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The 
 
 Microbe-Producing-Disease Theory 
 
 Inconsistent 
 
 With the Laws of Nature 
 
 How Diseases are Produced 
 
 A New Physiological Law Promulgated 
 
 Schmitz 
 
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The 
 
 fflicrobe-Producing-Disease Theory 
 
 Inconsistent 
 
 With the Laws of Nature, 
 
 How Diseases are Produced, 
 A New Physiological Law Promulgated 
 
 by 
 
 #*& 
 Prof. J. P: Schmitz, M. D. 
 
 Author of <l Human Physiology, Analysis and Digest, for Medical Students and 
 Practitioners; " " Over 3000 Questions on Laws of the Human Body; " 
 " Key to all Questions of Human Physiology for State Med- 
 ical Examiners, and Professors on Physiology in 
 Medical Colleges;" and "Cause of Diph- 
 theria and the difference between 
 Diphtheria and Croup." 
 
 Published by tbe Author, 
 
 3321 Twenty-first Street, San Francisco, California, 
 1901. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, iu the year 1901, by 
 
 John P. Schmitz, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 All rights reserved. 
 
THE 
 
 Microbe - Producing - Disease Theory 
 
 INCONSISTENT 
 
 With the Laws of Nature. 
 HOW DISEASES ARE PRODUCED. 
 
 A NEW PHYSIOLOGICAL LAW PROMULGATED, 
 
 BY 
 
 Pro/. J. P. Schmitz, M. D. 
 
 THE MlCROBE-PRODUCING-DlSEASE THEORY PROPERLY INVOLVES 
 ELEVEN QUESTIONS: 
 
 1. What is a microbe? 
 
 2. Are microbes in the human body in health? 
 
 3. If microbes are in the human body, do they cause disease? 
 
 4. Do microbes consume material in the human body which the 
 
 economy requires? 
 
 5. Do microbes attack healthy tissues, or change normal healthy 
 
 matter in the human body into injurious matter? 
 
 6. Are microbes simply on account of their presence injurious to 
 
 the human body? 
 
 7. Does abnormal or decomposed matter contain the poison in- 
 
 jurious to the human body, without the microbes? 
 
 8. Do microbes act as foreign poisonous matter in the human 
 
 body and thereby cause disease? 
 
 9. Can any disease be cured by simply killing the microbes? 
 
 10. Why do microbes exist? 
 
 11. How are diseases produced? 
 
 127788 
 
6 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 I. In order to avoid repetition and for the sake of shortness, 
 the word Microbe shall include all that are at present considered 
 as microbial vital beings, such as those that can only be seen un- 
 der the microscope, for instance, Schizomycetes, Schizophyta, 
 Microphytes, Micrococci, Bacilli, Spirilli, Bacteria, Leptothrix, 
 Vibriones, Staphylococci, Clostridium, Beggiatoa, Spiromonas, 
 Spirochaete, Cladothrix, and all those that have received no name 
 as yet, as well as those that are too small to be seen under the 
 most powerful microscope. If one of these names actually in- 
 cludes any other, or if one is a derivation from another, matters 
 not; the question 1st is: What is a microbe ? Of course, the 
 bacteriologist may say: A microbe is a minute vital organism 
 which can be seen only under the microscope. But, such a definition 
 is, to say the least, not very precise and not a little evasive; for, one 
 having a microscope of a power say 250 can claim that he sees 
 microbes. Another who has a microscope of a power of 1000 can 
 see other microbes. Another still with a power yet higher might 
 claim to see more and other microbes. Where then is the limit 'to 
 our observation and who can assign it? That there are creatures 
 beyond the range or power of any of our optical contrivances to 
 detect, is, I might say, certain; just as certain as that there are 
 stars in the heavens beyond the range of our most powerful tel- 
 escopes. Shall we then leave these creatures un-named, or shall 
 we not classify them all under the one head "microbes? " The 
 latter course would seem to be most rational and at the same time 
 most general and comprehensive. We shall therefore follow it 
 and consequently define microbes as: The minutest forms of 
 life, embracing both what is revealed to us by the mi- 
 croscope and what lies beyond the power of our most 
 powerful optical instruments to detect. Now, should this 
 definition seem extravagant or strange, for after all are there not 
 things which really exist and yet will either never be detected by 
 the senses or cannot? 
 
 The Ether of the universe, on account of its extreme tenuity is 
 undetectable by any process at present known to science. It does 
 not enter into combination with other substances; therefore, its 
 quantity, quality and action always remain constant. Assuming 
 the atomic theory to be the correct one, ether forms the interstitial 
 medium between the atoms and molecules of all gases, fluids, and 
 solids; entering the inter-atomic and molecular spaces on the ex- 
 pansion of these bodies and receding on their contraction. Here 
 then we have a medium capable of entering the inter-atomic and 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 7 
 
 molecular spaces of matter at the center or bowels of the earth as 
 easily as at the surface. More than this, what do< we know about 
 ether, and yet that it exists is beyond the shadow of a doubt. 
 
 Now, in regard to the Atom. Who has seen it, who has 
 handled it, yet, modern science declares its existence with the 
 utmost certainty. Maxwell tells us that "a mass weight of one 
 gramme of hydrogen atoms numbered about 216,000 million mil- 
 lions; their mean velocity about 6,100 feet per second; their col- 
 lisions about 17,750 million per second; and the average path 
 without collision, about 38 ten-millionths of an inch. To count 
 the number of atoms in a pin's head, at the rate of ten million in 
 a second, would require 250,000 years." Now whether what he 
 asserts be true or not, matters little. I quote his words simply to 
 show that much in modern science is admitted, the objectivity of 
 which is by no means certain. Of course I do not pretend to say 
 with that certainty with which one admits, for instance, the exist- 
 ence of the ether, that there are forms of life beyond the power of 
 our most powerful microscopes to perceive; yet I do claim with at 
 least as much certainty as Atomists admit atoms, that there are 
 such forms of life. 
 
 I stated on page 23 of my Text-Book on Physiology, Analysis 
 and Digest, for Students and Practitioners: "An Organism con- 
 sists of a combination of organs, and has specific functions. In 
 structure it is capable of performing actions and producing effects 
 not only by itself and within itself, but also on matter external to 
 and outside of itself. An Organ is a part of an organism, and its 
 action is its function." 
 
 Accordingly, to be an organism, a thing has to have organs. 
 A thing that has not two or more organs, can surely be no organ- 
 ism. Also, to be an organ, a thing must be a part of an organism. 
 Everything derived from a thing that once had organs, we call or- 
 ganic, for instance, cloth (from wool of sheep), or a piece of wood 
 (the wood was once a part of a living tree), etc. In the animal 
 and vegetable organism, a cell is an organ, because it performs 
 natural functions in, and is a part of the organism. Now the 
 question arises: Is the vital living microbe an organism? We 
 answer yes without any hesitation; for, it is impossible in the pres- 
 ent order of things for any material form of life to exist, 1st, with- 
 out assimilation of extraneous matter to its own being, and 2d, 
 without the ejection of matter not necessary to its well being, in 
 order to keep it within the corporal limits determined by its na- 
 ture, both of which powers require organs. 
 
8 MICROBE-PRODUCING -DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 II. Are microbes in the human body in health ? In 
 
 answering this question I have to refer again to my physiology, 
 page 23: "Organic bodies differ from inorganic by the introduc- 
 tion, assimilation, combination, and reconstruction of new or fresh 
 matter. Certain inorganic substances aggregate to themselves 
 fresh material, enlarging in size and quantity, thus showing a 
 quasi-assimilation; but they do so only by the addition of particles 
 of matter to their exterior. The organic living structure grows by 
 the addition of new matter not only to its surface, but throughout 
 its entire mass; (now comes the point) and at the same time it con- 
 tinually changes, decay and repair going hand in hand." 
 Here we notice that the natural law of organisms is " decay and 
 repair going hand in hand." Consequently, decay is natural in 
 the organism, and where there is organic decay, there must be 
 microbes, and this we shall better understand further on. For the 
 present we must be content with the answer: Microbes are in the 
 most healthy organic body. 
 
 III. If microbes are in the human body, do they 
 cause disease ? Of course, the microbe-maniac can see no other 
 cause for disease than Microbes; just as the Vermiform-appendix- 
 maniac can see no function for the appendix, and nothing else in 
 an abdominal pain but appendicitis. The microbe-producing- 
 disease theorists claim so much for the "effect" of the microbes, 
 and yet no one has shown the "why" and the "reason" for the 
 "cause." In each and every disease in which it is claimed that 
 microbes are found and that the disease was caused by them, it can 
 be proved, on physiological grounds, that the microbes did not pro- 
 duce it. Although this is not the place to fully treat the question, 
 yet sufficient reasons will be adduced to show that microbes are not 
 the "cause," and in fact wherever animal or vegetable matter exists 
 dead or alive, there must be microbes. This is a law of nature as 
 well as any other, and yet this law has never so far as I know been 
 recognized or even surmised. I intend then to prove that such a 
 law exists in nature. 
 
 Infectious diseases are more numerous than other diseases, 
 and, if microbes cause the disease, by what or how do they injure 
 the body? How or by what do they produce the anatomical 
 changes? Why do some patients die and others not? Why are 
 some persons immune against certain diseases and others not? 
 At any rate, in what does the immunity consist? These ques- 
 tions have not been explained or answered, yet the bacteriolo- 
 gist claims that microbes produce diseases. 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 9 
 
 If microbes were the cause of disease, how is it that catarrh, 
 measles, scarlatina, variola, typhoid fever, and many other 
 diseases, each has its particular course and termination? Does 
 this not show that the microbes have nothing to do with it? 
 
 In analyzing the microbe theory, we find that microbes have 
 no function or power to produce any disease whatever in a healthy 
 organism. Soon after the death of a tissue or a body, the microbes 
 commence the separation and isolation of the anatomical and 
 chemical elements, thereby fitting these elements again for living 
 organisms. That is their duty and function. The microbe is not 
 a disease producer. It takes hold of that matter only which is de- 
 cayed or dead, and transforms that matter into its primitive ele- 
 ments, whereby, it becomes useful again for assimilation and 
 growth of new animal and vegetable vital tissues, as will be seen 
 in part 10. 
 
 IV. Do microbes consume materials in the human 
 body which the economy requires ? No one can show or 
 prove that microbes use or live on healthy vital tissue, and neither 
 can any one show or prove that the microbes produce the poison or 
 decomposed matter that causes disease. 
 
 The laws of nature allow absolutely nothing useless in nature; 
 the difficulty lies only in our comprehension of the facts concerning 
 these laws. All sciences, if they be true, must be founded on the 
 laws of nature, and any science not founded on them, is fallacious 
 and must eventually fall. In what follows I intend to prove that 
 a law exists whereby the organized animal and plant depends on 
 microbes, and that microbes depend not on the vital tissues of 
 animal or plant, but on decomposed or dead matter; in a word, I 
 intend to show that microbes do not consume the materials in the 
 human body which the economy requires. 
 
 Now, if we show that a natural law exists whereby the mi- 
 crobes must be present wherever organic decomposed matter exists, 
 then it will become clear that the presence of microbes cannot me- 
 chanically or otherwise injure the body, because that would work 
 against their law. Such contradiction exists nowhere in all the 
 laws of nature. 
 
 V. Do microbes attack healthy tissues, or change 
 normal healthy matter in the human body into in- 
 jurious matter ? Bacteriologists have discovered microbes in 
 almost every disease known, and yet, the microbes found disap- 
 pear as soon as the vital forces of life are re-established. This 
 alone ought to be a sufficient proof to every man of common sense, 
 
10 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 that microbes do not attack healthy tissues, or change normal 
 healthy matter in the human body; consequently, microbes can- 
 not produce disease. 
 
 VI. Are microbes simply on account of their pres- 
 ence injurious to the human body? Since the law for 
 microbes and their functions is that they should be present 
 wherever there is decomposed organic matter, as we have seen in 
 question IV, therefore, it is the decomposed matter in the body 
 that lies at the seat of the trouble; that is, the abnormal amount 
 and quality of such matter. If that matter was not present, then 
 there would be no microbes present; consequently, the simple 
 presence of the microbes is not injurious to the human body. 
 
 VII. Does abnormal or decomposed matter contain 
 the poison injurious to the human body, without the 
 microbes? Certain microbe advocates claimed in a certain case 
 that the persons attacked with cholera had been using water from 
 a tank where the soiled linen of two cholera patients had been 
 washed. Who can prove that the microbes caused the disease? 
 We claim they did not. It was the dirty, poisonous water that 
 caused it. W T hen the water was in such a decomposed state that 
 microbes (other than normally present) w r ere in it, such decom- 
 posed water had sufficient effect on the delicate mucous membrane 
 of the intestines that abnormal microbes could live there too, be- 
 cause decomposed matter is their normal proper soil. 
 
 All infectious diseases depend upon the quantity and quality 
 of the virus, or auto-toxine, not on microbes. Microbes cannot 
 grow without a suitable soil; consequently, the suitable soil is the 
 first requisite. Impoverishment or an abnormal change of the 
 blood, lymph, or of any decomposed tissue furnish the suitable 
 soil, and if the suitable soil is injected into a healthy individual it 
 causes disease; and if that suitable soil is derived from a specific 
 disease, it causes that disease. 
 
 In all febrile diseases the blood swarms with microbes, and yet, 
 the sensible physician pays no attention to the microbes, but he 
 cures the disease. In " cholera" they find the " coma bacillus," 
 not in the blood, but in the intestines. Here the bacilla are the 
 "result " of the decomposed membrane, which is their suitable soil. 
 Statistics show that cholera appears in Europe at periods of from 
 fifteen to eighteen years, and it is claimed that the disease is intro- 
 duced by tradesmen and travelers coming from the river Eu- 
 phratres in Asia. The cholera exists in the Euphratres valley 
 every year. Now, why do those travelers and tradesmen not bring 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 11 
 
 the cholera every year to Europe? The answer must be: Because 
 the suitable soil does not exist in Europe until ever} 7 fifteen or 
 eighteen years. 
 
 Filth is the great breeder of disease. Prevent or remove the 
 filth in and outside of the body, and then we need not fear the 
 microbes. When organic matter is once present in the body in an 
 abnormal increased quantity and in such a state that differ- 
 ent kinds of microbes live in it, that matter is for the body a 
 poison and is able to affect other matter in such a way that the 
 same kind of microbes can live and multiply in it. If we remove 
 or counteract that poisonous matter, we cure the disease that was 
 caused by it. For illustration, if we inject, apply, or administer a 
 sufficient strength of a certain remedy, such as strychnine, arsenic, 
 carbolic acid, or one of many other medicines (surely without mi- 
 crobes), we produce an inflammation and change of tissues, in 
 which afterwards microbes are found. If we add certain other 
 medicine to the injection, application, or administered poisonous 
 medicine so as to counteract the effects, no poisoning takes place, 
 and no change of tissues, and no microbes will be found. As all 
 antiseptics in medicinal doses (if too strong, they do more harm 
 than good) are more or less stimulant to cells for healthy action, 
 they must have counteracted the poisonous effect of the decayed 
 matter. Microbes nicely washed and cleaned, and then injected, 
 applied, or administered to a healthy person without the poison- 
 ous matter, would do no harm, except as a foreign substance pos- 
 sibly in certain localities, and then only like any other foreign 
 substance would. Here again arises the question, who is able to 
 "nicely wash and clean microbes from decayed matter?" The 
 answer must be, that it is an impossibility, if it is true that mi- 
 crobes exist in size of the 500,000th part of an inch, as is asserted. 
 The size then explains to us, too, that we can find microbes in ab- 
 scesses situated in very solid tissue of the body, wherever situated. 
 In fact, that the microbe is enabled to penetrate all fluids and tis- 
 sues (like ether) between atoms and molecules, if decayed organic 
 matter is imbedded in such solid tissue. It is the natural lawful 
 function and duty of the microbes to be present in decayed organic 
 matter wherever situated. 
 
 Now, the "'culture soil" in which the microbes are cultivated, 
 or propagated, may be illustrated as follows: Every house-wife 
 knows that mutton broth or bouillon changes or decomposes ac- 
 cording to the temperature and other conditions within a day or 
 t\v<>. If such were injected into a delicate person it would certainly 
 
12 MICROBE- PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 be enough to make him sick. The bacteriologist prepares his "cul- 
 ture soil" with mutton-broth or bouillon, or similarly decomposa- 
 ble substances, by adding already decomposed blood or tissue of a 
 specific disease. Suppose he produces the same disease in the per- 
 son or animal injected, does that prove that the microbes in the 
 decomposed " culture" produced the disease? By no means. The 
 poison of the culture done it. In case he neutralizes that poison, 
 he can no longer produce the disease. In every instance decay or 
 death of tissue must precede the microbe. 
 
 As soon as investigators turn their attention to discover the 
 proper antidote for each poisonous matter developed in the body, 
 or for that which is liable to enter the body, they will surely pre- 
 vent or cure diseases, be they infectious or not. If we treat our 
 patients according to the natural laws of life (physiological laws), 
 if we understand them, and if we do not understand them, we had 
 better learn them, then we need not bother our heads about mi- 
 crobes. We will then succeed in curing our patients, and, if we 
 cannot succeed, we need not have any conscientious scruples that a 
 microbe-killer might or would have succeeded. The microbe-ma- 
 niac hunts for a remedy to kill the microbes of disease; he tries to 
 disregard the natural laws of life. He is like the maniac material- 
 ist who tries to disregard God, the Creator of all the laws of nature. 
 
 VIII. Do microbes act as foreign poisonous mat- 
 ter in the human body, and thereby cause disease? 
 The answer must be that they do not, as we have already seen in 
 the foregoing, because they are only found in decayed matter. 
 Every specific disease is due to a distinct morbid substance. As in 
 all organized bodies "decay and repair go hand in hand," the mi- 
 crobes must be present wherever there is organic decay; conse- 
 quently, some are in the healthiest human body. In disease the 
 kinds of microbes present depend on the kind of tissues involved. 
 It would surely be an inconsistency in the natural law, explained 
 in the following, if they acted as foreign poisonous matter. We 
 know that no inconsistency in any laws of nature is possible; there- 
 fore, if the microbes produced disease, they would soon cease to 
 exist. 
 
 Decay is natural in the organism, and when there is too much 
 of it present in the body, there are an increased number and kind 
 of microbes present, which kind, depends much on the kind of tis- 
 sues involved. Microbes follow as a "result," but are not the 
 "cause " of disease. It is an error to suppose that microbes are 
 our enemies. On the contrary, they are for us. Without the mi- 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 13 
 
 crobes animal and vegetable life would become extinct on the face 
 of the earth. They render animal and vegetable life possible. 
 They are the indispensable intermediaries in the circulation of 
 matter. It is surely a waste of scientific brain-energy to try to de- 
 stroy the microbes in their natural elements of diseased or morti- 
 fied tissues. 
 
 IX. Can any disease be cured by killing the mi- 
 crobes simply? We have already found that the microbes are 
 not the "cause" of disease; consequently, by killing the microbes 
 simply, we can never cure a disease. It is not true that microbes 
 (bacilli) produce Small-pox, Diphtheria, Typhoid fever, or any 
 other fever, or that Consumption is caused by the tubercle bacillus, 
 or that Mosquitos carry only the germs from the sick to other per- 
 sons and thereby inoculate them, or that comma bacilli produce 
 Cholera. 
 
 In analyzing the thirty years war going on in regard to the 
 production of disease by microbes, we find that it is like the 
 u Kaiser's Bart" (Emperor's beard). It is said that at the time 
 the Germans were thinking of the advent of their first Kaiser 
 (Emperor), they got into a terrible fight among themselves. Some 
 claimed that the Kaiser must have a red beard; others that he 
 must have a black one, others a gray, and so on. After the fight- 
 ing was over, and they had their Kaiser, it was found he had no 
 beard at all. 
 
 The finding and proof of the existence of bacilli has not in 
 the least advanced our knowledge of the disease or given us any 
 advantage in regard to diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment. The 
 bacteriologist can never succeed in explaining the cause of any dis- 
 ease, because the microbe theory is against the law of nature. The 
 scientifically educated and common-sense physician adheres to cel- 
 lular pathology. He is, therefore, always right anatomically, phys- 
 iologically, and chemically. The ancient physicians were ignorant 
 of anatomy and physiology, and for that reason committed many 
 blunders. The ignoramus of to-day goes on in the ancient ideas, 
 and introduces untruths into the medical college, in place of anat- 
 omy and physiology. Doctors, ignorant of anatomy and. physiol- 
 ogy, fill our graveyards with premature deaths and do not know it. 
 The old time theory held that diseases were of the blood, and the 
 lancet was used. The treatment of the microbe theory is worse 
 than the lancet was, as the latter weakened only by removing a 
 part of the nutritious blood of the body; but the microbe-killing 
 remedy introduces ten devils into the body where before there was 
 
14 MICROBE-PRODUCIXG-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 only one. Of course it can be only those who administer microbe- 
 killing remedies who are unable to make the proper diagnosis. 
 Such resort to the microscope, and there they gel stuck again, be- 
 cause in every disease there is more than one kind of microbe. 
 
 The microbe theory cannot stand, because it is repeatedly 
 proven by experience that patients with unquestionable bacillary 
 development in their bodies have and do recover from all symptoms 
 of the bacillary disease and become healthy without a microbe- 
 killing remedy. The active practitioner has been very slightly 
 affected by the microbe theory, and their authors. It is indeed too 
 bad that young practitioners allow themselves to be influenced by 
 the teachings of men who dream day and night of microbes. A 
 practitioner of good practical common sense knows that a remedy 
 administered with the intention of killing the microbes cannot suc- 
 ceed. The ignoramus kills his patient and he does not even know 
 it. He attributes it all to the cause and action of the microbes. 
 
 The following remedies, it is claimed, will kill microbes: 
 Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, boracic acid, iodine, 
 bromine, chlorine, copper sulphate, zinc sulphate, corrosive subli- 
 mate, benzoic acid, thymol, eucalyptol, many of the aromatic oils, 
 alcohol, and many others. Now, of what use and benefit is it to 
 the physician to know of all these so-called remedies when not a 
 single one of them can be used strong enough in the human body 
 to kill the microbes? In almost every instance there are two, three 
 or more different kinds of microbes present in one disease, and 
 each kind would require a different remedy to exterminate it. 
 
 In what way has the knowledge of bacteriology helped the 
 physician for more than thirty years in regard to infectious dis- 
 eases? Has it or can it help in diagnosis? Positively no; because 
 there is generally more than one kind of microbe present. The 
 physician who is not able to make a diagnosis on anatomical and 
 physiological grounds, and has to hunt for microbes, is not fit to 
 practice medicine for the want of a sufficient knowledge of the laws 
 of life. Again, according to the state of the disease and decayed 
 matter present, the kind of microbes differ. It has often been 
 shown that one kind of microbe exists, and, as the decomposition 
 of the different tissues advances, other kinds of microbes make 
 their appearance, the first kind either remaining or disappearing. 
 
 The bacteriologist tries to build up a bacteria pathology; but 
 in this he can never succeed, as it is against a law of nature. This 
 law is, that all decayed organic matter is the natural soil of bac- 
 teria, as we have already said. Again, the bacteriologist tries to do 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 15 
 
 away with cell pathology. In this he can never succeed either, be- 
 cause cellular pathology is within and built on the laws of nature, 
 and must forever remain at the foundation of medical treatment. 
 The cells are the performers of the work in the organic body, arid 
 no one can show that bacilli attack healthy cells. We have already 
 proved that microbes do not and cannot attack healthy vital tis- 
 sues, because that would be against their nature, which is to thrive 
 and live on decayed organic matter. 
 
 Any one who has tried to kill the microbes in decayed organic 
 matter must have found how difficult it is even with the most 
 thorough and approved methods. He knows that they are dis- 
 persed throughout the body; consequently, any one endowed with 
 common sense must have come to the conclusion that, to build up 
 a bacteria pathology, is and remains forever an impossibility. 
 
 It is difficult to understand how a physician can use a remedy 
 through the mouth, or by inhalation, in order to pass it into a cav- 
 ity of the lungs, or that the remedy should hunt throughout the 
 vascular system, or among the membranes, so as to take up the 
 battle with the microbes and succeed in killing them. It seems 
 impossible that sensible men could have such ideas. Antiseptics 
 administered internally strong enough to kill microbes injure the 
 cells and tissues more than they do the microbes; therefore such 
 treatment can never succeed. The success of Lister's treatment in 
 surgery is not due to ths antiseptic as a microbe-killer, but simply 
 to the antiseptic as a stimulant to the cells and to cleanliness. 
 
 No one can have any objection if a bacteriologist has a fancy 
 or liking to study histology and investigate tissues with the micros- 
 cope, as long as he keeps quiet in regard to organic activity and 
 vital functions. The mixing up of physiology with histology will 
 never do, because to study the organic activities and vital functions 
 with the microscope is as foolish an act as it would be to study the 
 laws of the land with a microscope. It is remarkable that even the 
 advocates for State medical examinations are at times affected 
 with the microbe mania. State medical examinations are all right^ 
 but that in some States the law includes examination on bacteriol 
 ogy in regard to microbe-producing-disease is, to say the least, non- 
 sense; because, in the first place, the examiner himself does not 
 know what a microbe is, what its functions are, and for what reason 
 it exists; second, it does not advance medical science a particle. 
 
 The germ theory can never prove that original contagious dis- 
 eases, such as Alopecia, Aphtha, Chancre, Cholera, Conjunctivitis, 
 Diphtheria, Erysipelas, Eruptive Fevers, such as Measles, Scarlatina, 
 
16 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 Smallpox, etc., or the Puerperal Fever, Typhoid, Typhus, Yellow, 
 or any other fever, or Gangrene, Gonorrhoea, Hydrophobia, Influ- 
 enza, Lepra, Lupus, Meningitis, Mumps, Ozsena, Phthisis, Plague, 
 Pyaemia, Septica3mia, Syphilis, Tetanus, Whooping-Cough, or any 
 other disease, are caused by microbes. 
 
 X. Why do microbes exist? We have already said 
 that it is natural in vital organisms that " decay and repair go 
 hand in hand," and, for a better understanding of this, I will 
 quote a little more from my Analysis and Digest. On page 248 it 
 is stated: "The changes in the vital economy (animal and vege- 
 table) termed metabolism going on under the influence of the activ- 
 ity of the vital principle (soul), guiding the chemical combinations 
 within the vital animal and vegetable economy are properly 
 divided into two kinds: One, termed anabolism, implies an upward 
 series of chemical (elementary) combinations, by which the latent 
 energies of inert food are transformed into the living energy of the 
 protoplasm of the bodily tissues. The other is termed katabolism, 
 and involves a downward series of changes in the vital economy 
 by which the living tissues are partly broken up and the waste 
 matter is set free." Here we notice again that in the most perfect 
 healthy organism (animal and vegetable) "waste matter is set 
 free." This waste matter is organic, because it is derived from an 
 organism. If all the waste and decayed matter from animal and 
 vegetable sources existed since the Creation, I am sure that all of 
 us would feel like emigrating from this planet. As the Creator 
 wished it otherwise, He therefore created the microbes in order that 
 all waste matter might be of use again for animal and vegetable 
 organisms. The co-operation of the microbes is indispensable for 
 the continuance of animal and vegetable life. Matter that once 
 formed a part of a vital organism, but is now dead, is by the mi- 
 crobes reduced to its elementary state, thereby fitting such elements 
 again to be used by vital living organisms. This proves that the 
 vital animal and vegetable organism depend on the microbes for 
 the principal natural nutritious elements. On the other hand, it 
 also proves that the microbes depend for their natural existence 
 and functions on decayed animal and vegetable organic matter. 
 
 The chemist may say: The breaking up of decayed animal 
 .and vegetable matter and the isolation of their elements belongs to 
 chemism. We intend to prove that a natural law must exist in re- 
 gard to decayed organic matter and microbic functions, as stated 
 above, and that the isolation of decayed organic matter is not 
 chemical action. From a likeness of effect we argue a likeness of 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 17 
 
 cause. Now, modern chemistry does not recognize a vital cause or 
 a vital effect. It has never shown us the atom, the ether, the vital 
 part of the animal and its functions, the vital part of the vegetable 
 and its functions, the vital part of the microbe and its functions. 
 It is a physiological (natural) law that the vital animal body is 
 considerably dependent upon the vital vegetable for the element 
 oxygen given off by bark and leaves. It is also a physiological 
 law that the vital vegetable structure is principally dependent on 
 the vital animal for the element carbon given off by the lungs and 
 skin. 
 
 Here, then, it is not out of place to lay down and pro- 
 claim that a physiological (natural) law must exist in regard to 
 the isolation of decayed organic matter by microbes, and, accord- 
 ing to that law: The vital animal and vegetable body 
 depends on the vital microbes to furnish the natural 
 elements for nutrition from matter that once was 
 vital. This non-living chemical action could never accomplish. 
 On the other hand: The microbes depend on animal and 
 vegetable decay; and, as soon as the animal and vegetable life 
 is exhausted, there can be no more death. When there is no more 
 animal and vegetable death, the microbes must disappear also; 
 and, until that time, the microbes must continue to exist. In other 
 words, at the end of the world only will all organic natural life 
 disappear, and then, too, vital microbic life as a consequence. 
 
 Here, again, I must quote a sentence from my physiology, 
 page 23: "The Organic World includes both animal and vegetable 
 life, with their component and physical properties, chemical ele- 
 mentary composition, and vital phenomena. Animal as well as 
 vegetable life depends upon the action of its individual organs 
 distinct, but mutually combined and dependent." Hence, we see 
 that the organic world is endued with life, and that all organic life 
 depends upon the action of its individual organs. Now, the mi- 
 crobe has life, but what the action of its organs is we do not under- 
 stand. Nevertheless, we know fhat the part the microbe plays in 
 the economy of nature is to separate and isolate non-living organic 
 matter, fitting it for assimilation to other organic beings. I know 
 this strikes at the foundation of organic chemistry, but I cannot 
 help it. Science seeks truth, and nothing else. It also shakes the 
 bottom out of the microbe-producing-disease theory, and confirms 
 the already existing law, that the microbes naturally de- 
 pend on the animal and vegetable, and these in their 
 
 turn on the microbes. 
 2 
 
18 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 Science recognizes about 400,000 kinds (classes) of animals, 
 while it knows only about 150,000 kinds of plants. The insect 
 world comprehends about 280,000 kinds, of which 120,000 are 
 Beetles, 50,000 Butterflies. There are about 38,000 skin-wing fly- 
 ers, 13,000 kinds of Birds, 12,000 kinds of Fishes, 8,300 kinds of 
 Reptiles, of which 1,640 are Snakes (about 300 poisonous). In 
 addition about 1,300 Amphibies are known, 20,000 kinds of Spid- 
 ers, 50,000 kinds of Mollusks, and 8,000 species of Worms. 
 
 Now, how many kinds of microbes are there? It is not un- 
 reasonable to suppose that there are as many kinds as there are tis- 
 sues of organic vital beings, for, as these must die, each tissue very 
 probably furnishes the natural soil for some particular kind of 
 microbe. 
 
 To repeat the whole once more, I say that, among the laws laid 
 down by God for all nature, one is, that vital organisms are en- 
 abled to organize and accumulate to a limited extent; and another 
 law that "decay and repair go hand in hand." A man may reach 
 the age of 150 years, the oak tree 4,000 years, yet it is only a ques- 
 tion of time when all must decay, and the final work is accom- 
 plished by the vital microbe. If it were not for the microbes, who 
 isolate the elements of decayed organisms, all animal and plant 
 lifeJong ago would have come to an end for want of nourishment. 
 Here we notice that the law of the cycle of organic life is a beauti- 
 ful one; that is, the dependence of the animal and plant on the 
 microbes; on the other hand, the dependence of the microbes on 
 animals and plants. This law, strange to say, has never been noticed, 
 so far as I am aware. 
 
 XI. How are diseases produced ? Since bacteriology 
 and the microbe-producing-discase theory got into fashion, the 
 " poor litttle cells " of the body are forgotten; yet the cells are still 
 there and do the work. One may object and say that the cells do 
 the work in health, not in disease. . That is true. But what pre- 
 vents the cells from doing their work? We have already shown 
 that it is not the microbes, but the" injured and decayed matter. 
 
 Physiology is the science of the laws of life and functions of living 
 organisms. That this definition is true, no one can doubt; and, 
 consequently, any one who wishes to comprehend and understand 
 material life must first of all thoroughly comprehend and under- 
 stand the " laws " that govern material life. 
 
 Microbes play a double role in nature they complete death to 
 prepare for the living. Without the microbes, nutritious elements 
 for living organisms would long ago have been exhausted. 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 19 
 
 Bacteriologists for the last thirty years, have scared the peo- 
 ple, and they have become more careful in regard to cleanliness. 
 So far, this is all right; but has any one of the medical profession 
 by microbe-killing (this point must hot be forgotten) been able to 
 lessen Consumption, Typhoid Fever, the Plague, Cholera, Lock- 
 jaw, Smallpox, Whooping-Cough, Pneumonia, Scarlatina, Measles, 
 Diptheria, or any other disease? No; not one has succeeded and 
 never can succeed, because it i^ against a law of nature. The 
 claim of some in curing disease or healing wounds by the killing 
 of microbes, is nothing but antidoting the diseased matter, whence 
 the cells are enabled to perform their normal functions. The error 
 of such lies in a misconception. Does not every physician who 
 trea:s his patients according to the laws of life always succeed best? 
 Does not every such physician feel in his heart a disgust for the 
 notoriety ^hunters of the microbe-producing-disease theory? 
 
 All thoroughly educated physicians in anatomy, physiology, 
 and medicine positively know that the "cells" do the work in 
 organisms; and, consequently, only the ignorant throw aside "cell 
 pathology " and try to substitute a " microbe pathology " in its place. 
 The proof of the existence of the so-called bacilli has not explained 
 a single disease; neither has it brought out any advance in diagno- 
 sis, prognosis, or treatment. We know the vital reaction of the cells 
 and distinguish between the effects caused by decayed or poisonous 
 matter for instance, ptomaines, the principal acting substance in 
 decayed or putrified animal or vegetable tissue. The ptomaine is 
 to dead tissue or matter what the albuminoid (proteid) is to living 
 matter. And here it may be remarked that it must not be imag- 
 ined that everything that stinks is a poison. To prevent dirt, and 
 filth, and keep things in a good sanitary condition should be done 
 not with a view of destroying microbes, but of preventing decom- 
 posed poisonous matter and thereby the ptomaines. To try to kill 
 or prevent microbes in decomposed matter is to work for no pur- 
 pose, because it is opposed to a law of nature. 
 
 The germ theorist holds that the " exhaled" floating particles 
 are the bearers of germs of specific infectious disease. Why not 
 the poisonous floating particles themselves, without the microbes? 
 Are such filth particles (disease is filth) not poisonous and irritat- 
 ing without the microbes? Does not a certain strength of inhala- 
 tion of ammonia, or other medicines, produce disease without the 
 microbes? Does not a cold in one part of the body cause contrac- 
 tion of the muscular fibres and thereby contraction of the capillary 
 vessels? According to the severity of the cold and according to the 
 
20 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 condition of the blood, the lymph and tissues of the contracted 
 part degenerate, cause disease, and, in fact, a different kind of dis- 
 ease in each individual, according to the place affected and the 
 state of the system at the time. An abnormality of microbes in 
 the body are a " result," not the " cause," of any disease. Tie a 
 string around your healthy finger and in less than a week your 
 finger is in a state of mortification and full of microbes. Are the 
 microbes present the cause of the mortification of the "finger? No; 
 the cause was the string that cut off nutrition to the finger. The 
 theory that epidemic diseases are dependent for their causation upon 
 the presence of micro-organisms is not founded on truth. Climatic 
 "" / effects on air, water, and other matter affecting a predisposition in 
 the animal, or human body, is the cause, not the microbes. 
 
 All animals and vegetables that is, organisms take on (as- 
 similate), transform, and accumulate matter; at the same time 
 these organisms transform, reduce and give off matter. Yet it is 
 only a part of that healthy organized matter which is transformed, 
 reduced, and disorganized in the body, and the destructive work 
 of that decayed matter is not completed. In order that decayed 
 matter, in and outside of the body, be completely broken up, so as 
 to reduce it to a state suitable again for assimilation in the animal 
 and vegetable, the co-operation of the microbe is indispensable. 
 
 On page 24 of my physiology I stated that : " About fifteen 
 of the elements known to chemists take part in making up the tis- 
 sues of the human body, the majority being present in small and 
 varying quantities only. Four elements, however hydrogen, oxy- 
 gen, nitrogen, and carbon occur always in large quantities, con- 
 stituting 97 per cent of the animal frame hydrogen, oxygen, and 
 carbon being the most constant and abundant." Again, we must 
 not forget that an element is and remains an element. No chemist 
 or chemical action can make one, nor can it destroy one. The 
 difference or importance lies in the compounds of elements in re- 
 gard to organisms. If a compound of elements also .contains a 
 vital principle (soul), that compound is a vital being; if a com- 
 pound contains no vital principle, or if that vital principle has left 
 the compound, as it does in the human body; or if the vital 
 principal ceases to be in the compound as it does in the 
 animal or vegetable, that compound is dead; yet the elements 
 remain after as before. The microbes do not destroy a part 
 or the whole of a vital organism (because it is not their 
 office or function) as long as every part of that oganism 
 is in a normal healthy vital condition; but as soon as any 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 21 
 
 part of that organism becomes abnormal that is, dead tissue 
 then the microbes are at hand, because that is their "proper 
 soil" for action; and possibly each bacillus takes along a barilla, 
 and in less than no time millions are at work to do their normal 
 duty according to law; that is, to complete the disorganization of 
 the dead organic matter and isolate the elements for the use again 
 of vital organisms. If, however, the proper antidote is applied or 
 administered to the poisonous dead matter in the vital organism, 
 so that the cells can go on repairing the broken-down tissue, then 
 the microbes cease their work. 
 
 Some one may say: "This is all very nice talk or reading, but 
 where do the microbes come from when they enter the decayed mat- 
 ter of the body?" To answer this I must state that all physiolog- 
 ical questions require thought. If one has followed this disserta- 
 tion with sufficient attention, he will already have found that all 
 organic matter must contain microbes, and our food and drinks are 
 principally organic matter. 
 
 According to the Medical age, " Bouchard injected cholera 
 matter filtered, into rabbits. These animals had cramps from 
 within two to five minutes after the injection, lasting half an hour. 
 Then they had diarrhoea within a few hours, which consisted 
 almost entirely of desquamated intestinal epithelium; it was a ver- 
 itable choleraic flux of pea-soup consistence, lacking nothing but 
 the comma bacillus. There was no bile in the intestine, it being 
 retained in the gall-bladder. The animals were affected with slight 
 and temporary albuminuria, becoming more and more intense till 
 anuria set in, and all died after three or four days." Then he con- 
 cludes: "Was it the cholera I had given to these hares?" He 
 states, "No; it was only a peculiar kind of poisoning, with a cer- 
 tain resemblance to cholera, for there was no period of incubation, 
 and the morbid accidents were immediate; besides, the phenomena 
 were proportional to the doses of injection injected. With 12 
 c.c. and below, the animals survived; above 17 c.c., died. Conse- 
 quently," he states, "we cannot doubt but that we had to do 
 with toxaemia, or poisoning." 
 
 It is the dirt that is, the poisonous fluid or poisonous decom- 
 posed dead tissue that acts on the cells and prevents them from 
 performing their proper functions. Physiology teaches us that 
 " animal as well as vegetable life depends upon the action of its 
 individual organs (cells are organs too), distinct, but mutually 
 combined and dependent." As long as the cells do their normal 
 functions, the body is healthy. It is the poisonous matter that 
 

 
 22 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 prevents or interferes with the cells. The poisonous matter more 
 or less paralyzes the cells, according to the poison. 
 
 Of all diseases known to man, each has received a name. The 
 microbe hunter seeks for the name of the disease; for instance, 
 Phthisis, Cholera, Malaria, and the like, and then assigns the mi- 
 crobes as the cause. The charlatan only treats diseases by names, 
 or according to the microbes found. The thoroughly educated 
 physician in anatomy and physiology treats diseases by their 
 symptoms of abnormality. To illustrate: Suppose a diseased 
 condition brought on in the body by an over-indulgence in food; and> 
 suppose, any kind of nervous disease, or Rheumatism, Gout' 
 Bright's disease, Consumption, or Malaria. Is it proper to treat 
 the disease by name and allow the original cause to remain unno- 
 ticed? Again, is it rational to hunt for the microbes now present 
 and claim that the microbes produced the disease? The name of a 
 disease is surely no guide for treatment; but the symptoms are, be- 
 cause they indicate and show us the anatomical and physiological 
 changes which have taken place, and it may be in many organs at 
 the same time. Without an anatomical or physiological change, 
 there can be no disease, and, without a thorough understanding of 
 anatomical and physiological change, there can be no scientific 
 treatment. The blind bird may find the acorn on the road, but the 
 chances are against it. 
 
 There is surely value in antiseptics and in disinfection 
 not on account of killing the microbes, but by antidoting, stimu- 
 lating, or by removing the decomposed matter. We have already 
 x noticed that microbes cannot live without filth; therefore, natural 
 purity and cleanliness in and outside of the body covers the entire 
 prophylaxis and treatment, because then the cells and organs can 
 perform their proper functions. 
 
 That for all decomposed poisonous matter there must be proper 
 antidotes, there can be no doubt; therefore, if microbe hunters 
 turned their attention to proper antidotes and to the removal of 
 decomposed matter in and outside of the body, they would succeed 
 in curing, as it is consonant with the laws of nature. Simply kill- 
 ing the microbes makes matters worse. 
 
 Many physicians and surgeons entertain a favorable opinion 
 of the microbe doctrine derived from " Lister's antiseptic " sur- 
 gery; but, has the surgeon succeeded because he killed the microbes? 
 Whenever a physician or surgeon treated a patient by injecting or 
 applying an antiseptic with the idea of killing the microbes, and 
 succeeded in the cure, we say, his action was right, but his idea was 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 23 
 
 wrong. Why? Are not all antiseptics more or less stimulant to 
 cells and tissues? He cured, not by killing the microbes, but by 
 stimulating the cells to normal action. The physician or surgeon 
 who just strikes the proper strength of his stimulant (call it anti- 
 septic, tonic, or anything else), so as to invigorate already decaying 
 or weakened cells to proper normal action, will have the best suc- 
 cess in the treatment of diseases and wounds. All this indicates 
 that, as soon as the ptomaine (the principal active alkaloid of de- 
 oom posed matter) is eliminated, the disease terminates; just as a 
 poisonous dose of strychnine, or opium, if properly eliminated, ter- 
 minates without killing the patient. We have antidotes for nearly 
 all poisonous medicines, so that it is not always necessary to elim- 
 inate all of a poison taken. 
 
 In all decomposed organic matter (tissues) microbes can be 
 found, but they are present abnormally only as a "result," not as 
 the "cause." Again, that Mosquitos, Flies, and other insects can 
 carry disease from one person to another, there can be no doubt; 
 but it is the matter that infects, not the microbes. That the de- 
 composed matter sucked up by the insect does not poison it, seems 
 again to make for the theory I am here advocating, for, this im- 
 munity in the insect cannot rationally be explained on any other 
 ground than that the insect is furnished with some fluid or other 
 substance which prevents attack and renders its body proof against 
 the poisonous matter absorbed from without. Of course the bac- 
 teriologist will claim that the fluid or substance found in the insect 
 for its preservation acts by killing the microbes of the poisonous 
 matter, but that this is not so must be rendered evident to all who 
 have followed me in the course of this treatise. 
 
 The microbe theory can never furnish a rational or practical 
 basis for practical treatment, neither can it help in diagnosis, as we 
 have said before, because many kinds of microbes must be present 
 in all diseases if extended to many different kinds of tissues. The 
 ignorant hunt for the " name" of the disease and for "microbes," 
 but we have already noticed that such a proceeding indicates ignor- 
 ance in anatomy and physiology, or lack of common sense. 
 
 Microbes placed in distilled water die and are disssolved; even 
 the Antrax and the Plague microbes die in distilled water. The 
 long continued use of distilled water only as a drink kills the ani- 
 mal, because it deprives the mucous membranes of the necessary 
 salts; absorption becomes impossible, assimilation stops, and the 
 animal dies. Animals whose food and air are sterilized soon loose 
 the function of assimilation. This again shows the part the 
 
24 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 microbes must play in the animal economy. Their presence is abso- 
 lutely necessary in the healthiest animal bodies, as we have shown 
 in the course of this dissertation. 
 
 The nutritive substances enter the blood-circulation, and the 
 cells of the secreting follicles, glands, and of certain tissues (for 
 instance, the cells of muscular fibres), secrete from the blood the 
 many different active principles the " Albuminoids " (proteids) of 
 the fluids and solids, such as Casein, Ptyalin, Pepsin, Pancreatin, 
 Mucosin, Myosin, Melanin, Collagen, Chondrin, Elasticin, and 
 Keratin. Now, an unnecessary amount, or insufficiency of ele- 
 ments by food, drink, or from decomposed matter from without 
 introduced into the body make it impossible for the secretions to 
 remain normal; consequently, a disease is developed, depending on 
 the quantity and quality of decayed matter present. An insuffi- 
 ciency of elements present causes derangement too, though this 
 (starvation) is more rare. 
 
 Normal matter changed within our body on account of a su- 
 perabundance of certain elements present, or on account of some 
 faulty function of certain cells or organs, thereby causing an ab- 
 normal condition (decomposition) of certain fluids or tissues, pro- 
 duces naturally an Auto-toxine (some may call it Auto-intoxi- 
 cation), that is, a poisonous condition developed within the body. 
 According to the auto-toxine involved, any kind of an infectious 
 disease may develop. Can a bacteriologist show that microbes are 
 necessary in order to produce such a disease? Again, if decom- 
 posed matter is introduced that accomplishes the same result in the 
 body as an auto-toxine, is it not capable of causing the same infec- 
 tious disease without microbes? Is not an auto-toxine, or decom- 
 posed matter introduced from without, capable also of causing a 
 predisposition for an infectious disease? 
 
 The degree of liability of the body to develop an auto-toxine 
 depends much on the kinds of foods and drinks taken and on the 
 natural or unnatural " decay and repair " going on in the body. If 
 the decay surpasses the amount of repair, a disease is the result- 
 Again, it is a law of physics that cold contracts a substance, and 
 heat dilates; consequently, cold (according to that law) contracts 
 the tissues of the body. Now, an auto-toxine must surely de- 
 velop after a cold in any part of the body, if that cold suffi- 
 ciently penetrated so as to contract the muscular fibres, which in 
 turn press on the capillary vessels. The blood and lymph of that 
 part is stagnated and soon decomposes, and we have the auto- 
 toxine and a poisonous ptomaine developed. The disease after- 
 
MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 25 
 
 wards developing depends on the amount and kind of tissues 
 decomposed and the amount and kind of ptomaine developed. 
 That each and every kind of disease may develop from a cold I 
 have often illustrated and satisfactorily proven to the students of 
 my physiological class in the College. 
 
 That the different climates, habits, nutrition, etc., of the many 
 different races of mankind can, and in fact must, produce in the 
 one or the other an aggravation of one and the same disease, or 
 even an entirely different disease, is nothing but natural. Again, 
 it is not difficult to understand that a house on fire can easily set a 
 predisposed neighboring house on fire; or that the "cause" of the 
 one is likewise the "cause" correspondent of the other. Diseases 
 that eliminate their poisons through the skin, as, for instance, 
 Smallpox, Scarlatina, etc., are more liable to affect another person 
 than a disease that eliminates its poison through the kidneys, 
 lungs, or intestines. 
 
 Quinine has often been held up by bacteriologists as a proof of 
 the correctness of the microbe theory, because quinia, it is claimed, 
 cures malaria. But does not quinia often fail to cure malaria, 
 when in fact arsenic may cure? Often both of these fail; then a 
 powder containing the ingredients constituting the compound 
 cathartic pills, U. S. P., judiciously administered and a proper diet, 
 cures. The bacterialogist may possibly answer: " The diagnosis 
 was wrong." But this is not necessarily so, by any means. 
 
 Before analyzing quinia as a curative in malaria, I have to 
 quote once more from my physiology, page 54: "An albuminoid 
 is a nitrogenous compound, also called proteid (holding the first 
 place), and is composed of C. 0. N. H. and S. In elementary 
 composition the various albuminoids are alike, but differ in the 
 number of atoms composing each. To illustrate, one albuminoid 
 may contain more atoms of carbon, another of nitrogen, another 
 of hydrogen, oxygen, or sulphur, and so on. The albuminoids are 
 the most active principles of the liquids and solids of the body. 
 Those of the fluids are: Casein, Ptyalin, Pepsin, Pancreatin, Mu- 
 cosin, and Myosin. Those of the solids are: Collagen, Chondrin, 
 Elasticin, and Keratin. The animal solid albuminoids have some 
 analogy to the Alkaloids of plants, such as quinia of cinchona 
 bark, or strychnia of mux vomica, excepting that the latter (the 
 alkaloids) contain no sulphur." We notice, then, that alkaloids 
 are compounds of C. H. N. and O., and are the active principles of 
 plants. Consequently, the Albuminoids and the Alkaloids are in 
 elementary composition much alike, except that the albuminoid 
 
26 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 contains the element sulphur, the alkaloid none. As explained 
 above, the number of elementary atoms contained in each com- 
 pound differ. 
 
 Now let us analyze quinia as a bacteriacite, and, as curative in 
 malaria. The bacteriologist claims that, adding quinia to matter 
 containing microbes, the microbes soon become motionless and die. 
 This, mind you, it has done as a compound. Quinia is an alka- 
 loid, and its compound of elements is as stated, C. H. N. and O. 
 Who has ever administered quinia that entered the circulation and 
 tissues as a compound and so killed the microbes in the circulation 
 and tissues? Is not the quinia broken up, as all other compounds 
 are into its elements before it can be absorbed and enter the circu- 
 lation? Now, this being understood, we may continue our illus- 
 tration. 
 
 Taurocholin and Clycocholin are two albuminoid compounds 
 and constituents of bile. Physiologically, if these bile-salts, or 
 compounds, are not properly present in bile, or, if not properly 
 broken up in the intestines that is, their elements isolated and 
 absorbed into the circulation the animal body becomes diseased, 
 wastes, and dies. Again, in the case of malaria, the liver is always 
 affected and enlarged. The spleen in case of malaria is also 
 affected and enlarged. In the spleen the hemoglobin of the red 
 blood-corpuscles (an albuminoid compound) is broken up into its 
 elements, which pass into the liver and there contribute elements 
 for the secretion of bile-salts, which, as we have noticed, are of such 
 great importance to the body. 
 
 In malaria, the liver and the spleen are abnormal. How 
 then can the bile-salts (albuminoids) be normally present? If in 
 that case we furnish the circulation with elements that are wanting 
 in the system, that is, C. H. N. and O., which exist in quinia, nat- 
 urally enough we tone up the entire system and the cells are en- 
 abled to perform their normal functions again, and all the albu- 
 minoids of the body, such as Ptyalin, Pepsin, Pancreatin, Haemo- 
 globin, Myosin, and others, become normal once more. As soon as 
 the obstruction of the liver and spleen is removed, be it removed 
 with compound cathartic pills, U. S. P., or with any other rem- 
 edy, and the secreting ceils receive the proper elements and are en- 
 abled to do their normal functions, quinia will be no longer re- 
 quired in malaria. Are these not true physilogical facts? If true 
 facts, of what use is the microbe-producing-disease mania? That 
 malaria is not due to microbes, can easily be proven on physiologi- 
 cal grounds a subject which does not belong to the present 
 
MK'ROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 27 
 
 treatise. Many years ago I read a paper on the "Cause of Malaria" 
 before the San Francisco County Society of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, and showed that Malaria is produced by auto-toxine, and 
 not by microbes. I also read a paper and proved on physiological 
 grounds that Diphtheria is primarily produced by cold, never by 
 microbes. 
 
 About six months ago I met with an accident which proved in 
 my own person that Tetanus was not caused by microbes, and that 
 it was not cured with microbe killers. One day I found by chance 
 a bottle without a label on a shelf in my laboratory. The bottle 
 contained what I supposed (by inadvertence) to be an ounce of 
 phosphorus, whereas in reality it was metallic sodium, and, as a 
 part of it was not covered by the fluid in the bottle, I was anxious 
 to cover the supposed phosphorus with water to prevent it from 
 taking fire. As soon as I poured the water into the bottle a violent 
 explosion followed. I received thirty-two cuts and wounds on my 
 left hand, and four in my face. My specks saved my eyes. At first 
 I was stunned, and after I came to I ran to the hall (my office is in 
 the Medical College) to call for assistance, but every student and 
 professor had already gone. I went back to my office, washed off 
 the blood, extracted the pieces of glass from the wounds, and 
 patched up the larger cuts as well as I could with sticking plaster. 
 The hand turned blue, and from the concussion and shock sensa- 
 tion entirely ceased as far as the wrist. In about half an hour the 
 hand turned to its natural colr again and sensation returned. It 
 was, however, as if there were millions of pins in the hand, and so 
 severe was the pain and heat that I had to hold my hand under the 
 faucet of cold water for some time. 
 
 Three days afterward the smaller cuts had already healed, but in 
 a large one I extracted another piece of glass about the size of a silver 
 five-cent piece. On the fourth day I was awakened about 4 o'clock 
 in the morning by slight twitchings in the reflex centres of the 
 spinal cord. The twitchings became gradually more and 
 more severe, mostly at the lower cervical and upper dorsal 
 regions of the spine; the muscles on the sides of my neck and 
 lower parts of the cheeks became more and more stiff and painful. 
 I called my family and told them that I feared tetanus and lock- 
 jaw. I ordered them to prepare quickly a kettle of hot water, and 
 then to take a piece of flannel four or five times folded and about 
 seven inches wide by about fifteen inches long and to bring the hot 
 water into my room and keep it hot on a gas stove; to dip the flan- 
 nel into the water and to ring it out as hot as they could. This 
 
28 MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE THEORY. 
 
 was quickly placed on the skin over the cervical, dorsal, and lum- 
 bar spine. I then laid on the flat of my back. The application 
 was repeated every fifteen minutes, and in about three hours the 
 muscles on my neck and cheeks commenced to be limber and the 
 pain ceased. The twitchings in the spine came less frequently 
 and became less severe. The applications after this were repeated 
 only every half hour. After eight hours all pain and twitchings 
 entirely disappeared. Now, no medicine was used, because my 
 body was otherwise in good order. 
 
 Had I relied on bromides or other nervous sedatives, or on 
 anti-toxines, or on bacilli killers, no doubt Loefler's Tetanic bacilli 
 in about eight or ten days after the accident would have been very 
 busy in the grave separating and isolating the elements of my body. 
 
 I am well aware that what I have stated in this treatise will 
 have liltle weight with the worshipers of great names; yet, for all 
 that, I do not hesitate to put my views forward, being persuaded 
 that no man's mere word or opinion is entitled to any other con- 
 sideration above the proof that they bear, and, that truth must 
 finally triumph. 
 
GLOSSARY OF WORDS AND SYMBOLS 
 
 USED IN THIS TREATISE. 
 
 Abnormal. Not normal; unnatural; unusual; irregular. (See Normal.) 
 
 Abscess. A circumscribed collection of pus in tissue. 
 
 Absorption. The taking in or sucking up by the absorbing vessels and tis- 
 sues; imbibition. 
 
 Adhesion. Attraction between unlike molecules. (See Cohesion.) 
 
 2Emia. Refers to blood. (See Anaemia.) 
 
 2Ether or Ether. An extremely subtle elastic substance which is supposed 
 to pervade all space as well as all bodies. It may reasonably be assumed 
 to be a simple form of gas, which, on account of its extreme tenuity is un- 
 detectable by any ; process at present known to science. It does not enter 
 into combination with other substances ; therefore, its quantity, quality, 
 and action always remain constant. Assuming the atomic theory to be the 
 correct one, aether forms the interstitial medium between the atoms and 
 molecules of all gases, fluids, and solids; entering the inter-atomic and 
 molecular spaces on the expansion of these bodies and receding on their 
 contraction. 
 
 -SStiology. The science of causes ; doctrine of the causation of disease. 
 
 Aggregate. To bring together ; collect by drawing on to itself : to form a 
 part or the whole. 
 
 Albumen. White of egg. 
 
 Albumin. Albuminous (nitrogenous) proximate principle, always contain- 
 ing in addition sulphur. 
 
 Albuminoid. The secreted and most active principle of liquids and solids 
 of the living animal body, such as Casein, Ptyalin, Pepsin, Pancreatin, 
 Mucosin, Myosin, Collagen, Chondrin, Elasticin, and Keratin. All are 
 compounds of C.H.N.O. and S. (See Alkaloid.) 
 
 Albuminoid compound. A secreted fluid or solid of the animal body that 
 contains an albuminoid, for instance, saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, 
 muscular fibres, cartilage, etc. (See Albuminoid.) 
 
 Albuminous. Relates to animal and vegetable food containing albumin 
 mixed with other nutritious substances. 
 
 Albuminuria. Albumin in urine, such as Bright's disease. 
 
 Algae. Bacteria associated with chlorophyll (this a vegetable alkaloid essen- 
 tial and necessary to plants). 
 
 Aliment. Nourishment; food. 
 
 Alimentary. Relating to aliment, or to the alimentary canal. 
 
 Alkaloid. The most active principle of certain plants, such as Quinine, 
 Morphine, Strychnine, etc., all contain C.H.N. and 0. (See Albuminoid.) 
 
 Alopecia. More or less complete loss of hair. 
 
 Alvine. Pertaining to the abdomen or intestines. 
 
 Alvus. Belly. 
 
30 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Amalgam. An alloy of mercury with another metal. 
 
 Anabolism. Constructive process ; building up tissues from nutritive ele- 
 ments or substances; assimilation. (See Metabolism, and Katabolism.) 
 
 Anaemia. Insufficient number of or defective red blood-corpuscles in the 
 blood, or a local or general want of blood in the body. (See ^Emia.) 
 
 Analogus (analogous). Resembling; similar to. 
 
 Analysis. The act of dissolving any substance ; separating constituent ele- 
 ments of a compound ; to examine minutely or critically. 
 
 Anatomical. Everything that pertains to anatomy 
 
 Anatomic element. The smallest natural division of the organism. 
 
 Anatomy. The art of dissecting organized bodies ; the complete knowledge 
 of the material human body. 
 
 Ancient. Of former times ; of olden times. 
 
 Animalculum (pi. Animalcula) . A minute organism. 
 
 Antagonism. Opposition ; resistence ; counteraction. 
 
 Anthrax. A contagious disease of malignant pustules or carbuncles ac- 
 companied by very high fever. 
 
 Anti. Against ; opposed. 
 
 Antidote. A remedy which counteracts or removes the dangerous action of 
 poison, or of disease. 
 
 Antipyric. A remedy which checks or prevents the formation of pus. 
 
 Antiseptic. A remedy that prevents or counteracts putrefaction. 
 
 Anti-toxine. An antidote. (See Antidote, and Toxine.) 
 
 Anuria. Suppression of urine. 
 
 Aphtha. Small white curd-like patches on mucous membrane in the mouth, 
 on the tongue, and fauces, with small ulcers. 
 
 Appendage. An addition; an eye-brow, eye-lid, nails, hair, etc., are ap- 
 pendages. 
 
 Appendicitis. Inflammation cf the appendix. (See Vermiform appendix.) 
 
 Appendix. An appendage. (See Vermiform appendix.) 
 
 Assimilation. The conversion of nutritious matter in the body into the 
 proper organic tissues. 
 
 Atom. A primitive element ; the smallest division of matter. 
 
 Atomic state. Matter reduced to atoms. 
 
 Auto. Self ; origin within the body. 
 
 Auto-toxine. The active principle of decomposed poisonous matter devel- 
 oped within the body. (See Toxine, and Ptomaine.) 
 
 B 
 
 Bacillus (pi. Bacilli.) from baculum, a stick or rod; a minute rod; rod- 
 like bacterium ; cylindrical microbes. 
 
 Bacteriologist. One who uses the microscope to examine or find microbes ; 
 one who cultivates microbes in a culture soil. 
 
 Bacteriology. The examination, cultivation, or finding of bacilli (microbes) 
 with the aid of a microscope. 
 
 Bacterium (pi. Bacteria). A little rod. The word by which DeBary in his 
 botanical work grouped the whole class of microbes, hence the name Bac- 
 teria. (See Schizomycetes.) 
 
 Beggiatoa. Genus of schizomycetes possessing cocci, rods, or threads. 
 
 Bouchard. A noted French physician. 
 
GLOSSARY. 31 
 
 c 
 
 C. Symbol for carbon ; a carbon element. Also for Centigrade degree of 
 temperature. 
 
 Cadaver. A carcass, or dead animal body. 
 
 Capillary. A hair-like blood or lymph vessel. 
 
 Carbon. A chemical element. 
 
 Cardiac. Relating to the heart. 
 
 Casein. An albuminoid compound of C.H.N.O. and S., the principal nutri- 
 tive substance in milk. 
 
 CC. Cubic centimetre. 
 
 Cell. A nucleated mass of protoplasm, in the form of a small vessicle, 
 composed of a jelly-like or somewhat fatty substance. 
 
 Cell pathology. The theory that the essential development and repair of 
 the body is accomplished by cells, and the treatment according to it. 
 
 Cellular. Pertaining to or consisting of cells. 
 
 Centigrade. A scale to measure temperature, based on the decimal system. 
 
 Centimetre. One-hundredth of a metre ; 0.3937 inch. 
 
 Centre. An aggregation of gray nervous cell-matter. (See Nervous Centre.) 
 
 Cerebro-spinal. Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. 
 
 Cerebrum. The upper and largest part of the brain. 
 
 Cervical. Pertaining to the neck between the head and chest ; the seven up- 
 permost bones (vertebrae) of the spine. 
 
 Cervical region. Pertaining to or neighboring the cervical part of the spine. 
 
 Chemical. Of or pertaining to chemistry. 
 
 Chemical change. A change that alters the identity of a molecule. (See 
 Physical change.) 
 
 Chemism. Chemical affinity or attraction, especially considered as a mani- 
 festation of energy 
 
 Chemistry. The science of substantial changes. 
 
 Chlorophyll. A dark-green and essential alkaloid to vegetation composed of 
 C.H.N. andO., imparting the green color to foliage and transforming the 
 plant-food into vegetable life material or tissues. 
 
 Chole. Bile. 
 
 Choledochus. The hepatic or large bile duct which receives the bile from 
 the smaller biie-ducts and discharges the bile into the duodenum (upper 
 portion) of the small intestine. 
 
 Chondrin. The essential constituent of cartilage, an albuminoid consisting 
 of C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 Chondrus. Cartilage. 
 
 Cladothrix. Genus of schizomycetes, develops cocci, rods, threads, or spirals. 
 
 Clostridium. Bacillus. (See Bacillus, and Schizomycetes.) 
 
 Cocci. Short rodlets bacteria; long rodlets bacilli. 
 
 Coccus (pi. Cocci). (See Cocci, and Schizomycetes.) 
 
 Cogitate. To think ; to meditate. 
 
 Cohesion. Molecular attraction between like molecules. (See Adhesion.) 
 
 Collagen. The essential organic ba^is of connective tissue, an albuminoid 
 consisting of C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 Coma bacillus. A microbe having the form of a coma of the smallest type- 
 print, discovered by Koch in Asiatic cholera. Found by Denecke in old 
 cheese ; by Finckler and Prior in other matter. 
 
32 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Component. Helping to form; forming a part or ingredient ; constituent; 
 a constituent element or part. 
 
 Compound. Composed of or produced by the union of two or more ele- 
 ments, ingredients, or parts ; a molecule ; a mass of matter. 
 
 Compound of elements. A molecule. (See Compound.) 
 
 Conjunctivitis. An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the inner 
 surface of the eyelids and external eyeball. 
 
 Consciousness (psychologically considered). That power of the rational soul 
 of returning completely upon itself, by which the intellect not only per- 
 ceives the acts of the other faculties, but its own acts also, and recognizes 
 itself as the subject of them. 
 
 Consonant. Consistent ; in union or harmony. 
 
 Contagious. Capable of being caught ; a disease capable of being commun- 
 icated from one person to another; transmissible by contact. 
 
 Contaminated. Polluted; corrupt; tainted. 
 
 Culture soil. Some substance such as meat broth, gelatin, etc., in which 
 microbes are placed for cultivation. 
 
 Cutaneous. Pertaining to the skin. 
 
 Cuticle (epidermis). The outer skin ; scarf-skin. 
 
 Cycle. A circle ; recurring ; repeating itself. 
 
 D 
 
 Decay. Corruption of material substances ; decomposed organic matter. 
 
 Decomposed. Broken up organic matter into parts ; putrified ; decayed or- 
 ganic matter. 
 
 Dementia. Loss of reasoning power; incoherency of ideas; last stage of 
 insanity 
 
 Desquamation. A scaling from the skin ; peeling or scaling off. 
 
 Diagnosis. The act of recognizing a disease by its symptoms, or, to distin- 
 guish one disease from another. 
 
 Digest. Analytical abridgment ; methodical arrangement. 
 
 Doctrine. A particular view of a subject ; that which is taught or set forth 
 for acceptance or belief. 
 
 Dorsal. Relating to the back; second division of the spine, or upper half of 
 the spine to which the ribs are attached. 
 
 Dorsal region. On or near the dorsal part of the spine. 
 
 E 
 
 Economy. An entire system of a vital organism ; the entirety of an organic 
 
 system ; an entire animal body. 
 Elasticin. The homogeneous material of tissues, an albuminoid composed of 
 
 C.H.N.O. and S. 
 Element. An atom; the smallest division of matter; for instance, oxygen, 
 
 hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc. 
 
 Elementary. Relating to the elements; primary; uncompounded 
 Embolism. The result of an embolus ; obstruction of a blood-vessel by an 
 
 em bolus. 
 Embolus. A concretion formed in one place and transported by the blood to 
 
 another locality ; running to or that which is carried to or thrust in, as a 
 
 piston or wedge. 
 Endo. In ; within ; interior. 
 
GLOSSARY. 33 
 
 Endothelium. The thin layers of cells lining all the internal closed cavities, 
 
 such as the pleural cavity, the pericardium, the chambers in the heart, the 
 
 membranes of cavities of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, 
 
 the interior of blood vessels, lymphatics, the serous and synovial cavities, 
 
 and the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. 
 Energy. The power of producing positive effects. 
 Entozoa. Animal organisms living within other animal bodies from whose 
 
 tissues they derive nourishment ; for instance, worms in the intestines, or 
 
 trichinae spiralis in the muscles. 
 Epi. Upon, or above. 
 Epithelium. The thin layers of cells covering the entire skin of the body 
 
 and the internal passages, such as the alimentary canal, the air passages, 
 
 and such organs as the liver, kidneys, lips, etc. 
 Ether. (See ^Ether.) 
 Etiology. (See ^Etiology.) 
 Exanthemata. An infectious, febrile, eruptive disease. 
 
 F 
 
 F. Symbol for Fahrenheit degree of temperature. 
 Faeces. Alimentary excrementitious matter. 
 Febrile. Of or pertaining to fever ; caused or accompanied by or indicating 
 
 fever. 
 Fever. A disease accompanied by 101 F., or higher temperature of the body. 
 
 (The normal temperature of the body is 98.5 F., or 37.25 C.) 
 Fibre. Thin; thread-like. 
 FibrillaB. Minute fibres. 
 Fibro. Prefix to words referring to fibrous tissue, either by composition, 
 
 derivation, or resemblance. 
 Filament. A minute thread or fibre. 
 Flux. Flowing ; looseness ; an almost constant flowing. 
 Follicle (Lat. Follis). A small bag; a small tubular secreting sac. 
 Function. The action of an organ or set of organs ; the work accomplished 
 
 by a cell, organ, or organism. 
 
 G 
 
 Ganglion (pi. Ganglia}. Small lumps or masses of special organs in the 
 body, appearing under three forms: Those of the nervous system are 
 always connected with nerve-fibres ; the lymphatic glands with the lym- 
 phatic vessels ; other ganglia, such as the thymus and thyroid glands and 
 the suprarenal capsules. 
 
 Gastric. Relating to the stomach. 
 
 Gastro-intestinal. Relating to the stomach and intestines. 
 
 Germ. A minute organic mass, capable of developing into a cell, organ, or 
 organism. 
 
 Gland. An organ composed of cells, blood-vessels, nerves, and absorbents, 
 with the function either to secrete fluid for use in the economy or to ex- 
 crete as waste. 
 
 Glandula (pi. Glandulx). A small gland. 
 
 Grape-louse. Phylloxera. (See phylloxera.) 
 
 Glycocholin. A principal essential albuminoid of bile, an albuminoid com- 
 posed of C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 Glycosuria. Sugar in urine. 
 3 
 
34 GLOSSARY. 
 
 H 
 
 H. Symbol for hydrogen ; hydrogen element. 
 
 Hsema. As a prefix indicates blood. 
 
 Haemo. Asa prefix indicates blood. 
 
 Hemoglobin. A crystallizable haematin and globulin substance, originat- 
 ing in and coloring the red blood-corpuscles. 
 
 Histology. The science of minute anatomy ; the science of minute constit- 
 uents of organs and tissues. 
 
 Hydrogen. The lightest gas known about 14) times lighter than the 
 atmosphere ; in combination with oxygen it forms water ; hydrogen is an 
 element of all organic bodies. 
 
 Hydrophobia. An acute fatal disease resulting from the morbid poison of 
 the saliva of a rabid animal, generally received from a bite. 
 
 Hypo. Under ; beneath ; below. 
 
 Hypogastric. Below the stomach ; abdomen. 
 
 I 
 
 Immune. Exempt or protected against disease. 
 
 Immunity. Freedom or exempted from disease. 
 
 Infectious. Matter of a disease that can be communicated to another per- 
 son ; capable of infecting ; any matter capable of causing disease in many 
 persons at the same time. 
 
 Inflammation. Heat, redness, swelling, and pain in a part of the body. 
 
 Influenza. A special epidemic catarrhal fever, with inflammation of the 
 gastric cesophageal and bronchial mucous and olfactory membranes, with 
 nervous pains and prostration. 
 
 Infusoria. Water animalcula; found during summer in water exposed to 
 moderately warm atmosphere, though the water be clarified, distilled, or 
 boiled. 
 
 Inherent. Inborn; natural w r ith; existing in, but not separable from it; 
 permanently united as a natural original quality. 
 
 Inorganic. Without organs ; that which is not, never was, and never can 
 become an organism. 
 
 Instinct. An inherent impulse impelling the animal to act in a restricted 
 , specific manner. (See Inherent, and Intellect, and Reason.) 
 
 Intellect. A faculty of the human soul. (See Instinct, and Reason, and 
 Judgment.) 
 
 Inter-atomic. Situated, existing, or acting between atoms. 
 
 Intercellular. Situated between or among cells. 
 
 Intermittent. Ceasing at intervals. 
 
 Intermolecular. Situated, existing, or acting between the molecules. 
 
 Interstitial. Between tissues ; pertaining to connective tissue. 
 
 Itch. Scabies ; an itching skin disease. 
 
 Itch-mite (Lat. Acarus scabici}. A very small insect causing the itch. 
 
 Itis. Any word or term of disease ending with ' ' itis ' ' refers to inflammation. 
 
 J 
 
 Judgment. An act of the mind or soul by which it affirms the agreement or 
 disagreement of two concepts or ideas. (See Intellect, and Instinct, 
 and Reason.) 
 
 Jugular. Pertaining to the throat, or jugular vein. 
 
 Jugum. A yoke. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 35 
 
 K 
 
 Katabolism. Destructive process; tearing down of tissues; degeneration. 
 (See Anabolism, and Metabolism.) 
 
 Keratin. The resisting and indestructible substance of the hair, nails, epi- 
 dermic scales, feathers, and all horny tissues; an albuminoid composed of 
 C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 Kinetic. Effecting or involving motion. 
 
 Kinetic energy. Energy which is essential to or possessed by a body or 
 substance. (See Potential energy.) 
 
 L 
 
 Labyrinth. A structure of intricate winding passages ; the vestibule'cochlea 
 and semi-circular canals of the internal ear is a labyrinth. 
 
 Latent. Present but not visible or apparent. 
 
 Latent energy. An energy that exists in molecules, compounds, or matter, 
 but not visible or apparent. 
 
 Lepra or Leprosy. A chronic skin disease characterized by ulcerous erup- 
 tions and successive desquamations of dead skin. 
 
 Leptothrix. Filamentous cocci microbes. 
 
 Lesion. Injury; derangement; morbid change in structure or function of 
 an organ or tissue. 
 
 Lethalis. Mortal; deadly; deep stupor. 
 
 Leucocytes. Colorless small cell-like spherical and nucleated corpuscles of 
 protoplasm, having the power of amoeboid movements, floating in lymph 
 and blood derived from the lymph-glands of the mesentery. 
 
 Leucocythamplio. Increased number of leucocytes, accompanied by an ab- 
 normally decreased number of red blood-corpuscles. 
 
 Leucomaines. Poisonous animal alkaloids developed in the living body by 
 metabolic processes; constituents analogous to ptomaines. 
 
 Leucorrhoea. White discharge, especially from the female genitals. 
 
 Life. Vitality; that state enabling metabolism within itself; being living. 
 
 Lister. A noted surgeon of England. 
 
 Living, matter. The matter of living beings. 
 
 Living organism. An organism containing a vital principle (soul). 
 
 Lockjaw. A spasmodic stiffness of the muscles of the neck and cheeks, with 
 pain on motion and closure of the lower jaw. (See Tetanus, and Trismis.) 
 
 Loeffler. A noted bacteriologist in Germany. 
 
 Lumbar. Pertaining to the loins. 
 
 Lumbar region. Sides of the abdomen and spine. 
 
 Lumbar spine. The third division of the spine, i. e., the five vertebrae be- 
 low the last dorsal vertebrae. 
 
 Lunatic. An insane person with lucid intervals. 
 
 Lupus (L). Wolf; skin wolf ; a chronic localized infiltration and ulceration 
 of the skin and subjacent tissues, generally about the nose, eating into the 
 substance and leaving a deep, unpleasant scar. 
 
 Lymph. The fluid within the lymphatic vessels. 
 
 Lymphatics. Pertaining to lymph, lymph vessels, or lymph glands. 
 
 M 
 
 M. Metre. 
 
 MM. Millimetre; also micrometre. 
 
 MMM. Micromillimetre. 
 
36 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Malaria. A condition of disease produced by aato-toxine and caused by 
 catching cold repeatedly on sultry-foggy nights in low swampy places,, 
 where the excessive high heat in the daytime makes the air full of dust and 
 oppressive, the water foul and stagnated, and where the heat interferes 
 witfi the function of proper digestion of the food. (See Auto-toxine.) 
 
 Malignant. Dangerous to life. 
 
 Mania. Insane excitement; hallucination and delirium. 
 
 Mass. Any quantity of matter that is composed of molecules. 
 
 Material. Consisting of matter; more or less necessary: the substance of 
 which anything is made. 
 
 Matter. Anything that occupies space or takes up room, or that can exert 
 or be acted on by force. Matter may exist in masses, molecules, or atoms. 
 in either solid, liquid, or gaseous form; the subject of discourse. 
 
 Maxwell. A noted English physicist. 
 
 Medical World. A very desirable and useful monthly medical publication 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 Medium (pi. Media). That through which a body moves to any point; the 
 means or instrument by which an agent acts or is acted upon ; intervening 
 or surrounding substance ; anything that acts or serves intermediary. 
 
 Meningitis. Inflammation of meninges (membranes) of the spinal cord, or 
 brain. 
 
 Metabolism. Process of change, alteration, metamorphosis. It includes 
 anabolism and katabolism. (See Anabolism, and katabolism.) 
 
 Metamorphosis. Change of form, shape, function; transformation. 
 
 Metaphysics. The science of things above and beyond physics; generally 
 employed as synonymous with mental philosophy. 
 
 Metre. A French measure, being 39.371 inches. 
 
 Microbe. The minutest vital thing possible and capable of entering all ani- 
 mal and vegetable decay matter wherever existing. 
 
 Microbe killer. A remedy supposed to kill microbes. 
 
 Microbe pathology. The doctrine that microbes produce disease, and the 
 use of remedies supposed to kill the microbes of diseases. 
 
 Micrococci. Globular microbes; globular bacteria. (See Schizomycetes.) 
 
 Micrometer. A scale for minute measurement under the microscope. 
 
 Micromillimetre. The millionth part (0.000001) of a millimetre. 
 
 Micron. The one-thousandth part (0.001) of a millimetre. 
 
 Micro-organism. A very minute organism. 
 
 Microphytes. Minute microbes of plants. 
 
 Microscope. A magnifying or enlarging glass. 
 
 Micturition. The discharge of urine from the bladder. 
 
 Millimetre. The one-thousanth part (0.001) of a metre. 
 
 Mite. A very small insect. (See Itch-mite.) 
 
 Molecular. Relating to molecules; minute compound of atoms. 
 
 Molecule. A small compound of atoms or elements; the smallest compound 
 of matter that can exist by itself; the physical unit of matter. 
 
 Molusca. A division of invertebrates, such as cuttlefishes, snails, bi valves , 
 worms, etc. 
 
 Mollusk. One of the molusca. 
 
 Monomania. Insanity confined to a single idea or subject. 
 
 Morbid. A diseased or abnormal state ; unhealthy ; sickly. 
 
GLOSSARY. 37 
 
 Morphology. The science of the forms and elementary constituents of tis- 
 sues, organs, and organisms. 
 
 Morsus. (Lat.Mordeo). A bite ; grasp; sting. 
 
 Mortification. Loss of vitality ; death of a part of an animal body while 
 the rest is alive. When the part of a soft tissue mortified is recoverable it 
 is called gangrene; if totally destroyed or dead it is called sphacelus. Mor- 
 tification of bone when recoverable is called caries; when totally destroyed 
 necrosis. 
 
 Mortified. Dead organic tissue. 
 
 Mucosin. A viscid thick glutinous constituent of mucus; an albuminoid 
 composed of C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 Mucous (Lat. Mucosus). Of the nature of mucus ; relating to mucous mem- 
 brane. 
 
 Mucus. A slimy secretion of the mucous membrane. 
 
 Muscular fibre. A cylindrical mass covered by a sheath termed sarcolemma, 
 in length from one-fourth to one-half of an inch, and from l-500th to 
 1 -250th of an inch in diameter. 
 
 Mutual. Acting harmoniously together. 
 
 Myosin. The contractile substance of muscular fibres ; an albuminoid com- 
 posed of C.H.N.O. and S. 
 
 N 
 
 N. Symbol for nitrogen. 
 
 Naptha. A light colorless volatile inflammable oil distilled from petroleum. 
 
 Necrosis. Death of bone. (See mortification.) 
 
 Nerve. A bundle or string of nerve-fibres. 
 
 Nerve-fibre. A thin thread covered externally by a delicate sheath, under- 
 neath having a medullary (fatty, oily) layer, and in the middle the axis- 
 cylinder. Many nerve-fibres in a bundle or string make a nerve. 
 
 Nerve-fibrillae. The minutest nerve-fibres within and between nervous 
 centres. Many fibrillse together appear like marrow. 
 
 Nervous. Relating to the nervous system, nervous centres, their stimula- 
 tion, action, excitation, and disturbances. 
 
 Nervous centre. In the nervous system every collection of gray matter is 
 termed a nervous centre. (See Reflex, and Reflex-centre.) 
 
 Nitrogen. A colorless, tasteless, inodorous element; incombustible gas, 78 
 parts of which, with 22 parts of oxygen, constitutes atmospheric air. 
 
 Normal. Regular and natural action or structure. (See Abnormal.) 
 
 Nucleolus (pi. Nucleoli). The small nucleus within the nucleus of a cell. 
 
 Nucleus (pi. Nuclei}. A central differentiated part of the cell; a nut, or ker- 
 nel within a nut. 
 
 o 
 
 O. Symbol for oxygen. 
 
 Organ. A part of an organism. 
 
 Organic. Pertaining to or derived from an organism ; matter that once was 
 
 a part of or belonged to an organism. All animals and plants are organisms. 
 Organic chemistry. The chemistry of the carbon compounds. As many of 
 
 these compounds exist already formed in the bodies of animals and plants, 
 
 hence the name of organic chemistry. 
 Organic life. Life of animal or plant. 
 Organic matter. Tint what is or was a material part of an organism. 
 
38 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Organism. A combination of organs of an animal or plant. 
 
 Oscillation. Vibration. 
 
 Osseous. Bony ; relating to or resembling bone. 
 
 Ossification. Formation of bone. 
 
 Oxidation. Conversion into an oxide, as of metals or other substances. 
 
 Oxygen. A tasteless, colorless (element) inodorous gas, 22 parts of which, 
 with 78 parts of nitrogen, constitutes atmospheric air. One part by volume 
 of oxygen, with two parts of hydrogen, constitutes water. 
 
 Ozsena. An ulceration in the nasal cavities with fetid discharge. 
 
 P 
 
 Pabulum. Aliment ; food. The term pabulum may properly be limited to 
 the food of cells, i. e., the nutritious substances which enter the organism 
 and become gradually more and more changed, and which, on arriving at 
 the cells, is converted into protoplasm. 
 
 Pancreatin. The albuminoid or most active principle of pancreatic juice. 
 
 Pathogenytes. Minute vital beings present in organic matter. (See Sehizo- 
 mycetes. 
 
 Pathology. The doctrine of disease, its nature, and results. 
 
 Pepsin. The albuminoid or most active principle of gastric juice. 
 
 Pericardium. A double membranous sack enclosing the heart. 
 
 Periosteum. Fibro-vascular membrane surrounding or lining the bones. 
 
 Peripheral. Pertaining to the outer surface. 
 
 Pervade. To pass or pread through every part. 
 
 Phenomenon (pi. phenomena). Any action, motion, change, or occurrence 
 of any kind ; any change perceivable by the senses that occurs in an organ 
 or vital function ; a symptom. 
 
 Phthisis. Tuberculosis; consumption; any pathological process causing 
 continuous change and destruction of the lung or other tissues. 
 
 Phylloxera. A minute plant-louse which is very destructive to grapevines. 
 Some attack the roots and some the leaves and suck the sap of the plant, 
 which causes swelling of the root and leaves and death of the plant. 
 
 Physical. Relating to the physical sciences or natural philosophy; of or 
 pertaining to the material universe and its phenomena. 
 
 Physical change. A change not altering the identity of the molecule. (See 
 Chemical change.) 
 
 Physical property. Relates to or belongs to a thing as an essential ingredi- 
 ent or power. 
 
 Physics. Natural philosophy ; the science of nature, its objects and laws. 
 
 Physiological. Pertaining to or of the nature of physiology. 
 
 Physiology. The science of the laws of life and functions of living organ- 
 isms. 
 
 Plague. The black death; the glandular pestilence; an intensely malig- 
 nant disease, attended by high fever and burning buboes (glands) or car- 
 buncles of the glands of the groin and armpits and glands of other parts of 
 of the body. 
 
 Pleura. The closed serous sac lining the internal surface of the thorax 
 divided by a septum (the mediastinum), each sac surrounding a lung. 
 
 Potential energy. Dormant energy, requiring favorable conditions for its 
 manifestations; accidental energy. (See Kinetic energy.) 
 
 Principle. The chief part ; fundamental substance. 
 
GLOSSARY. 39 
 
 Pro (prefix). Before; fore; forward; indicating beforehand. 
 
 Prognosis. The knowledge beforehand of the course and termination of a 
 disease. 
 
 Promulgate. To make known to many ; a doctrine made known of general 
 interest : to make known by open declaration. 
 
 Propagate. To spread ; to multiply ; to perpetuate. 
 
 Prophylactic. To prevent ; preventive. 
 
 Proteid. Holding the first place; principal acting constituent in a sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Protoplasm. Cell matter. 
 
 Psychology (a branch of Metaphysics). The science of the powers and 
 functions of the human soul ; doctrine of the human soul or mind. 
 
 Ptomaine. The principal acting substance in decayed or putrefied animal 
 or vegetable tissue or matter. The ptomaine is to dead tissue or matter 
 what the albuminoid (proteid) is to the living. 
 
 Ptyalin. The principal active agent in saliva (albuminoid). 
 
 Puerperal. Relating to childbirth or a consequence thereof. 
 
 Pulmonary. Relating to the lungs. 
 
 Pustule. A small pimple containing pus ; a small circumscribed elevation 
 of the cuticle with an inflamed base containing pus. 
 
 Putrefaction. Decomposed or decomposing organic matter ; process of de- 
 caying or rotting. 
 
 Pyaemia. Fever due to pus absorbed into the blood. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quasi. As ; having the resemblance of something ; not fully genuine, 
 duinia or quinine. An extracted alkaloid (compound of C.H.N. and 0.) 
 from cinchona bark. 
 
 R 
 
 Reason. An act of the mind by which is determined the agreement or disa- 
 greement, the identity or diversity, of two things, by comparing them with 
 a third. (See Intellect, and instinct, and Judgment.) 
 
 Reflex. Refers to the action of an organ (muscle, respiratory, circulatory, 
 or secretory organ) receiving its primary impression from stimulus directly 
 or indirectly through impulses from another organ. 
 
 Reflex centre. Every nervous centre is a reflex centre. (See Nervous cen- 
 tre, and Reflex, and Spasm.) 
 
 Region (Lat. Regio). (Physiologically.) The tract or place neighboring ; in 
 extent ; in area. 
 
 Reminiscence. Recollection ; remembering; a faculty connected only with 
 the higher faculties of man, his judgment and understanding ; a faculty be- 
 longing exclusively to man because it is purely intellectual, while memory 
 simple is common to all animals. 
 
 8 
 
 S. Symbol for sulphur. 
 
 Sanguis (L.). Blood. 
 
 Sanitary. Relating to the preservation of health, especially to hygiene and 
 
 public health. 
 Saprophytes. Minute organisms which can only grow in dead or decaying 
 
 matter ; schizomycetes. 
 Scabies. The Itch-disease. 
 
40 . GLOSSARY. 
 
 Schizomycetes. This term includes all Bacteria, Bacilli, Microbes, and 
 
 allied forms. 
 
 Sch.izoph.yta. This term includes all of schizomycetes and Algae. 
 Science. A systematic species of knowledge which consists of rules and 
 
 order so as to arrive at truth. 
 Sensation. Vital organic representation. 
 Sense. The capacity or power of the animal for a particular species of what 
 
 are termed sensations. 
 Sense-organs. The special portions (organs) of the organism endowed 
 
 with the simple power of reacting to appropriate stimuli so as to produce 
 
 sensations. 
 
 Sepsis. Infection of putrefactive poison. 
 
 Septicaemia. Disease aggravated by absorption of pus or putrid matter. 
 Serous. Pertaining to serum, or to serous membrane. 
 Serum. Watery portion of animal fluids. 
 Shock. A violent shake; concussion. Shock may affect the body or the 
 
 mind, or both, while concussion affects only the body. 
 Spasm. Sudden, irregular, and involuntary contractions of muscles, due to 
 
 reflex action of the spasm-centre in the medulla oblongata above the ala 
 
 cinerea, or from reflex-centres at the upper part of the spinal cord. (See 
 
 Reflex, and Reflex-centre, and nervous-centre.) 
 Specific. Definite, particular, or determinate. 
 Sphacelus. Gangrene of soft tissue, with complete death of the part. (See 
 
 Mortification.) 
 
 Spinous. Relating to the spine ; having the shape of a spine or thorn. 
 Spirillum (Lat. Spira,pl. Spirilla). Spiral form cocci. (See Schizomycetes. ") 
 Spirochasta. A genus of Spirobacteria (schizomycetes), with spiral flexible 
 
 filaments with movements apparently rotary. 
 Spiromonas. (Same as Spirochxta.) 
 Spontaneous. Occurring without assistance or without direct apparent 
 
 cause. 
 
 Staphylo (Gr.). Bunch of grapes. 
 Staphylococcus (pi. Staphylococci). Micrococci occurring in irregular 
 
 masses or heaps. 
 
 Staphylococcus pyogenes albus. Microbes of white color. . 
 Staphylococcus pyogenes citrius. Microbes of yellow- color. 
 Sterilized. Having destroyed all life of germs in a fluid, substance, or mat- 
 ter, either by heat, cold, or chemical action. 
 
 Stimulus. That which excites or arouses energetic action in an organism. 
 Strychnia or strychnine. A crystallizable, odorless, intensely bitter alka- 
 loid (C.H.N.O.) prepared from nux vomica or ignatia. 
 Subtile. Penetrating; attenuated; ethereal; refined; piercing. 
 Suppuration. The production or formation of pus. 
 Symbol. That which stands for a thing. 
 Synovial. The fluid secreted by a synovial membrane. 
 
 T 
 Taurin. A colorless, crystallizable substance in bile, united with cholalic 
 
 acid. 
 Taurocholin. A principal essential albuminoid constituent (C.H.N.O and S. 
 
 compound) of bile. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 41 
 
 Tenuity. Thinness; subtility. 
 
 Tetanic bacillus. Bacilli in disease of Tetanus found by Loeffler, a noted 
 
 bacteriologist in Germany. 
 
 Tetanic spasms. Rigidity in paroxysms of tonic convulsions of the mus- 
 cles of the neck, body, and limbs. 
 Tetanus. Spasms with rigidity in paroxysms of tonic convulsions of the 
 
 muscles of the neck, jaw, spine, body, and limbs. (See Lockjaw and Tris- 
 
 mus.) 
 Theory. A systematic generalization eminently accounting' for a series or 
 
 group of phenomena; speculation; an individual view. 
 Thrombus. A blood-clot formed during life in a vessel or tissue. 
 Tint. Slight coloring, yet distinct from the principal or original color. 
 Tissue. One of the elementary fabrics of which an organ is composed ; 
 
 formed by cells and their products arranged in a definite manner ; texture 
 
 of parts, particularly of aniriial or vegetable matter. 
 Toxaemia. A poisoned condition of the blood. 
 Toxical. Pertaining to or having the nature of poison ; poisonous ; a toxic 
 
 disease. 
 
 Toxine. The active principle of decomposed poisonous matter ; a ptomaine. 
 Trauma. A wound. 
 
 Traumatic. Relating to a wound or injury. 
 Trichina (pi. Trichinse}. A minute, small, hair-like worm. 
 Trichina spiralis. The trichina found in muscles of animals, especially in 
 
 swine. 
 Trismus. Lockjaw ; tetanus limited to the neck and jaw muscles. (See 
 
 Lockjaw, and Tetanus.) 
 Trophic. Relating to nutrition. 
 Tubercle. Small, rounded eminence. 
 
 Tumor. A circumscribed abnormal new formation of tissue. 
 Tyrotoxicon. Cheese poison ; a ptomaine of cheese. 
 
 u 
 
 Ulcer. A solution of continuity of soft parts, with loss of substance and 
 production of granulation-tissue and secretion of pus. 
 
 Understand. To have full and clear knowledge of; the intellectual opera- 
 tions of forming proper ideas of simple or complex things that are brought 
 to our mind. (See Comprehend.) 
 
 Uraemia. An abnormal condition of the blood due to the presence of urea 
 with other urinary matter that ought to have been excreted by the kidneys. 
 
 U. S. P. United States Phharmacopeeia. 
 
 V 
 
 Vascular.' Pertaining to or containing vessels. 
 
 Vein, vena, phlebs. Vessels conveying blood inward toward the heart. 
 
 Velocity. Rate of motion. 
 
 Venous. Relating to veins. 
 
 Vermicular. Of or pertaining to a worm ; resembling a worm or its move- 
 ment. 
 
 Vermiform. "Worm -like; having the form of a worm. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Vermiform appendix. The worm-like projection or appendix at the end of 
 the ileo caecal valve of the small intestine. (See Appendicitis, and Ap- 
 pendix.) 
 
42 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Vesicle (Lat. Vesicula). A small bladder, generally containing fluid. 
 
 Vibriones. Wavy- rods cocci ; curved and spiral thread cocci. 
 
 Vice versa. The order or relation of things being reversed. 
 
 Virus. A substance, the result of a morbid process, capable of producing 
 disease when inoculated ; the active agent in the production of any infec- 
 tious disease; a ptomaine; a poison. 
 
 Vital. Kelating to life. 
 
 Vital being. Any thing that contains a vital principle or soul. 
 
 Vital energy. The power residing in a living being. 
 
 Vital organism. An organism that contains a life principle or soul. 
 
 Vital principle. Soul. 
 
 Volition. The act of willing or choosing. 
 
 W 
 
 "Woorara. Curare; a very destructive poison of Guiana, which contains 
 
 strychnia; a South American arrow poison. 
 
 X 
 
 Xyloma. Woody tumor, found on plants. 
 Xylon. Cotton. 
 Xysis. Scraping, rasping. 
 
 Y 
 
 Yelk. Yolk. 
 Yellow elastic tissue. Certain connective tissue fibrillse, in thickness up to 
 
 about 11 MMM, anastomosing with each other, found especially in the inner 
 
 coat of arteries and lining of air passages. 
 Yolk (vitellus). The yellow of the egg. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zyme. Ferment. 
 
 Zymogenic. Producing fermentation. 
 Zymosis. Fermentation. 
 
Human Physiology 
 
 Analysis and Digest 
 
 for the use of 
 
 Medical Students and Practitioners 
 
 by 
 
 Prof. John P. Schmitz, M. D. 
 
 Second Edition 
 
 in 
 
 Twenty- Seven Cnapters. 
 
 Introduction: Physiology properly defined ; Organisms, structure, growth, 
 functions; Organs; Anatomical divisions of the body; Systems; Appar- 
 atus ; Tissues ; Anatomical elements ; Cells ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Nutrition. Origin of nutritious substances; Proximate principles; Albu- 
 minous (nitrogenous) matters; Starchy, saccharine, and oleaginous mat- 
 ters ; Inorganic matters ; Coloring matters ; Non-nitrogenous matters ; 
 Starch, sugar and fats; Inorganic proximate principles; Water; Lime 
 phosphate, and carbonate ; Magnesium phosphate ; Alkaline salts ; Sodium 
 chloride; Milk, bread, meat, eggs; Amyloid compounds; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Active Principles in Liquids and Solids. Haemoglobin; Melanin; Billi- 
 verdin; Bilirubin; Urochrom; Chlorophill; Urea; Uric acid ; Pepsin; Case- 
 in ; Ptyalin; Pancreatin; Mucosin ; Myosin; Collagen; Chondrin; Elasticin; 
 Keratin; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Mucous Membrane and Epithelium. Mucous membrane and its impor- 
 tance; Mucus; Endotheliurn ; Epithelium; Epithelial cells; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Digestion. Digestive organs; Food; Alimentary canal; Stomach ; Chyme ; 
 Chyle; Gastric juice; Pepsin; Peptones; Indigestion; Intestinal digestion ; 
 Intestinal wall ; Villi; Glands of Brunner ; Solitary glands; Peyer's glands; 
 Hunger and thirst ; etc. 
 
44 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Xiiver, Bile, and Pancreatic Juice. Bile-secreting apparatus; Hepatic ar- 
 tery and vein ; bile composition ; Fatty degeneration of the liver ; Liver 
 sugar; Sugar of the blood; Nerve-fibres supplying the liver; Lymphatics 
 of the liver; Pancreas; Pancreatic juice and its composition; Vessels of 
 the Pancreas; Nerves of the Pancreas; Spleen, etc. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Secretion and Excretion. Secretions of the body ; The four forms of secre- 
 tions ; Secreting cells ; Secreting follicles ; Secreted fluids; Excretions ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The Absorbent System. Lymphatic system ; Chyle; Thoracic duct ; Lymph; 
 Lymph glands; Osmosis ; Endosmosis ; Exosmosis ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Blood. Red blood-corpuscles ; White blood-corpuscles; Blood-plasma; 
 Blood-serum; Blood disease; Blood-corpuscles composition; Coagulation 
 of blood; Thrombus; Blood-clots; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Circulation. Heart ; Arteries ; Capillaries ; Veins ; Bload-circulation ; 
 Heart structure; heart action; Cause of the heart's action; Reflex action 
 for the heart ; Syncope ; Aorta ; Arterial walls ; Arterial pulsation ; Pulse 
 rate ; Vein-valves ; Cause of capillary circulation ; Capillary peristalsis ; 
 Capillary action ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Respiration. Trachea ; Lungs ; Nerve-fibres of the lungs ; Phrenic nerve ; 
 Respiratory centre or vital point ; Lymphatics of the lungs ; blood of the 
 lungs; Pulmonary artery; Alveoli; How the gases in the lungs are ex- 
 changed ; Pulmonary veins ; Haemoglobin ; Hsematin ; Air required and air 
 changes ; Secretion and excretion of carbonic acid ; Use of carbonic acid ; 
 Use of oxygen ; Truth of external organic sensation ; Respiratory activity ; 
 Carbonic acid as stimulus ; Physiological process of lowering temperature ; 
 Oxidation a misnomer ; Production of carbonic acid ; Dyspnoea ; Respira- 
 tion of the newly born ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Temperature. Heat defined ; Heat produced or diminished ; Temperature of 
 of arterial and venous blood ; Degrees of temperature ; Thermometer ; Tem- 
 perature maintained ; How to lower temperature ; Harmonious action of 
 respiration and pulsation ; Danger of abnormally high or low temperature ; 
 Effect of perspiration on temperature ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Nervous System. Cerebro-spinal system ; The Brain ; Brain centres ; Brain 
 composition ; Brain ventricles ; Circle of Willis ; Function of Cerebral con- 
 volutions ; Definitions of Memory, Reason, and Judgment ; Insanity de- 
 fined ; Soul Defined ; Cerebrum ; Corpora striata ; Optic thalami ; Corpora 
 quadrigemina ; Pineal gland ; Crura cerebri ; Valve of Vieussens ; Pons Va- 
 rolii; Cerebellum; etc. 
 
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 45 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Medulla Oblongata. Structure of the medulla oblongata; Olivary body; 
 Fourth ventricle ; Origin of nerve-fibres in the medulla ; Centres in the me- 
 dulla oblongata ; Respiratory centre ; Circulatory centre ; Vaso-motor cen- 
 tres ; Result of injury to the medulla oblongata ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Nervous Centres and Reflex Actions. Nervous centre-cells; Sensation 
 centres known or unknown ; Reflex action ; Sensation defined ; Property de- 
 fined ; Irritability defined ; Excitability defined ; Co-ordination ; Sympathy ; 
 Control of reflexes ; Abdominal reflex ; Planter reflex ; Pupil reflexes ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Nerve-fibres and their Terminals. Size of nerve fibres; Medulated and 
 non-medulated nerve-fibres ; Nerves ; Neurilemma ; Nerve-fibre branches ; 
 Tactile corpuscles ; Pacinian bodies ; Terminal bulbs ; terminal plates ; 
 Distinction between irritability of nerves and muscular fibres ; Sarcolemma ; 
 Speed of impulses ; Action of electricity ; Action of Faradic currents ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Spinal Column. Power or strentgh of the spinal column ; Spinal cord ; 
 Cells of the spinal cord ; Spinal nerves ; Law of Waller ; Functions of the 
 spinal cord ; Centres of the spinal cord ; Effect of injury or section of the 
 cord; Urinary bladder; Sphincter muscles ; Reflexes of the spinal cord ; 
 Paraplegia; Hemiplegia; Action of strychnine on the spinal cord; Tetanic 
 spasms ; Hydrophobia ; Tetanus ; Epilepsy ; Hysteria ; Meningitis ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The Sympathetic System. Ganglia ; Nervous plexuses ; Ganglia-plexuses ; 
 Medulated and non-medulated nerve-fibres; Distribution of the sympa- 
 thetic nervous system; Gasserian ganglion; Otic ganglion; Ophthalmic 
 ganglion; Spheno-palatine, Submaxillary and other ganglia; Deep and su- 
 perficial cardiac plexus; Semilunar, Renal, Aortic, Epigastric (Solar), 
 Spermatic, Hypogastric, and about fifty other nervous plexuses ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The Senses. Sense-organs; Sensations; Sight; Hearing; Smell; Taste; 
 Touch ; Common sense ; External sensation ; Internal sensation ; Vital or- 
 ganic representation ; The soul present in every part of the body ; Exterior 
 sensation in the brain denied; Consciousness defined; Imagination faculty; 
 Estimative faculty ; Sensitive memory ; Reminiscence ; Three distinct ele- 
 ments required for sensation ; Modus operand! in sensation; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Cranial Nerves. Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves ; Olfactory nerve ; 
 Olfactory bulb ; Optic nerve; Oculomotqrius nerve; Trochlearis (Patheti- 
 cus) nerve; Trigeminus nerve; Gasserian ganglion; Ophthalmic nerve; 
 Superior and inferior maxillary nerves ; Abducens nerve ; Facial nerve ; 
 Auditory nerve ; Glosso-pharyngeal nerve ; Pneumogastric nerve ; Spinal 
 accessory nerve ; Hypoglossal nerve ; etc. 
 
46 HUMAN PHSIOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The Eye and the Sense of Sight. Eyeball ; Sclerotic coat, cornea, andcho- 
 roid coat; Hyaloid membrane; Vitreous body or humor; Aqueous humor; 
 Anterior and posterior eye chambers ; Ciliary muscle ; Ciliary and suspen- 
 sory ligaments ; Canal of Petit ; Pupil ; Iris ; Pupil contracting and dilating 
 centres ; Nerves of the iris ; crystaline lens ; Ciliary processes ; Retina, 
 Rods, and Cones ; Optic nerve; Movements of the eyeball; Nerves and ar- 
 teries of the eyeball ; Eyelids ; Lachrymal and Meibomian glands; Accom- 
 modation of the eye ; Vision far and near ; Artificial lenses ; Light, sight, 
 and velocity of light ; color-blindness ; Emmetropic ; Hypermetropic ; My- 
 opic eye ; Diplopia, and Presbyopia ; Hemeralopia, and snow-blindness ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 The Ear and the Sense of Hearing. External ear ; Membrana tympani ; 
 Middle ear (tympanum) ; Malleus and Incus bones ; Stapes ; Muscles of the 
 middle ear; Eustachian tube ; Internal ear; Vestibule, Otoliths and Oto- 
 conia ; Semicircular canals ; Vertigo ; Equilibrium ; Osseous cochlea ; Modi- 
 olus ; Scala vestibuli ; Scala tympani ; Scalia media ; Organ of Corti; Mem- 
 brana basilaris; Sound; Vibrations; Wave-length; Loudness and pitch of 
 :sound ; Quality of sound; Resonance; Hearing ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Voice and Speech. Vocal cords ; Muscles of the vocal organs; Vocali- 
 zation ; Vocal resonance ; Limits of the human voice ; Limits of hearing 
 musical sounds; Action of the vocal cords; change of voice; Articulation; 
 Speech defined ; Speech centre ; Sensory and motor aphasia ; Ataxic apha- 
 sia; Stammering, and stuttering ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 The Skin. Epidermis and cuticle; Color of different human skins; Sec- 
 tional view of the skin ; Dermis; Papillae of the skin ; Corium; Muscular 
 fibres of the skin ; Arrectores pilorum ; tension of the skin ; Subcutaneous 
 tissue, Sudoriparous glands, and perspiration; Sebaceous glands; Func- 
 tions of the skin ; Appendages of the skin ; Hair; Gray hair; Blood-vessels, 
 nerves, and lymphatics of the skin ; Haemorrhage of the skin ; Nails ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 The Kidneys. Cortical and medullary substance; Renal pyramids; Glo- 
 merules ; Malpiphian bodies ; Composition of urine ; Urea ; Uric acid ; 
 Bladder; Incontinence, and retention of urine; Wolffian bodies ; Bright's 
 disease; Suprarenal capsules; Addison's disease; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Muscles and Muscular Tissues-. Striated muscular fibres ; Perimysium 
 externum and internum ; Muscular fasciculi ; Sarcolemma; Tendons; Un- 
 striped muscular fibres ; Striped muscular fibres ; Irritability of muscular 
 fibres ; Elasticity and tonicity of muscles ; Contractility of muscles ; Muscu- 
 lar action ; Metabolism ; Anabolism and Katabolism ; Involuntary muscles, 
 
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 47 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Reproduction. Fission ; Gemmation, Fecundation ; Uterus ; Fallopian tubes ; 
 Vagina; Round ligaments; Broad ligaments; Uterine arteries; Uterine 
 nerves ; Uterine lymphatics ; Ovaries ; Ovulation ; Corpus Luteum ; Testi- 
 cles and spermatozoa ; Fecundation ; Impregnation ; Ova ; Germinal mem- 
 brane ; Blastoderm; Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Entoderm ; Decidua; Cho- 
 rion ; Placenta ; Extra-uterine pregnancy ; Graviditas in substantia uteri ; 
 Twin pregnancies; Mamma; Nausea and vomiting during gregnancy; 
 Moles and hydatids ; Foetal circulation ; Menstruation ; Entozoa and Infu- 
 soria ; Life functions and life's termination ; Plant reproductions ; etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Miscellaneous. Connective and fibrous tissues ; Cartilage, bone, and peri- 
 osteum ; Gangrene ; New formations ; Cancer ; Tumors ; Fatty degenera- 
 tion ; Dissolution of the body ; Spontaneous generation ; Ptomaines ; Infec- 
 tious and contagion; Ether defined ; Still-born; Artificial respiration ; etc. 
 
 Many Physicians and Medical Students have declared 
 that the Author's Physiology is one of the Best Books 
 on the Laws of Life in the English Language. 
 
 This book will be sent to any address Post-paid free for $4.50. 
 Address: J. P. Schmitz, M. D., 
 
 3321 Twenty-first Street, 
 , San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE SECOND EDITION OF THE FOREGOING PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 N. B. A careful perusal of this Preface is especially 
 recommended to my readers. 
 
 The demand for a Second Edition of this text-dook on physiology 
 within such a short time surely indicates that the book is much ap- 
 preciated, especially when the Second Edition requires no additions, 
 alterations, or corrections of the main text of the first edition. 
 
 It is gratifying to notice that the time for the study of medicine 
 in medical colleges has been extended to four years, which is surely 
 not too long for one who wishes to acquire something above medi- 
 ocrity in this science. In one respect, however, it may not be amiss 
 to allude here to a serious defect in some localities in not requiring 
 a better qualification in the knowledge of the Laws of Life. 
 
 Students intending to become physicians have a right to demand 
 a, most thorough teaching of the laws that govern the human body. 
 
48 FREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 Deception in this regard is bad; and when diplomas are awarded to 
 those who have not a thorough knowledge of physiology, it endan- 
 gers human life and perpetuates conditions in the profession that 
 keep up the danger. It is the duty of all medical examining boards 
 to refuse licenses to applicants who are found deficient in this regard. 
 
 This work carefully distinguishes physiology from histology. 
 It is notorious that even in some first-class Colleges these two 
 branches are not unfrequently confounded. What can be ex- 
 expected from the student when the teacher himself does not know 
 that Physiology is the science of the Laws of life and Functions 
 of living organisms; Histology the science of minute anatomy? It 
 is on account of confounding these matters in text-books that the 
 mischief is worked. The student gets confused, and at last gets to 
 hate and shun physiology, managing to cram a few dozen answers 
 to questions in one or two years in order to get out of it. The fact 
 is, as the author has always experienced, that, when physiology is 
 truthfully and comprehensively laid before students, no branch of 
 medical knowledge is so pleasing and fascinating. The student soon 
 gets to feel internally that the true and thorough knowledge of the 
 Laws of Life is the very Foundation of medical competency, 
 diagnosis, and safety of treatment. 
 
 The conscientious student will ask himself: How shall I be able 
 to make a sure, true diagnosis? How shall I be able to know what 
 remedy to administer? How shall I be able to know the physiolog- 
 ical actions of remedies? The books on Materia Medica and Practice 
 tell me that the action is such and such, but not one tells me how the 
 remedies act. How shall I be able to know whether what I observe 
 in a patient is to be attributed to remedies or to the disease? 
 
 A common sense man says, give me a lawyer thoroughly versed 
 in the law and I will trust my case to him. Can a lawyer ignorant 
 of the law know when he does harm to his case? Certainly not. 
 It is exactly the same with the physician. The practitioner, ignor- 
 ant of the laws of human life, may be not inaptly compared to a 
 blind bird: It May find the grain on the wayside, but the chances 
 are against it. 
 
 The greatest responsibility falls on the medical college faculty or 
 officers, who supply the chair of physiology with simply a book- 
 worm. In fact, it seems very often as if any physician is thought 
 competent to fill that chair as Professor, provided he is able to talk 
 the hour away two or three times a week. Such a Professor cares 
 little whether the student has fully understood him or not, or in fact 
 whether he has understood him at all; for, if he did, he would not 
 
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 49 
 
 allow students, as very often happens, to cram a few dozen questions 
 and answers for what is termed " Examination," and then dispense 
 with physiology for the balance of the college course. 
 
 It has often been publicly remarked that no two physicians agree 
 in regard to treatment. Why is this? Because if all physicians 
 were thoroughly educated in physiology they would know posi- 
 tively what is required, and there would be no difference of opinion 
 in treatment. Then the treatment of human beings would be truly 
 scientific, but it cannot be without that knowledge. Physiology is 
 no longer guess work; it is as positive as any other science, and the 
 physician who does not know the laws of life is either at fault him- 
 self or the blame falls back on his teacher. It is not due to the science. 
 Tha author for years has maintained that the time required for 
 the study of physiology in the medical colleges is too short, and 
 he has kept his students for the full term of college study of four 
 years on physiology. That he was not alone in this idea it is agree- 
 able to notice that the College Faculty of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, London, have by resolution extended the time for the 
 study of physiology of three years, so that hereafter students are 
 required to continue this subject for the full term of five years. 
 
 Anyone who maintains that medical students can be excused from 
 the study of physiology before the end of their college life, knows 
 but little about it. If he comprehended them, he would know the 
 importance of that study. 
 
 Does the Professor on physiology ever reflect on the following : 
 Am I fit for the position? Do I do my duty? Am I not neglectful? 
 Do I see that every student under my care fully comprehends the 
 subject? Will I not be partly responsible for the acts of a physi- 
 cian once in my care who does more harm than good to patients, or 
 perhaps shortens their lives on account of not having received from 
 me thorough teaching? 
 
 On no other chair in medical colleges does the responsibility so 
 forcibly rest as on the chnir of physiology; because a doctor once 
 out of college can easily c mtinue the study of other branches of 
 medical knowledge, but not that of physiology. This latter has to 
 be acquired in the college, because to fully comprehend the laws of 
 life requires a thorough and practical professor to teach, to read, 
 to explain, to illustrate a subject sometimes in many different ways, 
 before every student fully comprehends it. Besides, the explana- 
 tions and illustrations have to branch off more or less on a subject 
 of another chair, or to several at a time, so as to make the point 
 
 understood. 
 
 4 
 
50 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 It may not be too much to assume that the author in his text- 
 hook on "Human Physiology, Analysis and Digest," 1894, is the 
 first who ever laid down in a medical college text-book the true fact 
 of the following physiological laws: 
 
 First That the Stimulus for respiration and circulation are the 
 carbonic acid elements of the venous blood to the heart and lungs- 
 
 Second That the Acid for the gastric juice normally originates 
 in the lower portion of the oesophagus. 
 
 Third That External Sensation lies in the sense-organ. 
 
 Fourth That the living body comprehends an Immaterial 
 Vital Principle or Soul. 
 
 Fifth That all brain and spinal-cord Nerve-Centre Actions, 
 voluntary or involuntary on external organs, are due to Reflex 
 Actions only. 
 
 Sixth That the Cause of the Capillary Circulation in the 
 animal body is peristaltic. 
 
 Seventh That the defective mucous membrane is the Primary 
 Cause of Consumption. 
 
 Eighth That the physiological action of remedies will become an 
 exact science as soon as physiology is truly comprehended, and not 
 before. 
 
 J. P. Schmitz, M. D. 
 3321 Twenty-first stre3 f , 
 San Francisco, 
 California. 
 
 (See page 47) 
 
Key 
 
 to all 
 
 Physiological Questions 
 
 Three Thousand One Hundred and Twenty-Five 
 Questions and Answers Complete 
 
 for the use 
 
 State Medical Examiners 
 
 and 
 
 Professors in Medical Colleges 
 
 by 
 
 Prof. J. P. Schmitz, M. D. 
 
 This book is not intended for Medical Students; but it was written 
 
 for the uses above stated. Students will gain their knowledge with 
 
 advantage out of the author's "Human Physiology; Analysis 
 
 and Digest,' ' (see page 43). In that book Students 
 
 can easily learn all the Laws that 
 
 govern the human body. 
 
 The Key of all Physiological Questions will be sent to members of the 
 
 Board of State Medical Examiners and Professors of 
 
 Colleges, free Post-paid for 12.50. 
 
 Address: J. P. Schmitz, M. D., 3321 Twenty-first St. 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
Over 
 
 3000 Questions 
 
 on 
 
 Laws of the Human Body 
 
 or 
 
 Physiology 
 
 by 
 
 Prof. J. P. Schmitz, M. D 
 
 This book will be found of great assistance to the Medical Student. It contains 
 
 the Questions and gives the number of the pages for answers in 
 
 the author's "Text-book on Human Physiology; 
 
 Analysis and Digest." (See Page 43.) 
 
 This book, with over 3000 Questions, will be mailed 
 to any address, free Post-paid for $1.00. 
 
 Address: J. P. Schmitz, M. D., 3321 Twenty-first St. 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 

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