UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION CIRCULAR No. 219 May, 1920 THE PRESENT STATUS OF ALKALI By W. P. KELLEY From a practical standpoint the alkali problem may logically be subdivided into two parts each of which is of great economic impor- tance. These are, (1) methods of prevention; (2) the treatment of alkali lands. I shall briefly discuss each of these questions. THE IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF ALKALI The economic loss resulting at the present time from alkali, together with the practical difficulties met with in the successful reclamation of alkali land, amply- justify the College of Agriculture in directing its full influence and using every possible means within its power, to prevent the further spread of alkali. Regardless of what may ultimately be discovered in the way of methods of reclaim- ing alkali land, and notwithstanding the fact that a number of suc- cessful alkali reclamation projects have already been conducted in certain localities in the West, it can be safely stated that it is of the utmost importance that farm methods should come to be adopted generally, which will either entirely prevent the spread of alkali or tend to retard and delay it. Such a program cannot fail to be in the interest of the public welfare. In my opinion, the College of Agri- culture can scarcely render a more important public service than that of focusing public attention on this problem, and helping to direct farm practices along lines that will retard the spread of alkali. An ounce of prevention is certainly worth a great many pounds of cure. As illustrating the needs and acuteness of this matter, I wish first, briefly to call your attention to the two most important means by which alkali finds its way into good lands. I will name these in the reverse order of their present economic importance. * An address delivered at the annual conference of Farm Advisors, in Berkeley, March 25, 1920. The use of saline irrigation water. — You are perhaps all familiar with our recent bulletin on "The Effects of Alkali on Citrus Trees,"* This bulletin sets forth the more important relationships between the use of saline irrigation water and the development of the alkali prob- lem. Briefly, we have found that a considerable quantity of the water now being applied to the citrus groves of California contains sufficient amounts of salts to produce injury within a rather brief period of time. Such waters are found scattered over a large number of citrus sections. Not all of the water in any one locality, however, is excess- ively saline. In certain localities in several different counties in this State, important economic losses have already resulted from the use of saline water. In other localities the injury has been less severe, yet suf- ficiently pronounced to show the trend and general importance of this matter. In addition, quite a number of comparatively young citrus groves are now being irrigated with water so saline in character as inevitably sooner or later to produce serious injury. Some of these are located in districts well adapted to citrus culture and in certain cases on soils of high fertility. In the vast majority of such cases, the harmful constituent is sodium chloride, but other harmful salts are also always present. A similar, but even more acute situation, occurs in certain walnut orchards. In fact, we can safely say that walnut trees are even more sensitive to alkali salts, especially chlorides, than citrus trees. In almost, if not every case, the owner of the affected grove gave no particular thought to the quality of his water, until the injury had become severe. As is commonly the case, the owner had, of course, assured himself concerning the amount of water available, but its quality had not been given serious consideration. In certain cases the water was known to be unpalatable, but even so, its suitability for irrigation had not been seriously questioned. While our activities have already served to arouse public interest in this matter, to some extent at least, it should not be concluded that the task is completed. It is important to recall, in this connection, that the results of recent investigations are fully in accord with the publications of Drs. Hilgard and Loughridge, issued twenty or more years ago. Wide publicity was given by them to the importance of good water, and yet, after a lapse of a few years, the lessons which they sought to teach seem to have been forgotten. It is reasonable to expect that the same outcome will result from the recent investiga- * Kelley, W. P., and Thomas, E. E. "The Effects of Alkali on Citrus Trees." Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 318, 1920. tions, unless special effort be made to crystalize the idea in the minds of the owners of land, and to keep the matter before them, continually. There are new areas yet to be planted, whose water supply must be secured, and the quality of which must be assured, and what is more to the point at present, many citrus and walnut growers still remain to be convinced that their present water supply is not suf- ficiently pure. In my opinion, one of the most important considerations is that of preventing the injury before it arises. It is not sufficient to point out that injury has been produced in a given case. Our efforts should be directed toward preventing the injury from ever occurring. It is true that not all of the injured groves studied are hopeless. Indeed, relatively few of them are beyond possible recovery, but the economic loss accruing to the State is too great to justify an attitude of passive indifference. It must not be inferred that citrus and walnuts are the only crops that need to be considered in this connection. These crops are especially sensitive to alkali and perhaps more so than most of the other fruit trees and field crops. Nevertheless, saline irrigation water cannot be applied with impunity to other crops. Neither should it be inferred that all of the irrigation supplies now being applied to other crops are sufficiently pure. Numerous cases have come to our attention where extremely brackish waters are being applied to other crops and where injury has already been produced in consequence. It is not necessary to designate localities in this connection. It is sufficient merely to say that there are relatively few irrigated dis- tricts in California where all of the water now being applied is free from alkali. What can you as Farm Advisors do in this connection? In the first place, in your contact with growers you can help to bring them to the point where they will give thought to this matter for them- selves. What is needed, among other things, is a realization on the part of the owner of the land, that he is dealing with a treacherous matter when he begins to apply saline irrigation water to his land, and that he is very likely to be storing up trouble for himself or for future generations. In my opinion, the responsibility of this College is not confined to the present. It is equally important that fundamentally sound and reasonably permanent methods should be employed. It should be borne in mind that it may be possible to secure a much purer supply of irrigation water than that now in use. In any event, we know of certain cases where good water rights were released from considerable tracts of land, after wells have been developed on them, but, unfortunately, these well waters later pro- duced severe injury. It is certain that the previous water rights would never have been released from these lands, had the quality of the well water been apprehended. In one locality a number of growers, whose orchards were later severely injured, actually refused stock in an irrigation company, when it was first organized, the quality of whose water is highly satisfactory. Later, when their groves had been severely injured, they found considerable difficulty in securing rights in this supply of good water. How much better it would have been, had these growers been aware at the outset of the quality of their water and of the necessity of securing the good water that was at their command. In these and in other cases, the grower had not given serious consideration to the quality of the water. He simply had not thought about it, one way or another. In the second place, I believe that you, as Farm Advisors, can be of public service in helping to crystalize public sentiment in the matter of conserving the supplies of good water. I have special refer- ence to the conservation of flood waters in particular. By conserving the floods and ordinary run-off from the mountains, we will not only tend to abate the nuisance occasioned by the floods themselves, but will at the same time, help to provide larger supplies of good water, and, therefore, make it easier to secure suitable water for irrigation. It is true that neither of these two lines of endeavor is particularly spectacular, but they are, in my opinion, entirely worth your con- sideration as servants of the public. High water table. — The second method whereby alkali finds its way into good land, is through the agency of a high water table. I need not dwell on this fact. You are all fully aware of its importance. It will suffice merely to state that several hundred thousand acres in the San Joaquin Valley, which were comparatively free from alkali previous to the advent of irrigation, have already been seriously injured, or entirely abandoned. Considerable areas in portions of the Sacramento Valley have likewise been injured, and in all probability, a considerable part of the Imperial Valley is seriously threatened at the present time. In all these cases, a rising water table is largely r< 'sponsible for the trouble. Soils, by the hundreds of thousands of acres, that were formerly fruitful and rich, now contain injurious amounts of alkali. I wish especially to emphasize that the end has by no means been reached. The process is in operation on a grand, scale, over large areas at the present moment, and if it be not checked, it is certain that very large areas of * land of high productivity at present will sooner or later become heavily charged with alkali. It is to these lands not yet severly injured, but in the process of being injured, that I wish to direct your special attention. I believe as great public service can be rendered at present through concerted effort looking toward the saving of land from ever becoming charged with alkali, as through any other single activity within the reach of this organization. There may be exceptions, but I believe it safe to say that every extensively irrigated area in California, on which the water table has already risen within five or six feet of the surface and is still rising, is positively threatened with an alkali problem. It is true there may be small areas where a high water table may not lead to the accumulation of alkali, but I believe they are the exception rather than the rule. It is also true that certain crops may be grown on some of these lands even with a permanent water table within three to six feet of the surface. Nevertheless, the vast majority of such lands are constantly confronted with the probability of serious alkali injury. What are the means within the reach of the farmer, whereby the spread of alkali, occasioned by a high water table, may be checked or prevented altogether ? There are three points that should be taken into consideration in this connection in every irrigated district. Seepage. — First, preventing seepage from leaky canals and laterals. I am not aware of any very extensive studies on this phase of the subject in California, but I believe the evidence is pretty strong, that a considerable portion of the excess water that goes to cause a high water table, can be traced directly to seepage from the canals and laterals. Some studies have been made on this subject on the Salt River Valley irrigation project, under the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona, that are of interest to us. It is estimated by a board, consisting of three competent engineers, that the seepage losses from the 800 miles of canals and laterals of the Salt River Valley Water Users ' Association, amount to 152,000 acre feet per annum. If this figure be only approxi- mately correct, there is here represented enough water to irrigate 38,000 acres at the rate of four acre feet per acre per annum, or a little more than 50,000 acres at the rate of three acre feet. But, as already intimated, the worst feature of this loss, important as is the loss of the water itself, is the fact that good lands are being actually injured through the rise of alkali as a result of the rising water table, caused in part by this seepage. All, or practically all, of this loss could have been permanently avoided by lining or cementing the canals and laterals at the outset. Whether or not it will be economical to line the canals in a given case, I do not attempt to say. In my opinion, however, the time is coming when practically all canals and laterals will be lined, both as a means of saving water and preventing the accumulation of alkali. There isn't enough water obtainable to irrigate all the dry lands of California, even with the saving of every drop of water that can be developed. Method of application of water (or over-irrigation) . — The second means of preventing a high water table is that afforded by the use of better methods of distributing the water, and especially through the application of less water at a given time. This statement, of course, does not apply equally to all irrigated sections, but in all probability an excessive use of water is as much responsible for high water tables generally, as any other single factor. It must be remembered that any amount of water applied, over and above that which the soil is capable of holding to a depth within reach of the roots of the crops grown thereon, must be regarded as being lost, and at the same time as contributing directly toward the rise of the ground water level. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the water that is applied to the farms of the Salt River Valley of Arizona is actually lost, as a result of deep penetration occasioned by over-irrigation. Excessive amounts of water have undoubtedly been applied in many places in this State, and the practice has by no means been wholly discontinued. In certain cases our attention has been called to the fact that certain farmers in the early spring apply extremely large quantities of water at a single application, amounting in certain cases to one or more acre feet per acre. Their idea seems to be that of ' ' storing ' ' water for the use of crops later in the year. They seem to fail to realize that the main portion of the water that penetrates below the reach of roots is permanently lost. Not only is it lost, but such water contributes directly towards the rise of the ground water level. Any step that may be taken to reduce seepage losses from canals, or bring about the more economic application of water and thereby reduce the amount of water that penetrates below the reach of roots, should be looked upon as being preventive measures of the very first importance. A campaign of continuous public education along these two lines would, in my judgment, be eminently worth while. The need for such a campaign is especially important in districts being brought under irrigation for the first time, for it can now be positively stated, that the irrigation of any considerable area of land, if it be not specially favorably located, or if it be not handled in the most judicious manner, is very likely sooner or later to lead to a high water table either on the land itself, or on adjacent lower lands. In either case, the public welfare is at stake. Drainage. — Consideration of the losses from seepage and over- irrigation leads directly to the third means of preventing an accumu- lation of alkali. I have reference to drainage. It is hardly necessary for me to state that I do not pretend to be a drainage expert. Never- theless, drainage as a preventive measure, that is, as a means of pre- venting the ultimate accumulation of alkali, appeals to me as being a matter of great importance. Even though the very best system of irrigation be employed, and seepage losses be prevented from the canals and laterals, there will still be unavoidable seepage, with the resulting ultimate necessity for drainage in many localities. In my opinion, drainage as a means of preventing the accumulation of alkali, is even more important at present than is drainage as a means of reclaiming land that has already been injured by alkali. THE RECLAMATION OF ALKALI LAND Most of you are aware that several members of this staff are engaged in investigations on alkali. Certain phases of this work were presented to the staff on October 23 of last year. Since that time, six or eight men have devoted practically all their time to this question, and will probably continue to do so for an indefinite period. The more we study the several phases of alkali, the more evident it becomes that there are many angles to it, but I do not propose to burden you with a lot of details. I shall rather, briefly summarize the results obtained to date. The investigations have been directed with special reference to the Kearney Ranch near Fresno. It is felt that a solution of the problems on this ranch will go far toward affording a clue to the solution of similar problems in other localities. We are studying the following questions: 8 (1) Why have successful crops not been obtained on considerable portions of the Experimental Drainage Tract of Section 6 of the Kearney Ranch, since it was under-drained ? (2) What kinds and amounts of salts occur in other portions of the ranch? In other words, are the alkali conditions met with on Section 6 typical of the ranch as a whole ? (3) Is the water table dangerously high at present, will it become high later, and how can it be kept down ? (4) What means can be employed to remove the alkali from this soil and secure successful crops ? (5) What are the chemical and physical effects of salts on soils, the effects produced by leaching, and the relative rates different salts move through soils? (6) What are the relative tolerances of crops to alkali salts and the physiological effects produced by salts on plants? You will see at once, that within these questions are embraced the whole field of alkali investigation, and under one or the other of these heads, logically falls practically every known phase of the question. You will recall that we were of the opinion last October that the black alkali still present in the soil of Section 6 of the Kearney Ranch, was responsible for the failure of crops. Since that time the evidence has become overwhelming. It can now be stated positively that prohibitive amounts of black alkali occur in a considerable por- tion of this area, and that where it is present in large amounts, no amount of ordinary leaching and drainage can ever hope to wash it out. However, white alkali salts can fairly easily be washed out of soil of this and other types, especially if the soil be kept flocculated through the use of some flocculating agent. There is nothing new in these statements. Hilgard pointed out similar principles years ago, and in practically every locality where, black alkali occurs, on which reclamation projects have been attempted, it has been found to be a matter of great difficulty to wash the black alkali out of the soil. It is necessary to neutralize black alkali, that is, to convert it into white alkali, before it can be successfully removed, at least from soils as heavy as the loams and clays. I regret to state that as yet, we have not succeeded in neutralizing the black alkali sufficiently, where it occurs in large amounts. However, large amounts of black alkali do not occur in all portions of the Kearney Ranch, even where salts are very much in evidence on the surface. Just what proportion of the ranch is charged with prohibitive amounts of black alkali, cannot now be stated. Without going* further into these investigations, I wish to put before you a brief summary of our views on this whole question. As I understand the matter, some of those present last October were led to draw certain conclusions which were not intended, nor war- ranted. I hope that no one present will any longer be left in doubt concerning the views of those who are investigating these questions. SUMMARY OF ALKALI PROBLEMS The whole matter of alkali resolves itself into two comparatively simple questions, so far as the broad general principles are concerned : (1) Preventing the accumulation of an excess of salts in the first place, through the elimination of saline irrigation water, on the one hand, and keeping the water table below the capillary reach of the surface, on the other. (2) Leaching the excess of salts out of the soil after they have accumulated, and at the same time, maintaining chemical and physical conditions that are favorable to the growth of crops. While the general principles are reasonably simple, the working out of the practical details, whereby the specific factors can be controlled and the desired end attained, often presents great difficulties. Some of these difficulties still remain to be surmounted. The following is, I believe, a fair statement of the facts, as under- stood at present, so far as the removal of alkali and water from soils is concerned. (1) Drainage, especially if it be accompanied by flooding, is a reasonably successful means of removing white alkali from soils. Other things being equal, the degree of success will depend upon the readiness with which the water penetrates into and percolates through the soil mass. (2) If large amounts of black alkali occur, ordinary drainage will probably not restore the land to a state where crops will succeed, unless the black alkali first be neutralized in the soil mass. As yet we have not found an economical means of neutralizing large amounts of black alkali, especially where it occurs in the subsoil. Consequently, we are not ready to make definite recommendations concerning this point. In other words, ordinary drainage, even when accompanied by flooding, cannot be relied upon to remove black alkali. This should not be interpreted to mean, however, that we do not believe in drainage as an important step in the reclamation of white alkali land where the water table is high, or as a means of lowering the water table. 10 (3) Lands containing only comparatively small amounts of black alkali, especially if the black alkali occurs mainly in the first foot of the soil, can probably be successfully reclaimed by drainage, provided an application of gypsum also be made. However, unless an applica- tion of gypsum be made, or some other agent producing similar effects, the probabilities of success with such soils are not assuring. (4) With such soils as occur on the Kearney Ranch and probably with loams and clays generally, we believe it desirable, in fact fre- quently necessary, to apply some such material as gypsum before flooding, even though black alkali be practically absent. This is for the reason that a very poor physical condition is likely to be produced as a result of the leaching. The soil may become highly colloidal and deflocculated, with the resulting loss of tilth and the production of unfavorable condition for the growth of crops generally. Gypsum will tend to flocculate the soil. In some cases it may even be necessary to make an application of manure or some other organic material following the flooding as a means of building up the soil. (5) Drainage, as a means of preventing the accumulation of alkali in the first place, is advisable wherever the water table is rising. Artificial drainage, if properly planned and installed, will largely prevent the further spread of alkali. (6) Tile drains, if properly planned and installed, undoubtedly afford a successful means of lowering the water table. In closing, it is appropriate to remark that our views at present are not greatly different from those held and widely advocated by our illustrious predecessor, Dr. Hilgard. Those who are familiar with his extensive publications, realize that the principles enunciated by him are not only sound, but far-reaching, both in theory and practice. He who essays to investigate any of the various phases of the alkali problem, will do well indeed to scrutinize the publications of Dr. Hilgard. Endowed with an unusually keen mind, broad training and enthusiastic devotion both to theory and practice, the major portion of his active life was spent with this subject. The compass of his researches is far greater than casual reading will reveal, and the results of his labors will continue to yield an unmeasured harvest. The present-day student of this subject has a rich heritage in his records. STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION No. 168. Observations on Some Vine Diseases in Sonoma County. 169. Tolerance of the Sugar Beet for Alkali. 185. Report of Progress in Cereal Investi- gations. 208. The Late Blight of Celery. 230. Enological Investigations. 250. The Loquat. 251. Utilization of the Nitrogen and Organic Matter in Septic and Imhoff Tank Sludges. 252. Deterioration of Lumber. 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 257. New Dosage Tables. 261. Melaxuma of the Walnut, "Juglans regia." 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with Those of California. 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 266. A Spotting of Citrus Fruits Due to the Action of Oil Liberated from the Rind. 267. Experiments with Stocks for Citrus. 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. 270. A Comparison of Annual Cropping, Bi- ennial Cropping, and Green Manures on the Yield of Wheat. 271. Feeding Dairy Calves in California. 272. Commercial Fertilizers. 273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vine- yard Experimental Drain. 274. The Common Honey Bee as an Agent in Prune Pollination. 275. The Cultivation of Belladonna in Cali- fornia. 276. The Pomegranate. 277. Sudan Grass. 278. Grain Sorghums. 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. 280. Irrigation of Alfalfa in the Sacramento Valley. 281. Control of the Pocket Gopher in Cali- fornia. 282. Trials with California Silage Crops for Dairy Cows. BULLETINS No. 283. 284. 285. 286. 288. 290. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. The Olive Insects of California. Irrigation of Alfalfa in Imperial Valley. The Milch Goat in California. Commercial Fertilizers. Potash from Tule and the Fertilizer Value of Certain Marsh Plants. The June Drop of Washington Navel Oranges. Sweet Sorghums for Forage. Topping and Pinching Vines. The Almond in California. Seedless Raisin Grapes. The Use of Lumber on California Farms. Commercial Fertilizers. California State Dairy Cow Competi- tion. 1916-18. Control of Ground Squirrels by the Fumigation Method. Grape Syrup. A Study on the Effects of Freezes on Citrus in California. The Influence of Barley on the Milk Secretion of Cows. Pollination of the Bartlett Pear. I. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocianic Acid. II. Physical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocianic Acid. I. The Carob in California. II. Nutri- tive Value of the Carob Bean. Plum Pollination. Investigations with Milking Machines. Mariout Barley. Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit Trees. Cow-Testing Associations in California. The Kaki or Oriental Persimmon. Selection of Stocks in Citrus Propaga- tion. The Effects of Alkali on Citrus Trees. Caprifigs and Caprification. Control of the Coyote in California. Commercial Production of Grape Syrup. The Evaporation of Grapes. No. 50. 65. 70. 76. 82. 87. 109. 110. 111. 113. 114. 115. 117. 124. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 133. Fumigation Scheduling. The California Insecticide Law. Observations on the Status of Corn Growing in California. Hot Room Callusing. The Common Ground Squirrels of California. Alfalfa. Community or Local Extension Work by the High School Agricultural De- partment. Green Manuring in California. The Use of Lime and Gypsum on Cali- fornia Soils. Correspondence Courses in Agriculture. Increasing the Duty of Water. Graftiner Vinifera Vineyards. The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant. Alfalfa Silage for Fattening Steers. Spraying for the Grape Leaf Hopper. House Fumigation. Insecticide Formulas. The Control of Citrus Insects. Cabbage Growing in California. Spraying for Control of Walnut Aphis. County Farm Adviser. CIRCULARS No. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 143. 144. 147. 148. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. Official Tests of Dairy Cows. Melilotus Indica. Wood Decay in Orchard Trees. The Silo in California Agriculture. The Generation of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas in Fumigation by Portable Machines. The Practical Application of Improved Methods of Fermentation in Califor- nia Wineries during 1913 and 1914. Control of Grasshoppers in Imperial Valley. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine. Tomato Growing in California. "Lungworms". Some Observations on the Bulk Hand- ling of Grain in California. Announcement of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, 1916-18. Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruits in California. Bovine Tuberculosis. How to Operate an Incubator. Control of the Pear Scab. Home and Farm Canning. Agriculture in the Imperial Valley. Lettuce Growing in California. CIRCULARS — Continued No. 164. 165. 167. 168. 169. 170. 172. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 187. 188. 189. 190. No. Small Fruit Culture in California. 191. Fundamentals of Sugar Beet Culture 193. under California Conditions. 195. Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance. Spraying for the Control of Wild 197. Morning-Glory within the Fog Belt. The 1918 Grain Crop. 198. Fertilizing California Soils for the 199. 1918 Crop. 201. Wheat Culture. 202. The Construction of the Wood-Hoop Silo. 203. Farm Drainage Methods. 204. Progress Report on the Marketing and Distribution of Milk. 205. Hog Cholera Prevention and the Serum 206. Treatment. 207. Grain Sorghums. 208. The Packing of Apples in California. Factors of Importance in Producing 209. Milk of Low Bacterial Count. 210. Control of the California Ground 213. Squirrel. 214. Extending the Area of Irrigated Wheat in California for 1918. 215. Infectious Abortion in Cows. 216. A Flock of Sheep on the Farm. Beekeeping for the Fruit-grower and 217. Small Rancher or Amateur. Utilizing the Sorghums. 218. Lambing Sheds. Winter Forage Crops. 219. Agriculture Clubs in California. 220. Pruning the Seedless Grapes. A Study of Farm Labor in California. Revised Compatibility Chart of Insecti- cides and Fungicides. Suggestions for Increasing Egg Produc- tion in a Time of High-Feed Prices. Syrup from Sweet Sorghum. Onion Growing in California. Helpful Hints to Hog Raisers. County Organization for Rural Fire Control. Peat as a Manure Substitute. Handbook of Plant Diseases and Pest Control. Blackleg. Jack Cheese. Neufchatel Cheese. Summary of the Annual Reports of the Farm Advisors of California. The Function of the Farm Bureau. Suggestions to the Settler in California. Evaporators for Prune Drying. Seed Treatment for the Prevention of Cereal Smuts. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. Winter Injury or Die-Back of the Wal- nut. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in California. Advanced Registry Testing of Dairy Cows. The Present Status of Alkali. Unfermented Fruit Juices.