THE SKIIIT DANCE.
 
 MAGIC 
 
 STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS 
 
 INCLUDING TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 ALBERT A. HOPKINS 
 
 EDITOR OF THE "SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA OF RECEIPTS, NOTES AND QUERIES," ETC. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 HENKY RIDGELY EVANS 
 
 AUTHOR OF " HOURS WITH THE GHOSTS ; OR, XIX. CENTURY WITCHCRAFT," ETC. 
 
 WITH FOUR HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LONDON 
 
 SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON AND COMPANY 
 
 LIMITED 
 
 Fetter Lane, Fleet Street, E.G. 
 1897
 
 COPYKIGHT, 1897, BY 
 
 MUNN & CO. 
 
 NEW TORE 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON, ENGLAND 
 
 All lights reserved 
 
 The articles used from the Scientific American and the Scientific American Supplement 
 
 are copyrighted 
 
 Prinlod in tlic U. S. A. by 
 J. J. I-ittlc & Co., New York City
 
 /r-^- 
 
 ^77„ 
 
 /My 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 It is believed that the present Avork occupies a unique field in the exten- 
 sive literature of magic. There are already a large number of treatises on 
 natural magic and legerdemain, but in most of them very little attention has 
 been given to the expose of stage illusions, which are of great interest as they 
 are so largely based on ingenious applications of scientific j^rinciples. Optics, 
 mechanics, sound, and electricity have all been pressed into service by the fiti 
 de Steele prestidigitateur. In the present work great attention has been paid 
 to elaborate tricks of this nature, and in many cases the exposes have been 
 obtained from the prestidigitateurs themselves. In the first few chapters many 
 of the best illusions of Robert-Houdin, Dr. Lynn, Professor Pepper, Bautier 
 de Kolta, Heller, Herrmann, Maskelyne and Cooke, and Kellar will be found 
 clearly explained. 
 
 Conjuring tricks have been by no means neglected, but the number of 
 them which are given has been limited, owing to the fact that many of tlie 
 books on magic have gone into this subject quite extensively. Ventriloquism, 
 shadowgraphy, mental magic, etc., will also be found treated in the present 
 work. 
 
 The chapters relating to ''Ancient Magic" take up the temple tricks of 
 the ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman thaumaturgists, as well as a number 
 of automata which are very interesting in view of their very early epoch. It 
 is believed this will be found a particularly entertaining feature of the book. 
 
 There is always a great charm about the stage, and the methods of produc- 
 ing the effects which give realism to the drama. The chapters devoted to 
 " Theatrical Science " will be found to contain a very large number of effects 
 and illusions, many. of wdiich are here presented for the first time. Thus an 
 entire opera, "Siegfried," is taken up, and the methods by which the won- 
 derful effects are obtained are fully illustrated and described. Such amuse- 
 ments as cycloramas, the nautical arena, and fireworks with dramatic acces- 
 sories are not neglected. 
 
 The chapters on " Automata " and " Curious Toys " describe many inter- 
 esting tricks and mechanisms of an amusing nature. 
 
 The last few chapters of the book deal with " Photographic Diversions," 
 and here will be found some of the most curious and interesting tricks aiul 
 deceptions which may be performed by the aid of photography. The practical 
 side of scientific photography will also be found represented. The chapter 
 
 1CS9560
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 on " Chronophotography " describes the photography of moving objects of all 
 kinds, and shows how the results obtained are of valne to the savant. The 
 projection of moving pictures upon a screen is thoroughly treated, a number 
 of different forms of the apparatus being described. 
 
 The introduction is a unique feature of the work, being written by Mr. 
 Henry Eidgely Evans, of AVashington, D. C, author of "Hours with the 
 Ghosts ; or, Nineteenth Century Witchcraft." It contains a brief but 
 remarkably complete history of magic art from the earliest times to the present 
 date, especial attention being given to amusing incidents in the careers of 
 celebrated necromancers. Tliis Introduction will be found one of the most 
 entertaining parts of the present book. Mr. Evans has also contribnted two 
 chapters — one on "^ Shadowgraph y," or "Treweyism," as it has been called, 
 in honor of M. Felician Trewey, the classic exponent of the art ; the other on 
 "Mental Magic," or second-sight exjjerimeuts. The chaj)ter on " Shadow- 
 grapliy " is not only interesting because of the expose of the art of theatrical 
 silhouette-making, but on account of the sketch of the life and adventures of 
 M. Trewey, who is a jiersonal friend of the writer. Mr. Evans is also the 
 compiler of the excellent Bibliography which concludes the book. Though 
 this Bibliography makes no pretense to absolute completeness, it is believed 
 to be more extensive than any other bibliography of the subject, and it will be 
 found of great value to the student of psychology, as well as to the student of 
 modern magic. Other acknowledgmeiits are due to Mr. William E. Eobinsou, 
 the well-known j^restidigitateur, for many suggestions and favors and for 
 important help in connection with tlie Bibliography; Mr. Eobinson having a 
 very remarka])le collection of books upon magic, which he has gathered at 
 home and abroad during a long period. We are also indebted to Mr. H. J. 
 I>urlingame, of Chicago, for permission to use extracts from his writings and 
 for assistance in the Bibliography. 
 
 The matter for the present work is very largely compiled from articles 
 which have appeared in the "Scientific American" and the "Scientific 
 American Supplement," with the addition of much material hitherto unpub- 
 lished. Especial acknowledgments are due to our French and German con- 
 temporaries, particularly " La Nature.'''' The section on "Ancient Magic " 
 is taken almost wholly from the articles of Colonel A. de Rochas in " La 
 Ndtiirr.'''' These articles were afterwards amplified by him and published in a 
 most interesting book entitled " Zes Oritjiues de la Science.'''' It is hoped 
 that the present work will prove entertaining to those who are fond of the 
 art viiifjifjve. 
 
 ^'KW YfdiK, Si'pl ember, 1897. 
 
 t*'
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 THE 3IYSTERIES OF MODERN MAGIC. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ancient Magic — Division qf Magic — Cagliostro — Robertson — Comte de Grisi — Robert- 
 Houdiu — Carl Herrmann — Signor Blitz — Robert Heller — Alexander Herrmann — 
 Bautier de Kolta — Harry Kellar, , . . . 1 
 
 BOOK I. 
 CONJURERS' TRICKS AND STAGE ILLUSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Mystekioijs Disappearances. 
 
 " Vanity Fair " — " After the Flood " — " The Magic Palanquin " — " Cassadaga Propa- 
 ganda" — "The Appearing Lady" — "The Disappearing Lady" — "The Mys- 
 terious Trunk " — " The Indian Basket Trick " — " Decapitation " — " Spiritualistic 
 Ties," 37 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 Optical Tricks. 
 
 The "Cabaret du Neant " — The Three Headed Woman — •' Amphitrite " — "The 
 Mystery of Dr. Lynn " — " Black Art " — -The Talking Head — The Living Half- 
 Woman — "She" — "The Queen of Flowers" — The" Decapitated Princess" 
 — " Stella " — Houdin's Magic Cabinet — A Mystic Maze — Platinized Glass — Statue 
 giving a Double Image, ............ 55 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 Miscellaneous Stage Tricks. 
 
 •' Trilby "—The "Haunted Swing" — Tlie " Scurimobile " — TheXeooccultism — "The 
 
 Mask of Balsarao " — The Invisible Woman — Magic Harps, , .... 89 
 
 ^
 
 viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Conjuring Tricks. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trick witli an Egg and a Handkerchief — The Cone of Flowers — The Magic Rosebush — 
 " Magic Flowers" — The " Birth of Flowers" — Tricks with a Hat— A Cake Baked 
 in a Hat — The Egg and Hat Trick — Multiplication of Coins— Magic Coins — The 
 Dissolving Coin — The Spirit Slates — Second Sight — Magic Cabinets — The Travel- 
 ing Bottle and Glass — Disappearance of an Apple and a Ninepin — A Goblet of Ink 
 Converted into an Aquarium — The Invisible Journey of a Glass of Wine — The 
 Wine Changed to Water — The Animated Mouse — The Sand Frame Trick — 
 Houdin's Magic Ball, 105 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Jugglers and Acrobatic Performances. 
 
 Jugglers — The Leamy Revolving Trapeze — Walking on the Ceiling Head Down — The 
 
 Mysterious Ball, 139 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Fire Eaters and Sword Tricks. 
 
 Fire Eaters, Tricks with Fire — A Stab through the Abdomen — The Human Target — 
 
 Sword Swallowers — Swcjrd Walker — Dancers on Glass, ..... 149 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Ventriloquism and Animated PurrETs, 164 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SlIADOWGRAPIIY. 
 
 Sliadowgrai)hy — French Shadows, , . . . 173 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Mental Magic. 
 
 Hol.irt Il.-lier- Sfcond Sight— 'I'lic Hsildwiiis juid Second Sight— Silent Thought Trans- 
 ference, 184
 
 CONTENTS. IX 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 ANCIENT MAGIC. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Temple Tricks op the Greeks. 
 
 PACE 
 
 Puppet Sliows among tlie Greeks — The Shrine of Bacchus — The First Automobile 
 Vehicle — The Statue of Cybele — Marvelous Altars — The Machinery of the Temples 
 — Sounding of Trumpets when a Door was Opened — Opening and Closing Doors 
 when a Fire was Lighted on the Altar — Invention in 1889 a.d. vs. Invention B.C. 
 — An Egyptian Lustral Water'Vessel, 203 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Miraculous Vessels of the Greeks. 
 
 The Dicaiometer — Miraculous Vessels — Magical Pitchers — Apjiaratus for Permitting 
 the Mixing of Wine and Water in Definite Proportions — The Magical Bottle — 
 Ancient Organs, ............. 221 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Origin op the Steam Engine. 
 
 The Eolipile of Heron — Heron's Marvelous Altar — Heron's Tubular Boiler, . . . 234 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Greek Lamps, Toys, etc. 
 
 Perpetual Lamps — An Ancient Automaton — A Greek Toy — The Decapitated Drinking 
 
 Horse — Odometers, , . . , 239 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 SCIENCE IN THE THEATER. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Behind the Scenes of an Opera House — The Ordinary Stage — The English Stage — The 
 Stage Floor — The Cellars — The Flies — The Gridiron — Traps — Sliders — Bridges — 
 The Metropolitan Opera House Stage — Wing Posts — Curtain Calls — The Electric 
 Lighting — Paint Bridge — The Property Man — Striking a Scene — The Dressing- 
 Rooms — The Production of a New Opera, 251
 
 X CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Some Remakkable Stages, Ancient and Modern. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 An Electric Curtain — The Fan-Drop Curtain — An Elevator Theater Stage — Some 
 Remarkable American Stage Inventions — A Revolving Stage — The " Asphaleia" 
 Stage — A Theater with Two Auditoriums — Curio's Pivoted Theater — The Olym- 
 pian Theater of Palladio at Vicenza, . . 268 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Stage Effects. 
 
 Scene Painting — Sunrise Effect — Sun Effect — Change from Day to Night — Stars — Moon 
 Effects — Rainbow Effect — Wind Effect — Thunder Effect — Lightning — Snow 
 Effect — Wave Effect — Crash Effect — Rain Effect — Gradual Transformation — Fire 
 and Smoke Effect — Battle Scenes — Theatrical Firearms — The Imitation of Odors, . 293 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Theatek Secrets. 
 
 Traps — The Swan in "Lohengrin " — The Floating Rhine Daughters in " Rheingold " 
 — The " Sun Robe " — The Ship on the Stage — Miscellaneous Stage Effects — The 
 Destruction of the Temple of Dagon — The Horse Race on the Stage — The Effects 
 in " Siegfried " — Siegfried's Forge — Siegfried's Anvil — The Dragon Fafner — 
 Wotan's Spear — The Bed of Tulips and the Electric Firefly — The Electric Torch 
 and Electric Jewels — An Electrical Duel — The Skirt Dance, . . . . .311 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Nautical Arena 345 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 A Tkii' to the Moon, c . 348 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 Cycloramas. 
 
 The Electric Cycloraiiia— The Painted Cyclorama, 354 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 FiUEW(»HKs with Dramatic Accessories 363
 
 CONTENTS. xi 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 AUTO 21 AT A AND- CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Automata. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Automaton Chess Players — Tbe Automaton Cliess Player — A Curious Automaton — The 
 
 Toy Artist— A Steam Man, 367 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 CuRiors Toys. 
 
 An Optical Illusion — The Money Maker — Experiments in Centrifugal Force and 
 Gravity — The Magic Rose — Electrical Toys — The Electric Race Course — Mag- 
 netic Oracle — The Dancers — An Ancient Counterpart of a Modern Toy — Un- 
 balanced Toy Acrobats — Columbus's Egg — -Jacob's Ladder — The Mikado — A Toy 
 Cart— The Phonographic Doll, 380 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Miscellaneous Tricks of an Amusing Nature. 
 
 Interesting Tricks in Elasticity — Novel Puzzle — Simple Match Trick — Crystallized 
 Ornaments — Magical A]iparition on White Paper — Magic Portraits — A Trick 
 Opera Glass— A Toy Bird that Flies — The Planchette Table — Japanese Magic 
 Mirrors — Magic Mirrors, 406 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 PHOTOORAPIIIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Trick Photography. 
 
 Lavater's Apparatus for Taking Silhouettes — Photography upon a Black Ground — 
 Spirit Photography — Artificial Mirage — Duplex Photography — Illusive Photog- 
 raphy — Photographing a Catastrophe — New Type of Photographic Portrait — 
 Photographing a Human Head upon a Table — Photographing a Head on a Platter 
 — A Multiple Portrait — Multiphotography — Pinhole Camera — A Photographic 
 Necktie — Magic Photographs— Electro-Photo Detective Thief Catcher — Com- 
 posite Photography, 423
 
 xii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Chronophotography. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chronophotograpliy — The Registration and Ailalysis of the Movements of Men, Animals, 
 
 Birds, Fishes, Insects, etc. — Amateur Chronophotographic Apparatus, . . . 462 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Projection of Moving Pictures. 
 
 The Edison Kinetograph — Reynaud's Optical Theater — Electric Tachyscope — Apparatus 
 for Projecting Moving Pictures by the Denien}-, Jenkins, Lumiere, and Other 
 Forms of Apparatus — The Kinetoscope Stereopticon — The Mutoscope and the 
 Mutograph, with Illustrations of Moving Objects — "Cinematograph" Camera 
 — Camera for Ribbon Photography. — The Micromotoscope, ..... 488 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONAL TRICKS. 
 
 The Magic Table—" Gone "—The Siiider and the Fly— The Trunk Trick—" La Stro- 
 
 beika Persane" — "Metempsychosis," 519 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ON NATURAL MAGIC, . . . .539 
 INDEX, 553
 
 MAGIC: 
 
 STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS, 
 
 INCLUDING TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE MYSTERIES OF MODERN MAGIC. 
 
 By Henry Ridgely Evans. 
 
 Far back into the shadowy past, before the building of the pyramids, magic 
 was a reputed art in Egypt, for Egypt was the " cradle of magic.'^ The magi- 
 cians of Egypt, according to the Bible chronicle, contended against iVaron, 
 at the court of Pharaoh. The Hebrew prophet " cast down his rod before 
 Pharaoh and before his servants, and it became a serpent. Then Pharaoh 
 also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they 
 also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast down every 
 man his rod and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their 
 rods." [Exodus vii. 10, 11, 12.] 
 
 The late Robert Heller, prestidigitateur, traveler in the Orient, and 
 skeptic, once told me that he had seen this feat performed in Cairo many 
 times by the Dervishes. The rods actually were serpents and hypnotized to 
 such an extent as to become perfectly stiff and rigid. When thrown Tipon the 
 earth and recalled to life by sundry mystic passes and strokes, they crawled 
 away alive and hideous as ever. Said Heller: " It was in the open air tliat I 
 saw this strange feat performed. Transferred to the gloomy audience chamber 
 of some old palace, where the high roof is supported by ponderous stone 
 columns painted with hieroglyphics, where rows of black marble sphinxes 
 stare at you with unfathomal)le eyes, where the mise en scene is awe-ins])iring 
 — this trick of the rods turning into serpents becomes doubly impressive, and 
 indeed to the uninitiated a miracle." 
 
 In the British Museum is an Egyptian papyrus, whicli contains an account 
 of a magical seance given by a certain Tchatcha-em-ankh before King Khufu, 
 B.C. 3766. In this manuscript it is stated of the magician: " He knoweth how 
 to bind on a head which hath been cut off, he knoweth how to make a lion 
 follow him as if led by a rope, and he knoweth the number of the stars of the
 
 ii INTRODtJCTlON. 
 
 house (constellation) of Thoth." The decapitation trick is thus no new thing, 
 while the experiment performed with the lion, undoubtedly a hypnotic feat, 
 shows hypnotism to be old. 
 
 The art of natural magic, then, dates back to the remotest periods of an- 
 tiquity. It was an art cultivated by the Egyptian, Chaldean, Jewish, Eoman, 
 and Grecian priesthoods, being used by them to dupe the ignorant masses. 
 Weeping and bleeding statues, temple doors that flew open with thunderous 
 sound and apparently by supernatural means, and perpetual lamps that flamed 
 forever in the tombs of holy men, were some of the thaumaturgic feats of the 
 Pagan priests. Heron, a Greek mechanician and mathematician, who lived in 
 the second century before Christ, wrote several interesting treatises on auto- 
 mata and magical appliances, used in the ancient temples. Colonel A. De 
 Eochas, in an interesting work, Les Origmes de la Science, has given in detail 
 Heron's accounts of these wonderful automata and experiments in natural 
 magic. St. Hippolytus, one of the Fathers of the early Christian Church, also 
 described and exposed in his works many of these wonders. 
 
 Magic is divided, according to old writers on the occult, into: White magic, 
 Black magic, and Necromancy. Modern magic, or conjuring, is divided by 
 Robert-Houdin into five classes, as follows: 
 
 1. Feats of Dexteeity, Tbe bauds and tongue being the only means 
 used for the production of these illusions. 
 
 2. Experiments in Natural Magic, Expedients derived from the 
 sciences, and which are worked in combination with feats of dexterity, the 
 combined result constituting " conjuring tricks." 
 
 3. Mental Conjuring. A control acquired over the will of the spectator; 
 secret thought read by an ingenious system of diagnosis, and sometimes com- 
 ])elled to take a particular direction l^y certain subtle artifices. 
 
 4. Pretended Mesmerism. Imitation of mesmeric phenomena, second- 
 sight, clairvoyance, divination, trance, catalepsy. 
 
 5. Mediumhiiip. 8pii-itualism or pretended evocation of spirits, table- 
 Inruiitg. rai)i)ijig ;ind writing, mysterious cabinets, etc. 
 
 In I lie ^liddlo Ages magic was greatly in vogue and we read strange stories 
 of gliosis, goblins, and gnomes in the literature of that period. Shriveled 
 old women were burned at the stake for the crime of witchcraft, monks in 
 their gloomy cells wrestled with Satan and the ])ovvers of darkness, and grimy' 
 idchcmisls toiled djiy and night over the red fires of their furnaces, seeking in 
 vain for the talisinsuiic ])hilosopher's stone and wondrous elixir of life. With 
 the aid of the concave inirror, magicians of the period were able to produce 
 very fair ghost illusions to gull a susceptible public. IJenvenuto Cellini chron- 
 icles one in his fascinating auiobiogra])hy. 
 
 Cellini, as guileless as a (hild in matters of science, desiring to study sor- 
 cery, applied to a Sicilian priest who was a professed dabbler in the occult
 
 INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 art. One dark night they repaired to the ruins of the Coliseum, at Eome; the 
 monk described a circle on the ground and placed himself and the great gold- 
 smith within its mystic outlines; a fire was built, intoxicating perfumes cast 
 on it, and soon an impenetrable smoke arose. The man of the cowl then 
 waved his wand in the air, pronounced sundry cabalistic words, and legions 
 of demons were seen dancing in the air, to the great terror of Cellini. The 
 story of this spirit seance reads like an A-rabian tale, but it is easily explainable. 
 The priest had a brother confederate concealed among the ruins, who manipu- 
 lated a concave mirror, by means of which painted images were thrown on the 
 smoke. Later on ISTostradamns conjured uj) the vision of the future King of 
 France for the benefit of the lovely Marie de Medicis. This illusion was ac- 
 complished by the aid of mirrors adroitly secreted amid hanging draperies. 
 
 II. 
 
 The history 6i magic would be incomplete withont a sketch of Cagliostro, 
 the arch-necromancer of the eighteenth century, who filled all Europe with 
 his fame. Novels and plays have been founded on his strange career, as witness 
 Goethe's " Grand Cophta " and Alexander Dumas' " Memoirs of a Physician." 
 Thomas Carlyle has remorselessly dissected the character of Cagliostro in 
 an immortal essay, " Count Cagliostro," which makes fascinating reading. 
 Cagliostro like Nostradamus, and others of that ilk, as the Scotch say, was a 
 pretender to magic and sorcery. He manufactured elixirs of life, raised the 
 shades of the illustrious dead, pretty much after the fashion of our modern 
 spirit mediums; told fortunes, predicted lucky numl)ers in the lottery, trans- 
 muted metals, and founded occult lodges of Egyptian Masonry for the regen- 
 eration of mankind. Joseph Balsamo — for such was the Count's real name — 
 was born of poor parents at Palermo, Sicily, in the year 1743. He received 
 the rudiments of an education, and a smattering of chemistry, at a neighboring 
 monastery, and then started out to fleece mankind. He began by forging 
 theater tickets, after that a will; then he robl)od a goldsmith named ]\rarano of 
 a sum of money. Balsamo pretended that a secret treasure lay buried in a cer- 
 tain rocky chasm just outside the city of Palermo, and tlurt he, for a considera- 
 tion, was able to unearth the gold by means of certain magical incantations. 
 Poor Marano like a susceptible gudgeon swallowed the bait, hook and all. paid 
 the contingent fee, and accompanied by the amateur sorcerer (it was Balsamo's 
 first attempt in the necromantic line) paid a visit on a certain dark night to the 
 lonely spot Avhere the treasure lay hid from mortal gaze. Joseph drew a magic 
 circle of phosphorus on the earth, pronounced some spells in a peculiar gib- 
 berish known only to himself, which he denominated iVrabic, and bade the 
 goldsmith dig away for dear life. ]\rarano went vigorously to work with 
 pick and spade. Suddenly terrific yells were heard, whereupon a legion of
 
 4: INTRODUCTION. 
 
 devils (Joseph's boon companions with cork-blackened visages) rushed from 
 behind the rocks, pounced upon the goldsmith, and nearly beat him to death 
 with their pitchforks. The enchanter, in order to escape the vengeance of the 
 furious Marano, was compelled to flee his native city. In company with a 
 Greek, Althotas, he visited various places — Greece, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, 
 Ehodes, Malta, Naples, Venice and Rome. According to his own account, 
 he studied alchemy at Malta in the laboratory of Pinto, Grand Master of the 
 Knights of Malta and St. John. At Rome he married a beautiful girl, Lorenza 
 Feliciani, daughter of a girdle maker, who proved of great assistance to him in 
 his impostures. They travelled over Europe in a coach-and-four with a 
 retinue of servants garbed in gorgeous liveries. Balsamo changed his name 
 to the high-sounding title of the Comte de Cagliostro, and scattered money 
 right and left. " At Strasbourg," says one of his biographers, " he reaped 
 an abundant harvest by professing the art of making old people young; in 
 which pretension he was seconded by his wife, Lorenza Eeliciani, who, though 
 only twenty years of age, declared that she was sixty and that she had a son a 
 veteran in the Dutch service." Cagliostro also pretended to be of a great 
 age, and solemnly declared that he had hobnobbed with Alexander and Julius 
 Csesar; that he was present at the burning of Rome under Nero and was an 
 eye-witness of the crucifixion of Christ. Cardinal de Rohan, of France, who 
 became a firm believer in the pretensions of the charlatan, entertained him in 
 Paris, introducing him to that gay world of the Old Regime which went out 
 forever with the French Revolution. This was in 1785. All Paris went 
 wild over the enchanter, and thronged to his magical soirees at his residence 
 in tlie Rue St. Claude. Cagliostro coined money in the French capital with 
 liis spurious Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry, which promised to its votaries the 
 length of life of the Noachites, and superhuman power over nature and her 
 laws. Imbert Saint-Amand, the interesting author of "Marie Antoinette and 
 tlie End of the Old L'egime," says (Scribner Edition): "The mania for the 
 supernatural, the rage for the marvelous, prevailed in the last years of the 
 eigbteenth century, ^\'liicli bad wantonly dei'ided every sacred thing. Never 
 were tlic Rosicrucians, the adejjts, sorcerers, and proj)hets so numerous and so 
 respected. Serioiis and educated men, magistrates, courtiers, declared tbein- 
 selvcs eye-witnesses of alleged iiiii-acles. . . . Wlien Cagliostro came to 
 France, be found tlie ground pre])ared for bis magical operations. A society 
 eager for distractions and emotions, indulgcMl to every form of extravagance, 
 neeessiirily welcomed sneli a niiin and bailed bim as ils guide. Whence did he 
 conie? What was bis counlr'v, bis age, bis origin? Wb(>re did he get tliose 
 exfraordinary diamonds wbiclv adorned bis dress, the gold wdiich he squandered 
 so freely? It was all a mystery. ... So far as was known, Cagliostro had 
 no resources, no lettcsr of credit, and yet he lived in luxury. He treated and 
 cured tlu' ])oor witbout y)ay, and not satisfied with restoring them to health, he 
 made them large presents of money. His generosity to the poor, his scorn for
 
 INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 the great, aroused universal enthusiasm. The Germans, who lived on legends, 
 imagined that he was the Wandering Jew. . . . Speaking a strange gib- 
 berish, which was neither French nor Italian, with which he mingled a jargon 
 which he did not translate, but called Arabic, he used to recite with solemn 
 emphasis the most absurd fables. When he repeated his conversation with the 
 angel of light and the angel of darkness, when he spoke of the great secret of 
 Memphis, of the Hierophant, of the giants, the enormous animals, of a city 
 in the interior of Africa ten times as large as Paris, where his correspondents 
 lived, he found a number of people ready to listen and believe him." 
 
 The interior of Africa was an excellent place in which to locate all these 
 marvels. Since no traveler in that age of skepticism and credulity had ever 
 penetrated into the mysterious land of Ham, it was impossible to deny the 
 Munchausen-like stories of the magician. All this bears a close analogy to 
 the late Madame Blavatsky and her Tibetan Mahatmas. Cagliostro, like all 
 successful and observant wizards, was keenly alive to the effects of mise en scene 
 in his necromantic exhibitions; he was a strong believer in the spectacular. To 
 awe his dupes with weird and impressive ceremonies, powerfully to stimulate 
 their imaginations — ah, that was the great desideratum! His seance-room 
 was hung with somber draperies, and illuminated with wax lights in massive 
 silver candlesticks which were arranged about the apartment in mystic tri- 
 angles and pentagons. 
 
 Says Saint- Amand: "As a sorcerer he had a cabalistic apparatus. On a 
 table with a black cloth, on which were embroidered in red the mysterious 
 signs of the highest degree of the Eosicrucians, there stood the emblems: little 
 Egyptian figures, old vials filled with lustral waters, and a crucifix, very like, 
 though not the same as the Christian's cross; and there too Cagliostro placed 
 a glass globe full of clarified water. Before the globe he used to place a kneel- 
 ing seer; that is to say, a young woman ^^'ho, by supernatural powers, should 
 behold the scenes which were believed to take place in water within the magic 
 globe. 
 
 " Count Beugnot, who gives all the details in his Memoirs, adds that for 
 the proper performance of the miracle the seer had to be of angelic purity, to 
 have been born under a certain constellation, to have delicate nerves, great 
 sensitiveness, and, in addition, blue eyes. When she knelt down, the geniuses 
 were bidden to enter the globe. The water became active and turbid. The 
 seer was convulsed, she ground her teeth, and exhibited every sign of nervous 
 excitement. At last she saw and began to speak. What was taking place that 
 very moment at hundreds of miles from Paris, in Vienna or Saint Petersburg, 
 m America or Pekin, as well as things which were going to occur only some 
 weeks, months, or years later, she declared that she saw distinctly in the globe. 
 The operation had succeeded; the adepts were transported ^vith delight." 
 
 Cagliostro became involved in the affair of the Diamond Necklace, and was 
 thrpwn into the Bastille. Though eventually liberated, he was compelled to
 
 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 leave Paris. He made one remarkable prediction: That the Bastille would one 
 day be razed to the ground. How well that prophecy was realized, history re- 
 lates. In the year 1789 the enchanter was in Eome, at the inn of the Golden 
 Sun. He endeavored to found one of his Egyptian Lodges in the Eternal City, 
 but the Holy Inquisition pounced down upon him, adjudged him guilty of the 
 crime of Freemasonry — a particularly heinous offense in Papal Territory — and 
 condemned him to death. The sentence, however, was commuted by the Pope 
 to perpetual imprisonment in the gloomy fortress of San Leon, TJrbino. The 
 manner of his death, nay the day of his death, is uncertain, but it is supposed 
 to have taken place one August morning in the year 1790. The beautiful 
 Lorenza Feliciani, called by her admirers the " Flower of Vesuvius," ended her 
 days in a convent, sincerely repentant, it is said, of her life of impostures. 
 
 III. 
 
 With Cagliostro, so-called genuine magic died. Of the great pretenders 
 to occultism he was the last to win any great fame, although there has been 
 a feeble attempt to revive thaupiaturgy in this nineteenth century by Madame 
 Blavatsky. Science has laughed away sorcery, witchcraft, and necromancy. 
 Prior to Cagliostro's time a set of men arose calling themselves faiseurs, who 
 practiced the art of sleight-of-hand, allied to natural magic. They gave very 
 amusing and interesting exhibitions. Very few of these conjurers laid claim to 
 occult powers, but ascribed their jeux, or tricks, to manual dexterity, mechan- 
 ical and scientific effects. These magicians soon became popular. 
 
 Towards the middle of the eighteenth century we hear of Jonas, Androletti, 
 Carlotti, Pinetti, Katerfelto, Pliiladelphus Philadelphia, Eollin, Comus I. and 
 II. Pinetti, when he arrived in London in 1784, displayed the following 
 advertisement: " Tbe (^hevalier Pinetti with his Consort will exhibit most 
 wonderful, stupendous, and al)so]ut('ly inimitable, meclianical, physical, and 
 philosopliical ])ieces, wbicli bis recent dec]) scrutiny in those sciences, and 
 assiduous exertions, liave enabled liim to invent and construct; among which 
 Clicvjilicr Pineiti will bave tbe spccin] lioiioi- and satisfaction of exhibiting 
 various cxjx'riinents of new discovery, no less curious tban seemingly incred- 
 ible, particularly tbat of Madame Pinetti being seated in one of the front 
 boxes, wiili a liandkcrciiior over her eyes, and guessing at everything imagined 
 and proposed to ber by any ])erson in the com])any." Here M^e have the first 
 mention of tbe secrtnd-sigbt trick, wbicb in the hands of latter-day artists has 
 become so popular. Houdin i-cdiscovered it, passed it on to Pobcrt Heller 
 who improved it, and at the present time the conjurer Kellar makes it his 
 pikefJeresisfr/nre. ^Kollin had a romaniic cancer. He accumulated a fortune 
 at coiijiiriiig. and purchased the chalcau of h'ontenay-aux-Posos, in the depart- 
 ment of the Seine. Says II. J. Burlingame, an interesting writer on magic:
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 " Eollin incurred the suspicions of the Committee of PuhHc Safety in 1793, 
 and sutfered death by tlie guillotine. On the warrant for his execution being 
 read to him, he turned to those about him, and observed, ' This is the first 
 paper I cannot conjure away.' Eollin was the grandfather of the late political 
 celebrity of that name, who was minister of the interior in the provisional 
 government of France of 1848."' 
 
 Comus II., who played in London in the year 1793, gave a curious exlii- 
 bition of conjuring tricks and automata. His programme announced that the 
 Great Comus would present '' various uncommon experiments with his ' En- 
 chanted Horologium,' ' Pyxidus Literarum,' and many curious oijerations in 
 ' Ehabdology,' ' Stenaganagraphy,' and ' Phylacteria,' with many wonderful 
 performances of the grand ' Dodecahedron,' also ' Chartomantic Deceptions ' 
 and ' Kharamatic Operations.' To conclude with the performance of the 
 * Teretopasst Figure and ]\Iagical House ' ; the like never seen in this kingdom 
 before, and will astonish every beholder." 
 
 In the height of the French Revolution, when the guillotine reeked with 
 blood and the ghastly knitting-women sat round it counting the heads as they 
 fell into the basket, a Belgian optician, named Etienne Gaspard Robertson, 
 arrived in Paris, and opened a wonderful exhibition in an abandoned chapel 
 belonging to the Capuchin convent. The curiosity-seekers who attended 
 these seances were conducted by ushers down dark flights of stairs to the vaults 
 of the chapel and seated in a gloomy crypt shrouded -with Ijlack draperies and 
 pictured with the emblems of mortality. An antique lamp, suspended from 
 the ceiling, emitted a flame of spectral blue. AVhen all was ready a rain and 
 wind storm, with thunder accompanying, began. Robertson extinguished the 
 lamp and threw various essences on a brazier of burning coals in the center of 
 the room, whereupon clouds of odoriferous incense filled the apartment. Sud- 
 denly, with the solemn sound of a far-off organ, phantoms of the great arose 
 at the incantations of the magician. Shades of Voltaire, Rousseau, Marat, 
 and Lavoisier appeared in rapid succession. Robertson, at the end of the 
 entertainment, generally concluded by saying: '' I have shown you, citizens, 
 every species of phantom, and there is but one more truly terril)le specter — the 
 fate which is reserved for us all." In a moment a grinning skeleton stood in 
 the center of the hall waving a scythe. All these wonders were perpetrated 
 through the medium of a phantasmagoric lantern, which threw images upon 
 smoke. This was a great improvement on the simple concave mirror which so 
 terrified Cellini. The effect of this entertainment was electrical: all Paris went 
 wild over it. Robertson, lucky fellow, managed to save his neck from " La 
 Guillotine," and returned to his native province with a snug fortune to die of 
 old age in a comfortable feather bed. 
 
 Clever as was Robertson's ghost illusion, performed by the aid of the 
 phantasmagoric lantern, it had one great defect: the images were painted on 
 glass and lacked the necessary vitality. It was reserved for the nineteenth
 
 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 century to produce the greatest of spectral exhibitions, that of Prof. Pepper, 
 manager of the London Polytechnic Institution. In the year 1863, he in- 
 vented a clever device for projecting the images of living persons in the air. 
 The illusion is based on a simple optical effect. In the evening carry a lighted 
 candle to the window and you will see reflected in the pane, not only the image 
 of the candle but that of your hand and face as well. The same illusion may 
 be seen while traveling in a lighted railway carriage at night; you gaze through 
 the clear sheet of glass of the coach window and behold your " double " 
 traveling along with you. The apparatus for producing the Pepper ghost has 
 been used in dramatizations of Bulwer's " Strange Story," Dickens' " Haunted 
 Man " and " Christmas Carol," and Dumas' " Corsican Brothers." In France 
 the conjurers Eobin and Lassaigne presented the illusion with many novel 
 and startling effects. 
 
 One of the most famous of the eighteenth-century magicians was Torrini, 
 a French nobleman, whose real name was the Comte de Grisi. His father, 
 a devoted adherent of Loiiis XYL, lost his life at the storming of the Tuileries, 
 on that fatal day in August, ever memorable in the annals of French history. 
 Profiting by the disorders in the French capital, the young De Grisi was en- 
 abled to pass the barriers and reach the family chateau in Languedoc. He dug 
 up a secret treasure his father had concealed for any emergency, and proceeded 
 to Italy to study medicine. He established himself at Xaples, where he soon 
 became a physician of note. Here his noble birth and aristocratic manners 
 gave him the entree into the best society of the city. Like many enthusiastic 
 amateurs he became interested in legerdemain, and performed for the amuse- 
 ment of his friends. A peculiar incident led him to adopt the profession of a 
 magician. At the Carnival of 1796, the Chevalier Pinetti arrived in Naples 
 to give a series of magical entertainments. Pinetti was the idol of the Italian 
 public. The Comte de Grisi, having unraveled the secrets of most of Pinetti's 
 illusions, performed them for his friends. Pinetti, who Avas furious at hav- 
 ing a rival, set about revenging himself on the aiidacious amateur. With- 
 out much difficulty he succeeded in ingratiating himself with De Grisi, 
 and complimented him on his success as a prestidigitateur. One evening, 
 he persuaded the young Count to take his place at the theater and give a 
 performance for the benefit of the poor of the city. Intoxicated with flattery, 
 io say notliing of numerous glasses of cbampagne, De Grisi consented. The 
 greater number of I'inetti's tricks were performed by the aid of confederates in 
 the audience, who loaned various objects of Avhich the magician had duplicates. 
 A diabolif-al trap was laid for De Grisi. One of the accomplices declared that 
 lie liad loaned the young magician a valuable diamond ring to use in a trick, 
 and harl bad returned to him a pinchbeck substitute. Here was a dilemma, 
 but Do Grisi put the man off with an excuse until after the entertainment. 
 Apy)roaching the box where the king and his family were seated, De Grisi 
 begged the monarch to draw a card from a pack. No sooner, however, had
 
 INTROD UCTION. 9 
 
 the king glanced at the card he had selected, than he threw it angrily on the 
 stage, with marks of intense dissatisfaction. De Grisi, horror-struck, picked 
 up the card and found written on it a coarse insult. The conjurer rushed off 
 the stage, picked up his sword, and searched in vain for the author of the 
 infamous act of treachery; but Pinetti had fled. Do Grisi was so utterly 
 ruined, socially and financially, by this fiasco, that he came near dying of brain 
 fever, the result of overwrought emotions. On his recovery he vowed ven- 
 geance on Pinetti, a most unique vengeance. Says De Grisi: " To have chal- 
 lenged him would be doing him too much honor, so I vowed to fight him with 
 his own weapons, and humiliate the shameful traitor in my turn. This was 
 the plan I drew up: I determined to devote myself ardently to sleight-of-hand, 
 to study thoroughly an art of which I as yet knew only the first principles. 
 Then, when quite confident in myself — when I had added many new tricks 
 to Pinetti's repertoire — I would pursue my enemy, enter every town before 
 him, and continually crush him by my superiority.'' 
 
 De Grisi sold everything he possessed, took refuge in the country, and 
 toiled for six months at sleight-of-hand. Then with splendid apparatus and 
 elaborate printing, lie took the field against his hated enemy. He succeeded 
 in accomplishing his ends: Pinetti had to retire vanquished. Pinetti died 
 in a state of abject misery at the village of Bastichoff, in Yolhynia, Russia. De 
 Grisi determined to proceed to Eome as a finish to his Italian performances. 
 Pinetti had never dared to enter the Eternal City, since he laid claims to genu- 
 ine necromancy to encompass his tricks. Remembering the fate of the Comte 
 de Cagliostro, he apprehended a trial for sorcery, and a possible auto da f^. 
 
 De Grisi, however, had no such fears, as his entertainment was professedly 
 a sleight-of-hand performance and did not come under the denomination of 
 v^'itchcraft and necromancy. The Frenchman set his wits to work to concoct 
 a trick worthy to set before a Pope. Happening one day to drop into a jewel- 
 er's shop, he espied a magnificent watch lying on the counter undergoing 
 repairs. " Whose chronometer? " inquired the wizard nonchalantly. " His 
 
 Eminence, the Cardinal de 's watch, worth ten thousand francs, and made 
 
 by the renowned Bregnet of Paris," said the jeweler. " Is there another time- 
 piece similar to this in Rome?" continued De Grisi, examining the watch. 
 " But one," replied the jeweler, " and that owned by an improvident young 
 noble who spends his time in the gambling hells wasting his ancestral estates." 
 
 That was enough for the juggler. He commissioned the jeweler to pur- 
 chase the Avatch at any cost and engrave the Cardinal's coat-of-arms inside of 
 the case. The expensive recreation cost De Grisi a thousand francs. When 
 the evening of the performance arrived the magician appeared before the Pope 
 and a brilliant assemblage of red-robed C^ardinals and executed his astonishing 
 experiments in conjuring. As a culminating feat he borrowed the Cardinal's 
 chronometer, which had been returned by the jeweler. After many promises 
 to handle it carefully, he dropped it on the floor of the audience chamber as if
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 by accident and set liis heel upon it. Smash went the priceless timepiece. The 
 Cardinal turned pale with rage, and all were horror-struck at the unfortunate 
 fiasco. But the Frenchman smiled at the consternation of the spectators, 
 picked up the fragments of the watch, had them fully identified in order to pre- 
 clude any idea of substitution, and then proceeded to pulverize them in a big 
 brass mortar. A detonation took place and red flames leaped up from the mor- 
 tar in the most approved order of diabolism; all crowded around to watch the 
 result. Watching his opportunity, the wizard surreptiously slipped the dupli- 
 cate chronometer into a pocket of the Pope's cassock. The mystification was 
 complete when De Grisi pretended to pass the ingot of melted gold from the 
 mortar into the pocket of His Holiness, resulting in the discovery of the watch, 
 which was produced intact. This seeming marvel made the lifelong reputa- 
 tion of the French artist. The Pontiff presented him the day after the seance 
 with a magnificent diamond-studded snuff-box as a mark of esteem. 
 
 Yeare after this event, De Grisi's son was accidentally shot by a spectator in 
 the gun trick. A real leaden bullet got among the sham bullets and was loaded 
 into the weapon. The wretched father did not long survive this tragic affair. 
 He died in the city of Lyons, France, in the early part of this century. De 
 Grisi was a superb performer with cards, his " blind man's game of piquet " 
 being a trick unparalleled in the annals of conjuring. 
 
 After De Grisi came a host of clever magicians, among whom may be 
 mentioned Dobler, whose principal trick was the lighting of one hundred 
 candles hy a pistol shot; Philippe, the first European performer to present the 
 " bowls of gold fish " and the " Chinese rings " ; Bosco, expert in cup and 
 ball conjuring; and Conite, ventriloquist and expert in flower tricks. Comte 
 was the most distinguished of these artists, being noted for his wit and 
 audacity. He was a past master in the art of flattery. The following good 
 story is told of him: During a performance at the Tuileries given before Louis 
 XVIII, Comte asked the king to draw a card from a pack. The monarch 
 selected the king of hearts, by chance, or by adroit forcing on tlie part of the 
 magician. Tlie card was torn up, and rammed into a pistol. 
 
 '' Loftk, your majesty," said Comte, pointing to a vase of flowers which 
 slot'd ii|)(in a talile in tlie center of the stage. "I shall fire tliis pistol at the 
 vase and the king of hearts will appear just above. the flowers." 
 
 The weapon Avas lii-ed, whereupon a small bust of Louis XVIII appeared 
 instantaneously out of the center of the Ijoucpiet. 
 
 "Ah," exclaimed the king to the conjuror, in a slightly sarcastic tone of 
 voice, "I think. Monsieur Magician, that you have made a slight mistake. 
 You promised to make Ihe king of hearts appear, but " 
 
 "Pardon me, yonr majesty," interrupted Ihe conjurer, "but I have ful- 
 (ilh'd my |)romiso to the letter. Behold, there is your likeness! — and are you 
 not tli(! acknowledged king of all our hearts, the well-beloved of the French 
 people?"
 
 INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 The king bowed liis royal head benignly, while the assembled courtiers made 
 the salon ring with their applause. The journals next morning reported this 
 little scene, and Comte became the lion of the hour. 
 
 Comte was in the zenith of his fame when a new performer entered the 
 arena of magic — Robert-Houdin. One day the following modest handbill 
 appeared on the Parisian bulletin-boards: 
 
 Aujourd'hui Jeudi, 3 Juillet 1845. 
 
 PREMIERE REPRESENTATION 
 
 DES 
 
 SOIREES FANTASTIQUES 
 
 DE 
 
 ROBERT-HOUDIN. 
 
 AUTOMATES, PRESTIDIGITATION, MAGIE 
 
 IV. 
 
 In the year 1843 there was situated in the Rue du Temple, Paris, a little 
 shop, over the door of which was displayed the unpretentious sign, " ]\I. 
 Robert-Houdin, Pendules de Precision." It was the shop of a watchmaker 
 and constructor of mechanical toys. The proprietor was destined to be the 
 greatest and most original fantaisiste of his time, perhaps of all times, the 
 founder of a new and unique school of conjuring, and the inventor of some 
 marvelous illusions. No one who stopped at the unpretentious place could 
 have prophesied that the keen-eyed little Frenchman, in his long blouse be- 
 smeared with oil and iron filings, would become the premier prestidigitateur 
 of France, the inventor of the electrical bell, improver of the electrical clock, 
 author, and ambassador to the Arabs of Algeria. During his spare moments 
 Houdin constructed the ingenious automata that subsequently figured in his 
 famous Soirees Fantastiqiies. When Re went abroad on business or for pleas- 
 ure he wore the large paletot of the period and practiced juggling with cards 
 and coins in the capacious pockets. 
 
 About the time of which I write he invented his "mysterious clock" — a 
 piece of apparatus that kept admirable time, though apparently without works 
 — and he sold one of them to a wealthy nobleman, the Count de I'Escalopier. 
 The Count, who was an ardent lover of the art amusante, or science wedded
 
 12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 to recreation, made frequent visits to the shop in the Rue du Temple, and sat 
 for hours on a stool in the dingy workroom watching Houdin at work. A 
 strong friendship grew up between the watchmaker and the scion of the Old 
 Regime. It was not long before Houdin confided the secret of his hopes to 
 the Count — his burning desire to become a great magician. 
 
 The nobleman approved the idea, and in order to give the conjurer oppor- 
 tunities for practice, so that he might acquire the confidence which he lacked, 
 constantly invited him to pass the evening at the De I'Escalopier mansion, for 
 the purpose of trying his skill in sleight-of-hand before a congenial and 
 art-loving company. On one occasion, after a dinner given in honor of 
 Monseigneur Afl:re, Archbishop of Paris, who was killed at the barricades 
 during the Revolution of 1848, Houdin performed his clever trick of the 
 " burnt Avriting restored." In the language of Houdin, the effect was as 
 follows: "After having requested the spectators carefully to examine a large 
 envelope sealed on all sides, I handed it to the Archbishop's Grand Vicar, 
 begging him to keep it in his own possession. Next, handing to the prelate 
 himself a small slip of paper, I requested him to write thereon, secretly, a sen- 
 tence, or whatever he might choose to think of; the paper was then folded in 
 four, and (apparently) burnt. But scarcely was it consumed and the ashes 
 scattered to the winds, than, handing the envelope to the iVrchbishop, I re- 
 quested him to open it. The first envelope being removed a second was found, 
 sealed in like manner; then another, until a dozen envelopes, one inside 
 another, had been opened, the last containing the scrap of paper restored 
 intact. It was passed from hand to hand, and each read as follows: 
 
 " ' Though I do not claim to be a prophet I venture to predict, sir, that 
 you will achieve brilliant success in your future career.' " 
 
 Houdin preserved this slip of paper as a religious relic for many years, but 
 lost it during his travels in Algeria. 
 
 The Count de I'Escalopier, after the incident at the memorable dinner, 
 urged Houdin to start out immediately as a conjurer. One day the watch- 
 maker, after considerable hesitation, confessed his inability to do so on account 
 of povc]-ty. 
 
 "Ah," replied the nobleman, "if that's all, it is easily remedied. I have 
 at home ten thousand francs or so which I really don't know what to do with. 
 Accept them, my dear Hondin, and begin your career." 
 
 But Houdin, loath to incur the responsibility of risking a friend's money in 
 a theatrical specidation, wiiliont some guarantee of its being repaid, refused 
 the generous offer. Again and again De rEsealoi)ier urged him to take it, but 
 without success; finally the nobleman, annoyed at the mechanician's obstinacy, 
 loft llic shop in a state of ])i(|ue. But after a few days he returned, saying, as 
 he (sntered: " Since you are determined not to acept a favor from me, I have 
 come to ask one of you. Listen! For the last year an escritoire in my sleeping- 
 apjiriinent has ])een ro])bcd from time to iime of large sums of money, not-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 withstanding the fact that I have adopted all manner of precautions and safe- 
 guards, such as changing the locks, having secret fastenings placed on the 
 doors, etc. I have dismissed my servants, one after another, but, alas! have not 
 discovered the culprit. This very morning I have been robbed of a couple of 
 thousand-franc notes. There is a dark cloud of suspicion and evil hanging 
 over my house that nothing will lift till the thief is caught. Can you help 
 me?" 
 
 "I am willing to serve you," said Houdin; "but how?" 
 
 "What!" replied De I'Escalopier; "you a mechanician, and ask how? 
 Come, come, my friend; can you not devise some mechanical means for appre- 
 hending a thief? " 
 
 Houdin thought a minute, and said quietly: "I'll see what I can do for 
 you." Setting to work feverishly, he invented the apparatus, and aided by his 
 two workmen, who remained with him the whole of the night, he had it ready 
 at eight o'clock the next morning. To the nobleman's house Houdin went. 
 The Count under various pretexts had sent all his servants away, so that no 
 one should be a\\'are of the mechanician's visit. 
 
 While Houdin was placing his apparatus in position, the Count frequently 
 expressed his w^onderment at the heavy padded glove which the conjurer wore 
 on his right hand. 
 
 " All in good time, my dear Count," said Houdin. When everything was 
 arranged, the mechanician began his explanation of the working of the secret 
 detective apparatus. " You see, it is like this," he remarked. " The thief un- 
 locks the desk, but no sooner does he raise the lid, ever so little, than this claw- 
 like piece of mechanism, attached to a light rod, and impelled by a spring, 
 comes sharply down on the back of the hand which holds the key, and at the 
 same time the report of a pistol is heard. The noise is to alarm the household, 
 and " 
 
 " But the glove you wear! " interrupted the nobleman. 
 
 " The glove is to protect me from the operation of the steel claw which 
 tattooes the word Robber on tlie l)ack of the criminal's hand." 
 
 " How is that accomplished ? " said De rEscalo})ier. 
 
 " Simplest thing in the world," replied Houdin. " The claw consists of a 
 number of very short but sharp points, so fixed as to form tlie word; and these 
 points are shoved through a pad soaked with nitrate of silver, a portion of 
 which is forced by the blow into tlie punctures, thereby making tlie scars in- 
 delible for life. A peur dc li/s staiii])('(l by an executioner with a red-liot iron 
 could not be more effective." 
 
 " But, M. Houdin," said the Count, horror-stricken at tlie idea. " I liave no 
 right to anticipate Justice in this way. To brand a fellow-being in sucli a 
 fashion would forever close the doors of society against him. I could not 
 think of such a thing. Besides, suppose some member of my family through 
 carelessness or forgetfulness were to fall a victim to this dreadful apparatus."
 
 14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 " You are right," answered Houdin. " I will alter the mechanism in such 
 a way that no harm can come to any one, save a mere superficial flesh wound 
 that will easily heal. Give me a few hours." 
 
 The Count assented, and the mechanician went home to his work-shop to 
 make the required alterations. At the appointed time, he returned to the 
 nobleman's mansion, and the machine was adjusted to the desk. In place of 
 the branding apparatus, lioudin had arranged a kind of cat's claw to scratch 
 the back of the thief's hand. The desk was closed, and the two men parted 
 company. 
 
 The Count did everything possible to excite the cupidity of the robber. He 
 sent repeatedly for his stock-broker, on which occasions sums of money were 
 ostentatiously passed from hand to hand; he even made a pretense of going 
 away from home for a short time, but the bait proved a failure. Each day 
 the nobleman reported, " no result," to Houdin, and was on the point of giving 
 up in despair. Two weeks elapsed. One morning De I'Escalopier rushed into 
 the watchmaker's shop, sank breathlessly on a chair, and ejaculated: "I have 
 caught the robber at last." 
 
 " Indeed," replied Houdin; " who is he? " 
 
 " But first let me relate what happened," said the Count. " I was seated 
 this morning in my library when the report of a pistol resounded in my 
 sleeping-apartment. ' The thief! ' I exclaimed excitedly. I looked around me 
 for a weapon, but finding nothing at hand, I grasped an ancient battle-ax from 
 a stand of armor near by, and ran to seize the robber. I pushed open the door 
 of the sleeping-room and saw, to my intense surprise, Bernard, my trusted 
 valet and factotum, a man who has been in my employ for upwards of twenty 
 years. ' What are you doing here? ' I asked; ' what was that noise? ' 
 
 "In the coolest manner he replied: ^I came into the room just as you 
 did, sir, at the explosion of the pistol. I saw a man making his escape down the 
 back stairs, but I was so bewildered that I was unable to apprehend him.' 
 
 " I rushed down the back stairs, but, finding the door locked on the inside, 
 knew that no one could have passed that way. A great light broke upon me. 
 ' Great God! ' I cried, ' can Bernard be the thief? ' T returned to the library. 
 My valet was holding liis right hand behind liiiii, hut \ dragged it forward, 
 and saw the imprint of llic claw thereon. Hu; wound was bleeding profusely. 
 Finding himself convicted, tlie wretch fell on liis knees and begged my forgive- 
 ness. 
 
 " * How long have you been robbing nie? ' I asked, 
 
 " ' For nearly two years,' he said. 
 
 " ' And how much have you taken? ' 1 in(|uii-('d. 
 
 "'Fifteen tlioiisand francs, wliich 1 invested in Government stock. The 
 scrip is in my desk.' 
 
 "I found the securities correct, iind in tlie presence of another witness, 
 made Bernard sign the fcjliouing confession:
 
 INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 " ' I, the undersigned, hereby admit having stolen from the Count de I'Esca- 
 lopier the sum of 15,0UU francs, taken by me from his deslv by the aid of false 
 keys. 
 
 *'* Bernard X . 
 
 " ' Pakis, the — day of , 18—. 
 
 " ' Now go/ I exclaimed, ' and never enter this house again. You are safe 
 from prosecution; go, and repent of your crime.' 
 
 " And now," said the Count to Houdin, " I want you to take these 15,000 
 francs and begin your career as a conjurer; surely you cannot refuse to accept 
 as a loan the money your ingenuity has rescued from a robber. Take it " 
 
 The nobleman produced the securities, and pressed them into Iloudin's 
 hands. The mechanician, overcome by the Count's generosity, emliraced him 
 in true Gallic style, and this embrace, Houdin says, " was the only security De 
 I'Escalopier would accept from me." 
 
 Without further delay the conjurer had a little theatre constructed in the 
 Palais Royal, and began his fajnous performances, called by him: " Soirees 
 Fantastiques de Bolert-Houdin," which attained the greatest popularity. He 
 was thus enabled within a year to pay back the money borrowed from the 
 Count de I'Escalopier. 
 
 Jean Eugene Eobert, afterwards known to fame by the cognomen of Robert- 
 Houdin, was born at Blois, the birthplace of Louis XII, on the sixth of 
 December, 1805. His father was a watchmaker. At the age of eleven 
 Robert was sent to a Jesuit college at Orleans, preparatory to the study of 
 law, and was subsequently apprenticed to a notary at Blois, but finding the 
 transcribing of musty deeds a tiresome task, he prevailed on his father to let 
 him follow the trade of a watchmaker. While working in this capacity, he 
 chanced one day to enter a bookseller's shop to purchase a treatise on me- 
 chanics, and was handed by mistake a work on conjuring. The marvels con- 
 tained in this volume fired his imagination, and this incident decided his 
 future career, but he did not realize his ambition until later in life, when De 
 I'Escalopier came to his aid. 
 
 In his early study of sleight-of-hand Ploudin soon recognized that the 
 organs performing the princi})al part are the sight and touch. He says in 
 his memoirs: "I had often l)een struck by the ease witli wliicli pianists can 
 read and perform at sight the most difficult pieces. I saw tliat. by practice, it 
 would be possible to create a certainty of perception and facility of touch, 
 rendering it easy for the artist to attend to several things simultaneously, 
 while his hands were busy employed with some comiilicated task. This faculty 
 I wished to acquire and ap])ly to sleight-of-hand; still, as music could not 
 afford me the necessary element, I had recourse to the juggler's art." Resid- 
 ing at Blois at the time was a mountebank who, for a consideration, initiated 
 the young Houdin into the mysteries of juggling, enabling him to juggle four
 
 16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 balls at once and read a book at the same time. " The practice of this feat," 
 continues Houdin, " gave my fingers a remarkable degree of delicacy and cer- 
 tainty, while my eye was at the same time acquiring a promptitude of percep- 
 tion that was quite marvelous." 
 
 On Thursday evening, July 3, 1845, Houdin's first Fantastic Evening took 
 place in a small hall of the Palais Eoyal. The little auditorium would seat 
 only two hundred people, but the prices of admission were somewhat high, 
 front seats being rated at $1 or five francs, and no places were to be had under 
 forty sous. The stage set represented a miniature drawing-room in white and 
 gold in the Louis XV style. In the center Avas an undraped table, flanked by 
 two small side tables of the lightest possible description; at the side wings or 
 walls were consoles, with about five inches of gilt fringe hanging from them; 
 and across the back of the room ran a broad shelf, upon which were displayed 
 the various articles to be used in the seances. A chandelier and elegant can- 
 delabra made the little scene brilliant. The simplicity of everything on the 
 conjurer's stage disarmed suspicion; apparently there was no place for the 
 concealment of anything. Prior to Houdin's day the wizards draped all of 
 their tables to the floor, thereby making them little else than ponderous con- 
 federate boxes. Conjuring under such circumstances was child's play, as com- 
 pared with the difficulties to be encountered with the apparatus of the new 
 school. In addition, Houdin discarded the long, flowing robes of many of his 
 predecessors, as savoring too much of charlatanism, and appeared in evening 
 dress. Since his time, no first-class prestidigitateur has dared to ofl'end good 
 taste, by presenting his illusions in any other costume than that of a gentleman 
 habited a la mode, nor has he dared to give a performance with draped tables. 
 In fact, modern professors of the art magique have gone to extremes on the 
 question of tables and elaliorate apparatus, many of them using simple little 
 gueridons with glass tops, unfringed. Houdin's center table was a marvel of 
 mechanical skill and ingenuity. Concealed in the body were " vertical rods 
 each arranged to rise and fall in a tul)e, according as it was drawn down by a 
 sj)iral s])ring or pulled up by a whip-cord which passed over a ]>ulley at the top 
 of the tu])e and so down the table log to the hiding place of the confederate." 
 Tiien; Avere " ten of these ])istons, and the ten cords, passing under the floor of 
 tlie stage, terminated at a keyboard. Various ingenious automata were actu- 
 ated ])y this means of ii-ansniitting motion.'' M^'lie consoles were nothing more 
 than sliallovv wooden boxes with opcMiiugs ilirougli the side scenes. The tops 
 of the consoles were ])erforated with tray)s. Any ol)ject Avhich the wizard 
 desired to woi-k ofl" secretly to his confederate' behind the scenes was placed on 
 one of these tra])S and covered with a ])aper, metal cover, or a handkerchief. 
 Toucliing a spring caused the article to fall noiselessly through the trap upon 
 cotton batting, and roll into the hands of the conjurer's alter ego, or concealed 
 assistant. 
 
 Let us now look at some of the illusions of the classic prestidigitateur of
 
 INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 France. By far his best and greatest invention is the " light and heavy chest," 
 of which he himself wrote: "I do not think, modesty apart, that I ever in- 
 vented anything so daringly ingenious." The conjurer came forward with a 
 little wooden box, to the top of which was attached a metal handle, and re- 
 marked as follows to the audience : " Ladies and gentlemen, I have here a cash 
 box which possesses some peculiar qualities. I place in it, for example, a lot 
 of bank-notes, for safe-keeping, and by mesmeric power I can make the box 
 so heavy that the strongest nian cannot lift it. Let us try the experiment." 
 He placed the box on tlie run-down, which served as a means of communication 
 between the stage and the audience, and requested the services of a volunteer 
 assistant. 
 
 When the latter had satisfied the audience that the box was almost as light 
 as a feather, the conjurer executed his pretended mesmeric passes, and bade the 
 gentleman lift it a second time. But try as he miglit, with all his strength, the 
 volunteer would prove unequal to the task. Reverse passes over the demon 
 box restored it to its pristine lightness. This extraordinary trick is performed 
 as follows: Underneath the cloth cover of the run-down, at a spot marked, 
 was a powerful electro-magnet with conducting wires reaching behind the 
 scenes to a battery. At a signal from the magician a secret operator turned on 
 the electric current, and the box, which had an iron bottom, clung to the 
 electro-magnet with supernatural attraction. It is needless to remark that the 
 l)ottoni of the cash box was painted to represent mahogany, so as to correspond 
 with the top and sides. 
 
 The phenomena of electro-magnetism were entirely unknown to the gen- 
 eral public in 1845, when this trick of the spirit cash-box was first presented. 
 As may be well imagined, it created a profound sensation. When people 
 became more enlightened on the subject of electricity, Houdin added an addi- 
 tional effect, in order to throw the public off the scent as to the principle on 
 which the experiment was based. After first having exhil)ited tlie trick on the 
 " run-down," he hooked the liox to one end of a rope which passed over a pulley 
 attached to the ceiling of the hall. Several gentlemen were noAV invited to 
 hold the disengaged end of the rope. They were able to raise and lower the 
 iwx with perfect ease, but at a wave of the magician's wand the little chest 
 descended slowly to the floor, lifting ofi' their feet the spectators who were 
 holding the rope, to the astonishment of everyone. The secret lay in tlie 
 pulley and block. The rope, instead of passing straight over tlie pulley, in on 
 one side and out on the other, went through the block and through the ceiling, 
 working over a doulile pulley on the floor above, whore a workman at a windlass 
 held his own against the united power of the five or six gentlemen below. It is 
 a simple mechanical principle and will be easily understood by those acquainted 
 with mechanical power. 
 
 Houdin's orange tree, that blossomed and bore fruit in sight of the audi- 
 ence, was a clever piece of mechanism. The blossoms, constructed of tissue 
 2
 
 18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 paper, were pushed up through the hollow branches of the tree by the pistons 
 rising in the table and operating against similar pistons in the orange-tree 
 box. When these pedals were relaxed the blossoms disappeared and the fruit 
 was gradually developed — real fruit, too, which was distributed among the 
 spectators. The oranges were stuck on iron spikes affixed to the branches of 
 the tree and hid from view by hemispherical wire screens painted green and 
 secreted by the leaves. When these screens were swung back by pedal play the 
 fruit was revealed. In performing this illusion Houdin first Ijorrowed a 
 handkerchief from a lady in the audience, and caused it to pass from his hand 
 into an orange left on the tree. When the disappearance was elfected, the 
 fruit opened, revealing the handkerchief in its center. Two mechanical 
 butterflies, exquisitely made, then took the delicate piece of cambric or lace 
 and flew upwards with it. The handkerchief of course was exchanged in the 
 beginning of the trick for a dummy l)elonging to the magician. It was worked 
 into the mechanical orange by an assistant, before the tree was brought forward 
 for exhibition. 
 
 Houdin was very fond of producing magically bon-bons, small fans, toys, 
 bouquets, and bric-a-brac from borrowed hats. These articles he distributed 
 with liberal hand among the spectators, exclaiming : " Here are toys for 
 young children and old." There was always a great scramble for these sou- 
 venirs. The conjurer found time to edit and publish a small comic news- 
 paper, " Cagiiostro," copies of which were handed to every one in the theatre. 
 The contents of this journal pour rire were changed from evening to evening, 
 which entailed no small labor on the part of the hard- worked prestidigitateur. 
 It was illustrated with comic cartoons, and was eagerly perused between the acts. 
 
 Here is one of Houdin's bon mots : Le Ministre de V Interienr ne recevra 
 pas demain, mais le Ministre des Fitiances recevra tous les jours . . . et 
 jours suivaiits. 
 
 The crowning event of Houdin's life was his embassy to Algeria to counter- 
 act the influence of the Marabout priests over the ignorant Arabs. The Mara- 
 bouts are Mohammedan miracle workers, and are continually fanning the 
 flames of rebellion and discontent against French donvination. The French 
 Government invited Eobert-Houdin to go to Algeria and perform before the 
 Ara])s in order to show them that a French wizard was greater than a Mara- 
 bout fakir. It was pitting Creek against Greek! ^'ho marvels of optics, 
 chemistry, electricity, and mechanics which Houdin liad in his repertoire, 
 coii])l('d wKli Ills digital dexterity, were well calculated to evoke astonishment 
 and awe. How well tlu' famous French wizard succeeded in his mission is a 
 matter of liislory. A Cull account of his adventures among the Arabs is con- 
 tained in bis memoirs and makes very entertaining reading. After his success- 
 ful embassy to the land of \}\q. white bournous and turban, Houdin returned 
 to France and settled down at St. Gervais near Blois, giving his time to elec- 
 trical studies and inventions.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 He received several gold medals from the French Government for the suc- 
 cessful application of electricity to the running of clocks. The conjurer's 
 house was a regular ]\lagic Villa, being full of surprises for the friends who 
 visited the place. There were sliding panels in the walls, trap doors, auto- 
 matons in every niche, descending floors, and electric wires from attic to 
 cellar. Houdin died at St. Gervais in June, 1871. His son-in-law, M. Hamil- 
 ton, continued to carry on the Temple of Enchantment at Paris, and at the 
 present time there is a little theater on the Boulevard des Italiens called 
 " Theatre Eohert-Houdin," where strolling conjurers hold forth. It was a 
 great disappointment to Houdin when his two sons refused to take up magic as 
 a profession; one entered the French army, and the other became a watch- 
 maker. 
 
 V. 
 
 One of the best sleight-of-hand artists that ever lived was Carl TTornnann, 
 who styled himself the " Premier Prestidigitateur of France and First Pro- 
 fessor of Magic in the World." He died at Carlsbad, June 8, 1887, at the 
 advanced age of seventy-two. Of him Burlingame says: "Without using 
 much mechanical or optical apparatus, he produced many wonderful effects by 
 a sharp observation of the absence of mind of the human auditor, assisted by 
 a hand as firm as steel and capable of the most deft movement." Carl Herr- 
 mann traveled extensively, and many conjurers adopted his name as a nom de 
 thedtre. Magicians seem to have a penchant for this sort of thing, as witness 
 the case of Signor Blitz. Antonio Blitz, a very clever performer, no sooner 
 arrived in the United States than imitators sprang up like mushrooms in a 
 single night. In his " Fifty Years in the Magic Circle," he gives a list of 
 eleven of these impostors, who not only had the impudence to assume his name, 
 but circulated verbatim copies of his handbills and advertisements — 
 
 Signor Blitz. 
 
 Signor Blitz, Jr. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Original. 
 
 Signor Blitz's Son. 
 
 Signor Blitz's Nephew. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Great. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Wonderful. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Unrivaled. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Mysterious. 
 
 Signor Blitz, By Purchase. 
 
 Signor Blitz, The Great Original. 
 
 A clever entertainer was Robert Heller. He was a magician, a mimic, and 
 a musician — a combination of talents rarely seen in one individual. He was, 
 indeed, the Admirable Crichton of fantaisistes. As a pure sleight-of-hand
 
 20 Il^TRODUCTION. 
 
 artist. Heller was not the equal of some of his contemporaries, but he made up 
 for all deficiencies in this respect by his histrionic abilities. By the power 
 of his address and wit he invested the most insignificant feats of legerdemain 
 with a peculiar charm. In this regard he was like Robert-Houdin. Eobert 
 Heller, or Palmer, was born in London, in the year 1833. Early in life he 
 manifested a unique talent for music, and won a scholarship at the Royal Acad- 
 emy of Music at the age of fourteen. Having witnessed several performances 
 of the conjurer Houdin, in London, he became enamored of magic, and devoted 
 his time to perfecting himself in the art of legerdemain, subsequently travel- 
 ing around giving entertainments in the English provinces. In the year 1852 
 he made his bow to a New York audience at the Chinese Assembly Rooms, on 
 which occasion he wore a black wig and spoke with a decided Gallic accent, 
 having come to the conclusion that a French prestidigitateur would be better 
 received in the United States than an English wizard. I have this on the 
 authority of Henry Hatton, the conjurer, who wrote an article on Heller's 
 " second-sight " trick for the " Century Magazine " some years ago. Hatton 
 also says that Heller began his magical soiree with an address in the French 
 language. Not meeting with the desired financial success. Heller abandoned 
 conjuring, and settled in Washington, D. C, as a teacher of the piano and 
 organist of one of the large churches of the city. Eventually he married one 
 of his music pupils, a Miss Kieckhoffer, the daughter of a wealthy German 
 banker, and abandoned music for magic. He went to ISFew York, where he 
 opened Heller's Hall, in a building which then stood opposite Niblo's Garden, 
 on Broadway. His second delmt as a conjurer was an artistic and financial 
 success. After a splendid run in New York he returned to London, opening 
 what is now Pool's Theater. Subsequently he visited Australia, India, and 
 California, returning to New York in 1875. He died November 28, 1878, at 
 tlie Continental Hotel, I'liiliidGl])]iia, at the height of his fame. Like most of 
 his CO »/rcre.s, Heller was a clever advertiser. His theatrical posters usually 
 bore the following amusing verse: 
 
 '' SliakoRpoave wi'oto well, 
 Dickens wrote Weller ; 
 
 Anderson was , 
 
 But the greatest is Heller." 
 
 His entertainments consisted of magic, mnsic, and an exhilntion of pre- 
 tended clairvoyance. Those w]io were not interested in liis feats of leger- 
 demain flocked to bear his snperb performances on the ])iano. 
 
 Heller, lik(! Iloudin. made great use of electricity in his magical seances. 
 Many of his eleclricnl iricks were of his own invention. In his will he 
 directed his execniors to destroy all of his apparatus, so that it might not come 
 into the possession of any other conjurer.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 21 
 
 The most popular performer in this country was Alexander Herrmann, a 
 European by birth, but an American by adoption. I am indebted to Mr. Wm. 
 Kobinson, for years an assistant to Herrmann, for the following account of 
 the great conjurer's career: 
 
 "The late Alexander Herrmann was born in Paris, France, February 11, 
 1843, and died in his private car on December 17, 189G, while en route from 
 Eochester, N". Y., to 
 Bradford, Pa. He came 
 of a family of eminent 
 prestidigitateurs, h i s 
 father, Samuel Herr- 
 mann, being the most 
 famous conjurer of his 
 day. Samuel Herr- 
 mann was a great fa- 
 vorite with the Sultan 
 of Turkey, who fre- 
 quently sent for him to 
 give entertainments in 
 the royal palace at 
 Constantinople. 
 
 "The next in the 
 family to wield the 
 magic wand was (,.'arl 
 Herrmann, who was 
 the first of the Herr- 
 manns to visit Amer- 
 ica, and the first to use 
 and introduce t h e 
 n a m e ' prestidigita- 
 teur ' in this country. 
 Carl, Alexander's eld- 
 est brother, achieved 
 great success in the 
 world of magic. He 
 
 died June 8, 1887, at Carlsbad, Germany, possessed of a large fortune. 
 There were sixteen children in the Herrmann family, Carl being the eldest, 
 and Alexander the youngest. After Carl adopted magic as a profession, 
 the father abandoned it, and began the study of medicine. It was the 
 father's fondest hope that Alexander, his favorite son, should be a physician, 
 but fate decreed otherwise. Alexander's whole desire and ambition was to 
 become a magician like his father and his brother. He persuaded his brother 
 to take him as an assistant. One day young Alexander was missing from the 
 
 ALEXANDEK llKUIOrANN.
 
 22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 parental roof; lie had been kidnapped and taken away by Carl, with whom he 
 made his first public aj)pearance, at the age of eight, at a performance in St. 
 Petersburg, llussia. Even at that early age his great dexterity, ingenuity, and 
 presence of mind were simply marvelous. The sudden ajjpearance of the 
 father disiDelled the visions of the embryonic magician, and he was compelled 
 to return home. But the youth's attention could not be diverted from his pur- 
 jjose, and again he became his brother's assistant. This time, the father com- 
 jiromised by consenting to Alexander's remaining on the stage, provided his 
 education were not neglected. Carl engaged two competent tutors to travel 
 with the company and instruct the young prodigy. For six years the brothers 
 worked together, visiting Spain, France, Germany, Eussia, and the surround- 
 ing countries. Again the parents claimed Alexander, and placed him in the 
 University of Vienna. - At the age of sixteen, the old desire and fascination 
 took possession of him. He accepted his brother's proposal to make a tour of 
 the world, and ran away from home and studies. Their first appearance in 
 America was at the Academy of Music, New York, Monday, September 16, 
 1861. Their last joint engagement was in this country in the year 1869. On 
 the opening night, in New York, Monday, September 20, Carl introduced 
 xVlexander to the audience as his brother and successor. When this engage- 
 ment terminated, the brothers separated; Carl made a short tour of this coun- 
 try, but Alexander went to Europe, where he appeared in the principal cities, 
 subsequently visiting the Brazils and South America. After that he made a 
 remarkable run of one thousand performances at the Egyptian Hall, London, 
 England. From England he returned to the United States in the year 1874, 
 and from that period made this country his home, becoming a naturalized 
 citizen in Boston, 1876. His career as a magician was one uninterrupted 
 success. The many lengthy and favorable notices of him in the leading 
 jr)uriia]s of ihis country, immediately after bis death, sliowed that he was 
 regarded as a public character. 
 
 " Herrmann bore a remarkable resemblance to ' His Satanic Majesty,' 
 which he enhanced in all possible ways, in recognition of human nature's belief 
 in the superhuman i)owers of the arch enemy. Despite this mephistophelian 
 aspect, his face was not forbidding; his manner was ever genial and kind. 
 ' Magicians are born, not made ' was a favorite paraphrase of his, and Dame 
 Nature certainly had him in view for one when she brought him to this 
 sphere. 
 
 "His success lay in his skill as a manipulator, in liis witty remarks and 
 ever-running fire of good-natured small talk. He was a good conjurer, a clever 
 comedian, and a fine actor. His 'misdirection,' to use a technical expression, 
 was ])eyond expression. If liis Inininous eyes turned in a certain direction, 
 all eyes were compelled (as by some mysterious power) to follow, giving his 
 marvelously dexterous hands the better chance to perform those tricks that 
 were the admiration and wonder of the world.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 33 
 
 " Alexander Herrmann's pet hobby was hypnotism, of which weird science 
 he was master, and to its use he attributed many of his successful feats. His 
 great forte was cards; he was an adept in the ordinary tricks of causing cards 
 to disappear, and reappear from under some stranger's vest or from a pocket. 
 With the greatest ease and grace, he distributed cards about a theater, sending 
 them into the very laps and hands of individuals asking for them. On one 
 occasion he gave a performance before Nicholas, the Czar of all the Russias. 
 The Czar complimented the conjurer upon his skill, and decorated him, at the 
 same time smilingly remarking: ' I will show you a trick.' The Czar tore a 
 pack of cards into halves, and good-humoredly asked: 'What do you think of 
 that? Can you duplicate it?' His surprise was great to see Herrmann take 
 one of the halves of the pack and tear it into halves. Herrmann was as clever 
 wdth his tongue as with his hands, having mastered French, German, Spanish, 
 Italian, Russian, Dutch, and English. He also had a fair knowledge of Portu- 
 guese, Chinese, Arabic, and Swedish. 
 
 " He was decorated by almost every sovereign of Europe, and many of them 
 gave him jewels. The King of Belgium and the late King of Spain each pre- 
 sented him with a cross; there was a ring from the King of Portugal, one from 
 the Prince of Wales, and various other gems. 
 
 " At private entertainments and clubs Herrmann was especially felicitous 
 as a prestidigitateur. I will enumerate a few of his numberless sleight-of- 
 hand tricks: He would place a wine glass, full to the brim with sparkling 
 M-ine, to his lips, when suddenly, to his apparent surprise and consternation, 
 the glass of wine would disappear from his hand and be reproduced imme- 
 diately from some bystander's coat-tail pocket. He would place a ring upon 
 the finger of some person, and immediately the ring would vanish from sight. 
 A silver dollar would cliange into a twenty-dollar gold piece. A magnum 
 bottle of champagne, holding about two quarts, would disappear, to reappear 
 from under a gentleman's coat. He was a capital ventriloquist, an imitator of 
 birds, and quite clever at juggling and shadowgraphy, but lu' did not exhibit 
 these talents in public. 
 
 "The lines in Herrmann's hands were studies for adepts in cliirograpby. 
 There were three lines of imagination, instead of one. which indicates an 
 imaginative faculty little less than miraculous, and denotes a generous heart^ 
 genius for friendship, a determined nature, and an artistic temperament. 
 The accompanying impression of his right hand, taken a few days after he 
 died, represents a slwrt hand, owing to the fact that in death the fingers 
 had curled inward somewhat. In life his hands were long, slender, and 
 tapering." 
 
 Leon Herrmann, a nephew of the great Herrmann, is now performing 
 in the United States with success. In personal appearance he resembles 
 his uncle. He is very clever at palmistry — the cardinal principle of con- 
 juring.
 
 24 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 One of the most original and inventive minds in the domain of conjuring 
 is M. Bautier de Kolta, a Hungarian, who resides in Paris. He is ahnost a 
 gentleman of leisure, and only appears about three nights in a week. He is 
 the inventor of the flying bird cage, the cocoon, the vanishing lady, and the 
 
 trick known as the 
 " black art," reproduced 
 by Herrmann and 
 Ke>lar. 
 
 In England, the 
 leading exponent of the 
 magic art is J. N". Mas- 
 kelyne, who has held 
 forth at Egyptian Hall, 
 London, for many years. 
 He has done more to 
 unmask bogus spirit 
 mediums than any con- 
 jurer living. Appren- 
 ticed like Houdin to 
 a watchmaker, Maske- 
 lyne became acquainted 
 with mechanics at an 
 early age. He is the 
 inventor of some very 
 remarkable automata 
 and illusions, for ex- 
 ample " Psycho " and 
 the "Miracle of Lh'asa." 
 At the juggling feat of 
 spinning dessert plates 
 he has but few rivals. 
 To perform this re- 
 quires the greatest skill 
 ajul delicacy. 
 
 One of the best per- 
 formers in the United 
 Slates of anti-Ki)iritualistic tricks and mind-reading experiments is Mr. Harry 
 Kellar, a Pennsylvanian, who at one time in his career acted as assistant to the 
 famous Davenport Brothers, spirit mediums. Kellar is exceedingly clever 
 with handkerchief tricks, and his "rose-tree" feat has never been surpassed 
 for dexterous and graceful manipulation. Like Houdin, De Kolta, and Mas- 
 kelyne, he is an inventor, always having some new optical or mechanical illu- 
 sion to grace his entertainments. 
 
 f; 
 
 V, 
 
 IMlMiKSSION OK lIKKKMANiN S HAM).
 
 INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 Of late years he has made the fatal mistake of exposing the methods of 
 palmistry to the audience, thereby olt'ending one of the cardinal principles of 
 the art of legerdemain — never explain tricks, however simple, to the spectators. 
 People go to magical entertainments to be mystified by the pretended sorcery 
 of the magician, and when they learn by what absurdly simple devices a person 
 may be fooled, they look with indifference at the more ambitious illusions of 
 the performer. Palmistry is the very foundation stone of prestidigitation. 
 No magician, unless he confines himself to mechanical tricks, can do without 
 it in a performance. 
 
 Last but not least in the list of modern fantaisistcs is the French enter- 
 tainer, M. Trewey, an exceedingly clever juggler, sleight-of-hand artist, and 
 shadowgraphist. 
 
 VI. 
 
 In his advertisements, Eobert-IIoudin was extremely modest. His suc- 
 cessors in the art magique, however, have not imitated him in this respect. We 
 have Wizards of the North, South, and West, White and Black Mahatmas, 
 Napoleons of Necromancy, Modern Merlins, etc. Anderson, the English con- 
 jurer, went to the extreme in self-laudation, but managed to draw crowds by his 
 vainglorious puffery and fill his coffers with gold, though he Avas but an 
 indifferent performer. The following is one of his effusions: 
 
 " Theatre Eoyal, Adelphi . The greatest wonder at present in London 
 
 is the Wizard of the North. He has prepared a Banquet of Mephistophelian, 
 Dextrological, and Necromantic Cabals, for the Wonder seekers of the ap- 
 proaching holidays. London is again set on fire by the supernatural fame of 
 tlie eximious Wizard; he is again on his magic throne; he waves his mystic 
 scepter, and thousands of beauty, fashion, and literature, rush as if charmed, or 
 s])ell-commanded, to behold the mesteriachist of this age of science and wonder! 
 Hundreds are nightly turned from the doors of the mystic palace, that cannot 
 gain admission; this is proof, and more than proof, of the Wizard's powers of 
 cliarming. During the last six nights, 12,000 spectators have been witnesses 
 of the Wizard's mighty feats of the science of darkness, and all exclaim, ' Can 
 this be man of earth? is he mortal or super-human? ' 
 
 " Whitsun-Monday, and every evening during the week, The Great Delu- 
 sionist will perform his Thousand Feats of Photographic and Alladnic En- 
 chantments, concluding every evening with the Gun Delusion! ! " 
 
 The Theosophical craze of recent years has had its influence on prestidigita- 
 tion. A modern conjurer who does not claim some knowledge of the occult, 
 or, at least, who has not traveled in the Orient, cuts but little figure in public 
 estimation. Every now and then some enterprising wizard rushes into print
 
 26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and exploits his weird adventures in Egypt and India, the birthplaces cf magic 
 and mystery. Every intelligent reader reads between the lines, but the 
 extravagant stories of Oriental witchery have their effect on certain impres- 
 sionable minds. The magician Kellar is a reputed Oriental tourist. He 
 has journeyed, according to his own account, in the wilds of India, wit- 
 nessed fakir-miracles at the courts of Mohammedan Bajahs, hobnobbed with 
 Mahatmas in Tibetan lamaseries, and studied the black, blue, and white art in 
 all its ramifications. In one of his recent advertisements he says: " Success 
 crowns the season of Kellar, the Great American Magician. His Oriental 
 magic, the result of years of original research in India, enables him to present 
 new illusions that are triumphs of art, and attract enormous houses — dazing, 
 delighting, dumbfounding, and dazzling theater-goers."
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 CONJURERS' TRICKS AND STAGE ILLUSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 The fascination which the general public finds in clever tricks and ilkisions 
 is little to be wondered at, but it is a mistake to suppose that all the outfit 
 which the modern magician needs is a few paper roses, a pack of cards, some 
 coins, and a wand. The fact of the matter is, that usually the most entertain- 
 ing tricks are those which are produced at considerable expense in the way of 
 apparatus and stage fittings. It is for this very reason that the secret of the 
 illusion is always so closely guarded by the prestidigitateur. After a series of 
 sleight-of-hand tricks the magician usually leads up to what might be called 
 "set pieces" in contradistinction to the sleight-of-hand tricks. Chief among 
 the more important illusions are the wonderful cabinets and other articles 
 of furniture which enable the wizard to make away with his assistants. We will 
 describe a number of these arrangements for " mysterioiis disa])i)earances " 
 before proceeding with the mirror and other optical tricks to which the fin de 
 siecle magician is so largely indebted. All of these illusions, as they depend 
 upon pre-arranged machinery, afi^ord an introduction to the tricks wliicli, 
 though much simpler, require a certain amount of aptness in manipulation. 
 
 "VANITY FAIE." 
 
 The first illusion presents tlie disappearance of a lady, ai)i)arently through 
 a solid looking glass. The method used is remarkably ingenious. 
 
 A large pier glass in an ornamental frame is wheeled upon the stage. 
 The glass reaches down within about two feet of the floor, so that every one 
 can see under it. The only peculiarities which a skilled observer would be apt 
 to notice are a wide panel extending across the top of the frame and a bar 
 crossing the glass some four feet from the floor. The first is ostensibly for 
 artistic effect — it really is essential to the illusion. The horizontal piece pur-
 
 28 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ports to be used in connection with a jjair of brackets to support a glass shelf 
 on which the lady stands — it also is essential to the illusion. 
 
 Brackets are attached to the frame, one on each side, at the level of the 
 transverse piece, and a couple of curtains are carried by curtain poles or rods 
 extending outward from the sides of the frame. Across the ends of the brack- 
 ets a rod or bar is placed and a plate of glass rests as a shelf with one end on 
 
 SCUKKNING THE LAUY. 
 
 tlio ntd and ilie otlicr on tlic Jioj'izoiital })iece, thus imjn'ossing U})on the audi- 
 ence; the utility of the crosspiece. Its real function is not revealed. 
 
 A lady steps upon the shelf, using a step-ladder to reach it. She at once 
 turns to the glass and begins inspecting her reflection. The exhibitor turns 
 her witli Iut face to the audience and she again iiirns back; This gives some 
 l)yi»lay, and it also leaves her with her back to the audience, which is desirable 
 for the performance of tlio deception. A screen is now ])laced around her. 
 'J'he screen is so narrow tliat a considera])le portion of the mirror shows on
 
 MYSTERIO US DISA PPEARANCES. 
 
 29 
 
 each side of it. All is quiet for a moment, and then the screen is taken down 
 and the lady has disappeared. The mystification is completed by the removal 
 of the portable mirror, it being thus made evident that the performer is not 
 hidden behind it. 
 
 Two of our cuts illustrate the performance as seen by the audience, the 
 second explains the illusion. The mirror is really in two sections, the a[»par- 
 
 THE DISAPPEAKANCE EXPI.ATNKD. 
 
 ently innocent crossbar concealing the top of the lower one. The large upper 
 section is placed just back of the lower piece, so that its lower end slides down 
 behind it. This upper section moves up and down in the frame like a window 
 sash, and to make this possible without the audience discerning it the wide 
 panel across the top of the frame is provided. When the glass is pushed up, 
 its upper portion goes back of the panel, so that its up])er edge is concealed. 
 Out of the lower portion of the same mirror a piece is cut, leaving an open-
 
 30 2IAG1C: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 iiig large enough to admit of the passage of the person of the lady. The second 
 cut, with this description, explains everything. The mirror as brought out on 
 the stage has its large upper section in its lowest position. The notched por- 
 tion lies behind the lower section, so that the notch is completely hidden from 
 the audience. When the glass shelf is put in place, the performer steps upon 
 it and is screened from view. The counterpoised glass is raised like a window 
 
 TIIR I,ADY HAS VANISHED. 
 
 aO.^^^\^; 
 
 sash, ex])osing the notch. Tlie screen is just wide enough to conceal the notch, 
 the fact that a margin of the mirror shows on each side of the screen still 
 further masking the deception. From the scene piece back of the mirror an 
 inclined itlatl'oi'in is projected to llie opening in the mirror. Tln\)Ugh tlie 
 opening the lady creej)S and by tlie assistant is drawn away behind the scene; 
 tlien the platform is removed, tlie glass is pushed down again, and, the screen 
 being removed. Ihere is no lady to l)e seen. The fact that some of the mirror 
 was visible during the entire operation greatly increases the mystery. The 
 lady passes through Ihe notch feet foremost, and her position, facing the 
 mirroi-, makes this tlie easier.
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 "AFTER THE FLOOD." 
 
 S^\V^X- 
 
 THE AKK OPENED FOR INSl'Et'TIOX. 
 
 In this illusion the curtain rises and shows upon the stage wliat is to he 
 interpreted as a representation of Noah's ark^ a rectangular hox with ends 
 added to it, which, curv- 
 ing upward, give it a / ^^v- ,,,^.,1;,,,., ..r,, 
 
 hoat-like aspect. It stands i 
 upon two liorses or tres- 
 tles. The cut, Fig. 3, 
 shows the ark in its en- 
 tirety. The exhibitor 
 opens it on all sides, 
 swinging down the ends 
 and the front and hack 
 lids, and raising the to]) 
 as shown in Fig. 1. It 
 will he noticed by the 
 observant spectator that 
 the back lid is first 
 dropped and that the as- 
 sistant helps throughout, 
 the reason of which will 
 
 be seen later. The skeleton or frame of the structure is now disclosed and it is 
 seen to be completely empty. It is now closed, this time the back lid being 
 
 swung into place last, and all is ready 
 for the flood. This is represented 
 l)y the water poured in ad libitum 
 through a funnel inserted in an aper- 
 ture in the upper corner. To the audi- 
 ence it seems as if the ark were being 
 filled with water. In reality, the 
 water simply runs through a pipe, 
 carried through one of the legs of 
 the trestle, and so down beneath 
 the stage. The management of the 
 flood is illustrated in our cut, Fig. 3. 
 After the flood the exit of the 
 animals from the ark is next to 
 be attended to. 0])ening windows 
 in its front, a quantity of animals 
 and birds are taken»out as shown in Fig. 3. Ducks, chickens, pigeons, cats, 
 dogs, and a pig are removed and run around on the stage or fly about, and it 
 
 THE FLOOD.
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 33 
 
 is wondered how so small an inclosure could contain such a collection. It is 
 also to be observed that none of the animals are wet — the water has not reached 
 them. More, however, is 
 to follow, for the exhib- 
 itor now lets down the 
 front, and a beautiful 
 Eastern woman, Fig. 4, 
 reclines gracefully in the 
 center of the ark, which 
 lias only room enough to 
 accommodate her. Where 
 the animals came from, 
 and how they and the 
 woman could be found 
 in the ark, which, when 
 opened before the audi- 
 ence, seemed completely 
 empty, and how they escaped the water, are the mysteries to be solved. 
 
 Our cut. Fig. 5, completes the explanation. The ends which are swung up 
 and down in the preliminary exhibition of the ark are the receptacles which 
 accommodate the animals and birds. They are stowed away in these, are 
 swung up and down with them, and are taken out through a]K'rtures in their 
 fronts. 
 
 The woman, the other tenant, is fastened originally to the back lid. When 
 the ark is opened for inspection, this lid is swung down, ostensibly to enable the 
 audience to see through the ark — in reality to prevent them from seeing 
 through the illusion. For, as stated, it is swung down before the front is- 
 
 TIIE LADY TENANT OF THE ARK. 
 
 THE MYSTERY EXPLAINED.
 
 34 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SClENTlIIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 opened, and as it goes down the woman goes with it, and remains attached to 
 it and out of sight of the audience, who only see the rear side of the door as 
 it is lowered. Fig. 5 shows the rear view of the ark when open, with the 
 woman in place on the rear lid, and also shows the animals in place in the side 
 compartments. 
 
 The illusion is exceedingly effective, and is received with high appreciation 
 by the audience. To those who understand it, the performance is of 
 heightened interest. 
 
 "THE MAGIC PALANQUIN." 
 
 The heroine in this play was presented on the stage in a palanquin carried 
 by four slaves. At a given moment the curtains were drawn and then imme- 
 diately opened, when it was seen that the actress had disappeared; and yet the 
 
 TIIK MAGIC PALANQUIN. 
 
 palanquin was well isolated on tlic sliciildci's of the carriers, who resumed 
 tlu'ir jorirncy niul cnrriod it ofT tlie stage. 
 
 This I rick, which |ti'cci'(lc(l l)y many years Buatier do Ivolta's experiment, 
 in which also a woman was made to disa])])('iu-, hut l)y an entirely different pro- 
 cess, as will be cx))lained later on in this chai)ter, was performed as follows: The 
 four uprights arranged at the four corners of the apparatus were hollow, and 
 each contained al ihc iop a pulley over which a cord pusscd. Tlu-se coi-ds were 
 attached by one end to the double bottom of the ])alan(piin. and by the other 
 end to ;i counterpoise concealed in the cano])y. 
 
 At llic |»recis(! nionient at which the curtains were drawn, ihc carriers dis-
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 35 
 
 engaged the counterpoises, which, sliding witliin tlie uprights, rajndly raised 
 the double bottom, witli the actress, up to the interior of the canopy. The 
 person thus made to disappear was quite slender and took such a position as to 
 occupy as little space as possible. By making the shadows of the mouldings 
 of the canopy and columns more pronounced through painting, and by exag- 
 gerating them, the affair was given an appearance of lightness that perplexed 
 the most distrustful spectator. 
 
 " CASSADAGA PROPAGANDA." 
 
 One of the most mysterious among Ivellar's repertory of successful illusions 
 is the "• Cassadaga Propaganda," an explanation of which is herewith i)resented. 
 
 THE CABINET OPEN FOK INSPECTION. 
 
 The effect as produced on the spectators will first be outlined. A sheet 
 of plate glass about sixteen by sixty inches in size is placed upon the backs of 
 two chairs, and on it is erected a small beautifully tinislied cabinet consisting 
 of four pieces, of which the sides are hinged to the back, and which, with the 
 front, are seen resting on a chair at the side of the stage. When erected, the 
 cabinet is forty-two inches high, thirty-six inches wide, and fourteen inches 
 deep. 
 
 Tambourines and bells are placed in the cabinet and ilie doors closed, when 
 the instruments instantly began ])layiiig and are then tlirown out at tlie top of 
 the cabinet. The cabinet is now opened and found to be empty. A. slate
 
 36 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 placed in the cabinet lias a message written thereon. In fact, all manifesta- 
 tions usually exhibited in the large cabinets are produced, and yet this cabinet 
 is apparently not large enough to contain a person. We say apparently not 
 large enough; for, in reality, the whole secret consists in a small person, or an 
 intelligent child of ten or twelve years of age, being suspended by invisible 
 wires behind the back of the cabinet, where there is a small shelf on which the 
 concealed assistant is sitting Turkish fashion. This folded cabinet is hung on 
 two fine wires which lead up to the " flies " and over rollers or pulleys to the 
 counterweights. When proper wire is used on a brightly illuminated stage 
 the wires are absolutely invisible. 
 
 THK J^l'IKIT MANIFESTATIONS 
 
 After sliowiiig tlie chairs and ])lacing the glass plate upon them, the per- 
 former picks up the folded part of the cabinet and places it on the glass, the 
 counterweights overcoming the extra weight of the concealed assistant. He 
 then opens out the sides, places the front containing the doors in position, 
 fastening same by hooks to the sides. 
 
 The inside of the cabinet and panels of doors are lined with pleated gold 
 silk. There is a concealed opening in the silk at the back of the cabinet, for 
 the assistant to pass his artii tlwoiigli, in order to handle whatever is placed 
 within it. 
 
 Everything hciiig in readiness, llic l:iinl)()iirin(> and bell are placed in the 
 cabinet and the doors are closed. Tlie assistant now passes his hand and arm
 
 
 ^f; 
 
 BEJiE *•„> ' , ... ,■ 
 
 l^j -'"Bi'^ ■■■■". ^ ■ * 
 
 "■' '.«frj?4» : ■.:"* " ^r i h — ■■ -■»— m- », 
 
 d . ^JHBl
 
 38 31AGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 through the opening in the back and shakes the tambourine, rings the bell, 
 and tlirows botli out over the top of the cabinet. When the doors are opened 
 the cabinet is shown to be empty. Clean slates placed in the cabinet are 
 removed with messages written on them; in fact, the manifestations that can 
 be produced in the cabinet are limited only by the intelligence of the con- 
 cealed assistant. 
 
 One of the cuts shows the cabinet with open doors as seen by the audience. 
 The second cut is an end view looking from the side of stage, showing the 
 assistant on a shelf at the rear of the cabinet, and the wires leading up and over 
 to the counterweights. 
 
 The clever illusionist Chev. E. Thorn made great use of a variation of 
 the " Cassadaga Propaganda." He used two cabinets, each large enough to 
 receive a person in an upright position. They were constructed of slats and 
 were provided with curtains. Screens of the same color as the rear of the 
 stage served to close the space between the slats. The magician deceived the 
 audience by walking behind the cabinet or cage as often as possible when the 
 screens were open so that the audience could see him through the slats. The 
 carpet on the stage, the back of the stage, and the screen were all of the same 
 shade of green. 
 
 The performers, usually a caliph and an odalisk, appear and disapjDear at 
 will, really taking up the place on the wooden stage at the back of the cabinet. 
 Usually two cages were used, one being suspended, and by the use of confed- 
 erates who were dressed alike some very clever illusions were produced. 
 
 When the curtain rises the caliph stands on a little platform on the cage at 
 the left, hidden by the cage and the screens. Attention is then called to the 
 cage at the right whose screen is open so that the performer can be seen when 
 he passes behind it. 
 
 After the performer has demonstrated this he pulls down red silk curtains 
 over the side walls and the doors; the rear wall, however, remains uncovered. 
 Now a brilliantly dressed odalisk steps into the box at the left. The doors 
 have scarcely closed l)ehind her Avhen they open again, the curtains fly up, 
 and it is seen that the woman has disappeared, and in licr ])lace stands a white- 
 bearded caliph, while she appears at the rear dooi- of llic parquette smiling 
 behind her veil. Slie ])asscs down through the audience io ilie stage again. 
 In tlie meantime the cali])h has left the stage. 
 
 What follows is even more surj)rising. Tiie ciirtniiis of botli cages are' 
 ])iilled down, ilic calipli goes into ibe cage at the left and the odalisk into that 
 at the riglit. '^^Die cage containing the odalisk is I'aised on a hoisting rope so 
 that it hangs in midair with the dooi-s open. I'he doors arc closed, a shot is 
 fired; at the same instant the doors of both cages s])ring open and the curtains 
 are raised; the odalisk has disap])eared from the cage, which stands again on the 
 floor of the stage, but, at tlic same instant, she steps, as smiling as ever, from 
 the cage at the left, from which the caliph has vanished. The two cages stand
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 39 
 
 open and the audience can see right through them. The curtain falls and the 
 spectators rub their eyes in bewilderment. 
 
 The pulling down of the curtains serves to conceal the entrance of the 
 caliph in the box. When the odalisk is to vanish and the caliph to appear he 
 slips in from the board on the outside, while the odalisk takes her i)lace on the 
 board behind the screen. The odalisk who appears at the door of the audito- 
 rium and walks down through the audience is an exact double of the real 
 odalisk who is standing invisible behind the screen on the board of the cage 
 at the left. Owing to the i)eculiar costume of the odalisk tliis disguise is 
 rendered very easy. While the real odalisk is standing behind the screen on 
 the board of the cage at the left, the cali})h installs himself in the cage. The 
 false odalisk is then raised in the air in the second cage, through which the 
 audience has been able to see up to this time. A shot is now fired and just 
 at that time the odalisk moves very quickly on a board behind the screen and 
 the cage is let down and stands firmly on the floor, at the same moment the 
 odalisk in the other cage changing places with the caliph. The swinging cage 
 appears to be empty and a])parently the odalisk has passed through the air to 
 the other cage. The success of the trick depends upon making the spectators 
 believe that everything is done in cages through which they can see. 
 
 "THE APPEAEING LADY." 
 
 Of the many new illusions recently presented in Europe, an ingenious one 
 is that of the appearing lady, the invention of that clever Hungarian magician 
 Buatier de Kolta. 
 
 On the stage is seen a "• , , 
 
 plain round top four-leg 
 table, which the magician 
 has been using as a rest- 
 ing place for part of the 
 apparatus used in his 
 magic performance. 
 Eventually, the p e r - 
 former removes all arti- 
 cles from the table and 
 covers it with a cloth that 
 does not reach the floor. 
 Our first engraving rep- 
 resents the table in this 
 condition. On command, 
 the cloth gradually rises 
 
 from the center of the table as though something were pushing it up. In a 
 few moments it becomes very evident that some one; or something, is on the 
 
 / 
 
 §kJ.vK><w:C\. 
 
 TABLE KEADV KOI{ THE APrEAKANOE.
 
 40 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 table covered by the cloth. The magician now removes the cloth and a lady 
 is seen standing on the table, as shown in our second illustration. 
 
 The secret of this, as in all good illusions, is very simple, as the third illus- 
 tration will show. In the stage there is a trap door, over which is placed a 
 fancy rug that has a piece removed from it exactly the same size as the trap, 
 to which the j^iece is fastened. When the trap is closed the rug appears to be 
 
 THE APPEARING LADY. 
 
 an ordinary one. The table is ])laced directly over the trap. Below the stage 
 is a box, open at tlic to]), with cloth sides and wood bottom. To this box are 
 attached four very fine wires, that lead up through tlie stage by means of small 
 lioles where the irap ami floor join, over small pidleys in the frame of the 
 table and down througli the table legs, which are hollow, through the stage 
 to a windlass. In the table top is a trap that divides in the center and opens 
 outward. The top of the table is iuhiid in such a manner as to conceal the
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 41 
 
 edges of the trap. The lady takes her place in the box in a kneeling position, 
 the assistant stands at the windlass, and all is ready. Fig. 1 of our third 
 engraving shows the arrangement beneath the stage, and Fig. 3 the under 
 side of the table top. 
 
 The magician takes a large table cover, and, standing at the rear of table, 
 proceeds to cover it by throwing cloth over table, so tliat it reaches the floor 
 in front of the table, then slowly draws it \\\) over the table top. The moment 
 that the cloth touches the floor in front of the table, the trap is opened and the 
 
 DETAILS OF THE APPARATUS. 
 
 box containing the lady is drawn up under the table by means of the windlass, 
 and the trap closed. This is done very quickly, during the moment's time in 
 which the magician is straightening out the cloth to draw it l)ack over the 
 table. All that now remains to be done is for the lady to open the traj) in 
 table and slowly take her place on top of the table, and close the trap. 
 
 The top and bottom of the box by means of which the lady is placed under 
 the table are connected by means of three strong elastic cords placed inside of 
 the cloth covering. These elastics are for the purpose of keeping the bottom 
 and top frame of box together, except when distended by the weight of the 
 lady. Thanks to this arrangement of the box, it folds up as the lady leaves it 
 for her position on the table top, and is concealed inside of the frame of table
 
 43 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 after her weight is removed from it. A somewhat similar trick is called " The 
 Disappearing Lady." In this illusion the process is worked in the reverse 
 order. 
 
 "THE DISAPPEARmG LADY." 
 
 The accompanying figures illustrate a trick in which the prestidigitateur, 
 after placing a chair upon an open newspaper and seating a lady thereon, covers 
 her closely with a silk veil, and after the words " one^ two, three," lifts the veil 
 and shows that the lady has disappeared. 
 
 The newspaper is provided with a trap, which is concealed hy the printed 
 characters (Fig. 1). This trap is of the same size as the one that must exist 
 in the floor upon which one operates. As for the chair, that is generally an 
 
 mi 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 old affair, without any cross rod in front (Fig. 2). It is provided with a 
 movahle seat that lowers in oi'der to allow the lady to pass between the two 
 front legs. It is provided, besides, with a frame of wire which is invisible 
 on account of the feeble diameter of the latter, and which, attached to the 
 back, is turned backward on the side opposite the spectator. As soon as the 
 lady who is to be made to disa})pear is seated (Fig. 3), she causes the frame to 
 tilt and cover her head and shoulders. This operation is hidden by the veil 
 that the prestidigitateur spreads out nl this moment in front of the lady. 
 
 At this instant the operator actuates a spring, which opens the trap in the 
 floor. The lady passes between the legs of the chair (Fig. 4), and then through 
 the two traps, the one in ilic paper and the one in the floor. As soon as she 
 reaches the floor bcnc-illi llic stage she closes the trnp in the newspa])er with 
 gummed paper, mikI sliiils ihe one in the floor, and it might be thought that 
 she was still on tlie stage, a](li(»ugh she has disappeared. In fact, the veil, on
 
 MYSTERIO US DISA PPEARAM CES. 
 
 43 
 
 account of the wire frame, seems always to outline the contours of the vanished 
 subject. 
 
 After the operator has said "' one, two, three," he lifts the veil and causes 
 tlie wire frame to fall back. 
 
 Since this trick was hrst introduced it has been more or less perfected or 
 modified in its form, but the preceding description states the methods generally 
 employed in performing the trick. In some cases if the newspaper is carefully 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 examined, it will be found to be made of India rubber and to contain a large 
 rent at about the center. In the next chapter Avill be described an interesting 
 illusion called " She," in which the lady disappears while being supposed to be 
 cremated. This ingenious trick depends for a portion of the effect upon 
 mirrors, so it is placed with the other illusions requiring the aid of mirrors.
 
 44 31 AGIO: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 "THE MYSTERIOUS TRUNK." 
 
 A trick known by the name of the Indian Trunk, tlie Mysterious Trunk, 
 the Packer's Surprise, etc., formerly had much success in theaters of presti- 
 digitation. This trick, wliich may be presented in several ways, is executed by 
 different means, one of wliich we shall describe. 
 
 The following is in what the experiment consists: The prestidigitateur has 
 a trunk brought to him, which he allows the spectators to examine. When 
 every one is certain that it contains no mechanism, a person comes upon the 
 stage and enters the trunk. It is found that he fills it entirely, and the cover 
 is shut down. A spectator locks the trunk and guards the padlock. 
 
 The trunk is afterward wound in all directions with rope, the intersections 
 of the latter are sealed, and the whole is introduced into a bag provided with 
 leather straps, and which may in its turn l)e sealed at each of its buckles. 
 When the operation is finished, the spectators who have aided in the packing 
 remain on the spot to see that nothing makes its exit from the trunk, which has 
 been placed upon two wooden horses. The prestidigitateur then fires a pistol 
 over the trunk, which, when divested of its covering, ropes, and unbroken seals, 
 is found to be entirely empty. 
 
 The whole credit of the trick is due to the cabinet maker who con.structed 
 the trunk. The latter, in the first place, is exactly like an ordinary trunk, 
 and the closest examination reveals nothing out of the way about it. Yet one 
 of the ends, instead of being nailed, is secured by a pivot to the two long 
 sides, so that it can swing. The swinging motion is arrested by a spring plate 
 bolt. When the person in the interior presses upon a point corresponding to 
 this bolt, the pivot turns freely and the end of the trunk swings. 
 
 The following is the way that the operation is performed in order that the 
 spectators may not perceive the opening of the trunk. The operator's assist- 
 ant takes his place in the trunk, Avhich is closed and locked and the padlock 
 sealed. Some obliging s]iectators then aid in tying the trunk, around which 
 the rope is passed twice lengthwise, beginning at the side opposite the opening 
 part. T\\(i rope is Uicn passed over iliis ])art and runs in the axis of the pivots. 
 Then the trunk, for the convenience of tying, is tilted upon the end where 
 the rope passes. It is then that the assistant inclosed in the interior presses 
 iiie bolt. '^^I'lic (Mid of llic lriml< tlicii li;is a tendency to open, and as the 
 prestidigitateur lias taken care to tilt tlie trunk at a carefully marked point of 
 the stage fioor, the movable end meets in the latter with an exactly similar 
 lra|) tlint opens at ihe same liinc. iiiul it is llirough these two tra])S that the 
 invisible vanishing takes ])la(;e. As soon as tlie assistant has passed through 
 the trap, he pushes up the latter, and conse(pu'ntly the movable end of the 
 trunk, which closes upon its spring ])late bolt. 
 
 The time that it takes Ihe man to pass through the trap is insignificant,
 
 46 MAGIC: STAGlJ ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 and while the ropes are being crossed the operation might he j^erformed several 
 times. Afterward, there is nothing to be done but to proceed with the experi- 
 ment as we have said, care being taken, however, not to abuse the complaisance 
 of the spectators, and not to allow them to try the weight of the trunk. 
 
 When the vanished person descends beneath the stage, he is supported by 
 some other individual if the theater is not well appointed, and by a trap with a 
 counterpoise if the construction of the stage admits of it. This trap permits 
 of expediting things in certain cases of the reapj^earance of the confederate, 
 but is useless in the process described above. 
 
 Such is one of the artifices employed. Whatever be the process, the 
 presentation of it is often complicated by causing the person who has vanished 
 to reappear in a second trunk that has previously been ascertained to be empty 
 and that has been sealed and enveloped under the eyes of the spectators. It 
 will be easily comprehended that the operation here is reversed, and that the 
 confederate beneath the stage awaits the proper moment to be lifted into the 
 interior of the second trunk, whose movable end is opened outwardly by the 
 prestidigitateur at the desired moment. 
 
 Boxes with glass sides also have been constructed. Tlie management is the 
 same, but, as the person inclosed is visible up to the last moment, care must be 
 taken to so pass the ropes as not to interfere with the trap of the trunk, which 
 then consists of one of the sides, and which operates at the moment when 
 the trunk, bound with ropes, sealed and laid upon this side, is about to be 
 wrapped up. This presentation has still more effect upon the sj)ectators than 
 tbe preceding, and seems to present greater difficulties. 
 
 "THE INDIAN BASKET TRICK." 
 
 Among the most remarkable experiments performed by prestidigitateurs 
 should be cited that of the Indian basket, which, as its name indicates, is of 
 Asiatic origin. Travelers in Hindostan have often told us that the Indians 
 practice this wonderful trick upon the public places. The Indian magician 
 makes use of an oblong osier basket provided with a cover. He takes a child 
 and incloses it in this basket, and around the latter buckles a belt. Grasping 
 a sword, he thrusts it into the basket here and there, and pulls out the blade 
 all dripping with blood. 
 
 The spectacle is shocking, and the feelings of the s])octators become 
 wrought up to a high pitch. The magicinn ilicii ojjcus the basket, which, to 
 the surprise of all, is empty. 
 
 At a few yards distance cries are licard jU'occHMling fi-oiu ilie cliild wlio had 
 been inclosed in the basket, and who is now running forward sound and happy. 
 Kobert-lfoudin, who studied iliis juggler's iv'wk, cxplMincd it perfectly, and was
 
 liYSTERlOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 47 
 
 able to perform it himself. The basket used by the Indian prostidi^ritateiirs 
 is represented herewith. 
 
 Fig. 1 shows the basket open ready to receive the child. For the sake 
 of the explanation we have cut away one end. This basket is provided with a 
 double movable bottom, 
 A C B, the center of mo- 
 tion of which is at C. In 
 order to make the child 
 disappear, the cover being- 
 closed, the top of the bas- 
 ket is lowered by turning 
 it toward the spectators 
 (Fig. 3). But the bottom, 
 B, and the part A, that de- 
 pends upon it, do not take 
 part in this motion. The 
 weight of the child lying 
 upon the bottom forces the 
 latter to remain in place, 
 and by this fact the part 
 A C shuts off the bottom of 
 the basket (Fig. 2). 
 
 In order to turn the 
 basket over, the Indian 
 fastens it with strips of 
 leather, and, to facilitate 
 this operation, places his 
 knee on it. The child can 
 then easily hide himself under the robe worn by the magician. Replacing the 
 basket in its first position, the Indian insei'ts his sword and sticks the l)lade into 
 a small sponge fixed within and saturated witli a red liquid. Wliile Ihe atten- 
 tion of the spectators is absorbed by this exciting operation, the little Indian 
 escapes from beneath the robe, and runs a short distance from tlie spectators 
 without being seen. Iloudin says that when this trick is well performed, it has 
 a startling effect. In all the preceding tricks the magician has made way bod- 
 ily with assistants, we now come to a case of mutilation in which the luckless 
 clown must suffer decapitation. 
 
 THE INDIAN BASKET THICK.
 
 48 3IAG1C: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 DECAPITATION. 
 
 The means employed in this illusion is the old-fashioned " defunct " 
 method of decapitation, and although this lacks the refinement and scientific 
 interest of execution by electricity, it has a certain precision. 
 
 A NOVEL STAGE T]{ICK — UEt Al'ITATION. 
 
 The poor clown who sufi^ers the death penalty twelve times a week usually 
 enters the circus ring, or appears on the stage, as the case may be, and after 
 performing certain acrobaiic feats, commits some crime against his fellows, 
 for which lie is condemned to die. He is ])laced u])on the block; his head is 
 covercfl with a cloth. Harlequin approaches as executioner, and begins to cut 
 with a huge knife across the victim's neck. In a moment all is over, the cloth 
 is removed, and lljir'lcciuin lifts in the air the severed head. Deligliterl with 
 his trophy, he carries it about under his arm, ])laces it in a cliarger in the center 
 of the ring, and finally takes it back to the T)lock wrap])ed up in the cloth, and 
 places it by the side of the headless trunk. lie removes the cloth, and
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 49 
 
 then in sport places a lighted cigarette in its mouth. In a little while you 
 notice that the cigarette begins to glow, smoke comes from the nose, and the 
 eyes roll. Evidently the head has come to life. Not able to bear the horrible 
 sight, he throws the cloth again over the head, seizes it, places it in its original 
 position on the shoulders of the victim, kneads it to the body, and suddenly 
 the figure rises, head and all, and bows to the audience — an orthodox clown. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE DECAPITATI©N TRICK. 
 
 The trick is a good one, and takes with the audience. The way in which it is 
 done is explained in the second cut. 
 
 As soon as the clown lies on the box and his head has been covered with the 
 cloth, he passes his head through an invisible opening in the top of the box. 
 An assistant inside of the box passes up the dummy head, which is an exact 
 facsimile of the clown's head and face. This is seized by Harlequin, who 
 makes such sport of it as he sees fit. When he places it by the side of the 
 trunk, in reality he passes it through an opening in the top of the box to the 
 assistant within, who substitutes his own head (which is painted to match the 
 other two) in place of it. The other steps in the performance readily follow.
 
 50 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVEHSIONS. 
 
 I'he cloth which the harlequin always carries conceals all the sleight of hand, 
 and the whole performance is a series of surprises. 
 
 Another performance of a somewhat similar character was recently per- 
 formed at a theater in New York^ in which a clown throws himself on a sofa 
 and is cut in two by a harlequin. One part of the sofa with the body remains 
 in one part of the stage w^hile the other part with the legs and feet (which are 
 all the time vigorously kicking) disappear through a wing at the other end of 
 the stage. The action is very sudden and the effect startling. Of course, in 
 this case there are two men similarly dressed. The head and body of one of 
 them appears at the head of the sofa, while the body of the second clown is 
 concealed in the box under the seat at the other end of the sofa, the feet and 
 legs alone being exposed. 
 
 SPIEITUALISTIC TIES. 
 
 The following article is not written with the intention or desire to antago- 
 nize any believer in Spiritualism, but merely to explain how anti-spiritualists, 
 as well as several professional " mediums," secured their release after being 
 fastened in their cabinet. During the years the writer (Mr. Caulk) has been 
 before the public as a magician and cabinet performer, he has met a number 
 of cabinet test " mediums," and can safely say that all of these people who have 
 come under his observation have been imposters. This may be due, however, 
 to the bad fortune of the writer. 
 
 Tlie writer has been tied with ropes, fastened witli handcuffs, brass collars, 
 aiid chains, many tijnes in many different cities, and by people who were jvist 
 as alert as any investigator of spiritualistic phenomena, yet, unlike many 
 " mediums " he has met with, was never exposed. 
 
 The methods used are many, some simple^ others complicated, but all 
 mystifying. To the average auditor the most wonderful point is, how does 
 the performer release himself after being so securely bound? For the benefit 
 of the curious the writer Avill explain a few of the methods by which he has 
 secured his release after being fastened by a committee from the audience. 
 All anti-spiritualists, as well as several " mediums " personally known to the 
 writer, make use of these same methods of release, or otherg founded on the 
 same principle. 
 
 Among tbe many successful rope tests, the following is about tlie best. A 
 piece of soft cotton rope a])out six feet long, and of tlie size known as sash cord, 
 is securely tied around the ])erformer's left wrist, dividing the rope so that 
 the ends will be of an equal length. When the committee is satisfied that they 
 have Jiiadc tlu' knots secure, tlie performer ])laces liis hands behind him, with 
 the right wrist resting over the knots on tlie left wrist, and the ends of the 
 rope are S('curely tied together, bringing the knots down tight on the right 
 wrist. This appears fair enough, but it is not as fair as it appears, because,
 
 MYST^RIO US DISAPPIJA RANGES. 
 
 51 
 
 A ROPE TEST. 
 
 ^.>\^^ 
 
 while the knots are secure enough, there is suflfieient slack between the wrists 
 
 to enable the performer, by giving his right wrist a half turn, to withdraw this 
 
 hand from the rope encircling it. 
 
 The reader may say, '"n^ 
 
 "That is all well enough, » ']^n / 
 
 but how and by what 
 
 means does he secure this 
 
 slack?" 
 
 In ])lacing his hands 
 
 behind him after the rope 
 
 is tied about the left 
 
 wrist, he gives the rope a 
 
 twist and knot with 
 
 over the other, pressing 
 
 the twist down on the 
 
 knot and covering the 
 
 twist and knot with 
 
 the right wrist, which is 
 
 then tied. When ready to release himself, the performer gives his right 
 
 hand and wrist a half turn, releasing the twist lying on the knot, which thus 
 
 liecomes a part of the loop tied around the I'ight wrist, and enlarging it 
 
 sufficiently to enable the performer to pull the right hand free from the rope, 
 
 when he can perform any trick he chooses with the free hand. Our first and 
 
 second engravings show 
 the formation of the 
 twist, thus making the 
 above explanation clear. 
 By re])]acing the liand in 
 the loop and giving the 
 hand a half turn the 
 knots can be sliown as 
 secure as when first tied. 
 T h e " Spiritualistic 
 Post Test " is among the 
 latest and most successful 
 of mechanical fastenings. 
 A piece of wood f o u r 
 inches square and three 
 feet long is given to the 
 coiiiinittee, who bore a 
 hole through it near one 
 end, and then pass an ordinary rope through the hole, tying a knot in the rope 
 on each side of the post, pressing the knots against the post so that the rope 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE ROPE TEST.
 
 62 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 cannot be drawn through the post. The ends of the rope are now unraveled, 
 and the post secured to the floor of the cabinet. 
 
 The performer, standing behind the post, places his wrists against the knots 
 
 e^v ffi:->> /M 
 
 S^vK'^N^S,. ^ 
 
 THE SPIRITUALISTIC POST TEST. 
 
 in the rope, one on each side of the })ost, and the unravelled ends of the rope 
 are bound around his wrists and tied securely, and all knots are sealed with 
 wax. A large nail is driven in the top of the post, to which are fastened cords 
 tliat are passed out through the cabinet and held by members of the committee 
 in order that they may know if the performer moves the post in any manner 
 (luring ihc ])erforiiunice of any test, such as the ringing of bells, etc. Fig. %
 
 MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCES. 
 
 53 
 
 of our third engraving shows the performer tied to the post and the committee 
 hokling the cords. The curtains of the cabinet are closed and the usual nuini- 
 festations take place. 
 
 Before the performance a hole is bored in the center of the end of the 
 stick or post, in which is placed a chisel-shaped piece of steel sharpened at the 
 lower end and blunt at the upper end, as shown in Fig. 3 The opening in the 
 end of the post is now carefully closed and all signs of such an ojwning are 
 concealed by the aid of glue, sawdust, and a little dirt rubljed over it. 
 
 When the committee are invited to bore a hole in the post, the performer 
 takes care to start the bit, in order that there will be no mistake about getting 
 the hole directly beneath the chisel concealed in the post. When tlie rope is 
 passed through the hole and knotted it is directly under the sharp edge of the 
 chisel, with a thin layer of wood between. When the nail is driven in tlie 
 top of the post it strikes the chisel, forcing it through the thin sliell of wood 
 above the rope and through the rope, thus releasing the performer, wlio can 
 withdraw his hands from the post and do any trick he chooses, and when 
 finished, by merely replacing the ends of the rope in the holes from Avhich he 
 removed them, and holding the hands tight against the post, can allow a most 
 rigid examination of the seals to show that it was not possible for him to liave 
 released his hands, and the persons hold- 
 ing the cords that are fastened to the 
 nail testify that they did not feel any 
 movement of the performer or the post. 
 
 The Handcuff Test is a great favorite 
 of the " medium." In this test the per- 
 former uses any pair of handcuff's furnished 
 by the audience, and by them put on him. 
 Yet, in a very few moments after he takes 
 liis place in the cabinet, his coat is thrown 
 out, but on examination the handcuffs are 
 found to be on his wrists just as they were 
 placed by the audience. As a final test, 
 the performer comes out of the cabinet 
 holding the handcuff's in his hand, removed 
 from the wrist but locked. 
 
 The explanation of this trick is very 
 simple, but, like many simple tricks, very 
 mysterious. There are only a few styles of 
 handcuffs made in this country, and all 
 that a " medium " has to do is to secure 
 the proper key for each style, which keys 
 are concealed about the person, and by the aid of fingers and teeth tlie j)r()per 
 key can be fitted to the handcuffs. In some types of handcuffs it is impossible 
 
 THE Sl'IKIT COI.LAIJ.
 
 64 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 to get the fiugers to the key -hole. If such a pair is placed on the performer aud 
 he cannot use his teeth to hold the key, he slips the key in a crack in the 
 chair or cabinet, which crack he makes sure is there before undertaking the 
 test, thus holding the key and unlocking the handcuffs. 
 
 As the space allotted for this article is limited, the writer will explain 
 but one other piece of apparatus used to secure the " medium," which is known 
 as the Spirit Collar. 
 
 The collar is made of brass, and fits closely about the performer's neck. 
 Through the openings in the ends of the collar is passed a chain, after the 
 collar is on the ^performer's neck, and this chain is passed around a post, 
 carried back and through the padlock which is used to lock the collar. By this 
 arrangement the performer is fastened securel}'' to a post, at least it appears so 
 to the audience. This collar is shown in our fourth engraving. As seen by 
 the cut, the collar is decorated with a number of small bolts, which impart to 
 it an additional appearance of strength. 
 
 These bolts are all false Avith one exception. This genuine bolt can be 
 removed by the performer when the collar is on his neck, thus allowing the 
 collar to come apart at the hinge, as shown in the cut, thus releasing the per- 
 former, allowing him full liberty to perform any trick he wishes, and permit- 
 ting him to again apparently fasten himself securely. This loose bolt fits so 
 securely that there is no danger of any of the committee removing it with their 
 fingers. The performer uses a small wrench to remove the bolt.
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 OPTICAL TPJCKS. 
 
 The prestidigitateiir has always been indebted more or less to the use of 
 reflection from mirrors and j^late glass as an important adjunct in conjuring. 
 Many of the illusions in the succeeding pages have often been used as an enter- 
 tainment in themselves so that it might really be termed " side show science." 
 Without doubt the most famous of all the illusions in which effects of ligliting 
 are used is " Pepper's Ghost " which was devised by that eminent experimentor 
 on physical and chemical science, John Henry Pepper. There are a number 
 of variations of the Pepper Ghost of which the " Cabaret du Neant " is an 
 excellent example. 
 
 THE "CABAKET DU NEANT." 
 
 The name " C aha ret du Neant, ^^ or "Tavern of the Dead" ("non-exist- 
 ing "), has been given by the proprietors to a recent Parisian sensation ; it was 
 also exhibited in New York. The interest of course centers in the ghost illu- 
 sion. 
 
 The spectators on entering the Caharet pass through a long hall hung with 
 black and find themselves in a spectral restaurant. Along the walls coffins are 
 placed for tables, and on the end of each coffin is a burning candle. From 
 the center of the ceiling hangs what is termed " Robert Macaire's chandelier," 
 made to all appearances of bones and skulls. The spectators are here at liberty 
 to seat themselves at the tables and are served with what ihey desire by a 
 mournful waiter dressed like a French mourner with a long crape streamer 
 hanging from his silk hat. Around the walls of the room are placed pictures 
 to which the spectator's attention is called by the lecturer. Seen by the light 
 of the room these pictures are ordinary scenes, but a new aspect is given to each 
 when lights directly behind it are turned on; the figures in it appear as skele- 
 tons, each picture being in fact a transparency giving a different effect as it is 
 lighted from the rear or as seen simply by reflected light. The second chamber 
 is now entered; it is hung with black throughout. On the walls tears are 
 painted, and in close juxtaposition are two somewhat incongruous inscriptions, 
 " Requiescat in pace," and " No smoking." The reason for the latter admoni-
 
 56 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 tion, which is also given by the lecturer, is that for the success of the illusion 
 an absolutely clear atmosphere is essential. At the end of this second chamber, 
 at the back of a stage, is seen a coffin standing upright, in which one of the 
 audience is requested to place himself. Entering the stage by the side door, 
 he is conducted by an attendant to the coffin and placed in it. Blocks of wood 
 are placed for him to stand on in quantity sufficient to bring his head to the 
 right height so that the top of it just presses against the top of the coffin, and 
 the attendant with great care adjusts his height according to the predetermined 
 
 THE SUBJECT AND HIS SKELETON, 
 
 position. Two rows of Argand burners illuminate his figure, which is then 
 wrapped in a white sheet. Now, as the spectators watch him, he gradually 
 dissolves or fades away and in his place appears a skeleton in the coffin. 
 Again, at the word of command the skeleton in its turn slowly disappears, and 
 the draped figure of the spectator appears again. The illusion is perfect to the 
 outer audience; the one in the coffm sees absolutely nothing out of the com- 
 mon. His interest, if he knows what is going on, is centered in watching the 
 changing expression of the spectators, being increased by the fact that at their 
 period of greatest astonishment he is absolutely invisible, although directly 
 before them and seeing them more plainly than ever. After the restoration 
 to life one or more auditors are put through the same performance, so that 
 the recent occupant of the coffin can see what he has gone through. 
 
 The third chamber is now entered, somewhat similar to the second, but on
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 57 
 
 its stage is a table and seat, all the walls Leing lined with black. One of the 
 auditors is invited to seat himself at the table on the stage. Ho does it, and, 
 as before, sees nothing. 
 
 AYhile the description of 
 the lecturer and the ap- 
 pearance and comments 
 of the audience tell him 
 that something very in- 
 teresting is going on, the 
 remarks will probably 
 disclose to him the fact 
 that this time at least he 
 is never out of their 
 sight. He leaves the 
 stage and his place is 
 taken by another, and 
 then he understands the 
 nature of the drama in 
 which he has been an 
 unconscious participator. 
 He sees the other spec- 
 tator seated alone at the 
 table. Suddenly a spirit, 
 
 perhaps of an old man, appears at the other side of the table, while a bottle and 
 glass are seen upon the table. When exhorted to help himself to the liquid, 
 the performing spectator's idle gestures show that he certainly does not see 
 the glass, through which his hand passes unobstructed. Or perhaps it is a 
 woman who appears and makes the most alluring gestures toward him who 
 never sees her. This concludes the exhibition, which as accessory has the 
 strains of a funeral march, the ringing of deep-sounding bells as room after 
 room is entered, and the appearance of a brown-robed monk who acts as 
 Charon to introduce the spectator to his place in the coffin. In one of our 
 illustrations we show, side by side, the coffin with its living occupant draped 
 in a sheet and in the other the skeleton which appears in his place. Two other 
 cuts show the scenes between the spectator at the table and the specters, illus- 
 trating how active a part the specters take, they being no mere painted appear- 
 ances, but evidently living, moving things. Our large illustration shows pre- 
 cisely how it is done and so clearly that an explanation is hardly needed. The 
 floor of the stage is represented. To the left are seen the spectators and the 
 performer at the piano discoursing his lugubrious melodies. To the right is 
 seen Charon, and directly in front of him the coffin with its living occupant. 
 "When lighted up by the burners shown near him, the other burners being 
 turned down, the coffin with its occupant is all that is seen by the spectator. 
 
 THE SHEETED GHOST.
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 59 
 
 Directly in front of the coffin, crossing the stage ol)liquely, is a large sheet 
 of the clearest plate glass, which offers no impediment to the view of the coffin 
 with its occupant, when the latter is fully illuminated. At one side of the 
 stage, in the back of the 
 })icture, is a painting of 
 a skeleton in a coilin 
 with its own set of Ar- 
 gand burners. It is 
 screened from view. 
 When strongly illumi- 
 nated, and when the 
 lights of the real coffin 
 are turned down, the 
 spectators see reflected 
 from the glass a brilliant 
 image of the pictured 
 coffin and skeleton. By 
 turning up one set of 
 burners as the others are 
 turned down a perfect 
 dissolving effect is ob- 
 tained, skeleton replac- 
 ing spectator and vice 
 versa at the will of the 
 exhibitor. 
 
 The magic lantern operator always realizes that to secure a good dissolving 
 effect perfect registration is essential. In the securing of this lies the secret 
 of the coffin exhibit of the Cabaret du Neant. By the blocks on which the 
 occupant of the coffin stands, and by the adjustment of his liead by the at- 
 tendant, the head is brought into perfect registration with the reflected head 
 of the skeleton. The wrapping with the sheet, presumably the enveloping in 
 a shroud, is done with a purpose. It covers the body from the shoulders down 
 and extends to the very bottom of the coffin, covering the blocks also, thus 
 doing away with all defects of registration which would be inciirred in the 
 persons of spectators of different heights. In other words, tlie exhibition fits 
 out everybody with a skeleton of precisely the same height, however tall or 
 short he may be, the draping of the sheet and accurate position of the head 
 concealing from the spectators this inaccuracy, the skull occupying precisely 
 the place of the head, the rest taking care of itself. 
 
 Still referring to the large cut, it Avill be seen that it serves to explain the 
 exhibition in the other chamber. Instead of the coffin there is the table and 
 chair, and in place of the pictured skeleton a live performer is placed. In this 
 act there is no dissolving effect; by turning up the lights at the side of the 
 
 THE FEMALE smRIT.
 
 60 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 stage any object desired and performers dressed as spirits are made to appear 
 upon the stage, being reflected from the glass plate. The spectators simul- 
 taneously see their companion sitting at the table and the reflections of the 
 ghosts apparently executing tlieir movements about him. 
 
 From the scientific as well as scenic aspect, the exhibition is most interest- 
 ing, and to one who knows how it is performed, the interest is vastly enhanced. 
 To properly enjoy it, the stage position should be taken during one or both 
 performances. 
 
 I 
 
 THE THREE-HEADED WOMAN. 
 
 In this illusion the spectators are separated from the stage by a balustrade 
 — behind which is seen the curtain. In a few moments the latter is drawn 
 back and there is distinctly seen a woman's body the lower part of which is 
 hidden by a basket of flowers. This body has three heads, one in the middle 
 and two others grafted at the base of the neck of the first. The heads move 
 their eyes, answer questions and sing, and finally salute the audience, and the 
 curtains are drawn together and the 2')erformance is over. As in many tricks 
 
 of this kind the showman 
 usually announces that for 
 an additional admission the 
 secret of the illusion will be 
 divulged. The visitor then 
 enters the side scene and 
 perceives that on the little 
 stage where the phenom- 
 enal woman just appeared, 
 nothing is visible but a 
 large plate of glass slightly 
 inclined towards the audi- 
 ence and its edges hidden 
 by drapery. Behind the 
 mirror there is a recess 
 whose sides are covered 
 with a jet black fabric. In 
 front of the mirror on the 
 stage sits the basket of 
 flowers from which issued 
 the woman's body. On an inclined board which rests against the screen or 
 balustrade lie three young girls; one of these, the middle one, is clothed in 
 a ])rilliaut costume of light-colored silk, and it is she who in the exhibi- 
 tion makes trunk, arms, and the middle head. The lower part of her body 
 
 THE THHKK-irKADKI) I-ADY.
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 fil 
 
 is covered over with a black fabric and she is supported by a cushion which 
 permits the two other girls to place their necks closely against hers. The 
 bodies of these two girls at the sides are completely covered with fabric of a 
 dead black color. In front of these three young women are placed powerful 
 lights. The heads, hair, and arms of the " body " are covered with powder 
 so as to present completely white surfaces. All the white or light-colored 
 surfaces being strongly lighted by the lamps reflect, the light; the image is 
 thus made upon the spectator. ■ 
 
 " AMPHITEITE." 
 
 This illusion, which is presented under the name of " Amphitrite," is as 
 follows: When the representation is about to begin, the curtain of a small stage 
 
 ^ 
 
 AMPHITKITK 
 
 rises. There is observed a circular aperture, cut in a screen, over which is 
 stretched transparent muslin. 
 
 About six feet behind the latter there is a scene representing the sky with 
 clouds; below, in the foreground, there is a canvas representing the sea.
 
 63 3IAGI0: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 " Ampliitrite, come forth!" exclaims the person in charge of the show. 
 All at once, a woman in the costume of an opera nymph rises from the sea 
 without anything being visible to support her in space, in which she turns 
 round and round, gracefully moving her legs and arms, now in one direction, 
 and then in another. When the exhibition is at an end, she straightens out 
 m the position of a swimmer about to make a dive, and plunges behind the 
 curtain representing the ocean. 
 
 The illusion that we have just described may be performed as follows: 
 Amphitrite is an image — a specter analogous to those of Robin. If we im- 
 agine that a trans- 
 l)arent glass, M M., in 
 our diagram, is in- 
 clined 45° with re- 
 spect to the stage, a 
 person clad in light 
 clothing, lying hori- 
 zontally upon a black 
 background beneath 
 the stage, and well 
 illuminated, will ex- 
 hibit an upright im- 
 age behind the glass. 
 This image will 
 a])pear to be formed 
 in front of the back 
 canvas, T T. Now, 
 as Am])hitrite is lying upon a table, P P, she will be able to go throiigh her 
 evolutions and bend herself in a circle; and if, during this time, the table, 
 movable upon its axis, A, is revolved, her image will turn in all directions. 
 Finally, to cause Amphitrite to appear or disappear, it will suffice to slide the 
 table upon rails, thus bringing it in front of or behind the glass. Amphitrite 
 should be placed upon an absolutely black background. Her costume should 
 be of a light color with metallic spangles, and she should be illuminated by 
 a powerful electric light. 
 
 The muslin stretched in front of the screen is designed to arrest anything 
 that jesters might throw against the glass, and which, sticking thereto might 
 explain a part of the mystery. 
 
 diagram: explaining the amphitrite illusion.
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 63 
 
 "THE MYSTEEY OF DR. LYNN. 
 
 In this illusion which was presented at the " Folies Bergeres," at Paris,, the 
 stage is rather larger than in most of the talking heads and other analogous 
 tricks. At a short distance from the spectator is observed a woman cut off 
 at the thighs and resting on a small swinging shelf. The showman moves the 
 shelf laterally, and at a signal the exhibitor removes the shelf, and the half- 
 length body appears suspended in the air. The question which every visitor 
 asks is, where is the rest of the body ? In many of the tricks of talking heads, 
 isolated busts, etc., the illusion is obtained by the aid of mirrors, but the mys- 
 tery of Dr. Lynn is obtained in a much simpler manner. All painters 
 know that in a very strongly lighted picture the bright colors stand out at 
 the expense of the half-tones and dark colors, and this effect is greater as the 
 light becomes brighter. It is upon this principle that the Dr. Lynn trick is 
 based. The lower part of the bust seen is a dummy upon which the upper part 
 of the woman's body lies, the remainder of her body being extended nearly 
 horizontally upon a board which is capable of swinging and following the 
 motion of the shelf. 
 All this portion is 
 hidden by opaque 
 black drapery so ar- 
 ranged as not to re- 
 flect the light at any 
 point. The bust and 
 shelf receive a very 
 intense light ; then 
 immediately behind 
 there is seen intense 
 darkness, forming an 
 ■absolutely dark back- 
 ground. The latter is 
 rendered still darker 
 by the brilliant cords 
 
 of the shelf, a metallic chain and a dagger suspended beneath it, as well as a 
 white handkerchief which seems to have been dropped upon the stage by 
 accident. At least six powerful gas burners or electric lights with reflectors 
 are turned towards the spectators, so that it will be seen that the latter are in 
 a manner dazzled by everything that strikes the eye in the foreground, and that 
 beyond this they see absolutely nothing but a black background. 
 
 Another variation of the illusion of the "Decapitated Princess," wliich will 
 be described later on, is obtained without the aid of mirrors. A young girl 
 
 THE ILLUSION EXPLAINED.
 
 64 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 appears before the audience, accompanied by an executioner clad in red, and 
 armed with the traditional axe of his profession. The curtain then drops, and 
 rises in a few moments, the stage being somewhat darkened. Near the exe- 
 cutioner can be perfectly distinguished the girl's head lying on a round table 
 at the back of the stage. The body is seen lying on the bed a few feet from 
 her head and at her side is the fatal block that had served for execution. The 
 trick is the same as the preceding one; it requires, however, two persons of the 
 same size, wearing the same costume, to carry out the illusion successfully. 
 One of these, the one who shows herself to the public, makes the head, her 
 body being hidden behind the cloth in the rear of the stage, which is in dark- 
 ness, as has just been explained. The other, who makes the body, has her head 
 bent far back and hidden in a sort of box, a false cardboard neck contributing 
 to increase the illusion. 
 
 "BLACK AET.'' 
 
 To the Yogi and Mahatmas of India, the magicians and illusionists of 
 Europe and America are indebted for the ideas of many of their best tricks 
 and illusions. While the published reports of many of the alleged marvelous 
 effects produced by the " wonder workers " of India must be taken with a very 
 large amount of salt, yet we riiust give these people due credit for being the 
 originators of many tricks from which the modern magician has taken prin- 
 ciples on which he has founded and created several of the grandest and most 
 successful illusions of modern times. 
 
 Take, for instance, the illusion known as " Black Art," or the " Midnight 
 Mysteries of the Yogi," made famous in this country by those master minds 
 of magic, Harry Kellar and the late Alexander Hermann. The weird illu- 
 sion is founded on an idea advanced by the Yogi of India. 
 
 No doubt nearly all of the readers of this article have seen " Black Art " 
 presented by one of the above named magicians, yet the number who could 
 advance a plausible explanation of how it was done, are very few, because as 
 soon as one thinks that he has discovered the secret, the performer produces 
 an effect in direct variance witli the principle on which the illusion appears 
 to be founded. 
 
 In this illusion the entire stage froin tlie first groove to the rear is hung 
 witli black velvet, the floor covered with black felt, and the top is covered 
 with black velvet, thus forining a large room lined entirely in black. The 
 regular footlights are turned out, and a special set are used, that consist of 
 a row of open gas jets ])laeed on a line with the boxes, and carried up the out- 
 side of the black room, as shown in the large engraving. 
 
 The lights tlirougliout tlie entire house arc either turned very low or put 
 out, with the exception of the special lights mentioned above.
 
 €6 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 The curtain rises, disclosing the black chamber. In a moment the magician 
 appears, dressed in a white suit; a wave of his hand, and a white wand appears 
 floating in the air, which the magician secures. A wave of the wand, and a 
 table appears on the right, then a second table appears on the left. A large 
 vase appears on one of the tables, and a second vase appears on the magician's 
 outstretched hand. Both of the vases are shown and proven empty, and in 
 one is placed a few orange seeds, and the wand is passed over the vase, which 
 instantly becomes filled with oranges. The oranges are poured into the second. 
 
 AN ASSISTANT KEMOVING THE TABLE COVER. 
 
 then returned to the first vase, when they disa])p('ar as quickly and as mysteri- 
 ously as they appeared, and the vases are again sho\\n em])ty, and again placed 
 one on each of the tables. A borrowed watch is placed in one of the vases, 
 from which it disappears and is found in ihc; vase on the other ta1)le. A life- 
 size skeleton now appears and dances around tlic stage, becomes dismembered, 
 the separated parts floating about, but they finally rearticulate themselves, and 
 the skeleton vanishes. Now a rabbit is seen in one of the vases, from which 
 it is taken by the performer, and in liis hands it becomes two, which are 
 tossed in the air and disappear. 
 
 The number and stylo of tricks performed in tlie mysterious black chamber
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 67 
 
 are almost unlimited, but an explanation of the ones mentioned above will 
 suffice to show how " Black Art " is performed. 
 
 While the stage is draped in black, everything that appears is painted white, 
 and the magician is dressed in white. There is an assistant on the stage all 
 through the act, but as he is dressed in black, with gloves on his hands and a 
 hood over his head, made of black velvet, he is not seen by the spectators, whose 
 sight is somewhat dazzled by the open gas jets. The tables are on the stage, 
 
 THE DISARTICULATED SKELETON. 
 
 but covered with pieces of Ijlack velvet, rendering tliem invisible. The second 
 engraving shows how the assistaiit removes the piece of velvet and causes a 
 table to appear at the magician's command. 
 
 The vases are also s-itting on the stage, but covered with pieces of black 
 velvet. By picking up the covered vases the assistant can cause tbem to 
 appear, by removing the velvet, one on the table and the other on the per- 
 former's hand. The oranges are in a black velvet bag, from which the assist- 
 ant pours them into the vase. To cause the oranges to vanish, the magician, 
 mstead of pouring them into tbe vase, pours them into the open mouth of a 
 large black bag held by the assistant just over the lower vase. The transposi-
 
 68 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 tion of the watch from one vase to the other is just as easy. The assistant 
 merely removes it from the vase in which the performer placed it, and places 
 it in the second vase. The manipulation of the rabbit is equally simple. The 
 assistant places the first one in the vase by means of a black bag in which it 
 was concealed, then places the second one in the performer's hands from a 
 second small bag. In vanishing the rabbits the performer merely tosses them 
 up into a large open-mouthed black bag held by the assistant. 
 
 The skeleton is made of papier 
 mache, painted white, and fas- 
 tened on a thin board that is 
 sawed to shape and covered with 
 black velvet. One arm and one 
 leg are jointed so as to be readily 
 removed and replaced by the 
 assistant when he is operating the 
 skeleton. The last two illustra- 
 tions fully explain the method of 
 construction and manipulation of 
 the skeleton. 
 
 The tables are made either of 
 wood or papier mache and painted 
 white. The vases are made of 
 papier mache, painted white on 
 the outside and black on the in- 
 side. The reason the inside of 
 the vases are painted black is to 
 o^ih^v^^. prevent the hand of the assistant 
 
 THE JOINTED PAPEK SKELETON. ^^elug SCCU whcU hc plaCCS it lu 
 
 the vase. 
 This is one of the most expensive of stage illusions, costing several hundred 
 dollars to properly stage it with the best drapery and accessories, and unless 
 sucli are used the proper illusory effect is lost. In magic as well as in other 
 business, cheap apparatus is dear at any price.
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 69 
 
 THE TALKING HEAD. 
 
 Probably the most common of all of the illusions which depend uj^on 
 mirrors is the Talking Head uj)on a table. The illustration is almost self- 
 explanatory. The apparatus consists only of a mirror fixed to the side legs of 
 the table. The mirror hides the body of the girl, who is on her knees and 
 seated on a small stool^ and reflects the straw which covers the floor so as to 
 
 TILE TALKING HEAU. 
 
 make it appear continuous under the table; likewise it reflects the front leg of 
 the table so as to make it appear at an equal distance from the other side and 
 thus produce the illusion of the fourth leg. It also reflects the end of the red 
 fabric hanging in front of the table and thus makes it appear to hang down 
 from behind. The visitor stands only a few inches away from the table and 
 head. Such proximity of the spectator and actor would seem to favor the 
 discovery of the trick, but on the contrary it is indispensable to its success. 
 
 THE LIVING HALF-WOMAN. 
 
 This illusion is a very ingenious improvement on the " Talking Head." 
 On entering the small booth in which it is usually exhibited, we perceive
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 71 
 
 an elegant little room decorated with flowers and lights and hung with 
 tapestry. In front there are two railings and the floor is covered with a 
 carpet. In the center is seen a small table on which rests a kind of three- 
 legged stool supporting a cushion and the half body. The lady shows she has 
 arrived by moving her arms and head and speaking and singing. Tiie visitor 
 can see the four legs of the table and can perfectly distinguish the space under 
 the stool, the whole scene being brilliantly lighted, contrary to the usual 
 custom in any such illusions. 
 The secret of the illusion is as 
 follows: 
 
 The stool is formed only 
 of a hollowed out disk whose 
 supports are connected by two 
 mirrors that make with each 
 other an angle of forty-five 
 degrees. These mirrors rest on 
 the top of the table which was 
 decorated in regular designs 
 in mosaic and reflect the latter 
 in such a way that they seem 
 to continue uninterruptedly 
 under the stool. The table 
 presents an analogous arrange- 
 ment, its side legs being con- 
 nected with the middle one by 
 two mirrors. These mirrors 
 
 reflect not only the designs of the carpet which by their continuity produce 
 the illusion of a vacancy, but also two table legs located on each side behind 
 the railing, as shown in our small engraving; the mirror to the left transmits 
 to the spectators on that side the image of the leg placed on the left and this 
 image seems to them to be the fourth leg of the table. The mirror to the 
 right plays the same rdU with regard to the spectators on that side. These 
 mirrors in addition hide the lower part of the girl's body. 
 
 EXPLANATORY OF THE HALF-WOMAN.
 
 '^2 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS 
 
 SHE. 
 
 During the season of 1891-92, among various interesting things to be seen 
 at the Eden Musee, perhaps tlie most interesting, and at tlie same time tlie most 
 scientific, was the weird spectacle entitled " She," exhibited by Powell, the 
 
 /SKM'^^ 
 
 K 
 
 ^^"^^''^^ 
 
 PREPARED FOR CREMATION. 
 
 well-known illusionist, and suggested by the Cave sceue in H. Eider Haggard's 
 celebrated novel " She." 
 
 In this scene a beautiful young lady mounts a table arranged in an alcove 
 formed by a folding screen. Above the victim is suspended a cylindrical cloth 
 screen. The screen is lowered to the level of the table, completely inclosing 
 the subject. The table apparently has four legs, and four candles shown 
 beneath it indicate that the space underneath the table is open and clear. The 
 cylindrical screen is shown to be entire, with openings only at the upper
 
 TUK ESO.VPE. 
 
 ^^^"x" 
 
 .1& 
 
 THE BURNING.
 
 74 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 and lower endS;, and no openings are seen in tlie folding screen which partly 
 surrounds the table. Upon the firing of a pistol the occupant of the table is 
 ignited, and smoke and flame bursting from the screen indicate that the 
 work of destruction is going on within. When the fire is burned out the screen 
 is lifted, and nothing remains upon the table but a few smouldering embers 
 and a pile of bones surmounted by a skull. Close observation does not reveal 
 any way of escape for the young woman. It is, however, obvious that the 
 magician cannot afford to sacrifice such a subject every evening, and the spec- 
 tators are forced to conclude that the whole affair is a very clever trick. In 
 fact, it is simply a modification of the beheaded lady and numerous other 
 tricks based upon the use of plane mirrors. The table has but two legs, the 
 
 other two which appear being simply 
 l|, reflections. The central standard sup- 
 
 j ports but two candles, the other two 
 
 being reflections. Underneath the table, 
 and converging at the central standard, 
 are arranged two plane mirrors at an 
 angle of 90° with each other and 45° 
 with the side panels of the screen. By 
 means of this arrangement the side 
 panels, which are of the same color as the 
 central or back panel, are reflected in 
 the mirror and appear as a continuation 
 of the back 2:)anel. The triangular box, 
 of which the mirrors form two sides, has 
 a top composed in part of the table top 
 and in part of mirror sections for reflect- 
 ing the back panel, or with a covering 
 of the same color as the back panel. 
 
 The operation of the apparatus is 
 now obvious. Wlien the victim is in- 
 closed by the cylindrical screen, she 
 immediately escapes through a trap door in the table top, places the bones and 
 the fireworks u])on the table, and at the firing of the pistol ignites the latter 
 and retires, closing tlie trap door after her. 
 
 / 
 
 THE FINISH. 
 
 "THE QUEEN OE FLO WEES." 
 
 One of Mr. Kellar's recent illusions is what lie is pleased to call " The 
 Queen of Flowers." Our first engraving represents the stage as the audience 
 sees it, and the last cut will help to explain it to the reader. The back- 
 ground, set against curtains, is about ten feet long and eight feet high, and 
 represents a mass of flowers and bushes indiscriminately thrown together, with
 
 *m
 
 76 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 blue sky above. There is a little flat roof which projects out about three feet 
 from the bottom of the screen and is supported by four red j^oles. The 
 bottom is a floor raised about a foot from the stage^ and in front of each of the 
 three divisions made by the poles between the stage proper and the floor of this 
 improvised summer house is placed an electric light. The audience usually 
 wonders what these lights are for in this strange place; but as audiences always 
 accept anything shown them by the prestidigitateur, these lights do not disturb 
 
 ^C\K\A^\. 
 
 ENTIIANCE TO THE CABINET. 
 
 them very much except by dazzling them, as they are meant to do. So much 
 for the setting. There being no doors or screens or curtains of any kind, the 
 spectators have the satisfied feeling that there is no deception there, for they 
 can see all there is to see. They can, that is true, only they don't realize how 
 much they are seeing. 
 
 ]\rr. Kellar next brings a semicircular stand which he ])laces in front of the 
 middle ])anel at the height of the floor. At the roof is fixed a brass rod in the 
 form of a semicircle, from whicli hangs a curtain inclosing the little stand. 
 This, liowever, cannot do much good, for, as Mr. Kellar says, tliose on the 
 extreme right and left of the audience can still see quite behind the curtain, 
 through the summer house, and they believe him, not only because he told
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 11 
 
 them so, but because they can see with their own eyes. What coukl be more 
 convincing! In a moment the curtain is withdrawn and a beautiful lady 
 surrounded by flowers is seen standing on the little platform. 
 
 The last engraving will explain matters. The lines extending from the 
 two center poles to the background represent double mirrors; tbat is, each 
 mirror consists of two mirrors back to back, running from the iloor to the 
 roof of the summer house. On account of the indefinite arrangement of the 
 flowers painted on the back scene in monotonous design, the spectators do 
 not notice the mirrors. These, of course, form a passageway through which 
 anyone can walk from behind the scenes to the stand behind the curtain, 
 while the audience is still keeping guard with its ever watchful eye. 
 
 "THE DECAPITATED PEINCESS." 
 
 In this illusion the exhil)itor states that it is the head of an Egyptian 
 Princess who was accused of treason and beheaded. The head is exhibited in 
 
 ILLUSION OF THE DECAPITATED PRINCESS.
 
 '^8 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 a curtained recess and it rejioses upon two swords lying across the arms of the 
 chair. The chair is upliolstered in red plusli and is placed close to the curtain 
 at the back of the recess. At the back of the chair is an opening just below 
 the level of the tops of the chair arms. This opening is not seen from the 
 front, as it is concealed by a mirror that is placed between the arms of the 
 chair at an angle of 45°. The ends of the mirror rest in folds of the fan-shape 
 
 "3^t 
 
 TIIK DK( Al'ITATED PRINCESS — EXPLANATION OF ITJ.TTSION. 
 
 upholstering on the inside of the chair arms. The lower edge of the mirror 
 is resting on the bottom of the chair and the upper edge is concealed by laying 
 one of the swords on it, as may be seen in the other illustration. At the 
 proper angle the bottom of tlic cliair is reflected in the mirror, leaving the 
 impression that one is looking at the back. The folds in the upholstering of 
 the inside of the arms eirectually conceal the ends of the mirror. There is a 
 hole in the rear curtain directly opposite the hole in the chair back, through
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 79 
 
 which there passes a board supported at one end by resting on the seat of the 
 chair and at the other end by a small box or any convenient article. 
 
 The lady who is to impersonate the princess takes her position on this board 
 with her chin just above the edge of the mirror, the second sword is placed at 
 the back of her head and a wide lace collar that she wears around her neck is 
 adjusted so as to rest nicely on the two. swords. The second illustration shows 
 the board in position, passed through the curtain, with the lady lying on it, 
 her head on the swords and the lace collar in position. The curtain in the rear 
 must be close to the chair, but the side curtains are removed about five feet. 
 The board is padded so as to make the lady as comfortaljle as possible. 
 
 "STELLA.". 
 
 The following illusion is similar to the " Decapitated Princess." A small 
 stage is partitioned off l)y curtains. In the center of tlie stage, suspended in 
 
 AN ISOLATED HEAD IN THE CENTER OK A STAGE. 
 
 space, is a young girl's head, the neck of which starts from a satin collar. 
 This head is isolated on every side. One sees the rear of the stage, the sides, 
 the top and the bottom, and the brilliant illumination leaves no portion in 
 shadow. The head speaks and smiles and finally blows out a lighted candle. 
 The exhibitor then disappears behind the side scenes with the candle.
 
 80 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 He now, as it seems, draws out a panel in the back of the stage, and through 
 the aperture thus formed the spectator very distinctly sees the top of a table 
 and upon it a candle which the head has just extinguished. Now this aperture 
 is directly under the head, but much farther off, and is in the direction the 
 body would occupy if the head possessed one. The absence of the body is 
 therefore apparently demonstrated to the visitors. 
 
 The illusion was oljtained by means of a simple mirror which starting from 
 the upper part of the back of the stage descended obliquely to the front. In 
 the center of this there was an opening which was concealed by the satin collar 
 and through this the young girl passed her head. The inclination of the 
 mirror was, in fact, indicated by a gold rod designed to hide the junction of the 
 mirror and the side. The arrangement will be better understood by reference 
 to the annexed diagram, which belongs to the same illusion, only the clown is 
 substituted for the girl's head. 
 
 Now, by virtue of the optical law that " an object reflected from a mirror 
 appears to be behind the latter at a distance equal to that which separates it 
 
 from it," every point of the 
 line, M I, reflected from the 
 mirror, P M, will appear to 
 be situated upon the line, 
 M L. 
 
 So, to the spectator lo- 
 cated at 0, the point, c, 
 reflected at C ' will appear to 
 l)e the point, C; the distance, 
 c C equaling C C. The 
 point, I, reflected at L', will 
 appear to be L. And it will 
 be the same for all the intermediate points. The spectator, then, will believe 
 that he sees the line, M L, when in reality he sees only the reflection of M I. 
 Now, as we liuve just said, he will believe that he sees the back of the stage, 
 wlien, in fact, he sees nothing but a reflection of the ceiling in the mirror. In 
 the same way, the reflection from the front of the ceiling will produce the 
 illusion of tlie stage floor. Tliis fact still further contributes to increase the 
 illusion, for the spectators are not aware of the diifcrence that exists between 
 the arrangement of the y)laco wliere the bust appears and of that of the place 
 wh(!r(! the showman is walking. 
 
 In the illusion of '' Stella " the aperture tlirough which the table was seen 
 was in reality at the top. The table was vertical and the candle which was 
 fifiiily flxcd to it was liorizonfal. '^Plie farce of blowing out the candle and 
 ciirrying it behind the scenes was only designed to make the spectators believe 
 it was the same candle that was seen at tlie rear of the stage, when in reality 
 it was only a duplicate. 
 
 DIAGRAM EXPLANATUliY OF THE PIIENUMKNUN.
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 81 
 
 HOUDIN'S MAGIC CABINET. 
 
 These apparatus were formerly much employed by magicians — Eohert- 
 Houdin, for instance. The following is an example of one of the scenes that 
 may occur with them: 
 
 When the curtain rises, there is seen in the center, of the stage a large, dark- 
 colored cabinet, ornamented with mouldings, and mounted upon legs that are 
 a little longer than those of ordinary cabinets, the object being to remove all 
 ])ossibility of a communication with the stage beneath. These legs are pro- 
 vided with casters. The showman turns this cabinet around and shows that 
 there is nothing abnormal about it externally. He then asks some of the spec- 
 tators to come up close to it, and lets them examine its interior, which is 
 entirely empty. There is no double bottom, nor any hiding-place. When the 
 Vv^itnesses have made themselves certain of this fact, they station themselves 
 around the stage, and a certain number of them even consent to remain behind 
 the cabinet and see nothing of the experiment. The cabinet being thus 
 surrounded on all sides, and every one being able to look under it, fraud would 
 seem to be an impossibility. 
 
 A young woman dressed as a danseuse then comes on the stage and enters 
 tlie cabinet, and the doors are closed upon her. In a few moments the doors 
 are opened again, when, lo and behold! the closet is empty, the young woman 
 having disappeared. Then the doors are closed again, and then opened, and 
 the danseuse makes her appearance; and so on. At the end of the experiment 
 the witnesses examine the cabinet again, and finding nothing changed therein, 
 are justly stupefied. 
 
 In another style of cabinet tliere is no l:»ar in the center, as sliown in our 
 engraving, but there is observed on one of the sides in the interior a bracket 
 a few centimeters in length, and, back and above this, a shelf. This arrange- 
 ment permits of performing a few experiments more than does tlie one just 
 described. Thus, when the woman has disappeared, the showman allows a 
 young man to enter, and he also disappears, while the young woman is found 
 in his place. This is a very surprising substitution. 
 
 The box into which the harlequin takes refuge, and which appears to be 
 empty when Pierrot or Cassandra lifts the curtain that shields its entrance, is 
 a] so a sort of magic cabinet. 
 
 In a series of lectures delivered a few years ago at tlie London Polytechnic 
 Institution, a professor of physics unmasked the secret of some of the tricks 
 employed on the stage for producing illusions, and notably that of the magic 
 cabinet. The lecturer, after showing the cabinet, and causing the disappear- 
 ance therein of an individual while the doors were closed, repeated the same 
 experiment with the latter open. But, in the latter case, so quick was the 
 6
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 83 
 
 .■■) 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 s 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 C 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 s c 
 
 /G- 
 / 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,'^1' 
 
 \ 
 
 G 
 
 
 ,•» 
 
 
 
 \^^ 
 
 
 {.. — 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 "~- — . 
 
 PLAN EXPLANATORY OF THE C^VBINET. 
 
 disappearance that the spectators could not even then see how it was done. 
 The illusion produced by the apparatus is the result of a play of mirrors. 
 
 In the first cabinet de- 
 scriljed, when the exhibitor 
 has closed the doors upon the 
 young woman, the latter pulls 
 toward her two mirrors that 
 arc rej^resented in our plan 
 of the cabinet by the lines, 
 G G. These mirrors are 
 hinged at 0, and, when 
 swung outward, rest by their 
 external edges against the 
 l)ar, P, and then occupy the 
 position shown by the dotted 
 lines, G' G'. When the cabi- 
 net is again opened, the woman placed at A is hidden by the two mirrors; but 
 the appearance of the interior of the cabinet is not changed, since the specta- 
 tors see the image of each side reflected from the corresponding mirror, and 
 this looks to them like the back of the cabinet. 
 
 The illusion is perfect. When the experiment is ended and the mirrors are 
 again swung against the sides, at G G, the spectators see 
 nothing but the backs of them, which are covered with 
 wood; the cabinet is really empty, and no one can discover 
 what modification has taken place in its interior during the 
 disappearance of the woman. 
 
 In the second arrangement, which is shown in vertical 
 section in our last engraving, the young man gets up on 
 the shelf, c n, at the upper part of the cabinet, by the aid 
 of the bracket, T, and then pulls down over him the mirror, 
 h c, which was fastened to the top of the cabinet. This 
 mirror, being inclined at an angle of 45°, reflects the top, 
 and the spectators imagine that they see the back of the 
 cabinet over the shelf, as they did before. 
 
 The box Avhich Harlequin enters is based upon precisely 
 the same principle. Its interior is hung with paper banded 
 alternately blue and white. When Harlequin enters it, he 
 places himself in one of the angles and pulls toward him 
 two mirrors which hide him completely, and which reflect the opposite side 
 of the box, so that the spectator is led to believe that he sees the back of it. 
 In this case, one of the angles at the back of the box is not apparent, but the 
 colored stripes prevent the spectator from noticing the fact. 
 
 r 
 
 \/ 
 
 SECTION EXPLANA- 
 TORY OF THE 
 CABINET.
 
 ^4 MAOiC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 A MYSTIC MAZE. 
 
 We present an engraving of a very interesting optical illusion produced 
 with only three mirrors. By multiplying the mirrors the large number of 
 different effects can be obtained. 
 
 Let us imagine that three perfectly plain and very clear mirror glasses, as 
 large as possible, form a prism whose base is an equilateral triangle. A person 
 placed in the interior of this prism will see his image reflected a very large 
 number of times. A very simple geometrical construction, and one which we 
 recommend our young readers to carry out as an exercise in optics, by the 
 simple application of the principle that the angle of incidence is equal to the 
 angle of reflection, allows us to see that the image of any point whatever placed 
 in the center of this triangle of glass plates will be reproduced indefinitely by 
 groups of six images distributed symmetrically around points regularly spaced 
 in the prolongations of the planes of the three glasses. 
 
 A person, therefore, sees his image reproduced indefinitely in groups of 
 six until, the successive reflections attenuating the intensity of the images, the 
 latter cease to be visible. Three or four persons massed in one of the angles 
 present the illusion of a compact and mixed crowd standing upon a sidewalk 
 and awaiting the passage of a procession. The hats waving in the air convert 
 the peaceful waiting into an enthusiastic manifestation, which is so much the 
 more surprising in that it is made by but half a dozen persons at the maximum. 
 
 The accompanying figure gives an idea of this remarkable effect, and the 
 three persons, whose images reflected ad infinitum produce the curious result 
 that we call attention to, would have much trouble to believe that they were 
 the subject of an illusion. 
 
 Upon the whole, the experiment is nothing more than an application of 
 the principle of the old kaleidoscope enlarged and revived, in the sense that 
 the observer has before his eyes the successive reflections of his own image, and 
 that the objects are replaced with living beings movable at will. 
 
 Five or six persons may occupy, at the same time, the triangular prism, of 
 which the sides are about six feet wide, and whieli they enter through a trap 
 in the floor. When these five or six persons are walking al^out in all directions, 
 they present the aspect of a tumultuous and agitated crowd commenting upon 
 grave events.
 
 86 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 PLATINIZED GLASS. 
 
 Platinized glass plates are no longer a novelty, but the illusion is very 
 effective. The mirrors give an image in the ordinary way when looked at by 
 reflected light, but are transparent when observed by transmitted light. The 
 metalization of glass with platinum was discovered a great many years ago by 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 the Messrs. Dode. This property of transparency by transmitted light affords 
 a very clever surprise. The mirrors are set in frames. In a panel behind the 
 latter there is an ai)erture closed by a shutter. As the glass is transparent 
 there may be seen through it, when the shutter is open, everything that is on 
 the other side, so it occurred to the inventors to utilize this transparency by 
 placing an image or photograph between the panel and the glass. On exposing 
 the mirror to the light to look at one's self in the ordinary way, if the shutter 
 is open, the human head will disappear and maj be replaced by the photo-
 
 OPTICAL TRICKS. 
 
 87 
 
 graphic portrait or a horned devil, which is placed hehind the mirror. In the 
 illusion we illustrate the head of the devil whose body is hidden by two mir- 
 
 FIG. -i. 
 
 rors inclined at an angle of forty-five degrees, as in some of the illusions we 
 have already described. As he moves his head and smiles, the effect is rather 
 startling. Electric light is used to illuminate the trick.
 
 MAOIG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 STATUE GIVING A DOUBLE IMAGE. 
 
 At the Italian exhibition held a few wears ago in the Champ de Mars, Paris, 
 there was a statue that attracted much attention from the visitors. It repre- 
 sented Goethe's Marguerite standing before a mirror. This latter gave by 
 reflection the image of Faust, as shown in our engraving. The artifice was 
 
 MARGUERITE AND FAUST. 
 
 well concealed by the sculptor. ]n reality, it was not a double statue, but the 
 figure of Faust was skillfully obtained by means of the folds of Marguerite's 
 robe. 
 
 Marguerite holds lier arms in front of her, and these same arms form 
 those of Faust, who holds tliom crossed beliind his back. Faust's face is 
 carved in Marguerite's back hair, and the man's figure is obtained, as before 
 slated, by means of the folds of the woman's robe.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STAGE TRICKS. 
 
 The tricks in this chapter are no less interesting than those which have 
 gone before, but are rather of a more miscellaneous nature. The first trick 
 which we shall describe, is called " The Illusion of Trilby." 
 
 The late Professor Herrmann won for himself a firm place in the regards 
 of the civilized world, representing the fin de siecle Houdin. His carefully 
 executed ^^■ork, with its peirfect detail and finish, was a standard among per- 
 formances of natural masic, and other exhibitions are referred to it as the gaore 
 
 PREPAKING TRILBY S COUCH. 
 
 of their quality. In Herrmann's illusion of "Trilby," hypnotism is supposed to 
 play a part. As will be seen, it is really an ingenious application of mechanics. 
 A plank is placed upon the backs of two chairs. A lady performer who is 
 supposed to represent Du Manner's " Trilby " enters and, stepping on a foot- 
 stool, lies down upon the plank. She holds a bouquet in her hand, which bou-
 
 90 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 quet, unknown to the audience, has its own part to play. The other per- 
 former, Herrmann, who is supposed to be Svengali, carefully arranges the 
 drapery, walking around her as he does so. Then he makes some passes, and 
 one by one removes the chairs, and the lady and board remain in the air. In 
 response to his passes the lady, still resting on the board, rises, and the position 
 changes to an inclined one and back to the horizontal one. Finally the chairs 
 are replaced, the lady by passes is supposed to be waked from her trance and 
 steps down, chairs and plank are removed, and nothing is to be seen further. 
 
 THE AEKIAL SUSPENSION OP TKILBY. 
 
 Two of the cuts show the progress of the performance as seen by the audi- 
 ence. The third ctit explains the mechanism. Behind the scenes is a strong 
 frame, up and down which a movable slide works. Tackle is provided to raise 
 and lower the slide; and a workman behind the scenes is intrusted with its 
 manipulation. A bar carrying at its rear end handles, and in front a socket, 
 shown in the upper right-hand corner of' the same cut, is journaled in the 
 slide, and can also be thrust in and out through the journal box. 
 
 When Trilby has been placed upon her board couch, the bar is thrust for- 
 ward, drapery at the back having hitherto concealed its socket end. The fair 
 Trilby with her bouquet now effectually conceals it as it emerges from behind 
 the curtains. The performer, while apparently sedulously arranging the 
 drapery, guides the socket and causes it to grip the board. The assistant 
 behind the scene ])ulls u])on the tackle and works the handle, so that Trilby's
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STAGE TRICKS. 
 
 91 
 
 weight leaves the chairs one by one, which are removed, and, supported by 
 the bar, she seems to float in air. By manipulating the tackle she can be 
 raised and lowered. By 
 the handles she can be 
 tilted about, giving a 
 wonderfully good effect. 
 Finally the chairs are 
 replaced, and the assist- 
 ant lowers Trilby upon 
 them. During the wak- 
 ing passes the socket is 
 detached and the bar is 
 withdrawn. A close ob- 
 server may notice a 
 slight agitation of the 
 drapery or curtains be- 
 hind the stage as the bar 
 is pushed out and with- 
 drawn, but the attention 
 of the audience in gen- 
 eral is so taken up with 
 the performance proper 
 that this disturbance is 
 overlooked by them. 
 
 The magician, it will 
 be seen, can only walk 
 completely around the 
 
 reclining lady before the bar is in place or after it is withdrawn. When the bar 
 is in place, he can walk behind her, but cannot go completely around her. 
 Hence his complete excursions are restricted to the time when she is resting on 
 the chairs, before the bar is in place or after it has been withdrawn. 
 
 After the board is vacated, Svengali throws it down upon the stage, its fall, 
 Avith accompanying noise and disturbance, showing that there is no deception 
 about that portion of the display. 
 
 THE ILLUSION EXPLAINED. 
 
 THE "HAUNTED SWING.' 
 
 The supreme happiness of sitting in a swing which apparently wliirls 
 around its points of support, giving the occupant what is most properly 
 described as a new sensation, may now be enjoyed by all. It is termed the 
 "haunted swing," and has been in most successful operation at Atlantic 
 City and at the Midwinter Fair near San Francisco. Those who are to par-
 
 93 31 A QIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ticipate in the apparent gyrations of the swing — and there may be quite a 
 number who enjoy it simultaneously — are ushered into a small room. From 
 
 TRUE POSITION OF THE SWING. 
 
 a bar crossing the room, near the coiling, linngs a large swing, which is pro- 
 vided with seats for a number of people. After the people have taken their
 
 MtSCELLANtlOJJS STAGE TRICKS. 
 
 93 
 
 places, the attendant pushes the car and it starts into oscillation like any other 
 swing. The room door is closed. Gradually those in it feel after three or 
 
 ILLUSION PRODUCED BY A RIDE IN THE SWING. 
 
 four movements that their swing is going rather high, but this it not all. The 
 apparent amplitude of the oscillations increases more and more, until presently
 
 94 3IAGIG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the whole swing seems to whirl completely over, describing a full circle about 
 the bar on which it hangs. To make the thing more utterly mysterious, the 
 bar is bent crank fashion, so that it seems demonstrably impossible for the 
 swing to pass between bar and ceiling. It continues apparently to go round 
 and round this way, imparting a most weird sensation to the occupants, until 
 its movements begin gradually to cease and the complete rotation is succeeded 
 by the usual back and forth swinging, and in a few seconds, as the children 
 say, " the old cat dies." The door of the room is opened and the swinging 
 party leave. Those who have tried it say the sensation is most peculiar and 
 the deception perfect. 
 
 The illusion is based on the movements of the room proper. During the 
 entire exhibition the swing is practically stationary, while the room rotates 
 about the suspending bar. At the beginning of operations the swing may be 
 given a slight push; the operators outside the room then begin to swing the 
 room itself, which is really a large box journaled on the swing bar, starting 
 it off to correspond with the movements of the swing. They swing it back and 
 forth, increasing the arc through Avhich it moves until it goes so far as to make 
 a complete rotation. The operatives do this without special machinery, taking 
 hold of the sides and corners of the box or " room." At this time the people 
 in the swing imagine that the room is stationary while they are whirling 
 through space. After keeping this up for some time, the movement is brought 
 gradually to a stop, a sufficient number of back and forth swings being given 
 at the finale to carry out the illusion to the end. 
 
 The room is as completely furnished as possible, everything being, of course, 
 fastened in place. What is apparently a kerosene lamp stands on a table, near 
 at hand. It is securely fastened to the table, which in its turn is fastened to 
 the floor, and the light is supplied by a small incandescent lamp within the 
 chimney, but concealed by the shade. The visitor never imagines that it is 
 an electric lamp, and naturally thinks that it would be impossible for a 
 kerosene lamp to be inverted without disaster, so that this adds to the decep- 
 tion materially. The same is to be said of the pictures hanging on the wall, 
 of the cupboard full of chinaware, of the chair with a hat on it, and of the 
 baby carriage^ All contribute to the mystification. Even though one is in- 
 formed of the secret before entering the swing, the deception is said to be so 
 complete that passengers involuntarily seize the arms of the seats to avoid 
 being precipitated below. 
 
 THE " SCURIMOBILE." 
 
 The peculiar gun shown in the cut is named after its inventor, Alessandro 
 Scuri, of Ijiege, Ik'lgium. ]\r. Scuri is also known as the inventor of a uni- 
 cyclo and a quadruple cornet. The " scurimobile " is a gun with two barrels
 
 96 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 which can be aimed at different objects, the angle between the barrels being 
 adjustable. The adjustment is effected by moving a ring located on the under 
 side of the gun. The pivot of the barrels is so arranged that it is easy to sight 
 two objects at the same time. Both cartridges are automatically ejected after 
 each shot fired. It is also possible to use only one barrel in the ordinary way. 
 In the cut the inventor is shown aiming at two balls placed about a yard apart. 
 Another valuable feature of this new gun is its applicability as a range finder. 
 The observer first sights two objects which are at about equal distances from 
 him, and measures the distance or angle between the two barrels, a graduation 
 being provided for this purpose. Then the same operation is made from a 
 point more distant from the objects first sighted. . If the observer steps back 
 ten yards, and finds that the graduation indicates just one-half of the value 
 obtained at first, he will know that in the second position he was? just twice 
 as far from the objects as in the first position, so that the objects are ten yards 
 from the observer's first position. This operation will give distances with 
 sufficient accuracy in most cases, but more exact results can be obtained by 
 means of a simple trigonometric formula when the angle between the barrels 
 is measured. 
 
 " THE NEOOCCULTISM." 
 
 The X rays, after becoming the indispensable coadjutors of surgeons, and 
 even of physicians, are now competing with the most noted mediums in the 
 domain of the marvelous. 
 
 M. Eadiguet, the well known manufacturer of physical apparatus, has been 
 devoting himself for a long time to experiments with the Eoentgen rays in the 
 laboratory, which is encumbered with electric lamps, lamp globes, and glass 
 apparatus of all kinds. One day he perceived that tliese glass objects, under 
 the action of the X rays, shone in the darkness. Here again was an amusing 
 and perhaps a useful experiment due to accident. Useful, because the radio- 
 graphs obtained up to the present, by means of artificial screens, have been 
 really good only when the sensitive bodies have been in small crystals. In a 
 pulverulent state they are nearly insensible to the X rays, and it is almost 
 impossible to obtain the grain of the screen upon the photographic plate. It 
 is easy, on the contrary, to work the glass in such a way as to prevent any 
 irregularity in the radiograph. Such experiments will certainly be made ere 
 long, but, for the present, it is the fantastic side of the discovery that we shall 
 present to our readers. 
 
 Porcelain, enamels, and diamonds, and also objects covered with platino- 
 cyanides (used by Eoentgen) and with calcium tungstate, zinc sulphate, etc., 
 liave, like glass, the property of becoming luminous in darkness under the 
 action of the X rays. We have, therefore, only the trouble of selection in
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STAGE TRICKS. 
 
 9t 
 
 order to get up a " spirit seance " with every certainty of success, wliile genuine 
 spiritual seances fail in most cases, as well known, because the spirits are in an 
 ill mood and disposed to be eoyish. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT FOR A STRIKING EXPERIMENT WITH THE X KAYS 
 
 The following will prove a scene sufficiently weird to put the most intrepid 
 worldlings in a flurry if some one of our friends takes it into his head to give 
 
 7
 
 98 MAOIC: STAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 them the mysterious spectacle thereof before they have read an exposure of 
 the trick. 
 
 TIIK Ari'AUITlUN. 
 
 The first figure that we present hcrewitli ('xliil)its a Kulinikorfr coil, which 
 is placed here to show the operation in its entirety. But, as the first effect of
 
 Miscellaneous stage trivks. 'jd 
 
 its vibrations would be to attract tbe attention, and consequently the sus- 
 picions of the s^jectators, whom it is a question of transporting into the domain 
 of the marvelous, this apparatus is relegated to some distant room. The cur- 
 rent that produces the X rays is led into the Crookes tube by wires. This 
 apparatus, moreover, which is not very bulky, may be placed Ijehind a door or 
 be concealed under black cloth. The objects designed to become luminous 
 are placed as near to the tube as possible. In the experiment under consider- 
 ation a diner (who is doubtless near-sighted, since he wears eyeglasses) is about 
 to do justice to his breakfast. Armed with a knife and fork, he attacks his 
 beefsteak; but he is assuredly a greater eater than drinker, since he contents 
 himself with water, while his light consists of a single candle. 
 
 A black curtain on the other side of the table conceals from tlie spectators 
 a skeleton covered with zinc sulphide. 
 
 Let us now put out the light and set the Euhmkorff coil in actjyn. What 
 a surprise! A plate, a glass, a water l)Ottle, and a candle sliine in space with 
 the light of glow-worms. 
 
 A sinister guest in the form of a skeleton sits opposite the place occupied 
 by the near-sighted gentleman, who has disappeared, and whose eyeglasses 
 alone have held their own before this ghastly apparition. Finally, to complete 
 the illusion, hands are seen moving over the heads of the spectators, and those 
 multiply, and then disappear, only to appear anew. 
 
 It must be remarked that, in order to render the experiment more con- 
 clusive, it is allowable for the most incredulous members of the i)arty to tie the 
 gentleman tightly to his chair, and, if they desire, to hold his hands and feet 
 during the entire time of the experiment. It is scarcely necessary to explain 
 how the latter is performed. The X rays pass through the black cloth on the 
 door that conceals the Crookes tube and also through the body of the gentle- 
 man, and render luminous the glass objects covered with zinc sulphide. As 
 for the mysterious hands, those are simply gloves covered with the same sub- 
 stance and fixed to the extremity of long sticks that are moved in all directions 
 by confederates. 
 
 Such scenes may naturally be varied to infinity; and the spirit of invention 
 is so fertile, there is no doubt that before long ladies will be giving a place 
 in the programme of their soirees to this up-to-date spiritualism.
 
 loo IIAGIC: iyTAO'L' ILLUSIONS ANL SClLNTlFlU LlVEliSlUNS. 
 
 THE MASK OF BALSAMO." 
 
 This illusion is a variation of the enchanted " death's head " which was 
 for a long time the attraction of the Eobert-Houdin Theater. Our engraving 
 shows both the " death's head," the " mask of Balsamo/' and the method 
 of producing the illusion. Under the influence of the passes of the prestidi- 
 gitateur the skull on the glass plate bends forward and seems to salute the 
 spectators. The nodding of the " death's head " was utilized in a number of 
 ways, as, to indicate the number when dice was thrown. This trick was per- 
 
 TIIEATKICAL SCIKNCE. 
 Fig. 1.— The Kiiclmnteil Death's Head. Vic. 3.-^ The Mask of Ralsamo. 
 
 formed as follows: Upon a table near the magician was placed a ball of soft 
 wax attached to a string which ran to the side scenes, wliere it could be pulled 
 by a confederate. After passing the skull around to be examined, the prestidigi- 
 tateur, in laying it upon the table, fixed the ball of wax at the top of it. After 
 the experiment a simple scraping with the finger nail removed every trace of 
 the trick. The Isola Brothers used electricity in a somewhat similar illusion. 
 The skull is replaced by a wooden mask laid flat on a small table and the mask 
 answers questions by rocking slightly. The magician then brings the table 
 into the midst of the spectators, and the mask still continues to move, to the 
 astonishment of the onlookers. The secret of the trick is that part of the 
 wood which forms the chin is replaced by a small strip of iron which is painted 
 the same color as the mask so that it cannot be seen; an electro-magnet is let 
 into the top of the table so that the cores shall be opposite the strip of iron
 
 31ISCELLANE0US STAGE TRICKS. 
 
 lol 
 
 when the mask is laid upon the table. Contact is made l)y means of a pusli 
 button somewhere in the side scenes, the wires run under the stage, and con- 
 nection is made through the legs of the table when the legs are set on the fore- 
 ordained place. Upon the same principle is Robert Houdin's heavy chest and 
 magic drum. A rapping and talking table may be made by carrying out the 
 same idea. The battery is carried in the lower part of the table, where the 
 three legs join. The top of the table is in two parts, the lower of which is 
 hollow and the top being very thin. In the center of the hollow part is placed 
 an electro-magnet, one of the wires of which connect with one of the poles 
 of the battery, while the other is connected with a flat metallic circle glued 
 to the cover of the table. Beneath this circle and at a slight distance from 
 it there is a toothed circle connected with the whole pole of the battery. When 
 the table is pressed lightly upon, the cover bends and the flat circle touches 
 the toothed one. This closes the circuit, and the electro-magnet attract- 
 ing the armature produces 
 a sharp blow. ^Yhen the 
 hand is raised the circuit 
 is broken, producing an- 
 other sharp blow. By 
 running the hand lightly 
 over the table the cover is 
 caused to bend successively 
 over a certain portion of 
 its circumference. Thus 
 contact is made at a num- 
 ber of places, and the sharp 
 blow is replaced by a quick 
 succession of sounds. This 
 table is very useful for 
 spirit rappings; as the 
 table contains all of the 
 mechanism in itself, it can 
 be moved to any part of 
 the room. The table may 
 be also operated from a 
 distance by employing con- 
 ductors passing through 
 the legs of the table and 
 under the carpet. By sub- 
 stituting a small telephone receiver for tlie electro-magnet, the rapping spirits 
 may be made talking ones. 
 
 Electric insects may be constructed on the same ])lan and give a very life- 
 like appearance when placed on an artificial bunch of flowers in a flower pot. 
 
 RAPPING AND TALKING TABLE.
 
 102 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 The battery is concealed in the top. When the pot is raised a drop of mercury 
 which occupies the bottom of the pot will roll over the bottom, closing the 
 circuit successively on different insects, keeping them in motion until the pot 
 has been set down. 
 
 THE INVISIBLE WOMAN. 
 
 At the end of the last century and the beginning of the present, a very 
 curious experiment, and one which was looked upon as marvelous by the 
 credulous, was wonderfully popular at Paris. The representation took place 
 
 TlIK INVISIUI-t: WOMAN,
 
 3nSCELLANE0US STAGE TRICKS. 103 
 
 at the old Capuchin convent. The spectator entered a well lighted hall in 
 which, in part of a window, there was a box suspended by four brass chains 
 attached by bows of ribbon. The box, which was surrounded by a grating, 
 was provided with two panes of glass that permitted of seeing that it was 
 absolutely empty. To one of the extremities was fixed a speaking trumpet. 
 When a visitor spoke iiL the latter, he was answered by a hollow voice; and 
 when he placed his face near the box, he even felt upon it the action of a 
 mysterious breath. When he presented any object whatever in front of the 
 mouthpiece, and asked the voice to name it, an answer immediately came from 
 the speaking tube. The box was suspended freely from the ceiling, and it 
 could be made to swing at the extremity of the chains; it was empty and 
 isolated in space. People were lost in conjecture as to the secret of tlie 
 experiment. Among the unlikely theories that were put forth was tliat of the 
 invisibility of a person o])tained by unknown processes. 
 
 As usual in these kinds of impostures, there was here merely an ingenious 
 application of a scientific principle. A physicist, E. J. Ingennato, revealed the 
 mystery in a 2:)amphlet published in 1800 under the title of " The Invisible 
 Woman and Her Secret Unveiled." This tract, now rare, had for a frontis- 
 piece the engraving which we reproduce herewith and which exi)lains tlie whole 
 experiment. The invisible woman of the Capucmin convent was named 
 Frances, and the following is the explanatory legend appended to the original 
 engraving: 
 
 " Questioner: ' Frances, what is this that I have in my hand? ' 
 ''Frances (after looking through the little peep-hole, D): '^ A stick with 
 a crooked handle.' 
 
 " The entire assembly at once: ' It is incomprehensible! ' " 
 Ingennato, in his pamphlet, explains that above the ceiling tliere was a low, 
 darkish chamber, in which Frances was concealed, and tliat slie looked at tbe 
 object presented to her through a small aperture, I), whicli was skillfully 
 hidden by a hanging lamp, and then answered through the speaking tube, 
 r> B C, liidden in the wall. The sound traversed a space of about six inches, 
 that separated the speaking tube from the speaking trumpet. 
 
 MAGIC HAEPS. 
 
 The experiment which we are about to describe, while it is thoroughly 
 scientific, was taken up under the name of "^Eolian Harps'' by Eobert-IIoudin, 
 wbo introduced several modifications of it. When the experiment was per- 
 formed by Wheatstone in 1855, four harps were arranged in a semi-circle on 
 the stage of the Polytechnic Institution. These harps, at the pleasure of the 
 experimenter, vibrated as if they were made to resound by invisible hands.
 
 104 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 This effect was produced by fixing to tlie sounding board of each of them 
 vertical rods of fir-wood wliich passed through the floor of the stage and ceiHngs, 
 into the cellar of the Institution, where one of them was fixed upon a sounding 
 board of a piano, another upon the sounding board of a violoncello, and two 
 others upon the sounding boards of violins. In order to render it possible 
 
 .EOLIAN HARP EXPEUIMENT. 
 
 to interrupt the vibrations between the instruments and the harps, the rods 
 supporting the latter were divided at two inches above the floor. Each harp 
 could be cut off from communication with the instrument below by turning it 
 around upon its axis. When Robert-Houdin introduces the illusion, he used 
 a stage elevated in the very midst of the spectators. This stage was traversed 
 by two fir-wood rods which, after passing through the floor, rested upon harps 
 placed in the hands of skillful players. At the command of the prestidigi- 
 tateur two other harps supported upon the upper extremity of the rods 
 executed a concert which was very successful, thanks to the careful prepara- 
 tions and the elegant mise en schie. Of course the harps were supposed to 
 operate through the intervention of mediumistic spirits.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 Having described some of the illusions wliich are ])rodiiced with the aid of 
 elaborate outlits, we now come to the more simjile tricks which are produced 
 with smaller and less expensive apparatus, and, sometimes, with no ajiparatus 
 at all. In the old days the mau of mystery appeared on the stage clad iu a 
 robe embroidered with cabalistic figures, the ample folds of which could well 
 conceal a wdiole trunkful of paraphernalia. The table in the center of the 
 stage was covered with a velvet cloth embroidered with silver, and its long folds, 
 which reached the ground, suggested endless possibilities for concealment. All 
 of these things have now passed away, and the modern magician appears clad 
 in ordinary evening dress, which is beyond the suspicion of concealment. The 
 furniture is all selected with special reference to the apparent impossibility of 
 using it as a storeroom for objects which the prestidigitateur wishes to con- 
 ceal. Some of the easiest and simplest of modern tricks that anyone with little 
 or no practice can perform are very'feffective. The tricks iu this chapter are 
 far from being all which have been published in the Scientific Atnerican and 
 the Scientific American Supple nieiit, but they are believed to be the best which 
 have been published iu those journals. 
 
 TRICK WITH AN EGG AND A HANDKERCHIEF, 
 
 • ^ 
 
 In this trick we have an Qgg in an egg-cup, which the prestidigitateur covers 
 with a hat, and then he rolls a small silk handkerchief between his hands, as 
 shown in Fig. 1. As soon as the haiul kerchief no longer appears externally, 
 he opens his hands and shows the Q2.2,, which has invisibly left the place that 
 it occupied under the hat, while the handkerchief has passed into the egg-cup 
 (Fig. 3). We shall now ex})lain how these invisible transfers are effected. 
 
 Two eggs, genuine and entire, wei-e truly placed in plain view in a basket, 
 but it was not one of those that served for the experiment. Behind the 
 basket was placed a half shell, C, of wood (Fig. 2), jiainted white on the con- 
 vex side, so as to represent the half of an Qgg, and on the concave side offer- 
 ing the same aspect as the interior of the egg-cup, A, to which it can be 
 perfectly fitted in one direction or the other, as may be seen in the section in 
 Fig. 2. It is this shell, inclosing a small handkerchief exactly like the first, 
 
 /i 
 
 1
 
 106 3IAGIC: STAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 that the prestidigitateur placed upon the egg-cup (Fig. 2). Then, while with 
 the left hand he covered the whole with a hat with which he concealed the 
 operation, he with the right hand quickly turned the shell upside down. The 
 shell, therefore, by this means disappeared in the egg-cup, and the handker- 
 chief, s^jreading out, assumed the appearance that it presents in Fig. 3. 
 
 TRICK WITH AN KGG AND HANDKERCHIEF. 
 
 The prestidigitateur, having afterward secretly seized with his right hand a 
 hollow egg of metal, containing an oval aperture (F, Fig. 2), stuffed into it the 
 handkerchief that he seemed simply to roll and compress between his hands. 
 It is almost useless to add that the metallic egg may be easily concealed either 
 with the palm of the hand that holds it, or with the handkerchief. 
 
 THE CONE OF FLOWERS. 
 
 In prestidigitation flowers have in all times played an important part, 
 arul they are usually emi)loyed in preference to other objects, since they give 
 tiie experiments a pleasing aspect. Jiut, in most cases, natural flowers, espe- 
 cially when it is necessary to conceal their presence, are replaced by paper or 
 feather ones, the bulk of which is more easily reduced. Such is the case in 
 the experiment which we are about to present, and which, it must be con- 
 fessed, requires to be seen from some little distance in order that the spectators 
 nuiy, without too great an effort of the imagination, be led into the delusion 
 that they are looking at genuine flowers. However, even seen close by, the trick
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 lor 
 
 surprises one to the same degree as all those that consist iu causing the appear- 
 ance of more or less bulky objects where nothing was perceived a few moments 
 previous. 
 
 The prestidigitateur takes a newspajier and forms it into a cone before one's 
 eves. It is impossible to suppose the existence here of a double bottom, and 
 )'et the cone, gentlv shaken, 
 becomes filled with flowers 
 that have come from no one 
 knows where. The number of 
 them even becomes so great 
 that they soon more than fill 
 the cone and drop on and 
 cover the floor. 
 
 The two sides of the flowers 
 employed are represented in 
 Fig. 3, where they are lettered 
 A and B. Each flower con- 
 sists of four petals of various 
 colors, cut with a punch out 
 of very thin tissue paper. 
 Upon examining Fig. A, we 
 see opposite us the petals 1, 
 2, 3, and 4 gummed together 
 by the extremities of their 
 anterior sides, Mdiile Fig. B 
 shows us the petals 2 and 3 
 united in the same manner 
 on the opposite side. A snuill, 
 very light and thin steel 
 spring, D, formed of two 
 
 strips soldered together at the bottom, and pointing in opposite directions, is 
 fixed to the two exterior petals, 1 and 4, of the flower, and is concealed by a 
 band of paper of the same color, gummed above. It is this spring that, 
 when it is capable of expanding freely, opens the flower and gives it its 
 voluminous aspect. 
 
 Quite a large number of these flowei's (a hundred or more), united and 
 held together by means of a thread or a rubber band (Fig. 2, C) makes a pack- 
 age small enough to allow the operator to conceal it in the palm of his hand, 
 only the back of which he allows the spectators to see while he is forming the 
 paper cone. 
 
 THE CONE OF FLOWKKS
 
 108 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE MAGIC EOSEBUSH. 
 
 In lectures on chemistry, the professor, in speaking of aniline colors, in 
 order to give an idea of the coloring power of certain of these substances, per- 
 forms the follov'ing experiment: 
 
 Upon a sheet of paper he throws some aniline red, which, as well known, 
 comes in the form of iridescent crystals. He shakes the surplus off the paper 
 into the bottle, so that it would be thought that nothing remaiued on the 
 
 THE MAGIC KOSEBUSH. 
 
 paper. If, however, alcohol, in which aniline colors are very soluble, be poured 
 over the paper, the latter immediately becomes red. 
 
 This experiment may be varied as folloAvs: Instead of scattering the aniline 
 over paper, it is dusted over the flowers of a white rosebush, and the flowers are 
 shaken so as to render the dust invisible, and then when a visit is received 
 from an amateur of horticulture, we tell him that we have a magic rosebush 
 in our garden, the flowers of which become red when alcohol or cologne is 
 poured over them. The experiment is performed with the aid of a perfumery 
 vaporizer, and the phenomenon causes great surprise to the spectators who are 
 not ill the secret.
 
 CONJURING TRIGKii. 100 
 
 "MAGIC FLOWERS." 
 
 A trick that has contributed mucli toward making one of onr leading magi- 
 cians such a favorite witli the fnir sex, is one in wliich a hush filled with genu- 
 ine rosebuds is caused to grow in a previously-examined jiot that contained 
 nothing but a small quantity of white sand. 
 
 After the bush is produced, the Howers are cut and distributed to the ladies, 
 and by many recipients of the magician's favors these buds are looked upoi^s 
 a production of fairy land. For many years this trick has occupied a promi- 
 nent position on the programme of the magician in question, and mystifies 
 tlie audience as much to-day as ever, thus proving how well nuigicians keep 
 their secrets from the public. The trick is not a difficult one by any means, 
 yet, regardless of its simplicity and the ease with which it may be performed, 
 the florist would find it anything but an economical method of raising roses, 
 as a perusal of the following will show. 
 
 On the stage is seen two stands with metal feet, and with long rich drapery 
 trimmed with gold fringe. On each of the stands is a miniature stand on 
 which are flower-pots. 
 
 The magician passes the pots for inspection, then places them on the stands, 
 and plants a few flower seeds in each pot. A large cone, open at both ends, is 
 shown, and can be carefully examined. One of the pots is covered for a 
 moment with the cone, and on its removal a green sprig is seen protruding 
 from the sand, the seed having sprouted, so the magician says. Now the sec- 
 ond pot is covered for a moment with the cone, on the removal of which a 
 large rosebush is seen in the pot, a mass of full-blown roses and buds. The 
 first pot is again covered for a moment with the cone, and when uncovered a 
 second rosebush is seen, equally as full of roses as the other. The cone is once 
 again shown to be empty. 
 
 A small basket or tray is now brought forward, on wiiich the roses and buds 
 are placed as the performer cuts them from the bushes, after which they are 
 distributed to the ladies. 
 
 The stands are not what they appear, as the drapery does not extend 
 entirely around them, but quite a space at the back of the stand is open. 
 There is a small shelf attached to the stand leg, near the bottom of the drapery. 
 Three cones are used, of which the audience see but one. 
 
 The rosebushes are merely stumps to which are attached a base of sheet 
 lead, cut of such a size as to fit nicely in the flower-pots, resting on the sand. 
 To the stumps the genuine roses are attachd by tying with thread. When the 
 bushes are prepared they are suspended inside of cones, by means of a stout 
 cord that is fastened to the stump by one end and to the -other end of Avhich 
 is attached a small hook, which hook is slipped over the edge of the upper 
 opening of the cone. When the bushes are placed in the cones, these cones 
 are placed on the shelves at the back of the stands. Keference to the second
 
 CONJURiNO TRICKS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 engraving will make the arrangement of the shelf, back of etand, and posi- 
 tion of concealed cone plain to all. There is a variance in the size of the 
 bones. The cone shown to the andience is slightly larger than the cone that 
 is behind the first stand, and the cone 
 beliind the second stand is a fraction 
 smaller than either of the others. Thus 
 the cones will fit snugly one in the other, 
 in the order named. 
 
 After the performer has shown the 
 pots, planted the seed, and jDlaced the 
 pots on the small stands, which are nsed 
 to convince the spectators that there is 
 no connection between the pot and the 
 large stand, he shows the large cone, 
 which is nicely decorated, and covers 
 the top of the pot on the first stand, as 
 he says, to shut out the light, that the 
 seed may germinate. Between the fin- 
 gers of the hand holding the cone, he 
 has concealed a small metal shape, 
 painted green, which he drops through 
 the cone into the pot. In a moment 
 he removes the cone from over the pot, 
 and in a most natural manner passes it 
 down behind the stand and over the con- 
 cealed cone containing the rosebush, and 
 carries this cone away inside of the larger 
 one. At the same moment he picks 
 up the flower-pot and carries it down and shows the green sprout in the sand. 
 
 The performer now steps to the second stand and covers the flower-pot on 
 it with the cone. As soon as the pot is covered, he slips oif the small hook sup- 
 porting the rosebush, Avhich drops into the pot; the weight of the lead base 
 keeps it in position while the cones are being removed. 
 
 AVhen the performer removes the cone — or cones, wo should now say, as we 
 have two now in place of one, although tliis fact is unknown to the audience — 
 he passes it down behind the stand, over the concealed third cone, picking it 
 up with the second rosebush inside. He now returns to tlie flrst stand, 
 covers the pot, and by slipping oft' the hook holding the rosebush in position, 
 and removing the cone, or cones, properly, from the pot, shows the second rose- 
 bush. He now turns tlie large cone so the audience can see through it, and 
 as the upper and lower edge of each cone is blackened, there is no danger of 
 the inside cones being seen. The rear of the stand tops are something of a 
 crescent shape, to facilitate the passing of the large cone down behind the 
 stand in a graceful manner. 
 
 THE MYSTEKY EXPI.AIXED.
 
 113 2IAG1C: ISTAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE "BIRTH OF FLOWERS." 
 
 The trick that we are about to describe, althoiigli old, is very interesting. 
 The prestidigitatenr conies forward, holding in his hand a small cardboard box 
 which he says contains various kinds of flower seeds. 
 
 "Here there is no need of moisture, eartb, or time to cause the seed to 
 germinate, the plant to spring up, and the flower to bloom. Everything takes 
 place instantaneously. AVould not a rose in my buttonhole produce a charm- 
 ing effect? A stroke of tlie wand upon the seed deposited in the desired 
 
 THK BIR'I'H OK THE FLOWERS. 
 
 place, and see! the rose appears. A few seeds are in this little box (Fig. 1, A) 
 that we shall cover for an instant so that it cannot be seen how flowers are 
 born. It is done; let us take off the cover; violets, forget-me-nots, and 
 Easter daisies are here all freslily blown. 
 
 " You are suspicious, perhaps, and rightly, of tiie little tin box, and more 
 BO of its cover. Well, tlien, here is a small goblet, the transparency of which 
 is perfect, and this borrowed hat with which I cover it can have undergone 
 uo preparation. Let us remove it quickly, for the flowers — What ! no 
 flowers? Ah ! it is l)ecause I forgot to sow the seeds. Let us begin the 
 operation over again. Wliat flowers do you want — a mignonette, a violet, a 
 marigold? Here is a seed of eacli kind, which I shall put into the glass. 
 Xow let each one tell me the flower tiuit he prefers. Now I cover the glass 
 and count three seconds. See the magniflcent bouquet! " (Fig. 3.)
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. WW 
 
 Finally the trick is finished by taking- from the hat a number of small 
 bouquets that are offered to the ladies. The following is an explanation of the 
 various tricks, beginning with that which involves the houtonniere of the 
 magician himself. 
 
 I. The Buttonhole Rose. 
 
 This is a stemless artificial rose of muslin, which is secured by a strong 
 black silk thread arrested by a knot. To this thread, which should be five or 
 six inches in length, is attached quite a strong rubber cord capable of being 
 doubled if need be. The free extremity of the rubber traverses, in the first 
 place, the left buttonhole of the coat, and then a small eyelet formed beneath, 
 and then passes over the chest and behind the back, and is fixed by the extrem- 
 ity to one of the right-hand buttons of the waistband of the trousers. 
 
 When the prestidigitateur comes upon the stage, the rose is carried under 
 his left armpit, wdiere he holds it by a slight jiressure of the arm. At the 
 proper moment he raises his wand toward the right, and looks in the same 
 direction in order to attract the eyes of the spectators to that side; but at the 
 same time he separates his arms slightly, and the rose, held by the taut rubber, 
 suddenly puts itself in place. The magic effect produced by the instantaneous 
 appearance of this flower, coming whence no one knows where, could not be 
 appreciated without having been seen. 
 
 II. The FloweRvS ix the Small Box. 
 
 In the second appearance of flowers, 2n'oduced by means of the small appa- 
 ratus shown in Fig. 3, there is really nothing very mysterious. The special 
 object of it is to bring into relief the experiment that is to follow, and in which, 
 evidently, there can be no question of double bottom. Moreover, the diver- 
 sity of the means employed contributes powerfully toward astounding the 
 spectators. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows in section the three pieces of the apparatus, which are placed 
 separately upon the table in Fig. 1. A is the cylindrical tin box in which the 
 seeds are sown, and B another box of slightly larger diameter, but in other 
 respects just like the first, which it entirely covers. To the bottom of B is 
 fixed a small bouquet of artificial flowers. By slightly squeezing the cover, C 
 (which is of thin brass), toward the bottom, the box, B, with the bouquet, is 
 lifted. If, on the contrary, the box is left upon the table, the spectators do 
 not perceive the substitution made, and think that they all the time see the 
 first box, whence they believe the flowers started. 
 
 III. The Bouquet in the Glass. 
 
 This is the most interesting part of the experiment. 
 
 As we have said, the glass is first covered with a hat, and the j^restidigita- 
 teur feigns astonishment upon seeing that the flowers have not appeared, but
 
 114 MAOlC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 at the very instant at which the hat is lifted, when all eyes are fixed upon the 
 glass, looking for tlie Ijouqiiet announced, the operator, who, with the right 
 hand, holds the hat carelessly resting upon the edge of the table, suddenly 
 sticks his middle finger in the cardboard tube fixed to the handle of the bou- 
 quet, which has been jjlaced in advance upon a bracket, as shown in Fig. 1, 
 and, immediately raising his finger, introduces the flowers into the hat, taking 
 good care (and this is an important point) not to turn his gaze away from the 
 glass to the bouquet or hat, as one might feel himself led to do in such a case. 
 This introduction of the bouquet should he efi'ected in less than a second, after 
 which the hat is held aloft, Avhile with the left hand some imaginary seeds, the 
 kinds of which are designated in measure as they are taken, are selected from 
 the cardboard box and successively deposited in the glass. So, this time, be 
 certain of it, the flowers will appear. 
 
 lY. The Small Bouquets in the Hat. 
 
 There is not a second to be lost; the spectators are admiring the houquet 
 and are astonished to see it make its appearance. The operator very quickly 
 profits by this moment of surprise to introduce, by the same process as before, 
 a package of small bouquets tied together with a weak thread that will after- 
 ward be broken in the hat. We have not figured these bouquets upon the 
 bracket, in order to avoid complication. Of course, a skillful operator will not 
 hasten to produce the small bouquets. He will advance toward the spectators 
 as if the experiment were ended, and as if he wished to return the hat to the 
 person from whom he borrowed it. Afterward making believe answer a request, 
 he says: "You Avish some flowers, madam? And you too? And are there 
 others who wish some ? I will, then, empty into the hat the rest of my wonder- 
 ful seeds, and we shall see the result." It is at this moment that the spectators 
 are attentive and that all eyes are open to see the advent of the flowers. 
 
 TEICKS WITH A HAT. 
 
 Prestidigitateurs frequently borrow from their spectators a hat that serves 
 them for the performance of very neat tricks which are not always easily 
 explained. We shall describe some of the most interesting of these. 
 
 The operator will begin by proving to you that the felt of your hat is of 
 bad quality, and, to this effect, he will pierce it here and there with his 
 finger, his magic wand, an Qgg, and with a host of other objects. 
 
 This is all an illusion, the mystery of which is explained by our first engrav- 
 ing. (See the finger B.) It is either of wood or cardboard, and terminates in 
 a long slender needle. The prestidigitateur, wiio has concealed the finger in 
 his left hand, thrusts the point into the top of the hat, whose interior is turned 
 toward tlie spectators. Afterward raising the right hand, the forefinger of
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 115 
 
 M^liich he points forward, he seems to be about to pierce the top of the hat, but 
 instead of finishing the motion begun, he quickly seizes in the interior, between 
 the thumb and forefinger, the point of tlie needle, wiggles it around in all 
 directions, turns the hat over, and the cardboard finger, which moves, seems to 
 1)6 the prestidigitateur's own finger. The same operation is performed with the 
 wooden half egg, C, and the rod. A, which, like the finger, appear to traverse 
 the hat, in tlie interior of which are hidden the true rod and egg. We may 
 likewise solder a needle to a half of a five-franc piece, and thus vary the 
 objects employed for this recreation to infinity. 
 
 I'AssrNG A FrN(;i:i!, hod, and kog Tm:()r(iii \ hat. 
 
 In order to take from a hat a large quantity of paper in ribbons, and then 
 doves, and even a duck or a rabbit, there is no need of special apparatus nor of 
 a great amount of dexterity, and still less of the revolving bobbin or of the 
 mysterious machiiie whose existence is generally believed in by tlie s))cctators 
 when they see the paper falling regularly from the h;it. and turning grace- 
 fidly of itself as tlie water from a new sort of fountain would do. 
 
 Nor is there here any need of a high hat; a simple straw hat (or a cap. at a 
 liinch) will suffice. The prestidigitateur holds close pressed to his breast and 
 hidden under his coat a roll of the blue paper prepared for the printing 
 apparatus of the Morse telegraph, and which is so tightly wound that it has 
 the aspect and consistence of a wooden disk with a circular aperture in the 
 center. In turning around after taking the hat, the opening of which rests 
 against his breast, the operator deftly introduces into it the roll of paper, which 
 has the proper diameter to allow it to enter by hard friction as far as the top 
 of the hat, and stay where it is put even when tlie hat is turned over.
 
 116 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Were it needed, tlie ^xiper might be held by a proper pressure of the left 
 hand exerted from the exterior. The introduction of the paper is effected iu a 
 fraction of a second. 
 
 " Your hat, my dear sir, was doubtless a little too wide for your head, for I 
 notice within it a band of paper designed to diminish the internal diameter," 
 says the prestidigitateur, while, at the same time, he draws from the hat the 
 
 end that terminates the pa- 
 per in the centre^of the roll. 
 Then he reverses the hat so 
 that the interior cannot be 
 seen by the spectators. The 
 paper immediately begins to 
 unwind of itself and to fall 
 very regularly and without 
 intermission to the right. 
 
 When the fall of the pa- 
 per begins to slacken, that is, 
 in general, when no more 
 than a third of the roll re- 
 mains, the prestidigitateur 
 turns the hat upside down, 
 and with the right hand pulls 
 out and rapidly revolves in 
 the air the paper ribbon^ 
 whose cajiricious contours, 
 succeeding one another be- 
 fore the first have had time 
 to fall to the floor, produce 
 a very pretty effect, as shown 
 iu our second engraving. 
 The quantity of paper ex- 
 tracted from the hat ajjpears also in this way much greater than it really is, 
 and at length forms a 2)ile of considerable bulk. 
 
 U'liis experiment may be completed in the following manner: The operator, 
 approaching his table, which, upon aboard suspended behind it, carries a firmly 
 })ound ])igeon, quickly seizes the jjoor bird iu ])assing, and conceals it under 
 the pile of paper, while he puts the latter back into the hat in order to see, says 
 he, whether all that has been taken out can be made to enter anew. 
 
 Having thus introduced the pigeon or any otlier object into the liat, the 
 ])ajter is taken out, and it is at the moment that the liat is restored to its owner 
 that he pretends to discover that it still contains something. 
 
 THE ENDLESS PAPER KIBBON.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 117 
 
 A CAKE BAKED IN A HAT. 
 
 This old trick always amuses the spectators. Some eggs are broken into a 
 porcelain vessel, some flour is added thereto, and there is even incorporated 
 with the paste the eggsliells and a few drops of wax or stearine from a near-by 
 candle. The whole having been put into a hat (Fig. 1), the latter is passed 
 three times over a flame, and an excellent cake, baked to a turn, is taken 
 out of this new set of cooking utensils. As for the owner of the hat, who has 
 
 FIGS. . 1 :i. — A CAKE BAKED IX A HAT. 
 
 passed through a state of great apprehension, he finds with evident satisfaction 
 (at least in most cases) that his head gear has preserved no traces of the mix- 
 ture that was poured into it. 
 
 Fig. 2 shows the apparatus employed by prestidigitateurs to bake a cake in 
 a hat. A is an earthen or porcelain vessel (it may also be of metal) into 
 which enters a metallic cylinder, B, which is provided with a flange at one of 
 its extremities and is divided by a horizontal partition into two unequal com- 
 partments, c and d. The interior of the part d is painted wiiite so as to 
 imitate porcelain. Finally, when the cylinder, B, is wholly inserted in the 
 vessel. A, in which it is held by four springs, r, r, r, r, fixed to the sides, there 
 is nothing to denote at a short distance that the vessel. A, is not empty, just as 
 it was presented at the beginning of the experiment. 
 
 The prestidigitateur has secretly introduced into the hat the small cake and 
 the apparatus, B, by making them fall suddenly from a bracket affixed to the 
 back of a chair. That at least is the most practical method of operating.
 
 118 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 The vessel. A, about which there is nothing peculiar, is, of course, sub- 
 mitted to the examination of the spectators. The object of adding the flour 
 is to render the paste less fluid, and to thus more certainly avoid tlie produc- 
 tion of stains. 
 
 The cake being arranged under the apparatus, 
 B, in the space d, the contents of the vessel. A, 
 poured from a certain height, fall into the part 
 c of the apparatus ; then the vessel, gradually 
 brought nearer, is quickly inserted into the hat in 
 order to seize therein, and at the same time remove, 
 the receptacle, B, M'ith its contents, and leave only 
 the cake. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows this last operation. We have in- 
 tentionally shown the part, B, projecting from the 
 vessel, A, but it will be understood that in reality 
 it must be inserted up to the base at the moment 
 at Avhieh the vessel, A, introduced into the hat, is concealed from the eyes of 
 the spectators. The prestidigitateur none the less continues to move his finger 
 all around the interior of the double vessel as if to gather up the remainder 
 of the paste, which he makes believe throw into the hat, upon the rim of 
 which lie even affects to wipe his fingers, to the great dis- 
 quietude of the gentleman to whom it belongs. 
 
 The experiment may be complicated by first burning 
 alcohol or fragments of pajier in the compartment c of 
 the apparatus. Some prestidigitateurs even add a little 
 Bengal fire. But let no one imitate that amateur presti- 
 digitateur who, wishing to render the experiment more 
 brilliant, put into the receptacle such a quantity of powder 
 that a disaster supervened, so that it became necessary to 
 throw water into the burning hat in order to extinguish 
 the nascent fire. 
 
 The following method of baking a cake in a hat is a 
 decided improvement over the old trick with the porcelain 
 vessel. It has the advantage of being able to be employed 
 anywhere and of i^roducing a complete illusion. 
 
 liefore beginning the experiment, take three eggs, and 
 having blown two of them, close the apertures with white 
 wax. Place the three eggs upon a plate. 
 
 AVithin the left-hand side of your waistcoat place a fiat 
 cake, and then make your a])i)earance before the spec^tators. 
 
 Having borrowed a hat, place it upon the table, and, after secretly intro- 
 ducing the cake into it (Fig. 4), take an empty egg, crack the shell upon the 
 edge of the jtlate, and, inserting your hands in the hat, make believe empty 
 the contents of the egg into the latter (Fig. 5). 
 
 In order tiiat the means employed may not occur to any one, take the per' 
 
 FIG. 5.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 119 
 
 feet egg and let it fall upon the plate so that it will break and its contents 
 flow oat. Then take the remaining egg and operate as with the first. All you 
 have to do then is to pass the hat back and forth a few times over the flame of 
 a candle in order to cook the mass and then to serve the cake. 
 
 THE EGG AND HAT TRICK. 
 
 An effect dne to an invisible thread is tlie following: 
 
 Some months ago, in a Parisian public establishment, a clown took a hat 
 and a handkerchief, and then, after showing, by spreading it out, that the 
 handkerchief was empty, drew 
 an egg from the folds of the 
 crumpled fabric and allowed 
 it to drop into the hat. Then 
 he took up the handkerchief, 
 shook it out again, crumpled 
 it up, found another egg, and 
 let it drop into the h^it, and 
 so on. When it might have 
 been supposed that the hat 
 contained a certain number 
 of eggs, he turned it upside 
 down, and, lo and behold, the 
 hat was empty ! All the eggs 
 from the handkerchief were 
 reduced to a single one at- 
 tached by a thi'ead to one of 
 the sides of the luindkerchief, 
 and which the amusing op- 
 erator maliciously exhibited, 
 after seeming to look for the 
 vanished eggs. 
 
 While the handkerchief 
 was stretched out, the egg 
 was behind it, and, although 
 
 it was shaken, remained suspended by its thread. In crumpling the handker- 
 chief it was easy to seem to find the egg in it, and to put it in the hat, where it 
 did not remain, however, for, lifted by the thread, it resumed its place behind the 
 handkerchief. Our engraving shows the handkerchief at the moment that the 
 egg has been removed by the thread on the side opposite that of the spectators. 
 
 On attaching a black thread, sixteen or twenty inches in length, to an 
 empty egg, and selecting the egg thus prepared from a lot of ordinary eggs, as 
 if by chance, we have a ready means of amusing and mystifying spectators for 
 
 TUE EGG AND HAT TRICK.
 
 130 2IAG1C: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 a long time. Having hooked the free extremity of the thread to a buttonhole 
 of the Avaistcoat, let us lay the egg upon the table. After apparently ordering 
 it to approach us, it suffices to recede from the table to make the docile egg 
 obey the command. By the same means it may be made to make its exit 
 alone from a hat; or, again, by bearing upon the invisible thread, it may be 
 made to dance upon a cane or upon the hand; iu a word, to jDerform various 
 operations that eggs are not accustomed to perform. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF COINS. 
 
 Upon a small rectangular ti'ay of japanned sheet iron, similar to those in 
 common use, are placed seven coins (Fig. 1). A spectator is asked to receive 
 these iu his hand and to put the coins back upon the tray, one by one, and to 
 count them with a loud voice as he does so. It is then found that the number 
 
 has doubled, there being 
 fourteen instead of seven. 
 The same operation repeated 
 gives as a result twenty-one 
 coins.. 
 
 As may be seen in the 
 section in Fig. 3, the tray 
 has a double bottom, forming 
 an interspace a little wider 
 tlian the thickness of one of 
 the coins, and which is di- 
 vided breadthwise into two 
 equal compartments by a 
 partition, B. These two 
 compartments are closed all 
 around, save at the ends of 
 the tray, where there are two 
 apertures, A and C, that in 
 length are double the di- 
 ameter of the coins. In this 
 interspace are concealed four- 
 teen coins, seven on each 
 side. When the contents of 
 the tray are emptied into the 
 .hand of a spectator, the coins 
 concealed in one of the compartments drop at the same time (Fig. 2). The 
 operator tlien takes the tray in his other hand, and thus naturally seizes it at the 
 end at which the now empty compartment exists, and this allows the seven coins 
 that are contained in the other compartment to join the first ones, when the 
 latter are rapidly emptied into the hands of the spectator for the second time. 
 
 Mi;i/lin,T( ATION OK (OINS.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 121 
 
 A square tray, with a double bottom divided into four compartments by 
 divisions running diagonally from one corner to another, would permit of 
 increasing the number of coins four times. 
 
 Let us say, however, that skillful prestidigitateurs dispense with the double 
 bottom. They hold the coins sometimes nnder the tray with their fingers 
 extended, and sometimes on the tray, under their thumbs, and renew their 
 supply several times from secret pockets skillfully arranged in various parts of 
 their coats, where the spectators are far from suspecting the existence of them. 
 
 MAGIC COINS. 
 
 The street venders of Paris have for some time past been selling to pedes- 
 trians a coin that can be made to enter an ordinary wine bottle. This coin is 
 a genuine ten centime piece, but, 
 when it is handled, it is found that 
 it bends exactly like the leaves of 
 a dining-room table. Amateur 
 mechanics, clock-makers, and cop- 
 per turners can easily manufacture 
 similar ones. The process is as 
 follows : 
 
 By means of a very fine metal 
 saw, cut the coin in three pieces, 
 either by parallel cuts, or, better, by following the contours shown in Fig. 1. 
 If the operation be skillfully performed, the marks of the cutting, too, will be 
 
 FIG. 1.— MAGIC COINS. 
 
 FIG, 2.— mode; of INSEKTING THE COIN IN A BOTTLE,
 
 122 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 nearly invisible. Before the coin is sawed, a groove about aline in depth should 
 be formed in the rim by means of a saw or file. In this channel or groove is 
 inserted a very taut rubber ring, which, before it is stretched, should be, at 
 the most, one and a half or two lines in diameter. If the rubber is well 
 hidden in the groove, the cleft coin will appear to be absolutely intact. 
 
 Owing to this process, the coin can be easily inserted in a bottle by placing 
 the hands as shown in Fig. 2. The hand that bends the coin covers the 
 mouth. The cohi is inserted, and then, by a smart blow given the bottle, it 
 is made to pass through the neck. Owiug to the tension of the rubber, the 
 jiiece at once regains its flat form, and the operator makes it ring against tlje 
 glass in order to sliow that it is really a piece of metal. In order to extract 
 it, it is necessary to get the saw marks exactly in the direction of the bottle's 
 axis, then the bottle is slightly inclined, neck downward, and through a few 
 blows on the latter the coin is made to drop into the 
 hand, where it will at once assume its original form. 
 
 We shall now have a few words to say about what is 
 called the " double sou." The operator places the prepared 
 coin in his hand, and calls strict attention to the fact that 
 there is no companion i^iece. Then he covers it with his 
 other hand for a moment, and finally shows two coins, 
 instead of one, in the first hand. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows, not how the experiment is performed, 
 but how the double coin is prepared. It is simply an ordi- 
 nary sou, over which is placed a sort of hollow cover con- 
 taining the impression of the coin, and which fits on the 
 latter so accurately that the piece looks like an ordinary 
 sou. This cover is lifted and made to slide alongside of 
 the coin, thus sliowing two pieces instead of one. 
 
 The cover is stamped from a thin sheet of copper placed upon a sou serv- 
 ing as a mould. It might possibly be made by means of some electro-metal- 
 lurgical process. The mutilation of United States coins is forbidden under 
 penalty of the law. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 THE DOUBLE 
 
 sou. 
 
 THE DISSOLVING COIN. 
 
 Borrow a silver dollar, and have it marked, so that it can be identified. 
 Ask some one tp hold the coin horizontally between the thumb and forefinger of 
 the right liand within the folds of a silk handkerchief, and over a glass full of 
 water held in the left hand, Fig. 1. Your assistant's two hands being thus 
 occupied, you will have no sort of iiuliscretion to fear. Stepping back a few 
 feet, direct your assistant to let the coin drop; and the impact against the bot- 
 tom of the glass Avill be heard by the entire assemblage. When the handker- 
 chief is raised the coin is no longer in the glass, l)ut has made its way to your 
 hand or to the pocket of a spectator. I^et it be examined, and it will be found 
 to be really the coin that has been previously marked,
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 123 
 
 lu order to jierform this trick it is necessary to have a disk of glass of the 
 same diameter as a silver dollar (Fig. 2). 
 
 Hide this disk, A (Fig. 3), in the palm of your right hand, turned toward 
 you. This will not prevent you from holding the coin that has been confided 
 to you between the thumb and forefinger of the same hand. A\'hile your hand 
 is concealed by the handkerchief in which it is thought that you ])laced the 
 coin, you shift the latter and give the assistant the glass disk to hold, by the 
 
 DISArPKATJANCK OF A STI.VER DOLLAR. 
 
 edge, of course, and not by the flat surface, so that the substitution that you 
 have made cannot be perceived by the touch. 
 
 After the trick has been performed, do not be afraid to let the person who 
 has held the coin, and who is thoroughly astonished, examine the glass and its 
 contents at his leisure. The glass disk is entirely invisible in the water, and if, 
 as it is well to do, you have taken care to select a glass whose bottom is per- 
 fectly plane and of the same diameter as the disk (Fig. 2), the latter will 
 remain adherent to the glass even when it is inverted to empty the water in 
 order to prove once more to the spectators that it contains nothing but clear 
 water. 
 
 THE SPIRIT SLATES. 
 
 Two ordinary wooden-framed slates are presented to the spectators, and 
 examined in succession by them. A small piece of chalk is introduced between 
 the two slates, which are then united by a rubber band and held aloft in the 
 prestidigitatenr's right hand.
 
 124 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Then, iu the general silence, is heard tlie scratching of the chalk, which 
 is writing between the two slates the answer to a question asked by one of the 
 spectators — the name of a card thought of or the number of spots obtained by 
 throwing two dice. The rubber band having been removed and the slates 
 separated, one of them is seen to be covered with writing. This prodigy, which 
 at first sight seems to be so mysterious, is very easily performed. 
 
 The writing was done in advance; but upon the written side of the slate, 
 A, there had been placed a thin sheet of black cardboard which hid the char- 
 acters written with chalk. 
 The two sides of thiselatethus 
 appeared absolutely clean. 
 
 The slate B is first given 
 out for examination, and after 
 it has been returned to him, 
 the operator says: "Do you 
 want to examine the other 
 one also ? " And then, with- 
 out any haste, he makes a 
 pass analogous to that em- 
 ployed in shuffling cards. The 
 slate A being held by the 
 thumb and forefinger of the 
 left hand and the slate B be- 
 tween the fore and middle 
 finger of the right hand (Fig. 
 1), the two hands are brought 
 together. But at the moment 
 at which the slates are super- 
 posed, the thumb and fore- 
 finger of tlie right hand grasp 
 the slate A, while at the same 
 time the fore and middle 
 finger of the left hand take 
 the slate li. Then the two hands separate anew, and the slate that has 
 already been examined, instead of the second one, is put into tlie hands of the 
 spectator. 'I'liis shifting, done with deliberation, is entirely invisible. 
 
 During the second examination the slate A is laid flat upon a table, the 
 written face turned upward and covered with black cardboard. The slate 
 having been sufficiently examined, and been returned to tbe operator, the latter 
 lays it upon the first, and both are then surrounded by the rubber band. 
 
 It is then that the operator holds up the slates with the left hand, of which 
 one sees but the thumb, while upon the posterior face of the second slate the 
 nail of his middle finger makes a sound resembling that produced by chalk 
 when written with. "When the operator judges that this little comedy has 
 lasted (juite long enough, he lays the two slates horizontally upon his table, 
 
 Sl'IIlIT SLATES.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 125 
 
 taking care this time that the non-prepared slate shall be beneath (Fig. 2). 
 It is upon it that the black cardboard rests; and the other slate, on being 
 raised, shows the characters that it bears, and that are stated to have been 
 written by an invisible spirit that slipped in between the two slates. 
 
 SECOND SIGHT. 
 
 "The trick is performed as follows," says Judge James Bartlett in the 
 Popular Science Neivs : " Each person in the audience is presented with a slip 
 of paper, upon which to write anything he or she may choose. The paper 
 Avritten upon is immediately secreted by the writer, as much care as possible 
 being taken that no one else sees what is written upon it. The performer, 
 who has been absent from the room while this is being done, is brought in and 
 led, as if in a state of trance, to a chair within full view of eveiy one present. 
 A light piece of drapery is thrown over him so that he is completely covered 
 by it, and yet it is thin enough to be translucent, and it can be seen he has not 
 gone down through the floor or ascfended up through the ceiling. The audi- 
 ence is told the drapery j)revents the sphere or influence or spell that surrounds 
 him from being dissipated. He now begins and repeats, word for word, the 
 sentences written upon any or all the- slips of paper. Xothing can be more 
 astonishing; the paper has not left the possession of the writers; it is equally 
 certain that it is impossible that another j^erson could have seen what was 
 thereon written, and yet the trick is as simple as it is surprising, and that is 
 certainly saying a great deal. 
 
 '• The explanation is as follows: In order to write anything upon the sli]^ of 
 paper given out, one must have something firm and flat upon Avhich to jilace 
 it, and for this purpose bits of pasteboard of a convenient size are handed 
 about the audience. The pasteboard, however, is not solid, as it seems to be; 
 the uppermost layer of paper can be separated at one of the edges from the 
 layers beneath it, and into this slip white paper introduced. The upjoermost 
 layer of paper is blacked Avith crayon or soft pencil on its under side, and what- 
 ever is written upon the paper resting upon it is faithfully stenciled or traced 
 upon the white paper inserted. The pasteboards, being collected, are taken 
 out of the room and given to the performer by his assistant, who may or may 
 not be a confederate. That is, if the performer is very skillful, he may dupe 
 his assistant as well as his audience. He may tell him, for instance, it is 
 necessary for him to have these pasteboard rests and pass his fingers over them 
 so that he can become en rapjjort with the person with whom they were in con- 
 tact. It is better, however, at least at first, to have a confederate. The rest 
 is easy enough. The inserted slips of tell-tale papers are collected and carried 
 with him by the performer, who manages to read them either through a hole 
 in the drapery or by the light that sifts through it as he sits covered up in his 
 chair with his back to the audience. It is well, sometimes, not to have enough 
 pasteboard cards to go round the audience, and give apparently at haphazard 
 a book, an atlas or portfolio, which, of course, has been neatly covered with
 
 1-^G MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSJOAS. 
 
 paper or cloth and supplied with blackened and with wliite p.qier as are the 
 pasteboard cards. 
 
 " If anything sliould happen that would prevent reading any particidar strip 
 of paper, the performer may at once say thab he does not pretend to be able to 
 read all, but only such sentences as appear to his mental vision. This will add 
 to the effect and make the trick a2)2)ear all the more mysterious. In supply- 
 ing pencils to your audience be sure to give them good, hard ones, that will 
 require some pressure to make the writing legible; be careful, too, that the 
 paper with which you furnish them is rather thin, so that you will get a good 
 tracing on that you have inserted in the pasteboard rest. As each slip is read 
 by the performer the assistant should ask if any one in the audience wrote that 
 sentence and if it is correctly repeated, and then, stepping to the M'l'iter and 
 taking the slip from him or her, he should himself read it aloud and show it 
 to any one desirous of seeing it; this enhances the wonder and interest of the 
 performance, and also gives the performer time to decipher the next slip. It 
 is well to have the sentences take the form ^f questions which the performer 
 can read, comment u2')on, and answer in an oracular way, especially as this 
 takes up time, and consequently gives fewer selected slips to read during the 
 period allotted to the trick; for to read a few is quite as Avonderful as to read 
 many. 
 
 "Now let the master of occult art cap the climax. Let him again be led 
 from the room, ostensibly to have his magic sphere renewed, and let some one 
 among the audience write the name of a deceased person, together with their 
 own, on a slip of paper. Lay a good deal of stress on the requirement that 
 one name shall be that of a person deceased ; this, of course, being only to 
 mystify the audience. "When the names have been written the performer is to 
 enter the room. He does so with the sleeve of his coat rolled uji, and his arm 
 bared to the elbow. After showing there is nothing wpon his arm, he turns 
 down his sleeve, readjusts his cuff, and proceeds with his trick. He first names 
 the person whom the audience has choseii, in ]n§ absence, to write the name; 
 he requests that person to crumj)le up the slip of paper ujkjii which the name 
 is written and rub it Avell over his arm just above his cuff, * so that the writing 
 will penetrate through his sleeve,' ho says; no'w turning up his sleeve he shows 
 the writing that was upon the pa])er in blood-red letters upon his bared arm. 
 The manner of performing this ptirt of the ti'ick is, having ascertained, as 
 before, the writing upon the sli]i of paper by means of the tracing, to write or 
 print it Avith red ink mixed with a little glycerine, or red jirinter's ink, or oil 
 color and turpentine, u]ion paper which is to be fastened upon the inside of 
 that part of the ])erformer''s coat sleeve which he instructs the person who has 
 written the name upon the j)aper to rub with the paper. The paper may be 
 neatly pinned to the lining of the sleeve, care being taken that the pins do 
 not scratch when the sleeve is turned down."
 
 (JONJURiXG TRICiCS. 
 
 \2l 
 
 MAGIC CABIXETS. 
 
 The apparatus by means of whicli objects of various sizes — a card, a bird, 
 a child, a woman, etc. — may be made to apparently disappear play a large part 
 in the exhibitions of magicians, and also in pantomimes and fairy scenes. 
 Among such apparatus there are some that are based upon ingenious mechan- 
 ical combinations, while others bring in the aid of optics. We shall examine 
 a few of them. 
 
 The Magic Portfolio. 
 
 This is an apparatus which an itinerant physicist might have been seen a 
 few years ago exhibiting in the squares and at street corners. His method 
 was to have a spectator draw a card, which he then placed between the four 
 sheets of paper which, folded crossways, formed the flaps of his portfolio. When 
 he opened tlie latter again a few instants afterward the card had disappeared. 
 
 
 
 kfitf^.,r"'-4M t^^ iMR.' , 
 
 MAGIC rUKTFULlOS, EiSVELOrES, AND IJUXES. 
 
 or rather had become transformed. Profiting then by the surprise of his spec- 
 tators, the sliowman began to offer tliem his nuigic portfolio at the price of five 
 cents for the small size and ten for the large. 
 
 The portfolio was made of two square pieces of cardboard connected by 
 four strings, these latter being fixed in such a way that when the two pieces 
 of cardboard were open and juxtaposed the external edge of each of tliem was 
 connected with the inner edge of the otlier, 
 
 Tliis constituted, after a manner, a double hinge that permitted of the port- 
 folio being opened from both sides. To one pair of strings there were glued, 
 back to back, two sheets of paper, which, when folded over, formed the flaps 
 of the portfolio. It was only necessary, then, to open the latter in one direc-
 
 128 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AX/J SClLNTIFlC DtVLliSloXS. 
 
 tion or the other to render it impossible to open more tluin one of the two sets 
 of flaps. 
 
 T|iis device is one that permits of a large number of tricks being performed, 
 since every object put under one of the sets of flaps will apparently disappear 
 or be converted into something else, at the will of the prestidigitateur. 
 
 Magic I^Isvelopes. 
 
 This trick is a simplification of the foregoing. The afPair consists of sev- 
 eral sheets of paper of dift'erent colors folded over, one upon the other. A 
 card inclosed within the middle envelope, over which have been folded all the 
 others, is found to have disappeared when the flaps are opened again. The 
 secret of the trick is very simple. One of the inner sheets of jiaper — the 
 second one, usually — is double, and, when folded, forms two env^elopes that 
 are back to back. It is only necessary, then, to open one or the other of 
 these latter to cause the appearance or disappearance or transformation of such 
 objects as have been inclosed within it. 
 
 Magic Boxes. 
 
 Magic boxes are of several styles, according to the size of the objects that 
 one desires to make disappear. 
 
 There is no one who has not seen a magician put one or more pigeons into 
 the drawer of one of these boxes, and, after closing it, open it to find that tlie 
 birds have disappeared. Such boxes contain two drawers, which, when pulled 
 out, seem to be but one; and it is only necessary, then, to jiull out the inner 
 one or leave it closed in order to render the inclosed birds visible or invisible. 
 
 In order to causb the disappearance of smaller objects, trick performers 
 often employ a jewel box, and after putting the object (a ring, for example) 
 into this, they hand it to some person and ask him to hold it, requesting him 
 at the same time to wrap it up in several sheets of j)aper. But this simple 
 motion has permitted the performer to cause the ring to drop into his hand 
 through a small trap opening beneath the box. Yet, while he is doing this the 
 spectators think that they hear the noise made by the ring striking against the 
 sides of the box. Vnxi that is only an illusion; for the noise that is heard pro- 
 ceeds from a small hammer which is hidden within the cover under the 
 escutcheon, and which is rendered movable when the latter is pressed upon 
 by the ])erformer. Tlie box can thus bo shaken without any noise being heard 
 within it, and the spectators are led to believe that the object has disappeared. 
 
 Double-bottomed boxes are so well known that it is useless to describe them. 
 Sometimes the double bottom is hidden in the cover, and at others it 7'ests 
 against one of the sides. Such boxes permit of the disai)poarance or substitu- 
 tion of objects that are not very thick, such as a note, an image, or a card.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 129 
 
 THE TRAVELINCt BOTTLE AND GLASS. 
 
 Upon a table, at the rising of the curtain, are observed a bottle and a glass, 
 the latter full of wine up to the brim. The prestidigitateur pours into the 
 bottle half of the liquid, ''which otherwise," he remarks, '"might slop over 
 during the voyage." Then two cylinders of the same diameter as the bottle 
 are made before the eyes of the spectators out of two sheets of paper and four 
 pins. 
 
 These are designed to cover the bottle and the glass, which have been sepa- 
 rated from each other by a short interval (Fig. 1). Instantaneously, and in 
 an invisible manner, the 
 two objects change places 
 twice, and yet there is 
 never anything in the pa- 
 per cylinders, which are, 
 ostensibly, torn into a 
 hundred bits. 
 
 Fig. 3 unravels the 
 mystery. The bottle is of 
 varnished tin, and bottom- 
 less. It covers a second 
 bottle that is similar, but 
 a little smaller, and in the 
 center there is concealed 
 a glass similar to the one 
 that has been shown, but 
 empty. It receives the half 
 of the wine that was 
 
 poured from the first glass. This operation necessarily contributes toward 
 convincing the spectators that they have before them an ordiiuiry bottle pro- 
 vided with a bottom and capable of containing a liquid. 
 
 The operator first covers the bottle v.'ith one of tlie paper cyliiulers as if to 
 ascertain whether it has the proper diameter, but immediately removes it and 
 places it npright upon the table. 
 
 What no one can snspect, however, he has at the same time lifted the first 
 bottle by slightly compressing the paper. It is then the second bottle that is 
 seen, and which is precisely like the other, the labels of both being turned 
 toward the same side and exhibiting a slight tear or a few identical spots 
 designed to aid in the deception. 
 
 The operator, having finished his palaver, places the empty cylinder upon 
 the second bottle and covers the glass with the one -in which the first bottle 
 is concealed (Fig 2). The magic wand is then brought into play, and after 
 this the paper cylinder alone is lifted at the side where the glass was in the first 
 place seen, while at the opposite side, the bottle, on being removed, exposes the 
 9 
 
 THICK WITH A BOTTLE AND GLASS OK WINE.
 
 130 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 glass that it concealed. The operation is begun over again in the opposite 
 direction ; and, finally, under pretense of once again showing that either 
 paper cylinder can be used indifferently, the operator replaces upon the second 
 bottle the cylinder that still contains the first one, unbeknown to the spectators. 
 This is done so rapidly that the action is apparently a gesture, but nothing 
 more is needed to free the cylinder of its contents and reestablish things in 
 their former state. 
 
 DISAPPEAKANOE OP AN APPLE AND A NINEPIN. 
 
 To an apple and a ninepin, the principal objects witli which this trick is 
 performed, are added as accessories a napkin, a large vessel of dark blue glass, 
 and a cone of coarse paper, which is made on the spot by molding it over 
 the ninepin. 
 
 First Disappearance (Fig. 1). — The apple, "in order that it maybe more 
 in sight," is placed upon the inverted glass. V, under the paper cone, while 
 
 TKICK WITH AN APPLE AND A NINEPIN. 
 
 the inverted ninepin is covered with the napkin, S, through which it is held. 
 All at once the napkin, quickly seized by the two corners, is vigorously shaken, 
 and the ninepin has disappeared, or, rather, it is found upon the glass in place 
 of the a})ple, which has passed into the prestidigitatour's pocket. 
 
 Second Disappearance (Fig. 3). — The api)lo, first placed upon the table, is 
 thrown invisibly toward the paper cone, under which, in fact, it is found.
 
 GONJliRiNO TRICKS. 
 
 131 
 
 And the ninepin ? ' The prestidigitateur '' had forgotten " to tell it where it was 
 to go when he sent the apple in its place. As he gives up trying to find it and 
 seizes the blue vessel inordeptoput it in place, it is seen tliat the ninepin, 
 driven by the apple, has passed underneath. 
 
 Fig. 3 renders an explanation scarcely necessary. At the moment that the 
 paper cone was made, the ninepin. A, was covered with a dummy, B, of thin 
 metal, which remained in the cone when the latter was removed. In the 
 napkin, formed of two napkins sewed together by their edges, was concealed, 
 between the two fabrics, a small disk of cardboard of the same diameter as the 
 base of the ninepin. The latter was allowed to fall secretly behind the table 
 into a box lined with silk waste, only the cardboard disk being held, thanks to 
 which the napkin preserved the same form that it possessed when the ninepin 
 was beneath it, as shown in Fig. 1. There is no need of explanation in regard 
 to the apple that comes out of the prestidigitateur's pocket and which is 
 similar to the one that remained on the glass and was hidden by the false nine- 
 pin that covered it when the paper cone alone was removed. 
 
 For the second disappearance the apple, placed upon the table, is 
 surrounded by the two hands of the prestidigitateur, who, while it is thus 
 concealed, by a blow given with the little finger of the right hand, sends it 
 rolling on to a shelf behind the table. His hands, nevertheless, presers^e the 
 same position as if they held the apple. It is the first one that is seen upon 
 the foot of the glass, the false ninepin being removed this time with the pai3er 
 cover. Under the glass there is a second false ninepin, C, of metal, painted 
 dark blue in the interior and which has a narrow flange through A\ihich it 
 rests upon the edge of the glass, of which it seems to form a part. Fig. 3 
 shows it in section with the glass, and also the different pieces as they are 
 arranged at the beginning of the experiment. 
 
 A GOBLET OF INK CONVERTED INTO AN AQUARIUM. 
 
 Exhibit a goblet which is apparently nearly full 
 of ink, and place it upon a table. In order to prove 
 that the goblet really contains ink, partially immerse 
 a visiting card in the liquid, and, on taking it out, 
 show that it has been blackened. With an ordinary 
 spoon dip out some of the ink and pour it into a 
 saucer. Then, having borrowed a ring, pretend to 
 dip it into the ink, but really allow it to drop into the 
 saucer. Announce that you are going to make amends 
 for your awkwardness, not by plunging your hand 
 into the liquid, which would have the inconvenience 
 of blackening it, but by rendering the ink colorless 
 instantaneously. Take a white napkin or a large 
 
 FIG. 1.
 
 132 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCtENTlFIG DIVERSIONS. 
 
 sized silk handkerchief and cover the glass with it. Upon removing the 
 napkin or handkerchief, the glass will be found to contain clear Avater in which 
 living fish are swimming. The hand may then be dipped into the liquid and 
 
 the ring be taken out without fear. 
 
 The trick is performed as follows: 
 Take a goblet containing water and some 
 fish, and place against the inner surface a 
 piece of black rubber cloth, to which at- 
 tach a black thread that is allowed to 
 hang down a few inches outside of the 
 glass, and to the extremity of which is 
 attached a small cork. Of course, the 
 thread and cork must be placed at the 
 side of the glass opposite the spectator. 
 
 Cover the glass Avith the napkin, and 
 on removing the latter, grasp the cork, 
 so as to raise it as well as the rubber cloth 
 in the interior. 
 
 As for the card, that should have been 
 previously blackened on one side for about 
 three-quarters of its length, and, after 
 being immersed in the liquid, with the 
 white side toward the spectator, should be 
 pifj _ 2 quickly turned around so as to show the 
 
 blackened side. As for the liquid taken 
 out with the spoon, care should have been taken to previously fixiu the interior 
 of the bowl a few particles of aniline black soluble in water, by breathing on 
 the spoon before introducing the powder, this serving to fix it. Then the water 
 taken out with the spoon will be converted into ink, which may be poured 
 into a plate or saucer. 
 
 THE INVISIBLE JOURNEY OF A GLASS OF WINE. 
 
 Being given an ordinary glass half full of wine, which everybody can exam- 
 ine closely, and. a hat situated at a distance, the question is to cover the glass 
 witii a piece of paper, and thence to send it invisibly into the hat. 
 
 A small piece of wood or paper that a spectator has put in the wine, or 
 any mark whatever that has been made upon the glass, will permit of verifying 
 the fact that it is really the same glass that was first exhibited, and that is 
 afterwards found in the hat. 
 
 In order to perform this trick, it is necessary to have one of those double 
 glasses (Fig. 4) that can be easily obtained in variety stores, and which contain 
 between their double sides a red liquid that has been introduced through the
 
 CONJURINO TRICKS. 
 
 133 
 
 foot of tlie glass, which is hollow. A small cork, h, which is absolutely 
 invisible if it is not examined very closely, is inserted and withdrawn at will in" 
 order to change the lif|uid; but, for our trick, there is no occasion to occupy 
 ourselves with these details. This double glass is kept concealed until the 
 moment arrives for using it. 
 
 A second glass — this is a simple one (Fig. 4, B) and of the same appear- 
 ance as the other — is iilled with wine, in the presence of the spectators, to a 
 level equal to that reached by the red liquid in the double glass. 
 
 The prestidigitateur, after exhibiting the interior of the hat so as to allow 
 it to be seen that the latter is empty, introduces into it, while he turns his 
 Ijack to the spectators, the 
 double glass which he 
 had concealed under his 
 arm, and which can be 
 handled without any fear 
 of spilling the liquid that 
 it contains. The hat is 
 then placed upon the 
 table. 
 
 Afterward, taking the 
 simple glass in his hands, 
 the prestidigitateur asks 
 the spectators whether he 
 shall make it pass visibly 
 or invisibly into the hat. 
 As a usual tbing sugges- 
 tions are divided, and so, 
 in order to j^lease every- 
 body, the glass is first put ostensibly into the hat and then immediately taken 
 out; that, at least, is what is thought by the spectators, who are very readv to 
 laugh at the little hoax played upon those who perhaps expected to see the glass 
 carried through the air upon the wings of the wind. But the prestidigitateur 
 has taken care to leave the simple glass in the hat, and to take out, in place of 
 it, the double glass, which he presently spirits away with ease by the following 
 process. The glass having been placed upon the table, lie covers it with a 
 square piece of strong paper, which he folds around it in such a way as to 
 make it follow its contours and completely conceal it (Fig. 1). This paper, 
 which must be very stiff, as well as strong, afterward preserves the form upon 
 which, so to speak, it has been molded, although it is no longer supported by 
 tiie glass, which has been allowed to fall behind the table into a sort of pocket 
 of canvas, or into a box lined with silk waste, arranged to this effect (Fig. 2). 
 
 The prestidigitateur, having thus got rid of the glass, walks toward the 
 s])ectators, delicately pressing the top of the paper between the thumb and 
 forefinger of the left hand, as if he still held the glass in the paper, and the 
 foot of which seems to be supported by tlie right hand. A spectator is then 
 
 TRICK PERFORMED WrFH A GI-ASS OF WINE.
 
 134 2IA0IG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 invited to take the glass with the paper, and care is taken to advise him not to 
 allow the wine to run np his sleeves. He then stretches out his hands, but 
 at the same instant the paper, suddenly crumpled into a ball, is thrown tnto 
 the air, and the glass of wine has passed invisibly into the hat. 
 
 THE WINE CHANGED TO WATER. 
 
 After having done considerable talking, as required by his profession, a 
 prestidigitateur is excusable for asking. permission of his spectators to refresh 
 himself in their presence, especially if he invites one of them to come to keep 
 him company. 
 
 WATEK CH.\N(iEl) INTO WINE .\NU WINE INTO WATER. 
 
 An assistant then brings in upon a tray two claret glasses and two perfectly 
 transparent decanters, one of which contains red wine and the other water. 
 The prestidigitateur asks his guest to select one of the two decanters and leave 
 the other for himself. No hesitation is possible. The guest hastens to seize 
 the wine and each immediately fills his glass. How astonishing! Upon its 
 contact with the glass the wine changes into water and the water becomes wine. 
 Judge of tiie hilarity of the spectators and the amazement of the victim! 
 The j)retended wine was nothing but the following composition: one gram 
 j)otassium permanganate and two grams sulphuric acid dissolved in one 
 quart of wat(n-. 'I'liis liquid is instantaneously decolorized on entering the 
 glass, at the bottom of which lias been placed a few drops of water saturated
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 135 
 
 with sodium hyposulphite. As for the water in the second decanter, that had 
 had considerable alcohol added to it, and at the bottom of the glass that was 
 ^o receive it had been placed a small pinch of aniline red, which, as well 
 known, possesses strong tinctorial properties. The glasses must be carried 
 away immediately, since in a few moments the wine changed into water loses its 
 limpidity and assumes a milky appearance. The mixtures are, of course, 
 poisonous. 
 
 THE ANIMATED MOUSE. 
 
 Street venders are often seen selling, at night, a little mouse which they 
 place upon the back of their hand, and which keeps running as if, having been 
 tamed, it wished to take refuge upon them. In order to prevent it from 
 attaining its object, they interpose the other hand, and then the first one, 
 which is now free, and so on. The mouse keeps on running until the vender 
 has found a purchaser 
 for it at the moderate 
 price of two cents, in- 
 cluding the instructions 
 for jnauipulatii^g it, for, 
 as may have been divined, 
 it is not a question here 
 of a live mouse, but of a 
 toy. This little toy is 
 based upon two effects — 
 first, an effect of optics; 
 and second, the effect 
 due to an invisible thread. 
 
 The mouse, which is 
 flat beneath, is provided 
 near the head with a 
 small hook, and the op- 
 erator has fixed to a but- 
 tonhole a thread ten inches in length, terminating in a loop. He fixes this 
 loop in the hook above mentioned, and, tautening the thread, places the mouse 
 upon the back of his left hand (near the little finger, for example). 
 
 On moving the hand away from the body, the mouse, which does not stir, 
 seems to slide over the back of the hand, and, at the moment that it is about 
 to fall on reaching the thumb, the right hand, passed beneath, arrives just in 
 time to catch it near the little finger, whence, by the same movement as before, 
 it seems to go toward the thumb. 
 
 In order to perform the experiment off-hand, it suffices to take a cork and 
 carve it into the form of a mouse, then cut away the under part of the animal 
 thus rough-shaped, so that it may lie perfectly flat, then make two ears out of 
 
 THE ANIMATED MOUSE.
 
 136 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 cardboard, and a tail out of a piece of twine, and finally blacken tbe whole in 
 the flame of a candle. After this, the black thread, terminating in a ball of 
 soft wax or a i)iu hook, having been fixed to a button-hole, allow the spectators 
 to examine the mouse, and, after is returned to you, fix the thread, either by 
 its ball of wax or its hook, to the front of the flat part of the rodent, which 
 you may then cause to run as above described. 
 
 THE SAND FKAME TRICK. 
 
 The sand frame is a very ingeniously constructed little apparatus which is 
 employed in different tricks of prestidigitation for causing the disappearajice 
 of a card, a photograph, a sealed letter, an answer written upon a sheet of 
 jiaper, etc. 
 
 In appearance it is a simple, plush-covered frame, tlie back of which opens 
 with a hinge behind a glass, which, at first sight, presents nothing peculiar. 
 
 In reality, there are two 
 glasses separated from eacli 
 other by an interval of three 
 millimeters. The lower side 
 of the frames is hollow and 
 forms a reservoir filled with 
 very fine blue sand. In tiie 
 iiiterior the door is covered 
 with blue paper of the same 
 shade as the sand. The card, 
 })ortrait, or letter that is sub- 
 se(|uently to appear is placed 
 in the frame in advance, but, 
 in order to render it invisible, 
 the latter is held vertically, 
 the reservoir at the top. The 
 sand then falls, and fills the 
 space that separates the two 
 glasses, and the blue surface 
 thus formed behind the first 
 glass seems to be the back of 
 the frame. In order to cause 
 the appearance of the con- 
 cealed object, the frame is 
 placed vertically, Avith the 
 roBcrvoir at the botlDin. and covered with a silk handkerchief. In a few seconds 
 till! sand will have disa])|)eared. The door that closes the back nniy be o])ened 
 by a s|)eiUator and the frame shown close by. provided that il be held vertically 
 in order to prevent the ,sand from ajipearing between the two glasses. 
 
 ilK SAM) IliAME.
 
 CONJURING TRICKS. 
 
 1 O ** 
 
 lOi 
 
 Fig. 2 shows the frame us seen from behind. The door. P, is seen open, 
 and at S is seen the sand falling between the two glasses. In the section at the 
 side, V and V are the two glasses, P, the door, and K, tiie reservoir. 
 
 Another experiment may ]>e made by means of a small standard on a foot, 
 A, upon which a spectator has placed the seven of hearts. The card passes into 
 the frame. To tell the truth, it is removed by the cover, C, along with the thin 
 disk, D, that covered tlje foot, A, and upon whicli it was placed. It will be 
 said that we have here to do with a double bottom. Allow the cover, C, before 
 covering the card, and the foot, A, after the experiment is finished, to be 
 examined. Is the cover asked for again ? One will hasten to show it without 
 saying that the back edge of the table has just been struck with it in order to 
 cause the disk, D, and the card to fall on to the shelf. 
 
 HOUDIX^S MAUIC BALL. 
 
 This ball, which was recently seen in a toy shop, has the aspect, externallv, 
 of the one used in the familiar toy known as the "■ cup and ball.'" Extending 
 through its center there is a straight cylindrical aperture, and when a cord is 
 [jassed through the latter, the ball easily slides along it. 
 
 iiouDLN s maor; ball.
 
 138 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 If a person who is in the secret holds the cord by its two extremities, things 
 change, since the ball, far from falling, descends very slowly along the string, 
 or even remains stationary, and does not move again until the operator allows 
 it to. This trick, which was formerly performed by Eobert-IIovidin with a ball 
 of large size, very mnch surprised sjiectators. 
 
 How does the affair work '? That is explained in the section of the magic 
 ball shown in the figure. In addition to tbe central aperture, there is another 
 and curved one, which ends near the extremities of the axial perforation, and 
 a person in the secret, while making believe jiass the cord through the straight 
 aperture, actually passes it through the ctirved one. It will now be apparent 
 that it is only necessary to tighten the cord more or less in order to retard or 
 stop the descent of the ball. To the left of the engraving is seen the magic 
 ball thus suspended between the operator's hands.
 
 CHAPTER V. ^ 
 
 JUGGLERS AND ACROBATIC PERFORMANCES. 
 
 JUGGLERS. 
 
 The tricks performed by jugglers afford a most wonderful example of the 
 perfection that our senses and organs are capable of attaining under the influ- 
 ence of exercise. 
 
 The juggler is obliged to give impetuses that vary iufinitesimally. He 
 must know the exact spot whither his ball will go, calculate the parabola that 
 it will describe, and know the exact time that it will take to describe it. His 
 eye must take in the position of three, four, or five balls that are sometimes 
 several yards apart, and he must solve these different problems in optics, 
 mechanics, and mathematics 
 
 instantaneously, ten, fifteen, «g 
 
 twenty times per minnte, and "N, 
 
 that, too, in the least con- 
 venient position — upon the 
 back of a running horse, upon 
 a tight-rope, upon a ball, or 
 upon a barrel that lie causes to 
 revolve. His dexterity is won- 
 derful. Many jugglers are 
 content to perform their feats 
 of skill with their hands, 
 and, in addition, do balancing 
 wortliy of remark. 
 
 We can obtain experi- 
 mentally some idea of the dex- 
 terity shown by a juggler by 
 trying for ourselves the sim- 
 plest of his tricks. Whoever 
 IS capable of throwing two 
 balls into the air at once, and 
 catching them in succession .'...?.■<- 
 
 while standing steadily in the 
 same spot, and without being fig. l.
 
 140 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 obliged to step to the right or left, or nndergoiug contortions, is endowed wiUi 
 an undoubted aptitude for juggling. On the other hand, whoever can stand 
 upright upon a rickety chair without any feeling of fear, or cross a country 
 brook, not upon a tight-rope or wire (which would be too much to ask for a 
 debut), but upon a plank of two hands' width, and do this without a quick 
 palpitation of the heart, has an aptitude for tight-ro})^ walking. 
 
 To perform with a couple 
 '^ ■:' _ of balls, however, is quite sim- 
 
 ple, and many children suc- 
 ceed in it after a few days' 
 practice. They proceed as 
 follows: Having a ball in each 
 hand, they throw the one in 
 the right vertically into the 
 air, pass into the right the 
 one that is in the left and 
 throw this up too, receive the 
 first ball in the left hand, 
 and pass it into the right, 
 throw it up again, and soon; 
 so that the two balls are al- 
 most constantly in the air, 
 eave during the time it takes 
 to receive the ball with orie 
 hand and pass it into the 
 other. If, instead of iising 
 both hands, the child em[)loys 
 but one, receiving and throw- 
 ing one ball while the other 
 is in the air, the difficulty is 
 greater, and the young man 
 who can perform this operation twenty times without dropping one of the 
 balls can treat the artist of the circus as a coufrhre. To perform with three 
 balls it is necessary to have been taught by a professor. Moreover, it should 
 be remarked that the art of juggling has sufficient advantages as regards the 
 development of the touch, the quick calculation of distances, the nimbleness of 
 the fingers, and the accuracy of the eye and of motion, to cause it to be added 
 to those gymnastic exercises which children are taught at school. It is to this 
 art that the celebrated prestidigitateur llobert-IIoudin attributcnl the dexterity 
 and accuracy that he displayed in his tricks. In his memoirs, he relates that, 
 while taking some lessons from an old juggler, he applied himself so closely 
 to the exercises that at the end of a month he could learn nothing further 
 fi-oiM his instructor. "I succeeded," says he, "■ in performing with four balls, 
 l)Ut tiiat did )iot satisfy my ambition. I wished, if it were [)ossible, to surpass 
 that faculty of reading by appieciatiou, which I had so much admired iu 
 
 • — -4>i>> ^ A, 
 
 FIG. 3.
 
 JUGGLEUS AND ACROBATIC PlhiFORMANCES. 
 
 141 
 
 pianists; so I placed a book in front of me, and, while the four balls were 
 flying in the air, accustomed myself to read without hesitation. It could not 
 be believed how much delicacy and certainty of execution this exercise com- 
 municated to my fingers, and what quickness of perception it gave mv eve. 
 After in this way rendering my hands supple and obedient, I no longer hesi- 
 tated to directly practice prestidigitation." 
 
 In order to keep their hand in, professional jugglers have to exercise daily, 
 since a few days of voluntary or forced rest would necessitate double work in 
 order to give the hands their 
 former suppleness and dex- 
 terity. As is well known, the 
 same is the case with the agil- 
 ity of the danscuse, with 
 whom one day of rest often 
 moans more than eight days 
 of double work. 
 
 Some jugglers perform 
 with objects of the most di- 
 verse nature, throwing up, 
 for example, at the same time, 
 a large ball, an orange, and 
 a piece of paper, and giving 
 these articles of different size 
 and weight such an impul- 
 sion that each falls and is 
 thrown again at the moment 
 desired. Some jugglers, as 
 a support, use merely a simple 
 wooden bar held vertically, 
 and upon the top of which 
 they i^erform their various 
 
 feats of dexterity or contortion. It is the same apparatus formerly used by 
 Greek acrobats, and, by reason of its form, called naravpor (perch for fowls). 
 Some acrobats even balance themselves on the head at the top of this perch, 
 with their legs extended in lieu of a balancing pole. Their arms are free, 
 and they eat, drink, smoke, shoot off a pistol, jierform with balls and daggers, 
 and, in a word, perform the most diverse feats (Fig. 2). 
 
 Some jugglers are capable of performing extremely curious feats of dexter- 
 ity with the most diverse objects; for example, with rings that they throw into 
 the air, with hats that they revolve by striking the rim, or with a flag or na]>kin 
 that they revolve. These hats and napkins no longer seem to obey the laws of 
 gravity. Others, by means of a streamer, form helices and graceful curves; 
 and others, again, by means of a simple bit of paper, succeed in reproducing 
 the Japanese butterfly trick. Japanese maidens are noted for performing 
 this with extraordinary grace and skill. 
 
 FIG. 3.
 
 143 3IAGJC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE LEAMY REVOLVING TRAPEZE. 
 
 The application of mechanics to scenic and gymnastic displays has an inter- 
 esting exponent in the revolving trapeze, an exhibition which, after attracting 
 much attention in England, has come back to the United States. 
 
 In the smaller cut we illnstrate the mechanism of tlie apparatus, while 
 the performance execnted npon the apparatus is shown in the larger cut. 
 From the ceiling of the great auditorium is suspended a vertical three sided 
 rectangular frame open at the bottom. In its lower extremity is journaled at 
 
 tlie center a four-sided rectangular frame, 
 from whose extremities two trapezes hang. 
 To the upper side of the vertical frame 
 is secured a bicycle, which, by gearing 
 shown in the small cut, connects with the 
 axle of the lower frame, so that when 
 the cranks of the bicycle are worked 
 tlie lower frame is turned round and 
 round. It can be brought into accurate 
 balance by means of shot. The whole ap- 
 paratus, including the bicycle, is studded 
 with incandescent electric lamps, and the 
 performer who rides the bicycle wears a 
 helmet carrying electric lights. The very 
 striking performance is explained in great 
 measure by the cut. 
 
 One of the performers sits on the bi- 
 cycle and, turning the cranks, as if rid- 
 ing, keeps the lower frame in rotation, 
 while two performers go through differ- 
 ent evolutions on the trapezes thus carried 
 around through the air. A switch board is placed at the head of the bicycle, 
 and by mani])ulating switches the vari-colored electric lights are turned on and 
 off so as to produce any desired effect. IndependentLof the high merit of the 
 performance simply as gymnastics, the mechanical points are of value; for ease 
 and safety of manipulation and security from any failure is an absolute es- 
 sential. No one has anything to do with its operation exceiit the three per- 
 formers, so that it is constantly under their control. Where any attempt is 
 made to operate such mechanism from behind the scenes, there is always a 
 great liability of trouble or partial failure; but here the performer on the 
 bicycle does all the work of actuating tlie mechanit-al portion and has every 
 part under constant supervision and control, while the illuminated bicycle, 
 located as it is at great lieight from the floor, is an added attraction. The 
 length of the trapeze ropes, it will be observed, is so adjusted as to allow the 
 performer to pass through the frame without touching it, and the absence of 
 a center bar in the frame is necessary to the same end. 
 
 DIAOHAM OF THE KEVOLVING TIIAPEZK.
 
 144 MAGJC: STAGE tLLVStONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 WALKING ON THE CEILING HEAD DOWN. 
 
 A performance of considerable scientific interest lias been jiroduced in this 
 and other cities which is presented in the accompaoying illustration.* In 
 order to procure a perfectly smooth surface to walk on, a board twenty-four 
 and one-half feet long is suspended from the ceiling, and near one end of this 
 is a trapeze. The lower surface of the board is painted, and is smooth and 
 polished. The performer, who is known as Aimee, the hnman fly, is equipped 
 with pneumatic attachments to the soles of her shoes. Sitting in the trapeze 
 with her face to the audience, she draws herself upward by the arms, and raises 
 her feet until they jDress against the board. They adhere by atmospheric 
 pressure. She leaves the trapeze, and hangs head downward, as shown. 
 Taking very short steps, not over eight inches in length, she gradually walks 
 the length of the board backward. She then slowly turns round, taking very 
 short steps while turning, and eventually returns, still walking backward. 
 This closes the performance. 
 
 To provide against accident a net is stretched under the board. The per- 
 former has frequently fallen, but so far no serious accident has happened. 
 There is a certain art in managing the fall, as, if the shock were received 
 directly by the spinal column, it might be very severe. 
 
 The attachment to the shoe is, in general terms, an india-rubber sucker 
 with cup-shaped adhering surface. It is a disk four and one-half inches in 
 diameter and five-eighths of an inch thick. To its center a stud is attached, 
 which is perforated near the end. This stud enters a socket fastened to the 
 sole of the shoe. The socket is also perforated transversely. A pin is passed 
 through the apertures, securing the hold between socket and disk. The socket 
 is under the instep and is attached to the sliank of the shoe sole. 
 
 A wire loop that extends forward under the toe of the shoe is pivoted on 
 two studs which are secured on each end of the transverse central diameter of 
 the disk. This loop is normally held away from the disk and pressing against 
 the shoe sole by a spring. One end of the loop projects back toward and over 
 the rear edge of the disk. A short piece of string is secured to the India 
 rubber and passes through a hole in the extension, or rearwardly projecting 
 arm, of the loop. IMie disk when pressed against a smooth surface is held fast 
 by the pressure of the atmosphere. If now the loo]) is pressed toward the 
 surface to which it adheres, the string will be drawn tight and will pull the 
 edge of the india rubber away from the board. Air will rush in, and the 
 adhesion will cease. As each new step is taken, one disk is made to adhere by 
 pressure, and the other is detached by the action just described. 
 
 The power of the disk to sustain the weight of a performer may be easily 
 calculated. 
 
 * The ]K;rformer asofuids to the top ofrhe iuidicnfc hall and walkw on the ceiling, head 
 down. The ease with which it is ui)j)arently done is marvelous.
 
 AIMEE, THE HUMAN FLY.
 
 140 3lAaiC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Each sucker is ^^ inches in diameter, and contains therefore 10 square 
 inches of surface. The full atmospheric pressure for the area would amount 
 to 240 jDounds. The stud and socket attachment provides a central bcciring, so 
 that the full advantage of this and the disk is obtained, and a fairly perfect 
 vacuum procured. As the i)erformer only weighs about 125 pounds, there is 
 about 115 pounds to spare with a perfect vacuum. 
 
 THE MYSTERIOUS BALL. 
 
 At the circus of the Champs Elysees, at Paris, a performance was given 
 a few years ago that w^ould really put the sagacity of the spectators to the test, 
 did not the performer explain it after his exhibition. 
 
 A ball, thirty inches in diameter, is brought into the ring and placed on 
 top of a sloping bridge formed of two jilanks with an intervening platform 
 (Fig. 1). All at once the ball begins to rock a little, and then moves to the 
 edge of the platform, whence one might expect to see it roll immediately to 
 the base of the inclined plane; but it does nothing of the sort. It stops at the 
 edge and begins to descend with precaution. It seems to hesitate, passes over 
 but a small space, then ascends a little, stops again, and then starts off again 
 in fine style. When it has reached the base of the inclined plane, the lower 
 extremity of which is about twenty inches from the ground, it stops, and then 
 rapidly ascends to the top again. Here tlie mystery begins to be explained. 
 All at once a flag is seen to make its exit through a small aperture, then a shot 
 is fired from the interior; the ball is certainly inhabited. This we soon have 
 proof of, for, after rolling rapidly to the base of the second inclined pUme, it 
 falls ui")on a cushion placed upon the gronnd, where a man steps forth from it. 
 It is the clown Lepere. It is very surprising to see a man of such a stature 
 (five feet) make his exit from so small a ball. 
 
 Although we have seen " india-rubber men " who could place themselves 
 in so confined a space, we cannot compare their performance to that of M. 
 Lepere, who not only places himself within his ball, but moves therein with a 
 skill that is truly wonderful. It is necessary, in fact, to have a remarkable 
 sense of equilibrium and remarkable suppleness to be able, in such a position, 
 to contimuUly displace the center of gravity of the ball and keep it always in 
 the vertical plane passing through the axis of the bridge. Our second engrav- 
 ing shows how M. Lepere places himself. After the ball is closed, an equilib- 
 rium exists oidy when he is seated. 
 
 A\ hen he wishes to make his ball move forward, he must bend over and 
 walk upon his hands and knees, after the manner of a squirrel in his wheel. 
 But liow many precautions have to be taken to make the axis of the body 
 coincide with that of the bridge, so that the ball shall not fall fi-om the inclined 
 ])lane, which is but twelve inches wide! And what agility does it not require 
 to react immediately against the velocity ac({uired after the ball, in conse-
 
 148 MACrIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIOSS. 
 
 qnence of a displacement, has begun to roll! Center of gravity, velocity, and 
 inertia are principles of mecluinics that exhibitions of strength and dexterity 
 often put ujider contribution. Although clowns do not bother themselves 
 much with learning the principles of mechanics upon which their perform- 
 ances are based, iliey apply them with wonderful dexterity and have a sort of 
 instinct, a special aptitude, which permits tliem cpiickly to find the position 
 of equilibrium. The pei'formance that ]\[. Lepere presents in so ingenious and 
 new' a fashion is an evident proof of this. 
 
 FIG. 2. -THE CLOWN IN THE MYSTEBIOUS BALL.
 
 CHAPTER Vl. 
 
 FIRE EATERS AKD SWORD TRICKS. 
 
 FIRE EATERS— TKICKS WITH FIRE. 
 
 Burning is nndoiibtedly that kind of pain against which the human 
 being most strongly revolts, and the fear of being burned is not confined to 
 man alone, but exists also as an instinct in the entire animal kingdom. This 
 fear, the liorror of being burned, which is so powerful in men, accounts for 
 tlie fact that in all times the wonder and curiosity of the public have been 
 excited by those who are capable of handling burning coals or red-hot iron with 
 impunity, or of touching molten metal, and by those who are proof against flames 
 or burning water or oil. There are many examples in history of individuals 
 who are more or less fireproof, and the trials by fire in ancient and mediaeval 
 times do not need to be cited here. It was not until about 1G?7 that the ques- 
 tion of the proof of man 
 against fire Avas looked at 
 from a scientific standpoint. 
 This was done by the phy- 
 sician Dodart, a member of 
 the Academy of Sciences. 
 These studies were i^rovoked 
 by the wonderful tricks 
 which were being performed 
 at that time in Paris by 
 ati English chemist named 
 Richardson. Dodart ex- 
 plained that these experi- 
 ments could be performed 
 without the aid of any 
 chemical prejiaration, by 
 taking a few precautions, and 
 also that the success of them 
 depended upon the harden- 
 ing that the epidermis may 
 acquire under the influence 
 ot an oft-repeated action. a mountebank licking a red-hot bak of iron.
 
 150 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVLIiSIONS. 
 
 This hardening of the skin among laborers results in their frequently being 
 able to handle red-hot iron and lighted coals with impunity. This, however, 
 does not suffice to explain the tricks of those individuals who exhibit in public 
 as fireproof. The experiments of the Italian physician and chemist, Sementini, 
 have shown that there are prejiarations which, when put upon the skin, render 
 the latter absolutely insensible to contact with fire or incandescent materials. 
 His first experiments had no result; finally, after submitting himself to repeated 
 friction with sulphurous acid, he was ejiabled to apply a red-hot iron to his 
 
 FIRK RATERS AT THE OLYMriA THEATER, PARIS, 
 
 Bkin with impunity. Continuing his experiments, he found that a solution of 
 alum had the same property. One day, having accidentally rubbed soap upon 
 the surface of a hand that had previously been impregnated with alum, he 
 found that the hand was still further proof against fire. He then discovered 
 that a layer of powdered sugar covered with soap sufficed to render liis tongue 
 entirely insensible to heat. After all these experiments Sementini succeeded 
 in making liimself much better proof against fire than was the charlatan who 
 first suggested the experiment to h'uu. 
 
 Fire eaters have always been very popular on the vaudeville stage, and we 
 |)i'<'sciit iin engnvving shewing two five eaters at tho ()lympia Theater, Paris.
 
 FIRE EATERS AND SWORD TRICKS. 
 
 151 
 
 When the performers appear upon the stage, they are clad in a tight-fitting 
 costume of a red color which represents that of the devils of fairy scenes. 
 The stage Upon which tlicy appear is but dimly lighted during their presence 
 upon it. The devils, after making their bow, go to the rear of the stage, and 
 put some preparations upon their hands; they come to the front of tiie stage 
 and cause very thin but brilliant flames to dart from their fingers; bringing 
 these flames near to their mouths, they seem to swallow them and then extin- 
 guish them between their teeth. When the two devils touch each other's hands 
 a crackling sound is heard, and long flames dart forth for a few seconds from 
 the tips of their fingers, which they continuously move. They subsequently 
 
 experiment without putting ^ 
 
 anything in their mouths; | "^ 
 
 they blow with energy, and a 
 
 brilliant flame makes its exit 
 
 from between their lips. They 
 
 shoot forth a bed of flame for 
 
 a considerable length of time, 
 
 which certainly exceeds half 
 
 a minute. The combustion is 
 
 due to a very volatile essence. 
 
 Certain eaters of burning 
 tow proceed as follows: They 
 form a little ball of material 
 which they tightly compress 
 and then light, and allow to 
 burn up almost entirely. 
 Then I'olling this in new tow 
 in order to guard the mucous 
 membrane in the mouth 
 against contact with the in- 
 candescent ball, they breathe 
 gently, taking care while do- 
 ing so to inhale only through 
 the nose, and thus project 
 smoke and sparks. 
 
 Another trick of the fire eaters is when they pretend to drink burning oil. 
 A little kerosene oil is poured iuto an iron ladle. The oil is now lighted, and 
 while the ladle is held in the left hand, an iron spoon is dipped into the oil as 
 though to take a spoonful; but in reality the spoon is only wet, and when it is 
 brought blazing to the mouth the operator throws back his head as though to 
 swallow it, and at the same time a slight pufl is given by the breath, which 
 blows it out. This trick is very effective if well done, but the reader is 
 especially cautioned against trying any experiments in tricks of this kind, as 
 the results are apt to l>e dangerous except in the hands of experts. This will 
 be seen by what is called the sponge trick. Two or three small sponges are 
 
 MOUNTEBANK SWALLOWING ULUMNG TOW,
 
 152 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 placed in an iron ladle, gasolene is poured over tlieni, only a sufiicient quan- 
 tity being used to wet tbem; they must in no case drip. The sj^onges are now 
 set on fire, and the experimenter takes up one of them with his tongs, and, 
 throwing his head back, drops the blazing sponge into his month. He expels 
 his breath quickly all the time. Suddenly he closes his mouth; this cuts off 
 the oxygen necessary for combustion, and the flame immediately goes out. Per- 
 formers who jn'esent fire tricks for the amusement of a company frequently 
 try experiments which give a ghastly ajopearance to the audience. This is done 
 by pouring a few ounces of alcohol into a basin containing a handful of salt. 
 When this is lighted tlie complexion of. everyone is hideous.. A slightly differ- 
 ent effect isnsed by infusing saffron in alcohol for a number of hours, and then 
 adding salt as before; it is usually poured upon tow which is lighted. There 
 are some liquids that have the property of taking fire and burning without 
 injuring the object upon which they are ponred and without producing any 
 painful sensation upon the skin. As a usual thing such liquids are very vola- 
 tile and consist of essential oils, ether, etc. The reason that some substances 
 can be burned without injuring them, or uj^on the skin without burning, are 
 explained as follows: These substances are very volatile, and their tension is 
 considerable, and, in reality, when they are burning, it is merely their vapor 
 which is on fire. Tliis vapor then tends to borrow heat from the liquid, 
 whence the latter may remain at a relatively low temperature while the surface 
 is on fire. This is a reasonable explanation of the curious phenomenon of the 
 burning liquid. 
 
 SWORD TRICK— A STAB THROUGH THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 The sword employed is a simple, thin, flexible blade of steel, liot at all 
 sharp, and the plan of which is seen at A in the accomiaanying cut. The 
 point is sufficiently blunt to prevent it from doing any harm. 
 
 As for the prestidigitateur, whose body the sword will simply pass around, 
 but not 2'>ierce, he carries concealed beneath his vest a sort of sheath that con- 
 sists of a tube of rectangular section, and semicircular in shape, and the two 
 extremities of which are bent in contrary directions in such a way that they 
 arc situated in the same straight line, the two orifices opening in front and 
 behind at right angles with the abdomen. This apparatus, B, is held in place 
 by cords attached to two small rings at the two extremities of the tube. 
 
 It is the ])restidigitateur himself who, appearing instinctively to grasp tlie 
 point of the sword as if to protect himself, directs it into the metallic tube. 
 It makes its exit between the tails of the coat. It might be made to come out 
 at the center of the back, but in this case it would be necessary to have an 
 aperture formed in the seam of tlie coat. The illusion produced is com- 
 plete, seeing that tlie flexible blade straightens out on making its exit from the 
 tube, on account of the form of the hitter's extremity. It is necessary to
 
 FIRE EATERS AND SWORD TRICKS. 
 
 153 
 
 operate rapidly, so that the spectators sliall not have time to see that the length 
 of tiie sword has diminished at this moment, the curved line that it follows not 
 being the shortest passage from one point to another. 
 
 A SWOKD TRICK. 
 
 The figure represents a variant of the trick in which the sword is provided 
 with an eye through which a long red ribbon is passed, and wliich follows the 
 blade when the latter is pulled out at the oj^posite side of the body. 
 
 THE HUMAN TARGET. 
 
 Japanese jugglers, as well known, are possessed of very extraordinary skill. 
 A few years ago two of them performed the following feat, which required 
 a wonderful dexterity. One of them stood, with arms exteuded, in front of 
 a thick board placed vertically; and the other, armed with a number of wide- 
 bladed knives, stationed himself at a distance of about six yards from the 
 board, and from thence threw the knives with a sure hand and stuck one of 
 them in the board just above the head of the target, two of them very close to 
 the right and left of the neck, and others around the arms; in a word, he out- 
 lined the form of his companion with the knives stuck very deeply into the 
 board. This performance met with extraordinary success, and an effort was 
 at once made to reproduce it; but as such dexterity is not possessed by every- 
 body, aud as, in addition, the operation is dangerous, the following substitute 
 was devised by M. Voisin for the use of prestidigitateurs.
 
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 FIRE EATERS A2sD SWORD TRICKS. 155 
 
 The board that is employed in this case, instead of being, as in the genu- 
 ine performance, a simple one, is a piece of cabinet work containing an ingen- 
 ious mechanism. The place which the human target will occupy on this 
 board is carefully marked, and the knives that are to be stuck into the board 
 in succession around such place arc contained in the cabinet work, which, at 
 first sight and at a short distance, seems to be absolutely without preparation. 
 
 Each of these knives is fixed by its point upon a pivot. In addition, it is 
 controlled by a spring, and is concealed within the board by a very finely 
 adjusted double-valved window, which, at the proper moment, opens and 
 allows it to appear, and then closes. The spring causes the knife to fall or rise 
 according to the place that the latter is to occupy, ^'o. 'Z of the engraving 
 shows the window opening to allow of the fall of the knife, which Avill appear 
 as if stuck into the board just above the instep. In each of the valves the 
 angles that meet each other are cut slopingly either at the top or bottom, 
 according as the knife is to fall or rise, in order to make space for the blade 
 when the valves are closed. Before the exit of the knife, the incision is closed 
 with modeling wax the color of the wood. In our engraving the incision is at 
 the bottom. 
 
 Naturally the knives are concealed in the board in such a way that on 
 making their exit the field shall be free, and that they shall not come into con- 
 act with the limbs of the target. Each of these knives, with its window, 
 forms a distinct apparatus, which is controlled by a rod that ends at the edge 
 of the board just at the place where the fingers of the human target can reach 
 them. It is he who, by pressing ujwn the ends of the rods as if upon the 
 keys of a piano, causes the blades to come out of their place of concealment, 
 one after another, and appear as if they had just stuck into the board. The 
 sound made by the spring in expanding and the sudden ajipearance of the 
 knife, combined with the motion of the person throwing it, affords a complete 
 illusion. Let us add that each knife mounted on a pivot at its point, as we 
 liave explained, may he easily disengaged from its axis when, after the opera- 
 tion, the pei'son who threw the knives makes believe to pull them out by force 
 from the wood in which they seem to be inserted. 
 
 The board having been invented, it became necessary to find a method of 
 throwing the knives in such a way as to cause them to disappear. To this 
 effect the board is placed on one side of the stage, near the side scenes, and 
 the person who throws the knives stations himself on the other side of the 
 stage, near the opposite side scenes, and he can therefore act in two ways, viz., 
 first, in poising his arms to take aim, he can, at the last moment, throw the 
 knife between the side scenes back of him while he takes a step forward. The 
 knife supposed to be thrown thus disappears completely at the desired moment, 
 but, since the spectators do not see the flash of the blade, traversing the stage, 
 it is preferable to employ the second method. This consists in a genuine 
 throwing of the knife, but in such a. way as to cause it to pass by the board 
 and fall between the side scenes, where the sound of its fall is deadened l)y 
 some such material as a piece of carpet. In both of these two methods, it is
 
 156 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 for the human target to press the spring of tlie knife that he wishes to make 
 appear at just the precise moment, in order that the click of the expanding 
 spring may be taken by the spectators for the sound of the knife sticking into 
 the wood. 
 
 This triclv, when well executed, has often deceived the shrewdest specta- 
 tors, and that, too, with so much the more facility in that many had seen the 
 Japanese perform in the middle of a circus, where it was impossible to con- 
 ceal the knife, since it could be followed by the eye in its travel from the hand 
 of the Japanese to the point where it penetrated the board. 
 
 To be precise, and to omit no information, let ns say in conclusion, that 
 there exist boards in which the freeing of the knives is effected by the pulling 
 of a thread held in the side scenes by a third party. This process has the 
 advantage that there is no danger of the spectators seeing the manipulation of 
 the rods ; but, on the other hand, it has its inconveniences, viz., in a place 
 where a communication cannot be established between the invisible confederate 
 and the mechanical board, the use of it is impossible, and it is necessary to 
 employ the other method. 
 
 SWOED SWALLOWEES, 
 
 When a physician introduces his linger, the handle of a spoon, or a pencil 
 into the throat of a patient, the latter exjieriences an extremely disagreeable 
 sensation. Any touching of the pharynx, however slight it be, causes 
 strangling, pain, and nausea, and the organ reacts with violence against the 
 obstacle that presents itself to free respiration. There is no one who has not 
 more than once experienced this disagreeable impression, and for this reason 
 Ave are justly surprised when we meet with peo^Dle who seem to be proof 
 against it, and who, for example, introduce into their pharynx large, solid, and 
 stiff objects like sword blades, and cause these to jienetrate to a depth that 
 appears incredible. It is experiments of this kind that constitute the tricks of 
 sword swallowers. 
 
 These experiments are nearly always the same. The individual comes out 
 dressed in a brilliant costume. At one side of him there are flags of different 
 nationalities surrounding a panoply of sabers, swords, and yatagans, and at 
 the other, a stack of guns provided with bayonets. Taking a flat saber, whose 
 blade and hilt have been cut out of the same sheet of metal, the blade being 
 from fifty-live to sixty centimeters in length, he introduces its extremity into 
 liis throat, taps the hilt gently, and the blade at length entirely disappears. 
 lie then repeats the experiment in swallowing the blade at a single gulp. Sub- 
 sequently, after swallowing and disgorging two of these same swords, he 
 causes one to penetrate up to its guard, a second not quite so far, a third a 
 little less still, and a fourth up to about half its length, the hilts being then 
 Arranged as shown in our third illustration (C).
 
 158 MAGIC : STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Pressing now on the hilts, he swallows the four blades at a gulji, and then 
 he takes them out leisurely one by one. The effect is quite surprising. After 
 swallowing several different swords and sabers, he takes an old musket armed 
 with a triangular bayonet, and swallows the latter, the gun remaining vertical 
 over his head. Finally he borrows a large saber from a dragoon who is present 
 for the ])ur|iose, and causes two-thirds of it to disappear. As a trick, on being 
 
 encored, the sword swallower 
 borrows a cane from a j^erson 
 in the audience, and swallows 
 it almost entirely. 
 
 A certain number of spec- 
 tators usually think that the 
 performer produces an illusion 
 through the aid of some trick, 
 and that it is impossible to 
 swallow a sword blade. But 
 this is a mistake, for sword 
 swallowers who employ arti- 
 fices are few in numl)er and 
 their experiments but slightly 
 varied, while the majority 
 really do introduce into their 
 i mouths and food passages the 
 J| blades that they cause to dis- 
 appear. They attain this re- 
 I suit as follows: 
 ' The back parts of the 
 
 mouth, despite their sensi- 
 ^ tiveness and their rebellion 
 affainst contact with solid 
 
 'UE * 
 
 bodies, are capable of becom- 
 ing so changed through habit 
 that they gradually get used to abnormal contacts. This fact is taken 
 advantage of in medicine. It daily happens that persons afflicted with dis- 
 orders of the throat or stomach can no longer swallow or take nourishmeiit, 
 and would die of exhaustion were they not fed artificially by means of the 
 u.'sophageal tube. This latter is a vulcanized rubber tube which the patient 
 swallows, after tiie maimer of swoi-d swallowers, and through the extremity 
 of which milk or bouillon is introduced. But the patient, before being able 
 to make daily use of this a])paratus, must serve a genuine a])prenticeship. 
 The first introduction of the end of the tulje into tlio ])harynx is extremely 
 j)ainful, the second is a little less so, and it is only after a large number of 
 trials, more or less prolonged, that the })atieut succeeds in swallowing ten or 
 twelve inches of the tubing Avithout a disagreeable sensation, 
 
 I'he washing out of the stomach, ]torfoi'n)0(l by means of a long, flexible 
 
 rosiTlON OCCUPIED BY THE SWORD BLADE 
 BODY.
 
 FIRE EATERS AND SWORD TRICKS. loO 
 
 tube which the patient partially swallows, and with which he injects into ajid 
 removes from his stomach a quantity of tepid water by raising the tube or let- 
 ting it hang down to form a siphon, likewise necessitates an apprenticeship of 
 some days; but the patient succeeds in accustoming his organs to contact witli 
 the tube, and is finally able, after a short time, to swallow the latter with 
 indifference, at least. 
 
 With these sword swallowers it is absolutely the same; for with them it 
 is only as a consequence of repeated trials that the pharynx becomes suflficiently 
 accustomed to it to permit them to finally swallow objects as large and rigid as 
 swords, sabers, canes, and even billiard cues. 
 
 Swallowers of forks and spoons serve an analogous apprenticeship. As 
 known, the talent of these consists in their ability to introduce into the throat 
 a long spoon or fork while holding it suspended by its extremity between two 
 fingers. This trick is extremely dangerous, since the oesophagus exerts a sort 
 of suction on all bodies that are introduced into it. The spoon or fork is, 
 then, strongly attracted, and if the individual cannot hold it, it will drop into 
 his stomach, whence it can only be extracted by a very dangerous surgical 
 operation — gastrotomy. It was accidents of this kind that made the "fork- 
 man " and the '" knifeman " celebrated, and, more recently, the '"' spoonman " 
 who died from the effects of the extraction from his stomach of a sirup spoon. 
 
 All sword swallowers do not proceed in the same way. Some swallow the 
 blade directly, without any intermediate apparatus; but in this case, tlieir 
 sabers are provided at the extremity, near the point, with a small bayonet- 
 shaped apjiendage over which they slip a gutta-iiercha tip without the sjiecta- 
 tors perceiving it (F and G). Others do not even take such a precaution, but 
 swallow the saber or sword just as it is. 
 
 This is the mode of procedure of an old zouave, especially, who has become 
 a poor juggler, and who, in his experiments, allows tlie spectators to touch, 
 below his sternum, the projection that the point of the saber in his stomach 
 makes on his skin. 
 
 But the majority of sword swallowers who exhibit upon the stage employ a 
 guiding tube which they have previously swallowed, so that the experiments 
 they are enabled to perform become less dangerous and can be varied more. 
 This tube, which is from forty-five to fifty centimeters long, is made of very 
 thin metal. Its width is twenty-five millimeters, and its thickness fifteen (B). 
 These dimensions i)ermit of the easy introduction of flat-bladed sabers, among 
 other things, and of the performance of the four-sabers experiment, and of the 
 introduction of sabers and swords of all kinds. 
 
 To explain the latter from a physiological standjioint, the saber swallowed 
 by the performer enters the mouth and ])harynx first, then the oesophagus, 
 traverses the cardiac opening of the stomach, and enters the latter as far as 
 the antrum of the pylorus — the small cul-de-sac of the stomach. In their 
 normal state these organs are not in a straight line, but are placed so by the 
 passage of the sword. In the first jdace, the head is thrown back so that the 
 mouth is in the direction of the oesophagus, the curves of which disappear or
 
 160 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 become less; the angle that the cesophagns makes with the stomach becomes 
 null; and, finally, the last-named organ distends in a vertical direction and 
 its internal curve disappears, thus permitting the blade to traverse the stomach 
 through its greater diameter; that is to say, to reach the small cul-de-sac. It 
 should be understood that before such a result can be attained tlie stomach 
 must have been emptied through fasting on the part of the operator. 
 
 The depth of fifty-five to sixty centimeters to which these men cause their 
 instruments to penetrate, and which seems extraordinary to spectators, is 
 
 explained by the dimensions 
 of the organs traversed. Such 
 lengths may be divided thus: 
 
 Mouth and pharynx, 10 to 
 13; oesophagus, 25 to 28; dis- 
 tended stomach, 20 to '2'2 — 55 
 to G2 centimeters. 
 
 According to the stature 
 of the individual, a length of 
 organs of from 55 to 62 centi- 
 meters may give passage to 
 swallow^ed swords without in- 
 convenience. 
 
 Sword swallowing exhibit- 
 ors have rendered important 
 services to medicine. It was 
 due to one of them — a swal- 
 lower of both swords and peb- 
 bles — that, in 1777, a Scotch 
 l)hysician, Stevens, was enabled 
 to make the first studies upon 
 tlie gastric juice of hunum be- 
 ings. In order to do this, he 
 caused this individual to 
 swallow small metallic tubes 
 pierced with holes and filled 
 with meat according toEeaumur's method, and got him to disgorge them again 
 after a certain length of time. It was also sword swallowers who showed 
 l>hysicians to what extent the pharynx could become habituated to contact; and 
 from this resulted the invention of the Foucher tube, the (esophageal tube, 
 the washing out of the stomach, and the illumination of the latter organ by the 
 electric light. 
 
 It sometimes happens tliat sword swallowers who exhibit in public squares 
 and at street corners are, at the same time, swallowers of pebbles, like him 
 whose talents were utilized by Stevens; that is to say, they have the faculty of 
 swallowing pebbles of various sizes, sometimes even stones larger than a hen's 
 egg, and that, too, to the number of four, five, or six, sometimes more, and of 
 
 VAUIOUS APPAKATUS FOl! SWOKD SWALI,OWEKS.
 
 FIRE EATERS AND SWORD TRICKS. 161 
 
 afterward disgorging them one by one through a simple contraction of the 
 stomach. Here Ave have a new example of the modification of sensitiveness 
 and function that an individual may secure in his organs by determination and 
 constant practice. 
 
 In conclusion, let us say a word in regard to the tricks that produce the 
 illusion of swallowed swords or sabers. One of these, which deceives only at 
 a certain distance, consists in plungitig the saber into a tube that descends along 
 the neck and chest, under the garments, and the opening of which, placed near 
 the mouth, is hidden by means of a false beard. Another and much more 
 ingenious one, which has been employed in several enchantment scenes, is that 
 of the sword whose blade enters its hilt, and which is due to ^l. A'oisin, the skill- 
 ful manufacturer of physical apparatus. In its ordinary state this sword has a 
 stiff blade, eighty centimeters in length, Avhich, when looked at from a dis- 
 tance of a few meters, presents no peculiarity (see D in our engraving); but 
 when the exhibitor plunges it into his mouth, the spectator sees it descend by 
 degrees, and finally so nearly disappear that but a few centimeters of the blade 
 protrude. In realit}', the blade has entered into the hilt, for it possesses a 
 solid tip that enters the middle part, which is hollow, and these two parts 
 enter into the one that forms the base of the sword. The blade is thus reduced 
 to about twenty-five centimeters, a half of which length enters the hilt. 
 There then remain but a few centimeters outside the exhibitor's mouth, so that 
 he seems to have swallowed the sword see (G and E). This is a very neat trick. 
 
 THE SWORD WALKER. 
 
 Of all the daring tricks that have been introduced in the circus, none have 
 caused more comment than the one iu which a person, generally a lady, walks 
 with bare feet up a ladder of sharp swords, treading directly on the sharp edges 
 without any injury to the feet. 
 
 It is amusing to a person who is acquainted M'ith the secret to hear the 
 many explanations of " how it is done " offered by the spectators, yet none of 
 them ever come near guessing the truth. This secret has been so jealously and 
 successfully guarded that very few, even among the best informed experts, 
 know how it is performed. 
 
 From the illustration it will be seen how the swords are arranged in a rack 
 with the cutting edges on top. The rack is usually about seven feet high, and 
 eight swords are used. One of the most necessary points in the preparation for 
 the trick is that the rack should stand firm, and the swords fit snug and tight 
 in the slots made to receive them. 
 
 Usually the inspectors are invited to examine the rack as well as the swords, 
 and paper is cut with the swords to show that they are really sharp. The 
 secret is not in the swords or rack, but in the preparation of the performer's 
 feet. In a pint of water as much alum is dissolved as the water will readily 
 take up. To the alum water is added as much zinc sulphate, thoroughly 
 dissolved, as will lie on a silver dime. 
 11
 
 162 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFI C DIVERSIONS. 
 
 A few minutes before doing the act the performer bathes the feet in this 
 solution and allows them to dry without wiping. Just before leaving the 
 dressing-room the feet are dipped for a moment in as cold water as can be 
 secured, and at once wiped dry without rubbing. 
 
 By placing the feet squarely on the swords there is no danger, but great 
 care must be used not to allow the foot to slide or slip on the sword, or the 
 result would be a very bad accident. 
 
 5f.v*>N-.?t<.. 
 
 SWORD WALKER, 
 
 'On leaving the circus in which one has seen the above act, visitors are almost 
 sure to see before the ever-present side show a large painting on which is the 
 representation of a Mexican dancing with bare feet in a shallow box filled with 
 broken glass. 
 
 If you are of an inquisitive nature, and have seen a lady walk with bare feet 
 up a ladder of sharp swords, you enter the side show to see this new wonder. 
 
 On a raised platform is found a box about four feet long, three feet wide, 
 and six inches deep, the bottom of which is covered with broken glass. In a 
 few moments a man dressed in the Mexican costume ai)pears on the platform and 
 proceeds to break a few old bottles and throw the broken glass in the box, then 
 removes his shoes, shows his feet to be free from any covering, steps in the box,
 
 FIRE EATERS AND SWOJil) TRICKS. 
 
 163 
 
 and dances among the glast,. After lie has finished dancing he shows bis feet 
 to be nuinjured, and retires. The trick is performed in the following manner: 
 Secure a number of thick glass bottles, break them in rather small pieces 
 and file or grind all the sharp edges round. This stock of glass you place in the 
 center of a box made according to above measurement. Now soak your feet in 
 
 GLASS DANCET!. 
 
 strong alum water and wipe dry, and give them a tluirough rubbing with pul- 
 verized rosin. Dust the inside of your shoes Mith rosin, ])ut them on. and go 
 upon the platform. Take some old lamp chimneys and bottles, break tliem in 
 bits, and throw this fresh broken glass in the Ixix. around the edges and in the 
 corners, not in the center. Remove your shoes, step in the center of the box, 
 among the prepared glass, and do your dancing. Avoid the sides or corners of 
 the box, where you have thrown the glass, and you run no risk of cutting your 
 feet, especially if you use plenty of rosin. The amateur hardly needs to be 
 informed that such tricks should be left entirely to professionals.
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 YENTEILOQUISM AND ANIMATED PUPPETS. 
 
 Ventriloquists may, accordiug to their s^^ecialties, be divided into various 
 categories. Some devote their talent to the imitation of the cries of animals, 
 the songs of birds, the noise of tools, etc.; others imitate the sound of musical 
 instruments; some mock tlie noise produced by a crowd, a regiment, or a pro- 
 cession; while others, again, make dolls or dummies speak. 
 
 Certain ventriloquists imitate the sound of musical instruments^ from tbat 
 of the violin up to tbat of brass instruments with the most piercing notes. 
 Others excel in imitating the noise of the plane, saw, etc. 
 
 Certain ventriloquists, Avhile hidden by a screen simply, have the faculty of 
 making their audience believe that several persons, or even a crowd, are in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 At Egyptian Hall, London, a magician recently made his appearance upon 
 'the stage, carrying a doll, with which he held a somewhat uncoutli conversa- 
 tion. The lips of the doll were observed to move, and the illusion was com- 
 plete, when all at once the doll's head was strangely transformed. The 
 magician had just opened his hand, showing that it was tlie latter alone that — 
 inclosed in a white glove upon which were a few colored marks — formed the 
 doll's head. 
 
 In our engraving may be seen two methods of arranging the fingers for 
 forming a doll's head with the hand. The illusion is produced by making a 
 few simple lines with charcoal, and wrapping a handkerchief or napkin 
 around the hand; then, if one has a little aptness for ventriloquism, he may 
 hold a conversation with the head. 
 
 In our time, most ventriloquists who exhibit in public considerably facili- 
 tate the illusion that they desire to produce by using large articulated dum- 
 mies, which tlipy make speak and sing, and talk to one another — each in a 
 different voice. Those figures are so constructed that the ventriloquist's hands 
 can move theii' arms and legs, turn their heads to the right or left, give their 
 siioulders a slirug. open or close their eyes, and move their lower jaws in such a 
 way that their mouths seem to utter tlie words that tlie spectator hears. 
 
 We may s;i,v, in a general way, th;it these ventrilofjuists, tiianks to the use 
 of tlioir dummies, succeed in ])ro(liicing so coiii|ilete an ilhisioii tliat peo])le 
 are frequfsntly persuaded tliat the voice heard actually conies from the mouth
 
 VENTRILOQUISM AND ANIMATED PUPPETS. 
 
 Klo 
 
 (if the liuiirc, uud that it does not proceed from the ventriloquist standing 
 near tlic latter, but from a confederate liidden somewhere about, whose voice 
 is heard through the intermedium of a speaking-tube. 
 
 There is one trick that always tends to confirm the spectator's illusion, and 
 that is this: in the little prefatory speech that tlie ventriloquist makes, he 
 gives out that he is a foreigner, and does not s])eak the language of his audi- 
 
 MKTIIon OK MAKIXO FACKS WTTTI TlIK MAM). 
 
 ence well; in fact, he expresses himself with difficulty and with a strong accent. 
 His dummies, on the contrar}-, answer in very good French or English, as the 
 ease may be; and when the anditors hear them, they are led to believe that 
 ventriloquism counts for nothing in their answers or conversation. 
 
 Explanation of Ventriloquism. — The art of ventriloquism is primarily 
 based upon an acoustic phenomenon — the difficulty that the ear experiences in 
 determining the exact point whence comes the sound that it hears. That there 
 is such an incertitude as to the direction of sounds is easily verified, and the 
 following are a few cases in proof of it. Mr. Stuart Cumberland, a mind
 
 16G MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVEliSIONS. 
 
 reader, Avbo exhibited at Paris a few years ago, performed a little experiment in 
 the drawing-room, after his " second-sigjit " seances, which nsually resulted 
 in surprising and amusing his auditors. In this experiment, a willingly dis- 
 posed person, being seated in the middle of the room, allowed his eyes to be 
 bandaged. Then Mr. Cumberland took a five-franc piece and made it jingle 
 by striking it Avitli a hard object, say a key or another coin. The person sub- 
 mitted to the experiment then had to tell the direction from whence the sound 
 emanated, and to give the distance at which it seemed to liim to have been 
 made. In almost all cases the individual guessed a direction and distance 
 very different from the real one, and the error, which was ofttimes great, nat- 
 urally provoked great hilarity from the spectators. Moreover, Mr. Cumber- 
 land, bv varying the position of his hand in such a way that the latter formed 
 a screen between the coin and the ear of the blindfolded person, caused the 
 latter's perception as to the direction of the sound to vary, although, as a 
 matter of fact, the exiDcrimenter had not budged from his first position. 
 
 At a soiree, we have seen a member of the Institute, who had cheerfully 
 submitted himself to the ex2)eriment, extremely surpiised, when his bandage 
 was removed, at the gross errors in auditory i)ercej)tion that he had just com- 
 mitted. The illusion that it is thus possible to produce by varying the posi- 
 tions of the hand in which a coin is jingled is, in the main, analogous to that 
 obtained through ventriloquism. Another example: If several persons be 
 standing in the same line, at a few feet from a spectator, and one of them 
 emits a prolonged sound — a vowel, for example, say a a a — that requires no 
 motion of the lips, the spectator will be unable to determine from which of 
 the persons the sound proceeds; or if, moreover, he tries to point the one out, 
 he Avill be almost certain to commit an error, the person designated by. him 
 being the third or fourth to the right or left of the one Avho actually produced 
 the sound. 
 
 In the choruses of operas, an endeavor is made to have an agreeable aspect in 
 addition to vocal qualities; and, as a beautiful voice is not always accompanied 
 Avith a pretty face, it often happens that in the first row of a chorus they will 
 place pretty supernumeraries, who, although not obliged to sing, open their 
 mouths and make believe pronounce words, while in reality the singing is 
 being done only by their companions in the rear. This fraud is very rarely 
 detected by the audience. 
 
 If a man standing near a child should, without moving his lips, S2:ieak with 
 a squeaking voice, while the child was making believe pronounce words, it 
 might easily be believed that the words heard were being spoken by the child. 
 It is possible to teach a dog to ojien his mouth and follow the motions of his 
 master's hand; and if the master be any sort of a ventriloquist, he can easily 
 make believe that he has an animal endowed with speech. 
 
 The ventriloquist who, standing near his dummies, succeeds in keeping 
 his facial muscles absolutely immovable, while his figures become animate and 
 move their lips and seem to speak, produces such an illusion among the specta- 
 tors by virtue of the acoustic principle that Ave have just noted; that is, the
 
 VENTRILOQUISM AND AM MATED PUPPETS. 
 
 1(57 
 
 FIRST SERIES, VOWEL A. 
 
 o(L 
 
 SECOK"D SERIES, TOWEL E. 
 
 eilx 
 
 difficulty that the ear experiences in determining tlie precise point whence 
 emanates the sound tiiat it hears. 
 
 It is to be remarked that the chief difficulty in the art of ventriloquism is 
 to keep the couutenauce immovable, and to speak without causing any of the 
 facial muscles to act. 
 
 The ventriloquist who talks with a dummy that is interrogating him, 
 addresses his questions in an ordinary voice, articulates distinctly, and plainly 
 moves his lips; but when 
 fhe dummy answers, the 
 ventriloquist's face no long- 
 er contracts, and his lips 
 scarcely part except to 
 smile. Tlie facial immo- 
 bility preserved by him 
 while he is really speak- 
 ing, then, can be explained 
 by recalling a few princi- 
 ples of grammar, which 
 are merely applications of 
 the physiology of the voice. 
 
 Articulate si^eech, which 
 separates the language of 
 man from that of the lower 
 animals, is divided, as gram- 
 mar teaches, into sounds 
 and articulations. The 
 sounds or vowels are made 
 up of all the continuous 
 and uniform noises that 
 the vocal organs can emit. Thus a, e, i, o, and ti are vowels, because 
 they may be infinitely prolonged ; a a a a a a, for example. There are a 
 greater number of vowels than is usually admitted in writing; it is possible, 
 in fact, to modify them to infinity, so to speak, by a slightly more open or 
 more closed sound. They may be classified in the form of gamuts, each 
 having a typical vowel, the entire corresponding series of which is but the 
 result of a more and more pronounced contraction of the lips, without the 
 tongue and other vocal organs having to undergo the slightest modification. 
 
 These type-vowels and their descending gamuts are shown in Fig. 2. 
 
 If, in pronouncing each of these vowels, we draw the base of the tongue 
 toward the back of the throat, without changing the position of the lips or 
 tongue, we shall obtain the nasal sound thereof. The chief of such sounds 
 are: a7i, nasal sound of a; 
 
 on, nasal sound of o ; 
 
 then, en, in, nasal sound of e ; 
 
 eiin, un, nasal sound of eu. 
 
 THIRD SERIES, VOWEL I. 
 
 n 
 
 -CLA^^SIFIC-VIIOX OK lllK. NOWKI.
 
 168 JIAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 The vowels i and u have no nasal sounds, because of the back position 
 that the base of the tongue naturall}' occupies in pronouncing them, and 
 which is but slightly modified when we endeavor to give tiiem a nasal sound. 
 
 "What precedes may be called the theory of tiie vowels. From the stand- 
 point of ventriloquism, we must remark that, in order to pronounce the vowels, 
 no motion of the lips is necessary; but it w^ill suffice to allow the latter to 
 remain slightly parted in order to give passage to the sound — this being gener- 
 ally done by the ventriloquist through the aid of a smile, that seems to be pro- 
 voked by the interest that lie takes in the talk of his dummies. 
 
 All the modifications in the organs necessary for passing from one vowel to 
 another, as in the diphthongs oa and ae, or when they suppress certain inter- 
 mediate articulations, are easily obtained by tlie ventriloquist by the aid of the 
 tongue and the interior organs of the mouth, without causing the lips and 
 facial muscles to undergo the slightest motion or the least contraction; or, in 
 other words, without any visible sign exhibiting itself to the eyes of the spec- 
 tators. The pronunciation of the vowels, then, constitutes no difficulty for 
 the ventriloquist. The same is not the case with the articulations or conso- 
 nants, the pronunciation of some of which is a difficulty that the ventriloquist 
 can overcome only by virtue of practice and skill, or again by an approximate 
 pronunciation — the ai'ticulation difficult to })ronounce Avithout moving the 
 facial muscles being replaced by another which gives nearly the same sound, 
 but which is obtained with the internal vocal organs of the mouth. 
 
 The consonants may be classed by categories, according to the vocal organs 
 employed for pronouncing them. In each category they are divided into strong 
 and weak, and, as regards ventriloquism, they comprise two series. A classifi- 
 cation of them is given in Fig. 3. 
 
 Upon examining this table, it Avill be seen that, in the entire first series of 
 these consonants, the tongue, acting upon the jiharynx, bearing against the 
 teeth, or taking different shapes, can act and articulate without the aid of the 
 lips, and without the necessity of the facial muscles contracting. The ven- 
 triloquist, then, will be able to pronounce any word in which none but these 
 vowels and consonants enter, without moving his facial muscles. 
 
 The same is not the case with the consonan'ts of the second series, that is 
 to say, with the five labials,/, r, 7?, h, m. The ventriloquist's art consists in 
 pronouncing these without moving the lips or facial muscles. With a little 
 practice it is easy to reach such a result with /" and v, which may be pro- 
 nounced by causing only the interior muscles of the lips to act; p and h, and 
 m especially, present a greater difficulty, and we may say that, in most cases, 
 ventriloquists who wish to keep their lips perfectly motionless pronounce none 
 of these three constmants distinctly, but usually substitute for them a sound 
 bordering on that of the letter n. 
 
 It is partly for this reason that veiitriloquists succeed much better in imi- 
 tating the language of children, or that of persons of slight education. 
 
 So, upon the Avhole, the illusion produced by ventriloquists is the result, 
 primarily, of an acoustic phenomenon, the uncertainty of the sound's direc-
 
 VLWTiiJLoguisJi A^n animated puppets. 
 
 169 
 
 FIRST SERIES.— COXSOXANTS FORMED BY THE 
 INTERNAL VOCAL ORGANS. 
 
 Strong. Weak. 
 
 9 
 ill 
 
 d 
 gn 
 
 2 
 J 
 
 Gutturals e 
 
 Palatal linguals I 
 
 Dental Unguals r 
 
 Dentals t 
 
 Palatal dentals n 
 
 Dental sibiilants s 
 
 Guttural sibiilants ch 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 tion, and, secondarily, of a habit acquired of speaking without moving the 
 facial muscles. 
 
 Those ventriloquists who, without accessories, have tiie power of throwing 
 their voices almost anywhere, succeed therein by utilizing the same principle of 
 acoustics that we liave exphiined aljove. As for the exact point whence the 
 sound proceeds, tlie ventriloquist usually takes care to show that by an expres- 
 sive motion and by looking in that direction, and by designating it, too, with 
 his finger, while his face expresses great fear, interest, or surprise. So the 
 spectator easily persuades 
 himself that the sound does 
 really come from the exact 
 spot that is thus pointed out 
 to him in a seemingly unin- 
 tentional manner. 
 
 The w^ords are often pro- 
 nounced very indistinctly by 
 the mysterious voice, but 
 the ventriloquist takes care, 
 as a general thing, to render 
 them intelligible by repeat- 
 ing them in his ordinary 
 voice, by accenting them, 
 and by commenting upon 
 them. He thus persuades his 
 auditors that these are the 
 very words that they heard. 
 
 In order to produce a muffled sound that seems to come from afar or from 
 an inclosed place, the ventriloquist arranges his tongue in such a way that its 
 base, upon bearing against the soft palate, shall form a sort of diaphragm that 
 allows but very little of the voice to pass. If , then, the ventriloquist articu- 
 lates his words with a strong guttural voice, the sound will appear to come 
 from the earth, from a grotto or cavern, or from a box, or cask, or closet. If, 
 oh the contrary, the tongue being in the same position, the ventriloquist speaks 
 with a sharp voice, he will produce the illusion of a voice coming from the 
 ceiling, or from some high place, such as the toji of a tree or the roof of a 
 neighboring house. But, in both cases, in order to effect the emission of this 
 muffled, somewhat indistinct, voice, tlie ventriloquist keeps his lungs distended, 
 and emits as little breath as possible in pronouncing. 
 
 Richerand, the celebrated physiologist, who had an ojiportunity of examin- 
 ing the ventriloquist Fitz-James, says: "His entire meclianism consists in a 
 slow and graduated expiration, which is, after a manner, protracted, and which 
 is always preceded by a strong inspiration, by means of which he introduces 
 into his lungs a great volume of air, which he carefully husbands." 
 
 As for the modifications to be introduced into the usual position of the organs 
 in order to obtain the voices of aged people or children, hoarse or nasal voices. 
 
 -LABIAL CONSONANTS. 
 
 Strong. Weak. 
 
 Sibillant labials / v 
 
 Siu) pie labials p b 
 
 Aspirated labials m 
 
 FIG. 3.— CLASSIFICATIOX OF THE CONSONANTS.
 
 ITO :\IA(rlC: STAGE ILLUSIONS S AND SCIENTIFIC DIVEHSlONS. 
 
 the cries of animals, sounds of musical instruments, the noises of tools, and so 
 forth, they are easily effected, owing to the mobility, perfection, and resources 
 of such organs; and it is by practice and feeling his way that the ventriloquist 
 conies to know them and repeat them, so as to obtain the voice that he desires, 
 with certainty. Moreover, in order to get a good idea of the modifications that 
 may be introduced in the voice by regulating the breathing, the opening of 
 the pharynx, and the position and curvature of the tongue, it is only necessary 
 to devote ourselves to this exercise for a few minutes, when the processes used 
 by ventriloquists, and the illusions that it is possible for them to produce, will 
 be easily understood. Perhaps, indeed, such an exercise will reveal to the 
 experimenter that he has an aptness for ventriloquism that he was far from 
 suspecting. 
 
 ANIMATED PUPPETS. 
 
 Puppets have been in use since antiquity, and when skillfully constructed 
 and operated the effect is very amusing. The French painter M. G. Bertrand 
 devised some very ingenious puppets, which he calls "animated models," 
 which he exhibited for a long time in Paris. When the characters make their 
 appearance and walk and approach each other, they appear to be real. One 
 of the most charming of the puppets was a violoncellist who bows, rubs resin 
 on his bow, and plays a march. After the player has finished, he bows and 
 repeats the piece for an encore. M. Bertrand's dansenses are no less wonderful. 
 Fig. 3 shows one of them while she is executing a difficult scene. The little 
 puppets are about half life size, being twenty-two inches in height. They 
 are suspended from the upper part of the theater by very fine wires fixed to a 
 rubber spring. Left to itself the puppet is suspended about three feet from 
 
 JlKKTItAMJ S ANIMATED I'dTETS.
 
 VENTRILOQUISM AKD ANIMATED PUPPETS. 
 
 171 
 
 the floor of the stage. It is from beueatli that the operator holds it Ity means 
 of wires attacheil to its feet, wliich keep it on the floor and make it walk, jump. 
 
 FKi. ;.'. -I.A J;EN(X)NTKK (SKCOXD Sl'KNK). 
 
 or dance. Lateral wires are attached to the hands, and are manipulated from 
 the side scenes. Each figure is built up on a skillfully wrought skeleton. 
 
 Plfi. :S.— ArTO.MATK' UAXSEl'SE. 
 
 The fifth figure shows that the fundamental osseous framework is made of 
 hard wood, and the articulations formed of steel springs. When this wooden
 
 172 3rA0I(' : STAflE ILLUSIONS AND SCIIJNTIFIC DIVLRSIONS. 
 
 skeleton is made to dance upon the stage, it has the attitude of an animated 
 being; all of the articulations operate of themselves, with perfect BUi)pleness. 
 
 KUi. 4. rilK lUILKT UF A DA.NShtSK. 
 
 The covering of tow and dress materials give the external human form. Our 
 last engraving shows the clown, who, at the rising of the curtain, recites the 
 
 I'Ki. 5.— TUM MlNui; TUK CLO\V^ AMD Ulb SKEI-KTo;,. 
 
 prologue. Tie is capable of showing his own skeleton to the spectators and of 
 saying, " 'i'his is the way I am made. Look at my framework! "
 
 CHAPTER Vni. 
 SHADOWGEAPHY. 
 
 By Henry Ridgelt Evaxs. 
 
 Paris is the home of the fantaisisfce. These rare exotics flourish in the 
 genial atmosphere of the great French capital, and cater to the most critical, as 
 well as the most appreciative, public in the world. Xo matter how trivial your 
 profession may he, if you are an artist in your particular line, you may he 
 sure of an admiring audience. To-day you are a performer in the cafes; 
 to-morrow yon tread the boards of some minor theater, and the journals duly 
 chronicle your debut, sometimes with as much elaborateness as they would 
 '"write up" that of a new singer at the Grand Opera. Two of the greatest 
 entertainers in Paris to-day are Yvette Guilbert, chanteuse eccentrique, and 
 M. Felicien Trewey — fantaisiste, mimic, shadowgraph ist, and juggler. It 
 is M. Trewey and his wonderful art I wish to introduce to the American reader. 
 The clever Frenchman is one of the best sleight-of-hand artists in France, but 
 his lasting fame has been made through his ombromanie, or shadowgraphy, the 
 art of casting silhouettes with his hands, on an illuminated screen. These 
 silhouettes are projected Avith marvelous dexterity of manipulation. 
 
 The idea of projecting the shadows of different objects (among others the 
 hands) upon a plane surface is very ancient, and it would be idle to attempt to 
 assign a date to tlie creation of these animals and chissic figures, such as the 
 rabbit, swan, negro, etc., that have served to amuse children in the evening 
 since time immemorial. 
 
 Within a few years these rude figures have been improved, and the play of 
 shadows has now become a true art instead of a simple diversion. The Italian 
 painter Campi was one of the first who thought of adding new t\'pes to the 
 collection of figures capable of being made with the shadow of the hands. He 
 devised amusing forms of animals that delighted the school-children before 
 whom he loved to exhibit them. ITis imitator, Frizze, imported the nascent 
 art into Belgium, and it was in tliis latter country that Ti-ewey got his knowl- 
 edge of it. 
 
 Trewey was not long in discovering that ombromanie was capable of 
 improvement, and, after patient exercise of his finger.^? to render them supple, 
 he succeeded in producing new silhouettes, which ai-e. oiidi in its kijid. little 
 masterpieces,
 
 SHADO W6RAPHY. 
 
 177 
 
 chisel that no flaw is visible in the cut, so equal everywhere is the imprint of 
 the tool — these and all superb workmen, all artists wlio shape white-hot iron 
 with the hammer, who chisel the precious metals, who sculpture marble and 
 stone, owe the exact precision in the force and accuracy of the blows that they 
 give with the hammer to the suppleness of the first joint of the thumb. 
 
 A second characteristic of skillfulness is indicated by the faculty of revers- 
 ing the metacarpal phalanges of tlie fingers, so that when the hand is extended 
 it is convex. On the greater or less flexibility of all the joints, either at the 
 base or extremity of the fingers, depend the dexterity and skillfulness dis- 
 played in work executed with tlie file, plane, or lathe. 
 
 The two characteristics 
 mentioned above — the 
 curved thumb and the pe- 
 culiar suppleness of the 
 fingers — are in most cases 
 united in the same person. 
 The more important of these 
 is the first. 
 
 Trewey's hand, repro- 
 duced by molding, figures 
 in several English museums. 
 It possesses the faculty of 
 reversal of the phalanges to 
 the highest degree, and the 
 thumb, which is of won- 
 derful suppleness, renders 
 Trewey, as we shall see, the 
 greatest service in the for- 
 mation of his shadows. Let 
 me add that his fingers, 
 which are long and slender, 
 differ very percej)tibly in 
 length, the middle finger, 
 for example, exceeding the 
 ring finger by nearly an inch. 
 
 In addition to the i^rofiles of men and animals, the artist, by means of a few 
 accessories, exhibits to us living persons j)laying amusing pantomimes. Here, 
 for example (Fig. 2), we have a fisherman. A piece of cardboard, properly 
 shaped and held between two fingers, forms the hat; the boat is apiece of 
 wood held in one of the artist's hands; a juetallic ring holds the fish-pole 
 against the thumb of the other hand, and ib is opposite tliis latter, bent as 
 shown in the figure, that we observe all the emotions of the fortunate fisherman, 
 who, phlegmatic at first, and livening uj) when the fish bites, finally is tri- 
 umphant when he has it at the end of his line. It is necessary to have wit- 
 nessed all these little scenes in order to understand how, liy means of his 
 
 -TUE KISUEKMAN.
 
 178 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 fingers alone, the artist can evoke the laughter and applause of hundreds of 
 spectators. Here, now (Fig. 3), we have a scene with two persons. It is a 
 fight between a janitress and one of her tenants. As may be seen, the acces- 
 sories are here very simple again. 
 
 To make the shadows sharp, the following things are indispensable: The 
 source of light must be a single lamp inclosed in a projecting apparatus, throw- 
 ing very divergent rays. The lens must consequently be of very short focus. 
 The electric light or oxyhydrogeu lamp necessary in a theater may be replaced 
 at the amateur's house by a lamp, or, better, by a wax candle, or, indeed, even 
 by a common candle that gives very sharp shadows. The mirrors in the room 
 
 where the exhibition is given 
 must be veiled in order to 
 prevent reflections, and all 
 brilliant objects must be re- 
 moved. When the oxyhy- 
 drogen lamp is used, the 
 screen is placed ten feet away 
 from the light, and the art- 
 ist's hands at three feet from 
 the same, and consequently 
 at seven from the screen. 
 But it will be understood 
 that there can be no absolute 
 rule about this, all depend- 
 ing upon the scale of the fig- 
 ures. It suffices to recall the 
 fact that the nearer theliand 
 is brought to the light, the 
 more the shadow enlarges 
 and loses its intensity, while 
 on bringing the hand nearer 
 the screen, the shadow be- 
 comes sharper, but smaller 
 and smaller. Fig. 4 shows 
 Trewey exhibiting the scene 
 of the preacher in the pulpit. The canopy is formed by the arm and the first 
 phalanges of the fingers bent at right angles, while a block of wood affixed 
 to the arm near the wrist forms the pulpit. In order that the preacher may 
 appear smaller than the pulpit, he must necessarily be nearer the screen, and 
 this explains the distance apart of the artist's arms in the engraving, the 
 screen being situated in front of the arm that forms the preacher. The neces- 
 sary distances, however, are best determined by experiment. 
 
 Trewey's appearance on the stage is very prepossessing. He is a man of 
 commanding physique, with a jovial countenance, indicative of the comedian. 
 He always appears in full court costume — dress coat, silk stockings, and pumps. 
 
 KIG. 3.— FIGHT BETWEEN A JANITKESS AND TENANT.
 
 SnADO WGRA PHY. 179 
 
 On his first appearance on the stage he wears a long Spanish cloak, which he 
 removes before beginning his entertainment of juggling and sleight-of-hand. 
 He is the past grand master of balancing feats, the startling nature of which 
 causes one to hold his breath with dismay at such boldness and audacitv. His 
 dexterity in throwing cards is really extraordinary. I have seen him project 
 these little oblongs of glazed cardboard from the stage of the Alhambra, 
 London (the largest hall in Europe) to the farthest part of the top gallerv. 
 He also jiossesses great skill \\\ the unique art of writing backwards any word 
 or sentence chosen by the audience, and he is a lightning sketch artist of no 
 mean ability. 
 
 "Tabarin," or twenty-live heads under one hat, is a performance named 
 after the inventor, a certain M. Tabarin, juggler, mountebank, and quack-salver, 
 who used to frequent the quays of Paris during the early part of the eighteenth 
 century. With the brim of an old felt sombrero, Trewey is able, by dexterous 
 manipulation, to construct every variety of headgear, from the shovel hat of a 
 snuffy-nosed French abhe to the headdress of a Xorman j^easant girl, to say 
 nothing of the famous chapecm affected by the great Napoleon. It is not these 
 varieties of headgear that astonish the audience, but Trewey's facial inter- 
 pretations of the different types of character assumed. His mobile features are 
 an international portrait gallery, and we see represented in the "Tabarin" 
 Irishmen, Scotchmen, Englishmen, Chinamen, and other nationalities. It 
 is a facial pantomime of exceeding skill. 
 
 The Paris F'ujdro has described the work of this fantaisiste as " Treweyism," 
 and Illustration and I.a Nature never fail to send their staff artists behind the 
 scenes to make sketches of tiie ombromanist's latest creations. Robert-IIoudiu, 
 in his memoirs, says, the excellence of an artist's work must never flag, but 
 continue to excite and stimulate public curiosity. Trewey realizes this to per- 
 fection. He has something unique and novel from week to week to present for 
 the delectation of his audiences. He is the most tireless experimenter I have 
 ever met on any stage, and gets up early and goes to bed late to think out new 
 problems in the art amusunte. I first became acquainted M'ith this versatile 
 artist in the summer of 1893, when he was playing a phenomenally long 
 engagement in the music halls of London, and heard from his own lips the 
 story of his early struggles and hardships before attaining eminence in his 
 chosen profession. I quote the following, contributed by me to the pages of 
 Mahatma, a very clever little i)eriodical devoted to sleight-of-hand, jugglery, 
 and natural magic : 
 
 "Trewey was born in Angoulunie nearly forty-five years ago. His father 
 was a machinist employed at one of the pajier mills of the city, and desired 
 the young Trewey ti) become engineer in the manufactory. An unexpected 
 incident diverted Trewey 's mind from mechanics to juggler}'. He was taken 
 one day to the circus at Marseilles, and saw the performance of a conjurer. He 
 was so delighted with the entertainment of the mountebank that he forthwith 
 determined to become a professional prestidigitateur. Finding that he could 
 not enlist the interest of his son in machinery, Trewey j>ere sent him to a
 
 180 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Jesuit seminary at Marseillec to study for the priesthood. One day, after he 
 had completed three years at the seminary, he returned liome for a short 
 holiday, and refused to return, whereupon his father sent him to work daily at 
 the factory. During his sojourn at the scliool, Trewey exhibited his skill as 
 an amateur juggler, and took part in tlie dramatic exhibitions given by the 
 students from time to time. He kept up his practice while at work at the 
 factory, and then one fine summer's day, at the age of fifteen, ran away from 
 home with a professional acrobat not much older than himself. The two 
 boys gave performances in the cafes of the neighboring towns, and eventually 
 Trewey succeeded in getting an engagement in one of the Marseilles music 
 
 -^ 
 
 FIG. 4.— THE PHEACHEU IN THE PULPIT. 
 
 halls at the munificent salary of a franc a day. He had to give his own jug- 
 gling entertainment several times a day, and appear in a pantomimic perform- 
 ance every night. In this same company was Plessis, afterwards one of the 
 greatest of the French comedians. Speaking of this period of his interesting 
 career, Tl-ewey said to me: ' It was the custom in French places of amusement, 
 Avhen I was a young and struggling entertainer, for the spectators to throw 
 money on the stage to a successfnl actor. I carefully saved the coin obtained 
 in this M'ay until I was able to purchase two grand new costumes. These cos- 
 tumes and the popularity acquired enabled me to ol)tanv an engagement at the 
 Alcazar, tlit; ]»riticipal i)lace of amusoment in ]\Iai'seillos. 
 
 Otlier engagements olTci'cd theninclvcs in ((uick succession after that, and 
 Ibecame a favorite performci' in all the principal towns in the south of France, 
 where I remained foi- three or foui- years. Aftei- a while I returned to the 
 strolling branch of the profession. :iiiil started anew as the j)roprietor of a 
 trav'-iliiig pantominK! and vaudeville comi)any.
 
 HIT A DO wan Amy. 18 1 
 
 "'I travek'il fnuii one little town to aiioLlier. ]>l;iyiiig various rolex 
 including Pierrot and ('ass;iii(li'c, the clown and- j)antaiot)n ol' Frencli panto- 
 mime; danced in the CUnhirJir, a grotesque quadrille; and took part in a 
 comedy, in addition to giving my ommi entertainment. It -was a bare living only 
 that was gained in this manner lor two years, after which an offer of an engage- 
 ment came to me from Bordeaux. Here I was most successful, and made a hit 
 with a number of new feats of balancing Avith bottles, etc., with which I had 
 been busy for a long time iierfecting myself. It was at this jieriod I invented, 
 the ombromanie. An offer quickly came for an engagement at the Concert dea 
 Ambassadenrs, in Paris, and my success was complete. I stayed in Paris nine 
 years, and since then traveled all over Europe — in Spain, Germany, Belgium, 
 Austria, Pussia, Great Britain, and, as you know, ' introduced shadowgraphy 
 to the American public in ISOI}.' 
 
 " Trewey's home in the Pue Iiochechouart, Paris, is an interesting place to 
 visit; it is crowded with ap})aratus and all sorts of new inventions intended for 
 use in his conjuring entertuinments. His scrap and memorandum books are 
 unique in themselves and contain hundreds of sketches in water colors of jug- 
 gling feats either performed by himself or by other artists. Under each 
 drawing is a carefully written description of the particular act. 
 
 '•'What are you going to do with all this material?' I once iusked him. 
 ' I may publish a book one of these days,' he replied, with a merry twinkle of 
 the eye; ' who knows ? I've done worse things,' " 
 
 FPEXCH SHADOWS. 
 
 M. Caran d'Ache, the cartoonist and illustrator, got up a few years ago, 
 at the Tlieater d'Application, at Paris, a special representation, of Chinese 
 shadows which were devised by him, and are so superior to anything that has 
 previously been done in this line that he has been able to call them "French 
 shadows," in order to distinguish them from similar i)roductions. 
 
 M. d'Ache takes pleasui-e in representing the military scenes of the first 
 republic and first empire. He projects ujion the screen an entire army, wherein 
 we see the emperor with his stafl" at different distances amid the ranks. The 
 defiling of the troops is astonishing, and one would think that he was present at 
 a genuine review. A "Vision in the Steppes" is another series of pictures 
 that represent the advent of the Kussian army. The shadows entitled the 
 " Peturn from the Woods" form a }nasterpiece as a whole, and the figures are 
 so skillfully cut that the celebrities of the day who are passing in the Avenue 
 des Acacias can be recognized. Two amusing specimens of this part of the 
 representation are given in Figs. 2 and 3. These reproductions are much 
 reduced, the real height of the figures being about eighteen inches. 
 
 Says a writer in La Nature, " We were not content to remain in the body
 
 182 :\[AGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIJLYTJFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of the theater to witness the sliadows, but requested M. d'Aohe to admit us to 
 his side scenes for the sake of our readers, and to initiate us into the processes 
 of actuating his figures; for, aside from llie artistic aspect, tliere is here a 
 very interesting api^lication of jdiysics. 
 
 '^ The silliouettes, after being composed and drawn, are cut out of sheet zinc, 
 which gives them great rigidity. Tlie cutting is a very delicate operation and 
 requires great accuracy. Some figures, sucIj as tliose of cavali'ymen, hussars, 
 
 FKi. 1.— FHKNCH SHADOWS. 
 
 and dragoons of the grand army, have apertures in certain parts, and behind 
 these is pasted coh)red transparent paper. In this way, the bhick shadows 
 that move along the screen have certain ]iarts in color, such as the plumes of 
 the helmets and the liorses' saddles. 
 
 " A large number of the zinc silhouettes act through mechanism. At a 
 grand review, to the order 'Carry arms,' all the guns are seen to rise in 
 nnison. The silhouette is provided with a series of guns properly arranged 
 and mounted npon a rod which is lowered or raised by the action of a lever. 
 
 " l-'ig. 1 represents the back of M. d'Ache's theater. The screen being 
 Itrilliatitly illuminated by an oxyhydrogen lamp, and the light in the body of
 
 SHADOWGRAPHY. 
 
 185 
 
 the theater heing turned down, the silhouettes, in passing, project upon the 
 screen a very strong shadow which the spectators perceive, but which is not 
 visible from the side scenes. Each silhouette is taken from a large box by a 
 man who places it in a groove at the bottom of the screen. Four or five oper- 
 ators suffice to keep the shadows succeeding one another without interruption. 
 
 FTOS. •?. AND 3.— FArsnriT.ES OF TWO SnJTOrKTTES. 
 
 During the Epopee we witness great combats, the capture of redoubts, and 
 terrible cannonading. Nothing is more amusing than the method of pro- 
 ducing the effects of these epic contests. The cannons are provided with little 
 fuses that an operator fires, and, at the same moment, the big drum of the 
 orchestra imitates the noise of the cannonading, and a rattle of large size 
 simulates the sound of the discharge of musketry. As for the smoke that 
 the spectators perceive ui)on the screen, that is produced by the cigarette of one 
 of the operators, who projects it at the desired place. The light of the shells 
 is obtained by means of a wad of gun cotton liglited and properly projected."
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 MENTAL MAGIC. 
 
 Bv Hexry Riugely Evans. 
 
 The most sphinx-like pi'oblem ever preseiiteil to the pul)lio for solution was 
 the " second-siglit '^ mystery. As has been stated in the Introduction, the 
 idea was an old oue, having originated with the Chevalier Pinetti, a conjurer 
 of the eighteenth century. On this subject the " Encyclopsedia Britannica " 
 says : 
 
 " In 1783 Pinetti had an automatic figure about eighteen inches in height, 
 named tlie Grand Saltan or AVise Little Turk, which answered questions as to 
 cliosen cards and many other things by striking upon a bell, intelligence being 
 communicated to a confederate by an ingenious ordering of the words, sylla- 
 bles, or vowels in the questions put. The teaching of jVIesmer and feats of 
 alleged clairvoyance suggested to Pinetti a more remarkable performance in 
 1785, when Signora Pinetti, sitting blindfold in a front box of a theater, 
 replied to questions and displayed her knowledge of articles in the possession 
 of the audience." 
 
 Robert-IIondin invented a "second-sight" system under the following cir- 
 cumstances: 
 
 " My two children," he says, in his memoirs, "were 2:)laying one day in 
 the drawing-room at a game they had invented for their own amusement. The 
 younger had bandaged his elder brother's eyes, and made him guess the objects 
 he touched, and when the latter happened to guess right, they changed places. 
 This simple game suggested to me the most complicated idea that ever crossed 
 my mind — 'second sight.' 
 
 " On the 12th of February, 184G, I jorinted in the center of my bill the fol- 
 lowing singular announcement: 
 
 "/n this programme M. Robert- Jlotidin's son, wJio is (lifted with a iiiarvel- 
 ous second sight, after his eyes have been covered with a thick bandage, will 
 designate every object jjresented to ttim by tJie andience.'''' 
 
 Houdin never revealed the secret of this remarkable trick, but plainly indi- 
 cated ill his autobiogi'aphy that it was the result of an ingenious combination of 
 questions that gave the clue to the supposed clairvoyant on the stage. One 
 of the first to come forward with an expose was F. A. Gandon, who wrote a 
 work entitled La Seconde vue devoilSe, Paris, 1849. Robert Heller saw
 
 MENTAL MAfiW. 
 
 18; 
 
 Houdin give an exhibition of " second sight " in LoihIoii. it was the idea of 
 people at the time that the oxiierimciit was the result of animal magnetism, 
 but the acute Heller thought otherwise, and he went to work to ^wrfect a sys- 
 tem that far exceeded any of his iiredeeessors in the art, adding certain subtle 
 improvements that made the trick all but supernatural. 
 
 Briefly stated, the effect is as follows: A lady is introduced to the audience 
 as possessed of clairvoyant powers. She is blindfolded and seated on the stage. 
 The magician, going down among the spectators, receives from them various 
 articles which the supposed 
 seeress accurately describes; 
 for example, in the case of a 
 coin, not only telling what the 
 object is, but the country 
 where it was coined, its de- 
 nomination and date. In tbe 
 case of a watch, she gives the 
 metal, maker's name, wliat 
 kind and how many jewels in 
 the works, and, lastly, the 
 time to a dot. And the same 
 with other objects, no matter 
 what they may be. Nothing- 
 offered by a spectator seemed 
 to baffle Houdin and Heller. 
 Half-obliterated Komau, Gre- 
 cian, and Oriental coins were 
 described with wonderful ease 
 and accuracy by the assistant 
 on the stage; also secret so- 
 ciety emblems and inscrip- 
 tions thereon, numbers on 
 bank-notes, surgical instru- 
 ments, etc. 
 
 At a performance in Bos- 
 ton, described by Henry Her- 
 mon in his work, "'Heller- 
 ism," a coin Avas handed to Hellei 
 his assistant to name the object. 
 
 "A coin," she quickly replied. 
 "Here, see if you can tell tlie name of the country, and all about it," he 
 next inquired. 
 
 Without a second's hesitation she answered, *' It is a large copper coin — a 
 coin of Africa, I think. Yes, it is of Tripoli. The inscriptions on it are iu 
 Arabic; one side reads, 'Coined at Tripoli;' the other side, 'Sultan of two 
 lands, Sultan of two seas, Sultan by iuheritajice, and the Son of a Sultan.' " 
 
 KOBERT HELLEU. 
 
 He fiflanced at it fur a moment and asked
 
 186 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC ])J VEh'SloNS. 
 
 " Ven" well." sairl Heller. '' tbaf is eorreei. V>wi look, what is the date, 
 now?" 
 
 " The date is 1-2-2-0, one thousand two hundred and twenty of the Hegira, 
 or Mohammedan year, which corresponds to 1805 of the Christian era." 
 
 Salvos of applause greeted the performers at the conclusion of the scene. 
 
 Mr. Fred Hunt, Jr., who was Eobert Heller's assistant for many years, 
 wrote the followifig expose, of the trick for the London Twie^, soon after 
 Heller's death: 
 
 '' In the years we were together. Heller was constantly enlarging and j^erfect- 
 ing his system. He is now gone and has solved a greater mystery than that which 
 puzzled so many thousands while he was on earth, and I believe tliat his sister, 
 Haidee Heller, and myself are tlie only living persons in whom Robert Heller's 
 second sight is vested. Heller had so simplified this system as to embrace every 
 variety of article classified in sets; one question, with a word or two added, 
 sufficing to elicit a correct answer for ten different articles. 
 
 " The student must be first posted in a new al^jhabetical arrangement, with 
 which he must familiarize himself as thoroughly as a boy in learning his 
 primer. This is the most difficult part of the business, but when mastered 
 thoroughly, it comes as easy as if the question were plainly propounded. 
 
 " This alphabet is as follows: 
 
 A is H 
 
 J is L 
 
 SisN 
 
 BisT 
 
 K is Pray 
 
 Tis P 
 
 CisS 
 
 Lis C 
 
 U is Look 
 
 DisG 
 
 - M is 
 
 Vis Y 
 
 E is F 
 
 N is D 
 
 W is R 
 
 FisE 
 
 OisV 
 
 X is See this 
 
 G is A 
 
 Pis J 
 
 YisQ 
 
 II is I 
 
 Q is W 
 
 Z is Hurry. 
 
 lis B 
 
 Ris M 
 
 Hurry up — repeat last letter. 
 
 
 " For example, you want the initials or name in a ring. Say it is ' Anna.' 
 By the alphabetical arrangement H stands for A, D for X. The explanation 
 'Hurry up' always means a repetition of the last letter, and again H will 
 give the answer when put as follows: 
 
 '' ' Here is a name ? Do you sec it '? Hurry up. Have you got it ? ' 
 
 "Attention is paid only to the first letter of every sentence, and it will be 
 perceived that the name of Anna is spelled. 
 
 "Again, take ' Gazette,' which is abbreviated in a phonographic manner in 
 order to simplify the question. G is A, A is H, Z is ' Hurry ' (not ' Hurry 
 up '), E is F, T is P. The question would be: 
 
 "' Are you able to tell the name V Here it is. Hunw. Find the name. 
 Please be quick.' 
 
 " Here you have ' Gazet ' in sliort meter. The letters K, U, X, and Z 
 being difficult wherewith to commcuco an interrogative sentence, the words 
 'pray,' 'look,' 'see this,' and 'hurry,' are used, as will be seen in the table.
 
 MENTAL JLiatd. 187 
 
 Care must be taken uot to begin a sentence with either of these woras unless 
 applicable to the word to be spelled. For instance, if ' Xenia ' is required, X is 
 ' See this,' E is F, X is D, I is B, and A is H. Thus the question: 
 
 " ' See this '? Find it quick. Do hurr\-. Be quick. How is it spelled ? ' 
 
 "Again, for the initials U. S. you will say: 
 
 " ' Look. Xow, then.' 
 
 "U is 'Look,' audSisX. 
 
 "If you want Kentucky named, thus the question: 
 
 '•' ' Pray name the State. Quick.' 
 
 " Pray is K, and Q is Y. 
 
 " After the alphabet we have the numbers, which, it will be seen, are easily 
 understood after a little practice. 
 
 X UMBERS. 
 
 1 is Say or Speak. 7 is Please or Pray. 
 
 2 is Be, Look, or Let. 8 is Are or Ain't. 
 
 3 is Can or Can't. 9 is Xow. 
 
 4 is Do or Don't. 10 is Tell. 
 
 5 is Will or Won't, is Hurrv or Come, 
 
 6 is What. 
 
 ' ' Well ' is to re2)eat the last figure, 
 
 'Example: The number l,::i:)4 is required; attention must only bo paid to 
 the first word of a sentence, thus: 
 
 ' ' Say the number. Look at it. Can you see it ? Do you know ? ' 
 
 ' Or say the number is 100: 
 
 '' Tell me the number. Hurry! ' 
 
 ' A rather difficult numlter would be 1.111. The question would l)e put in 
 this wise : 
 
 ' ' Say the number. Well ? Speak out. Say what it is,' 
 
 ' On a watch or greenback there are sometimes eight or nine numbers, 
 which can be followed as easily as the above. 
 " The table of colors is as follows: 
 
 Colors, 
 
 1 is White, 5 is Red. 
 
 2 is Black, 6 is Green. 
 
 3 is Blue. 7 is Yellow. 
 
 4 is Brown. 8 is Gray. 
 
 "The solution of the numbers, as I have explained, will furnish the key. 
 For example, the article presented is green; the question will be: 
 
 " ' W^hat is the color ? ' green being the sixth color in the list. 
 
 " Blue is wanted, aud, as it stands third in the list, the word would be: 
 
 " ' Can you tell the color ? ' 
 
 " White is wanted, and. as it stands first in the list, the question is: 
 
 "'Say the color.' 
 
 "Understand that the words explaining the numbers, as given in the list, 
 are applied to the articles enumerated in each of the subjoined tables.
 
 188 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3! 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Brass. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Pearl. 
 
 Amethyst 
 
 Onyx. 
 
 The Metals. 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 Iron. 
 Tin. 
 Platina. 
 Steel. 
 
 The Setting. 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 7. 
 
 Garnet. 
 Emerald. 
 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 Turquoise. 
 Carbuncle 
 
 lie stone- 
 
 10. 
 
 -opal. 
 
 'I'opaz. 
 
 " Take the metals, for instance. The metal presented is copper, which is 
 fourth in the list. The question would be: 
 " ' Do you know the metal ? ' 
 "If steel, which is ninth in the list: 
 " ' Now, what is the metal ? ' 
 "Sex, countries, materials, fabrics, watches, are as follows: 
 
 Of What. 
 [This set to describe the sex, etc., of the pictures.] 
 
 1. Lady. 
 
 2. Gentleman. 
 
 3. Bov. 
 
 4. Girl. 
 
 5. Child. 
 
 1. America. 
 
 ^. England. 
 
 3. France. 
 
 4. Germany, 
 o. Russia. 
 
 1. Wood. 
 
 2. Stone. 
 
 3. Marble. 
 
 4. Bronze. 
 U. Ijava. 
 
 1. .Silk. 
 
 2. Wool. 
 
 3. Cotton. 
 
 4. Linen. 
 
 G. 
 7. 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 Group. 
 Animal. 
 Drawing, 
 Sketch. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 'he Matektal. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 < . 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 Rubber. 
 Glass. 
 Bone. 
 1 vory. 
 (Miina. 
 
 'I'he Fabhic. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 G. 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 Leather, 
 Kid, 
 
 Buckskin 
 Lace .
 
 21ENTAL JIAO'IC. 
 
 189 
 
 Watches. 
 
 77/6 makers name? 
 
 Of what compauji's make ? 
 
 [This is to tell the maker's name of watches.] 
 
 1. American Watch Co. (J. Johnson. 
 
 'Z. Waltham Watch Co. 
 
 3. Elgin Watch Co. 
 
 4. Dueber Watch Co. 
 
 5. Tobias. 
 
 7. Swiss. 
 8. 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 Miscellaneous articles are divided into nineteen sets, thus: 
 
 First Set. 
 What article is this? 
 
 1. Handkerchief. 
 
 2. Neckerchief. 
 
 3. Bag. 
 
 4. Glove. 
 
 5. Purse. 
 
 G. Basket. 
 
 7. Beet. 
 
 8. Comforter. 
 
 9. Headdress. 
 10. Fan. 
 
 1. Watch. 
 
 2. Bracelet. 
 
 3. Guard. 
 
 4. Chain. 
 
 5. Breastpin. 
 
 Secoxd Set. 
 Wluit is this? 
 
 G. Necklace. 
 
 7. Ring. 
 
 8. Kosary. 
 
 9. Cross. 
 10. Charm. 
 
 1. Hat. 
 
 2. Cap. 
 
 3. Bonnet. 
 
 4. Cuflf. 
 
 5. Collar. 
 
 Third Set. 
 What may this he? 
 
 G. Mulf. 
 
 7. Cape. 
 
 8. Boa. 
 
 9. Inkstand. 
 10. Mucilaffe. 
 
 1. Pipe. 
 
 2. Cigar. 
 
 3. Cigar-holder. 
 
 4. Cigarette. 
 
 5. Tobacco. 
 
 Fourth Set. 
 What is here? 
 
 G. Tobacco box. 
 
 7. Tobacco pouch. 
 
 S. Match. 
 
 !t. .Matchbox. 
 
 10. Cioar-lii^htcr.
 
 190 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS A^W SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 1. Spectacles. 
 
 2. Spectacle case. 
 
 3. Eyeglass. 
 
 4. Eyeglass case. 
 
 5. Opera glass. 
 
 1. Knife. 
 
 2. Scissors. 
 
 3. Pin. 
 
 4. Needle. 
 
 5. Cnshion. 
 
 1. Book. 
 
 2. Pocketbook. 
 
 3. Needlebook. 
 
 4. Paper. 
 
 5. Newspaper. 
 
 1. Bank bill. 
 
 2. Treasury note. 
 
 3. Currency. 
 
 4. Coin. 
 
 5. Gold piece. 
 
 1. Stick. 
 
 2. Whip. 
 
 3. Parasol. 
 
 4. Umbrella. 
 
 5. Umbrella cover. 
 
 EiFTH Set. 
 What have I here f 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 Sixth Set. 
 Can yuu sen fliiis ? 
 
 Opera-glass case. 
 Magnifying glass. 
 Telescope. 
 Compass. 
 Corkscrew. 
 
 6. Toothpick. 
 
 7. Comb. 
 
 8. Brush. 
 
 9. Thimble. 
 
 10. Looking-glass. 
 
 Seventh Set. 
 Do ynu knuw what litis is? 
 
 G. Pamphlet. 
 
 7. Programme. 
 
 8. BilL 
 
 9. Letter. 
 10. Envelope. 
 
 Eighth Si:t. 
 Look at this. 
 
 0. Piece of money. 
 
 7. Bank check. 
 
 8. Bond. 
 
 9. Silver dollar. 
 10. Postage stamp. 
 
 Ninth Set. 
 Now, what is this? 
 
 (J. Picture. 
 
 7. Shoe. 
 
 8. Boot. 
 
 0. Button. 
 
 10. Stud. 
 
 1. Earring. 
 
 2. Locket. 
 
 3. Sleeve button. 
 
 4. Hairpin. 
 
 5. Clothct^piii. 
 
 T'enth Set. 
 TeU77ie this. 
 
 f). Fork. 
 
 7. Spoon . 
 
 8. Armlet. 
 
 U. Ornament. 
 10. Cheek.
 
 MENTAL MAGIC. 
 
 101 
 
 Eleventh Set. 
 / ivant to I- now fin's. 
 
 1. 
 
 Apple. 
 
 G. Candy. 
 
 2. 
 
 Nut. 
 
 7. Po[)corn, 
 
 3. 
 
 Cake. 
 
 8. Lozenge. 
 
 4. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 '.). (Jrain. 
 
 5. 
 
 Lemon. 
 
 10. Wa.x. 
 
 Twelfth Set. 
 Frai/, what is this? 
 
 1. 
 
 Screw. 
 
 G. Knob. 
 
 2. 
 
 Hinge. 
 
 7. Rule. 
 
 3. 
 
 Tool. 
 
 8. Lock. 
 
 4. 
 
 Nail. 
 
 9. Buckle. 
 
 5. 
 
 Tack. 
 
 10. Kev. 
 
 1. Shot. 
 
 2. Powder. 
 
 3. Bullet. 
 
 4. Gun. 
 
 5. Pistol. 
 
 1. Bouquet. 
 
 2. Bouquet holder. 
 
 3. Flower. 
 
 4. Wreath. 
 
 5. Leaf. 
 
 1. Pen. 
 
 2. Penholder. 
 
 3. Pencil. 
 
 4. Eraser. 
 
 5. Rubber. 
 
 1. Card. 
 
 2. Cardcase. 
 
 3. Playing card. 
 
 4. Button-hook. 
 
 5. Key ring. 
 
 Thirteenth Set. 
 You k/to/v what this is? 
 
 G. Percussion cap. 
 
 7. Cartridge. 
 
 8. Surgical instrument. 
 
 9. Musical insti'ument. 
 10. Tuninof fork. 
 
 Fourteenth Set. 
 Quick! This article. 
 
 G. Toy. 
 
 7. Flag. 
 
 8. Bottle. 
 
 9. Game. 
 10. Doll. 
 
 Fifteenth Set. 
 Name this article. 
 
 6. Case, 
 
 7. Spool. 
 
 8. Soap. 
 
 9. Perfumery. 
 10. Cu]). 
 
 Sixteenth Set. 
 Say, what is this 9 
 
 6. Bunch kevs. 
 
 7. Tablet. 
 
 8. Cord. 
 
 9. Tweezers. 
 10. Cork.
 
 193 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 1. Bible. 
 
 2. Testament. 
 
 3. Tract. 
 
 4. Bookmark. 
 
 5. Prayer book. 
 
 1. Diamonds. 
 
 2. Hearts. 
 
 3. Clubs. 
 
 4. Spades. 
 
 Seyenteenth Set. 
 This article ? 
 
 6. Hymn-book. 
 
 7. Mnsic. 
 
 8. Smelling bottle. 
 
 9. Vinaigrette. 
 10. Strap. 
 
 Eighteenth Set. 
 Playing cards. 
 
 Eight"— Ace. 
 ' That's riglit " — King. 
 Good " — Queen. 
 Very good " — Jack. 
 
 Nineteenth Set. 
 Devices. 
 
 1. Masonic. 
 
 2. Odd Fellows. 
 
 3. Knights of Pythias. 
 
 4. Druids. 
 
 5. Musical. 
 
 Articles in Sets. 
 
 " It will be seen that the different articles are arranged in sets, numbering 
 no more than ten. Each set luis at the head a different question, worded very 
 nearly alike, so as to make the audience believe that the same question is being 
 constantly asked. The question at the head of the set, which is always asked 
 first, is the clue to the set which contains the article to be described. Eacii 
 set is numbered, as in the cases of tlie colors and metals, and the word conveys 
 each particular article. 
 
 " For tlie first set the question is: 
 
 '"What article is this?' 
 
 " This gives the clue to ten distinct articles. The next demand may be: 
 
 " ' Can you tell ? ' 
 
 " Whicli would be solution for ' bag,' it being the third in tiic list. 
 
 "'Say the fabric' 
 
 " The reply would be, ' Silk,' that being the first in the line of fabrics, and, 
 as I have before stated, 'say' representing No. 1. If a leather bag, it would 
 be: ' Will you tell the fabric ? ' ' will ' standing for ?so. 5. 
 
 "A handkerchief is pi'eseuted, and the question is: 
 
 " ' What article is this? Say; ' which exphiins that it is a handkerchief, as 
 that is the first article in the list. 
 
 '"Can you toll the fabric?' 
 
 " ' Cotton,' cotton standiuL;- third in the list of fabi'ics.
 
 MENTAL MAGIC. l'J3 
 
 " Then, again, if you want the color — say it is Ijlue — 
 
 " ' Can't you tell the color? ' 
 
 " ' Blue,' which stands third on the list of colors. 
 
 " A watch embodies a greater number of questions than almost any other 
 ;irticle. If you Avant to describe it fully, it is first in the second set, the key of 
 wiiich is: 
 
 '•'What is this?' 
 
 " We will say that it is a lady's watch, gold, double case, three hands, made 
 by Tobias, No. 9,725, the initials ' From B. C. to C. 11.' engraved on the case, 
 tlieyear ' I860,' and blue enameled, set with fivo diamonds. This is a complex 
 question, and must be put and answered as follows: 
 
 ^^ Question. ' What is this? Say.' 
 
 " Atisiver. 'A watch.' 
 
 '' Q. 'Say the metal.' 
 
 "A. 'Gold.' 
 
 " Q. ' Say to whom it belongs.' 
 
 "A. 'A lady.' 
 
 " Q. 'Yes.'" 
 
 "A. 'A double case. ' 
 
 " Q. ' Can you tell the number of hands? ' 
 
 "A. 'Three.' 
 
 " Q. 'Will you tell the maker.' 
 
 "A. 'Tobias.' 
 
 " Q. ' Now the number. Please tell me. Be quick. AVon't you ? ' 
 
 "A. '9,725.' 
 
 " Q. ' Can you tell me the color of this enamel ? ' 
 
 "A. 'Blue.' 
 
 " Q. 'Tell the initials. Say.' 
 
 ''A. 'B. C 
 
 " Q. ' Say to whom. I want to know.' 
 
 "A. 'C. H.' 
 
 " ^. ' Say these stones.' 
 
 "A. 'Diamonds.' 
 
 " Q. ' Will you tell liow many ? ' 
 
 "^. 'Five."' 
 
 "If it is a double case, the sim[)le word ' yes ' conveys the intelligence aftei 
 'to whom it belongs.' If an o])en case, the word ' well ' is used. 
 
 Playixg Cauds. 
 
 " These will be fciund in tlio sixteiMith set. aud the order of suits in the 
 eighteenth. We will take tho nine of s])ades as having been pre>:ented. The 
 question will be: 
 
 " ' Say, what is this ? Can you tdl ? ' 
 
 " ' A playing card.' 
 13
 
 a ( 
 
 a i 
 
 194 JIAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 " ' Do you know tbe suit ? Now, then.' 
 
 '' ' Do ' is four, which means spades, and ' now ' is nine. The cards are 
 told as follows: First, the ' playing card; ' second, the suit; third, the number 
 or picture. If, after the preliminary question is put and answered, it is an ace, 
 the interlocutor says ' Right; ' if a king, ' That's right; ' if a queen, ' Good; ' 
 if a jack, ' Very good.' 
 
 Money. 
 
 " This will be found classed in the eighth set, the key to which is, ' Look at 
 this.' 
 
 " No. 6 of the set is described as ' a i^iece of money,' and is always of a less 
 value than a dollar. We Avill take a silver quarter of the date of 1820. The 
 question is: 
 
 '^' Look at this. What is it?' 
 
 "A. 'A piece of money.' 
 
 ^' Q. ' Let me know the amount. Will you ? ' 
 
 "A. ' Twenty-five cents; ' as we know that ' let ' is 2 and ' will ' 5. 
 
 "If the coin is of this century, only the last two figures are asked; if of a 
 prior date, the last three. The request therefore is: 
 
 Look at the date. Hurry! ' which would bring the answer, ' 1820.' 
 A foreign coin is furnished, say of Eome. The request would be : 
 Look at this. Do you know what it is ? ' 
 
 " The answer is, ' A coin.' 
 
 '"What country?' 
 
 " 'Italy; ' as Italy stands sixth in the list of countries, as will be seen by 
 referring to the table. 
 
 ''A Mexican dollar will elicit the remark: 
 
 " ' Look at this, now.' 
 
 '"A silver dollar.' 
 
 " "J'ell me the country.' 
 
 " The I'eply will be, ' Mexico,' as that country stands tenth on the list. 
 
 " A treasury note is presented of the value of fifty dollars; the cue is: 
 
 " ' Look at this. Be qiiick.' 
 
 *' Ansiver. ' A treasury note.' 
 
 " 'Will you tell me the amount? Come; ' which means 5 and 0, or $50; 
 ' come ' being a substitute for ' hurry.' 
 
 "Again, a 12.50 gold piece is presented, and the question is as before: 
 
 '"Look at this." Will you ? ' 
 
 " A nxicer. ' A gold piece. ' 
 
 "' Let me know the amount. Won't you? Come.' 'Let,' 'won't,' and 
 ' come ' standing for ' 2.")<>.' 
 
 (>iiii:i; KxAMi'i.Es. 
 
 " ' Pray, Avhat is this? 'i'ell me.' 
 
 " The answer is. ' A key.' •• key ' being the tenth aiticle (jf the set. Now, in 
 order to tell what kind of a key, these simple words will explain:
 
 (( ( 
 
 MENTAL MAGIC. 195 
 
 Yes,' a watch key; 'well/ a door key; 'good,' a safe key. 
 What is here ? Say. ' 
 
 " The answer is ' pipe.' 
 
 '' Now, to ascertain what kind of a pipe, the same words as above: 
 
 '' ' Yes,' a meerschaum pipe; ' well,' a wooden pipe; ' good,' a clay pipe. 
 
 " ' Can you see this? Please say.' 
 
 " Answer is ' comb. ' 
 
 " ' Yes,' a pocket comb; ' well,' a toilet comb; ' good,' a curry comb. 
 
 " ' Can you see this ? Are you going to tell ? ' 
 
 " The answer is ' brush.' 
 
 *' ' Yes,' hair brush; ' well,' clothes brush; ' good.' paint brush. 
 
 "If an article is presented which is not down in the sets, the alphabet will 
 have to be resorted to and the article si:)elled out. 
 
 " This concludes the ' second-sight ' mystery which so perplexed the world, 
 and which I never would have exposed but for the death of my lamented friend, 
 Robert Heller." 
 
 The perfect memorization of the preceding system will enable two ambi- 
 tious amateurs or professioiuils to perform the " second -sight " mystery, but 
 it will not enable them to produce (dl of the effects exhibited by Heller. Robert 
 Heller had another system of conveying information to his blindfolded assistant 
 on the stage — a system that permitted him to give a minute description of an 
 object without spcnhinfj a loonl. It was this artistic effect that so puzzled 
 every one. It was accomplished by means of electricity. A confederate sat 
 among the spectators, near the center aisle of the theater, and the wires of an 
 electric battery were connected with his chair, the electric push button being 
 under the front part of the seat. Heller gave the cue to the set in which the 
 article Avas, its number, etc., by some natural movement of liis body or arms; 
 and the confederate, rapidly interpreting tlie secret signals, telegraj:)hed them 
 to the clairvoyante on the stage. Mr. Ilermon thus describes the receiving 
 instrument in his clever little book, " Hellerism " : 
 
 " It will be remembered by all whoever witnessed Mr. and Miss Heller's 
 ' second-sight ' act that when he came on the stage to begin this part of his 
 performance, he rolled forward to the center of the stage a sofa. This sofa had 
 no back to it, thus enabling Miss Heller to sit with her back to the audience. 
 As the sofa was rolled forward it was so jilaced that one of the hind legs rested 
 on a little brass plate screwed to the floor of the stage. On the foot of the 
 leg there were two more, thus connecting and making a complete electric com- 
 munication between his secret partner and ]\Iiss Heller. 
 
 "In the sofa there was a little machine so arranged that when the button 
 was pressed a slight tap was the result. This tap could only be heard by Miss 
 Heller, for it struck against a thin piece of board covered by the haircloth of 
 the sofa, and sitting, as she was, directly on it, it could be easily felt." 
 
 The verbal system and the silent system were used interchangeably during 
 Heller's performances, to the complete bewilderment of the spectators. Even 
 magicians were mystified. When the former system was employed. Heller was
 
 196 31 AGIO: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 enabled to go to any part of the theater; but in the latter, he was compelled, 
 for obvious reasons, to confine himself to the center aisle, just below where 
 the confederate was seated. The connecting -wires M-ere concealed beneath the 
 carpeting. 
 
 Other magicians, notably Kellar, have worked up the " second-sight " trick 
 in an ingenious way, by the use of apparatus. The clairvoyante sits on a chair 
 placed upon a raised platform, and, after her eyes have been carefully bandaged, 
 she tells the names of playing cards, the numbers on bank notes, and adds 
 columns of figures waittten on a blackboard by people in the audience. The 
 explanation is as follows: A rubber tube runs from behind the scenes, under- 
 neath the stage, and up through a hollow foot of the platform and the leg of 
 the chair, terminating at the back of the chair. In the back of the lady's 
 dress is a small tube which reaches her ear, being cleverly concealed by the 
 curly wig which she wears. When she has taken her seat, the magician pre- 
 tends to mesmerize her, and, under cover of the passes, connects the tubing in 
 the chair with the tubing in her dress. An assistant behind the scenes reads 
 the numbers on the bank notes Avitli a strong spyglass, and conveys the informa- 
 tion to the lady through the speaking-tube. To facilitate the assistant's work, 
 the magician holds the bank note against the blackboard, which is turned 
 slightly to one side. The clairvoyante calls out the numbers in aloud voice, 
 wdiereupon the magician proceeds to chalk them upon the board. The squar- 
 ing and the cubing of numbers are performed by the assistant behind the scenes, 
 with the aid of logarithmic tables. When the "second-sight" seance is con- 
 cluded, the magician removes the bandage from the lady's eyes, and pretends 
 to awaken her from the hypnotic state, taking advantage of the little comedy 
 to disconnect the speaking tube. She rises, bows herself off the stage, taking 
 particular care not to show her back to the audience. 
 
 A very clever exhibition of " second sight " is given by Professor and Mrs. 
 Baldwin. Professor Baldwin calls himself the "White Mahatma," and his 
 entertainment is a curious hodge-jDodge of pretended mediumshij), clairvoy- 
 ance, and vaudeville. Slips of paper and pencils, and small pads of millboard 
 to serve as writing desks, are distributed among the audience by assistants; the 
 recipients of the writing materials are requested to write questions on the slips, 
 fold them up, and secrete them in their pockets. The "White Mahatma" 
 disclaims any preparation about the millboards, remarking that they are given 
 to the spectators to obviate the inconvenience of writing ou the knee, and may 
 be discarded if desired. When the questions have been prepared, the assistants 
 collect the pads and place them on the stage, near the footlights, in full view of 
 the audience. After this there is some dancing and singing by the vaudeville 
 artists connected with the company, and then Mrs. Baldwin, the clairvoyante, 
 makes her appearance; she is carefully blindfolded and " mesmerized " by the 
 Professor. Her communications to the audience are made after the following 
 manner: " I see a lady in the orchestra, to the right. She wants to know some- 
 thing about a ring that was lost." Professor Baldwin, who stands in the 
 center aisle of the theater, near the stage, exclaims: "" Will the ladv who wrote
 
 MENTAL ^r^r!TC. 197 
 
 that question kindly liold up the slip of jmper and ackno\vled<,''e the correct- 
 ness of Mrs. Baldwin's statement? " The lady complies, and a thrill of aston- 
 ishment pervades the audience. An assistant goes to the lady, takes the slip, 
 and hands it to Professor Baldwin, who reads it, exclaiming: '' Mrs. Baldwin 
 is correct; but let us see if she cannot give us more detailed information con- 
 cerning the ring which is lost." He mounts the stage, and, standing behind 
 the clairvoyante, makes violent mesmeric j)asses over her head, the piano in the 
 orchestra accompanying the operation with several loud chords and cadenzas. 
 Then the " White Mahatma" advances to the footlights and commands his 
 wife to speak. " The ring is of gold with a pearl setting," she says, " and has 
 the initials ' M. B.' engraved within. It was lost about January 1, 18 — ," etc. 
 The lady in the audience had only written: "I have lost my ring; can you 
 describe it ? " Consequently, when she hears this accurate description by Mrs. 
 Baldwin, she is very much impressed. 
 
 The trick is an ingenious one. It is worked up with great dramatic effect 
 by the Baldwins. The secret lies in the pads of millboard, some of which 
 contain carbon sheets under two layers of brown paper. The writing of the 
 spectators is thereby transferred by means of the carbon paper to sheets of 
 writing paper placed under the carbon sheets. The genuine millboard pads 
 which are distributed among the audience are laid on the stage, while the pre- 
 pared pads are carried off behind the scenes to Mrs. Baldwin, who has ample 
 time to post herself with the desired information before coming on the stage. 
 
 Of course, the spectators who get the genuine pads do not receive any clair- 
 voyant communications, nor do those who discard the genuiue pads. The 
 surprising part of the feat is the extraneous information imparted b}^ Mrs. 
 Baldwin, which seems to preclude any possibility of trickery. This informa- 
 tion is obtained from the spectators by the assistants Avhen they go to collect 
 the slips of paper, and is whispered by them to Professor Baldwin. Under 
 cover of the pretended magnetizing. Professor Baldwin gives his wife this 
 information, the chords from the piano preventing any one from hearing what 
 he says. It is all done very rapidly, the spectators being completely deluded. 
 The people who have been pumped by the assistants seem to forget the fact in 
 their interest in the main part of the trick, viz., the reading of the slips by ]Mrs. 
 Baldwin. One reason of this self-deception is, perhaps, the fact that they do 
 not suspect the integrity of the innocent-looking ushers, or regard them as a 
 part of the experiment. 
 
 Where numbers are to be conveyed, the Baldwins use a verbal code of sig- 
 nals. This obviates the necessity of Mr. Baldwin going upon the stage to 
 remae'uetize his wife. 
 
 Silent ThouCxHT Transference, No. 1. 
 
 In this ingenious trick the clairvoyante, while blindfolded, tells "the suit 
 and value of any number of selected cards, solves arithmetical problems, 
 gives numbers on borrowed bank notes, indicates time by any watch, describes 
 borrowed coins, and many other tests." All this is accomplished in silence.
 
 108 JIAOIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the medium being surrounded by a committee from the audience, if desired. 
 Tlie trick can be given in a private parlor, and requires no electrical apparatus, 
 speaking tubes, etc. I am indebted for an explanation of " silent thought 
 transference" to Mr. H. J. Burlingame. In his little brochure, "Tricks in 
 Magic, Illusions, and Mental Phenomena," he writes as follows: "By means 
 of the silent code all the usual effects generally exhibited at thought-reading 
 seances can be reproduced. It consists in both medium and performer count- 
 ing mentally and together. It is a known fact that the beats for ' common 
 time ' are always the same in music; therefore, with little practice, it is easy for 
 two persons, starting on a given signal, to count at the same time and rate, and 
 wiien another signal is given, to stop. Of course both will have arrived at 
 the same number. This then is the actual method employed in this code, and 
 from it you will see that any number from to 9 can be transmitted by the 
 performer to the medium. It is best to experiment and find out what rate of 
 counting best suits the two persons employing this code, but the following sug- 
 gestions are offered: It may, perhaps, be best to begin counting at a slow 
 rate, gradually increasing until you find it advisable to go no faster. Say you 
 have in the room, when first practicing, a loud-ticking clock, with a fairly slow 
 beat. On the given beat or signal you both start counting at the same rate as 
 the clock. Of course the clock must be removed when the rate has been well 
 learned. If preferred, count at the rate of 'commoji time,' viz.: 1 and 2 
 and 3 and 4, and so on, or practice with a ' metronome,' such as is used dur- 
 ing piano practice for the purpose of setting time. A very good rate to finally 
 adopt is about 70 to 75 per minute. Whatever rate is found to suit best must 
 be adhered to. You will find at the rate mentioned that any number up to 9 
 can be transmitted with absolute certainty, after an hour or so of practice. 
 
 " Now that the princi|)le has been explained, the next items are the signals 
 to give the medium the cue when to start and when to stop counting mentally. 
 
 " Say the performer has borrowed a coin, the date of which is 1863. The 
 first figure of the coin ]. and 8 are generally understood, as most coins in use 
 are 18 something or other; if of date 18, in the hundreds. The performer 
 must advise the medium of this by his manner of thanking the person Avho lent 
 the coin, wiiicli can easily be arranged to suit one's fancy. The 6 and 2 have 
 therefore to be transmitted. The performer stands away from the medium or 
 among the audience. The medium being on the stage, securely blindfolded, 
 the performer takes his position, with chalk in right iiand, in front of a black- 
 board, holding coin in his left hand. He does not speak a word, but simply 
 looks at the coin. After a pause the medium calls out: ' Tlie first figure I picture 
 is a one,' or words to that effect. Immediately tlie lady stops speaking, they 
 both begin to count mentally at the rate agreed upon by practice. In this case 
 the number to be .transmitted is 6. As the last word of the sentence is spoken 
 they commence mentally 1-2-3-4-5-6; during this short period the performer 
 glances down at the coin as if to verify what the lady has called out. As soon 
 as they reach the figure 6 the signal 'stop' has to be transmitted. This is 
 done by the performer putting down on the blackboard sharply the figure
 
 MENTAL MAGIC. 199 
 
 called out by the lady, viz.: 'One' (1). It will be peeii by thif; method that 
 the signal is quite easy to transmit, and it is perfectly natural to ]mt down the 
 figure on the board quickly and sharply. The third figure of the coin is now 
 known to the medium. The last figure, '1, is transmitted in the same manner 
 as the previous figure. The lady says, 'The second figure I see is 8.' As 
 soon as she ceases speaking, they begin the counting again, 1-2; on the 
 arrival at the figure 3 the jierformer puts down the 8, previously called 
 out, sharply on the board, which is the signal for 'stop.' The lady now knows 
 the full date of the coin. The metal of the coin must be indicated to the 
 medium previously by the wording of the reply to the owner of the coin after 
 it has been handed to the performer. This can easily be arranged. The value 
 of the coin or its equivalent nnmber is indicated in the same way as the previ- 
 ous figure; and between the 6 and the 2, that is, after the lady has called 
 out the 6, they commence to count for the value. When an occurs in the 
 date, no pause is made. The performer puts down the figure on the board 
 for the ' stop ' signal immediately the lady stops speaking. This if followed 
 carefully will be found quite easy and natural in practice. 
 
 ''Any other system that one may adopt for giving the starting and stop- 
 ping signals can, of course, be applied, but the method here proposed will be 
 found to answer the 2Turpose, and cannot be detected.'"' 
 
 The bank-note, card, and other tests are arranged on similar lines. 
 
 Silent Thought Transference, N"o. 2. 
 
 This clever trick Avas introduced to the theater-goers of marvel-loving Paris by 
 Professor Verbeck and Mademoiselle Matliilde. (iuibal and ilarie Greville per- 
 formed it in England and America, creating a great sensation. It is based on a 
 very simple principle. Abbreviated somewhat from Burlingame's brochure, the 
 effect is as follows: " The pretended mesmerist announces to the spectators the 
 marvelous intuitive powers of his subject. Miss Venus, remarking: ' Miss Venus 
 shall be hypnotized by me, and, when launched into the hypnotic sleeep, can and 
 will perform any rational act that the spectatcws desire, despite the fact that I 
 will not sjieak one word during the seance. While in the trance state, she will 
 walk among you and comply with your requests. This, ladies and gentlemen, 
 is the trance-it of Venus. When I have her under control and in the hypnotic 
 trance, I will move about among you, and you can convey to )ne b}' whisper 
 what you would desire the medium to do.' 
 
 " Miss Venus is now introduced by the professor. She bows and seats her- 
 self on a chair, facing the spectators. The professor, by means of any of the 
 pantomimic gestures, pretends to hypnotize her, after which dramatic scene, he 
 goes among the audience, asking here and there what the spectators would like 
 the lady marvel to do. Having spoken to some twelve or twenty persons, he 
 solemnly enjoins the strictest silence. With serious mien he advances toward 
 the medium, without going on the stage, and motions or waves his right hand 
 in a downward movement in front of her. She slowly rises and goes through
 
 2U0 MAGIC: STAGE JLLVSIONS AJSD SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIOAS. 
 
 each desired performance, finally returning to lier chair and allowing herself 
 to be dehypnotized. 'V\\c jn'ofeesor recaiiitulates for the l)enefit of all what 
 each spectator desired, and lunv Miss Yenns was successful in each and every 
 crucial test. 
 
 EXPLAXATIOX. 
 
 " In this trick a code of signs and things to be done must be learned by the 
 alleged mesmerist. These he forces adroitly into the minds of the i^eople. 
 The following is the forcing code: 
 
 " 1. Pull a gentleman's hair. 
 
 "2. Turn np his trousers. 
 
 "3. Tie a number of knots in his handkerchief. 
 
 "4. Take a watch out of a gentleman's pocket and place it in another 
 pocket. 
 
 '' 5. Open a lady's reticule; take out her purse, or anything she may desire. 
 
 " 6. From ont of a number of coins placed in a hat, pick out the special 
 one which has been selected. 
 
 " 7. Write any number selected on a card. 
 
 "8. Take a gentleman's cane or umbrella and put it in the hands of 
 another gentleman. 
 
 " 9. Take glasses off a person and place on own nose. 
 
 " 10. Take off lady's or gentleman's gloves. 
 
 " 11. Write autograph on programme gentleman holds. 
 
 '' 13. Take a handkerchief out of some person's j'ocket and tie it on his 
 neck or arm. 
 
 " 14. Tie a knot iu a watch chain, and so on. 
 
 " This can be varied indefinitely. 
 
 '' How to force these requests: The professor first pretends to hy^anotize 
 the subject; then moving among the audience, he goes to number one, or first 
 person, and asks him what he would like the medium to do. ' Let her tell me 
 Avhat I have in my pocket,' suggests the spectator. ' Oh,' says the professor, 
 'you forget that she is hypnotized and we cannot have her speak. Get her to 
 do so and so, or this, or that,' and so the professor rapidly shoots out a volley 
 of suggestions from his learned code. As a natural result, the person selects 
 one of these suggestions. 
 
 '' Going to the next, he forces the questions differently, saying, ' What shall 
 she do for you — turn up your trousers? Pull your hair? Tie a knot in your 
 liandkerchief V ' etc. In this case a volley of queries is fired before the gentle- 
 man has time to make any suggestions not mentioned by the professor. Seeing 
 a lady sitting near with a bag, the 'mesmerist' remarks: ' Madam, have you 
 a purse in it? *Yes? Shall the lady remove it, or somethiTig from it?' 
 and so on. Again he beholds a gentleman with glasses on, and suggests that 
 the medium remove the spectacles, etc. If, however, the gentleman does not 
 wish this done, the professor suggests some of the other tests. In going 
 through the audience the professor asks each individual his or her request in
 
 31EXTAL MAOTC. 201 
 
 wliispei's only, and he j^^eiicrally lias oacli person wlnun he asks a couple of 
 yards apart. 
 
 "Again it is better, when forcing questions, to force only thiee at a time, 
 and force tlieni in rotation. To do this, suggest three questions, but emplia- 
 size or force oidy one of the three, 'i'he ]»i'ofessor has to keep his wits about 
 him. Having gone to a sufficient iinmber in the audience, he must keep 
 mental track of the gentleman who selected Xo. 1 of code, of him ■who selected 
 No. 2, and so on. When he returns to the stage to wave down ^liss Venus, all 
 she has to do is to follow him in front or at his side. The first person he stops 
 at (by signal), she merely does first on code; the second he stops at, she does 
 second on code; and so on right throngh. 'J'he professor mnst remember Avhere 
 each chooser is seated. 
 
 " lie directs the medium to the spectator in question by tlie movements of 
 his hands. He first shows her the rows in which the persons are seated, all 
 the time waving his hands as if making mesmeric passes. As soon as tlie 
 medium reaches No. 1 the professor drops his left hand at his side, wherenjion 
 she stops and pulls the gentleman's hair. 
 
 "The professor then directs her to No. 2. She stops and turns np the 
 gentleman's trousers. When she gets to No. 3 the man of mystery tells her 
 how many knots to tie in the liandkerchief, by the number of downward waves 
 of left hand, at the same time making jiasses with the right. To select any 
 special coin out of a liat, or other receptacle, Miss Yenus pours the coins from 
 the hat into her right hand, letting them drop one by one into the left hand. 
 When she reaches the proper article, the professor turns to the audience, as 
 if silencing them, and says 'hist! ' 
 
 "The lady, however, continues pouring the coins into her left hand, and 
 when all are in, picks out the one she knows is correct. 
 
 " These methods may be readily varied to suit the taste of the performers. 
 
 "The medium's eyes appear to be closed all the time, but in fact are open 
 sufficiently for her to see all the movements of the professor. After becoming 
 expert it will not be necessary to use the forcing code often, because all requests 
 can be whispered to the medium by the so-called mesmerist, without the 
 audience becoming aware of it. He can do this when he escorts her from the 
 stage to the audience, or as he occasionally passes her in the aisles. The wav- 
 ing of his hands and arms in his different 'passes' will partly tell her what she 
 is expected to do. 
 
 "This 'hypnotic demonstration ' is one of the most puzzling effects in the 
 whole domain of mental masfic.
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 ANCIENT MAGIC. 
 
 CHAPTER I. - 
 TEMPLE TKICKS OF THE GPvEEKS. 
 
 PUPPET SHOWS AMONG THE GREEKS. 
 
 The ancients, especially the Greeks, were very fond of theatrical represen- 
 tations; but, as M. Magnin lias remarked in his " Origines du Theatre 
 Moderne,'''' public representations were very expensive, and for that reason very 
 rare. Moreover, those who were not \\\ a condition of freedom were ex- 
 cluded from them; and, finally, all cities could not have a large theater and 
 provide for the expenses that it carried with it. It became necessary, then, 
 for every-day needs, for all conditions and for all places, that there should be 
 comedians of an inferior order, charged with the duty of offering continu- 
 ously and inexpensively the emotions of the drama to all classes of inhabitants. 
 
 Formerly, as to-day, there were seen, Avandering from village to village, 
 menageries, puppet shows, fortune tellers, jugglers, and performers of tricks 
 of all kinds. These prestidigitateurs even obtained at times such celebi-ity 
 that history has preserved their names for us — at least of two of them, Euclides 
 and Theodosius, to whom statues were erected by their contemporaries. One 
 of these Avas put up at Athens, in the Theater of Bacchus, alongside of that of 
 the great writer of tragedy, ^Eschylus, and the other at the Theater of the 
 Istiaiaus, holding in the hand a small ball. The grammarian Athenjeus, who 
 reports these facts in his " Banquet of the Sages," profits by the occasion to 
 deplore tlie taste of the Athenians, wlio preferred the inventions of mechanics 
 to the culture of mind, and histrions to philosophers. He adds with vexation 
 that Diophites of Locris passed down to posterity simply because he came one 
 day to Thebes, wearing around his body bladders filled with wine and milk, 
 and so arranged that he could spurt at will one of these liquids in apparently 
 drawing it from his mouth. AVhat would Athenseus say if he knew that it was 
 through him alone that the name of this histrion had come down to us ? 
 
 Philo of Byzantium, and Heron of Alexandria, to whom we always have 
 to have recourse when we desire accurate information as to the mechanic arts
 
 •30-t MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFU' DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of antiquity, both composed treatises on puppet shows. That of Philo is lost, 
 but Heron's treatise has been preserved to us, and has recently been translated 
 in part by M. Victor Prou. 
 
 M>iCHINy< S E MOVEN T E Mo BILJ 
 
 i'Ki. I.-TIIK SJIJtlNE OK BACCHUS. VHOM AN ()I,I) I'KINT. 
 
 According to the Greek engineer, there were several kinds of puppet shows. 
 The oldest and simplest consisted of a small stationary case, isolated on every 
 side, in which the stage was closed by doors that opened automatically several
 
 TE3IPLE TRICKS OF TILE GREEKS. 
 
 205 
 
 times to exhibit the diflereiit tableaux. The programme of the represeutatiou 
 was n-enerallv as follows: The first tableau showed a head, painted on the back 
 
 FIG. 3.— THE SHRINE OF BACCHUS. MECHAMSM FUK DKLlVEIU.Nti W IM. 
 AND MILK. FROM AN OLD VHINT. 
 
 of the Stage, which moved its eyes, and lowered and raised them alternately. 
 The door having been closed, and then opened again, there was seen, instead
 
 206 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of a head, a group of persons. Finally, the stage opened a third time to show 
 a new group, and this finished the representation. There were, tiien, only 
 three movements to be made — that of the doors, that of the eyes, and that of 
 the change of background. 
 
 i 
 
 ^r*» 
 
 
 mm^ 
 
 — - — 1__ 
 
 11,1 
 
 
 '^■' d 
 
 ■ ',il'i!l'ir'!|il|!li'il' i 
 
 »W/Ww;fiijwJWfjijy%m))»jiWi ! P«wg ' *j 
 
 FIG. 3.— THE sniilNK OF BACCHUS. SECTION SHOWING THE PKO- 
 VRIiLING MECHANISM. 
 
 As such representations Avere often given on the stages of large theaters, a 
 method was devised later on of causing the case to start from the scenes behind 
 which it was hidden from the spectators, and of moving automatically to the 
 front of the stage, where it exliibited in succession tlie different tableaux, after 
 which it returned automatically behind the scenes. Here is one of the scenes 
 indicated by Heron, entitled the "Triumph of Bacchus": 
 
 The movable case shows at its upper part a ])latforin from which arises a 
 cylindrical temple, the roof of which, su^iported by six columns, is conical, and
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 207 
 
 surmounted by a figure of Victory with spread wings and holding a crown in 
 her right hand. In the center of the temple Bacchus is seen standing, hold- 
 ing a thyrsus in his left hand and a cup in his right. At his feet lies a pan- 
 ther. In front of and behind the god, on the platform of the stage, are two 
 altars provided with combustible material. Very near the columns, but exter- 
 nal to them, there are Bacchantes placed in any posture that may be desired. 
 All being thus prejiared, says Heron, the automatic apparatus is set in motion. 
 The theater then moves of itself to the spot selected, and there stops. Then 
 the altar in front of Jupiter becomes lighted, and, at the same time, milk and 
 water spurt from his thyrsus, while his cup pours Avine over the panther. The 
 four faces of the base become encircled with crowns, and, to the noise of drums 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 and cymbals, the Bacchantes dance round about the temple. Soon, the noise 
 having ceased, Victory on the top of the temple, and Bacchus within it, face 
 about. The altar that was behind the god is now in front of him, and becomes 
 lighted in its turn. Then occurs another outflow from the thyrsus and cup, 
 and another round of tlie Bacchantes to the sound of drums and cymbals. The 
 dance being finished, the theater returns to its former station. Thus ends the 
 apotheosis. 
 
 We shall try to briefly indicate the processes which permitted of thet;e dif- 
 ferent operations being performed, and M'hich offer a much raoi-o gouei-al inter- 
 est than one might at first sight be led to believe; for almost all of them had 
 been employed in former times for producing the illusions to which ancient 
 religions owed their power. 
 
 There is a general belief among mechanicians that vehicles containing 
 within themselves the means of their own propulsion are of comparatively 
 recent origin ; and the fact of the adhesion of the rims of their wheels to the 
 earth or a supporting rail being sufficient to enable adequate power applied to 
 the wheels to move the vehicle was a discoverv of not earlier than the middle
 
 20^ JIAGIC: STAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of the last century; but in this instance the writers on locomotive machines 
 have not dived deep enough or stayed down long enough among the records of 
 antiquity to discover the bottom facts in the history of such mechanisms. 
 
 The first locomotive, or self-nioviug vehicle, of which we have any account 
 was this invention of Heron of Alexandria. In his work just cited descriptive 
 of automatic or self-moving machines, there is illustrated the mechanism bv 
 which the shrine of Bacchus, mounted njjon three wheels concealed within its 
 base, is moved. Fig. 3 is a vertical section of that jiart of the shrine below 
 the canopy, and exhibits the propelling apparatus of this ancient locomotive 
 machine. Within the base are seen two of the sujjportiug wheels; the driving 
 
 wheel nearest the eye having been removed. On the axle of the driving wheels 
 was tlie drum, b, about which was wound the rope, a, which passed upward 
 through the space on one side of tlie shriiie and over the pulleys, r r, and 
 was fastened to the ring, c, of the ponderous lead weight, d, which rested 
 upon a quantity of dry, fine sand. The escape of this sand through a small 
 hole in the middh; of the floor of the compartment containing it allowed the 
 lead weight, d, to gradually descend, and by pulling upon the cord, a, caused 
 the shrine to move slowly forward in a straight line. 
 
 Heron describes the method of arranging and proportioning the wheels in 
 (;ase it was desired tliat the shrine move in a cin-ular patli. He also shows 
 liow the shrine can be constructed to move in sti'aiglit lines at right angles 
 to oacrh other. 
 
 Fig. 4 shows the arrangenient of ilie wlu'cls foi- tliis j)urj)()sc. :ind Fig. 5 is 
 a i)erspective view, showing the screws by which the bearings of either set of
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 209 
 
 wlieels could be raised or lowered, so as to cause the shrine to move in the Avay 
 jn-oposed. 
 
 Supposing the motive cords i)roperly wound around vertical bobbins, instead 
 of a horizontal one, and we have the half revolution of Bacchus and Victory, 
 as well as the complete revolution of the Bacchantes. This is clearly shown in 
 the engraving (Fig. 2). 
 
 The successive lighting 
 of the two altars, the flow of 
 milk and Avine, and the noise 
 of drums and cymbals weie 
 likewise obtained by the aid 
 of cords moved by counter- 
 poises, and the lengths of 
 which were graduated in such 
 a way as to ojien and close 
 orifices at the proper mo- 
 ment, by acting through trac- 
 tion on sliding valves which 
 kept them closed. 
 
 Small pieces of combus- 
 tible material were piled up 
 beforehand on the two altars, 
 the bodies of which were of 
 metal, and in the interior of 
 which were hidden small 
 lamps that were separated 
 from the combustible by a 
 metal plate which was drawn 
 aside at the jiroper moment 
 by a small chain. The flame, 
 on traversing the orifice, tluui 
 communicated Avith the com- 
 bustible. 
 
 The milk and Avine which 
 flowed out at two different times through the thyrsus and cup of Bacchus 
 came from a double reservoir hidden under the roof of the temple, over the 
 orifices. The latter communicated, each of them, Avith one of the halves of 
 the reservoir, througli two tubes inserted in the columns of the small edifice. 
 These tul)es Avere ])rolongcd under the floor of the stage, and extended upward 
 to the hands of IJacclius. A key. nuuuinivnHl b}' curds, alfi'viiately opciUM] and 
 closed the orifices which gave passage to the two lifpiids. 
 
 As for the noise of the drums and cymbals, that resulted from the falling 
 of granules of lead, containt-d in an invisible box provided Avitli an automatic 
 sliding valve, upon an inclined tandtourine, whence they rel)ounded against 
 little cymbals in the interior of the base of the car. 
 14 
 
 FKi. 0. THK .MAK\Kl,or 
 
 iTAllK OK ( YBEl.t;.
 
 210 3IAGIG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Fiiiall}^ the crowns and garlands that suddenly made their appearance on 
 the four faces of the base of the stage -were hidden there in advance between 
 the two walls surrounding the base. The space thus made for the crowns was 
 closed beneath, along each face, by a horizontal ti'ap moving on hinges that 
 connected it with the inner wall of the base, but whicii was held temporarily 
 stationary by means of a catch. The crowns were attached to the top of their 
 
 compartment by cords 
 that would have allowed 
 them to fall to the level 
 of the pedestal, had 
 they ]iot been supported 
 by the traps. 
 
 At the desired mo- 
 ment the catch, which 
 was controlled by a spe- 
 cial cord, ceased to hold 
 the trap, and the latter, 
 falling vertically, gave 
 passage to the festoons 
 and crowns that small 
 leaden weights then 
 drew along with all the 
 quickness necessary. 
 
 Two points here are 
 specially Avorthy of at- 
 tracting our attention, 
 and these are the flow^ 
 of wine or milk from 
 the statue of Bacchus, 
 a!id the spontaneous 
 lighting of the altar. 
 These, in fact, Avere the 
 two illusions that Avere 
 most admired in ancient 
 times, and there were several processes of performing them. Father Kircher 
 possessed in his museum an apparatus which he describes in '^CEdipus 
 JE(jii;iHii(i(s^'' (t. ii., p. ;).'53), and Avhidi ])r()bul)ly came from some ancient 
 Egyj)tiau temjjle as sliown in l''ig. H. 
 
 It consisted of -ji hollow lu'inisphcrical dome, suppoj"tt'(l by four columns, 
 and placed over tiie statue of the goddess of many breasts. To two of these 
 colujiins were adapted movable brackets, at whose extremities tliere were fixed 
 lamps. The hemisphere was hermetically closed underneath by a metal plate. 
 The small altar which supported the statue, and Avhich Avas filled Avith milk, 
 communicated with the interior of the statue by a tul)e reaching nearly to the 
 hi>tl(»ni. Till! altiir likewise coniniunicatt'd MitU the hollow dome bv a tube 
 
 MARVELULs Al.TAU (A( C()1;U1.N(; TO IIKKO.N)
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 211 
 
 having a double bend. At the moment of the sacrifice the two lamps were 
 lighted and the brackets turned so that the flames should come in contact with 
 and heat the bottom of the dome. The air contained in the latter, being dil- 
 ated, passed through the tube X M and pressed on the milk contained in the 
 altar, and caused it to rise through the straight tube into the interior of the 
 statue as high as the breasts. A series of small conduits, into which the prin- 
 cipal tube divided, carried the liquid to the breasts, whence it spurted out, to 
 the great admiration of the spectators, who cried out at the miracle. The 
 sacrifice being ended, the 
 lamps were put out, and the 
 milk ceased to flow. 
 
 Heron of Alexandria de- 
 scribes in his " Pneumatics " 
 several analagous ajiparatus. 
 Here is one of them. (M. de 
 Eochas translates the Greek 
 text literally.) 
 
 '* To construct an altar in 
 such a way that, when a tire 
 is lighted thereon, the statues 
 at the side of it shall make 
 libations (Fig. 7). 
 
 *' Let there be a pedestal, 
 A B r /J, on which are placed 
 statues, and an altar, E Z H, 
 closed on every side. The 
 pedestal should also be 
 hermetically closed, but is 
 connected with the altar 
 through a central tube. It 
 is traversed likewise by the 
 tube, e A (in the interior of 
 the statue to the right), not 
 far from the bottom, which terminates in a cup held by the statue, e. Water 
 is poured into the pedestal tli rough a hole, M, which is afterward corked up. 
 
 •'If, then, a fire be lighted on the altar, the internal air will be dilated, 
 and will enter the pedestal and drive out the water contained in it. But the 
 latter, having no other exit than the tube, e A, will rise into the cup, and so 
 the statue will make a libation. This will last as long as' the fire does. On 
 extinguishing the fire the libation ceases, and occurs anew as often as the fire 
 is relighted. 
 
 " It is necessary that the tube through which the heat is to introduce itself 
 shall be wider in the middle; and it is necessary, in fact, that the heat, or 
 rather that the draught that it produces, shall accumulate in an iufiation, in 
 order to have more effect." 
 
 FIG. 8.— MARVKLOUS ALTAR (ACCORDING TO HEROX).
 
 312 JIAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 According to Father Kircher, an author whom he calls Bitho reports that 
 there was at Sai's a temple of Minerva in which there was an altar on which, 
 when a fire was lighted, Dionysius and Artemis (Bacchus and Diana) poured 
 milk and wine, while a dragon hissed. 
 
 It is easy to conceive of the modification to be introduced into the apparatus 
 above described by Heron, in order to cause the outflow of milk from one side 
 and of wine from the other. 
 
 After having indicated it, Father Kircher adds: " It is thus that Bacchus 
 and Diana appeared to jiour, one of them wine, aud the other milk, and that 
 the dragon seemed to applaud their action by hisses. As the people who were 
 present at the sjiectacle did not see what was going on within, it is not aston- 
 ishing that they believed it due to divine intervention. We know, in fact, that 
 Osiris or Bacchus was considered as the discoverer of the vine and of milk; 
 that Iris was the genius of the waters of the Nile; and that the Serpent, or 
 good genius, was the first cause of all these things. Since, moreover, sacrifices 
 had to be made to the gods in order to obtain benefits, the flow of milk, wine, 
 or water, as well as the hissing of the serpent, when the sacrificial flame was 
 lighted, appeared to demonstrate clearly the existence of the gods." 
 
 In another analogous apparatus of Heron's, it is steam that performs the 
 role that we have just seen played by dilated air. But the ancients do not 
 appear to have perceived the essential difference, as regards motive power, that 
 exists between these two agents; indeed, their preferences were wholly for air, 
 although the effects produced were not very great. We might cite several 
 small machines of this sort, but we shall confine ourselves to one example that 
 has some relation to our subject. This also is borrowed from Heron's " Pneu- 
 matics." (Fig. 8.) 
 
 "Fire being lighted on an altar, figures will appear to execute around 
 dance. The altars should be transparent, and of glass or horn. From the 
 fireplace there starts a tube which runs to the base of the altar, where it 
 revolves on a pivot, while its upper part revolves in a tube fixed to the fireplace. 
 To the tube there should be adjusted other tubes (horizontal) in communica- 
 tion with it, which cross each other at right angles, and which are bent in 
 opposite directions at their extremities. There is likewise fixed to it a disk 
 upon which are attached figures which form a round. When the fire of the 
 altar is lighted, the air, becoming heated, will pass into the tube; but being 
 driven from the latter, it will pass through the small bent tubes aud . . . 
 cause the tube as well as the figures to revolve." 
 
 Father Kircher, who had at liis disposal either many documents that we 
 are not acquainted with, or else a very lively imagination, alleges {Q^dip. yEg., 
 t. ii., p. 338) that King Menes took inucli delight in seeing such figures 
 revolve. Nor are the examples of holy fircjilaces tliat kindled spontaneously 
 wanting in antiquity. 
 
 I'liny {Hist. Nat., ii.,7) and Horace {Set'vi. Sat., v.) tell us that this phe- 
 nomenon occurred in the temj)le of (inatia, and Solin (ch. v.) says that it 
 was observed likewise on an altnr near Agrigentum. Athenjeus {Deipn., i., 15)
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OE THE GREEKS. 213 
 
 Kiys that the cclehnited ])restidigitiiteur, Cratistlicnes of Phlius, pupil of 
 another celebrated prentidigitateur named Xenophon. knew the art of prepar- 
 ing a fire which lighted spontaneously 
 
 Pausanias tells us that in a city of Lydia, avIiosu inhabitants, having fallen 
 under the yoke of the Persians, had embraced the religion of the Magi, '* there 
 exists an altar upon which there are ashes which, in color, resemble no other. 
 The priest puts wood on the altar, and invokes I know not what god by ha- 
 rangues taken from a book written in a barbarous tongue unknown to the 
 Greeks, when the wood soon lights of itself without fire, and the flame from it 
 is very clear." 
 
 The secret, or rather one of the secrets of the Magi, has been revealed to 
 us by one of the Fathers of the Church (St. Hippolytus. it is thought), who 
 has left, in a work entitled PliiJof^opliumetia, which is designed to refute the 
 doctrines of the pagans, a chapter on the illusions of their priests. According 
 to him, the altars on which this miracle took place contained, instead of ashes, 
 calcined lime and a large quantity of incense reduced to powder; and this 
 would exjjlain the unusual color of the ashes observed by Pausanias. The 
 process, moreover, is excellent; for it is only necessary to throw a little water 
 on the lime, with certain precautions, to develop a heat callable of setting on 
 fire incense or any other material that is more readily combustible, such as sul- 
 phur and phosphorus. The same author points out still another means, and 
 this consists in hiding fire-brands in small bells that were afterward covered 
 with shavings, the latter having previously been covered with a comj^osition 
 made of naphtha and bitumen (Greek fire). As may be seen, a very small 
 movement sufficed to bring about combustion. 
 
 THE :\rACHINERY OF THE TEMPLES. 
 
 A. Rich, in his "Dictionary of Roman and Grecian Antiipiities," relates, 
 u!ider the word adytum, that many ancient temples possessed chambers that were 
 known only to the priests, and that served for the production of tiieir mysteries. 
 He was enabled to visit a perfectly preserved one of these at Alba, on Lake 
 Fucino, in the ruins of a temple in Avhich it had been formed under the apsis, 
 that is to say, under the large semicircular niche which usually held the image 
 of the god at the extreme end of the edifice. '' One jmrt of this chamber," 
 says he, "is sunk beneath the pavement of the principal part of the temple 
 {cella), and the other rises above it. The latter, then, must have appeared to 
 the worshippers assembled in the temple merely like a base that occupied the 
 lower portion of the apsis, and that was designed to hold in an elevated posi- 
 tion the statue of the divinity whose name Avas borne by the edifice. This 
 sanctuary, moreover, had no door or visible communication that opened into 
 the body of the temple. Entrance therein was effected through a hidden door 
 in an inclosure of walls at the rear end of the building. It was through this
 
 214 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 that the priests introduced themselves and their machines without being seen 
 or recognized. But there is one remarkable fact, and one which proves with- 
 out question the purpose of the adytum, and tiiat is, that we find therein a 
 number of tubes or liollow conduits which form a communication between this 
 
 APPARATUS FOR SOUNDING A TRUMPET WHEN THE UOOR OK A 
 PLE WAS OPENED. 
 
 compartment and the interior of the temple, which end at the different parts 
 of the walls of the cella, and which thus allowed a voice to make itself heard 
 at any place in the temple, while the person and the place wd)ence the sound 
 emanated remained hidden." 
 
 Sometimes the adutu^n was simply a chamber situated behind the apsis, as 
 in a small edifice which was still in existence at Eome in the sixteenth century, 
 and a description of which has been left to ns by Labbacco, an architect of 
 that epoch. 
 
 Colonel Fain tells us that he himself has visited an ancient temple in Syria, 
 in the interior of all the walls of which there had been formed narrow passages 
 through which a man could make a tour of the building without being seen. 
 
 In the temi)le of Ceres, at Eleusis, the pavement of the cella is rough and 
 much lower tluin the level of the adjacent portico; and, moreover, the side 
 walls exhibit apertures and vertical and horizontal grooves whose jmrpose it is 
 difficult to divine, but which served, perhaps, for the establisliing of a movable 
 flooring like that spoken of by Pliilostratus in the " Life of Apollouius " (lib. iii., 
 eh. v.). "The sages of India," says he, " led Apollouius toward the temple 
 of their god, singing hymns on tlie way, and forming a sacred procession. The 
 earth, which they strike in cadence with their staves^ moves like an agitated
 
 ^'EMPLF. TRICKS OF THE (;h'KEKS. 
 
 S15 
 
 eea, aud raises them to a height of nearly two paces, and then settles again 
 and assumes its former level." 
 
 The statues of the gods, when they were of large dimensions, possessed 
 cavities which tlie priests entered through hidden passages, in order to deliver 
 oracles (Theodoret, Hist. Eccl., vol. xxii.). 
 
 We read in Pausanias {Arcadiat, lib. viii., ch. xvi.) that at Jerusalem the 
 tomb of a woman of the country, named Helen, had a door made of marble 
 like the rest of the monument, and that this door opened of itself on a certain 
 day of the year, and at a certain hour, by means of a machine, and closed 
 again some time afterward. *" At any other time," adds he, *' had you desired 
 to open it, you had sooner broken it." 
 
 According to Pliny (xxxvi. 14), the gates of the labyrinth of Thebes were so 
 constituted that when they were opened they emitted a noise like that of thunder. 
 
 Heron, in his *' Pneumatics," gives us an explanation of some of these 
 prodigies. 
 
 Our first engraving is sufficiently clear to permit of dispensing with a repro- 
 duction of the Gfreek engineer's text in tliis place. It will be seen that when 
 the door is opened, a system of cords, guide-pulleys, and rods pushes into a 
 vessel of water a hemisphere, to the upper part of which a trumpet is fixed. 
 
 MECHANISM FOR OPENING AND CLOSING THE DOORS WHKX A FIRE 
 WAS LIGHTED ll'OX THE ALTAK. 
 
 The air compressed by the water escapes through the instrument and causes it 
 to make a sound. 
 
 Our second and third enirravings are likewise borrowed from Heron. 
 
 The altar is hollow, as shown at E, in second engraving. AVhen fire is
 
 21G MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 lighted thereon, tlie air contained in the interior dilutes and presses against 
 the water with which the globe situated, beneath is filled. This water then 
 runs through a bent tube into a sort of pail suspended from a cord that passes 
 
 
 T7WK\ 
 
 b .'■ 1 I ' Ui i ^' 
 
 
 P' 
 
 TEM1'T,E WHOS?: DOOKS OPENED WHEN A FIKE WAS IJGHTED XU'ON 
 TIIK AT,TA1{. 
 
 over a pulley, and afterward separates into two parts, and winds around two 
 cylinders movable upon pivots, and forming a ]n-olongation of the axes around 
 which the doors revolve. Around the same cylinders are wound in opposite 
 directions two other cords, wbich likewise unite into a single one before pass- 
 ing over a l)ulley, and then hang vertically iu order to hold a counterpoise. 
 
 1
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OF THE GREEKS. 217 
 
 It is clear that, wlieu the water from the globe eiiter.s tlie pail, the weight of 
 the latter will be thereby increased, and that it will descend and draw ou the 
 cord, which has been wound around the cylinders in such a way as to cause the 
 doors to open when it is drawn in this direction. 
 
 The doors are afterward closed again as follows: 'J'he l>ent tube that puts 
 the globe and pail in conmiunication forms a siphon whose longer arm enters 
 the globe. When the lire is extinguished upon the altar, the air contained in 
 the latter and in the globe becomes cooled and diminished in volume. The 
 water in the pail is then drawn into the globe, and the siphon, being thus 
 naturally primed, operates until all the water in the pail has passed over into 
 the globe. In measure as the pail lightens, it rises under the influence of the 
 counterpoise; and the latter, in its descent, closes the doors through the inter- 
 medium of the cords wound around the cylinder. Heron says that mercury 
 was sometimes used instead of water ou account of its being heavier. 
 
 INVENTION m 1889 A. D. VS. INVEXTIOX B.C. 
 
 At the railway stations, ferry houses, and even upon the street corners, 
 there may be found in almost every city and village in the United States auto- 
 matic vending machines, which, for a nickel, or more or less, will deliver the 
 various goods which they are adapted to sell. The purchaser niay procure a 
 newspaper and a cigar to smoke, or, if averse to the use of the weed, lie may 
 secure a tablet of chewing-gum or a package of sweets. If entertainment is 
 desired, it may be found in the '' nickel-iu-the-slot " jihouograph. 
 
 In Europe and America machines of this class are provided for dealing out 
 portable liquors; bouquets are also furnished in a similar wi^v; and if you desire 
 to know how mnch you have increased in weight since yesterday, all that need 
 be done is to mount the platform of the nickel-in-the-slot scales, and drop in 
 your coin, and the thing is done. One of the latest achievements in this line 
 is the automatic photographic apparatus, which takes your picture for a nickel, 
 Avhile you Avait. 
 
 The craze lias even gone so far as to apply the jirinciple to the distribution 
 of perfumery. In the railway stations and ferry houses may be found machines 
 which, for a penny, will dole out a drop or two of liquid wliich jiasses for per 
 fumery, and wdiich, in many cases, serves as a thin mask for bodily uncleau- 
 liness. 
 
 These various devices, and many others which we might mention, are 
 regarded as very clever inventions, and have certainly proved successful in 
 many cases in a pecuniary sense. 
 
 The last automatic vending machine alluded to is shown in our second 
 engraving. The perfume reservoir is located in the upjier ]iortion of the vase; 
 the tube communicating with the lower part of the reservoir extends through 
 the side of the vase, and is closed at its upper end by a valve attached to one
 
 ^18 MAGIC: STAGE tLLUStOh^S ANT) SOT^KTlPlC DTVlnnStOKS. 
 
 LUSTItAL WA'l'KI! \ H> 
 
 lOU B.C. 
 
 end of tlie lever, 0. The 
 
 other end of the lever, 0, 
 
 is connected by a rod 
 
 with the lever. E, the 
 
 longer arm of this lever 
 
 being provided with a 
 
 pan, R, for receiving coin, 
 
 while the shorter arm of 
 
 the lever is furnished with 
 
 a weight for counterbal- 
 ancing the pan and closing 
 
 the valve. A curved piece 
 
 of metal is arranged con- 
 centric with the path of 
 
 the pan, R, and serves to 
 
 retain the coin dropped 
 
 into it through the slot in 
 
 the top of the vase until 
 
 the pan, R, is carried 
 
 down beyond the end of 
 
 the curved plate, when the 
 
 coin is discharged into the lower part of the vase; the counterweight on the 
 
 short arm of the lever then returns the lever to the point of starting and closes 
 
 the valve, thus stopping the flow of the perfume. 
 
 This very clever device 
 Avas patented by Mr. Lewis 
 C. Noble,of Boston, Mass., 
 on JSTovember 19, 1889. 
 Our illustration is pre- 
 ]>ared directly from the 
 patent drawings. This 
 and other machines for 
 analogous purposes are re- 
 garded as the peculiar 
 product of our inventive 
 age, but in turning back 
 the pages of history, we 
 fiiul that in Eg3^pt, some- 
 tliing more than two thou- 
 sand years ago, when a 
 worshiper was about to 
 enter the temple, he sprin- 
 kled himself with lustral 
 
 noble's attomatic i'khki mk distiuhctoh. i'atenteu water, taken from a vase 
 IS 18.S!). near the entrance. The
 
 TEMPLE TRICKS OP THE GREEKS. ;>10 
 
 priests made the distributiou of holy water a source of revenue by the employ- 
 ment of the automatic vending machine which is shown in our first engraving. 
 This apparatus would nob release a single drop of the purifying liquid until 
 coin to the amount required had been deposited in the vase. 
 
 A comparison of the ancient lustral water vase and the modern perfumery 
 vending machine will show that they are substantially alike. The ancient 
 machine has a lever, 0, fulcrumed in the standard, N, and connected with the 
 valve in the reservoir, H. The lever is furnished with the pan, R, for receiving 
 the coins dropped through the slot, A, at the tojj of the vase. An enlarged 
 view of the valve belonging to the vase is shown at the left of the engraving. 
 
 The mechanism is almost identical with that sliown in the modern device; 
 in fact, this ancient vase, described by Heron more than two thousand years 
 ago, is the prototype of all modern automatic vending machines, and simply 
 serves as another jjroof of the truth of the saying, '' There is nothing new 
 under the sun." 
 
 It is a curious fact that this ancient invention escaped the notice of the 
 Patent Office until long after patents were granted for the earlier automatic 
 vending machines. It was only a comparatively short time ago that the Patent 
 Office began to cite the vase of Heron as a reference. It was discovered in 
 an ancient -work on natural philosophy, and it is a matter of considerable 
 interest to us now to know that this device was well* known to the Patent Office 
 during the middle of this century. The vase of Heron is illustrated and 
 described in a work on hydraulics and mechanics published in 1850 by Thomas 
 Ewbank, who was at that time Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 AN ECtYPTIAX LITSTRAL WATER VESSEL. 
 
 Two- thousand years ago the Egyptian priests sold holy water to the faith- 
 ful by a similar process to that which we have just described, although the 
 apparatus did not partake of the nickel-in-the-slot character. Heron says of 
 them, that there are placed in Egyptian sanctuaries, near the portico, movable 
 bronze wheels which those who are entering cause to revolve ''because brass 
 passes for a jjurifier." He says that it is expedient to arrange them in such 
 a way that the rotation of the wheel will cause the flow of the lustral water. 
 He describes the apparatus as follows: 
 
 "Let ABFJ be a water vessel hidden behind the posts of the entrance 
 doors. This vessel is pierced at the bottom with a hole, E, and under it there 
 is fixed a tube, Z H K, having an aperture opposite the one in the bottom of 
 the vessel. In this tube there is placed another one, A M, which is fixed to the , 
 former at A. This tube, A ]\[, likewise contains an aperture, U, in a line witlir 
 the two preceding. Between these two tubes there is adapted a third, X H P, 
 movable by friction on each of them, and having an aperture, 2, opposite E.
 
 2'.^0 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC T)IVEI?SI0NS. 
 
 ''If these tliree holes l)e in a straight line, tiie water, when poured into the 
 vessel, A B /'J, will flow out through the tuhe, A M; but if the tube, N H R, 
 be turned in sueh a way as to displace the aperture, 2, the flow will cease. It 
 is only necessary, then, to so fix the wheel, IS 'H O P, that, wheu made to 
 revolve, the, water shall flow." 
 
 This ingenious system of cocks having several ways was reproduced iu the 
 sixteenth century by Jacques Besson, in his "TJLeatrum Iiistrninentnrum el 
 Machinarum.'''' Besson api:)lied it to a cask provided with compartments, 
 which gave at will different liquors through the same orifice. Some years 
 later, Denis Papin proposed it for high-jiressure steam engines. Further im- 
 proved, it has become the modern long D valve. 
 
 EGYX'TIAN J^UfiTKAl. WATKK VESSEL.
 
 CHAPTEU II. 
 MIRACULOUS VESSELS OF THE GEEEKS. 
 
 THE DICAIOMETER. 
 
 Heron, in liis " Pneumatics," describes a large number of wonderful vessels 
 that were used by tlie ancients, and, among them, one called the " dicaiometer " 
 (a correct measure), which allowed of tlie escape of but a definite quantity of 
 the liquid that it contained. 
 
 This was constructed as follows: Let us suppose a vessel (see the illustra- 
 tion) whose neck is closed by a diaphragm. 
 Near the bottom there is placed a small sphere, 
 T, of a capacity equal to the quantity that it is 
 desired to pour out. Through the diaphragm 
 there passes a small tube, z/ E, which commu- 
 nicates with the small sphere. This tube con- 
 tains a very small aperture, A, near and beneath 
 the diaphragm. The sphere contains at its 
 lower part a small aperture, Z, whence starts a 
 tube, Z H, that communicates with the hollow 
 handle of the ewer. Alongside of this aperture 
 tiie globe contains another one. A, through 
 which it communicates with the interior of the 
 e^ver. The handle is provided Mitlr a vent, Q. 
 After closing the latter, the ewer is filled with 
 liquid through an aperture that is afterwards 
 stopped up. The tube, A E, may likewise be 
 made use of, but in this ease it is necessary to 
 form a small aperture in the body of the ewer 
 in order to allow the air to make its exit. The 
 globe, T, fills at the same time that the ewer 
 does. Xow, if we turn the ewer over, leaving 
 the vent open, the liquid in tlie globe, 1\ and 
 in the small tube, z/ E, will How out. If we close 
 the vent and bring the ewer to its former posi- 
 tion, the globe and the tube will fill up anew, 
 since the air that they contain will be expelled tuk dhaid-mhtki!.
 
 222 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 by the liquid that enters thereinto. The ewer being again turned over, an 
 equal quantity of liquid will flow anew, save a difference due to the small tube, 
 zJE, since this latter will not always be full, and will empty in measure as the 
 ewer does; but such difference is very insignificant. 
 
 MIRACULOUS VESSELS. 
 
 Ctesias, the Greek, who was physician to the Court of Persia at the begin- 
 ning of the fourth century of our era, and who has written a history of that 
 country, narrates the following fact: Xerxes, having caused the tomb of Belus 
 to be opened, found the body of the Assyrian monarch in a glass coffin which 
 was nearly full of oil. " Woe to him," said an inscription at the side, *' who, 
 having violated this tomb, does not at once finisli the filling of the coffin." 
 
 Xerxes, therefore, at once gave orders to have oil poured into it; but what- 
 ever the quantity was that was put in, the coffin could not be filled. This mir- 
 acle must have been effected by means of a siphon, analogous to the one found 
 in the Tantalus cup, and which becomes primed as soon as the level rises in the 
 vessel above the horizontal; that is, on a line with the upper part of the tube's 
 curve. In fact, proof has been found of the use of the siphon among the 
 
 Egyptians as far back as the 
 eighteenth dynasty, and Her- 
 on, in his "Pneumatics" 
 (book xii., chap, iii.), de- 
 scribes a very large number 
 of vessels that are founded 
 upon its use. 
 
 The ancients, likewise, 
 solved a problem contrary to 
 that of the tomb of Belus, 
 and that was one connected 
 with the construction of a 
 vessel that should always re- 
 main full, whatever was the 
 quantity of water that was 
 lemoved from it, or, at least, 
 which should remain full 
 even when a large quantity 
 of water was taken from it. 
 
 The annexed engraving 
 (Fig, 1) shows one of the ar- 
 rangements employed. 
 
 "Let A B be a vessel 
 Ki(i. 1. A Mil! Acii.ors vKssKi, (»i' iiKuoN, coutaiuiiig a (juantity of
 
 MIRACULOUS VESSELS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 223 
 
 water equal to that which may be demanded, and F J a tube that puts it in 
 communication with a reservoir, H Q, lower down. Xear this tube there is 
 fixed a lever, EZ, from whose extremity, E, is suspended a cork float, K, and 
 to whose other extremity, Z, 
 there is hooked a chain that 
 carries a leaden weight, ^. 
 
 "The whole shoukl be so 
 arranged that the cork, K, 
 which floats on the water, 
 shall close the tube's orifice; 
 that wlien the water flows out, 
 the cork, in falling, shall 
 leave such aperture free; and, 
 finally, that when a new sup- 
 ply of Avater enters, the cork 
 shall rise with it and close 
 the orifice anew. To effect 
 this the cork must be heavier 
 than the leaden Aveight sus- 
 pended at p.. Now, let A M 
 be a vessel whose edges should 
 be at the same height as the 
 level of the water in the reser- 
 voir when there is uo flow 
 through the tube because of 
 the cork float. Again, let 
 f) X be a tube that connects 
 the reservoir with the base of 
 the vessel, A M. 
 
 "So, then, when we remove water from the vessel, ./.M. after it has once 
 been fllled, we shall at the same time lower the level of tiie water in the reser- 
 voir, and the cork, in falling, will open the tube. The water thereupon run- 
 ning into the lower reservoir, and from thence into the external vessel, will 
 cause the cork to rise and the flow to cease, and this will occur every time that 
 we remove water from the tazza. " 
 
 There were, also, vessels which discharged but a certain definite quantity of 
 the liquid that they contained. AVe have already described one of these, but 
 here is another that is more comi)licated, wherein the quantity of liquid that it 
 measures out may be caused to vary in the same vessel. 
 
 A vessel containing wine, and provided with a spout, being placed upon a 
 pedestal, to cause the spout, l)y the simple moving of a weight, to allow a given 
 quantity of wine to flow ; now, for example, half a cotyle (0.13 liter), and now 
 a whole cotyle ; or, briefly, any quantity that nuiy be desired. 
 
 " Let AB be the vessel into which the wine is to be put (Fig. 'i). >.'eai- 
 its bottom there is a spout, J. Its neck is closed by a i)artition, K /, through 
 
 mii:acui>ous vksski. of ukhon.
 
 224: 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 which pusses a tube that runs to the bottom, but leaving, however, sufficieiit 
 space for tlie passage of the water. Let K A M N be the i:)edestal upon which 
 the vessel stands, and H another tube tliat reaches as far as the partition and 
 enters the pedestal. In the latter there is sufficient water to stop up the orifice 
 of the tube, H 0. Finally, let i7P be a lever, half of which is in the interior 
 of the pedestal and the other half external to it, and which pivots on the point 
 2, aud carries suspended from its extremity, 77, a clepsydra having an aper- 
 ture, T, in the bottom. 
 
 " The spout being closed, the vessel is filled through the tube, II 0, before 
 putting water into the pedestal, so that the air may escape through the tube, 
 HO. Then, through any aperture whatever, water is poured into the pedestal 
 in such a way as to close the orifice, 0; and, after this, the spout. A, is opened. 
 It is clear that the wine will not flow, since the air cannot enter anywhere. 
 But, if we depress the extremity, P, of the* lever, a part of the cleps^^dra will 
 rise from the water, and the orifice, 0, being freed, the spout will flow 
 until the water lifted up in the clepsydra has, on running out, closed this same 
 orifice again. If, when the clepsydra has become full again, we still further 
 depress the extremity, P, the liquid in the clepsydra will take longer to flow 
 out, and more wine will consequently bo discharged from the spout. If the 
 clepsydra rises entirely from out the water, the flow will last still longer yet. 
 Instead of depressing the extremity, P, by hand, Ave may use a weight, ^, 
 which is movable on the external part of the lever and capable of lifting the 
 whole of the clepsydra out of the water when it is placed near P. This 
 weight, then, will lift a portion only when it is farther away from such point. 
 We must proceed, therefore, Avith a certain number of experiments upon the 
 flow through the spout, and make notches on the lever arm, PX, and register 
 the quantities of Aviue that correspond thereto, so that, Avhen Ave desire to cause 
 a definite quantity to flow, Ave shall only have to put the weight on the corres- 
 ponding notch, and lea\'e it." 
 
 The miracle of changing Avater into wine is one of those upon Avhich the 
 ancients exercised their imaginations most. Heron and Philo describe fifteen 
 apparatus designed for efl'ecting this, and more generally for causing different 
 liquors to flow at Avill from the same vessel. 
 
 Here is one of the simplest of them (Fig. 3): ''There are," says Heron, 
 ''certain drinking-horns which, after Avine lias been jiut into them, allow of 
 the flow, when water is introduced into them, now of pure Avine, and now of 
 pure Avater. 
 
 "They are constructed as follows: Let A Jj /'J boa drinking-horn ])V0- 
 vided with two diaphragms, A E and Z H, through Avhich ])asse8 a tube, OK, 
 this being soldered to tlu'in and containing an a]ierture. ./, slightly above the 
 diaiihragm, Z H. lieneatli the diaphragm, J L, tliere is a vent, ^l, in the side 
 of the vessel. 
 
 "Such ai'rangenumts having been nuide, if anyone, on stopping the ori- 
 lii'i', / ', poiii-K wine into the horn, tlie li(iu()r will flow thi'ough thu aperture, J, 
 into tlic coniijartnicnt, JV/A\\, sin<;e the air contained tlicrcin can escMpe
 
 MIRACULOUS VKSSF.LS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 225 
 
 through the vent, M. If, now, wo close the vent, tlie wine in the compart- 
 ment, J E Z H, will be held there. Consequently, if, on closing the vent, M, 
 we pour water into the part, A B J E, of the vessel, pure Muter will flow out 
 through the oritice, F; and if, afterward, we opeu the vent, M, while there is 
 yet water above the upper diajihragm, a mixture of wine and water will flow 
 out. Then, when all the water has been discharged, jnire wine Avill flow. 
 
 " On opening and closing the vent, M, ofteuer, the nature of the flow may 
 be made to vary; or, what is better still, we may begin by filling the compart- 
 ment, AEZH,yf\l\\ water, 
 and then, closing M, pour 
 out the wine from above. 
 Then we shall see a successive 
 flow of pure wine and of wine 
 and water mixed, when we 
 open the vent, M, and then, 
 again, of pure wine when the 
 vent is closed anew; and this 
 will occnr as many times as 
 we desire it." 
 
 The apparatus represented 
 in Fig. 4 is very curious, and 
 might be put to some useful 
 application, without mention- 
 ing that which wine mer- 
 chants miglit make of it by 
 changing the order of the 
 liquids and leaving in view 
 only the vessel, A B, and the 
 cock. 
 
 ''Being given," says Heron again, "two vessels, one of them containing 
 wine, it is required that whatever be the quantity of water j^oured into the 
 empty one, the same quantity of a mixture of wine and water, in any propor- 
 tion whatever (two parts of water to one of wine, for example), shall flow out 
 through a pipe. 
 
 '' Let A B be a vessel in the form of a cylinder, or of a rectangular parallel- 
 opipedon. At the side of it, and upon the same base, we place another vessel, 
 FA, which is hermetically closed, and of cylindrical or 2)arallelopipedal form, 
 like AB. But the base of AB must be double that of FA if we desire that 
 the quantity of water shall be double that of the wine in the mixture. Near 
 FA we place another vessel, EZ, wiiich is likewise closed, and into which we 
 have poured wine. The vessels, lA and E Z, are connected by a tube, IE f^K, 
 which traverses the diaphragms that close them at their upper ])art, and Avliich 
 is soldered to these. In the vessel, E Z, Ave place a bent si})hon, ./MlSr, 
 whose inner leg should come so near to the bottom of the vessel as to leave 
 just enough space for the li([uid to pass, while the other leg runs into a neigh- 
 15 
 
 FIG. 3.— HEHON's DKINKlN<i-HOHN.
 
 226 MAGIC: STAGE ILLtlSlONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 boring vessel, HO. From this latter there starts a tube, II \*, which passes 
 through all the vessels, or the pedestal that supports them, iu such a way that 
 it can be easily carried under and very near the bottom of the vessel, A B. 
 Another tube, ^T, traverses the partitions in the vessels, AB and FA. 
 Finally, near the bottom of AB we adjust a small tube, T, which we inclose, 
 with the tube HL, in a pipe, ^X, that is provided with a key for opening or 
 closing it at wdll. Into the vessel, E Z, we pour wine through an aperture, 
 £1, which we close after the liquor has been introduced. 
 
 FIG. 4.— AN APPARATUS OF HERON PERMITTING OF MIXING WINE AND 
 W'ATER IN DEFINITE PROPORTIONS. 
 
 " These arrangements having been made, we close the pipe, X <?, and pour 
 water into the vessel, A B. A portion, that is to say, one-half, will pass into 
 the vessel, FA, through the tube, ^T, and the water that enters FA will 
 drive therefrom a quantity of air equal to itself into E Z, through the tube, 
 II ^^K. In the same way this air will drive an equal quantity of wine into 
 the vessel, H, through the siphon, yl M N". Now, upon oj)ening the pipe, 
 <?X, the water poured into the vessel, AB, and the wine issuing from the 
 vessel, OH, through the tube, TIP, will flow together, and this is just what it 
 was proposed to effect." 
 
 Tlie accompanying figures, borrowed from a work on ''Scientiflc Recre- 
 ations," by the late editor of La Nature, M. (Jaston Tissandier, roju-escnts 
 a magic vase and pitcher such as tlie ancients were accustomed to emj)loy 
 for the purpose of practicing a harmh'ss and amusing de(;option on those who 
 were not acquainted with the structure of tiie apparatus. For instance, if 
 any one should attempt to pour wine or Avater from the j'itcher shown in the
 
 MlRACULOVS VESSELS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 007 
 
 cut, the liquid Avould run out through the apertures in tlie sides. But the 
 person who knew how to use the vessel Avould simply place his fiuger over the 
 aperture in the hollow handle (Fig. G) and then suck through the spout, A, 
 when the liquid would flow iip through the handle and through a channel run- 
 ning around the rim of the vessel and so reach the spout. These magic vases, 
 cups, 2")itchers, etc., Avere not only in use among the ancients, but were quite 
 
 FIG. 5.— MAGICAL VESSELS OF THE EIGHTEENTH 
 CENTURY. 
 
 FIG. t). — SECTION OF A MAG 
 KAL PITCHER. 
 
 common in the eighteenth century, and numerous specimens are to be seen in 
 European collections. The ones shown in the accompanying cuts are pre- 
 served in the Museum at Sevres. These api)aratus are all based on the use of 
 concealed siphons, or, rather, their construction is based on the principle 
 of that instrument. Devices of this kind admit of very numerous modifi- 
 cations. Thus tankards have been so contrived that the act of applying 
 them to the lips charged tlie siphon, and the liquid, instead of entering the 
 mouth, then passed through a false passage into a cavity formed for its recep-
 
 ^-*S MAG JO: STAaE I ILLUSIONS AX/) SdlJJNTlFJC J)J VKliSIOXS. 
 
 tion below. By making the cavity of the siphon sufficiently large, a person 
 ignorant of the device would find it a difficult matter even to tdste the con- 
 tents, however thirsty he might be. Dishonest publicans, whose signboards 
 announced " entertainment for man and beast," are said to have thus despoiled 
 travelers in old times of a portion of their ale or mead, as well as their horses 
 of feed. Oats were put into a perforated mangei', and a large part forced 
 through the openings into a receptacle below by the movements of the hungry 
 animal's mouth. Heron, in the eiglith problem of his " Fjjiritalia,''' figures and 
 describes a magical pitcher in which a horizontal, minutely perforated partition 
 divides the vessel into two parts. The handle is hollow and air-tight, and at 
 its upper part a small hole is drilled where the thumb or finger can readily 
 cover it. If the lower part of the 2:)itcher be filled with Avater and the upper 
 with wine, the liquids Avill not mix as long as the snuill hole in the handle 
 is closed; the Avine can then be eitlier drunk or poured out. If the hole be 
 left open for some time, a mixture of both liquids will be discharged. " With 
 a vessel of this kind," says an old writer, "you may welcome unbidden guests. 
 Having the lower part already filled with water, call to your servant to fill 
 your pot with wine; then you may drink unto your guest, drinking up all the 
 wine; when he takes the pitcher, thinking to pledge you in the same, and 
 finding the contrary, will happily stay away until he be invited, fearing that 
 his next presumption might more sharply be rewarded." Another old way of 
 getting rid of an unwelcome visitor was by offering him wine in a cup having 
 double sides and an air-tight cavity formed between them. When the vessel 
 was filled, some of the liquid entered the cavity and compressed the air within, 
 so that when the cup was inclined to the lips and partly emptied, the pressure 
 being diminished, tlie air expanded and drove jiart of the contents in the face 
 of the drinker. Another goblet was so contrived that no one could drink out 
 of it unless he understood the art. The liquid was suspended in cavities, and 
 discharged by admitting or excluding air through several secret openings. 
 
 The apparatus represented in the illustration (Fig. T) represents an 
 arrangement similar to that of the inexhaustible bottle of Robert-Houdin, but 
 it is more ingenious. The problem proposed, as enunciated by Heron, the 
 Greek engineer, who describes the ajiparatus, is as follows: '"Being given a 
 vessel, to pour into it, through the orifice, wines of several kinds, and to 
 cause any kind that may be designated to flow out through the same orifice, so 
 that, if different i)erKons have poured in different wines, each jierson may take 
 out in his turn all the wine that belongs to him. 
 
 " Let A 15 be a hermetically closed vessel whose neck is provided with a dia- 
 phragm, EZ, and which is divided into as many comjiartments as the kinds of 
 wine that it is proposed to pour into it. Let us suppose, for example, H O and 
 KA are diaphragms forming the three com])artments, M, N, and H, into 
 which wine is to be poured. In the diaphragm, E Z, there are formed small 
 apertures that correspond respectively to each of the compartments. Let 0, 
 77, and P be such apertures, into which are soldered small tubes, 77.2", T, 
 and P T, which project into the neck of the vessel. Around each of these
 
 MIRACULOUS VESSELS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 229 
 
 tuljes there are formed in tlie diaphragm small apertures like those of a sieve, 
 through which the liquids may flow into the different compartments. When, 
 therefore, it is desired to introduce one of the wines into tiie vessel, the vents, 
 2, T, and F are stopped with the fingers, and the wine is poured into the 
 neck, <?, where it will remain without flowing into any of the compartments, 
 because the air contained in the latter has no means of egress. But, if one of 
 the said vents be opened, the air in the compartment corresponding thereto 
 will flow out, and the wine will flow into such compartment through the aper- 
 tures of the sieve. Then, closing this vent in order to open another, another 
 
 FIG. ;.— thp: magic bottle. 
 
 quantity of wine will be introduced, and so on, whatever be the number of 
 wines and that of the corresponding compartments of the vessel, A B. 
 
 " Let us now see how each person in turn can draw his own wine out through 
 the same neck. At the bottom of the vessel, A B, there are arranged tubes which 
 start from each of the compartments, to wit: The tube, X'l'- fi'f»'n the com- 
 partment, M; the tube oo <7, from X. and the tube A //, from B. The extrem- 
 ities, ij\ 0, and //, of these tubes should communicate with another tube, (v, in 
 which is accurately adjusted another, /i F, closed at A' at its lower extremity 
 and having apertures to the right of the orifices, //•, ff, and //, so that such aper-' 
 tares may, in measure, as the tube revolves, receive respectively the wine con- 
 tained in each of the compartments and allow it to flow to the exterior through 
 the orifice, /i, of the said tube, p F. To this tube is fixed an iron rod, S e, 
 whose extremity, s, carries a lead weight, ?/. To the extremity, d, is fi.ved an
 
 ^30 .JIAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 iron pin supporting n small conicul cu]) whose concavity points upward. Let 
 us therefore snpjiose this trnncated cone established, its wide base at 5, and 
 its narrow one (through which the pin passes) at ^.* Again, one must have 
 small leaden balls of different weiglits, and in number ecp;al to that of the 
 compartments^ M, N, and ^. If the smallest be jilaced in the cup, ^ 6, it 
 will descend on account of its weight until it applies itself against the internal 
 surface of the cup, and it will be necessary to so arrange things that it may 
 thus cause the tube, fiF, to turn so as to bring beneath //' that one of the 
 apertures that corresponds to it, and that will thus receive the wine of the com- 
 partment, M. This wine will then flow as long as the ball remains in the cup. 
 If, now, the ball be removed, the weight, rj, in returning to its first joosition, 
 will close the orifice, ?/', and stop the flow. If another ball be placed in the 
 cup, a further inclination of the rod, e d, w^ill be produced, and the tube, 
 ft r, will revolve further, so as to bring its corresponding aperture beneath ff. 
 Then the wine contained in the compartment, N, will flow. If the ball be 
 removed, the weight, r/, w^ill redesceud to its primitive place, the aperture, 0, 
 will be closed, and the wine Avill cease to flow. Finally, upon placing the last 
 ball (which is the heaviest), the tube, ft F, wall turn still more, so as to cause 
 the flow of the wine contained in the compartment, H. 
 
 " It must be remarked that the smallest of the balls should be so heavy that 
 when placed in the cup it shall outweigh the weight, ?/, and consequently bring 
 about the revolution of the tube, ft F. The other balls will then be suflficient 
 to cause the revolution of the said tube." 
 
 ANCIENT ORGANS. 
 
 The hydraulic organ filled with its powerful voice the vast arenas in which 
 the gladiators fought, and Petronius relates that Nero one day made a vow to 
 play one of them himself in public if he escaped a danger that threatened 
 him. The invention of them is attributed to Ctesibius. 
 
 Fig. 1 gives a reproduction of one of these instruments as described by 
 Heron in his ""Pneumatics." 
 
 Let BJ bo an altar f of bronze containing water. Let there be in the 
 latter an inverted hullow hemisphere, E Z II (called a damper), that allows the 
 water to pass all arouiul its bottom, and from the top of which rise two tubes 
 that communicate with the interioi'. One of these tubes. II K, is bent in the 
 interioi' and communicates with a snuill invei'ted box. J NTT, the aperture of 
 which is at the bottom, and the interior of whic^h is bored out so that it may 
 receive a piston, PI, Avhich should fit very accurately so as to allow no air to 
 
 * The text does not agree witli the figure given by the MSS. Moreover, there is an 
 arrangfinent liore that it is difficult to understand from Heron's descrii)tion. 
 
 f Altars ^vcre (cylindrical or S(juare ])<'d('stals, cliaracttM'izcd hy a cavity in the upper 
 ]ilatf(irMi, in which a lire was lighted. 
 
 I'i'liis box performs here the office of a pump chamber.
 
 31IRACUL0US VESSELS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 231 
 
 pass. To this piston is fixed a very strong rod, T y, with which is connected 
 another rod, y 4>, movable around a pin at y.* This lever moves upon a fixed 
 vertical rod, WX. Upon the bottom of the box, N 77, is placed another box, 
 n, which communicates with the first, and -which is closed at the upper part 
 by a cover that contains an aperture to allow of the passage of the air into the 
 box, N 77. Under the aperture of this cover, and in order to close it, there 
 is arranged a thin disk, held by means of four pins which pass through aper- 
 
 FIG. 1.— HYDRAULIC OKGAN. 
 
 tures in the disk;, and are provided with heads in order to hold it in place. 
 This disk is called a iilatysmatira (Fig, 2). The other tube, Z Z', is carried by 
 the hemisphere, E Z H, and ends in a transverse tube, A A',f upon Avhich rest 
 pipes communicating with it and having at their extremities glossocomiums J 
 that communicate with these pipes, and the orifices, B', of which are open. 
 Across these orifices, covers provided with holes § slide in such a way that 
 when they are pushed toward the interior of the organ their holes cor- 
 respond to the orifices of the pipes (and to those of the tube A A'), and that 
 Avheu they are pulled back, the pipes are closed, since there is no longer any 
 correspondence. 
 
 * The figure shows anotlier arrangemeut. 
 
 f Called a wind-cliest in modern organs. I Flute mouths. § Registers.
 
 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 If, now, the transverse rod, y 0, be lowered at ^, the piston, P 2, will rise 
 and compress the air in the box, ^ 2 11, and such air will close the aperture 
 of the small box through the intermedium of the platysmatim described 
 above. It will then pass into E Z H by means of the tube, K H, then into the 
 transverse tube A A', though the tube Z Z', and finally from the transverse 
 tube into the pipes, if the orifices correspond to those of the covers, and this 
 will occur when all the covers (or only a few of them) have been pushed 
 toward the interior. 
 
 In order that tlieir orifices may be open when it is desired to make certain 
 pipes resound, and that they may be closed when it is desired to cause the 
 sound to cease, the following arrangement is employed: Let us consider iso- 
 lately one of the mouths placed at the extremity (Fig. 3). Let y d he this 
 mouth, 6 its orifice, A A' the transverse tube, and ff the cover that is adapted 
 and the aperture of which does not coincide with the apertures of the pijies at 
 
 this moment. Let us now 
 suppose a jointed arrange- 
 ment composed of three rods, 
 S, jA, and r, the rod, £ S, be- 
 ing attached to the cover, ff, 
 and the system as a whole 
 moving around a pin, //. It 
 will be seen that if we lower 
 with the hand the extremity, 
 V, of the system toward the 
 orifice of the glossocomiums, 
 we shall cause the cover to 
 move toward the interior, and that, when it arrives there, its orifice will co- 
 incide with the orifices of the pipes. In order that, upon removing the 
 hand, the cover may be carried back toward the exterior and close all com- 
 munication, an arrangement such as the following may be employed. 
 Beneath a number of glossocomiums, there is established a bar equal in length 
 to and parallel with the tube, A A', and to which are fixed strong curved 
 plates of horn, such as y, placed opposite yS. A cord is fixed to the 
 end of tliis ])hite and winds around the extremity, S, in such a way that when 
 the cover is moved toward the exterior the cord shall be taut. If the extremity, 
 K, then be lowered, and the register be thus pushed into the interior, the cord 
 will draw upon the horn jHate, and by its force, right it. But as soon as the 
 pressure ceases, the plate will resume its former position and draw the cover 
 back in such a way as to prevent its orifice from establishing a communication. 
 This arrangement being ado2:)ted for all the glossocomiums, it will be seen 
 that in order to cause any one of the pipes to resound, it will suffice to depress 
 the corresponding key with the finger. When, on the contrary, it is desired to 
 cuiis(> tlic sound to cease, Ave shall merely have to lift tlu' linger, and the effect 
 will l)e ])roduced l)y the motion of the cover. 
 
 AVater is ])oured into the small altar in order that tlie compressed air that 
 
 FIGS. 3 AXD 
 
 -DETAILS OF THE HYUKAULIC OKOAX 
 SHOWN IN FIG. 1.
 
 MIRACULOUS VESSELS OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 233 
 
 is driven from the box, N77, may, owing to the pressure of tlie liquid, be 
 retained in the dandier, E Z H, and thus supply the pipes. AV' hen the piston, 
 P 2, is raised, it therefore expels the air from the box into the damper, as has 
 been explained. Then, when it is lowered, it opens the platysmatim of the 
 small Iwx. By this means, the box, N 11, becomes filled with air from the exte- 
 rior, which the piston, raised anew, drives again into the damper. 
 
 It would be better to render the rod, Ty, immovable at T, around a pin, 
 and fix at the bottom, P, of the piston a ring through which this pin would 
 pass, so that tiie piston would have no lateral motion, but would rise and 
 descend with exact perpendicularity. 
 
 Porta, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, constructed at Xaples 
 a hydraulic organ according to the arrangement just described. A few years 
 afterward, in 1G45, Fatlier Kircher constructed another at Eome for Pope 
 Innocent X. These organs had the defect of not preserving the note, but of 
 giving a series of harmonies. On the other hand, they produced an exceedingly 
 agreeable tremolo. It was probably these unusual variations in sound that 
 charmed the ears of the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 Heron afterwards describes a bellows organ, motion to which is communi- 
 cated not by manual power, but by a windmill. Fig. 4 shows the arrange- 
 ment with sufficient clearness to permit us to dispense with a description. It 
 is interesting to reproduce, in that it carries the origin of windmills (which it 
 is claimed were unknown to antiquity, because Altruvius and Yarro do not 
 speak of them) back at least to the second century before our era. 
 
 FKi. 1.— WINDMH^L ACTUATING THE liKLl.UWS OF AN UlUiAN.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 
 
 All works tliat treat of the history of the steam engine speak of the eoli- 
 pileof Heron as the most ancient manifestation known of that power which 
 to-day fills the world. But very few persons know that we also find in the 
 " Pneumatics " of the Greek engineer the germs of the tubular boiler and of the 
 Papin cock which has been replaced in modern engines by the long D-valve. 
 Here, in the first place, is a literal translation of the two passages that have 
 reference to the a2:)2)aratus, so often cited, of Heron : 
 
 " Balls may he held in the air hy the following metliod : 
 
 " Fire is lighted under a boiler that contains water and is closed at its 
 npper part. From the cover starts a tube which rises vertically, and at the 
 extremity of which a hollow hemisphere is in communication with it. On 
 placing a light ball in this hemisphere it will happen that the steam, on rising 
 through the tabe, will raise the ball in such a way that it will remain sus- 
 pended.* 
 
 " To cause the revolution of a sphere on a pivot hy means of a hoiler placed 
 over a fire. 
 
 "Let A B (Fig. 2f) be a boiler containing water and placed over a fire. 
 It is closed by means of a cover, FA, Avhicli is traversed by a bent tube, E Z H, 
 whose extremity, H, enters the hollow sphere, K, in the direction of the 
 latter's diameter. At the other extremity is placed the pivot, AMN, which 
 is fixed upon the cover, T A. There are added to the sphere, at the two 
 extremities of one of its diameters, two tubes bent at right angles and perpen- 
 dicular to the line, HN. AVheu the boiler is heated, the steam will pass 
 through the tube, E Z H, into the small sphere, and, issuing through the bent 
 tubes into tlie atmosphere, will cause it to revolve in situ.'''' 
 
 The following apparatus, likewise described by Hei'on, but not so well 
 known as those that preceded, shov/s that the ancients employed steam (mixed 
 Avith hot air, it is true) for causing liquids to rise. According to Father 
 Kircher, who reports it on the faith of an author iiamed Bitho, there was at 
 Sais, Egypt, a temple dedicated to Minerva in which there was an altar upon 
 
 *Fig. 1 is l)orrow(!(l from a MS. of the " Piicuinatics " datini,'- bark to tlie Renaissance. 
 Tbe boiler should liave been r(q)resente(l over a lirei)Iace. 
 
 f Tliis figure, likewise borrowed fruui a MS. of the Henuissance, is sulliciently clear to 
 alhnv letters to be dispensed with.
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 
 
 235 
 
 which, when a fire was lighted, Dionysius and Artemis (Bacchns and Diana) 
 poured, one of tliera wine, and the other milk. 
 
 The miracle was performed as follows: 
 
 "' On lightiufj a Jire vpon an altar, Jifjures make libations and serj)ents 
 hiss (Fig. 3).* 
 
 " Let AB he a hollow pedestal upon which there is an altar, F, in whose 
 iuterior there is a large tube, J E, that descends from the fireplace into the 
 pedestal and divides into tliroe small tubes. One of the latter, E Z, runs to 
 the serpent's mouth; another, Ell &, to a vessel, K J, suitable for containing 
 
 I'lG. 1.— HEKO>''S EOLIPILE. 
 
 FIG, 2.— heron's whirling EOLOPILE. 
 
 wine, and the bottom of Avhich should be above the figure, ^l, as this tube has 
 to be connected with the cover of the vessel, K J, by a grating; and the 
 third tube, E N ~, rises likewise to a vessel, 0, suitable for receiving wine, and 
 is connected in the same way with its cover. The two latter tubes are soldered 
 to the bottoms of the vessels, and in each of these vessels there is a siphon, 
 P 2 and T T. One extremity of each of these tubes dips into the wine, while 
 the other, which ends in the hand of the figure that is to make the libation, 
 traverses the side of the wine vessel. ATheu you Avish to light the fire, you will 
 first put a little water into the tubes so that they shall not be burst by the 
 dryness of the fire, and you Avill stop up all the apertures so that the air shall 
 not escape. Then the blast from the fire, mixed with the water, will rise 
 through the tubes up to thu gratings, and, passing through these, will press 
 
 * The letters on the engraving are again dispensed with.
 
 230 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC J)J VERSIONS. 
 
 upon the wine and cause it to flow tlirougli the siphons, P 2 and T T. The 
 wine issuing thus from the hands of the figures, the latter will appear to make 
 libations as long as the altar is burning. As for the other tube, which leads 
 the blast to the serpent's moutli, it causes the latter to hiss." 
 
 FIG. 3.— IIEKON's MAKVKIiOUS ALTAR. 
 
 As regards the cock and the tubular boiler, we find these in a hot-water 
 stove which Heron calls by the (Jra^co- Latin naine nnliarion, because of its 
 resemblance to a milestone. 
 
 Fig. 4 shows us, in the center, the lirephice in the shape of a vertical cvl-
 
 THE ORKilN OF THE STEAM ENUINE. 
 
 'Z'il 
 
 inder, which shouhl have beneath it an air vent that is not shown in the cut. 
 All around this tliere is a boiler, likewise cylindrical, tilled witii water. A cer- 
 tain number of tubes, such as K and M N, put its different parts in com- 
 munication by passing through the fireplace, and thus increase the heating 
 surface. 
 
 The cock, T, serves to let off hot water, and the funnel, '2, to introduce 
 cold water into the boiler through a tube Avhicli runs to the bottom of the 
 latter. The object of the bent tube is to allow of the escape of air when 
 
 FIG. 4.— heron's tubular BOILER. 
 
 water is poured in, and to give exit to the steam that nuiy be formed, and thus 
 avoid the ejection of water through the funnel, '2. Heron, in his text, says that 
 this tube debouches in the interior of the fuimel so that it shall not be per- 
 ceived, and not as we have shown it for the sake of greater clearness. In the 
 figure there may be seen a compartment formed by two vertical jilates that 
 make an angle into Avhich water cannot enter. This is designed for actuating 
 different figures through tlie play of the steam and of the several way cocks 
 that I have mentioned. This latter consists of two concentric tubes capable of 
 revolving with slight friction one within the other. The external tube, V J,
 
 23S JIAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVLUSWNS. 
 
 is fixed to the upper side of the stove, and traverses it. It contains three aper- 
 tures, q), f, and Xf pla;eed at diiJerent levels, and communicating, tlirongli 
 small tubes, with the figures that are to be jiresently mentioned. The internal 
 tube, A B, is open at its lower part, and thus communicates with the interior of 
 the compartment, but is closed at its upper part, which latter debouches above 
 the stove and may be manoeuvered by the handle, A. It contains tliree aper- 
 tures at the same levels as apertures q), f, and j, but differently placed, so 
 that when, through a rotary motion of the tube, A B, one of them is brought 
 opposite an aperture of the same level in the tube, FA, the two others do not 
 correspond. The positions that it is necessary to give them in order that such 
 correspondences shall occur are denoted by marks engraved on the visible por- 
 tions of the tubes. The tube, (p, terminates in a serpent's head which bends 
 toward the firei3lace, and tube, '/', terminates in a triton who holds a trumpet 
 to his mouth. Finally the tube, j, carries at its extremity a whistle that 
 debouches in the body of a bird filled with water. 
 
 It will now be seen what will occur. The tube, A B, is removed and a 
 little water is put into the compartment. This water flows i-nto the tube, jIB 
 (which passes under the fireplace and is closed at the side opposite its aper- 
 ture, H), and is converted into steam. When the tube, A B, has been replaced, 
 the steam may at will be passed into the body of tlie bird, which will warble, 
 or into that of the triton, who will blow his trumpet, or, finally, into that of 
 the serpent, which will blow into the fire and quicken the flames.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 GREEK LAMPS, TOYS, ETC. 
 
 PERPETUAL LAMPS. 
 
 The ancients utilized, in their prestiges, combustible gases, which, in many 
 places, were disengaged naturally from the earth. 
 
 The Arab Schiangia, in a passage quoted by Father Kircher, expresses him- 
 self in this wise: 
 
 "In Egypt there was afield whose ditches were full of pitch and liquid 
 l)itumen. Philosophers, who understood the forces of nature, constructed 
 canals which connected places like these with lamps hidden at the bottom of 
 subterranean crypts. These lamps had wicks made of threads that could not 
 burn. By this means the lamji, once liglited, burned eternally, because of 
 the continuous influx of bitumen and the incombustibility of the wick." 
 
 It is possible that it was to an artifice of this same nature that Avere due 
 some of the numerous perpetual lamps that history has preserved a reminis- 
 cence of, such as that which Plutarch saw in the temple of Jupiter Amnion, 
 in Egypt, and that in the temple of Venus, which Saint Augustine could only 
 explain as due to the intervention of demons. But the majority of them owed 
 their peculiarity only to the precautions taken by the jiriests to feed them with- 
 out being seen. It was only necessary, in fact, that the wick, which was made 
 of asbestos threads or gold wire, should be kept intact, and that the body of 
 the lamp should communicate with a reservoir placed in a neighboring apart- 
 ment in such a way that the level of the oil should remain constant. Heron 
 and Philo have left us descriptions of a certain number of arrangements that 
 perniittted of accomplishing such an object. 
 
 The same authors likewise point out different processes for manufacturing 
 portable lamps in which the oil rises automatically. The most ingenious one 
 is that which is at the present day known under the name of "' Heron's Foun- 
 tain." * 
 
 The following is the Alexandrine engiueer's text: 
 
 " Construction of a candelabrum such that upon placing a lamp thereon, 
 there comes up through the handle, when the oil is consumed, any quantity 
 
 * In 1801, Carcel and Carreau applied Heron's system to lamps without, perhaps, know- 
 ing that they were thus returning to the primitive apparatus.
 
 '^iO MAGIC: SfAGt: ILLUSIONS ANL> SCII^NTIFlV DlVEliSlONS. 
 
 that may be wished, and tliat, too, without there being any need of placing 
 above it any vessel serving as a reservoir for tlie oil. 
 
 "A hollow candelabra must be made, with a base in the shape of a jiyra- 
 mid. Let AB /" J be such pyramidal base, and in this let there be a parti- 
 tion, EZ. Again, let H O be the stem of the candelabrum, which should also 
 be hollow. Above, let there be placed a vessel, K A, capable of containing a 
 
 large quantity of oil. From the parti- 
 tion, EZ, there starts a tube, M N, which 
 traverses it and reaches almost to the 
 cover of the vessel, K A, upon which lat- 
 ter is placed the lamp in such a way as to 
 allow only a passage for the air. Another 
 tube, H 0, passes through the cover and 
 runs down, on the one hand, to the bot- 
 tom of the vessel, TLA, in such a way that 
 the liquid may be capable of flowing, and 
 on the other, forms a slight projection on 
 the cover. To this projection there is 
 carefully adjusted another tube, 77, which 
 is provided with a stopper at its upper 
 part, and, traversing the bottom of the 
 lamp and united with it, is wholly in- 
 closed within the interior of the lamp. 
 To the tube, II, there is soldered another 
 and very fine one which communicates 
 with ifc and reaches the extremity of the 
 lamp handle. This tube debouches in 
 the latter in such a way that its contents 
 may empty into the lamp, the orifice of 
 which is of the usual size. Under the 
 partition, EZ, there is soldered a cock 
 that enters the compartment, FA 'E^Ta, in 
 such a way that wdien it is open the 
 water from the chamber, A B E Z, may 
 pass into tlie compartment, /^ zJ E Z. 
 Through the upper })late, A B, there is 
 pierced a small hole, through which the compartment, ABEZ, may be filled 
 with water, the air within escaping through the same aperture. 
 
 " Fict us now remove the lamp and fill the vessel with oil by the aid of the 
 tul)e, H 0. The air will escape through the tube, M N, and afterward through 
 a cock which is open near the bottom, rA, when the water has flowed out 
 from the compartment, 7^Z/EZ. Let us place the lamp upon its base, con- 
 necting it at the same time with tlie tube, 77. When it becomes necessary to 
 pour oil into it, we will open the cock near the partition, E Z. The water 
 that is in the compartment, 7'z/ EZ, as well as tlie air therein, being forced 
 
 PLATO S LAMP.
 
 GREEK LAMPS, TOYS, ETC. 241 
 
 through the tube, M N, into the vessel, will cuuse the oil to rise and pass into 
 the lamp through the tube, H 0, and the one that forms a continuation of it. 
 When it is desired to cause the oil to stop coining over, the cock is closed, 
 when the flow will cease. This may be repeated as often as may be necessary." 
 Such was, perhaps, Plato's lamp, of which Athen^eus speaks in the *' Ban- 
 quet of the Sophists," and by means of which the illustrious philosopher was 
 enabled to have a light for himself during the longest nights in the 3'ear. 
 
 AN ANCIENT AUTOMATON. 
 
 In his " Spiritalia " (written about 150 B.C.) Heron describes several auto- 
 mata of which figures of birds form a part; but perhaps the most remarkable 
 for its ingenious simplicity is No. 44, the illustration of whicii we reproduce. 
 
 The descrijition of this, as given by Heron, is somewhat meager and unsatis- 
 factory, but the drawing is so very plain that, taken in connection with other 
 mechanism in his work, operated in a similar way, it is easy to understand how 
 the desired result was accomjilished. 
 
 An air-tight box of metal was provided, which was divided into four com- 
 partments, 1, 2, 3, 4, by horizontal diaphragm plates. On the top of this box 
 was a basin, 0, for receiving the water of a fountain. Around this basin were 
 four birds. A, B, C, D, perched upon branches or shrubs, which api:)arently 
 grew out of the top of the box. Each of these branches was hollow, and 
 communicated with one of the compartments already named, by one of the 
 pipes, 9, 10, 12, and 13, which passed bat a very short distance through the 
 tops of the several compartments. The bodies of the birds were also hollow, 
 and were connected Avith the hollow branches by tubes in their legs. In the 
 hollow body of each bird were two musical reeds or whistles of different note. 
 One of these would sound when air was forced outward through the beak of 
 the bird, and the other would only respond to air drawn inward. This alter- 
 nate action of the air, and consequent variation of note, was produced by the 
 peculiar way in which the water supplied by the fountain was made to pass 
 through the several compartments. 
 
 The water from the basin, 0, entered compartment 1 near its bottom by 
 the pipe 11, and as it rose in the compartment, it compressed the air above it, 
 which escaped through the beak of the bird, A, and caused its first note to 
 sound; but when the w^ater reached the top of the bend of the siphon 5, it at 
 once began to discharge by that siphon into compartment 2 ; but as the 
 siphon 5 was so proportioned that it discharged the water much faster than 
 it was supplied by pipe 11, the level of the w'ater in compartment 1 gradu- 
 ally fell, and the air in passing into this compartment tli rough the beak of the 
 bird, A, caused its second note to sound. As the water rose in compartment 
 2, it compressed the air above it, wdiich passed by the pipe 10, to the bird, B, 
 which then sounded its first note, while the bird, A, was sounding its second, 
 16
 
 U2 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 aud this state of affairs continued until all of the water was discharged from 
 the compartment 1, and compartment 2 was filled to the top of the bend of 
 siphon 6, which then began to discharge into compartments; and as siphon 
 
 5 had ceased to operate, the water 
 gradually fell in contpartment 2, 
 and the air entering by the beak 
 of the bird, B, sounded its second 
 note. While this was taking 
 ]ilace, compartment 1 was again 
 filling, and the first note of bird, 
 A, sounding; and compartment 
 3 was also filling, and the air above 
 the water therein was being forced 
 by the pipe 12 into the bird, C, 
 and causing its first note to sound. 
 By following out the opera- 
 tions described, and tracing the 
 action of the flux and reflux of the 
 •water in the compartments 3 and 
 4, it will readily be seen that the 
 bird, C, will sound its second note 
 Avhen the compartment 3 is being 
 discharged by siphon 7 into com- 
 partment 4, and at the same time 
 the bird, D, will sound its first 
 note, and that eventually the 
 water will escape from the autom- 
 aton by the siphon 8, causing the 
 second note of the bird, D, to be 
 heard. 
 It is evident that by simple and well-known means any or all of the bird 
 notes can be made to trill, and that it is only necessary to properly proportion 
 the discharging capacity of the siphons to insure the rejietition and admixture 
 of the notes in a bird-like manner; and it is further evident that the employ- 
 ment of tlie iileas involved is not of necessity confined to but four birds, as 
 several birds, each having different notes, might be operated from the same 
 compartment, and of course as many compartments as may be wished can be 
 used. Furthermore, the wings of the birds could be made to move, and their 
 beaks to open and shut, by the movement of the same air which acted upon 
 the musical reeds or wliistles. 
 
 Each of the siphons in the automaton was intermittent in its action, ceas- 
 ing to flow when its compartment was emptied, and beginning again spon- 
 taneously when the Avater reached the level of the top of its bend. The 
 antifpiity of intermittent siphons is of special interest from the fact of their 
 eom])aratively recent application in sanitary plumbing. 
 
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 — TT 
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 AN ANCIENT AUTOMATON.
 
 GREEK LAMPS, TOYS, ETC. 
 
 243 
 
 ('haucer was not much in error as regards his own time (1328-1400), and 
 his words are only somewhat less true to-day: 
 
 '' For out of the okl fiekles, as men saithe, 
 Cometli al this new corne fro yere to yere; 
 And out of old hookes, in good faithe, 
 
 Cometh all this new science that men lere." 
 
 A GKEEK TOY. 
 
 Upon a pedestal there is fixed a small tree around which is coiled a dragon. 
 A figure of Hercules stands near by, shooting with a bow, and there is an 
 apple lying upon the pedestal. If this apple be lifted from the latter, Hercules 
 will shoot his arrow at the dragon, and the latter will hiss. 
 
 Mechanism of the Toy. — Let A B be the water-tight pedestal under con- 
 sideration, j^rovided with a diaphragm, F J. To this latter there is fixed a 
 small, hollow, truncated cone whose apex jjoints toward the bottom of the 
 vessel, and from which it is just sufficiently distant to permit the water to pass. 
 To this cone there is adjusted with care another one, G, which is fixed to a 
 chain that, passing through an aperture, connects it with the apple. Hercules 
 holds a small horn bow, whose string is stretched and laced at a proper distance 
 from the right hand. The left hand is provided with a detent. To the ex- 
 
 A GREEK TOY.
 
 ^44 MAGIC: STAGE ILLtlStONS AND SCIENTIFIC UI VERSIONS. 
 
 tremity of this latter there is fixed a small chain or a cord that traverses the 
 top of the pedestal, passes over a pulley fixed to the diaphragm, and con- 
 nects with the small chain that joins the cone with the apple. This cord 
 passes through the hand and body into the interior of Hercules. A small 
 tube, one of those used for whistling with, starts from the diaphragm, rises 
 through the top of the pedestal, and passes into the interior of the tree or 
 around it. 
 
 Now, if the apple, K, be raised, the cone, O, will be raised at the same time, 
 the cord, X0, will be tightened, the catch will be freed, and this will cause the 
 arrow to shoot. The water in the compartment A 7', running into the com- 
 partment B r, will drive out the air contained in the latter, through the tube, 
 and produce a hissing. The apple being replaced, the cone, O, will adjust 
 itself against the other, stop the flow, and thus cause the hissing to cease. 
 The arrow and its accessories will then be adjusted anew. 
 
 When the compartment B J^ is fidl, it is emptied by means of a spout pro- 
 vided with a key, and A J is again filled as we have indicated. 
 
 THE DECAPITATED DEINKING HORSE. 
 
 The optical delusion known as the talking decapitated person has already 
 been described in Book I., Chapter I., of the present work. The ancients 
 invented an analogous trick, but one that was founded upon a very ingenious 
 mechanical combination. This is found described at the end of Heron's 
 "Pneumatics," under the title, "To cut an animal in two and make him 
 drink. " It is as follows : 
 
 " Let us suppose a hollow pedestal, A B C D, divided in its center by a dia- 
 phragm, EF. Above the pedestal there is fixed a statuette representing a 
 horse and traversed by a tube, M N, which terminates on the one hand in the 
 horse's mouth, and in the other in the upper part of the compartment, 
 A B E F, after following one of the legs. It will be conceived, in the first 
 place, that if the said com])artment be filled with water through an aperture, 
 T, which is afterwards stopped up, and that then a cock be opened, so as to 
 form a communication between the upper compartment and the lower (which 
 latter is itself provided with an open air-hole), the water will flow, and, in 
 doing so, tend to cause a vacuum in the tube, MN, so that Avlien a vessel of 
 water is brought near the animal's mouth the water will be sucked up. 
 
 " If the cock be so arranged as to present its key upon the top of the pedes- 
 tal, and if to the key there be adapted a statuette representing a man armed 
 witli a club, things may be so arranged that the animal shall drink when the 
 man has his back turned, for example, and that he shall stop drinking when 
 the man threatens him with the club. 
 
 " The following is the way in which a knife may be passed through the ani- 
 mal's neck without causing the head to fall or interrupting communication
 
 GREEK LAMPS, TOYS, ETC. 
 
 245 
 
 between the mouth and pedestal. The head and body form two distinct 
 pieces, Avhich are adjusted according to the plane, P (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). 
 The tube, M N, is interrupted to the right of this slit, and the two parts of it 
 are connected by a snuiller tube, aft, which enters by slight friction into the 
 interior of each of them; and to this small tube, aft, there are fixed two 
 racks, 6 and e. Above S and under e are placed two segments of toothed 
 wheels, n and p, which are movable around axles fixed in the body of the ani- 
 mal. Over the whole there is a third wheel, which is likewise movable around 
 
 heron's decapitated drinking horse. 
 
 an axle fixed in the animal's body, and the thickness of which keeps increasing 
 from the centre to the circumference. This wheel is cut out into three parts 
 of circles, /^, v, and B, which have for diameters three of the sides of the 
 inscribed hexagon. It is inclosed in the neck in such a way that the circular 
 cavity containing it embraces just four of the sides of the inscribed hexagon, 
 the two other sides projecting outside of the plane, P. In the piece that 
 forms the head a circular cavity is formed capable of containing this projecting 
 portion of the wheel, and a wedge-shaped profile is given it, so that when one 
 tooth of the wheel, G, is engaged therein by the edge, it can also only leave it 
 by the edge. Let us now suppose the wheel, G, free; let us engage one of its 
 teeth in the cavity, xt\ let us cause the head and body to approach; let us 
 fix the wheel, ff, in the body by means of the movable axle traversing it; and 
 let us introduce a knife into the slit, P, and see what will happen. 
 
 " The blade, on entering the space, B, will press against one of the teeth, 
 and cause it to descend until it, as well as the knife, is disengaged. The tooth 
 above the space, B, will then be disengaged in its turn and connect the head
 
 246 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 with the body again. The knife-blade, which is now under the wheel, ff, rests 
 on the inclined plane that the figure shows in the segment, tt, and, on press- 
 ing thereupon, causes the wheel to turn, and with it the rack, 6, and the tube, 
 aft, which latter leaves the tube, M, and gives passage to the blade between it 
 and the extremity, a. Then the blade comes in contact with tbe lower pro- 
 jection of the sector, p, which has been carried upward by the motion of the 
 rack, e, that is connected with the rack, 6. On pressing against such pro- 
 jection the blade causes the segment, p, to revolve in a contrary direction, 
 brings e toward the left, and causes the small tube, a ji, to enter anew the 
 tube, M. Communication between -M and N is thus reestablished." 
 
 M. de Roclias has never found elsewhere than in the " Pneumatics " a descrip- 
 tion of this system of toothed wheels, although he has read the majority of 
 books treating of this class of ideas. The description given by Heron is itself 
 so confused and so mutilated, and the figure that accompanies it is so incom- 
 plete, that in all the Latin editions it is suppressed as incomprehensible. 
 
 TIIK JnX AITTATKI) MOKSK. ])RTAII,S OF THE MKCIIANISM IN THE NECK.
 
 GREEK LA3IPS, TOYS, ETC. 
 
 247 
 
 ODOMETERS. 
 
 In the inventory of tlie objects sold after the death of the Emperor Corn- 
 modus, drawn up by Julius C'apitoliniis in the life of Pertinax, we find men- 
 tioned, among other valuable things, "' vehicles that mark distances and 
 hours." 
 
 Vitruvius (X, 14) describes the mechanism of these vehicles, but the fig- 
 ures that must have served to throw light upon the text have been lost, so that 
 his description is somewhat obscure. Fortunately, as a sequel to a manuscript 
 of the Dioptra of Heron, there have been found two Greek fragments upon 
 this same subject, dating back probably to the Alexandrine epoch and accom- 
 panied with figures. The following is a translation, says M. de Rochas: 
 
 To Measure Distances upon the Surface of the Earth by Means 
 OF AN Apparatus called an Odometer. 
 
 Provided with this instrument, instead of being obliged to measure land 
 slowly and laboriously with the chain or cord, it is possible in traveling in a 
 vehicle to know the distances made, according to the number of revolutions of 
 the wheels. Others, it is true, have, previous to us, made known certain 
 methods of accomplishing the same object; but every one will be able to decide 
 between the instrument described here by us and those of our predecessors. 
 
 Let us imagine an apparatus in the form of a box (Fig. 1) in which is con- 
 tained the entire machine that we are to describe. Upon the bottom of the 
 box rests a copper face wheel, A B, having, say, eight teeth. In the bottom 
 there is an opening in which a rod, fixed to the hub of oue of the wheels of 
 
 FIG. L— hekok's odometer k()){ vehicles.
 
 248 2IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the vehicle and engaging at every revohitiou, pnshes forward one of the teeth, 
 Avhich is replaced by the following one, and so on indefinitely. Whence it 
 results that when the wheel of the vehicle has made eight revolutions, the face 
 wheel will have made one. Now, to the center of the latter there is fixed per- 
 pendicularly, by one of its extremities, a screw which, by its other extremity, 
 engages with a crosspiece fixed to the sides of the box. This screw gears with 
 the teeth of a wheel whose plane is perpendicular to the bottom of the box. 
 This wheel is provided with an axle whose extremities pivot against the sides of 
 the box. A portion of this axle is jirovided with spirals formed in its sur- 
 face, so that it becomes a screw. ^Yitll this screw there gears a toothed wheel 
 parallel with the bottom of tlie box. To this wheel is fixed an axle, one of 
 the extremities of which pivots npon the bottom, while the other enters 
 the crossjiiece fixed to the sides; and this axle likewise carries a screw that 
 gears with the teeth of another wheel placed perpendicular to the bottom. 
 This arrangement may be continued as long as may be desired, or as long as 
 there is space in the box; for the moi'e numerous are the wheels and screws, 
 the longer will be the route that one will be able to measure. 
 
 In fact, every screw, in making one revolution, causes the motion of one 
 tooth of the Avheel with which it gears; so that the screw carried by the face 
 wheel, in revolving once, indicates eight revolutions of the wheel of the vehicle, 
 while it moves only one tooth of the wheel u]3on which it acts. So, too, the 
 said toothed wheel, in making one revolution, will cause the screw fixed to its 
 plane to make one revolution, and a single one of the teeth of the succeeding 
 wheel will be thrust forward. Consequently, if this new wheel has again thirty 
 teeth (and this is a reasonable number), it will, in making one revolution, indi- 
 cate 7,200 revolutions of the wheel of the vehicle. Let us suppose that the 
 latter is ten cubits in circumference, and this would be 72,000 cubits, that is 
 to say, 180 furlongs. This applies to the second toothed wheel. If there are 
 others, and if the number of teeth likewise increases, the length of the journey 
 that it will be possible to measure will increase proportionally. But it is 
 well to make use of an apparatus so constructed tiiat the distance which it will 
 be able to indicate does not much exceed that which it is possible to make in 
 one day with the vehicle, since one can, after measuring the day's route, begia 
 anew for the following route. 
 
 This is not all. As one revolution of each screw does not correspond with 
 mathematical accuracy and precision to the escapement of one tooth, we shall 
 in an express experiment cause the first screw to revolve until the wheel that 
 gears with it has made one revolution, and shall count the number of times 
 that the wheel will have revolved. Let us sup])ose, for example, that it has 
 revolved twenty times wliile the adjacent wheel has made a single revolution. 
 This wheel has thirty tooth; therefore, twenty revolutions of tiie face wheel 
 correspond to thirty teeth of the toothed Avheel moved by the screw. On 
 the other hand, tlic twenty revolutions allow UK) ieotli of the face Avheel to 
 escape, and this makers a like number of rev(jlutions of the wlu^el of the vehi- 
 cle, that is to say, 1,G00 cubits; consequently, a single tooth of the preced-
 
 GREEK LAMPS, TOYS, ETC. 249 
 
 ing wheel iutlicates 53 1 cubits. Thus, for example, when, in starting from 
 the origin of the motion, the toothed wheel will have revolved by fifteen teeth, 
 this will indicate 800 cubits, say two furlongs; upon this same wheel we shall 
 therefore write b'^\^ cubits. Making a similar calculation for the other toothed 
 wheels, we shall write upou each one of them the number that corresponds to 
 it. In this way, after we ascertain how many teeth each has moved forward, 
 we shall know by the same the distance that we have traveled. 
 
 Now, in order to be able to determine the distance traveled without having 
 to open the box in order to see the teeth of each wheel, we are going to show 
 how it is possible to estimate the length of the route by means of an index 
 placed upon the external faces. Let us admit that tlie toothed wheels of which 
 we have spoken are so arranged as not to touch the sides of the box, but that 
 their axles project externally and are squared so as to receive indexes. In this 
 way the v;heel, in revolving, will cause its axle with its index to turn, and the 
 latter will describe upon the exterior a circle that we shall divide into a number 
 of parts equal to that of the teeth of the interior wheel. The index should 
 have a length sufficient to describe a circumference greater than that of the 
 wheel, so that sucli circumference may be divided into parts wider than the 
 interval that separates the teeth. This circle should carry the number already 
 marked upon the interval wheel. By this means Me shall see upon the external 
 surface of the box the length of the trip made. Were it impossible to pre- 
 vent the friction of the wheels against the sides of the box, for one reason or 
 another, it would then be necessary to file them off sufficiently to prevent the 
 apparatus from being impeded in its operation in any way. 
 
 Moreover, as some of the toothed wheels are perpendicular to and others 
 parallel with the bottom of the box, so, too, the circles described by the indexes 
 will be some of them upon the sides of the box and others upon the top. 
 Consequently, it will be necessary to so manage that the side that carries no 
 circle shall serve as a cover; or, in other words, that the box shall be closed 
 laterally. 
 
 Another engineer, probably Graeco-Latin, since he expresses distances some- 
 times in miles and sometimes in stadia, has pointed out an arrangement of a 
 different system for measuring the jirogress of a ship. 
 
 We shall describe this apparatus, which we illustrate in Fig. 2. 
 
 Let A B be a screw revolving in its supports. Let us suppose that its 
 thread moves a wheel. A, of 81 teeth, to which is fixed another and parallel 
 wheel, E (a pinion), of nine teeth. Let us suppose that this pinion gears with 
 another wheel, Z, of 100 teeth, and that to the latter is fixed a pinion, H, of 
 18 teeth. Then let us suppose that this pinion gears with a third wheel, 0, 
 of 72 teeth, which likewise is provided with a pinion, K, of 18 teeth, and again 
 that this pinion engages with a wheel, yl, of 100 teeth, and so on; so that 
 finally the last wheel carries an index so arranged as to indicate the number 
 of stadia traveled. 
 
 On the other hand, let us construct a star wheel. M, whose perimeter is five 
 paces. Let us suppose it perfectly circular and affixed to the side of a vessel
 
 250 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 in such a way as to have, upon the surface of the water, a velocity equal to 
 that of the vessel. Let us suj^pose, besides, that, at every revolution of the 
 wheel, M, there advances, if possible, one tooth of A. It is clear, then, that 
 at every distance of 100 miles made by the vessel the Avheel, A, will make one 
 revolution; so that, if a circle concentric with the wheel, A, is divided into 
 100 parts, the index fixed to yl will, in revolving upon this circle, mark the 
 number of miles made by the number of the degrees. 
 
 Odometers, like so many other things, have been reinvented several times, 
 notably in 1662 by a member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1724 bv 
 Abbot Meynier. 
 
 FIG. 2.— ODOMETER FOK VESSELS.
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 SCIENCE IX THE THEATER.- 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BEHIXD THE SCENES OF AX OPERA HOUSE. 
 
 It would be difficult to find anyone who would not like to go behind the 
 curtain of a great opera house to see how realism is given to the performance, 
 and, incidentally, to gain an insight into that mysterious world upon the stage 
 which always has such an attraction to opera-goers. Before describing in 
 detail the commodious stage of the ^Metropolitan Opera House, New York 
 City,* we will consider for a moment a typical English stage which is the pre- 
 decessor of most stages in America. America is unfortnnate in having so few 
 really great opera houses, so that the description of the English stage will 
 answer for most of the theaters and opera houses, with the exception of the 
 ^Metropolitan Opera House and the Auditorinm in Chicago, both of which 
 have features of interest. For our descrijition of the English form of theater 
 stage we are largely indebted to a series of papers by Mr. Edwin 0. Sachs, 
 architect, in the London "'Engineering," beginning January 17, 189G, and 
 appearing at irregular intervals for a year and a half. This valuable series is 
 most ])rofusely illustrated, and forms a treatise of great value. Mr. Sachs 
 has written other works on opera houses. In this connection may be men- 
 tioned the French work " Trues et Decors,'''' by M. Georges Moynet, architect. 
 This book is of rather more popular interest than the series of ^[r. Sachs. It 
 describes the ordinary equipment of the stage, but includes the obtaining of 
 special effects on a large scale. The modern adjuncts of the theater stage, 
 such as hydraulic platforms and bridges, are not neglected. Many of the illu- 
 sions which are illustrated in the present work are described in it, and at least 
 one of them appeared first, we believe, in the "Scientific American." 
 
 Before describing the ordinary English stage and that of the ^Eetropolitan 
 Opera llonse, a few generalities are in order. The audience really sees a very 
 small proportion of the stage, for behind the cnrtaiu is an enormous rectangu- 
 
 * The editor is indebted for courtesies to Mr. William Parry, stage manager of the Metro- 
 politan Opera House ; to Mr. C. D. McGielian, the stage machinist ; to Mr. Edward Siedle, 
 the property master ; and to Mr. Stewart, the electrician.
 
 252 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AN J) SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 lar structure which is usually much higher than the roof of the auditorium. 
 This great height is rendered necessary in order to raise the hanging scenes up 
 bodily without resorting to the necessity of rolling them up. Great space 
 is also needed for the ropes, pulleys, and other mechanism used for working 
 the curtains, drop scenes, and borders. Everything above the arch of the 
 proscenium is termed the " flies." The stage proper is the rectangular plat- 
 form upon which the drama is given. Its width is usually regulated by the 
 width of the sj)ace devoted to the orchestra. Tliere is considerable sjiace at 
 each side of the stage for workiug space. It is here that the '' wiug " or " side " 
 scenes are stored for the various scenes of the opera, and it is here that the 
 singers and the ballet wait before going before the curtain, through the so- 
 called "entrances" into which the depth of the stage is divided, the number 
 of entrances depending upon the number of wings. 
 
 The floor of the stage runs from the footlights to the rear wall of the build- 
 ing, but usually the last few feet of the stage are not utilized by the perform- 
 ers, as the scenery is usually painted there in what is called the "paint room." 
 It is here that a platform, called the "paint bridge," was formerly raised 
 or lowered, giving access to all parts of the canvas which was being jiainted. 
 But now the paint frames are usually run up and down, while the bridge remains 
 stationary. The stage is divided widthwise into sections, and these sections of 
 the stage floor can be raised or lowered as desired, and it is also arranged so 
 that scenes, or portions of scenes, may be dropped down through the floor. As 
 the scenes raised upwards have to be taken out of sight, the scenes which 
 are lowered below the stage floor have likewise to disappear from the view 
 of the audience. This results in deep cellars under the stage. The cellar 
 should, of course, be as high as the proscenium aperture through which 
 the audience views the scene; but this is often impossible, and various means 
 are employed to give a great depth to the cellar. This is sometimes man- 
 aged by raising the orchestra, or pit, above the ground, but this is ajittomake 
 the theater unpopular with those who jxitronize the galleries, as it necessitates 
 a greater climb; and if the orchestra is depressed below the street level, it 
 requires that the cellar shall be sunk in so much further. This increases 
 tlie difficulty of drainage, and the presence of water may be a constant source 
 of annoyance. 
 
 We will now describe a typical wooden stage of the English type. England 
 is the home of excellent stage management, and an English property master is 
 known all over the world by the excellence of his work. In England large 
 sums are spent on costly productions, and the arrangements which are provided 
 when the stage is built permit of lightning changes, which are so popular 
 there. In this country the question of expense prevents such elaborate fittings 
 as those in England, There are, of course, important exceptions to this rule. 
 In the commoner English and American stages there has been so little prog- 
 ress that Mr. Sachs notes the fact that there is little difference between "the 
 ordiiuiry London stage of 1805 and tlie stages of 1750," One reason that the 
 theatei's on the continent of Europe have such excellent stages — stages in
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OF AX OPEHA UoVSK. 
 
 253 
 
 which the ability of the architect and engineer are taxed to the utmost — is 
 that they are very largely assisted by subventions from either the government 
 or the municipalities ; so it is little wonder, then, that we have so many splendid 
 examples of the most modern stages in Europe. In tlie present chapter the 
 word "theater" maybe considered to mean eitiier a theater for the spoken 
 drama or an opera house. 
 
 The top of the stage is known as the "rigging-loft," or "gridiron," and 
 consists of a wooden or iron stage composed of an open floor laid upon the tie- 
 beams of the principal roof trusses. A considerable weight has to be supported 
 
 it 
 
 
 h^ '-fAAlhWA imUHMMMr ^^V'^IA^^ ^'WHHB| 
 
 ...^' 
 
 [at w.«^,BL'.Rx;ii:-^i^|^ 
 
 '0 ,w m vr. 4C1| 
 
 .^vixv^N 
 
 TOP OF THE GlilDIHOX. 
 
 upon this gridiron, for from it depend all the "cloths" (drops), "borders," 
 and "gas battens." The strength of the roof is, therefore, calculated so as 
 to sustain this great weight. In some continental theaters there are two grid- 
 irons. The gridiron is also called the rigging-loft on account of the fact that 
 the scenes are "rigged up " by ropes from this floor. The scenes are raised 
 and lowered from this level by means of ropes passing through the spaces in 
 the floor, over blocks witli wheels in them, on to the drum, and thence down 
 to the "fly floors" below. 
 
 Our engravings show the upper and the uudev side of the gridiron of 
 the Castle Square Theater, in Boston, Mass. This gridiron has some inter- 
 esting features not possessed by the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House,
 
 254 3IAGIC: .STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 which will be described a little fnrther on, as at the Metropolitan Opera House 
 there are no Avindlasses ou the gridiron. The windlasses are used to raise 
 heavy weights suspended from the gridiron, and are of the greatest possible 
 use iu aerial ballets and other theatrical performances. It will be seen that 
 the gridiron is in reality nothing but a slatted floor supported by iron 
 girders. The ropes will be seen passing over the pulleys to where they descend, 
 at regular intervals, to raise the drops. Our secoiul engraving shows the under 
 side of the gridiron, and the drops and borders which are suspended from 
 
 TUK GKIDIKON FKOM UNUKIi.NKATll, fSJlOWlNli DltOl" AND 150KUEK>>. 
 
 it. It gives an excellent idea of the maze of ropes which hang from the grid- 
 iron. 
 
 The flies consist of galleries, on both sides of the stage, running from tlie 
 proscenium wall to the back wall. The "fly rail " consists of a girder made 
 especially strong, to talce the weiglit and ])ull of the ropes and scenes which are 
 brought down from the gridiron. Each cloth or gas batten hung from the 
 gridiron has four or five ropes by which it hangs, and these are all brought 
 over the jjiilloys in the gridiron floor down to the flies, where they are made 
 fast on belaying-])ins or cleats fixed to the fly rail. The "fly floor" is sup- 
 ported by joists running from the fly-rail girder into the wall of the stage.
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OF AN OPERA HOUSE. 255 
 
 On the fly floor are often placed windlasses used to raise the heavy weights 
 which are suspended from the gridiron. The load is usually relieved by 
 counterweights which are placed agaijist the wall. The counterweights are 
 usually encased, to minimize the danger of accident in case the rope breaks. 
 The " fly galleries " are usually two tiers in nnmber, but in very large theaters 
 there are often three tiers of fly galleries, one above the other. Nearly all the 
 working of the flies is done from one side of the stage. The flies are often 
 connected by a bridge against the back wall of the stage, and sometimes there 
 are intermediate narrow bridges among the scenery. These enable the ''fly 
 men" to cross the stage quickly without necessitating their coming down to 
 the level of the stage. In modern stages of the better class, iron and steel con- 
 struction is very largely used for the gridiron, flies, etc., and, of course, tends 
 to decrease the danger from fire. 
 
 Nearly all of the older stage floors fall three-eighths to one-half inch in a 
 foot, from the back to the front, in order to enable the audience to see the 
 actor or singer as he retires " up " the stage; but in modern stages the floors 
 are usually level, as then the scenery can be set plumb. The divisions of the 
 stage are numerous, and include the imaginary divisions called for by the 
 stage directions, and the actual divisions of the stage into '"traps," "sliders," 
 and "bridges." The imaginary divisions need not concern us here. 
 
 In the front and center of the stage is a trap called the "grave trap," on 
 account of its use in the grave scene of " Hamlet." It is a small wooden plat- 
 form made to rise up and down in grooves between four uprights. The stage 
 may have other traps. The trap as an aid in stage illusions is referred to in 
 Chapter IV. of Book III. of the present work. 
 
 In ordinary stages the traps are floored over, and before they can be 
 used a portion of the floor of the stage has to be removed. This is done by 
 releasing a lever and letting the section of the floor drop into a groove and 
 slide under the immovable parts at the side of the stage. The opening left in 
 the stage is filled by the floor of the ascending trap. Back of the grave 
 trap there are three narrow^ strips of openings which are technically called 
 " sliders," then a wider opening which is known as the " bridge." The rest of 
 the stage is taken up by alternate bridges and sliders. The sliders consist of 
 narrow strips of Avood which are made to slide horizontally^ right and left, 
 under the stage. They slide in grooves cut in the joists, and are moved 
 backwards and forwards by means of ropes which Avind around windlasses 
 which are operated from the mezzanine floor underneath the stage. A\'hen both 
 sliders are slid away right and left, the open space in the floor and the space 
 underneath is known /is the " cut," and it is in the " cut " that the scenery is 
 placed which is to be raised \\]} from below. Scenes are raised up the 
 "slider cuts" by means of lengths of wood sliding up and down in grooves 
 forming very wide and narrow elevators. The scene is attached to the lower 
 bar. The floor of the bridge is like the slider floor in construction; the only 
 difference is in the width of the opening left in the stage Avhen the section 
 of the floor has been removed. To fill this space a platform of the same dimen-
 
 256 31AGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS ANU SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 sions as the opening winch is left in the stage where the bridge is removed is 
 used. The bridge is used to raise bodily any heavy scene, furniture, or a group 
 of figures, but it only raises its load level with the stage, while some of the 
 \le^^[ hydraulic bridges, or the counterbalanced rising bridge, wliich we will 
 shortly describe, permit of lifting the part of the scene to any height. There 
 have recently been many reforms in this part of stage management. The 
 level underneath the stage floor is known as the mezzanine floor. This is the 
 working level for all the traps, sliders, and bridges, and it is on this level that 
 all the windlasses are placed which work the ropes to remove the sliders, 
 bridges, etc. The mezzanine takes the same position regarding the manipula- 
 tion of the stage machinery below as does the fly gallery above. In some cases 
 the mezzanine floors are multiplied so that there are three or four. The 
 lowest level of the stage is known as the " cellar," or '' well." From the 
 cellar spring the uprights which support the joists of the stage floor. At the 
 bottom of the cellar are placed the drums and shafts used for lifting the 
 bridges. In many theaters there is what is known as the '"back stage." It 
 has no movable portion, no gridiron, flies, or cellar. This space is most 
 useful for distant scenes. In the finest stages, as that of the Vienna Court 
 Theater, the entire cellar is constructed of iron and steel, and everything is 
 worked by hydraulic power. Scenes are not only raised np from the cellar 
 and let down from the gridiron, but are also " bnilt np " on the stage. Such 
 scenes may be only small "profile strips," or they may be large constructions 
 like a throne, in which the heavy foundations called "rostrums" run in on 
 wheels. Where the run of the opera is to be long, sometimes they are built 
 at great expense and are very ingenious; but they always take up considerable 
 room, and require time to adjust. 
 
 In continental theaters what is called the "chariot and jjole " is largely 
 used. Narrow slits in the stage permit of an upright pole jiassing through it, 
 the scene being fastened to it. The truck, or "chariot," which supj)orts the 
 pole runs on the floor of the mezzanine on rails. This manner of shifting 
 the scenes is sometimes very useful. The chariots can be worked singly or in 
 gangs, and they can be worked simultaneously Avith the borders and the drops, 
 as the ropes which manipulate them can all be brought under the control of one 
 drum or windlass. 
 
 Having now described a stage of the ordinary variety, we will take up a 
 large stage built on conservative lines. The stage of the Metropolitan Opera 
 House is one hundred aiid one feet wide, and the depth is eighty-four feet. 
 The height from the stage to the gridiron is ninety feet, to the first fly 
 gallery thirty-six feet, and the depth of the cellar is twenty-eight feet. 
 The stage is divided widthwise into four l)i'i(lge.s which run entirely across 
 the stage. Each bridge is divided into four parts, so there are really sixteen 
 working bridges. The wings, or side scenes, are held in place by means 
 of sliding scene posts. The general method of securing the side scenes by 
 scene frames and extension braces will be understood l)y reference to the 
 engravings' in the chapter entitled "Fireworks with Dramatic Accessories,"
 
 HKtllXD Ttttl f^CES'P.S Op AX OPERA TlOVSiP. 2ot 
 
 ill the present work. When not in u.se, the wings for the opera are temjio- 
 rarily piled against the side of tlie house. At eacli side of the stage are liuge 
 scene-rooms. The stage proper is supported ujion an iron framework, and 
 there are tliree mezzanine floors, though one only is used. AYhen it is desired 
 to raise any part of the stage above the level in order to represent broken 
 ground, or for what is called a "runway," or for any other purpose, a narrow 
 trap door is lifted and a man at each end of the bridge raises it up to the 
 desired height. The bridges can be raised to a height of twenty-three feet. 
 They are counterweigh ted, so that it requires very little effort to raise them. 
 
 ^^^ — 1 ^ F 
 
 PLAN OK STAGE OF MKTIJOI'OI.TTAN OI'EWA HOUSE. 
 
 It is considered that with this system the stage can be worked about as well 
 and quickly as iu the far more elaborate hydraulic stages, as those of Buda- 
 Pesth and Chicago; certainly the simplicity of arrangement is a point in its 
 favor, and, being jnirely mechanical, it is not liable to break down at a critical 
 moment. The simple bridges are not favored by all stage machinists, however. 
 The wing posts slide up and down through the floor and di-op down ibish into 
 it. They are at the ends of the bridges. 
 
 In the Metropolitan Opera House no use is made of the cellar for raising 
 up the scenes, as they find it more satisfactory to operate the scenes from 
 overhead, and nothing of the London pantomime order is done. The cellar is 
 17
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OP AN OPERA IIOUSK. 
 
 259. 
 
 valuable, however, for storage puri)oses. Going up several flights of stone 
 stairs, the visitor arrives at the first fly gallery. Here, as in the other parts 
 of the house, every precaution is taken to guard against fire. The floor is of 
 cement resting upon iron girders, and the visitor is at once struck with the 
 solidity of everything. On each side of the fly gallery is a large iron pipe 
 throngh which passes at freqnent intervals a series of belaying-pins to which 
 are secnred the ropes. All of the drops and borders, as well as the curtain, 
 
 STORING SCENES IN THE CELLAR. 
 
 are worked from the left fly gallery. In theatrical parlance, a scene which is 
 lowered to the stage is called a '"drop/' while the scenes which represent the 
 sky are called "borders." The drops at the Metropolitan measure forty-five 
 by seventy feet. The painted canvases, whether drops or borders, are se- 
 cnred at the top. The canvas is hemmed so as to permit of a wooden pole, or 
 batten, being thrust through it. This bar is secured by means of clamps to 
 the ropes which are to raise the scenes or drops. At the very top of the 
 building, underneath the roof, is what is called the gridiron. Tt is an iron 
 framework which supports the pnlleys over which the ropes run to raise the
 
 2G() MAGW: STAGE tLLVStONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 drops, borders, aud the border lights. Each scene-droji is supported by five 
 ropes, and most of the borders are also supported by five ropes, though three 
 are sometimes used. These ropes are attached at equal intervals along the 
 length of the scene or border. 
 
 Each of the five ropes passes over a pulley on tlie gridiron, or rigging- 
 loft. The ropes are then assembled and pass down on the left of the stage to 
 
 WORKING FLY GAI-LEIIY. 
 
 the first fly gallery, where the fly men are located. In raising or lowering 
 a scene, the five ropes are pulled at the same time, and are secured to the fly 
 rail by means of the belay ing-pins. Tn all theaters tlie arrangement is not 
 the same as in the Metropolitan ; in some cases there ai'e two or three fly rails, 
 each provided with belaying-pins. Usually oiie rail will be in front, as shown 
 in our engraving, and the others back and at a slightly higher level. The ropes 
 for the drops, etc., which are not in immediate use, are fastened to the be- 
 laying-pins on this rail. The fly men climb up to the second and third fly 
 galleries when heavy scenes are to be raised, and, catching hohl ol' tlie ropes, 
 descend to the first fly gallei'y on the ropes.
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OF AN OPERA HOUSE. 
 
 261 
 
 There were one hundred and eighty coils of rope used in the stage machin- 
 ery of the Metropolitan Opera House, each containing one thousand one hun- 
 dred feet, and one thousand feet of wire rope was required to hang each border 
 light, they being, of course, very heavy. Twelve thousand feet of wire rope 
 was needed for the curtains and border lights. 
 
 The curtain is raised by hand, by means of a winch using wire ropes. An 
 asbestos curtain is also provided, and may be dropped instantly from the level 
 of the stage in case of fire, so that the conflagration can be confined to the 
 " back of the house." 
 
 We present an engraving of a corner of the stage, showing the great switch- 
 board and the prompter's desk, though, of course, in Grand Opera the 
 ])ronipter takes up his position under a hood directly in front of the conduc- 
 
 il|!l!|!l«li!!!'i!l1!!lll!!l!il!!lill!!ll!lll!ll!i!l!lil!l!lil!lll!ll|llllll!lllil^ 
 
 ELECTRIC SWITCHBOARD. 
 
 tor, just beyond the footlights. This hood can be dropped down under the 
 stage when not in use. 
 
 Just before the conclusion of the act the conductor of the orchestra rings 
 an electric bell in the Avorking fly gallery. This is a signal to the fly man to 
 get ready to lower the curtain, for the conductor knows the exact bar in the 
 music at which the curtain should descend. At the ])roper moment the con- 
 ductor rings again, and the curtain descends. When the men in the fly 
 gallery receive the first signal — that is, the signal to get ready — they turn a 
 switch which lights a colored electric lamp directly over the small prompt desk 
 shown in our engraving, where the stage manager or his assistant takes up his 
 position. When the conductor rings the curtain down, another colored elec- 
 tric lamp is lighted on turning on a switch by the men in the fly gallery. 
 Of course, audible signals would not answer. The stage manager or his 
 assistant stands in front of the little desk and orders the curtain up and down, 
 ilependijig upon the a])]>]aiisc of the audience, which governs the appearance of
 
 262 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the artists. This little corner very much resembles the interior of the conning 
 tower of a ship. Here are speaking tubes and electric bells wjiich connect with 
 all parts of tlie house, from the box office to the cellar. 
 
 The inscriptions under the bells are as follows: "Prompter," "Stage," 
 "Office," "Carpenter," "Music-Room," "Wardrobe," "Engineer," 
 "Orchestra," "Gas Table," "Thunder,"' "Trap," "Fly," "Property 
 Artist," " Box Office." This means of communication for giving orders and 
 " cues " is very useful; for instance, Avhen the proper moment for thunder has 
 arrived, the stage manager pushes the button and it thunders. Here is also a 
 book upon which is inscribed the exact time of beginning and finishing the 
 various acts. A door at the right of the desk gives access to the stage in front 
 of the curtain; there is a corresponding door on the other side of the house. 
 These doors are very useful, as they enable the artists to appear in response to 
 encores, withoiit raising the curtain, which means loss of time which is much 
 needed in changing the scene. It is a wonderful sight to look through the little 
 peep-hole in the door at the audience. Tier upon tier of splendidly clothed 
 humanity rises up to the family circle at a dizzy height above. The whole is 
 bright and gay, and is very different from the practical world behind the stage, 
 where stand the stalwart stage hands ready for their duties; but, after all, the 
 world behind the stage has a charm which even the casual visitor willingly 
 admits. 
 
 The electric lighting of the Opera House is very interesting, the switchboard 
 especially. It is believed to be the finest theater switchboard in the world, and 
 cost a good-sized fortune. It is known as the Kelly-Cushing switchboard. 
 From the switchboard every light in the house is controlled both in front of and 
 behind the curtain. Of course, the necessity of arranging all the lights used 
 upon the stage so that the colors may be changed, greatly complicates the switch- 
 board. It is arranged so that the operator can move all the rheostats at once, 
 if desired, thus producing a gradual brightening or dimming of the lights. 
 This is done by the large lever at the right of the switchboard. Underneath 
 will be seen the fuses. At the right will be noticed a number of small switches. 
 These control the jnlot lights which are fastened at the top of the switchboard. 
 These pilot lights show the exact condition of every light both in the house and 
 on the stage; and the electrician, who has absolute control over all the lights 
 from the great switchboard, can see at a glance what lights he has on, whether 
 red, blue, yellow, or white, and their brightness. The footlights, Avhich are 
 between the conductor and the curtain, are provided with fifty candle-power 
 lamps. The drop scenes, and especially the borders, are lighted by means 
 of what are called border lights. The border lights consist of a batten 
 which runs clear across the stage and which is suspended from the grid- 
 iron by means of wire ropes. Tlie batten is backed with a tin reflector. 
 There are two hnndrod and thirty-four lamps in each of the border lights, 
 which are eight in nuiubor. The electric lamps are of thirty-two candle- 
 power, and arc arranged alternately in coloi's of red. Avliito, l)luo. and yellow. 
 It is, of course, [)ossiblc for two of the colors to he tui'UfMl on at once if (k-sired.
 
 BEHIXD THE SCENES OF AN OPERA HOUSE. 263 
 
 Any degree of brightness may be obtained by maniinilating the rheostats on 
 the switchboard. 
 
 Tbe cables for furnif^hiiig tlie electricity for the border lights are attached 
 at the level of the lii'st ily gallery on the right side, or tlie side opposite to 
 the working fly gallery. The border lights are usually maintained at a height 
 just above the first fly gallery. In case of any breakdown in tlie electrical 
 system, gas is provided for the borders and the footlights, the burners being 
 secured to the battens of the border lights the same as the electric lights. 
 Rubber tubes which furnish the supply of gas are attached on the same side 
 as the electric cal^le. At the sides of the proscenium opening are what are 
 called ''side lights." They are one hundred in nimiber, and are of sixteen 
 candle-power. They are provided in the four colors already mentioned. 
 Fp in the first fly gallery, at the side of the border liglits, are eighteen arc- 
 light projectors, nine to the side, seven of which are Avhat are called "open 
 boxes,"" that is, they have a ground-glass front, and two of them are provided 
 with lenses and are called '"lens boxes." These arc liglits take the place of 
 the old calcium lights, and are better and more economical. The wings are 
 lighted by what are called "bunch lights," several incandescent lights being 
 placed in front of a reflector. They are supported by a standard. The electric 
 light can be obtained at nearly all parts of the stage from boxes which are pro- 
 vided with an iron cover. Gas may also be had for use in various effects. 
 In some operas, as many as a thousand incandescent lights maybe going on the 
 stage at one time, in addition to the arc-light projectors already referred to. 
 There is little wonder that under this intense light the ordinary complexion is 
 paled, and artifice is required to come to the aid of nature. There are about 
 nine thousand incandescent lights in the entire house, although they are not all 
 used at one time. Every part of the house is beautifully lighted, even to the 
 cellars. 
 
 When the Opera House is used for balls, splendid chandeliers are used, which 
 are stored in the cellar when not in use. The whole stage and orchestra are 
 boarded over, making a superb ballroom. The Opera House does not have its 
 own plant for generating electricity. It is all obtained from the street circuit. 
 It is believed that there is less risk of a breakdown or from fire than if an 
 isolated plant was provided. Electricity is i;sed in many of the effects and for 
 running the ventilating fans and the elevators. 
 
 \Ylien the house Avas rebuilt after the fire, the gas table made way for the 
 switchboard. The complicated gas plot is not used at the present time at the 
 Opera House, the electrician carrying the lighting in his mind, the effects 
 being determined upon at the rehearsal. Much of the lighting depends on 
 "cues;" thus, in the first act of "Siegfried," when Wotan appears in the 
 mouth of the cave, this is the signal for light being turned on him with a pro- 
 jector; and further on, wdien lie strikes the stage with his spear, white light is 
 thrown on him. 
 
 The electrical organ at the ^letropolitan Opei-a House is interesting. The 
 organ itself is fixed in the first fly gallery on the right, but it may be jtlayed
 
 264: JfAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 from any part of the stage. At the extreme right of the stage is the organ 
 trap. When it is wished to use the organ either for rehearsal or for a per- 
 formance, tlie keyboard is raised by the trap and carried to any part of the 
 stage, a large cable carrying the wire whicli rnns up to the organ. This 
 arrangement gives great satisfaction. 
 
 Every precaution is taken to guard against fire, which once played such havoc 
 with the Opera House. Lines of hose are on every floor, and automatic 
 
 PAINTING SCENERY FROM THE PAINT BRlDCiK. 
 
 sprinklers are in all of the rooms. Axes and flre-hooks are disposed at frequent 
 intervals. A fireman is on the stage at all the performances, and the men are 
 carefully trained in a fire drill. The asbestos curtain affords absolute protec- 
 tion to the audience, as even a fire of the most serious character in the '' back 
 of the house" would give the most ani[)lo time for all of the audience to get 
 out comfortably. It may be di-o])])('(l cither from the flies or the stage. It is 
 lowered at night as a precaution. 
 
 'I'hc paint bridgi; is a \\n\o. ])lutl'orni at tJic Irvel of tlic first fly gallery, 
 ami furnishes a means of communication lictween the two flv galleries. The
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OF AN OPERA HOUSE. 265 
 
 canvas which is to be painted is run up the side of the paint bridge. The 
 scenic artist thus has access to all parts of the canvas. On the paint bridge 
 are long tables covered with large earthenware dishes in which the paint 
 is kept. The visitor Avill probably be surprised to see the enormous cpiantity 
 of color which is used in painting scenery; the color is mixed with a size. 
 At the Metropolitan the scenery is painted by daylight, but it can also be 
 liglited artificially by incandescent lights. The production of a new opera 
 necessitates the making of large quantities of scenery. 
 
 The property-rooms are most interesting. Here you may see Siegfried's 
 anvil, his forge, Wotan's spear, the Lohengrin swan, or the '' Rheingold; " 
 while under the second fly gallery will be seen the parts of "Fafner," the 
 dragon in " Siegfried," which will be described in another chapter. The armory 
 is a room containing a vast collection of helmets, casques, breastplates, swords, 
 spears, lanterns, daggers, etc. ; while in a case lighted by electricity are the 
 splendid jewels, crowns, etc., which make such an effective appearance when 
 seen on the stage. Here will also be found a model of the old dragon 
 which was burned up iji the fire. Hung up on one side of the wall is an ele- 
 phant's head with a trunk which is freely flexible, and in tlie next room will be 
 found the head of a camel Avhich winks his eyes. In here are also stored the 
 shields and weapons which the great artists use when they impersonate North- 
 ern gods and warriors. Under the property master's charge are modeling- 
 rooms and carpenter shops. 
 
 The day on which the opera is to be performed the property master gets out 
 all of the things which will be needed in the production. They are carefully 
 stowed away convenient to the stage, or upon it, so that they may be brought 
 to their proper place without a moment's delay. AVhen it is considered that 
 the size of the objects varies from the dragon to a pack of cards, it will be seen 
 that there is a great chance of forgetting something; but should this occur, 
 everything is arranged so that the error can be remedied with the smallest loss 
 of time. With properties, as with stage carpentry, everything depends upon 
 invention, and for every new opera the property master is obliged to devise new 
 properties and new effects for which he has often no precedent. 
 
 When the curtain falls for good after the encores, the stage machinist 
 blows a sharp blast on his whistle, and as if by magic all the singers and 
 the chorus who have not gone already, leave the stage, and their places are 
 taken by a swarm of stage hands. The fly men raise the drops and the 
 borders out of the way, while the men on the stage take away the mova- 
 bles and the set scenes. 'J'he wing scenes are unfastened and are placed at 
 the sides of the stage temporarily, while the new set scenes are brought out 
 and take their place. If rising ground is to be made, the men raise the trap 
 doors and, reaching underneath the bridges, haul them up to the jiroper height 
 and secure them with 2)ins. Then canvas to represent the ground is placed 
 over the front of the stage and u}) over the broken ground. Rocks and trees 
 of papier waclie and canvas are brought in and placed in position. If any 
 things like chandeliers are used, ropes are dropped from the gridiron to
 
 266 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 secure them at the proiier height. The stage machinist stands in the middle of 
 the stage and gives an order now and then to some of the men, the scenes and 
 the drops and borders are raised or lowered, or the set scenes straightened until 
 all are iu order and able to pass the critical eyes of tlie machinist and the 
 stage manager. All of this is done without confusion, so carefully is every man 
 trained in his duties. Then calls are sent to the various dressing-rooms, and 
 the chorus or " supers " are brought out and placed in position. When every- 
 thing is in readiness, and the proper time has arrived, according to the music, 
 the prompter, from his little box under the stage, gives a signal which is 
 transmitted to the fly men, who wind away on the windlasses and raise the 
 curtain. It might naturally be supjjosed that all is now quiet at the back 
 and sides of the stage, but this is not always the case; the wings and the stage 
 back of the last drojj are filled with those Avho are to go on next, and one 
 may encounter Sicilian bandits, jieasants. Northern gods, or the inemiere dan- 
 seuse nervously 2^i"icticing her stejas Avith the master of the ballet. The 
 favored visitor is allowed to walk around in this new world without being 
 molested, and the opera as seen from the floor of the stage or from the " flies " 
 is a sight never to be forgotten. 
 
 After any one has viewed the ^Ji'od notion of an elaborate opera from behind 
 the scenes he will never again be in the slightest degree annoyed by the length 
 of the entr'acte. The only wonder is that the elaborate scenes can be gotten 
 ready in the fifteen or twenty minutes which elapse between the falling of the 
 curtain at the close of one act and the raising of the curtain at the beginning 
 of the next act; and it must be remembered that the artists are frequently the 
 canse of the delay. 
 
 The dressing-rooms at the Metropolitan are not luxurious, but often the 
 artists fix them up attractively. The dressing-rooms for the supers, chorus, 
 and ballet are, of course, large. 
 
 Few of those who hear the first production of a new opera realize that the 
 successful performance is the result not only of the singing of celebrities and 
 perfect orchestration, but also of the patient care which has been bestowed 
 upon the opera for months by the stage manager and those wlio have helped 
 liim. 
 
 When tlie director of the opera company decides to produce a new opera the 
 libretto is given to those who are charged with the construction of scenery, 
 costumes, and properties. The first thing to be avoided is the gross anachron- 
 isms which are so often seen upon even the stages of first-class theaters. The 
 examples of chronological errors Avhich might be cited are almost eiulless, and 
 for interesting examples the reader is referred to "Pictorial Art on the 
 Stage," by E. AV. and E. 11. Blashfield, in the ''Century,'^ vol. xxxv. At 
 the present time celebrated artists are often engaged to make drawings of the 
 scenes and costumes. Tlie results obtained for spoken dramas by Mr. Frank 
 Millet and Mr. Hamilton Bell are noteworthy. If artists are not engaged to 
 do the work it is enirusted to carefully ti'ained spociiilists. '^rhey first con- 
 sult l>ooks of costume and woi'ks bearing upon the i)eriod which is to be illus-
 
 BEHIND THE SCENES OF AN OPERA HOUSE. 267 
 
 trated. These matters are discussed by the director, and the designs are modi- 
 tied if necessary. The scenic artist is then called in to sketch and model 
 the scenery. He lias a miniature stage on the scale of half an inch to a foot. 
 Little scenes are made for it of pasteboard, and carefully 2)ainted. They are 
 placed in position, and are modified from time to time, as required. It is really 
 Avonderful to the layman to see how many things have to be taken into consid- 
 eration in modeling a scene. The number of persons npon the stage, the proper- 
 ties, the music, and the difficulties of setting the scenes, all have to be most 
 carefully considered, as well as arrangements for traveling on the road. 
 Finally the miniature stage with all its properties is fully equipped, then the 
 whole force at the disposal of the stage manager is set to work to prepare 
 costumes, projierties, and scenery. All possible care must be taken to insure 
 the projoer effects of color when the costumes and scenery are brought into 
 juxtaposition. Frequently over two hundred and fifty costumes must be 
 made for a single opera, so that the costume-rooms of an opera house resemljle 
 a mammoth dressmaking and tailoring establishment. It is no small task to 
 preserve the thousands of costumes from dust and moths. Before each per- 
 formance all the costumes required must be gotten out, brushed, and placed 
 in tlie proper dressing-rooms. All repairs are made to the garments before 
 putting them away again. The number of properties which are required for 
 an opera is frequently several hundred, and they are of all sizes, from finger 
 rings to immense constructions which require the united efforts of a dozen 
 me?i to move them. It is naturally to be supposed that j)npier mncJ/eand plas- 
 ter of paris are two of the most valuable adjuncts of the property master's art. 
 Probably nothing it] the way of an opera requires such Yankee ingenuity as 
 does the office of property master. "We have not space to go into the subject 
 of rehearsals and how the final production of the opera is accomplished, but 
 we shall endeavor to give a few examples in the next chapter of how some of 
 the effects are produced. 
 
 Before taking up the minor stage effects, as well as those which might be 
 called ■' theater secrets," we will first describe some interesting old stages, then 
 stage effects in which the entire stage is required for the production of a certain 
 effect. In leaving the subject of opera it is only fair to say that the enormous 
 expense attending the maintenance of the opera house itself, the cost of proper- 
 ties, lighting, etc., to say nothing of the remarkable salaries of the singers, 
 really warrants the exaction of what are seemingly high prices. Opera is such 
 an education to music lovers that it is unfortunate that it cannot receive such 
 financial aid from the state that its success under good management will be 
 assured. On the Continent every care is taken to foster the opera. In Paris, 
 we believe, the government allots an annual subvention of 8U0,0U0 francs.
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 SOME EEMARKABLE STAGES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. 
 
 AN ELECTRIC CURTAIN. 
 
 AVe present au engraving of the electric drop scene of the Comedie Fran- 
 9aise, at Paris. The curtain is held by five ropes, n, which pass oyer pulleys, o, 
 at the upper part, and wind round a wooden drum, B, to which motion is given 
 in one direction or the other in order to cause the curtain to rise or descend. 
 Such motion is obtained by the aid of a belt connected with an electrical shunt 
 motor, F; a counterpoise, D, held by a rope which passes around a drum, assures 
 an equilibrium at every point. It is an easy matter to maneuver the curtain 
 by means of the motor, the curtain being raised as required. Three dif- 
 ferent velocities in descent and two in ascent are obtained. The maximum 
 velocity of descent is five feet per second, the medium is three feet six inches, 
 and minimum is three feet five inches. The velocities of ascent are respectively 
 two and one- half and three and one-half feet per second. This was, we 
 believe, the 2>ioiieer of all theater curtains which were w'orked by electricity. 
 There have been many since. 
 
 THE FAN-DROP CURTAIN. 
 
 In Japanese ballets a large fan is sometimes used in place of a drop curtain, 
 and in some of the Paris cafes: a fan is also used, as this enables them to make 
 evasion of the law relating to theatrical perfornumces. We present an engrav- 
 ing showing the fan at the Paris Opera House, in a ballet called "Ze Reve'''' 
 (The Dream). 
 
 It scarcely differs in principle from an oidiiiary fan, but the sticks are 
 twenty-three feet in length; that is to say, two stoi'ies high. There are in all 
 ten sticks that revolve around the same axis (letter K in our second engraving). 
 They are connected by strips of canvas of the sainc; width. The two extreme 
 sticks, A and 1^, and the two center ones, C! and D, are ])rolonged beneath the 
 axis of rotation. It is these four sticks only that are acted upon in order to 
 open and (dose the fan. Othoi's |»arti('i]):it(' in Ihcir motion through arcs of 
 iron which connect one with tlie other. The inunuuvering apparatus is readily
 
 ELKCTIilC DKUl' SCKNK OK THE (O.MEDIK KKAN(;aI!<E.
 
 270 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC D I V IJRSloNS. 
 
 understood by reference to our engraving, the ropes from the four working 
 sticks of the fan running over windLasses. The fan is arranged in advance 
 
 FIG. 1.— VIKW OK THK FAN AT THK I'AKTS OPEKA HOU8E. 
 
 under the stage. In the middle of the first act it is mounted vertically, all 
 closed, upon the stage, behind the streamer which completely hides the maneu- 
 
 AIM'AlJATrs FOli MANEUVEUINO THE FAN. 
 
 ver. The fan is manipulated by two men, one at each windlass; moreover, 
 the work is facilitated by the use of cables, provided with counterpoises, which
 
 SOME REMARKABLE STAGES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. 211 
 
 are hooked above to the four principal sticks and pass over guide pulleys 
 placed in a semicircle. The cables are concealed behind a decoration repre- 
 senting foliage which hides the edges of the fan. 
 
 AN ELEVATOR THEATER STAGE. 
 
 We present an engraving of the theater stage of the jVEadison Square The- 
 ater, New York City, which shows a remarkable advance in stage management. 
 The first movable stage is probably that which the late Steele Mackaye patented 
 in 1869. The details of Mackaye's patent were not completely worked out, 
 but this was done by jMr. Nelson Waldron, the stage machinist, who elaborated 
 the system and obtained a patent on it. The stage in the theater we refer to is 
 moved up and down in the same manner as an elevator car, and is operated so 
 that either of its divisions can be easily and quickly brought to the proper level 
 in front of the auditorium. This enables the stage hands to get one scene ready 
 while the other one is in view of the audience. The shaft through which the 
 huge elevator moves up and down measures one hundred tind fourteen feet 
 from the roof to the bottom. The stages are moved up and down in a com- 
 jmct, two-floored structure of timber strapped with iron, and knitted together 
 with truss-beams above and below, and substantially bound by tie and tension 
 rods. The whole construction is fifty-five feet high and twenty-two feet wide 
 and thirty-one feet deej), and weighs about forty-eight tons. A vertical 
 movement of the structure or car is twenty-five feet two inches at each change. 
 The car is suspended at each corner by two steel cables, each of which would 
 be capable of supjiorting the entire structure. These cables pass upward over 
 sheaves or pulleys set at different angles, and thence downward to a saddle to 
 which they are all connected. Secured to this saddle is a hoisting cable attached 
 to a hoisting drum, by the rotation of which the stage is raised or lowered. 
 Only about forty seconds ai'e required to raise or lowei' the stage in i)osition, 
 and the entire structure is moved by four men at the winch. The movement is 
 effected without sound, jar, or vibration, owing to the balancing of the stage 
 and its weight with counterweights, which are suspended from the saddle to 
 which the cables supporting the stage are attached. 
 
 The borders and border lights are supplied to each of the movable 
 stages, and each stage has its own trap floor, with traps and guides and wind- 
 lasses for raising the traps. The space for operating the windlass uiuler the 
 top stage is about six feet. Our illustration shows that while the jilay is pro- 
 ceeding before the audience, the stage hands are setting the scene on the stage 
 above.
 
 .STAdK UK TIIK MADISON SC^IJAUK TIIKATKK, NKW YOIiK ( ITY.
 
 BOME REMARKAbLE STAGES, ANCIENT ANT) MODERN. 273 
 
 SOME REMARKABLE AMERICAN STA(iE 1 \ \ EM'loNS. 
 
 The fact that there have been many important ami l)rilliant inventions 
 relating to stages made by Americans has been overlooked, and nearly all of the 
 literature of the subject does not consider them at all. 'J'his is probably owing 
 to the fact that in many cases the inventions have been i)lanned" out on so 
 large a scale they can hardly bo nsed, and, unfortunately, they usually exist 
 only on paper. Still, ^ve cannot help but admire the genius of such men as 
 Steele Mackaye, whose inventions in this line were most remarkable, and to 
 whom we have already referred in reference to the elevator stage. AVe now 
 purpose to describe one of the most gigantic affairs that was ever devised for 
 obtaining scenic effects. It was intended for the " Spectatorium "' at the 
 World's Fair at Chicago, in 1803. It will be remembered that the unfinished 
 building was just outside the lower end of the Fair gronnds. Unfortunately 
 the scheme Avas not carried out. 
 
 In brief, Mr. Mackaye's idea was to increase realism in the jierformances, 
 and, at the same time, lessen the time of the waits between the scenes. To 
 this end he devised means for producing various scenic effects in imitation of 
 natural or other scenery, with sjiecial reference to the proper presentation 
 of important historical or other events, as, for instance, the discovery of 
 America by Columbus or the burning of Rome by Nero. liis arrangements 
 permitted of the exhibition of various occurrences, either on land or water, in 
 such a manner as to give the effect of the actual occurrence. Thus, near and 
 distant moving objects were to be moved at different rates of speed for the 
 production of perspective moving scenic effects. Ilis invention consisted 
 primarily of the combination of movable stages adapted to support and carry 
 the scenic arrangements and properties or persons. The building might, of 
 course, be of any desired form ; a proscenium wall or arch was to be provided, 
 and Mr. Macka3"e devised an adjustable proscenium openijig to meet the vari- 
 ous requirements of the drama. Back of the proscenium arch was a series of 
 stages which could be made in any desii'ed shape and fitted to support and carry 
 scenes, properties, or persons. They were provided with rollers or wheels and 
 ran on tracks or floated on tanks. These stages, or cars, as they might be termed, 
 were to be moved over a track which was really a segment of a circle. In order 
 to save space the cars were so arranged that they would telescopic. As already 
 mentioned, the cars could be driven at any rate of ' S])eed; thus, where there 
 were four concentric stages, the one the furthest away from the audience could 
 be moved much slower than the one nearest the spectators. Electric luotors and 
 cables Avere to haul the moving stages over the curved tracks, or guideways. 
 Ample facilities were to be provided for the use of vessels; the various tracks 
 on which ran the scenic car being arranged so that they could be flooded with- 
 out interfering with the moving of the scenes. 
 
 Waves were to be produced by what was known as a " wave maker," con.si.-i- 
 ing of a plate pivoted to a reciprocating frame which Avorks in guideways 
 18
 
 214 MAGlV: STAdl'J ILIA'SJONS AND SCIhJNTlFK! I)J \ KJ.'SlONS. 
 
 fitted within clianuel bars, -vvliich are secured to plates forming a canal con- 
 nected with the curved water ways or channels. The wave plates were to be 
 connected by a pitman rod to the crank wheel or shaft of an electric motor. 
 When it was desired to give the effect of waves upon the surface of the water 
 contained in the reservoir of the foundation floor of the scenic department 
 which overspreads this department to sufficiently conceal the tracks in the 
 water channel, the wave maker could be set in motion by the operator or 
 prompter turning on the current to the motor. Channels, conduits, sluices, 
 and gates were to'be provided to cause the water to flow from one channel into 
 another. The current was to be made by spiral blades or archimedean screws 
 jonrnaled in proper supports and geared to electric or other suitable motors. 
 The rotary motion was to be imparted to the blades to force the water through 
 the clninnel and thereby produce a cnrreut. 
 
 Powerful electric fans were to be provided for the purpose of forming cur- 
 rents of air for producing the effect of a gale of wind blowing in either direc- 
 tion, and a motor in the dome over the scene would permit of the currents of 
 air descending, ascending, or moving in a rotary course, so that the effect of a 
 stiff gale, a hurricane, or a cyclone could be produced. The air could also be 
 sent through flexible tubes, so. that it could be guided in any desired directioii. 
 
 Mr. Mackaye had several other devices, also, for prodncing atmospheric 
 effects upon the stage. What he termed "' cloud creators," or " nebulators," 
 consisted essentially of a clond cloth having the cloud forms of shadows placed 
 thereon and adapted to move in front of an illuminating lamp so as to cast the 
 cloud shadows over the landscape or scenic arrangement, or produce the effect 
 of moving clouds upon a sky foundation or other surface. The cloud cloth 
 may consist of any suitable material, on which may be placed various cloud 
 effects or forms, the cloth being secured to a sliding frame or fitted over rollers, 
 so as to move in proximity to an illuminating coloring device, from which light 
 may pass through the trans])arent or semi-transparent material on which the 
 cloud effects or shadows are placed so as to cast the shadows upon the scenic 
 arrangements or sky foundations, thereby imitating clouds moving through the 
 sky, or cloud shadows moving over land and water. Rain was provided for by 
 a series of perforated pii^es connected with a water supply, so that a gentle rain 
 or a hard shower could be jiroduced. These pipes were to cross the stage, being 
 secured to the fly galleries. The fog producer consisted of a trough contain- 
 ing lime. This trough, which was suspended from the fly galleries and the 
 roof, was to be lowered into another tank, slacking the lime, and thus forming 
 a fog, the wind-making permitting of the lifting or the dissipating of the fog. 
 A whole series of the " nebulators," " umbrators," and fog and rain producers 
 was arranged for, the patent drawings showing six. The audience could see 
 nothing of the mechanism, as each w.'is masked by borders. The scenes, with 
 Mr. ^lackaye's system of lighting, could be painted in their natural color, 
 the high lights not needing to be emphasized as in ordinary scene painting. 
 
 Another curious inventio)i is what Mr. j\Iackaye was ])leased to term a "lux- 
 auleator. " It was a stage appliance which was intended to prevent the audi-
 
 SOME JiE.VARh'ABLE STAGES. ANCIEyT AXD MODERX. 27o 
 
 eiice from witueissiiig the operations or movements of the actors behind the 
 {)roscenium opening between t]ie acts or when it was desired to shift or rearrange 
 stage scenery. Tlie invention consisted of a series of lights, set in backings or 
 reflectors, phiced in the form of a border or other suitable arrangement around 
 the proscenium opening so as to tlirow the space in the rear of the opening 
 into complete shade while flooding tlie other space, as the auditorium, in front 
 of the opening, with rays of liglit. and so crossing each other and blending in 
 such a manner as to intercept all sight of anything that may be placed or 
 moved in the shaded portion of the stage. By this means the ordinary drop 
 curtain may be dispensed with. and. at the same time, it renders it unnecessary 
 to extinguish the light in the auditorium when removing or shifting stage 
 scenery. This was tried in a model and was found to be satisfactory. In 
 view of Mr. ]\Iackaye's remarkable invention, it can never be said that 
 America is behind England and the Continent in the matter of stage business, 
 and the inventions of iMackaye are representative ones of a whole class of 
 American inventors, although their work was perhaps not so brilliant as 
 his. 
 
 Another interesting theatrical construction is that of Mr. Claude L. Hagen, 
 the master nuichinist of the Fifth Avenue TJieater, Xew York City. In brief, 
 the invention provides for a building preferably of circular form, in the center 
 of which is a circular pit or cistern provided with an entrance which may be 
 used by carriages and persons on foot. This entrance is provided with a 
 lock gate which can be closed, so that the cistern or pit can be tilled with 
 Avater for aquatic purposes. The pit can also be used for a circus ring, 
 horse show, etc., or can be filled with chairs, or used for a standing audi- 
 ence or promenade; the center may be occupied by an electric fountain. 
 
 From the edge of the pit rise the tiers of seats and boxes in a similar 
 form to that of the Coliseum at Rome. The stage is designed to permit of a 
 series of tableaux or pictures being built permanently, so that it will not be 
 necessary to resort to the scene painter's art to give light and shadow. There 
 are no borders or overhead scenery, but the light is arranged to move iu the 
 same manner as the sun, surrounded with large cylinders of glass so covered as 
 to cause the lights on the scenes to be the same as in nature. 
 
 The proscenium opening is at one end of the circular building, and the 
 circular stage surrounds the entire auditorium, revolving into the empty space 
 underneath the tiers of seats and boxes. The space underneath the tracks in 
 which the stage runs being used as an arcade, connection with the lower por- 
 tion of the tiers is by means of stairways at the foot of each aisle, there being 
 similar exits midway of the aisle, connected with drawbridges to the stairways 
 on the exterior of the building. The top of the tiers of seats opens on to a wide 
 promenade which connects with a roof garden or rafe on the portion of the 
 building over the stage, behind the jiroseenium aisle. Entrance to this prom- 
 enade is made by means of endless traveling stairways which form parts of a 
 broad stairway. The moving stairway in case of accident is automatically 
 locked with and into the solid portion of the stairway, thereby forming an
 
 276 MAGW: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ample means of egress. The arrangement for the stage is of great interest, as 
 the scenes can be built in the most elaborate manner, and the effect is, of 
 course, far more realistic where real earth, trees, fences, etc., can be used. 
 Where a piece is to have a long run, as a spectacular performance, this added 
 realism will prove of great value, and the labor and time which is expended in 
 preparing the stage for each performance will be saved; for at the termination 
 of the scene the electric motors or other sources of power are put into motion, 
 the entire stage is rotated, and the next scene is moved in front of the prosce- 
 nium aisle. 
 
 A portion of the revolving stage consists of a tank filled with water, so that 
 marine scenes with ships and boats can be produced. For example : in case a 
 drama of "Columbus" was to be produced, Columbus is discovered bidding 
 his friends fareweU on the shores of Sj)ain ; he then gets into his boat, and the 
 stage is caused to slowly revolve, bringing into view his ship. The land then 
 disappears from view, and this is succeeded by scenes of the voyage, storms, 
 etc. Then the floating branch of the tree is discovered; then the coast of 
 America appears; then the disembarkment takes place; and this is followed by 
 the journey into the interior. Of course, the movement of the stage can be 
 reversed, and the return journey made. 
 
 The circular stage platform can at any time be cleared of all its appurte- 
 nances, and the stage can be used as a race track, being caused to move in a 
 direction opposite to that in which the horses run, and at such a speed as to keep 
 the horses in view through tl)e proscenium opening. Thus, the whole course 
 of a steeple chase, a hurdle or other race, or even a fox hunt, can be shown to 
 an audience, with the fences, walls, waterways, and other scenery moving in the 
 most natural manner. The whole plan seems to have great flexibility, and it 
 is to be hoped that at some time one of these interesting buildings will be built. 
 
 A EEVOLVING STAGE. 
 
 For some years past the ])ublic has been demanding more and more realistic 
 representations of plays. Managers have found great difficulty in satisfying 
 this demand, owing to the time required to set elaborate scenery. The public 
 Avill not stand long waits, whicii are often sufficient to cause the failure of a 
 play or opera. These delays are bad enough between the acts, but in plays 
 or operas which necessitate changes of scene during the acts, the waits be- 
 come well nigh unbearable ; and many of the works of Scliiller, Goethe, and 
 Shakespeare become well nigh monstrosities, as many of them are divided 
 into interminable acts aiul scenes. This difficulty has been sometimes avoided 
 by the use of an elevating stage such as we have just described, or by the 
 so-called '' Sliakcs})eare stage," in which the front part of the stage remains 
 unchanged, while on the raised rear stage different scenes succeed one another.
 
 CHA.NUE FKUM TlIK THIRD TO TUE FOUKTH SCENE OF THE FIltST ACT OF " DON Jl AN.
 
 278 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 This is regarded as eminently nnsatisfactory. Baron von Perfall, manager of 
 the Munich Theater, ji^blished a book setting forth his ideas in regard to the 
 thorough transformation of the stage as it then existed. The manager of 
 the royal stage in Munich made a practical and successful test of the inven- 
 tion of Herr Lautenschlager, the mechanical director of the Royal Theater of 
 Bavaria. The revolving stage was used in a representation of Mozart's " Don 
 Juan." When the nature of the invention first became known, many people 
 associated it with a device used on Japanese stages, which consists of a revolving 
 platform in the center of the stage, a similar device being employed in Amer- 
 ica and England for displaying "living pictures; " but this arrangement has 
 only a superficial resemblance to the revolving stage we are considering. The 
 arrangement nsed at the Court Theater at Munich is essentially as follows: 
 
 On the ordinary stage floor is placed a revolving disk, or platform, wliicli 
 raises the floor slightly. This circular platform is fifty-two feet five inches in 
 diameter, and presents not quite a quarter of a circle to the pi'oscenium open- 
 ing, which is thirty-two feet nine inches wide. It turns on rollers that run on 
 a circular track ; the revolving mechanism is driven by electricity. If a scene 
 is set on the quarter circle presented to tlie audience — perhaps a closed room 
 of considerable depth — something similar can be arranged on the opposite side 
 of the platform whicli opens to the rear of the stage, as well as on the other 
 quarters, so that four different scenes are set on the stage at the same time. 
 For a play of four acts, requiring a different setting for each act, all four 
 scenes can be jn-epared beforehand, and at the end of the first act the stage is 
 turned a quarter of a circle (which requires about ten or eleven seconds), and 
 the scene desired for the ]ie.\'t act is presented to the audience; and so on at the 
 end of each act. In case three changes Avere required in one act, after tlie por- 
 tion of the stage occupied by the first scene had been turned away from the 
 audience, it would be cleared and set for the first scene of the next act. The 
 scenes need not be limited to representations of closed rooms; any desired 
 scene can be set on the turning stage, and, if necessary, the whole stage can 
 be used the same as any ordinary stage. Difficulties will occur only when two 
 scenes requiring great depth — for instance, two landscapes witli distant views — 
 follow one another. But llerr Lautenschlager has shown that even these diffi- 
 culties can be overcome by setting the scene along the radius of the circular 
 stage so that the portion used decreases considerably toward the rear, and in 
 this way he gains the entire depth of the stage for another scene. Much more 
 of the artistic element enters into the setting of a stage of this kind than of a 
 stage that is set on straight lines. 
 
 The reader will understand the above al'tei- an examination of the accom- 
 panying ])lans, Mhieh show the stage set for tlie third and fourth scenes of tlie 
 first act of *• ])on Juan." The third scene shows Don Juan's gardeji, in 
 which the peasants invited to i\\o fete gather and the maskers meet. This is 
 changed to the liall in wliicli tiic first act closes. As sliown l)y the ])lan, 
 (!onsideral)le de[)th was retjuired for this sceiu". Our large illustration shows 
 iiow this change is accomplished, or how it would appear if darkness did not
 
 5280 MAGIC: STAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 prevail wlien the stage was being turned. Before the garden had completely 
 disapjieared, a portion of the liall would be visible, with all the life and motion, 
 the dancers, and the gaily dressed crowd of guests. 
 
 The " under machiuery " — the traps, chariots, bridges, etc. — are worked in 
 various ways, and they are as accessible and as easily managed as in the ordi- 
 nary stage. The overhead work is about the same as in any other modern iron 
 tlieater. 
 
 A stage of this kind, constructed of iron, and equi])ped with electrical driv- 
 ing devices, wonld meet the most exacting requirements of the present age. 
 The success of Herr Lautenschlager's plan in the JVIunich Theater gives ground 
 for the hope that it will soon be adopted in other theaters. 
 
 The inventor of this stage, Karl Lantenschlager, was thoroughly educated 
 as an engineer, and has had so much experience in the management of the 
 mechanical devices of different theatres that he is admirably fitted to plan a 
 thoroughly practical stage which meets the entire approval of those interested 
 in "stage reform." 
 
 A revolving stage was patented by an American, Mr. Charles A. Needham, 
 in 1883. It certainly seems to contain the germ of Herr Lautenschlager's in- 
 vention. A Mexican, J. llcrrera y Gutierrez, of the City of Mexico, invented 
 in 1892 a theatrical arrangement in wliich the conditions of the revolving stage 
 are reversed. In the center of a circular building were five andifcoriums form- 
 ing a circle which was capable of turning. The stages were rectangular and 
 siiri'ounded the auditoriums. A different scene was set upon each, and the 
 auditoriums were turned, facing each scene in turn. 
 
 THE ''ASPHALEIA" STAGE. 
 
 In some theaters there is a whole series of traps worked by hydraulic 
 power. These traps are capable of raising a whole section of the stage if 
 desired. In the so-called " Asphaleia" stage — in which each trap goes right 
 across the stage and is divided into three parts, each of which rests on the 
 plunger of a hydraulic press, so that it can be raised and lowered either inde- 
 pendently or simultaneously with the rest of the traps in that division — the 
 whole of the floor can be raised or lowered as desired. It will be readily 
 seen that by this means a stage manager has at his disposal a very effective aid 
 in setting a large scene. Each section of the floor of the stage can be fixed 
 in an oblique position, and the traps can bo arranged one after the other so as 
 to form a succession of steps, bridges, b:ilconies, or even a sliip, in a moment, 
 with ])erfect safety, a)iil without previous pi'epara,tion. '^Phe old clumsy timber- 
 work set pieces aiul the building uj) of scenes is avoided, and tlie method of 
 working is in many ways an ideal one, but, after all, does not seem to possess 
 tlic fl(!xibility of a series of divided bridges such as are uscmI at the Metropolitan 
 OjxTu Ifouse, New ^'oi'k. The hydraulic ii-ajts jicrniitol' the easy representation
 
 THE "ASPUALEIA" STAGE, SUOWI>'G UYDKAULIC TKAPS AND HORIZON.
 
 2S2 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of uneven ground, which strengthens the jiossibility of ilhision and gives a 
 chance for a far more picturesque arrangement than is permitted on the plain 
 ordinary stage. The trap arrangement of the " Asphaleia " stage should be 
 regarded as something more than a mere arrangement of traps. • In this theater 
 it is arranged so that entire scenes can be raised and lowered through the 
 slides simultaneously. It is possible to raise up from below the stage, in view 
 of the audience, a complete scene representing a room. With these facilities 
 the waits are very much shorter. The hydraulic stage of the Chicago Audito- 
 rium is a fine example of good hydranlic work. In the "Asphaleia" stage 
 even the drop scenes are manipulated by hydraulic power from a central point. 
 The fire curtain is also actuated by a hydraulic cylinder fixed to the middle of 
 the fire curtain. Valves are provided in various parts of the stage, which per- 
 mit of dropping the curtain. For detailed information concerning the splendid 
 stages at Halle, Buda-Pesth, and Chicago, the reader is referred to Mr. E. 0. 
 Sachs's series of articles on '' Modern Theater Stages," in " Engineering" for 
 October 23d and November 13, 189G, and to his monumental books upon the 
 same subject. 
 
 In our engraving it will be noticed that the horizon is represented by a can- 
 vas background like a panorama. In the "Asphaleia" theater the back of the 
 stage is much wide)', as compared Avith the opening of the proscenium, than 
 it is in ordinary theaters. Its whole area is surrounded by a continuous cloth 
 scene, on which there is painted a sky called the horizon, which runs from the 
 back of the stage and up each side for quite a distance. In order to produce 
 the effect of an unbroken surface the corners are rounded off very carefully so 
 that the eye of the s2)ectator is not brought up by the wings. AVith this sys- 
 tem it is no longer necessary to use so much rock and tree work, and it is quite 
 possible to represent boundless plains or the illimitable expanse of the sea. 
 This continuous horizon not only helps in the illusion, but it reaches so high 
 up that borders are no longer needed. The horizon, like the canvas in a cyclo- 
 rama, represents a uniformly illuminated surface, which gives the same impres- 
 sion as the sky. The horizon is carried by the rollers, and it may be painted 
 so that at a moment's notice the different aspects of the sky can be represented, 
 from the deep blue of Italy to the mists and fogs of the North, and from the 
 fleeciest clouds to a sky heavy with thunder. It is even possible to change, the 
 nature of the sky during the action of the play or opera. 
 
 Another very important feature of the '' Asphaleia" stage is the system of 
 lighting; gas battens and footlights arc dispensed with. In the "Asphaleia" 
 theater there is a special arrangement of the proscenium; all the lighting 
 is done from the side. There are many other interesting features of the 
 "Asphaleia" stage, which is almost entirely fireproof, and tends not only to 
 minimize the danger of fire, but also to insure the safety of the workmen and 
 artists. This form of theater stage is. of course, expensive in its initial outlay, 
 but it is niucli cJiciiiK'r in its actual woi'kJTig. ()])iiii«)ns seem to be very much 
 divided as to its niei'its; at any rate, it is a most interesting example of the 
 most modern form of entJ^ineeriny' talent beins devoted to the buildint; of a
 
 SOME REMARKABLE STAGES, AXCIENT AXl) MODEIiN. 283 
 
 tlioronglily scientific stage. M. Georges Movnet says in '' Trues el Decors,''^ 
 from which we take our engraving, that the manipuhition of the scenery at 
 Buda-Pesth is very slow and that the cellar is very damp. 
 
 We have just described the "'direct ram" system of operating traps and 
 bridges, but it will be readily seen that the space required for the rams is prac- 
 tically lost, so another system is sometimes used. This is called the " crane " 
 system. In this the bridges and traps are maneuvered by wire ropes which 
 are worked by hydraulic rams placed against the walls of the stage building. 
 Some of these systems are A^ery comjilicated, but the results are very satisfactory, 
 and are said to be economical, doing away with much handwork, especially so 
 in the day-time. 
 
 The Court Theater at AVeisbaden possesses a very novel feature. Tlie entire 
 space occupied by the musicians is really a gigantic tra]). the whole floor 
 being raised or lowered Ijy hydraulic power, noiselessly and in a moment. This 
 device was installed by llerr Fritz Brandt, of the Berlin Court Tlieater. Tlie 
 idea of having an orchestra movable was to permit of the musicians playing at 
 the bottom of the pit when the production of a Wagnerian opera was given, as 
 Wagner believed that the musicians should be out of sight. He made arrange- 
 ments at the theater at Bayreuth by Avhich the orchestra is entirely concealed 
 from view, the sound coming from the bottom of the deep orchestra well. At 
 Wiesbaden, if a small operetta is to be given, the platform for the musicians is 
 raised to tlie normal height. This arrangement is valuable in other ways, for 
 in the case of a ball the platform may be run to any height. The hydraulic 
 rams are powerful enough to raise the entire load of sixty-five musicians, so 
 that if desired the orchestra can be see-sawed up and down according to the 
 requirements of the score. The Lyceum Theater, Xcav York City, is similarly 
 equipped. 
 
 A THEATER WITH TWO AUDITORIUMS. 
 
 The people of jSTew York City have the reputation of being the most tire- 
 less theater-goers in all America; a statement which is verified by the ever- 
 increasing number of large and well-filled places of amusement. Of late 
 years the growth of tlie popularity of the style of entertainments Avhich are 
 classed under the name of "" vaudeville " has called into existence a special type 
 of theater, which, in addition to the resailation stage and auditorium, includes 
 special halls of entertainment, with lounging-rooms, rafcs, etc., and, for use 
 in the hot summer months, the inevitable roof garden. To judge from the 
 nightly programme of a first-class house of this type, the excellence of the 
 performance is measured, after its quality, by its length and variety. The 
 more rapidly the various artists can make "their exits and their entrances," 
 the more concentrated amusement can be packed into any given hour of a 
 "continuous performance." 
 
 It was with a view to enlarging the stage capacity that the proprietor of 
 Proctor's Pleasure Palace, in 'New York City, resorted to the bold expedient
 
 SOME REMARKABLE STAGES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. ^85 
 
 wliich is sliown in the illiistratioii on i)age 284, from which it will be seen 
 that a single stage is made to do duty for two separate auditoriums. The way 
 in which this was accomplished will be seen by reference to the sectional dia- 
 gram, which is taken longitudinally through tiie auditorium pro])er, the stage, 
 and the new auditorium, which is known as the Palm (jrarden, being so named 
 after the palms and tropical plants and vines with which it is decorated. The 
 part of the diagram which includes the auditorium and the stage shows the 
 construction of a typical summer theater of to-day — the cafe in the basement 
 and the roof garden being special features in a house of this kind — which intro- 
 duces no new structural features of much consequence beyond a strengthening 
 of the roof supports. Stripped of its galleries and scenery, a theater consists 
 of two four-walled structures, the auditorium being about square in plan, and 
 the stage floor about the same width as the auditorium, and half the depth. 
 Tlie walls of the stage are carried considerably higher than the roof of the 
 auditorium, in order to accommodate the drop curtains, which are hung by 
 ropes that pass over pulleys attached to what is known as the gridiron, a 
 stout framework located near the roof of the scene loft. When the drop 
 curtains are not in use they are raised clear of the proscenium, as the opening 
 from the stage to the audience is called, and hang in parallel rows as shown in 
 the diagram. Below the stage floor are shown the traps. Here, in the older 
 theaters, were frequently located the dressing-rooms of the performers, though 
 the more modern arrangement is to build them at the sides or the rear of the 
 stage. 
 
 In carrying out the idea of a double stage a hall was built immediately 
 behind the theater proper, and a proscenium arch was cut through the rear 
 wall of the stage, the floor of which was carried out into the hall and provided 
 with the regulation footlights. The new proscenium was provided with its 
 own curtain, and all that was then necessary was to paint the backs of tlie 
 existing wings and drop curtains with scenery, and the doubling of the stage 
 was complete. 
 
 The original intention was to have three or four perf(jrnuinces of such a 
 character that they would not interfere with each other going on upon the stage 
 at the same time, and during the summer months this Avas frequently done. 
 Ordinarily, however, the ciirtain opening to the palm garden is kept lowered, 
 and it is raised only during the intermissions, or when special acrobatic, gvm- 
 nastic, or animal acts are in j)rogress. A passageway leads from the audito- 
 rium to the palm garden, which are both accessible to the audience at all times. 
 
 This is the first time that such an experiment as this has been tried, and its 
 results will be watched with considerable interest. The elfect as one looks 
 through the stage may be judged from the larger engraving.
 
 SOME REMARKABLE STAGES, ANCJE^T AM) MUDERX. 
 
 281' 
 
 CURIO'S PivoTp:r) theater. 
 
 One of the most ingenious of tlie ancient theaters of which we have any 
 record is that devised by Curio, which is described by Pliny. In the Inilf cen- 
 tury before Christ, a Avealtliy Roman citizen coustrncted a theater capable of 
 holding eightv thousand persons. The stage of this theater was ornamented 
 with three hundred and sixty cohimns, and between these columns tliere were 
 in all three thousand statues. Curio not being able to do anything more mag- 
 nificent, was, according to Pliny, obliged to substitute ingenuity for extrava- 
 gance; he therefore constructed two large wooden theaters near each other, and 
 they were so arranged that each could be revolved upon a pivot. In the morn- 
 ing plays were put upon the stages of each of the theaters, the latter being 
 back to back. In the afternoon the theaters were all at once revolved so 
 as to make them face each other, the people being carried witli them. It 
 was only necessary to connect the corners of the two theaters in order to have 
 an amphitheater in Avhich gladiatorial combats might be exhibited. 
 
 It is rather extraordinary that the Romans should have allowed themselves 
 
 SECTION OF CUKIO'S riVOTKD THKATER.
 
 ^88 MAGIC: STAGE ILL US TONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 to be carried around in tliis unstable niacbiue. Tlie theater, of course, was 
 only for temporary use, but during the last day of the celebration. Curio was 
 
 obliged to change the order of 
 his magnificent entertainments, 
 since the pivots became strained 
 and out of true. The amphitlie- 
 ater form was therefore pre- 
 served. The mode in which 
 these theaters were constructed 
 has occupied the attention of 
 several learned persons. The 
 architects in the first century 
 before Christ were accustomed 
 to build wooden theaters; the 
 first stone one was built in 
 Rome by Pomjjey. It will be 
 seen that the transformation 
 due to Curio's imagination 
 might have been effected, as 
 Pliny indicates, by a rotation 
 around the pivots, P and Q, of 
 the two great theaters, Avhose 
 framework rested upon a series 
 of small wheels movable on cir- 
 cular tracks. The stages, C 
 and D, of the theaters were 
 constructed of light framework, 
 and were so arranged that they 
 could be taken down and pushed 
 back at C and D', and thus al- 
 low the two theaters to revolve 
 on their own axes so as to come face to face, while leaving between them only 
 the space necessary for rotary motion. This space was then filled with light aiul 
 movable pieces of framework, A and B, which formed on the ground floor 
 vast doors for the entrance of the gladiators, and, in tlie story above, boxes foj 
 the magistrates. 
 
 PLAN OK CUHIO S I'lVUTKD TIIKATER.
 
 SOME REMARKABLE STAGES, ANCIENT AND MODERN. 289 
 
 THE OLYMPIAN THEATER OF PALLADIO AT VICEXZA.* 
 
 The oldest permanent theater in Europe, at least of those bnilt since the 
 time of the Romans, is the Olympian Theater at Vicenza, Italy, and it is the 
 last of its race. Before considering this curious theater it ■would, perhaps, be 
 well to glance for a moment at the history of the theater in ancient and mod- 
 ern times. In the old Greek Theatre the spectators were seated in a semicircle 
 in front of a raised platform on which a fixed architectural screen was pro- 
 vided. The action took place upon this stage. The dramas of the Greeks and 
 Romans were of the simplest kind, the dialogue being simple, rhythmical, 
 and often intoned. The amphitheater, in which the seats rose in tiers, could 
 accommodate a large number of spectators. A theater with a radius of three 
 hundred feet conld seat twenty thousand spectators. The best counterparts of 
 the Greek theater are some of the concert halls which were built specially for 
 oratorios and concerts. The Greeks fully understood that the facial expression 
 of the actors Avas lost, the spectators being so far away from the scene of the 
 action of the drama. They attempted to overcome these difificulties by 
 requiring the actors to wear masks with strongly marked features, and to 
 increase their height they were provided with high-heeled shoes. The opera 
 glass in the modern theater has, of course, done away with all objections of this 
 kind. 
 
 The modern theater is the result of the blending of the old circular theater 
 of the Greeks with the rectangular theater (so-called) of the ^liddle Ages. 
 The earliest mediieval theaters in Italy and Spain consisted of courtyards Avith 
 balconies which were impressed into the service, and jilays were often per- 
 formed in churches ; but in France the climate was so bad that the tennis 
 courts were used. The trouble with the tennis court was that, owing to the 
 diflficulty of rooting a large open space, the room could be only forty or 
 fifty feet wide, and only six hundred to one thousand persoiis could see 
 and hear to advantage. The accommodations had to be increased by tiers of 
 boxes. The conch-like arrangement of classical times was soon found to be 
 unfit for a spoken dialogue, wdiich cannot be well heard more than seventy-five 
 or eighty feet away, or the expression of the actors' faces appreciated at a greater 
 distance, so that the next improvement was the roanding off of the corners of 
 the room and the multiplication of boxes, Avhich were placed tier upon tier in 
 the same manner as high office buildings ~are erected, to give increased accom- 
 modation, owing to the smallness and great value of some of our city blocks. 
 In 1075 Fontana invented the horseshoe form of theater, which has not 
 been departed from. In opera houses and lyric theaters the curve is elongated 
 into an ellipse Avitli the major axis towards the stage. In theaters for the 
 spoken drama. Avhere people must see and hear, the contrary process was neces- 
 sary and the front lioxes were brouglit near the stage. Tiie introduction of 
 
 *By Albert A. Hoi>kins, 
 19
 
 * 
 
 290 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 painted movable scenery seems to have been due to Baldassare Peruzzi, who 
 used it in 1508 in the iDroduction of " La Calandra,^^ which was played before 
 Leo X. Further improvements led to the necessity of a recessed stage with a 
 framing like that of a picture. Such is in brief the development of the modern 
 theater. 
 
 Palladio (1518-1580) was a native of Vicenza, a town in northern Italy, 
 forty-two miles west of Venice. He was an architect of the first order, and it 
 is difficult to mention any architect Avho exercised a greater influence on the men 
 of his time as well as on those who succeeded him. He was an enthusiastic 
 student of antiquity, and, fascinated by the stateliness and charm of the build- 
 ings of ancient Eome, he did not reflect that reproductions of these, even when 
 they possessed great archifiological accuracy, were often lifeless and unsuited to 
 the uses of the sixteenth century. His writings and architectural work ren- 
 dered it easy for those who came after him to reproduce buildings which were 
 faultless in their details, but which were cramped, formal, and cold. The Oer- 
 tosa of Pavia would have been impossible in London, yet under the inspiration 
 of Palladio, Sir Christopher Wren was enabled to construct in London the 
 Cathedral of St. Paul, which would have done honor to the great Italian master 
 himself. 
 
 Palladio died before the theater at Vicenza was completed, and it was fin- 
 ished, though not altogether after the original design, by his pupil and fellow- 
 citizen, Scamozzi. It was an attempt to reproduce the classic theaters of 
 Greece and Eome, and his friends assisted him by sending designs of antique 
 buildings to help him. It consists of an auditorium under an awning in the 
 form of a semi-ellipse, it not being possible, from the narrowness of the situ- 
 ation, to use a semicircle. Its greater diameter is ninety-seven and one-half 
 feet, and its lesser as far as the stage is fifty-seven and one-half feet. Fourteen 
 ranges of seats for the spectators follow the curve of the ellipse. At the 
 summit of these receding steps, or seats, is a corridor of the Corinthian 
 order, which, from the narrowness of the ground, could not be detached from 
 the outer wall at all places. Palladio therefore filled up the nine center and 
 the three external columnations, Avhere the statues touch the external wall, with 
 pieces of statuary. The orchestra is five feet below the seats. The scene, which 
 is sixty feet broad, is an architectural composition of two orders of the Corin- 
 thian style superimposed, which are surmounted in turn with a liglit and well- 
 proportioned attic. On the stylobate of the second story are placed statues, 
 and the inter-columnations are enriched with niches and statues. The panels 
 of the attic are ornamented with reliefs of the "Labors of Hercules," and the 
 center panel over the largest of the three openings in the proscenium, which 
 is arched, with a representation of an ancient hippodrome. Over the arch is 
 the following inscription: *' Viktvti ac Gento OLYMPicoRVisr Academia 
 Theatrvm iioo a Fvnuamentis Euexit Anno MDLXXXIIII. Palladio 
 Archit." 
 
 In the lower order the middle interval has a high open arch, and the two 
 others, on the side, have square openings through which are seen streets and
 
 2'J'Z 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 squares of stately architecture, each ending in a trinm))hal arcli. The position 
 of the diverging avenues will be understood by reference to the plan. The 
 magnificent palaces and private dwellings which are here portrayed furnish a 
 very effective setting for the plays which were performed in the theater. 
 Though the distance to the back of the theater is only forty feet, yet by skillful 
 and ingenious perspective and foreshortening it appears to be four hundred feet 
 distant. For tliis skillful and ingenious conceit, which is unclassical in spirit, 
 we are indebted to 8camozzi. Tlie exterior of the theater is by no means com- 
 parable to its internal beauty. It was built not at the expense of the govern- 
 ment, but by some private A^icentine gentleman of the Olymi^ic Academy. 
 The theater was completed in 1580, and was inaugurated by the performance 
 of the '■ (Edipns Tyraiinus " of Sophocles. 
 
 The general lines of the interior of the theater are noble and calm. The 
 theater looks as well on paper as in reality, for, like so inany of Palladio's 
 buildings built of brick aud stucco, Avhicli are now in a dilapidated condition, 
 it has an enduring shabbiness. It must be said that in this remarkable building 
 Palladio conciliated the precepts of Vitruvius and the needs of a contempora- 
 neous society. M. Eugene Miintz has expressed the conception of the theater 
 when he said that it was a " mirage of a Paolo Veronese in architecture," and 
 indeed, with its profusion of statues and niches and columns, it does resemble 
 the works of the great painter of Verona, who, in his great light-filled fres- 
 coes and canvases, crowds the space with monumental architecture, and fills the 
 buildings with the well-dressed courtiers of Venice, until the Avhole becomes a 
 gorgeous pageant. 
 
 St.'a-^N 
 
 I'l-AN OK rAM.ADK) S OLYMTIAN I II KATKH.
 
 CHAPTEli III. 
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 The present chapter deals with the various effects whicli are liable to be 
 called for in almost any opera or other dramatic production. It should be 
 remembered that the effects of sunrise, moonlight, thunder, lightning, Aviud, 
 rainbows, fires, etc., may be obtained in a great variety of ways, so that only an 
 outline of some of the methods of producing the illusion can be given. Stage 
 management is a constant study. Stage managers and stage machinists and 
 property masters vie with one another in producing more and more realistic 
 illusions. It is a curious fact that this business is largely a matter of inven- 
 tion, and it is little wonder that it is in the hands of exceptionally clever men. 
 
 SCENE PAINTING. 
 
 Scene painting is an art by itself. There is no other branch of painting 
 like it, either in the variety of subjects embraced or in the methods employed. 
 The scenic artist must be at home in landscape, marine, or architectural paint- 
 ing. He must be able to produce at any time the mountainous passes of Switz- 
 erland, the flat meadows of Holland, the palace of Versailles, or the Windsor 
 Hotel. The method by whicli he works and many of the materials he employs 
 are altogether different from tliose used by the ordinary oil or water-color 
 painter. The scene painter Avorks upon canvas. He first makes a pasteboard 
 model of his scene and gives it to the stage carpenter or stage machinist, who 
 builds the framework and secures the canvas to it. It is then ready for the 
 "paint frame." This is a huge wooden affair hung up with ropes with coun- 
 terweights attached. It is usually placed against the Avail at the back or side of 
 the stage, and has a windlass attached by Avhicli it may bo raised or lowered. 
 The artist Avorks upon a bridge built in front of this frame, the paint bridge 
 usually giving a passage between the two fly galleries. A paint bridge is 
 illustrated in Chapter I. of the present division of this Avork. By hoisting or 
 lowering the paint frame the artist is enabled to reach any part of the scene. 
 He is provided with plenty of brushes, ranging from a heaA'y two-pound brush, 
 such as is used by house painters, to a snudl shar}) one used for draAving fine 
 lines. In addition to these he has several whitewash brushes for laving in flat
 
 394 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 washes and skies. The colors are kept in buckets, tin cans, and earthenware 
 vessels. His other requisites are a palette knife, plenty of twine, and sticks 
 of charcoal. He is then ready to go to work. His first duty is to "prime" 
 the scenes. This is done with a plain coat of white. Distemper color is 
 used in scene jiaintiug. The colors are mixed with sizing, which is simply a 
 weak solution of glue. The priming coat is laid on with a heavy whitewash 
 brush. After the canvas is primed and dry, the artist is ready to draw. After the 
 rough charcoal sketch is made, it is carefully gone over with an ink specially 
 prepared for the purpose. The architectural work must be done with preci- 
 sion; regularity of outline and accuracy are absolutely essential. The perspec- 
 tive requires to be laid off with the greatest possible care, as the effect of many 
 scenes depends almost entirely upon it. The next step is the laying in of the 
 groundwork. The sky is, of course, the first point. This is done with white- 
 wash brushes. The principal point is to get it on thickly, and here the great 
 advantage of painting in distemper is made plain. The color dries very 
 quickly, thus affording the artist a high rate of speed in working; and, secondly, 
 the color dries precisely the same shade it had before being mixed. Scene 
 painters of different nationalities have various methods of working, some 
 using a great deal of color, others very little. Some idea of the rapidity of 
 working can be obtained when it is stated that a scene painter of the English 
 school has been known to paint a scene of twenty by thirty feet in less than 
 four hours. Some of the colors used cost as much as 12,75 per pound. Indigo 
 is used in very large quantities by scenic artists. Ten pounds of indigo are 
 sometimes used in a single scene. A scenic painter, however, is not confined 
 to colors in producing effects. A number of other materials are of great 
 importance in this kind of painting. Gold and silver leaf are freely used for 
 certain kinds of scenes, as well as foil papers and bronze powders. Jewels in 
 the wall of the Eastern palace cannot be imitated with a sufficient degree of 
 realism to stand the glare of the light, so jewels are made of zinc and set in the 
 canvas; they are made of all colors; they are often covered with colored lac- 
 quers, or the painted surface is lacquered. In ice scenes mica powders are used 
 in large quantities to produce the glitter and sparkle. Nearly every scene 
 painter has a large collection of stencils which are very useful for producing 
 architectural decorations. The last thing the scene painter does before the 
 introduction of a new play is to have his scenes set upon the stage at night in 
 order that the lighting of tliem can be arranged. The artist sits in the center 
 of the auditorium aiid minutely observes every nook and corner of the scene 
 under the glare of the gas or electric light. Here a light is turned up and there 
 one is lowered until the proper effect is obtained. The gas man or electrician 
 takes careful note of his directions, and the stage manager oversees every- 
 thing.
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 295 
 
 SUNRISE EFFECT. 
 
 The sunrise effect is obtained in several ways. A semicircular screen is 
 placed across the stage and forms the background, as for mountains. Upon 
 a platform immediately behind the center of the stage is placed an arc pro- 
 jector that is maneuvered by hand, and throws a luminous disk upon the 
 canvas of the screen. Upon the stage are suspended colored incandescent 
 border lights. In other suitable places there are arranged groups of lamps 
 provided with reflectors of special form. These lamps nuiy be introduced suc- 
 cessively into the circuit. Colored gelatine plates may be slid over the reflec- 
 tors so as to give the light the color desired. Our engravings show the various 
 systems of lighting employed, showing the cords, pulleys, and other devices for 
 turning the gelatine shades around or raising them so as to give the desired 
 effect. The electrician first puts into the circuit the group of lamps that pro- 
 duce the blue light, and at the same time turns the blue shades over the lamps. 
 At a given signal the operator pulls the rope so as to bring the red colored 
 shades in front of the lamps. When the signal is given to him, the operator 
 in charge of the arc lamp places a red glass in front of the lenses of the pro- 
 jector and switches the current on to the lamp. The resistances in the circuit 
 of the various incandescent lamps are successively withdrawn so as to heighten 
 the red light of the rising sun. In some theaters colored incandescent lamps 
 are used, as at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, as described in 
 Chapter I. of the present division of this work. This system is, of course, pref- 
 erable in many ways. 
 
 To return to the sun-rising effect: after the sun has risen above the moun- 
 tains the red light is diminished, the red glass placed before the aperture of the 
 projector is gradually removed, and the color screens are removed from in front 
 of the lamps. Motion is given to the sun by means of an inclined plane up 
 which the arc lamp is carried by means of a winch which is slowly manipulated 
 by the assistant.
 
 COLOR SCREEN CHANGING. 
 
 COLOR SCREEN ( IIANCilNd, 
 
 0—^ J ^^IQillU 
 
 JUJNCII Ol't SIDK IvUJIIT?
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 297 
 
 SUNRISE EFFECT. 
 
 SUN" EFFECT. 
 
 The stage effect which we are about to describe is produced by the mechan- 
 ism which was formerly in use in the Metropolitan Opera House, New York 
 City. The electrical sun was a big glass disk with an arc lamp of two thousand 
 candle-power behind it. It showed through a hole cut in a drop curtaiu, and 
 was set firmly in a frame covered with colored gauze to represent the various 
 hues which the sun imparts to the atmosphere, and the colors it projects upon 
 the clouds, during ascension and declination. It is very effective in many operas, 
 as in " The Prophet " and " Tannhauser." 
 
 CHANGE FROM DAY TO NIGHT. 
 
 One of the most beautiful effects produced upon the stage is the change 
 from day to night or from night to day, especially the former. This is accom- 
 l)lished in various ways, as the following: To produce the proper effect the back 
 drop is made nearly dou])le tlic height of the usual scene; the upper half is 
 painted to represent a sunset sky, and the lower half to represent moonlight. It 
 is hung so that the upper half ahnie is visible. The scenery of the distance is 
 then painted upon a separate piece, which is profiled — that is, cut irregularly 
 — to represent trees, mountains, or houses. This piece is placed immediately in 
 front of the sky drop. A few feet further in front is held what is known 
 as a cut gauze drop. This has sides and a top of canvas painted as the 
 case requires, while the center is filled with fine gauze which lends an aerial
 
 298 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 effect to the distance. Red lights are employed to give a soft sunset glow to 
 the scene. At the proper moment the back drop is slowly and steadily raised. 
 While the red lights are slowly dimmed, the green lights are slowly turned on. 
 The moon effect is obtained in different ways, as we will shortly describe. The 
 moon is sometimes made in the night-half of the sky drop and rises with 
 it. When it rises above the distant horizon, the green lights are turned on to 
 their full power. 
 
 STARS. 
 
 The star which we illustrate consists of a single sixteen candle-power incan- 
 descent lamp fixed to a metal frame set in a drop curtain ; only the star itself, 
 with a covering of red gelatine tinctured with blue, showing through. 
 
 MOON EFFECTS. 
 
 There is hardly any illusion on the stage which is seen as often as the moon- 
 light effect, and there is nothing which can be as well counterfeited on the 
 stage as moonlight scenery. The artist usually begins his task by painting a 
 moonlight scene; by daylight such a scene is ghastly, being painted in cold 
 grays and greens, in which Prussian blue and burnt umber play an important 
 part, and the lights are put in with white, slightly tinged with emerald green. 
 The strong moonlight of the foreground is produced by a calcium light thrown 
 through a greeu glass. A fainter light upon the scenery at the back of the 
 stage is obtained from what are called "green mediums" — lamps with green 
 shades. They are placed upon the stage just in front of the main scene, and 
 are " masked in " by scenery. A row of them is often suspended from the 
 flies in order to light the top of the scenes. In this case they are hidden from 
 view by what are called the sky borders; thus a soft green light is given to 
 the entire stage without the source of it being visible. The position of the moon
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 299 
 
 being determined upon, immediately under it a number of small irregular 
 holes are cut in the drop, beginning at the horizon. These are covered on the 
 back with muslin, and are painted over on the front to match the rest of the 
 scene. Behind these holes is placed an endless towel about eight feet in 
 height, running around rollers at the top and bottom ; the lower roller has a 
 crank by which the towel is turned. In the towel are cut a number of holes 
 similar to those cut in the drop. A strong gas burner is jilaced between the two 
 sides of the towel. When the crank is turned, the flashing of the light through 
 the passing holes in the towel and the stationary ones in the drop 
 scene produces a fine efliect. Instead of a towel a large tin cylinder 
 may be used. Other interesting moon effects are described in the 
 chapter entitled "A Trip to the Moon," in the present work. 
 
 We now come to the moon proper, which is produced in a num- 
 ber of ways. The form which we illustrate is one in use in the 
 Metropolitan Opera House, Xew York City. It is about eighteen 
 inches in diameter, and is made of j^orcelain or milk glass and is 
 oval in form. Within are six incandescent lamps of sixteen candle- 
 power, connected with a rheostat. 
 
 It is very effective in many operas, as in " Tannhauser. " 
 The moon is moved by means of a batten, a thin piece of wood 
 let down from above, the course being marked for the operator 
 by the apparent, though exaggerated, movements of the moon as we see them 
 in an orrery. The mimic sun moves behind the drop, but the moon moves 
 before it, and therefore to keep up the illusion the wires it draws after it 
 must be colored the same as the drop. 
 
 ?M9^^MWmM.M 
 
 RAIN MACHINE. 
 
 RAIN EFFECT. 
 
 The rain machine is usually placed high up in the flies. 
 A hollow wooden cylinder five feet in circumference and four 
 feet in length is provided. Upon the inside are placed rows of 
 small wooden teeth. A quantity of dried peas are placed in the 
 cylinder, and a belt is run around one end of it and down to 
 the prompter's desk. By turning these cylinders the peas run 
 down between the teeth, and the noise produced by them nuikes 
 a good imitation of rain falling upon a roof. Traveling com- 
 panies often have to go to small theaters where such luxuries as 
 "rain machines" are unknown. A sufficiently good substitute 
 is, however, easily obtained. A sheet of heavy brown paper is 
 pasted over a child's hoop and a handful of bird shot is placed 
 upon the paper. The hoop is tipped from side to side, and the 
 shot rolls around the paper, producing a fairly good rain effect. 
 
 Our engraving shows a French form of rain machine. It
 
 300 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 consists of a wooden box seven or eiglit feet long, divided into compartments, 
 as shown in our engraving, by oblique pieces of tin which transform the interior 
 into a tortuous passage for the dried peas. The quantity of peas is regulated 
 at the top, and the violence of the drops of rain depends upon the quantity 
 of peas and the inclination of the box. 
 
 RAINBOW EFFECT. 
 
 In the hiist scene of "• Kheingold " the gods enter Walhalla over the rain- 
 bow bridge. The rainbow is a magnificent stage illusion, and ig produced as 
 follows: The prisms are fastened one above the other in front of an electri- 
 
 KAIIN'BOW Et'FEOT. 
 
 cal projector. The light from it passing through tiie prisms produces the 
 various colors of tlie prismatic spectacle due to the influence of the raindrops. 
 As in nature, there appear to be two arches, the primary and the secondary. 
 
 WIAI) FKFF("I\ 
 
 AYind is very useful in licighteniiig the ell'ct^t of stage storms, especially in 
 melodramas. Where the effect is well done the pitiless blast is very realistic. 
 The wind machine is portable, and maybe placed anywhere the property master 
 wishes. 'I'lic wind machine is miulc in vai'ious ways, <»!' whicli the following is 
 one: A iieuvy frame is made in whi(;h to set a cylinder provided with paddles, 
 and i-cscnd)ling very much the stern-wheels seen on Ohio Kiver towboats.
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 301 
 
 Across the top of the cylinder is stretched ;is tight as possible a piece of heavy 
 gros-grain silk, but canvas is often substituted instead. The rapid passage 
 of the paddles over the surface of the silk or canvas produces the noise of the 
 wind. Often traveling companies 
 are in theaters where there is no wind 
 machine. In this case one of the stage 
 hands selects a heavy piece of flexible 
 hose and whirls it around his head. 
 The extraction of wind from the liose 
 is not entirely satisfactory, however. 
 Our engraving shows a French 
 form of machine for imitating the 
 noise of the wind. It consists of a 
 cylinder mounted on an axle. The 
 staves are triangular in shaj)e, and 
 end in a sharp point. Instead of run- 
 ning these staves over silk or canvas, 
 cords are substituted. The cords are 
 secured below, so that they can be 
 tightened so as to cut into the staves. 
 The cylinder is tnrned by a crank, and by turning it rapidly the friction of the 
 cord produces a good reiiresentation of wind. 
 
 W IND-PHODUCING MACHINE. 
 
 THUNDER EFFECT. 
 
 The thunder and lightning effect is somewhat complicated, especially the 
 thunder, which may be regarded as the result of the combination of a nnmber 
 of effects. First a large piece of sheet iron is shaken, which produces an imi- 
 tation of sharp, rattling thunder. This fails to give the dull roar, a reverbera- 
 tion which is usually heard in 
 storms. To produce this effect a 
 heavy box frame is made, and over 
 it is tightly drawn a calf skin. 
 Upon this the stage hand operates 
 Avith a stick, one end of which is 
 padded and covered with chamois 
 skin. This is called the thunder 
 drum, and when accompanied 
 with a flash of lightning produced 
 with the aid of a magnesium flash 
 torch renders the illusion very 
 realistic. Often two thunder drums are used at the same time. Then the 
 ''rumble cart" is also used. 'J'he rumble cart is a box filled \\\i\\ some heavy 
 material, and mounted upon irreguhirly shaped wheels. 
 
 KUMRLE CAKT.
 
 302 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Our engraving shows a rumble cart as used in the Paris Opera House. 
 With tliis a little wind is added from the wind machine, and the rain effect 
 is sometimes worked simultaneously. The result of this complicated effect is 
 very good, and, of course, the effect may be varied as the stage manager may 
 think proper for the opera. 
 
 In large opera houses a more complicated system is employed than those 
 which we have just described. It is usually placed against the wall of the 
 third fly gallery. It consists of a kind of cabinet with five or six slanting 
 shelves. On each shelf are kept a half dozen cannon balls which are retained 
 in place by hinged doors. When the signal is given, the stage hands open the 
 doors of one or more compartments, and the balls drop down into a zinc-lined 
 trough, which is some twenty feet long. The trough being built with inequali- 
 ties of surface, the effect is enhanced. At the end of the trough the balls drop 
 through the flooring to the gallery below by means of special slants. Arrange- 
 ments are provided by which the balls can be stopped before they pass through 
 the floor. It will readily be seen that by regulating the number of balls almost 
 any thunder effect can be produced. 
 
 LIGHTNING. 
 
 Lightning is produced in a number of Avays, of which the following is an 
 example. A metal box having a large opening in the top is provided. At the 
 bottom is placed an alcohol lamp having a wide-spreading flame. Immediately 
 above the flame is a shelf or partition punched with fine holes. This is, of 
 
 course, heated very hot by the flame. The 
 mixture which is used to give the effect of 
 lightning consists of three parts of mag- 
 nesium powder and one part of potassium 
 chlorate. This is poured upon the heated 
 grill, through the top of the metal box. 
 The sudden combustion of the composition 
 produces very vivid flashes of lightning. 
 A similar device has long been used by pho- 
 tographers for taking instantaneous photo- 
 graphs in dark places or at night. 
 
 Another method of producing lightning 
 flashes is to secure two large files to an 
 electric circuit. The files, when they are 
 rubbed over each other, produce a series of 
 brilliant flashes. 
 
 The nuignesium flash pistol, which we 
 show in our engraving, is very useful for 
 producing lightning flashes. It consists 
 
 l-IUHTNING.
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 303 
 
 of a barrel which is slotted. The barrel is filled with asbestos which is soaked 
 in alcohol. When the lightning effect is to be used the alcohol is lighted and 
 magnesium powder is projected into it by means of the blower on the top of 
 
 THE MAGNESIUM FLASH PISTOL. 
 
 tlie pistol. It is worked with the thumb. When a thunderbolt is to strike 
 an object, a wire is run from the flies to the object which is to be struck. 
 A rider runs on the wire. The rider consists of a section of iron pipe. Around, 
 it is secured asbestos by means of wire. The asbestos is soaked with alcohol, 
 and is lighted just at the instant when it is to be projected upon the object. 
 
 LIGHTNING I'UOJECTOR.
 
 304 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 It is usually held by a, string, which is cut. It rushes flaming through the air, 
 and produces the effect of a ball of lire striking the object. 
 
 Our engraving illustrates still another method of producing lightning. It 
 consists of an electric projecting lantern with attachments for giving the effect. 
 The lightning and the clouds are scratched and painted on small pieces of glass. 
 Devices are provided for rotating them so that they jiroduce the effect of clouds 
 rolling across an apparently immense expanse of sky, as the operator revolves 
 the disks one over the other, and the forked lightning seems to shoot across 
 the heavens. 
 
 SNOW EFFECT. 
 
 The effect of snow is obtained in a number of ways. Sometimes pieces 
 of pajier, linen, or white kid are thrown from one of the intermediate bridges, 
 if the theater is provided with them. If well done the effect is very pleas- 
 ing. The flakes of snow are usually illuminated by the electric light. It 
 is often necessary to have the actors appear with traces of snow upon them. 
 One way of doing this is to sprinkle them with soapsuds by means of a birch 
 broom before they appear upon the scene. Of course, the soapsuds disappear 
 in a few moments, corresponding to the melting of the snow. In the case of 
 rich costumes it is impossible to use soapsuds, so that bone shavings or ground 
 corn are used instead. This forms a light coating which resembles snow. It 
 adheres to the hair, the shoulders, and the creases in the clothing, and pro- 
 duces no ill effects uidou the costume. 
 
 WAVE EFFECT. 
 
 An ocean of heaving waters is usually made as follows: Each wave is cut 
 out separately. The first row is set uj) at a distance of three or four feet 
 between each billow, and the second row is set so as to show in the openings left 
 by the first; small boys are usually employed to furnish the motive power. The 
 waves are rocked back and forth, not from side to side, and the effect is very 
 good. The noise of the surf upon the beach is obtained by allowing two or 
 three ounces of bird shot to roll around in a box of light wood lined with tin. 
 This is a variation of the rain machine we have already referred to. 
 
 CRASH EFFECT. 
 
 The noise on the stage is produccil l)y wluit is called the crash machine, 
 which is one of the oldest im])Iements of imitation on the stage. It is similar 
 to the wind machine in construction. It consists of a wheel with paddles set
 
 STAiiE EFFECTS. u05 
 
 at au angle of about forty-five degrees. Upon the top of tlie wheel one end of 
 a stout piece of wood is phiced down by fastening the other end to a portion of 
 the framework. When the wheel is turned, the slats passing under the station- 
 ary piece produce a rattling crash. The princij)le of the machine is illustrated 
 by a boy running along a picket fence with a stick, allowing it to slip from 
 picket to picket. In many theaters a gigantic rattle is used in place of a 
 machine of this kind; it is more portable. 
 
 FIRE AND SMOKE EFFECTS. 
 
 Conflagrations are jiroduced in a number of ways, and if jiroper precau- 
 tions are taken, they are perfectly safe. Usually the buildings which are to be 
 destroyed by fire are constructed of separate pieces of stage carpentry, through 
 which the painted canvas is attached. They are raised and lowered by means 
 of hinges, slides, cords, and pulleys, so as to give the effect of tumbling down. 
 The fire jiroper consists of cliemical red fire and powdered lyco])odium used 
 separately, the former to give a red glow^ and the latter to repi'esent flames. 
 Variously colored electric lights and small pieces of fireworks simulate the leap- 
 ing of the sparks. In some cases the shutters on the houses appear to burn off 
 and fall down upon the stage; this is accomplished as follows: They are secured 
 to the scene with a preparation called " quick match." This is made of pow- 
 der, alcohol, and a lamp wick. The window frames and sashes are made of 
 sheet iron. They are covered with oakum soaked in alcohol or naphtha. These 
 sashes and frames are not fastened to the canvas scene at all, but are placed a 
 short distance behind it ujion platforms. The quickest possible touch of flame 
 ignites the oakum, and in a moment the fire runs around the sash, and 
 nothing is apparently left but the blackened and charred wood. Steam is used 
 to represent the smoke, and one method of using it is described below. An 
 occasional crash, followed by the ignition of a little powder, produces a sudden 
 puff of smoke which gives the spectator the idea of a fall of a rafter. 
 
 Ai)paratns for jn'oducing the smoke of a conflagration is more complicated 
 than that for producing lightning. Steam is largely used for producing smoke, 
 and is conducted to a place Avhere the smoke is to api)ear, by means of rubber 
 hose; but this is apt to cause considerable noise when it escapes into the air. 
 This difficulty has been surmounted in at least one stag eiliusiou which we illus- 
 trate, this being the '' Magian," the opera of Massenet. It Avas i)articularly 
 necessary in the case to have the smoke produced as noiselessly as ^lossible, 
 because the orchestral music at the moment of the fire is relatively soft and 
 low. The difficulty was surmounted as follows: The steam, generated by a 
 boiler in the Paris Opera House, was led to special devices shown in our 
 engraving, the steam being admitted to triangular boxes at the apex opposite 
 the base of the triangle. The boxes at the point of attachment with the steam 
 pipe have a considerable thickness, which gradually diminishes as the base of 
 SO
 
 300 MAGIC: STAGS ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the triangle is approached, so that the steam, Avhich is distributed throughout 
 the whole extent of the box, escapes without any noise through a narrow 
 
 API'AKATUS FOR IMITATING THE SMOKH OK A fONFI-AORATFON UN I UK si u.h (»1 \ 1IIL\'IKH. 
 
 orifice between the two faces of the apparatus. In the interior of the boxes 
 there are pieces of felt, the principal object of which is to absorb the drops 
 of water which are carried along niechaniciilly or whicli may 
 condense. The advantage of this arrangement is that it per- 
 mits of the disengagement of the steam everywhere where it 
 is necessary. Tlie boxes are easily manipulated, and hooks 
 fastened to them permit of their being attached to the scenery 
 with ease. After a sinqde coupling pipe has been connected 
 with a steam pij)e, the ap2)aratus is ready to operate. In the 
 op(Ta we have referred to, twenty-nine double boxes are em- 
 ployed; seventeen are distributed over the stage at different 
 p()ints, and nearly up to the pipe of tlie soHit curtains. The 
 twelve others are beneath the stage, and the orifices through 
 which the stciarn escapes are flush with the floor. 
 
 The realistic fire clouds and flame in the last act of " The
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 307 
 
 Prophet," when the Prophet, learning that he is betrayed, orders the fire of 
 the palace of Mtinster, are done by concentrating the arc light upon colored 
 gelatine; usually, first yellow for the fumes, then yellow and white, then yellow 
 and red, rfed and white, and red and black. The sandstorm in the last act of 
 the "Queen of Sheba " is done in yellow and black and pink gelatine before 
 the light, and the rain by jiarallel scratches on a black surface, the arc light 
 being dimmed and brightened alternately, and the glass turned this way and 
 that, so that the parallelism of the drops shall follow a supposed changing of 
 the direction of the wind. 
 
 GRADUAL TRANSFORMATIONS. 
 
 One of the greatest triumphs of Wagner's scenic art is his method of scene 
 shifting, which is carried almost to perfection. lie was very much opposed to 
 sudden changes of scenes, which are so frequent in Shakespearian plays, as he 
 was desirous of avoiding everything Avhich broke the continuity of the dra- 
 matic action. In the greater part of his operas he lets a single scene suffice for 
 the entire act. Once in a great while he was obliged to provide for a shifting 
 of a scene during an act, but in " Rheingolci " the curtain remains, or should 
 remain, raised during the whole of the performance. These changes are usu- 
 ally accomplished in j)lain sight of the audience, or else the setting of the new 
 scene is hidden behind clouds. These effects are accomplished by means of 
 successive gauze curtains which are raised and lowered, and by the clever 
 use of light which is gradually diminished until almost total darkness reigns. 
 The effect is largely enhanced by the orchestra, which symbolizes the changes 
 which are taking place. The two best examples of this perfection of scene 
 shifting are probably those in "Parsifal," when the magic garden changes 
 to the sanctuary of the Holy Grail; and the other effect is in the third act of 
 " Gotterdiimmerung," when the warriors place the dead Siegfried upon the bier 
 and carry the body up the rocky patli, while the orchestra is playing the funeral 
 march of unearthly beauty. As the procession gradually disappears, mists 
 rise from the Rliine. The mist gradually thickens into fog, then clouds rise 
 upward, hiding the whole scene from view. Then the clouds rise and dissipate 
 into mists which finally disclose the moonlit hall of the Gibichungen. The 
 effects are produced by steam and a series of gauze curtains. The clouds really 
 serve as a screen to prevent the scene shifters being viewed by the audience. A 
 satisfactory effect can only be obtained when every detail is carried out with 
 the greatest care. The superiority of this method over the conventional curtain 
 is apparent. 
 
 Sometimes the gauze curtains are not droj^ped from the flies, but are 
 run across from the side. They are "profiled," or, in other words, they are 
 irregular in shape, so that they help to produce the effect without any notice- 
 able line of demarcation between the two halves of the curtain. The steam
 
 o08 IIAGiC: STAG:^ ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 curtain is often very effective, especially in Wagnerian operas. The steam is 
 admitted through a perforated steam pipe in a sink cut, the floor being perfo- 
 rated. As the steam curtain is in a straight line, the effect is apt to be a little 
 formal. 
 
 BATTLE SCENES. 
 
 Battle scenes are particularly effective upon the stage when they are well 
 produced, and in the midst of a desperate battle a shell is seen to fall and 
 burst, carrying death and destruction in its wake. Our engraving shows the 
 method of obtaining this result. A ixvpi&r inaclie shell is formed of separate 
 pieces glued together. This contains the quantity of powder sufficient to sep- 
 arate the pieces and produce the bursting. In the powder there is an electric 
 
 S.SijSr" 
 
 BOMB EXPLOSION EFFECT. 
 
 primer which is ignited by a current. The primer is connected by wires which 
 go back of tlie scene. At one of the sides of the stage, out of sight of the 
 spectator, there is a charge which is also ignited by electricity at the same time 
 that the boml) is exploded. At the ])roper moment a man throws the shell and 
 touches tlie button, the bomb bursts, and the spectators, hearing the loud re- 
 port of the cannon at the same instant, imagine that the harmless paper ])ond) 
 is the cause of the formidable explosion.
 
 STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 309 
 
 THEATRICAL FIEEAEMS. 
 
 The accidents on the stage caused by firearms liave been man}- and numer- 
 ous. In melodramas, after great battles, the auditorium becomes filled with 
 dense smoke and a peculiarly disagreeable odor of burnt powder; and, owing 
 to the great precautions which are necessary to prevent danger of fire, the illu- 
 sion is seriously injured. On account of these drawbacks, a French dramatic 
 author and pyi'otechnist, M. Philippi, endeavored to produce a successful imi- 
 tation of the effects of firing guns, that is to say, the noise, fire, and smoke, 
 while at the same time avoiding the dangers and annoyances that have already 
 beeu pointed out. The charge consists of a small quantity of fulminate pre- 
 pared so as to give a red fire and a light smoke which quickly clears away, leav- 
 ing no disagreeable odor, and not affecting the throat. The preparation is 
 held in a cavity formed in a small cork which is introduced into the extremity 
 
 ^^ 
 
 THEATRICAL GUNS AND PISTOLS. 
 
 of the gun barrel. The firing pin passes through the barrel, as shown in Fig. 
 1 in our first engraving, causing the charge to explode through a simple blow. 
 By the very simple contrivance of the spring, as shown in Fig. 1, it is possible 
 to fit almost any gun, Avooden or otherwise, which the stage director may wish 
 to use. 
 
 Our second engraving represents a mitrailleuse formed by the juxtaposition 
 of a number of short barrels of thin copper arranged in the same manner as in the 
 guns described. 
 
 The firiug pins are left to the action of the spiral springs, when the hooks, 
 a, in which they terminate, are driven from tlie catches by means of slider, c.
 
 310 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 which moves along a rod, j^laced back of the barrels, to wliich it is affixed by 
 a screw, in order to prevent its acting while the apparatus is being carried, 
 A movable bar, m, prevents the springs from being set free while the cliarg- 
 ing is being done, and. after they have been set. In order to manipulate, it is 
 only necessary to cause the slider to move along the rod. Firing by platoons 
 is imitated with great exactness. As soon as the cork makes its exit from the 
 barrel, it is thoroughly 2:)ulverized, and the discharges received at the end 
 of the muzzle cause no inconvenience. 
 
 THEATRICAL MITRAILLEUSE. 
 
 THE IMITATION OF ODORS. 
 
 The imitation of odors upon the stage is not very often attempted. In 
 some plays where a dinner is in progress, more realism is given by introducing 
 such things as a French cofPee machine. The penetrating odor of the coffee is 
 soon experienced by the audience, and it adds considerably to the effect. An 
 English impresario adopted a rather novel plan of imitating the salt odor of 
 the ocean for a marine scene. He took a large number of old salt-lierring 
 casks and disposed them in the flies and behind the orchestra. There is little 
 doubt that they produced the desired effect, as the persistence of the perfume 
 of this delicacy is well known.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 In the present chapter the subject of theater secrets will be taken up, 
 and it will treat of traps, complicated stage settings, proj)erties, and the means 
 of obtaining elaborate effects. 
 
 TEAPS. 
 
 The trap is one of the oldest and most primitive means of jiroducing stage 
 illusions, and it is in use to-day in most theaters and opera houses. The princi- 
 ple is very simple, and will be understood by reference to the engraving. The 
 actor, singer, or devil who is to make his sudden appearance upon the stage 
 stands on a platform which is hoisted to the stage level by means of winches 
 turned by the stage hands. 
 
 We also show another variety of trap which is much used in ojieratic and 
 ballet performances; it consists of an inclined plane up which the actor or claii- 
 setise is carried, the inclined plane itself being masked by scenery. The elab- 
 orate system of traps used in the "Asphaleia" stage has already beev 
 described in Chapter 11. 
 
 TRAP IN THB STAGB.
 
 312 JIAGIC : STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FONTANA. DESCENDS INTO THE SEA. 
 
 THE SWAN IN "LOHENGRIN." 
 
 The swan und the swan boat in " Lohengrin " are most interesting proper- 
 ties. The apparatus which we illustrate is that used at the Metropolitan 
 Opera House, New York City, and is the result of many experiments. To 
 understand the action of the Lohengrin swan it will first be necessary to 
 describe the setting of the stage. At the back is a river drop; next come 
 set water rows, gradating in height to tlie level of the bank, giving the 
 effect of water rushes and reeds, and so set that the swan and boat, in passing 
 through, are enabled to describe a graceful curve. The foreground is a built- 
 up bank the width of the scene. Between the river drop and the first set 
 water row there is space enough for the miniature figures of Lohengrin aud 
 the swan to pass across the stage before the real Lohengrin and the swan come 
 into view. 'Y\\g drop and the set water rows — everything, in fact — give the 
 idea of the sluggish Scheldt winding in through the weedy meadows. In 
 order to produce the effect, two entirely distinct trucks are used — one for the 
 first act, when Lohengrin and his swan wind their way among the reeds; and 
 one for the last act, when the swan disa])pears, and the lost brother of Elsa 
 takes its place. The problem which confrojited the property master in de- 
 signing the first swan and » car, that is to say, the one which was to bring 
 fjfihengrin, was to devise a method of projielling the truck which carried
 
 THE A TER SECRETS. 
 
 313 
 
 the swan and the car so that it could be run in a curved direction, adding 
 greatly to the naturalness of the illusion, and rendering tlie truck capable of 
 
 FIRST SWAN AND CAR IN "LOHENGRIN." 
 
 being turned in a short space. A three-wheeled truck was built, the top of 
 whicli was concealed b}^ draperies painted to match the Avater rows themselves. 
 The truck is propelled by two men seated within it, who shove the truck along 
 
 THK DISAPPEARING SWAN IN l,(>nEN(;KIN. 
 
 by shuffling with their feet on the floor. The first man steers by means of a 
 handle bar which is secured to the vertical' rod which carries the front wheel. 
 The swan is fastened to this vertical bar, so that when the direction of the steer-
 
 314 31 AGIO: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ing wheel is changed the swan also changes its direction. The neck of the swan 
 is built around a steel spring, and the wings are actuated by levers and strings. 
 The second man has nothing to do with steering the car and the swan. His 
 duties, besides propelling the car, consist in inclining the head of the swan and 
 operating the wings. This is accomplished by means of lines which are invisible 
 to the audience. Lohengrin, on reaching the steps at the bridge, in front, gets 
 out of the boat or car, and sings his farewell song. The swan then takes his 
 departure, drawing away the car. 
 
 Now, in the last act an entirely different mechanism is employed, although 
 the change is not perceptible to the audience. In this case it is not necessary for 
 the swan to take a sinuous course, and it proceeds in a straight line across 
 the stage. In this arrangement a truck is mounted on four wheels and is pushed 
 by the men; but in order to ti'ausform the swan into Elsa's brother, it is neces- 
 sary to resort to an entirely different system. The swan, instead of being sup- 
 ported by a couple of rods, is supported on a parallel which is hinged; it 
 is normally held in position by means of cords, so that it shows above the set 
 rows and the bank of the river. When the time has arrived for the trans- 
 formation to be made, a man at the rear of the truck lets go of the cords which 
 hold the swan in position; the jiarallel immediately drops, and is drawn back 
 into the truck, carrying the swan with it. At the same instant Elsa's brother 
 is raised by a trap which places him in precisely the same position as that occu- 
 pied by the swan. Then a clockwork dove descends on a wire, and as the dove 
 drops behind the set piece it takes the place of the swan. Lohengrin steps 
 into the boat, and the dove carries it off from the stage. The changes are so 
 remarkable that the Lohengrin swan must be regarded as one of the most 
 successful effects obtained in Grand Opera. 
 
 THE FLOATING RHINE DAUGHTERS IN ''RHEINGOLD." 
 
 When the curtain rises on the opera of " Rheingold," which is the prelude 
 to the music drama of the " Ring of the Nibelung," the scene represents tlie 
 bed of the Rhine. In the center rises a high rock which supports the " Rhein- 
 gold," a groat nugget of gold that glimmers on the summit of the rock. The 
 three tlhine daughters, Woglinda, Wellgunda, Flosshilda, suddenly appear upon 
 tlie scene, swimming with graceful movements about the rock which supports the 
 Rheingold. It may be asked how it is possible for the "Rhine daughters to float 
 in space while they sing. A reference to our engraving will explain the mystery. 
 
 Each of the singers is supported upon a cradle which is secured to a four- 
 wheeled car by an upright post strongly braced. Each of the cars is pushed 
 around by two attendants, Avhile a third sits in front and steers. They are 
 hidden from view by low scenes wliioh effectually conceal them. We believe 
 that in soine opera houses regular tracks have been provided upon which to run 
 them,
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 315 
 
 At the Metropolitan Opera House, during the German opera season of Mr. 
 Danirosch, in the spring of 1897, an entirely different device was used. The 
 Rhine daughters were suspended from steel cables by means of trolleys. They 
 
 
 
 THE FLOATING RHINE DAUGHTERS IN THE OPERA " RHEINGOLD." 
 
 were drawn back and forth by means of wire ropes which ran to the sides of 
 the stage. Ropes were also run down to the level of the stage, and they Avere 
 swayed back and forth by men who were hidden from view of the audience by 
 the set rows Avhich masked the lower j^art of the stage. The arrangement was 
 considered to be very satisfactory. 
 
 THE ''SUN ROBE." 
 
 The illusion which we are about to describe is employed in the " Peau d'Ane " 
 for producing the fairy robes in the story — the color of the sun, the color of 
 the moon, and the color of the sky — required by the i)lay. In the midst of a 
 brilliantly illuminated procession come two porters carrying a large chest by 
 means of handles at the end. Having reached the royal throne they place the 
 chest on the floor and raise the cover. There is immediately seen a fabric 
 the color of the sun, a luminous golden yellow. Afterwards two other porters 
 come with a similar chest, which, when opened, exhibits a bluish -white phos- 
 phorescent fabric. The third chest contains a robe of a celestial blue. This 
 robe is also luminous. The fabrics are moved by the porters to make them 
 sparkle. The secret of the illusion is that the bottom of each of these chests 
 is capable of being opened over a trap, and by means of an electric lamp the
 
 316 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 electric light is directed upon a light and transparent fabric so that it really 
 seems to be on fire. A yellow light sufEuses the fabric of the same color and 
 incorporates itself with it. After the cover has been shutdown upon the stage, 
 the bottom is closed from beneath, the light is extinguished, the trap is shut 
 
 THE SUN KOBE IN THE FAIRY 8CENE OF THE " PEAU DANE. 
 
 up, and the chest is carried away by the porters. The same is done with a 
 slightly bluish-white fabric and a white light, for the moon-colored fabric; and 
 then with blue tarleton and a light with a bluish tinge for the sky-colored 
 fabric. 
 
 THE SHIP ON THE STAGE. 
 
 An opera or ballet which requires a ship taxes the powers of the stage 
 macliinist and the property nuister to the utmost. The ship which we illustrate 
 was made for the ballet called the '"Tempest," at the Paris Opera House, and 
 is superior to most of the ships in the "Corsair" and " L' Africaine. " The 
 vessel, starting from the back of the stage, advances majestically, making a 
 graceful curve, and stops in front of the proni})ter"'s box. Our illustrations give 
 detailed views of the vessel and the setting of the scenery. The sea is repre- 
 sented by four })arallel sot rows, the locatioTi of which is indicated in our 
 second engraving. 
 
 The ship is carried by wheels that roll over the floor of the stage, and 
 is guided in its motio7\ by two grooved bronze wheels, and by a rail formed 
 of a simple reversed T-iron which is bolted to the floor. As the ship advances,
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 ni 
 
 the set water rows open in the center to allow it to pass. As the vessel itself is 
 covered up to the water line with painted canvas imitating the sea, it has the 
 apjiearance of cleaving the wave. When the vessel reaches the first of the 
 
 mmmm 
 
 THE SHIP AS SEEN FKOM THE STAGE. 
 
 water rows the others spread out and increase the extent of the sea. The 
 three strips of water in the rear rise slightly. The shifting of the inclined ^nece 
 at the front is effected by simply pulling up the carpet which covers it, and 
 
 SETTING OF THE SCENERY 15EF0KE AND AFTEll IIIK ArPKAI!AN( E OK TIIK SMTP.

 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 319 
 
 which enters the groove in the floor in front of the prompter's box. At this 
 moment the entire stage seems to be in motion, and the effect is very striking. 
 We now come to the details of the construction of the ship. Our engraving 
 shows the boat while it was being built. The visible hull of the ship was placed 
 upon a large and very strong wooden framework formed of twenty-six trusses. 
 In the center there are two longitudinal trusses about three feet in height and 
 twenty-five feet in length, upon which are assembled perpendicularly seven other 
 trusses. In the interior there are six transverse i:»ieces held by stirrup bolts, and 
 at the end of each of these is fixed a tliirteen-inch iron wheel. The entire 
 structure rolls U2:)0n these twelve wheels. There are two bronze wheels which 
 we have already referred to. In the rear there are two vertical trusses, sixteen 
 feet in height, which are joined by ties and descend to the bottom of the frame, 
 to which they are bolted. They constitute the skeleton of the immense stern 
 
 SHIP OF THE NEW BALT.ET, "THE TEMPEST." 
 
 of the vessel. The skeleton of the prow is formed of a vertical truss which is 
 bolted to the frame. The rest of the construction of the shij) will be readily 
 understood by reference to the engraving. The large mast consists of a vertical 
 tube, ten feet high, which is set into the center of the frame, and in the inte- 
 rior of which slides a wooden spar Avhich is capable of being drawn out for 
 the final apotheosis. The mast carries three foot-boards, and a platform for the 
 reception of "supers.". It is actuated by a windlass placed upon the frame. 
 Panels made of canvas, painted, represent the hull; there are nine on each 
 side; above are placed those that cover the prow and the stern. The bowsprit 
 is in two parts, one sliding into the other; the front portion is at first pulled 
 back in order to hide the vessel entirely in the side scenes. It begins to make 
 its appearance before the vessel itself gets under way. Silken cordage connects 
 the mast, bowsprit, etc. On each side of the vessel there are bolted five iron 
 frames covered with canvas which reach the level of the water line, as shown 
 in the above engraving. Upon these stand the '"supers" who represent 
 the naiads that are supposed to draw the ship from the beach. At the bow
 
 320 3IAG1C: STAGE ILTA'SIOKS AND SCIENTIFJC IH V HUSIOSS. 
 
 there is fixed a frame which supports a diinseiise representing the living 
 prow of the vessel. The boat is drawn to the middle of the stage by a cable 
 attached to its right side, passing around a windlass placed in the side scenes to 
 the left. It is at the same time pushed by stage hands placed in the interior 
 of the framework. The trucks or chariots which support the boat are entirely 
 covered w4th painted canvas resembling water. As the vessel, freighted with 
 harmoniously grouped spirits and uaiads, with fairies and gracefvd genii appar- 
 ently swimming about it, sails in upon the stage, puts about and advances, 
 and is carried along by the Avaves to the front of the stage, the effect is really 
 beautiful, and does great credit to the stage machinist's art. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STAGE EFFECTS. 
 
 A rather curious illusion occurs in ''Don Juan." The monument of 
 the Gubernator bears the inscrijition, ''Here revenge awaits the murderer." 
 The moment that Don Juan appears in front of the monument, cne of the stage 
 hands removes a strip of some opaque substance from behind the transparent 
 inscription, which now appears in brilliant letters on the base of the monu- 
 ment; the letters being lighted by lamps behind the statue. 
 
 In ballets the dancers are frequently represented as floating in the air. 
 This movement may be produced by means of a common sea-saw. In aerial 
 
 TlIK UUAVKVAUn Sl'KNK IN TUK Ol'KIiA " DOti JUAN."
 
 THE APrAIUTIONS IX THE OPEKA OK " FIJEISCHUTZ." 
 
 THE ENCHANTED r.OOK IN THE OI'EItA "HANS HEII.IG." 
 
 21
 
 322 MAQIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ballets and in the appearances of angels, etc., special devices are provided in 
 up-to-date theatres, the mechanism nsually being in the form of a trolley. 
 
 The army of demons and ghosts which pass over the stage in the " Frei- 
 schiitz " manage in various ways; in some cases a movable scene is used, and in 
 others the uncanny creatures are painted upon a canvas roll and are projected, 
 by means of a powerful light, upon a scene representing clouds. Hissing, snap- 
 ping, screeching, and other hideous noises are produced by means of whips, 
 clappers, whistles, rattles, and other like devices behind the scenes. 
 
 THE FLOATING WIIJ.IS (BAT.LET.) 
 
 The enchanted book in the ojiera " ITans ITeilig " is operated by means of a 
 black thread which is manipulated by an attendant behind the scenes, as shown 
 in our engraving. 
 
 The palm tree in the ''Queen of Sheba," which bends in the sirocco, is 
 caused to sway in the same way, by means of a black line whicli runs back of 
 the stage. The branches of the tree are mounted on steel spi'ings.
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 323 
 
 THE DESTEUCTION OF THE TEMPLE OF DAGOX. 
 
 In the pvoductiou of Grand Openi it is frequently necessary to represent 
 the wholesale destruction of a building or city. This is managed in various 
 ways, as in the destruction of tlie Temple of Dagon in the third act of " Sam- 
 son and Delilah." The stage setting is very comjjlicated. The temple appears 
 to be of great size, and is most imposing. The stairs at the center and at the 
 right and the left give access to the various parts of the building. A very 
 
 COLUMNS IN THE TEMPLE OP DAGON. 
 
 large number of persons are on the stage during this act. Two columns in the 
 middle of the scene are specially noticeable on account of their great size. 
 AVlien the moment has arrived for the destruction of the temple, Samson places 
 himself between the two columns, and with his outstretched arms hurls the 
 columns to the ground. The demolition of the temple quickly follows, each 
 piece of scenery falling in the exact place arranged for in advance, so that 
 there is no danger of injury to the artists or chorus. The two columns are 
 specially interesting, as they are really of great size and weight. In reality the 
 columns are hinged to the stage. To the interior of each column is secured an 
 iron lever which passes down underneath the floor of the stage. This lever is 
 bent like the bascule of a bridge. To the end of this lever is secured a rope 
 which passes over pulleys to a counterweight. From the counterweight 
 another rope runs over the pulley to the windlass. When the columns are to
 
 d'U MAOTC: STAGE ILLUSIOKS ASD SClEXTIFIC nrVERSIO^*S. 
 
 be overthrown, their weight is btikiuced by the counterweight secured to the 
 end of the rope, so that there is little shock from the fall. The rapidity of the 
 descent of the column is equal to the rapidity of the rise of the counterweight. 
 It will readily be seen that these weights can be adjusted to give any effect 
 desired. The same windlass serves to raise both counterweights. 
 
 THE HORSE RACE OX THE STAGE. 
 
 "When first introduced, tlie horse race upon the stage was a decided novelty, 
 and it is doubtful if auy stage illusion is more ingenious. The two principal plays 
 in which the horse race has been used are Neil [son] Burgess's clever and pop- 
 ular play, " The County Fair," and aErench play called *" Paris Port de Mer. " 
 In both of these plays three horses, each ridden by a jockey, race upon the stage 
 without going out of sight of the spectators, ^^e have here a real effect plus 
 ail iHusion. The horses are free from all restraint and really gallop, but the 
 ground disappears nnder their feet, moving in a direction opposite to that of the 
 run; the landscape, as well as the fences, also fly j^ast in a direction contrar}^ to 
 tiie forward motion of the horses. The illusion in both of the plays we have 
 mentioned is very similiar, but we think the American invention is prefer- 
 able. At the proper moment tlie large screw shown in the lower part of our 
 engraving is set in motion by the electric motors. It lifts the mechanism of 
 the horse race up to the level of the floor, Avhicli had previously covered it. 
 The lights in the theater are turned out, and after a few moments of inky 
 blackness the flying horses appear at the side of the stage, in a blaze of 
 light, and seem to strain every nerve, fairly flying past the varied landscape. 
 Fences and trees disappear behind them with startling rapidity. When at last 
 the finish is near, one of the horses gradually Avorks forward and becomes the 
 winner by a neck as he approaches the judges' stand. After an instant of dark- 
 ness a flash of light follows, and the horses are pulled u]} in front of the judges' 
 pavilion and the race is Avon. 
 
 This result is accomplished by means of three flexible endless platforms 
 passing over rollers at the sides of the stage. These moving platforms enable 
 the horses to be in rapid motion Avithotit actually moving forward, and, as a 
 matter of fact, instead of nu)ving forward, they are Avell secured by Avire rope 
 traces. As the race nears the finish, the platform on Avhich the Avinning horse 
 is stationed is gradually slipped forAvard on a track provided for the purpose, 
 the actual movement being, of course, only a few feet. The space between the 
 fence ant! the scenery is fourteen feet, Avhich gives ample space for free action 
 of the horses. The fence in the foreground consists of a number of pickets 
 fastened to an endless belt. 'J'he pickets run in guides Avhicli hold them 
 rigidly i)erpendicular during their passage over the stage. The scenery back 
 of the stage is carried by two powerful rollers, and is turned by means of an 
 electric motor so arranged tliat it may be unwound at any rate of speed.
 
 THE A TEll SECRETS. 
 
 :}; 
 
 ]\[uch of the effect of the scene is due to the speed with which the electric 
 lights are flashed from extreme darkness to brilliant light. The illusion is 
 further heightened by the way in which the horses' manes are tossed about. 
 
 KLECTKKAL UE VICES IN "TIIK tUUNTY KAIK." 
 
 This is accomplislied in a very novel manner. In the extreme lower riglit- 
 hand corner of our engraving will be seen a blower actuated by an electric 
 motor. Air from this blower is conducted to a large funnel which discharges
 
 326 MAGJG: STAOE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the air just out of sight of the audience. This causes the horses' manes to be 
 blown in all directions. All of the complicated electrical apparatus is driven 
 from a single switchboard at the right, which is usually manipulated by Mr. 
 Burgess himself. Our engraving is from " The Electrical World." 
 
 Our other engraving shows the arrangement as used in the French play, 
 *' Paris Port de Mer. " The tracks are formed of an endless matting of cocoa- 
 nut fibre. This belt runs over drums at each side of the stage and is made 
 taut by a third drum on a level M'itli tlie stage floor. The belt is supported by 
 a series of wooden rollers which are i)Iaced very close together and revolve on 
 pivots. The drum at the left of the stage is driven directly by the motor. Tlie 
 fence is mounted on an endless belt, as in the Burgess illusion, and is operated 
 by an air motor. The panorama, which unwinds in a minute and a quarter, 
 is operated by hand. 
 
 Mr. Neil[son] Burgess devised another jilan for producing the illusion of 
 a horse or other race. Two or more disks or wheels of appropriate size are 
 secured to a common shaft so that they will rotate independently. The wheels 
 are of different diameters, so that the larger will afford a clear j^ath for the 
 contestants. The racers are held back by wires which pass over windlasses, 
 and their relative positions may be governed by paying out or drawing in the 
 wire. The runners, of course, cause the rotation of the disk as in a horse 
 power, and this gives the illusion of real running. An appropriate background 
 scene may be used, and the shaft carrying the disks may be moved across the 
 stage by journaling it in a four-wheel truck, the flooring being removed so as 
 to permit of this horizontal movement. 
 
 An American, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, invented another scheme for pro- 
 ducing the same illusion. He devised a circular track, or turntable, somewhat 
 the same as that used in horse powers. A panorama is carried by rollers, and 
 works across the proscenium opening. One or more horses are placed upon 
 the turntable at any desired point between the panorama and the front of the 
 stage, and are then started. They are held back in the same manner as in 
 the ordinary treadmill, and will not advance until the wire is slackened. In 
 the meantime the jianorama is moving in the direction opposite to that in 
 which the horses are supposed to be moving. This operation is accomplished 
 by means of the gear connection between the rollers of the panorama and the 
 horses actinia; on the surface of the turntable to turn the same.
 
 328 .MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE EFFECTS IN "SIEGFRIED." 
 
 '' Siegfried " is the second drama and the third evening of the " Ring of 
 the Nibehmg." It is devoted to the life and adventnres of yonng Siegfried, 
 from his childliood nnder the care of the dwarf smith Mime, until he wakens 
 Briinnhilde.from her long sleep on the fire-guarded rock on which she was put 
 to sleep by Wotan as a punishment for disobedience in sheltering Sieglinde. 
 The first act of " Siegfried " is particularly charming. It is called the " Welding 
 of the Sword." The scene is laid in a large rocky cave with openings leading 
 out to the forest. The forge is built out of rocks, the bellows alone appearing 
 to be artificial. A large anvil and a few tools complete the equipment of the 
 
 siegfiued's force. 
 
 forge. As the curtain rises, JMime is seen hammering the sword, but the result 
 does not seem to be satisfactory. Suddenly Siegfried enters, clad in a dress of 
 skins, and accompanied by a bear wliich he captured, ^fime retires behind 
 the forge. After Siegfried and ]\Iime have indulged in a dialogue, the former 
 jumps up and goes towards tlie sword; grasping it, he tries it with his hand, 
 and finally strikes it upon the anvil, whereupon it is broken. 
 
 Siegfried forces ]\lime to tell him the story of his parentage. Mime then 
 brings out the pieces of the broken swoi'd which the dying Sieglinde had left as 
 a legacy to the child. The young hero now begins to set to work to forge the 
 sword, and Mime chuckles with delight when he thinks that after Siegfried 
 has forged the sword and killed the dragon he will ])()ison him. The scene 
 of the welding of the sword is magniticent, and is ])e<'uliarly Wagnerian in its 
 conception.
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 329 
 
 Supported by a square frame of hewn timbers is the bellows, which is com- 
 posed of hides fastened together with rings. The leatlier cylinder rises and 
 falls by means of a lever secured to the top. Siegfried goes bravely to work. 
 Going to the forge, he heaps coals upon the open hearth, and gradually fans 
 the fire; it rises and rises nntil there is a roaring blaze. The light shines 
 fitfully npon Siegfried and upon the walls of the cave. At each stroke of the 
 bellows handle the fire rises higher and higher. Siegfried places a crucible in 
 the midst of the fire, and in it puts the pieces of the broken sword. When 
 the pieces appear to be melted, he takes up the crucible with a pair of tongs 
 and pours the fluid metal into a clay mold. Grasping the mold with a piece 
 of cloth, he carries it to the rough-hewn tempering log trough and throws it 
 iu. The heated metal coming in contact with the water causes the steam to 
 rise. When Siegfried judges that the sword has cooled sufficiently, he takes 
 it from the trough and, striking it a smart blow, breaks the mold which sur- 
 rounds it. He then heats the blade of the sword in the forge and proceeds to 
 the anvil. At each stroke of the hammer the sparks fly, producing a most 
 realistic impression. He now places the sword in a vise, files it, and then rivets 
 on the handle. 
 
 At last Siegfried finishes the sword and he says: 
 
 " Rescue! Rescue! 
 
 Welded anew! 
 To life once more I have waked thee. 
 
 Dead hast lain 
 
 In ruins long. 
 Now flashest thou fiercely and fair. 
 
 lilend thou the blatant 
 
 Now with thy blaze! 
 
 Fell thou the false ones. 
 
 Rend thou the rogues! 
 See, Mime, thou smith — 
 So smiteth Siegfried's sword! " 
 
 — T. P. .T<irl:>tnn'>t irrtion. 
 
 He now wishes to test its temper, and, raising it aloft, he l)rings it down, 
 giving a tremendous blow to the anvil, which is cleft in twain, sparks following 
 the anvil to the ground. Those who have never seen " Siegfried " can form but a 
 faint idea of the realism of this scene, which taxes the resources of the property 
 master to the utmost. It will now be asked how the very clever illusion of 
 the forge and anvil is produced. Our engraving gives an idea of the rear of 
 the forge. It consists of a rough table, the front of whicii is covered with 
 canvas to represent rocks. The top of the table is quite well hidden from the 
 spectators by painted work which masks the front of the forge so that the 
 mechanism for obtaining the light effects from the top is disguised. The gas 
 is connected with the forge by means of two pieces of rubber hose, one of which 
 is provided with a small burner which is kept constantly lighted. Before the 
 curtain is raised it is not noticeable, as it is turned down until the flame 
 is l)lue. AVhen Siegfried goes to the forge and heaps ou the coal, thfe stage
 
 330 31 AGIO: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 hand called the '^ gas man " turns on the gas so that it flows through the other 
 pipe, which ends in a rose burner at the top of tlie forge. The instant the 
 gas reaches the rose burner it is ignited by the jet which was kept lighted. By 
 
 THE KOKGING OK THE SWOKD IN SIEGFRIED. 
 
 manipulating the valve, the quantity of gas is regulated so that the flame burns 
 high or low as desired. As soon as the Are is supposed to rise to any height 
 the glare of it is cast upon Siegfried's face. This is accomplished by means of 
 incandescent lamps which are arranged one on each side of the rose burner and 
 
 three just in front, in the painted work 
 which masks the front of the forge. 
 The lamps are arranged on two circuits ; 
 those in tJie middle on one circuit, 
 and those on the back of the forge on 
 another circuit. The wires run into 
 the Avings, and the electrician lights 
 them and dims them, as required, by 
 means of rheostats. Steam is used to 
 give the effect of smoke. This is ad- 
 TiiE DIVIDED ANVIL, mitted by a stage hand in the wings.
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 331 
 
 The quantity of steam admitted depends upon the height to -wliich the fire is 
 supposed to have risen. It may thus be seen that the effect of the lighting is pro- 
 duced by a clever combination of gas, electricity, and steam, which must be com- 
 bined with the greatest possible art. In the old forge at the Metropolitan Opera 
 House, which was burned in the fire, the effect was obtained in a slightly differ- 
 ent way. A man was placed under the forge, and Avhen the flame Avas to rise, 
 he blew lycopodium powder into it from a box underneath the top of the forge. 
 A quantity of the powder was blown out at each stroke of the bellows. The 
 l)urticles of the volatile powder caught fire when they came in contact Avith the 
 gas jet, thus producing the effect of the gaseous flames from blacksmith's coal 
 and its sparks. The new arrangement is considered to be more desirable. 
 
 Under the top of the forge will be noticed a shelf on Avliich are kept two 
 swords. This enables Siegfried to substitute the swords as becomes necessary, 
 and here is kept the sword with a firmly riveted hilt which he finally uses to 
 strike the anvil. 
 
 The trough is also connected with a steam pipe. When Siegfried throws 
 into the trough the mold which encases the sword, and when he tempers the 
 sword, the steam rises. The steam is supplied from a drilled iron pipe. This 
 pipe is connected with the steam pipes at the side of the stage by means of a 
 hose Avhich is carefully covered from view. The anvil upon which Siegfried 
 strikes in forging the sword has one side covered by a piece of corrugated iron, 
 six by twelve inches, and another piece of iron is over it, as shown in our 
 engraving. It is arranged so that when the bow piece of iron at the top comes 
 in contact with the lower piece a momentary short circuit is produced, so that 
 at each stroke of the hammer a shower of sparks is produced. AYhen Siegfried 
 raises his sword and brings it down upon the anvil, he really strikes a spring 
 which lets one half of the anvil fall, its under and outer side having the cor- 
 ner cut off for the purpose, as will be seen from our engraving. 
 
 There are other interesting properties and illusions in " Siegfried. ' ' We have 
 just seen how Siegfried has forged his sword " Kescue; " now begin a series of 
 wonderful adventures which only end with his death in the " Gotterdammerung." 
 The second act of " Siegfried " takes place in a forest in which is seen a great 
 linden tree. The whole stage is covered with rocks, and at the left, at the back, 
 is a cave which shelters "Fafner," a giant who has taken the form of a 
 dragon in order to protect the treasures concealed in the cave, Avhich include 
 the mysterious ring and the Tarnlielmet, which gives the i)ossessor unlimited 
 power. Mime and Siegfried approach. Mime showing the way to tlie cave. 
 WwwQ then leaves Siegfried alone to his fate. The youthful hero sits down 
 beneath the linden tree and listens to the voice of the bird. He wishes tliat 
 he could understand its language, aiul, cutting a reed, he nuikes a rude 
 musical instrument with which he attempts to imitate the bird's notes, but the 
 result is a failure. He then takes up his silver horn and blows several blasts 
 upon it. He has, however, no comprehension as yet of the song of the birds, 
 but the sound of the horn has awakened Fafner, Avho appears in the mouth of 
 the cave. The hideous creature moves forward from the cave and says: *" Who
 
 TlfEATEn SECRJ^T.'^. uljj 
 
 art thon ? " Then, after a moment's coiiversution. Fafner opens liis tremeiitloiis 
 jaws, displaying liis teeth. Siegfried seizes liis sword and confronts Fafoer. 
 Tlie now enraged dragon belches forth a snlphurons breath, wliile his eyes gleam 
 with a very wicked light. The young Siegfried seems no match for the enor- 
 mous beast. The dragon has almost seized Siegfried -when the latter succeeds 
 in wounding him slightly. The aninud rears up on his fore feet, with tlie inten- 
 tion of hurling himself upon the intruder in order to crush him. In doing 
 this, however, he exjioses his breast so that Siegfried is enabled to plunge his 
 sword into the monster's heart. Fafner rears up still higher, and finally sinks 
 upon the ground, and the dying monster sings of the race of the giants and 
 tlie curse of the dwarfs. At last he dies, and as Siegfried withdraws the sword, 
 his hand becomes sprinkled Avith blood. He puts his fingers to his mouth to 
 suck off the blood. He now hears the forest bird again, and this time he is 
 able to understand the language. 
 
 The fact of the matter is, it would have been much better if Wagner had 
 written the music-drama so that the dragon would have been killed off 
 the stage. Having once been jmt into the opera, it was, of course, impossible 
 to get along without the ugly beast, but the tendency is now to retire the 
 dragon as far as 2:)ossible to the rear of the stage. The dragon which we illus- 
 trate is the creation of Mr. Siedle, theproperty master of the Metropolitan Opera 
 House. Fafner is, without doitbt, the finest of his race. He gives one the 
 idea of something half siuike, half crocodile, and somewhat resembles some of 
 tlie now e.xtiuct animals of bygone geological times. It cannot be said that the 
 dragon is a thing of beauty, unless we can admit there is a beauty of ugliness. 
 Fafner is supremely ugly, but, from a scientific point of view, it is doubtful if 
 there are any properties connected with modern Gr;ind Opera which are more 
 interesting. The problem which presents itself to the property master in 
 building the dragon is an interesting and ditficult one. As the dragon 
 must be arranged so that it can be worked by two men, Avho are inside it, it 
 must be capable of considerable movement and must give the apjiearance 
 of great size. In the i)resent instance the head of the dragon was modeled in 
 clay, and each line and horny scale and boss was the result of careful calcula- 
 tion. After the head was modeled, a plaster of paris mold was taken from it, 
 and from this another plaster cast was made, upon which the actual head was 
 built up out of papier mache. After the papier mache work was finished, it 
 was painted dark green; different shades were, of course, used. 
 
 The body of the dragon is of cloth; tlie legs aiul feet are not attached to 
 it, but are put on by the two men who operate the dragon. The feet and 
 claws of the dragon are pulled on by combination overalls and boots. The 
 man who takes the part of the fore feet wears a heavy belt with hooks on the 
 side to carjT the Avires Avhich furnish the current for the electric lamps in the 
 eyes, and a rubber hose by which the dragon is enabled to breathe a sulphurous 
 breath. A long lever of iron runs from Fafuer's head through his body, and by 
 means of this the man who plays the hind legs moves the head up and down; 
 the shoulders of the first man being the fulcrum. Independently of this, the
 
 334 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 \ 
 
 ' ^s^ 
 
 WOTAN 8 SI'KAll. 
 
 m;ii"i in the fore legs moves tlio upper jaw and the feelers. 
 The painted cloth body might be likened to a camera bel- 
 lows. The antennae can be moved by means of cords, add- 
 ing greatly to the terrible appearance of the monster. The 
 enormous red tongue can also be moved by the first man, 
 and the jaws are freely hinged. The eyes are set in what 
 ajipear to be enormous saucers; they are covered over with 
 painted silk. Behind this are incandescent lamps which are 
 turned on and off fitfully by one of the stage hands behind 
 the drop scene which represents the mouth of the cave. 
 The wires run to the tail, as does also the steam pipe which 
 furnishes the breath of the monster. The steam is allowed 
 to escape from the mouth and through the nostrils. The 
 tail consists of a number of sections of wood articulated 
 l)y means of hinges. It is covered with painted cloth. 
 When the first act is about over, the two men who are to 
 act as the legs of the dragon get inside the body and are 
 tlien ehiborately fastened by the stage hands. They then 
 waddle along to the opening of the cave, assisted by several 
 of the stage hands, as the enormous body is very difficult 
 to manage. One man works the steam while the other 
 attends to the lighting of the eyes. After Siegfried kills 
 the dragon, the stage hands go at once to extricate the 
 two men from their uncomfortable position. The singer 
 who takes the part of Fafner may Ije disposed in two ways; 
 he may be either under the raised bridge upon Avhich the 
 monster stands, or he may bo in the wings. In either 
 case he sings through a speaking trumpet, which adds to 
 the effect. The bird which is seen going across the stage 
 and leading Siegfried to Briinnhilde is actuated by clock- 
 work. When it starts, the clockwork is set in motion 
 and makes the wings flap. Another bird, Avhich appears 
 to the audience to be the same, crosses the stage on 
 wire from right to left, further back, and a third one is 
 seen at the left, still further away. This one Siegfried fol- 
 lows to the rock of the Walkure, just as the curtain falls 
 upon the wonderful scene. 
 
 The third act of " Siegfried " opens in a wild, rocky 
 path at the foot of a high mountain. The scene is laid at 
 night, and there is considerable thunder and lightning. 
 Before the entrance to a cavern in the rock stands Wotan, 
 who never appears as a greater bore than in this act of 
 " Siegfried. " After a seemingly interminable conversation 
 with l^h'da. she vanishes and Siegfried ajipears. After 
 considerable conversation between Siegfried and Wotan,
 
 TBEATER SECRETS. 335 
 
 Siegfried advances to the latter, holding his sword, which has once before been 
 shattered on the same shaft, in order that he may reach the summit of the 
 mountain upon which Briinnhilde sleeps, jjrotected by the sea of flames. 
 Siegfried fights with Wotan and hews the spear in pieces. A fearful flash of 
 thunder follows; flames and steam rise in front, and Siegfried's horn is heard 
 as he plunges into the fire. At length the fierce glow pales, the scene changes, 
 and represents the summit of a rocky mountain peak, as in the third act of the 
 Walkiire, and Briinnhilde is seen in deep sleep. 
 
 The illusion is very clever indeed. Wotan's spear, as shown in our engrav- 
 ing, consists of a divided shaft, one part of which telescopes with the other 
 for a few inches. The upper part of the spear is forced down over the lower, 
 thus compressing a coiled spring. AVhen the spring is compressed sufficiently, 
 it is caught by a catch. Now, when Siegfried strikes the spear Avith his sword, 
 Wotan presses a button which releases the upper jiart of the spear. The coiled 
 spring is sufficiently strong to throw it off from the lower part. As the upper 
 part rises, it lights matches secured by holders in the center of the lower part 
 of the spear. A piece of sandpaper is secured to a little door which opens 
 in the shell of the top part of the spear. As the sandpaper ])asses the matches, 
 it lights them, setting fire to a small quantity of gun cotton, which lights flash 
 paper concealed in the end of the spear. A lightning flash and a flash of 
 thunder usually accompany the breaking of the spear. Formerly an electric 
 spear was used, but it was found that the matches were simpler and more 
 reliable. 
 
 Arrangemeiits are provided at the Metropolitan Opera House so that an 
 entire curtain of steam can be made to rise across the whole length of the 
 stage, a narrow section of flooring being taken up, and a perforated section 
 put in instead. A perforated steam pipe is also provided. 
 
 THE BED OF TULIPS AND THE ELECTRIC FIREFLY. 
 
 A very pretty electrical effect has been introduced in the garden scene in 
 " Faust. " Siebel, the would-be lover of Marguerite, advances to a bed of tulips, 
 some red, some white, and some gold, to pluck a bouquet that he would leave 
 upon her window to speak for him. Concealed in the corolla of each flower is 
 an electric lamp. Now Mephistopheles had long before warned Siebel : 
 
 " Every flower that you touch 
 Shall rot and shall wither." 
 
 But, unheeding, Siebel plucks a golden tulip which shines as he lifts it up to 
 him. A fine wire which carries the current keeps the lamp aglow and is not 
 seen as it trails along the foliage. No sooner does Siebel examine it than
 
 ooij JLiOiC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC rHYERSTONS. 
 
 Mephistopheles, partly concealed, raises liis liaud; the current is cut otT, and 
 the flower grows dull and withers perceptibly. 
 
 " What, faded! Ah me! 
 
 Thus the Sorcerer foretold at the fair: 
 That should I touch a blooming flower. 
 It shall wither. 
 
 But my hand in holy water FlI bathe — 
 See, now, will they wither?" 
 
 Then with his other hand he plucks a red tulip, a white and a golden one and 
 holds them up triumphantly, each glowing with a rich light ; for Mephistopheles 
 may not raise his hand against the power of what has been blessed. Then he 
 changes the flowers from one hand to the other, and instantly they fade ; but 
 they gleam again when, remembering it was with the other hand that he had 
 touched the holy water, he transfers them back again. This beautifnl illnsion 
 is easily produced. 
 
 THK IJKD OF ET.ECTIUC FLOWERS. 
 
 The electric firefly which has been used in the play of the " Kaffir Diamond " 
 depends upon a somewhat similar device. Tiny incandescent lamps are affixed 
 to the reeds and rushes in a swamp, each lamp being connected by means of 
 a fine wire to a storage battery, through the medium of wires in a switch- 
 board. Our engraving shows the manner of placing the lamp behind the 
 weeds and rushes. The operator, in his hiding place, by pressing upon the keys 
 of the switchboard, alternately lights up one and then another lamp, so that it 
 would appear to be a single flrclly darting hither and. thither; or, by pressing a 
 number of keys, any number up to a dozen or more could be lighted. 
 
 In " Die Walkiire," a red incandescent lamp is placed in a tiu box which 
 is painted so as to represent a knot in the tree. AYIien tlie light is turned on, 
 it causes a red glow on the hilt of the sword, and discovers it to be Siogmund.
 
 77/ AM 7'A7.' SECh'ETS 
 
 337 
 
 ELECTKIC FIUEKLIKS. 
 
 THE ELECTRIC TORCH AXH ELECTRIC JEWELS. 
 
 We have already given several interesting examples of electricity upon the 
 stiige. We now present some engravings of the electric torch and electric 
 jewels for which the theatrical world is indebted to the Erench inventor M. 
 Ti-ouve. The electric torch Avas devised for use in ^[. Saint-Saens' " Ascanio. " 
 In the mythological ballet, Phoebus appears among the ]\Inses, holding the torch. 
 of Genius in his liand; the torch is of moderate size and elegant form, and innst 
 be brilliantly illuminated from twelve to fifteen minutes at each ])erformance. 
 An incandescent lamp scarcely concealed under colored glass jewels solves the 
 problem. Tiie principal difficulty was to light this lamp A\ithont the use of 
 conductors, which should furnish the electrical current desired. ]\l. Trouve 
 constructed some portable accumulators which are placed in the torch. The 
 accumulators are six in number; the first three occupy the upper part of the 
 torch, and the three others the lower part. They are of the Plante variety and 
 have lead plates. Each of the elements is ])laced in the interior of a cylindri- 
 23
 
 338 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 cal piece of thin glass covered witli gutta perclia. The batfcei-y as a whole 
 weighs four hundred and twenty grams (fifteen ounces), and is capable of 
 furnishing electricity to supply the torch for two presentations. A small con- 
 tact button is placed above two buttons, so that at the least pressure the lamp 
 is lighted, and it is extinguished when the pressure ceases. Our engravijig 
 shows Madame Torri in the rSle of Phoebus. 
 
 H^^^^^m^^^giffWli'^J 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 Hb^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^B| 
 
 I^^^^H^B^^^^Ss^ i<'Cm 
 
 H 
 
 ^HiSlij 
 
 ^^K^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^Hl 
 
 H^l 
 
 1 
 
 ■11 
 
 __ __v;--'-^^ir ^r- 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 FIG. 1.— rnCEBUS HOLDING THE TORCH OF GKNIUS. 
 
 M. Trouvo also invented what are termed electric jewels, in wliich glass 
 jewels cut into facets are illuminated by a small elec^tric light placed back of 
 them. TIk! jewels really consist of small lenses whose foci have been accurately 
 determined. The luminous source itself always occu])ies an invariable posi- 
 tion, that is to say in the center of the sphere, which is studded with the glass 
 jewels. I'he lamp is connected with a small battery through the medium of a 
 flexible conducting cord which is concealed under the garments^ The battery 
 is put into the pocket or attached to some part of the dress. Our engraving
 
 THEATER SECRETS. 
 
 339 
 
 shows a number of these electric jewels which are used not only for theatri- 
 cal purposes, but for a novelty in dress. 
 
 The jewels are very effective when attached to a ballet costume, and we 
 give on page 341 an illustration of a danseuse as she appears when adorned 
 with this glowing electric jewelry. 
 
 Another interesting effect which is produced with the aid of a small elec- 
 
 Fm. 2.— EXTERNAL AND INTEUNAL VIEWS OF THE TORCH. 
 
 trie battery carried upon the person, is used in the duel scene in " Faust," and 
 is also due to M. Trouve. It is rather simpler than the device which we will 
 show for producing sparks from the sword in the duel. The two swords 
 and the two cuirasses are extremities of the poles of a bichromate battery car- 
 ried by the combatants. Wlien the two swords come in contact they cause 
 bright sparks to flash, and when one of the swords touches the cuirass of 
 the adversary, a fifteen candle-power lamp is lighted, and remains lighted 
 during the contact of the point of the sword with the cuirass; the lamp
 
 THE A TER SECRETS. 
 
 341 
 
 is, of course, in front of the cuirass. lu furious sword ])]ay the two swords 
 touch reciprocally the two opposite cuirasses; both lamps are simultaneously 
 illuminated and give a considerable light around the combatants. This appar- 
 atus is not only useful in the theater, but has been tried in the fencing gallery 
 during an assault; the apparatus shows the location of the blows without the 
 possibility of contesting it. 
 
 FIG. 4.— DATVSKUSE WF.AKING RT.F.CTRTC JEWELS.
 
 342 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 AN ELECTRICAL DUEL. 
 
 In the duel scene in " Faust," a striking effect was obtained a few years ago 
 at the ]\Ietropolitan Opera House. It will be remembered that the soldier 
 Valentine, brother of Marguerite, fights with Eaust. As Faust is unfamiliar 
 with the use of the sword, the devil, in the guise of Mephistopheles, stands 
 by, sword in hand, ready to aid him, iuteri:)osing his weapon when Valentine 
 presses the student too closely. In former productions of the opera there was 
 nothing apparent to indicate the possession of supernatural powers by Mephis- 
 topheles. The duel takes place at a part of the stage where two plates of 
 copper are sunk into the flooring. These plates are connected with the electi'ic 
 current. Copper nails are driven into one shoe of Valentine and one shoe of 
 Faust, and the wires run up their bodies to the swords. When they draw 
 their swords they insert the wire into the hilts by means of a plug; they are 
 then connected with the copper plate. Every time that Mephistopheles inter- 
 poses the sword and strikes up the contending weapons, which are in contact, 
 the sparks fly furiously and the weird crackling sounds are heard as in lightning. 
 When Valentine receives his death wound, he throws out the plug connecting 
 his sword with the electric current, and as he falls the sword flies from his 
 hand, and there is nothing to show the presence of any electrical connection. 
 
 THE SKIRT DANCE. 
 
 The famous skirt dance may be defined as peculiar in the sense that it is not 
 a dance as generally understood in stage parlance. The performer, standing 
 on the stage and dressed in voluminous attire, requiring, it is said, over a hun- 
 dred yards of material, by slow motions, comprising more arm movements than 
 foot movements, causes the light drapery to wave about in most graceful 
 curves. The variety of shapes and contours that can be produced by a skilled 
 performer is endless. To add to the effect, wands are used to extend the reacli 
 in the direction of the lines of the arms, and the gi'eater control thus obtain- 
 able adds immensely to the effect. This dance was made famous by Miss Loie 
 Fuller, whose reputation is now world-wide. 
 
 Our illustration which forms the frontispiece of the present work is designed 
 to show the methods adopted to produce the wonderfully beautiful effects which 
 have characterized the dance. The performance is executed in a darkened the- 
 ater. A number of projectors are distributed, four in the wings and one below 
 the stage, so as to be adapted for flooding the figure of the danseuse with light. 
 A pane of heavy plate glass set in the floor of the stage permits the projector 
 beneath it to produce its effects. Each projector has mounted in front of it a 
 disc about three feet in diameter, perforated near its periphery Avith a number 
 of apertures. Colored gelatine is fastened over most of these apertures, a
 
 oU MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSION'S AND SCIENTIFIC DIVEJi'SlON'S. 
 
 different color being nsed for eiicli opening, except wliere one may be left for 
 white liglit. The operators at the projectors follow the movements of tiie per- 
 former, and can prodnce an almost infinitely extended range of effects by vary- 
 ing the colors thrown by each projector. 
 
 The theater being pitch dark, the dancer can be brought slowly into view 
 and can be made to slowly disappear by manipulation of the projectors. She 
 can appear in any color or combination of colors. It is needless to say that it 
 is a comjiosite performance in the sense that the dancer fills only a part of 
 the functions; skilled operators are absolutely essential at the projectors. 
 
 One of the prettiest effects is produced by a magic lantern operated from 
 the front of the stage and shown on the left hand in the cut. The operator 
 projects upon the drapery different figures and designs, using regular lantern 
 slides, making the flowing, misty drapery act as the screen for his projections. 
 It is obvious that he mnst give great attention to his focusing. 
 
 The skirt dance has won the attention of artists, and some very beautiful 
 statues have been based upon its cloudlike variations of form. The slight 
 idealization required in representing the soft forms of waving drapery in the 
 solid material of the sculptor's art has given most graceful and characteristic 
 effects. 
 
 One of the most startling effects is the flame dance. The filmy veil is pure 
 white, but as the dancer approaches the opening in the stage floor the veil turns 
 to a fiery red, and the flames wave to and fro as if they were being blown by the 
 wind. Shadows are then thrown on the veil and produce an exact reproduc- 
 tion of heavy black smoke, which suddenly changes to an ardent flame again^ 
 as if the fire had broken out anew.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 THE NAUTICAL ARENA. 
 
 The nautical arena, or aquatic tlieater, was a few years ago one of the sensa- 
 tions of London and Paris. Spectacular entei'tainments in which water played 
 a prominent part go back to the time of the Romans, Avhen portions of the 
 arena of the amphitheater, or sometimes the entire arena, were flooded, and 
 mimic sea figlits took place in galleys carryi]]g gladiators who fought to the 
 death. The Paris aquatic theater is a very handsome building. It is situ- 
 ated in the liue St. Ilonore, and is called the " Arene Nautiqve.'''' It is 
 intended to fill two distinct roles ; first, it is a circus for equestrian, gym- 
 nastic, and aquatic performances, while during the summer it becomes a 
 huge swimming bath. The building was originally used for a cyclorama, 
 but was entirely remodeled when put to its new use. The circular hall 
 is one hundred and ten feet in diameter. In the lower part of this hall is a 
 circular tank seventy-nine feet in diameter, with a gallery running around it. 
 Over this gallery and the water are constructed tiers of seats, as shown in our 
 engraving. In the center is placed a powerful hydraulic cylinder. To the 
 top of the piston rod is affixed a large iron plate forty-four feet in diameter. 
 This plate can be sunk below the level of the water, the tank then being 
 available for aquatic performances. It is the work of a moment to raise the 
 plate. A firm floor is then provided for horses and men. 
 
 This arrangement permits of the water being maintained at such a height as 
 to provide a shallow tank for those who cannot swim. The rise of the piston is 
 caused by a compound pump, and the plate is guided in its movement by guide 
 bars fixed vertically around the outer rail. A catch is provided to secure the 
 plate in position. When it has attained a little more than its proper height, it 
 is caused to rotate slightly on its vertical axis by an endless screw. B\^ this 
 means the ends of the radial girders are brought over twenty shoes fixed to the 
 twenty columns; by letting a little of the water escape, the radial girders settle 
 themselves firmly down upon the shoes. The weight of the whole mass is 
 about twenty-five tons. When the arena is to be used for performances in 
 the ring the plate is covered with a mat of esparto Aveighing about one thou- 
 sand pounds. It is brought in on two iron trucks. Our engraving represents 
 the removal ol the mat before sinking the staj^e.
 
 '^^^'^'^^'''^'^^^^''^^/m^y^^^^^^m!^^
 
 CHAPTEli YL 
 A TKIP TO THE MOOK 
 
 This is the title of an illustrated lecture which has heeu very popular in 
 Berlin, and which was also produced in New York a few years ago. The lec- 
 ture as nsed in the United States, was rewritten hy Mr. Garrett P. Serviss. 
 The first scene is the reproduction of a solar eclipse as seen from t!ie shores of 
 one of the small lakes called Ilavel, near Berlin, on the morning of August 
 19, 1887. 
 
 On this morning the sun arose with the greater jjortion of its disc obscured 
 by the moon. As the sun ascended, the crescent diminished, and at the 
 moment of totality a Avonderful corona flashed into view. The scene gives the 
 audience an idea of what tlie astronomers mean when they attempt to describe 
 
 ''W 
 
 
 IMSi; Its IIIK IIAVKI., M<;A1! IJKUI.IN, AIICiUST I'.t, IShT.
 
 A TRIP TO THE MOON. 
 
 340 
 
 THE PliOWUCTION OK THE SULAK ECLU'SE. 
 
 this wonderful phenomena. The moon pas.ses t^lowly before 
 the sun nntil the earth is fully ilhiminated and the sky and 
 landscape assume a normal appearance. Interesting as these 
 imitations of celestial and terrestrial ])henomena are, the 
 manner in which they are effected is still more so, and our 
 engravings give a peep behind the scenes 
 ^ and explain the means by which the 
 illusion is produced. The trees and 
 \\Xc:,T\A\^ ^ foreground are set in front of a trans- 
 2Darent scene upon the back of wincli 
 the opaque parts are silhouetted in l)l;ick. 
 
 s:> 
 
 
 leaving the sky and water translucent. 
 
 Two optical lanterns are provided, one of which carries 
 the crescent and the other the corona slide. They a,re 
 mounted n2)on a box movable along the inclined side of 
 a triangular frame by a drum and cord, and are thus 
 enabled to imitate the appearance and course of the heav- 
 enly bodies. The screen immediately below the horizon 
 intercepts the image of the luminary below that line. 
 
 The waves that play niion the surface of the lake are 
 
 '>UkM%;^\A'Qt
 
 850 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE PLASTER IMAGE OP THE MOON. 
 
 produced by a slide in a third lantern. This slide consists of glass screens 
 upon which waves are painted. These screens are actuated by three eccentric- 
 ally mounted rods set in motion by clockwork. The interference with these 
 waves permits ribbons of light, of constantly varying position and width, to fall 
 upon the screen and to give the effect of water ruffled by a breeze. The play 
 of color and intensity of light produced by the revolutions of the earth and its 
 passage througli the penumbra and umbra of the moon's shadow, and the 
 development of full sunlight, are perfectly coordinated to the changing condi- 
 tion of their source, the sun. This part of the illusion is effected by the 
 management of the foot and border lights. 
 
 MT. ARIHTAW IHIH.
 
 A TRIP TO THE MOO^. 
 
 361 
 
 CAPE LAPLACE. 
 
 These lights are red, white, and blue incandescent electric lamps arranged in 
 series, and controlled by a rheostat, permitting every possible combination and 
 intensity of tint, and to the intelligent manijinlation of which is due much of the 
 success of the scene. Our interest is intensified by a view froni a distance of 
 five thousand miles, showing the lunar mountains and other prominent features. 
 The plaster image of the moon, viewed through a circular piece of gauze set in 
 a black drop, is ten feet in diameter. The change of phase is produced from 
 the light thrown from the lanterns, as shown in the illustration. 
 
 The splendid scenes of Mt. Aristarchus and Cape Laplace are sjilendid 
 pictures and are shown from the height of two and one half miles. By trigo- 
 nometric mensuration of the shadows, and application of their values by per- 
 spective, the artist is enabled to represent the general features of the landscape 
 with fidelity. These scenes are lighted from behind by four arc lights, by 
 bunch lights and footlights, and the combined candle power is eight thousand 
 
 SUNRISE AND EAUTU LIGHT.
 
 352 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC 1)1 VKh'SIONS. 
 
 llFSiilililil? 
 
 BACK OP EARTH WITH GELATINE 
 ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 THE SUN BOX INTEUIOU AND THE BOX 
 RISING. 
 
 five Imndred oauclles. This brings out the contrast cf tlie laudscape in tliis dead 
 world. From tlie moon surface, the earth always seems to occupy the same 
 place, and reflects to the moon a part of the light received from the sun. The 
 phenomena of earthlight and sunligiit upon the moou are given by transparent 
 
 SOI.AK E(I,II-SK AS VIK\Vi;i) |.|!(».M 'IIIK MOON.
 
 A TRIP TO TEE MOOX. 353 
 
 places in the scene rejiresenting sky, and lit up by a lantern. The mountain 
 on either side has each a lantern, whose light is permitted to fall on the drop 
 by gradually lowering the screen. A modified arc liglit illuminates the front 
 of the scene and gives the earth light. 
 
 Probably the most unique of the cosmic phenomena is a solar eclipse viewed 
 from the moon. The earth is an opaque disc with a red gelatine band 
 attached to its circumference with white muslin, and suspended by two hooks 
 set in a shelf extending across its back. A coat of i)hosphorescent paint gives 
 the glow. The sun consists of a box with a cover of gelatine on which the sun 
 is painted; a semicircular wooden arm incloses a reflector and supports six 
 incandescent lamps set inwardly. The box hooks into a piece of leather 
 with a circular aj^erture coincident with the sun's face, and sewed into the 
 drop. Holes in the drop allow the light from an arc light to imitate 
 the stars. The surface of the moon is painted on canvas supported on 
 hinged props having spread feet. A stifE rod joins the hinges and forms the 
 horizon. A footlight is placed within this tent-like cover to illuminate it. 
 The drop curtain carrying the sun box is raised by a windlass, and as the sun 
 rises, accompanied by the stars, the footlight is turned up. In passing behind 
 the earth, the sun imparts a crimson view to the earth's atmosphere, which the 
 footlight transfers to the moon until the extinction of the solar disk. The 
 return to earth is marked by a view of that part of the earth surface most resem- 
 bling the moon's, the Tyrolean highlands. The afterglow of sunset, moonrise, 
 and a lunar eclipse are depicted with great accuracy. The gradual movement 
 of a deep red gelatine film across the lantern-slide holder causes the moon to 
 appear to enter and emerge from the earth's shadow. A sunset on the Indian 
 Ocean and moonrise on the first scene concludes the lecture. A series of stere- 
 opticon views of great beauty are intersjiersed between the mounted scenes, 
 thus furnishing a continuous performance. 
 
 23
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CYCLORAMAS. 
 
 The origin of the cyclorama is traced to the use of scenery by the Italians 
 two or three hundred years ago. They arranged outside of their windows scenes 
 painted on canvas that simulated extensive gardens. Robert Fulton is said to 
 hav^e exhibited a panorama in Paris at the beginning of the present century. It 
 was not, however, a cylindrical painting, as is used in the cyclorama, and the 
 effect was not as illusive.. Cycloramas have been on exhibition in many cities 
 of the United States, and they are also very popular abroad. 
 
 The cyclorama which we illustrate is the " Battle of Gettysburg," which has 
 been shown in New York, Brooklyn, and other cities of the United States. It 
 was painted by M. Paul Philippoteaux. 
 
 The " Battle of Gettysburg " covers an immense sheet of canvas four hun- 
 dred feet long and fifty feet high. The canvas was imported from Belgium, 
 none being manufactured in the United States which would answer the pur- 
 pose; it is nine yards wide, and the seams run up and down. The immense can- 
 vas is supported from the sides of the building so as to form a C3dinder. The 
 building is circular, and a cornice is provided which runs entirely around the 
 building; the upper edge of the canvas is nailed to this cornice. The cloth is 
 first rolled smoothly on an iron roller surfaced with wood, fifty feet long. The 
 roller is held vertically in heavy framework which runs on tracks around the 
 building. From the roller thus carried around, the cloth is gradually j-jaid out, 
 as shown in our engraving. As fast as it comes off the roller it is seized and 
 held by pincers while the edge is being tacked to the cornice. The lower edge 
 is secured to a circle of gas pipes which run entirely around the building. As 
 the pipe would not give sufficient weight to stretch the canvas, a twenty-five- 
 pound weight is hung at every third foot. 
 
 The effect of the stretching is that the canvas loses the true cylindrical 
 shape; its sides are no longer parallel, but curve slightly inward, about one 
 foot in amount, at the center. Thus, at the horizon line, the most distant part 
 of the scene, the painting is about a foot nearer the vertical line than in the 
 foreground. In absolute distance from the eye the difference is still greater. 
 Owing to obliquity of the line of sight, the foregound, which seems so near at 
 hand, is really much further off than the horizon. 
 
 In a cyclorama of this kind it is necessary to have the scene portrayed with 
 the utmost fidelity. The result is that the landscape is really an artistic tran-
 
 CYCLORAMAS. 
 
 355 
 
 SECTION THROUGH A CYCLORAMA. 
 
 script of photographic views of the field. The artist first went to the scene 
 of the great battle of Gettysburg, and selected one point of view, and caused a 
 small stage to be erected at tliis point, which was of the same height as that 
 upon which the people were to stand in the completed cA'clorama. Around 
 the stage a line of pickets Avas driven in a circle, as shown at the point B. The 
 distance Avas measured from the top of the stage as a center. From the top of 
 the scaffold three series of ten photographs each were taken, the instrument 
 being sighted by means of the posts. This series of photographs showed tlie 
 entire field; one series being taken for the foreground, while the other two, by 
 their focusing and exposure, were devoted to the middle distance and back- 
 ground. Each view was divided into squares, as shown in our illustration; the 
 canvas was marked off by corresponding divisions, and the pliotographs were 
 copied square by squnre; the blending of the ten views and the aerial i)erspec- 
 tive was, of course, the critical part of the perfornumce. The painting was 
 (lone from a scaffold which traveled around on the same tracks which carried 
 the roller frame, as shown in our illustration.
 
 356 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 XA11,1.N(^ ON TllK CANVAS. 
 
 The painting was done in oil, tinsel being occasionally employed. After 
 the circular wall was covered, the foreground next claimed the attention of the 
 painter and his assistants. A wooden platform was huilt which extended all 
 around the platform npon which the visitors stood, and earth and sod covered 
 these boards. Fences, tufts of grass, wheat, etc., lent their aid to fill up the 
 scene. The continuation of the road was met almost perfectly on the canvas; 
 in fact, it was almost impossible to see the line of demarcation between the real 
 and the painted foreground. We give an interesting engraving of this method 
 of construcfcinc; a realistic scene. 
 
 I'llOTOUKAlMIING THE FIKLU.
 
 CYCLORAJIAS. 
 
 357 
 
 Two men are seen carryiug a litter. Tlie more distant soldier is painted ou 
 the canvas; the litter is real, two of its handles passing through holes in the 
 canvas. The figure resting on the litter and the nearer hearer are cut out of 
 boards and ])ainted. Other scenes are similarly jiainted. 
 
 The spectators occupy an elevated stage which they Jiiount ])V means of stair- 
 cases running under the scatl'oldiug of the foreground. Once upon the plat- 
 
 PAINTINC. A (;Y( r,()liA>rA. 
 
 form the spectators lose all idea of orieutatiou, and cannot tell the points of the 
 compass or have any conception of the size of the building. Over the stage a 
 circular screen is suspended so that it shades it from the light which enters 
 from the skylight. The sky is thus lighted up, and a peculiar luminous 
 effect favoring the aerial perspective results. At night a number of electric 
 lights, suspended out of sight of the s2:)ectators, give about the same effect. 
 Many of the details of the picture were obtained from eye-witnesses of the
 
 358 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 battle; the uniforms, the modes of cari'ving the blankets, and the details of 
 harness, and the minor parts of the scener}^ were studied carefully. Every- 
 thins: in the baildins^ combines to make a wonderful illusion. 
 
 ^^^^- 
 
 HOW THE ILLUSION IS rHODUCED WITH KEAL OBJECTS. 
 
 THE ELECTEIC CYCLORAMA. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that cycloramas of the pattern we have just 
 described were the result of the most careful blending of science and art, still 
 their popularity seems to have been limited, and the cyclorama has been, in 
 numerous cases, obliged to bow to tlie taste of the day. One has been con- 
 verted into a circus, others into skating rinks and bicycle academies. The 
 cyclorama we arc about to describe ought to be able to bring panorama once 
 more into fashion. The idea of Mr. Chase, a resident of Chicago, was to turn 
 to account the most recent discoveries in the way of panorama photography, 
 projection apparatus, electric lighting, and the systems which permit of faith- 
 fully representing the phenomena of motion. The possibility of causing a
 
 CYGL0RA3IAS. 
 
 359 
 
 considerable mimher of views to pass before the spectator in a limited amount 
 of time, of imparting life to tiiem, gives the cyclorama an animation and 
 diversity which is lacking in the ordinary panorama. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OP THE CHASE ELECTRIC CYCLORAMA. 
 
 An ordinary panorama building is used; spectators stand upon the floor of a 
 cylindrical chamber one hundred feet in diameter aud thirty feet in height. 
 Upon the walls are thrown photographs placed in a projecting apparatus sus- 
 pended from the center of the scenery, after the manner of a chandelier. 
 
 Our first engraving gives a general view of the panorama as used at the 
 " Chicago Fire "cyclorama. Our second engraving shows the projection appara- 
 tus, and our third where a battery of lanterns are used, showing the lantern 
 carriages, Nothing more is required to convert an ordinary cyclorama into an 
 electric cyclorama than to paint the back canvas white and to suspend the 
 platform in the center of the building. 
 
 The apparatus is secured in the center of the panorama or cyclorama build- 
 ing by a steel tube and guys of steel wire. The operator stands in the center, 
 upon a circular platform, and is surrounded by an annular table supporting 
 eight carriages, upon which are mounted the lantqrns, cinematographs, kineto-
 
 PLATFORM FOR THE OPERATOR AND PROJECTION APPARATUS SUSPENDED IN THE CENTER 
 
 OF THE HALL. 
 
 TiiK ;'i;o.;kltion apparatus.
 
 CYCLORAMAS. ' 361 
 
 scopes, and all arrangenieuts required for imparting life to the scene and pro- 
 ducing the transformation. Each lantern i^ provided with an arc light, and 
 the wires to furnish the current pass tlirough the suspension tube. The annu- 
 lar table carries the rheostats by which the light is regulated, according to 
 tlie effects to be produced with iris diaphragms, which permit of obtaining 
 vanishing effects and night, sunrise, or sunset effects. The projecting lanterns, 
 eight in number, are double, one being ranged over the other, tlnis permitting 
 of the preparation of a view, and focusing it, while the spectators are looking 
 at another. The change of pictures is not effected until everything is in order. 
 The carriages which support the lanterns permit of accurately adjusting views 
 so that the registry is perfect. The eight positive slides produce a panorama 
 three hundred feet in circumference and over thirty feet high. The rays 
 which emanate from each of the projecting lanterns are such that they w^ould 
 overlap did not a frame fixed to the lenses, and carefully regulated, suppress 
 those parts of the views which would encroach upon one another. When the 
 lanterns are properly arranged it is possible to project moving pictures upon 
 any part of the canvas screen.
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 FIKEWORKS WITH DEAMATIC ACCESSORIES. 
 
 The love of show and the spectacular is inherent in human nature. Games 
 and entertainments on a col-ossal scale have always appealed to the popular 
 taste. An important factor in such spectacles is the display of fireworks, in 
 the love for which the Americans can sympathize with the Orientals. As far 
 back as 1879, Mr. James Pain of London gave spectacular productions at 
 Manhattan Beach, one of New York's most popular resorts, and since that 
 time tlieir popularity has been increased, so that now entertainments of this 
 chiss are given in comparatively small cities. It is perhaps more proper to 
 speak of these entertainments as fireworks with dramatic accessories than to 
 
 .SCIC.NKS KKADV KOI! I,( )W KlilNO.
 
 THE BURNING OF MOS( 0\V.
 
 3G4: MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS A^'D SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 call them dramas with fireworks, for the raison d'etre of the entire performance 
 depends not upon the loosely hung together plot, but on the gigantic display 
 of fireworks, which is accompanied by enough of realistic stage setting and dra- 
 matic performance to give a good excuse for the performance. Strange as it may 
 seem, these mammoth plays, as regards the scenery, are as interchangeable as 
 those in any theater, the gror.nds in which the scenery is installed being of the 
 same general dimensions in all cases. This, of course, greatly simplifies a 
 change of perfoiunance. The company which has been prominently identified 
 .with these spectacles sometimes has as many as seven in use at one time. They 
 
 LOW EKING A SCENE. 
 
 move about from place to place, so that in the course of a season thirty or forty 
 cities are visited, the stay varying from a week to a whole season. The per- 
 formance is held in the open air, at either some popular resort or in some place 
 where the grounds are rea;lily accessible. 
 
 An ami)hitheater is provided for tlie spectators in a rectangular enclosure 
 which may seat as many as ten thousand persons. The seats slope away until 
 the water is reached; here will be found an artificial lake, usually three hundred 
 and eighteen feet long and one hundred and fifty feet wide, and the width of' 
 the entire stage being three hundred and fifty feet. Behind the pond is a stage 
 mounted with set scenes. Of course, owing to the distance and darkness, the 
 refinements of acting would be entirely wasted. The management, therefore,
 
 FIREWORKS WITH DRA3IATJC ACCESSORIES. 
 
 365 
 
 depends almost entirely on the spectacular, the cast including companies of 
 clever gymnasts and acrobats. 
 
 The performance is so arranged as to lead np to some stirring catastrophe. 
 The climax is generally awfnl cataclysm, or some blood-curdling war scene, or 
 a conflagration. 
 
 We select for the purpose of illustration one of the most successful of these 
 spectacles, the " Burning of Moscow " at the time of the French invasion. The 
 scene is a true representation of the docks and quays of the ancient Russian 
 capital. At each side appear arched stone bridges, and the whole is surrounded 
 by strong fortifications; sentinels walk back and forth upon the walls of the 
 Kremlin. The action of the drama is but brief, and after a gymnastic exhi- 
 
 SECTION THROUGH A SCENE. 
 
 bition of marching and countermarching by the actors, the band plays the 
 solemn strains of the Russian national hymn, while priests of the Greek Church 
 render classical music of a somber character, Avhich has a sti-iking effect. The 
 army of ISTapoleon now approaches, shells begin to fly over the doomed city, 
 and, as the beai'skins of the French grenadiers appear at the entrances at 
 either side, the terrorized Russians rapidly disappear. 
 
 The prisoners in the jails are liberated, and with torches prepare to light 
 the fires. The conflagration now begins, and the pyrotechnic display becomes 
 splendid. The roar of the flames is heard, and, amid explosions, the build- 
 ings seem to be licked np by the fire, and collapse, leaving charred remains. 
 The air is full of burning serjients, and the water is alive with incandescent
 
 366 MAOIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 figures. The grand finale is an aerial burst of rockets, as shown in our 
 engraving. 
 
 Having seen one of these spectacles the reader will ask how the i*emarkable 
 
 effects are obtained. Our illustrations show the scenery as viewed from the 
 
 rear of the stage. The scenery is hinged and braced, some parts turning on 
 
 pivots, and all arranged so as to be quickly thrown down into such semblance 
 
 of ruin as shall best carry out the idea the piece is iu- 
 
 "^^ tended to represent. It is, however, only the work of 
 
 a few hours to rehabilitate the entire scenery for use 
 
 the next night. 
 
 In the performance which we have described, some 
 of the best effects of the art of pyrotechnics are shown 
 in the brilliancy and sustaining power of the various 
 lights and colors given out by the rockets, wheels, stars, 
 Roman candles, gold and silver rain, etc. Of course, 
 vast quantities of colored fire are also required to light the scene. 
 
 ■*V."o V-.^.K^^^ (j^'E.-\ 
 
 FIHKWOIiKS. 
 
 Our last engraving shows how some of the firework effects are obtained. 
 The grand aerial bouquet of rockets consists of a battery of rockets which are 
 discharged simultaneously from the stand, as shown in the engraving. Our 
 other engravings show water serpents, water dolphins, and the floating fire 
 fountains. As they float around in the water, tliey i)roiluce fine effects.
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 AUTOMATA AND CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 AUTOMATA. 
 
 The present division of the work deals with interesting automata, curious 
 toys, and miscellaneous tricks of an amusing nature. A very large number of 
 devices and tricks of this kind have been published in the " Scientific Ameri- 
 can " and the "Scientific American Supplement^" and the ones which we 
 select are among those which have been considered as the best. The subject of 
 curious toys and science in toys is very fully treated in the excellent work of 
 Mr. George M. Hopkins, entitled "Experimental Science," which is published 
 by the publishers of the present work. 
 
 AUTOMATO?^ CHESS PLAYEES. 
 
 For a very long time tlie automaton chess player, or " Psycho," has been 
 celebrated as the automaton, and quite a literature is centered about it. We 
 present two forms of the "Psycho," one of which depends upon compressed 
 air, and the other upon a small individual who is secreted in the cabinet. We 
 will first describe the one which operates by compressed air. 
 
 Let us explain to those who have not seen " Psycho " that it consists of a 
 small figure, dressed as a Turk, sitting cross-legged (as shown by dotted lines) 
 on a chest; this chest is in turn supported on a glass tube, about twelve inches 
 diameter and three feet long, which rests on a four-legged stool. The bottom 
 of chest and top of stool are covered with green cloth so as to make a toler- 
 ably air-tight joint. The right arm is extended as in the drawing, and a semi- 
 circular rack, in which are placed the thirteen cards dealt to " Psycho," is 
 fixed by means of a bracket (not shown) in such a position that the edges 
 come between the finger aud thumb. The arm turning horizontally on the 
 ])ivot, A, the hand can be brought over any jiart, aud by closing the finger and 
 thumb and raising the arm, the card will be withdrawn from the pack aud 
 held in the air.
 
 368 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 In Figs, la and lb (elevation and plan), the wheels E and M have each a 
 train of clockwork (left out for the sake of clearness) which would cause them 
 to spin round if unchecked. M, however, has two pins, p p', which catch on 
 a projection on the lever, N. E' is a crown-wheel escapement — like that in a 
 bottle roasting-jack — which turns A alternately to the left and right, thus caus- 
 ing the hand to traverse the thirteen cards. A little higher on A will be seen 
 
 F/a,i % 
 
 AN IMPHUVKl) PSYCHO. 
 
 a (luudrant, 15 (see i»lan), near the edge of which are set thirteen little pins. 
 The end of the lever, IS', drops l)etween any two of them, thus causing the 
 hand to stop at any desired card. 'The lever being pivoted at c, it is obvious 
 that, by depressing the end, N, B will be set at liberty, and the hand will move 
 along the cards; by slightly raising it this motion will be arrested; by raising 
 it still more the i)in, p, is released, and M l)egins to revolve; and by again
 
 AUTOMATA. 369 
 
 depreteing N this wheel will, iu its turu, be stopped. Near the bottom of the 
 apparatus is a bellows, 0, which contains a spring tending to keep the lever, N, 
 with which it is connected by a rod, X, in the jjosition shown. 1'his is con- 
 nected with the tubular support, which may be connected by a tube through 
 the leg of the stool, and another tube beneath the stage, with an assistant 
 behind the scenes. By compressing or exhausting air throngh this tube it is 
 obvious that the lever, X, will be raised or depressed, and the clockwork set 
 going accordingly; « is a crankpin set in M, and connected with the head by 
 catgut, T, and with the thumb by S. 
 
 At E and R' are two pulleys connected by gut. Thus, if the hand moves 
 round, the head appears to follow its motions, and when raised by pulling S, 
 the head also rises, by means of T. Further explanation seems almost unnec- 
 essary; Hs a stop to prevent the elbow moving too far, and b h, spiral springs 
 to keep thumb open and head forward respectively. When N is raised, M 
 pulls T and S, the latter closing thumb, and then raising arm by pulley, H. 
 If the lever is allowed to drop, jy' will catch and keep arm up. On again rais- 
 ing N, the arm will descend. 
 
 Figs. 2a and 2b show another and simpler arrangement, in which only one 
 train of clockwork is used. On the same axle as IT is fixed a lever and weight, 
 Vi, to balance the arm. A vertical rod, X, having a projection, Z, slides up 
 and down iu guides, Y Y, and carries the catgut, S and T. The quadrant, B', 
 has cogs cut, between which Z slides, and stops the motion of A, which is moved, 
 ;is before, by clockwork. The lower j)art of X is connected direct with 0. 
 AVhen X is slightly raised, as shown, A is free to move; but on exhausting air and 
 drawing X down, Z enters the cogs and stops the hand over a card; continuing 
 to exhaust, the thumb closes and the card is lifted up. The details of the clock- 
 work we leave to the ingenuity of the reader. There should be a fan on each 
 train to regulate the speed. The figure should be so placed that the assistant 
 can see the cards in the semicircular rack. 
 
 THE AUTOMATON CHESS PLAYER. 
 
 The newspapers announced some time ago that the police of Bordeaux had 
 forbidden the exhibition of the antonuiton Az Rah, one of the attractions of 
 the Exhibition Theater, because it had been discovered that the manikin was 
 set in motion, not by mechanical arrangements, but by a youth of eighteen 
 years, inclosed within a cavity behind the wheel work, and Avhose health was 
 gravely compromised by this daily torture. 
 
 This automaton recalls the famous Turkish chess j)layer that was constructed 
 iu Hungary by Baron Kempelen in 1769, and exhibited i)i Germany, Russia, 
 France, England, and America, \vithout the public succeed ing iu ascertaining its 
 mechanism. In 1819 and 1830 a man named ^lelzer elbowed it anew in England. 
 Robert-Houdin saw it in 1844 at the house of a mechaniciati of Belleville, named 
 24
 
 370 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Crouior. Since then its fate has been unknown, and it is very probable the Az 
 Eah of Bordeaux is nothing else than the Turk of Vienna. Our readers who 
 have seen it at the Exhibition will be enabled to decide the question after read- 
 ing the description that we shall give. Baron Kempelen, a Hungarian noble- 
 man and an Aulic Councilor of the Eoyal Chamber of the Domains of Hun- 
 gary, being at Vienna, was called to the court to be present at a seance of 
 magnetism that a Frenchman named Pelletier was to hold before the empress. 
 Kempelen was known as an ingenious amateur of mechanics, and the persons 
 present having asked his opinion in regard to the e.\periments which he had 
 witnessed, he said that he believed he could make a machine that would be 
 'much more astonishing than anything that he had just seen. The empress 
 took him at his word and expressed a desire that he should begin the Avork. 
 M. De Kempelen returned to Presbourg, in his own country, and in six months 
 produced an automaton which played a game of chess against any one who 
 offered himself, and nearly always won it. 
 
 This automaton was a human figure of natural size, which was dressed in 
 the Turkish style, seated on a chair, and placed behind a wooden chest on 
 which was laid the chessboard. He took the pieces up with his hand in order 
 to play them, turned his head to the right and left in order to see them better, 
 and nodded his head three times when he checkmated the king, and twice on 
 attacking the queen. If his adversary made a mistake, he shook his head, 
 removed the wrongly-played piece, deposited it outside of the chessboard, and 
 played his own. The showman, who stood near the automaton, wound ujd the 
 mechanism after every ten or twelve moves, and occasionally replaced certain 
 wheels; and at every motion of the Turk were heard noises of moving wheel- 
 work. To show that there was nothing within but mechanism, doors were 
 opened in the chest and body. There was also a magnet lying on the table to 
 make believe that magnetism, then in great vogue, and as yet full of mystery, 
 played a preponderating role in the affair. M. De Kempelen was accustomed 
 to say: "The machine is very simple, and the mechanism appears wonderful 
 only because all has been combined with great patience in order to produce the 
 illusion." 
 
 Many hypotheses were put forth on the subject, and two books, one published 
 in 1785, and the other in 1789, were devoted to a discussion of them. Tbose 
 that appeared to be most likely were, on the one hand, that the Turk's body 
 contained an extraordinarily snuxll dwarf; and, on the other, that the showman 
 acted upon the automaton from a distance by the aid of magnetic influences. 
 These two explanations gave a very imjierfect account of the facts, and it was 
 not until some years ago that the trick was unveiled in an anonymous book. 
 
 The following is an exact description of the apparatus and the successive 
 operations performed by the exhibitor: 
 
 The chest was three and one-half feet long, two feet wide, and two and one- 
 half feet high, and was provided with doors and drawers whose use will pres- 
 ently be seen. Tlie front part of the chair seat was affixed to the chest, and 
 the back part rested on the floor by two legs which, as well as the four legs of
 
 o72 3IAGIG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the chest, were provided with casters. The right hand of the manikin was 
 movable on the upper part of the chest that formed a table, and, at the begin- 
 ning of operations, held a pipe, which was afterward removed, and it rested 
 upon a cushion lying in a certain definite position. The chessboard in front of 
 the player was eighteen inches square. The exhibitor, provided with a light, 
 begins by allowing the interior of the ajiparatus to be examined by the specta- 
 tors. He opens the door A (Fig. 1), and allows to be seen a series of gearings 
 that occupy the whole width of the chest. Tlien he passes behind and opens 
 the door B (Figs. 2 and 8), opposite the door A, and introduces a light into 
 the interior to show that it is empty. The spectators standing on the other side 
 can, in fact, see the light shine through the different pieces of mechanism 
 through the dooi". A, that remains open. He afterward locks the door B, and 
 comes in front of the chest and oj)ens the drawer G, from which he removes 
 the chessmen, and a cushion which he slides under the left arm of the auto- 
 maton. This drawer seems to serve no other purpose than the preservation of 
 these objects. He then opens the two doors, C C, in front of the chest, 
 and shows a large closet lined at the sides with dark drapery, and containing 
 two boxes, L and M, of unequal size, and a few belts and pulleys that seem to 
 be designed for putting in motion the mechanism contained in the boxes. 
 Passing behind again, he opens tlie door D, and introduces a light into the 
 interior of the chest to show that it has not a false bottom. Then he closes this 
 door again, and also the doors A and C, by means of the same key. Next he 
 turns the apparatus around so as to show the public the other side (shown in 
 Fig. 2), and raises the clothing of the Turk, and opens the apertures, E and 
 F, in the back and thigh, to show that no one is hidden within. These doors 
 remain constantly open afterward. Finally the showman turns the Turk back 
 to his former position, facing the spectator, removes the cushion and jiipe, and 
 then the game may begin. 
 
 We shall explain as clearly as possible how the game was directed by a man 
 who succeeded in hiding himself by a series of movements when the different 
 doors of the apparatus were successively opened : 
 
 The drawer C (J, when closed, does not reach the back side of tlie chest, 
 but leaves between it and its back an empty space, 0, measuring fourteen inches 
 in breadth, eight in hoiglit, and two feet eleven inches in length (Figs. 9, 10, 
 and 11). This space is never shown to the spectator. The little closet extend- 
 ing from A to B is separated into two parts by a dark hanging, S (Fig. 8), 
 which is raised when tiie door, B, is opened, and lowered when it is shut. Tlie 
 front part of the closet is entirely filled with the wheels that are thought to 
 move the aiitonuiton. IMie back part is empty and is sej)arated from the large 
 closet that the doors C form, by a thick cui-tain. 11. which hangs freely, being 
 only fixed at its upper ])art. A part, Q, of the bottom partition of the large 
 closet C C — the i)att in front of the 'J'urk — is movable around a liorizontal 
 axis, and is provided with a weight toward the interior of the closet sufficient 
 to cause it to fall always in a vertical position. The box L is movable, and 
 serves to Jiide an aperture in tlic llo(.r of the closet; and the box M is station-
 
 AUTOMATA. 373 
 
 ar3% but has no bottom, and covers likewise a corresponding liole in the lower 
 tloor over the space O. The interior of the Turk is arranged as indicated in 
 Figs. 8, 10, and 11. The end of the chest to the riglit of the Turk slides 
 in horizontal grooves (})roperly hidden) in sucli a way as to give access to 
 the space K. It will now be seen that if a man of small stature introduces 
 himself into the chest on this side, he Avill be able to thrust his legs into the 
 empty space hidden beliind the drawer, and to place the rest of his body in the 
 space K, as may be seen in Fig. 5, and by pushing the curtain before him and 
 removing the movable box, L, he will be able to assume the position shown in 
 Figs. 3 and 4. It is in such position that he awaits the beginning of the exhi- 
 bition. The box M serves for receiving his feet. 
 
 It will be remembered that the first operation of the exhibitor consists in 
 opening the door A, at which time the public sees only the mechanism, and, 
 behind it, the dark curtain, S, whose distance cannot be estimated. The exhib- 
 itor next passes behind the chest, and, 02)euing the door B, introduces a light 
 behind the mechanism, which is believed to occupy the whole width of it. The 
 curtain, S, being raised, it is seen by the light that shines through the different 
 pieces that they cannot serve to hide any one. He then closes and locks the 
 door B, and, returning to the front, opens the drawer and performs the oper- 
 ations already described, in order to give his confederate time to take the posi- 
 tion shown in Fig. 5. The box L having been put back in place, as well as 
 the curtain R, the pnblic sees only an empty space when the doors are 
 opened. The curtain S, which has fallen, hides the back of the confederate, 
 although the door A remains open; and it is then tliat on introducing the 
 light through the door 1), the exhibitor shows that the large closet has not 
 a double bottom. The doors C being again closed with the same key, so 
 as to make believe that these different closings are due to the necessity of 
 removing this key at every o})eration, the chest is turned around, the two doors, 
 E and F, are opened before the public to show that the body of the Turk is 
 empty, and finallv the machine is wound up slowly, the wheelwork making 
 considerable noise the while. During this time the confederate raises the mov- 
 able partition Q, takes his legs from behind the drawer, introduces the upper 
 part of his body into a portion of the manikin, which is so arranged as to give 
 his loins a convenient snjiport, and seats himself on the box L, as shown in 
 Figs. 6 and 7. The game may then begin, the hidden player following his 
 moves through the sufficiently transparent fabric that forms the Turk's cloth- 
 ing. In order that the confederate may easily introduce his arm into that of 
 the manikin, it is necessary to give the latter a certain position, this being the 
 reason for the addition of a jDipe in the hand and a cushion under the elbow, 
 both of wdiich are removed when the game begins. A simple cord permits of 
 moving one of the manikin's fingers so as to pick up or drop the chessmen. 
 The left arm of the confederate, which remains in the machine, is employe'^ :'a 
 moving the head and in producing the noise of wheelwork at every motion. 
 
 In reality, in M. De Kempelen's automaton, it was the left arm that moved 
 the pieces. It is said that this peculiarity was due to the fact that the chess
 
 374 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 player who operated tlic automaton was left-hand ed. There has even been a 
 touching romance related on this subject, to the effect that the hidden chess 
 player was a Polish officer who, having been compromised in the revolt against 
 Catharine the Great, and having lost his legs in fighting, was received by 
 Kempelen, who thus hid him so well from the searches of the Russian police 
 that he could go to conquer his sovereign in the game in the midst of her 
 court. 
 
 A CURIOUS AUTOMATON. 
 
 The automaton which we illustrate has a peculiarity of being actuated by 
 a simple flow of sand. It is curious that it was made in the first half of the 
 eighteenth century. The image, clad in Oriental costume of bright colors, is 
 seated behind a little table which is located in front of what appears to be a 
 brick and stone structure; it is made of pasteboard. All of the details are exe- 
 cuted with great care. When the automaton is in motion it acts as a juggler. 
 The arms rise alternately or in unison, and lift the cups, and at every motion 
 expose upon the table first to the right a white ball, then to the left a red ball, 
 which passes to the right and disapi)ears. Then two white balls make their 
 appearance on a new motion of the cups, and these are changed into red ones 
 
 Kid. 1.— AUTOMATON ItKrUliSKNTlNU A JUUGl-KU I'l-AYINCi WITH BALLS.
 
 AUT03IATA. 
 
 375 
 
 at the next motion. The house forms a receptacle for fine sand which falls 
 ii|)on the wheel, (J, through the hopjier, F. The sand flows in a continuous 
 stream, and causes the wheel, G, to revolve with great rapidity. To this Avheel 
 are fixed six tappets which engage with the toothed wdieel, J, and thus dimin- 
 ish the rapidity. The wheel itself communicates through the medium of 
 teeth with the cylinder, H, which is thus given a slow motion, which causes 
 the automaton to act as follows: Opposite the cylinder there are two series of 
 levers of four each, the extremities of which we suppose to be marked A, B, C, 
 D, and A', B', C, D'. The two levers, D and D', lift the arms, L L, and the 
 
 FIG. 2.— INTERNAL MECHANISM OF THE AUTOMATON. 
 
 extremity of each of the six others is placed under a small strip of cardboard. 
 Each of these strips is hinged by one of its exti-emities to the table; the other 
 end, on rising, places itself just beneath the small aperture in the table, E. If 
 now we examine the cylinder, B, we shall see that it is provided with a series of 
 cams. A, B, C, and A', B', C, and opposite these, other and smaller ones, D and 
 D'. Each cam, when the cylinder revolves, strikes in turn one of the levers. 
 The larger cams lift the levers and consequently the hinged cards, with the balls 
 of different colors, and keep them lifted for some time, and during this period 
 the smaller cams act upon the levers of the arms that hold the cups. In this 
 way the balls are in place when the arms rise, and do not disappear, in order 
 to be replaced by others, until the arms have descended. The cams, A and A', 
 cause the red balls to act, and the white balls are raised by the cams, C and C. 
 As for the cams, B and B', they act upon strips of cardboard that merely sup- 
 port obturators for the apertures in the table.
 
 376 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 TliE TOY ARTIST. 
 
 The mechanical toy shown in the accompanying illustration is one of the 
 most original and ingenions things of its kind that have recently appeared. 
 Within the base upon which the " artist " and his easel are placed, and imme- 
 diately below the figure, is a small pinion which is operated by a worm at the 
 end of the crankshaft which is seen projecting through the side of the base. 
 The pinion, which rotates in a horizontal plane, is provided with a couple of 
 pins upon which is placed one of the sets of removable cams which accompany 
 the toy. The cams are double, being provided with two separate peripheral 
 edges, and each edge is engaged by the short arm of a pair of levers, as shown 
 in the engraving. The upper lever attaches at the end of its long arm to a 
 vertical shaft which passes up through the body of the figure, and is pivotally 
 attached to its right arm at the shoulder. By this means the rotation of the 
 cam causes a vertical up and down movement of the arm and the drawing 
 pencil which it carries. The lower cam operates a system of levers by which 
 the arm is given a series of right and left movements. It is evident that by 
 giving the proper relative contours to the two edges of the cam, the arm, with 
 the pencil which it carries, may be made to trace any desired line upon the 
 
 tup: toy aktist.
 
 AUTOMATA. 37'}' 
 
 paper, either vertical or horizontal, by the action of the first or second cam; or 
 diagonal or curved, by the joint operation of the two. Each of tiie double 
 cams which are provided with the toy is cut so that its operation will cause the 
 figure to draw some Avell-known object. The levers are kept in snug contact 
 with the cams by a pair of spiral springs. 
 
 The easel is hinged to the base and is pressed against the jiencil by means of 
 a coil spring. It is provided with four projecting pins upon which the sheet 
 of paper is held while tlie sketch artist is at Avork. The model from which our 
 engraving was made produced an easily recognized likeness of the Emperor 
 William of Germany (the device is "made in Germany"), and a drawing 
 which bore a strong resemblance to the familiar barnyard fowl. 
 
 A STEAM MAN. 
 
 A good many years ago what was supposed to be a steam man was exhibited all 
 over the country, but finally the " steam man " presumably died, as his remains 
 were seen quite recently in one of the downtown New York junk stores. The 
 steam man which we illustrate was invented by Prof. George Moore, who 
 exhibited him very widely in the Ignited States. 
 
 In our illustration we show the section and general view of the steam man. 
 In the body is the boiler, containing a very large heating surface which is 
 supplied with a gasoline fire. Below the boiler is situated the engine. While 
 this steam engine is not at all large, it runs at a very high speed and is of high 
 power, the combination of boiler and engine giving about one-half horse- 
 power. From the engine the exhaust pipe leads to the nose of the figure, 
 whence the steam escapes when the machine is in motion. Through the head 
 the smoke flue is carried, and the products of combustion escape from the 
 top of the helmet. The steam gauge is placed by the side of the neck. The 
 skirts of the armor open like doors, so as to give free access to the engine. 
 The main body of the figure is made of heavy tin. By reducing gear the 
 engine is made to drive the walking mechanism of the figure at reasonable 
 speed. 
 
 In our sectional view w^e show the combination of levers by which the fig- 
 ure is made to walk. The engine imparts a swinging to the whole length of 
 the leg from the liip; a second swinging motion, from the knee downward, is 
 accomplished by a similar system of levers and connections; and, finally, a true 
 ankle motion is given to the foot by the rod running down through the lower 
 leg. The heels of the figure are armed with calks, or spurs, which catch on 
 the surface on which it is walking and give it its power. As exhibited, the 
 steam man is connected to the end of a horizontal bar about waist high, which -.- 
 is fastened to a vertical standard in the center of the track. Thus supported, 
 the man walks round in a circle at quite a rapid rate of progress.
 
 THE STKAM MAN.
 
 AUTOMATA 379 
 
 For the last eight years the inveutor lias been at work ou a larger steam 
 mail which he hopes to have iu operation sometime. The new one is designed 
 for use on the open streets, and is to draw a wagon containing u baud. In 
 the upper figure we indicate the method of attachment to the wagon which 
 has been adopted. By the long spring at the side of the figure an elastic 
 connection is secured, so that t!ie figure sliall always have its weight supported 
 by the ground. The present man, which is about six feet high, when in 
 full operation, cannot, it is said, be held back by two men pulling against 
 it. The larger man, bnilt for heavier work, is expected to pull as many as 
 ten musicians in his wagon. Our cuts show the general appearance of the 
 figure, which is attired in armor like a knight of old, and which appears to 
 be thoroughly operative. The action is quite natural, and the hip, knee, and 
 ankle motion of the human leg have been very faithfully imitated. The figure 
 moves at a brisk walk and can cover about four or five miles an hour.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 CUFJOUS TOYS. 
 
 AN OPTICAL ILLFSTOX. 
 
 The gimple toy illustrated in the engrnviii^ lias iirinted on the underside 
 the rather high-sounding title, " X-Kay Machine. Wonder of the age! " But 
 it is neither an X-ray machine nor a wondei'. It is simply a reduced copy of 
 an ancient trick. The two cylinders mounted on the base, with a space between 
 them, are perforated axially and are supposed to represent coils. When the eye 
 is applied to the end of oue of these cylinders, objects may be clearly seen 
 through them; and when a coin is slipped between the ends of the cylinders, 
 as shown in the cut, it offers no obstruction to the light. Objects can appar- 
 
 V-^^ 
 
 XliAY .\1A( IUM; Willi AO X JiAY.
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 381 
 
 ently be seen through the coin. Fig. 2 affords an explanation. The hole in 
 each cylinder is intercepted bv a mirror- arranged at an angle of forty-five 
 degrees with the axis of the cylinder, and in the base are two mirrors arranged 
 parallel with the first two, as shown. A hole extends downward from the cen- 
 tral hole of each cylinder, so that light entering at one end of the machine is 
 reflected downward at right angles by the firtit mirror, thence forward by the 
 second mirror to the third, which throws it up to the fourth mirror, by which 
 it is reflected to the eye. It will thus be seen that the light never passes 
 entirely through the cjdinders, and the observer does not see through, but 
 around, the coin. 
 
 The old device which jjreceded this was on a much larger scale, and Avas 
 generally used in connection with a brick, which, of course, had the same 
 transparency as the coin. 
 
 THE MONEY ^rAKER. 
 
 A few years ago a familiar sight on Broadway was the toy vender who 
 sells the little machine called the "Money Maker," the machine consist- 
 ing of a pair of rollers in one side of which are inserted plain sheets of paper 
 of the size of a bank note, and as the rollers revoWe, a bright new bill rolls out 
 from the opposite side; then another blank sheet is inserted, and another bill 
 rolls out, and so on. To the uninitiated this operation is a mystery, and to the 
 
 1- K;. 1. Till:: Mil.NKV M AM.K,
 
 383 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 unprincipled it is apparently the device long looked for. This machine is 
 certainly as good as any device calculated to make something out of nothing, 
 but in this, as in other things, what you get you must pay for. jjj 
 
 FIG. 2.— CROSS SKCTION OK TIIK .MONEY MAKKU. 
 
 The explanation of the device is made simple by the enlarged cross section. 
 To the two rollers journaled in the standards are attached the ends of a strip 
 of black cloth which is wound around botii rollers in opposite directions, so as 
 to about evenly divide tlie clotli* between tlie rollers. The gudgeons of the 
 rollers are squared to receive an ordinary clock key, by means of which either 
 may be turned. To i)ropare the nuichine for operation, the cloth is wound 
 upon one of the rollers while it is partly unwound from the other; then the
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 383 
 
 key is transferred to the gudgeon of the jiartly filled roller, and as it is turned, 
 crisp new bank bills are fed into the machine and are wrapped with the black 
 cloth upon the roller between the convolutions of the cloth; one bill after 
 another is thus inserted until three, four, or more bills are hidden in the roll, 
 and the rollers present about the same appearance as to size. This prepai'a- 
 tiou, of course, takes place aside, and is not seen by the persons to whom the 
 trick is to be shown. The key is shifted from the roller containing the bills 
 (the upper one in the present case) to the lower one. Xow, as the lower roller 
 is turned so as to unwind the cloth from the upper roll, a piece of plain paper 
 of the width and length of a bank note is inserted at the moment the first bill 
 is about to emerge from the layers of cloth on the upper roll. The paper 
 begins to be rolled upon the lower roll under the outer layer of cloth, so that 
 while the paper appears to be simply rolled through between the rollers, coming 
 out upon the opposite side a complete bill, it is in reality only hidden by the 
 cloth on the lower roller. After the first bill is discharged from the rollers 
 another piece of paper must be supplied in such a manner that it will begin to 
 enter the machine as the next bill emerges, and so on. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS IN CENTRIFUGAL FORCE AND GRAVITY. 
 
 The elasticity of torsion and tension, the storage of energy, centrifugal 
 force, momentum, and friction are all concerned in the movement of the sim- 
 ple toy illustrated in Fig. 1; and yet, perhaps, not one in a thousand of the 
 people who see the toy realizes the composite nature of its action. Barring 
 the well-known return ball, nothing can be simpler than this toy, which con- 
 sists of two wooden balls of the same diameter connected by a slender rub- 
 ber band attached by staples, as shoAvn in the lower figure. 
 
 "-'^-^, 
 
 % 
 
 tlG. L— GYKATI.NG ]5ALLs>.
 
 384 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 To prepare the toy for operation, it is only necessary to twist the rubber 
 band by holding one of the balls in the hand and rolling the other round in a 
 circular path upon the floor by giving to the hand a gyratory motion. As soon 
 as the band is twisted, the free ball is grasped in the hand, then both are 
 released at once. 
 
 The untwisting of the rubber band causes the balls to roll in opposite direc- 
 tions in a circular path, and centrifugal force causes the balls to fly outward. 
 Bv virtue of the acquired momentum, the balls continue to rotate after the 
 rubber band is untwisted, so that the band is again twisted, but in the opposite 
 direction. As soon as the resistance of the band overcomes the momentum of 
 the balls, the rotation ceases for an instant, when the band again untwisting 
 
 FIG. 2.— UNB.\r,ANCKD BAI.I-. 
 
 revolves the balls in the opposite direction, and the operation is repeated until 
 the stored energy is exhausted. 
 
 In Fig. 2 is illustrated another ball in which the center of gravity is 
 located near the periphery. The ball, which is hollow, is made of paper. To 
 the inner surface of the ball is attached a weight which is secured in place by 
 a piece of cloth glued over it. When this ball is thrown through the air with 
 a whirling motion, it describes a curve like that indicated by dotted lines in 
 the upper part of the engraving, so that it is difficult, if not imjwssible, to 
 catch it. When the ball is rolled on a plane surface, it does not take a straight 
 forward course, as would be expected from a well-balanced ball, but its course 
 is very erratic, as indicated by dotted lines in the lower part of the flgure. 
 
 THE MAOTC EOSE. 
 
 An artificial rose, wliich is of i»aper, is traversed ])y a metallic tube that 
 forms its stalk. One end of this tube extends slightl}' beyond the petals of the 
 flower, and the other is ])r()longed in such a way that it can be held in the 
 mouth, the flower being at a distance of about ten inches from the eyes. 
 
 If the tube be l)lown into regularly, and a small eUl<M--]iith l)all, to which 
 two artificiiil Initterflics are aflixei! by slender wires, be placed over 1he floAver,
 
 CUinoVS TOYS. 
 
 385 
 
 THK MAGIC ItO.SK. 
 
 the ball, wheu well centered in the current of air, will remain suspended therein 
 at an inch or so from the flower. As the current of air is invisible, the effect 
 produced is very surprising, and the butterflies, incessantly in motion, appear 
 to be engaged in rifling the flower of sweets, after the manner of living ones. 
 It sometimes happens that the ball revolves in the current and carries along 
 the butterflies, M'hich thus describe a circle around an axis. It is unnecessary 
 to say that the blowing must be done with great regularity. 
 
 ELECTRICAL TOYS. 
 
 The vulcanite electrophorus shown in our lii'st engraving consists of a jilate 
 of vulcanite about one-third of an inch in thickness; one or more small pieces 
 of tin foil about the size of a inlaying card are pasted on one side of the plate. 
 The electrophorus is then placed on a table, and the surfaces are successively 
 rubbed with the palm of the hand. If the plate is raised from the table and 
 the tin foil is approached by the other hand, a spark is produced. A number 
 of flgures of elder pith complete the toy and show the phenomena of electrical 
 attraction and repulsion in the most comical numncr. Tlie plate being excited, 
 the small elder-})ith figures are jilaced on the tin foil, and the plate is lifted 
 from the table. The figures raise their arms, and the hair of the one in the 
 center stands out like the bristles of a porcui)ine. 
 
 Our second engraving shows some electrical bottle imps. A glass vessel is 
 mounted on a hollow base containing an electro-magnet providt'd with liattcry 
 •io
 
 FIG. 1— ELECTKOPHOKUS WITH ELUEU-riTU FlGtKES. 
 
 I' Hi. ■^. lilAiVTHW BOTTl.E IMl'S.
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 38? 
 
 connections. One or two small figures surmounted by a hollow glass bulb 
 have a small piece of wire attached to the feet and are placed in the vessel. 
 The air in the hollow glass bulb will draw them up to the surface of the 
 water, as shown in the engraving, but as soon as the current is turned on, 
 the figures will be drawn irresistibly to the bottom of the vessel; as soon as 
 tlie current is interrujited the figures will rise rapidly. 
 
 Tlie magic fishes shown in our third engraving dejiend upon a similar trick. 
 The electro-magnet is replaced by a small electro-motor which rotates from 
 right to left, or from left to right, and causes a corresponding movement in 
 the fishes, as the shaft carries a magnet which, of course, attracts the fishes and 
 causes them to make a circular course around the small fish tank. 
 
 VM. o.— MAUXC I'lSUKS.
 
 388 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTTFig DIVERSIONS. 
 
 THE ELECTKIC RACE COUESE. 
 
 "Whatever may be the opinion that is hekl as to horse races and their moral 
 influence, it is none the less certain that they offer an irresistible attraction 
 to a large number of jiersons, and that this growing passion prevails equally 
 in all degrees of the social scale. Bold innovators have seen a vein to be 
 exploited in the racing mania, and the game of the miniature horse race, an 
 always i:)opular pastime at bathing resorts, is only one of the more happy forms 
 given to true races with a view of prolonging the excitement of betting, of the 
 unexpected, and of chance, at times when genuine racing could be done only 
 with difficulty and would attract too small a number of persons. The electric 
 race course that we are now going to present to our readers occupies a place 
 just between genuine races and the miniature horse race. It is, in fact, a 
 happy alliance of genuine races, the game just mentioned, hobby horses, and 
 electricity. Taken as a whole, it consists of a certain number of hobby horses. 
 
 MCi. 1. KI.KCrUK H.\< !•; tOlKSK AT M(. K,
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 5S0 
 
 half natural size, each moving over a circular track, under the influence of an 
 individual motor, and receiving the current of a single generator, but in an 
 independent manner; thus securing a perfect autonomy to each courser, quali- 
 fied, moreover, by the surveillance of the electrician who acts as a sort of des- 
 potic monarch over them. The horses are ridden by children and even by 
 grown persons, and it is in this that they resemble hobby horses, although the 
 possibility of imparting different speeds to them permits of their being j^assed 
 by competitors and of passing the latter in turn, thus increasing the excitement 
 of the riders. Bets may be made, of which the chances are just as certain as 
 those of the play of odd and even upon the numbers of the hacks traversing 
 the boulevards of Paris. 
 
 FIG. 2.— MECHANICAL HORSE. 
 
 M. Salle's race course constitutes an interesting application of the carriage 
 and of the distribution of motive pow'er by continuous currents. The instal- 
 lation erected in Nice (shown in Fig. 1) comprises a twelve-horse-power gas 
 engine that actuates a Eechniewsky dynamo with double winding, which sends 
 tlie current into six electric motors. 
 
 About the motor and dynamo there is nothing peculiar. An electric motor 
 is arranged behind each horse (Fig. 2). When tlie circuit of the dynamo is 
 closed, all the horses start at once and take on relative speeds that are so much 
 the greater in proportion as the circle upon which they are placed has a greater 
 radius. The speed of each horse, moreover, can be regulated at will by means 
 of a rheostat interposed in its particular circuit. An interrupter permits 
 of stopping any horse whatever without stopping the movement of all the
 
 390 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 others. All the motions are controlled from the post of the electrician, who^ 
 standing upon a lateral stage, overlooks the entire track, and can watch and 
 regulate what takes place upon it, for npou a horizontally arranged board he 
 has all the maneuvering ])ieces necessary for the play. These jjieces are, in 
 the first place, a main commutator that cuts the circuit from all the horses at 
 once ; then six individual commutators for each of the horses, six rheostats 
 interposed in the respective circuits of the six motors and permitting of regu- 
 lating the angular speeds of each horse, and finally an exciting rheostat of the 
 dynamo machine that permits of varying the speeds of all the motors at once, 
 in the same ratio. 
 
 It is therefore possible, by maneuvering these different pieces, to regulate 
 the general or particular gait of each horse, and to stop any one of the horses 
 almost instantly if an obstacle falls upon the track, or if one of the riders 
 becomes suddenly indisposed. 
 
 The driving of the motive wheel by the motor is done by direct contact. 
 To this effect the large wheel is provided with a rubber tire, against which the 
 pulley of the motor bears. The friction thus obtained is sufficient to carry 
 along the vehicle, which, with the rider, weighs a little less than six hundred 
 and fifty pounds. The mean speed is thirteen feet per second, but the horses 
 placed at the circumference can obtain a speed of sixteen or eighteen feet, a 
 velocity that it is not |)rudent to exceed, or even reach, on account of the diffi- 
 culty the rider would have in holding himself in equilibrium, and the feeling 
 of dizziness that he might experience. 
 
 The vehicle upon which each horse is mounted merits special mention, 
 because of the arrangements made to prevent upsetting. Each of the four 
 wheels has a different diameter. Their two axles converge toward the center 
 of the circular track upon which each horse moves, and the axis inclines 
 toward the center. 
 
 Each pair of wheels, therefore, constitutes a true rolling cone, Avhose apex 
 passes through the central point of the track situated upon the horizontal roll- 
 ing 2)lane. The inequality of the wheels naturally makes it necessary to 
 employ but a single driving wheel, and to mount the four wheels loose upon 
 the axles. Owing to these arrangements no tendency to derailment has shown 
 itself, even with speeds of from sixteen to twenty-two feet per second upon 
 curves of thirteen feet radius. 
 
 Two small rollers placed upon the track tend to prevent an upsetting under 
 the action of a lateral thrust or a strong impulsion. The track consists of a 
 single tram rail, with which engage the two external wheels. This rail serves as 
 a guide and suffices to prevent derailment. The current is led to each motor 
 by two rollers moving over two circular metallic bands in direct communication 
 with the poles of the dynamo, through the intermedium of the maneuvering 
 board, thus permitting of varying the speed of each of the horses, and even of 
 stopping the latter by interru})ting the circuit.
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 391 
 
 MAGNETIC OK' A CLE. 
 
 The toy shown in tlie ,sn])joiued figure, taken from '"' La JSfatnre,'''' althougli 
 far from new, is, nevertlieless, ingenious, and cleverly modernized b}' the con- 
 structor. This is the way to make the oracle speak; we will afterward give the 
 secret of its accurate answers. We write upon twelve prejmred cards a series of 
 questions relating to history, geography, science, customs, etc. One of the 
 company takes one of these cards at random and reads one of the questions; 
 
 FIG. 1.— THE MAGNETIC OKACLE. 
 
 then the card is placed nnder the magician's feet, in a groove made to receive 
 it. Immediately the oracle turns on its axis, and after some oscillations becomes 
 fixed in a certain position, its magic wand pointing to one of the numbers by 
 which it is surrounded. On referring to the corresponding number on a list, 
 we read an admirably exact and accurate answer. 
 
 We may see that by varying at Avill the cards of questions and answers we 
 may obtain from the oracle an indefinite nnmber of replies. Nothing could 
 be simpler than the process by which this result is obtained. The base of the 
 toy, into which the cards slip, bears a vertical pivot on Avhich rests the body of 
 the magician, whose robe conceals a vertical U-shaped magnet, having its two 
 poles near the base, as shown in Fig. 2.
 
 393 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 
 N 
 
 I'S.^^^ 
 
 FIO. 2.— ])ETAILS OK Till-; .\IA(;NK TIC ()HA( I.K. 
 
 Ill each of the cards there is another magnet concealed, a straight rod, 
 occupying a different position for each of the twelve cards. We see that, in 
 virtue of the well-known laws of the attraction of magnets for each other, 
 eacli time that a card is placed with its magnet in the base, the figure will turn 
 round this axis and effect a series of oscillations round its own axis until the 
 poles of the U-shaped magnet holder under its robe are opposite the contrary 
 poles of the straight rod hidden in the card. If the base has been correctly 
 marked previously, the divining rod will indicate the corresponding number 
 of the answer. Any boy with a little genius and a few tools can make an 
 oracle similar to our engravins:. 
 
 THE DAN^CERS. 
 
 We present an illustration of one of tlie toys of the year. It consists of 
 a nickel-plated box some three inches in diameter. In the center of the top 
 projects the end of a spindle, and at one side is a lever. To operate the toy 
 this side projecting piece is pulled out, and one of the triangular pieces of 
 tin, to which paper figures are attaclied, is placed in contact with the spindle in 
 the top of the box. The dancers then })egin a lively wait?: on the top of the 
 box. The secret of operation is not at first apparent, though it is evident that 
 magnetism has something to do with it. On opening the box the mystery is 
 solved. The spindle is of magnetized steel and extends through the top of 
 the box, forming a slight pnjjection. It turns freely and carries a pinion and 
 a metal disk. The pinion is actuated by the projecting side piece through the 
 medium of a toothed sector. Motion is transmitted to the triangular piece of 
 tin carrying the dancers by the magnetized spindle, causing a horizontal move-
 
 ruh'Tors TOYS. 
 
 393 
 
 THE DANCERS. 
 
 ment, and giving it a movement around its own axis. Curved wires and a 
 spiral, one side of which is colored, are also provided, and they all move around 
 the pin at a lively rate, producing novel effects. 
 
 AX ANCIEXT COT^XTERPART OF A MODEEX TOY. 
 
 The very curious engraving which wo reproduce herewith (Fig. 1) shows 
 once again that, as regards manners and the details of life, there is nothing 
 new under the sun. Every one has seen in the show windows of toy-dealer« 
 a plaything called the "wrestlers," and which consists of two little weighted 
 and jointed figures tlmt are set in motion by a taut string. At every tension 
 of the latter these two little figures move about, go through the motions 
 of wrestling, and sometimes fall on top of one another, much to the amuse- 
 ment of the spectator. Xow, it is seven hundred years ago that Herrade de 
 Lansberg, abbess of Hohenbourg, in a sort of encyclopaedic compilation 
 entitled "Hortus Deliciarum,'' drew the little combatants that are reproduced
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 395 
 
 in Fig. 1. 'J'his valuable MS., Avhicli was destroyed by Prussian shells in 1870, 
 has been happily saved from absolute annihilation by the copies of M. i)e 
 Bastard, that are at present preserved in the Cabinet of Prints of the National 
 Museum. This book is a sort of abstract, in figures, of Alsatian life in the 
 twelfth century, and games have not been forgotten therein. llerrade de 
 Lansberg's little combatants are clad after the manner of the warriors of those 
 times, just as in our toy — the wrestlers — the figures preserve the traditional 
 
 FI6. 2.— A TOY OF 1897— THE WRESTLERS. 
 
 costume of wrestlers at fairs. The two little warriors wear a helmet Avith 
 nasal; and a coat of mail, a buckler, and a sword complete their equipment. 
 Their feet, which were probably weighted with lead, kept the puppets in a 
 vertical position, and upon maneuvering the strings an imitation of a sword 
 contest was obtained. 
 
 It is probal)le that this toy was not a recent invention in the time of TTer- 
 rade, and that the abbess of Hohenbonrg only put into her drawings a costume 
 that was already ancient.
 
 390 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 NOVEL TOYS. 
 
 Oil any pleasant day may be found on lower Broadway and other down-town 
 thoroughfares venders who sell almost anything in the way of novelties. Among 
 these may be seen culinary implements, toilet articles, chea|) microscopes, 
 magnifying glasses, and various toys. Nothing takes better in the way of 
 articles for this kind of trade than some new toy. Whether a toy will probably 
 have a good run can be determined by these venders in a very short time. If 
 it takes well, crowds gather around him, and he does a thriving business, 
 making money for himself as well as for the inventor. If, however, the article 
 is not wanted, the vender very soon finds it out, and looks for other wares. 
 
 FIG. 1.— ACROBAT WITH MERCURY WEIGHT. 
 
 Some of the toys are scientific, others are not. We give two examples of 
 scientific toys which have sold very well. They are similar in character, and 
 illustrate what shifting the center of gravity can do. They are both acrobats. 
 The one shown in Fig. 1, and designated " McGinty," aud sometimes " Little 
 Tommy," consists of a paper figure attached to a tube closed at both ends and 
 inserted in })aper disks which are bent down on the tube, forming semicircular 
 end pieces on which the device may roll. A drop of mercury placed in the 
 tube completes the toy. AYhen placed on a slightly inclined plane, with the 
 tube parallel with the surface, the mercury rolls to the lower end of the tube, 
 causing that end to preponderate. The lighter end, actuated by gravity, then 
 moves forward until it strikes the inclined surface, when the mercury again 
 rolls to the lower end and causes another half revolution, and, so on. This 
 toy moves down the incline with a slow aud stately movement.
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 397 
 
 N 
 
 FIG. 2.— TUMBLER. 
 
 The toy shown in Fig. 2 is made upon the principle just described, but the 
 round ends of the figure furnish the rolling surfaces, and a bullet is used for 
 the weight instead of a globule of mercury, the body being simply a straight 
 paper tube with convex ends. 
 
 COLUMBUS'S EGG. 
 
 The accompanying engravings represent an object sold in the London 
 bazars. It is made of tin, is painted red, and is called " Christopher Colum- 
 bus's Egg," because those who do not 
 know how it is constructed canuot make 
 it stand up on the projecting part situ- 
 ated at the base. This egg, which it is 
 impossible to open, is hollow, and con- 
 tains a leaden ball which causes it to fall 
 over on its side, unless it (the ball) is in 
 the longer axis. 
 
 The sections in Figs. 2 and 3 ex- 
 l^lain the construction, and show how 
 the ball is brought into the desired posi- 
 tion to cause equilibrium. 
 
 Corresponding to the j^oint where 
 the halves of the e:gg are soldered to- 
 gether, there is internally a partition 
 that has the form of a channel, of semi- 
 circular section, which runs around the 
 tube, T. The ball, B, when the egg 
 is held vertically, is capable of revolving fio. i.-coi.iMr.r
 
 3'J8 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 arouLiJ this tube, T, and as long as it remains in the chamiel will cause the 
 egg to fall every time the operator endeavors to make it stand on its base, c. 
 The egg can stand upright only on condition that the ball be made to pass from 
 the upper to the lower compartment, in which case it will take the position, 
 B'", at the base of the egg. This result is reached as follows: The central tube 
 contains, just beneath its upper extremity, an aperture, B", that forms a 
 communication between the two compartments, and that is sufficiently large 
 to allow the ball to j^ass through. Two small guides start from the side of 
 the egg, and follow the contours of the partition up to the orifice in the central 
 tube. On a line with the orifice, and on the outside of the egg, there is a 
 
 FIG8. 2 AND 3.— DETAILS OP CONSTRXJCTION. 
 
 small and scarcely visible point, o. If the egg be sufficiently inclined toward 
 this latter, as in Fig. 3, the ball will take the position, B', at the beginning of 
 tlie guides leading to the orifice, B". If at this moment the egg be gently 
 turned back in the opposite direction, tlie ball, being kept in the plane formed 
 by the point, o, and the egg's axis, will run along the guides and drop through 
 the orifice into the lower compartrnent. When the egg is righted, the ball will 
 take the position, B'", at its base, and the egg will then stand upright. By 
 turning the egg upside down, the ball may be made to enter the* upper com- 
 partment again, and things will then be as before. 
 
 With a little practice and skill, it is not even necessary to look for the posi- 
 tion of the poiiit, (I, and thus run the risk. of showing the uninitiated how the 
 trick is done. On giving the egg a slight angular motion, the hand will feel 
 the passage of the ball over the slight projection formed by the guides; the 
 ])all will naturally seat itself upon the latter, and the double motion above 
 mentioned will accomplish the desired result. Effected in this way, and the 
 hand being covered with a handkerchief, the mode of operating will not be 
 perceived by the uninitiated spectator.
 
 CURIOUS TOYS 
 
 399 
 
 JACOB'S LADDER. 
 
 The simple toy illustrated in the annexed engraving is very illusive in 
 action. When the upper block is grasped by the edges, as shown in Fig. 1, 
 and turned so as to lift the second block in the series to the same height, the 
 upper end of the second block falls into an inverted position, and appears to 
 
 pass downward on the other members of 
 the series, first upon one side of the lad- 
 der and then npon the other, nutil it 
 reaches the bottom. This effect is only 
 apparent, as the second block in reality 
 only falls back to its original position in 
 the series, but in the operation it becomes 
 reversed; what was before the lower end 
 
 FIG. 1.— Jacob's ladder. 
 
 FIC4. 2.— connections OF JACOB S LADDER.
 
 400 3IAGIC': STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 becoming the upper end, the front having exchanged phices with the back. 
 This change of position of the second member brings it parallel with the third 
 block, which is then released, and the third member drops over on the fourth, 
 when the fiftii block is released, and so on throughout the entire series. 
 
 In Fig. 3 are shown the three upper blocks of the series, 1, 2, and 3, and 
 their connecting tapes, the blocks being represented as trans2)arent and sepa- 
 rated from each other a short distance to show the arrangement of the connec- 
 tions. Block 1 has attached to it tliree tapes, a, h, h. The tape, a, is attached 
 to the face of the block at the center, at the upper end, and extends over the 
 rounded end of this block and under the rounded end of block 2. The taj)es, 
 h, b, are attached to the face of block 1, extending downward, under the lovver 
 end of this block, and upward, over the upper end of block 2. The tape, a, 
 Avhich is attached to the center of the up^jer face of block 2, extends over the 
 end of this block, downward underneatli the block, and over the upper end of 
 block 3, where it is secured. This arrangement of tapes is observed through- 
 out the entire series. 
 
 In Fig. 2, block 2 is represented as falling away from block 1. When block 
 2 reaches block 3, the tape, a, Avill be parallel with the face of block 3, and the 
 latter will be free to fall in a right-handed direction, in the same manner as 
 block 2 is falling in a left-handed direction. When block 3 is parallel with 
 block 4, the fourth block will fall over in the left-handed direction. 
 
 The blocks, which are of pine, are each 3| inches long, 2f inches wide, and 
 \ inch tliick. The tapes, which are each 4| iuches long and ^ wide, are fas- 
 tened at the ends to tbe blocks by means of glue and by a snuill tack driven 
 through each end of the tape, as shown. 
 
 A NOVEL TOY. 
 
 1'he annexed engraving represents an nmusing toy recently sold on the 
 streets of New York. It is not particularly scientific, but it shows how a 
 device having little novelty finds sale in places traversed by the multitude. 
 
 It consists of the figure of a Japanese in sitting posture, representing the 
 "Mikado." In his right haiul beholds a Japanese umbrella, and in his left 
 a fan. 'I'he umbrella is provided with a little reel at the top. The stick of 
 the umbrella in this case is formed of a tiil)o which is held by the hand of the 
 Mikado, and a spindle attac'luu] to the und)rella top and passing through 
 the tube, with its lower end resting upon a beveled wheel journaled within the 
 figure. 'JMie beveled wheid carries a ci'auk pin working in a slotted arm that 
 extends through the side of the figure atul grasps a fan, as shown in Fig. 2. 
 When a cord is wound around the reel at the top of the umbrella, and drawn 
 off after the Inanner of toj) s|iinuing. the umbrella s[)ins, giving a rotary 
 motion to the beveled wheel, and the crank \)\\\ projecting from the wheel
 
 CURIOUS TO IS. 
 
 401 
 
 THE ■' MIKADO," A NEW TOY. 
 
 imparts an oscillating motion to tlie arm carrying the fan. The umbrella, 
 being slightly out of balance, gives a vibratory motion to the figure, which 
 causes it to rock slightly and turn upon its support. 
 
 A TOY CAPvT. 
 
 This simple toy for the diversion 
 of children has been patented by 
 Mr. Paxtou Pollard, a deaf-mute 
 printer, of No. 89 Main Street, 
 Norfolk, Va. When the cart is 
 drawn along, either forward or 
 backward, the figures are caused to 
 bend or bow simultaneously ; and 
 at the same time, by the compres- 
 sion and escape of air through 
 drum-like pedestals beneath the 
 figures in the cart body, a whistling 
 or scpiawking noise is nuidc. The 
 86 
 
 1-(»I.I.AUI> ;< TOY ( Airr.
 
 403 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 mMMM^MM>^M^^i^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 TUK IMIONOdl'v \niir DOl.I,. 
 
 figures may be of any de- 
 sired grotesque shape, formed 
 of paper or other suitable 
 material, and in each is a 
 spiral spring normally hold- 
 ing the images upright. 
 The pedestals, of which a 
 sectional view is shown in the 
 small figure, have each an 
 upper and lower head and a 
 covering of thin skin or 
 something similar, and in 
 each is a coil spring, while in 
 each upper head is a small 
 opening covered by a thin 
 metallic tongue arranged to 
 vibrate rapidly on the pas- 
 sage of air through the open- 
 ing. The upper portions of 
 the two figures are connected 
 by a transverse rod, and this 
 rod is centrally connected by 
 cord or rod with a crank in 
 the central portion of the 
 axle, whereby the figures are 
 made to bend or bow as the 
 cart is drawn along. 
 
 THE PHONOGRAPHIC 
 DOLL. 
 
 One of the novelties 
 which were introduced a few 
 years ago was the talking 
 doll. This interesting toy 
 consisted of a good-sized doll 
 which secreted a working 
 phonograph. The doll's body 
 is made of tin, and the in- 
 terior thereof is lilled with 
 mechanism very much like 
 that of the commercial pho- 
 nograph, but, of course,
 
 CURIOUS TOYS. 
 
 403 
 
 much more simple and inexpensive. Tlie cylinder of the phonograph of 
 the talking doll is mounted on a sleeve which slides upon the shaft, the 
 sleeve being screw-threaded so as to cause the cylinder to move lengthwise 
 of the shaft. A key is provided by which the cylinder may be thrown out of 
 
 MECHANISM OP THE PHONOGT^APHTC DOI-I.. 
 
 engagement with the segmental nut, and a si)ira] spring is provided for 
 returning the cylinder to the point of starting. The cylinder carries a ring of 
 wax-like material upon which is recorded the speech or song to be repeated by 
 the doll. Upon the same shaft with the recoi'd cylinder there is a large pulley 
 which carries a belt for driving the flywheel shaxt at the lower j^art of the 
 phonographic apparatus. The key is fitted to the main shaft, by which the 
 phonographic cylinder is rotated, and the flywheel tends to maintain a uniform 
 speed.
 
 404 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Above the record cylinder is arranged a diaphragm such as is used in tlie 
 regular phonograph, carrying a reproducing stylus, which is mounted on a lever 
 in the same manner as the regular phonograph. The funnel at the top of the 
 phonographic apparatus opens underneath the breast of the doll, which is per- 
 forated to permit the sound to escape. By the simple operation of turning the 
 crank any child can make the doll say " Mary had a little lamb," "Jack and 
 Jill," or whatever it was, so to speak, taught to say in the phonograph factory. 
 
 .MAKING I'llONOOU.VI'UIC KECOKDS.
 
 CUKtOVS TOYS. 405 
 
 Our last engraving shows the manner of preparing the wax-like records for 
 the phonographic dolls. They are placed upon an instrument very much like 
 an ordinary phonograph, and into the month of Avhich a girl speaks the words 
 to be relocated by tiie doll. A large number of these girls are continually doing 
 this work. Each one has a stall to herself, and the jangle produced by a num- 
 ber of girls simultaneously repeating "Mary had a little lamb," "Jack and 
 Jill," "Little Bo-peep," and other interesting stories, is beyond description. 
 These sounds united with the sounds of the phonographs themselves when 
 reproducing tlie stories make a veritable pandemonium. 
 
 In passing through the works it is noticeable that order and system reign in 
 every department. Everything is done upon the American, or '' piece," system. 
 The tools and machinery here used are the finest procurable. Every piece, 
 without regard to its size or importance, is carefully inspected by aid of stand- 
 ard gauges, so that when the parts are brought together, no additional work is 
 required to cause them to act properly. 
 
 The works of the doll are to some extent adjustable, and any adjustment 
 necessary is effected in an extensive department in which the little phono- 
 graphs are received from the assembling-rooms. Here they receive the finish- 
 ing touches, and are passed on to another room where they are placed in the 
 bodies of the dolls. From this department the finished dolls pass on to the 
 packing-room, where they are carefully stored away in boxes having on their 
 labels the name of the story the doll is able to repeat.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TKICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 interestinct teicks in elasticity. 
 
 The clever trick with billiard balls shown in Figs. 1 and 2 depends for its 
 success on a truly scientific principle. A number of billiard balls are placed 
 in a row against the cushion of the table. The player asks one of the specta- 
 tors to name a certain number of balls to be pocketed without any ai:)paient 
 disturbance of the others. Suppose the number to be three. Then at the 
 will of the player three balls separate from the others and roll into the pocket. 
 The number is perfectly controllable, and when the hand of the player and one 
 
 BCIENTIblC TKICKS Wrrii HIIJ,IARD BALLS AND COINS.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 407 
 
 end of the row of balls iiS covered, the trick appears mysterious. It is hardly 
 less so when the entire experiment is visible. Tlie feat is accomplished bv 
 removing from one end of the series as many balls as arc to be projected from 
 the opposite end, and rolling them forward against the end of the row remain- 
 ing. An equal munber of balls fly off from the opposite end of the row and 
 roll into the pocket. Three balls driven against one end of the series will cause 
 three to roll off, two will drive off two, one will drive off one, and so on. 
 
 The principle of this trick is illustrated in the well-known classroom 
 experiment in which a series of contacting suspended balls of highly elastic 
 material are made to transmit a blow delivered on the first of the series to the 
 last ball of the series, so that the last ball will fly off without any apparent 
 disturbance of the other balls. In this experiment, the first ball of the series 
 is drawn back and allowed to fall against the first one of those remaining in 
 contact. The impact of this ball will slightly flatten the ball Avith which it 
 comes in contact, and each ball in turn transmits its momentum to the next, 
 and so on through the entire series, the last of the series being thrown out as 
 indicated. 
 
 In the case of the experiment with the billiard balls it is found by careful 
 observation that separate blows are given to the series, corresponding in num- 
 ber to the number of balls removed, so that while the separation of the three 
 balls at the end of the series is apparently simultaneous, in reality they are 
 separated one at a time. 
 
 In Fig. 3 is illustrated a method of repeating the experiment with coins in 
 lieu of balls. Dollars or half dollars may be used, and the effect is produced by 
 sliding the coins. 
 
 XOVEL PUZZLE. 
 
 Our engraving shows a single perforated piece of wood having the form of 
 a conventional heart, and in the perforation is inserted an arrow, also formed 
 of a single piece of wood, the barb and head being much larger than tlie per- 
 foration in which the shank of the arrow is received. The heart is made of 
 one kind of wood and the arrow of another. The question is. How did the 
 arrow get into the heart? We have heard of the philosoj)her who was unable 
 to rightly place a horse collar; and we have seen j)hilosophers who could readily 
 harness a horse, but who could not explain how the arrow got into the heart. 
 
 The puzzle illustrated is one of many thousands distributed gratuitously 
 upon the streets of Xew York as an advertisement. The heart is of black 
 walnut and the arrow is of basswood. Xow we fear that the secret is out; for 
 any one familiar with the properties of basswood knows that it may be enor- 
 mously compressed, after which it may be steamed and expanded to its original 
 volume. One end of the arrow was thus compressed, and in its compressed 
 state was passed through the aperture of the heart, after which it was expanded.
 
 4t»8 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIOXS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 \i\^^^^\. 
 
 A NO VET. PUZZI,E. 
 
 Advantage has been taken of this principle in the manufaetiii-e of certain kinds 
 of moldings. The portions of the wood to be left in relief are first com- 
 pressed or pushed down by suitable dies below the general level of the board, 
 then the board is planed down to a level surface, and afterward steamed. Tiie 
 compressed portions of the boai'd are expanded by the steam, so that they 
 stand out in relief. 
 
 SIMPLE MATCH TRICK. 
 
 To lift three matches by means of one, it is necessary to make an incision 
 in the end of a match and iTisert the pointed end of a second match into this 
 incision. Place them on the table, with a third match resting against them 
 
 A SIMI'I.K MAI< II THK K.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 409 
 
 for a support, as shown at the left of the figure. Tlieu present a niatcli to an}' 
 one who may be looking on, and ask him to raise the three together Ijy means 
 of the match in his hand. 
 
 The solution is given at the right of the figure. 
 
 Bear lightly against the two nnitches that are Joined until the third falls 
 against the one held in the hand. Then raise it, and all three will be lifted 
 together. Although this trick, which we find described in a French paper, 
 " Ze Cliercheur,'''' is ])robably as ancient as the art of making matches, our 
 juvenile readers may find it of interest, and possibly it may afford them a half 
 hour's amusement at recess time. 
 
 CRYSTALLIZED ORNAMENTS. 
 
 A beautiful ornament, which is very easily made, consists of a wooden 
 cross covered with canton flannel, with tiie nap side out, and crystallized by 
 immersion in a solution of alum. The nap retains the crystals so that the}' are 
 
 FIG. 1.— GROTTO. 
 
 not readily loosened or detached. The flannel should be attached to the wood 
 by means of brass wire nails, and the cross should be suspended in a solution 
 formed by dissolving a pound of alum in a gallon of warm water. The cross 
 should be suspended in the solution while it is still warm and allowed to 
 remain in until the solution cools, when it will be found covered with bright 
 crystals. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a perspective view, and Fig. 2 a longitudinal section, of a grotto 
 formed by crystallizing alum in a box containing jagged points covered with 
 canton flannel, or wrapped about in various directions with coarse thread or 
 twine. The box may be of wood or metal. It should have apertures in the top, 
 ends, and sides. These apertures are stopped with corks while the box is 
 filled with solution. After the crystallization the corks are removed, and the 
 holes in the top, sides, and one end are covered with colored glass, and over the
 
 410 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 Vm. 2— SECTION OF GKUTTO. 
 
 front aperture is secured a convex spec- 
 tacle lens, having a focus about equal 
 to the length of the box, AVhen the 
 interior of the box is illuminated by a 
 strong light passing through the colored 
 windows, the effect is fine. 
 
 The solution used in this case is the 
 same as that given for the cross. After 
 the crystals are formed and the liquid is 
 ponred from the box, the interior should 
 be allovved to dry thoroughly before clos- 
 ing the apertures. 
 
 MAGICAL APPARITION OF A DRAWING ON WHITE PAPER. 
 
 It is well known that the vapors of mercury are very diffusive in their 
 nature, and some quite singular experiments have been devised, based upon this 
 knowledge, and upon the fact that the salts of silver and the chlorides of gold, 
 platinum, iridium, and palladium are affected by these mercurial vapors. 
 
 If any one, for instance, should write upon a sheet of white paper with 
 platinum chloride, no mark would be visible, as the liquid is quite colorless. 
 If, however, the same sheet of paper should be held over a little mercury, the 
 metal will be brought.out on the paper in dark tints. This magical appari- 
 tion of a figure or drawing on a sheet of paper which appears to be perfectly 
 white is very astonishing to the spectator. 
 
 MAfiK Al, AI'l'AHfTION OK A DKAWING ON WIIll'K I'ArKH.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 411 
 
 Reversing the experiment, a no less marvelous result is obtained. At lirst 
 expose tlie drawing or writing to the gases of mercury ; the lines will become 
 charged with mercury, and then by simply bringing the drawing in contact 
 with a sheet of paper previously sensitized with a solution of platinum, the 
 drawing will be reproduced, line for line, on the white paper. 
 
 Drawings made in this way give a charming effect^ the tones being very soft 
 and the lines distinct and clear. 
 
 MAGIC PORTRAITS. 
 
 An able chemist, C. AVideman, has recently devised a curiosity m the way 
 of engraving. It is a square piece of transjiarent glass in Avhich absolutely 
 nothing can be seen, even on the closest examination. If the glass be breathed 
 
 MAGIC POllTRATTS. 
 
 upon, so as to cover its surface with moisture, a face like that shown in the cut 
 makes its appearance. As soon as the moisture leaves the glass, the image dis- 
 appears. 
 
 A piece of glass is obtained similar to that used for making mirrors. The 
 glass maybe transparent, tinned, or silvered; that makes no diflFerence as to 
 the final result. Then a small quantity of fluorspar is placed in a porcelain 
 capsule and moistened w4th sufficient sulphuric acid to make the proper chemi-
 
 41-^ MAGJC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIPIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 cal reaction to write Avith. W ith tliis liquid uikI a quill pen the desired draw- 
 ing or writing is executed on the previously well-cleaned glass. In about five 
 minutes, or ten at the most, the glass is to be washed in common water and 
 dried with a cloth. The plate will then be ready, and it will only be necessary 
 to breathe upon it to see the figures that have thus been traced make their 
 appearance. 
 
 A little practice will show the exact time necessary to leave the fluid lines 
 on the glass. Too long a biting of the acid would be accompanied by so deep 
 an engraving of the glass that the lines wonld always be perceptible, even on 
 the dry glass. 
 
 A TRICK OPERA GLASS. 
 
 We presfMit ati engraving of a trick opera glass which may be new to some 
 of our readers, although the principle involved is very old. One tube of the 
 opera glass is constructed in the ordinary manner, being provided Avith lenses, 
 while the other tube is arranged to give a view of any object at right angles to 
 the line of vision of the normal tube, or considerably to the rear of it. The 
 trick tube has no eyepiece, and the objective is done away with, a piece of 
 japanned wood taking its place. A portion of the tube and its leather cover is 
 
 A THK K OI'KHA (iF.ASS.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 413 
 
 cut away, and a mirror is inserted at an angle in the tube. When the observer 
 wishes to use the trick ghiss at short range/ he covers up a portion of the 
 opening in the tube with his fingers, but at longer range this precaution would 
 not be necessary. The practical uses of the glass are a])parent. Our engrav- 
 ing shows a phin view of a theater, with the stage, boxes, and seats. The gen- 
 tleman in the box and the one on the right of the center aisle both appear to 
 be observing the actor on the stage, but in reality they are observing the lady 
 on the left of the center aisle. Of course each of the gentlemen has his 
 glasses turned a different way around. 
 
 A TOY mill) THAT FLIES. 
 
 The naturalness and the easy movement of the wings of the little toy bird 
 shown in the accompanying illustration, as the operator pulls gently on the end 
 of the supporting string over which the bird moves, in accordance with the 
 movement of the wings, always attracts observers Avhen this toy is shown on 
 the streets, as it has been by numerous venders within a short time. The tov 
 is one of the latest of the many novelties which are constantly being ex- 
 hibited by the wide-awake salesmen in the streets of New York and other large 
 cities, and in the construction of some of which a surprising degree of skill and 
 ingenuity are displayed. The cord leading from the aperture below the mouth 
 
 A TOT BIUD THAT EFFECTIVELY SIMULATES A BIRD FLYtNQ.
 
 414 31 AGIO: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 of the bird is attached at its outer end to a hook in the wall or other support, 
 while its inner j)ortion passes over an idler and around a pulley, to which it is 
 attached. This pulley is a little smaller than another at its side, as shown in 
 Fig. 2, both pulleys being fast on the same shaft, and a cord from the larger 
 pulley passes over an idler and out rearwardly, having at its end a finger-piece, 
 on which the operator pulls in manipulating the toy. The cords are wound in 
 opposite directions on their pulleys, so that the unwinding of the cord from the 
 larger pulley, and the rotation of the same, winds up the cord on the smaller pul- 
 ley, and causes the bird to move forward on what seems to be only a single length 
 of cord, the backward movement taking place by gravity when the pull on the 
 string is released. The movement of the wings is effected by a crank on each 
 outer end of the pulley shaft, the crank being pivotally connected with an 
 extension of a member of the inner one of two pairs of lazy tongs, and this 
 member having also a pivotal bearing on a crossbar which turns in bearings on 
 the outer side of the toy, just under where the wings are hinged to the body. 
 The larger pair of lazy tongs is pivotally connected to the outer portion of the 
 wing, giving a longer sweep thereto than to the inner portion, with which the 
 smaller lazy tongs are connected; and the j^ivotal connection of the lazy tongs 
 with the bearing in the crossbar gives an oscillatory movement to the wings, 
 which constitutes a very good simulation of the natural movement of the wings 
 of a bird in flight. A high degree of mechanical skill is shown in the putting 
 together of this little toy. 
 
 THE PLANCHETTE TABLE. 
 
 This curious toy was popular as far back as 1867. Marvelous tales were 
 told by the credulous about it, and even as distinguished scientists as Profes- 
 sor Tyndall and Professor Faraday were drawn into controversies concerning 
 it. Many think there is some hidden secret .in the construction of the plan- 
 chette table. All that is necessary is that it should stand firmly and move 
 readily on its legs. All that is needful is a heart-shaped cedar board with two 
 nicely turned metal legs carrying well-oiled casters, and in the point of the 
 board an aperture of suitable size for the insertion of a lead pencil, which serves 
 as the third leg, and rests upon the paper. Many believe that humbug was 
 Btamj)ed over every movement of the planchette board, and that one or the 
 other of those whose hands bore upon it cons])ired with the little board in the 
 fortnuhition of its reply. Certain it is that planchette has performed some 
 curious feats and has made for itself a jiosition in the world of mysteries. 
 
 Prol)al)ly tlu; most generally aece]ited explanatitui is that advanced by I^ewes 
 and others, that although tliei'o is no intentional movenicnt of the hands of 
 tiiose wlio are subjecting planchette to the influeiu^e, still there is, in s])ite of 
 tliis, an unconscious ])ressure of the finger ti})S u])on the b(jard. which directs 
 the movement of the pen(;il. Nor does it seem that such can be at all un-
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 415 
 
 likely, for unconscious movement is by no means an unusual phase of our 
 existence. The somnambulist who nightly takes a promenade from cellar to 
 garret, or whose steps by chance have led him to the border of a precipice, has 
 as little knowledge of the peril he has escaped, when the morning beams have 
 awakened him, as planchette is conscious of its movements. How often also in 
 mercantile pursuits do those who are accustomed to a certain routine perform it 
 unconsciously, and after the work has been finished would be unable to tell you 
 of many of the details of the work which custom has taught them to perform 
 correctly, even while in a state of abstraction. Much. has been said at times of 
 
 
 PLANCHETTE. 
 
 planchette's prophetic nature. Under the influence of certain people of a 
 highly nervous temperament, or having to a certain extent the qualities of 
 mediums, future events are said to be foretold. Secrets of whicli the person 
 touching planchette is in ignorance have been divulged in a remarkable way, 
 and many anecdotes shrouding planchette in mystery are repeated and believed. 
 Were the testimony, however, more universal, were planchette more con- 
 sistent, and were it more generally truthful and less given to uttering remark- 
 able sayings only occasionally, there would be more reason for according it a 
 place for thorough and systematic investigation. J'erha})S the day will come, 
 when mesmerism is understood and mind reading is more satisfactorily 
 explained, in which there will be occasion for looking u])on planchette more seri- 
 ously, and of regarding it as a wonderful nu'ans of displaying a rational nervous 
 action independent of conscious mental ('(M-c])i'ation. 
 
 I
 
 416 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS 
 
 JAPANESE MAGIC MIRRORS. 
 
 Mv. R. W. Atkinson, of the Uuiv^ersity of Tokio, Japan, communicates 
 to " Nature " the following interesting account of these curious mirrors: 
 
 " A short time ago a friend showed me a curious effect, which I had previ- 
 ously heard of, but had never seen. Tlie ladies of Japan use, in making their 
 toilet, a small round mirror about one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch in 
 thickness, made of a kind of speculum metal, brightly polished, and coated 
 with mercury. At the back there are usually various devices, Japanese or Chi- 
 nese written characters, badges, etc., standing out in strong relief, and brightly 
 polished like the front surface. Now, if the direct rays of the sun are allowed 
 to fall upon the front of the mirror, and are then reflected on a screen, in a 
 great many cases, though not in all, the figures at the back will appear to shine 
 through the substance of the mirror as bright lines npon a moderately bright 
 ground. 
 
 " I have since tried several mirrors as sold in the shops, and in most cases 
 the appearance described has been observed with more or less distinctness. 
 
 *"I have been nuable to find 
 a satisfactory explanation of this 
 fact, but on considering the 
 mode of manufacture I was led 
 to suppose that the pressure to 
 which the mirror was subjected 
 during polishing, and which is 
 greatest on the parts in relief, 
 was concerned in the production 
 of the figures. On putting this 
 to the test by rubbing the back 
 of the mirror with a blunt-pointed 
 instrument, and permitting the 
 rays of the sun to be reflected 
 from the front surface, a bright 
 line appeared in the image cor- 
 responding to the position of the 
 part rubbed. This experiment 
 is quite easy to repeat; a scratch 
 with a knife or with any other 
 hard body is sufficient. It would 
 seem as if the pressure upon the 
 back during polishing caused 
 some change in the reflecting sur- 
 face corresponding to the raised 
 })arts whereby the amount of 
 .lAi'ANKSK M.vfiic Miuuoii. light rcflectcd was ureater; or
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 417 
 
 supposing that of the light which falls \\\)o\\ tiie surface, a part is absorbed 
 aud the rest reflected, those parts corresponding to the raised portions on the 
 back are altered by the pressure in such a way that less is absorbed, and there- 
 fore a bright image appears. This, of course, is not an explanation of the 
 phenomenon, but I j^ut it forward as perhaps indicating the direction in which 
 a true explanation may be looked for." 
 
 The following account of the manufacture of the Japanese mirrors is 
 taken from a paper by Dr. Geerts, read before the Asiatic Society of Japan, 
 and appearing in their " Transactions" for 1875-7G, p. 39: 
 
 "For preparing the mold, which consists of two parts jiut together witi) 
 their concave surfaces, the workman first powders a kind of rough plastic clay, 
 and mixes this with levigated powder of a blackish * tuflf-stone ' and a little 
 charcoal powder and water, till the paste is plastic aud suitable for being 
 molded. It is then roughly formed by the aid of a wooden frame into square 
 or round cakes; the surface of the latter is covered with a levigated half- 
 liquid mixture of powdered ' cliamottc ' (old crucibles which have served for 
 melting bronze or copper) and water. Thus well prepared, the blackish paste 
 in the frame receives the concave designs by the aid of woodcuts, cut in relief. 
 The parts of the mold are put together in the frame and dried. Several 
 of these flat molds are then placed in a melting box made of clay and ^ cha- 
 motte.'' This box has on the top an opening into which the liquid bronze is 
 poured after it has been melted in small fireproof clay crucibles. The liquid 
 metal naturally fills all openings inside the box, and consequently also the cavi- 
 ties of the moulds. For mirrors of first quality the following metal mixture 
 is used in one of the largest mirror foundries in Kioto: 
 
 Lead 5 parts. 
 
 Tin 15 " 
 
 Copper _80 "' 
 
 100 
 ''For mirrors of itiferior quality are taken: 
 
 Lead 10 parts. 
 
 Natural sulphide of lead and antimonv 10 " 
 
 Copper '. _80 " 
 
 100 
 
 " After being cooled, the melting box and molds are crushed and the mir- 
 rors taken away. These are then cut, scoured, and filed until they are roughly 
 finished. They are then first polished with a polishing powder called to-no-ki, 
 which consists of the levigated powder of a soft kind of whetstone (fn-ishi) 
 found in Yamato and many other j)laces. Secondly, they are polished with a 
 piece of charcoal and water, the charcoal of the wood lio-no-ki {Magnolia hypo- 
 leuca) being preferred as the best for the purpose. When the surfaces of the 
 mirrors are well polished they are covered with a layer of mercury amalgam 
 consisting of quicksilver, tin, and a little lead. The amalgam is rubbed 
 27
 
 418 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 vigorously with a piece of soft leather, which mauipulation must be continued 
 for a long time, until the excess of mercury is expelled and the mirrors have a 
 fine, bright reflecting surface." 
 
 MAGIC MIEROES. 
 
 The following article on magic mirrors by MM. Bertin and Dubosq outlines 
 several interesting experiments. 
 
 " The people of the Far East, the Chinese and the Japanese, in bygone 
 times were acquainted with metallic mirrors only; and even to-day they make 
 only these. They are made of speculum metal, of various forms and sizes, 
 but always portable. One of the faces is polished and always slightly convex, 
 so that its reflection gives images which are reduced in size; the other face is 
 plane or slightly concave, and always has cast on it ornaments which are in 
 relief. Among the many mirrors thus constructed there are a few which 
 possess a wonderful property: when abeam of the sun's light falls upon the 
 polished surface and is reflected on a white screen, we see in the disk of light 
 thus formed the image of the ornamentation which is on the back of the mir- 
 ror. The Chinese have long known of these mirrors and value them highly; 
 they call them by a name which signifies ' mirrors which are permeable to the 
 light.' We, of the West, call them ' magic mirrors.' 
 
 " Very few persons had seen magic mirrors till Mr. Ayrton, professor of the 
 Polytechnic School at Yeddo, exhibited several which he had brought with 
 him from Japan, and he experimented with them as already mentioned. 
 
 "In the meantime I received a visit from M. Dybowski, my former pupil, 
 who had returned from Japan, where for two years he had been the colleague 
 of Professor Ayrton. He brought back with him as objects of curiosity four 
 t&mple mirrors, that is to say, antique mirrors; tliese are far superior to those 
 of modern production, for their manufacture has been nearly abandoned by 
 reason of the introduction of the silvered mirrors of Europe. We tried them 
 together; three were circular, and the thinnest of them, which is a disk of 15.3 
 centimeters in diameter, was found to be slightly magic. 
 
 "To try such a mirror we reflect a sunbeam from its polished surface to a 
 white cardboard about one meter distant. But to obtain the very best effects 
 we must illuminate the mirror with a diverging pencil of light; this pencil is 
 made still further divergent by reflection from the mirror, because its reflecting 
 Burface is convex. AVe can now receive the reflected rays on a screen at a 
 greater distance, and we at once see distinctly the magnified image of the orna- 
 mentation on the back of the mirror. These raised designs appear on the 
 screen in white on a dark ground. The image thus made by our mirror was 
 confused, because it was not a good one; had it been properly made, the image
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 
 
 419 
 
 would have been sharply defined. I then knew of no means by which I could 
 make it give better effects. 
 
 " The means by which the mirror could have been improved were first jiointed 
 out by M. Govi in the second of his two j^apers. It is a consequence of the 
 true theory of magic mirrors. The theory was not reached at once. I proposed 
 to M. Dubosq to associate himself with me in order, first, to repeat the experi- 
 ments of the learned Italian, Govi, and then to study generally the interesting 
 phenomena of magic mirrors, in the hope of being able eventually to repro- 
 duce them in his workshops. At first we had only at our disposal the mirror 
 
 THE MAUIC MIIUJOU. 
 
 brought from Japan by ]\I. Dybowski, and which gave confused images with 
 the reflected solar rays. These images became very sharply defined when we 
 had heated the back of the mirror with a gas lamp, and it gave very magic 
 effects. 
 
 " We then made a mold and reproduced this mirror, not in Japanese bronze, 
 but in ordinary gun metal. Tlie first copy was roughly worked on the lathe, 
 after the Japanese manner, in order to render it magical, but this was broken. 
 The second was worked carefully on an optical grinding tool; the surface was 
 then polished and nickel plated, but it was not magical; it acquired this prop- 
 erty in a high degree when it was heated, and even retained traces of it after 
 it had been repeatedly heated. Several Japanese mirrors which Ave have pro- 
 cured have given analogous results.
 
 ■i20 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 "We then engraved' letters on the back of little rectangular Japanese mir- 
 rors. On heating these the letters appeared in black in the reflected image. 
 When we cut lines around the design on the back of the mirror, heat rendered 
 them very magical, for the design stood out, framed in the black lines which 
 bordered the figures. 
 
 " Thus it is seen that heat is very efficacious in rendering mirrors magical, 
 but it is not without its inconveniences. First of all, it injures the mirrors, 
 which thus lose their polish, especially when tliey ha\o been amalgamated; 
 also, the mirror is often not heated equally, and the images are deformed. It 
 occurred to us that the change of curvature wliich was required could be 
 obtained more uniformly by means of pressure. M. Dubosq therefore con- 
 structed a shallow cylinder of metal, closed at one end by the metallic mirror, 
 and at the other by a flat plate of brass, having in its center a stopcock 
 which M'e could attach, by means of a rubber tube, to a little hand pump. This 
 pump could be made either to condense or rarefy aii\ If the rubber tube was 
 attached to the pump, arranged as a condenser, a few strokes of the piston 
 sufficed to compress sufficiently the air in the shallow cylinder; the mirror 
 became more and more convex, the cone of reflected rays became more and 
 more open, and in the image on the screen the design on the back of the mir- 
 ror became more and more distinct. Our Japanese mirror when thus treated 
 gave very fine images, and the copy which we had made, and which gave no 
 result as ordinarily experimented with, now became a magic mirror as 2)erfect 
 as any of those which Professor Ayrton had exhibited before us. A mirror in 
 brass, nickel plated, on whose back was soldered tin-plate figures, around 
 whose borders were cut lines, became very magical by pressure, and gave the 
 design on its back in light surrounded by dark borders. 
 
 "This is what I call the positive image. We can also obtain the negative 
 image, or the inverse of the preceding one, by rarefying the air in the shallow 
 box. To do this we have only to attach the rubber tube to the pump arranged 
 as an ordinary air pump. On now working the piston the air in the shallow 
 box is rarefied; the mirror becomes concave; the cone of the diverging reflected 
 rays closes up; the image of the design is reduced in size, changes its appearance, 
 and becomes an image of the design on the back of the mirror; but this now 
 Bhows in shade edged with bright borders. 
 
 " These experiments require an intense light. A jet of coal gas is insufficient, 
 but the oxyhydrogen liglit is sufficiently intense. We iutercejit it with a screen 
 perforated with a snudl hole, so that the diverging pencil which falls on the 
 mirror may not spread too much. Tiie mirror is mounted on the top of a 
 column so that it can be made to face in any required direction. TJie effects 
 arc most brilliant and the best defined when we experiment with the rays of the 
 sun. When we expose the mirror to the beam of the parte-lumiHre it is gener- 
 ally not entirely covered by the light; in this case it is best to use a diverging 
 beam, obtained by means of a lens })laced between the piirte-hiiiiiere and the 
 mirror. 
 
 " Thus we have seen that we can now make copies of the Japanese mirrors,
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRICKS OF AN AMUSING NATURE. 421 
 
 some of whicli nuiy he magical, I)iit all may he rendered so hy making tlieni 
 covers of the shallow box containing either conijiressed or rarefied air. This 
 pressure box and its mirror, made in the Japanese style, certainly forms one of 
 the most curions pieces of apparatus which is to be found in the cabinet of 
 physics. 
 
 " We shall not, however, stop here. One of these days, while our mirror is 
 magical under the influence of pressure, we will take a cast of its surface, and 
 then reproduce this by means of galvano-deposition. This surface will have 
 all the irregularities of that of the magic mirror, and will produce by its 
 reflected rays the image of a design which no longer exists on its back."
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 LAVATER'S APPARATUS FOR TAKING SILHOUETTES. 
 
 This is not a photographic diversiou, but it is so interesting and so mnch 
 of a historical curiosity that we reproduce it here. When first introduced, 
 the silhouette attracted the attention of the learned, and was regarded as 
 one of the wonders of the age. Lavater, in his celebrated work on physiog- 
 nomy, describes an accurate and convenient machine for drawing silhouettes. 
 The engraving is almost self-explanatory. ''The shadow," says Lavater, "is 
 projected upon a fine paper, well oiled and dried, and placed behind a piece of 
 plate glass supported in a frame secured to the back of the chair. Behind this 
 glass the artist stands, and holding the frame with one hand, draws with the 
 other." A candle was used to furnish the necessary light. The proportions of 
 the silhouette must be judged principally from the length and breadth of the 
 face; a correct and well-proportioned profile should be equal in breadth and 
 height. A horizontal line drawn from the point of the nose to the back of the 
 liead (provided the head be erect) should not exceed in length a perpendicular 
 line which extends from the top of the head to the junction of the chin and head. 
 All of the forms which deviate sensibly from this rule are so many anomalies. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF SILHOUETTES OBTAINED BY LAVATER.
 
 TRICK PHOTOORAPHY 
 
 425 
 
 In support of these observations Lavater gives a iminber of siiecimens of sil- 
 lionettes, and insists upon the conchision Avhich he deduces from their study. 
 We take a few examples of them. In No. 1 Lavater sees an upright soul, an 
 even temper, taste, and frankness; in No. 2 the contour of the nose carries 
 the infallible mark of a good temper; in No. 3 we have clearness of judgment. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY UPON A BLACK GROUND. 
 
 Some of the most interesting trick photographs are obtained by the use of 
 a black background. In brief, the process consists in limiting the field of an 
 objective so as to preserve intact for subsequent exposures the unused portion 
 of the sensitized plate, and to be able to obtain upon the latter such combina- 
 tions as may be desired of any number whatever of successive poses. The 
 annexed diagram shows the arrangements which may be used. Nos. I. to IIL 
 are the ones most frequently used, and No. lY. ])ermits of taking a number of 
 ])liotographs analogous to the one that we reproduce in our second engraving. 
 
 FRi. 1. -KXPLAiNATUltY DIAUKA.M. 
 
 Where a kneeling girl is represented as a statuette upon a table, the operator 
 is seen in. the rear, manipulating the rubber bulb which controls the shutter. 
 In Fig. 3 is shown a picture taken in open daylight, using as a black background 
 the opening of a large coach house; as a screen, a piece of blackened cardboard 
 was used, as is shown, su])ported by a violin stand to the right of the figures. 
 Now, if we closelv examine the child who, in front of the cart, is assisting in
 
 PIG. 3.— COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPH IN TWO POSES, AT DIFFEREINT DISTANCES, ON THE SAME 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 FIG. 3.-GnOUP IN OPEN AIR, IN TWO DIFFERENT POSES ON ONE PLATE,
 
 FIG. 4.— FACSIMILE OF A COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPH. 
 
 FIG. 5.— A DECAPITATION.
 
 428 3TAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SClENriFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 the delivery of Lis own head, we shall find that it \a traversed vertically by a 
 line of shadows, indicating that a slight veil was prodnced'at the first exposure 
 upon all that portion of plate tliat was exposed by the incompletely drawn 
 shutter of the frame. If the plate had been entirely exposed it would be dif- 
 ficult to suspect anything. 
 
 The apparatus for producing the composite photographs upon a black back- 
 ground is very simple. A blackened piece of cardboard is provided with an 
 aperture nearly corresponding to the place ]) reserved in the definitive picture 
 for the object, head, bust, etc., that one desires to isolate. This screen is slid 
 into the first fold of the bellows of the camera, that is to say, very close to the 
 
 FKi. ti.— ANOTIIKU 1)Kc:aPITAT10N. 
 
 sensitized plate, and at the moment of focusing, the position of the apparatus 
 is 80 regulated as to make the imago of the subject appear through the aper- 
 tures in the screen and in the proper position. '^Fhis process is the most 
 rapid and is the surest. No reflection is any longer possible, and the preserva- 
 tion of the plate is absolute. What is no less advantageous is the sharpness of 
 the outline, which permits of the most delicate junctions; such sharpness is 
 inversely proportioned to the distance that separates the screen from the sensi- 
 tized plate. We ])resent a numl)er of engravings of photographs taken upon a 
 black background.
 
 FIG. 7.— THE HEAD IN THE WHEELBAKKOW. 
 
 FKi. «.— THE HEAD UPON A PLATE.
 
 FIG. 9.— THE SAWED-OFF HEAD. 
 
 FIG. 10.— TUE EEDDCTION.
 
 TRICK PnOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 431 
 
 Our next engraving represents a decapitation by means of a saber, and it is 
 taken by means of an exposure in Avliicli the head was placed upon a block, 
 the subject inclining forward upon his knees, and the diaphiagm occupying 
 about two-thirds of the plate, completely masking the body up to the neck. 
 Then, without changing the position of the apparatus, the diaphragm is placed 
 on the other side in order to conceal the head, and the body is photographed in 
 the second position along with the person rejiresentiug the executioner. It 
 would have been possible by a third exposure to so arrange things as to nuike 
 the executioner the decapitated person. By the same process the following 
 trick photographs are made. 
 
 FIG. 11.— MAN IN A BOTTLE. 
 
 The sawed-off head is one of the best of these photographs. Fig. 10 gives 
 the same individual photographed twice on two different scales. This kind of 
 reduction gives very astonishing results. 
 
 The most curious illusion of all is the one in which a nuin is seen inside of 
 a bottle. The individual represented was first photographed on a sufficiently 
 reduced scale to allow him to appear to enter the bottle. Tlie diaphragm was 
 arranged around the subject. The bottle was then photographed on a large 
 scale, and the result is, the man is seen in the bottle.
 
 432 2IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 SPIKIT PHOTOGRAPHY.* 
 
 Many years ago, in the old wet-collodion days, a well-known photographer 
 was one day surprised by the visitation of a spirit. The apparition did not 
 make its appearance during the nocturnal hours, as is, we have been given to 
 understand, the custom of these ladies and gentlemen from the other world, 
 but, strangely enough, in broad daylight; and not by his bedside to disturb his 
 peaceful slumber, but upon the photograph he was in the act of producing. 
 Had this gentleman been of that soft-brained kind, so easily gulled by the 
 professional spiritualist, it is possible that he would not have done what he did, 
 which was to make a thorough and scientific examination as to the probable 
 cause of the phenomenon. The case was this: A gentleman sitter had been 
 taken in the usual manner upon a collodion plate. Upon taking a positive 
 print from the negative, he was surprised to fmd a dim white figure of a lady 
 apparently hovering over the unconscious sitter. Upon examination of the 
 negative, the image of the figure was also visible, but not so plainly as in the 
 positive. The explanation of the whole matter was soon made easy. In those 
 days glass was not so cheap as at j^resent, and all new or spoiled negatives were 
 cleaned off and freshly prepared with collodion for further use. In this case 
 the glass had jireviously supported the negative image of a lady dressed in 
 white. Some chemical action had evidently taken place between the image 
 and the glass itself, turning the latter slightly yellow in some parts. This 
 faint yellow image, altliough hardly visible in the negative, had, being of a 
 non-actinic color, given quite a distinct image in the positive. The case was 
 not an isolated one, as these spirit photographs, as they were called, often 
 made their appearance when old negatives were cleaned and the glass used 
 again. 'Y\\e precise action producing the image has never, we think, been sat- 
 isfactorily explained. It could often be made more distinct by breathing on 
 the glass. We do not know if any enterprising humbug ever took advantage 
 of this method of producing spirit photographs to extort money from the 
 unwary, but about ten years ago a work was published, entitled " Chronicles of 
 the Photograj^hs of Spiritual Beings and Phenomena Invisible to the Material 
 Eye," by a Miss Houghton. In this a number of reproductions of photo- 
 graphs of "spirits" were given with a detailed explanation of how they were 
 obtained and the difficulties attending their production, the "spirits" being 
 apparently of very independent natures, only making their appearance when 
 they felt so inclined. It is quite possible that a person entirely ignorant of 
 photogra[)liic methods might be led into the belief that they were actually 
 photographic images of tlie dead, but we fear tliat the book is hardly well 
 enough written to deceive tlie experienced ])h()t()grapher. At certain and most 
 unfortiiiuite })eriods in the process employed, some of the i)lates had a convcn- 
 
 *From "Photographic Amusements," by Walter E. Woodbury. New York, 1896. The 
 Scovill & Adams Co., publishers. 
 
 i
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 433 
 
 ieut habit of slipping into the washing tank and tliere, according to the author, 
 becoming utterly ruined; also we learn that many were ruined by being acci- 
 dentally smudged by the photographer's fingers. We should not, we fear, have 
 a very high opinion of an operator who was in the constant habit of " smudg- 
 ing " negatives with his fingers so as to entirely spoil them, nor can we quite 
 understand what brand of plates was used that " got spoiled by falling into the 
 water. ' ' 
 
 A "spirit" photograph. 
 
 It is not difficult to explain how these pictures Avere produced. There are 
 quite a number of methods. With a weak-minded sitter, over whom the oper- 
 ator had complete control, tlie matter would Ije in no wise a difficult one. It 
 would then only be necessary for the '" si)irit," suitably attired for the occasion, 
 to ap^iear for a few seconds behind the sitter during the exposure and be taken 
 slightly out of focus, so as not to a2)pear too corporeal. 
 
 If, however, the sitter be of another kind, anxious to discover how it was 
 done and on the alert for any deceptive practices, the method described would 
 be rather a risky one, as he might turn round suddenly at an inconvenient 
 moment and detect the mothis operandi. In such a case it sometimes becomes 
 necessary to find some other method where it would not be requisite for the 
 '* spirit" to make its appearance during the j)resence of tlie sitter. 
 
 The ghostly image can be preparetl upon the plate either before or after the 
 exposure of the sitter. The method is this: In a darkened room the draped 
 figure to represent the spirit is posed in a spirit-like attitude (whatever that 
 38
 
 434 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 may be) in front of a dark background with a suitable magnesium or other 
 light arrangement thrown upon the figure, which is then focused in the 
 "naturalistic" style; or, better still, a fine piece of muslin gauze is placed 
 close to the lens, which gives a hazy, indistinct appearance to the image. The 
 exposure is made and the latent image remains upon the sensitized plate, which 
 is again used to photograph the sitter. Upon developing we get the two 
 
 SPIRIT PICTURE. 
 
 images, the " spirit " mixed up Avith the figure. The '' sjjirit " should be as in- 
 distinct as possible, as it will then be less easy for the subject to dispute the state- 
 ment that it is the spirit-form of his dead and gone relative. Some amouut 
 of discretion in this part of the performance must be used, we fancy, otherwise 
 the same disaster might happen as did to a spiritualist some little time ago. 
 An elderly gentleman had come for na seance, and, after some mysterious 
 maneuvers, the gentleman was informed that the spirit of his mother was 
 there. "Indeed!" replied the gentleman, somewhat astonished. "What
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 435 
 
 does she say?" ''She says she will see you soon/' informed the medium. 
 " You are getting old now and must soon join her." " Quite riglit," replied 
 the old gentleman ; "I'm going round to lier house to tea to-night." — Total 
 collapse of spiritualist. 
 
 Fluorescent substances, such as bisulphate of quinine, can also be em- 
 ployed. This compound, although almost invisible to the eve, ])hotographs 
 
 SPIRIT PICTURE. 
 
 nearly black. If a white piece of paper be painted with the substance, excejit 
 on certain parts, the latter only will appear white in the picture. 
 
 We hope that it will not be inferred that we desire to explain how to deceive 
 persons with regard to photographs of "spirits," for this is not so; we only 
 hope that they will be made merely for amusement, and, if possible, to expose 
 persons who practice on the gullibility of inexperienced persons. 
 
 The engraving on page 43G is a reproduction of a "spirit" photograph 
 made by a photographer claiming to be a "spirit photographer," and to have
 
 IMIOTOOUAPn OF " Sl'IHITS.'
 
 TRICK mo TO a RA pn Y. 
 
 437 
 
 the power to call tliese ladies and gentlemen from the "vasty deep " and make 
 them impress their imago upnn tlio pensitized plate by the side of the portraits 
 of their living relatives. 
 
 Fortunately, however, we were in this case able to expose the fraud. ]\rr. 
 W. M. Murray, a prominent member of the Society of Amateur Photogra- 
 phers of Xew York, called our attention to the similarity between one of the 
 "spirit" images and a portrait painting by Sichel the artist. 
 
 PAINTIKG liY N. SIC 11 EL. 
 
 A reproduction of the picture is given herewith, and it will bo seen at 
 once that the " spirit " image is copied from it. 
 
 In a recent number of " The Australian Photogi'aphic Journal " we read of 
 the following novel method of making so-called " spirit " photographs: '* Take 
 a negative of any supposed ' spirit ' that is to be represented, put it in the 
 printing frame with the film side out; lay on the glass side a piece of platino- 
 type paper with the sensitive side u]v. clamp in place the back of the printing 
 frame and expose to the sun for half a minute. Now place in the printing
 
 438 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 frame the negative of another person to whom the ' spirit ' is to appear, and over 
 it put the previously exposed sheet, film side down; expose to the sun for two 
 minutes until the image is faintly seen, then develop in the usual way, and the 
 blurred ' spirit ' photograph will ajipear faintly to one side or directly behind the 
 distinct image. Sheets of paper Avith different ghost exposures can be pre- 
 pared beforehand." 
 
 " Spirit " photograi^hs might easily be made by means of Professor Roent- 
 gen's newly discovered process of impressing an image upon a photographic 
 dry-plate without uncovering the shutter. The process would, however, entail 
 considerable expense, and would necessitate -the use of so much costly apparatus 
 that we will content ourselves with the simple mention of the possibility. 
 
 AETIFIOIAL MIRAGE. 
 
 The mirage is a well-known natural phenomenon, especially in tropical coun- 
 tries. Our engraviug shows an intei'esting experiment which permits of repro- 
 ducing a mirage by photography. A very even plate of sheet iron is taken and 
 placed horizontally upon two supports. The i^late is heated very uniformly 
 and sprinkled with sand. A small, painted Egyptian landscape is arranged at 
 one end of the ])late, and the " eye " of the photographic instrument is so placed 
 that the visual ray may be said to graze the plate. The mirage can be photo- 
 graphed as shown in our engraving. 
 
 DUPLEX PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 The following very ingenious method is pointed out by M. H. Due, of 
 Grenoble. It consists in making use of a special frame which, instead of 
 having a sliding sliutter, is provided with two shutters that operate like the 
 
 leaves of a door. These shutters, B B (Fig. 1), 
 l)ivot upon two vertical axes, A A, whose upper 
 extremities 2'>i'oject from the frame so that they 
 can be maneuvered from the exterior. As the 
 shutters must join very accurately, M. Due affixes 
 asbestos paper to their edges. A sliding steel 
 plate, E i), permits of keeping the two shutters 
 closed before and after exposure. This is removed 
 when the frame is in the camera. 
 
 The ground glass is divided into two parts by a 
 
 pencil line that exactly tallies with the junction 
 
 line of the shutters. The subject is focused on 
 
 Fio. i.-PLATE FKAME. oue of the halves of the glass, and then the
 
 440 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 corresponding side of the frame is unmasked. After exposure the model 
 changes place, and then the other side of the frame is opened. 
 
 The photograph reproduced in Fig. 2 was taken in this manner. It contains 
 three representations of the same person. The easel, stool, and artist having 
 
 FIG. 2.— COPY OF A PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE SAME PERSON THRICE REPEATED. 
 
 been arranged, an image is taken on the left side of the plate, then the painter 
 moves his position to the right and a second exposure is made. The portrait 
 on the easel is that of the same person, but was taken afterward on the jiositive 
 by means of the negative and a vignetter (Fig. 3). 
 
 The other photograph (Fig. 4) is likewise very curious, and was taken Avith 
 the same apparatus. A liat was fixed firmly to a head rest, ami the same person 
 then glided under it and presented his two profiles. 
 
 Fin. :!. vi(;netteu.
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 441 
 
 FIG. 4.— COPY OF A PHOTOGRAPH GIVING TWO PROFILES OF THE SAJIE PERSON. 
 
 ILLUSIVE PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 The amnsiug examples of illusive photography which we show herewith are 
 due to Mr. Frank A. Gilmore, of Auburn, R. I. The camera is so arranged 
 that the j^ictures which are reproduced suggest the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. 
 Hyde. The porter with the sack and the gentleman who is about to give him 
 some money are one and the same person. The pedestrian is walking with 
 himself, and the fighter is prepared to annihilate himself. 
 
 The method of producing the illusion is very simple. A black-lined box is 
 fitted to the back of a " kodak " or any other camera; the front of tlie box is 
 closed by two doors. On opening one door a picture may be taken on one 
 side of the plate; on closing this door and opening the other, the other half 
 of the plate is ready for exposure. The subject poses in one position and his 
 photograph is taken with one door open, care being taken to bring the figure 
 within half of the area of the sensitized plate. A good finder enables this 
 detail to be attended to. Then one door is closed and the other is opened, and 
 the exposure of the other half of the plate is accomplished. The plate holder 
 is not removed during the dual exposure. If possible, instantaneous pictures
 
 443 MAOIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 "^w^x. 
 
 ATTACHMENT TO KODAK FOR DUPI.EX rHOTOGHAPHY. 
 
 should be taken, as time exposures are rather risky, involving danger of shak- 
 ing the camera, and the length of exposure may not be the same for both sides 
 of the plate. Our engravings were taken with an ordinary four by five 
 *' kodak," and the box was an ordinary cigar box cut down to fit, and black- 
 ened inside. 
 
 SHOWING TWO IMIOTOOKAI'HS OF SAMK I'EKHON ON A SINGLE NEGATIVE.
 
 OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF DUPLEX PHOTOGRAPHY.
 
 444 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHING A HUMAN HEAD UPON A TABLE. 
 
 The picture is made iu the following way: A table is provided with a top 
 having a portion of it movable at B, The person whose head is to be photo- 
 graphed sits in a chair underneath the table. The board is removed to allow 
 the person's head to pass above the table. The board is again placed in posi- 
 tion on the table, and the closer the person's neck fits the hole in the table the 
 better. The camera is arranged with a box, as in the illusion we have just 
 described; but in this case the camera is turned so that the two doors, C and D, 
 open lip and down instead of sideways. The camera is raised or lowered until 
 the crack between the two doors of the box is on a level with the edge of the 
 table. The upper door, C, in the box is opened wide, so as to expose to the 
 sensitized plate, when the shutter is worked, the head above the table, and all 
 of the objects within the range of the lens above the edge of the table. 
 
 ril()r(><!l!AI'lllN(i A lir.MAN IIKAI) lU'ON A 'I'AIJI.K.
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY 
 
 445 
 
 UIAGIJAM SHOWING APPARATUS. 
 
 After milking these arrangements an exposure is made, then the person 
 whose liead has been photographed is no longer required. The top door, C, 
 is now closed, and the bottom door, D, is opened wide. By this means the 
 upper part of the plate is ])rotected from a second exposure and leaves the way 
 clear to expose the lower, and as yet nnexposed, part of the plate. The shntter 
 is again opened, and this time everything in range of the lens below the edge 
 of the table is photographed, and, of course, does not show the person nuder 
 the table. The illustration which we give, as well as the diagram showing 
 how it may be produced, are the work of ^Ir. James Burt Smalley, of Bay 
 Citv, Mich. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPIII^TI A HEAD ON A PLATTER. 
 
 We have already shown how a photograph may be made npon a table, and 
 we now show how one can easily take pictures of the same person in different 
 attitudes on one plate. This trick is performed by Mr. Frank Gilmore, of 
 Auburn, R. I. Pictures made in this manner seem extremely puzzling, when in 
 
 lIlfiAU OK LADY I'HUTUUHAl'llKU U^ A 1-1,ATTEU.
 
 44G MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 I 
 
 PAN CUT AWAY TO KEPKESENT PLATTER. 
 
 reality they are very simple to make. An ordinary extension dining-table is 
 used, the person to be ijhotographed being seated in an opening between the 
 two ends of tbe table, caused by the removal of a leaf, Tiie tablecloth is then 
 arranged so as to cover the gap. If necessary, the table may be built up with 
 boards so as to support the cloth and other articles. To make the illusion 
 complete, a pan, cut away so that it may be conveniently placed around the 
 neck, as shown in our engraving, may be used. This gives the appearance in 
 the photograph of being an ordinary platter bearing the head of a living 
 person. 
 
 \ 
 
 now THE I'lIOTOGUAPII IS MADE.
 
 TRICK PIIOTOORAPHT. 
 
 447 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHING A CATASTROPHE.* 
 
 On this page we reproduce a curious photograpli by M. Bracq, which 
 appeared some time ago in the '' Photo Gazette." 
 
 Despite all the terrible catastrophe Avhich it represents, carrying pictures 
 along with him in his fall, the subject has not experienced the least uneasiness, 
 not even so much as will certainly be felt by our readers at the sight of the 
 tumble represented. 
 
 FIG. 1.— A CATASTROrHE. 
 
 The mode of operating in this case is very simple, and we are indebted to 
 "Za Nature'''' for the description of the method employed by M. Bracq. 
 The photographic apparatus being suspended at a few yards from the floor of 
 the room, in such a way as to render the ground-glass horizontal (say, between 
 the two sides of a double ladder — a combination that permits of easy focusing 
 and putting the plates in place), there is spread upon the floor a piece of wall- 
 
 * From " Photographic Amusements," by Walter E. Woodbury.
 
 448 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 paper, about six feet in leugth by five feet in 
 width, at tlie bottom of wliieii a waiuscot has 
 been dravvu. A ladder, a few pictures, a statu- 
 ette, and a bottle are so arranged as to give an 
 observer the illusion of the wall of a room — that 
 of a dining-room, for instance. A hammer, 
 some nails, etc., are j)laced at the proper points. 
 Finally a five by two and one-half foot board, 
 to wliich a piece of carpet, a cardboard plate, 
 etc., have been attached, is jilaced under the foot 
 of a chair, which then seems to rest upon this 
 false floor at right angles with that of the room. 
 
 Everything being ready, the operator lies 
 down quietly in the midst of these objects, as- 
 sumes a frightened expression, and waits until the shutter announces to him 
 that he may leave his not very painful position. This, evidently, is merely an 
 example that our readers will be able to modify and vary at their will. 
 
 -ARRANGEMENT OF 
 CAMERA. 
 
 NEW TYPE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT. 
 
 Our engraving shows a new type of photographic portrait which gives the 
 effect of a marble bust. The model is placed behind a hollow column or thin 
 pedestal of painted wood. If it is desired to represent a man in classic cos- 
 tume, a helmet of white cardboard is placed upon the model's head, his hair and 
 face is whitened with rice powder, and those portions of the body it is desired 
 to render visible are surrounded with white flannel. The background should 
 be formed of black velvet. After the negative is developed, the figure that it is 
 desired to preserve is cut around with a penknife, and the arms and all the 
 portions that arc not wanted are scratched out. The glass thus becomes trans- 
 parent when the scratching has been done, and in the positive the bust stands 
 out from the background. 
 
 ii
 
 29
 
 450 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 A MULTIPLE PORTRAIT. 
 
 The portrait which we reproduce was taken by a photographer of Constan- 
 tinople, Mr. Baboudjian. The subject of the photograph is represented a 
 
 FIG. 1.— KEPRODUCTION OV A PHOTOGRAPH OF A MULTIPLE PLATE. 
 
 ■r(i. 3.— DIAGRAM SHOW- 
 INfl THE ARRANGEMENT 
 Of TlIK AITAUATU8. 
 
 number of times, so that the whole presents the aspect 
 of a number of persons standing in a line. Two mir- 
 rors, A and B, are placed parallel to each other, and 
 are separated by an interval of about two feet. In 
 the narrow corridor thus formed he places the sub- 
 ject to be photographed. One of the mirrors must 
 1)0 a little taller than the other, and the apparatus is 
 turned toward the shorter one and is slightly inclined 
 toward the floor. The mirrors are without frames. 
 The result of this arrangement is shown in our en- 
 graving, the same person being represented a number 
 of times. There is considerable ditliculty in lighting 
 the subject properly.
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 451 
 
 MULTIPHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 The system of photography which we illustrate gives un excellent opportu- 
 nity for a great range in the art of posing; the instrument is called the 
 '• multiphotograph." If an image is placed in front of two mirrors inclined 
 
 DIAGRAM OF THE rHODUCTION OF FIVE VIEWS OF ONE SUBJECT BY MULTIPHOTOOUAPHY. 
 
 to each other at an angle of ninety degrees, three images will be produced in 
 the mirror; at sixty degrees, five images will be produced; at forty-five degrees, 
 seven images; and if the mirrors ai'e parallel, theoi'ctically, an infinite number 
 
 Jiiiii|i!iisiliiiji!f'in;iffiiiilill:,!lll|!iiiiiliiiiiilp |iiil\- . ■A\v;mi',\« 
 
 ;: ' M i i l iW [ « iilimnt«| iii iiiiilii|i|i m !ljJi;ill\ • ! , M , \\\\\\\-i ' .«• '■ Blllllii. mSW vn\4V III™ mill l;'L„.,-_ ._ Jii!b_„ -'' --- --*''''■'■ '■■'" ' '"■' '' ra'''-™™ BJllllHI Jll 
 
 GALLERY ARRANGED FOR MULTIFllUUKiUAlUV.
 
 TRICK PI in TOGRA PH V. 
 
 453 
 
 of images will result. In the jirocess of the photography whicli we illustrate, 
 advantage is taken of this to produce at one exposure a number of different 
 views of the same subject. The person to be photographed sits with the back 
 to the instrument, while in front of the face are two mirrors set at the desirerl 
 angles to each other, the inner edges touching. 
 
 In the case illustrated, these mirrors are inclined at an angle of seventy-two 
 degrees; four images are produced. The exposure is made, and on the nega- 
 tive appears not only the back view of the subject, but also the four reflected 
 images in profile and different three-quarter positions. 
 
 The courses taken by the rays of light are determined by the law that the 
 angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. In the diagram the ravs 
 of light are traced in their course from the subject to the mirror, and back 
 and forth, giving a good idea of the relation of the images to the subject and 
 of the five images to the focal plane, the virtual jiosition of the images being 
 further from the instrument than the subject proper. We also give an engrav' 
 ing showing images of a full-length figure. 
 
 IMAGES OF A FULL-LENGTH PORTRAIT.
 
 454 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 PINHOLE CAMERA. 
 
 We illustrate in the cut a camera for photography in which the ne plus 
 ■ultra of simplicity may fairly be said to be attained. It is a little tin box two 
 inches in diameter and three-quarters deep from cover to bottom. A hole was 
 punched in the center of the cover, and over this a piece of foil was secured 
 by varnish. The foil was taken from a button card. Small mother-of-pearl 
 buttons are generally mounted on pieces of pasteboard with this foil under 
 them. Through the foil, where it extended across the hole in the box cover, a 
 hole was made with a No. 10 needle. The needle was pressed through until 
 
 PINHOLE CAMEHA. 
 
 its point could be just felt by the finger held against the opposite side of the foil. 
 This made an aperture one-sixtieth inch in diameter. The interior of the box 
 was blackened, A piece of Eastman's " A " bromide paper, cut circular so as 
 to fit in the box, was placed in it against the bottom, and the cover put on. 
 This, of course, was done in the absence of actinic light. Then, with an 
 exposure of four minutes, at a distance of about ten feet from the object, the 
 negative shown in the sketch was taken. It was developed with oxalate devel- 
 oper. Castor oil or vaseline was used to make it transj)arent, so as to adapt it 
 for printing from. The sul)ject of the negative was the old armory at Summit 
 Hill, Mt. Jefferson, Pa. 
 
 As nothing special, noitlier paper, glass negative, nor developer, was used, 
 this process of pinhole photography deserves special mention. It might often
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 455 
 
 be of considerable use in emergencies that sometimes will present themselves to 
 the photographer. 
 
 The special novelty that presents itself is the use of paper instead of glass 
 for the negative, as paper can be cut to fit any size or shape of box. The 
 brand of paper employed is slow paper. 
 
 A PHOTOGRAPHIC NECKTIE. 
 
 This ingenious apparatus is a French invention. The general appearance 
 of the necktie is seen in our second engraving, the first figure showing the 
 back of it. The metallic camera is flat and very light, and is hidden under the 
 
 FIGS. 1 AND 2.— PHOTOGRAPHIC NECKTIE— FRONT AND RAf'K VIEW. 
 
 vest. The interior mechanism comprises six small frames which are capable of 
 passing in succession before the objective. These frames each hold a sensitized 
 plate or film. The necktie liaving been adjusted, the shutter is set by a pull 
 upon the button, A, which passes under the vest. In order to change the i)late 
 it is necessary to turn from left to right the button, B, which has been intro- 
 duced into the buttonhole of the vest and which simulates a button of that 
 garment. The frames are attached to a link chain, something like an ordi- 
 nary bicycle chain, which is operated by the button. In order to open the 
 shutter it is only necessary to press the rubber bulb, which may be placed in the 
 pocket. The shutter is tripped pneumatically by means of the bulb and tube. 
 In order to change the plates it is only necessary to turn the small springs,
 
 450 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSTONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 G G G. The sensitized plates or filnis arc put in the frames, and the springs 
 ure turned back to their former position. The lens is, of course, concealed in 
 the scarf piu. 
 
 MAGIC PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 
 A recent novelty is a cigar or cigarette holder accompanied by a small pack- 
 age of photographic paper abont the size of a postage stamp. One of these 
 papers is placed in the interior of the holder, before an orifice arranged for the 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC CIGAR HOLDER. 
 
 purpose. The smoke of the tobacco, coming in contact 'vvith it, develops a 
 portrait or other subject. The jsrocess employed is very simple and consists in 
 preparing a small photograph on chloride of silver i)aper. The paper can be 
 purchased ready prepared. The prints are fixed r\ a bath of sodinm hyposnl- 
 
 phite (eight to ten* per cent.), without hav- 
 _ ^rr^' ^r^ ing been toned with gold. They are then 
 
 washed with great care in order to free the 
 fibres of the ])aper from every trace of the 
 salt, which would cause a yellowing of the 
 print after it was finished. Tlie jarint is 
 now taken and floated on a five per cent, 
 bath of bichloride of mercury. The images 
 at first gradually fade and finally disappear 
 altogether. After the prints are thoroughly 
 bleached, the}^ are Avashed in water and al- 
 lowed to dry. In order to make the latent 
 image appear, it is only necessary to im- 
 merse the print in a weak flve-per-cent. 
 DKVKi,oiMN(i THK piTOTo. solutlon of sulpliite or hyposulphite of 
 

 
 TRICK PHO TOGRA PIT Y. 
 
 457 
 
 sodium. When the prints ure to be developed photographically, they are 
 placed in the cigar holder so that the lateral orifice in the holdei' will admit the 
 smoke to the j)riiit. The ammoniacal vapors coutaiued in tobacco smoke pos- 
 sess, like sodium hyposulphite, the property of coloring black the chloride of 
 mercury contained in the pre])ared paper. 
 
 AN ELECTRO-PHOTO DETECTIVE THIEF CATCHER. 
 
 The device which we illustrate has been very successful in secnring photo- 
 graphs which have led to the identification of the perpetrators of petty thefts. 
 A cigar dealer of Toledo, Ohio, had for some time lost cigars from his show- 
 case, and the detectives were foiled in their attempts to discover tliese thieves, 
 so he had recourse to the proprietor of the photographic apparatus shown in 
 
 FIG. I.—TIIK rHOTO DKTKCTIVE.
 
 458 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SClJSNTlMC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 our engravings. The apparatus was set up and arranged in working order. 
 It was then left to do its work. Early one morning two boys entered the 
 place, opened the showcase, and, in so doing, set in operation the appa- 
 ratus, which made a permanent record of their deed, and upon the evidence 
 thus obtained they were sent to prison. As the boys opened the case they 
 closed an electric circuit which released the camera shutter, and at the same 
 instant operated the flashlight apparatus. Our first engraving shows the pho- 
 tograph being taken, and our second shows the mechanism. The side and end 
 of the camera are removed so as to show the mechanism. The camera is placed 
 in a box which is provided with a shutter operated by the spring seen at the 
 front of the box. The shutter is tripped by an electro-magnet. On the top 
 
 via. 8— DETAILS OK THE I'UOTO DETECTIVE AI'I'MtATUS, 
 
 I
 
 TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. 459 
 
 of the camera box is arranged another electro-magnet, and a vertical spindle 
 carrying at the top a roughened disk; the electro-magnet being connected 
 with a detent which engages an arm on the vertical spindle. A match is 
 placed in a spring-pressed holder which rests against the roughened disk, and 
 above the disc is supported a flashlight. When the circuit is closed by tamper- 
 ing with the showcase, the shutter of the camera is opened by the action of the 
 magnet connected with the escapement, and the detent magnet at the top of 
 tlie box is operated with the shutter. The detent is then released and allows 
 the vertical spindle to revolve, the power for the purpose being stored in 
 a volute spring connected with the spindle. The match is ignited, and as the 
 disk comjiletes its revolution, the match projects through the aperture and 
 ignites the flashlight powder. All this occurs in a fraction of a second, and as 
 soon as the shutter is opened and closed the image on the sensitive plate is pre- 
 vented from being further acted upon. To secure the closing of the shutter, the 
 current which lets olf the igniting mechanism is taken through a fusible Avire 
 or strip located in the flashlight chamber. When the flashlight powder burns, 
 the wire or coil is melted, the circuit is broken, and the shutter is released, so 
 as to close automatically. The effectiveness of the apparatus is clearly proved 
 by the work it has done. At the same time there seems to be no good reason 
 why the burglar could not smash the whole apparatus, thus destroying all 2)ho- 
 tographic record of the crime. 
 
 COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 Composite photography consists in the fusion of a certain number of indi- 
 vidual portraits into a single one. This is effected by making the objects which 
 are to be photographed pass in succession before the photographic apparatus, 
 giving each of them a fraction of the long exposure, equal to such exposure 
 expressed in seconds and divided by the number of the objects which are to be 
 photographed. Composite photography is interesting when applied to photo- 
 graphs of persons. Theoretically this is what occurs : Features peculiar to each 
 of the portraits, not having been sufficiently exposed, do not take; and the 
 features common to all. having been given a proper exposure, alone leave a visi- 
 ble trace along the sensitized plate. Therefore, the result obtained may be 
 considered as the type of the race or the family, but, of course, is only of 
 limited value. Our engraving shows twelve portraits, six men and six women, 
 some of whom are quite young and some middle-aged, as may be readily seen. 
 An exposure was made in succession of No. 1 to No. 13, that is to say, begin- 
 ning with the youngest woman and ending with the oldest man; and then from 
 No. 13 to No. 1, that is to say, in inverse order. A man and a woman were 
 interposed, and the experiment was renewed, preserving the same arrangement, 
 but changing the order of the subjects. The result remained constantly tiie 
 same, as may be readily seen by glancing at the four composites, A, B, C, and
 
 •4G0 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSTONS AND SCTENTTFTC DJVERSTONS. 
 
 D, of tlie engraviiiij. Upon one side the type of six men (composite E) was 
 made, and on the other, of six women (composite F). Here the change prodnced 
 is very percejitible. It is always the same liead; but while before we had a being 
 of indeterminate sex, we find here, with perfect distinctness, a man on one side 
 and a woman on the other. The experimenter wished to see whether twelve 
 other persons (six men and six women), taken from the same population, 
 would give a type analogous to the first. As may l)e seen (composite G), there 
 is a slight difference, but the character of the head is the same, the difference 
 existing especially in the physiognomy. The same remark may be made as to 
 the composite H obtained from the six women of the preceding group joined 
 with the six women figured Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, G, which alone gave the composite 
 F. This observation proves (what was to be foreseen) tliat the more the num- 
 ber of subjects for each experiment is increased, the greater will be the prob- 
 ability of obtaining the true type of the population studied. On the contrary, 
 when but three are taken, a great risk will be run of generalizing too much. 
 In this case, moreover, each exposure is necessarily too long, since it consists of 
 a tliird of the normal exposure and is no longer the resultant of the three 
 heads, but their superposition. Hence the slightest increase in the length of 
 one of the three exposures assumes considerable importance.
 
 COMPUSITK PHOTOGUAl'IIS.
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 CHRONOPHOTOGEAPHY. 
 
 Instantaneous photography has been of tlie greatest possible nse to science, 
 especially that branch of it which has been termed '' chronophotography. " It 
 is to the investigations of Mr. Muybridge and M. Marey that we are indebted 
 for the most valuable researches on the subject. Chronophotography consists 
 in taking a number of photographs of any object at short and regular inter- 
 vals of time. This is accomplished in many ways, and results obtained are 
 useful for many purposes. The graphic method has been of great service in 
 almost every branch of science, and laborious statistics obtained by computation 
 have been replaced by diagrams in which the variation of a curve expresses in 
 the most striking manner the various phases of some patiently observed phe- 
 nomena. Furthermore, by the methods of modern science, a recording 
 apparatus has been devised which, Avorking automatically, traces the curves of 
 such physical or physiological events which, by reason of their slowness, fee- 
 bleness, or their speed, would otlierwise be inaccessible to observation. The 
 development of these methods of analyzing movement by photography have 
 enabled the researches of physiological laboratories to become of the greatest 
 possible value. The matter in this chapter is very largely an abstract of M. 
 Marey 's researches, which were originally published in " La Nature,'''' and 
 their publication in the "Scientific American Supplement" extended over 
 a period of several years. Subsequent to this publication M. Marey wrote a 
 book called " Le Mouvement,'''' which has been translated by Mr. Eric Pritch- 
 ard under the title of ''Movement." It is published in the International 
 Scientific Series; and for a more extensive and scientific treatment of the sub- 
 ject than we are able to give here, we refer our readers to this excellent work. 
 M. ]\Iarey describes the rudiments of chronography by supposing we take a 
 strip of paper which is made to travel by clockwork at a uniform rate. A pen 
 affixed above the paper nuirks, as it rises and falls alternately, the various 
 periods and intervals. When the pen comes in contact with the paper it leaves 
 a record in the form of dashes of different lengths at varying intervals. If 
 the dashes should be equidistant it shows that the periods of contact follow 
 one anotlicr at e(|ual intervals of time. Now, as it is known that the speed at 
 wliich the paper travels is so many inches or feet per second, it is an easy 
 matter to obtain an accurate measurement of the duration of contact and of 
 the intervals between, In brief; this is the principle of chronography. Chrono-
 
 CHRONOPHO TOGRAPHY. 
 
 403 
 
 photography is simply an amplification of this system and has many advan- 
 tages, rendering measurements possible where the moving body is inaccessible. 
 In uther words, there need be no material limit between the visible point and 
 the sensitized plate. 
 
 Mr, Muybridge's experiments on the gaits of the horse are famous. He used 
 a battery of cameras as shown in our first engraving. Some of the results 
 obtained are shown in Fig. 2. 
 
 FIG. 1.— ARRANGEMENTS ADOPTED BY MR. MUYBRIDGE IN HIS EXPERIMENTS ON THE GAITS 
 
 OF A HORSE. 
 
 On the left is the reflecting screen against which the animal appeared en silhouette. On the 
 right is the series of photographic apparatus, of which each one took an image. 
 
 In Mr. Muybridge's arrangement, photographic instruments faced a white 
 screen before which passed an animal walking, trotting, or galloping. As fast 
 as the animal advanced, the shutters of the lenses opened and permitted the 
 taking of negatives of the animal. These were, of course, different from 
 each other, because they were taken in succession. They therefore showed 
 the animal in the various attitudes he assumed at different instants during his 
 passage across the field covered by the instruments. The dazzling white light
 
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 CIIIioyoPIIOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 405 
 
 FIG. 3.— CHRONOPHOTOGRAPHIC T1{A.JK( TO]{Y OV A BHIIJ.IANT IJAI.I, TllKftWN At HOSS 
 THE BLACK SCREEN. 
 
 brought out en silhouette the body of the animal. Eacli shutter is actuated by 
 a powerful spring; the shutter is opened as the animal advances. Threads may 
 be observed across the road; the animal, breaking these threads one after the 
 other, opens the shutters. Mr. Muybridge varied his experiments most suc- 
 cessfully. He studied the gaits of different animals, and those of men in jump- 
 ing, vaulting, and in the handling of various utensils. But since this time the 
 
 I 
 
 FIG. 4.— CHRONOI'IIOTOGHAIMIH Al'I'Al! All S I'i;( )l)l ( I N(t 1 I'dN ONK I'l.ATK A SKHIKS OK 
 PlIOTOGRAl'llS AT Kt^CAI, INTKKVAl.S til' TIMK. 
 
 The ajjpaiatus is open and show.s the position of tiie disk, with its opeuiugs moving in I runt 
 
 of the plate. 
 
 30
 
 CnRONOPHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 467 
 
 progress of photographic chemistry has wonderfully increased the sensibility 
 of the plates, and at the present day more than mere silhouettes of moving 
 animals and men can be obtained. In a good light full images Avith all 
 desired relief can be obtained. For example, if an athlete in motion is photo- 
 graphed, all of the muscles of the body are perfectly traced in relief, indicat- 
 ing the parts taken by each of them in the movement executed. The methods 
 
 FIG. 6.— DARK CHAMBER ON WHEELS. 
 
 used by Mr. Muybridge would always suffice to illustrate the successive phases 
 of the displacement of the members if they were taken at equal intervals of 
 time, but the arrangements adapted for bringing about the formation of tlie 
 successive phases cause irregularity in the extent of these intervals. The 
 threads give more or less before breaking; moreover, the progress of the horse 
 is not at an even rate of speed. Nevertheless, Mr. Muybridge endeavored to 
 develop from a series of images the trajectory of each leg of a horse, but the 
 curves obtained in these laborious attempts had not sufficient precision. A 
 very simple method enables us to obtain, with perfect fidelity, the trajectory 
 of a body in movement; it is the photographing of this body in front of a 
 black surface. If the photographic apparatus is directed against a black 
 screen, the objective can be uncovered without effect on a sensitized plate, as
 
 468 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 it will receive no light; but if a white bull strongly ilhuninated by the sun if? 
 thrown across the j)lane of this screen, and parallel with it, its image will be 
 reproduced upon the plate, which will show the track of the ball in its trajec- 
 tory, just as the eye receives a momentary impression of lines of fire when a 
 lighted piece of charcoal is waved through the air at night. 
 
 FIG. 7.— INTERfOR AKRANGEMENT OF THE DARK CHAMBER. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows the iiarabolic trajectory of a brilliant ball thrown across the 
 face of a dark screen; but it is discontinuous, as exposures were only produced 
 each fiftieth of a second on account of the number of the openings and the 
 speed of the rotation of the disk. This is only an example which shows the 
 almost limitless number of varieties of movement which may be analyzed by 
 chronophotography. 
 
 With ordinary shuttei's it would l)e difficult to ol)t;iiu this quickness, but 
 the perforated disk which is used in chronophotograpliy gradually ac<]uires a 
 speed of rotation that may be very great. Fig. 4 shows the arrangement of 
 this disk by which a rotary movement is imparted by a powerful gearing con- 
 trolled by a regulator. As soon as the disk obtains a speed of ten turns a 
 second, the regulator maintains this speed with perfect uniformity. The disk 
 moves in front of the sensitized plate a few millime'ters only; then, knowing
 
 CHRONOPHO TOOK A PEY. 
 
 409 
 
 tlie uiigiilcir value of each of the openings, the period of exposure is easilv 
 deduced therefrom. 
 
 The condition most difficult of fullilhnent is the absohite darkness of the 
 screen before which the phototrraphs are taken. Little light as there is, the 
 
 FIG. 8.— WALKING MAX, CI.OTUKI) IX WIIIIK, I'ASSIXO ACKOSS THE FIELD. 
 
 screen might reflect npon this sensitized plate, during a single exposure, small 
 quantities of light, which would tend to f(jg the ])Iate. A wall painted with 
 any black jiigment, or even covered Avith black velvet, exposed to the sun, 
 reflects too much liglit for a plate to withstand. The term '"black screen" 
 is used in a metaphorical sense. In reality the work is done before a dark* 
 cavity, being in truth what is known as '" ChevreuTs black." To obtain these 
 favorable conditions, a chamber nearly thirty-three feet deep and of equal 
 breadth was constructed; one face of this chamber was open, and restricted by 
 movable frames to the exact height necessary. The interior of the chamber was 
 completely blackened, the ground was coated with pitch, and the back hung 
 with black velvet.
 
 470 MAGIC: STAGE ILLtJStONS AND SCmNTll'lG DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIG. 9.— INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPH OF A MAN JUMPING OVER AN OBSTACLE. 
 
 Before entering into a detail of the experiments, we shall point out the gen- 
 eral arrangement of the Physiological Station of Paris. Fig. 5 gives a general 
 view of the grounds and buildings. 
 
 On these grounds, which were laid out by the city of Paris as a nursery, 
 there is a circular road, thirteen feet wide, designed for the exercise of horses, 
 and, outside of this, a footpath for men. All around this road there runs a 
 telegraph line whose poles are spaced 164 feet apart. Every time that a person 
 walks in front of a pole a telegraphic signal is given, and this is inscribed in 
 one of the rooms of the principal building. Further on we shall speak of this 
 sort of automatic inscription, by means of which we ascertain at every instant 
 the sjoeed of the walker, the variations therein, and even the frequency of his 
 steps. In the center of the track there is a high post that carries a mechanical 
 drum which regulates the rhythm of the gait, and which is actuated by a spe- 
 cial telegraph line running from one of the rooms in the large building, wherein 
 the rhytlim is regulated by a mechanical interrupter. 
 
 From the center of the circle, likewise, there starts a small railway upon 
 which runs a car that forms a photographic cliamber, from the interior of 
 which is taken a series of instantaneous images of the horses or men whose 
 gait we desire to analyze. 
 
 Fig. G represents the photographic chamber in which the experimenter 
 places himself. This chamber is mounted upon wheels, and runs upon a rail- 
 way in such a way tliat it can approach or move away from the screen accord- 
 ing to the objectives that are being used and to the size of the images that it is 
 desired to obtain. As a general thing, it is advantageous to place the photo- 
 graphic apparatus quite far from the screen, say about 1G4 feet. From this 
 distance the angle at which the subject whose imago is being taken does not 
 change much during tlic time it takes to pass before the black screen. From 
 the exterior of this chamber are seen the red windows through which the
 
 CBRONOPBOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 All 
 
 operator can follow the different motions that he is stud}ing. To have the 
 different acts performed he gives his orders through a speaking trumpet. 'J'he 
 front of tlie chamber is removed in Fig. 6 in order to show a revolving disk 
 provided with a small window through which the liglit enters the photo- 
 graphic objective intermittently. This disk is of large dimensions (four and 
 three-quarters feet in diameter), and the window in it represents only one 
 hundredth of its circumference. It follows from this that if the disk makes 
 ten revolutions per second, the duration of lighting will be but one thovsandlh 
 of a second. Motion is communicated to the disk by a train of wheels which 
 is wound up with a winch and which is actuated by a weight of one hundred and 
 fifty kilograms placed behind the chamber. The motion of the disk is arrested 
 by a brake, and a bell maneuvered from the interior serves to give orders to 
 an aid either to set the disk in operation or to stop it. 
 
 Fig. 7 shows the inner arrangement of the chamber, a portion of one of 
 the sides being removed to show the photographic apparatus. A, placed npon a 
 bracket before the screen. This apparatus receives long and Jiarrow sensitized 
 plates that exactly hold an entire image of the screen. At B is the revolving 
 disk which produces the intermittent illuminations, and at D is a cut-off which 
 is raised vertically at the beginning of the experiment, and Avhich is allowed to 
 fall at the end so as to allow light to enter only during the time that is strictly 
 necessary. E is a wide slit in front of the objective, for allowing the latter to 
 take in the field in which are occurring the motions that are being studied. 
 
 The darkness that reigns in the rolling chamber permits of manipulating 
 the sensitized plates therein at ease, and of changing them at every new experi- 
 ment. 
 
 Against the dark field just described, a man placed in full light, naked, or 
 clothed in white, gives a sharp image on the sensitized plate. The results in 
 running and jumping which are obtained by this means are very satisfactory. 
 For scientific purposes it is found that the results are better if, instead of 
 
 FIG. 10.— INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPH OF A MAN WALKING.
 
 4^2 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIG. 11.— MAN CLOTHED IN BLACK VELVET. 
 
 The axes of tbe limbs are traced by white cords ; the joints carry white buttons placed at 
 the point of rotation. The head is covered by a helmet ot black velvet which com- 
 pletely hides it, and to which is affixed a bright ball at the level of the ear. 
 
 white clothing, the runner is clothed in black velvet. By this means lie 
 becomes nearly invisible before the black area. If white cords are attached to 
 this costume, following the direction of the axes of his limbs, and white buttons 
 used for the principal articulations, the white parts are reproduced and re- 
 obtained on the sensitized plate in an almost unlimited number of positions. 
 
 FIG. 12.— CHKONOrnOTOGHArillC IMAGER OF A KUNNRR. 
 
 Below the figure is a scale whose divisions are 0.50 meter (19,^,, inches) long, and serve to 
 give the extent of tlie movements. 
 
 I
 
 CHRONOPIW TOGRA PHY. 
 
 473 
 
 v\u. i:{.^oscn.i>ATioxs of the leg of a wat.kixg max. 
 
 Usiug a disk pierced with five holes, which gives tweuty-five images per sec- 
 ond, the result shown in Fig. 12, which shows in full detail the movements of 
 the left half of the body, head, arm, and leg. was obtained by this method for 
 the action of running. Every fifth image is a little stronger than the others. 
 This is effected by making one of the apertures in the disk larger than the 
 others. The time of exposure is thus increased, and the intensity of the image 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M^'i"^ ' '■\<'' / 
 
 ;' \>. 
 
 \ -^x 
 
 \, V'N 
 
 I 
 
 FIG. U.— SUCCESSIVE POSITIONS OF THE I.IMBS IX AX ELASTIC .11. Ml' L I'OX THE IJAI.L OF 
 
 THE FOOT.
 
 An MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 is greater. The object of this disposition is to furnish base marks, by means 
 of which it is always easy to recognize traces corresponding to the same image, 
 that is to say, to a given attitude of the runner. For detailed studies a part of 
 the image is screened, as shown in Fig. 13. These diagrams are very Avell 
 adapted for the comparison of two sorts of movements whose difference cannot 
 be discerned by the eye. Thus, in jumping from an elevation the shock 
 
 FIG. 15.— INELASTIC JUMP UPON THE HEELS. 
 
 caused by the feet striking the ground is reduced in intensity by bending 
 the legs, while the extensor muscles operate to sustain the weight of the 
 falling body. Our next two engravings show two kinds of jumps: the first, 
 the flexure of the legs and the reduction of the shock; the second, with 
 tlie leg almost straight, which implies a severe shock by the feet striking the 
 ground. 
 
 The practical applications of chronophotography are soon seen. Just as 
 machines are driven so as to obtain a useful effect at tlic smallest expenditure 
 of power, so a man can govern his movements so as to produce the wished-for 
 effects with the least waste of energy, and, consequently, with the least possible 
 fatigue. Of two gaits which can carry us over a definite space in a given time, 
 the one should be preferred which costs the least possible fatigue. Chrouopho-
 
 CHRONOPEOTOGliAPlir. 
 
 m 
 
 tography furnishes the missing elements of the problem, giving exactly the 
 velocity of the difEerent parts of the body, by the balancing of which we can 
 determine the masses in movement. From a long series of comparisons, impor- 
 tant conclusions can be drawn, as, for example, the following : in walking, the 
 most favorable gait is one where step succeeds step at the rate of about one 
 hundred and twenty a minute; for running, the step should be nearly two hun- 
 dred and forty a minute. Fewer or more numerous steps will give less ellect 
 at a greater expenditure of the work. The applications are therefore obvious; 
 
 FIG. 16.— OSCrr-LATION OP THE POKE LEG IN A GALLOP. INTERVAL BETWEEN EXrOSniES 
 ONE TWENTY-FIPTH OP A SECOND. 
 
 they enable us to fix the rate of steps of soldiers to economize as much as pos- 
 sible their strength in the severe trials to which they are subjected. These 
 studies have been followed out at great length, under varying conditions, using 
 a considerable number of subjects; and the results, while not final, have shown 
 that the true method has been found. Experiments have confirmed that 
 which the laws of mechanics could not foretell when the dynamic conditions 
 of the work of man were incompletely knoAvn. 
 
 M. Marey's studies of the legs of the horse are particularly interesting. 
 We give one engraving showing the oscillation of the fore leg of a horse in a 
 gallop. 
 
 The analysis of the flight of birds presents special difficulty. Owing to 
 the extreme rapidity of the movements of the wings, an extremely short ex- 
 posure is required. The direction, often capricious, of the flight of the bird, 
 and the length of the j^ath which must be followed, to include on the sensi- 
 tized plate sufficiently sharp images, add to the difficulty. Several repetitions 
 of the same experiment are generally required before success. 
 
 The photographic gun is particularly valuable for taking photographs of 
 birds. Our engravings show the mechanism of the photographic gun and the 
 method of usiuff it.
 
 476 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 We present a photograph of a gull taken during its flight and an enlarge- 
 ment of the same. 
 
 The photographic gun will be understood by reference to the engraving, 
 and is fully described in the "Scientific American Supplement," No. 386, to 
 which the reader is referred. 
 
 We also give photographs of a ])igeon rising in flight and the successive 
 attitudes of a gull. 
 
 Space forbids ns to more than state that the analysis of the flight of birds 
 is a most interesting and important subject, and the results obtained by chro- 
 nophotography are most gratifying. 
 
 KlU, 17.— MODK OK US1N(J TUK rilOTOGKAPllIC GUN.
 
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 t- T-c oi w
 
 478 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIG. 19.— PIIOTOGRArH OP A GULL TAKEN DURING ITS FLIGHT. 
 
 The analysis of locomotion in water is one of the most interesting develop- 
 ments of chronophotography. In order to study locomotion in water it was 
 necessary to modify the method. The animals experimented with swam in a 
 glass-sided aquarium fitted in an aperture in a wall, as shown in our engrav- 
 ing. The aquarium was directly illuminated by the light of the horizon, form- 
 ing a very clear field upon which the animals were outlined as silhouettes. 
 Sometimes the external glass of the aquarium was covered by letting down an 
 opaque shutter; then, upon opening another shutter, placed above the water, 
 the brightly illuminated animals were seen standing out from the black field. 
 
 FIG. 20.— ENLARGEMENT OF AN IMAGE FIG. 21.— ENLARGEMENT OF ANOTHER IMAGE 
 TAKEN BY TUB PIIOTOQRAPHIC GUN. OF A BIRD TAKEN BY THE SAME APPARATUS.
 
 CERONOPHO TOGRAPHY. 
 
 479 
 
 FIG. 22.— PIGEON RISING IN FLIGHT, 
 
 The successive images correspond to less and less advanced phases of the wingr's revolution. 
 
 Ill most cases it was found necessary to ojierate before tlie luminous ground, so 
 it was not j^ossible to receive several successive images upon a removable plate, 
 but it was necessary to cause the sensitized surface to move by starts, so as to 
 bring before the objective points which were always new for each new image 
 that is to be formed. A flexible gelatino-bromide-of -silver film was used. 
 The film was cut into a long and narroAV strip which in the camera passed along 
 at the focus of the objective, and unwound from a supply bobbin, and wound 
 around a receiving one. 
 
 The objective turned toward the right has a slit in the center for the })as- 
 sage of the diaphragm which, in revolving, allows the light to pass intermit- 
 tingly. When the small diaphragm makes one revolution the large one makes 
 five revolutions, and it is then only that the apertures meet and the light 
 passes. The bellows behind the objective allows the light to reach the sensi- 
 tized film. The box is, of course, tightly closed. The focusing is done by 
 means of a small telescope or spy glass. It is necessary at each new experiment 
 to use a new band of film, and the substitution of rolls of films is effected in 
 the light by means of bobbins upon which the film is rolled. 
 
 FIG. 23.— ELEVEN SUCCESSIVE ATTITUDES OF A FLYING GULL. 
 
 Jo this series of images, traced from the originals, the distances representing the positions of 
 the bird in space are exaggerated to avoid confusion.
 
 480 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 At the extremity of each baud of film are glued paper bauds of the same 
 width. Oue of these prolougations is red and the other is blaclc. Each of 
 them is about tweuty iuches in length. Having the two colors makes it almost 
 impossible to reexpose a film, as one is not liable to confouud a bobbin which 
 has been used with oue that has not, the color of the roll beiug different. 
 Special devices are employed iu the camera to render the film immovable for 
 an instant while it receives the impression from the object. Arrangements 
 
 FIG. 24.— ARRAN«!F,MKNT OF TIIK, AtJUAKIUM FOR THK STUDY OF AQUATIC UX'OMOTION. 
 
 are also provided for obtuiuiug a uuiforui velocity. 'Vhe u,se of tlie apparatus 
 which we have just described peruiitted of seeing with what a variety of means 
 of locomotion the various kinds of aquatic auinuds — fishes, mollusks, crus- 
 taceans, etc. — propel themselves. The motion of the medusa is particularly 
 interesting, ami the phases of the movement of the uml)r(!lhi are shown in Fig. 
 30. The ])ropulsion of this mollusk is effected through the alternate contrac- 
 tion and dilation of its umbrella. Ten images per second were sufficient to 
 obtain a pretty complete series of the ])hases of this motion. These images 
 gain much by being examined in the zoetrope, wherein they reproduce with 
 absolute perfection the aspect of the auimal iu motion. 
 
 I
 
 CRRONOPROTOGRAPET. 
 
 4S1 
 
 The hippocampus, which is otherwise known as the "sea-horse," affords 
 another interesting example of aquatic locomotion. The principal propeller of 
 this animal is a dorsal fin which vibrates with such rapidity that it is almost 
 invisible, and has an appearance analogous to that of the branches of a tuning 
 fork in motion. With twenty images per second it is seen that this vibration 
 is undulatory. "We have before us the successive deviations of the lower, mid- 
 dle, and upper rays of the film. In the present case the undulation takes 
 place from the bottom upwards. 
 
 FIG. 25.— PjrOTOt'HHONOOIl.VnilO APPARATUS. 
 
 The comatula is habitually fixed to the Ijottoni of the arjuuriuni, just as a 
 jtlant is fixed to the earth by its roots. It therefore m;ikos nothing but vague 
 motions of the arm, which it rolls up aiul unrolls; })ut if the animal be excited 
 by the means of a rod, it will be observed to begin a strange motion which 
 carries it quite a distance. In this kind of locomotion the ten arms move alter- 
 nately; five of them rise and keep tightly pressed against the calyx, and the 
 other five descend and separate from it. Upon the arms that rise, the cirri 
 are invisible, anil while upon those that descend, they diverge in order to 
 obtain a purchase upon the water. These motions of the cirri seem passive, 
 like those of a valve that obeys the thrust of a liquid. 
 31
 
 483 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 M. Mareysays: "I have obtained images of a certain number of other 
 aquatic species, the swimming of the eel, the skate, etc. These types of loco-, 
 motion ought to be studied methodically, compared with each other, and consid- 
 ered in their relations with the conformation of the different species. It will, 
 I hope, be a new element for the interpretation of the laws of animal morphol- 
 ogy, which are very obscure." 
 
 M. Marey has also investigated the flight of insects by means of clirouo- 
 photography. These experiments are most delicate and interesting, and the 
 results obtained go a long way towards making up a satisfactory theory of insect 
 life. M. Marey says that the wing in its to-and-fro movements is bent in vari- 
 ous directions by the resistance of the air. Its action is always that of an 
 
 FIG. 36.— MOTIONS OF THE UMBRELLA OF THE MEDUSA. 
 
 inclined plane striking against the fluid, and utilizing that part of the resist- 
 ance which is favorable to its onward progression. This mechanism is the 
 same as tliat of a waterman's scull (reference of course being to " sea sculling " 
 and not to "river sculling"), which, as it moves backward and forward, is 
 obliquely inclined in opposite directions, each time communicating an impulse 
 to the boat. There is, however, a difference between these two methods of 
 propulsion. The scull used by the waterman offers a rigid resistance to the 
 water, and the operator has to impart alternate rotary movements to the scull by 
 his hand — at the same time taking care that the scull strikes the water at a 
 favorable slant. The mechanism in the case of the insect's wing is far simpler. 
 The flexible membrane which constitutes the anterior part of the wing presents 
 a rigid border which enables the wing to incline itself* at the most favorable 
 angle. The muscles only maintain a to-and-fro movement. The resistance to 
 the air does the rest, namely, effects those changes in surface obliquity which
 
 CSRONOPSOTOQRAPSY. 
 
 483 
 
 determine the formation of an 8-shaped trajectory by the extremity of the 
 wing. 
 
 M. Marey states tliat he succeeded in obtaining a photograph of the gilded 
 wing of an insect, which, tliough not absolutely at liberty, could fly at a com- 
 paratively high rate of speed. The photographs of the trajectory of the wing 
 of an insect are very interesting. A wooden box was lined throughout with 
 black velvet. The bottom of the box, a simple disk supported by a foot piece, 
 was placed in position; the periphery of the space was covered with a white 
 material, leaving between it and the central disk an annular track covered with 
 black velvet. It was around this annular track the insect was ma^e to fly. A 
 needle stuck in the middle of the disk served as an axis for a revolving beam 
 and its counterbalance. This beam consisted of a straw, and at the end of it 
 was fixed a light pair of forceps to hold the insect. The dragon fly commenced 
 flying around the track at a very rapid rate, drawing the straw after it. The 
 gold spangles passing through his wings described a trajectory which was easily 
 photographed. 
 
 FIG. 27.— MOTIONS OF THE DOJfSAL FIN OF THE SEA-HORSE. 
 
 The chronophotography of insects by the use of a moving film has been 
 also accomplished by means of very ingenious apparatus. In some cases the 
 insects were held in forceps, and in other cases they were allowed free flight in 
 a cardboard box. 
 
 "Comparative locomotion," which is rendered possible by chronophotog- 
 raphy, might almost be called a new science. It is, at any rate, an important 
 adjunct to the studies of the zoologist. The researches of M. Marey upon the 
 different terrestrial mammals, birds, tortoises, lizards, frogs, toads, tadpoles, 
 snails, eels, fish, insects, and arachnids are of the greatest possible value and 
 interest. The applications of chronophotography to experimental physiology 
 are numerous. It supplements the information obtained by the graphic meth- 
 ods. It has rendered possible the photography of the successive phases of car- 
 diac action in a tortoise under condition of artificial circulation. The mechan- 
 ism of cardiac pulsation has also been studied by its means, as well as the 
 determination of the centers of movements in joints. 
 
 It has been found that chronophotography could be ajiplied not only to 
 
 I
 
 484 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 ' r\ 
 
 iijs^tea ac«! 
 
 WX_^M 
 
 FIG. 28.— MUTIONS OF THE COMATDLA. 
 
 objects of considerable size, but to those of microscopic size as well. Special 
 arrangements of apparatus are necessary for this purpose. By its means the 
 retraction of the spiral stalks in vorticellae, the movement of the blood in 
 capillary vessels, and the movements of the zoospores in the cells of conferva 
 have been determined. 
 
 The great value of chronophotography is nn questionable for use in every 
 case where the body whose rapid changes of jiosition or form we wish to know 
 is inaccessible to us, or its movements cannot be mechanically traced. 
 
 U 
 
 ■J,- I I i fc i 
 
 FIO. 2H. 
 TUKl'IiUO liAULV KIRED. TOKI'EDO I'KOl'EHLV FIKED. 
 
 f
 
 CHRONOPHOTOORAPHY. 485 
 
 Chronophotography has beeu used in J'rauce for studies touching the mili- 
 tary art, being employed for registering the firing of projectiles having a rela- 
 tively slow motion, such as the explosion of stationary torpedoes, the recoil of 
 guns, the motion of automobile torj)edoes, etc. Special arrangements are pro- 
 vided to permit of electrically controlling the phenomenon to be photographed. 
 The apparatus is described in detail in the " Scientific American Supplement," 
 No. 743. 
 
 We present a diagram showing the results obtained by photographing the 
 firing of torpedoes. Although the velocity of these projectiles is not very great, 
 about sixty feet per second, it is yet very difficult for the eye to take exact 
 account of what is occurring during the launching. As the net cost of a tor- 
 pedo is considerable, it is essential that the conditions which influence the regu- 
 larity of its submarine flight shall be known with precision. If it inclines in 
 front more or less in plunging, the regularity of its running will be put to 
 hazard; if, on the contrary, it falls flat upon the water, the results will be 
 very different. Our engraving shows the torpedo starting from the tube and 
 traversing the different panels in the field of firing. In the first half the 
 torpedo, gradually inclining, falls point foremost; it has been badly fired. In 
 the second series, on the contrary, the torpedo is maintaining itself horizon- 
 tally, and, in a manner, moving always parallel with itself. Under such cir- 
 cumstances it falls flat and starts off normally and regularly to the object to be 
 reached. This shows the great utility of chronophotography. 
 
 AN AMATEUR CHRONOPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS. 
 
 The experiments which Ave have been describing necessitate apparatus of 
 the most expensive kind, and they are unadapted for the use of the amateur. 
 The apparatus of M. Georges Denieny, which we illustrate, is, however, very 
 simple. The reader needs to be reminded that there are three types of chro- 
 nophotographic machinery in use, in two of which a single objective, with a 
 disk shutter revolving at great speed, is employed. In one the object shifts, 
 and gives several images from an immovable plate, while in the other the 
 object is stationary, and the movable sensitized surface gives well-separated 
 images. The third metliod, which is the least interesting, consists in taking 
 as many objectives and plates as it is desired to have images, and in freeing the 
 shutters of each objective, one after the other. The most scientific solution of 
 the problem is that which permits of obtaining upon a baud of film, and with 
 a single objective, a succession of well-separated images whose number depends 
 only upon the length of the band employed. The difficulty in using a sensi- 
 tized band consists in arresting it for tlie very brief instant in which each 
 image impresses the plate. The Demeny apparatus which we are about to 
 describe is very simple. A wooden box having about the dimetisions of an 
 ordinary seven by nine inch apparatus is provided with an objective of wide
 
 486 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIG. 1.— amateur's chronopiiotoguaphic apparatus. 
 
 aperture, of which only the center is utilized. Back of this objective, and as 
 near as possible to the sensitized surface, the disk shutter is revolved by means 
 of a crank. Up to this point there is really nothing new in the apparatus; 
 but the principal improvement consists in the unwinding and arrest of the 
 sensitized film. Number 1 of our first engraving represents the principle of 
 the system. Two disks, R and P, are each mounted upon an axis passing 
 through their centers; bobbins that carry the films are fixed, one of them at 
 R, upon a spindle mounted in the axis of rotation of the disk, and the other at 
 P, upon a spindle mounted eccentrically to such axis. It is this eccentric 
 position that chiefly constitutes the invention. Let us suppose that the two 
 bobbins are in place, as shown in cut. The film wound upon A, having one 
 of its extremities attached at B, follows the course, C, S, during which it 
 passes behind the objective; the two bobbins cannot have any jsroper motion 
 in consequence of the method of fixing which is adopted; they and the 
 disks, R and P, that support them, become interdependent. Because the 
 disk, P, revolves, the film coming from A will wind around B; but, in 
 consequence of the eccentric position of this bobbin upon the disk, traction 
 will cease to occur for a very brief instant at the moment at which the bob- 
 bin, B, approaches A as closely as possible, Despite this, as the winding
 
 CHRONOPHO TOGRAPHT. 
 
 487 
 
 r 
 
 always proceeds to a degree proportional to the unwinding, the film remains 
 perfectly taut. It is at this moment that the window, H, of the disk, L, un- 
 covers the objective for an instant. It will be understood that the crank, M, 
 sets the disk in motion, and it is this, through a mechanism of gears, that con- 
 trols the operation of the bobbins. There is, therefore, an exact mathemati- 
 cal coincidence between the arrest of the film and the passage of the window, 
 and this is essential for the sharpness of the image. This would not always 
 occur if a friction device was depended upon for the rest of the film, for in this 
 case a sliding might occur which would produce a blurring of the image. 
 The solution offered by the Demeney apparatus is,, therefore, the simplest and 
 one of the surest known. The simplification of the mechanism has per- 
 mitted of constructing an ajiparatus light enough to allow of operating without 
 a tripod, by holding it in the arms, as shown in our second engraving. Each 
 film terminates in a strip of black paper glued to it, and forms a complete 
 covering after the winding upon the bobbin. This arrangement protects the 
 sensitized j^art from the light, and permits of changing the bobbin in daylight. 
 Twenty of them can be stored in the spaces in the box left by the mechanism, 
 so that one may always have a large supply on hand. 
 
 FIG. 2.— METHOD OF USING THE DEMENY APPARATUS.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE PKOJEUTlOiN OF MOVING PICTUKES. 
 
 THE EDISON KINETOGliAPlI. 
 
 The " kinetograph," which is the precursor of the apparatus for showing 
 moving photographs, is of great interest. The kinetograph as first proposed 
 consisted of a clever combination of a photographic camera and the pliono- 
 graph, by wliich the words of a speech or phxy were to be recorded simultaneously 
 with photographic impressions of all the movements of the speakers or actors. 
 The photographic impression is taken at the rate of forty-six per second. The 
 celluloid film upon which the photograjihic impressions are taken is perforated 
 along one edge with a series of holes, arranged at regular intervals with as 
 much precision as can be secured by means of the finest perforating mechan- 
 ism, to secure perfect registry. This was found necessary because the phono- 
 graphic cylinder must be in exact synchronism with the shutter-operating and 
 film-moving devices of tlie camera. The 2)honograph and camera mechan- 
 isms are driven by the same motor and controlled by the same regulating 
 mechanism. The greatest difficulty was experienced in devising mechanism 
 for the stopping and starting of tiie film. It was found that the stopj^ing and 
 starting of the film forty-six times a second required about two-thirds of the 
 time, the remainder being utilized for the exposure of the plate. To take these 
 pictures special camera lenses of large aperture had to be constructed. The 
 reproducing apparatus is practically a reversal of the camera; that is, a superior 
 form of projecting lantern is employed which is provided with a strong light, 
 and mechanism for moving forward the strip with an intermittent motion, 
 corresiionding exactly to the motion of the negative strip in the camera. Tiie 
 lantern is furnished with a light interrupter which eclipses the light during the 
 
 i 
 
 <f;^ <;f^ ^^ 4r^ 4^%-. 46^4 4f, 
 
 niOTO-KNGRAVING OF A I'OUTIOK OF TIIE STRIP NKGATIVE OF THE KINETOGRAPH 
 
 (ACTUAL SIZE).
 
 THE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 489 
 
 brief period required for shifting the film forward to a new position to show 
 the succeeding picture. The apparatus was largely manufactured on a small 
 scale, without the phonograph, for use in railway stations, cigar stores, etc. 
 It was found to be almost im2)ossible to combine the two instruments. In 
 this case the pictures were not projected upon the screen, but were upon a 
 ground-glass plate which the observer looks at. 
 
 EEYNAUD'S OPTICAL THEATER. 
 
 Up to the time of the invention of this theater, the apparatus that pro- 
 duced the synthesis of the successive phases of an action were limited to repro- 
 duction upon a very small scale, which can only be enjoyed by a limited grouj). 
 The object of the optical theater was to provide an apjiaratus for the repro- 
 duction of a series of actions upon a considerable scale. The continuity of 
 the image obtained by the praxinoscope, invented in 1877 by M. Eeynaud, 
 had not up to this time been realized by any projecting apparatus. The 
 effect is produced by using a crystalloid band upon which the images are 
 painted as represented at A in our engraving. The operator can revolve it in 
 one direction or the other by means of two reels. The images pass before the 
 lantern, B, and are projected by the aid of the objective, C, upon an inclined 
 mirror, M, which projects them upon the transparent screen, E. Another 
 projection lantern, B, causes the appearance on the screen of the scene, amid 
 which appear the characters, which change their posture according as the 
 painted band. A, is revolved by the operator. 
 
 ELECTRIC TACHYSCOPE. 
 
 The apparatus which we are about to describe is an important link in the 
 history of the synthesis of animated motion. The apparatus is the invention 
 of Ottamar Anschuetz, of Lissa, Prussia. A special camera was used, 
 adapted to take a number of photographs in quick succession. The instru- 
 ment for displaying the pictui'es is called the "electrical tachyscope." It 
 consists of an iron wheel of sufficient diameter to hold an entire series of posi- 
 tive prints on the periphery. The wheel is arranged upon a rigid standard, 
 and provided with a series of jiins which register exactly with the picture. 
 Upon the standard behind the wheel is located a box containing a spiral Geiss- 
 ler tube which is connected with the terminals of a Ruhmkorff coil. The 
 primary coil is provided with a contact maker and breaker adapted to be oper- 
 ated by the pins projecting from the wheel, so that every time a picture comes 
 before the Geissler tube it is illuminated by an electrical discharge through the
 
 ANSCHUETZ'S ELECTRICAL TACHYSCOPE.
 
 492 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 tube. This discbarge, being instautaueous, shows each picture iu an appar- 
 ently fixed position. These pictures succeed each other so rapidly that the 
 retinal image of one picture is retained until the next is superimposed upon 
 it, thereby giving to the observer the sense of a continuous image in constant 
 motion. 
 
 THE DEMENY CHRONOPHOTOGRAPIIIC APPARATUS. 
 
 The cbronophotographic apparatus which we illustrate was invented by 
 M. G. Denieny, wlio is the assistant of Dr. Marey, whose work in chronophoto- 
 graphy we have already described. As long ago as 1891, M. Demeny was able 
 to project upon a screen figui'es which simulated the motion of animal life. 
 
 Strips of sensitized films from sixty to ninety feet in length were not availa- 
 ble at this time, aud it was necessary to employ some makeshift. Images were 
 taken from the chronophotographic aj^paratus upon a strip four or five yards 
 in length, and were printed as positives upon a glass disk sensitized by chloride 
 of silver, and it was by means of this disk that the projection was made. The 
 
 FIGS. 1 AND 'i.—TUK DEMENY I'UO.IECTION Al'I'ARATUS. 
 
 1. Arranged for use without electricity or gas. 
 3. Arraiigomeut for stopping the strip of filua.
 
 THE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 
 
 493 
 
 number of images was limited to forty or fifty, according to the subject, but 
 the advent of the long strips of sensitized film induced the inventor to so 
 modify tlie apparatus as to be able to take images in long series and for project- 
 ing them. The apparatus of M. Demeny, which we show in our engraving, 
 employs strips of any length, but at present the longest that have been used 
 are one hundred and fifteen feet. This gives about one thousand images of 
 the dimensions adopted by the inventor, one and one half hy one and three 
 quarter inches. This wide surface of the image has an immense advantage, 
 since, with the electric light, it permits of throwing the moving pictures on a 
 screen sixteen feet high. 
 
 For a small screen the oxyhydrogen light will be sufficient. The lantern is 
 provided with an ordinary condenser, in front of which is placed a water tank 
 to absorb a portion of the heat. At the opjiosite end of the table stands the 
 chronophotographic projector Avhich carries the film wound around its 1)ob- 
 bins. The lantern is so regulated that the luminous rays will fall exactly upon 
 the aperture as the image passes behind the o1)joctive, 0. 
 
 After the focusing has been effected, all that has to be done is to turn the 
 crank, M. At P and R are seen guide bolibins that serve to put in their nor- 
 mal direction the films that have been used. As is well knoAvn, the principle 
 of all projecting apparatus of this kind consists of arresting the film for an 
 
 FIG. 3.— INTERIOR VIEW OF M. DEMENY'S KEVEKSIBI>E TKOJECTIOK APPARATUS.
 
 TSE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 495 
 
 instant at the moment it is uncovered by the shutter. The process employed 
 in the Demeuy apparatus is very simple. It is shown in Fig. 3 of our engrav- 
 ing. Upon coming from the bobbin the film passes over a guide roller, S, and 
 then over a rod, D, mounted eccentrically; thence it goes to the toothed 
 roller, C, designed for causing the images to register accurately. The film 
 then reaches the magazine roller, B. The mechanism is entirely enclosed in a 
 box, and the shutter disk, which is not shown in the engraving, is situated at 
 the other side of the aperture, F. Beneath the bobbin. A, is a rubber roller, 
 E, mounted upon a spring in such a way that it will bear against the film, 
 whatever be the thickness of the ribbon on the bobbin. It is tliis roller which 
 is moved by gearing that causes the film to unij'iud in a continuous manner, 
 and thus prepares it for the eccentric rod, D, which pulls upon a portion of 
 the film already unwound, but does not screen it. The film passing under the 
 guide, S, passes between two velvet-lined frames, H and T, that are provided 
 with an aperture F. It is upon making its exit thence, and passing over the 
 guide, S, that the film is taken up by the rod, D, then runs over the toothed 
 roller, C, and finally over the bobbin, B. All these parts, exclusive of the 
 shutter, are interdej^endent, and are connected by gear wheels set in motion by 
 the crank, ]\r. Xone of them have a jerky motion. All of the parts of the 
 mechanism have uniform rotary motion, and the stopjiage of the films is pre- 
 pared for by a graduated diminution of the velocity. One advantage of this 
 apparatus is that it is very tender with the films. Our last engraving repre- 
 sents a few images on a strip made for a spectacular drama at the Chatelet 
 Theater, Paris. This strip is one hundred and fifteen feet long, and embraces 
 a thousand images, each of which was colored by hand. The effect is very 
 pleasing. 
 
 THE KINETOSCOPE STEREOPTICON. 
 
 Since the time the " kinetoscope " brought the art of moving jihotography 
 prominently into notice, many inventors have been striving to perfect ap- 
 paratus for successfully projecting these miniature pictures upon the screen 
 by means of a stereopticon, producing the same effect of motion as in the 
 kinetoscope. In the kinetoscope the successive images are illuminated by 
 reflected light, and are seen through a lens enlarging them considerably, say 
 from half an inch in diameter to about four inches. The problem of the 
 kinetoscope stereopticon was to successfully project these little images several 
 thousand times, and secure sufficient illumination upon the screen to make 
 them aj^jiear distinct and clear. The two factors which aided in solving the 
 problem were the use of the electric lamp as an illuminant and of continuous 
 flexible transparent celluloid films. Our first engraving shows some kineto- 
 scopic pictures taken directly from the negative film, by the "phantoscope " 
 invented by Mr. C. F. Jenkins. The successive motions of practicing " putting
 
 THE PROJECTTOK OF jVOVTNG PICTrh'ES. 
 
 407 
 
 the sliot," shown in these fifteen iiictures, may l)e traced by beginning at 
 tlie lower left-hand corner and reading upward for each column of pictures. 
 The device for taking tlie phantoscope pictures is shown in Figures 5 
 and 0. 
 
 On a sliaft is fixed a disk sujiporting four lenses, and geared to the shaft is 
 a vertical shaft engaging a bevel gear on tlie axis of the fihn-Avindiug reek As 
 the shaft is revolved by the handle on the outside, the lenses are brought 
 respectively behind tlie opening in the front of the box and transmit tlie 
 
 \ 
 
 
 FIG. 1.— THE EDISUX •" VITASCOl'E. " 
 
 momentary im- 
 ages as they pass 
 the opening to 
 the moving sensi- 
 tized film whicli 
 goes in the same 
 direction as the moving lens, and at the same speed. The exposed film is at 
 the same time wound up on the top reel. With the same apparatus the 
 positive pictures may be' reeled oif of one spool to the other, being pro- 
 jected by the electric light in the rear, illuminated by rotating condensers, one 
 for each lamp. The pictures may be looked at in the box, through a small 
 screen; they are made at the rate of twenty-five to the second, and are about 
 three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and one-quarter of an inch ai^art, on 
 a continuous sensitized celluloid strip about one and a half inches wide, hav- 
 ing perforations in its edges, in which the sprocket wheels of the projecting 
 device engage. The projecting apparatus is shown in Fig. 1, and consists of 
 an electric arc lamp in front of which is a condenser. In advance of that 
 is the motor for operating the feed mechanism, and in fi'ont of all is the 
 film traveling device and the objective. Our second engraving is a view of 
 the stand comjdete, showing the rheostat, switches, etc., for regulating the 
 current. The film, after passing behind the lens, is Avound up on the reel 
 below. Our third engraving shows the use of the apparatus in the theater. It 
 is placed in a cabinet surrounded by curtains, in an upper gallery, the images 
 being thrown forward upon a screen upon the stage. 
 33
 
 4.US 
 
 3IA0IG: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS 
 
 In projecting pictures of this kind it has been usual to employ slmtters 
 operating in unison with the movements of the picture ribbon. After a series 
 of experiments it was found that the same effect of motion could be produced 
 by causino- the ribbon itself to have an intermittent movement without the 
 use of shutters at all, which greatly simplifies the apparatus. A film-working 
 
 apparatus based on this 
 idea is shown in detail 
 at Fig. 4. The elec- 
 tric motor operates a 
 
 THK KDISON " VITASCOPE. 
 
 muin shaft to which it is geared, a worm engaging a gear on the shaft 
 witli the main sprocket pulley, and draws the picture ribbon downward at 
 a uniform speed. Back of this shaft maybe seen the mam shaft, intended 
 to rotate rapidly, on the end of which is a disk having a roller eccen- 
 trically fixed thereto. Behind tliis is a standard supporting spring-tension 
 fingers behind the leus. As the film is drawn forward by the main sprocket
 
 THE PROJECTION OF 2I0VINO PICTURES. 
 
 40'J 
 
 I 
 
 FIC4. 3.— THE •• \ ITASCOPE IN THE TUEATEli. 
 
 pulley, it is quickly pulled downward by each rotation of the rapidly moving 
 eccentric roller on the disk. The sjirocket pulley meanwhile takes up the 
 slack of the ribbon, so that at the next rotation the eccentric roller quickly 
 pulls the film down and makes the change; from the sprocket pulley the film 
 is carried to the winding wheel operated automatically from the main shaft by 
 
 FIG. 4.— FILM PROJECTING APPARATUS.
 
 500 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 FIGS. 5 AND 6.— THE JENKINS " KINETOSCOPE " « AMK1{ A. 
 
 means of pulleys; or, when it is desired to repeat the subject over and over 
 again, the endless film is allowed to drop into folds in a box lo;3ated under tlie 
 sprocket pulley, passing out at the rear, npward over pulleys arranged above 
 the spring-tension fingers, then downward between them again to the main 
 pulley. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a diagram of a film-moving mechanism of an English inventor, 
 Mr. Birt Acres, which has been successfully operated in Loudon. 
 
 FIG. 7.— aches' projecting DEVICE. 
 
 The picture film is drawn from an npper reel, passed over a sprocket pnlloy, 
 downward through a retaining clamjj, and over a second jnilley to the bottom 
 or winding reel. The film passes over both sprocket pulleys at a uniform 
 speed, between a stationary and swinging clamp operated automatically from 
 the shaft of the shutter and which holds the film stationary Avhen the opening 
 of the shutter is behind the lens, during the interval the picture is projected on 
 the screen. The clamp is released; then the pivoted lever below, with a roller 
 on the upper end, is pulled inward at tlie other end by a spring and immedi- 
 ately takes up the slack (as shown by the clotted lines), and causes, by such 
 sudden movement, the bringing of the next picture into position.
 
 THE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 
 
 501 
 
 THE "MUTOGRAPII" AND '' MUTOSCOPE." 
 
 The " mutograpli" and '' mutoscope " are names of very interesting 
 machines for presenting moving photographs. The camera frame is mounted, 
 by means of three adjustable legs, upon a triangular turntable, which may be 
 placed upon any suitable support. Ujion the top of the frame is bolted a two 
 horse-power electric motor which is driven by a set of storage batteries; the 
 combination of the turntable with a vertical adjustable enables the camera to 
 be shifted so as to take in the required field. In the front of the camera is 
 fixed a lens of great light-gathering quality which produces an image of 
 exceedingly clear detail. Inside the camera is a strip of gelatine film two and 
 three-quarter inches wide, and usually about one hundred and sixty feet in 
 length, which is wound upon a small pulley and drum. The length of the 
 film varies for different subjects. In case of a prolonged scene it may extend 
 several thousand feet. The film is led through a series of rollers, and is 
 caused to pass directly behind the lens of the camera, and is finally wound 
 upon a drum. The object of the rollers is to cause the film to pass behind the 
 lens with an intermittent instead of a continuous motion. At ordinary speeds 
 this could be easily accomplished, but the difficulties are increased when it is 
 remembered that the impressions are taken at the rate of forty per second, and 
 that the film, which is running at the rate of seven or eight feet a second, has 
 to be stopped and started with equal frequency. The film comes to a rest just 
 as the shutter opens, and starts again as the shutter closes. The impressions 
 vary in actual exposure between one one-hundredth and one four-hundredth of 
 
 THE JJAllK ROOM ANU KEEL FOK UEVELOriNG FILMS.
 
 1
 
 504 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 a second. While the ordinary speed is forty a second, the mutoscope can take 
 equally good pictures at the rate of one hundred per second, if it is necessary. 
 The highest speed would be used in j)hotogra23hing the flight of a projectile or 
 other object which was in extremely rapid motion. After the mutograph has 
 done its work, the films are carefully packed and sent to the New York estab- 
 lishment of the American Mutoscope Company. Here they are taken to tiie 
 dark room, the interior of which is shown in our engraving. Arranged along 
 each side of this room is a series of troughs^ above which are suspended large 
 skeleton reels three feet in diameter and seven feet long, the axes of the reels 
 being journaled in brackets attached to the end of the trough. The films are 
 wound upon the reels and snbjected to the action of the various solntions for 
 developing, fixing, etc., the reels being transferred from bath to bath until the 
 films are ready to go to the drying-room. In this room are also prepared posi- 
 tive transparent strips for use in the biograph and the bromide prints for the 
 m utoscope. 
 
 ATCHLH STUrrEMS 
 :^H!': AGE FACTORY 
 
 ~1 
 
 THE SAUSAGE FACTORY. 
 
 The films are unwound on to large wooden drnms about the same size as 
 the reels, where they are carefully dried. At the far end of the room are seen 
 the machines for cutting up the bromide prints. Here also is carried on the 
 work of retouching the films aiul 2)reparing them for use in the biograpli and 
 mutoscope pictures. The biograj)h is somewhat similar to machines which we 
 have aready described. 
 
 The annexed engravings show pictures" of clay-jiigeon shooting and of the 
 firing of a ten-inch disappearing gun at Sandy Hook. 
 
 Upon the roof of the New York establishment of the company there has 
 been erected a large movable stage for taking photographs of celebrated scenes 
 from plays or of individual performance's in which it is desired to reproduce 
 the motions as well as the features of the subject. It consists of a floor of 
 steel I-beams wlii(;h carries a series of three concentric steel tra])s. Upon this 
 rotates the massive fiiime at one end of which is a stage suijplied with the 
 necessary scenery, and at the other end a con-ugated iron house, in which
 
 ■ 
 
 ■- , i^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 i 
 
 
 *1'^« 
 
 
 'fjj 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 L_^_ 
 
 > 
 
 r(^^ 
 
 i 
 
 I
 
 506 3IAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 is located the mutograpli. Tlie stage is bolted to the frame, but the house 
 travels upon a track, so that it may be moved to or from the stage as required. 
 The frame carrying the stage and house rotates about the smaller circular track 
 located beneath the house, and may be swung around so as to throw the light 
 full upon the scene at any hour of the day. 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE "MUTOSCOPE." 
 
 The " mutoscope " is compact, and the pictures are large. It is not any 
 larger than the cover of a sewing machine. The enlarged bromide prints, meas- 
 uring four by six inches, are mounted in close consecutive order around the cyl- 
 inder and extend out like the leaves of a book, as shown in the illustration. 
 In the operation of the mutoscope the spectator has the performance entirely 
 under his own control by turning a crank which is placed conveniently at hand, 
 and may make the operation as quick or as slow as he desires, and can stop 
 the machine at any particular picture at will. Each picture is momentarily 
 held in front of the lens by the action of a slot attached to the roof of the 
 box, wliich allows the pictures to slip by in much the same way as the thumb is 
 used upon the leaves of a book.
 
 508 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 " CINEMATOGEAPH " CAMERA. 
 
 The "cinematograph" camera, invented by the Messrs. Lumiere & Sons, 
 works on a somewhat different principle from those we have ah'eady described. 
 In this camera the film is carried forward intermittently, no sprocket wheel 
 being used. The film-moving mechanism is fully illustrated in Figs. 1 and 3. 
 
 The film-moving device consists of two prongs which somewhat resemble 
 a fork. It is shown at D in Fig. 3. The prongs are alternately pushed 
 through or withdrawn from the perforated ribbon by the aid of a rotating bar, 
 C. The film-moving device, D, has really a shuttle movement, having a 
 rapid reciprocating motion. The rotating bar, C, which is secured to the 
 main shaft, is so arranged that its ends, which are bent in opposite directions, 
 strike on alternate sides of the wedge-shaped piece which is secured to the 
 fork, D, and thus impart to the latter a reciprocating motion. The up- 
 and-down motion of the film is accomplished by the aid of a cam which is 
 secured to the main shaft. The reciprocating yoke piece. A, is given a vertical 
 motion when the crank shaft is rotated. The arm, B, is attached to the yoke 
 piece. A, and this carries down the film through the medium of the fork, D. 
 When the film has been lowered the distance of one exposure, the rotating 
 bar, C, strikes the fork and removes the prongs from the film. The yoke 
 piece then raises the prongs, and the other arm of the rotating bar strikes 
 the wedge-shaped piece, and forces the fork, D, through the apertures in 
 the film. On the main shaft is also arranged the shutter, E, which rotates 
 
 KIOS. 1, :i, AN|) :t. l<ll,M-M()VIN(i MIOCUANISM.
 
 THE PROJECTJOK OF MOVING PICTURES. 
 
 5U9 
 
 FIG. 4.— DRIVING GEAH AND FILM 8UITOKT. 
 
 with the film-moviug mechanism. Fig. 2 shows the simplicity of the camera. 
 On tlie npper end of the box is the sensitized ribbon, which passes downward 
 between guides before the lens opening. The bent ends of the cam operating 
 bar, which give the fork, D, its reciprocating motion, are shown in Fig. 3. 
 Fig. 4 is a general view of the instrument, showing the driving gear and film 
 support. Fig. 5 shows the cinematograph camera in operation. It will be seen 
 that the camera is very portable. The same camera can be converted into a 
 projecting apparatus for throwing moving pictures upon the screen. The 
 images are about an inch square. 
 
 CAMERA FOR RIBBON PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 
 The camera for ribbon photography which we illustrate is the invention of 
 Mr. C. F. Jenkins, the inventor of the '* vitascope," which we have already 
 described. Instead of using a rotary disk shutter, the radial apertures, and a
 
 iiii|iiiiiiii''iP''"Tiiiiii|iiii!iiin!'w:,iiw^^^
 
 THE PROJECTION OF 3tOVlNG PICTURES. 511 
 
 fixed leus, this camera has a single opening in the front, tlie size of tlie aper- 
 ture being regulated at its rear end by a diaphragm disk having radial slots 
 of varying widths cut therein. Tlie oi)erator is thereby enabled to govern 
 the amount of light admitted to the lenses according to the subject to be pho- 
 tographed and the length of the exposure desired. Tliis disk is rotated by 
 hand, like an ordinary stop in a wide-angle lens. Back of the diaphragm disk 
 is the battery of lenses, each of the same focus, arranged in a circle, joining 
 each other, upon a rotating disk which is secured to a shaft which extends 
 rearward and terminates in a bevel gear wheel which meshes Avitli a side 
 bevel gear wheel fixed upon the main shaft, suitably geared to the main 
 driving shaft. 
 
 The main shaft may be operated by a crank on the outside of the box, by 
 hand or by any suitable motor. The sensitized celluloid perforated ribbon film 
 may be noticed passing downwards near the front end of the camera, in front of 
 the exposure tension plate, the square aperture in which is exactly in line 
 with the front aperture in the box. From this point the film, after exjiosure, 
 passes downward between the sprocket wheel and pressure roller to the wind- 
 ing reel in the rear end of the camera, which is rotated by belt-connection to a 
 pulley on the upper shaft and takes up the film ribbon as rapidly as it is 
 exposed. A feed roll for the supply of unexposed film is not shown, but may 
 be located at the rear of the camera, over the winding reel. The operation will 
 be readily understood. The camera is placed upon the tripod or stand; the 
 crank on the outside is rotated, which causes the film to travel downwards con- 
 tinuously, at exactly the same speed at which the lenses rotate, so that at every 
 fraction of a second tluit it takes for each leus to pass behind the camera 
 aperture an impression of light is made on the downwardly moving film; and 
 as the lenses and film both move in unison, it follows that a sharp 2)ictare will 
 be the result while the brilliancy of the illumination is at its maximum. The 
 camera can be carried about as readily as any other camera. In practice it is 
 found that the motion of the hand-operated crank is sufficiently uniform to 
 permit of the proper reproduction of motion by the positive pictures projected 
 upon the screen. 
 
 Our next engraving shows how the positive ribbon pictures for the vitascope 
 and other forms of apparatus are printed; this is also the invention of jMr. 
 Jenkins. It consists of reels supported on suitable upright standards holding 
 respectively the sensitized ribbon film and the negative film. The film from the 
 negative supply wheel is carried along over the sensitized film wheel, and both 
 pass in contact, in continuous motion, under an exposing chamber illuminated 
 by any source of white light, as an incandescent lamp or a Welsbach incandes- 
 cent gaslight, thence over the toothed sprocket driving wheel to the winding 
 wheels, the exposed film being ■wound first. This Avill be better understood 
 by reference to our detailed diagram of the mechanism. It will be noticed 
 that the reels are interchangeable, and hence, to make duplicate cojnes it is 
 only necessary to remove the negative spool from the winding-up end to the 
 supply-spool standard of the apparatus, and begin over again. The perfora-
 
 m l,l|'||n\||ilIi;iHf«
 
 THE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 
 
 513 
 
 tions in the edges of the fihn are of a siDecial square shape, and give the square 
 sprocket wheel of the propelling pulley a better tension on the film. The teeth 
 pass through the perforations of both films, causing both to move at exactly 
 the same time, and at all times to keep in perfect registry. The speed of the 
 film passing under the exposing chamber must be absolutely uniform; this is 
 obtained by propelling the sprocket wheel by an electric motor or by a spring 
 motor. The electric motor is seen in the large wood cut. The axle of the 
 
 RIBBON PHOTOGRAPHY — EXPOSING AND PRINTING APPARATUS. 
 
 motor has worm gear operating a cog wheel on the main shaft. The V-shaped 
 elastic band holds the frame in which is a ground glass in contact with the film, 
 producing a kind of tension on the film. To the left of the liglit chamber is 
 a supplementary tension adjusted by screw nuts, as shown. Eeferring to the 
 diagram, two slotted diaphragm cards will be seen. These are placed over the 
 ground glass just mentioned, at the bottom of the light chamber, and are for 
 the purpose of regulating the amount of light that acts on the negative. If 
 33
 
 514 MAGIC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 RIBBON PHOTOGRAPHY — DIAGRAM OP THE PRINTING DEVICE. 
 
 the negative film, as a wliole, should be thin, then a card with a narrow slot is 
 used, which allows a short exposure to be made if the negative and film are 
 passed under it. If the negative is fall of density, then the narrow card is 
 removed, and the wider slotted card substituted, which allows a larger volume 
 of light to act upon the negative film. The exposed film is wound around 
 large open reels from a spool and is developed by passing through cloths of 
 developer solution. The novelty in the device which we illustrate consists in 
 the fact that the film moves continuously under a uniform source of light, 
 under any intermittent motion or the use of shutters. The operation of 
 exposing the film is carried out in a room illuminated by the usual ruby light. 
 
 THE MICROMOTOSCOPE.* 
 
 The principles of the kinetoscope or mutoscope have been applied to the 
 microscope, with some interesting results, by Dr. Robert L. Watkins, of New 
 York City. The instrument, though simple, was made a success only after 
 many experiments and failures in adjusting the objective of the microscope in 
 a line with the right sort of light and a rapidly moving film. 
 
 The principal difficulties in making a mutoscope out of so delicate an 
 instrument as the microscope are the light and the lens. Every electric lamp 
 in the market, when its light has been concentrated sufficiently for pho- 
 tography, will, after a short time, with its heat, kill, dry up, or impair almost 
 any kind of life in the microscopic field. The greater the magnification, the 
 
 * By D. F. St. Clair.
 
 THE PROJECTION OF MOVING PICTURES. 615 
 
 :>Tj ■ ,^.j<w^ 
 
 1 
 
 A KOTIFEH AS SEEN IN THE MICKOMOTOSCOl'E. 
 
 more intense the litjht must be and the nearer the microscope. This difficulty 
 was often enhanced by the length of time it took to get a focus on the sensitive 
 film, but most of the pictures taken were good, and show well the various 
 characteristics of the action taking place in cell life, so far as it can be 
 observed with the microscope. 
 
 Whatever is to be photographed, once it is put in the field of the lens, is 
 adjusted to a horizontal plane. Near one end of the microscope is placed an 
 electric lantern containing a small arc light concentrated on the object. Xear 
 the other end is the box that covers the ajiparatus for moving the long, sensi- 
 tive gelatine film. The film runs like a belt, on wheels, and passes in front of 
 a tiny window in the box and on a direct line with the lens and light. This 
 machinery is turned by a crank, and its ordinary capacity is about 1,600 
 pictures per minute. It is possible to increase it to 2,000 or 2,500, but for 
 most purposes 1,000 or even less per minute will record every motion taking 
 place in most cell life. Dr. Watkins found, however, after a number of trials, 
 that he could not tarn the machine fast enough to photograph the motion of 
 the blood circulating in the web of a frog's foot. He simply needed a larger 
 wheel. 
 
 The advantages of mutoscopic photography to microscopy are quite evident, 
 especially as regards the action of bacteria and blood cells. Nearly all the 
 numerous families of bacteria have motion, many having motion that the eye 
 cannot always follow clearly. It has already been discovered that the same kind 
 of bacteria will act very differently under different circumstances. For instance, 
 a flash of bright light will suddenly drive some kinds to cover. Some kinds 
 will readily seek the negative j)ole of the battery. They will also seek food 
 with avidity and reject poison with true instinct. All such phenomena can, 
 of course, be followed with the eye, but not with the same detail in the micro- 
 scopic field as in a series of clear photographs. The fact is that on account of 
 the motion of some bacteria it has been well nigh impossible to photograph 
 them. The books have had to depend upon the eye and hand of the draughts- 
 man and upon vague description. This may not be of much importance either 
 way, but as yet comparatively little is known about bacteria. It is not yet 
 known whether they are the cause of disease, or its results, or neither. Pho- 
 tography, under the proper circumstances, is most needed for the investigator, 
 and it can be only moving photography.
 
 516 3IA0IC: STAGE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS. 
 
 The capillary or circulatory motion of the blood cells, after the blood has 
 been drawn, is comparatively slow at best ; but the amoeboid movement of 
 the white cells and the changes taking place in the nuclei are complicated, and 
 often hard to intelligently watch in the field. Many of these changes occur- 
 ring in the white cells are certain to escape attention, but all of them will be 
 clearly recorded on the rapidly moving sensitive film. These motions in tlie 
 white cells, though they are as yet imperfectly understood, are full of meaning 
 to the physiologist and pathologist. The offices that the blood performs in the 
 body are believed to be due mainly to the action of the white cells. Certainly, 
 the character of their amoeboid action is one of the surest indications of health 
 or disease. 
 
 But with the micromotoscope it need no longer be impossible to photo- 
 graph the blood in actual circulation. With a better light the cells may be 
 seen in the thin tissue of the ear or the web of the fingers. They have often 
 been examined in the peritoneum dui-ing an operation, and Dr. Watkins him- 
 self has made a close study of them in the web feet of some birds and the tails 
 of fishes. 
 
 Unfortunately, the illustration of blood here reproduced does not show the 
 white cells. They stuck to the glass, while the red cells, it will be perceived, 
 retain something of their motion, continuing to flow across the field for half 
 an hour after the blood was drawn. 
 
 MOVRMRNT OF lU.OOD CORPUSCI,ES SHOWN BY THE MTCHOMOTOSCOI'E.
 
 APPENDIX.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONAL TRICKS. 
 
 THE MAGIC TABLE. 
 
 This was a trick of the late Alexander Herrmann. lu the center of the 
 stage is placed a light table with three legs and a plush top. The prestidigi- 
 tateur moves his hand over the table ; suddenly it rises in the air and follows 
 his hands wherever he moves them. The secret of the trick will be easily 
 understood by reference to our engraving. A small nail is driven in the 
 center of the table. This nail is not noticed by the audience, and the plush 
 top tends to hide it. The magician wears a ring w^hich is flattened on the 
 inner surface and a small notch is filed in it. The ring is placed on the middle 
 linger of the right hand ; the hand is spread over the table until the notch fits 
 under the head of the nail. The table can then be lifted with great ease, and 
 it appears to follow the hand of the conjurer in obedience to the magic wand. 
 
 THE MAGIC TABLE.
 
 530 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 "GONE." 
 
 This very clever illusion was desigued by Mr. W. E. Robinson, tlie assistant 
 of the late Herrmann the Great. It lias been exhibited in several of the lai'ge 
 cities, and is always a great success. When the curtain is raised the square frame 
 is seen ; this frame is braced laterally by side pieces. At the lower part of the 
 frame, within easy reach of the prestidigitateur, is a windlass. Hopes pass from 
 this windlass, over pulleys, to a crossbar in the upper part of the frame. A 
 
 THE LADY KKADY KOK KLECTKOCUTION. 
 
 lady is now brought upon the stage and for some terrible crime is sentenced to 
 be electrocuted. She is seated in a chair, which she grasps tightly. She is 
 then tied tightly to the chair with ropes, and her hands are chained together. 
 The prestidigitateur now secures the chair, with its fair occupant, to the ropes 
 which are connected with the windlass, by means of hooks which fasten to the 
 top frame of the chair. Wires are now secured to the unfortunate lady so
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 521 
 
 that it really seems as though she was to receive the death-dealing curreut. 
 Tlie professor of magic now winds away at the windlass and raises the chair 
 until the head of the victim is on a level with the crossbar. He then 
 discharges a pistol, and at the same instant the lady disappears and the chair 
 drops to the floor. Such is, in brief, the mode of operation of the trick called 
 '• Gone." 
 
 In reality the illusion is a clever atla^jtation of the "Pepper (Jhost" of 
 Avhich we have already described several variations. A reference to our first 
 engraving will show that at the sides of the frame is a row of incandescent 
 lights. AVhile the lady is being secured to the chair, and while she is being 
 hoisted up to the crossbar, these lamps are kept lighted; but the instant the 
 pistol is fired, these lights are extinguished by a stage hand in the side scene. 
 Up over the proscenium arch is arranged a background which corresponds to 
 
 %yl^y.V.l 
 
 KAISIKG TUE LADV BY MEAKS OF TUE W1NI)]-ASS. 
 
 the background of the stage. Two wooden bars cross it. Directly below this 
 screen, and carefully shielded from the observation of the spectators, is a row of 
 incandescent lights. As the pistol is fired these lights are turned on, while 
 those in the frame are extinguished. Xow, according to the princi])les of the 
 '' Pepper Ghost " which we have already described, the person or thing which 
 is brilliantly lighted has its image projected on a sheet of glass and appears to 
 be real. The front of the frame, from the windlass to the horizontal cross 
 piece, is covered with a sheet of glass Avhich is not apparent to the audience.
 
 APPENDIX. 523 
 
 The image of the backgrouud is projected upon this glass, which hides 
 the lady from view, although she is immediately behind it, and the pieces of 
 wood and this artificial background take the place of the back posts of the 
 frame, thus deceiving the audience. The chair is made in two sections, the 
 lady being tied to the upper, or skeleton chair. She holds a heavy chair with 
 her hand tightly, and at the instant when the pistol is fired she releases the 
 chair, which falls to the floor with a loud noise. 
 
 There is another illusion, called " Out of Sight," invented also by Mr. AV. E. 
 Eobinson, which is somewhat similar, but is not as interesting from a scientific 
 point of view. It is, however, better adapted for a traveling company, as 
 there is no glass to break, the large sheet of plate glass in the front of the 
 frame being entirely dispensed with. When the pistol is fired, a curtain of the 
 same color as the background is released by theprestidigitateur, and it is drawn 
 down quickly by means of rubber bands. It takes only an instant for the cur- 
 tain to descend, its lower edge being hidden from view by the windlass. The 
 audience is usually deceived as easily by this illusion as by the more com- 
 plicated one. 
 
 THE SPIDER AND THE FLY. 
 
 This is one of the most interesting of the series of tricks which depend 
 upon mirrors, and of which the '" Decapitated Princess " is a type. AVhen the 
 curtain rises, the scene shows a gentleman's country house set upon the 
 embankment and surrounded by grass plots and shrubbery. This is painted 
 scenery such as is usually used in theaters. The house is approached by a set of 
 stone steps which are built out from the scene proper, or, in other words, the 
 drop. These are what is known in theatrical parlance as " practical " steps ; 
 that is, they may be ascended. The steps are encased by side walls, and these 
 walls are surmounted by vases of flowers and handsome lamp posts. The steps 
 lead to the doorway of the house ; the door is also "practical," and can be 
 opened and shut. The story runs that the house was deserted for such a long 
 time that the steps were covered by a gigantic spider's Aveb, and the spectator is 
 surprised to see this web, Avliich extends from post to post and to the side walls 
 of the steps. 
 
 In the center of this gigantic web is seen a spider's body with a woman's 
 head. The steps leading to the doorway of the house are open, and a person 
 starts to descend, but stops on seeing the spider, and retreats after taking three 
 or four steps down the stairs. This adds greatly to the illusion, as it looks as 
 if it could not be produced by a mirror. You can see both above and below 
 the head, and the steps may be. seen at any angle you choose. The puzzling 
 part of the trick is the question of the whereabouts of the lady's body. 
 
 Eeference to our second and third engravings will give the secret of the 
 trick. The mirror lies at an angle of 45° and runs from the base of the posts
 
 APPl]NDtX. 
 
 b-ib 
 
 to the rear of one of the treads of the lower steps. The mirror extends the full 
 width of the steps. A semicircular hole is cut out of the center of the mirror, 
 
 at the top edge ; this is to receive 
 
 the lady's head. 
 
 The spider's bodj' is fastened 
 to the network of rope ; the lady 
 has simply to affix this Ixtd}' to 
 lior head, and the illusion is com- 
 jjletc, as the body of the lady is 
 concealed behind the glass. The 
 mirror reflects the lower steps, so 
 that this reflection really appears 
 to bo a coutinnation of the steps, 
 and the entire flight seems un- 
 broken. A\ hen the person appears 
 at til e door and descends the steps, 
 he must 1)0 careful not to come 
 l)elow the line of reflection, as 
 his legs Avill not be visible. The 
 top edge of the glass is concealed by a rope of the web, as it is directly in front 
 of it, and for safety is usually cemented to tlie glass. 
 
 In our diagram. No. 1 represents the steps ; 2, the mirror ; 3, the web; 
 and 4, the lady. This tricic requires the most careful prejiaration and adjust- 
 ment, but when this is accomplished, the results arc extremely satisfactory. 
 
 THE ILLUSION EXPLAINED. 
 
 DIAGUAM SniJAVING AUUANGEMENT <»F MIIilJOK.
 
 526 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 THE TRUNK TRICK. 
 
 This trick, which attracted the attention of the world for montlis, is of 
 English origin, and was presented in England long before it was introduced 
 into Paris. The experiment consists of having a trunk examined, tying it, 
 securing a cover over it, tying it a second time, sealing it with wax, and then 
 showing that in a few seconds a young East Indian has succeeded in getting 
 inside of it without unfastening the cords, breaking the seals, or opening the 
 trunk. 
 
 THE TRUNK TRICK.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 527 
 
 TRAP DOOR IN TRINK. 
 
 Half the bottom of the trunk constitutes a trap door which is opened by 
 inserting a round key in one of the ventilating apertures. As soon as the trunk 
 has been tied, sealed, and placed under a canopy, the curtains of which are let 
 down so as to hide the trunk from the spectators, the East Indian, who is also 
 invisible to the spectators, lays the trunk down as shown in our second engrav- 
 ing, unbuckles the cover and slides it down, takes his key, opens the trap door, 
 gets into the trunk, puts the cover in place, buckles it, and then closes the trap 
 door. To raise the trunk to its proper position, he takes a long screw, some- 
 thing like a gimlet, from his pocket, inserts it in one of the holes under him, 
 and turns it ; the trunk rises slowly, and when it has reached its point of equi- 
 librium, it falls back suddenly on its bottom. The noise thus made is the signal 
 for the operator, who immediately draws back the curtains, finds by the weight 
 that something is in the trunk, and then unties it slowly and presents the mys- 
 terious traveler to the audience. 
 
 It will be seen by one of our engravings that the Indian appears tied in a 
 bag in the trunk. This is a variation of the trick. The bag is made of some 
 light or soft material, and is provided with a hem at the mouth. In this hem 
 runs a cord or tape ; the performer draws the string tight, and seals the knots 
 at the same time. The bag is then placed in the trunk, and the trunk is 
 secured as above. The assistant who enters the trunk has concealed under 
 
 PUTTING ON THE COVER.
 
 b28 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 METHOD OP RAISING THE TRUNK. 
 
 his blouse a similar bag, the string of which is long enough to correspond in 
 appearance to that of the otlier bag when it is tied and sealed. There are 
 a couple of stitches missing on each side of the hem, leaving space enough 
 for the assistant to insert his fingers. When he enters the trunk he removes 
 this bag from his blouse, placing the original bag in the place of the duplicate. 
 He now goes into the duplicate bag and places it up over his head, and, insert- 
 ing his four fingers into the opening in the hem, draws in all the slack of 
 the string, thus closing the bag, which is, of course, to all apj)earauces, tied 
 and sealed as the oridnal. 
 
 REMOVING THE RAG FROM THE INDIAN.
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 529 
 
 '^^A STIIOBEIKA J'EKSANE." 
 
 Tliis illusion, made jiopnlar a few years ago by the late A. Herrmann, 
 under the name of ''Strobeika" was originally produced at Iloudin's Little 
 Hall, in Paris, by the inventors of it, two Germans, llerren Lutz and Markgraf. 
 
 The trick is supposed to take phice in a prison or dungeon. In the center 
 of the stage, quite near the back scene, stand four upright posts about eight 
 feet high, and set about eight feet apart on tlio long side, and four ou thesliort. 
 These posts are made fast to a rectangular iron frame at the top, from the four 
 corners of which are chains supporting a plank about an inch and a quarter 
 thick, all in full view of the audience. Curtains hang from the framework to 
 about a foot bohjw the level of the board ; these curtains can be opened or closed 
 b}' sliding them back and forth on the frame, rings being sewed on them to 
 allow of this being done easily. A man supposed to be a prisoner is stretched 
 upon the plank ; his wrists and ankles are manacled and locked by a committee 
 from the audience, who can furnish, if tliey desire, locks of their own. Ilis 
 neck is also enclosed in a steel collar and locked to the plank. At a signal the 
 curtains are closed, and, as they reach only a little way below the plank, 
 permit of a full view underneath, to the rear wall of the stage. In less 
 than a minute the curtains are withdrawn again, and a young lady is seen to 
 
 FIG. 1. — '"LA STltOBElKA I'KKSANE." 
 
 34
 
 530 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 FIG. 3.— TOP OF BOARD, SHOWING LOCKS AND HASPS. 
 
 have taken the phice of the man, who, at the instant of the girl's discovery, is 
 seen running down the aisle of the theater. Now, let us see how this strange 
 trick is accomplished. 
 
 The first thing is the explanation of how the man hecomes released from 
 the shackles. It jirincipally lies in the construction of the board. There is no 
 deception about the keys, locks, or manacles, since it is not at all neces- 
 sary to the decej)tiou that there should be. The board is hollow and contains 
 cunningly concealed levers, four in number, which move simultaneously. 
 The eyes that the manacles slip over, and to which the locks are fastened, 
 go into the board and are held fast by the ends of these levers, which enter 
 a hole or notch, as the case may be, in the eye. The shackles and neck 
 piece and their respective eyes are all made fast to an iron plate or bed 
 which is bolted to the board ; a bolt at each corner of the plates goes 
 through the board and secures another plate at the bottom of it, making 
 all firm. There is one bolt, however, that does not go through ; it is 
 riveted to one of the short levers, and by its means the system of levers is 
 
 p^^= 
 
 I-- 
 
 
 
 
 =s 
 
 1^ 
 
 "[ i 
 
 _ -^^x 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 U^UI 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 = ^==!| 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 a^-^ 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 1 lyitiy 
 
 ■Pifl 
 
 
 
 USD 
 
 c 
 
 _ ,.„ 
 
 
 
 FIG. ^.— liOTTUM OF JiOAUD, SHOWING PLATES. 
 
 i
 
 APP^NMX. 
 
 631 
 
 I 
 
 FIGS. 4-7 
 
 -DETAILS OF THE MECHANISM, 
 
 pushed backward or forward. There is a nut on the bottom plate to make it 
 appear as if this identical bolt went completely through, the same as the others. 
 The levers run in grooves made in any suitable part of the board and covered 
 by a strip of wood or other material, thus rendering the mechanism invisible, 
 and appearing as if the board was solid. 
 
 At each corner of the board is a ring or screw eye, into which the chain pro- 
 vided with a hook is secured, by which to susjiend the board. The four levers 
 
 ■^ 
 
 FIG. 8.— THE ESCAPE OF THE I'lUSONEU.
 
 633 APPENDIX. 
 
 are i^ivoted to a rocking lever in the center of the board, wliicli is likewise 
 pivoted. By this means all the levers are moved simultaneously. When the 
 lever is moved it releases all the shackles, and the prisoner is then, of course, 
 free, and it is but the work of a moment to climb out through an opening in 
 the scene at the back, where the lady who is to take his place is now waiting 
 on the end of a long board pushed out through the opening in the scene. 
 The lady gets on the trick board, the man slams the shackles into place, 
 moves the bolt back, thus shoving the levers back into tlieir notches in the 
 e3'es, again making everything fast, makes his escape through the scene, and 
 appears a minute later from the front of the theater. 
 
 The trick is varied sometimes by using double curtains at the back; con- 
 cealed between them is the lady. After the exchange the man hides in the 
 same place, and another man, his exact counterpart, is the one who makes his 
 appearance in the audience. 
 
 " METEMPSYCHOSIS." 
 
 "Metempsychosis" is the name of an illusion which was the joint inven- 
 tion of Messrs. Walker and Pepper, of London. It was devised by the former 
 gentleman, and the latter assisted in perfecting it. It is probably the most 
 mystifying of any of the optical tricks. It has of late years been shown in 
 America, by Kellar, under the title of the "Blue Room." The first effect 
 produced upon the spectator after witnessing the illusion is that he has been 
 dreaming, or seeing ghosts or spirits, for it seems utterly impossible for man 
 to accomplish the wonders produced by it. 
 
 Our first engraving shows the stage set as an artist's studio. Through the 
 center of the rear drop scene is seen a small chamber in which is a suit of armor 
 standing upright. The floor of this apartment is raised above the level of the 
 stage and is approached by a short flight of steps. When the curtain is I'aised 
 a servant makes his appearance and begins to dust and clean the apartments. 
 lie finally comes to the suit of armor, taking it apart, cleans and dusts it, and 
 finally reassembles it. No sooner is the suit of armor perfectly articulated than 
 the soulless mailed figure deals the servant a blow. The domestic, with a cry 
 of fear, drops his duster, flies down the steps into the large room, the suit of 
 armor pursuing him, wrestling with him, and kicking him all over the st;ige. 
 Wlien the suit of armor considers that it has punished the servant sufficiently, 
 it returns to its original position in the small chamber, just as the master 
 of the house enters, brought there by the noise and cries of the servant, from 
 whom he demands an explanation of the commotion. Upon being told, he 
 derides the servant's fear, and, to prove that he was mistaken, takes the suit of 
 armor apart, throwing it piece by piece upon the floor. This is only one of 
 the countless effects which can be })roduced by this interesting illusion.
 
 534 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The working of the ilhision will be understood by reference to the diagram, 
 Fig. 2. At A we have the proscenium opening ; B B are two flats of scenery 
 
 which close in the scene from the front 
 wings to the steps, C, which in their turn 
 lead up to the small chamber, D, at the back, 
 in which all the changes occur. The walls 
 of the chamber are lettered E', E', E', E'. 
 F is a large mirror extending from floor to 
 ceiling, and capable of being wheeled back 
 and forth on a truck or carriage. When this 
 mirror is withdrawn, as seen at the dotted 
 lines, G, the spectators see through the open- 
 ing of the chamber to the rear wall. The 
 suit of armor is marked H. Now, if the 
 mirror be pushed across the chamber, both 
 the armor, H, and the rear wall disappear, 
 and the walls of the chamber at E' and E'^ are reflected so that they appear to be 
 the walls E' and E\ There is another suit of armor at I. It is placed so that, 
 when it is reflected in the mirror, it will occupy the exact position of the other 
 suit of armor, H. When the mirror is shoved forward and hides the suit 
 of armor, H, an actor dressed in a similar suit enters behind the glass by a 
 secret door, removes the dummy armor, and assumes the same place himself. 
 All this time the suit of armor at I is reflected in the mirror, so that a suit of 
 armor is always visible. The mirror is now drawn back, and the suit of armor 
 which the actor wears is seen. When the servant now dusts the armor, it sud- 
 denly seems to become endowed with life and chases him around the room ; 
 and when it again mounts the stej)S in the smaller room, the mirror is 
 shoved forward, the actor making his escape in time to place the first suit of 
 armor where it formerly stood. Now the mirror is again drawn out, revealing 
 the sides of the room, E'' and E*, and of course exposing the suit of armor, H. 
 If the walls, E' and E^ and the armor, I, are correctly placed as regards reflec- 
 tion, he can pass the mirror to and fro at will, without any change being 
 detected, as the reflection takes the place of 
 the reality, and v/e suppose we are looking 
 at the real object. 
 
 As the edge of the mirror jiasses the suit 
 of armor a hard line is to be seen, a distinct 
 vertical line, which would seem to wipe out 
 the object as it ])asses. To avoid this, the 
 inventors hit upon a novel and purely in- 
 genious expedient. They etched vertical 
 lines in the silver back of the glass at the 
 
 end which first passes across the field of view, beginning with thick silvered 
 spaces close together, and tapering, with the lines farther apart as shown in our 
 diagram, Fig. 3. It can thus be seen that the reflected article gradually appears 
 
 FIG. 3.
 
 APPENDIX. 535 
 
 instead of coming suddenly into view, and when the mirror is moved away the 
 real article gradually appears. 
 
 In order that the edges of the glass may be better disguised as it moves 
 forward or backward, the edge is cut or ground into steps, as shown in Fig, 4. 
 
 By the ap2:)aratus described above, many changes can be made, as a livino^ 
 man appearing in a previously empty chair, flowers growing on an empty bush, 
 a change of a man into a woman, a painted picture into a living one, etc. In 
 some effects a table is employed, to all appearances tlie common square 
 kitchen table. A person is seen sitting at the table, which is empty ; sud- 
 denly there appears before hiiu a large dish of oranges or a meal. This is 
 arranged by providing the table with a slot which runs diagonally from corner 
 to corner. This allows the glass to travel through it, and thus shuts off one- 
 half of the table. Articles are placed on the table, behind the glass, which 
 is now withdrawn, leaving them to be seen upon the table. The slot in the 
 top of the table is covered with sheet rubber or other material. 
 
 FIG. 4.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NATURAL MAGIC AND 
 PRESTIDIGITATION.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 OP 
 
 NATURAL MAGIC AND rRESTIDIGlTATIOX. 
 
 compiled, with notes, by 
 Henry Ridgely Evans. 
 
 I. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Arnold, George, and Cahtll, Frank. TLe Magician's Own Book; or, tlie Wliole Art 
 of Conjuring. New York, 1857. 8vo. 363 pp. 
 
 AsTLEY, Philip. Natural Magic. London, 1785. 
 
 Bacon, Roger. Discovery of the Miracles of Art, Nature, and Magic. (About 1260.) 
 
 Bailey, F. H. Hindu Jugglery. Journal of Education (Boston), vol. xliv. p. 378. 
 
 Ball, W. W. Rouse. Card Tricks. la Ids Matlienuitical Recreations. 
 
 Bancroft, Frederick. Yogi Magic in India. Scientific American Supplement, vol. xliii 
 p. 17845. 
 
 Bartlett, J. Second Sight. Scientific American Supplement, vol. xlii. pp. 17477, 17478. 
 
 Beckmann. History of Inventions. (About 1770.) 
 
 Benjamin, M. Modern Magic and its Explanation. Cliautau(iuan, vol. xi. p. 731. 
 
 Berkeley. Card Tricks and Puzzles. London, 1892. 8vo. 
 
 Bertram, Charles. " Isn't it Wonderful ! " A History of Magic and Mystery. L(mdon, 
 1896. 4to. 300 pp. 
 
 Bishop, Washington Irving. Houdin and Heller's Second Sight. Edinburgh, 1880. 
 
 Blitz, Antonio. Fifty Years in the Magic Circle. An Account of the Author's Profes- 
 sional Life, his Wonderful Tricks and Feats, with Laughable Incidents and .\dventurea 
 as a Magician, Necromancer, and Ventriloquist. Hartford, 1871. 8vo. 
 
 Breslaw. Last Legacy ; or, The Magical Companion. London, 1784. 
 
 Brewster, Sir David. Letters on Natural Magic. London, 1832. 16mo. 
 
 Burlingame, H. J. Around the World with a Magician and a Juggler. Chicago, 1896. 
 8vo. 172 pp.
 
 540 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 BuKLiNGAME, H. J. Herrmann, tlie Magician. His Life ; His Secrets. Chicago, 1897. 
 12mo. 250 pp. 
 
 History of Magic and Magicians. Chicago, 1895. 8vo. 41 j)]!. (Pamphl<;t.) 
 
 Leaves from Conjurers' Scrap-Books ; or, Modern Magicians and their Works. 
 
 Chicago, — . 8vo. 274 pp. 
 
 Modern Magical Marvels : A Practical Treatise on Magic and ('onjuring for Profes- 
 sionals and Amateurs. (In preparation.) 
 
 Tricks in Magic : Illusions and Mental Phenomena. Chicago, — . 8vo, 
 
 A series of eutertaiuiug works ou modern magic and its professors. 
 
 BuRSiLL, H. Hand-shadows to be thrown upon the Wall ; Consisting of Novel and 
 Amusing Figures formed by the Hand, from Original Designs. Second series, in one 
 volume. New York. — , 
 
 Caulyle, Thomas. Count Cagliostro. In his Miscellaneous Essays. 
 
 This is a fascinating sketcli of tiie most famous of cliarlatans and pretenders to magic. It is written in 
 Carljle's characteristic style, and is, perhaps, more of a philosophical study of the genus quack than an impar- 
 tial biography of the celebrated necromancer of the old regime. A more detailed account of Cagliostro's 
 romantic career is to be found in the series of articles by William E. A. Axon, published in the Dublin University 
 Magazine, vols. Ixxviii. and Ixxix. (1871, 1872). All biographies of Cagliostro are founded on the work published 
 in Rome, 1790, under the auspices of the Holy Apostolic Chamber. The Italian life contains an elaborate expose 
 of the great magician's system of Egyptian masonry, also thy full Inquisition sentence pronounced against him. 
 This highly interesting product of pai)al jurisprudence makes strange reading for the nineteenth century. In 
 the year 1791 the Inquisition biography was translated into French, under the title of Le Tie de Joseph 
 Balsamo, contni sous le nom de Comte Cagliostro. It has for a frontispiece a steel -engraved portrait of 
 Cagliostro. Original editions of this rare and curious old work may be seen in the Peabody Library, of Balti- 
 more, Md.; the Scottish Rite Library, of Washington, D. C; and the Masonic Library of Grand Rapids, Iowa. 
 
 Cagliostro made adroit use of hypnotism, optical illusions, and chemical tricks. He was past master of the 
 art of deception. Modern professors of conjuring are fond of using the name of Cagliostro for all sorts of 
 magical feats, such as the " Mask of Balsamo," " Cagliostro's Casket and Cards," " Cagliostro's Cabinet," etc. 
 
 Cakpenter, William H. At an Algerian Aissaoua. Current Literature, vol. xix. pp. 
 409-411. 
 
 The Aissaoua are the miracle-mongers of Algeria. For explanation of their tricks, see the concluding chap- 
 ter of Rbbert-Houdin's memoirs. 
 
 Conjurer Unmasked, Tue : With the Tricks of the Divining Hod, Magical Table, 
 etc. 1790. 
 
 Conjurer's Guide. Glasgow, 1850. 
 
 Cremer, W. H. Hanky-panky : A Collection of Conjuring Tricks. London, — . 8vo. 
 
 The Magician's Own Book. London, — . 8vo. 
 
 CuMBEULAND, Stu.vkt. A Thought-Reader's Thoughts : Impressions and Confessions of 
 a Thought-Reader. liondon, 1888. 8vo. 
 
 Daveni'OKT, Reuben Briggs. The Death-Blow to Spiritualism. Being the true story of 
 the Fox sisters as revealed by authority of Margaret Fox Kane and Catherine Fox 
 Jencken. New York, 1888. 8vo. 247 pp. 
 
 A rare and interesting work, with portraits of Margaret Fox Kane and Katie Fox Jencken, the pioneer 
 mediums of American spiritualism. 
 
 Dessoir, Max. The Magic Mirror. Monist, vol. i. p. 87. 
 
 The Psychology of I^egerdemain. Open Court, vol. vii. 
 
 Seriea of arlicluB translated from the German. Of great interest to psychologists.
 
 BTBLIOORAPBY. 541 
 
 De Vere, M. S. Modern Magic. 1869. 
 
 Evans, IIenky Ridcki-Y. Hours with the Ghosts ; or, XIX. ('cntiiry Witclicraft. Inves- 
 tigations into the Phenomena of Spiritiiahsni and Theosoi)hy. Chicago, 1897. 8vo. 
 This work, in the main, is a critit-al study of tlio phenomena of modern spiritualism. It is divided into two 
 parts— psychical phenomena and physical j)henomena. Concerning the first, the author ascribes the manifesta- 
 tions witnessed by him in test seances, with professional and non-professional subjects, to telepathy, etc., not to 
 spirit intervention. As regards the second phase, he takes a decidedly negative view. Kxpoxen are given of 
 psychography, or slate-writing tests, had with such famous mediums as Pierre Keeler, Dr. Henry Slade, etc. The 
 alleged miracles of modern theosophy are also treated at length. Interesting features of the book are the 
 biographies of Madame Blavatsky, I). T). Home, Dr. Sladi,-, etc., and the history of the Theosophical Society from 
 its inception to the present tiiie (18.17). A Bibliography of the leading critical treatises on psychic phenomena is 
 appended to the book. 
 
 EwBANKS, T. A Descri]>tive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for 
 Raising Water, Ancient and Modern, with Ohservations on Various Sul)jects connected 
 with the Mechanic Arts. New York, 1851. Svo. 
 Contains many descriptions of magical automata of ancient Greece and Rome. 
 
 F1TZGERAT.D, H. A Chat with Mr. Maskelyue and Mr. Charles Bertram. Liidgate Illus- 
 trated Magazine, vol. vi. p. 198. 
 
 Forces, John. Card-Sharpers; their Tricks Exposed. (Translated from Robert-Houdin's 
 Les Tricheries des Grecs.) London, 1891. Svo. 
 
 Fi;iKEi-ii, (J. Hanky-panky : A Book of (\jnjuring Tricks. London, 1875. 
 
 Magic no Mystery : Conjuring Tricks with Cards, Balls, and Dice ; Magic Writing, 
 
 Performing Animals, etc. Edited by W. II. Cremer. London, 1876. 
 
 Frost, Thomas. The Lives of the Conjurers. London, 1881. 8vo. 
 
 Tlie Old Showmen and the Old London Fairs. London, ISSL Svo. 
 
 Gai,e. Cabinet of Knowledge : With Mechanical, Magnetical and Magical Ex])eriments, 
 Card Deceptions, etc. London, 1803. 
 
 Ganthony, R. Practical Ventriloquism and its Sister Arts. London, 1893. Svo. 
 
 G.\RENNE, Prof. Henri. The Art of Modern Conjuring, Magic, and Illusions. A Prac- 
 tical Treatise on the Art of Parlor and Stage Magic, Illusions, Spiritualism, Ventrilo- 
 quism, Thought-reading, Mesmerism, Mnemotechny, etc. London, — . 8vo. 
 
 Gatcheli>, Cuart.es. The Methods of Mind-Readers. Forum, vol. xi. pp. 192-204. 
 
 Scientific account of the so-callel mind-reading feats of Stuart Cumberland, Washington Irving Bishop, 
 and others, showing them to be muscle-reading. Worked in conjunction with certain conjuring tricks, umscle- 
 roading has an all but supernatural effect. Mr. Gatthell explains many of the devices used by charlatans to 
 imitate clairvoyance, etc. See also chapters on similar subjects in Burlingame's " Leaves from Conjurers' Scrap- 
 Books," Carl Wilhuann's "Moderne Wunder," and Sid. Macaire's " Mind-Reading, or Muscle-Reading :■ "' 
 
 Good, Arthur. Magic at Home : Book of Amusing Science. Translated by Prof. 
 Hoffmann [Angelo Lewis]. Londcm, 1890. Svo. 
 
 IIalt-e, J. S. Magic. Berlin, 1783. 
 
 Hart, Ernest. Hypnotism, ^Mesmerism, and the New ^A'itchcraft. New York, 1893. 
 12mo. 212 pp. 
 
 A new and enlarged edition, with chapters on "The Eternal Gullible," " The Confessions of a Professional 
 Hypnotist," and notes on the hypnotism of Trilby. 
 
 Hattox, Henry. Secrets of Conjuring. Scribners, vol. xxi. ])p. 304-306. 
 
 The Art of Second Sight. Scribners, vol. xxi. ])p. 65-69.
 
 642 BIBLIOGRAPnt. 
 
 Heather, H. E. Cards and Card Tricks. London, 1879. 8vo. 
 
 Henry, T. Shekleton. "-Spookland." A record of research and experiment in a much- 
 talked-of realm of mystery, with a review and criticism of the so-called spiritualistic 
 phenomena of spirit materialization, and hints and illustrations as to the possibility of 
 artificially producing the same. 
 
 Hercat. Card Tricks and Conjuring up to Date. London, 1896. 8vo. 123 pp. 
 
 Hermon, Harry. Hellerism : Second-sight Mystery ; Supernatural Vision, or Second-' 
 sight. What is it ? A Mystery ; A Complete Manual for Teaching this Peculiar Art. 
 Boston, 1884. 16mo. 
 A fine expose of Robert Heller's second-gight trick. 
 
 Herrmann, Addie. Confessions of an Assistant Magician. Lippincott, vol. viii. p. 482. 
 
 Herrmann, Alexander. Light on the Black Art. Cosmopolitan, vol. xiv. p. 208. 
 
 ^ Necromancy Unveiled. Lippincott, vol. viii. p. 475. 
 
 . Some Adventures of a Necromancer. North American Review, vol. civ. p. 418. 
 
 The Art of Magic. North American Review, vol. cliii. p. 92. 
 
 Interesting magazine articles by the great Herrmann, giving his personal experiences as a magician. 
 
 Hocus-pocus, Jr. The Anatomy of Legerdemain. Fourth edition. London, 1654. 
 
 Hodgson, Richard. Indian Magic, and the Testimony of Conjurers. Proceedings : Society 
 for Psychical Research, Part 25, p. 354. 
 
 Prof. [Angelo Lewis]. Drawing-Room Conjuring. London and New York, 
 1887. 12mo. 179 pp. 
 
 Modern Magic. A Practical Treatise on the Art of Conjuring. With an appendix 
 
 containing explanations of some of the best known specialties of Messrs. Maskelyne 
 and Cooke. London and New York, — . 12mo. 578 pp. 
 
 An elaborate treatise on prestidigitation. Very useful to students. Palmistry in all its branches explained, 
 as well as stage illusions. 
 
 More Magic. London and New York, 1890. 12mo. 457 pp. 
 
 See also under Robert-Houdin. 
 
 Hoffmann, Walter J. Juggling Tricks among the Menominee Indians. United States 
 Bureau of Ethnology ; fourteenth annual rejjort, 1892-93. Part 1, pp. 97-100. 
 
 HoLDEN. A Wizard's W^anderings. London, 1886. 
 
 [Hurst, Lulu]. The Revelations of Lulu Hurst, the Georgia Wonder. — . 267 pp. 
 
 Jastrow, Joseph. Psychological Notes upon Sleight-of-Hand Experts. Science, vol. iii. 
 pp. 685-689. Reprinted in " Scientific American Supplement," vol. xlii. p. 17488. 
 
 Professor Jastrow, at his i)sychologioal laboratory, subjected the conjurers Herrmann and Kellar to a 
 series of careful tests to ascertain their tactile sensibility, sensitiveness to textures, accuracy of visual percep- 
 tion, quickness of movement, mental processes, etc. In " Science " he details the results obtained by him in his 
 experiments, the first of the kind ever made with magicians as subjects. Read in conjunction with the highly 
 interesting series of articles on the " Psychology of Dece])tion," Robert-IIoudin's memoirs and magical revela- 
 tions, and Max Dessoir's fine papers, these studies of Herrmann and Kellar are of great interest to all students 
 of experimental psychology. Tliere are no finer illustrations of mental and visual deception than the tricks of 
 I)restidigitateurs. 
 
 Psychology of Deception. Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxxiv. pji. 145-157; 721-732. 
 
 Kellar, Harry. High Caste Indian Magic. North American Review, vol. clvi. pp. 75-86. 
 
 In this entertaining paper, Kellar the conjurer describes some of the magical i)erformances of the Hindu 
 
 fakirs and Zulu wizards. They not only out-Herod Herod, but out-Haggard Rider Haggard, the prince of
 
 ^ISLIOGRAPHT. 543 
 
 romancerB, for weirdnees and improbability. The article reads as if it had been " written up " for effect, being 
 the product of an elastic and brilliant imagination, though Kellar claims to have been an eye-witness of all the 
 marvels he describes. Some few of them, hypnotic in character, such as the feat of '• imitation death," arc 
 unquestionably true, as witness the evidence of Sir Claude M. Wade and other eminent Anglo-Indian investigators. 
 The magician Herrmann, who traveled over India, had but a contemptuous opinion of Hindu fakir tricks. 
 Modern theosophists have done much to exploit the so-called miracles of Tibetan and Indian necromancers. 
 Madame Blavatsky's works are full of absurd stories of Oriental magic. See her "Caves and Jungles of Hindu- 
 stan," " Isis Unveiled," etc., for example. But also see Arthur Lillie's work, " Madame Blavatsky and her The- 
 osopliy," London, 1897, for amusing revelations of theosophical marvels. 
 
 Magic among the Red Men. Nortli American Review, vol. clviii. pp. 591-600. 
 
 KuNARD, Prof. R. Book of Card Tricks for Drawing-Room and Stage. London, 1888. 
 8vo. 
 
 Modern Magic ; a Book of Conjuring for Amateurs. London, 1888. 8vo. 
 
 Le Roux, Hugues, and Garnier, Jules. Acrobats and Mountebanks. Translated by 
 A. P. Morton. London and New York, 1890. 4to. 
 
 A very entertaining work, tracing the history of the mountebank from his inception in the nomadic caravan 
 to his apotheosis in the splendid modern circus and vaudeville theatre. 
 
 Lewis, T. Hanson. The Great Wizard of tbe West [J. N. Maskelyne]. English Illus- 
 trated Magazine, vol. xii. p. 75. 
 
 LocKHART, W. Advanced Prestidigitation. London, 1894. 
 
 Logan, Olive. The King of Conjurers [Robert-Houdin]. Harper's Magazine, vol. Iv. pp. 
 817-831. 
 
 Macaire, Sid. Mind-Reading, or Muscle-Reading ? London, 1889. 
 
 A capital little work on muscle-reading and pretended second-sight. 
 Macc.\be, Frederic. The Art of Ventriloquism. London, — . 12mo. 110 pp. 
 Magic and Pretended Miracles. London, 1848. 
 
 Marion, F. Wonders of Optics. New York, 1869. 8vo. 
 
 Contains interesting translations from the memoirs of Robertson, the eighteenth-century ghost illusionist. 
 Maskelyne, John Nevil. Modern Spiritualism. London, 1875. (Pamphlet.) 
 Natural Magic. Leisure Hours, vol. xxvii, pp. 5-204. 
 
 Sharps and Flats. London, 1894. 8vo. 
 
 An expose of the multifarious devices used in cheating at games of chance and skill. One of the best works 
 on the subject. 
 
 The Magnetic Lady ; or, A Human Magnet Demagnetized. Being an appendix to 
 
 " The Supernatural." Loudon, — . 8vo. 16 pp. 
 Natural Magic. Chambers' Miscellany, No. 82. 
 
 Naude, G. History of Magick, by way of A])()Iogy for all the Wise Men who have been 
 Unjustly Reputed Magicians, from the Earliest Times to the Present Age. Loudon, 
 1657. 
 
 Pepper, John Henry. The Play-Book of Science. London, — . 8vo. 506 pp. 
 
 The True History of the Ghost, and all about Metempsychosis. London, 1890. 
 
 8vo. 46 pp. 
 
 Professor Pepper, inventor of the famous "Ghost," gives full details in this little book of the apparatus used 
 in performing the startling optical illusion, together with many amusing personal experiences connected with its 
 stasre production. There were spiritualists in London who asserted that Professor Pepper was a powerful medium, 
 and produced his weird phantasms by some occult influence. They deluged him with letters on the subiect. The 
 illusion known as " Metempsychosis " is the basis of Kellar's ingenious " Blue-Room " trick, which has puzzled 
 thousands of spectators.
 
 544 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 PiESSE, G. W. S. Ohymical, Natural, and Physical Magic. Tliird edition. liondon, 
 1865. ICmo. 
 
 QuiNN, John Philip. Nineteenth Century Black Art ; or, Gambling Exposed. With 
 illustrations of all crooked gambling appliances. Chicago, 1896. 12mo. 104 pp. 
 
 Revelations of a Spikit-Medium ; or, Spiritualistic Mysteries Exposed. A detailed 
 explanation of the methods used by fraudulent mediums. By A Medium. St. Paul, 
 Minn., 1891. 8vo. 324 pp. 
 
 Robert-Houdin (Jean-Eugene). Card-Shari)ing Exposed. Translated and edited, with 
 notes, by Professor Hoffmann. London and New York, 1882. 12rao. 316 pp. 
 
 Memoirs of Robert-Houdln, Ambassador, Author, and Conjurer, written by himself. 
 
 Translated from the French by R. Shelton Mackenzie. Philadelphia, 1859. 12mo. 
 445 pp. 
 
 The Secrets of Conjuring and Magic ; or, How to Become a Wizard. Translated and 
 
 edited, with notes, by Professor Hoffmann. London and New York, 18T8. 12mo. 
 373 pp. 
 
 The Secrets of Stage Conjuring. Translated and edited, with notes, by Professor Hoff- 
 mann. London and New York, 1881. 12mo. 252 pp. 
 
 Robert-Houdin's works on magic are genuine classics, and are so regarded by all conjurers. No more fas- 
 cinating biography was ever written tlian Iloudln's Memoirs. It contains interesting sketches of old-time magi- 
 cians, such as Philippe, Bosco, Comte, Tonini, and Pinetti, also a great deal of scientific and historical informa- 
 tion relating to early inventions, etc. " The Secrets of Conjuring and Magic " {Les necreis de la preslidigUation 
 et de la mag'ie), published in 1S68, is an admirable treatise on sleight of hand. The French edition is out of print. 
 " The possession of a copy of this book," says Angelo Lewis, "was regarded among professors of magic as a 
 boon of the highest possible value. It is unquestionably the most scientific work ever written on the art of 
 conjuring." The English translation has been received with the greatest favor by amateur and professional 
 sleight-of-hand performers. Students of psychology will find much to interest them in this clever book. 
 
 ROCHAS, Albekt de. Trials by Fire, and Fire Jugglers. Popular Science Monthly, vol. 
 xxi. pp. 645-650. 
 
 ROTERBERG, A. The Modern Wizard. Containing an essay on " The Art of Magic," by 
 W. E. Robinson. Chicago, — . 8vo. 120 pp. 
 
 Latter Day Tricks. A sequel to The Modern Wizard. Chicago, 1896. 8vo. 104 pp. 
 
 Capital little manuals of the latest marvels in the magical line. 
 
 Sachs, Edwin O. Modern Theater Stages. Engineering, January 17, 1896, to June 11, 
 1897. 
 
 Sleight of hand; a Practical Manual of Legerdemain for Amateurs and Others. London, 
 
 1885. 12mo. 408 pp. 
 
 An excellent work' for students. Palmistry carefully explained. •- 
 
 Salverte, E. The Occult Sciences ; Philosoj^hy of Magic, Prodigies, and Ajjjiarent 
 Miracles. From the French, with notes l)y A. T. 'Thomson. 2 vols. London, 
 1846. 12mo. 
 
 Shaw, W. II. J. Magic and its Mysteries. Chicago, 1893. 8vo. 61pp. 
 
 Skinner, W. E. {Comjnhr). — Wehmann's Wizard's Manual. New York, 1892. 8vo. 
 122 i)p. 
 
 Society for Psychical Research : Proceedings, vols. i. to xi. London. 1882-83 to 1895. 
 
 Contain many exposes of iinleiidcd iii('(liunit<liii), etc. 
 
 Stanyon, Ellih. Conjuring for Amateurs. A Practical Treatise on How to Perform 
 Modern Tricks. London, 1897. 8vo. 122 pp.
 
 Bibliography. 545 
 
 Taylor, Rev. E. S. History of Playing Cards. 48 plates and woodcuts. London, 
 1865. 8vo. 
 Contains anecdotes of the uses of cards in conjuring, fortune-telling, and card-sharping. 
 
 TiiAUMATURGiA ; or, Elucidations of the Marvelous. By an Oxonian. London, 1835. 12mo. 
 
 TniAYENNis, T. T. History of the Art of Magic. With a Sketch of Alexander Herrmann. 
 New York, 1887. 8vo. 
 
 TiNDAL, Marcus. Tricks with Pennies, New Illustrated Magazine, August, 1897, 
 pp. 373-376. 
 
 TisSANDiER, Gaston. Popular Scientific Recreations, a Storehouse of Instruction and 
 Amusement ; in which the Marvels of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Geology, 
 Astronomy, etc., are Explained and Illustrated, Mainly by Means of Pleasing Experi- 
 ments and Attractive Pastimes. London and New York, — . 4to. 884 pp. 
 
 This monumental work is a translation of Tissandier's Les recreations sciefitiflques, with many additions. 
 It contains a few conjuring feats of a very simple nature, and an expose of the ghost illusion and decapitated-head 
 trick. In the chapter on clocks, the reader will find an interesting description of Robert-Houdin's famous 
 magical timepiece, which ran apparently without works. It will be remembered that one of these wizard 
 clocks was the means of introducing Houdin to the French public as a prestidigitateur, as explained in the 
 introduction— " The Mysteries of Modern Magic." 
 
 Trewey, Felician. Shadowgraphy : How it is Done. London, 1893. 8vo. (Pamphlet.) 
 
 Trxjesdell, Johx W. The Bottom Facts Concerning the Science of Spiritualism : derived 
 from careful investigations covering a period of twenty-five years. New York, 1883. 
 8vo. 331 pp. 
 Exposes of slate-writing feats and cabinet arts. A valuable work. 
 
 Weatherby, L. a. The Supernatural ? With chapter on Oriental Magic, Spiritualism, 
 and Theosophy, by J. N. Maskelyne. London, — . 12mo. 273 pp. 
 
 Welton, Thomas. Mental Magic ; a Rationale of Thought-Reading and its Phenomena. 
 London, 1884. 4to. 
 
 White Magic. Encycloptedia Britannica, vol. xv. pp. 207-211. 
 
 Whole Art op Legerdemaln ; or, Hocus-pocus Laid Open and Explained. [Anon.] 
 Philadelphia, 1852. 18mo. 
 
 II. 
 
 FEENCH. 
 
 Antonio, Carlo. Dictionnaire encyclopedique. Avec atlas. Paris, 1792-1799. 4to. 900 pp. 
 
 Scientific recreations, illusions, and conjuring tricks, ingenious applications of science to industry, etc. 
 The works of Decremps, Ozanam, Guyot, Pinetti, and Montucla, etc., are largely drawn upon. 
 
 Tresor des jeux. The Hague, 1769. 
 
 Cup and ball conjuring, tricks with cards, etc., illustrated. 
 
 Cepak, Abel. Ce qu'on pent faire avec les oeufs. Collection complete et variee des experi- 
 ences faciles et amusantes pouvant gtre executees par tout le monde avec des ceufs. 
 Paris, 1889. 12mo. 163 pp. 
 A work devoted solely to conjuring tricks performed with eggs. 
 
 CoMBiNAisoN Egyptienne du cklebre Cagliostro. Veritable explication des six cents 
 principaux songes. Figures noires et coloriees. Paris, — . 12mo, 
 35
 
 546 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMTE, and FoNTENELLE, JuLiE DE. Sorciers, ou ]a magie blanclie devoilee par les 
 ddcouvertes de la cbimie, de la physique, et de la mecanique. Paris, — . 
 
 CoMUS. Physique amusante. Paris, 1801. 
 
 DECREAfPS, N. La magie blanclie devoilee. ou explication de tours surprenants qui font 
 depuis peu I'admiration de la capitals et de la province, avec des reflexions sur la 
 baguette divinatoire, les automates joueurs d'ecbecs. Figures explicatives. Paris, 
 1784, 1788, 1793. 8vo. 
 
 Supplement a la Magie blanche devoilee, contenant Fexplieation de plusieurs tours 
 
 nouveaux jou«^s depuis peu a Londres, avec des eclaircissements sur les artifices des 
 joueurs de profession, les cadrans sympathiques, le mouvement perpetuel, les chevaux 
 savans, les poupees parlantes, les automates dansants, les ventriloques, les sabots 
 elastiques. Figures. Paris, 1785, 1788, 1792. Bvo. 
 
 Eclaircissements a la Magie blanche devoilee. Paris, 1785. 8vo. 
 
 Testament de Jerome Sharp, professeur de physique amusante, ou Ton trouve parmi 
 
 plusieurs tours de subtilite qu'on pent executer sans aucune depense, des preceptes, 
 des exemples sur I'art de faire des chansons impromptu, pour servir de suite et de 
 complement a la Magie blanche devoilee. Figures. Paris, 1786, 1788, 1789, 1793. 8vo. 
 
 Codicile de Jerome Sharp, professeur de physique amusante, ou Ton trouve parmi 
 
 plusieurs tours, diverses recreations relatives aux sciences et beaux-arts, pour servir 
 de suite a la Magie blanche. Figures. Paris, 1788, 1791, 1793. 8vo. 
 
 Les petites aventures de Jerome Sharp, professeur de physique amusante, ouvrage con- 
 tenant autant de tours ingenieux que de le9ons utiles avec quelques petits portraits a 
 la maniere noire. Avec 18 figures grav. en bois. Bruxelles et Paris, 1789, 1790, 
 1793. Bvo. 
 
 Original editions of the works of this ingenious writer are exceedingly rare. They are gennine curiosities in 
 the domain of magical literature, being the first scientific treatises on the art of sleight of hand written in the 
 French language. Decremps was a pioneer in this line, and hundreds of authors, English, French, and German, 
 are indebted to him for material for their books. lie exposed the tricks and illusions of the eigliteenth-century 
 wizards, and, according to Larousse, did much to dispel by his revelations the pretended sorcery of Cagliostro. 
 The Codicile de Jerome Sharp was published during the "Reign of Terror "of the French Revolution. Its 
 author did not fall a victim to the guillotine, but lived to a good old age, dying in the year 1826. This work 
 contains a portrait of Decremps. 
 
 De Muson. La Magie blanche devoilee. Paris, 1855. 
 
 Manuel des sorciers. Paris, 1802. 
 
 Recreations de physique. Paris, 1828. 
 
 DiCKSONN. Mes trues. Paris, 1893. 
 
 Dictionnaire de trucs ; illusions de physique amusante. 1 vol. (with one volume of 
 steel plates). Paris, 1792. 878 pp. 
 
 Dictionnaire des Ana. Paris, 1794. 4to. 
 
 DrnoT. Nouvelle biographie g^ndrale. Paris, 1859. See article Robert-Houdin. 
 
 DucRET, Etienne. Tours d'escamatoge, anciens et nouveaux. Paris, — . 
 
 Faideau, F. Les amusements scientifiques, recreations sur les illusions, ou erreurs des 
 sens. Paris, — . 
 
 Gandon, F. a. La seconde vue devoilee. Paris, 1849. 
 
 Grandpkb. Magicien moderne. Paris, — . 570 pp. 
 
 I
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 547 
 
 Grand tratte des songes, ou explication complete des visions et inspirations noc- 
 turnes. Paris, 1831. ISuio. 
 
 GuYOT. Nouvelles recreations pliysi<jues et matbt'inatiques. Paris, 17fi9, 1775, 1786, 
 1790, 1799, 1800. 
 
 Hatin. Robert-Houdin, sa vie, ses ORuvres, son tlicatre. Paris, 1857. 
 
 Hei,ION. Physique amusante. 1660. 
 
 L'Ai-bert moderne. Paris, 1782. 2 vols. 12mo 
 
 La magie naturelle. Lyons, 1787. Figures. 
 
 Landau. Petit magicien. Paris, 1810. 
 
 La Nouvelle Magie Blanche Devoilee. Amusantes grande initiation a la vraie 
 pratique des celebres pbysiciens et prestidigitateurs. Par un amateur. Paris, 1855. 
 8vo. 324 pp. 
 
 L'Escamotetjr Habile, ou I'art d'amuser agreableraent une Societe, contenant les tours de 
 cartes, etc. Pestb, 1816. 
 
 Magus. Magie blanche en famille. Paris, 1895. 352 pp. 
 
 Manuel des sorciers, ou cours de recreations y)hysiques, mathematiqiies, tours de 
 cartes et gibeciere ; suivi des petits jeux de societe et le leurs penitenas. Cinquieme 
 Edition, avec figures. Paris, 1820. 16mo. 293 pp. 
 
 Marion, F. Magie naturelle, ou optique amusante. In his Optique. 1869. 
 
 Marly. Physique amusante. 1626. 
 
 Mathiot, Germain. Nouvelles recreations physiques et mathematiques. Paris, 1799. 
 
 MoYNET, Georges. Trues et decors. Paris, 1895. 8vo. 
 
 , M. J. L'Envers du theStre. Paris, 1875. 16mo. 
 
 Naude, G. Apologie pour tons les grands homnies qui ont este accusez de magie. Paris, 
 1669. 24mo. 
 
 OzANAM, Jacques. Recreations mathematiques et physiques. Paris, 1694. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 ■ Other editions published in 1720, 1723, 1725, 1735, 1741, 1749, 1750, 1778, 1790. 
 Contains many curious scientific diversions, besides tricks with cups and balls, pyrotechny, etc. 
 
 Pinetti, de Wildalle, Jean-Joseph. Amusements physiques. Paris, 1784. 8vo. 95 pp. 
 The Same. Nouvelle Edition augmentee par I'auteur de six nouvelles grav. Paris, 
 
 1785. 8vo. 
 • Tlie Same. Troisieme edition augmentee de quelque nouvelles experiences physiques 
 
 et de gravures. Paris, 1791. 8vo. 
 
 This work by the famous Pinetti, king of conjurers of the eighteenth century, is a little handbook of very 
 simple experiments in natural magic, evidently designed to be sold in the theatre. It contains no sleight-of-hand 
 experiments, or anything of value to a professional. Pinetti carefully preserved the secrets of his tricks, and 
 died without making any revelations. Decremps, however, has sufficiently acquainted us with them in his 
 3fagie Uatiche devoilee. An edition in English of Pinetti's book was published in London. On the title- 
 page the conjurer expresses himself as follows : " Physical amusements and diverting experiments composed and 
 performed in different capitals of Europe, and in London. By Signor Giuseppe Pinetti, de Wilidalle, Knight of 
 the German Order of Merit of St. Philip, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, pensioned by the 
 court of Prussia, patronized by all the royal family of France, aggregate of the Royal Academy of Sciences and 
 Belles-lettres of Bordeaux, etc. London, 1784." 65 pp. 
 
 The most interesting thing about this insignificant booklet is a steel-plate frontispiece containing a portrait 
 of the great magician. Two winged cherubs are depicted, placing the bust of Pinetti in the temple of arts. The 
 motto reads : "Desgenies placent le buste de M. le Professeur Piuetti dans le temple des arts, au milieu des 
 instruments de physique et de mathematiques."
 
 64^ ^IBLIOGRAPHi'. 
 
 PONSIN, J. N. Nouvelle magie blanclie devoilee, physique occulte, et cours complet de 
 prestidigitation, contenant tous les tours nouveaux qui ont ete executes jusqu' a ce 
 joursur les theatres ou ailleurs, etqui n'ont pas encore dtd publids, et un grand nonibre 
 de tours d'un effet surprenant, d'une execution facile, et tout a fait incouuus du public 
 et des professeurs. Paris, 1853. 8vo. 313 pp. 
 Sleight of hand with cards, coins, cups and balls. 
 
 Prestidigitation moderne. Figures. Paris, — . 
 
 Scientific recreations, tricks with cards, etc. Spiritigm exposed. 
 
 Raynally. Les propos d'un escamoteur. Paris, 1894. 
 
 ROBERT-HOUDIN (Jean-Eug:ene). Les confidences d'un prestidigitateur. 2 vols. Paris, 
 1858. 8vo. 
 
 Les secrets de la prestidigitation et de la magie. Paris, 1868. 
 
 Les triclieries des Grecs. Paris, 1861. 
 
 Magie et physiques amusante. Paris, 1877. 
 
 Robertson, Etienne-Gaspard. Memoires recrdatifs et anecdotiques. 2 vols. Paris, 
 1830-84. 8vo. (With a volume of plates.) 
 
 Memoires physiques et phantasmagoric. 2 vols. Paris, 1840. 
 
 Very interesting exposes of ghost illusions, phantasmagoria, optical tricks, etc. 
 
 Robin, D. Histoire des spectres vivants et impalpables ; secrets de la physique amusante. 
 Paris, 1864, 4to. 
 Ghost illusions explained. Illusions similar to those described by Pepper in " The True Story of the Ghost. " 
 
 E.OCHAS, Albert de. Les origines de la science et ses premieres applications. Paris, 8vo. 
 288 pp. 
 A very elaborate treatise ou the natural magic of ancient times, primitive science, etc, 
 
 III. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 Anders, Fritz. Der junge Tausendkuenstler. Leipzig, 1884. 
 
 COMTE. Das Gedankenspiel oder dieKunst der Menschen Gedanken zu erforschen; Beitrag 
 zur natuerlichen Magie. Mit 12 Tafeln. Halle, 1782. 8vo. 
 
 Handbuch der Taschenspielerkunst oder die Geheimnisse der natuerlichen Magie. 
 
 2 Bande mit 3 Tafeln. 1834. 8vo. 
 
 CoNR.\Di. Zaiiber Sj^iegel, monthly magazine. 
 Karten Kiinstler. 
 
 Cumberland, Arthur W. Der Experimental-Spiritist als Orakel, Hellseher, blinder 
 Rechner und Gedaechtnisskuenstler. Stuttgart, 1895. 8vo. 125 pp. 
 
 DrE Kunst Zauberer zu werden, von Philadelphia. Leipzig, 1870. 
 
 Eckartshausen, V. Aufschluesse der Magie. 8vo. About 1790. 4 Bde. Mystische Maechte 
 oder der Schulessel zu den Geheimnissen des Wunderbaren ; Nachtrag zu den Auf- 
 schluessen der Magie. Mit Kpfr. Muenchen, 1791. 8vo. 
 
 — — Verschiedenes zum Unterricht und zur ITnterhaltung. fuer Liebhaber der Gaukel- 
 tasche, des Magnetismus und auderer Selteuheiten. 2 Bde. mit Kpfr. Muenchen, 1793. 
 8vo.
 
 BIBLIOeRAPHY. 649 
 
 GuETLK, J. Zaubermeclianik oder Beschreibuug mechanisclier Zauberbelustigungen, mit 
 darzu gehoerigeii Maschinen fiier Liebhaber belustigender Kuenste. 3 Bde. mit 58 
 Tafeln. Nuernberg, 1794. 8vo. 
 
 Gdyot. Neue physikal. und matbemat. Belustigungen oder Samrahing. von neuen 
 Kunststuecken zum Vergnuegen, mit dem Magnete, mit den Zablen, aus. der Optik und 
 Chemie. 7 Thle., 4 Bde. mit vielen Kpfrn. Augsburg, 1772-77. 8vo. 
 
 HiLDEBKAND. Das Bucb der alten natuerl. Magie oder Kunst und Wunderbucb, darin 
 entlialten viele wunderbare Geheimnisse, Kunststuecke, etc. Baltimore. 8vo. 
 
 Jacoby-Hakms. Illustrierte Zauber-Soiree. Leipzig. 117 pp. 
 
 Kerndorpfer, Prof. Carl Bosco. Zauber-Cabinet. Leipzig, 1874, 
 
 Marian, Rudolph. Das Buch der Kartenkuenste : in 126 Piecen und 75 lUustrationen. 
 Wien, 1890. 8vo. 158 pp. 
 
 Das Ganze der Salon-Magie ; in 169 Vortraegen und 220 lUustrationen. Wien, 1889. 
 
 13mo. 240 pp. 
 
 MoLWiTZ, F. Magische Unterbaltungen oder Tasclienbucb faer magische Unterbaltungen. 
 Jahrg. 1809-JO. 
 
 RocKSTROH, Heinbich. Mecbanemata, oder der Tausendkuenstler. Berlin, 1831. 8vo. 
 344 pp. 
 
 SuHR, H. F. C. Der Kartenkuenstler. Eine Sammlung neuer leicbt ausfuebrbarer 
 Karten-Kunststuecke, mit und obne Ai)parate. Stuttgart, 1895. 8vo. 125 pp. 
 
 Die Magie im Salon. Eine Auswabl neuer, leicbt ausfuebrbarer Zauber-Kunststuecke 
 
 obne Apparate. Stuttgart, 1895. 8vo. 104 pp. 
 
 Zauber-Soiree. Ausfuebrlicbe und genaue Anleitung zur Vorfuebrung von Zauber- 
 
 Kunststuecken in privaten Kreisen. Stuttgart, 1895. 8vo. 94 pp. 
 
 Tromboldt, J. Streicbbolzspiele. Leipzig, 1890. 
 
 Wagner, J. Neuestes Zauberkabinet ; Auswabl von magiscben, Karten, Recbnungs-u. 
 anderen Kunststuecken. Wien, 1799. 8vo. 
 
 Wallbergens. Sammlung. natuerl. Zauberkuenste oder aufrichtige Entdeckungen 
 bewaebrter Gebeimnisse nebst vielen Kunststuecken, so zu Hausbaltung, Gaertnerey, 
 Wein u. Feldbau geboeren. Stuttgart, 1768. 8vo. 
 
 WiLLMANN, Carl. Die moderne Salon-Magie. Leipzig, 1891. 460 pp. 
 
 Moderne Wunder. Leipzig, 1893. Tbird Edition, 1897. 8vo. 330 pp. 
 
 "Moderne Wunder" contains interesting exposes of pretended mediumship, clairvoyance, second sight 
 automata, and stage illusions. 
 
 Zauber-Welt. 
 
 A monthly magazine of natural magic and prestidigitation, edited by Willmann. 
 
 Zauber-Buch. Natiirlicber, oder neu erOffneter Spielplatz rarer Klinste, in welchem alle 
 Tascbenspieler-, matbemat. und pbysikal. Kilnste, Karten-, Wiirfel- etc. Spiele 
 bescbrieben u. mit vielen Figuren erlautert warden. Sebr saltan u, juteressant. 
 Niirnberg, 1763. 8vo. 753 pp.
 
 550 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 IV. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 Gomez, S. R. Los divertidos, curiosos, juegos de escamoteo. 
 Krespel, Karl. Nuevo manual de magia blanca. Paris, 1888. 
 MiNGUET E Yrol, P. Juegos de manos. Madrid, 1733. 16mo. 
 Palonca, D. R. El moderno prestidigitador. Valencia, 1887. 
 
 V. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 
 GioCHi NuMERici Fatti Arcani Palesati, da Giuseppe Antonio Albert! Bolognese 
 seconda edizione adornata di figure. In Venezia, 1780. 8vo. 
 
 The Same Napoli, 1814. 8vo. 
 
 YI. 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 Hildebrandt, W. Magise Naturalis, 1610. 
 
 HiPPOLYTUS. Ref. Om. Haer, iv. 34, 35. 
 
 Porta, Giovanni Battista della. Magise Naturalis, sive de miraculis rerum natura- 
 lium, Libri iv. 283 ff. , 3 1. Lugduni, apud G. Rovillium, 1561. 
 
 SCHOT, K. Physica Curiosa. 2 vols. 1667. 
 
 Thaumaturgus Physicus sive magise universalis naturase. 1659.
 
 INDEX.
 
 I
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Acres' projecting device, 500. 
 
 Acrobat, weighted, 396. 
 
 Altar, Heron's marvelous, 236. 
 
 Altars, marvelous, 210, 211. 
 
 Amphitrite, 61. 
 
 Ancient magic, 203-250. 
 
 Anvil, Siegfried's, 330. 
 
 Apple and ninepin, disappearance of, 130. 
 
 Aquarium, ink converted into an, 131. 
 
 Aquatic locomotion, 480. 
 
 Arena, nautical, 345-347. 
 
 Artist, toy, 376. 
 
 Automata, 367-379. 
 
 Automata and curious toys, 307-406. 
 
 Automaton, an ancient, 241. 
 
 Automaton, curious, 374. 
 
 Automaton, the oldest, 206-208. 
 
 Bacchus, shrine of, 204-208. 
 
 Baldwins and second sight, the, 196. 
 
 Ball, Houdin's magic, 137. 
 
 Ball, the mysterious, 146. 
 
 Balsamo, see Cagliostro. 
 
 Basket trick, the Indian, 46. 
 
 Battle scenes, 308. 
 
 Beugnot cited, 5. 
 
 Bii-d that flies, toy, 413. 
 
 Birds, photography of, 478. 
 
 Black art, 64. 
 
 Black ground, photography upon, 425. 
 
 Blitz, Signor, 19. 
 
 Blue-room trick, 532. 
 
 Boiler, Heron's tubular, 237. 
 
 Borders, 259. 
 
 Bottle and glass, the traveling, 129. 
 
 Bottle magic, 229. 
 
 Bridges, 255. 
 
 Burlingame, H. J., cited, 6, 19. 
 
 Bust, photographic, 448. 
 
 Cabaret du Neant, 55. 
 Cabinet, Houdin's magic, 81. 
 Cabinets, Thorn's, 38. 
 Cagliostro, 3-6. 
 
 Cake baked in a hat, 117. 
 
 Camera for ribbon photography, 509. 
 
 Camera, pinhole, 454. 
 
 Carlotti, 6. , 
 
 Cart, toy, 401. 
 
 Cassadaga propaganda, 35. 
 
 Catastrophe, photographing a, 447. 
 
 Catcher, photo thief. 457. 
 
 Caulk, William B., 50. 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto, invokes sorcery, 3. 
 
 Centrifugal force, experiments in, 383. 
 
 Chariot and pole, 256. 
 
 Chess players, automaton, 367. 
 
 Chest, Houdin's magic, 17. 
 
 Chronophotographic apparatus, amateur, 
 
 485. 
 Chronophotographic camera, 465. 
 Chronophotography, 462-487. 
 Cinematograph camera, 508. 
 Coin, the dissolving, 122. 
 Coins, magic, 121. 
 Coins, the multiplication of, 120. 
 Collar, the spirit, 53. 
 Columbus's egg, 397. 
 Comatula, 484. 
 Composite photography, 459. 
 Comus, 7. 
 
 Conjurer's tricks, 106-138. 
 Crash effect, 304. 
 Crystallized ornaments, 409. 
 Curious toys, 380. 
 Curtain, electric, 268. 
 Curtain, fan drop, 268. 
 Cybele, the statue of, 209. 
 Cycloramas, 354-361. 
 
 D'Ache, M. Caran, 181-183. 
 D'AfEre, Monseigneur, 12. 
 Dance, the skirt, 342. 
 Dancers, the, 392. 
 Dark chamber, 467. 
 Day to night effect, 297. 
 Death's head, enchanted, 100. 
 Decapitfttjon, 48.
 
 554 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Demeny chronophotographic apparatus, 491. 
 
 Detective thief catcher, 457. 
 
 Doll, phonographic, 403. 
 
 Dragon in " Siegfried," 332. 
 
 Drawing, magical, 410. 
 
 Drinking horn, Heron's, 335. 
 
 Drops, 359. 
 
 Duel, electrical, 343. 
 
 Duplex photography, 488. 
 
 Egg, Columbus's, 397. 
 Egg tricks, 105, 115, 119. 
 Egypt, magic in ancient, 1. 
 Elasticity, tricks in, 406. 
 Electric cyclorama, 358. 
 Electrical stage effects, 338-344. 
 Electrical toys, 385-387. 
 Electro-photo thief catcher, 457. 
 Engine, origin of the steam, 334-338. 
 Eolipile, Heron's, 335. 
 Escalopier, 13-15. 
 
 Fafner, 333. 
 
 Fire and smoke effects, 305. 
 
 Fire, tricks with, 149, 152. 
 
 Firearms, theatrical, 309. 
 
 Fire eaters, 149, 153. 
 
 Fire eaters and sword tricks, 149-163. 
 
 Firefly, electric, 335. 
 
 Fireworks, 362-366. 
 
 Flies, 354. 
 
 Flood, after the, 31. 
 
 Flowers, the birth of, 113. 
 
 Flowers, the cone of, 106. 
 
 Flowers, magic, 109. 
 
 Flowers, the queen of, 74. 
 
 Forge, Siegfried's, 338. 
 
 Ghost, Pepper's, 55. 
 
 Glass, platinized, 86. 
 
 Glass of wine, invisible journey of a, 132. 
 
 "Gone," 530, 
 
 Gravity, experiments in, 384. 
 
 Greek lamps, toys, etc., 339-250. 
 
 Gridirons, 353. 
 
 Grisi, Comte de, 8-10. 
 
 Gull, photograph of, 479. 
 
 Gun, photographic, 476. 
 
 Hagen's theatrical system, 275. 
 Half-woman, the living, 69. 
 Handkerchief tricks, 105, 133, 131, 133, 
 Harps, magic, 103. 
 
 Hat tricks, 114-119. 
 
 Head, photographing a, 444. 
 
 Head, the talking, 69. 
 
 Heller and second sight, 185. 
 
 Heller, Robert, 19. 
 
 Heller, Robert, in the East, 1. 
 
 Heron cited, 303-350. 
 
 Herrmann, Alexander, 31-33. 
 
 Herrmann, Carl, 19, 31-22. 
 
 Herrmann, Leon, 23. 
 
 Horse, photograph of, 464. 
 
 Horse race on the stage, 324. 
 
 Horse, the decapitated drinking, 244. 
 
 Horse's gallop, photograj^h of, 475. 
 
 Houdin's magic ball, 137. 
 
 Houdin's magic cabinet, 81. 
 
 Illusion, optical, 380. 
 Illusive photography, 441. 
 Ink, goblet of, 131, 
 Introduction, 1-36. 
 Invention a.d. vs. b.c, 317-319. 
 Isola brothers, 100. 
 
 Jacob's ladder, 399, 
 
 Japanese mirrors, 416, 
 
 Jewels, electric, 337. 
 
 Jugglers, 139, 141. 
 
 Jugglers and acrobatic pei'formances, 139- 
 
 148. 
 Jumping, photograph of, 470. 
 
 Kellar, H., 24. 
 
 Kellar's " Queen of Flowers," 74. 
 
 Kinetograph, 488. 
 
 Kinetoscope, stereopticon, 495. 
 
 Kircher cited, 313, 239. 
 
 Kolta, B. de, 24. 
 
 Kolta's appearing lady, 39-42. 
 
 Ladder, Jacob's, 399. 
 
 Lady, tlie appearing, 39-42. 
 
 Lady, the disappearing, 42, 43. 
 
 Lamps, perpetual, 239. 
 
 Lamps, toys, etc., 239-250. 
 
 Lavater, 423. 
 
 Lightning effect, 303. 
 
 Lohengrin's swan, 312. 
 
 Louis XVIII, and Comte de Grisi, 10. 
 
 Lustral water vessel, 219, 220. 
 
 Lynn, the mystery of Dr., 63. 
 
 Mackaye's theatrical inventions, 373, 274,
 
 INDEX. 
 
 555 
 
 Magic, beginning of natural, 2. 
 
 Magic boxes, 128. 
 
 Magic cabinets, 127. 
 
 Magic envelope.*^, 128. 
 
 Magic, mysteries of modern, 1-26. 
 
 Magic photographs, 456. 
 
 Magic portfolios, 127. 
 
 Magic table, the, 519. 
 
 Magnetic oracle, 391. 
 
 Man, a steam, 377. 
 
 Marvelous vessels of the Greeks, 221-233. 
 
 Mask of Balsamo, 100. 
 
 Maskelyne, J. M., 24. 
 
 Match trick, 408. 
 
 Maze, mystic, 84. 
 
 Medusa, photograpliy of, 482. 
 
 Mental magic, 184-202. 
 
 Metempsychosis, 532. 
 
 Micromotoscope, 514. 
 
 Mikado, the, 401. 
 
 Mirage, artificial, 438. 
 
 Mirrors, Japanese, 416. 
 
 Mirrors, magic, 418. 
 
 Money maker, 381. 
 
 Moon, a trip to the, 348-353. 
 
 Moon effects, 298. 
 
 Mouse, the animated, 135. 
 
 Moving pictures, projection of, 488-516. 
 
 Multiphotography, 451. 
 
 Multiple portrait, 450. 
 
 Mutograph, 501. 
 
 Mutoscope, 501. 
 
 Muy bridge's experiments, 467. 
 
 Mysterious disappearances, 27-54. 
 
 Nautical arena, 345-347. 
 Necktie, jthotographic, 455. 
 Neoocultism, 96. 
 Nostradamus, 3. 
 
 Odometers, 247-250. ' 
 
 Odors, imitation of, 310. 
 
 Opera glass, trick, 412. 
 
 Opera house, behind the scenes of an, 
 
 251-267. 
 Optical tricks, 55-88. 
 Oracle, magnetic, 391. 
 Organ, electrical, 263. 
 Organs, ancient, 230-233. 
 Ornaments, crystallized, 409. 
 
 Paint bridge, 264. 
 Palanquin, the magic, 34. 
 
 Palladio's theater, 289. 
 
 Pepper, professor, 8. 
 
 Phonographic doll, 402. 
 
 Photographic diversions, 423-516. 
 
 Photographic gun, 476. 
 
 Photographic necktie, 455. 
 
 Photographic portrait, 448. 
 
 Photographing a catastroplie, 447. 
 
 Piiotograplnng a head, 444. 
 
 Photographs, magic, 456. 
 
 Photography, composite, 459. 
 
 Photography, duplex, 438. 
 
 Photography, illusive, 441. 
 
 Photography, spirit, 432. 
 
 Photography upon black ground, 425. 
 
 Plioto thief catcher, 456. 
 
 Physiological station, 466. 
 
 Pictures, moving, j)rojectiou of, 488-516. 
 
 Pigeon, photograph of, 479. 
 
 Pinetti, 184. 
 
 Pinhole camera, 454. 
 
 Planchette table, 414. 
 
 Platinized glass, 86. 
 
 Portrait, multiple, 450. 
 
 Portraits, magic, 411. 
 
 Post test, spiritualistic, 52. 
 
 Princess, the decapitated, 77. 
 
 Property room, 265. 
 
 Psycho, 368. 
 
 Puppets, animated, 170-172. 
 
 Puzzle, novel, 407. 
 
 Race course, electrical, 388. 
 
 Race on the stage, 324. 
 
 Rainbow effect, 300. 
 
 Rain effect, 299. 
 
 " Rheingold," floating women in, 314. 
 
 Ribbon photograpliy, 509. 
 
 Robert-lloudin, 11-19. 
 
 Robert-Houdin, second siglit, 184. 
 
 Robertson, E. G., 7. 
 
 Robinson, W. E., 21. 
 
 Rochas, A. de, cited, 2. 
 
 Rollin, 6. 
 
 Rosebush, the magic. 108. 
 
 Running, pliotograph of, 472. 
 
 Saint-Amand cited, 4, 5. 
 Sand frame trick, 136. 
 Scene painting, 293. 
 Scenes, changing, 265. 
 Science in the theater, 251-366. 
 Scurimobile, 94.
 
 556 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sea horse, photographs of, 481. 
 
 Second sight, 125. 
 
 Shadovvgraphy, 173-181. 
 
 Shadows, French, 181-183. 
 
 " She," 72. 
 
 Ship on the stage, 316. 
 
 "Siegfried," effects in, 328-355. 
 
 Silhouettes, apparatus for taking, 423. 
 
 Skirt dance, 342. 
 
 Slates, the spirit, 123. 
 
 Sliders, 255. 
 
 Snow effect, 304. 
 
 Spear, Wotan's, 334. 
 
 Spider and the fly, the, 523. 
 
 Spirit photography, 432. 
 
 Stage, " Asphaleia," 280. 
 
 Stage effects, 293-310. 
 
 Stage, elevator, 271. 
 
 Stage inventions, American, 273-276. 
 
 Stage, revolving, 276. 
 
 Stage tricks, miscellaneous, 89-104. 
 
 Stages, ancient and modern, 268-293. 
 
 Stages, opera, 252. 
 
 Stars, 298. 
 
 Statue giving a double image, 88. 
 
 Steam engine, origin of the, 234-238. 
 
 Stella, 79. 
 
 Strobeika Persane, La., 529. 
 
 Sun effect, 297. 
 
 Sunrise effects, 295. 
 
 Sun robe, 315. 
 
 Suspended head, 63. 
 
 Swan, Lohengrin, 312. 
 
 Swing, the haunted, 91. 
 
 Switchboard, theater, 261. 
 
 Sword swallowers, 156-161. 
 
 Sword trick, 152. 
 
 Sword walker, 161, 163. 
 
 Table rapping, 101. 
 
 Tachyscope, electric, 489. 
 
 Target, the human, 153. 
 
 Temple of Dagon, construction of, 323. 
 
 Temple tricks of the Greeks, 203-220. 
 
 Temples, the machinery of, 213-317. 
 
 Theater, curious pivoted, 287. 
 
 Theater, optical, 489. 
 
 Theater, Palladio's, 289. 
 
 Theater secrets, 311-344. 
 
 Theater with two auditoriums, 283. 
 
 The dicaiometer, 221. 
 
 Thief catcher, photographic, 457. 
 
 Thorn, E., 38, 39. 
 
 Thought transference, 197-202. 
 
 Thunder effect, 301. 
 
 Ties, spiritualistic, 50. 
 
 Torch, electric, 337. 
 
 Torpedo, 484. 
 
 Torrini, see Grisi. 
 
 Toy, a Greek, 243. 
 
 Toys, ancient, 393. 
 
 Toys electrical, 385-393. 
 
 Transformation, gradual, 307. 
 
 Trapeze, revolving, 143. 
 
 Traps, 255, 311. 
 
 Trewey the shadowgraphist, 2."), 173-181. 
 
 Trick photography, 423-516. 
 
 Tricks, miscellaneous, 407-421. 
 
 Tricks, optical, 55-88. 
 
 Trilby, the illusion of, 89. 
 
 Trunk, the mysterious, 44. 
 
 Trunk trick, the, 536. 
 
 Tulips, electric, 335. 
 
 Tumbler, 397. 
 
 Vanity Fair, 27. 
 
 Ventriloquism and animated puppets, 164- 
 
 173. 
 Vessels, magical, 237. 
 Vicenza, theater at, 389. 
 Vitascope, 497. 
 
 "Walking on the ceiling, 144. 
 Walking, photograph of, 471. 
 Wave effect, 304. 
 Wine changed to water, 134. 
 Woman, the invisible, 103. 
 Woman, the three-headed, 60. 
 
 X-ray illusion, 96.
 
 EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE 
 
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 Seventeenth Edition Revised and Enlarged. 840 Pages^ 800 Illustrations. 
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