suggested the advant- ages that might accrue from a settlement in America to which thev might all retreat if the persecution in Saxony waxed violent; but early in the year 1/34, the question "Shall we go to Georgia only as Colo- nists, or also as Missionaries?" was submitted to the lot, and the answer was "As Missionaries also." The defection of the Schwenkfelders, therefore, while a serious interference with the Herrnhut plan, was not allowed to ruin the project. Zinzendorf wrote again to the Trustees, and they repeated their NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 39 promise of land, provided his colonists would go at their own expense. After much consultation the decision was reached that Zinzendorf should ask for a tract of five hun- dred acres, and that ten men should be sent over to begin a town, their families and additional settlers to follow them in a few months. The next step was to find a way to send these men across the Atlantic. Baron George Philipp Fred- erick von Reck, a nephew of Herr von Pfeil, who had led the first company of Salzburgers to Geor- gia, was planning to take a second company in the course of the next months. He was young and en- thusiastic, met Zinzendorf's overtures most kindly, and even visited Herrnhut in the early part of Octo- ber, 1734, when, as it happened, nine of the pros- pective colonists were formally presented to the Congregation. Baron Reck was very much im- pressed, promised to take with him to Georgia any of the Moravians who wished to go, and even sent to David Nitschmann, who was to conduct the party as far as London, full authorization to bring as many as desired to come, promising each man who went at his own expense a fifty-acre freehold in Georgia, and offering others necessary assistance when they reached London. This paper was signed at Bautzen, October 22nd, 1734. But Reck had failed to realize the force of the Halle opposition to Herrnhut, and soon weakened under the weight of persuasion and command laid upon him by those whose opinion he felt obliged to respect. On the 4th of November he wrote from \Vindhausen to Graf Stolber^r \Yerni-erode, "I have 4O TILE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. hesitated and vexed myself in much uncertainty whether or not 1 should go with the llerrnhuters to America. And now I know that God has heard our prayer at Halle and Wernigerode, and your letters have decided me to stay in Germany this winter, in the first place because my going would be a grief to my dear Urlsperger, whom I love as a father, sec- ondly because the English will send over a third transport of Salzburgcrs in the coming spring and wish me to take them, and thirdly because I wish to obey worthy and chosen men of God." He wrote to the same effect to Zinzendorf, and the Count, though doubtless annoyed, replied sim- ply : "Your Highness' resolution to accomodate yourself to your superiors would be known by us all for right. You will then not blame us if we go our way as it is pointed out to us by the Lord.'' A few days later Reck received a sharp note from the Trustees of Georgia, reproving him for his te- merity in agreeing to take the Moravians with him to Georgia without consulting them, and reiterating the statement that the funds in their hands had been given for the use of the Salzburgers, and could be used for them alone. The young man must have winced not a little under all this censure, but while he yielded his plan to the wishes of the Halle party, he held firmly to the opinion he had formed of the Moravians, lie wrote to Urlsperger and others in their behalf, de- claring that thev were a godlv people, much misun- derstood, that it was a shame to persecute them and try to hinder their going to Georgia, and he felt sure that if their opponents would once meet the NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 41 Moravians and converse with them freely, confiden- tially, and without prejudice, they would come to respect them as he did. He also suggested that there were many protestants remaining in Bohe- mia, who would gladly leave, and who might be se- cured for Georgia on the terms offered to the Salz- burgers. The next year in fact, an effort was made to obtain permission from the Austrian Government for the emigration of these people, and Reck was authorized by the Trustees to take them to Georgia, but nothing came of it. Xor did his championship of the Bohemians and Moravians already in Saxony have any result. Urls- perger was offended that the negotiations from Herrnhut with the Trustees were not being carried on through him, "the only one in Germany to whom the Trustees had sent formal authority to re- ceive people persecuted on account of religion, or forced to emigrate," and the Halle party were unable or unwilling to meet the leaders of the Moravians "without prejudice.''' The company of Salzburg- ers therefore sailed for Georgia in November with- out Baron von Reck, and without the Moravians, Mr. Vat acting as Commissary. The Moravians, meamvhile, were not waiting idly for matters to turn their way, but even before Reck reached his decision Spangenberg had started for England to arrange personally with the Georgia Trustees for their emigration. August Gottlieb Spangenberg was born July I5th, 1/04. at Klettenberg, Prussia. In the year 1727, while a student at Jena, he became acquainted with 42 Tnii MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. the Moravians through a visit of two of their num- ber, which won them many friends at that institu- tion. Later, when he was Assistant Professor of Theology at Halle, he was required to sever his con- nection with the Moravians, or leave the University, and choosing- the latter he came to Herrnhut in the spring of 1/33. He was one of the strongest, ablest, and wisest leaders that the Unitas Fratrum has ever had, and eventually became a Bishop of the Unity, and a member of its governing board. He was a writer of marked ability, and in his diaries was ac- customed to speak of himself as "Brother Joseph," by which name he was also widely known among the Moravians. Spangenberg left Herrnhut in the late summer or early fall of 1/34, bearing with him Zinzendorf's Power of Attorney to receive for him a grant from the Georgia Trustees of five hundred acres of land, and to transact all other necessary business, lie stopped for some time in Holland, where he made a number of acquaintances, some of whom gave him letters of introduction to friends in England and in America, and others contributed toward the neces- sary expenses of the emigrants. Prom Rotterdam he wrote to Zinzendorf, saying that he heard no ship would sail for America before February or March, and that he thought it would be best for the colonists to wait until he wrote from London, and then to come by way of Altona, as the Holland route was very expensive. These suggestions, how- ever, came too late, as the partv had left llerrnhut before the arrival of his letter. Spangenberg had a stormy voyage to England, NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES oi f GEORGIA. 43 and on reaching London, rented a room in "Mr. Barlow's Coffee House, in Wattling's street, near St. Anthelius Church." He found the outlook rather discouraging, and a long letter written on the loth of January, gives a vivid picture of the English mind regarding the "Herrnhuters." Spangenberg had called on several merchants to see if he could arrange a loan for the Moravians, for Zinzendorf's means were already strained to the utmost by what he was doing for the Church, and he did not see how it was possible to provide the money in any other way. But the merchants declined to make the loan, saying: "We can not take the land (in Geor- gia) as surety, for it is not yet settled, and no man would give us a doit for it; the personal security (of the emigrants) is also not sufficient, for they might all die on the sea or in Georgia, there is danger of it, for the land is warmer than Europeans can bear, and many who have moved thither have died; if the}- settle on the land and then die the land reverts to the Trustees, so we would lose all ; and the six per cent interest offered is not enough, for the money applied to business would yield twenty per cent. Others objected to having the Moravians go at all especially Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, who be- longed to the Halle part}-, and who, Spangenberg found, had much influence on account of his good judgment and spotless character. They claimed: (i) That the Moravians were not oppressed in Saxony, and had no good reason for wishing to leave: (2) that to say they wished to be near the heathen was only an excuse, for Georgia had noth- 44 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. ing to do with the West Indies where they had a mission; (3) the Moravians could not bear the ex- pense, and neither the Trustees nor the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge would help them ; ( 4 ) they could neither speak nor understand English, and would therefore be unable to support themelves in an English colony; (5) their going would create confusion, for Herr Uolzius, the pas- tor of the Salzburgers at Ebenezer, had written to beg that they should not be allowed to come; (6) if thev went it would involve England in trouble with Saxony, and 1 the Georgia Colony was ii(.>t meant to take other rulers' subjects away from them, only to furnish an asylum for exiles, and poor Englishmen ; ( / ) the Moravians could not remain subject to Zin- zendorf, for they must all become naturalized Eng- lishmen ; (8) the suggestion that Zinzendorf's land could be cultivated by the heathen was absurd, for slavery was not permitted in Georgia and the Mo- ravians could not ailord to hire them: (9) ten or fifteen men, as were said to be on the way. would never be able to make headway in settling the for- est, a task which had been almost too much for the large company of Salzburgers. Some of these statements dealt with facts, about which the critics might have acquired better infor- mation, had they so desired, others were prophecies of which onlv the years to come could prove or dis- prove the truth, others again touched difficulties which were even then confronting Count Zinzen- dorf's agent ; but in the light of contemporary writ- ings and later developments, it is possible to glance at each point and see in how far the Halle party were NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 45 justified in their argument, (i) The treatment in Saxony, while not as yet a persecution which threat- ened them with torture and death, had many un- pleasant features, and the constant agitation against them might at any time crystalize into harsh meas- ures, for those members of the Herrnhut commun- ity who had left friends and relatives in the home- lands of Bohemia and Moravia were already for- bidden to invite them to follow, or even to receive them if they came unasked seeking religious free- dom. (2) There was no idea of associating the missions in Georgia and the West Indies, for the heathen whom they wished to reach by this new settlement were the Creek and Cherokee Indians with whom Governor Oglethorpe had already es- tablished pleasant relations, bringing several of their chiefs to England, and sending them home filled with admiration for all they had seen, much impressed by the kindness shown them, and willing to meet any efforts that might be made to teach them. (3) The money question was a vital one. and it was principally to solve that that Spangen- herg had come to England, where with Oglethorpe's help he later succeeded in securing the desired loan. (4) That they could speak little English was also a real difficulty ; Spangenberg used Latin in his con- ferences with the educated men he met in London, but that medium was useless in Georgia, and while the Moravians learned English as rapidly as they could, and proved their capability for self-support, the failure to fully understand or be understood by their neighbors was responsible for many of the 46 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. trials that were awaiting- them in the New World. (5) The protest of JJolzius was only a part of the general Salzburger opposition, and to avoid friction in Georgia, Zinzendorf had particularly recommend- ed that the Moravians settle in a village apart by themselves, where they could "lead godly lives, pat- terned after the writings and customs of the apos- tles," without giving offense to any ; and he prom- ised, for the same reason, that as soon as they were established he would send them a regularly ordained minister, although laymen were doing missionary work in other fields. (6) Jn order to avoid any dan- ger of creating trouble between the Governments, the Moravian colonists carefully said nothing in London regarding their difficulties in Saxony, or the persecutions in Bohemia and Moravia, and in- stead of proclaiming themselves exiles for the Faith as they might have done with perfect truth, they appeared simplv as Count Zinzendorf's servants, sent by him to cultivate the five hundred acres about to be given to him, and bv his orders to preach to the Indians. (7) A change of nationality would not affect the relation between Zinzendorf and his colonists, for their position as his dependents in Germany was purely voluntary, such service as they rendered was freely given in exchange for his legal protection, and his supremacy in Church affairs then and later was a recognition of the personal character of the man, not a yielding of submission to the Count. (8) That the Indians could not be employed on Zinzendorf's estate was quite true, not so much on account of the law against slaverv, for the Count intended nothing of that kind, but their NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 47 character and wild habits rendered them incapable of becoming good farmers, as the American Nation has learned through many years of effort and fail- ure. (9) Whether the ten or fifteen men, rein- forced by those who followed them, would have been able to make a home in the heart of the forest, will never be known, for from various reasons the town on the five hundred acre tract was never be- gun. In short, while the Moravians were risking much personal discomfort, there was nothing in their plan which could possibly injure others, and the cavil and abuse of their opposers was as un* called for as is many a "private opinion publicly expressed " to-day. Hearing of the many obstacles which were being thrown in their way, Mr. Coram, who was a man of wide charities, and interested in other colonies besides Georgia, suggested to Spangenberg that his company should go to Nova Scotia, where the climate was milder, and offered them free transpor- tation and aid in settling there, but this proposal Spangenberg at once rejected, and pinned his faith on the kindness of Gen. Oglethorpe, whose return from Georgia the preceding July, explained the more favorable tone of the Trustees' letters after that date. Oglethorpe asked him numberless ques- tions about the doctrine and practice of the [Mora- vians, and their reasons for wishing to go to Georgia, and promised to lay the matter before the Trustees, using all his influence to further their designs. THE "FIRST COMPANY. " On the 1 4th of January, 1/35, the first company 48 Tnii MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. of Moravian colonists arrived in London. At their head was David Nitschmann, variously called "the III," "the weaver," "the Syndic," and Count Zinzendorf's "Hausmeister," who was to stay with them until they left England, and then return to Germany, resigning the leadership of the party to Spangenberg, who was instructed to take them to Georgia and establish them there, and then go to Pennsylvania to the Schwenkfelders. The other nine were John Toltschig, Zinzendorf's flower-gardener. Peter Rose, a gamekeeper. Gotthard Demuth, a joiner. Gottfried llaberecht, weaver of woolen goods. Anton Seifcrt, a linen weaver. George Waschke, carpenter. Michael Habcrland, carpenter. George Haberland, mason. Friedrich Ricdcl, mason. They were " good and true sons of God, and at the same time skillful workmen," with such a variety of handicrafts as to render them largely in- dependent of outside assistance in the settlement which they proposed to make; and all but liabc- recht were religious refugees from Moravia and adjacent parts of Bohemia. Xitschmann and Toltschig were two of the live young men in Zauchenthal, Moravia, who had set their hearts on the revival of the ancient Unitas Fratrum. Toltschig's father, the village burgess, had summoned the five comrades before him. and strict) v forbidden their holding religious services. NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 49 warning them that any attempt at emigration would be severely punished, and advising them to act as became their youth, frequent the taverns and take part in dances and other amusements. They were sons of well-to-do parents, and little more than boys in years, (Xitschmann was only twenty), but their faith and purpose were dearer to them than any- thing else on earth, so they had left all and come away, commending their homes and kindred to the mercy of God, and singing the exile hymn of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, sacred through its asso- ciation with those brave hearts who had known the bitterness and the joy of exile a hundred years be- fore. " Blessed the day when I must go My fatherland no more to know, My lot the exile's loneliness ; '' For God will my protector be, And angels ministrant for me The path with joys divine will bless. " And God to some small place will guide Where I may well content abide And where this soul of mine may rest. "As thirsty harts for water burn, For Thee, my Lord and God, I yearn, If Thou are mine my life is blest." Though holding positions as Count Zinzendorf s hausmeistcr and gardener, both Nitschmann and Toltschig were actively employed in the affairs of the renewed Unitas Fratum, and had been to Eng- 50 Tiiu MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. land in 1728 to try to establish relations with the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowl- edge, though without success. They were the better fitted, therefore, to conduct the party to England, and to share in the negotiations already begun by Spangenberg. This ''first company" left Herrnhut on the 2ist of November, 1734, traveling by Ebersdorf (where Henry XXIX, Count Reuss, Countess Zinzendorf's brother, gave them a letter of recommendation to any whom they might meet on their way), to Hol- land, whence they had a stormy and dangerous voy- age to England. The day after they reached London they called on Gen. Oglethorpe and having gained admittance with some difficulty they were very well received by him, carrying on a conversation in a mixture of English and German, but understanding each other fairly well. Spangenberg coming in most oppor- tunely, the Moravian affairs were fully discussed, and the new-comers learned that their arrival had been fortunately timed, for the Georgia Trustees were to hold one of their semi-annual meetings two days later, when Oglethorpe could press their mat- ter, and a ship was to sail for Georgia the latter part of the month. Oglethorpe was disturbed to find that the colonists bad failed to raise any money toward their expenses, but promised to try and as- sist them in that also. On the 1 8th the colonists were formally pre- sented to the Trustees, heard the lively argument for and against their cause, and had the satisfaction GENERAL OGLETHORPE. NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 51 of seeing the vote cast in their favor. It was con- trary to the custom of the Trustees to grant lands to any who did not come in person to apply for them and declare their intention of going to Georgia to settle, but Oglethorpe's argument that the high rank of Count Zinzendorf was entitled to consideration was accepted and five hundred acres of land were granted to the Count and his male heirs. The Indenture bore date of Jan. 10, 1734, Old Style, (Jan. 21, 1735,) and the five hundred acres were "to be set out limited and bounded in Such Manner and in Such Part or Parts of the said Prov- ince as shall be thought most convenient by such Person or Persons as shall by the said Common Council be for that Purpose authorized and appoint- ed," there being a verbal agreement that the tract should be in the hilly country some distance from the coast, which, though less accessible and less easily cultivated, lay near the territory occupied by the Indians. Five pounds per annum was named as the quit rent, payment to begin eight years later ; and such part of the tract as was not cleared and improved during the next eighteen years was to re- vert to the Trustees. The Trustees also agreed that they would reserve two hundred acres near the larger tract, and whenever formally requested by Count Zinzendorf, would grant twenty acres each " to such able bodied Young Men Servants as should arrive and settle with him in the said Prov- ince of Georgia." In addition to the five hundred acres granted to Zinzendorf. fifty acres were given to Spangenberg, ^2 THE MORAVIANS IN GKOKC.IA. and fifty acres to Xitschmann, although as the latter was not going to Georgia, and the former did not intend to stay, this alone \vas a departure from the custom of the Trustees. Each of the fifty acre grants was in three parts, a lot in the town of Sa- vannah, a five acre garden, and a forty-five acre farm, and while their acquisition had not been a part of the Herrnhut plan the colonists readily yielded to the advice of their English friends, who pointed out the necessity of having a place to stay when they reached Savannah, and land that they could at once begin to cultivate, without waiting for the selection and survey of the larger tract. In fact, though they knew it not. these two grants, which lay side by side, were destined to be the scene of all their experiences in the Province of Georgia. The Trustees seem to have been pleased with the appearance of their new settlers, and approved of their taking passage in the ship that was to sail the latter part of the mouth. Since the vessel had been chartered bv the Trustees thev promised to make no charge for such baggage as the Moravians wished to take with them, arranged that they should have a portion of the ship tor themselves instead of IK ing quartered with the oilier passengers, and of- tered Spangenberg a berth in the Captain's cabin. This he declined, preferring to share equally with his Brethren in the hardships of tin- voyage. Medi- cine was put into his hands to be dispensed to those who might need it. and he was requested to take charge of about fortv Swiss emigrants who wished to :/o in the same vessel on their wav to Purisburg NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OF GEORGIA. 53 in South Carolina, where they sought better ma- terial conditions than they had left at home. Land having been secured, Gen. Oglethorpe ar- ranged that the Trustees should lend the " First Company," 60, payable in five years, with the un- derstanding that if repaid within that time the in- terest should be remitted, otherwise to be charged at ten per cent., the usual rate in South Carolina. Of this 10 was spent in London for supplies, and 50 paid their passage across the Atlantic. The ten men (Spangenberg taking Xitschmann's place) pledged themselves jointly and severally to the pay- ment of the debt, the bond being signed on Jan. 22nd, (Jan. nth, O. S.) the day after the grant of the land. In addition to this Oglethorpe collected 26 :5 :o, as a gift for the Moravians, 10 being presented to them in cash in London, and the rest forwarded to Savannah with instructions that they should be sup- plied with cattle, hogs and poultry to that amount. Oglethorpe further instructed Messrs. Toojesiys and Baker, of Charlestown, to honor Spangenberg's drafts on him to the amount of 20, so securing the settlers against possible need in their new home. The next day Gen. Oglethorpe presented Span- genberg to the Bishop of London, who received him very kindly. Oglethorpe's idea was that the Moravians might allv themselves closely with the Church of England, and that the Bishop might, if they wished, ordain one of their members from Herrnhut. Spangenberg and Xitschmann were not authorized to enter into any such agreement, but hot! i welcomed the opportunity to establish pleasant 54 Tiiii MORAVIANS IN GKORGIA. relations with the English clergy, and several inter- views were had which served as a good opening for intercourse in later years. Until their vessel sailed, the Moravians found plenty to interest them in the " terribly great city,'"' where they were regarded with much interest, and where they were greatly touched by the unexpected kindness they received. They had interviews with the Trustees, with Mr. Vernon, and with Gen. Oglethorpc, who gave them much information as to what to expect in their new home, and many suggestions as to the best way of beginning their settlement. Spangenberg was pre- sented to the " Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge," was courteously received, offered more books than he was willing to accept, invited to correspond with the Society, and urged to keep on friendly terms with the Salzburgers, which he assured them he sincerely desired to do. Conversations with Court Preacher Ziegcnhagen were not so pleasant, for a letter had come from Senior Urlsperger inveighing against the Mora- vians and Zicgenhagen put forth every effort to re- claim Spangenberg from the supposed error of his ways, and to persuade him to stop the company about to start for Georgia, or at least to separate himself from them, and return to the old friends at Halle. Oglcthorpe smiled at the prejudice against the Moravians, and told them frankly that efforts had been made to influence him, but he had pre- ferred to wait and judge for himself. " It has ever been so," he said, " from the time of the early Chris- tians ; it seems to be the custom of theologians to NEGOTIATIONS WITH TRUSTEES OE GEORGIA. 55 call others heretics. They say, in short, ' you do not believe what I believe, a Mohammedan also does not believe what I believe, therefore you are a Moham- medan ;' and again ' you explain this Bible passage so and so, the Socinian also explains it so and so, therefore you are a Socinian.' ): As for opposition, he, too, was beginning to find it since the Georgia Colony was proving a success. Meanwhile new friends were springing up on every side of the Moravians. A doctor helped them lay in a store of medicine, another gave them some balsam which was good for numberless external and internal uses. A German merchant, who had be- come an English citizen, helped them purchase such things as they would require in Georgia, and a cob- bler assisted Rieclel in buying a shoemaker's outfit. Weapons were offered to all the members of the party, but declined, as they wished to give no excuse to any one who might try to press them into military service. They yielded, however, to the argument that they would need to protect themselves against wolves and bears, and sent Peter Rose, the game- keeper, with Mr. Verelst, one of the secretaries of the Trustees, to purchase a fowling piece and hunt- ing knives. Letters of introduction to various prominent men in America were given to them ; and, perhaps most important of all in its future bearing, people dis- covered the peculiar charm of the Moravian services. Reference is made in the diaries to one and an- other, from English clergyman to Germans resi- dent in London, who joined with them in their de- 50 Tn ic MORAVIANS IN GICOKGIA. votions, and seemed mucli moved thereby. Neither was it a passing emotion, for the seed a little later blossomed into the English [Moravian Church. And so the month passed swiftly by, and the ship was ready to commence her long voyage. CHAPTER III. THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. THE VOYAGE. In the year 1735 a voyage across the Atlantic was a very different thing from what it is in this year of grace 1904. To-day a mighty steamship equipped with powerful engines, plows its way across the bil- lows with little regard for wind and weather, bear- ing thousands of passengers, man}' of whom are given all the luxury that space permits, a table that equals any provided by the best hotels ashore, and attendance that is unsurpassed. Then weeks were consumed in the mere effort to get away from the British Isles, the breeze sometimes permitting the small sailing vessels to slip from one port to another, and then holding them prisoner for days before an- other mile could be gained. Even the most aristo- cratic voyager was forced to be content with accom- modations and fare little better than that supplied to a modern steerage passenger, and those who could afford it took with them a private stock of provisions to supplement the ship's table. And yet the spell of adventure or philanthropy, gain or religion, was strong upon the souls of men, and thousands sought the Xew "World, where their imagination saw the realization of all their dreams. Bravely they crossed the fathomless deep which heaved beneath them, cutting them off so absolutely 58 THE AloRAviANS IN GEORGIA. from the loved ones left at home, from the wise counsels of those on whom they were accustomed to depend, and from the strong arm of the Government under whose promised protection they sailed, to work out their own salvation in a country where each man claimed to be a law unto himself, and \vhere years were to pass before Experience had once more taught the lesson that real freedom was to be gained only through a general recognition of the rights of others. On the 3rd of February, 1735, the Moravians arose early in their London lodging house, prayed heartily together, and then prepared to go aboard their vessel, "The Two Brothers," Capt. Thomson, where the Trustees wished to see all w 7 ho intended to sail on her. A parting visit was paid to Gen. Oglethorpe, who presented them with a hamper of wine, and gave them his best wishes. After the re- view on the boat Spangenberg and Nitschmann re- turned with Air. Ycrnon to London to attend to some last matters, while the ship proceeded to Gravesend for her supply of water, where Spangenberg re- joined her a few days later. On the 25th of Febru- ary they passed the Azores, and disembarked at Savannah, April 8th, having been nine and a half weeks on shipboard. The story of those nine weeks is simply, but graphically, told in the diary sent back to Herrnhut. Scarcely had they lifted anchor when the Moravians began to arrange their days, that they might not be idly wasted. In Hcrrnhut it was customary to divide the twenty- four hours among several members of the Church, so that nisjht and dav a continuous stream THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 59 of prayer and praise arose to the throne of God, and the same plan was now adopted, with the under- standins: that when sea-sickness overtook the com- o pany, and they were weak and ill, no time limit should be fixed for the devotions of any, but one man should pass the duty to another as circumstances re- quired ! Other arrangements are recorded later, when, having grown accustomed to ship life, they sought additional means of grace. In the early morning, before the other passengers were up, the Moravians gathered on deck to hold a service of prayer ; in the afternoon much time was given to Bible reading; and in the evening hymns were sung that bore on the text that had been given in the morning. Spangen- berg, Toltschig, and Seifert, in the order named, were the recognized leaders of the party, but realiz- ing that men might journey together, and live to- gether, and still know each other only superficially, it was agreed that each of the ten in turn should on successive days speak to every one of his brethren face to face and heart to heart. That there might be no confusion, two were appointed to bring the food to the company at regular times, and see that it was properly served, the following being " the daily Al- lowance of Provisions to the Passengers on board the " Two Brothers," Captain William Thomson, for the Town of Savannah in Georgia. "On the four beef-days in each week for every mess of five heads (computing a head 12 years old, and under 12 two for one, and under 7 three for one, and under 2 not computed"). 4 Ibs. of beef and 2-J- Ibs. of flour, and 4 lb. of plums. Go Tni; MORAVIANS IN GKORGIA. '' On the two pork days in each week for said mess, 5 Ibs. of pork anil 2. 1 , pints of peas. " And on the fish day in each week for said mess, 2.i- Ibs. of fish and .1 Ib. of butter. ' The whole at 16 ounces to the pound. " And allow each head / Ibs. of bread, of 14 ounces to the pound, by the week. " And 3 pints of beer, and 2 quarts of water (whereof one of the quarts for drinking-), each head by the day for the space of a month. " And a gallon of water (whereof two quarts for drinking) each head, by the day after, during their being on their Passage." Another Moravian was chosen as nurse of the company, although it happened at least once that he was incapacitated, for every man in the party was sick except Spangenberg, who was a capital sailor, and not affected by rough weather. His endurance was severely tested too. for while the breeze at times was so light that they unitedly prayed for wind, "thinking that the sea was not their proper element, for from the earth God had made them, and on the earth lie had work for them to do," at other times storms broke upon them and waves swept the decks, filling them with awe, though not with fear. ' The wind was high, the waves great, we were happy that we have a Saviour who would never show us malice: especially were we lull of joy that \ve had a witness in our hearts that it was for a pure purpose we sailed to Georgia," so runs the quaint record of one tem- pestuous day. A more poetic expression of the same thought is given by Spangenberg in a poem written during the THE FIRST YEAR ix GEORGIA. 61 voyage, and sent home to David Nitschmann to be set to the music of some "Danish Melody" known to them both. There is a beauty of rythm in the original which the English cannot reproduce, as though the writer had caught the cadence of the waves, on some bright day when the ship " went softly '' after a season of heavy storm. " Gute Liebe, deine Triebe Ziinden unsre Triebe an, Dir zu leben, dir zu geben. Was ein ]\[ensch dir geben kann; Dcnn dein Lcben, ist, zu geben Fried' und Segen aus der Hoh. Und das Kranken zu versenken In die ungeheure See. " Herr wir \varen von den Schaaren Deiner Schaflein abgetrennt ; Und wir liefen zu den Tiefen, Da das Schwefelfeuer brennt, Und dein Herze brach vor Schmerze, Ueber unsern Jammerstand ; O wie liefst du ! O wie rief st du ! Bist du uns zu dir gewandt. " Als die Klarheit deiner \\ r ahrheit Unsern ganzen Gcist durchgoss, Und von deinen Liebesscheinen Unser gauzes Herz zerfloss, ( ) wie regte und bewegte Dieses deine Liebesbrust, Uns zu hegen und zu pflegen, Bis zur siissen Himmelslust. 62 Tllli MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. " Dcin Erbarmcn \vird tins Armcn, Allc Tage \vieder ncu, Mit was siisseu Liebeskussen Zeigst du deine MtiUertreu. O wie heilig und wic trculich Leitest du dein Eigcntum ; ( ) der Gnadcn dass wir A laden Wcrdcn dcine Kron' und Ruhm. "Wir empfehlen unsre Seelen Dcincm Aug' und llerz und Hand, Dcnn wir wcrdcn nur auf Erden Wallen nach dcni \ aterland. gieb Gnadc auf dcni I 'fade, Der zttm Reich durch Leiden fithrt, Ohn' \ enveilen fortzueilcn JSis tins deinc Krone zierl. "Unser Willc bk-ibe stillc \\'enn es nocb so widrig gehl ; .Lass nur bratisen. wtiten, satiscn, \\ as von Xord und ( >sten \veht. l^ass nur stiirmen, lass sich tiinnen Alle Fluthcn aus dein See, 1 )u erbliekesl und erquickcst Deine Kinder aus der 1 I<")b'." (l.dve Divine, may Tb\- sweet power Lead us all for Tbee to live, And with willing hearts to give Thee \\hnt to Thee a man can give: For I rom heaven Thou dost uive us THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 63 Peace and blessing, full and free, And our miseries dost bury In the vast, unfathomed sea. Lord, our wayward steps bad led us Far from Thy safe-guarded fold, As we hastened toward the darkness Where the sulphurous vapors rolled; And Thy kind heart throbbed with pity, Our distress and woe to see, Thou didst hasten, Thou didst call us, Till we turned our steps to Thee. As Thy Truth's convincing clearness Filled our spirits from above, And our stubborn hearts were melted P>y the fervor of Thy love, O Thy loving heart was moved Us Thy righteous laws to teach, Us to guide, protect and cherish Till Thy heaven we should reach. "Without merit we, yet mercy Kach returning clay cloth bless With the tokens of Thy goodness, Pledges of Thy faithfulness. O how surely and securely Dost Thou lead and guard Thine own ; O what wonclerous grace that mortals May add lustre to Thy throne. Tn our souls we feel the presence Of Thine eve and heart and hand, 64 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. As we here on earth as pilgrims Journey toward the Fatherland. O give grace, that on the pathway, Which through trial leads to heaven, Without faltering \ve may hasten Till to each Thy crown is given. Though our path he set with danger Nothing shall our spirits shake. Winds may rage and roar and whistle, Storms from Xorth and East may break, Waves may roll and leap and thunder On a dark and threatening sea, Thou dost ever watch Thy children, And their strength and peace wilt be.) Before the vessel sailed the Trustees had followed up their request to Spangenherg by requiring the forty Swiss emigrants to promise submission to his authority, and consequently numerous efforts were made to be of service to them. It was disappointing work, in a way, for attempts to give them religious instruction were met with utter indifference, but their material needs were many. There was a great deal of sickness among them, and four died, being buried hastily, and without ceremony. The Mora- vians themselves were not exempt, several being dan- gcrouslv ill at times, even Spangenberg was pros- trated, from having, he supposed, stayed too long on deck in the night air. tempted thereto by the beauty of a calm night in a southern latitude. P.ut having work- to do among the Swiss on the following day, he roused himself, and soon became better. Two of THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 65 the Moravians were appointed nurses for the sick Swiss, and by the use of the medicine provided by the Trustees, supplemented by unwearying personal attention, they were made as comfortable as possible. Nor were the crew forgotten. From the day when the Aloravians helped lift the anchor as they sailed from the coast of Dover, they busied them- selves in the work of the ship, always obliging, al- ways helpful, until the sailors came to trust them absolutely, " even with the keys to their lockers." When the cook was suddenly taken sick they nursed him carefully, and then appointed two of their num- ber to carry wood and water for him until his strength returned, and it is no wonder that such ac- commodating passengers were w r ell regarded. Captain Thomson was disposed to favor them, but when they realized that they were receiving a larger share of food and drink than went to the Swiss, they courteously declined, fearing it would breed jealousy. His kindly feeling, however, continued, and when Toltschig was ill he brought a freshly killed fowl from which to make nourishing broth, and on another occasion, after a severe attack of sea- sickness, they all derived much benefit from some strong beer which he urged upon them. There were a few cabin passengers on the ship, and on one occasion Spangenberg was invited to dine with them, but their light jesting was distaste- ful to him, and the acquaintance was not pursued. MAKING A START. The vessel entered the Savannah River, April 6th, and the Captain, taking Spangenberg and Toltschig 66 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. into his small boat, went ahead to the town of Savan- nah, the capital of Georgia, now the home of about six hundred people. Spangenberg had a letter of introduction to Mr. Causton, who received him and his companion in a friendly fashion, entertained them at supper, and kept them over night. Mr. Causton was one of the three magistrates charged with all civil and criminal jurisdiction in Savannah, and his position as keeper of the Store, from which all provisions promised by the Trustees were dis- pensed, gave him such additional power that he was really the dictator of Savannah, ruling so absolutely that the people finally rebelled, and in 1738 secured his dismissal from office. On his return to England in 1739, he found great difficulty in trying to explain his accounts to the Trustees, was sent back to Georgia to procure some needed papers, died on the passage over, and was buried in the ocean. His treatment of the Moravians was characteristic, for he was courtesy itself to the new-comers who had money to spend, inconsiderate when hard times came, deaf to appeals for settlement of certain vex- ing questions, and harsh when their wills were op- posed to his. The nc-xi morning, before sunrise, Spangenberg and Toltschig went apart into the woods, fell upon their knees, and thanked the Lord that He had brought them hither in safety. The day was spent in gaining information as to the customs of the place, Mr. Causton again claiming them as his guests at dinner, and in the evening they accepted the invitation of a merchant to supper. As they ate, the report of a cannon announced the arrival of their THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 67 vessel, and Toltschig went to spend the night aboard, Spangenberg remaining on shore to push the prep- aration for the reception of the company. Early on the following morning, April 8th, he had their town lots assigned, (Nos. 3 and 4 Second Ty thing, Anson Ward), in order that their baggage might be brought directly to their own property, for he had found that lodgings in the town were verv dear, and decided that a small cabin should be built at once and a house as soon as possible. Going then to the ship he guided the company to their ne\v home, and the entire day was consumed in moving their belongings to the town, as it was some distance, and everything had to be carried by hand to the little hut which \vas hastily erected and roofed over with sacking. Evening came before they had really fin- ished the arrangement of their possesions, but be- fore they prepared and shared their evening meal, they humbly knelt and thanked God for His mercies, discussed the Bible text for the day, and joined in several familiar hymns. A New York merchant stopped and asked them to sing one of his favorites, which was done, and an Indian who had joined them near the river and followed them home, stayed through the service, and at parting beckoned them to come and visit him. Despite their fatigue, the "Hourly Intercession" was observed throughout the night, their slumbers rendered more peaceful by the knowledge that one and another in turn was watching and praying beside them. On the following day two more Indians visited the Moravians. Their faces were adorned with streaks of red paint, and they seemed very friendly, c>8 Tim MORAVIANS IN GICORGIA. rejoiced over the gift of two pewter mugs, and on leaving made signs that some one should go with them, an invitation that could not then he accepted. The loth of April, the first Sunday in America, Spangenherg attended sen-ice in the Knglish Church, and heard a sermon on the text, " Be not overcome of evil, hut overcome evil with good," well fitted to he the watchword of the Moravian settlers in the trials that were hefore them. No unpleasant presentiments, however, troubled them, as they went busilv about their work during the next weeks. Air. Causlon was very pleasant to them, selling them provisions at cost, offering them credit at the store, and promising Spangenberg a list of such Indian words as he had been able to learn and write down. He also introduced him to Tomo- chichi, the Indian Chief, and to John Musgrove, who had n successful trading house near the town. A'lus- grove had married Mary, an Indian princess of the Uchces, who had great influence with all the neigh- boring tribes. At a later time, through the machina- tions of her third husband, she made much trouble in Georgia, but during the earlier years of the Colony she was the true friend of the white settlers, fre- quently acting as Interpreter in their conferences with the Indians, and doing much to make and keep the bond of peace between the two races. ( )n the 1 ith of April the five acre garden belong- ing to Spangenberg was surveyed, and work was im- mcdiately begun there, as it was just the season for planting corn. Xine davs later Xitschmann's gar- den was laid out aside of Spangenberg's. P>y the T4th the- cabin on Spangenberg's town lot was fin- THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 69 ishcd. It was twenty feet long, ten feet wide, and fourteen feet high, with a little loft where they slept, their goods, with a table and benches being in the room below. At daybreak they rose, sang a hymn, and prayed together, breakfasted at eight o'clock, the daily text being read aloud, then worked until half past eleven, when they dined and read the Bible. More work, an evening prayer service, and such conference as was needed that each might engage in the next day's labor to the best advantage, prepared them for their well-earned repose. With this simple program steadily carried out, much was accomplished. A fence was built around a small kitchen-garden on their town property, and a chicken-yard was enclosed, while the neighbors came to look on and opine " that the Moravians had done more in a week than their people in two years." As the gardens (the five acre lots) lay at some dis- tance from Savannah, a hut was built there, to serve as a shelter against sun and rain, a heavy storm hav- ing chased them home one day snon after their ar- rival. Either from the noonday heat, or other conditions to which they were not yet acclimated, Gotthard De- muth and George llaberland became seriously ill, causing Spangenberg much anxiety, for he did not feel at liberty to send for a physician, as they could not afford to pay for medicine. So resort was had to bleeding, then, an approved practice, and to such medicine as remained from their voyage, and Rose was fortunate enough to shoot a grouse, which gave them some much needed palatable meat and broth. Perhaps the most serious case was Gottfried Habe- jo Tin-; MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. recht's, who suffered lor several days with fever re- sulting from a cut on his leg. Finally oak-leaves were heated and bound about the limb, which induced free perspiration and quickly relieved him, so that he was able to return to work ! A day was appointed on which Spangenberg and several others were to ride out into the country to select the five hundred acre tract granted to Count Zinzcndorf, and the additional two hundred acres which the Trustees had promised to hold in reserve, and grant to the Count's " servants " whenever he should request it, but there was rumor of a raid by hostile Indians, under Spanish intluencc, so the ex- pedition had to be postponed, with the promise, how- ever, that it should be made as soon as possible. By the close of the third week in Georgia the in- valids were better, and matters were in such a shape that the Moravians resolved " that on each Saturday work should stop early, and every Sunday should be a real da}- of rest." As an immediate beginning, they on Saturday evening united in a Lovefeast, where " we recalled much loving-kindness which God has shown us hitherto; Toltschig washed the feet of the Brethren : we remained together until very late, and were truly blessed." A I M AND ATT A I N M K NT. When the " first company " left ITcrrnhut for Lon- don and the Xcw World, they took- with them Count Zinzcndorf s formal " Instructions " for the conduct of their affairs : T shall not attempt to tell you what you are to do from day to day. I know that in many ways Love will lead you, prepare the way, and point out THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 71 your path. I shall only bid you remember the prin- ciples and customs of our Congregation, in which, if you stand fast, you will do well. Your one aim will be to establish a little place near the heathen where you may gather together the dispersed in Israel, patiently win back the wayward, and instruct the heathen tribes. " You have and will ask nothing more than the opportunity to attain this end through your own labors, but you will request free transportation for yourselves and those who will follow you, if they receive your present small number the Lord will send you more. " If you should be tempted to injure any work of the Lord for my sake, refrain from doing it, remem- bering that I am under a gracious guardianship which nothing can disturb. "' You will take absolutely no part in the Span- genberg Halle controversy ; you know the mind of the Congregation regarding it. If you find people prejudiced against you leave it to Him who has bid- den you go to Georgia. Enter into no disputes, but, if questions are asked, give the history of the Con- gregation, being careful not to censure our opposers, and saying, which is true, that the Congregation at Herrnhut gives them little heed. Entire freedom of conscience must be granted you. but there may be points which you can yield without injuring the cause of Christ, if so you will find them in due time. " You must live alone, establishing your own lit- tle corner, where your customs will irritate no one; and as soon as you arc settled an ordained minister 72 THIS MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. will be sent you, out of consideration for the scruples of the Salzburgers, although our Brethren in other Colonies are served by laymen, as permitted by our ancient constitution. " God willing, I shall soon follow you, and only wait until He opens the way for me. (Jur dear Elder ( Spangenberg) will quickly return from America, and in his absence I commit you to the mighty grace of God. Your brother and servant, Lewis Count v. Zinzendorf. " At this time one of the Elders at Herrnhut. November 2/th, 1734. ' He everywhere hath way, And all thing serve His might, etc.' ' That these sensible and liberal instructions were not fully carried out is at once apparent, especially in the two points of free transportation and settle- ment in a quiet, secluded spot. The inability of the Trustees to grant their request for the first, burdened the Moravian colonists with what was, under the circumstances, a heavv debt, while the location of Zinzendorf's five hundred acre tract was respon- sible for their failure in attaining the second. When Gen. ( )glethorpe planned the fortifications and defense of Savannah in 1733, he decided to erect a small fort on the Ogeechee River, some miles south, in order to command one of the trails by which the Indians had been accustomed to invade Carolina. This " Fort Argyle " wa_s garrisoned with a detachment of range, rs, and ten families were sent from Savannah to cultivate the adjacent land. The tract selected in London for Count Zinzendorf, was THE FIRST YEAR IN GEORGIA. 73 to lie on the Ogeechee, near Fort Argyle, an excel- lent place from which to reach the Indians in times of peace, but the worst possible location for non- combatants when war was threatening. Spangenberg urged the survey of the five hun- dred acre tract as often and as strongly as he dared, but from various causes, chiciiy rumors of Indian incursions, the expedition was deferred until Aug. 22nd, when Spangenberg, Toltschig, Riedel, Seifert, Rose, Michael Haberland, and Mr. Johnson, the Trustees' surveyor, prepared to start on their toil- some journey, going by boat, instead of attempting to follow the circuitous, ill-marked road across the country, impassable to pedestrians, though used to some extent by horsemen. At one o'clock in the morning of Aug. 23rd the seven men embarked, taking advantage of the ebb- ing tide, and made their way down the Savannah River. It was very dark, the Moravians were unac- customed to rowing, and Mr. Johnson, who steered, went to sleep time after time, so when they acci- dentally came across a ship riding at anchor they decided to stay by her and wait for the day. When dawn broke they hastened on to Thunderbolt, where a fort had been built, and some good land cleared, and there they found two Indians, who claimed to know the country, and agreed to go with them as pilots. Toward evening they reached Seituah,* where a stockade was being built as a protection against the Indians, and the night was spent with a Captain Wargessen ( Ferguson ") . who, with several * On Skidaway Island, exact site unknown. 74 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. soldiers, was out in a scout boat watching the move- ments of the Indians and Spaniards in that neigh- borhood. The next day they made their way among the islands until they reached the mouth of the Ogee- chee, up which they turned, but night overtook them, and they were forced to drop their anchor. The Indians had been left behind somewhere, and with the return of day it became necessary to re- trace their course for some hours in order to learn where they were. That night was spent at Ster- ling's Bluff, with the Scotch who had settled upon it, and the next morning they proceeded to Fort Argyle. As they rowed up the river, a bear left one of the islands, and swam across to the main land. " lie was better to us than we to him, for Peter shot at him twice when he came near us, but he left us in peace and went his way!" The following morning Spangenberg and John- son, accompanied by the 'Lieutenant from Fort Argyle and several of his rangers, rode out to in- spect the land selected for the Moravians. The horses were accustomed to service against the Indians, and went at full gallop, pausing not foi winding paths or fallen trees, and the University- bred man of Germany expected momentarily to have bis neck broken, but nothing happened, and after looking over the tract they returned to Fort Argyle. Despite the exertions of the morning Spangen- berg then manned his boat, and started up the river y 1582, however, the Julian Calendar hail fallen ten days behind the sea- sons, so another calculation was made, and Pope Gregory XIII. abolished the Julian Calendar in all Catholic countries, dropped the dates of ten days from that year, and established the " reformed/' or "Gregorian Calendar." This was adopted in Cath- olic German}', in 1583. in Protestant Germany and Holland, in 1700, but in England not until 175-, by which time the difference had increased to eleven days. Following the ancient Jewish custom the ^ ear, for many centuries, began with the 25th of March, but public sentiment came to favor the 1st of January as the more appropriate date, and it was gradually adopted. In Kngland, however, the legal year continued to begin with .March 25th. until 1752, although many people were either using the newer fashion, or indicating both, and a date might be cor- rectly written in lour ways. c. g. Januarv loth, 1734, old stvle, legal, Januarv loth, 1734-5, or ]anu- arv loth. 1735. old stvle. popular, and January 2ist, 1735, new style, the last agreeing with the calendar now in yeneral use. REINFORCEMENTS. 101 Bishop Nitschmann gives the outline ot their re- ligious services on almost every day, and in the translation which follows these are generally omit- ted ; in the same way some paragraphs are left out of the Wesley Journal. Extracts from Dober's and Ingham's Journals are inserted when they give facts not otherwise noted. NITSCHMANN'S DIARY. JOHN Oct. 24th, 1735. I went to the ship, ('the Simmonds, Captain Cornish). My heart rejoiced to be once more with the Brethren. In the evening we held our song service. (We have all given our- selves to the Lord, and pray that the Saviour may com- fort our hearts with joy. and that we may attain our object, namely, to call the heathen, to become acquaint- ed with tho-e whom we have not known and who know us not. and to worship the name of the Lord. Let- ter of Oct. -28.} WESLEY'S NAL. JOUR- Oct. i4th, 1735, (0. S.) Tue-day. Mr. Benjamin Ingham. of Queen's College. Oxford. Mr. Charles Dela- motte. son of a merchant in London, who had offered himself some days before, my brother Charles Wesley, and myself, took boat for Gravesend. in order to em- bark for C.eorgia. Our end in leaving our native coun- trv was not to avoid want, (God having given u plenty of temporal hle-sings.) nor to gain the dung or dross of riches or honor: but singly this. to save our souls, to live wholly to the glory of God. In the afternoon we found the Simmonds off Grave-end, and immediately went on board. (We had two cabin- al- lotted us in the forecastle; I and Mr. Delamotte having the first, and Messrs. Wes- lev the other. Theirs was 102 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. Oct. 27th. Bled Mrs. Tol- tschig and Mrs. Zeisberger. On deck one man was knocked down by another, striking his head on the deck so as to stun him. In the evening we held our song service at the same hour that the English had theirs. I spoke with Mr. Oglethorpe and the two Eng- lish clergymen, who asked concerning our ordination and our faith. Mr. Ogle- thorpe said lie would be as our father, if we would per- mit it. Oct. 28th. At our prayer- meeting considered Eph. 1, how our election may be made sure; I also wrote In the Congregation at llerrn- liut. Mrs. Zeisberger was sick, and Mr. Oglethorpe concerned himself about her comfort . Oct. 2gth. -Spoke with the Wittenberg carpenter con- cerning his soul. Oct. 3oth.---We decided \vho should attend to vari- Wesley's Continued. made pretty large, so that we could all meet together to read or pray in it. This part of the ship was assign- ed to us by Mr. Oglethorpe, as being most convenient for privacy. Ingham's Jour- nal.) Oct. 1 7th. I began to learn (ierman in order to converse with the Germans, six and twenty" of whom we had on board. *Twenty-five Moravians and the Wittenberg carpenter. REINFORCEMENTS. 103 Nitschmann's Continued, ous duties during the voy- age, and held our "Band'' meetings. (The "Bands" were small groups, closely associated for mutual relig- ious improvement.) An Eng- lish boy fell overboard, but was rescued by a sailor. Oct. 3ist. In the after- noon we sailed twelve miles from Gravesend. Wesley's Continued. Nov. i st. The English clergyman began to spend an hour teaching us Eng- lish. In the early service we read concerning new life in the soul; the preceding night was blessed to mo, and the Saviour was near. At the evening service we spoke of earnest prayer and its answer. (David X it sell - mann. in the presence of all the members, formally in- stalled certain of our mem- bers in office, David Tanne- Oct. 2oth, Monday. Be- lieving the denying our- selves, even in the smallest instances, might, by the blessing of God, be helpful to us, we wholly left off the use of flesh and wine, and confined ourselves to vege- table food, chiefly rice and biscuit. In the afternoon, David Xitschmann, Bishop of the Germans, and two others, began to learn Eng- lish. O may we be, not only of one tongue, but of one mind and of one heart. Oct. 2ist. We sailed from Gravesend. When we were past about half the Good- win Sands the wind sudden- ly failed. Had the calm con- tinued till ebb, the ship had probably been lost. But the gale sprung up again in an hour, and carried its into the Downs. We now began to be a lit- tle regular. Our common way of living was this: From four in the morning till five, each of us used pri- 104 Tine MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued, berger as overseer, l)ober as teacher and monitor, Sey- buld as nurse for the breth- ren, and Mrs. Dober as nurse for the sisters.. -Dober's Di- ary.) (We have arranged that one of us shall watch each night, of which Mr. Ogle- lliorpe approves. Letter of Oct. 18th.) Nov. 2nd. We sailed fur- ther. In the early prayer service we considered Eph. IV. the unity of the Spirit, and the 7iieans of preserv- ing the bond of peace. In the song service many points of doctrine \vere discussed with the English clergyman, also the decline and loss of power. Nov. 3rd. A dense fog and unpleasant weal her, so we lav still at anchor. Wesley's Continued. vate prayer. From live to seven we read the Bible to- gether, carefully comparing it (that we might not lean to our own understanding) with the writings of the earliest ages. At seven we breakfasted. At eight were the public prayers. From nine to twelve I usually learned German and Mr. Delamotte Greek. Mv broth- er writ sermons, and Mr. Ingham instructed the chil- dren. At twelve we met to give an account to one an- other what we had done since our last meeting, and what we designed to do before our next. About one we dined. The time from dinner to four, we spent in reading to those \\hom each of us had taken in charge, or in speaking to them sev- erally, as need required. At four were the Evening I'raver:-: when either the Second Lesson was ex- plained (as it always was in the morning,) or the chil- dren were catechised, and instructed before the con- gregation. From li\e to six we again used private prayer. From six to seven 1 read in our cabin 1o two or three of the passengers, (of whom there were about RE I X I'ORC 1C M K X T S. 105 Nitschmann's Continued. Nov. 4th. I visited the other ship, (the London Merchant, Capt. Thomas) where the so-called Salz- burgers are. I spend most of my time studying Eng- lish. Nov. sth. We prayed for the Congregation at Herrn- hut, and also that we might be one with it in spirit. In the evening we spoke of the Lord's protection, how good it is. There is no room for fear, The world may shake and quiver, The elements may rage. The firmament may shiver, We are safe-guarded. Nov. 8th. An (English) child died, and was buried in the sea at five o'clock. Wesley's Continued. eighty English on board), and each of my brethren to a few more in theirs. At seven I joined with the Germans in their public ser- vice; while Mr. Ingham was reading between the decks to as many as desired to hear. At eight we met again, to exhort and in- struct one another. Between nine and ten we went to bed, where neither the roar- ing of the sea. nor the mo- tion of the ship, could take away the refreshing sleep which God gave us. Oct. 24th. Having a roll- ing sea, most of the pas- sengers found the effects of it. Mr. Delamotte was ex- ceeding sick for several days. Mr. Ingham for about half an hour. My brother's head ached much. Hitherto it has pleased God the sea has not disordered me at all. During our stay in the Downs, some or other of us went, as often as we had opportunity, on board the slap that sailed in company with us, where also many were glad to join in prayer and hearing the word. io6 Tn ic MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. Nov. nth. The text was "The Lord is with me, there- fore I do not fear." Nov. i2th. (This after- noon we came near Ports- mouth, and am-liored. To- day Dober bewail lo study English, and learned the Lord's I'rayer. - Dober's Diary.) Nov. isth. Ilermsdorf visits Baron von Iteck. Nov. i4th. We lay at an- chor at I'owes ou the Isle of Wight, and some of us landed. 1 went with Baron von Iteck to Newport, one mile distant, it is a beauti- ful place. I conversed with Baron von Keck about the Lord's 1'rnyor. Nov. i8th. -A great storm. r l o me the time is precious, and passes too swiftly. H is as though we \\ere in the midst of wild beasts, which arc bound and cannot harm us. \Yo know the Saviour stand> by us, and -trength- ens us through the Holy Ohost. Wesley's Continued. Oct. 3ist. We sailed out of the Downs. At eleven at night I was waked by a great noise. I soon found there was no danger. But the bare apprehension of it gave me a lively conviction what manner of men those ought to be. who are every moment on the brink of eternity. Nov. ist, Saturday. We came to St. Helen's harbour, and the next day into (.'owes road. The wind was fair, but we waited for the man-of-war which was to sail with us. This was a happy opportunity of in- structing our fellow trav- ellers. May lie whose seed we sow, give it the in- crease ! REINFORCEMENTS. 107 Nitschmann's Continued. Nov 2oth. One older and two young Englishmen were whipped for stealing. Nov. aist. Conversed with Mr. Oglethorpe about our ordination. Baron von Keek acting as interpreter. He was well pleased when I ex- plained our view, and that we did not think a Bishop must be a great lord as among the Catholics. He offered to give us anything we wished, but I told him we needed nothing. Nov. 23rd. The Man-of- war (Hawk, Capt. Gascoine) joined us. A boy was beat- en, and sent away from the ship. Nov. 25th. Spoke with Mr. Oglethorpe about Boh- ner and George Xeisser. who are sick and must go ashore for treatment. Bi'ihner has a sore arm. an^ Xeisser a sore foot. An English friend gave us a guinea to buy some things we need. Nov. 2gth. In the even- ing I prayed for a good wind, since we do not wish to lie in one place and be of no use. Dec. ist. The wind was good, we thanked God and sailed about eight o'clock. Xot long after the wind fell. Wesley's Continued. Nov. 2oth. We fell down Yarmouth road, but the next day were forced back to Cowes. Durinsz our stay io8 1'n ic .MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. and M o anchored, but 1 could not believe Ihut \ve were not to go. The wind rose again, and we tailed nine miles. Dec. and. About two o'clock we returned to Co we-. Dec. 3rd. The women went ashore to wash our clothes. The others went with them, because we do not wish to annoy any one. and desired to be alone that we might celebrate the Lord's Supper. I could not leave the ship, but was with them in spirit. Dec. 4th. (Xitschmann mid Dober spoke with sev- eral of the Brethren con- cerning their spiritual con- dition. Tn the evening a storm sprang up which con- tinued most of tlic night. Air. Oglelhorpo is ill. which remind-; u< 1o pray for him. and the Kngli-h preacher. John Wesloy. has promised to do the snme. Thi- preach- er lose-; no opportunity to be present at our *ong ~er- vice: he spare< no pain-; to perform the duties of his oHice and lie likes us. We wish we could converse free- ly with him, so that we could more careful) \- explain Wesley's Continued. here there \\ere several >torms, in one of which two ships in Yarmouth roads were lost. The continuance of the contrary winds gave my brother an opport unity of complying with the desire of the minister of L'owes, and preaching there three or four times. Nov. 23rd, Sunday. At night I was waked by th tossing of the ship, and roaring of the wind, and plainly showed I was unlit, for I was unwilling to die. RK i x FORCK M K x T s. 109 Nitschmann's Continued. tlic \vny of (iod to him. J)ober'> Diary.) Dec. yth. A great storm, and we thanked (.'od that we were in a safe harbor. Dec. loth. All hands sum- moned to lift the anchor. Mr. Oglethorpe called me. took me by the Hand, led me into the cabin, and gave me t'l for the Brethren. Later the wind was again contrary, and we had to lie still. Dec. i8th. We lifted the anchor at three o'clock, but as we got under sail the wind changed again. We must stay still, but what the Lord intend- -wo do noi know. Dec. 2ist. An east wind sprang up. and -with the help of *iod we sailed at nine o'clock from Cowe-. where we had been for live weeks ainl three days. (With u^ went two ship~. the man- of-war, and thai which car- ried Hanni von Reck and hi- Sal/burger.-. Two of ' !ie Sal/burgers \\eie on .-hi ire. and were left behind v. hen 1 he -h ip >a i!ed. v hereat their wive- ;iud children who \\ere (ill board, \\ere sorely grie\ed,- Dober's Diary.) 8 Wesley's Continued. Dec. yth, Sunday. Find- ing nature did not require -uch treijuent supplies as we had been accustomed to. we agreed to leave oil sup- pers: from doing which we have hitherto found no in- convenience. Dec. icth, Wednesday. We sailed from Co wes. and in the afternoon passed the Needles. From this day to the fourteenth being in the Bay of Biscay, the sea \.;>- very rough. Mr. Dela- inotte and others \\ere more -ick than ever: Mr. Ingham a little: [ not at all. Bui the fourteenth be- ;:!_: ; i-ii hi: day. nio-t of the >ick \\ei'e cured at OIK e. no THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. Wesley's Continued. When we reached the open sea many became sea-sick. There was so much to be done that \\e could not hold our prayer-meeting, for our people help in all the work, and therefore the sailors treat us well, no matter what they think of us in their heart-. In the evening our song >ervice was much blessed. Dec. 22nd. The \\ind was Dec. i2th.--(ln the fore- east, and wo sailed nine noon \\ e left the man-of- miles an hour, but wore all war. he not being able to very sea-sick. sail a> fast as our ships. Dec. 25th. As this was lngham'> .Journal.) Christmas Day we rend Matt. VIII. in our prayer service. The wind had died down, everyone felt much better, and il was a beauti- ful day. Dec. 2yth. At midnight there was a great >1orm. and the waves broke over the ship: the middle hatch \\ a - open, and the water poured in. running into our cabin, so that we had 1o take everything out of them unt il we could dry t hem. Dec. soth. The weather (Dec. igth. ^Messrs. \Vcs- \\as again pleasant. lev and I. \\ith Mr. < >gle- thorpe's approbation, under- took to visit, each of us. a part of the ship, and daily to provide the sick people GENERAL JAMES (KJLETIIORPE. From a pen sketch in the llornihut Archive REINFORCEMENTS. in Nitschmann's Continued. Jan. i, 1736. It was New Year's Day, and Mr. Ogle- thorpe's birthday. (Br. Xitschmann asked us to se- lect a number of verses, wrote them out and pre- sented them as a birthday greeting to Mr. Oglethorpe. It was a beautiful day, warm and calm. Dober's Diarv.) Jan. sth. ( To-day, accord- ing to the old style, Christ- mas was celebrated on our ship. Br. Xitschmann spoke on the words, '"Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given." Dober's Diary.) Jan. loth. (We have been running for several days willi the Trade winds. Here the day is two hours longer than it is in Germany at this season. The sailors wished to adhere to their custom of initiating tho-e who crossed the Tropic of Cancer for the first time. Wesley's Continued. with water-gruel, and such other tilings as were neces- sary for them. Ingham's Journal.) Dec. 2ist, Sunday. We had fifteen communicants, which was our usual num- ber on Sundays. ('I'll is being Mr. Ogle- thorpe's birthday, he gave a sheep and wine to the people, which, with the smoothness of the sea, and the serenity of the sky, so enlivened them that they perfectly recovered from their sea-sickness. On Christmas Day, also, Mr Oglethorpe gave a hog and wine to the people. Ingham's Journal.) Dec. 2gth. (We are now past the latitude of twenty- live degrees, and are got into what they call the Trade winds, which blow much the same way all the year round. The air is balmy, soft, and sweet. The ship glides smoothly and quietly along. The ii2 TJH-: MORAVIANS IN GICORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. Wesley's Continued. lmt C'CU. ( )i;letliorpe forbade nights are mild and pieas- it. 'J'lie \\eak. the children. ant. beiiiLr beautifully and the -irk. are \\tdl cared adorned uith the shining t'nr. -o that the nine mouths' ho-t- of stars. old i-liild receives an r-g "Forever -in-in^ as they and some iroat'> milk every -liine day Dober's Diary.) -j h( , H . lll(1 ,i 1;U 111;l( i us is Jan. i2th.--'l'o-(lay, ac- divine." cording to the old style. \\ e Inglmm's .Journal.) celebrated the 'New Year. Jan. 2oth.--An Kii;:'lisli elcriryman a-ked us how often we celebrated the LordV Sii|i|)er. saying thr.t he tliou.u'lit it a sacrilice \\hii-h ronsecral ed and im- proved the life. \Ve told him our \ ie\\ : lie said lie would like to vi>it Ilerrn- hut. ( \Vo re-rro-^od the Tro]iie of ( ancer. --Dnbor's Diary.) Jan. 2ist.--i\\"e nre >till in 1 he Trade wind, and -ail suiftly and -leadilv.) \\"e raiiimt thank (lod oiioim'h that \\ e a re all well, only Mr-. I )emut h i- ;; l\\'a vs sea- sick \\ he'll 1 ho \\ ind ri-e-. Jan. 23rd. \\'p -aw a Jan. rath, 1736. il lie-jair -lii] 1 - tn write "iH tin- Kni;li-li Dirt idiiarx in mdrr in irarn the Indian tonu'ue. In^- ha in'- .lournal. i Jan. ayth. (A- there was Jan. isth. ( nmnlaint be- little piod water left the in.Lf made to Mr. < !ir!et IPM pe pa--eii i L:er- \< en> u'i\-(Mi pour of the unroual di-1 ribut inn \\ a REINFORCEMENTS. Nitschmann's Continued. heard of it. he ordered that all. in the Cabin and out- side, should be treated alike, as Ion",' as the good water lasted. Mr. Oglethorpe and the preacher. John Wesley, are very careful of the pas- sengers' welfare; the latter shows himself full of love for us. Dober's Diary.) Jan. 28th. There was a great storm, the waves went over the ship, and poured into it. Then many who knew not God were fright- ened, but \ve were of good cheer, and trusted in the Lord who does all things well. Rowdier and Mack are good sailors and not afraid of unvthinjr. Wesley's Continued. senders, he appointed new ollieer- to take charge of it. A I t!ii- the old ones and their friends wore highly exasperated against us. to whom they imputed the change. l!ut "the fierceness of man shall turn to thy praise." Jan. i7th, Saturday. Manv people were very im- patient at the contrary wind. At seven in the evening they were quieted by a storm. It ro-e higher and higher till nine. About nine the sea broke over us from stem to stern; burst through the windows of the state cabin, where three or four of us were, and cov- ered us all over, though a bureau sheltered me from the main shock. About eleven I lay down in the great cabin, and in a short time fell asleep, though very uncertain whether I should \vake alive, and much ashamed of my un- willingne-s to die. O how pure in heart mu>t he be, who would rejoice to appear before God at a moment's v, aining! Toward morning "lie rebuked the wind and the sea. and there wa- a great calm." 114 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Nitschmann's Continued. Jan. 2gth. We road the 13th chapter of Mark at our early prayer service. The weather was a little better, but the wind was contrary. We also saw a ship which was sailing northeast. In the evening we read the ninety-eighth Psalm, the Lord was with us and we were blessed. Feb. ist. The weather was fine, and there was no wind until ten o'clock, when it came from the right quar- ter. In addition to our usual allowance the Captain sent us fresh meat, which he has done thrice already, and we do not altogether like it. for we arc content with whnt we have, and do not desire more. Feb. 3rd. There was a great >torm, which lasted all night. Feb. 4th. The storm last- ed all day. and the waves often swept over the ship. The storm rudder was lashed fast, and so we were driven. Wesley's Continued. Jan. 1 8th, Sunday. We returned thanks to Cod for our deliverance, of which a few appeared duly sensible. But the rest (among whom were most of the sailors) denied we had been in any danger. I could not have believed that M> little good would have been done by the terror they were in be- fore. But it cannot be that they should long obey God from fear, who are deaf to the motives of love. Jan. 23rd, Friday. In the evening another storm be- gan. In the morning it in- creased, so that they were forced to let the ship drive, i cc-ukl not but say to my- self, ''Hew is it that thou hnst no faith?" being still unwilling to die. About one in the afternoon, almost as soon as I had stepped out of tlu great cabin door, the sea did not break as usual, but came with a smooth full tide over the side of the ship. I was vaulted REINFORCEMENTS. Nitschmann's Continued. Feb. sth. In the early morning we had a fairly good breeze, but about ten o'clock, a storm rose, of such violence that the wind seemed to blow from all four quarters at once, and we were in danger of being overpowered. The waves were like mountains; the rudder was lashed fast, only one sail was spread, and we drove on. only the Lord knew whither. But we did not let it prevent us from holding our song ser- vice. The text given to us was Psalm CXV. 14, which assured us that we were blessed of God. may He ever bless us more and more. During the service the ship was covered with a great wave, which poured in upon us. and on the deck there was a great cry that the wind had split the one sail which was spread. There was great fright among the people who have Wesley's Continued, over with water in a mo- ment, and so stunned, that I scarce expected to lift up my head again, till the sea should give up her dead. But thanks be to God, I re- ceived no hurt at all. About noon our third storm began. Jan. 25th, Sunday. At noon our third storm began. At four it was more violent than before. The winds roared round about us. and whistled as distinctly as if it had been a human voice. The ship not only rocked to and fro with the utmost violence, but shook and jarred with so unequal, grating, a motion, that one could not but with great difficulty keep one's hold of anything, nor stand a mo- ment without it. Every ten minutes came a shock against the stern or side of the ship, which one would think should dash the planks to pieces. We spent two or three hours after prayers, in con- versing suitably to the oc- casion, confirming one an- other in a calm submission to the wise, holy, gracious will of God. And now a storm did not appear so terrible as before. Blessed Nitschmann's Continued. Wesley's Continued. no Coil: the Kn.L:li>h clergy- be the Cud of ail eoiisola- 111:111 wa> iniidi aroused, ran lion! to them, ami preached re- At seven I \\eiit to the pentance. >ayiiiL r amoni,' Cennaii-: 1 h :d h;n_! he- othcr tiling that they could Hire obr-erved the uie.il >eri- no\v see the dill'ercnec. 1 ousness of their l:c'ia\ ionr. was content, for our live- ( )f theii- humilitv they had are in Cod'> hand-, and lie yiven a continual proof, by does what lie \\ill: amojij,' pcr-nrniiii^ I ho-r servile tis there was no fear, for olli'.e.s for the other p.-;-- tlie Lord helped us. (There senders, \vliich none of the was a terrible -torm which English would undertake: lasted till midnight. Dur- I'"' \\liieli the\ de-iveil. and ini; the >on^ service a ,i;reat would receive no pay. say- wave struck the ship with i"" "^ W:1 * ,~ O1 ' !''' 'heir a noi>e like the roar of a |iriinl heart-." and "uioir cannon. The uind lore the lovinir Saviour had done strong new sail in two; the "> 01 '<-' I' '' them." And (icople. e-pccially the Knh women, -ci-eamcd and occa-iHl nxvay; but no com- iind wlio has none." During i' i:! ' ll! "' ilw l """ li '" ill( ' u ' the la-t ei-lil day- we have H")ilth. 'I'here was ,,ow an had -.. mm h conl ran \\ind. "i (J^^miity of trying and -o many -torm- that w '<^l'<'i' HIP.V were deliv- we muld noi a.pproaeh the t ' 1 ' cd "'"'" llil ' ~l" rit of land. (ho.-!, /e ,.,-,. ,.;,,- ''e:"-. J>> well as from that time,. i),,!, ' :i l' ri(l(> ' ' ll ~ 1 ' r - :Mll! |- r- \ii-o iiojan. the ^ea broke 117 Nitschmann's Continued. Feb. 6th. (The o!de>t sailor- say they have never seen so lierce a storm a- the one we had last night. The wind came t'rom all -ide- at once, lined the water from the -ea. liorc ii through the air ami cast it on the other ship, where l>aron von Heck and the Sal/burgers were, and so Hooded it that twelve persons were kept at the pump- all night. Dober's Diary.) Wesley's Continued. decks, as if the great deep liaU i.hcaJy s\vallowed us up. A terrible screaming bcv;an r.mcnc the English. 1 he Germans calmly sung on. I asked one of them afterward. "Was you not afraid':'' Tie answered. "1 thank Cod. no." I asked. "]>ut were not your women and children afraid':" lie re- plied mildly. "Xo; our wo- men and children are not afraid to die." From them I went to their crying. trembling neighbors, and pointed out to them the diiYerenec in the hour of trial, between him that feareth God, and him that feareth him not. At twelve the wind fell. This wa- the mn-t gloriou^ day which 1 have hitherto seen. Jan. 26th. We enjoyed tho inall, un- then took a boat to Savan- inhabited i-Iand, (Peeper nab. J v.ent at once to the I>land). over against Ty- lirethren. and \\ e rejoiced to ''t' 1 '- ^dr. ( hjel horjie led us ]i' 'et a.Lrain. I found the to a ri-inir ground, where i'.relhren \\ell. and looked W(1 :| H kneeled down to -ive with wonder at \\lial tbev thanks, lie (hen took boat had accomplished, went with lor Savannah. When the Ti">lt -chiii and Span^onberj; rt '~t of the people were to the garden, and also re- rulll( ' on >hore. \\ e called eeived leKers from llerrn- ()111 ' ]itt ' ll()( ' k together to lint. Sjian.u-enberj.'- had to .u'o immediately to Mr. ( l^le- ^'' thor].e (o discuss manv VL) worc \vondcrfully -uit- thinjrs with him. ( ' (1 to l!l(l occasion. Feb. i8th. (About >ix Feb " 7th. -Mr. O-lethorpo o'clock in the eveniiiLr. 15r. '^turned from Savannah S pa i;- < nber-- came from Sa- " ilh ^ !r - ^pan^enborjjf, niic vannah to us. which made ''' tlil ' l 1 ' 1 ^ 1 " 1 '^ ()1 ' the Gor- ns very n],,d and (hankful. " lal! "- j ^" <1H ! "" 11 ' 1 whal He told ii- of the death of S l liri1 ll( ' was of: alld : '- kei1 Feb. iQth and aoth. i \Ve Feb. otli. I a~ked Mr. ]>rayei- and -onir s Dobei-'s Diary.) Feb. 2ist. - ("I'h vessid came: we had much rain, and I he wind was >o Nitschmann's Continued. strong a-ain^t us that we had to spend the ni.uht on the transport. Dober'd Diary.) Feb. 22nd. (In the after- noon we reached Savannah, where we were lodged in the hoiir-c whieh the ISroth- ren who oaino a year a^o have built in the 1 ov\ n. The Lord has done all tiling- well, a.nd ha- turned to our Lrood all tli;it ha- befal!e:i us. oven wlion wo did not nnder-t.md Hi- way, and ha- laid Hi.- blos-in^ upo n our journey. thank- be unto Hiin. Dober's Diarv. i -; I X I'CJRCE -\J 1C X T S. 1 2 1 Wesley's Continued. Feb. 1 6th. Mr. 0--le- thnrpe s^t out )'or the new >eU ioiiii-nt on the Altania- lia\v liivi-r. lie took with liiii: liily men. l-e-i4 TjlK MORAVIANS IX CiKOKGIA. transport came to take the Moravians from the ship, \Yesley and Spangenberg had several long conver- sations, each recording the points that struck him most, but without comment. These discussions re- garding doctrine and practice were renewed at in- tervals during the remainder of Spangenberg's stay in Savannah, and the young Englishman showed himself eager to learn the Indian language so that he might preach to the natives, generous in his offers to share his advantages of study with the Mora- vians, and above all determined to enforce the letter of the ecclesiastical law, as he understood it, in his new parish. lie thought " it would be well it" two of the Moravian women would dedicate themselves to the Indian service, and at once begin to study the language," and " as the early Church employed dea- conesses, it would be profitable if these women were ordained to their office." lie was also convinced " that the apostolic custom of baptism bv immersion ought to be observed in Georgia.'' "lie bound himself to no sect, but took the ground that a man ought to study the liible and the writings of the Church Fathers of the 1 first three centuries, accept- ing what agreed with these two sources, and re- jecting all else." He requested the Moravians to use the Lord's Prayer at all their public services, "since this is acknowledged to have- been the cus- tom of the early Church." and since that earlv Church celebrated the 1 lolv Communion every day. he thought it necessary that all members should partake at least on every Sunday. " lie also bad hi> thoughts concerning Fast davs." Spangenbcrg promised to lay these matters before the congrcga- REINFORCEMENTS. 125 tion, but so far as Fast days were concerned, he said that while he would observe them as a matter of conscience if he belonged to a Church which re- quired them, he doubted the wisdom of forcing them upon a Church in which they were not obliga- tory. On the 2 1st, the periagua ( " so they call a rather deep, large boat") came to take the [Moravians to Savannah, but it was necessary to call at the other ship, as some of their baggage had been brought in that vessel. Spangenberg went ahead, and found that for some reason the baggage could not be taken off that day. He was pleasantly received by " the younger '' Reck, but the Baron was absent, having gone to see the site to which the Salzburgers wished to move their settlement. Gen. Oglethorpe having given his permission. About the time the periagua arrived, a heavy rain came up, and fearing the effect on the new-comers, Spangenberg obtained permission to take them into the cabin. When ten o'clock came they decided to wait no longer, and started for Savannah, with the result that they spent the entire night in the rain, in an open boat, and then had passed but half way up the river ! Early in the morning Spangenberg took two men, and his small boat and went ahead, stopping at Capt. Thomson's ship to get some things Korte had sent them from London. They reached Savannah in the afternoon, and before daybreak on Thursday, Feb. 23rd, the periagua at last landed its passengers at Savannah. That evening Spangenberg returned with Ogle- thorpe to the ship, that various important matters 9 120 Tnii MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. might be more fully discussed. They agreed, (i) that the five hundred acres already surveyed for Zinzendorf should be retained, and settled, but that it would be wise to take an additional five hundred acres of more fertile land nearer Savannah, where it would be more accessible, the grant to be made to Christian Ludwig von Zinzendorf, the Count's eld- est son; (2) that no Moravian could accept a fifty acre tract without pledging himself to military serv- ice, but land could be secured for a number of them at the rate of twenty acres apiece, without this obli- gation. This land could be selected near Zinzen- dorf's estate, the town to be built on the Count's property. If any wished to leave the Moravian Congregation, he should receive twenty acres else- where for himself. (3) Non-Moravians, like John Regnier, might live with them on the same condi- tions. (4) If one of the Moravians died without male issue, the Congregation should name his suc- cessor in the title to the land. (5) The promised cattle should still be given. It was further arranged that Spangenberg should continue to hold the title to his fifty acres, but with the understanding that it was in trust for the Con- gregation ; the same to apply to Xitschmann's land, if desired. On the 25th and 20th, a number of Indians visited the ship, being received with much ceremony. " King" Tomochichi, and others, Spangenberg had often seen, and they were formally presented to Mr. Wesley, of whom they had heard, and to whom they gave a flask of honey and a flask of milk, with the wish that " the Great Word might be to them as REINFORCEMENTS. 127 milk and honey." Tomochichi told of his efforts to keep peace among the tribes, in the face of rumors that the English meant to enslave them all, and of o his success so far, but he feared the Indians were not in a frame of mind to give much heed to the Gospel message. Still he welcomed the attempt, and would give what aid he could, advising that the missionaries learn the Indian tongue, and that they should not baptize, as the Spanish did, until the people were instructed and truly converted. On Feb. 2/th, General Oglethorpe started for the Altamaha. His journey to Georgia on this occa- sion had been principally to protect the southern borders of the colony by establishing two new towns on the frontier, and erecting several forts near by. One company, which sailed direct from Scotland, had landed in January, and begun a settlement at New Inverness, on the north bank of the Altamaha, and a second was now to be established on St. Simon Island, and was to be called Frederica. Oglethorpe had expected to take the Salzburgers who came on the London Merchant, to the south- ward with him, but nearly all of them decided that they preferred to join those of their number who were preparing to move to New Ebenezer, and the General did not insist, contenting himself with his English soldiers. A periagua had been started a little in advance of the sloop which bore the provisions, arms, ammuni- tion, and tools, and in the evening Gen. Oglethorpe followed in a swift, ten-oared boat, called, from the service in which it was often employed, a scout boat. 128 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. With the General went Mr. Ingham, and Lieut. Hermsdorf. The latter assured Spangenberg that he had really meant little more than to compliment the General on the occasion when he remarked "that he would ask nothing better than to follow him through bush and valley, and see him carry out his wise designs,'' that he did not know at that time that Oglethorpe was going to the Altamaha, nor how far away the Altamaha was. But Spangenberg gravely told him that Gen. Oglethorpe had taken his word as that of an honest man, and that he would not attempt to hold him back, only he wished him to so demean himself as to bring credit and not shame to Zinzendorf and the Moravians, to whom he was at liberty to return when he desired. Herms- dorf. therefore, went with Oglethorpe and his fifty men, was made a Captain and was given a position of importance in superintending the erection of the necessary fortifications on St. Simon. Benjamin Ingham's visit to Frederica proved to be his first unpleasant experience in the New World. Like John \\ esley. he came with the strictest ideas of Sabbath observance, etc., and as one said, in an- swer to a reproof, " these were new laws in Ameri- ca." The effect may be summed up in his own words: "My chief business was daily to visit the people, to take care of those that were sick, and to supply them with the best things we had. For a few days at the first, 1 had everybody's good word ; but when they found I watched narrowly over them, and reproved them sharply for their faults, imme- diately the scene changed. Instead of blessing, came cursing, and my love and kindness were repaid with hatred and ill-will." REINFORCEMENTS. 129 Oglethorpe remained on the Altamaha but a few days, and then returned to Savannah for the rest of his colonists. Meanwhile the Moravian Congrega- tion was being fully organized. During Spangen- berg's visit to Oglethorpe on his vessel, the Mora- vians, including Bishop Nitschmann, met together, and John Toltschig was elected manager (Vor- steher), Gottfried Haberecht, monitor (Ermahner), and Gotthard Demuth to perform various minor duties (Diener). The name of the nurse (Kranken- wurter) is not given, but he was probably John Regnier, who acted as physician, not only for the Moravians, but for many of their poorer neighbors. Andrew Dober was associated with Toltschig in the management of the finances,, and all of these men were solemnly inducted into office, it being the cus- tom to give a kind of specialized ordination even for positions not commonly considered ministerial. Three " Bands " were formed among the men, smaller companies associated for religious improve- ment, each Band electing a leader charged with spe- cial oversight of the members. There was one among the married men, one among the unmarried men who were communicants, and another for the unmarried non-communicants, Toltschig, Seifert and Rose being the leaders. The women were or- ganized in like manner, though being few in number there was probably but one Band among them, under Mrs. Toltschig who had been appointed Elderess before leaving Herrnhut. There is no reference to the celebration of the Holy Communion by the first company during their months of preparation in Savannah, nor had opportunity been given to the 130 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. second company since they left the English coast, but now, with Bishop Nitschmann to preside, they were able to partake together, finding much blessiny therein. They resolved in the future to commune every two weeks, but soon formed the habit, per- haps under Wesley's influence, of coming to the Lord's Table every Sunday. When Spangenberg returned to them, a confer- ence was held each evening, and on Sunday they had a Love feast, especially for those who had been selected to superintend the material and spiritual af- fairs of the Congregation. On the ist of March, John and Charles Wesley called on them, and on the 6th, Charles Wesley came again, and " opened his heart " to them. The Diary calls him "an awakened but flighty man,'' who had come as Gov. Oglethorpe's secretary, and was now about to go to Frederica as pastor of that turbulent flock. From him Spangenberg learned of Ogle- thorpe's return from Altamaha, and accompanied by Xitschmann went with him to the ship, where the Wcsleys were still living. Two davs were spent with Oglethorpe, who promised to give them ground containing a good bed of clay, where they could make brick, which should be sold to the Trustees' agent at 15 shillings per 1,000, two-thirds of the price to be applied on their debt, and one-third to be paid them in cash. Moreover several English boys should be apprenticed to them to learn the trade. Hemp and flax seed should also be given them, and he urged them to weave the linen, for they had men who understood the art, and cloth was scarce and dear in Georgia. lie also advised them to buy oxen RKIXFOKCKM KNTS. 131 to use in cultivating their land; and said that they should have one-third of the grape-vines he had brought over with him, another portion was to be given to Tomochichi, the remainder to be planted in his own garden. On the 8th, Spangenberg and Xitschmann re- turned to Savannah, and with Andrew Dober and John Wesley, (who had now moved from the ship,) proceeded up the river to Mrs. Musgrove's, about five miles distant. Wesley wished to select a site for a small house, which Oglethorpe had promised to build for him. where he and his companions might live while they were studying the Indian language, under Mrs. Musgrove's direction. Xitschmann wanted to visit and talk with the Indian "' King,'" Tomochichi, and Dober was trying to find some clay suitable for pottery. The following day they returned to Savannah, and Mr. Wesley and Mr. Delamotte took up their abode with the Moravians, as Mr. Quincy, Wesley's predecessor in the Savan- nah pastorate, had not yet vacated his house. Wes- ley writes, " We had now an opportunity, day by day, of observing their whole behaviour. For we were in one room with them from morning to night, unless for the little time I spent in walking. They were always employed, always cheerful them- selves, and in good humor with one another ; they had put away all anger, and strife, and wrath, and bitterness, and clamor, and evil speaking; they walked worthy of the vocation wherewith they were called, and adorned the Gospel of our Lord in all things." The impression thus made upon John Wesley was lasting, and even during the subsequent 132 Tu K MORAVIANS IN GKORGIA. years in England, when differences of every kind arose between him and the Moravians, and his Journal is full of bitter denunciations of doctrines and practices which he did not understand, and with which he was not in sympathy, he now and again in- terrupts himself to declare, " I can not speak of them but with tender affection, were it only for the bene- fits I have received from them." An event which occurred on March loth, is of more than local interest, in that it is the first un- questioned instance of the exercise of episcopal functions in the United States. Prior to this, and for a number of years later, clergymen of the Church of England, and English-speaking Catholic priests, were ordained in the Old World, before coming to the New, remaining under the control of the Bishop and of the Vicar Apostolic of London, while the Spanish Catholics were under the Suf- fragan of Santiago dc Cuba, and the French Catho- lics under the Bishop of Quebec. Tradition men- tions the secret consecration of two Bishops of Pennsylvania before this time, but its authenticity is doubted, and the two men did not exercise any episcopal powers. Therefore when Bishop Xitsch- mann came to Georgia, and in the presence of the Moravian Congregation at Savannah ordained one of their number to be their pastor, he was uncon- sciously doing one of the " first things '' which are so interesting to every lover of history. \\ hencvcr it was possible the Moravians spent Saturday afternoon and evening in rest, praver, and conference, and on this occasion four services were held at short intervals. DAVID XITSCIIMAXN" I K|>i-( REINFORCEMENTS. 133 At the first service the singing of a hymn was fol- lowed by the reading of Psa. 84, a discourse there- on, and prayer. The second was devoted to reading letters from Germany, and some discussion as to Hermsdorf and his relation to the Congregation. The third service was the important one, and the following account was recorded in the Diary. "When we re-assembled the question: 'Must not our Congregation have a Chief Elder (Acltester) ?' was presented for discussion. All thought it neces- sary, and were unanimous in their choice of Anton Seifert, and no other was even suggested. While his name was being considered, he was sent from the room, and when he had been recalled, we sang a hymn, and Xitschmann and Toltschig led the Con- gregation in most earnest prayer. Then Xitsch- mann delivered an earnest charge, setting before him the importance of his office, which made him the foremost member of the Congregation, espe- cially in times of danger, for in the early Church, as well as among our forefathers in Moravia, the bish- ops were ever the first victims. He was asked if he would freely and willingly give up his life for the Congregation and the Lord Jesus. He answered. 'Yes.' Then he was reminded of the evil which arose when bishops, seeing their power in a Congre- gation, began to exalt themselves, and to make out- ward show of their pre-eminence. He was asked whether he would recognize as evil, abjure, and at once suppress any inclination he might feel toward pride in his position as Chief Elder, and his larger authoritv. He answered with a grave and thought- o o ful 'Yes.' Then our Xitschmann prayed over him 134 TiiF, MORAVIANS ix GKORGIA. earnestly, and ordained him to his office with the laying on of hands. Nitschmann was uncommonly aroused and happy, but Anton Scifert was very humhle and quiet." John Wesley, who was pres- ent, wrote ''The great simplicity, as well as solem- nity, of the whole, almost made me forget the seven- teen hundred years between, and imagine myself in one of those assemblies where form and state were not ; but Paul the tent-maker, or Peter the fisher- man, presided; yet with the demonstration of the Spirit and of power." Both Wesley and Benjamin Ingham refer to Sei- fert as a "bishop," which is a mistake, though a nat- ural one. Weslev was present at the ordination, and heard the charge, with example and warning drawn from the actions of earlier bishops ; while Ingham, in the course of several long conversations with Toltschig concerning the Moravian Episcopate and Seifert's ordination, asked "is Anton a bishop?" and was answered, "yes, for our Congregation." This was in view of the fact that Bishop Nitschmann, in ordaining Seifert. had empowered him to delegate another member to hold the Communion, baptize, or perform the marriage ceremony in case of his sickness or necessary absence. At that time the Moravian Church was just beginning to form her own ministry, the ranks of Deacon. Presbyter and Bishop were not fully organized, and the definite system was only established by the Tenth General Synod of the Church in 1/45. The exigencies of the case required large powers for a man serving in an isolated field, and they were given him, but REINFORCEMENTS. 135 strictly speaking-, Seifert was only ordained a Dea- con, and never was consecrated Bishop. The fourth and last service of the day was given up to song, a discourse, and prayer. On Sunday, March nth, after morning prayers, Wesley w 7 ent to Tybce for an interview with Gen- eral Oglethorpe. At a general gathering of the Moravians later in the day, the second chapter of Acts was read, with special reference to the last four verses, and the description of the first congre- gation of Christ's followers, when "all that believed were together, and had all things common,'" w'as taken as the pattern of their "Gemeinschaft." This plan, which had already been tested during the first year, proved so advantageous that it was later adopted by other American Moravian settlements, being largely responsible for their rapid growth during their earlv years, though in each case there Zj - _- o came a time when it hindered further progress, and was therefore abandoned. In religious matters, the organization of the Savannah Congregation had been modeled after that at Herrnhut, so far as pos- sible, but in material things the circumstances were very different. At Herrnhut the estates of Count Zinzendorf, under the able supervision of the Countess, were made to pay practically all the gen- eral Church expenses, and many of the members were in the service of the Saxon nobleman, Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, in various humble posi- tions, even while in the Church he divested himself of his rank and fraternized with them as social equals. But the men who emigrated to Georgia had undertaken to support themselves and carry on 136 TIIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. a mission work, and Spangenberg, with his keen insight, grasped the idea that a common purpose warranted a community of service, the labor of all for the benefit of all, with every duty, no matter how menial, done as unto the Lord, whom they all, in varying degrees, acknowledged as their Master. Later, in Bethlehem, Pa., with a larger number of colonists, and wider interests to be subserved, Span- genberg again introduced the plan, and elaborated it into a more or less intricate system, which is de- scribed in a clear and interesting manner in ''A His- tory of Bethlehem," by Rt. Rev. J. Mortimer Lev- ering, which has recently been published. Xot only on account of its successor the "Oeco- nomie," at Bethlehem, and others copied therefrom, but in view of the various modern attempts which have been and are still being made to demonstrate that the action of the early Church at Jerusalem can be duplicated and made financially successful, it is worth while to rescue the resolutions of the Moravian Congregation at Savannah from the obliv- ion of the manuscript Diary, in which they have been so long concealed, noting the claim that this was the first time since Apostolic days, that a Con- gregation had formed itself into such a "Society, "- a "Gemeinschaft." ''In our gathering we read Acts IF, and spoke of the Gemeinschaft, for we arc planning to work, to sow and reap, and to suffer with one another. This will be very useful, for many a man who has not understood or exerted himself, will by this means see himself and be led to improve. Others also will sec from it that we love each other, and will glorify REINFORCEMENTS. 137 the Father in Heaven. There has been no "society" like that at Jerusalem, but at this present time it be- comes necessary, for material reasons. Were we only individuals all would fear to give one of us credit, for they would think, 'he might die,' but nothing will be denied the 'Society,' for each stands for the other. Each member must work diligent- ly, since he does not labor for himself alone but for his brethren, and this will prevent much laziness. Xo one must rely on the fact that he understands a handicraft, and so on, for there is a curse on him who relies on human skill and forgets the Divine power. No one will be pressed to give to the 'So- ciety' any property which has hitherto belonged to him. Each person present was asked if he had any remarks to make, but there were no objections rais- ed. Moreover the brethren were told that if one should fall so low that he not only withdrew himself from the brethren, but was guilty of gross sin, he would be forced to work for another master until he had earned enough to pay his transportation here and back again, for we would not willingly permit such a man to remain in the land as an offence to the Indians." It is interesting to observe that care for the poor Indians is the argument given for the course to be pursued in dealing with a recreant member ! They had come to preach the Gospel to the Indians, and did not propose that evil should be learned through fault of theirs. At his earnest request, John Regnier was now ad- mitted to the '"Society," his presence among them so far having been without distinct agreement 138 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. as to his standing. This did not make him a com- municant member of the Church, simply put him on a par with the other non-communicants, of whom there were quite a number in the Congregation. In the evening Anton Seifert, so recently ordain- ed Chief Elder, or pastor, of the Congregation, offi- ciated for the first time at a Confirmation service, the candidate being Jacob Frank. Pie had been in poor health when the second company left Ger- many, and Count Zinzendorf had advised him not to go, but his heart was set on it, and he would not be persuaded. lie grew worse during the voyage and was now very ill with dropsy, but in such a beautiful Christian spirit that no one could deny his wish for full membership in the Church. Hav- ing given satisfactory answers to the searching questions put to him, the blessing was laid upon his head, and he expressed so great a desire to partake of the Lord's Supper that his request was imme- diately granted, the Klders and Helpers (Heifer) communing with him. Two or three days later he asked Spangenberg to write his will, and then his strength gradually failed, until on March iQth, he "passed to the Lord," leaving to his associates the remembrance of his willing and happy departure. The term "Helpers" was used to express in a gen- eral way all those, both men and women, who were charged with the spiritual and temporal affairs of the Congregation. Many of the words employed as official titles by the Moravians were given a special- ized significance which makes it difficult to find an exact English equivalent for them, though they are always apt when the meaning is understood. Per- REINFORCEMENTS. 139 haps the best example of this is "Diener," which means "servant," according to the dictionary, and was used to designate those who "served" the Con- gregation in various ways. Until quite recently a Lovefeast, held annually in Salem, N. C., for mem- bers of Church Boards, Sunday-School Teachers, Church Choir, Ushers, etc. was familiarly known as "the Servants' Lovefeast," a direct inheritance from the earlier days. It is now more commonly called "the Workers' Lovefeast," an attempt to unite "Helper" and "Diener" in a term understood by all. At a "Helpers' Conference" held on March I3th, it was decided to have nothing more to do with Vollmar, the Wittenberg carpenter, who had crossed with the second company, had proved false and malicious, and had now joined Herr von Reek's party without the consent of the Moravians. More important, however, than the Vollmar affair, was the proposed departure of Spangenberg for Penn- sylvania. Most faithfully had he fulfilled his com- mission to take the first company of Moravians to Georgia, and settle them there, patiently had he labored for and with them during their days of greatest toil and privation, controlling his own de- sire to keep his promise and go to the Schwenk- felders, who were complaining with some bitterness of his broken faith ; but now his task was ended, the Savannah Congregation was ready to be thrown on its own resources. Gen. Oglethorpe had provided him with letters of introduction, and the "lot" said, "Let him go, for the Lord is with him." Final questions were asked and answered. Span- 140 TIIK MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. genberg's Commission was delivered to him, and then liishop Xitschmann "laid his blessing upon" him. In the Lutheran Church, to which he belong- ed before he joined the Moravians, Spangenberg had been an accredited minister of the Gospel. The Church of England refused to acknowledge the val- idity of Lutheran ordination, because that Church had no Episcopate, but the Moravians, influenced by Count Zinzcndorf, himself a Lutheran by birth, broad-minded, liberal, and devout, did not hesitate to fraternize with the Lutherans, or even to accept the Sacraments at the hands of Pastor Rothe. in charge of the Parish Church of Berthelsdorf. At the same time thev prized the Episcopate lately transferred to them from the ancient I'nitas Fra- trum, and while continuing in free fellowship with Christians of all denominational names, they now intended to so ordain their own ministry that no church could question it. When the three grades were established in 1745. a license to preach granted by the Lutheran Church was considered equivalent to the rank of Deacon, ordination in the Moravian Church making the minister a Presbyter. Xow fully equipped for his mission to the English Colony of Pennsylvania, Spangenberg left Savan- nah on March I5th. going on Capt. Dunbar's ship to Port Royal, where he lodged with a man who was born in Europe, his wife in Africa, their child in Asia, and they were all now living in America! T'rom Port Royal he went by land almost to Charles- town, the last short distance being in a chance boat, and from Charleslown he sailed to New York. RE i x FORCE M EX TS. 141 From there he proceeded to Philadelphia, and to the Schwenkfelders, making his home with Christopher Wiegner on his farm in the Skippack woods, where George Bohnisch was also living. Spangenberg worked on the farm that he might not he a harden to his host, and might meet the neighbors in a fami- liar way, meanwhile making numerous acquaint- ances, and gaining much valuable information. Bishop Xitschmann remained in Savannah until March 26th, when he sailed to Charlestown. There he was detained ten days waiting for a northbound ship, and employed the time in delivering several letters of introduction, and learning all he could about Carolina, and the conditions there. On the 28th of April he reached Xew York, and left on the 9th of May for Philadelphia, going partly by boat, and partly on foot, reaching there on the I3th. Six weeks he and Spangenberg spent together, visiting many neighborhoods, and informing themselves as to the religious and material outlook in Pennsyl- vania, and then Nitschmann sailed for Germany. His report gave a new turn to the American plans, for both he and Spangenberg were much pleased with Pennsylvania. Quite a number of the settlers seemed open to the idea of mutual aid in the spiritual life, material conditions were very dif- ferent from those in Georgia and better suited to the Moravian needs, the Quaker Governor was not likely to force military service upon people who held the same theories as himself in regard to warfare, and there were large tribes of Indians within easy reach, to whom the Gospel might be preached. As 10 142 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. troubles thickened in Savannah, therefore, the heads of the Church at Herrnhut began to look toward Pennsylvania, and ultimately sent thither the larger companies originally destined for Georgia. In August, Spangcnberg went to visit the Mora- vian Mission on the island of St. Thomas, returning to Pennsylvania in November, where he remained until the following vcar. CHAPTER V. THE SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. THE ENGLISH CLERGYMEN. The same day that Bishop Nitschmann left Sa- vannah, John Wesley, moved into the parsonage which had just been vacated by his predecessor, Mr. Quincy. A week earlier he had entered upon his ministry at Savannah, being met by so large and attentive an audience that he was much encouraged, and began with zeal to perform his pastoral duties. He was the third Rector of the Savannah Parish, the Rev. Henry Herbert having been the first, and he preached in a rude chapel built on the lot re- served for a house of worship in the original plan of Savannah, the site of the present Christ Church. The first word of discouragement was brought by Ingham, who returned from Frederica on April loth, with a message from Charles Wesley begging his brother to come to his relief. He told a woeful story of persecution by the settlers, and injustice from Oglethorpe to Charles Wesley, all unde- served, as Oglethorpe freely admitted when he threw off the weight of suspicion laid upon his mind by malicious slanderers, and sought an interview with his young secretary, in which much was ex- plained and forgiven. But poor Charles was in great straits when he sent Ingham to Savannah, 144 '^ 11K MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. sick, slighted, and abused, deprived even of the ne- cessaries of life, and so cast down that on one occa- sion he exclaimed, "Thanks he to God, it is not yet made a capital offence to give me a morsel of bread !" \Veslev obeyed the summons, taking Delamotte with him, Ingham caring for the Church and Dela- motte's school during their absence. There were poor school facilities in Savannah prior to Dela- motte's arrival, and he at once saw the need, and devoted himself to it. Delamotte seems to have been a quiet man. who took little share in the ag- gressive work of his companions, and consequently escaped the abuse which was heaped upon them. On April 22nd. Ingham sent an invitation to Toltschig to visit him, and this was the beginning of a close personal friendship which lasted for the rest of their lives, and of such a constant intercourse between Ingham and the .Moravian Church, that he is often supposed to have become a member of it, though he reallv never severed his connection with the Church of England. Toltschig speaks of him as "a very young man, about 24 or 25 years of age. who has main good impulses in his soul, and is much auakened." He had come to Georgia for the sole purpose of bearing the Gospel message to the Indians, and it was through him that the -Moravians were finally able to begin their missionary work. When Wesley and Delamotte returned from Frederica, the former resumed his association with the Moravians, continuing to join in their Sunday evening service, and translating some of their hymns into English. THE SECOND YEAR ix GEORGIA. 145 In May two questions were asked of Toltschig, upon the answering of which there depended more than any one imagined. The Diary says, "The 20th, was Sunday. Mr. Ingham asked if we could not recognize and receive him as our brother; to which I replied, that he did not know us well enough, nor we him, we must first understand each other better. On the 2ist, Mr. Wesley spoke with me, and asked me the selfsame question. I said to him that we had seen much of him day by day, and that it was true that he loved us and we loved him, but that we did not so quickly admit any one into our Congregation." Then at his request Toltschig outlined the Moravian view of conversion, and the requisites for church-membership. A few days later Charles Wesley unexpectedly re- turned from Frederica, and Oglethorpe sent word that either John Wesley or Ingham should come down in his place. The latter was by no means anxious to go, his former experience had not been agreeable, but the reason he gave the Moravians was that a number of Indian traders were soon to visit Savannah, and he was very anxious to see them. They advised him to be guided by John Wesley's wish, which he agreed to do, and then found that Wesley had decided to go himself. During the weeks that followed, Ingham and Charles Wesley were frequently with Toltschig, who answered as best he could their many questions regarding the history of the Moravian Episcopate, a matter of vital importance to a strict member of the Church of England who was thinking of allying himself with them. Everything they heard con- 146 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. firmed Ingham in his intention, and when John Wes- ley returned in July he and Ingham again made ap- plication "to be received as brethren in our Con- gregation, and to go with us to the Lord's Table. We entirely refused to admit them into the Congre- gation, and I (Toltschig) gave them the reasons therefor: (i) That we did not know them well enough; (2) and that they perhaps did not know us well enough, both things which we considered high- ly important; and (3) that their circumstances and situation were such that it would be difficult if not impossible for them to comply with the requirements of such admission." The promises expected from a Confirmand,- to which they also must have bound themselves, are thus summarized. "To give body and soul to the Lord now and forever ; to devote and dedicate himself to the service of the Unity, accord- ing to the grace and gifts bestowed on him by the Saviour; and willingly to submit to the discipline and regulations which the Unity has established for the welfare and improvement of souls." Could these two men, in the zeal and vigor of their youth, honestly have made these promises, the Moravian Church would have gained two invaluable co-work- ers, but they seem to have accepted Toltschig's ar- gument as conclusive, and dropped the matter, with no ill-will or disturbance of the existing pleasant relations. Concerning the Communion "we assured them that we loved them, and would welcome them as honored guests at the Lord's Supper, for we believ- ed that they loved the Lord." This invitation, how- ever, the young clergymen would not accept. THE SECOND YEAR ix GEORGIA. 147 On the 6th of August, Charles Wesley left for England, bearing dispatches to the Trustees, and with the hope of interesting others in the evangeliz- ing of the Indians. He meant himself to return to Georgia, but feeble health prevented, and he re- signed his office as Secretary to Gen. Oglethorpe the following May. His brother John accompanied him to Charlestown, and then went to Frederica to deliver certain letters to Gen. Oglethorpe. He found there was "less and less prospect of doing good at Frederica, many there being extremely zealous, and indefatigably diligent to prevent it," his opposers even attempting personal violence. One ''lady'' tried to shoot him, and when he seized her hands and took away her pistol, she maliciously bit a great piece out of his arm. Still he made two more visits to the place, and then in "utter despair of doing good there," took his final leave of Frede- rica. WORK AMONG THE INDIANS. When the Moravians adopted the conversion of the Indians as their main object for settling in America, they were greatly influenced by the attract- ive descriptions of the "wild people" which were being published. In a "Report," ascribed to Gen. Og- lethorpe, it is stated that "nothing is lacking for their conversion to the Christian faith except a knowledge of their language, for they already have an admir- able conception of morals, and their conduct agrees perfectly therewith. They have a horror of adultery, and disapprove of polygamy. Thieving is un- known to them. Murder is considered an abomin- 148 TIIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. able crime, and no one may be killed except an enemy, when they esteem it a virtue.'' This, like too many a description written then and now to ex- ploit a colonizing scheme, was far too good to be true. The Indians proved apt learners, but of the vices rather than the virtues of the English, and drunkenness with all its attendant evils, was quickly introduced. Afraid of their dusky neighbors, anx- ious to keep on good terms with them, distrusting their loyalty to the English under the bribes offered by French and Spanish, the Government tried to limit the intercourse between the Indians and the settlers as much as possible, treating the former as honored guests whenever they came to Savannah, but forbidding the latter to go to them without spe- cial permit in times of peace, and not at all in time of war. When the Moravians came the restlessness which presaged war was stirring among the tribes, becom- ing more and more pronounced, and one of the Indian Chiefs said frankly, "Now our enemies are all about us, and we can do nothing but fight, but if the I'.eloved Ones should ever give us to be at peace, then we would hear the Great Word." Tomochichi, indeed, bade the missionaries wel- come, and promised to do all in his power to gain admission for them into all parts of his nation, but the time was not ripe, nor was his influence equal to his good-will. Though called a '"king," he was only chief of a small tribe living some four or five miles from Savannah, part of the Creek Confeder- acy, which was composed of a number of remnants, gradually merged into one "nation." The "Upper TOMO CITACIII MICO odci 1 l\(")iii- \"(in Yiiiiiacran und Tooanaliowi Seines Hnnlcr* Mien oiler Knni^es \'on l'!tichita> Solni. nac-li (lein Lnndi-i-lien Original in Aiiz's])iir^ nachpostochon von Joh Jacob Kleiusclimidt. THE SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. 149 Creeks" lived about the head waters of the creeks from which they took their name, and the "Lower Creeks," including' Tomochichi's people, were near- er the sea-coast. Ingham, whose heart was set on the Indian work, was at first very anxious to go to the Cherokees, who lived near the mountains, at a considerable distance from Savannah, having been told that they had a desire to hear the "Great Word." On April 22nd, he spoke of his wish to Toltschig, inviting Seifert and, if they chose, an- other Moravian to join him in the work. It was the best opportunity that had yet offered, and Sei- fert wanted to go to the Indians, having already studied their language as best he could, but they hesitated to undertake the work conjointly with Ing- ham. After some time the Cherokee plan was abandoned. Oglethorpe objected on account of the danger that they would be intercepted and killed, it being a fourteen day land journey to reach the Cherokee country, and he positively refused to let John Wesley go because that would leave Savannah without a minister. Toltschig says Wesley's inter- est in the Indian work failed, and another writer says he gave up the work because he could not learn the Indian language, but Wesley lays all the blame on Oglethorpe. In January, 1737, the question of going to the Upper Creeks was submitted to the "lot/" and the Moravians were bidden to wait for another opening. Meanwhile an actual beginning had been made among the Lower Creeks. On the 7th of May, Ing- ham and John Wesley went up the river to the home of Mrs. Musgrove, the half-breed woman who 150 TJIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. at this time was of such great use as interpreter and mediator between the Indians and the English. Ar- rangements were made by which Ingham should spend three days of each week with her, teaching her children to read in exchange for instruction in the Indian language. The other three or four days were to be spent in Savannah, communicating to Wesley the knowledge he had acquired, Anton Sei- fert sharing in the lessons. On the i\ the blood of Christ : to become hulv, or be sanctified by the blood of Christ ; to love one another heart- ily." With the Trustees it was agreed: ''That the Count's men" might remain for two years longer at Savannah, without cultivating the five hundred acre tract, "and be exempt from all forfeitures arising trom such non-cultivation;" but if thev chose thev NICHOLAS LKWIS. COCNT XINXKNJ); \\l F. Portrait I'u-t 1>\- Rcichcl. licrlin. Tin: SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. 161 might move to the tract any time during the two years. They might go to Tomochichi's Indians \vhenever they saw fit and he consented. Other Indians could not he visited in time of war, hut in peace four Moravians should be licensod to go to them, on the same footing as the English ministers. Those living with Tomochichi were not included in this number. "As the Moravian Church is believed to be orthodox and apostolic" no one should inter- fere with their preaching the Gospel, or prevent the Indians from attending their services in Savannah, or elsewhere. The title to their five hundred acre tract was secured to the Moravians, even in case the Count's male line should become extinct. Reference to military service is conspicuous by its absence, and at the very time that these resolu- tions were being framed, assurance on that one point was being desperately needed in Savannah. RUMORS OF WAR. In February, 1/37, that which Spangcnberg had feared came upon the Moravians, military service was peremptorily demanded of them, the occasion being a fresh alarm of Spanish incursions. The feud between the colonists of Spain and Eng- land was of long standing, dating back to rival claims to the New World by right of discovery. The English asserted that through the Cabots they had a right to the greater part of North America, and a grant to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, in 1663, named the 31 degree of latitude as the southern boundary. Another patent two years later set the line at the 29 degree, but that availed nothing as it 1 62 Tnii MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. included the northern part of Florida, where the Spanish were already settled in considerable num- bers. No other nation questioned the English claim to the sea-board as far as the 31 degree, which was well south of the Altamaha, but the Spanish greatly resented the settlements in Carolina, as encroach- ing on their territory, though successive treaties be- tween the two Governments had virtually acknowl- edged the English rights. With the two nations nominally at peace, the Spanish incited the Indians to deeds of violence, encouraged insurrection among the negro slaves, welcomed those who ran away, and enlisted them in their army. Xow and then the Governor of Carolina would send a force, which would subdue them for a time, but the constant un- certainty made Carolina welcome the Georgia colony as a protection to her borders. The settlement of Georgia gave further offense to Spain, and her subjects in Florida burned to exter- minate the intruders, as they considered them, though nothing was done so long as operations were confined to the Savannah River. lUit when towns and forts were planned and begun on the Altamaha their opposition became more outspoken. Ogle- thorpe did all he could to preserve peace without retreating from his position, and in Oct. 1/36, he concluded a treaty with the Governor of St. Augus- tine. Only too soon it became apparent that this treaty would not be respected, for the Captain-General of Cuba disapproved, and Oglethorpc sailed for Eng- land, in November, to urge the immediate and suf- THE SECOND YEAR ix GEORGIA. 163 ficicnt fortification of the frontier. The Trustees and the Government approved of the course he had pursued, but Spain recalled and executed the Gov- ernor of St. Augustine, for presuming to make such a treaty, and so plainly showed her intention to make war on Georgia that the English Govern- ment authorized Oglethorpe to raise a regiment for service there, and in July, 1738, he sailed for America, commissioned to take command of all the military forces of Carolina and Georgia, and pro- tect the colonies. During the nineteen months of his absence, the Georgia colonists were in a continual state of un- easiness, which now and then became sheer panic at some especially plausible report of imminent danger. On February I7th, 1737, Mr. Causton received a letter from Charlestown, in which the Governor in- formed him that he had news of the approach of the Spaniards, and Savannah at once became excit- ed, and prepared for defence. On the 2Oth, officers went through the town, taking the names of all who could bear arms, freeholders and servants alike. Three of them came to the Moravian house and requested names from Toltschig. He an- swered " there was no one among them who could bear arms, and he would get no names from them.'' They said, "it was remarkable that in a house full of strong men none could bear arms, he should hurry and give them the names, they could not wait." Toltschig answered, "if they wanted to go no one would stop them, there would be no names given." They threatened to tell Mr. Causton, u.>4 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Toltschig approved, and said lie \vould do the same, and they angrily left the house. Ingham accompanied Tohschig to Mr. Causton, who at once began to argue the matter, and a spir- ited debate ensued, of which the following is a re- sume. Canst on. "Everybody must go to the war and light for his own safety, and if you will not join the army the townspeople will burn down your house, and will kill you all." TiUtsclii^. "That may happen, but we can not help it, it is against our conscience to light." Causton. "if you do not mean to tight you had better go and hide in the woods, out of sight of the people, or it will be the worse for you ; and you had better go before the enemy comes, for then it will be too late to escape, the townspeople will certainly kill vou." Toltschig. "You forget that Gen. Oglcthorpe promised us exemption from military service, and we claim the liberty he pledged." Canston. "If the Count, and the Trustees and the King himself had agreed on that in London it would count for nothing here, if war comes it will be ti^'lit or die. If 1 were an officer on a march and met people who would not join me, [ would shoot them with my own hand, and you can expect no other treatment from the officers here." Toltscliig. "\Ye are all servants, and can not legally be impressed." Causton. "If the Count himself were here he would have to take his gun on his shoulder, and all his servants with him. If he were living on his estate at Old Fort it would make no difference, for THE SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. 165 the order of the Magistrates must be obeyed. If the English, to whom the country belongs must fight, shall others go free?" Toltschig finally yielded so far as to tell him the number of men in their company, "it could do no harm for we could be counted any day," but their names were resolute'.}' withheld, and service firmly refused. Then the townspeople took up the cry. Should they fight for these strangers who would not do their share toward defending the land ': They would mob and kill them first! They only injured the colony at any rate, for they worked so cheaply that they lowered the scale of wages ; and besides they received money from many people, for their services, but spent none because they made every- thing they needed for themselves ! Still the Moravians stood firm in their position, in- deed they could do nothing else without stultifying themselves. The instructions from Zinzendorf and the leaders of the Church at Herrnhut, with the ap- proval of the lot, were definite, they should take no part in military affairs, but might pay any fines in- curred by refusal. To Oglethorpe and to the Trustees they had explained their scruples, making freedom of conscience an essential consideration of their settling in Georgia, and from them thev had re- ceived assurances that only freeholders were liable to military duty. Therefore they had claimed no land as individuals, but had been content to live, and labor, and be called "servants," paying each week for men to serve in the night watch, in place of the absent owners of the two town lots. In Savannah iCi() Tin-: MORAVIAXS ix GEORGIA. their views were well known, and to yield to orders from a Magistrate, who oponly declared that prom- ises made by the Trustees, who had put him in of- fice, were not worth regarding, and who threatened them with mob violence, would have been to brand themselves as cowards, unworthy members of a Church which had outlived such dire persecution as that which overthrew the ancient Unitas Fratrum, and recreant to their own early faith, which had led them to abandon homes and kindred in Moravia, and seek liberty of conscience in another kingdom. That Georgia needed armed men to protect her from the Spaniards was true, but equally so she needed quiet courage, steady industry, strict hon- esty, and pious lives to develop her resources, keep peace with her Indian neighbors, and win the re- spect of the world, but these traits were hardly rec- ognized as coin current by the frightened, jealous men who clamored against the Moravians. On the 28th, it was demanded that the Moravians help haul wood to the fort which was being built. They replied that their wagon and oxen were at the officers' service without hire, and that they would feed the animals, but personally they could take no share in the work. This angered the people again, and several of the members began to wonder wheth- er they might perhaps complv so far as to assist, as a matter of friendship, in hewing logs for the fort, re- fusing the wages paid to others. The lot was tried, and absolutely forbade it, which was well, for it- developed that the people were watching for their answer, having agreed that if they helped on the fort it would be a proof that they could do what THE SECOND YEAR IN GEORGIA. 167 they chose, and were simply hiding behind an ex- cuse in refusing to fight. But the tension was not relaxed, and on the 2nd of March, the Moravians met to decide on their further course. Should they keep quiet, and wait for times to change, or should they go away ? It was referred to the lot, and the paper drawn read "go out from among them." This meant not mere- ly from the city, but from the province, for Mr. Causton had told them that they would be subject to the same requirements if they were living in the adjoining country. On the strength of this they wrote a letter to Mr. Causton, rehearsing their motives in coming to Georgia, and the promises made them, reiterating their claim for liberty of conscience, and concluding, "But if this can not be allowed us, if our remaining here be burdensome to the people, as we already perceive it begins to be, we are willing, with the approbation of the Magistrate, to remove from this place ; by this means any tumult that might ensue on our account will be avoided, and occasion of offense cut off from those who now reproach us that they are obliged to fight for us." AYhen it came to this point Mr. Causton found himself by no means anxious to drive away some thirty of his best settlers, who stood well with Ogle- thorpe and the Trustees, and had given him all their trade for supplies, so he began to temporize. "They trusted in God, and he really did not think their house would be burned over their heads.'' Tolt- schig said that was the least part of it, they had come for freedom, and now attempts were made I OS THE MORAMAXS IN" GKORGIA. to force them to act contrary to the dictates of their consciences. Then he declared that he had no power in the matter of their leaving, that must he settled between the Count, the Trustees, and them- selves, hut he could not permit them to go until he received an order from the Trustees. Meanwhile he would do what he could to quiet the people's dissatisfaction with them. As their dcht to the Trustees was not yet fully paid, Causton's refusal hound them in Savannah for the time being, according to their bond, so they had to turn elsewhere for help. Harlv in February, they had heard of Spangeiiberg's return to Pennsyl- vania from his visit to St. Thomas, and had written to ask him to come and help them for a while, but being busy with other things he did not go. On the 5th of March, Ingham suggested that he and one of their number should go to England to the Trust- ees. They thought it over and decided that George Xeisscr should go with him as far as Pennsylvania, where the case should be laid before Spangenherg. with the request that he go to London, arrange mat- ters with the Trustees, and get permission for them to leave Georgia. Tngham was going, with the ap- proval of Wesley and Delamotte, to try and bring over some of their friends to help in the work- of evangelizing the Province. A ship was rcadv to sail for Pennsylvania on the Oth, so Ingham and Xeisser took- passage on her, ami sailed, as the event proved, never lo return. ClIAI'TF.K VI. DISINTEGRATION. After Spangenberg had decided not to comply v\ith the request contained in the letter from Sa- vannah, but to stay and prosecute the work among the Schwenkfelclers, where a door seemed to be opening, he became conscious of a feeling' of uneasi- ness, an impression that he was needed in Georgia. This was increased by news of the expected Spanish outbreak, for so general was the alarm that all the war-ships in the northern harbors were ordered to Carolina, and the selling of supplies to the Span- iards was absolutely prohibited. At this point George Xeisser and Benjamin Ing- ham came, bringing word of the pressure on the Moravians, their decision to leave Georgia as soon as it could be arranged, and their request that Span- gcnbcrg should go to England with Ingham to see the Trustees, and secure their consent. Of this plan Spangenbcrg did not approve, for he thought the war would ruin everything, or else the danger would be over, before he could make the long journey to England, and return. Ingham professed himself ready to carry letters to the Trustees, and do his best to influence them to grant the Moravian re- quests, so Spangenbcrg decided to entrust that er- 170 TJIIJ MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. nmd to him, and himself go at once to Georgia, to see whether lie could not help matters there. John Eckstein, a resident of Germantown, a mid- J.le-agcd man who was in entire sympathy with Spangenberg's plans for religous work in Pennsyl- vania, resolved to accompany him on his trip to Georgia. They sailed from Philadelphia on the 22nd of May, 1/37, and had a long and very trying voyage. The Captain and crew were evil men, giv- en to cursing and swearing, and more than once they threatened to murder the two passengers, whom they called sorcerers, and accused of bringing the continuous head winds and frequent storms upon them. Seventy-seven long days the voyage lasted; twice they sailed southward past Cape Hatteras, and twice were they driven back to north and east, tak- ing weeks to recover the distance lost; and the Cap- tain finally discovered that not only were the ele- ments against him, but his helmsman was slyly hindering their progress all he could, for some ma- licious purpose of his own. To the mental strain of the long journey was added physical discomfort, for firewood gave out, so that no cooking could be done, and for a month the crew lived on hard tack, dried cherries soaked in water, and raw fish, dolphins caught as need re- quired. Spangcnberg and his companion had brought provisions to supplement the ship's fare, but long before the voyage was ended their store of but- ter and sugar was exhausted. Dried ham and tongue bad a tendency to increase their thirst, but by soaldng tea in cold water they made a beverage which bore at least a fancied resemblance to that DlSIX Tl-ORATlOX . 1 7 1 brewed on shore. Then the supply of water ran low, each man's allowance was reduced to a pint a day, and even this small amount would have failed had they not been able occasionally to catch rain- water to replenish their casks. The Captain at last opened a keg of beer found in his cargo, and sold his passengers enough to relieve their thirst, for which they were very grateful. But unkind words, delay, uncooked food, thirst, were not all that Spangenberg and his companion had to bear, for actual danger was added to their experience from time to time. High waves broke over the ship, winds tore away the sails, and a water-spout threatened total destruction. So late was the ship in reaching port that she was given up for lost, and word was sent to Pennsylvania which caused much grief, needless grief, for Spangen- berg' s days of service were not to be ended thus. It sounds almost trivial to say that in the midst of trials of body, mind and soul Spangenberg occu- pied himself with making buttons, but no doubt the homely, useful labor did its part toward rendering endurable the seemingly endless days. At last, on the 7th of August, the ship ran on a sandbank near Tybee, and the Moravians, hearing that Spangenberg was on board, took a boat and brought him to Savannah. They had asked him to go to England, he had disregarded their request and come to Georgia, but he was clear to them through many months of united service and mutual help, and they gave him a hearty welcome, ignoring all cause for complaint, and taking him at once into their full confidence. He and Toltschig sat up all 172 of the first night carefully discussing the condition of affairs and what could he done to remedy them. Their views were very different, for Spangenberg thought they had been too hasty in deciding to leave Georgia, while Toltschig felt that it was a re- flection on the lot to try and hold them in Savan- nah, when the lot had said "go." Hut Toltschig possessed the rare art of seeing a disputed question through the eyes of those who did not agree with him. as well as from his own standpoint, and now, with no petty self-assertion, he quietly awaited de- velopments, and told Spangenberg all that had hap- pened since Xeisser's departure. As the alarm concerning an immediate invasion by the Spanish had died away, the inhabitants of Savannah had regained their composure, and the wild outcry against the Moravians gradually ceased. The wagon and oxen which had been taken for work on the fort had been returned to their owners, after seven or eight weeks of hard usage, and the hope that starvation would shake the resolution of the non-combatants had signally failed of fulfillment. The ship which was to bring the town supplies had hem twelve weeks late in coming, and ihe stock in the store-house was almost exhausted. The au- thorities therefore had announced that provisions would be '-old onlv to those who were helping build the Inrt. This entirelv excluded the Moravians, but instead of sutlYring from hunger thev had been able to share with some of their neighbors. The prices charged at the store in Savannah were always high, so, as he was passing through Xew York on his re- turn from Si. Thomas, Spangenberg had asked a DISINTEGRATION . 1 73 friend to send the Moravians two thousand pounds of flour and salt-meat, for which they were to pay. The merchant at that time knew of no ship sailing for Savannah, so in Philadelphia, Spangenberg had arranged that two thousand pounds of meat should be sent from there at once on a year's credit. Mean- while the Xew York merchant found an opportunity to send what was ordered from him, so the Mora- vians had been surprised by a double quantity, which proved to be just what they needed during the general scarcity. When the friends in Pennsylvania heard that provisions had been sent, but not enough to last until the next harvest, the}' gave thirty-six hundred pounds of flour to Spangenberg to be taken, as a present, to the Georgia Moravians, and when word was received that Spangenberg's ship was lost, the}' sent an additional eighteen hundred pounds, so the "Society" was well supplied .with this necessary article of food for some time to come. In their household affairs the Moravians had had various experiences. Hermsdorf had been so thor- oughly frightened by the demonstrations against the Moravians that on the i6th of May he had sailed for German}-, regardless of Toltschig's efforts to persuade him to wait, as his wife might even then be on her way to join him. Xot only did he fear the townspeople so greatly that day and night he stayed in his room "as in a prison," but he was still more afraid to face Gen. Oglethorpe, who, it was said, would soon return. Only once had lie joined in the devotional exercises of the household after his re- turn from Frederica, and it was rather a relief when 12 Tnii MORAVIANS IN" GEORGIA. he left for home, having- first repaid the amount of his passage to Georgia. He seems to have retained his connection with the Moravian Church, for he was in Herrnhut when Wesley visited there, and showed him many courtesies ; and he is mentioned in 1/42, as bearing letters to the "Sea Congrega- tion," then about to sail for Pennsylvania. On the 6th of June a four-year-old English boy had been taken into their household. He was an orphan, and they meant to bring him up, but the little fellow died on the 23rd of July. On the loth of June the matrimonial troubles of George Waschke and Juliana Jaschke had been hap- pily terminated by their marriage. "Waschke had been one of the discontents ever since the arrival of the second company, but when his marriage was finally arranged he professed himself contrite, and promised all obedience to the rules of the "Society/' so long as he stayed in Savannah, though he retain- ed his desire to leave as soon as possible. Juliana also had greatly improved in her behaviour before the wedding. This marriage was the cause of a very interesting discussion among the Moravians, as to who should perform the ceremony. "In the afternoon the Brethren met to decide who should be appointed to marry Waschkc and Juliana. Properly P>r. Peter (Rose) should have been ordained by P>r. Anton ( Scifert ) to the office of a "Diener" in the Congre- gation, that be might marrv and baptize, but the Brethren did not think' it necessary to ordain him on Waschke's account, and voted that Toltschig should marrv them, lie objected, but thev said Toltschigf DISINTEGRATION. 175 had been made a 'Diener' of the Congregation at Herrnhut. He protested that he had not been sent to Georgia to marry and baptize, and did not wish to do it. The others insisted, and asked that the lot be tried; Toltschig agreed to submit to their wish, and the lot drawn read 'he shall marry these two,' " which he did the next day. Parallel with this is the baptism of Rose's twin daughters, Anna Catherina and Maria Magdalena, who were born on the i6th of September, 1737, Anna Catherina dying later in the same year. Of this Toltschig wrote : ''I, at the request of the Brethren, baptized them in the name of the Father, the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, after Br. Anton (Seifert) had ordained me a "Diener" in the Con- gregation." It frequently happens that a puzzling action be- comes clear when it is considered from the stand- point of the man who has done it, but when the mo- tive can not be fathomed many things are hard to understand. That Seifert had been empowered to delegate to another member a duty usually reserved for the clergy, was reasonable, though unusual, for his serious illness or death would have left the Con- gregation without ministration until word could be sent to Germany, and some one else could come to take his place, a matter of months, but, when the "Aeltester" was present, in full health, in entire accord with his Congregation, and when he in per- son confirmed candidates for Church membership, why did he not marry and baptize directly, instead of ordaining a "'Diener" especially for those two of- fices ? There must have been some regulation in the i~6 TII ic MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Congregation at Herrnhut which led to it, for the idea that Seifert himself should marry Waschke and Juliana, and baptize the Rose children, evidently did not occur to them, but the rule can not now be found, and there is no clue to the strange proceed- ing. Soon after the Waschke affair had been settled to the satisfaction of all parties, serious trouble had arisen with Jag and Haberecht. It was reported to the Moravians that Jag had engaged himself to a Swiss woman living in Savannah, and when ques- tioned he admitted that it was true. They argued with him, and pled with him, but to no avail, and finally told him plainly that they would not allow him to bring the woman to their house, and more than that, if he persisted in his determination he would have to leave them ; and angry ami defiant he did take his departure the next day, July the loth. That ''troubles never come singly" was exempli- fied, for the very day that Jag left, Haberecht went to Toltschig, and asked if some wav could not be found so that he could marry that same Swiss woman! Toltschig was almost stunned by this sec- ond blow, and gave a stern answer, whereupon Haberecht applied to Seifert, the Aeltester, who was equally as unyielding in his condemnation of the acquaintance already made, and his refusal to coun- tenance further steps. Poor Haberecht, less reso- lute than Jag in his rebellion, drank deeply of the waters of Marah during the next weeks; promising to give up the woman, who was really unworthy of bis regard, and then trying to draw Toltschig into a discussion of his possible marriage; despairingly DISINTEGRATION. 177 making- his way to the garden to hide himself among the swine, feeling he was fit for no better company, and then going to the woman and asking her to marry him. to which she consented, having already thrown Jag over; again bitter repentance, confes- sion, and a plea that his associates would forgive him. Either he w r as really in earnest this time, or Spangenberg's arrival had a salutary effect, for after that the Swiss woman disappears from the story, and two months later Jag returned, promised good behaviour, and humbly asked for readmit- tance to the household which was at once accorded him. The first days of his visit to Savannah, Spangen- berg spent in acquainting himself with the condition of affairs, and in interviews with the members singly and collectively, trying to persuade them to con- tent themselves in Georgia. The "bands" were re- organized, but he was unable to re-establish a feel- ing of unity among them, and even those who w r ere willing to stay, and work, and try whether their plan might not still be carried out, felt that it would be unwise to hold the rest, for as Toltschig wrote, almost with a groan, "it is a blessed thing to live with a little company of brethren, who arc of one heart and one soul, where heart and mind are dedi- cated to Jesus, but so to live, when many have \veak wills and principles, and there must be a community of goods, is rather difficult, especially when many seek their own ends, not the things of Christ." Spangenberg was forced to see that his arguments were futile, and wisely yielded to the inevitable. At a general conference each man was called upon to ijg Tn ic MORAVIANS IN GICORGIA. state his wishes. Several desired to leave at the earliest possible moment, others as soon as the debt was fully paid; two or three wanted to return to Europe, others preferred to go to Pennsylvania to Spangenberg; some longed to live among the In- dians as missionaries, while quite a number were con- tent to stay in Savannah, unless absolutely forced to leave, or definitely called to labor elsewhere. How- ever, no immediate steps were taken toward break- ing up the settlement. On the 1 2th of August, Spangenberg and Wesley visited the Salzburgers at Ebenezer, by the invitation of Bolzius, the senior pastor. They, too, had had their troubles without and within, and Gronati had mourned over the fact to the Moravians, who deeply sympathized with him. At this time Gronati and Bolzius differed greatly in their feeling for the Moravians. Gronati was openly and honestly on the best of terms with them, but Bolzius, while oc- casionally accepting their hospitality in Savannah, sent complaints to the Trustees, in keeping with his original protest against their coming to Georgia. The English friends of the Moravians heard of these let- ters, and were much puzzled, as the reports from the Savannah Congregation spoke only of pleasant rela- tions with the Salzburgers. and requests for union of the two forces. Probably Bolzius was fretted by their refusal to join him, even as the leaders at Halle resented the independence of Herrnhut. and after Gronau's death, in 1745, the pastors of Eben- czcr steadily opposed the efforts of the Moravians to recommence a mission work in Georgia. DISINTEGRATION. 179 Apart from the friction with their fellow towns- men and the lack of united purpose among their own number, Spangenberg found the [Moravian colony in good condition. Their devotional hours were stead- ily observed, the Lord's Supper was celebrated reg- ularly, and a weekly conference kept the many in- terests of the "Society" running smoothly. By the aid of the second company, various im- provements had been made, so that their lots and garden presented a prosperous appearance. "They have a house in town (on Spangenberg's lot) with a supply of wood for the kitchen. Behind the house is a well, with a pump, on which almost the whole town depends, for it not only never goes dry, as do all the others, but it has the best water to be found in the town. From early morning to late at night the people come with barrels, pails and pitch- ers, to take the water to their homes. Once some one suggested that strangers should be charged so much a pail for the benefit of the orphans, but Frank said 'they have so far received spiritual water from us without price, let them also have this freely.' Be- tween the well and the house is a cow shed. They have a cow, which is pastured out during the day, but comes back in the evening, and they use the milk and butter for the sick. Near the shed is a kitchen and bake-ovcn, and on the other side a hut for their provisions. Behind the well, on Nitsch- mann's lot, stands on one side Tanneberger's and on the other Rose's cabin, with a roof between, under which the leather is stored, which is to be made into shoes. ''Two English miles from the town thev have 180 THE MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. cleared ten acres, (the garden) and planted corn and rice, which is growing nicely. They have set out mulberry, peach, and apple trees, which arc doing well ; in the middle of the garden, which is enclosed with a fence and ditch, they have built a corn-house, a cabin in which to live, and a stable/' Another cabin, the first erected in the garden, had been burned in January, at which time Airs. Waschke was living in it, though she was away when it caught fire, and returned too late to give an alarm and save it. The farm four miles from town was prov- ing unsatisfactory, requiring much labor and yield- ing little return, and they had about decided to stop cultivating it, and give all their effort to the gar- den, which was paying well. From the I4th to the i/th of August. Spangen- berg busied himself with the account between the Moravians and the Trustees. In addition to the bonds signed by the first and second companies for their passage to Georgia, and provisions to be de- livered on arrival, it had been necessary to get a great deal at the store on credit. On the other hand the men had done a considerable amount of carpen- ter work and hauling for the Trustees and for others. The account on the books at the Trustees' store was all in confusion, and as everybody at the store claimed to be too busy to unravel it, Spangen- berg obtained permission to do it himself, and found that in addition to the bonds, (/f>o: and 226: 13: 0. ) the Moravians had taken supplies to an amount which gave them a total debt of some 500: ($2.400.- oo). Against this thcv had a credit which entirelv DISINTEGRATION. 181 paid their current account at the store, and reduced their debt to the Trustees to 121 : 2 : 9, ($580.80). On the iQth, a Lovefeast was held in honor of Spangenberg and Eckstein, and on the 2ist of August the two visitors sailed for Pennsylvania, landing there safely in due time. A CLOSING DOOR. With the month of September letters began to come from England and Germany in response to Dober's report, and the communications sent by Ingham, who presented the Moravian request to the Trustees, (receiving "a sour answer,") and also sent a full account of their circumstances to Count Zinzendorf. The Count had already written to his distressed brethren, giving his advice on various points, and this letter, which was the first to arrive, gave them little comfort. They had once hoped for reinforcements, earnest men and women who would strengthen their hands for the work among the Indians, and even now it was disappointing to hear that Zinzenclorf had decided not to send any more colonists to Georgia. He argued that it would take very few men to supply teachers for Tomochichi's little village, and that as the Trustees would only permit four missionaries among the more distant tribes, that number could easily be spared from the company already in Savannah. Regarding military service he repeated his for- mer definite instructions, "you will not bear arms either defensive or offensive." He said that he had tried to secure from the Trustees a formal "dispen- sation," either verbal or written, exempting the Mo- ravians entirelv from militarv duty, but thev refused 1 82 TH ic MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. to give it, insisting that the Moravians must at least employ two men to represent the two town lots in defense of the country. Zinzcndorf had agreed to this, so far as the night watch was concerned, since such a watch was necessary for civic peace and well- being, and the Moravians were authorized to pay the necessary sums therefor, but he considered it in- consistent to refuse to fight as a matter of con- science and then hire others to do it, and so, as he said, "there is nothing to do but to say no, and wait." Although Spangcnberg had hoped it would not be necessary for the Moravians to leave Georgia, he had sent the Trustees their request for permission to go, adding, "Xor indeed is there any reason why they should be detained, since it is their full inten- tion and design to pay every farthing of their debt before they stir a foot; and they have never yet sold their libertv to any man. neither are they bound to any man by an}' writing or agreement whatsoever. I doubt not therefore but ye will readily shew the same clemency towards innocent and inoffensive men, which any one may expect from your Honors, whose business is not to destroy but to save and benefit mankind. May it please you therefore to send orders to the Magistrate of Savannah that these people may have leave to depart that Province. 1 do assure vour Honors they always thought it a great favor that ye were pleased to send them thith- er ; but now they will think it a greater to be dis- missed." In reply the Trustees wrote to Mr. Causton, for- bidding the introduction of martial law without their DISINTEGRATION. 183 express order, and reproving him for having re- quired more than two men from the Moravians, but in that very reproof practically insisting that two must serve. The Moravians thought they had defined their position clearly at the outset, and be- lieved they had the Trustees' promise that all should be as they desired, and if the Trustees realized the construction placed upon their words they had taken a most unfair advantage of the Moravians by offer- ing them the two town lots as a special favor, and then using the ownership of those lots as a lever to force unwelcome service. On the other hand the Trustees claimed that Zinzendorf had tacitly agreed to furnish two fighting men when he allowed Span- genberg and Nitschmann to take the two freeholds, and one can hardly imagine that the gentlemen who served as Trustees of Georgia would stoop to a sub- terfuge to gain two soldiers. Probably it was an honest misunderstanding for which neither side was to blame, and of which neither could give a satisfac- tory explanation, each party having had a clear idea of his own position, and having failed to realize that in the confusion of tongues the other never did grasp the main point clearly. Regarding the Moravian request for permission to leave, the Trustees declined to give instructions until after an exchange of letters with Zinzendorf; but in a second letter to his Congregation, the Count wrote, "If some do not wish to remain, let them go," and "if the authorities will not do what you de- mand it is certain that you must break up and go further ; but whether to Pennsylvania, or New York or Carolina, the Lord will show you." Carolina 184 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. would be no better than Georgia for their purpose, for the military conditions were identical, and 13ish- op Nitschmann's advice that they go to Pennsyl- vania, together with Spangenberg's residence there, decided them in favor of that location. Zinzendorfs permission having cleared the way for departure, they resolved to wait no longer on the Trustees, and a general conference was held on September i8th, in which definite arrangements were made for the assumption of the debt by those who were willing as yet to remain in Georgia, free- ing the four who were to go first. A recent letter had informed Tanneberger of the death of his wife and children in Ilerrnhut. and the news shattered his already weak allegiance. \Yithout them he cared little where he went, or what became of him. if only he could get away, and Haberccht was more than ready to join him. His young son went as a matter of course, and Mcver, another member who had been lazy and unsatisfactory, completed the party, which sailed for Pennsylvania on the i6th of ( )clober. Jag also intended to go, but for some reason waited for the next company. Haberecht settled at Kphrata, and the two Tanne- bergers at Germantown. In 1741, 1 Taberccht join- ed the Moravians who were building in "the lorks of the Delaware," and became one of the first mem- bers of the Bethlehem Congregation. Tn 1/45, David Tanneberger married Regina Dcmuth, who had lost her husband the previous year, and they ultimately moved to Bethlehem also. Meyer never renewed his association with the Moravians. DISINTEGRATION. 185 Before the four started to Pennsylvania, another member had taken the longer journey, and had been laid beside his brethren in the Savannah cemetery. This was George Haberland, who died September 3oth, from flux, a prevalent disease, from which al- most all of the colonists suffered at one time or an- other. He had learned much during his life in Georgia, had been confirmed in June with his brother Michael, and had afterward served accept- ably as a "Diener' of the Congregation. On the /th of October, Seifert and Bohner moved to Tomochichi's village to perfect themselves in the language, and begin their missionary work. As some of the congregation had already left Savannah, and others were soon to follow, Seifert thought that he could be spared even though he was "Aeltester/' especially as at first he returned to Savannah every Saturday to hold the Sunday services. In Novem- ber he and Bohner spent several weeks in town help- ing the carpenters raise the frame of a large house they were building, and when they returned to the Indians in January, 1/38, Peter Rose, his wife, and surviving daughter went with them. Friday, December I3th, John Wesley left Savan- nah, to return to England. His popularity had long since waned, in the face of his rigid insistance on ecclesiastical rules, and it was said ''the Brethren alone can understand him, and remain in love with him." He was unfortunate enough to provoke a spiteful woman, a niece of Mr. Causton, the Magis- trate, and so greatly did the persecution rage under her influence, that Wesley's chance of doing further good was ruined, and nothing was left but for him 1 80 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. to withdraw. The Magistrates forbade him to leave, (secretly rejoicing that they had driven him away,) but he boldly took his departure, without molestation, making his way to Beaufort, where Charles Delamottc joined him. Together they went to Charlestown, where he parted from Dela- motte, and on the 2nd of January, 1738, sailed from the continent that had witnessed the shattering of so many fond hopes and ambitions. Forty-seven years later Brierly Allen settled in Savannah, the first minister there to represent the great denomination which grew from Wesley's later work in England, and the first Methodist Society in that city of his humiliation w r as organized in 1806. During the preceding summer Zinzendorf had written to the Trustees, asking once more lor ( i ) entire exemption from military service for the Georgia Moravians, for (2) permission for them to leave Georgia if this could not be granted, and (3) that at least four might remain among the Indians as missionaries. In answer the Trustees (i) repeated their former decision regarding freehold representation. (2) gave consent for the Moravians to leave if they would not comply with this, and (3) refused to let them stay as missionaries. "The privilege of going among the Indians was given to your people out of consid- eration for Your Excellency, and also on account of their good conduct, they being citizens of this col- on}- ; but if they cease to reside there, this privilege will not be continued to any of them. To employ them as missionaries to instruct the Indians would be a reflection on our countrv, as if it could not fur- DISINTEGRATION. 187 nish a sufficient number of pious men to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Therefore your people may continue among the Indians, only so long as they are citizens of the colony." This was the death-blow to the Moravian settle- ment in Georgia. Had the Trustees exemplified their much-vaunted religious toleration by respect- ing the conscientious scruples of the Moravians, there were enough members of the Savannah Con- gregation \vho wanted to stay in Georgia to form the nucleus of the larger colony which would surely have followed them, for while they were willing to give up everything except religious liberty, they were human enough to regret having to abandon the improvements which they had made at the cost of so much labor and self-denial. The Church at large shared this feeling, and for many years watched and waited for an opportunity to re-open the work in Savannah, but without result. If the Trustees had even permitted the Moravians to stay as mission- aries it might have saved the settlement to Georgia, for within a decade the English Parliament passed an Act granting the Moravians the very exemption for which they now asked in vain, and had there been a promising work begun among the Indians during the intervening years it would inevitably have drawn more laborers, as it did in Pennsyl- vania. But the Trustees shut the door in their faces, other promising and more hospitable fields opened, and the Moravian efforts were thereafter given to the upbuilding of other commonwealths. In the latter part of January, 1738, eight more of the Moravian colonists left Savannah, Gotthard i88 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Demnth and his wife, George Waschke, his wife and mother, Augustin Xeisser, Gottlieb Deinuth, and David Jag, those who remained giving them money and provisions for their journey to Pennsyl- vania. Gotthard Demuth and wife settled in Ger- mantown, later moving to Bethlehem and joining in the organization of that Congregation. In 1743 thev were again living at Germantown, where Gott- hard died the following year. Regina subsequently married David Tanneberger and moved once more to Bethlehem. Gottlieb Demuth lived at several places, but finally married, and settled in the Mora- vian Congregation at Schoeneck. Jag, who located at Goshenhopper, and the \Yaschkes and Augustin Xeisser who went to Germantown, never rejoined the Church. On the 28th of January, the Moravians in Savan- nah received an unlooked-for addition to their num- ber. Toltschig wrote to Spangenberg, "Yesterday two boys, who belong to Herrnhut. came unexpect- edly to our house. Thev ran awav from the P> ret li- re n in Yssclstein and went to Mr. Oglethorpc in London, begging him to send them to the Brethren in Georgia. lie did so, but we will have to pay their transportation. ( )ne is Zeisberger's son David, about 17 years old, and the other John Michael Schobcr, about 15 years old. Both are bad boys.'' It appears that when Zeisberger's parents went to Georgia he was left in .1 lerrnhut to finish his educa- tion. From there Count Zin/endorf took him to a Moravian settlement near I'trccht, Holland, where he was employed as errand bov in a shop. He was treated with well-meant but ill-judged severity, and DlSlXTKC.RATIOX. 189 finally after a particularly trying and undeserved piece of harshness in October, 1737, he and his friend Schober decided to try and make their way to his parents in Georgia, in this they succeeded, and though their story was received with disappro- bation, they soon made a place for themselves. Schober did not live very long, but Zeisberger, from the "bad boy" of Toltschig's letter, became the as- sistant of Peter Rohler in South Carolina, and later the great "apostle to the Indians." During this Spring the Moravians strained every nerve to do an amount of work sufficient to balance their account with the Trustees. It took a little longer than th.'y expected, but at last Toltschig was ready for his journey to England, the lot having previously decided that he should go as soon as financial affairs made it proper. His wife remained in Savannah, it being uncertain whether he would stay in Germany or return to America. John Reg- nier took his place as financial agent of the Mora- vians. On March T2th. Toltschig went aboard a ship, bound for Charlestown. sailing from Tybee two days later. On the iSth, he reached Charlestown, whence he sailed April 1st. bearing with him the record of their account with the Trustees, and com- missioned to tell the authorities at Herrnhut all about the Georgia colon}-. On the 3Oth of May, the vessel touched at Cowes. where Toltschig land- ed, making his way overland to London which he reached on the 2nd of June. On the uth oi June, Toltschig, accompanied by T 0,0 Til. Richter, went to present the account to the Trustees. They asked him many questions concerning Geor- gia, all of which he answered frankly, receiving most courteous attention. Three days later a settlement was reached. The written accounts showed that the Moravians were short L 3 : 5: 5, which Toltschig of- fered to pay in cash, but the Trustees said they realized that the supplies provided for in the second bond had been rated at a higher price in Georgia than in England, and they were content to consider the obligations as fully discharged, interest includ- ed. Toltschig answered "1 am rrry glad." a short sentence which spoke volumes ! WICSIJvY, 1XC.IIAM AND TOI/l'SCl! 1C,. During the days which elapsed between his ar- rival in London and the meeting of the Trustees, Toltschig had many interviews with thosL' who had been "awakened" by the two companies of Mora- vian colonists, 1)y Count Zinzendorf, and by Peter llohler and George Schulius. The last two were even then at Portsmouth, on their way to America, and the interest caused by their visit was very mani- fest. John and Charles Wesley had been particularly attracted to I'ohler. the former especially finding great relief in laying his many spiritual perplexities before him. Wesley complained that when he con- versed with Spangenberg in Georgia, and they could not agree on any point. Spangenberg would drop the subject and refuse to discuss it further, but in I'oh- ler he Jound a clearness of argument, and power of persuasion which convinced without irritating him. PKTKR BOKHLKR. DISINTEGRATION. 191 Having passed through many stages with the guidance, sympathy and encouragement of Bohler, Wesley at last found the assurance of salvation he had sought for so many years, and three weeks after Bohler left London, he records that at a meeting of ' their society "I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death." A few days previously his brother Charles had made the same happy experience, and this gave to their reli- gious life the warmth and fervor which, added to the zeal, industry and enthusiasm that had always characterized them, made their labors of so much value to England, and founded the denomination which has grown so rapidly in America, still bearing the name once given in derision to the little group of Oxford '''Methodists." But Wesley's mind was not one of those which can rest contentedly upon one vital truth, he must needs run the whole gamut of emotion, and resolve every point raised by himself or others into a defi- nite negative or affirmative in his own life. Once settled in a position to his entire satisfaction, he was as immovable as a mountain, and this was at once the source of his power and his weakness, for thou- sands gladly followed the resolute man, and found their own salvation therein, while on the other hand the will which would never bend clashed hopelessly with those who wished sometimes to take their turn in leading. So he became an outcast from the Church of England, alienated from Ingham, White- field, and other friends of his youth, estranged from 192 Tin-; MORAVIANS ix GKORGIA. the Moravians, even while he was one of the great- est religious leaders England has ever produced. At the lime of Toltschig's sojourn in London, however, he was in the early, troubled stage of his experience, rejoicing in what he had attained through 1 Jollier's influence, but beset with doubts and fears. And so, as he records in his Journal, he determined "to retire for a short time into Ger- many, where he hoped the conversing with those holy men who were themselves living witnesses of the full power of faith, and yet able to bear with those that are weak, would be a means, under God, of so establishing his soul, that he might go on from faith to faith, and from strength to strength." Jngham, meanwhile, informed of Toltschig's ar- rival in London, had hastened "over one hundred and forty miles" to see his friend, a fact that seems to have touched Toltschig deeply, and arranged to go with him to Herrnhut, as they had often planned while still in Georgia. John Wesley joined them, and the three young men sailed on |nne 24th, land- ing at Rotterdam two days later. Wcslev's Jour- nal does not mention Toltschig bv name, but on leav- ing Rotterdam he says, "we were eight in all. live English and three Germans." and there is no doubt that Toltschig went with them to .Marienhnrn to re- port to Count Zinzendorf, who was living there dur- ing his temporary exile from llerrnhnt. In Rotterdam, Dr. Koker showed the party much kindness, while at llaron von Watteville's in Yssel- stein, they were received ''as at home.'' At Amster- dam, they joined in the meeting of the '"societies" established under Moravian influences, and from DISINTEGRATION. 193 there proceeded to Cologne, and up the Rhine to Frankfort. Having neglected to supply themselves with passports, they experienced much difficulty whenever they reached a walled city, sometimes be- ing refused admittance altogether, and at other times being allowed to enter only after much delay, which caused Wesley to "greatly wonder that com- mon sense and common humanity do not put an end to this senseless, inhuman usage of strangers." When any of their number had an acquaintance in the city to which they had come they sent in a note to him, and he would arrange for their entrance, and at Frankfort they applied to Peter Bohler's father, who entertained them ''in the most friendly man- ner.''' On Tuesday, July I5th, they reached Marienborn, where Wesley remained for fifteen days, and Ing- ham for about seven weeks. From Marienborn, Wesley went to Herrnhut, stopping at Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, Halle, Leipsig and Dresden on the way. He remained at. Herrnhut twelve days, and then returned by the same route to Marienborn, and to England. This trip to Germany has been given as the begin- ning of the breach between Wesley and the Mora- vians, but it is doubtful whether such was really the case. In the "Memoirs of James Hutton" it is stated that Wesley was offended because Ingham was admitted to the Communion at Marienborn, while permission was refused him, and that he secretly brooded over the injury, but Wesley him- self does not mention the occurrence, and refers to Marienborn as a place where he met what he 194 Tine MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. ''sought for, viz. : living proofs of the power of faith/' and where he stayed twelve days longer than he at first intended. The tone of his account of Hcrrnhut is also distinctly friendly, though he did not unreservedly accept two or three theological statements made to him, but the long conversations he records prove his joy at finding sympathy, and confirmation of what he wanted to believe concern- ing justification by faith, and the fact that a weak faith was still a real faith, and as such should be cherished and strengthened, not despised. lie could not have been greatly influenced against the Mora- vians by his visit to Halle, for each time he stayed but one night, and on the first occasion Professor Franckc was not at home, nor were their arguments new to him, that they should have impressed him deeply. It frequently happens that when a controversy has arisen between friends, both parties look back- ward and read into former words and deeds a mean- ing they did not have at the time they transpired, and most probablv this is what has happened in re- gard to the trip to Germany and its effect on Wes- ley. Immediately on his return to Kngland, Wesley began an active religious campaign, drawing such crowds of all kinds of people that the various churches in turn closed their doors upon him, and eight months later he followed Whitefield into open air preaching, after consultation with the Fetter Lane Society. This Society had been organized at the time ol Holder's visit to London, and was com- posed of members of the earlier Methodist societies, DISINTEGRATION. 195 Germans residing in London, and English who had been interested in salvation by Zinzendorf and the Moravian companies bound for Georgia. It had met in the home of James Hutton until it outgrew the rooms, and was then transferred to the Chapel at 32 Fetter Lane. It was an independent Society, with no organic connection with the Moravian Church, and the religious work was carried on under the leadership of John Wesley, and, in his frequent absences, by James Hutton and others who leaned strongly toward the Moravians, some of whose cus- toms had been adopted by the Society. The Hutton "Memoirs" state that Wesley made an effort to break off intercourse between the Society and the Moravians soon after his return from Germany, but failed, and matters continued to move smoothly un- til about the time that Wesley began his field preach- ing. During the subsequent months disputes arose among the members, largely on account of views in- troduced by Philip Henry Molther, who at that time had a tendency toward "Quietism." Molther was detained for some time in England, waiting for a ship to take him to Pennsylvania, he having receiv- ed a call to labor in the Moravian Churches there, and being a fluent speaker he learned English rap- idly and made a deep impression on many hearers. Wesley was much hurt by the dissensions in his Society, and entirely opposed to Molther's views, and after several efforts to bring all the members back to his own position, he, on Sunday, July 3ist, 1/40, solemnly and definitely condemned the "er- rors" and withdrew from the Fetter Lane Society, adding "You that are of the same judgment, follow ](/> Til 1C MORAVIANS JN GlCORGIA. me." About twenty-five of the men and "seven or eight and forty likewise of the fifty women that were in the band" accepted his invitation, and with them he organized the "Foundry Society.'' Into the Foundry Society and the many others organized among his converts, Weslev introduced lovcfcasts and "bands" (or "classes,"') both familiar to him from the Fetter Lane Society, which had copied them from the Moravians. When his societies grew so numerous that he could not personally serve them all he selected lay assistants, and then "became con- vinced that presbyter and bishop are of the same order, and that he had as good a right to ordain as to administer the Sacraments.''' lie, therefore, ordain- ed bishops for America, and Scotland, and register- ed his chapels in order to protect them, according to the Act of Toleration. This gave the Methodist body a separate legal status, but Wesley ahvays claimed that he was still a member of the Church of England, and would not allow the preachers of his English societies to administer the Sacraments, a right which was finally granted them by the Metho- dist Conference after his death. \\hcn ]>enjamin Jngham returned from Georgia he commenced to preach the Gospel in Yorkshire, his native place, and at the time of his journey to Gennanv a promising work was begun there. From Ilerrnhut he wrote to Count Zinzendorf asking that TdUschig be permitted to visit him in England, and the request was granted a few months later. Mean- while Ingham's work prospered mightily, so that in June, 1739, he was forbidden the use of the DISINTEGRATION. 197 churches, and forced to imitate Wesley and preach in the open air. Some forty societies were formed, and in November, Toltschig went to him, making many friends among the people, repeating his visit at intervals during the following months. The intimacy between Ingham and the Moravians became closer and closer, and in July, 1742, he form- ally handed over the care of his societies in York- shire and Lascashire to the Moravian Church, him- self going into new fields, and then giving new so- cieties into their keeping. It has often been stated that Ingham was a Moravian, but this is a mistake. During these years he worked with them shoulder to shoulder, but there is no record of his having been received into their Church as a member, nor did they reordain him into their ministry. The sit- uation would be more strange to-day than it was then, for there was apparent chaos in England, the Spirit of God moving upon the face of the waters be- fore "light shone, and order from disorder sprung." and the Moravians did not care to emphasize their independence of the Anglican Church lest it injure their usefulness. In 1744, when England \vas threatened with a French invasion, a number of loyal addresses were presented to the King, and among them one from the "United Brethren in England, in union with the ancient Protestant Episcopal Bohe- mian and Moravian church." a designation se- lected after long and careful discussion as to a true term which would avoid placing them among the Dissenters from the Church of England. When the Moravians took over the Yorkshire So- 198 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. cictics in 1/42 they established headquarters at Smith House, near Halifax, but this not proving permanently available, Ingham, in 1/44, bought an estate near Pudscy, where the Moravians planted a settlement which they called "Lamb's Hill,'' later "Fulneck." In 1746 and 1/49 Ing-ham presented to the Moravians the ground on which the Chapel and two other houses stood, but for the rest they paid h'm an annual rent. The property is now held of Ingham's dependents on a lease for live hundred years. In 1/53 Ingham withdrew from his close associa- tion with the Moravians, and established a new circle of societies, himself ordaining the ministers who served them. These societies llourished for a while, but about i"5 ( j Ingham became imbued with the doc- trines of a certain Sandeman, and the result was the almost total wrecking of his societies. Tin's broke Ingham's heart, and affected his mind, so that his last days were verv sad. He passed away in 1772, and his societies gradually merged themselves into other churches. John Toltschig, Ingham's friend in Georgia and his co-laborer in Yorkshire, came to England in No- vember, 1730, in company with Ilutton, who had been to Germany to form a closer acquaintance with the Moravians. After the debt to the Trustees was paid. Toltschig had eagerly planned new things for Georgia, extension of work among the Indians, a settlement further up the Savannah River, the strengthening of the Savannah Congregation, from which missionaries could be drawn and by which they should be supported while laboring among the DISINTEGRATION. 199 heathen tribes. He offered to return to America at once, ready for any duty, but requesting that he might not be sole financial manager again, as he had found it most difficult to attend to those duties, and at the same time share in the spiritual work. The elders of the Church, after carefully weighing all the circumstances, decided not to send him back to Georgia, but that he should go to England, to labor in the Fetter Lane Society, and among its friends. The first step was a visit to Ingham in Yorkshire, and the reception given him was so cordial and the field so promising that he went again, and yet again. Bohler and Spangenberg returned to England and traveled hither and thither in response to the calls that came from every side, other members aided as they could, and the societies under their direction grew apace. Fetter Lane Society was organized in- to a congregation in November, 1742, and the others followed in due time. The Moravian Church was introduced into Ireland, and took a firm hold there. In England its successes were paralleled with much opposition, and in 1749, after several years of prep- aration, an appeal was made to Parliament for recognition as a Protestant Episcopal Church, with full liberty of conscience and worship throughout Great Britain and her colonies. General Oglethorpe warmly championed their cause, and after a thor- ough investigation of Moravian history and doctrine, the bill was passed. May I2th. 1749, and the Mora- vian right to liberty of worship, freedom from mili- tary service, and exemption from oath-taking was unreservedlv granted. 2OO TlIK MORAVIANS IX GlvORGIA. While not involved in these Parliamentary pro- ceedings, Toltschig played an important part in the development of the Moravian Church in England and Ireland. Although he had great success as a preach- er, his especial talents were as an organizer, and as leader of the "hands,"' as might be expected of a man with a judicial mind, executive ability, and great tact. He was Elder of the "Pilgrim Congregation" formed at Fetter I.ane in May. 1/42. a congregation composed exclusively of "laborers"' in the Lord's vineyard, and he was also one of the committee charged with the oversight of the general work. In February, 1/4^. he went to Ireland, as superin- tendent of the societies there, some of which had been organized by Wesley, but now wished to unite with the Moravians. In 1752 he conducted a company of colonists to Pennsylvania, but the next year went back to Ireland, where certain troubles had arisen which he could quiet better than any one else. After Zinzendorf's death in 1760, Toltschig was one of that company of leading men who met in Herrnhut to provide for the immediate needs of the Moravian Church, whose enemies prophesied disin- tegration upon the death of the man who had been at its head for more than thirtv years. These pre- dictions failed of fulfillment, and "it was demon- strated that the I ,ord had further employment for the I'nitas Fratrum." Less renowned than many of his confreres, Tolt- schig was a type of that class of Moravians who car- ried their Church through slight and blight into the respect and good-will of the world. Industrious and scrupulously exact in business affairs, courteous DISINTEGRATION. 201 and considerate in his dealings with others, firm and fearless in matters of conscience, bold to declare his faith, and witness for his Master, energetic and "con- servatively progressive" in promoting the growth of his church, he took little part in the controversies of his day, but devoted himself unreservedly to preaching the Gospel as it was read by John Hus, by the founders of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, by the renewers of that Church in Herrnhut, ''Salvation by faith in Christ and real Christian living according to the precepts of the Bible." K XKGRO MISSION. John Toltschig had been the diarist of the Mora- vian Congregation in Savannah, as well as their treasurer and most able member, and after he left very little record was kept of the daily occurrences. A few stray letters have been preserved, but little of interest appears therein, beyond the facts that the summer of 1738 was hot and dry, and that the Mora- vians were not molested, although always conscious of the under-current of antagonism. Some time during these months Matthias Seybold left for Pennsylvania, where he married, and was one of the company that established the settlement at Bethlehem. He returned to Europe in 1/42, and died at Herrnhut in 1/87. In May, the Rev. George Whitefield reached Geor- gia. "authorized to perform all religious offices as Deacon of the Church of England, in Savannah and Frcderica," in the place of John Wesley. The pov- orty of the people touched him deeply, he distributed to the most needv such sums as he had brought for 202 TJIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. their relief, and with James Habersham, who had come over at the same time, he agreed upon the erec- tion of an Orphan House. Whitefield visited Eben- ezer, and acquainted himself with conditions there and elsewhere, and then returned to England, in August, to raise funds for his Orphan House, Hab- ersham meanwhile beginning to collect and instruct the most neglected children. During his stay in Georgia, Whitefield lodged with Charles Delamotte, who was still carrying on the little school. During the winter Delamotte had boarded for a while with the Moravians, and when he returned to England in the autumn, he at once as- sociated himself with the English members. Tycr- man in his "Life and Times of John Wesley," says, "On his return to England, Charles Delamotte be- came a Moravian, settled at Barrow-upon-ITumber, where he spent a long life of piety and peace, and died in 1/90." On the if>lh of October, Peter F>ohler and George Schulius arrived in Savannah, accompanied by the lad, Simon Peter Harper. They came as mission- aries to the negroes of Carolina, the hearts of various philanthropic Englishmen having been touched by reports of the condition of these half wild savages recei lly imported from the shores of Africa to till the fields of the New World. The plan originated during Count Zinzendorf's visit to London, in February, 1/37, when it w r as sug- gested to him that such a mission should be begun by two Moravian men. under the auspices of "the as- sociates of the late Dr. T'rav." DISINTEGRATION. 203 Thomas Bray, an English divine, was born in 1656, made several missionary trips to America, and in 1697 organized a society for the propagation of the Gospel in the English Colonies. He died in 1/30, but the work was continued by his ''asso- ciates," many of whom were also interested in the Georgia Colony. As this mission was to be under their direction, "the associates of the late Dr. Bray" wished to be very sure that the doctrine and rules of the Unitas Fratrum did not conflict with the Church of Eng- land, but being assured by the Archbishop of Can- terbury that he considered them as agreeing in all es- sential points, they closed an agreement with Zin- zendorf whereby the Count received 30 : with which to prepare "two Brethren to reside for the instruc- tion of the Negroes at such place in Carolina as the said associates shall direct." The missionaries, when they had entered upon their work, were to receive a salary, "not exceeding thirty pounds a year," from the "associates." For this missionary enterprise, so much to his lik- ing. Zinzendorf appointed "one of rny chaplains, master Bohler," and "Schulius, a Moravian brother," who with Richter and Wenzel Neisser arrived in London, February iSth, 1738. At the house of their friend YYynantz. the Dutch merchant, they met John Wesley, who offered to secure them a pleasant, inex- pensive lodging near James Hutton's, where he was staying. Peter Bohler had been a student at Jena when Spangenberg was lecturing there, and was himself a Drofessor at that seat of learning when he decided to 2O4 THE MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. accept Zinzendorf's call to mission work, and join the Moravians, with whom he had been for a long time in sympathy. Like Spangenberg he was a highly educated man, and an able leader, fitted to play an important part in the Church of his adoption, in December, 1737, he was ordained at Herrnhnt by the bishops, David Xitschmann and Count Zinzen- dorf, and in later years he, loo, became a bishop of the I "nity. On the 22nd of February, Bohlcr and his compan- ions called on Gen. Oglethorpe, who at first supposed th.ey were simplv going over to join the Savannah congregation. Bolder explained that Richter, who spoke French as well as German, had come as the Agent of the Moravians, in accordance with the sug- gestion made by the Trustees to Bishop Nitschmann in 1736; that Wenzel Xeisscr was going on an offi- cial visitation to America, especially to the West Indies ; and that he and Schulius were the mission- aries promised by Count Zinzendorf for work- among the negroes in Carolina. The General courteously invited them to confer with him further, either by letter or in person, and offered to take them with him, as he expected shortly to sail for Georgia with his regiment. "Later, when thev wished to come to a definite agreement with ( )glethorpe, who represented the "associates of Dr. llray," thcv experienced some difficulty, owing to the fact that a letter of introduc- tion Oglethorpe rxpected to receive from Count Zinzendorf had failed to arrive, but the exhibition of their passports, and kichter's explanation that Zin- zondorf thought i from newspaper notices) that DISINTEGRATION. 205 Oglethorpe had already left England, enabled Boh- ler and Schulius to establish their identity. So soon as Zinzcndorf heard that his word was needed, he sent them a formal letter of introducton to Ogle- thorpe, which was gladly received as corroboration of their statements. The Moravians were at their own expense while waiting in London, but Ogle- thorpe promised that they should be provided with Bibles, grammars, and other things they might need ixr the negro school. Being detained in London for three months, in- stead of three weeks as they expected, Bohler and his friend had ample opportunity to make acquaint- ances in the metropolis. They sent word of their ar- rival to those Germans who had learned to know Zinzendorf and the earlier Moravian emigrants to Georgia, and on the first Sunday "the brethren," (as they affectionately called all who, like themselves, were interested in living a Christian life,) came to them, and a series of meetings for prayer, confer- ence, and instruction was begun. Bohler was a man of attractive personality, and convincing ear- nestness, and in spite of his slight knowledge of their language many English also became interested and formed a society similar to that begun by Zinzen- dorf, the two soon uniting in the Fetter Lane So- ciety. Ten days after Bohler reached London he accepted an invitation from the two Wesleys, and went with them to Oxford. There he was most kindly receiv- ed, preached in Latin once or twice each day, and had many private conversations with inquirers. 2o6 Tim MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Among those with whom he became acquainted was the Rev. John Gambolcl, who later became a bishop in the [Moravian Church, and many others were mightily stirred to seek the salvation of their souls. Noting how little English P>ohler and Schulius knew. Gen. Oglethorpe offered them a boy who was bright and intelligent, could speak both English and German, and understood some French, and they found him so serviceable that they asked and obtain- ed permission to take him with them to Carolina. Through AYesley, .Px">hler heard that Gen. Ogle- thorpe was much surprised at the speed with which he acquired English, and that lie had asked whether T'dhler would consent to serve as Minister of the Church of England in Savannah, if that Congrega- tion remained without a pastor. [>ohler expressed his willingness to preach at auv time, but declined to administer the Sacraments for anv denomination ex- cept his own, so the appointment was not made. On the 28th of April, the baggage of the Mission- aries \\as put aboard the Union (i alley. Capt. Mober- lev. with instructions that Holder and his compan- ions should join her at Portsmouth. Xeisser was to go with them to Georgia, and from there, as op- portunity offered, to St. Thomas, but while the ship lay at Portsmouth oilier instructions reached him. and Oglethorpe kindly made no objection to his withdrawing his box and staying behind, though he (I'd not quite understand it. On the 1 5th of May. Peter P-dhler. George Schulius. and the lad Simon Peter Harper, left Lon- don, but finding the ship not yet ready to sail, thev, DISINTEGRATION. 207 by Oglethorpe's instructions, went to Southampton where some of the vessels were lying. Returning to Portsmouth they embarked on May 22nd, and soon found they were "to dwell in Sodom and Gomorrah" during their voyage. On the 3Oth the fleet sailed to Southampton for the soldiers, and when they came aboard four days later "Sodom and Gomorrah were fully reproduced.'' As the ships lay oft Spithead a conspiracy was discovered, the sol- diers on one vessel had planned to kill their officers, take what money they could find, and escape to France. During the voyage there w*ere several fights among the soldiers, or between them and the sailors, and in one drunken riot a soldier cut off a young girl's hand. ''The Lord was our defense and shield, and we were among them like Daniel in the midst of the lions," wrote Bohler, for the quiet, Bible-reading Moravians found little to like in their rough associates, who cared for them just as little, and wished they could be thrown overboard. The ships put to sea July i6th and reached the Madeiras on the 29th. where they were detained un- til the 8th of August. Bohler and Schulius went on shore a number of times, were courteously treated by the most prominent Catholic priest there, climbed a mountain for the exercise, and particularly enjoyed their escape from turmoil and confusion. The cap- tain, who had taken a dislike to them, tried to pre- vent their leaving the ship, but OgJethorpe stood their friend, and ordered that they should have entire liberty. For Bohler, as for many who had preceded him. Georgia and Carolina were to be a school where great life lessons would be learned. Fresh from the 208 THE MORAVIANS ix GEORGIA. University halls of Jena, he had met the students of Oxford on equal looting, quickly winning their re- spect and admiration, but these soldiers and sailors, restless, eager for excitement, rude and unlettered, were a new thing to him, a book written in a lan- guage to which he had no key. Later he would learn to find some point of contact with the unlearn- ed as well as the learned, with the negro slave and the Yorkshire collier as well as the student of theo- logy, but just now his impulse was to hold himself aloof and let their wild spirits dash against him like waves about the base of a lighthouse which sends a clear, strong beam across the deep, but has few ra\s for the tossing billows just beneath. On the 1 8th of September land was sighted, and on the 29th the fleet anchored in the harbor of St. Simon's Island, and with grateful hearts the Mora- vians watched the landing of the soldiers. On the 4th of October they transferred their baggage to a sloop bound for Savannah, which sailed the 6th, but on account of head winds did not reach Savannah until the i6th. The Moravians still at Savannah came in a boat to welcome them, and take them to their house, but P>dhler was anxious to see the scene of his future labors, and stayed in town only a few days, leaving on the 2\ st for a tour through Carolina. Schuliu^ accompanied him all the way, and several others as far ;i<= the Indian town where Rose was liv- ing with his wife and child. Here they talked of many things regarding the Savannah Congregation, but on the following afternoon the missionaries went on their way, Zeisbergcr, TTaberland, "Rnhncr and Regnier accompanying them to Purisburg. DISINTEGRATION. 209 There Bohler and Schulius lodged with one of the S\viss who had come to Georgia with Spangenberg and the first company. His wife expressed the wish that the Moravians in Savannah would take her thir- teen-year-old daughter the following winter, and give her instruction, for which she would gladly pay. Bohler took occasion to speak to the couple about salvation and the Saviour, and they appeared to be moved. Indeed this was the main theme of all his conversations. To the owners of the plantations visited, he spoke of their personal needs, and their responsibility for the souls of their slaves ; while to the slaves he tola the love of God, filling them with wonder, for most of them were newly imported from the wilds of Africa, and suspicious even of kindness, many knew little of the English tongue, and the few who could understand his words had not yet learned that there was a God who cared how they lived or what became of them. Their masters, as a rule, thought the missionaries were attempting an almost hopeless task in trying to lift these negroes above the brute creation, but were quite willing to give permis- sion and an opportunity to reach them, and on this tour Bohler found only one land-owner who refused his consent. Purisburg had been named as the location of the negro school, but Bohler found there were very few negroes in the town, which had been largely settled by Swiss, who had not prospered greatly and had bought few slaves. The nearest plantation employ- ing negroes was five miles distant, and only seven lived there, so the outlook was far from encouraging at that point. 2io Tine MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Llohlcr and Schulius then made their way from one plantation to another, until they reached Charles- town. The Rev. 'Mr. Garden, to whom they had a letter of introduction, advised that the school should be begun in Charlestown, where there was a large negro population, perhaps a thousand souls. This was more than could be found on any single planta- tion in Carolina, and as the slaves were strictly for- bidden to go from one plantation to another it would hardly be possible to find another place where so many could be reached at the same time. .Holder and Schulius were much impressed with the advantages offered, especially as Mr. Garden promised all the as- sistance he could give, and they debated whether Schulius should not stay and begin at once, while Bohler returned to report to Oglethorpe. The lot was finall\- tried, and the direction received that they should carcfullv study the situation but wait until later to commence work. Therefore on the i st of November the two companions set out for Savannah, which they reached in eight days. The following weeks were a sore trial for the mis- sionaries. 'With a promising field in sight, and eager to commence work in it. they were obliged to wait for Oglethorpe's permission, and Oglethorpe was very busv on the frontier establishing the outposts for \\hich his regiment had been brought over. When he did return t<> Savannah, it was only fur a few hours, and he was in no frame of mind for a long ar- gument of pros and cons. He told P.ohler rather testily that they should not go to Charlestown with his consent: that if they were not willing to follow the plan for Purisburg he would have nothing more DISINTEGRATION. 211 to do with them ; and that if they wanted to talk further they must wait till he came again. Bonier and Sclmlius wished themselves free to proceed without his consent, wished they had not en- tered into an agreement with "the associates of the late Dr. Bray," but under the circumstances felt themselves bound to give the work at Purisburg a fair trial. In December, Schulius went to Purisburg to look over the field, and make acquaintance with the people, while Bohler waited at Savannah for Oglethorpe, and finally, when his patience was quite exhausted, followed the General to St. Simons. Ogle- thorpe persisted in his intention to have the school at Purisburg. and when he learned that his wishes would be obeyed he gave instructions for the renting of a large house and two acres. of ground, and for supplies to be furnished from the store at Savannah. In February, 1739, therefore, Bohler and Schulius settled in Purisburg. Young Harper seems to have been with them in Purisburg on some of their earlier visits, but was sent temporarily to Savannah, and as he does not reappear in the records, he probablv went back to his English home. David Zeisberger, Jr., joined Bohler and was his willing helper in many ways. At first the outlook was rather more promising than the}- expected. There were very few colored children for the school, but ''daily more were bought and born," there was some interest aroused among the older negroes, and the owners were disposed to be friendly, and allow the missionaries free access to their slaves. The German and Swiss settlers were unaffectedlv glad to have the Moravians in their 212 Tnic MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. midst, and begged for religious services, and instruc- tion for their children, so Uohler and Sclmlius agreed on a division of labor, the latter to devote himself to the white residents and their little ones, while J Johler spent most of his time visiting adjoin- ing plantations. Uut when the warm weather came Uohler was taken with fever, and from June to October he suf- fered severely. From time to time he was able to be up, and even to visit Savannah, but he was so weak and his feet were so badly swollen that walking was very difficult, and of course missionary tours were impossible. On the 4th of August, George Sclmlius died, after an illness of eighteen days' duration. Uohler was in Savannah when he was taken sick, but returned in time to nurse him, to soothe him in delirium, and to lay him to rest amid the lamentations of the Puns- burg residents. At his death the school for white children was given up. for Uohler was too weak to shoulder the additional load, anil felt that bis first duty was to the negroes. In September. Oglethorpe was m Savannah, and after much difiicultv Uohler obtained speech with him, and succeeded in convinc- ing him that a negro school at Puri.^burg was hope- less, lie approved of Uohler's plan to itinerate among the plantations and promised that both his own and Schulius' salaries should be paid him, that he might be supplied for traveling expenses. In No- vember, when his health was restored, Uohler wished to mnke bis first journey, but the storekeeper declin- ed to pay him anv monev until the expiration of the quarter year. "When lie went aga ; n at the appointed DISINTEGRATION. 213 time the storekeeper refused to pay anything without a new order from Oglethorpe, except the remainder of the first year's salary, now long overdue. Bohler concluded that the man had received private instruc- tions from Oglethorpe, and that his services were no longer desired by the representative of "the asso- ciates," so in January, 1740, he gave up further thought of obligation to them, and prepared to go on his own account. He planned to go by boat to Purisburg and from there on foot through Carolina to Charlestown, but on the way up the Savannah River the canoe was overtaken by a severe thunder storm, and forced to land. Knowing that a sloop would sail in two days he returned to Savannah, meaning to go to Charlestown on her, but on trying the lot he received direction to wait for the present in Savannah. While Bohler was making his attempt among the negroes, some changes were taking place in the Sa- vannah Congregation. He had been very much dis- tressed by the condition he found when he arrived, for owing partly to their many difficulties and partly to Seifert's absence among the Indians, no Commun- ion had been celebrated for a year, and the "bands" had been dropped. The Bible and prayer gatherings were steadily observed, but it seemed to him there was a lack of harmony among the members, and they were by no means ready to take him at once into their confidence. Seifert, too, was not well, and had been obliged to leave the Indians, and return to Savannah. The Indian work was most discouraging, for the men were careless and drunken, and in January, 214 'I' 111 '' MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. 1739, even Rose gave up, and moved back to Savan- nah with his family. In October, Tomochichi died, and was buried with great pomp in Percival Square in Savannah. The Moravians were asked to fur- nish music at the funeral, but declined, and it was hardly missed amid the firing of minute guns, and three volleys over his grave. After his death his lit- tle village was abandoned, and the question of furth- er missionary efforts there settled itself. During the winter John Regnier became deeply in- censed at some plain speaking from Schulius, and decided to leave at once for Europe, the Congrega- tion paying his way. He probably went to Ilerrn- hut, as that had been his intention some months pre- viously, and later he served as a missionary in Suri- nam. In after years he returned to Pennsylvania, where he joined those who were inimical to the Moravians. Peter Rose, his wife and daughter left for Penn- sylvania soon after their withdrawal from Irene. They settled in Germantown, and there Peter died March I2th, 1740. Catherine married John Michael Huber in 1742, who died five years later on a voyage to the West Indies. Heing for the third time a widow, she became one of the first occupants of the Widows' House in Bethlehem, and served as a Dea- coness for many years, riving in 1798. Mary Mag- dalena became the wife of Rev. Paul Peter Hadcr in i/ r >3- On August loth, 1739, John Michael Schober died after a brief illness, the ninth of the Moravian colo- nists to find their final resting place beside the Sa- vannah River. DISINTEGRATION. 215 In September, General Oglethorpc received in- structions to make reprisals on the Spanish for their depreciations on the southern borders of the Georgia Province. He rightly judged this to be the pre- cursor of open hostilities, and hastened his prepara- tions to put Carolina and Georgia in a state of de- fense. In October the British Government declared war on Spain, and November witnessed the begin- ning of fighting in the Colonies. Of course this meant a re-opening of the old discussion as to the Moravians' liability for service, a repetition of the old arguments, and a renewal of the popular indigna- tion. Oglethorpe was fairly considerate of them, thought Zinzendorf ought to have provided for two men, but added that he did not want the Moravians driven away. Still the situation was uncomfortable, and the Moravians began to make arrangements for their final departure. By this time Bohler had won his way into the con- fidence of the Savannah congregation, and had learn- ed that he was not the only one who had the Lord's interests at heart. With Seifert again in charge of affairs, the religious services had taken on new life, and on October iSth, John Martin Mack was con- firmed. Judith Toltschig. however, gave them great concern, and her brother Michael Haberland sided with her, so that the company gladly saw them sail for Germany in the latter part of January, 1740. There Michael married, and returned to America in May. 1749, as one of the large company which came to settle in Bethlehem, where he died in 1/83. Judith joined her husband in England, and in 1742 2io Tiiii MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. was serving as "sick-waiter'' of the Pilgrim Congre- gation in London. This left only six Moravians in Savannah, for John Dormer had already started for Pennsylvania on January 2Oth. He had a very sore arm which they hoped would he Benefited by the change, and he was commissioned to try and gather together the members who had preceded him. and to make ar- rangements for the reception of the remnant which was soon to follow. lie aided faithfully during the early days of the settlement at Xazarcth and Bethle- hem, and in 1742 went as a missionary to the island of St. Thomas, where he labored earnestly and suc- cessfully for the rest of his life, and died in 1787. Nothing now remained for the members still in Savannah, but to so arrange matters that they might leave on the first opportunity. Oglethorpe had al- ready bought their trumpets and French horns at a good price, but they needed to sell their rice and household furniture to provide sufficient funds for their journey. This was happily arranged on the 2(1 of February, when George Whitefield, who had reached Savannah for the second time a few days before, came to see them, promised to buy all they cared to sell, and offered them free passage to Pennsylvania. This offer they gratefully accepted, receiving 37 for their household goods, and on April )3th, 1740, they sailed with Whitefield on his sloop the Sa:'au- uali, Captain Thomas Gl adman. Their land and im- provements were left in the hands of an Agent, and the town house was rented to some of Whiten" eld's followers for a hospital. DISINTEGRATION. 217 With the Moravians went the two boys, Benjamin Somers and James . . . . , who had been given into their hands by the Savannah magistrates in 1735, and a young woman, Johanna Hummel, of Purisburg. The two lads gave them much trouble in Pennsyl- vania, and Benjamin was finally bound out in 1748, while James ran away. Johanna married John Boh- ner. and sailed with him to the West Indies in 1742, but died at sea before reaching there. Bohler and his company expected to find Span- genberg and Bishop Nitschmann in Pennsylvania, and were much disappointed to learn that both were absent. They scarcely knew what to do, but Bohler held them together, and when Whitefield decided to buy a large tract of land and build thereon a Xegro school, and a town for his English friends of philan- thropic mind, and when the Moravians were offered the task of erecting the first house there, Bohler and his companions gladly accepted the work. Bethle- hem followed in due time, and all were among those who organized that congregation. David Zeisber- ger, ST., died there in 1744, his wife in 1746. Anton Seifert was appointed Elder, or Pastor of the Bethle- hem Congregation, married, and took an active part in the Church and School work there and at Naza- reth, the latter tract having been purchased from Whitefield in 1741. April 8th, 1745, he sailed for Europe, laboring in England, Ireland and Holland, and dying at Zeist in 1785. John Martin Mack became one of the leaders of the Moravian Church in its Mission work among the Indians in Xew York, Connecticut and Ohio until 1760, when he was sent to the negro slaves on St. 218 TDK [MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. Thomas, preaching also on St. Croix and St. Jan, and the English West Indies. He was ordained to the ministry November I3th, 1742, and was conse- crated bishop October iSth, 1770, during a visit to Pennsylvania, this being the first Episcopal consecra- tion in the American Province of the Moravian Church. He was married four times, his last wife passing away two years before his departure. He died June yth, 1784, and was buried in the presence of a great concourse of people, negro converts, planters, government officers and the Governor- General. David Zcisbergcr. Jr, lived a life so abundant in labors, so picturesque in experiences that a brief out- line utterly fails to give any conception of it. "The apostle of the Western Indians traversed Massachu- setts and Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, entered Michigan and Canada, preaching to many nations in many tongues. He brought the Gospel to the Mohicans and Wampanoags, to the Nanticokcs and Shawanese, to the Chippewas, Otto- was and Wyandots, to the Vnamis. Unalachtgos and Monseys of the Delaware race, to the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas of the Six Nations. Speaking the Delaware language fluently, as well as the Mo- hawk- and Onondaga dialects of the Iroquois; fami- liar with the Cayuga and other tongues ; an adopted sachem of the Six Nations: naturalized among the Monseys by a formal act of the tribe; swaying for a number of years the Grand Council of the Dela- wares ; at one time Keeper of the Archives of the Troqtiois Confederacy : versed in the ctis- DISINTEGRATION. 219 toms of the aborigines; adapting himself to their mode of thought, and, by long habit, a native in many of his ways ; no Protestant missionary and few men of any other calling, ever exercised more real influence and was more sincerely honored among the Indians ; and no one, except the Catholic evange- lists, with whom the form of baptism was the end of their work, exceeded him in the frequency and hardships of his journeys through the wilderness, the numbers whom he received into the Church of Christ, and brought to a consistent practice of Chris- tianity, and conversion of characters most depraved, ferocious and desperate." "Nor must we look upon Zeisberger as a missionary only; he was one of the most notable pioneers of civilization our country has ever known. Thirteen villages sprang up at his bidding, where native agents prepared the way for the husbandman and the mechanic of the coming race." 'Tie was not only bold in God, fearless and full of courage, but also lowly of heart, meek of spirit, never thinking highly of himself. Selfish- ness was unknown to him. His heart poured out a stream of love to his fellowmen. In a word, his character was upright, honest, loving and noble, as free from faults as can be expected of any man this side of the grave.''* He died at Goshen, Ohio, Nov. i/th, 1808, hav- ing labored among the Indians for sixty years. Like Spangenberg, Peter Collier's story belongs to the whole Moravian Church, rather than to the Georgia colonv. His time was divided between *"Life and Times of David Zeisberger," by Rt. Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz. 220 TJIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. England and America in both of which spheres he labored most successfully. Jan. loth, 1748, he was consecrated bishop at Marienborn, Germany. After Zinzendorf's death he helped frame the new Church constitution, and in 1/69 was elected to the govern- ing board of the entire Unitas Fratrum. He died in London, April 2Oth, 17/4, having been there for a year on a visitation to the English congregations of the Moravian Church. CllAI'TKR VII. CONCLUSION. LATKR ATTEMPTS IX GICORGIA. 1740. May 1 8th, 1/40, John Hag-en arrived in Savan- nah. He had come over intending to go as mission- ary to the Cherokees, and his disappointment in finding that the Moravians had abandoned Georgia is another example of the enormous difficulty under which mission work was conducted in those days, when the most momentous events might transpire months before the authorities at home could be ap- prised of them. Hagen had become very ill on the way from Charleston to Savannah, and with none of his own people to turn to he bethought himself of White- field's offers of friendship, and went to his house. He was kindly received by those who were living- there, and though he went down to the gates of death the portals did not open, and he rapidly re- gained his health. Visiting Irene he found only a lew Indian wo- men, for Tomochichi was dead, and the men were all on the warpath. The opportunity of going to the Cherokees seemed verv doubtful, for there were none living nearer than three hundred miles, and distances looked much greater in the Georgia for- 222 ests than in his own populous Germany. So he con- cluded to accept the kind offers of Whitefield's household, and stay with them, making himself use- ful in the garden, and doing such religious work as he was able. Several Germans living in the town, who had learned to like the Moravians, asked him to hold services for them, to which he gladly agreed. He \vas much pleased with the prospect for work in Savannah, where the people had been greatly stirred by Whitefield's preaching, and he wrote to Hcrrnhut urging that two married couples be sent to help reap the harvest, a request warmly seconded by Whitefield, who had returned to Savannah on June lOth. \\nitcfield reported the Moravians busily engaged in erecting a Xegro school-house for him in Pennsylvania, and told llagen he would like to have the two couples come to assist him in carry- ing out his large plans for Georgia. But by the i-jth of August this invitation had been withdrawn, llagen had left AYhitetield's house, and had been refused work on Whitetield's plantation, for fear that he might contaminate the \Yhitelield converts. The trouble arose over a discussion on Predestination, not the first or last time this has happened, and the two men found themselves utterl\- at variance, for \Yhitetield held the extreme Calvinistic view, while I lagen argued that all men who would might be saved, llagen therefore went to the home of John llrowniiehl, who shared his views, and made him very welcome, and from there carried on his work among the residents of Savan- nah and 1 'urisburg. Whitefield returned 10 I Vnnsvlvania in Xovem- CONCLUSION. 223 ber, 1740, nursing his wrath against Hagen, and finding Bohler to be of the same mind, he peremp- torily ordered the Moravians to leave his land. Neighbors interfered, and cried shame on him for turning the little company adrift in the depth of winter, and he finally agreed to let them stay for awhile in the log cabin which was sheltering them while they were building the large stone house. The opportune arrival of Bishop Nitschmann and his company, and the purchase of the Bethlehem tract, soon relieved them from their uncomfortable posi- tion, and later the Nazareth tract was bought from Whitefield, and the work they had begun for him was completed for their own use. Whitefield, in after years, rather excused himself for his first harshness toward the Moravians, but a letter written by him to a friend in 1742, is a good statement of the armed truce which existed among the great religious leaders of that day. "Where the spirit of God is in any great degree, there will be union of avail, tho' there may be difference in senti- ments. This I have learnt, my dear Brother, by happy experience, and find great freedom and peace in my soul thereby. This makes me love the Mora- vian Brethren tho' I cannot agree with them in many of their principles. I cannot look upon them as will- ful deceivers, but as persons who hazard their lives for the sake of the Gospel. Mr. Wesley is as cer- tainly wrong in some things as they, and Mr. Law as wrong also. Yet I believe both Mr. Law and Mr. Wesley and the Count Zinzendorf will shine bright in Glory. I have not given way to the Mo- ravian Brethren, nor any other who I thought were 224 TlIK MoKA\ 1AXS 1 N CiKoUGIA. in the wrong, no, not for one hour. But 1 think it best not to dispute when there is no probability of convincing.'' Jlagen remained in Savannah until February, 1742, when he went to Bethlehem, accompanied by .Abraham Buninger, of Purisburg, who entered the Moravian ministry in 1742, and labored among the Indians, the white settlers, and in the West Indies. Xine more residents of Georgia followed the Mo- ravians to Bethlehem in 1745, John Urownfield, James Burnside and his daughter Rebecca, Henry Ferdinand Beck, his wife Barbara, their daughter Maria Christina, and their sons Jonathan and David, all of Savannah, and Anna Catharine Kremper, of Purisburg. All of these served faithfully in various important offices, and were valuable fruit of the efforts in Georgia. John Ilagen was appointed Warden of the Xa/a- reth congregation, when it was organized: and died at Shaniokin in 1747. 1746. General Oglethorpe was much impressed by the industry of the Moravians in Savannah, and was sorry to see them leave the Province, hi October. 1740, therefore, lie proposed to Count Zinzcndorf that a new attempt should be made further up the Savannah River. He offered to give them live hun- dred and t \\enty-six acre's near Purisburg. and to arrange lor two men to be stationed in Augusta, either as licensed Traders, for manv Indians came there, or as Schoolmasters. Zinzendorf thought well of the plan, and accepted CONCLUSION. 225 the tract, which Oglethorpe deeded to him Xov. ist, 1746, the land lying' on the Carolina side of the Sa- vannah River, adjoining the township of Purisburg, where Bohler and Schulius had made many friends. Xo colonists, however, were sent over, and the title to the land lapsed for lack of occupancy, as that to Old Fort, on the Ogeechee, had already done. 1/74- Early in 17/4 Mr. Knox, Under-Secretary of State in London, asked for missionaries to preach the Gospel to the slaves on his plantation in Geor- gia. He offered a small piece of land, whereon they might live independently, and promised ample store of provisions. This time the plan was carried into execution, and Ludwig Miiller, formerly teacher in the Pedago- gium at Xiesky, with John George Wagner as his companion, went to England, and sailed from there to Georgia. They settled on Mr. Knox's plantation, and at once began to visit and instruct the slaves, and preach to the whites living' in the neighborhood. "Knoxborough" lay on a creek about sixteen miles from Savannah, midway between that town and Ebenezer. The land had been settled by Germans. Salzburgers and "Wittenbergers, and Mr. Knox had bought up their fifty acre tracts, combining- them into a large rice plantation. The homes of the Ger- mans had been allowed to fall into ruin, the over- seer occupying a three-roomed house, with an out- side kitchen. Miiller was given a room in the over- seer's house, preaching there to the white neigh- bors who chose to hear him, and to the negroes in 226 Tin-; MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. the large shed that sheltered the stamping mill. Wagner occupied a room cut off from the kitchen. In February, 17/5, Frederick William [Marshall, Agent of the Unitas Fratrum on the Wachovia Tract in North Carolina, (with headquarters at Salem) visited Georgia to inspect the Moravian property there, accompanied by Andrew Brosing, who joined Miiller and Wagner in their missionary work. It had been suggested that the Moravians preach in a church at a little place called Goshen, near "Knoxborough," a church which had been built by subscriptions of Germans and English liv- ing in the neighborhood, and had been used occa- sionally by a preacher from Ebenczcr. At this time the Salzburgers were in a very bad condition. Bolxius had died in 1765, and Rabcn- horst and Triebner, who shared the pastorate, were greatly at variance, so that the entire settlement was split into factions. Dr. Muhlcnbcrg, "the father of L/utheranism in Pennsylvania," had come to settle the difficulties, and heard with much displeasure of the plan to have the [Moravians preach at Goshen. He declared, "I doubt not, according to their known method of insinuation, they will gain the most, if not all the remaining families in Goshen, and will also make an attempt on Fbenexer, for their ways arc well adapted to awakened souls. I have learned bv experience that where strife and disunion have occunvd in neighborhoods and congregations among the Germans in America, there black and white apostles have immediately appeared, and tried to fish in the troubled waters, like eagles which have a keen sip'ht and smell." CONCLUSION. 227 Dr. Miihlenberg was too much prejudiced against the Moravians to judge them fairly, for he belonged to the Halle party in Germany, and in Pennsylvania had clashed with Zinzendorf during the latter's resi- dence there. The Lutheran Church was in no way endangered by the preaching of the missionaries, for their instructions were explicit: "If you have an opportunity to preach the Gospel to German or Eng- lish residents use it gladly, but receive none into your congregation, for you are sent expressly to the negroes.'' ''You will probably find some of the so- called Salzburgers there, with their ministers. With them you will in all fairness do only that to which you are invited by their pastor. You will do noth- ing in their congregation that you would not like to have another do in yours." Dr. Miihlenberg, there- fore, might safely have left them free to preach the Gospel where they would, even to his own distracted flock, which was weakened by dissensions, suffered severely in the Revolutionary War, and gradually scattered into the adjoining country. In accordance with his instructions, Muller it once gave up all idea of using the Goshen church, and occupied himself with those who heard him gladly at Knoxborough. After a careful examina- tion of the land, the Moravians decided not to build a house for themselves, but to continue with the overseer, who was kind to them, and gave Muller the use of a horse for his visits to adjoining planta- tions. James Habersham, who had come over with George Whitefield in 1/38, was one of the most prominent men in Savannah at this time. In 1744 _'jS TlIK MORAVIANS IN GlvORGlA. lie had established a commercial house in Georgia, the first of its kind, to ship lumber, hogs, skins, etc.. to Kngland, and this business had been a suc- cess, i le had taken a great interest in \\ hitcficld's ( M phan House, and had been active in governmental affairs, having served as Secretary of the Province. 1 'resident of the Council, and Acting Governor of Georgia. For many years he had been the Agent in charge of the Moravian lots in and near Savan- nah, and now. in failing health, and a sufferer from gout, he asked that one of the missionaries might be sent to his three estates on the ( )geechee River, partly as his representative and partlv to instruct ihe slaves. It was decided that "\\ agner should ac- cept this invitation and go to "Silkhope," while Miiller and llro'sing remained at Knoxborough, M filler preaching at "Silkhope" every two weeks. Marshall was much pleased with the reception ac- corded him and the missionaries, and hoped the time was coining' for again using the lots in Savan- nah, but the hope again proved to be fallacious. The m;ss:onaries all suffered givallv from fever, alwavs prevalent on the rice plantations in the summer, and on Oct. nth, 1/75, Miiller died. The outbreak of the Revolutionary \Yar made \Vagncr's and liros- mg's position precarious, for tin- Knglish Act ex- empting the Moravians from militarv service was not likelv to be respected bv the Americans, and in 1770 Krosing returned to \\ "achovia. where the Mo- ravians had settled in sufficient numbers to hold their o\vn, though amid trials manilold. \\agner stayed in Georgia until 177';. and then he too left the field, and returned to Kngland. 1 3 o CONCLUSION. 229 THE SAYAXXAII LANDS. In January, 1/35, fifty acres of Savannah land was granted by the Trustees of Georgia to August Gott- lieb Spangenberg, \vlio was going to Georgia as the leader of the first company of Moravian colonists. Spangenberg had the habit of speaking of himself as "Brother Joseph" in his diaries, and in the rec- ords he sometimes appears as Joseph Spangenberg, sometimes as Joseph Augustus Gottlieb Spangen- berg, and sometimes by his true name only. Accord- ing to custom, the fifty acre grant embraced three lots, Town Lot Xo. 4, Second Tything, Anson Y\ ard, in the town of Savannah. Farm Lot Xo. 2. Second Tything, Anson Ward, in the township of Savannah, and Garden Lot Xo. 120, East. (Office of the Secretary of State of Georgia, Book D of Grants, Folio 208.) A few clays later a similar grant was made to David N-itschmann, "Count Zinzendorfs Haus- meister," generally known as the Syndic from his office in later years, who had conducted the first company from Herrnhut to London. This grant consisted of Town Lot No. 3, Second Tything, An- son Ward, in the town of Savannah. Farm Lot Xo. 3, Second Tything, Anson Ward, in the township of Savannah, and Garden Lot X^o. 121 East. (Office of Secretary of State of Georgia. Book D of Grants, Folio 207.) "V\ hen the Moravians left Georgia in 1/40, these lots were placed in the hands of an Agent, probably James Habersham, who was acting as Whitefield's assistant in his hospital and charity school, the Mo- ravian house being rented for the former purpose. 230 TIIK MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. When the Trustees of Georgia surrendered their Charter to the English Cro\vn in 1/54, it was found that no formal deeds had ever been made for many of the tracts granted by the Trustees, and it was de- creed that any who could legally claim land under grant from the Trustees should have their rights confirmed by royal grant upon application to the Governor and Council of Georgia, within a specified time, the land otherwise to be considered forfeited. In June, 1761, Habersham wrote to Bethlehem that the time for entering claim had expired, but that he had asked for and obtained six months grace for the Moravians, who had previously sent him a full power of attorney, which had failed to reach him. A new power of attorney \vas at once sent, and on September /th, 1/62, royal patents were issued to Nitschmann and Spangenberg, for the Town Lots and Farm Lots above mentioned. (Register's Office, Book D, Folios 207 and 208.) Meanwhile the two Garden Lots had been sold to Sir James AYright for 10, and deeds, bearing date of March i5th, 1762, were made to him by Spangen- berg and Xitschmann. The deeds to the Town and Farm lots were deposited in Bethlehem, and the Agent took his instructions from the Manager there. In i/C>5 Bishop Kttwein went from Bethlehem to Savannah to look after the property. He found that the large house on Spangcnberg's lot had been con- demned as ruinous and pulled down. Some one had built a small house on the other end of the same lot, and it was supposed to pay 4 a year ground rent, but the family living there was very poor, and Ha- bcrsham had been unable to collect anvthing. Bv JAMES IIAMEKSIIAM. CONCLUSION. 231 permission a poor woman had fenced in the Nitsch- mann lot, and was using it as a kitchen-garden, rent free. The title to the farm lots was in jeopardy, for a certain Alderman Becker in London claimed that the Trustees had given him a tract, including these and many other farms, but the settlers thereon were making a strong fight to hold their property, in which they were finally successful. At the time of Frederick William Marshall's visit to Savannah in 1/75, the two farm lots were re- ported to have some good timber, even if they were not of much use otherwise, and the town lots had in- creased in value with the growth of the town. Marshall thought the latter could again be used for residence, and as a centre for such missionary work as was already begun by Mtiller, Wagner and Bros- ing, but the Revolutionary War put an end to their efforts. At this point in the records appears a peculiar un- certainty as to the identity of the owner of the David Nitschmann lots. The fact that there \vere three David Nitschmanns in the active service of the Moravian Church during a number of years after its renewal in Herrnhut affords ample oppor- tunity for confusion, but one would not expect to find it in the minds of their contemporaries. But even such a man as Frederick William Marshall wrote, "The Deeds to these two lots, Nos. 3 and 4, are kept in Bethlehem (one stands in the name of Brother Joseph, the other of Bishop D'd Xitsch- mann, who passed away in Bethlehem) and it would be well if something were done about them. I do not know what can be arranged with the son of the -5- btter: but Brother David Xitschmann. who is now in Zeist, said when he was in America that he him- self was the David Xitschmann in whose name the grant was made, because he was the one who had shared in the negotiations with the Trustees of Georgia." Bishop David Xitschmann had died in Bethlehem. Oct. i;ih. 177-- where his son Immanuel lived until 1700. The David Xitschmann residing in Zeist was the Svndic. formerlv Count Zin/en- dorf's ] lausmeistcr. the leader of the first company to London, where he and Spangenberg had arranged matters with the Trustees, and had each received titty acres of land in his own name. The Bishop had had nothing whatever to do with the matter, and this was the conclusion reached, for the title to the Town Lot Xo. 3 passed at the Syndic's death, March j8th, 1779, to his son Christian David X itschniann. June I4th, 17^4, August Gottlieb Spangenberg and Christian David Xitschmann bv deed transler- red tlu-ir title to the Savannah property to Hans Christian Alexander von Schwcinitz. Administrator r>! the estate of the I nitas l-'ratrum in Pennsylvania. The Revolutionary \Yar had come and gone, and \ on Schwciuitz began again to investigate the con- dition of ai'fairs in Savannah. Their Agent. James llabersham. had died in 1775, but his son James had kept up the taxes, so the title was intact. "But there is a matte)-." he wrote, "which it is necessary yon should be made acquainted with. \Vhen the British Troops took possession of Savannah, they had occasion for a lot belonging to a Mr. George Kellar, for the purpose of erecting a fort on, it be- CONCLUSION. 233 ing- situated in the outskirts of the town, and in order to satisfy this man they very generously gave him your two lots in lieu of the one they had taken from him. but very fortunately for you, our Legis- lature passed a Law rendering null and void all their acts during the time they held this country, and notwithstanding Mr. Kellar is perfectly well acquainted with this matter, he has moved a house on one of the lots, and on the other he has lately built another house, which he rents out. and holds possession in defiance of me, as I am possessed of no power of attorney to warrant any proceeding against him." A power of attorney was at once sent Habersham, with instructions to evict the intruder, and rent, lease or sell the property. A suit against the trespasser was won in 1794, but in 1801 his tenant was still in possession, poor, and refusing to pay rent. Habersham had meanwhile died, and John Gebhard Cunow, acting as attorney for \ on Scluveinitz, who had returned to Germany in 1798. requested Matthew McAllister to take charge of the matter; but McAllister, having made some inquiries, reported that the man named John Robinson, \vho lived on the premises, was likely to make trouble, and that as he himself was the only Judge in the district it would be better to put the case into the hands of some one else, and leave him free to hear it. Cunow therefore asked George AYoodruff to act as attorney, to which he agreed, re- questing that John Lawson be associated with him, which was done the following year. Hans Chnsii:i:i Alexander von Schweinitz died Feb. 26th. 1802, the title to the Savannah Lots pass- 234 Tine MORAVIANS IN CKORGIA. ing by will to Christian Lewis Benzicn, of Salcin, North Carolina, who however requested Cunow to continue to look after them. The Agents had no light task in ejecting John Robinson and his wife from their abode, for he was "a foolish, drunken man," and she "a perfect virago, and the Sheriff is really afraid of her," but on July 5th, 1805, Lawson wrote to Cunow,- "I am happy to inform you that after great trouble and difficulty we have this day obtained possession of Mr. Ben- zien's lots.'' Feb. 1 7th, 1807, Christian Lewis Bcnzicn. by his attorneys Woodruff and Lawson, conveyed Town Lot No. 4, Second Tything, Anson Ward, to Charles Odingscll, the consideration being $1,500, one hundred dollars in cash, the rest secured bv bond and mortgage, payable in one, two, and three years, with 8 per cent interest from date. In the same manner Town Lot No. 3 was sold to Worthington dale, March i4th, 1807, for $1,450. Owing to "the distress of the times," payment of these bonds was slightly delayed, but by June, 1811, both were cancelled. Although the two Town Lots thus brought $2,950, thev had cost a good deal in taxes and at- torney's fees, and it is doubt fid whether the general treasurv profiled great Iv bv the investment, and cer- tainly the men who had lived and labored and suf- fered in deorgia were in no financial way enriched thereby. Christian Lewis Bcnzicn died Nov. 13th, 1811, and the two Farm Lots were transferred bv will to John debhard Cunow of Bethlehem, Pa., who in CONCLUSION. 235 March, 1822, deeded them to Lewis David de Schweinitz of Bethlehem, Pa. And here the two Farm Lots disappear from the records. They had never hoen available for farming purposes, and by degrees the timber was stolen from them, so that it became wiser to let them go than to keep up the taxes with no prospect of re- turn. In course of time the title lapsed, and the land passed uncontcsted into other hands. 236 TliK MORAVIANS IX GEORGIA. ARRIVALS IN GEORGIA. 237 ^ ^ r"> 1*5 ^ 13 M 16 0; +> 238 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. C ~ ' <-> r f. ~ t* - C X C c 3 v O ^ r- i_- i, i- i- rc i~ i~ i- DEPARTURES FROM GEORGIA. 239 O o - >..,>. OOOO-- O C t-i H H H H " H H ^H Juliana Waschke Anna Waschke c -/. "Z r ~~- O t. ' 2 F C ci S" O rC ' O l C -t - fcn^ 1 ^ CJoa S SS S tC l^ CCi-H" 7^ ^ c 3 .2 5 J JH M ^3 g^SBjJlS H^c^ :;? ^o5; w c cs^^.offl^Ht^-^H S ,0 HS ; K r" 1 Cd S f^ ** -o -^O^H-^^^-:: C PQ^ 5^T3 H ^^^oceg ^j So^'P^^^^S'C g^3 5ocjot^'o 5 K a s ,2 2 -^ S CQ !> S C 240 THE MORAVIANS IN GEORGIA. c ^ tf. ^ ft 1 JS C a .S ^S ;: 1 1 1 HI* s s isll >- - co DEATHS. 241 s 3 o ^ s -3 0} X r 5 s o - c S ^3 f-i CH gpH :0 S h ^ en K 3 W rt 02 o ., M O O ^3 " T3 ^3 rG 45 CC O * O 242 Tine ^MORAVIANS IN (iKokciA. SUMMARY. Arrivals. From Europe 43 Pennsylvania 1 Born in ( ioorgia 1 From North Carolina 1 47 Deaths. At Savannah 8 At Furisburg 1 At Knoxborough 1 - 10 Departures. To Bethlehem. Pa 18 To other Moravian Congregations in America.... 3 To Moravian Congregations in Europe 8 Scattered 8 O I - 47 Following the Moravians from Georgia to Bethlehem. . . 13 INDEX. Act of Parliament 1ST, 199, 228 Aeltester 133, 138, 154, 175, 185 Allen, Brierly 18(5 Altamaha River 121, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 102 Anna 150 Anthony 37 Altona 42, 91, 92 Arrivals in Georgia 230. 237, 238, 242 Associates of the late Dr. Bray 202, 203. 204. 211, 213 Augsburg ." 19, 20 Augusta 224 B. Bader, Paul Peter 214 Bands 103. 129, 177, 190, 200, 213 Beck, Barbara 224 Beck, David 224 Beck, Henry Ferdinand 224 Beck. Jonathan 224 Beck, Maria Christina 224 Benzien, Christian Lewis 234 Berthelsdorf 20, 140 Bethlehem 130. 184, 188, 201, 214-217, 223. 224, 23d. 231. 235 Bohemia 21. 23, 29. 41, 45. 40, 48, 92 Bohler, Peter 189-192, 194. 199, 202-213, 215. 217, 219, 220, 223, 220 Bohner, John 92, 107, 150, 150, 185, 2(>s'. 210, 217 Bohnisch. Georire 34, 141 Bohnisch, Matthias 92, 157 Bolzius, Martin 20. 44, 40, 82. 178, 220 Bray, Thomas 203 Brosing, Andrew 220. 228. 231 Brother Joseph 42. 229. 231 Brownfield, John 222. 224 Biininger, Abraham 224 Burnside, James 224 Burnsidc. Eebecca 224 C. Calendar 100 Calvin, John 21 Carolina . . 14, 72. 79. 141, 101. 102, 103, 183. 203. 210. 213 Causton. Thomas . . GO, OS, 84, 103, 104, 107. 108, 182. 185 INDKX. PAGE. Charles Jl 13 Charles V 19 Charleston 20. 14(1. 141. 147, 1(13, ]S(i. I.V.). 210, 213 Cherokees .' 149, 221 ( hief Elder Sec Aelt ester. Christ Church 143 Church of England 53, 99. 132, 140. 144. 14."), !<)], 197, 20G Collegia iits 3"), 3(i Comen his. John Amos 21 Comfort 15ti Committee for relief of Debtors 13, 14 Confession of Faith. ^Moravian 27 Corani, Thomas 3f>. 47 Cornish, Capt 97, 101, 114 Creek Confederacy 148 Cunoxv. .lolui (iebhard 233. 234 I). Death> 241. 242 Delumotte, Charles 99. Kll. 104. 1(1."). 109. 131, 144. IdS. lS(i. 202 Demutli. (Jotthard 48. (i!). 79, 83, 129. 188 Deimith. (lottlieb 92, l.")ii. 18S Deiniith. Ue^ina 92, 112. 184. 188 Departures from Ceorida 238. 239. 240. 242 Diencr 129. 139. 174. 17-1. 18:"> Dober. John Andrew 92. 99. KM. 103. Kid. 108, 129. 131, 1.1.1, If)!), 181 Dober. Leonard 90 Dober. .Maria Catherine 92. 103. Mti. 1.19 Dunbar, Capt 140 Dii^eldorf 20 Kbene/.er. \e\v 127. 17*. 202. 22.1. 22(i Ebene/er, Old 20. 44, 7.1. ss. li'.l Ebersdorf ;10 l'"cce Homo 2(! l-'ccle-iolao in ccclesia 24 Kckslein, John 170. 181 Eiredc. I Ian- 37 KMora 138 I'lnj^land Sec '.Moravian .\i-ii\ity in England. l-'.n^li-h School at Ilerrnhiil 9.1 Kphraia _ 184 Epi-cnpaie of Unitas l-'rat rum . . . . 22. 9o. 91. 107. 133. 134. 140. N.I. IdO. 218 INDEX. 245 PAGE. Kniialmer 129 Ettwein, John 230 Exile Hymn 49 Farm Lots 10, 52, 77, 78, 79, 180, 229-232, 234, 235 Fetter Lane Congregation 199, 200 Fetter Lane Society 191, 194, 195, 190, 199, 205 Fifty Acre Tracts. 51. 52, 78, 120, 229 Financial affairs 30-34, 38, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 53, 71. 72, 78, 84. 89. 95. 90, 1U7, 109, 129. 135, 13U, 137, 155, 105, 108, 173, 180, 181. 182, 184, 189, 190, -210, 230. 234. First Company 47-50, 07, 70, 139, 229 Five Acre Lots see Garden Lots. Five Hundred Acre Tract see Old Fort. Five Hundred Acre Tract (2nd) 94, 12G Five Hundred and Twenty-six Acre Tract 224 Florida ' 102 Foreign Missions 37, 38, 43, 100, 221 Fort Argyle 72 70 Forty-five Acre Lots see Farm Lots. Foundry Society 190 Frank ,'jacob 92, 138, 179 Fredcrica 127, 128, 130. 143, 144, 145, 147, 158, 201 Fulneck . 198 dale, Worthington 234 Gambold. John 200 Garden Lots 10, 52. 08. 09. 77. 78. 79, 122, ISO. 229, 230 Case-nine, Capt 107 Gemeinschaft 135. 130. 155. 158. 173. 174. 177, 179 George II . '. 14 Georgia 13-18. 20. 29. 30, 33. 35. 30. 38. 43, 44, 08, 77. S3. 95, 90, 127. 128. 102. 103. 100. 182. 210. 215, 227. 230. Gennantown 170, 1S4, 188 Gladman, Capt. Thomas 210 Goshen 220, 227 Goshenhopper 188 Greenland 37 Gronav, Israel Christian 20, 82, 178 H. Habereoht, Gottfried 48. 09. 79. S3. 129, 170. 184 Haberecht, Rosina 92, 157 Haberland, George 48, 09. 79. 15S, 185 INDEX. PAGE. Haberlaml, Michael 48, 73, 79, 185, 208, 215 Habersluim, James, Jr 232, 233 Haberslmm, James, Sr 202, 210, 227, 229, 230, 232 ilagcu, John 221-224 Halle 20, 25, 39-43, 71, 193, li)4, 227 Harper, Simon Peter 202, 20ti, 211 Ha\vk, The 10U, 107, 10'J, 110 Heller see Helpers. Helpers 138, 139 Herbert, Henry 143 Hermsdoii, Christian Adolph von 91, 94, 10(i, 121, 123, 128, 133, 158, 173 Hcrrnhut 23, 25-29, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45. 58, 71, 90, 92, 95, 105, 120, 135, 150, 105. 170, 188, 192, 193, 194, 200, 201. Holland see Moravian Activity in Holland. Hourly Intercession 58, 07 Household All'airs ...... 09, 83-80. 131, 132, 135, 130, 155, 150, 158, 172, 173, 174, 179. 201. 210 Huber, John Michael 214 Hummel. Johanna 217 Ilns, .John 21, 201 Hutton, James 99. 193, 195, 198, 203 1. Indian School House see Irene. Indians in Georgia 15, 32, 45, 40. 07, 08. 70-75, 80, 94, 99. 112. 124, 120^ 127, 131, 137, 141 ? 144, 147-155, 101. 102, 181. 185, 180, 187. 198, 213. Indians in Pa 217, 21s Jn-'hain, Benjamin 99, 101. 104, 105, 109. 110, 112, 121, 128, 134, 143-140, 149. 15(1, 152, 153, 154, 104, 108, 10!), 181, 190-193. 190-199. ln>t ructions ' 70 Ireland see Moravian Activity in Ireland. Irene 154. 155. 214. 221 J. ablonski 90, 91, 1(50 ag, ])avid 92, 150, 170. 177, 184, 188 antes 217 iischke, Juliana 92. 157, 174, 170 ena 25. 41. 193. 203, 208 e\vs 82 olmson 73 70 ouriial. John Wesley's.. 99. 101-121. 192 INDEX. 247 K. PAGE. Kellar, George 232, 233 Knox, Mr 225 Kiioxborough 225-228 Koker, riclcr 35, 192 Korte, Jonas 90, 92, 93, 90, 98, 125 Krankenwiirter 129 Kremper, Anna Catherine 224 L. Laborers 200 Lamb's Hill 198 Lancashire 197 Land titles 95, 120, 101, 225, 229-235 Lawson, John 233, 234 Leopold, Archbishop of Salzburg 18 London 43, 47, 50, 54, 55, 93, 159 London Merchant, The 105, 109, 117, 118, 127 Lords Proprietors 14, 101 Lorenz 33, 34 Lot, The 139, 149, 150, 158, 105, 1(50, 107, 172, 175, 189, 210, 213 Lovefcasts 130, 139, 181, 190 Lower Creeks 18. 149, 152 Lutheran Church 19, 23, 25, 28, 140, 220, 227 Luther, Martin 19, 21, 28 M. Mack, John Martin 92, 113, 215, 217 Marienborn 192, 193, 220 Marshall, Frederick William 220, 228, 231 Matrimonial afl'airs 150, 158, 174, 170 McAllister, Matthew 233 Melancthoir 19 Methodists 99, 180, 191, 194, 190 Meyer, John Michael 92, 184 Military affairs 33, 87. 88, 93, 94, 120. 141, 101, 103-107, 172, 181, 182, 183, ISO, 199, 215, 228 Moberley, Capt 200, 207 Molther, Philip Henry 195 Moravia 21, 22, 29, 45, 40, 48, 90, 92, 100 Moravian Activity in England 41, 49, 50. 97, 100- 163, 190, 194-200, 202, 205, 217, 220 Moravian Activity in Holland 35, 42, 93, 192, 217 Moravian Activity in Ireland 199. 200. 217 Moravian Congregation in Fetter Lane see Fetter Lane Society. Miihlenberg, Henry Melchior 220, 227 Miiller, Liidwig . , 225-228, 231 248 INDEX. PAG!:. M usgrove, John OS Musgrove, Mary 08, 131, 149 Music 214, 210 N. Xazareth 210, 217, 223, 224 Negro Mission 201, 202, 204, 209-213, 225, 227, 228 Xeisser, Augustin 92, 188 Xeisser, George ( J2, 107, 150, 108, 109 Xeisser, Wenzel 203, 204, 200 Xeubert, Ivosina 9] New Ebenezer see Ebenezcr, Xe\v. Xe\v Inverness 127 Xitsrhniann, Christian David 232 Xitscliinann. David (l?i>hop) 88, !)(), 91, 93-99, 101, 103, 108, 111, 120, 122, 123, 129-134, 139, 141, 158, 159, 100, 184, 204, 217, 223, 231, 232. Xitschmann, David (Haiisnipi>ter, S vndir) .... 39. 48, 49, 52, 53, 58, 01,' 08. 78, 88, 89, 90, 94, 120, 183, 229-232. Nitschnmnn, Immamiel 232 Xorth Carolina 14 Xova Scotia 47 X. Ober-Berthelsdorf 28, 29, 34 Odingsell, Charles 234 Oeconomie 130 Ogcorhee Jliver 72. 73, 74, 70. 225, 228 Oglethorpe, James 13. 14, 17, 20. 45, 47, 50. 51, 53, 54. 58, 72. 87, 88, 93, 94, 95. 97, 98, 99, 102, 104. 107-113. 118, 120-123, 125, 128, 129, 130. 135. 139. 143. 145, 147, 149, 152, 155. 159. 102-105. 107, 173, 188, 199, 204-207, 210-213. 215. 210, 224. 225. Old Fort 39, 42, 47, 51. 70. 72, 73. 75. 70. 79, 94, 120. 100, 101. 104, 225 Ordr-r of 1ho Mu>tard Seed 100 Orphan House 202, 228 ( >xiord 99. 205, 208 P. Peeper Island (Cockspur) . , 120 Pennsvlvania 35. 30. 91, 140. 141. 142. 108. 173, 183, 184, 187, 195, -200 . 201. 214. 210, 218. 223, 227, 232. Pcriamia 125. 127 INDEX. 249 1'AGE. Pfeil, von 20, 33, 34, 38 Pietists 25 Pilgrim Congregation 200, 216 Poland 21, >>, 90 Port Royal 140 Potter, John, (Archbishop of Canterbury) 100, 203 Province of Georgia see Georgia. Piulsey 198 Purisburg 52, 208-213, 217, 222, 224, 220 Puttcn, Cornelius van 35 Quincy, Samuel 131, 143 R. Ratio Disciplinae 22, 23 Reck, George Philipp Frederick von, 20, 39, 41, 97. 100, 107, 117, 125, 139 Reck, the younger 1 25 Regensberg 20, 34 Regnier, John 80, 81, 82, 120. 129. 137, 150, 189, 208, 214 Religious affairs... 32, 33, 0!), 70. 71. 101-108. 110, 112. 124. 127. 120, 130, 132-1 35. 138. 140, 155. 150. 101, 107. 174. 175. 179. 185. 187. 199, 213, 215. 218, 222, 223. Reuss, Henry XXIX 50 Revolutionary War 227. 228. 231. 232. 233 Rieiiter, Abraham Ehrenfricd 190, 203, 204 Riedel, Catherine 92. 122, 158 Riedel, Friedrich 48, 55. 73. 79, 80. 121). 122. 158 Robinson. John 233. 234 Roman Catholics 15. 21. 107, 132. 207. 210 Roscher. Henry 02. 113. 150. 157 Rose. Anna Catherina 175 Rose. Catherine (Riedel) 152-155, 158. 185. 20S. 214 Rose. Maria Magdalena 175. 185. 208. 214 Rose. Peter.... 48, 55, 09. 73. 74. 84. 80. 130. 152-155, 158. 174. 179. 185. 208. 214 Rothe, John Andrew 20. 140 Rotterdam 20. 35. 42 Rotten-possnm 70 S. Salem 220. 234 jrors 10. 18-21. 34. 39, 40, 41, 44. 40. 54. 72. 82. 88. 94. 07. 105. 109, 117. 125. 127. 178. 225. 220. 227. 250 INDEX. PAGE. Savannah.... 18, 20, 52, GO, 12, 75, 80, 82, 87, !)!>, 120, 125, 1G3-1U7, 182, 180, 201, 200, 214, 222, 224 Savannah Congregation, (Moravian) .... 78, 122, 120, 129-130, 139, 145, 140, 150, 151, 153, 100, 101, 104-107, 172, 170, 177, 184, 180, 187, 198, 201, 208, 213, 215, 210 iSavannah Cemetery 80, 122, 185, 214 Savannah River 17, 05, 119, 102, 224 Savannah, The 210 Saxony 18, 22, 43, 45, 40 Schober, John Michael 188, 181), 214 Schoeneck 188 Sdmlius, George 190, 202-212, 214. 220 Schwarz, Rosina 91 Schweinitz, Hans Christian Alexander von 232, 233 Sch\\ einitz, Lewis David de 235 Sclnvenkfeld, Casper 28 Schwenkf elders ... 28. 21), 33, 34, 35, 38, 48, 139, 141. 109 Second Company 70, 79, 84, 88-98. 101, 122, 125 Seifert, Anton.' 48, 59. 73, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 149, 150, 154, 174, 175, 170, 185, 213, 217 Seituah 73 "Servants" of Zinzendorf 30, 31, 40, 51, 70. 79, 87, 89, 94. 100, 104, 105 Seybold, Matthias 92. 103, 150, 201 Shamokin 224 Sickness 09, 79, 83, 138. 150, 157, 158, 185. 212. 213, 214. 221. 228 Silkhope 228 Simmonds. The 97, 98, 101 Sitkovius 90, 91 Skidaway Island 73 Smith House 198 "Society" *<>p CJomciiisrhtift. Societ v for the l'ro| aurat ion of Christian Knowledge.. 19, 44. 50, 54 Somers, Benjamin 217 South Carolina 14. 15, 53, 89, 220 Spangenberg, Angus* (!o11lieb 35. 30. 41-43, 45, 47, 48, 50-54, 58, 59, (iO. 04, 05, 00. 08-75. 77. 78, 81-88, 94. 97. 120, 122-120. 128-131, 130, 138-142, 108-173. 177- 184, 190, 199. 203, 217. 229. 230, 232. SpaiiLronberir's TTvmn 01 Spaniards ' .' 70. 75, 148. 101, 102, 103. 100 Spanish War 154, 101-109. 172, 215 INDEX. 251 PAGE. Spener, Philip Jacob 24, 25 Sterling's BluiT 74 St. Simon's Island 127, 128, 208, 211 St. Thomas 37, 90, 142, 200, 2115, 218 Swiss Emigrants 52, 04, 65, 209, 211 Tanneberger, David 92, 103, 1,5(5, 179, 184, 188 Tanneberger, John 92, 184 Thomas, Capt 105 Thomson, Capt 58, 59. 05, 88, 125 Thunderbolt 73 Toltschig, John 48, 49, 59, Go, GO, 07, 70, 73, 78, 80, 83, 90, 120, 122, 129, 133, 134. 144, 145, 140. 149, 152, 153, 154, 158, 1G3, 164, 165, 167, 171-177, 188, 189, 190, 192, 196. 197, 198, 200, 201. Toltschig, Judith 92, 102. 130. 154. 156. 158, 189, 215 Tomochichi 17. 18, 68, 74. 86. 12(5. 127, 131, 148, 150, 152-155'. 160. 181. 185, 214 Town Lots 10. 52. 67. 68. 09, 78. 79. 179, 183. 228-234 Trades 48, 81. 84. 92. 130. 152, 155. 150, 180. 185. 217 Triebner 220 Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America 15. 10. 28, 29. 33. 34. 40. 47/50-54. 58, 64. 78. 87. 89. 94. 95, 9(5. 147, 160. 103-169. 178, 181-184. 186. 187. 190. 204, 230. Tiibino-en 25 Two Brothers. The 58, 59 Two Hundred Acre Tract 51, 70, 79 Tybee 88. 119. 123. 171, 189 U. Union Galley, The 206 Unitas Fratrum . . . 21-25, 28, 42. 48. 49, 90, 140, 146. 150. 100, 197, 199. 200. 201. 203. 218, 220. 226 Upper Creeks 149 Ulsperger, Samuel 20. 40. 41. 54 Vat, Mr 41 Verelst, Secy 54, 93 Yernon. James 34, 54, 58 Yollmar 97, 102, 139 Yorsteher 129 Vovares 56-05. 93. 97-121. 159. 170. 171. 189, 207. 216 252 INDEX. W. I'AGE. Wachovia Trad 220, 228 \Va-ner, John ( ieorge 225, 220, 228, 231 \Vasohke, Anna 92, 150, 180, 188 \Vasclike, (.u-orge 48, 79, 158. 174. 17ti, J88 \Vasrhke, Juliana Jiischke 174, 175, 188 \Veintraube, Mrs 92, 159 Wesley, Charles 98, 99, 10], 103, 105, 108, 111), 130, 14:;, 145. 147, 1!)0, 205 We-lev. John 98, 95). 101, 108. 110, 113, 123, 124, 120, 128, 130, 131, 134 ; 135, 143-147. 14!), 150, 157, Ili8, 173, 178, 185, I8(ii 190-190, 200, 201, 203, 205, 200, 223. \\Ysley, Samuel !>!) \\'esl Indies \\'liit elk-Id, (ioorge 11) \Viener, Christopher ((ieor^ei 34. 141 \Vittenber 20, 2G \Voodrutr. ( leorpfe 233 \Vriyht, Sir James 23d \Vynantx !7. 203 y. Yorkshire !'.. l!)ti-l!)9. 208 VsselMcin 188, 1!I2 Xei>beriier. David, Jr 18S, 1S9, 211. 218. 21!) Zeisberger, David, Sr 92. 2os. 217 Xei-beryer. IJosina 92. ]02, 217 iu \ on 125 ica von 50. 135. 159 Mm 22-31. 3310. 42. 40, 51, 70. 71, 72. 78. 91. 94, 97. 135, 138. 140. 150, 154. 159. 100, 105. 181-184. 180. 190. 15)2. 200, 202-205. 223. 224. 227. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below OCT 9 1344 AUG 1 1 1950 WAR g 5 1954 OCT 17 195JI URU MJG29 1958 OCT 2 9 195* r mm Bit FB A^ ! 7 L970 Hffo HARGE-UR HEC'C : ? 15 137&, P 12197 2 J382 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFQRWU AT T.OS AMn^'f Hill III 3 1158 00300 1160 UC SOUTHERN REGIOMAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000019573 5