THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES presentation Cop?. WADHAM COLLEGE OXFORD T. G.JACKSON LONDON HENRY FROWDE Oxford Uxivershv Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.C. NEW YORK MacMII.LAN Ot Co., 112 FoL'RTH AvENUt Plate I < H Z a o u J O u S < 3 < ^ATADHAM COLLEGE OXFORD ITS FOUNDATION ARCHITECTURE AND HISTORY WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILY OF WADIIAM AND THEIR SEATS IN SOMERSET AND DEVON PA^ T. G. JACKSON, A.R.A. ARCHITECT SOMETIME FELLOW AND NOW HONORARY FELLOW OF WADHAM COLLEGE AUTHOR OF 'DALMATIA THE OUARNERO AND ISTRIA.' ETC. OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS MDCCCXCIII OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ci/6W TO THE WARDEN AND FELLOWS OF WAD HAM COLLEGE I DEDICATE THIS RECORD OF OUR SOCIETY G95D57 P R E F A C E The Colleges of our ancient Universities are an institution peculiar to ourselves. Of all the differences that distinguish a career at Oxford or Cambridge from one at a foreign University none have so great an influence as these independent and endowed foundations which gather students into groups, living together with associations, interests, and an ' esprit de corps ' of their own, in addition to those which they all share in common. Till recent legislation was directed to restore the supremacy of the University over the Colleges the latter held the first place in public estimation. To 'go to College' is still the popular expression for an University career, though the Colleges have no longer the monopoly of matriculation ; and it is still on the Collegiate buildings rather than on those of the University that the architectural splendour of Oxford and Cambridge mainly depends. In the following pages I have attempted to give a tolerably com- plete account of the Society and Fabric of a single Oxford College. It is natural that it should be that one which I know best and to the archives of which I have the readiest access : but independently of these considerations there are many reasons in favour of the choice. Though not among the oldest, largest, or wealthiest of the Oxford b X PREFACE Colleges, Wadham is in many respects a typical specimen, its buildings were completed at once, and have suffered less change than any other ; its records are perhaps more complete ; and its comparatively modern date, on the border line between the middle ages and our own, makes a closer acquaintance possible with the Founders and earlier members of the Society. The buildings remain as the Foundress left them : the building accounts show not only every penny spent on the fabric, but the name of every workman who laboured upon it ; the records and minutes go back to the first meeting of the Societ3' ; and the Registers — thanks to the industry of Mr. Gardiner, formerly a Scholar of the House — will soon be complete from the foundation to our own da}'. To students of architecture the College offers many points of interest which are fully illustrated by geometrical plans and drawings, by reproductions of early views by Loggan and others, and by original sketches of my own. There is no more charming example of Jacobean architecture in its more restrained and sober mood ; and at this moment of rebellion against the 'professional' view of architecture the building has an especial interest as one of the last examples of work designed and carried out by the ' craftsman-architect ' whose day was then nearly over, and whom it is now the object of many of us to revive. Frequent reference is made to the building accounts, which are of the greatest interest not onty to the architect and antiquar}' but to the student of economics. They supply a tolerably complete schedule of prices both of labour and materials at the beginning of the seven- teenth century, and throw a full light on the methods of employing and paying workmen and on the still vexed question of day-work and piece-work. Should these accounts, which are actually edited in readiness for the press, be hereafter printed, as we hope they may be, they would form a valuable appendix to the present volume. The great book of Messrs. Willis and Clark on the architecture of Cambridge has dealt exhaustively not onl\' with the buildings of I'RKFACE xi that University but vvitli the Collegiate plan generally. No parallel work exists for Oxford, and in describing a single College I have been obliged to some extent to enter into general matters which in a comprehensive work on Oxford would have been dealt with once for all for the whole University. How much 1 owe to Messrs. Willis and Clark's magnificent volumes will be readily gathered from the succeeding pages. My obligations must also be recorded to ' the Registers of Wadham College,' by the Rev. R. B. Gardiner, to which I have already referred, and to the collections in MS. formed by the late Rev. John Griffiths, D.D., sometime Warden of the College. In almost all my researches I found Dr. Griffiths had been before me; I can only regret that the history of the College which he intended was never written. At his death he bequeathed to the College an extremely valuable collection of prints, drawings, and medals in gold, silver, and bronze, relating to members of the College, and personages — Royal and others — who had been in any way connected with it, which affords an inexhaustible source of information, and illustrates its history with a completeness perhaps unparalleled at either University. In conclusion I have to acknowledge with gratitude my obligations for much valuable information to Mr. H. Maxwell Lyte, C.B., Deputy Keeper of the Records; to Mr. Lionel Cust, of the British Museum; to Mr. E. Gordon Duff, a member of the College, for his interesting account of the books in the Library ; to the Rev. Octavius Ogle, some- time Fellow of Lincoln and a Scholar of Wadham ; to the Rev. Robert Codrington, D.D., formerly Fellow, and Mr. J. K. Floyer, a member of the College, collateral descendants of the Founder, for much information about the pedigree and heraldry of the famil}-; and to Mr. Wilfred Cripps, C.B., for his valuable remarks on the silver plate. Also to the Rev. R. B. Poole, Vicar of Ilton ; the Rev. j. R. Briscoe, Vicar of Ilminster; and the Rev. R. Swansborough, Vicar of Branscombe, for access to their Registers and other information relating to the Family of Wadham. b2 xii PREFACE Above all I have to thank the present Warden and Fellows of Wadham College for the free use allowed me of all their documents and archives, and for much personal help in my researches. In bringing to an end a work of considerable labour, which, having to be undertaken in the intervals of other avocations, has extended over many years, I can only hope that it may not be altogether an unworthy record of the ancient House which is so deservedly dear to all her sons. T. G. J. Eagle House, Wimbledon Dec. 2 1, 1 892 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS Aubay, Rkv. Richard, Earl Sohani Rectory, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Allen, E. (;., Bookseller, 28 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. (2 copies). Alston, Alfred, Esq., Wadhaiii College, Oxford. Andrew, James, Esq., M.D., Hon. Eellow of Wadham College, 22 Harley Street, (Cavendish Square. Arnold, C. T., Esq., Stamford House, Wimbledon, (3 copies.) Bain, John, Bookseller, i Hayniarket. (2 copies). Barnicott & Pearci:, Booksellers, Taunton. Bartlett, Rev. R. Leach, Tliurloxton Rectory, Taunton. Bartlett, Messrs. W. H., & Co., Booksellers, 9 Salisbury Square, London. Batsford, B. T., Bookseller, 52 High Holborn. Batten, Henry B., Esq., Aldon, Yeovil. Batten, John, Esq., F.S.A., Aldon, Yeovil. Bayliss, W. M., Esq., St. Cuthbert's, West Heath, Hampstead. Bayne, Rev. T. Vere, Christ Church, Oxford. Beart, Frederick R., Esq., The Chestnuts, God- manchester, Huntingdon. Bennett, Rev. Canon Frederick, The Vicarage, Shrewton, Wilts. Bentley, Rev. F. W., Streatham Common. Bickers & Son, Booksellers, i Leicester Square, London. (4 copies.) Blackwell, B. H., Bookseller, 50 & 51 Broail Street, Oxford. (3 copies.) Blandford, G. F., Esq., IVLD., 48 Wimpole Street, London. Blencowe, Rev. C. E., The Vicarage, IMarston St. Lawrence, near Banbury. Blew, W. J., Esq., Warwick Street, Pall Mall. Blogg, Rev. Henry B., Frodsham Vicarage, Cheshire. Blo.mfield, Reginald, Esq., 39 Woburn Square, Bloonisbury. BOASE, F., Esq., (Librarian) Law Society, Chancery Lane. BoASE, Rev. C. W., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. Bolitho, T. R., Esq., Penalverne, Penzance. Bond, N., Esq., Creech Grange, Wareham. Boston Public Library, U.S.A. Bothamley, Rev. H., Richmond Lodge, Bath. BowDKN, F. J. C, Esq., Black Hall, Ivybridge. Bowman, T., Esq., Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. Bramble, Lifut.-Col. James R., F.S.A., Cleave House, near Yatton, Somerset. Brami.ey, Rev. H. R., Prebendary of Lincoln. Broadley, Rev. Canon, Bradpole Vicarage, Brid- port, Dorset. Bkodrick, Hon. (Jeorge C, Warden of Merton (College, Oxford. Brooke, Rev. W. H., East Ardsley, Wakefield. Brown, Rev. Clai'd, Verwood Vicarage, Salisbury. Browne, Rev. J. Cave, Detling Vicarage, Maidstone. Brunel, j., Esq., 15 Devonshire Terrace, Hyde Park. BicKWELL, Ri V. W. B., Chcriton Rectory, Shorn- cliffe. Bull, A. W., Esq., The Elms, Shirley, Southampton. Bum PUS, T. B., Bookseller, 2 George Yard, Lombard Street. Burrows, Rev. L., The Vicarage, Godalming. Capell,J. P., Esq., Elmhyrst, Weston-super-Mare. Cawley Rev. Thomas, Octagon House, Bideford, North Devon. Champneys, Basil, Esq., Manor Farm, Frognal, Hampstead. Clark,J.\\ilms, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge, Registrary of the University. Clark, Rev. A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Clarke, H.Butler, Esq., Wadham College, Oxford. Clarke, Rev. Canon J. ERSKiNE,Vicarof Battersea. Clarke, Soniers, Esq., F.S.A., 15 Dean's Yard, Westminster Abbey. Clay, W. F., Bookseller, r8 Teviot Place, Edinburgh. Clifford, Rev. H. M., St. John's Hill, Ellesmere. Clifton, Professor R. B., Fellow of W.idham and Alerton Colleges, Oxford. CocKFY, Rev. Herbert A., Oldland Vicarage, Bristol. CocKiN, Rev. W., Medomslcy, Durham. Codrington, Rev. R. H., D.D., formerly Fellow of Wadham College. Cogswell, Rev. W. H. L., Chester. XIV LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS CoixcLTr, Thomas K., Esq., 36 Bloomsbuiy Square. COiNGREVK, Dr. Richard, Honorary Fellow of Wadham College. Cook, T. A., Esq., Highlield, Wantage, Berks. Cooke, Rev. G. A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Cooke, Rev. G. H., St. Helen's Vicarage, Norwicli. Cooke, Rev. J. R., Clergy House, Downham, near Ely. Cooper, Rev. J., formerly Fellow of Wadham College, Beaumont Rectory, Colchester. Corpus Christi College Library, Oxford. Coventry, Right Rev. The Bishop ok, St. Philip's Rectory, Birmingham. CowiE, Very Rev. B. M., i:)ean of Exeter. Cozens-Brooke, E. B., Esq., 19 Bristol Road, Biniiingham. CuRRiE, Very Rev. E. R., Dean of Battle. Darbyshire, Rev. B. S., Burscough Vicarage, Ormskirk, Lanes. Denny, A. & F., Booksellers, 304 Strand. Derby, Right Hon. Earl of, Knowsley, Prescot. Detroit Public Library, Michigan, U.S.A. Dixey, Dr. F. A., Fellow and Junior Bursar of Wadham College, Oxford. Dobinson, W., Esq., 21 Castle Street, Carlisle. Doidge & Co., Booksellers, 169 & 170 Union Street, Plymouth. Downing, W., Bookseller, 5 Temple Row, Bir- mingham Drake, R. L, Bookseller, Eton. Drinkwater. H.G., Esq., 2 St. Michael's Clhambers, Oxford. Dudman, J. L. S. S., Esq., iS Warnborough Road. Oxford. Dunlop, John, Esq., 1003 Bank Street, Richmond, Va., U.S.A. Dunston, F., Esq., Burltons, Donhead, Salisbury. Dyne, Rev. J. B., D.D , Rogate, Petersfield, Pre- bendary of St. Paul's and formerly Fellow of Wadham College. Earle, Mrs., Lyonsdown, Barnet. Eastfrbrook, J., Esq., Owen's School, Islington. Edgar, Rev. J. H., Temple Grove, East Sheen. Fane, W. D., Esq., Melbourne Hall, near Derby. Ferguson, C. J., Esq., Garden Lodge, Carlisle. Finch, Rev. T. R., Penwortham Hall, near Preston. Fletcher, A. P., Esq., 7 Abercorn Pl.ice, London. Floyer, Rev. J. K., Sherborne St. John, Basing- stoke. Foley, E. F. W., Esq., Prince's Road, Weybridge. Foley, Rev. E. W., formerly Fellow of Wadham College, The Cedars, Eastbourne. Fryer, W. Rolles, Esq., Verwood Manor, Salisbury. Gale, Rev. Prebendary, Cleeve Vicarage, Yatton. Somerset. (Jardiner, Rev. K. B., St. Paul's School. Gibbons, Rev. B., Waresley House, Kidderminster. Gibbs, H. M., Esq., Barrow Court, Flax Bourton, Somerset. Glanvile, Rev. W. S.,Cranmore, Shepton Mallet. (joDDARD, H.L., Esq., Knighton Spinneys, Leicester. Gordon, Rev. R. W., Nottage Court, Porthcawl, Glamorganshire. GoTCH, J. A., Esq., West Hill, Kettering. Gratrex, Rev. J. J., S. Columb, Cornwall. Gregory, G., Bookseller, Bath. Grenside, Rev. C. E., Pinner Vicarage, Middlesex. Griffith, C, Esq., Winchester College. Griffith, W. G., Esq., 63 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Grosvenor Gallery Library, 136 New Bond Street. {2 copies.) Grubbe, J. E., Esq., Southwold, Sufifolk. Guildhall Library, London, C. Welch, Esq., P'.S.A., Librarian. Haigh, A. E., Esq., 4 Norham Gardens, Oxford. Halcojib, F., Esq., Parliament House, Adelaide, South Australia. Hall, J., & Sons, Booksellers, Cambridge. Hanbury, Rev. J. C, 3» Walkmuhlstrasse Wies- baden. Hardy, Rev. J. P., 52 St. George's Road, Pimlico. Harington, A. H., Esq., Commissioner of Meerut, N.W.P., India. Harrison, Frederic, Esq., formerly Fellow of M'adham College. Harrison & Son, Booksellers, 59 Pall Mall. (2 copies.) Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A. Hatchards & Co., Booksellers, 187 Piccadilly. (2 copies.) Hatton, Rev. J. W., The Vicarage, Knowie, War- wickshire. Heale, Rev. W. J., Wombourn Vicarage, Wolver- hampton. Heap, R., Esq., i Brick Court, Temple. Heath, W. B., Esq., i Ilchester Gardens, Bays- water, W. Heazell, Rev. F. N., Market Place, Romford. Hellicar, Rev. A. G., Bromley Vicarage, Bromley, Kent. Hewitt, Rev. J. B., The Homestead, Tenbury, Worcestershire. Hodgson, Rev. J., F.S.A., Kinver Vicarage, near Stourbridge. Hodgson, Rev. S. E., Percv Lodge, Strand, Ryde. Isle of Wight. Holme, A. E., Esq., Wheelwrights' Grammar School, Dewsbury. Hooper, Rev. H., Ripley Vicarage, Surrey. Hooper, His Honour Judge J. J., Thorne. Yeovil. Horner, J. F. F., Esq., Mells Park, Frome. Howard, Dr. J. )., Dartmouth Row, Blackheath, Kent. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS XV HowtLL, E., Bookhcllcr, 26 & j« Churcli Street, Mills, 1. R., Esq., Roy.il Scliool, Enniskillcii, Liverpool. Ireland. Hudson, J. K., Esq., I.onj,'sight, Manchester. Mills, Rev. W. W., Aylmerton Rectory, Norwich. Hughes, T. M<^Kknny, Esq., F.R.S., Woodwardian Milmax, Rev. W. H., Sion College, Victoria Em- Professor of Geology, Cambridge. Hughes of Kinmel, H. R., Esq., Kininel Park Abergele, North Wales. HuTH, E., Esq., Wykehurst, Hayward's Heath. Institute of Huilders, R. S. Henshaw, Sec. 31 Bedford Street, .Strand. James, V., Esq., 190 Cromwell Road. Jenkyns, Rev. J., Durley Rectory, Botley, Hants. JENKYNS, Sir H., K.C.B., Botley, Hant.s bankment. MiNCHiN, Rev. H. H., Little Bromley Rectory, Maiiningtree. MoNCKTON, Marshall, Esq., Marden, Kent. MONTEFiORE. C. G., Esq., 12 Portman Square. M0RRK.LL,G. Hkkbert, Esq., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford. MORTO.V, E. J., EsQ.,Heathfield, Wolvcrley, Kidder- minster. MowHRAY, Right Hon. Sir J. R., Bart., M.P. for the University, Warennes Wood, Mortimer, Berks. Jeune, Right Hon. Sir Francis H., 79 Harley Mumford, Rev. J. T ., Whitw^ell, Notts. Street. JEVONS, F. B., Esq., Tutor of Durham University. Jukes, Rev. J. H., S Park Crescent. Oxford. Kelly, Rev. J. Daveni'ORT, Canon Residenti.iry of Manchester. King's College Library, Cambridge. Kirby, T. F., Esq., Winchester College, Winchester. Myers, Ernest, Esq., Brackenside, Chislehurst. .Newbuky Library, i he, Chicago, U.S..^. Nicholls, H., Esq., Brownings, Billingshurst, Sussex. (3 copies.) Nield, a.. Bookseller, 30 Park Street, Bristol. .\IVEN, W., Esq., F.S.A., Carswell Manor, Far- ingdon. Lambert, Lieut.-Col., G., F.S.A., 10 Coventry Street. Leeds Library, Commercial Street, Leeds. Leighion, Sir Frederic, Bart., P. R. A. ,2 Holland Park Road, Kensington. LiNGEN, The Right Hon. Lord, K.C.B., 15 Wetherby Gardens, South Kensington. Lloyd, E. O., Esq., Berth, Ruthin, North Wales. London Library, 14 St. James' Square. Uddie, J. W., Esq., Lyzwick Hall, Keswick, Fellow of C. C. C. Ogle, Rev. O., 20 Park Crescent, Oxford. Owen, Rev. A. F. C, All Saints' Par.sonage, Galley Hill, Grcenhithe, Kent. Page, Rev. John E., Maidenhead. Paine, Mrs., Cockshot Hill, Reigate. Longstaff, (J. b!. Esq., M.D., Highlands, Putney Parker, James, & Co., Booksellers, 27 Broad Hg^^t), Street, Oxford. (3 copies.) Love, Rev. J. Garlon, St. Agnes' Vicarage, Liver- Parker, Rev. R. J. C, 14 Park Crescent, Brighton, pool. Pearson, J. L., Esq., R.A., 13 Mansfield Street. Low, Sampson, & Co., Ltd., St. Dunstan's House, Peek, Sir Henry, Bart., 20 Eastcheap. Fetter Lane. Penny, Rev. Dr., R.N., Plymouth. Penruddocke, C, Esq., Compton Park, Salisbury. M^Grath, Rev. Henry Walter, 3 Richmond Perry. G. W., Esq., 4 Little Dean's Yard, West- Road, St. David's, Exeter. minster. Mf^MiLLAN, Rev. C. D. H., St. John's Vicarage, Petre, S. H., Esq., Fitzalan House, Arundel Street, Wakefield. MacLean, Rev. G. G., Southrop Vicarage, Lechlade. Macmii.lan & Bowes, Booksellers, Cambridge. Magrath, Rev. John R., D.D., Provost of Queen's College, Oxford. Mair, James, Esq., Royal Academy, Irvine, N.B. Marshall, Dr. John, Royal High School, Edin- burgh. Strand. Pickersgill, F. R., Esq., R.A., The Towei-s, Yar- mouth, Isle of Wight. PiNNiGER, H. W., Esq., Westbury, Wilts. Pitt, Rev. E. M., Hunstanton, Norfolk. Plenderleath, Rev. W. C, Mamhead Rectory, Exeter. Poole, Rev. R. B., Ilton Vicarage, llminster. Massie, Rev. E., Nutwood, Grangc-over-Sands, Pooll, :\Irs. BaTTEN, Road Manor, Bath. Lancashire. Povah, Rev. A., D.D., Rector of St. Olave's, Hart Master.man, His Honour Judge, Wilford Grange, Street, London. Nottingham. Powell, J. C, Esq., Whitefriars Glass Works, Matthkw, Rev. Roland G., St. Michael's, Wigan. London. Medlicott, H. E., E.SQ., Potterne, Devizes. Powlett, C. J., Esq., late Indian Civil Service. Merryweather, Riv. H. H., 16 Damcr Street, Pyne, H., Esq., Buckland, Thurlestonc. Kingsbridge, Shelfield. S. Devon. XVI LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS Ramsay, Sir James H., Bart., Myth, N.B. Reynolds, Rev. Prebendary Bernard, 5 Amen Court. Richards, Herbert, Esq., Fellow of M'adhani College, Oxford. Richards, Ivor, Esq., Secretary's Office, General Post Office. RiTSON, F. \V., Esq., 9 Woodsidc, Sunderland. Robinson, Rev. Frederic, St. Martin's, Maristow, Roborough, South Devon. Rogers, B. B., Esq., formerly Fellow of Wadham College, 8 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn. Rogers, M'. H. H., Esq., Bank, Colyton, Devon. Rowe, J. B., Esq., F.S.A., Castle Barbican, Plympton, South Devon. Royds, Rev. Charles Leopold, Brizes Park, near Brentwood, Essex. Ryder, R. C. W., Esq., P'ellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Saint AndrewsUniversity Library, St. Andrews. Sale, Rev. T. \V., Halton-Holgate Rectory, Spilsby. Salt, G. A., Esq., 12 Brunswick Road, Brighton. Sanderson,T., Esq., 13 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park. Saunders, Rev. G. E., Rector of Maperton, Somerset. Saunders, J. S.. Bookseller, 46 Hammersmith Road, West Kensington. (2 copies.) Saunders, T. B., Esq., The Old Priory, Bradford- on-Avon, Wilts. SCHWARTZE, F. W. H., Esq., 114 Victoria Street. Shaw, R. Norman, Esq., R.A., 6 Ellerdale Road, Hampstead. Shirley, Mrs., Wyaston House, Oxford. Shrimptox & Son, Booksellers, Broad Street, Oxford. Skrine, H. W., Esq., Claverton Manor, Somerset. Sotheran, H., & Co., Booksellers, 49 Cross Street, Manchester. Sotheran & Co., Booksellers, 36 Piccadilly, London. South Kensington Museum, Department of Science and Art. Spurling, Rev. F. W., 37 Norham Road, Oxford. Stavert, Rev. W. J., Burnsall Rectory, Skipton- in-Craven. Stephenson, The Rev. J. H., Prebendary and Treasurerof Wells, Lympsham Manor, Weston- super-ISLire. Stowe, Alfred, Esq., Fellow and Senior Bursar of Wadham College, Oxford. (2 copies.) Stucley, Lady, Moreton House, Bideford, North Devon. Swayne, Rev. Canon, The Close, Salisbury. Sydney P'ree Public Library, Sydney, N.S.W. Symons, H., Esq., Wadham College, Oxford. (For the Wadham book-club.) Tancock, Rev. C. C, Head Master of Rossall School, for the School Library. Tancock, Rev. O. W., Little Waltham Rectory, Chelmsford. Teal, J., Bookseller, 4 Rhodes Street, Halifax. (2 copies.) Theobald. H. S., P^sq., formerly Fellow of Wadham College ; Lincoln's Inn. Thin, J., Bookseller, 54 & 55 South Bridge, and 14 & 15 Infirmary Street, Edinburgh. (3 copies.) Thompson, Rev. A. S., Little Marlow Vicarage, Bucks. Thomson, J., Esq., Demerara, British Guiana. Thorley, G. E., Esq., Warden of Wadham College. (3 copies.) Thornton, J., & Son, Booksellers, Broad Street. Oxford. Thring, Rev. G., Prebendary of Wells, Hornblot- ton Rectory, Castle Cary, Somerset. Toronto Public Library, Canada. Tregarthen, W. C, Esq., F.R.C.I., Kimberley, South Africa. Trewby, C, Esq., Langside, Cottenham Park, Wimbledon. Trinity College Library, Cambridge. Tufnell, Right Rev. Bishop, E. W., formerly Fellow of Wadham College; Felpham Vicarage, Bognor. Twemlow,F.R.,Esq., Peatswood, Market Drayton, Staffordshire. United University Club, London. Upton, Rev. h., Stowting Rectory, Hythe, Kent. Wadham College Library, Oxford. (2 copies.) Wadham, G., Esq., 39 Albemarle Street, Piccadilly. Wadham, Rev. J., Weston-on-Trent, Derby. Wadham, W., Esq., The Deepdene, Dorking. Walker, Rev. G. .\., Chidham Vicarage, Ems- woith. Watson, Rev. A., formerly Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford. Wauchope, Rev. D., Banister Gate, Southampton. Welch, C, Esq., 23 Kensington IMansions, Earl's Court. Wells, J., Esq., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. (3 copies.) Mharton, H. T., Esq., Madresfield, Acol Road, \\'est Hampstead. White, Rev. W. E., Folkestone. Wilson, J. C, Esq., Shelwood House, Oxford. Wood, Rev. C. R., The Rectory, Bredfield, Wood- bridge, Suffolk. Woods, Grosvenor, Esq., 30 Phillimore Gardens. Worcester Free Public Library, Worcester, Mass, U.S.A. Wright-Henderson, Rev. P. A., Fellow and Sub- Warden of Wadham College, Oxford. York, The Very Rev. Dean and Chapter of. Young, Percy F., Esq., Wadham College, Oxford. Yule, Rev. H. W., B.D., D.C.L.. Shipton-on- Cherwell Rectory, Oxford. XVll CONTENTS 1. 'I'liF. Family oi Wadham and rut: Flu'nuatiun or Wadham Coi.i.egi; II. liiF. Building Accounts. The Architect III. The Workmen and Materials . IV. History of the Biiildinc. Operations V. The Statutes VI. The First Society VII. History of the College to the Death of the Foundress Appendix :— Account of the Funeral Expenses of Mrs. Wadham VI H. The Homes of the Wadhams in Somerset and Devon IX. A Brief History of the College from the Death of the Foundress to the end of the Eighteenth Century Appendix : — List of the Wardens of Wadham College X. The Buildings. The Three Quadrangles . . . XI. The Chambers. The Lodgings. The Common Room . Appendix: — Specimens of Inventories from Chamber Books Xll. The Chapei XIII. The Hali Appendix :— The Pictures and Collections in the Hall and Lodgings XI\'. The Buttery, Cloister, Kitchen, and Library Appendix: — An account of the Books in the Library XV. The College Plate . X\'l. The Gardens ........ Index .......... 29 37 43 52 65 76 89 90 109 122 124 132 151 153 '77 183 189 198 201 210 219 -Will PLATES I. Wadham College in 1675, from Loggan's Print . . . Frontispiece II. The Founder, from Portrait in the Warden's Lodgings to face page 6 III. The Foundress, from Portrait in the Warden's Lodgings ,, 8 IV. Plan of the College and adjoining Property be- longing to IT „ 22 V. Facsimile of a Letter of the Foundress ... „ 76 VI. Ilminster Church. The Wadham Transept . . „ 98 VII. Brass Effigies of Founder and Foundress AT Ilminster ,, 100 VIII. Tomb of Founder and Foundress at Ilminster . „ 102 IX. The Ruins of Merifield „ 106 X. Ground-Plan of the College „ 124 XI. The Common Room ,, 148 XII. The Chapel: Interior View „ 153 XIII. The Chapel : the Choir Screen „ 155 XIV. The Chapel: long section through Choir and Ante-Chapel „ 172 XV. The Hall: Interior View „ 177 XVI. The Communion Flagon ' . . ,, 209 XVII. The Chapel, from the Fellows' Garden ... „ 210 XVIII. The Gardens and College in 1733, from Print in Williams's ' Oxonia Depicta' „ 212 XIX ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 1. The Wadham Almshouses at Ilton 2. The Site of the College, from Agas 3. Arms of the Family of Wadham, with Fourteen Quarterings 4. Medallions of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham, from an old copper- plate in possession of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press. Engraved for the First Edition of Anthony Wood in Latin ; Folio 5. Arms of Mr. John Arnold 6. The Warden's Seal 7. The Common Seal 8. The 'Cistula' for the Common Seal 9. Edge : Exterior View 10. Tomb of Mrs. Joan Wadham at Branscombe . 11. Edge: a Doorcase in a Bedroom 12. Epitaph of the Founder, from a rubbing 13. Epitaph of the Foundress, from a rubbing 14. Arms on a Pew at Donyatt .... 15. Brass at Ilton to Nichol.vs Wadham, a.d. 1508 16. Brass at Ilton to Joan Lady Wadham . 17. Arms of Kemys 18. Key Plan of College, from Bursar Lee's Chamber Boo 19. Keys of the Treasury 20. Escutcheon on Door of Treasury . 21. The Buttery 22. ' The Foundress' Cup ' PAGE 9 21 27 30 52 52 60 90 92 98 102 102 103 104 105 120 135 141 142 189 207 WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD CHAPTER I WADHAM COLLEGE is a Post-Reformation foundation, and, excepting those established in our own day, among the youngest of the Oxford Colleges ; but it belongs nevertheless to the series of ancient houses of learning with which Oxford was endowed successively throughout the middle ages. Its Statutes, though they contain some novel regulations which anticipate modern reforms, are still for the most part copied from those of the older foundations, and its buildings are modelled on the type which from the time of William of W3^keham downwards had been accepted as the proper form of an Oxford College. Though it was built in the time of James I the inmates of Wadham were placed in chambers and studies arranged as they had been in every College at either University from the four- teenth century downwards ; the Warden was lodged over the Great Gate, the place chosen by Wykeham for his Warden at New College, and adopted in imitation of him by most subsequent founders for the Heads of their own foundations ; the Chapel and Hall were grouped together on one side of an enclosed quadrangle according to the plan usual at Oxford, though in this case with certain differences ; and the Chapel was built on the transeptal plan without a western limb, which is perhaps an accident at Merton, but was deliberately adopted at New College and imitated at Magdalen and All Souls. The same Statutes which repeat the mediaeval conditions of celibacy for the members of the Foundation repeat also the ancient rules for behaviour in Hall, for reading the Bible during dinner as in the convents of old, B 2 WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD [chai>. i for speaking only in Latin or a learned tongue within the College precincts, and for the mode of allotting chambers, and using the Library. Adherence to While thercforc we should be disappointed if we were led by the mediceval p'^""- lateness of the date of Wadham College, and the novelty of the cir- cumstances under which it was founded, to expect a violent breaking with the past, and a new departure either in the constitution of the College or its architecture, a certain interest is to be found in the fact itself that there is so little about it unlike what had gone before, and in its faithfulness to traditional types both as regards the organization of the new Society and the buildings in which its members were housed. This makes the College abundantly interesting from an architectural point of and to the vlcw, as an instance of that strong predilection for the Gothic style which Gothic style. ' ° . perhaps was never completely lost in England, and which held its own nowhere more tenaciously than at our ancient Universities. Oxford in the seventeenth century was the battlefield where Gothic and Neo-Classic still met on something like equal terms. It was impossible even there to ignore the new style which not only had prevailed for a long time on the Continent, but had actually obtained a footing on English soil nearly a hundred years before, and had inspired the work of John Thorpe and the Elizabethan architects of the preceding century. But although the forms of classic columns and entablatures were reluctantly admitted and used as decorative features, the whole system of construction and indeed the main aspect of the buildings retained a Gothic character. The five orders might be piled up one above another, and figures or busts in Roman costume placed in round-headed niches, but the mullioned lights, four-centred doorways, high pitched roofs and numerous gables pro- claimed the buildings to be Gothic works in spite of all apparent contra- diction ; and the windows of Chapel, Hall, or Library were filled with tracery which, though often debased and eccentric, at other times imitated so well the character of fifteenth-century work as to have imposed on Survival of skUlcd archacologlsts. So long did this mixed style prevail at Oxford, Gothic at the . . . Universities, and though with some differences at Cambridge, that it almost amounts to an academical style. The fine Gothic fan vaulting and central pillar of the Hall staircase at Christ Church were erected ^ in 1640, the year ' Jewitt. Another date given for it is 1630. CHAP. 1] THE COLLEGIATE PLAN 3 after Inigo Jones presented to the king his Palladian design for the Palace of Whitehall. The chapel and hall of St. Mary Hall with elaborate traceries of fair Gothic work are of the same date, and the chapel of Brasenose College, which has pointed and traceried windows set between Classic pilasters, was not finished till 1666. At Wadham, which was finished in 1613, although the main building conforms to the mixed style of the period, an apparently uncontrollable impulse prompted the builders to revert to regular perpendicular Gothic in the choir of the chapel. The plan which in the seventeenth century and long before that TheCoiu- period had become accepted as proper for an Oxford college had been ^^ " *" "" itself the result of many tentative steps and of gradual progress. Wadham is one outcome of these experiments, and shows the type in its complete- ness, with all the various modifications arid improvements that had from time to time suggested themselves and been embodied into the collegiate pattern. The day had long gone by when a college housed itself in a original type group of detached buildings, sometimes composed of two or three old ° '^ ° ^^''' academic halls or private houses thrown together, sometimes built for the purpose and standing more or less irregularly round an open space ; when a private chapel was unheard of, and the Society held its services in the neighbouring parish church '. The oratories in which colleges at first obtained leave to hold services, but without the right of administering Sacraments, a privilege jealously withheld by Pope and Bishop out of regard for the interests of the parochial clerg}^ had begun to give way to regular chapels as early as the fourteenth centur}-. But till the wykei.am-s magnificent foundations of Wykeham there was no example of a college coiiepiate built on a consistent plan, and completely furnished with chapel, hall, lodgings, kitchen, cloister, and cemetery, all grouped regularly and compactly round a quadrangle, and conforming to one consistent archi- tectural design. This result of former experience once attained it was ' Balliol used an aisle of St. Mar\- Magdalen ; Exeter worshipped in St. Peter's in the East while the College stood in that parish, and afterwards in St. Mildred's ; University in St. Peter's in the East and St. Mary's; Oriel in St. Marj''s; and Lincoln in All Saints. Merton still uses the parish church of St. John the Baptist for its Chapel, and affords the only instance of the original practice that has survived, v. Ant. a Wood, 'Coll. and Halls ;' Clark's 'Colleges of Oxford ; ' Willis and Clark, iii. 485, Sec. B 2 4 THE FAMIL Y OF IVADHAM [chap, i never again forgotten, and New College has served as the model which all succeeding colleges at Oxford imitated more or less closely, wadham Of thc collcgiatc type so perfected, Wadham remains a singularly shows Colic- ...,,. J 1 1 •! 1 1 /- • giatetype complctc specimcn. The origmal buildmg stands as the builders left it, completed. . . , . , . . . without cither diminution or addition ; and in this respect it is unique. No other college at either University has remained so nearly unaltered, for though additions have been made to it they are all detached buildings, near the College but not touching or concealing any part of the original structure. Wadham remains to this da}^ what Fuller described it shortl}' after its foundation, 'of all Colleges in Oxford the most uniform.' The family of Thc family of the Founder was one of great wealth and consequence in the West of England. From Wadham or Wadeham, in the parish of Knowstone, North Devon, a manor from which they took their name, and where they were settled at least as far back as the reign of Edward I, they removed to Egge, or Edge, in the parish of Branscombe, near Seaton. This manor had belonged to the family of Branscombe, who parted with it to the Wadhams before the end of Edward Ill's reign, Sir John when we find Sir John Wadham residing there. The prosperitv of the Wadham, ■ . ° . rcgii. Rich. II. family was advanced by his son and successor, Sir John Wadham, justice of the Common Pleas in the reign of Richard II. His records extend from 1388 to 1397, when he either retired or was superseded, for he appears to have been still alive in 1411-1412^ ' All I have met with him further' says the Devonshire biographer -, ' is this encomium, that being free of speech, he mingled it zvell ivith discretion ; so that he never touched any man, hoio mean soever, ont of order, either for sport or spight ; but with alacrity of spirit and soundness of understanding menaged all his proceedings.' The Judge added considerably to his ancestral estates at Wadham and Edge, and the ' Inquisitio post mortem' in 1413 mentions six manors in Gloucester, Dorset, and Somerset, among the latter being ' Muryfield,' near Ilminster, and three manors in Devon, besides lands Sir William and iTicssuages in 23 parishes. By his wife Joan Wrottcsle^^ he left two Wadham. . ' sons, of whom the elder, Sir William Wadham, married the heiress of * Foss, 'Judges of England.' ^ Prince, ' Worthies of Devon.' CHAP, i] THE FAMIL Y OF IVADHAM 5 the Chesildons, who brought him the manor of Rewe in Dorset, where his arms impahng his wife's may be seen carved on the Church pews'. Sir William, who was sheriff of Devon in 1438 -, lies buried with his mother in a splendid altar tomb at Ilminster, in the transept tradition- ally known as ' the Wadham aisle,' of which there is every reason to believe he was the builder. Of the numerous children of Sir William Wadham, who died in TheWadhams 1452, a younger son married a Dorsetshire heiress, and founded the branch of Wadham of Catherston, one of whom, John Wadham, who died in 1584, was ' Captayne of the Queens Maitics Castell of Sondesfoote besides Weymouth' and also Recorder of Lyme-Regis^ The eldest son of Sir William, Sir John Wadham of Merifield, added to the family possessions by his marriage with the heiress of the Pophams. His sir Nicholas grandson, Sir Nicholas, filled many offices of trust and importance regn. Hen. under Henry VHI. In 1509 he was appointed Captain of the Isle of Wight. He was one of the Commission for fitting out at Southampton the abortive expedition dispatched under the Marquis of Dorset to aid Ferdinand of Spain in his invasion of France, and was appointed one of the Vice-Admirals to Lord Surrey, High Admiriil of England. In 1524 a patent was granted, licensing him to make a park at Merifield of 200 acres of pasture and 40 acres of woodland, and in 1530 he was appointed one of the Commissioners for making inquisition into the estates of Cardinal Wolsey*. He married four times, his second wife being the sister of Sir John Seymour, Knight, and aunt of Queen Jane Seymour ^ She lies buried at Carisbrook, in the Isle of Wight, of which her husband was governor, and in niches at the back of the tomb, on either side of her kneeling figure, are statuettes of cripples and invalids, to whom, according to tradition, she was a charitable benefactress ^ ' Rogers, ' Sepulch. Monuments of Devon,' p. 170. • - Hutchins, Rogers. ^ His epitaph at Whitchurch Canonicorum is given by Mr. Rogers, 'Mem. of the West,' p. 159. He adds that this branch of tiie Wadhams became extinct about 1707. Gilbert ('Hist, of Cornwall,' vol. iii. p. 20) mentions a monument in Liskeard Church to Joseph Wadham, who died in 1707, 'being the last of that family, founders of Wadham College, Oxford.' ■" Hutchins, ' Hist, of Dorset.' '•" Not sister as Mr. Rogers has it. v. CoUins's Peerage, vol. i. p. 148. ° The tomb is described and illustrated by a slight sketch in Mr. Rogers's 'Mem. of the West.' 6 THE FAMILY OF WADH AM [chap, i Mr. John John Wadham, son to Sir Nicholas by his first marriage, con- Wailli.iin. ' tinned the main line at Merifield and Edge. He married Joan, a co- heiress of the Tregarthins of Cornwall, and widow of John Kellaway of Collumpton, who brought him a considerable fortune, and some accession of dignity, for she claimed royal descent on both sides, as the accompanying pedigree explains, (v. p. 25.) John Wadham died in I57|\ and was buried at Ilminster, where, however, no monument to his memory exists. His widow retired to Edge, the Devonshire seat, which was settled on her for her life and seems to have been the dower house of the family, where she died in 1583. Her tomb in the church at Branscombe will be described in a subsequent chapter. NICHOLAS Their son Nicholas Wadham, of Merifield and Edge, the founder -\\T \ r) H A AI the Founder, of thc collcgc that bcars his name, was the last male descendant of the main line of the Wadhams. He was born in 1532, and according to all accounts educated at Oxford. Anthony Wood doubts whether he were of Corpus Christi College or Christ Church. ' Dr. Boswell,' he says, 'told me that Nicholas Wadham was of Ch. Ch., and lodged in those lodgings that are now Dr. (Edward) Pocock's (but then I believe Dr. (John) Kennall's), but the said Dr. Kennall refusing to take an}- rent Wadham gave him a parsonage as 'tis said in Somersetshire-.' On the other hand his name does not appear on the Register of Christ Church, and an early biographical sketch, written between 1609 and 1637, and preserved in Wadham College, says positively he was of Corpus, ' whence he departed and for a short time led the life of a courtier.' Nicholaiis IVadhamits Ilhtsfri, Antiqiia, Generosa Familia natits apiid Merifield in Com. Somerset : in Uteris ediicatus ; Oxonii Coil. C. C. ad tcmpus Cant- mensalis ; nude discessit, ct vitani Aulicani aliqnantispcr ingressus est. Postea Uxorem diixit Dorothceam, D. Gidiclmi Petrcci, Henrici Octavi. Edvardi 6*' Reginct Maricc et Elizabethct a Consiliis Secretioribns, Filiam : niiperi Joliannis D. PetrcEi de Writtle Sororem ; Gidielmi D. Petrcci Baronis de J'Vrittlc liodie viventis Amitam. Indc ad vifam privatam sese contulit ; ' His will (Gen. Prob. Reg., 14, Langley) is proved in Prerog. Court of Cant. 15 March, 157,'. ''■ From Wood's Diary in Bodl. Dr. William Boswell was one of the first Scholars of Wadham. I am indebted to the Rev. Oct. Ogle for this extract from Wood. NICOLAVS WADHAM ARMIGER FUNDATOR OBIIT 20' DIE OCTOBR ANO DNl 1609 Front a /fiiiiitiii^i in the H'artUn's Lo(i>;ini;s CHAl^ i] THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS 7 ///;/ hospitalitatc omnibus circuniqiiaqiie sen Nobilibus sen Generosis ante- ccUebat : Paupcribns prccter aliam quotidianani munificcntiaui Ptocho- trophiuni crcxit din ante mortem. Collegium meditabatur non din ante mortem et Charissimos nxori cnram cjusdem cxtrncndi demandavit. Pie mortnns est Octob. 20*'. — Stalls sua 70". — Nat/i. lVhally\ Whether he is the same as the ' Nicholas Wadham, of Brimpton, Somerset,' who entered himself at the Inner Temple on March 9, 155I, is uncertain, for Brimpton never belonged to the Wadhams. At the age of twenty-three he married Dorothy, daughter of Sir dorothy William Petre, of Writtle in Essex, a statesman who, by carefully trimming the 1 • -1 !• • I- 1 -1 1 (-7 Foundress. his sails to the stormy politics 01 the age, contrived to retain the conhdence and remain a privy councillor of monarchs so diverse as Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth. For his zeal when acting under Cromwell in the suppression of the monasteries he was rewarded by knighthood, a seat in the Privy Council, and a Secretaryship of State, and more substantially by the grant of a great estate in abbey lands The Founder amounting to tweWe manors and four rectories. On the restoration of Foundress. the Romish religion by Queen Mary he was careful to secure his spoils by a Bull which he obtained from Paul IV in 1555, professing that he was ready to employ his possessions for spiritual uses. The accession of Elizabeth no doubt relieved him from this obligation, and it does not appear that beyond the eight fellowships which he founded at Exeter College in 1566, and some unimportant charities in Essex, any of his wealth was diverted to spiritual or charitable purposes -. Nicholas Wadham and Dorothy Petre ^ were married at St. Botolph's, ' Written on the fly-leaf of a MS. copy of the Statutes, now in the Warden's lodgings, made for the Subwarden's use by Alex. Huish, one of the original Foundation. Nath, Whally did not enter the College till 1654, and therefore cannot have been the author, for William, Lord Petre, who is spoken of as still living, died in 1637. Whally probably transcribed an older account. The year of the Founder's death is omitted, and his age is wrong. ^ For Sir William Petre, v. Prince's 'Worthies of Devon;' Wood's 'Athenae,' and 'Colleges and Halls;' Rogers, 'Mem. of the West.' Sir William Petre died in 1572, and was buried at Ingatestone. His son. Sir John, was created first Lord Petre of Writtle, July 21, 1603. ^ ' Dorothy Wadham was married at London to Mr. Nicholas Wadham on Tuysdaye, the third of September, 1555, in the 2*3 year of K. Philip & Q. Marye.' From a MS. entry in a Prayer-book at Thorndon. Burgon, in ' Shaw's Arms of the Colleges of O.xford.' V. also Chester's 'Marriage Licenses, 1521-1869.' Ed. Foster, 1887. THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS [chap. I in Aldersgate, on September 3, 1555, and they seem to have retired at once to lead a country hfe at Merificld, where Nicholas apparently resided with his wife during his father's lifetime. A curious letter has been preserved, undated, but evidently written to him at this time, by Sir Am3^as Poulett, the Puritan custodian in after-times of Mary Stuart, and one of the persons who presided at her execution in 1587. Letter of Sir Amyas Poulett. M}' good brother I pray you comend me most hartely to my good ffather Wadham and tell him I trust to be so happie to se him againe in Mer3-filde. My like comendacions maye not be forgotten to my good sister your wyfe My syster must looke to heare manie strange stories from my wife if God giue her leaue to see England againe, and in this meane time she desyereth to be most hartel}- comended to her father, brother, and sister at Merjfeild. And thus I comitt 3'ou, my good brother, to the merc3ffull tuition of the Almightie. From Tours'. Nicholas Wadham at Mcrifield. Of the subsequent life of Nicholas Wadham, who became the head of the family at his father's death in 1577, we know little more than that he was famous for the splendid hospitality he kept at his ancestral seat of Merifield. In this he exceeded all his neighbours, w^hether gentle or noble. 'His hospital house,' says Fuller, ' zvas an Inn at all times, a court at Christmas'-; and in the deeds and papers relating to his founda- tions there are mentioned numerous gentlemen, his 'servants,' some of whom were related to him by blood, and served as pages no doubt in his retinue. His means were large, his estates being valued at ^3000 a year, representing at least five times that amount at the present rate of mone}', and in spite of their splendid establishment, and the open house they kept, the Wadhams were able to put by a sum of money amounting to ^14,000, which was invested in lands and other revenu^ that brought in an income of /,"8oo a year'. They were childless, and Mr. Wadham ivas wont to say that ' he had a good estate and had noe children to leave it too, and his kindred to zvhoinc he thought to leave his estate did not care for ' Printed p. 48 of Copybook of Sir Amyas Poulett's Letters. Edited for the Roxburghe Club, 1876, by Rev. Octavius Ogle. - Fuller's 'Worthies,' Somersetshire. Vol. iii. p. 107, ed. 1840. ' Wood, 'Coll. and Halls,' p. 592. Gutch. DOROTHEA WADHAM NICOLAI CONJUX FUNDATRIX OBIIT i6" DIF. MAII i\NO DNI 1618 a p,x,ni,„^ in Ihc Uarilcns /.aiiffings CHAP, i] THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS 9 him '.' It is therefore not surprising that his thoughts turned to the bestowal of some of his wealth on charitable foundations. In the year 1606 he founded an almshouse for 'eight poore people' in the parish of Ilton, close to his house at Merifield, conveying to twelve trustees the building which he had lately erected for the purpose, together with a close of ground adjoining thereto, and an annuity of ^42 chargeable on his estates in Merifield, Braydon, and Ilton. The deed of conveyance and the rules for the management of the Almshouses are interesting, and the building is still standing and serves its original purpose. We shall return to this hereafter. The Wadliam Almshouses at Ilton, A.D. 1606. u ¥^ ^^;sw^' -.SA'^-' Vt W'C*k*«. uZ-t^x^^-**^ THE WADHAM ALMSHOUSES AT ILTON. He had, however, in view a much larger scheme of beneficence than Projected ' ' * College at this: and while the bulk of his estates, in default of any male issue, Venice for English passed to the heirs of his father, that is to his three sisters and their catholics, descendants, Mr. Wadham determined that the sum he had saved should be employed in the foundation of a house of learning. The story goes that the first idea of Mr. and Mrs. Wadham was to found a college ' From Diary of Wood, in Bodleian Library. This has apparently been seen by Hutchins, 'Hist, of Dorset,' account of Catherston. lO THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS [chap. I at Venice for English scholars of the Roman Catholic religion ; they themselves, says Anthony a Wood, being of that persuasion. From this Abandoned project it Is Said they were dissuaded by their friend Mr. Grange, '« for Protestant ' ■ -^ •' ° Oxford''''' neighbor, {zv/io ccas accounted a zvise discrete man in that country). "I4^hy," {said Mr. Grange), "doe as Sir Tho. Bodley hath lately done. As lie hath built a library, soe you build a College, and you shall be re- membered everyday. It zvill last from generation to generation." Soe Mr. iradha/u proccded and did all according to his counsel I K' The Venice scheme was abandoned, and Mr. Wadham determined to build a College at Oxford, 'that so the Church of England might reap benefit thereby-.' This curious story is alluded to both by Fuller and by Prince, who, however, add no fresh information ; Fuller merel}^ remarking that if Mr. Wadham 'was, as some suggest, a Romanist in his judgment his charity is the more commendable, to build a place for persons of a different persuasion;' while Prince points out that Mrs. Wadham's statutes require all members of her College to resort to Divine service 'as it is uozc professed^.' If the story is true the hesitation between two such widely differing schemes as the foundation of a Popish college at Venice and one of the Reformed church at Oxford, is very significant of the time when men's minds still hovered between the church of the middle ages and that of the Reformation. If, however, Nicholas Wadham were really a Romanist, and had been driven by the disabilities under which those of his faith suffered at home to think seriously of founding a college for them at Venice, there w^ere many reasons besides the argu- ments of his friend Mr. Crange to dissuade him. It has been suggested that the discovery of Gunpowder Plot in 1605 ma}- have weakened his attachment, in common with that of many liberal and loyal Catholics, to the cause of the old faith •*. At all events it directed popular suspicion against all who professed it. The Lords Mordaunt and Stourton were fined /'io,ooo and ^4,000 respectively merely because they had absented Impractica- bility of the Venice scheme. ' From Wood's Diar}', in the Bodleian Library. 'Ex relatione M^' (Gulielmi) Bull (Coll.) Omn. Anim. Aug. 1658.' '^ Wood, 'Colleges and Halls.' " Prince's 'Worthies of Devon,' p. 750. He wrote in 1700. F"uller in 1662. ' The credit of this suggestion is due to the present Warden of Wadham. (HAi-. .| THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS n themselves from Parliament, as if they had been in the secret of the conspiracy : and the Stourtons were near neighbours of the Wadhams, and the two families had been twice connected by marriage. Above all, the Venice scheme comes very near if it does not amount to an offence which the law had anticipated and actually forbidden, and it would have exposed its author to the direful penalties of ' Praemunire,' which by a statute of 27 Eliz. were denounced against ' any person contributing to the support of any College of Jesuits or seminary erected or hereafter to be erected beyond the sea'.' Everything therefore con- spired to make the Venice scheme not only impolitic but actually dangerous. But after all there is nothing except Wood's unsupported statement Question or the Founder's to prove Nicholas Wadham's attachment to the Roman Catholic religion, ■•eiigion. The letter of Sir Amyas Poulett, written certainly before 1577, reads like that of a man writing to a family of the same Puritan brotherhood and sisterhood as himself, as if not only Nicholas and his wife but John Wadham the father also were in sympathy with him -. And the friend- ship between Nicholas Wadham and Sir Amyas Poulett lasted to the end, for in his will, dated 1606, Mr. Wadham confirms Sir Amyas in the trusteeship of his estate at Edge. Stronger evidence of his conformity to the Established Church is to be found in the rules for the Almshouses at Ilton, where it is directed that one of the Almsmen shall be lettered so as to be able to read prayers daily to the rest, and to be ordained if the Bishop shall think fit ; also his choice of the Bishop of Bath and Wells to be the Visitor of his new College, and not only that, but his desire that Bishop Montague, who was a zealous adherent of the Reformation, should retain the Visitorship for life even if he were translated to another Diocese, which actually happened. The statutes of the new College also, which though given by his widow were certainly drawn in accordance with his wishes, provide for chapel services ' Statutes at large. Burket, Woodfall, and Strahan. m dcc lxx. ■^ It would not do, perhaps, to attach very great significance to this correspondence, for John Wadham in his last will and testament dated April r, 1577, desires his son Nicholas ' to doe and dispose for my soules health as to him shall seeme mcete and good,' which seems to savour of Rome ; and yet in the same document he makes the Puiitan Sir Am^as overseer of its due observance. C 2 12 THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS [chap. I The Found- ress sub- sequently a recusant. The Founder's last illness. Sir John Wyndham's Memorandum of the Founder's intentions. in conformity with the estabhshcd hturgy and require attendance on them. Everything wc know about the Founder seems to show that for the latter part of his Hfe at all events he was conformable to the Reformed Church. With his wife it may have been different. Though during her husband's life she seems to have been conformable like him, and although after his death she loyally carried out his wishes and inten- tions, and founded her College in strict conformity to the Established Church, still it appears that at some time before her death, apparently about 1613, the year of the completion of the College, she was presented as a recusant, and was at all events under suspicion of having relapsed to Romanism. She was however not obstinate in her recusancy, for she made her submission and received a pardon two years afterwards. For the remainder of her life she was 'conformable,' and she was buried at Ilminster beside her husband, with the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England. Nicholas Wadham was not destined to see the realization of his scheme for the new College. Both he and his wife had already reached an advanced age, and as he felt his end approaching before he had accomplished his design he seems to have concerned himself a good deal about the way in which his intentions were to be carried out. There is preserved in the College archives the following very interesting memorandum of an interview and conversation with him four days before his death, drawn up by one of his nephews, no doubt Sir John Wyndham : — 16 of October 1609 '. I was sent for after dinner unto my Uncle Wadham bj- Mr. Bartlett there beinge present only with him my Aunte, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Arnold. In the presence of them he told me of the greate care that he had for the erecting of a Colledge in Oxforde, as he had hearetofore often times acquainted me. that for the performance thereof, he had in Mr. Arnold's hands 4000'' with the 500'' of ' Warden's MS.S. No. 9. This paper is endorsed 16 October 1609, JV'adham College, and in a later hand, Letter cancer niiig the Intention of the Founder in favour of his College. Dr. Griffiths observes tiiat this copy of the notes was made at some time between the accession of George I in 1714 and the Union of Ireland in 1800, as is clear from the Royal Arms in the water-mark of the paper. CHAP. I] THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS 13 S'. Henry Hawlej's. and in Mr. Bartlctt's hands which wouldc shortly made up sir John ,,,'., , . , 111 /v • I I- Wyndham's 2000" which as he thought would be surhcient to procure above 300" p ann) Note of the that he had 400'' the yeare in Essex, which he left unto my Aunte his wife fn'tentlonl duringe her life, yet hoped that out of her benevolence consideringe howe well he had dealt with her, that she would imparte a portion of it unto his Colledge during her life. That his desire was to conferre it upon Gloster hall if S'. Johns Colledge and the Principal might reasonably be compounded withall otherwise he did appointe it unto Jhesus Colledge. That for the buildinge of a Chappell with buttery sellar and kitchinge he appointed 2000", whereof (as I understood him) one 1000'' was in his Studye, and the other looo'" was to be made out of Hewnebeare. That also (as I under- stood him) he appointed the moitie of the Personage of Abbotsbury unto the Colledge. That he must entreat me for the bestowinge of my Travayle and pains for the seinge of all things performed accordinge unto his Intention, as he had often heretofore discoursed with me about it for he did trust me only with it and reposed himself absolutely uppon me, and meant not that it shoulde be any wayes chargeable unto me, for I should have my charges absolutely defrayed in a liberall and a worth3'e manner to the uttermost. That he appointed the advouson of the Personage of mayden Newton eyther unto the president of his Colledge or unto one of the fellowes that were capable of it when he was to leave the Colledge and for that ende had taken some course with Mr. Cliffe that was the incumbent and if it had pleased God to have spared his life a little longer that he would have made all the Person- ages in his gift unto the Colledge. That for the geevinge of the Speedier furtherance unto his worke he entreated me to move my L''. Treasurer for his honourable favour and to signifie unto him howe muche he had benne formerly bounde unto his honour- able good father and also very particularly unto himself and made no doubt but out of his noble disposition he would be pleased to afforde his best assistance unto it, and praj-ed me to present unto his L^. in his name a piece of plate or what else I thought fit would sute with his fancye to the value of 50". The like he desired me to deliver unto my L. of Northampton and my L. of SufTolke, with the best words that could for the obtayning of their honourable favours unto his worke. He also willed me to present unto the Prince a white and pied nagge which he muche esteemed and in like manner to entreate his Highnesses favour. 14 THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS !< hap. i he growinge somewhat fainte with speakinge, I told him that by his often former discourses with me I understood his minde fully which by the grace of God I would see justly and truly performed to the uttermost of my power, and that heretofore he had acquainted me with divers Statutes which he would have made, amonge the which 2 of them might seeme strange, and perhaps might be thought to be added by myselfe, therefore I entreated him to express himselfe nowe whether he would have them to stande in force or no. the one was that he would have an especiall Statute to be made that neyther the heade of the house nor any of the fellowes should be married. The other that he would not tye any man to any profession as eyther divinitie lawe or Phisicke, but leave every man free to profess what he liked as it should please God to direct him. he also then told me that after they weare M'■^ of Arte of a competente number of yeares that then he would have them absolutely to departe the Colledge, and not live there all theire time like idle drones, but put themselves into the world, whereby others might growe up under them his intente beinge chiefly to nourishe & trayne up men unto Learninge. One the ig of Octob" when he sealed the deede I told him howe necessary it was for him to have a visitor of his Colledge, all the Colledges in Oxford havinge some Bishoppe appointed by the founder for seeinge of the Statutes put in due execution. And that in my opinion there was none fitter then the Bishop of Bathe and Welles which he much applauded and thanked me muche for putting me in mind of him. he also then saj'd, that he would have his Colledge to be called Wadham Colledge. It is remarkable that in his scheme for the new College the sagacity of the Founder anticipated two of the reforms that have in our own day been made general throughout the University by the intervention of Parliamentary Commissions ; his Fellowships were only tenable for a limited number of years, and not only they, but the Wardenship itself, could be held without any condition of Holy Orders. Death of the Nicholas Wadham died at Merifield at the age of seventy-seven rounder, Oct. ^ 20, 1609. Q,-, October 20th, 1609, only four days after the conversation with his nephew. He left the magnificent sum of /"500 ' towardes my ffunerall expenses ' and his body to be buried ' /// niyne He at Ibnister n'/iere niyiie Auiices/ors lye interred.' His obsequies were ho doubt celebrated with great splendour, but even if the handsome monument that covers his remains were included in the funeral expenses, it is difhcult to see (iiAi>. i| THE FOUNDATION 15 how so large a sum as ^^500 was in those days could have been expended '. The will makes no mention of any of his real property except the TheFoundcrs will. house and estate of Edge in Devonshire, which he left to his widow for her life, with reversion to the right heirs of John Wadham his father, on whom it would seem all the family estates were settled in default of any male issue of his own. His extensive property therefore devolved on his coheirs, the children of his three sisters who had married into the families of Strangways, Martin of Athelhampston, and Wyndham -. Provision for the new College had it would seem been made by some other instrument, for the College is not expressly mentioned in the will. It is only alluded to indirectly in a clause which makes his widow residuary legatee of all his personal property, and empowers her to sell for a life or lives 'any of the Landcs or Tenements in Ilton ii'liiiii zvere purchased In' me or In' my deceased ffather . . . iippon fpeciall trujle reposed in my fayed executrix that she tvill bestoive and ymploy fucli of the fame fommcs of money to be made of the same sales for yeares, to fuche uses and purposes as I have requefled her and fhc hath assented theriinto according to my mindc and true intent therein''.' John Lord Petrc of Overseers of Writtlc, Sir Edward Hext, Knight, John Colles and William Gibbes, win. """ "* Esquires, are appointed overseers of his will, and his executrix is ' enjoy ned to take counsell' with them to clear up any doubt as to his mind and intent. His nephew. Sir John Wyndham, as well as his 'servants,' John Bartlett and John Arnold, Gents, seem also to have been charged with the matter. Mrs. Wadham was now seventy-five years old, but she undertook the task at once, and carried out her husband's designs with a promptitude that enabled her to see the College built and established for several years before her death nine 3'ears later. At the outset she seems to have met with some opposition and interference on the part ' Sir Thomas Bodley left £666 135. 4^'. for the expense of his funeral in 1612, of the splendour of which an account is given in Wood's Ann. ii. 314. " In Ashmole's Berkshire, vol. iii. pp. 330-346, when he treats of the family of Latton into which a coheiress of the Martins married, is a list of the manors and lands in Devon, Dorset and Somerset which had belonged to Nicholas Wadham. There are nearly thirty manors besides tenements and lands in about twenty places. ' General Probate Registry, 118, Dorset. i6 THE FOUNDATION [chap. I Letter from the Foundress to Lord Treasurer Salisbury. of a colleague in the trust, we are not told who he was, and to have been afraid that the conduct of the business might be taken out of her hands. Possibly some suspicion of Romanist tendencies may have fallen on her. About a month after her husband's death she writes to Lord Treasurer Salisbury to interest him on her behalf — To the Right honourable and mj' verie good Lorde Th erle of Salisburie, Lorde Heghe Threforer of England geue thefe at the Courte. Right honorabell, My verey good Lord, my deceaffed hufband and myfelfe, haueinge tafted of yo"" former favors, And the Licke (more then Ordinarie) Contynewed of Late by yo' Lor: towarde mee fithens his deathe ; Enforcethe me to prefent you my right humbell thanks ; And will acknowledge myselfe ever bounden unto you for the fame. Hit hath bene made knowen unto j^o"" good Lor: of a Courfe taken by my Husbande for the Newe Erecting of a CoIIedge in Oxforde for w'^'' performance hath apointed good means ; And by former and often private fpeches w"^ mee as in licke forte by a fhorte Inftrumente drawen upp not longe before he died, did allowe me the prioritie in the managing of thofe bufines Althoughe another was Nomynated w**" me in the fame beinge the rather fett downe ; for that he was of Gloster Hall, And p''etended to be habell to doe more to Compaffe the pruringe- of that Houfe, then aney other. I humbelie befeech ^^o'' Honor, that if aney Conceyte happen to fchandahze my backwardnes in not effectinge fo worthie a Worke ; bending my whole endevors to fee the fame finished w'^'out delaie in my owne tyme, w*^*" Cannot be Longe. That hit would please you to patronize and defende me from fuche wronge Imaginac'bns defieringe noe longer to lyv^e, then to fhewe a frowarde difpofiton for the well pformance. And will rather Leave a poore and meane eftate to my felfe, then aney thinge fhalbe wantinge for the well effectinge thereof This berer my fer\'antt, whoe attendid my husband dailey, and att his lafte houre. Can relate his whole intencon }'f hit may not be trobelfome to yo'' Lor to heare him. And fo mofte humblie befeechinge yo'' good Lor That I maj^ bee foe boulde to Crave j-o"' affiftance upon aney occacon herein Will dailey praye that Thalmightie God male bleffe 3'ou w"" longe and happey daies and fend you encreafe of mj-tche Honor, from my poore Howfe att Merifeeld the xxvij"' of November 1609. Yo" Ho: in all humblenes ever readie att Comandmet DOROTHE WaDHM. ' State Papers, Domestic, James I, vol. xlix. - Sc. procuring. (iiAi>. i] THE ForXD.lTlOX ly This letter, enforced by the arguments of her serv^ant, probably the same John Arnold who had throughout the principal management of her affairs, and who no doubt brought with him the piece of plate of the value of /"50 which the Founder had devoted to the service of the Lord Trea- surer, seems to have had the desired effect. In the Spring of 1610, the Attorney-General, Sir Henry Hobart, was instructed to move in Chancery for the creation of a Trust in the persons o{ Dorotliie Wadliaui, ii^ydowe, creation of a Sir Williaui Pctir ami Sir John ll'yiid/iaiii, kiiii^hfs ; Hiiirli IVvotf, esquire; and John Bartlr/t and John Arnold, gents, for the erection and endoimnent of Wadliam Colledge in Oxdii\ The matter was referred to Sir John Tyndall, one of the Masters of the Court of Chancery, in June, and the Trust seems to have been formally constituted in July of the same year -. But the Foundress had not waited for the formal approval of the Court of Chanccr3^ and by the time it was obtained the site of the new College had been bought and considerable progress made with the build- ing. Following the directions of the Founder, proposals had in the first Proposals to Gloucester mstance been made to Dr. Hawley, the Principal of Gloucester Hall, and Haii. to St. John's College, to which Society the Hall was then attached, for the purchase of the site of that Hall ; but the Principal refused to sur- render his interest unless Mrs. Wadham would make him the first Head of her new Society ■'■. We ma}' be thankful to Dr. Hawley for his per- tinacity, to which it is due that the College was not founded on the remotest academical site in Oxford; for Mrs. Wadham, not fancying Dr. Hawley for her first Warden, abandoned the idea of Gloucester Hall, and fixed upon a far better and more convenient site. We hear nothing of any proposal being made, as the Founder directed, to Jesus College. On the site where Wadham College now stands, a Priory of The August- ine Friars in Oxford. ' The list of lands and moneys put in trust and the names of the Trustees in each case are given. Warden's M.SS. No. 10. ^ Warden's MSS. No. 11, 12, 13. ' Anthony a Wood, 'Coll. and Halls,' p. 592. Gloucester Hall was originally founded by the Benedictines of Gloucester for the academical training of their novices. In 1559 it was bought by Sir Thomas White founder of St. John's College, and founded as St. John the Baptist's Hall, to be governed by one of the Fellows of his new college. In 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes it was refounded as Worcester College. D i8 THE AUGUSTINE FRIARY [chaim Augustine Friars had been established by Royal charter in T268, and a convent had shortly afterwards been built for them by the munificence of Sir John Handlow of Borstall near Brill in Buckinghamshire. 'As for their Mansion,' says Wood, ' it was situated without Smythgate, having had Holywell Street on the South side of it, and the cheif part of the ground on which Wadham College now standeth on the north. Which mansion and the limits about it being too narrow, these Brethren en- larged with land and tenements adjoyning that were given b}^ bene- factors. Their buildings were fair and larg and not only situated in a wholsome air as the Carmelites' House was, but convenient for the Academians as being neare School Street to perform their exercises '.' Like the other three mendicant orders, who were already established in Oxford, the Austin friars had theological and philosophical schools, the former of which they held in their church, and afterwards in their Chapter House ; the other in their refectory. Wood implies that the popularity of these schools arose from the convenience of their position close to the other University schools, rather than from the superior skill of the Augustines in sophistry, for he finds them weakest in learning of all the mendicant orders in Oxford. However, the disputations in Disputations divinity continued to be held in the Austin friary till the new Divinity in Austins'. r-'ii n • ^ ^ • 11 -a -hi School was finished m 1480, and those m Arts till the suppression of monasteries by Henry VI 11 -. They were then removed to St. Mary's, and again when the Schools quadrangle was built in front of the Bod- leian Library they migrated to that building ; but in Wood's time the exercises in Arts still went by the name of Disputations in Austins', though held in a different building ; and they continued under the ' Anthony a Wood, 'City of Oxford,' (Clark) ch. xxxi. Smithgate was opposite the convent a short distance southwards, standing across Cat Street near the head of New College Lane. The little chapel of Our Lady, of which the doorway and perhaps the shell still remains, adjoined it on the east ; v. Agas's map, and Skelton's ' Oxon. Ant. Rest.' plate 157. Smithgate was a postern not made passable for carts till 1635. Wood, 'City of Oxford,' vol. i. p. 259, note. ^ ' Ordinatum est in congregatione Regentium ad utilitatem et ad prosperitatem scho- larium in facultate artium studentium quod quilibet Baccalaureus facultatis ejusdem singulis annis ad Augustinenses semel disputare et semel respondere (teneatur) &c.' Statute of thirteenth century (?) quoted by Wood. CHAP. I THE AUGUSTINE FRIARY 19 familiar style of 'doing Austins' without interruption until abolished by the new Statute of Examination in the year 1800 '. After the suppression of monasteries, Henry VIII leased the site of suppression r . . r Ti /— of the Austin the Austm friary m 1540 for twenty-one years to Ihomas Cawarden or wary. Garden, Esq., for three pounds a year I Edward VI granted it in 1552 to Henry Duke of Suffolk, and Thomas Duport, Gentleman, who straight- way parted with it to Henry Baylie, M.D., lately Fellow of New Gollege. From him it passed b}^ purchase to his father-in-law, Edward Freer, Esq., of Oxford, whose son William, after having repeatedly let it to the Gity, ' to the end that the fair yearly held there be/ore the Coininon gate might not be prejudicial to them,' sold it to the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Gorporation in 1587 for about £^2'^\ The right to hold this fair on their own soil at the feast of St. John ante Portam Latinam every year for the space of five days had been granted to the convent by Edward IV in 1474. The charter, beautifully engrossed on parchment, and with the royal seal attached, is still preserved in the muniment room of the Gollege. Very little is known of the convent buildings. Wood says they The convent buildings. stood on the south side of the site of Wadham Gollege and southwards from it*. From other sources we gather that the convent church lay towards Holywell Street and parallel to it, and that north of the church was a quadrangle lying between the church and the refectory, which formed the north side of the court. On the west side of this court was a wing joining the church to the refectory, and containing chambers which in 1456 were allotted by the Friars to the representatives of John de Handlow, their founder. This wing would run parallel to what is now Park Street, then and long afterwards a lane with no buildings in it ' Ingram in vol. iii. of 'Memorials of Oxford.' Anthony a Wood was 'Collector in Austins ' in 1655 ; v. his autobiography. ' Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 591. Cawarden paid 46,';. for the house and site and 13s. 6(L for a tenement in ' Long rew' (Holywell Street) with a shop adjoining it. The large timber on the site was sold to another person. Wood's 'City of Oxford.' In the grant of Edward VI, a rent of 6s. a year was reserved to the crown, which was redeemed by the College in 1828 for £7 19s. od. ^ The deeds are preserved in the Muniment room of the College. ' 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 593. D 2 20 THE AUGUSTINE FRIARY [chap, i described as the 'viciis qui diicit ad Beaiimond' and between the building and this lane was a narrow garden fifty feet deep '. Theciu.rch. Thc church was almost on the scale of a cathedral, if we may trust the rough measurements of William of Worcester, who sa3's the choir was sixty paces long, and the nave sixty-six paces, and that the church was forty paces in width -. It has been somewhat fancifully suggested that its embattled steeple was one of eight which formed a coronal round Oxford, — 'New College, Magdalen, Merton, Osney, Rewley, Blackfriars, Austin, and Grey '.' Within its walls lay buried under a fair monument John de Handlow, the Founder, with several of his family around him ; also Walter Curson and Isabelle his wife, of Waterpery, who were interred there in 1527, under a grey marble tomb inlaid with their effigies in brass, which on the downfall of the Friary and demolition of the church were removed to Waterpery church, where they may still be seen. Destruction Qf the couvcnt of the Austin friars, who though at first thc most of the ... convent. ignoraut order in Oxford became m time ' mickle sophisters,' — their wits being sharpened by the disputations in which all who aspired to a degree in Arts or Divinity were obliged to encounter them, — not a stone is now standing. Thomas Cawarden lost no time in converting the buildings to his own use to the best advantage. The structure was ' plucked downe,' and the stones, timber, and other material sold. Agas's map of 1578 shows the site cleared and divided by walls into plots of garden ground : the actual site of the College is quite vacant : four The site little houses or cottages are scattered over the southern part next Holv- divided up. ^ ^ ' well Street, and a row of small houses faces what is now Park Street. There is nothing at all resembling a conventual building, or even part of one. Before 1590^ it had been let to five or six different persons who are mentioned as having built houses and shops, or as being required by ' Kennett's 'Parochial Antiquities,' p. 672; ed. 1695. Wood's 'City of Oxford,' p. 454. ' Wood's Life and Times,' vol. i. - William of Worcester, 'Itinerarium,' ed. Nasniyth, Cambridge, 1778, p. 282. His gres- sus is an uncertain dimension. It sometimes works out at twenty-four inches, and sometimes somewhat more. See article in T/ic Builder of January 3, 1891, by Mr. H. W. Brewer. ' Wood, ' History,' vol. i. p. 662 (Gutch), and ' City of Oxford,' p. 472, note. ■* V. Leases in the City Archives and others in the College Muniment room. ( HAP. 1 THE SITE 21 their lease to build them. These occupied the south and west frontages, the ground behind being 'groves,' orchards, and gardens. We know some of these buildings from old drawings. On the site of No. lo staircase of the College, next the back gate southwards, was a gabled three-storeyed o" c > •^ nj -^ CO "2 d^ ii^~ ■a S ^ S c SI o u "^ 5 3 c u 3 •a tn o ■a c 0) Ih c o XI c X (U ■u -T3 ■> n Q Q a: < Q W _o z ;5 3 o J= "-^ O U X w E « e 3W B C«3 CI M, ta<»- U7 O 3 bJO XJ 3 3 (0 O « 3 W c r^ P) m „ M C - t: g -C o bo 3 :3Q S o W Ih 1) T3 - 1> t-i 4-1 -o.'ii c o n (/) Ph w O (D o "5 "oH ^« 3 = j= c 03 J3 ^ .a o U J3 . • ID c ■- x:Ph u— < o<„ ra •— 1 o — M "o s i-T j: h s •a 5 It — c c « ^-T'o ■d IS S n o C L. c fe« 1) u.S j: "- ■" o ^ fcd •cu Ih CI -t. J3 CO XI . CI C 13 tn ., o5 -> u •?« CI ^ CI ^ o •a -1 ■o 3^ o IS .2 tJ J3 -H n iH u 3 a, o O; ■3 M H t^ h 3 1,3 fc:^ « n -a E XI 3 3 a CI P3 C < o o cr* ■3tJ .£." " 'c3 3 .■a u ^ 6 ^ xiU " PiWC/) bo ir •3 >> 4-t a «J c -^ » c"-- -c" CO o r"* -J-* 3 >> ^ ard ( Earl by H ttleof CO u CI ^ I- 3 (-1 CO - to T3 O < X a < b O U U -a o Q u Ph u u >>3 to o to ^H = 3 O 'I'o 3 >- O 3 K — s "o'H O CI ^•E 0.3 3-S 5 3&g CO ^ u H era OLJ 3 O to bo 3 O (U 3 ■CO -co 3 3 a CI o bo-^ o flj to *J i o _c bo < c «)2 2 bo E.S o u j:xi H o >i3 CI o o U 3 XJ 3 CO U u o "6 u B O CO O bO O 26] E a ■a 73 03 Ou . > ■°^ >, •a-H E = o 3 s-3 tJ5 >, Ih — ;>, - a a o oJ s . . in ■*-• M U} CO I— 1 •a . •mxj — c .s 'So ]u OJ L^" E <; Ih- c c 3 '•S E c C/3 E o E W o •a -"3 u U Ih- OS « bo o -a c c ni E a. Ih- 3 O N J= . c/3-a ^'" > E * « M o j: _ o £1 J= t^K T3 (Uv, C XI o C! o Tl Oi U o Oh II- Ir >^ g" CI rt J= t— H n. o . Cu-- Cj= x; o A5 ^VO >1 . >-L| U C/3 s o > o c < u > O ■a a u U m J5 x; o CJ -a c J3 3 to bo Ih- E a a. o eu c (U J3 -O. (U tn C/5 XI o a -o c a Si W C3 -a c o < s a < O) o a, c o en 27l S < X a < o w w OS o 5 u 0. o c ^1 3 r^„ II—. n o -OT3 ho: O O U p ^ - 4^ n o ? Si; 1^" o^ u ?^ l' = a-u "o II ST g-c . |S^ S;^^ u3. CJ,o « u o o ■S ¥>> 4J C 'o'S 11- = Margar of Ni WilloL of Ti Piddlo m i55g"^! ■D =3 ■ » O u-n = b O ^ •d E jo's M II «—»'* o u W)^ ^. ..XI S i_ e 3 B f'l n It- 's gj^l 4 a ".^ _- s S •a-o.a£ S.- 'S£'Sg_ " IF jS^CC fi C ~ a: ^--^o, .= •3= ■='_• :|S few II- = '3 ^S^S " O'S > S ® ■ Si=o^ II- lis 2 -"- o^ in u -■^2~ M E C -a;= u Mff4 1 u -oHS-SPiS'2 a h 3= 5 ^ -i^^ ^3 — o V O ih — - si 1 c CHAPTER II THE BUILDING ACCOUNTS. THE ARCHITECT. One of the conditions exacted by the City was that the College Building begun at once, should be built within the next hve years', and no time was lost in a.d. 1610. setting to work. Within a month from the completion of the purchase a large staff of workmen was engaged, and quarries were opened ; and before the end of May the haulage of stone began, and building opera- tions were started in good earnest. The history of the work is made doubly interesting by the good fortune which has preserved to us a copy of the whole of the building accounts from the beginning in April 1610 to the completion in July 1613. It is an additional piece of good fortune for our purpose that the work Building was done not by contract but by day work, the employers buying the materials and hiring the labour. We find therefore every item of stone, wood, or metal, entered and priced, and every workman's name recorded with his weekly wages ; and as the building has been very little altered, we can identify almost every particular and trace the progress of the building from week to week with something like certainty. The book in which these accounts are preserved has been carefully riie account booii. treasured in the College archives. It is a folio volume bound m limp vellum tied with faded silk ribands, and made of excellent paper. The handwriting, though more careful in one page than another, and gener- ally better earlier in the book than later, seems to be that of the same person throughout. At one point- there is a marginal note ' Coversfon's accounts ended,' as if a new pay clerk were then appointed, but there is ' Warden's MSS., No. 15. - Building Accounts, fol. l.xx.w. June 15, 1611. 3° THE BUILDING ACCOUNTS [chap. II Mr. John Arnold. Masons brought up from Somerset. no corresponding change in the handwriting. It seems therefore most Hkely that the book is a transcript of all the weekly bills, made either periodically or at the end of the work, by some person in authority who directed the progress and controlled the expense. In all probability the writer was the Mr. John Arnold who has been before referred to, the steward and factotum of Nicholas Wadham, and after his death of Mrs. Wadham, who had been joined with her in the trust, and had been her agent in the purchase of the site. He lived at her seat of Edge, near Branscombe in Devon, whence he dates several letters written to the Warden on his mistress' behalf His services to Mr. Wadham were recognized in his will b}- an annuity of £20 a year, and two of his kins- men were appointed to Scholarships by the Foundress when the College was first constituted. In 1617 she directed that they should have the two next vacant Fellowships, and her recognition of Arnold's services did not stop there, for by her will Mrs. Wadham bequeathed all her furniture and plate to John Arnold, gent., ' her faithful servant,' and appointed him her testamentary executor'. Arnold writes to the Warden on a footing of equalit}^, and was of the condition of a gentleman, and bore arms-. The probability that he kept the book and made the entries is increased by his use of the word 'p/ozvs' to mean teams of oxen, which would be natural only in a Somersetshire man. accounts begin on April 9, 1610, the first entr}' being an agreement with twenty-nine workmen, of whom twenty-seven received from 3s. to 45. each, and in one case 55. '/or his coming to Oxford' Of these the greater number, certainly eighteen, are proved by subsequent entries in the weekly sheets to have been masons or 'layers.' Their journey took them three days, and in all likelihood the}^ were Somersetshire men sent up from the neighbourhood of ARMSOF MR. JOHN ARNOLD. The ' The original will is lodged in the College muniment room. A memorandum attached directs that copies be made for the Registries. ^ V. Seal attached to his letter of April 25, 161 7 (College archives\ The bearings on his coat resemble, with differences, those still borne by more than one family of the same name. He is referred to by name three times in the account book : September 23-28, 161 1 ; November 15-21, 1612; and March 22-27, i6i§- CHAP, ii] THE BUILDING ACCOUNTS 31 the Wadhams' seat near Ilminstcr. The writer stands them ' xii pence in bcare zvhcn I agreed ivi'tli tlieni' The fine architecture in which Somersetshire abounds testifies to Reasons for the hijih skill to which the local masons had attained, as indeed the masons to Oxford. local masons always did during the middle ages in those districts where good freestone was dug as it is in Somerset. But Oxfordshire also is a stone countr}^, and contains almost as many and as fine architectural works as Somersetshire. Why then should the builders of Wadham College have thought it necessary to import their masons from such a distance? Their mistrust of local resources went even further, for they took the trouble to send up teams of oxen all the way from Somer- setshire, for the haulage of the stone and other materials. This was found before long to have been a mistake, and the oxen were sent home again ; but the Somersetshire masons, or at all events some of them, stayed on the work pretty nearly till the end, and some of them went home and came back again during the progress of the building, as if they could not be dispensed with. Something may no doubt be due to the partiality of Mr. John Arnold and his colleagues for their native county, but there must have been other reasons than that, and possibly the local workmen may have been all engaged on Sir Thomas Bodley's new Library and the new quadrangle of Merton, which were begun in the same year as Wadham '. Among the earliest entries is the note of expenses of John Ckw, 'Piows'of ^ I ^ •> oxen brough a servant of Mrs. Wadham, in bringing up the 'plows' of oxen from f™m *-" " ^ ' Somerset. Merifield to Oxford. In Somersetshire to this day the word ' plough ' signifies the team that draws it, and not the instrument itself, which is called the ' zitll' a word which one might think more appropriate to the furrow made by it '. The 'plowmen' were four in number, and so no ' The dearth of masons in Oxford at this time interrupted the works at Merton College for eighteen months: v. MS. Regist. Merton College, ' cui ceffationi occasio data e quod fabri deeflent p aliquod temporis spatium quos ad tantu asdificiii costrucndu fufficere arbitrabamur.' ° I am indebted to Mrs. Godfrey Thring, of Hornblotton, for the following bit of modern Somerset; — 'Charley, hr wrre vliiiii; in ditch but no one ivoarn't Inirled; 'twere Farmer Mowdys (Moody's) plough runned away, and 'tu'eir/arch'nate tiny liadnl a hitched on thczull.' White Kennet says ' in Wiltshire the aratnun is now (1695) called a sullow, and the word plough is there attributed to any other waggon or carriage ; ' Glossary at end of ' Paroch. Ant.' E 2 32 THE ARCHITECT [chap, ii doubt were the teams. They halted for the night at Yeovil {Evill), Meere, Amesbury, Hungcrford, and Abingdon, reaching Oxford on the sixth day. We have their payments for soap to grease the wheels, for supper and breakfast, beer at midday, a dram of aqua vitae to restore one of the 'plowmen,' and their fees to tapster and chamberlain, but nothing for lodging. Travellers of their sort to this day, at the roadside inns in Somerset, sleep on a shake down in a common loft without any additional charge for the accommodation. During April and May quarries were opened, and stone dug and hauled to the site in considerable quantities, both by the ' plozus ' and by local carters, of whom there seems from the first never to have been The head any lack. A personage described as the Head Workman appears on the William ' scene about the middle of April, who draws a salary of ^i a week, and Arnold. whose name we find out in the next entry to be William Arnold. This suggests the enquiry who it was that designed the buildmg and filled the part that would now be taken b}' the Architect. It has often been supposed that the Architect of Wadham College was Thomas Holt. Thomas Holt of York. Holt is a mysterious personage whose name does not appear in any of the papers connected with the building of the Public Schools, but who was styled Architect of that building in his epitaph in Holywell Churchyard, where he was buried in 1624. The epitaph itself has disappeared, but is recorded by Wood'. On the strength of a certain resemblance in style to the Schools, the inner quadrangle of Merton and Wadham College have also been attributed to Holt. The registers of Merton, however, only mention Holt as contractor for the carpenter's work, the masonry being contracted for with John Acroyde. And though it is true that a Thomas Holt did work on Wadham College, he appears only as a carpenter engaged on the roofs of the Hall and Library, and does not appear at all till Aug. 161 1, when three sides of the quadrangle were practically finished. It is plain that even if he were the same person who afterwards gave the design for the Schools quad- rangle, which was begun just as Wadham was completed, he could have had no influence on that of the earlier building. We must look for the architect elsewhere. ' Peshall's ' Wood,' app. 25. CHAP. II] THE ARCHITECT 33 The accounts are so complete, and are so clearly intended to show wiiiiam all expenses connected with the building, not only for erecting it, but also architect.^ for providing the College plate, writing the Statutes, and furnishing the kitchen with cooking utensils, that so obvious and important an item as the payment of the architect for his design and superintendence cannot have been left out. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary it seems clear that the real architect was this William Arnoll or Arnold, the head workman, who from the name may perhaps have been a relation of Mr. John Arnold. This is in fact quite in accordance with the history of architecture during the middle ages. The professional architect, as we have him, did not come into being till about the time when Wadham was being built. Before then the architect who sat at a distance in an office drawing plans and never putting his own hands to the work was unknown. The real architect of the great buildings of the middle ages, The architect to whom was entrusted the technical execution of the ideas of the great ages.^ "" laymen, churchmen, municipalities, or private persons who desired to build, was the 'head workman,' the master mason, the Lapicida, — architect and clerk of works in one, — who saw to the quarrying of the stone, gave the design, directed the workmen, set out the building, worked with his own hands on those parts which involved superior artistic skill, and resided the whole time, or the greater part of it, on the spot. Sometimes he was contractor as well as architect, and we see him engaging to complete the work for a certain sum, finding all materials and labour; sometimes he provides the labour and the em- ployer finds the materials; at others he merely designs, superintends, and works on certain parts with his own hands. But in all cases, there we find him, stationed at the work, and often binding himself by an agreement not to undertake any other work without the consent of his employers until the one in hand is completed'. This seems to have been the position of William Arnold with wiiiiam reference to our subject ; and there is little doubt that he was practically designer of the architect of the College who planned the whole, and directed the ' Numerous extracts from building contracts are given by Willis and Clark in their great work on Cambridge. Mr. Street gives several in his book on Spain. Others will be found in my ' Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria.' Among these will be found examples of all the conditions between architect and employer above referred to. 34 THE ARCHITECT [chap, ii workmen in every detail, with perhaps a few exceptions to be noted by and bye. From the middle of April, 1610, he begins to draw his salary, although no actual building was begun for some weeks afterwards. Thenceforward he heads the list of workmen in the weekly sheets, sometimes dignified as yJ/r. William Arnoll, sometimes as plain William Ai^noll or Arnold, and he draws ^i a week till October 19, 161 1, when his wages fall to 105., and so continue till June 20, 1612, after which W.Arnold wc licar no more of him. During all this time we find mention of employed also . as a mason. Mr. W. Amold s iiicn, frccmasons, that is workers 01 ireestone, like himself; who wrought by piecework, and on whose work he of course made a profit, working himself also no doubt as a master-mason when His salary as hc had tlmc for it'. His weekly wages therefore of £\ at first and I05. afterwards were given solely for superintendence and design, over and above what he might make by the actual handiwork of himself and his men : and it should be obser\'ed that ^i a week representing about ^5 of our money is handsome pay, far beyond what an ordinary clerk of works receives, implying that William Arnold must have been a crafts- man of very superior attainments, capable not only of superintending the work but of giving the architectural design. From the weekly sheets we gather that William Arnold's three men were Edmond Arnold, Thomas Arnold, and Richard Cornish ; and when William Arnold retired from the work in June, 1612, we find that Edmond Edmond Arnold, no doubt a son or brother, succeeded him, and received Arnold. I05. a week until the following November-. During this time he and his men receive payment for masons' work, so that his weekly salary of I05. is clearly for superintendence and design, like that paid to his predecessor. The last payment of his salary is on November 28, 1612 ; but after that we still find him paid for masoniy such as pinnacles, evidently the work of more than one pair of hands ; from which we eather that he and his staff of masons continued at work till December ' The history of the buildings at Clare College, Cambridge, 1683-7, is very similar to this ; V. Willis and Clark, i. 106. William Grumbold was paid 20s. a week for supervising the workmen. He received 50s. for looking after the foundation and drawing a design for the building. He was also paid for working and setting various pieces of masonry, showing he worked as a mason like William Arnold besides designing and superintending the work. ■^ Building Accounts, June 30-July 4, 1612; and November 22-28, 1612. riiAi'. iij THE ARCHITECT 35 19, when he received full payment for the pinnacles, and thcncefonvard he disappears from the accounts '. By this time the building was so far advanced that a superintending master-workman was thought un- necessary, though perhaps some sort of supervision was given by John John Biack- Blackshaw, a skilled mason, and the carver of the statues of the King, the Founder, and the Foundress, over the Hall door, to whom £2 is given by Mr. John Arnold ' for his care in the work ^,' twelve weeks after the cessation of the 105. a week salary to Edmond Arnold. There is no trace of any drawings or plans having been made. In a pians. simple straightforward building such as this, and with a resident architect or director of the works on the spot, very few drawings would be absolutely necessary. As the work was done without a contract, there was not the same occasion for a specification or plan as when a con- tractor engaged to build a certain building for a certain sum. But even in the case of such a contract no definite plans drawn to scale in our modern way would have been attached to the agreement. It was thought quite enough to bind the contractor to build so many sets of rooms of such a size from front to back, and such a height from floor to floor, with so many doors and windows, and walls of such a thickness and of such materials. To this rough specification was sometimes attached a rough model in clay or plaster, or more often a rough sketch of the simplest kind, amounting to no more than a rude diagram of no practical use whatever as a working drawing for the builders, but ser\'ing to explain and illustrate in a rudimentary way the accompan3ing specification ■'. The workmen at Wadhani College were probably directed b}^ word of mouth ; the building was no doubt set out on the ground full size, instead of on paper to scale ; the heights would be marked by the head workman for the masons on staff-rods ; and very likely there never were any drawings at all, but such slight sketches with figured dimensions as the ' Building Accounts, December 13-19, 1612 ; Ed. Arnoll in full payment— £ .s. d. for the pinnacles ..........700 for measuring of ftone and panelling tun-ftufFe .... 120 ^ V. Building Accounts, Mar. 22-27, i6i|. ' See the contract of St. John's College, Cambridge, with Ralph Symons in 1598 for the second court, and the facsimile of his drawing attached to the agreement ; Willis and Clark, ii. 250-257. Also that for the new building at Emmanuel College in 1638-43 ; ib. ii. 687. 36 THE ARCHITECT head workman would naturally make for his own use by way of fixing the ideas he had in his head. It would be perfectly easy for a resident architect at the present day to design and build an equally important building, and even a much more elaborate one than this, without any drawings whatever, and it was without drawings that all the great buildings of the middle ages were carried out. This serves to explain the very trifling sums which we find paid occasionally to the super- intending architect for drawing a design. Such a design did not amount to a working drawing, it was only an explanatory sketch : the real design never existed at all on paper, but only in the intention of the designer, who being always on the spot explained to the workman at every step in the work how to proceed. CHAPTER HI THE WORKMEN AND MATERIALS. The accounts for labour and materials are kept distinct, the latter in Labour and all cases, whether stone, timber, slates, boards, lime, or hair, being bought "" "^^''' in the rough on the Foundress' account and carried to Oxford at her expense, excepting only the ironwork, which was paid for by weight at so much the pound inclusive of both metal and work '. As to the labour, it was done partly by piece-work, and partly by day-work. At first starting every workman was paid as a journeyman, but as early as June 30 in the first year, 1610, the masonry began to be Masonry by done by piece-work, and continued so till the following March, with the exception that John Blackshaw, the carver, was paid by the day. After that time a considerable number of masons are paid weekly as journey- men, but the more important moulded work continued to be done by piece-work, and each weekly account thenceforth contains payments to 'Freemasons to ta/ke,' that is by the piece, as well as 'Freemasons by the Masonry by daye.' Under the former heading are enumerated the quantities of the work so done, which are priced by a schedule. Periodically there was a sort of general measuring up and adjusting and settling of accounts, as for instance on November 29, 161 1, after which the accounts are continued under the same two heads of day-work and piece-work as before. With the layers, who seem to have been not merely wallers but also Layers, what we should call 'setters' of masonry, some of them being also masons and working occasionally as such, the rule was different. For the first ten months or so they worked as journeymen, receiving like the masons Now and then a special note occurs ' for working our owne Iron. 38 THE WORKMEN AND MATERIALS [chap, hi 15.4^. a day. But from March i6|t forward they were paid on a new plan by the piece, at first at so much a perch, and afterwards by instal- ments on a running account which was periodically measured up and piasterersand rcctificd. Thc plastcrcrs and slaters were paid in the same way. The slaters. carpenters also were paid almost entirely by piece-work, only odd jobs, sawing and squaring of timber, and small works, being done by day-work. Carpenters. Xhe principal carpenters kept a running account for the Chapel roof, thc Hall roof, the Librar}^ roof, and so on, for which they received periodical advances, and also for the bays, or floors, and partitions, for which they were paid on a schedule at so much apiece. Piece-work With regard to the piece-work, it seems to have been taken by small by gangs. 01 mastcr-mcn, who besides working themselves employed gangs of work- men under them, although at times these master-men worked at day wages also themselves. Thus we hear of Mr. William Arnold's three men above referred to, who would be paid day-wages by him, while he charged the work he and they jointly turned out as piece-work, according to a fixed schedule which left him a margin of profit '. In the same wa}^ we find Loddon the chief of the layers receiving payment for sixteen men who dug the foundation of the kitchen, and he as well as the two or three other layers who are mentioned must each have em- ployed a considerable number of workmen on the walls for which he was paid by measurement. With the carpenters it was the same, and so with the other trades. This system has the advantage of making one head workman responsible for each subdivision of the work, while it has none of the evils of subcontracting, because each head workman deals directly with the employer, and not through a contractor. How it fared with the journeymen workmen, and whether they were as well paid in this way as if they had been hired and paid direct by the employer, there is of course nothing to tell us. Accou.vTFoR The stone cost 15. /id. a cart-load- in carriage from the quarry to the MATERIALb. . ° . Stone. site, and was dug probably at Headington or Shotover. Though, like ' We also hear of Henry Chaffy and his man, Hugh French and his man, and Peter Plomer a mason and his company. Building Accounts, April 9, 1610 ; July 8-13, 1611. - A cart-load was reckoned at a ton or a little more ; a plow-load at about twice as much. CHAP. Ill] THE WORKMEN AND MATERIALS 39 all the stone from those quarries which was used in Oxford, it has suffered a good deal from decay, it seems to have been got from a harder bed than usual, and has stood much better than that of which many later buildings, as for instance Oriel College, were constructed. Some stone was bought ready dug, but for the most part it was dug by the College, and hauled at their expense. There are constantly pay- Quarries _ ^ r ^ opened. ments for ' ridding ' or baring quarries, and for ending them ; also pur- chases of sledge-hammers and wedges for getting the stone, and 'Rawses' for drawing it out of the quarr}'. Among the early entries is a payment to Hughit's mother for ground of quarry. Later on is a payment to Hughit for spoiling his land. An acre is hired from Thomas for 205. to make a quarry. A quarterly rent of ^3. 155. is paid to Mr. George Brome for his quarry, from Aug. 18, 1610, at all events till Oct. 1612 '. Magdalen College seems also to have allowed stone to be dug gra- tuitously on land belonging to them, no payment for royalty being recorded, but on Dec. 22, 1610, a present of books to the value of ^20 is Present to . Magdalen made to that College ^ for there cf-rryes-. Stone, however, contmued to coiiege. be got from Magdalen pit after that date, so that this did not close the transaction. For what services a somewhat shabby present of 45. in wine was given to Trinity College, ^ byway of gratuity for the Groveym. Present to Aug. 161 1, we are not further informed^; perhaps sand was dug there; coiiege. perhaps it was used for stacking materials, or for framing the roofs. As we shall see, no vacant ground was at first attached to the College ; all the property except what was occupied by the new building being let off almost as soon as it was bought. But besides what the builders them- selves dug, a large quantity of both freestone and wall stone ■*, especially stone bought, the former, was bought from quarrymen, of whom Chillingworth or Shillingworth and Smedmore are most frequently mentioned. This stone ' See accounts for the Merton building. Mr. Brome was Lord of the Manor of Headington. '^ Building Accounts. " Building Accounts. The President of Trinity tells me no record of any transaction regarding the Grove is preserved in that College. * The walling, or rubble stone, is called variously wale-stone, or rag-stone, and after August, 161 1, burr or bur-stone, a name which is not used till then. Bur is still a west- country name for rubble stone. F 2 40 THE WORKMEN AND MATERL4LS [chap, hi would be ready dug, and had to be carted to the site at the cost of the building account. Other kinds of stone also were got for special pur- poses : Ensham stone for steps ; Burford stone for crests or ridge stones, and for the statues '. Water Water carriage was largely employed, for though before the days of carriage. o o -/ i „■ locks and weirs the Thames may not have been always easily navigable so high up, it probably presented fewer difficulties even at its lowest than the bad roads of the seventeenth century. Stone from Burford and timber from Cumnor wood were brought by water to Oxford and ' High bridge.' landed at Hithe bridge, or High bridge as it was generally called, where, as the name implies, there was wharfage accommodation. There was no road thence to the College, and the haulage of the stone from High bridge - to the site, the length merely of what are now George Street and Broad Street, cost half as much as the cartage from the quarries on Headington or Shotover Hill. oaii timber. Jhc timber, — oak throughout, — was bought standing in Cumnor wood, belonging to Lord Norris, the ancestor of the Earls of Abingdon. The oaks were paid for at so much apiece, not by the cubic foot as at the present day, and generally an instalment was paid to the steward of the estate as earnest money. The trees were felled at 6d. or 8^'. apiece, according to their size, and hauled to the water side at the cost of from IS. 2,d. to 15. 6d. for a load of 50 cub. ft., whence the water carriage to Oxford cost 25. i(/. or 2.s. 2d. a boat-load. ' Burford and Taynton are close together and the stone is identical. Blackshaw the mason and his son went to Burford to work the stone in January 16}^. It is probabl}- the same as the bttrbet stone, got for the king's picture in March i6ij. Building Accounts, fol. Ixii, cx.xxviii. - Hithe bridge is that crossed on the way to the railway station down George Street. In Agas's map of 1578 it is called ' Highe Bridge,' and between it and the town walls inter- venes a space ot open ground called Broken Hayes, without any regular road across it. Wood ('Cit3' of O.xford,' p. 363) says a lane was formed in 1641. In Loggan's map of 1675 the bridge is united to the end of Broad Street by a lane between straggling cottages and garden walls. Among them is the row of houses still existing with the picturesque terrace and steps in front, in the wall of which is the stone recording that ' this wall was made and the li'aycs pitched in the iiinvroltv of 5^ Sampson White, K'., Anno Doni. 1667.' In Williams's map of 1773 this lane is dignified with a name, — George Lane or Thames Street, — but the irregularly spaced houses between which it runs do not even 3'et quite reach ' High bridge ' at its lower end. There is a view of ' High-bridge ' in its old state as rebuilt by Thomas de Cudlington, Abbot of Oseney, in Skelton, vol. ii. plate no. CHAi'. Ill] THE WORKMEN AND MATERIALS 41 The first purchase of timber was in Aug. 1610, five months after the Timber feiied beginning of the work, when 300 oaks are bought of 'the Lord "'^"""""' Norrice,' and earnest paid for 200 more. The felling and carriage to Oxford begins at once, and workmen are set to saw and square it. Payments to carpenters for working up the timber appear on Dec. 15, 1610, when the framing of bays and partitions begins. This timber, be it remembered, had only been cut four months before, and was felled in August, too soon for the sap to have begun to descend. Felling goes on, through March, April, and June, 161 1, and the following March, with carriage from the wood to the water, or latterly to the mill, thence by boat to High Bridge, whence timber is carted to the College by Alexander Hill at 15. a load. The same indifference to the proper season for felling is shown in Eim timber. the case of elms. In July 1612 some elms are bought of Mr. Brome, the . same person no doubt from whom a quarry was hired, and they are straightway cut and carried to the College. It is contrary to all our ideas of good carpentry to work up summer- Timber used . ..... , . green and un- felled tmiber into a building withm four months from the time when it unseasoned, was a growing tree, full of sap, as must have been the case with most of that in Wadham College. The good preservation in which it remains to the present day must be due to the fact that little or none of it was so covered up as to be inaccessible to the circulation of air, and to the opportunity it consequently had of seasoning after it was wrought and fixed, though this implies an indifference to warping and splitting which would horrify a modern carpenter or joiner who knew his business. With regard to the other materials, the lime was generally brought Lime. from Brill or elsewhere. But at one time they seem to have burned their own. In March i6|t, and afterwards, we find payments to Arthur Young, lime burner; in April of the same year a shovel is bought for him, and in Aug. 161 1, a ' /hovell for the kill.' The slates, ^ — stone slates, — were bought in the county, some at siatesand Burlord, most of them probably at Stonesfield, and the slater is paid by a running account. There are charges for slate-pins, for holing the slates, and for moss in which the slates were bedded, as in some parts of England they are now-a-da3^s in hay, for the purpose of excluding draughts and snow. 42 THE WORKMEN AND MA TERIALS s^"''- There is no entry anywhere for sand. But the whole of Oxford stands on a bed of coarse gravelly sand, not to be surpassed as a material for mortar ; and the old pits with which the ground is found to be honey- combed wherever it is opened at the present day within and around the city, and which make foundation work a very serious item in the cost of building at Oxford, show how very largely it was excavated for building purposes in former days\ No doubt the sand for making mortar at Wadham was dug on the spot, and a large quantity would have been supplied by the excavation for the cellar under the Hall, without specially digging for it. ' When digging the foundation of the New Examination Schools in High Street in 1876, the workmen found the whole area full of round pits sunk in the gravel varying from five to seven or eight feet deep, and sometimes more, and filled up with black mould. Mr. Edwards my clerk of works thought he had discovered an ancient British village, like that at Stanlake. When the whole of the mould was cleared out, the site appeared honej^-combed with these pits, which were divided by thin walls of natural gravel, and were sometimes reached by steps rudely cut in the soil, and occasionally had a floor beaten or trodden hard. The theory of the British village, however, was not accepted by Professor Rolleston and other authorities, and further experience showed that these excavations existed in all parts far too extensively for such an explanation. They were found when digging for the new quadrangles at Trinity and Brasenose, one within and the other without the city walls, and also in the foundation of the City of Oxford's High School in George Street, situated on the site of the Old City ditch. CHAPTER IV HISTORY OF THE BUILDING OPERATIONS. The whole building was begun, finished, and occupied within the a.d. leio. comparatively short period of a little more than three years, which is gress of'ihe quite as rapid a rate of progress as would be thought desirable at the "' '"^' present day, and contrasts very favourably with the slow growth of most great buildings during the middle ages. A large staff of men was kept on, and except during the first two winters, when building was stopped for some weeks by frost, there was no interruption to the work. April and May, 1610, were occupied in clearing the site, putting up April and sheds, and other preparations. Stone was hauled in large quantities during the latter part of May and June, sometimes over 150 loads being brought during the week. A large staff of masons got to work early in June, and towards the middle of the month we find labourers digging the trenches, and layers building the walls 1. In July the first purchase of oaks in Cumnor Wood is recorded, and on the 31st of that month the first stone was laid, by which time no doubt considerable progress must have been made with the foundations. Anthony a Wood gives an account of the ceremony, which seems ["J^jS'-^f ^^^ to have been one of some splendour -. He says : — ^'^^^ s'°"^- ' Three of these layers, Leg, French, and Haykins,— the first two Somersetshire men, — had previously worked as masons. Fresh masons are taken on to replace them. There are other instances of men working occasionally at other crafts beside their own. John More the painter 'sets up buttresses ' as a layer; Building Accounts, February 22-27, 161 j ; and Davis another painter is employed as a carpenter; Building Accounts, September 4, 1613. ' pii IVilliam Davis in full paym' for paynting the Chappie and laying the libraiy baycs . . . . . . . . . • • 1696 = Wood, 'Colleges and Halls' (Gutch\ p. 593. A contemporary allusion occurs in a letter from Christopher Trevelyan, a student at Oxford, to his father at Ncttlecombc, dated 30 July, 1610, and conveyed by his cousin Zacherias Windam, who, he writes,.' //rt/// promised 44 PROGRESS OF THE BUILDING [chap. A.n. 1610. July 31- Chambers built first. All the ruinous buildings of the faid Fryery or Priory (which chiefly ftood on the fouth side of the College and fouthward from it) being pulled down and levelled with the ground, the day for laying the firft ftone was appointed; which day (the laft of July) appearing, the Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, Proctors, and others, met in St. Mary's Church ; from whence going folemnly to the place where the ftone was to be laid (there being then prefent Alderman Thomas Harrys, the Mayor of the City, with his brethren), certain finging men and Chorifters fung Te Deum. Which being done, Dr. Ryves, Warden of New College, made an elegant Oration in praife of the work and its Founders. After he had concluded, a folemn Anthem was fung, in the doing of which the firft ftone was laid in the eaft part of the College, (where the Chapel was after- wards built) by the Vice-Chancellor and others, and monies offered thereon by them according to cuftom. In the accounts for this week we find that £6. -js. lod. was laid out for three barrels of beer, cakes, bisket, and prince bread, and for music, wine, and servitors employed on the occasion \ The building was now pushed on in good earnest, but, as we gather from the accounts, not with equal haste in every part. Whether- from doubt as to the sufficiency of means, or from the desire to occupy the College as soon as possible, the wing containing the kitchen and library was at first not begun at all ; and though the foundations of the chapel must have been put in, because the first stone was laid in its eastern part, both chapel, antechapel, and hall w^ere left down while the other three sides of the quadrangle containing the chambers were pushed on to completion with all possible expedition. Indeed, as we shall see in following out the history of the building, the three front wings were ready for roofing before the walls of the hall and chapel had reached the window cills, or the foundations of the kitchen were even dug. nil' tliat if he possibelly can, to deliver them with his owne handes, or otherwise trustely to couvayc these our letters ; if he make good his promise he ivill I doubte not, ccrtifie yoit of the perticiilars of the for'a'ardness of our new IVaddani College, zvhose fust foundation stone unll be laved on this next morning, which will be the last daye of July, with as much solemnity as the time will permitt, being as it is in the vacation, at what time the University is alwayes barest and most stripped of her company.' Trevelyan Papers (Camden Society, part 3, p. 113), cited by Rogers. ' Building Accounts, July 30-Aug. 14, 1610 : — for 3 barrells of beere for cakes, bisket, and prince bread for musicke .... for wine ..... for servitors .... 4 I o 10 12 li. vj vij. d. CHAP, iv] PROGRESS OF THE BUILDING 45 As many as twenty-five carters were sometimes employed in hauling a.d. leio. stone, and there being no difficulty about carriage of materials Mrs. Wadham's ' plmvs' were sent back into Somersetshire in charge of John Nov. lo. , . ' The ' plows ' Clay and his three mates at the begmning of November '. sent home. From December 8th till the end of January building was suspended for the winter. The walls were now scaffold-high. Fir saplings are bought for scaiToIding, and an acre of copse for making hurdles, which were used instead of planks for the workmen to move about on the scaffolds -. Thornton the head carpenter is at work framing the bays •' December. ^ O -7 pi^^ floor and partitions, which shows that the walls were nearly ready for the first- reached, floor timbers, which partly rest on the partitions. As was usual in similar buildings of that time, there are hardly any party walls across the building, the rooms and even the staircases being divided by ' quartering ' partitions lathed and plastered on both sides. Cartage of stone goes on through the winter, as many as thirt}^ carters a.d. leii. being employed in one week, and on January 21 building was resumed. Rapid progress was now made with the west, north, and south sides of the quadrangle ; the chimneys are half finished by the middle of June, J""^. and at the same time the first purchase is recorded of slates and moss in chambers up • to plate level. which to lay them *. The mention of gitrgei or go j'ge/l tah\e, or corbel table as we should call the cornice with little modillions that surrounds the quadrangle just below the parapet, shows that by July the walls were plate-high and ready for the roofs on three sides of the quadrangle, while other entries prove that the fourth or east side containing the antechapel and hall was not yet up to the window cills, and that the kitchen Kitchen foundation foundations were only just being dug "'. During the autumn the masons dug. ' Building Accounts, Nov. 5-10, 1610, ' pd.Jit. Clay for bringing downe the plowcs £4 o o.' ■ Twenty-four hurdles ^ pro viis super dictam scaffoltam.' Westminster Rolls, cited from Smith's 'Antiq. of Westminster,' in 'Gleanings from Westminster Abbey,' G. G. Scott, P- 233- ' A bay of joists or roofing is the distance from girder to girder, or truss to truss; Gwilt, 1875, cited in Murray's 'Diet' * On July 18, 1763, there is a resolution in 'Convention Book,' No. iii, ' that the slates of the Chapel roof hitherto laid in moss, but not ketpiiig out the rain, be noiv laid in mortar.' ■* Building Accounts, July 22-27, 161 1 : 'John Loddon for 16 men digging the foundatio of y eitchen, i6s. 6d. xvj" vj^.' The building of the kitchen seems to have been again put off till the following spring; v. Building Accounts, Feb. 24-29, 161 J, 'for 14 men for laying the foundation of the cilehen, £1. 95. 0(/.' G 46 PROGRESS OF THE BUILDING [chap, iv A.D. 1611. are busy with the parapet, battlements, and chimneys, and in September sufting of' the slating of the roofs begins. At the end of that month the building was begun.""^^ so far covered in that the interior work began. Medcalfe the plasterer pi^°terin ^'^'^ ^^ work, and clay was bought to be used as is most likel}' for filling begun. jj^ |.|^g partitions \ At the end of November the globes which originall}' surmounted the apex of the gables were fixed, plumbers' work was paid for, and the carpenters were paid off for all ' bays ' and partitions, beams and lintels to that date. November. Thc extcHor shcll of the three sides of the quadrangle being now Outside work . ii-ii • • i j'--i iitt-ii' to three finishcd, and his labours ni supermtendence dimmished, William Arnold s sides of quad- T t i rangie wcckly wagcs are reduced from £x to io5. He now began to work with finished. Hall windows his mcn on the eighteen windows, all of one pattern, which light the hall ArnoM '^ ' snd antcchapcl, continuing, however, to superintend the work generally' -. From the beginning of December till February 24, i6|4, no building went on, partly no doubt on account of the winter, and partly perhaps because of the backwardness of the masonry on the east side of the quadrangle. A new mason had appeared on the scene ih November, John Spicer, who worked at first with the rest on what happened to be going forward ; The choir but in January he began upon the windows of the choir of the chapel, begun by Completing the ten side windows in a little over two months, and the John Spicer. ^ "-^ great east window in the following September^ These eleven windows of the choir have sorely puzzled antiquaries, and John Spicer little thought what a pitfall he was digging for many an archaeological reputation. ' In a contract at Emmanuel College, 1638-40, I find 'all the partitions to be spkntcd and clayed between the sttidds, and on the outside cast over with LyMie and Hayre on harte- lath, and the outside to be layd with lyme and hayre between the studds.' Willis and Clark, vol. ii. Clay was sometimes used for forming the floors of the ground storey. At Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1539-40, there is a charge for taking out the clay and laying a wooden floor in the room of a Mr. Ashton. Willis and Clark, iii. 320. At Wadham, however, the ground floors seem to have been of wood ; v. Building Accounts, May 10-15, 1613. ■^ William Arnold was paid for the first of these eighteen windows on Dec. 7, 1611, and for the last on May 2, 1612. He was paid for the bay window in the Hall on Feb. 29, i6\\, and received the last payment for the great end window of the Hall on June 13, 1612. ' Spicer was paid for the first two chapel windows on Feb. i, i6JJ, and for the last of the ten on April ii, 1612. The first payment for the east window is on May 31 following and the last on Sept. 5 in the same year. CHAP, ivl PROGRESS OF THE BUILDING 47 At the end of February the kitchen wing was at last fairly started '. a.d. iei2. During the succeeding spring and summer the workmen were busy in Buiiding^of every part of the College. In the chambers the flooring was laid, the surted. walls and partitions plastered, doors hung, locks and bars fixed, and windows glazed. The account with the carpenters for this part of the building was closed in June-, the chambers were made clean, and the June. three sides of the quadrangle were practically finished. The work in quadrangle containing chapel and hall, kitchen and library went on steadily ; Spicer had chambers finished. finished the ten side windows of the choir in March, and William Arnold completed all the windows of the hall and antechapel on June 13, when .lune 13. _ William the bases of the great columns and responds of the arches in the ante- Amoid " departs. chapel and part of the columns themselves were also fixed. This completes William Arnold's work on the College, and we now finally take leave of him I His 'man' Edmond or Edw^ard Arnold takes his place. The mention of gargell table in July for the first time since juiy. . r 1 Chapel and November shows that the fourth side of the quadrangle had been Haii roof begun. brought up level with the rest, and at the same time Thornton, one of the head carpenters, begins work on the chapel roof, and two other carpenters, Thomas Holt and Tesely, on that of the hall. The last payment for the chapel roof is on October 17, by which time it must have been finished ■♦. Meanwhile rapid progress was made with the kitchen wing, for the windows of the library over the kitchen were paid for in June, and Tesely and Holt began upon the roof in August. This block, the most backw'ard, August. ^^^^ had consequently now nearly caught up the rest. '^'=8""- The last part of the building to be begun was the cloister which cioister bi,iit. joins the chapel and kitchen wings behind the hall and antechapel, the windows and door-heads of which were not finished till November. With the exception of finishing the pinnacles and buttresses the only ' Building Accounts ; see note 5, p. 45, supra. ^ Building Accounts, June 21-27, 1612: 'pel more for all the pticions in the 4 storyes and bay bards in the 3 storyes, £11. 17s. od.' ' Building Accounts, June 14-20, 1612, for the last time, ' IViii. ArnoH's wags, 10s.' ' The first mention of Thomas Holt, the carpenter, is in the account of Aug. 12-17, i6ii: 'T/io. Holt, 5 dayes, 7s. dd: One John Holt, a carpenter, appears as making the centre for the kitchen vault in Dec. 1612, and the following January. Thomas Holt appears subsequently as working on the Library. See as to Holt, above, p. 32. G 2 48 PROGRESS OF THE BUILDING [chap. IV AD. 1612. November Edniond Arnold departs. A.D. 1613. Chapel ceiling and screens. The statues. March. The e.xaminers. important piece of masonry that was now left to do was the kitchen vault, which was completed by John Blackshaw, the mason and carver, about the middle of December'. The services of Edward Arnold as superin- tendent were no longer necessary, and had already been discontinued in November, although we find him still engaged on masonry by piece-work for a short time longer -. The bulk of the work now consisted in the interior fittings. Austin and Thornton are engaged from Jan. i6 till the following March in ' baffijig' or battening the chapel, by which is probabl}^ meant the boarded ceilings in cants below the rafters, collars, and braces, with which the chapel and antechapel were originally covered. John Bolton, described sometimes as a carver and sometimes as a 'joyner,' had already been some months at work on the fine oak screens of the hall and chapel, ^40 having been paid him on account for the former in the preceding September. He did not, however, receive his payment in full for the two '/kryiics' till the following June, so that it is not certain that the chapel screen was finished in time for the consecration ^ In March the statues in the niches of the frontispiece over the hall door were finished by John Blackshaw, carver and mason, the same who constructed the vault over the kitchen ; and he now disappears from the scene with a present of £2 given him by Mr. John Arnold for his care in the work^ In the week ending March 27, is a charge of £j. i6s. io I. The building being now ready for use, it is time to say something of those who were to use it, and of the code of laws by which they were to be governed. The Statutes are copied, often word for word, from those of older colleges as far back even as the time of Wykeham, whose Statutes for New College served as a model for the codes of succeeding colleges, just as his buildings did for their structure. In certain respects the Statutes of Wadham are accommodated to more modern ideas, but on the whole they show us a state of society with habits and customs nearer to the middle ages than to our own time. They go thoroughly into the regulation of the Collegiate life, even descending to the details of dress, sitting and behaviour at table, social form and ceremony, and they give us a vivid picture of contemporary life within college walls. The}' begin thus : — In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinit}-, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Whereas Nicholas Wadham, of Merifield in the county of THE COMMON SEAL. THE STATUTES 53 Somerset, my late husband, had it in his mind to found erect and establish a Preface to ihc certain perpetual College of poor and needy Scholars in the University of ^''""''=^- Oxford, to the praise glory and honour of Almighty God, the increase of sound letters, and the common utility of this kingdom, and ofttimes while he was among the living, and especially a little before his death, declared to me that intention of his mind, and vehemently asked me to further it myself if God should grant a longer life to me than to him ; I Dorothy Wadham, relict of the said Nicholas, desiring to fulfil his wishes as far as I can, and to promote this pious work so much as I shall be able, by virtue and strength of letters patent of our most Serene Lord James, by the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, granted me by his especial favour, do erect, found and establish a perpetual College of Students, and do assign, dedicate and grant to them a house for their habitation outside the wall of the City of Oxford, on the north side, in a certain place vulgarly called the Augustine Fryers, within the precincts of the University of Oxford, which house of students I will shall be for ever called CoUegiwn IVadliami, but commonly Wadham College. . . . There is to be in the said College a superior who The Society. shall be called by the title of Warden, who shall remain in his office for life, unless it should happen that he be removed for causes below expressed. There are to be also fifteen Fellows, and as many Scholars, two Chaplains in Holy orders, also two Clerks, a Manciple, two Cooks, two Butlers, one Porter. The Warden is to be a man of blameless report, not a bishop, nor ^'"Af- '^ ' ^ The Warden. an alien, a Master of Arts at the least, and he is to take the degree of D. D. within a 3^ear from his election, and to be and remain unmarried while he holds the office '. He is to be at least thirty years of age, to look well after the interests of the College, and to receive the unmur- muring obedience in things lawful of the whole body of Fellows, Scholars, Commoners, Battellars, Officers, and Ser\'ants. ' The condition of taking the D.D. degree, involving Holy Orders, was not in acccord- ance with the expressed intention of the Founder (v. sup. p. 14). Nor was it in the original copy of the Statutes signed and sealed by the Foundress. Tradition asserts that she adopted it in compliance with the wishes of the Society. The original Statutes require the Warden to proceed to a Doctor's degree in one of the three Faculties ; the other two are struck out with a pen in a later hand. The condition of the D.D. degree was abolished by the Parliamentary Commission of 1878, after repeated attempts of the College had failed to obtain relief. The other condition, that of celibac}', was specially insisted upon by the Founder in his last conversation with his nephew, v. sup. p. 14. This alone, if it were necessar}-, would dispose of the absurd story that the Foundress inserted the clause in the Statutes from pique at the refusal of Dr. Wright, the first Warden, to marry her. She was then 79 and Dr. Wright 53 years of age. A bill for enabling Heads of Houses to marry was brought in and defeated in 1783, and the condition of celibacy at Wadham was not finally abrogated by Act of Parliament till 1806. H 54 THE STATUTES CHAP. V Cap. 3. Mode of electing the Warden. Oath of the Warden. Cap. 4, 5. Mode of elect- ing probation- ary Fellows. Oath of the probationer. When the Wardenship becomes vacant, leaving the Society 'stupified like a szvann of bees n'lthoiit its governor,' the Sub-Warden, or Senior Fellow if the Sub-Warden be absent, is to convoke the Fellows in the chapel on the day following to declare the vacancy, and summon them again to meet there on the third day inclusively reckoned at eight in the morning and elect a successor, when no one is to be absent without leave under pain of losing his Fellowship. The election is then to be made after morning ser\'ice and the formal reading of this Statute, each Fellow voting viva voce, for some one who is or has been a Fellow of the College. If no one candidate should get a majority of votes, they are to meet and vote again at midda}^, and so on, till some one gets a majority, failing which, if two candidates have an equal number of votes, the nominee of the Sub- Warden, or in his absence of the Senior Fellow, is to be elected, and the Sub- Warden or Senior may in that case pronounce himself elected, though under no circumstances may any man vote for himself. The new Warden is to be sworn in and admitted b}'' the Sub- Warden or Senior Fellow within the week. His oath binds him to be faithful to the College and to govern according to the Statutes, to punish offenders, to submit to the awards of the Visitor, not to appeal should he be removed from his office, not to act m greater matters without the consent of the Society, to continue celibate while Warden, to see to the interests of the College in all ways, and especially in the renewal of leases, to promote the election of fit candidates to Scholarships and Fellowships, and not to be absent more than four months in the year without leave. In case of a vacant Fellowship the Warden, who is to have two votes in all elections, and the Fellows are to meet in the chapel on June 30, the morrow of St. Peter, — a day chosen probabl}' with reference to Mrs. Wadham's family name, — and after pra3'ers to elect a probationer from among the graduate Scholars. A majority of votes is to carry a candidate ; and in case of a ' tie ' the Bishop of Bath and Wells, or if the see be vacant the Chancellor of the University, is to choose between them. The successful candidate is to remain Probationer for a 3'ear, after which if he be approved on trial he is to be admitted Fellow. The probationer is to take an oath that he has not more than /"lo a year, that he will be faithful to the College, will not reveal the College secrets CHAP, v] • THE STATUTES 55 nor engage in conspiracies against the rules, will not marry while a Fellow, and will submit to penalties for breach of Statutes or to expulsion without appeal. The Chaplains are to take the same oath. The Fellow also swears TheChap. that he will not become Fellow of another College without leave. The Scholars are to be elected also on the morrow of St. Peter's cap.e. day, by the Warden, Sub-Warden, Dean, Bursars, and Humanity sd,oiar".°^ Lecturer. A majority of votes to elect, and in case of a tie the nomination of the Warden or in his absence the Sub-Warden to prevail. The Candidates must be poor, born in wedlock, not graduate, not less than fourteen nor more than nineteen years old. They must not possess ^8 a year, and they must be able to compose a Latin letter and fairly good verses, and must either have begun or be ready to begin Dialectic. If none such can be found those who come nearest to these qualifications are to ^e taken. The Scholarships ma}' be held twelve years after taking the M.A. degree and no longer, but with the condition that the holder improves himself in manners and science, obeys the Statutes, and does not possess more than ^8 a year. Three Scholars are to be from Somerset, and three from Essex ; the rest from any county in Great Britain. The Scholar's oath and that of the Clerk cn/.. 7. The oath of resembles, mutatis luntaudis, that of the Probationer, and binds him scholars and Clerks. among other things ' not to disturb the peace of the College by de- tractions, evil speakings, or abusive language, and not to make odious comparisons of famil}', country, or learning against any member of the College.' Next follow regulations for the chapel services. The chapel set cap.&. • 1 /"• II r ^''^ Chapel apart m the said College for the celebration of Divine offices is to be senices. decently and honourably maintained, and the public prayers appointed for the time in the Church ' are to be reverently said or sung in the said chapel, at which both the Warden and Sub-Warden, the Fellows and Scholars, whether graduate or undergraduate, are to be bound to assist on Sundays and festivals, from the beginning to the end, the Warden sitting in the stall immediately to the right on entering the choir, the Sub- Warden on the left, and the others in order of seniority or degree. ' ' Precesque publicae in Ecclesia pro tempore consiitutae.' \\ 2 56 THE STATUTES [chap. V The Clerks. Cap. 9. Rules for residence. Cap. 10. The officers. Sub-Warden, Dean, Sub- Dean. Bursars. On Sundays and festivals and eves and vigils they are to wear surplices and the vestments of their degrees '. The Clerks are to ring the bell for chapel, and also for lectures, disputations and all exercises, and for dinner and supper. There is to be service twice on ordinary days {diebiis profesiis) between five and six in the morning, and eight and nine in the evening", at which all Bachelors and junior members are to attend under penalty. Fellows wishing to absent themselves for three whole days, or Scholars for one whole day, have to show cause and get leave from the Warden or in his absence the Sub- Warden. But no Scholar is to be absent from College more than thirty, and no Fellow more than forty days in the year; nor must more than seven of the whole number be absent at once unless for special reasons, among which are reckoned the death or severe illness of parents or near relatives. The Sub- Warden, Dean, Bursars and other officers are to be elected by the suffrages of the Warden and five Senior Fellows annually on December 6, St. Nicholas' day, chosen with reference to the Founder's Christian name. The Sub-Warden's duties are to assist the Warden and represent him in his absence, and to act as moderator in the Theological disputations unless it should please the Warden to do it. The Dean is to preside at disputations of Bachelors in Logic and Philosophy, and is to have a Bachelor Fellow as Sub-Dean to preside at those of the Undergraduate Scholars. This Sub-Dean or any of the Bachelors if careless in their disputations may be punished by the Dean with a 'pensum literarium' or 'imposition,' and even in bad cases by the more awful penalty of being made to sit b}^ themselves in disgrace at dinner and supper, and getting only short commons ". The Bursars are to receive the College income, and pay all expenses, ' ' S/atiio ctiam quod singulis Doiiiiiiicis /cstis d iiitcrcisis diebtis in sacello corum quisquc superpelliceis ct habitibiis singulornni gradibus compdcntibus dccoris e decore sc induat.' '■' A decree of the Visitor in 1838 ' interpreted * this to mean at any hours at the discretion of the Warden or Sub-Warden. ' The Dean was to have a fee of 6s. Qd. for presenting a Scholar for a Bachelor's degree or a Bachelor for a Master's, while Commoners and Battellars are to pay Qd. j'earl}', which the Dean and Sub-Dean are to divide equally. ciiAi>. v] THE STATUTES 57 to render a complete account yearly, and to have their accounts audited weekly in the room over the buttery by the Warden and three Senior Fellows, or their representatives. There is to be a Catechist, one of the Fellows, whose duty it will be catcchist. to instruct the youths in Christian religion and the elements of piety on alternate Thursdays during term-time between the hours of ten and eleven. Also a Praelector of Humanity who is to expound some classical f/^e'ector * Humanitatis. author, Greek or Latin, in the Common Hall, and some other Fellow of the dee;ree at least of Bachelor in Arts is to be Moderator of Philosophy'. P'?,<='*=c'°': o r J philosophiae. In order that each officer may discharge his office ivith greater alacrity, the Sub-Warden is to have an annual stipend of .1^4, the Dean and Sub-Dean and the Bursars each 40 shillings, the Catechist .^3, the Praelector Humanitatis 40 shillings besides 6 pence a quarter from each Undergraduate Commoner and Battellar, and the Moderator of Philo- sophy ^3. Then follow rules for disputations on Wednesdays and Saturdays cap.n. Disputations. every week during term by all the Bachelors and Regent Masters : those in Theology to take place in the chapel, the rest in the hall. Also rules for lectures to Undergraduates by the different praelectors in their respective subjects beginning at six in the morning. Also for de- clamations in hall every Saturday between one and two o'clock by Commoners and Battellars, care being had to avoid orationcs ex bile iiatas, as dangerous to harmony. The next Statute relates to time for taking degrees, which bears upon ^"^;^'^;. the duration of tenure of Fellowships and Scholarships, and contains f>iio"-ship. the condition, singular at that time, which the prudence of the Founder had devised, that no one shall continue to hold his Fellowship for more than eighteen years after he has completed his Regency I Then follow the yearly stipends of the Society. The Warden is ^"C-^l% • In a subsequent chapter (Cap. 21) it is ordered that no Fellow shall hold two offices at once. - Regents are those who compose the House of Congregation. ' All Doctors of every Faculty and all Masters of Arts are ncccssario Regcutes for two years from the end of the Term in which they are admitted to their respective degrees.' — ' Oxford University Calendar.' As to the Founder's intentions, see above, p. 14. The original Statute limited the term of years to ' decem,' which is altered in a later hand to ' octodccim.'— v. Letter ot Foundress of Mar. 28, 1614, cited infra p. 79. 58 THE STATUTES [chap. V Cap. i^. Dress and behaviour. Cards and dice. Arms and instruments of sport forbidden. to have /loo, each Fellow and Probationer £20, Scholars ^10, and Chaplains ^13. 65. ?>d. each ; each Clerk £6. 135. 4^^., the Manciple /lo, the Butler £2, and the under Butler £^, the Barber and Laundress each 305., the Porter 265. Qd., the Cook £2 and the under Cook £^. From the stipend of the Warden and Fellows at least ;!f 12 yearly is to be expended in ' Commons ' of meat and drink, from that of the Scholars £6, from that of the Chaplains /8, and from that of the Clerks £^, in equal weekly portions. Moreover the Butler, under Butler, Porter, and Manciple are to have .^10 yearly to be spent in meat and drink in the College Hall. If any one be absent he is to lose his Commons, and the profit is to go to the College. We now come to the matter of dress, conversation, and manners, which are regulated with precision. The Fellows and Scholars are to wear black or dark-coloured clothes ; to appear in gowns down to their heels and square caps not only outside the College, but also within the gates, except in their own chambers. Entrance to the Butter}' is forbidden to all undergraduates, and even to Bachelors unless they are required to go there on business. And ' inasiiiiicli as too much familiarity is ivont to breed contempt' the Masters are warned not to be too intimate with Bachelors, nor Bachelors with Scholars or Masters, while the Scholars are allowed no familiarit}' at all with Masters. A Bachelor meeting a Master shall uncover his head, at all events once either on greeting him or taking his leave : but a Commoner or Battellar undergraduate must remain uncovered the whole time. Scholars in particular are to be kept humble, for while undergraduate they are never to cover themselves within the College without leave, and Bachelor Scholars must remain uncovered in a Master's presence. Above all the Warden is to be treated with the greatest respect. Unseemly gaming with dice or cards is forbidden, but on All Saints' Day, Christmas Day and the feasts following, and on the Purification of the Blessed Virgin they are allowed to play cards in the hall for small stakes and at a suitable hour. But no one in College may make use of guns, crossbows, or keep dogs, ferrets, rabbits, hares, or any kind of bird, nor may they wear arms except when travelling. Lastly, no Scholar below the degree of Master is to go about alone, but always to have as his companion some Scholar, Commoner, Battellar, or .iiAi'. vj THE STATUTES 59 Servant '^5 a zvitness of his upright and honest conversation,' unless he be on his way to lecture or the Schools, or have leave. The Statutes are ordered to be read publicly twice a year, a fortnight before Easter and Michaelmas, and there are to be three copies of them, one to be kept in the Common chest, one by the Warden, and one in a chest in the Library. At nine o'clock in the evening or a quarter past the College gate cap. 16. is to be locked and the keys taken to the Warden's chamber, and the Coiiegegate. gate is not to be opened before five the following morning. No one, whether Fellow, Scholar, Commoner or Battellar, is to sleep out without leave, nor to climb the walls', under penalty of loss of commons, or for repeated offence expulsion. Then follow the rules for dinner and supper. We shall return to cap. 17. Rules for these in a later chapter when we come to the Hall. dinner and supper in The next deals with reasons for avoidance or deprivation of Fellows Haii. or Scholars for misconduct or acquisition of property or a benefice above Deprivation, the aforesaid limits. The Warden, however, is allowed to hold benefices of any value. We then come to the College servants, who were, and are still, cap. 19. The servants. regularly matriculated members of the foundation. They are to be appointed by the Warden and five Seniors. The Manciple [Obsonator) The Manciple, is to buy the eatables in conjunction with the Cook and Steward of the Hall {Senescalliis Aulac), 'neither making nor seeking any gain for himself out of these purchases.' He is also required to wait at the High Table. The Butler {Promns) with his under Butler is to take TheButier. care of the drink and the plate, and to keep an account of 'commons.' The Cook (Coqmts) is to go as aforesaid to the market and buy the xheCook. meat, and to be accompanied by some robust youth, honest and un- married, as under-cook to carry his basket. The duties of the Porter {Janitor) have been already defined. On their election all these serv^ants are to be sworn to fidelity, diligence and secresy. There is also to be a Barber {Barbiionsor) to shave the Fellows and The Barber. ' Dec. 4, 1633. A Scholar and Battellar are sconced, ' privati fiint coiivictn p nim/e * * CO quod contra ide staltitii 29'' 9*'" pxime p'ccdcnte Collcgij miiros /candij/cut.'-^' Com. Book,' ii. p. 68. 6o THE STATUTES [chap. V riic I-aundress. Cap. 20, 21. Progress round the estate. College chests. College Seal. Scholars when they want it, 'for I do not permit any poor student in my College to grow his beard, or let his hair fall on his shoulders, nor on the other hand to crop it too close.' The rules for service throughout the College follow almost verbatim those of New College. All is to be done by males, except that the Laundress {Lotrix) may come to the outer gate of the College ' on fixed days for the linen of the Chapel and Buttery, but she is to be of such an age, condition, and reputation, that there shall be no chance of any evil suspicion lighting on her. Every five years the Warden, or if he be unable the Sub- Warden with another Fellow, is to make a progress through all the College estates after the feast of St. Mary Magdalen. Various rules for leases and fines follow, and regulations for an annual audit in December. Surplus money is to be placed in the College Chest in the Treasury, of which there shall be three keys, one kept by the War- den, one by the Sub-Warden, and the other by the Senior Bursar. In another chest in the Treasury all the documents relating to the College property are to be kept, as well as the College seal, which is to be en- closed in a ' certain little box bound ivitJi iron and zvith tii'o locks zvith separate keys' to be kept by the War- den and Dean respectively. The sacredness of this seal is strictly in- sisted on : it is to be taken out of its little box only between sunrise and sunset, and in the presence of the majority of the Fellows, and in no other place but the Hall or Chapel ; and not only are papers sealed with it elsewhere to be void and worthless, but those who so use it, ' besides THE 'CISTULA' CONTAINING THE COMMON SEAL. ' The outer gate 'prima Cullcgii poiia' was no doubt not the present entrance under the Tower, but the advanced gateway opening on the road shown in Loggan's print. CHAP, v] THE STATUTES 61 the penalty of pcrjniy zvhkh I zvill that they incur by the very act,' arc to be expelled from the College. There is to be another chest with three locks and keys in the The Bursars' Bursary', where the Bursars are to keep their cash, and the College plate not in daily use, unless the Warden and seniors should prefer the Treasury, which also is to have three distinct locks and keys on the door. The articles of plate are to be preserved with ' the same names The piate and forms by zvhich they are nozv or shall hereafter be known, and to be kept as long as possible without any change according to the last wish of the donors.' Every year on the 6th of December all the contents of the Treasury are to be examined by the Society-. The Steward of the Hall is to be a Fellow not holding any office, cap.22 . , . \ Scnescallus whose duty it shall be to supervise the purchase ol comestibles, going Auiae. to market with the Cook and Manciple, displaying his purchases in the Common Hall to the Warden and Fellows, and rendering an account to the Bursars every Friday, which the Cook and Manciple are to attest. We now come to the Visitor. 'Human nature,' says the Statute, co/.. 23. The V'isitor. ' is so prone and inclined to evil, and as we see daily the changeableness of times so destroys and alters the best of things, that it is not in my power to frame laws and statutes zvhich an astute and shifty man may not violate either by misinterpreting them, or introducing something fraudulent, or devising means for undoing any knot though tied by Hercules himself.' The Bishop of Bath and Wells for the time being is therefore to be Visitor, with power to interpret and enforce the observance of the Statutes I He is to have license to visit the College once in five years, visitations. and not oftener except at the request of the Warden or, in his absence, Sub- Warden, and the five Senior Fellows. The Society is humbly and reverently to offer the Visitor his expenses when he comes, and to give ' The room over the Buttery, now the Common Room. ^ The display of all the plate in the College Hall still takes place on the Gaudy-day, Dec. 6, in the morning, when it is counted and examined by the two Junior Fellows. ' ' Primum vcro visitatorcm nominabat ipse {maritus) nempe Pcrlioiwrifiami Viniiii Patremque Reverendissimum Jacobum Diviita Providentia dictae sedis nunc episcopum.' See above, p. 11. James Montague consequently remained Visitor after his translation to Winchester. Afterwards the V'isitor was always the Bishop of Bath and Wells for the time being. I 62 THE STATUTES [chap, v his Commissary two refections in College or 305. for his expenses. This is never to occur twice in the same year, nor is the visitation to last over three days. The Foundress then solemnly charges the Bishops of Bath and Wells to do justice impartially according to the Apostles' doctrine, not seeking their own things, but the things of Jesus Christ. Accusations It Is furthcr provided that in case of an accusation to the Visitor against the Warden or any other member of the Society, the accused shall not demand the name of his accuser nor a copy of the charge, except when the penalty to which he is liable is expulsion, in which case the charge may be shown him, to enable him to clear himself if he can. Cap. 24. The Visitor may remove the Warden for gross offences, intolerable the'w'arfen. negligcncc, frequent drunkenness or absenteeism, if he refuse to resign when required to do so by the Sub- Warden and five seniors. Cap. 25. Quarrels and disputes are to be appeased by the College authorities, ibus sedaiX' and members of the College are not to have recourse to ecclesiastical or secular courts against one another. Cap. 26. Then follows a very interesting chapter about the disposal of lorumdis"-' the Chambers, the Warden's lodgings, the Treasury, the Bursary, the posi .one. Pellows' chambcrs, and those for the Scholars and Commoners ; also for the furniture belonging to them. We shall return to this in a subsequent chapter when describing the building in detail. Cap. 37. In addition to the ' Commons ' before allowanced, a sum of ^30 diebus. is to be divided yearly among the Warden, Fellows, Scholars, Chaplains, and Clerks, in proportion to their stipends, on the following days : — Christmas, Circumcision, Epiphany, Election days of Fellows and Officers (June 30 and Dec. 6), All Saints', Purification, the day of the Founder's death (Oct. 20), Easter and Pentecost. Only those present in the Hall are to participate. In times of scarcity or depression of rents, the stipends and allowances are to be diminished in respective proportion. cap.2&. The next Statute relates to the Library. We reserve this for a subsequent chapter when dealing with that part of the College. The Library Cap. 29. For the admission of Students not on the Foundation [c.xtrauci) as &°Batte'irars. Commoucrs or Battellars ', the consent of the Warden, or Sub- Warden ' Battellars, or battellers, were undergraduates of a grade between commoners and servitors. They paid less and waited on themselves, buying their food of the cook and CHAP. V] THE STATUTES 63 in his absence, and majority of admitted Fellows is necessary. They must be persons of good conduct, and in case of misconduct they are removable after being warned by the Warden. Every Commoner before he is admitted to 'Commons' must pay an entrance fee of 20 shillings or a silver cup, and the Battellar is to pay 10 shillings. The Tutors are to enter into a Bond for the payment of their pupils' battels, and every Commoner and Battellar on attaining the age of fifteen is to take the following oath : — You shall sweare to maintaine and defend the honesty and good fame Commoners' of this Colledge, as much as in you lyeth. You shall sweare to be faithfull and true to the Colledge in putting on, or causing to be putt on, whatsoever yoxi shall take for the relief of j'ourself or any other : and that you shall not by any meanes and wayes seeke the hurt or detriment of this Colledge. You shall sweare to observe and keep the ordinary exercise of this house appointed for you, or to endure and susteine the usuall and ordinary punishment inflicted for your faultes. Neither shall you show 3'ourself any wayes untractable or un- conformable to the good orders and discipline of this Colledge. Soe God helpe you, and the holy contents of this booke '. One Fellow, or at most two at a time, may be allowed to travel, Co/>. 30. . . . . . Of travelling after obtammg a legal passport, and to remam m some foreign University Feiiows. for four years in order to study civil law or medicine. During his absence the travelling Fellow is to receive an exhibition of ^10 as 'viaticum.' The final Statute contains several miscellaneous provisions. Fraudu- cap. 31. Conclusio lent interpretation of the Statutes is to be punished by expulsion. The statutorum. Foundress reserves to herself power to amend or alter the Statutes, and during her life to nominate the Members of the Society, and to alter and regulate their stipends. The Warden and Fellows are not to make new Statutes contrary' to the old, and all doubtful points as to their meaning are to be referred to the Visitor. At the first election the whole number of the Society is to be elected. Temporary reduction of but during her life the Foundress directs that the salary of the Warden stipends. be only ^50, that of the Fellows /"lo, the Scholars ^5, the Chaplains butler, and fetching it themselves from the kitchen : v. Wood's ' Fasti,' 1222, ' They were only battlers and took the cook's commons ; ' also v. Murray's ' Dictionary,' sub verb. ' This oath is given in English, the other oaths in Latin. Not much Latin seems to have been expected of the Commoners ; see Statutes, § 17. I 2 64 THE STATUTES £6. 135. 4^., the Clerks ^3, the Butler £1, under Butler £2, the Cook £1. 10s., the under Cook ^3. Of these reduced stipends the Warden is to expend in Commons in the public Hall ^10, and the Fellows, Scholars, Chaplains, and Clerks, the whole of their stipends. After her death, when her life interest under her husband's will expires, the stipends are to be raised to the Statutory amounts (v. supra, Cap. 13). Also the extra allowances on Gaudy days during her life were to be reduced to ^20. During her life the Foundress added a few supplementary statutes. First she desired that at Election to the Foundation a preference should Founder'skin. be givcu to thc kiu of Nicholas Wadham, provided that the number of those so elected should not exceed three Fellows and three Scholars. Some rules as to time of taking degrees are relaxed, and others are laid down for division of 'wood money.' Lastly, the Warden and Sermons. Fcllows arc cmpowcrcd to make rules for sermons being preached either publicly or in the College by those members who are in orders. CHAPTER VI THE FIRST SOCIETY The Foundress reserved to herself, as we have seen, all nominations westcountry to the new Foundation during her lifetime, and it is therefore not surpris- " ing to find that the majority of the earlier members came from the West Country. Ten of the fifteen Fellows, ten of the fifteen Scholars, one of the two Chaplains, and one of the two Clerks, came from the counties of Somerset, Devon, or Dorset. One Fellow and two Scholars were nominated by the City of Oxford under their agreement when they sold the site, so that from the rest of the kingdom there were only four Fellows and three Scholars, a Chaplain and a Clerk. The tendency of modern legislation for the Universities, unlike that for the army, has been to break up local associations, and to sever the ties which once connected certain foundations with certain parts of the kingdom, whence they drew the majority of their students. Fuller, writing in the seven- teenth century, says :—' Nezv College is the most proper- for Southern, Exeter for Western, Queen's for Northern, Brazenose for North-Western men, St. fohns for Londoners, fesiis for Welshmen, and at other Colleges almost indifferently for men of all countries'^' : and yet, as the registers testify, Wadham from the first, though in a less marked degree, was largely recruited from Somerset and Devon, and even to the present day it has preserved something of the traditional character of a West Country College. The following is a list of the first members of the Foundation, who The first . Society. were instituted on the memorable 20th of April, 1613. ' ' Worthies of Oxfordshire.' 66 THE FIRST SOCIETY [chap. VI The Warden and Fellows. The under- graduates. Warden. Robert Wright, D.D., of Trinity College. Fellows. William Smith, M.A., Exeter College. John Goodridge, M.A., Balliol and Gloucester Hall. Edward Brunckard, M.A., St. Ed- mund Hall. John Pitts, M.A., Magd. Hall and Magd. Matthew Osborne \ M.A., New and Oriel. James Harington, M.A., Hart Hall. Henry Ancktill, M.A., Univ. Coll. Daniel Estcot, B.A., Exeter Coll. Humphrey Sydenham, B.A., Exeter Coll. Richard Puleston, B.A., Hart Hall. Francis Strode, B.A., Broadgate Hall. Ralph Flexney, B.A., Oriel. Thomas Harris-, B.A., Exeter. William Payton, B.A., Trinity. John Swadell. Chaplains. Thomas Randolphe, M.A., of Cam- bridge. Gilbert Stokes, M.A., Hart Hall. Scholars. Nicholas Brewen. Robert Ellis. Amias Hext. John Wooley. William Arnold. Robert Arnold. Walter Stonehouse. William Boswell. John Willis. John Flavell. Richard Tapper. Alexander Hewis or Huish, Commoner of Magd. Hall. George Hill. William Potter ^ ' Isaac Smith -. Clerks. Alexander Gill of Trinity Coll. William Nichols ^ The Warden was of the ripe age of 53, but most of the Fellows were young men. Goodridge and Osborne were over 30, and Smyth and Pitts were 29, but the rest were from 23 to 25 years of age, except Harris, who was only 19, and Swaddell, who was still an Undergraduate. Besides the Scholars the College received at its opening forty-eight other undergraduates. There were eleven Fellow-Commoners, the first two on the list being sons of William, Lord Petre, and great-nephews ' Mr. Gardiner observes that Osborne, Smith, and Nichols were not admitted at the same time as the rest, but on June 8. '^ The Nominees of the City of Oxford under the condition attached to the sale of the site were Thomas Harris to a Fellowship, and Potter and Smith to Scholarships. CHAP, vi] THE FIRST SOCIETY 67 of the Foundress ; eighteen Commoners, nine Battellars, and ten more who appear as pupils of the original Fellows though their status is not defined. There were therefore in all sixty-five undergraduates. Robert Wright, the first Warden, was not, as might have been Dr.wright expected, a West Country man, but a native of St. Albans. He was warden. born in 1560, and matriculated at Trinity College in 1574, where he is entered as plcbci filins an. nat. 14. In the same year, being then fifteen, he was elected Scholar. He graduated in 1580, and was elected Fellow in 1581. In 1589 he held the living of Woodford in Essex. If, as is supposed, he is the same Robert Wright to whom an epigram is addressed in Thomas Newton's Encomia, printed in 1589, he must have been already famous as an accomplished scholar : — ' Ubera cui Charites dant, et favet innuba Pallas Quemque beat docta doctus Apollo chely.' Newton, Enconi. ed. 1589, p. 124. This is addressed, 'ad eruditissimum virum Robertum Wrightum nobilissimi viri Essexiae Comitis famulum primarium.' A little later he accompanied Sir H. Unton in an embassy to the camp of the French King at La Fere, where his patron died in 1595. Wright published a collection of verses in his memor}', written by several authors, and containing two pieces of his own, of which Warton preserves one as being in a singular strain, much superior to the taste of those times : — ' Haec, Untone, tuo cecinere in funere musae Oxonides, tristes munera ad inferias. Oxonides musae, quarum es nutritus in ulnis, Heu, teneras lacr3'inarum imbre rigante genas! Quae tibi postremo nostri pro munere amoris Curavi in memores iam referenda typos, Accipiant laeti manes studia ista tuorum. At tu patrone o dulcis ave atque vale.' In the year following the death of Sir H. Unton, Wright was appointed to the living of Brixton Dev^erell in Wilts, by Lord Keeper Egerton, and he was made chaplain to Queen Elizabeth. He afterwards held the livings of Bourton-on-the- Water in Gloucestershire and Hayes in Middlesex, and was appointed chaplain to James I in i6oi, and in the 68 THE FIRST SOCIETY [chap, vi Dr. Wright, same year Canon and Treasurer of Wells Cathedral. In 1604 he was Warden. ..... Vicar of Sonning, which living he retained with the Wardenship. Dr. Wright only held the Wardenship five months, and resigned it in Sept. 1613, 'not being permitted by the Foundress to niarr}^' He was consecrated Bishop of Bristol in 1622, and translated to Lich- field and Coventry in 1633. He was one of the twelve bishops who were impeached and sent to the Tower in 1641 for protesting against all laws passed by Parliament in their absence to which they were compelled by the violence of the populace whenever they appeared in public ; and he died in 1643 at his house of Eccleshall in Staffordshire while defending it for the King against Sir William Brereton '. An ivy- mantled tower of Eccleshall Castle alone has survived the ruin wrought by the Parliamentary forces -. He had an only son, Calvert Wright, who entered Wadham College as a Fellow Commoner in 1634. Wood says he inherited Newnham Courtenay, Oxon, from his father, but ran through his property and died in a mean condition in the King's Bench, Southwark, in the winter of 1666. There is a portrait of Warden Wright in the College Hall, and Trinity College possesses another. Wood says his arms and a memorial inscription with the date 1615 on a scroll were in a window of the ante- chapel. The arms and scroll are lost ; the rest is now in the librar}^ Rapid sue- It is remarkable that three of the original Fellows, Smyth, Estcot, cession of first five Wardens, aud Pitts, Hvcd to bccomc in their turn Head of the College, so rapidly did the office fall vacant by death or resignation during the first thirty- one years of its history. William William Smyth or Smith was a Somersetshire man and a graduate Smyth, Fellow. of Exeter College. The Foundress nominated him Sub-Warden every year, and though not so old as Goodridge he seems to have been recognized as senior Fellow. On the death of Warden Fleming in March i6|y, the Foundress appointed Smyth to the Headship, in con- junction with which he held the living of Fryerning from 1620 to 1630. In ' P'or Dr. Wright, v. Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' 595 ; 'Athenae Oxon.' iv. 800, 801 ; Warton's ' Life of Sir Thomas Pope ; ' Gardiner, ' Reg. of Wadh. Coll.' '^ Mr. Niven, who visited it in 1881, says a farm-house was built out of the ruins by Bp. Lloyd in 1695 ; ' Staffordshire Houses,' p. 2. ciiAP. VI] THE FIRST SOCIETY 69 1630 he became Vice-Chancellor and held the office for two consecutive years. He resigned the Wardenship in 1635, after which he was Rector of Tredington and Prebendary of Worcester. He died in J658, 'over whose grave (in Speechley Church near Worcester), is a fair marble stone,' with an inscription which Wood gives at length. During the Commonwealth he was deprived of his preferments and lived at Oriel '. His portrait is in the College Hall. John Goodridge, after serving most of the College offices, ran out John Cood- the eighteen years' term of his Fellowship in 1631 ; and on leaving the College, gave it the whole of the furniture of his chamber with three studies in the 'South Crest,' now part of staircase No. 6. In 1638 he became Professor of Rhetoric in Gresham College, and Warden of Lord Northampton's Hospital or College at Greenwich. At his death in 1654 he left to Wadham College his lands at Walthamstow and his personal property, in all worth £60 a year, to found Exhibitions. An account is preserved of his funeral expenses, and an inventory of his furniture and clothes at Gresham College and Greenwich -. There is a portrait of him in the Hall, and another in the Warden's lodgings. John Pitt, Pytte, or Pitts, for his name is variously spelt, after John Piu, fellow. holding many College offices resigned his Fellowship in 1628. On the death of Warden Estcot in 1644, Pitt was elected to succeed him. As he was an opponent of the Parliamentary Commission he was ejected from his office in 164-i- and Dr. Wilkins was made Warden in his place. He died soon afterwards in Somerset I James Harrington, son of Sir James Harrington, K"*, of Ridlington james Harrington in Rutland, was the Fellow chosen to deliver the Latin oration at the fcMow. consecration of the chapel, and he was the first Bursar of the College. He appears in July 1613 as Tutor of four pupils for whose 'commons' he gives the statutory guarantee. A few years later, in 1627-8, he disputed the power of the College to deprive him of his Fellowship although possessed of property amounting to ^^"40 a year, asserting that he had a dispensation from the Foundress which had been confirmed by the first Visitor. The Visitor's letter, however, could not be found, and Walker's 'Sufferings,' ii. 681, cited by Gardiner, ' Reg.' p. 3. Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' 594, note ; Warden's MSS. 112, 113. Gardiner 'Regist.,' p. 5. K 70 THE FIRST SOCIETY [chap, vi Harrington accused the Warden and Mr. Estcot of destroying it. Although the Visitor (Bishop Laud) ultimately restored Harrington to his fellowship he required him to make a humble apology to the Warden and Fellows, and to pay the charges of this dispute, all which he was with difficult}' got to do\ The written apology is preser\'ed, and is abject enough, but it did not prevent him from continuing to revile the Warden and Fellows, for which in 1629 he was suspended from the emoluments of his Fellowship for six months. Harrington was evidently a man with a grievance, and an uncomfortable member of the Society. He ran out the term of his Fellowship, and was ' amotus' July 12, 1631. Henry Anck- Hexry Ancktill, or Ancketyll, son of a Dorsetshire squire, was till, Fellow. the first Fellow who availed himself of the statutory permission to travel, for which he obtained the consent of the Society and goodwill of the Foundress, who wrote as follows to the Warden on Dec. 2, 161 7-. My good Warden, I have been lately solicited, that Mr. Ancketyll (who is one of 3'°'' fellows in my College) might have my good will to travell be3'ond the seas for some time ; his request is reasonable, as I am well contented therew"" and because he is the first that goeth abroad, I will adde a litle to his desires, I heare so well of him, as I make no doubt, but he will make good use of his iourn}-. And therefore would have both 3'ou and m3' Compan3' understand that notw"'- standing m3' statutes in that behalf, w"^ allowes but ten poundes 3-earel3', he shall during the whole time of his absence receive all such stipend allowance and comodity fro m3' College, as should be due unto him were he personall3' there present : w"' this condition onl3', that he returne w"'in the space of three 3-eeres, and begin his travells w"'in twelve moneths, after the date hereof. So comending me unto 3'ou, & 3'6 whole Societ3^, I rest Edge this 2nd of Yo'' loving Foundres December 161 7. Dorothe Wadhm. To the copy of this letter in the Convention Book is appended a copy of the passport which, according to the Statutes, the travelling Fellow had to produce for the satisfaction of the Societ}'. It is of some interest as an example of the formalities of the time :— ' Warden's MSS. 52, 53, and 'Convention Book.," ii., Oct. 10, 1627-June, 1629. The letters of Bp. Laud are copied into the reverse end of that book. ^ Enclosed in one from John Arnold. MS. Letters, No. 18. Copied also in ' Con- vention Book.' CHAP, vi] THE FIRST SOCIETY 71 Whereas Henry Anckctyll of Wadham College in Oxford gent is desirous Passport to travell into the kingdome of Fraunce, and other partes beyond the Seas, and james i. for his indempnity and more free passage hath made humble suit unto us for o"' license and pasport to go over and remayne there during the space of three 3'eeres for his better experience : the w"^'' we have been moved hereby to grant unto him. These shall be to will and require you and every of j^ou to whom it shall or may appertayne to suffer the sayd Henry Ancketyll to imbarke himself and one man servant to attend him, at any of his Ma'^""' portes, and to take w"" him such trunkes of apparrell and other necessary provisions (not prohibited) as he shall have occasion to cary w"' him for his use, w"'out trouble or molestation : Provided that he departe not to the City of Rome w"'out his Ma'^"' speciall licence first had and obtayned. For w''' this shall be yo'' warrant. To all Mayors, Sheriffes, Justices of Peace, Vice-Admiralls, Customers, Comptrollers, Searchers, Officers of portes, and all other his Ma''*' officers and loving Subiects, to whom it shall or may appertayne. G. Cant: Nottingham. W. Wallingfford. J. Carve. T. Edmondes. C. Edmondes '. Tho. Lake. Ancketyll's name frequently appears in the Convention Book as obtaining leave of absence, and on Dec. 24, 162 1 -, he resigned his Fellowship before marriage. He was afterwards Rector of Mells, Somerset, and Prebendary of Wells in 1639. During the Civil War he was Governor of Corfe Castle for the King, and became famous among the Parliament- arians as 'Colonel Anketell the Priest and malignant Doctor.' Mr. Gardiner thinks him the original of Dr. Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's ' Woodstock.' He is said to have died before the Restoration '■. ' Other cases of travelling Fellows occur during the reign of Charles I., the passport being always copied into the Convention Book. There is one to Nicholas Bruen, Fellow, dated May, 13, 1620 ; another to William Blake, Fellow, about to travel abroad as Tutor to Jo. Horsey, Esq., son to Sir J. Horsey, of Clifton, Dorset, Aug. 19, 1634. To Richard Knightsbridge, Fellow, for 3 years' travel, July 26, 1638. To Thos. Manning in 1641, and again on Feb. 10, 1641, for 3 years' travel for bettering his knowledge of languages. Again to John Knightsbridge for 3 years, Ap. 20, 1644. In all cases there is the same prohibition of a visit to Rome, and Knightsbridge is further cautioned ' not to use the companie of any Jefuite, Seminary prieft, or other evill-afTected perfon to our State,' &c. ^ ' Convention Book,' ii. p. 30. ' Gardiner, ' Reg. of Wadh. Coll.,' p. 8. K 2 72 THE FIRST SOCIETY [chap. VI Daniel Estcot, Fellow. Humphry Sydenham, Fellow. Thomas Harris, Fellow. Daniel Estcot matriculated at Exeter College in 1608 (Devon, pleb. fil. aet. 18). After holding several College offices he ran out the eighteen years' term of his Fellowship in 1634, but was elected Warden Jul}^ 7, 1635, in succession to Warden Smith. During his Wardcnship Oxford was disturbed by military occupation, and the College had to surrender its plate to the royal necessities. He died in April 1644 and was buried at the east end of the inner chapel ^ Humphry Sydenham's first distinction was on March 22, 1618, when by resolution of the Warden and five Seniors he was mulcted in deprivation of commons and all emoluments till Midsummer because ' contrary to the express meaning of the decree of the Foundress he had incurred scandalous excommunication'.' We are not further informed of the nature of this enormity. In later years he held the livings of Ashbrittle and Odcombe, and a Prebend in Wells Cathedral of which he was deprived by the Parliamentary Commissioners ^ ' He was born,' says Fuller, 'at Dalveston, of a most ancient and worshipful! famil}^; bred Fellow of Wadham College ; so eloquent a preacher that he was commonly called silver-tongued Sidenham. But let his own printed sermons (and especially that called "The Athenian Babbler") set forth his deserved praise, who died since our civil distemper about the year 1650*.' Thomas Harris was the Fellow whom the City nominated under their agreement with the Foundress. He seems to have been son to Thomas Harris, Mayor of Oxford, who attended the laying of the Foundation stone in 1610"'. He only enjo3^ed his Fellowship for a few months, for he died on June 5, 1614, and was buried in the ante- chapel, where his monument still remains. The Foundress writing to the Warden and Fellows on June 27, 1614, to nominate Huish for the vacant Fellowship alludes to Harris's death, 'being let to understand by you of the late death of one of the fellowes of my house, lif'' {if it had pleafed God) for the good I have heard of him I could have wished othoivise ".' 'Wood. Gardiner, ' Regist.,' p. 8. ° 'Convention Book,' ii. ' Gardiner, 'Regist.,' p. lo. ' 'Worthies of Somersetshire." See also Wood's 'Athen.' iii. 274. ' V. supra, p. 44. ' Cop3' in 'Convention Book,' ii. p. 6. CHAP, vil THE FIRST SOCIETY 73 John Swaddell was a nephew of Doctor Bisse, the donor of the johnSwadeii, Fellow, principal part of the Library, of whom mention has been made. At the time of his appointment he was not yet a graduate, but in a MS. note on the copy of the Statutes preserved in the Muniment Room the Foundress writes of him : ' Ncpos Dodoris Philippi Bifse quern licet non graduatum in numerum tanien sociorum elegi ob singularem amorem avunculi siii crga Collegium nieuni.' Swaddell graduated B.A. in 1616, M.A. 1619, and resigned his Fellowship before June 30, 1617'. Of the other original Fellows there is nothing remarkable to record. What is known about them may be found in Mr. Gardiner's book. Of the original Scholars a few only need be mentioned here. Only seven among them became Fellows. William Arnold and Robert Arnold, the kinsmen of Mr. John wiiiiamand '^ Robert Arnold, were promoted to Fellowships on the nomination of the Amoid, Scholars. Foundress, who writes as follows - : — I Dorothe Wadham of Edge in the countie of Devon widdow doe decree and ordeine that (whereas I have allready written unto you for the requestinge of the next fellowes place that shall happen for one of my Servant Arnolds kinfmen now Scollers in my Colledge) when that place before fpoken of is donne (accordinge to your former directions) then the next fellowship that shall happen after to be void, you that are the Warden and Fellows of my College in Oxforde shall immediately chufe and admitt without delay or contradiction the other of his kinfmen as a probationer untill the day of election shall come and then to admitt him into the body of your fellowshippe according to the meaning of this Schedule w'='' I have fealed with mine own feale, and to which I have fubfcribed myne owne hande the viij"' of December 161 7. Signed fealed and delivered in the prefence of John Arnold. \ Nicholas H ewes'*. - Dorothe Wadham. Richard Gooden. I William Arnold accordingly became probationer in 1620 and full ' Gardiner, ' Regist.,' pp. 12, 479. " MS. Letters, No. 19. Copy in 'Convention Book,' ii. p. 20. '' One of the original scholars was Alexander Hewis or Huish ; v. pp. 66 and 75. 74 THE FIRST SOCIETY [chap, vi Fellow in 1621. He travelled in 1638 and resigned in 1640. He seems to have sown his wild oats as a Scholar, for we find him in 1619 punished 'quia pernodavit in oppido.' But his brother or relative Robert gave his friends and the College a good deal of trouble. On Dec. 2, 1617, John Arnold writes to Warden Smyth : — I have writen to Robin Arnold, W^*" letter yf 3'ou would take occafion to afke for, and withall to let him know yo"" minde, my laft letter unto you is caufe enough to talke with him becaufe therein I mentioned that who pleafed 3'ou beft fhould beft please me, &c.^ In the following March, i6|~, he writes again to the Warden : — ... I can hardly be drawen to fend Robin Arnold his quarterage formerly' geven by me, were it not that I wifh him better than he hath grace to conceive, and alfo doubtinge his former frantick tricks. I pray lett him not be untold by you whereby he may the better know himfelfe . . . ^ Robin, however, became full Fellow in 1619, and held several College offices, but at the visitation of Bishop Pierce in 1633 he was degraded from his position as one of the five Senior Fellows qtiia male et fadiose se ge/sit in dido Collegio^. He died in June 1635, and was buried in the north part of the antechapel *. William Bos- W^iLLiAM BoswELL was One of the Scholars who were too young well, Scholar. to take the oaths on election. He was son of Alderman William Boswell, of All Saints', Oxford, no doubt the draper who supplied the mourning at the Foundress' funeral \ He became a full Fellow in 1622, and resigned his Fellowship in 1639. He Vv^as an advocate in the Court of Arches and a learned civilian, and afterwards, about 1652, High Sheriff of Oxfordshire. He was buried near his father in All Saints' Church''. It was from him that Anthony a Wood got the particulars of the Founder's residence at Christ Church'. John Fiaveii, JoHN Flavell, SOU of a Somersetshire clergyman, is said by Wood Scholar. MS. Letters, No. 18. ' MS. Letters, No. 22. 'Convention Book,' ii. p. 61. ' Gardiner, ' Regist.,' p. 15. Warden's MSS. No. 25. MS. letter (of Mr. John AmoId\ No. 25. Gardiner, ' Regist.,' p. 15. ' v. supra, p. 6. CHAP, vi] THE FIRST SOCIETY 75 to have entered Trinity College at the age of fourteen, where ' he soon became the forwardest youth in that House for his quick and smart disputations in logic and philosophy. The Foundress having been often told of the pregnancy of his parts made him one of the first Scholars. He made himself very useful among the Juniors by his frequent reading of logic lectures, and presiding in philosophical disputations in the public refectory. He was esteemed a good Greek and Latin poet, and was Senior of the Art in 1617, and was chosen Public Professor of Grammar in the University, in which faculty he was excellent, and took great delight. He died in the flower of his youth on loth Nov. 1617'.' He had only been admitted full Fellow in the preceding June. Alexander Huish became full Fellow in 1615 and resigned in Aiexandc 1629. He became Prebendary of Wells 1627, Rector of Beckington, scholar. Somerset, 1628, and of Hornblotton, 1638. He was buried at Becking- ton, where his tombstone remains. ' He was one of the editors of the Polyglot Bible, and esteemed one of the most considerable men in Europe in all parts of learning, especially the knowledge of the Oriental languages.' He was a great sufferer by the Rebellion, but was restored afterwards to what he lost '. Of the other Scholars none call for remark ; what is known of them will be found in Mr. Gardiner's work. The two nominees of the town seem to have been failures, neither of them proceeding to Fellowships, and one of them losing his Scholarship for staying away from College a month too long without leave. ' ' Athenae Oxon.' ii. p. 207. He appears to have been buried in the north part of the antechapel. ■ Collinson's 'Somerset,' ii. 201. Cited by Gardiner, p. 17. CHAPTER VII HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE TO THE DEATH OF THE FOUNDRESS. Resignation of Warden Wright. Warden Fleming. The Foundress probably had some idea that Dr. Wright would not hold the Wardenship long, for as far back as April 15, 1613, before the institution of the Society, she had by letter ordained that if Warden Wright should vacate the office within five years the next Warden should be John Fleming. On Aug. 30, 1613, she writes again to repeat her nomination, 'loidcr/tanding that Doctor M^rig/it hath geiicn over his place^' and John Fleming was accordingly instituted on Sept. 2, 1613. John Fleming, B.D., was a native of Cornwall and a Fellow of Exeter, the West Country College : and his nomination by the Foundress was therefore a departure from her own statute, according to which the Warden was to be one who was or had been a Fellow of the House ; but this departure was natural enough when the Fellows themselves had only been in office less than half a year. The history of the College in its early days was uneventful. The Convention Book, containing the minutes of the College meetings, records chiefly leave of absence granted to members of the Society beyond the time a Fundatoribus concefsiim, leave to members to proceed to degrees, and such like matters of routine, with very little to throw light on the manners of the time. The principal interest of this period depends on the Foundress ' ' MS. Letters, No. 3. This is the letter which is reproduced in facsimile on the opposite page. Mrs. Wadham's letters to the College appear to be in the handwriting of Mr. John Arnold, the signature alone being her autograph. ^..K ^3D^r>^V ^^^ yTf>r<^n o\cHi^ ^fy-^ y^'^j .t^^t^^ -/?^ i^ ^>VK»i n<»-»^< ^/^ ..i^ .^^C^T^ ot?^ yk^y^^b-v^^^ ..y f c^t .'^tf. r7^y.f cul^Hu*^ WARDEN FLEMING 77 letters, of which several are preserved in the original, and others by transcripts in the 'Convention Book.' She rigidly maintained and exer- cised her statutory right to nominate to all vacancies on the Foundation during her life, and to the annual appointment of the College officers on Dec. 6. The offices seem to have been purposely transferred from one Fellow to another, so that the Sub- Warden of one year might be Catechist in the next, Bursar in the third, and perhaps Sub- Warden again after that. Before the first election she writes thus ' : — Good Mr. Warden, Letter of the Findinge by your ftatutes, that on the fixt daye of this next moneth you nov"i2!T6i3. are to make a newe electyon for the officers of your houfe and that in my lyfe tyme y' remayneth wholly in my choyce I would therfore that for your Subwarden you admitt for this yeere Mr. Smyth; for your Deane Mr. Goodridge ; for your Burfars Mr. Ofborne and Mr. Anketell ; for your greek reader Mr. Pitts; for your Cathechift Mr. Brunker; for your phy. moderator Mr. Efcott ; for j'our Subdeane Mr. Stroude ; As for the rest if there be any other officers to be chofen I leave to your owne difcretyon ; And fo comendinge me very kindly to yo"" felf and your whole Company doe bidd you farewell. Edge this 12"' of November 1613. Your Loving freinde, DoROTHE WaDHAM. On Dec. 20 of the same year she writes at the instance of Arch- Letter of the Foundress, bishop Abbot to desire the College to place his Grace's man, Rodger Dec. 20, 1613, ^ fc) r ' fe for putting Robinson, as substitute under the Cook, then absent, and to give him the Roger Robin- son into the permanent place if he should outlive the Cook-. She complains that as cooks place. ' Doctor Wright to ferve his own turn, hath hidden his Grace his defire therin, and placed his owne man w*''out my privity; thefe fhalbe exprefsly to require you and your Company to remove uppo fight hereof Doctor Wright's man, &c.' Evidently Doctor Wright had given her deep offence, and they had parted on bad terms. ' 'Convention Book,' ii. p. 3. ^ In a minute of Dec. 12, 1627 : ' Ji agents Robin/o liabito rcspedu defignationis lion""" fitiidatricis no/trac, adini/stis eft coqtius.' ' Conv. Bk.' ii. He was dismissed in 1636, for refusing to surrender his office on Dec. 6, and after in vain appealing to the Visitor was reduced to beg aid of the College for the sake of his wife and children. He was granted a pension of £6. 13s. jfd. from the emoluments of the cook's office. 'Conv. bk.' i. July 4, 1634. L 78 WARDEN FLEMING [chap. VII Letter of Mr. John Arnold, Dec. 12, 1613 Pro sigillis et iibris conca- tenandis. Item alia. Letter of Foundress, Feb. 3, 16H If the Society was guided with, perhaps, rather a tight hand by the Foundress during her Hfe, she certainly made amends by her generosity on more than one occasion, as the following two letters show. The first is from Mr. John Arnold to the Warden, conveying a favourable reply to a request that had apparently been made by the Society for help towards the expenses of the Library'. Good Mr. Doctor, I have foUicited your fute for your Company unto my miftris and I have prevayled fo farre w"' her, as that fhe hath fent you to difchardge Carr\'adge and Settlinge of 3'our books w"' the makinge of your feales fifty poundes; and withall becaufe it is the firft Chriftmas that hath byn kept in Wadha Colledge my M" hath fent you Likewife tenn poundes, w^'" muft be fpent this Chriftmas in Gawdyes from her as a token of her remembrance unto the whole Company, thefe monyes are fent b}' me in gould ; and my miftrefse refers the managinge of 3'' unto your self; and the acqua3mtinge of your company with y*. And so w"^ my beft remembrance to j'our felf and my kynde love to all m}- good freindes I leave you to God remayninge alwayes to the uttmoft of my power Your faithfull freind, John Arnolde. The next act of munificence was in obedience to the suggestion made by her husband, of which mention is made in his final instructions to Sir John Wyndham^, and consisted in her making over at once to the College certain property in Essex to which they had a reversionary right after her death. The income of the House during the Foundress's life was no doubt somewhat narrow, the salaries being only half, or less, than that of the statutory amount, and apparently little remaining over for incidental expenses. Mrs. Wadham wrote as follows in Feb. 16-J-f.^ My good Companye, I doe fend you by this Bearer my Servaunt a Deed figned fealed and deliuered to your ufe wherein I pafse unto you all my Landes in Effex for ' ' Convention Book,' ii. Dec. 12, 1613. " v. sup. p. 13. The Essex property left to Mrs. Wadham for her Hfe and then to the College is stated by Mr. Wadham at £400. The present addition to the College income would be therefore somewhat over £200 a year. According to the accounts of Peter Whet- combe, gent., the gross Essex rents in 1610 amounted to £463 15s. -jd., in 161 1 to £517 8s. gd., in 1613 to £548 us. 3(;'., in 1614 to £435 4s. gd., and in 1615 to £377 9s. id. Warden's MSS., Nos. 18-22. ' MS. Letters, No. 4. Copied also into 'Convention Book," ii. p. 4. CHAP, viij WARDEN FLEMING 79 the rent of two hundred pounds a 3'ere (beinge not halfe the valcw of it) to better y' ftipends, w"'' I would have beftowed as followeth : Whereas by my Statute the Warden duringe my Life is to have but fiftie pounds a yere I will that now by this increafe he fhall have an hundred markes a yere, every ffellow fhall have twcntye nobles a yere bcfide ther diet, E\'ery fcoller fower pounds a yere Every chapiin five pounds a yere and Every Clarke fiftie shillings a yere. All thofe ftipends foe geven, I will fhalbe received as a new yeres remembrance from me, to continue as long as it fhall pleafe God to geve me LifTe, And afterwards to follow the Courfe of yo' Statute by me fett downe. The whole fom amounteth to one hundred four fcore and eleven pounds thirteen fhillings and fower pence, halfe where of 3'ou (liall receive att our Ladye day next and thother halfe at michelmas followinge what overplus fliall arise out of those landes (my rent of two hundred pounds a 3'ere being pa3'd me) I wdll fhalbe implo3-ed for the publique good of the Colledge. And foe hopeinge that you will all indeavour 3-0' felfes in fuch forte as ma3' be for yo' owne good and the Creditt of the houfe you leeve in, Soe with my daylye pra3'ers to Thalmightie for his Bleffinges upon 3'ou, Leave 3'ou all both now and ever to his ptection Remayneinge alwa3'es Yo"' ver3'e Loveinge ffoundreffe Edge this thirde of Dorothe Wadhm. flTebruarye 1613 \ In the following March, Mrs. Wadhani writes to make some amendments to the Statutes on the advice of her friend the Bishop of Bath and Wells. . . . and for the increafe of the Fellowes tyme for the reafons aforefaid Foundress' 1 will that they fhall ftay in the houfe twent3'e 3'eares - ; where before it was 2'8,T6°4. but twelve ; \v^'' I thinke to be very Longe, and I am fure I have added thereby eight yeares more than their Founder's will was. ... I would alfo that (whereas there will fall out a good overplus out of thofe Efsex Landes more than my New-3'eares remembraunce commeth unto) 3'ou do 3'earl3'e give unto my Cofen BuUer during my life five markes as a remembraunce from me, and the like unto John Williams your Manciple, for his faithfull fervice heretofore done me. And foe w"" my kind love . . . post. fcr. I would ha\'e pra3-ers and fafting da3'es dewl3'e obferved in the houfe not allowing any in the3Te chambers to breake it, or elfewhere in the Colledge. ' MS. Letters, No. 5. Copied into 'Convention Book,' ii, but dated 1614. " The original statute says 'decern,' which is altered to 'octodecim' in a later hand in consequence of this letter. This would be twelve and twent\' 3'ears respectively, including the regency. L 2 8o WARDEN FLEMING [chap. VII John Rullci tlie Butler. John Williams, the Manciple, The College- estates. Mr. Peter Whetcombe. Wood says, 'John Buller was a decayed gentleman, heir to /8oo per ann. as is reported — put in Butler by the Foundress, to whom he was near allied'.' The present No. i staircase was known as Buller's Inn, and the ' Non-Ultra Walk ' was called ' Buller's Walk,' or ' Buller's Non-Ultra Walk.' He was buried in the chapel. John Williams, the manciple, had rooms in college and bequeathed the furniture and fittings to the Society, as well as /"lo to the Library, in 1628. The chamber book contains an inventory of the fittings, which seem to have been more luxurious than usual -. The College was now for the first time in possession of landed estates which it had to manage for itself; the revenues hitherto having been derived from the profits of lands estated for lives ^ and from College dues. 'I hope,' the Foundress writes, 'you have taken order for your rents in Efsex, you must now trust to your felves, and looke into your ovvne eftates^' But with the ownership of land began the troubles connected with it, especially felt in the case of corporate bodies such as Colleges, situated at a distance and obliged to substitute superintendence by bailiffs and agents for the direct control of a resident personal land- lord. Wadham seems from the outset to have encountered some of the usual difficulties with which all who have been Fellows of a College will be familiar. Their Essex agent was a Mr. Peter Whetcombe, a cousin of the Foundress, who seems to have been a somewhat shifty person. In April 1615, Mr. Hugh Wyott, one of the trustees of the Foundation deed, writes to his ' very good frynd Mr. John Arnold' at Edge^ complain- ing of the 'mitrusty' character of Mr. Whetcombe; and it is remarkable that the Essex rents fell off in value over ^100 in the first year after they were made over to the College, and again another ^55 in the second year ". The blame seems to have been laid on the tenants, and the loss of revenue to the College induced the Foundress to make a further generous concession of half the yearly rent she had reserved to herself'. ' ' Colleges and Halls,' p. 609. '' The inventory is given below in Appendix to Chapter XI. For a grant of weekly dues to him vide 'Convention Book,' ii, fly-leaf at beginning. ' Warden's MSS. No. 10. " Nov. 15, 1614. 'Convention Book,' p. 7. ^ Warden's MSS. No. 7. ^ v. supra, p. 78 note. ' MS. Letters, No. 9. Copied in ' Convention Book,' ii. p. 8. CHAP. VI I] WARDEN FLEMING 8r My good Companye, Foundress" I am heartelyc rorr3-e that now in y" firft entraunce you should be foe ','2"'l6°5."'""'^ cumbred w"' bad tenaunts, I pray take patientlye w*"" me their intended malice, who have had a tafte thereof, though the world knoweth I have better deferved, then foe to be requ3'ted. But it will make me beware whom hereafter I repofe fuch cofidence in, as I have done in fome of them; and becaufe it fhall not fall too heavily on you, I will rather lacke (as far as I may) then fee your wantes unreleeved. And therefore know yee by thcfe that whereas you were to pay me two hundred poundes by the yeare out of yo'' Efsex Landes, that now I doe hereby give one hundred poundes thereof during my life, to be imployed on fuch necefsarye occafions as in your owne difcretions fhalbe thought fitt. dated Edge this xij"' of June 1615. On Dec 4, 1615, the College passed a decree conferring on the The Dean X-. . ^ ^■ • !• !• r •!• !• ■ made ' Censor Dean, in addition to his statutory duties 01 presiding at disputations and morum.' exercises, the duties of a 'Censor morum,' with power to punish the disorderly, whether Scholars, Commoners, or Battelars. About the same time the Society was gently called to order by the Foundress, and reminded of her statutory privileges, on which she seems to think they had slightly encroached by admitting a probationer to a fellowship without her concurrence'. My good Warden Letter of the Foundress. The loue and care, w"*" I do beare towards my colledge, hath given me Nov. 6. 1615. occasion to write these few lines unto 3'ou : for understanding that about the last S'. Peeters day, there was one to be ratifj'ed and admitted fellow after his 3'eere of Probationershipp w"*" according to my statutes j'ou performed, and yet being certefj'ed that this approbation and admission made bj' you is of no effect during my Life, for that I have reserved all power (for that time) in mine owne hand, in regard of that laudable information w'^'' I have heard of him, I have bene willingly perswaded to ioyne w**" you in this act of approbation and admission : and therefore by vertue of this my letter, I do approve and admitt Ale.xander Huish into the bodj' of your fellowshipp, willing j'ou to register this mj' letter, wherebj' it may appeare hereafter to be mine owne act. Under- standing likewise that the officers of my colledge are to be chosen by my self, I do therefore by this give you notice, that for yo'' Subwarden you choose Mr. Smith, yo'' Deane Mr. Estcott, yo" Bursars Mr. Harrington and Mr. Pitts; ' Convention Book,' ii. p. 10. 82 WARDENS FLEMING AND SMYTH [chap. VII Humanity Lecturer Mr. Payton, for yo'' Catechist Mr. Strode, Moderator of philosophy Mr. Flexney, and your Subdeane S^ Flavell, and if I have forgotten any office (as it may be I have) then I leave it to my warden to appoynt it. And so hoping that yo'' whole company' will behave themselves religiously towards God, obediently to my self, and lovingly one towards another, w'^'' wilbe an especiall comfort to me, w"" my best wishes I comend you to the protection of the Allmighty and rest Edge this vj"' of Yo"" ev'' Loving Foundrefse November 1615. Dorothe Wadham. Letter of the In a subsequcnt letter with which she sent some amendments of the Foundress, ^^ - , - i • i Oct. 15, 1616. Statutes she concludes somewhat m the same stram ' : — * * * hitherto I have had great comfort in you and I hope you will not proue lesse refpectfull and obferuant of me and my Colledge hereafter. Your oathes doe bind you unto the good and creditte of my Colledge, and I cannot doubte but that you wilbe moft carefuU to obferue whatfoeuer fuch a Bond doth eniojme you : And aboue all thinges I would haue to auoide cotentions amongst y°''felues, for w""""* true charity, there cannot be a true Societ}'. And foe befeeching God to blefse you in your endeauours and Studyes I rest Edge the xv"' of Y' "■ loving Foundrefse, October 1616. Dorothe Wadham. Death of Warden Fleming. Warden Smyth. On March 17, 16-l-y, the Society for a second time lost its Head by the death, at the early age of 40, of Warden Fleming, then D.D., and one of the King's chaplains, who was ' buried in the inner chapel near the High Altar.' Wood sa3^s, 'he was esteemed a pious and learned man, a good governor, and an honour to the place where he was, which made the Foundress grieve much for his immature death-.' She says, when writing to appoint William Smyth, one of the Fellows, to the vacant Headship : — Foundress' letter of Mar. 20. 1642. My good Companye I cannot but Joyne with you in forow for the lofse of foe worthye a Warden in whome my'harte was well fetled. ... I have elected him whom yoi' owne hands (and I hope harts) haue defired. MS. letters, No. 11. 'Convention Book, ' Colleges and Halls,' p. 595. CHAP. VII WARDEN SMYTH 83 The College had apparently petitioned the Foundress in favour of Sm3lh through the mediation of the Visitor, whose characteristic letter is worth preserving ' :— I am forie for the fudayne departure of your worthie Warden, Dr. Letter of the Fleminge, vvhofe lofse I vnfainedlie lament, and pray you may have no worfe a Bis'hop^f governour then he was in his place. I do attribute fo much to 3'our generall Winchester, approbation of Mr. Subvvarden Mr. Smyth, as I have writen my Letters to your Noble foundrefse in his behalfe. And bycaufe I am in streyght of time I can say no more, but if you have not made a good choice, blame your selfes, and not me, so w*^'' my loving comendations I comit you to God, from court at Roifton this 19"' of Marche 1616. Your loving frend, Ja. Winton. Mrs. Wadham was now ver^^ old and in failing health. Towards the end of the year 161 7 she made provision for her servant Arnold's kins- men being promoted to Fellowships when vacancies occurred, as has been already mentioned. In March, i6|4, John Arnold writes thus-: — Edge, March 16, 1617. Letter of John Arnold, Mar. Worthy Warden, 16, 1617. I wishe from m}- harte that I could write you newefs of my miftris recovery or at leafte that fhe weare in the mendinge hande, w"'' I cannot, only this comforte we haue fhe holdeth at a ftay, her ftomach continueth well although fhe be altogether bedriden, for fhe is not able to fitt upp Longer then her bedd is makinge, I pray God ftrengthen her yf it be his will, to whom I Comitt her and us all . . . . Her last letters to the College are dated on April 8, 1618, and relate to the appointment of Boswell to a vacant Fellowship. Mrs. Wadham died, full of \^ears, on May 16, 1618, at the age of 84. Death of the Foundress. By her will ■', dated in the preceding October, she desires that her body Mayi6, 1618. should be ' laid and buried in t/ic church of Ilminstcr in the tomb there where the body of uiy late dear Husband Nicholas IVadham, Esquire, lyeth and is interred.' Her funeral she wishes to be good and decent, ' ' Convention Book,' ii. p. 14. ^ Warden's MSS. No. 22. ' The original will, signed and attested, is preserved in the College Archives. 84 WARDEN SMYTH [chap. VII without any great pomp or ostentation, according to the discretion of her executor. John Arnold, her true and faithful ser\'ant, is appointed sole executor, and she bequeaths to him all her beds, napery, furniture, and plate, and makes him residuary legatee after payment of several doles to the poor, legacies to relations and servants varying from /lo to ^50, one of ^100 to her niece Gertrude Prescott, ^100 to her College in plate, and /loo to remain in stock. No letter or formal notification of her death is to be found among the College papers, but news seems to have been sent at once to the Warden by Mr. John Arnold. She died at Edge ', where she had resided since her husband's death, but she was buried in Ilminster Church, where Nicholas Wadham had been laid nearly nine years before. On June 16, the day of her funeral, a memorial service was performed in the College chapel at Oxford, for which Mr. Arnold arranged that the whole of the Foundation, including the Warden, Fellows, fourteen Scholars, and the Servants, should have mourning gowns. A gown is also ordered for Mr. Alderman Harris, the same no doubt who was Mayor when the foundation stone was laid, and father of one of the Fellows. Arnold writes again from Edge four days later - : — Letter of Mr. John Arnold about the funeral. May 20, 1618. Good Mr. Warden, Yf 1 fhould agayne repeate a fad meflage, would but ad more fofow, 3'ou can perceive the many bufinefses that is fallen upon me and therefore may neglect that w*^'' otherwife willingly I would not, I know you intend in yo' CoIIedge a folemnitye to be donn in honor of ye ffoundrefie her funerall, and what is requifit for my parte, I would not have you thinke but accordinge to myne abilitye I will fee performed, I must therefore of necefsity be troublefrh unto my frinds (of w'"'' I accompte yo'' felfe to be a chiefe one) to procure that for me w"'' my leafure will not permitt me to doe, and my purfe hardly able to Compaffe, yett will I pinche rather then (becaufe I thinke it fitt) Spare the charge, m}- mind is to geve yo' felfe and all the ffellowes & ScoUers that be of the body of ye houfe in yo"" Colledge morning gownes a note whereof here inclofed I fend you, but I muft intreate you and Mr. Every to Joyne in the buyinge thereof, I thinke Mr. ' The parish registers of Branscombe, Devon, the parish in which Edge is situated, record that ' Mrs. Dorathoe Whaddam died the xvi of Mai, and was carried from eg the xviij of May, 1618.' - Warden's MSS. No. 25. CHAP, vii] WARDEN SMYTH 85 Bofwell will furnifhc you and I hope ufe me well in the fervinge thereof both that it may be good cloth for his creditt and at an eafie prife for my purfe, 1 hold the firft day fet downe for the Solemnifing her fimerall at merifield w'"' is the xvj"' of June next, accept at this time hafty lines, I muft tell you one thing by the way to yo' felfe that what I doe herein is more out of myne owne volentary Defire to have all things well then of any Comande therein, as for monj' to fatisfie Mr. Bofwell for the fayd blacke upon notice from you of the charge I returne forthwith unto Mr. Alexander in London to discharge it, and in the mcane time this my letter fhall warrant it. I would intreate you to Convey to Mrs. Greevell my miftrefs her fifter^ as much blacke rafhe or other ftuffe as you shall thinke fitt for a gowne for her felfe, and of fom other ftuflfe for her mayde with two Cloaks for her men, with notice of the daye Mr. Bofwell will furnifhe you alfo fhe dwelleth with in xx miles of Oxforde but where I know not, thus beinge bold to troble you doe in hafte comitt you to God. Edge this xx"' of maye 1618. resting yo'" to Comande John Arnold. Good Mr. Warden, I thinke before this you have harde what my mind is in all thefe bufinefses Mr. John Ar- you write of touchinge the Colledge for I wrote you at full the last weeke to be jlJlfeV.'^iTis. fent you by Mr. Alexander from London, the contents whereof was that (whereas it hath pleafed my miftris to make me her Executor) although fhe appoynted noe provifion to be made of blacke for you, yet doe hope you will doe the like that all things that maybe for her honor be noe waye fhortened. I have writen in my laft letter to intreate you and Mr. Every to Joyne in the procuring of blacke for you w'"' I will freely beftow on you, and for orderinge y' folempnities muft reft upon you'' selfe I hauinge enough to provide for here, and it may be when God fhall make me able towards yo'" Charge further therin will geve you twenty pounds W'' will be att a high rate for me to doe and provide here as wilbe expected you may not thinke fhe haue left mountaynes behind hauinge done as fhe hath I will proteft (yf any man will defraye althings as I intende I will leave the executorfhipp upon him, my miftris hath not forgotten yo'" Colledge now at laft nether for fhe hath geven you a C" in plate and a C" to remayne in ftocke for you. I am glad to here foe well of my Lord of Winton home I haue sent unto agayne and my Lord Petre with many others, how I fhall defray thefe things I know not, but in that only fhall I breake her will, in beinge over lavyfhe that waye, yet for my parte will performe all rites and dutyes that belonge to the ' Dorothy's half-sister, Thomasine, youngest daughter of Sir William Petrc by his second marriage, married Lodovvick Grevil of Milcot, Warwick.— Collins's 'Peerage,' vol. viii. p. 5. M 86 WARDEN SMYTH [chap, vii folempnities of her pfon, and doe hope where other honors are to be donne and due in remembrance of her, thofe to whom it fhall belonge will alfo fee that performed accordinge to her deferte. Had I not doubted thatyo"' prefence would be expected in Oxford to fee all thinges ordered at the time ther I would have intreated yo"' performinge the funerall fermon here, but doubinge thereof haue taken order with Doctor Swifte to execute the place the funerall daye holdeth the xvj"' of may ^ and cannott be altered and foe in haft with my due remembrance fo wifhe you all happines & rest Edge this fecond att j-o"" Comands, of June 1618. John Arnold. Funeral Thc memorial service at Wadham seems to have been as solemn as solemnities . i\/rTiAii 111 i-i at Oxford the occasion deserved and as Mr. John Arnold could have desired. From Mr. Boswell the mercer's bill, which amounted to no less than £iSl- T^js. 2d.-, we gather that both chapel and hall were hung with black serge and baize, on which were pinned appropriate texts, and that the pews, pulpit, and communion table and seats were draped with black broadcloth. The members of the Foundation had mourning gowns of broadcloth, that of the Fellows being of a superior kind to that of the Scholars, and Mrs. Grevell had a plentiful supply of broadcloth, silk rash, and Dutch say. The funeral feast in the hall cost no less than ^41. 95. 7^/., and included two bucks sent by the Visitor, the Bishop of Winchester, besides other game from the keepers of Woodstock, and what was supplied from the College kitchen through the Manciple. Of the real funeral at Merifield and Ilminster we have no account. Dorothy lies with her husband, the last of the main line of the Wadhams, in the south transept of Ilminster Church, under a handsome monument. Character of surrouudcd by the tombs of his forefathers. With the Founder himself we have little real acquaintance ; the liberality of his house, and the ample provision he stored up for his College by wise econom}' of his fortune, show him to us as a man of prudence as well as generosity, and the unusual conditions he attached to the tenure of his Fellowships give us a high opinion of his sagacity and breadth of view. The Foundress is better known to us. In her letters, as in her picture, she appears some- ' In error for June. ^ See Appendix to this Chapter. CHAP, viij WARDEN SMYTH 87 what of a precisian, a little jealous of her prerogatives, and apt to resent character any apparent encroachment; but she shows a generous side to her Foundress. character in the loyalty with which she carried out her husband's in- tentions, and the personal sacrifices she made ungrudgingly for the proper endowment of his foundation. In the buildings which were carried out under her directions, and as we may suppose with some reference to her own ideas, we may read a certain nobility of mind and largeness of conception ; the chambers are unusually spacious and airy, and the Hall and Chapel of what was destined to be after all only a small Society are on a superior scale to those of many larger colleges, and in point of architectural effect will compare favourably with an}' but the three or four which stand in the foremost rank. At some time after her husband's death Dorothy Wadham was nerrecu- presented as a Recusant, although her name does not appear in the Recusant Roll. A careful search through the rolls for the Counties of Devon and Somerset from 1608 to 1618, both inclusive, has failed to discover any mention of the name of Wadham. A seizure of arms found in her house was made about the year 1613, in pursuance of an HerCon- tormitj' and order of Council for dealing with Recusants. But two years later she pardon, a.u. made her humble submission and sued for and obtained a pardon from the King. The patent recites that she is forgiven all and every felony ' taiii contra coiuuuiiciii legem regiii nosfri Aiiglie qnaui ijnendam actum Parliamenti apnd Westmonastemim anno regni nuper regine Elizabethe viccsimo sept into editum intitnlatwn An Acte against Jesuites Seminarie Priests and other like disobedient p/ons,' dr. '. For the few remaining years of her life she no doubt conformed to the Established Church, and she was buried as we know according to the Reformed liturgy. A curious trace of her brief lapse to Romanism is to be found in an application after her death, by two of her husband's coheirs, for the restoration of the arms which had been seized at her house - : — ' Patent roll 13 James I, part 2, No. 9. Public Record Office, ' Dc parikniatkmc general i pro Dorothea ll'ad/iaiii.' - State papers, Domestic, James I, vol. 124, No. 109. M 2 88 WARDEN SMYTH [chap, vii Suit of Sir To the Right Hon'"''" the Lords and others of lolm Wind- i • n/r . tt ii • • i-' ii ham and Sir his Ma"* most Honop'"^ privie Louncell 'ways. The humble peticbn of Sir John Windham and S"' Jo. Straingwaies K'' Sheweth that whereas by virtue of Ir" from this bono"'' board in the lo"" yeare of his Ma"" raigne in England, Directed unto the Sheriffe' and Juftices of peace in the Countie of Somft, for feizing into theire Cuftodie, to his Ma'" ufe y" armes of all Recufants w"'in y'' faid Countie (according to a Statute made 3" Jacobi therein pvided) whereupon certaine Armes to y value of 100 mks or thereabouts were feized and taken from one Dorithic Wadhani late ye wife o{ Nicholas IVadliain, Esq., Deceafed ye fame being now Depofited in the hands oi John Pawlctt, Esq. Now forasmuch as y*" faid Dorithie is allfo fince deceafed and that hee the faid Nicholas did by his laft will and teftam' divife amongft other things y^ faid Armes unto y" said Peticoners being Coheirs unto the faid Nicholas IVadhaiu, and who are conformable to y" lawes of this Realme ; There humble fuite unto ^'o'' Lo'"'" therefore is y' yo" would be pleafed to graunt yo'' hono**^"^ Warrant for reftoring of faid Armes unto yo' Peticoners w"'' of right belongs unto them. And yo'' Peticoners, &c. CIIAI'. VIl] 89 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VII. Account of the Expenses attending the Funeral of the Foundress'. of William Boswell of Oxforde the of June 1618. li. d. 56 08 GO Ixxij yards of fine brod-Cloth for the ffellows at 15' 8' y" 3'ard . XX yards iij q' of brod-Cloth for the Chaphns and for ij Clokes at 13" 2'' the yard 13 13 2 Ixx yards of brod-Cloth for the Scollers gowns and two Clockes at II'' 10'' the 3'ard 41 08 4 vij yards of brod-Cloth for two Clocks at 14' 6'^ the yard . . . . 05 01 6 xij yards i q. of brod-Cloth for iij gowns at 10" B"" y" yard . . . . 06 10 8 XV yards di. of fine brod-Cloth at xxv'' the yard ig 07 6 Sent Mrs. Greevell vj yards iij q. of brod-Cloth at 12' 8'' y'' yard 04 5 6 xxij yards of filke Rafh at iiij' the yard 04 08 00 ix yards of Duch fay at 5' 10'' 02 12 6 iiij yards of brod-Cloth for the pulpitt and the pews at xiij* the yard ffor the lone of xviij yards of brod-Cloth ffor to lay upon the feates and Communion table 150 yards of Bayes and Serge to hange the Chapell and Hawle iij pap's of pinnes for to pin one the verfes Som is I clvij'" xvij" ij'' A note of the expenses at our foundrefle her funeral ^. 2 12 o 090 01 00 00 00 01 00 157 17 2' To the manciple . . xxv' xviij' x'^ for glafles broken ij' iij' To the B. of Winchester's to a porter vj'' man that brought 2 buckes 44^ to a laborer xij" & for his horfe meat . xxij'" for difhes loft in the Kit- To Mr. Jonson's man V' ching . . . . xiij' vj" To the keepers of Wood- for two dozen & feaven of stocke .... ^}' choucheons •'* at 2^ 6'' a To George his horse iij*' viij'^ peece .... i'j xvij' Trenchers .... v« for wine .... iij' iiij^ tenter hooks vj'^ Bread & beere . iiij' to Keebles man that 41" 9» 7'' brought Crawfifh . xviij"* ' Warden's MS. 25. On the back of the bill Warden Smyth has written the names of all those who were put into mourning, which gives the list of the Society at that time. ^ Warden's MS. 26. ' Perhaps painted escutcheons to hang on the black drapery of Hall and Chapel. MANOR HOUSE AT EDGE. CHAPTER VIII THE HOMES OF THE WADHAMS IN SOMERSET AND DEVON. Branscombe and Edge. We now take our leave of the Founder and his family, and this is perhaps the proper place to say something of their ancient homes in Somerset and Devonshire. Enough remains of their older family seat at Edge to repay a pilgrimage on its own account, to say nothing of the charms of the surrounding scenery, which are not inconsiderable. The nearest town is Seaton, on the south coast of Devonshire, now a little watering-place, but in the time of the Wadhams a humble fishing village. From BRANSCOMBE 91 thence one can reach Branscombc, the village and parish to which Edge belongs, either by an upper road, passing Bovey, the ancient home of the Walronds, or by a nearer way through Beer, a village of quarry-men and fisher-folk, which lies in the next combe to Seaton westward. From Beer it is a delightful walk along the cliffs over a common of gorse bushes to Branscombe, which lies deep down in a valley set among steep grassy hills and running out to the sea at the lower end. Three groups of cottages, some distance apart, compose the village, and in the farthest of them stands the grey weatherbeaten church, its lichened and moss-grown Branscombc 11 1 ■ • 1 r ^ church. walls so meltmg mto the tones of the landscape that it is not very easy to discern it from the heights above. It is a cruciform building with a fine massive central tower, chiefly of early work but presenting examples of all succeeding styles down to the Renaissance. The interior is damp, and the walls are green with the sea-fogs in which the church is often wrapped, and the drainage of the steep hillside against which it is set. No 'restorer' has yet scraped the whitewash from the walls, or torn down the high pews of the last century, now so rare as almost to possess an antiquarian interest. Those at Branscombe, however, are doomed, for a 'restoration' is impending. Let us hope the old building will be tenderly dealt with, and as little smartened up as possible, and above all that no destructive hand will be laid on the fine old Jacobean western gallery with its massive posts and carved front, which belongs by its style to the days of Nicholas Wadham himself, and was perhaps made at his expense. In the darkest and dampest corner of the church, against the end of Monument oi ^ ° Mrs. Joan the north transept, now stands the mutilated monument of Joan Wadham, Wadham. widow of John Wadham, and mother of our founder. Originally, ac- cording to Mr. Rogers, it stood under the great window of the south transept, where the lady is probably buried, and it was removed to its present site some sixty years ago. It has suffered considerable damage in the removal, and seems to have been wrongly put together. The upper part is not in the middle of the altar tomb but pushed on one side up into the corner ; and the pediment which crowns it, in spite of the Wadham rose in the tympanum, does not seem to belong to the tomb at all, or at all events is not in its proper place, for it has a horizontal corona of its own, which is set absurdly on the top of a second corona that forms part of the horizontal entablature belonging to the columns. An}- mason would 92 BRANSCOMBE [CHAI*. VIII have known better than to have originally worked the monument in this way. Damp and decay have continued the ruin, and not a trace Monument of Mrs. Joan Wadham. '^0k'm remains of the inscription on the black marble panel which once re- corded the virtues of the lad}- and her descent from the ro3'al house of Plantagenet. ciiAi'. villi RRANSCOMBK 93 Here lieth intombed the Body of a virtuous and antient Gentlewoman, descended of the antient House of the Plantagenets, sometime of Cornwall, namely Joan one of the Daughters and Heirs unto John Tregarthin in the county of Cornwall Esq : She was first married unto John Kelleway Esq : who had by her much ifsue : After his death she was married to John Wadham of Mer3field in the county of Somerset Esq: and by him had . . . children. She lived a virtuous and godly Life and died in an honourable Age. Sept. ... in the year of Christ 1581 \ The figures on the back of the tomb represent Mrs. Joan's two husbands, who kneel vis-a-vis in the attitude of prayer with an esquire's hehnet and a pair of crossed gauntlets between them. John Kellaway, her first husband, wears a frogged doublet, trunk hose and ruff, and a long gown with pendant sleeves like that of a Master of Arts. John Wadham is in armour. Joan herself plays a very humble part on her own monument; she kneels in duplicate, a little figure in ruff and puffed sleeves, behind each of her husbands. Behind her are her numerous progeny : on the Kellaway side are nine little daughters dressed exactly like herself in miniature, with ruffs and flat caps, and over them three little sons in doublet, ruff, and trunk hose, like their father. There have been two more who are now chipped off. Behind her on the Wadham side are five figures, a sixth having been broken away. The next to it is a boy, no doubt Nicholas, dressed like his half-brothers, and behind him are two girls, and below him two more dressed like their mother. The figures are fairly well cut, and the whole, though now whitewashed, was once coloured. The heraldry of the three escutcheons on the back of the tomb is Heraldry on interesting, in connection with the pedigree - : — Branscombe. Dexter Shield. Kcllaivay iinpaling Tregarthin. Baron, quarterly of four. I & 4. Kellaway. (Arg.), two glaziers' irons in Saltire (Sa.), between four Kelway pears pendant (ppr.), within a bordure engrailed of the second. 2. Trdhtirffe. (Az.), a buck's head cabossed (Arg.). 3. Tregarthin. (Arg.), a chevron between three escallops (Sa.). ' Prince's ' Worthies,' p. 748. To judge by the blanks he leaves the epitaph was perhaps scarcely legible in his time. It will be seen that the date is incorrect. For Mrs. Wadham 's royal descent on both sides see her pedigree above, p. 25. ^ The tinctures are supplied from elsewhere. The monument has been whitc- N 94 BRANSCOMBE [chap. VI II Fcniiuc, quarterly of six. 1. Tregarthin auciciif. Two lob.ster claws in Saltire. 2. Tregarthin later. Same as No. 3 baron side. 3. HciuioiVcr. (Az.), a lion rampant between escallops (Or). 4. Plantagcnct, of Cornwall. (Arg.), within a bordure (Sa.) bezantee a lion rampant (Gu.). In chief a label of 3 points. 5. Chamberlain. (Arg.), on a bend (Sa.) five bezants. 6. Pever. (Arg.), on a chevron (Gu.) three fleur de lys (Or). The central lozenge, that of Mrs. Joan Wadham, has the same bearings as the Fcnimc coat just given. Sinister Coat. Wadham impaling Tregarthin. The Wadham Coat with its nine quarterings agrees with that on the tomb at Ilminster, presently- to be described \ Tregarthin as before. Parish Registers at Branscombe. Road to Edge. The parish registers of Branscombe are beautifully preserved, and have been well bound in Russia leather by the care of a former Rector. The baptisms begin in 1539 and the marriages in 1545, but there is no record of the birth or marriage of any Wadham. The register of burials begins in 1578 and records the death of the two last dowagers of the family, who spent their widowhood at the manor-house of Edge and died there, though only one of them was buried at Branscombe. 1583. M"^^ Jane Wadham wid. was buryed the 30 of Septemb. 1618. M'''. Dorathee Whaddam died the xvj"^ of May and was Caried from eg the xviij"' of May 1618. Above the village the valley in which Branscombe lies branches into three ravines or combes. A narrow road, little more than a bridle-path, strikes ofT by the parish school-house, and entering the middle valley of the three, winds along the flank of the hill through charming woodland scener3^ This road, by which the Wadhams would have come to their parish church, and along which Mrs. Joan Wadham was borne to her burial, can never have been more than the rough countr}' lane it is now, washed. For Kellaway to quarter Trethurif and Tregarthin, the coat must be that of Joan's son, not of her husband. Possibly the monument was put up by the son of the first marriage, and the sculptor took his arms for his father's. But should Trethurffe be quartered at all? ' At Ilminster there are fourteen quarterings, including the five brought in by the Tregarthin alliance, which of course are only impaled here. CHAP. VI 1 1] EDGE gg and perhaps in old days was worse kept. After many ascents and Hole, descents it reaches a lonely little farm-house, half sunk in the side of the hill, with thatched roof and stone chimneys. A small forecourt with stone piers surmounted by balls, and an iron gate, speak of vanished im- portance, and there is a good Gothic doorway of cut stone, above which is a shield with arms — two bars between three ro.ses. This is the house of Hole, appropriately so named in its deep dell, and the arms are those of the Bartletts', an old Branscombc family, to whom are several monu- ments in the Church, whose names occur frequently in the parish registers, and whose property passed by marriage of the heiress to the Stuckeys, founders of a well-known banking company in the West of England. Very likely the Mr. John Bartlett, gent., one of Nicholas Wadham's 'servants,' and one of the Trustees for the foundation of the College, was a member of this family. Not far beyond Hole a turn in the path as it rounds the shoulder of Edge. the hill brings into view a large homestead high on the opposite side of the valley, which is reached after a sharp descent and a stiff climb up again. This is Edge, once the principal seat of the Wadhams, and after- wards, when Merifield became their chief residence, the secondary mansion to which the dowagers of the family retired in their widowhood. In his will dated 1577, about a year before his death, John Wadham Bequeathed leaves Wadham to his widow, 1577- to Jane m}' wief * * my house grounde and fearme of Edge for the augmentacbn of her jointure with use of all such stocke and stoare of sheepe &c. &c. pasturing and going uppon the same fearme during her natural life -. She is also to have all his property and leases in Branscombe during her life. After which the whole, including Edge, goes to his son Nicholas and his issue male ; but if he die either before or after his mother without male issue, the whole is to revert to the right heirs of him, John Wadham. For her use in her new household at Edge John Wadham further bequeaths to his widow my thirde best bed with the thyrde bestXestor, Curtaines, cov^lett, blanketts. ' The Bartletts succeeded the Holcombcs at Hole : v. Pole. ' Will of John Wadham. Somerset House. 14 Langley. Proved Mar. 15, 157I. N 2 96 EDGE [niAi', VIII sheets, boulster, and a pillow to the same. {Also) three other bcddes &c. &c. whereof one to be convenient for her gentlewoman or waytinge maides, and the other two fitt and convenient for servina; men. Bequeathed by Nicholas Wadham to his widow, i5og. Edge the residence of Dorothy Wadham, 1609-1618, Description of Edge in its present state. Notwithstanding the conditions of the will, Nicholas, though he died childless, managed to get rid of the entail so far as to leave Edge with all its household-stufll' and furniture to his wife Dorothy, for her life, under a deed of settlement of which Sir Amyas Poulett was a trustee. And further that she might keep up the hospitable reputation which they had enjoyed, he leaves her ' for her life all his flocks and herds at Edge 'for the better mayntcnancc of hospital it ie tlicre.' On her death or remarriage the whole is to revert to the right heirs of his father, John Wadham. On the same terms Dorothy is to have for her life all the live stock at Merifield, Braydon and Ilton, and 'all viy plate and Jeivclls zuhatsoever and zvhcrfoevcr and all my naperyc and Lynnen zvhcrfoever,' and also all the rents in Cornwall and Devon of the lands which came to him from his mother, Jane Wadham. Dorothy Wadham therefore had ample means for keeping up some state in her widowhood ; and Edge in its prime was no doubt a charming country house. Its lofty site commands delightful views of hill and dale and woodland, with a glint of the sea in the distance framed between the overlapping hills, and the house itself, with its terraced gardens, its ample buildings and handsome chapel -, was not unworthy of its owners. Even now, though much reduced in size, enough remains to show it was once a place of consequence. Its situation is curious : the house is built actually into the side of the hill, which has been terraced out to receive it : though even with all this contrivance there was but little width for it, and it must always have been long and narrow. All that now remains is about half the back building against the hill, and the left-hand return wing that en- closed the court. There would no doubt have been a right-hand return wing, and most likely there was a fourth wing in front enclosing an interior ' Will of Nicholas Wadham. Somerset House. 118 Dorset. Proved Nov. 13, 1609. - Polvvhele, quoting Chappie, says there was formerly a handsome chapel at Edge which had been desecrated before 1772, but no traces of it are now visible. Rogers, 'Mem. of the West,' p. 167. CHAP, viii] EDGE gi quadrangle, for there are traces of a gateway in the front piercing the oescriptionof building, which would have been unnecessary had there been no interior prclen"state. court. The back building, which is of considerable antiquity, is much dilapidated and is falling into ruin. In the corner of the old quadrangle a spacious winding staircase of stone leads to the upper floors, which have Gothic doorvs'ays now sadly ruined and threatening to fall for want of a little care. On the second floor a door in the back wall opens to your surprise on the green hill side, so that you can walk out on the level. Except, however, at this doorway the hill is scarped away in order that the damp earth may not touch the walls. From this point you reach a high terraced walk on the hill side, once perhaps the favourite pro- menade of the mistress of the house, and below it lies a considerable plateau artificially levelled, where was the principal garden, laid out with clipped hedges and curious knots after the fashion of the time. Below this again is yet a third terraced garden banked up with a retaining wall, where the farmer still grows his cabbages. The most perfect part of the house is the left-hand wing, which is shown in the illustration at the head of this chapter (p. 90). This is the farmer's residence and has been much modernized ; but though many of the mullions are cut away and a new doorway has been formed in the side, the wing still retains the character of sixteenth or seventeenth century work. It is low, and the roof is thatched, but the walls are of good masonry, and the gable end has a handsome mullioned and transomed window in the upper floor which gives it a look of conse- quence. The room to which this window belongs retains a good deal of its old oak panelling, delicately moulded and finished, and more seems to exist behind the modern paper. In the corner is a fine doorcase of Elizabethan work, carved and framed in dark oak, and projecting into the room with two sides of a polygon. The door still hangs by the original wrought iron hinges, and has an exquisitely wrought bolt, and part of the pierced escutcheon of the latch. Being handsomely finished, and occupying the end of a main wing, this room was evidently one of the principal apartments, and it is easy to persuade oneself that it may have been the Foundress' own room in which she breathed her last (v. p. 98). From Edge,— 'eg' as the Register has it,— Dorothy Wadham was 98 ILMINSTER [chap vni Ilininster church. The Wadham transept at Ilminster. borne on the i8th of May 1618, two days after her death, to Merifield, to await her funeral at Hminster on the i6th of the following month. Thedistancc across coun- try to Ilminster by wa}- of Axminster is proba- bly about twenty miles. Ilminster Church had been for many genera- tions the burying place of the Wadhams, and the North transept, the Wadham aisle as it was called, was traditionall}- built by one of the famil}', and served as their place of sepulture. The Church is a large cruciform building with a magnificent central tower\ one of the finest in a count}' famous for fine towers, and the Wadham transept is the handsomest part of the Church. Built apparent- ly^ in the earlier half of the fifteenth century it retains in its perpendicu- lar traceries more of the graceful curves and flowing lines of the preceding style than is usual at that period, while the magnificent traceried parapet that crowns the walls is perhaps unique in design. It is built of Ham-hill stone, a — — 12f_ fZ — LlL-L L 1- • ^■^'^in A DOORCASE AT EDGE. ' From the tower the chimes ring out loyally ' God save the Queen,' at noon ; at three they become pathetic with ' Old dog Tray ; ' but recover themselves at six with ' For he 's a jolly good Fellow.' Platk VI mmm'"^^sgi mm To face p. 98 ILMINSTER THE WADHAM TRANSEPT c:hai'. viii] ILMINSTER 99 material of unequal durabilit^^ requiring careful selection, and a great deal of the more delicate work has suffered decay; but on the whole the masonry has stood the test of some four and a half centuries fairly- well (v. Plate vi . The transept still contains two stately tombs of the Wadhams, enclosed by an oak screen of Jacobean panelling with two tiers of turned balusters, and the Wadham crest on the consoles over the doorway. The earlier and grander of the two is a large altar tomb supporting a Tomb of sir marble slab. The sides and ends of the tomb are richly designed with wLdhamand canopied niches now robbed of their figures, divided by buttresses 1452- with finials; and a rich cornice of running foliage deeply undercut surrounds it immediately below the marble top. The whole is much mutilated and defaced with whitewash. The slab is inlaid with brasses representing a knight with a lady on his right hand, under elaborate canopies '. The heraldic devices are gone, and of the bordering con- taining the epitaph only part remains ; but this, taken together with the rhymes in dog-Latin under their feet, suffices to tell us that the figures are those of Sir William Wadham, who died in 1452, and his mother |oan, widow of Sir John Wadham the Judge. Sir John is supposed to have been buried at Branscombe-, which will account for the absence of his effigy here and the unusual association of mother and son in one monument. As the date of the lady's death is left blank it may be assumed that she outlived her son and constructed the monument in her lifetime. Sir William is traditionally the builder of this transept in which he lies, as the inscription very likely would have gone on to inform us had it remained perfect. It runs as follows, in well-cut black letter, the words being prettily divided by sprays of foliage and the Wadham rose : — . ainiiil '0. ctim ;!3' (lillillmo aillaliljiH s filio corDcm "0. qm "0. oluir bit s SIpcnfijs . . anno 0. am . Slptllmo 0, €€€€° €t 0. qui 0._ qmticni 0. cLaiiUms ' The brasses are a good deal worn, as if they had once been in the floor and been walked upon. This gives some weight to the conjecture of the late Mr. Sedding, who restored the church, that the raised altar tomb is not original, but made up with parts of a demolished reredos. ■ Prince. loo ILMINSTER [chap, viii The doggrel verses below, the work perhaps of a learned vicar of Ilminster of that day, read as follows. The meaning of most of the lines is plain enough ; but it is perhaps fair to the reader to tell him that 'poliandrium' means a cemetery, and may actually be found in Facciolati, and that the lines should be read straight across and not in columns ; with which assistance I leave the interpretation to his ingenuity. Ccrnec rtntofarffi tialct Ijic nil non prccc ftisa iI5on nifi »>pcctaclm nicmoi-cs fore Dc re ccclufa SBatec ineft nato ttimulata »)inil polianliro Cor Dolet in poplo ctauticrc talcs Ijumo: Culmcn opro ticrtts cr ptiiras nam bita moDefta afFuit anibotiss pcnfcnitis lji'3 crp Utiolnisf »ioi"Ditia binor pictatc lieus Dcuiar Ijonnii : aijuiina »)c6ru prelicat floci innijcrc floru Burial-place of Thc chuTch coutaius no trace of any monument to John Wadham, wadham. husband of the lady who lies at Branscombe and father of the Founder, though in his will he directs his body to be ' earthed ami buried in the He called St. Catharine's He, or in the north side of the Chauncell in the parifhe Chnrch of Ilminster.' It is known that there was a chantry dedicated to St. Catherine in this church, and it may be conjectured, though there is no evidence for it, that it was situate in the Wadham aisle or transept. Monument of The monumcut of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham (v. Plate viii) Nicholas and i • i • i i • i tvt i c ^ Dorothy stauds withui the same enclosure m the JNorth-east corner oi the transept. i6og, i5i'8.' It consists of an altar tomb of alabaster and marble, on the top of which are the effigies in brass of the Founder and Foundress, and it has a kind of back or reredos of Jacobean Classical architecture, also of alabaster and marble, with the escutcheon of their arms and laudatory verses in Latin. On the wall above this tomb, and also over that of Sir William Wadham, hangs the funeral helmet borne at their respective obsequies. The brass effigies are inlaid in a splendid slab of black marble, or touchstone as it used to be called, and are in perfect preservation (v. Plate vii). After the manner of the time they are more pictorial than the older brass, and represent the figures in perspective and elaborately shaded with cross-hatched lines. Nicholas is depicted in armour, with a ruff, bareheaded, girt with sword and dagger, and with the legend from his lips DEATH IS UNTO ME ADVANTAGE. As this Sentiment is repeated in the ^%%%»%%^»% %%*%*v% a* **'S 9 « < X n c CHAP, viii] ILMINSTER loi Latin verses on the back of the monument it may be supposed that it was a favourite with him. Dorothy wears the hooped petticoat, quilted sleeves, ruff, and the peculiar flat cap then fashionable, and has a similar scroll with the legend ' I shall not dye but lyve and dpxlare ye worke of ye Lord.' The epitaphs below their feet have been reversed so that each figure now has that belonging to the other, the result of some alteration in the position of the monument which would have made it difficult to read the inscription had it been left the right way up. That the monument has been moved at some time is proved by the fact that the upper part is not now centrally placed over the lower. The inscriptions on the upper panels blazon the fame of their inscriptions foundation at Oxford. Mrs. Wadham is described as not only the Founder and wife, but the daughter of a Founder, in allusion to her father's bene- factions to Exeter College, beside being a Foundress herself (v. p. 102). The Wadham coat with its fourteen quarterings is finely engraved on Heraldry oi the brass, and repeated in sculpture on a cartouche in the middle of the upper part of the monument. The arms are interesting in connexion with the pedigree. (Plate viii, and above, p. 24). Either the workmanship of the monument must have been scamped Restoration Irom the first, or it must have been wantonly damaged durmg the civil mem, lesg. wars, for a black marble tablet within an alabaster frame, surmounted by a cartouche with the arms of Wadham impaling Petre, which stands on the cornice of the tomb, records its restoration, in 1689, by Sir Edward Wyndham, Knt., and Thomas Strangways, Esq., two of the coheirs of the founder, only seventy or eighty years after it was first erected. Unfortunately this record of their piety has a second time brought the its present tomb nearly to its ruin, for the weight of their tablet has proved too much for the cornice, and threatens to weigh it down. Several other repairs are necessar^^ to save the monument from destruction, and restore it to its original condition. The lower panels, which appear of black marble, are only of painted plaster, dating perhaps from the restoration in 1689, and ought to be restored in their original material'. ' It is to be hoped also that when the tomb has been put in order the Wadham transept may be rescued from its present unseemly condition. It has lately been turned into a I02 JLMINSTER [chap. VIII Hic )ACET OccidvisWadhamvs cognitvs Angus CVIVS Cv"PH/tBI LAMPADE SPLENDOR ABIT NeC tamer in terras TOTVS DESCENDIT EOIS FVLGET ADHVC MVLTA LVCE MICANTE PLAGIS NON CERNIS POSITAS TRANS ISIDA SVSPICE TVRRES QVA STRVXIT MVSIS CVLMINA TEMPLA DeO IlLIC WadHAMI RADIOS NISI CONSPICIS ORIS Effvsa est animo spission vmbra tvo lvcrari mvltis est vita et perdere fvnvs. Sic tva damna pvtas vivere lvcramori _ Scilicet IN terris qvas negligis hastibic^^lv FVNERE CV MVLTO F/t.NORE REDDIT OPES PETRyEO PATRE MAGNA MARITO MAGNA W^DHAMO, HiC FVNDATORIS FILIA, SPONSA lACET. FaRTITVLIS VTRIQ2,SVIS, PATRI ATQj^ MARITO. rVNDATRIX IN SE M AG N A , WaDH AM A lACET NOBILIS AVSPICIIS, PROGRESSV, FINE, PARENTIS ClaRESCIT RADIIS, CONIVGIS, ATQ^ SVIS. Apostrophe ad Lectore M QV/ERIS QVOT ANNOS VIXERIT'- VIXIT DIV . Votvm bonorvm respicis- vixit parvm. SpECTAS an ztDES, QVAS PIA STRVXIT MANV> ViCTVRA semper est NEC VNQVAM SECVLA Fvtvra svnt tam sera,mvndvs tam senex, Vt NON SVPERSIT HOC OPVS PVLCHERRIMVM ViVATQ^ in ILLO FOEMIN/t. ILLVSTRISSI M/e. NOMEN VETVSTATE VLTIMA VETVSTIVS - EPITAPHS OF THE FOUNDER AND FOUNDRESS (From RubbingsV Platk \ III o to z o h r o ir O Q o!i < J r o I < r Q < ""^^'^i^^^f?:'^^ CHAP. VIll] ILTON 103 Donyatt church. FROM A PEW IN DONYATT CHURCH. A short drive of three miles takes one from Ilminster to Ilton, the village close to which the principal seat of the Wadhams was situated. They owned estates here, including the manor of Mcrifield, as far back as the time of Sir John Wadham, the Judge, among whose possessions at the time of his death in 1413, ' Muryfeld ' appears '. The road passes through the pretty village of Donyatt, which has an interesting church. In the modern pews are preserved some carved panels of their predecessors, on one of which is a coat of arms, of which the dexter side is evidently intended for the bearings of Wadham and Popham. The sinister side is blank. The church at Ilton, modestly hidden awa}^ among trees, has iiton church, been 'restored,' and is now uninteresting. It contains, however, several memorials of the Wadhams, whose principal seat Merifield stood just over the boundary of the parish in that of Ashill, and the north aisle goes traditionally by the name of the Wadham aisle. Under a fourteenth century arch in the south transept now lies a small alabaster figure of a lady with a tall headdress, richly diapered with cords and knots, over which is arranged a kerchief folded in two on Aiabast the front, and falling in lappets on the shoulders. She wears a mantle, and a long cord with tassels depends from her girdle. In point both of execution and design, the figure is very successful, and its beauty is perhaps increased by its being under life-size. Brutally as her delicate hands and features have been mutilated, this little lady does not fail to touch one somewhat in the same way as the pathetic statue of Medea Colleoni, in her father's chapel at Bergamo. We know not who she er figure at Ilton. vestry, the open screen is closed with blinds and blocked with closets, the tombs are con- cealed, and the transept itself is shut off by an organ that fills the north arch of the Tower. To move the organ might be difficult, but there is already a mediaeval vestry of ample size at the east end of the Church, approached by two doorways in the ancient reredos, the return to which, irrespective of other considerations, would of itself be an interesting revival of its ancient use. ' Inquisitio post mortem 13 Hen. IV. 'Johes Wadham Chivaler.' This disproves the statement of Hutchins and others that Merifield was part of the heritage of the heiress of the Pophams who married the grandson of the Judge. O 2 Brasses at Ilton. 104 ILTON [chap. VIII was : most likely a Wadham, and the rose jewel that hangs on her throat may refer to the family badge. It is evident she once lay on an altar tomb visible on both sides, and was adorned with colour and gold, and her pillow was supported by little angels ; but she has lost her tomb, the angels are broken to pieces, and scarce a trace of the decoration now remains. Affixed to the wall by the care of the present vicar, are two brasses to members of the Wadham famil}', which had been turned out of the church b}^ a former vicar to make way for his encaustic tiles, and were Brass of Nicholas Wadham. 1508. Brass of Joan Lady Wadham. '557- sold among his effects after his death. One records the memory of Nicholas Wadham, son of Sir Nicholas, Captain of the Isle of Wight, by his second wife, Margaret Seymour, aunt of Queen Jane. A small shield has the arms of Wadham impaling Seymour, — two wings in lure. The second brass is imperfect, and has been supposed by Mr. Rogers and others to be that of Jane, the first wife of the same Sir Nicholas, daughter of Robert Hill of Halfway, and grandmother of the Founder. This, however, is disproved by a very curious document which has never been published. About 1630, Mr. Thomas Lyte, of Lyte's Car}^, in the parish CHAP. VIIl] ILTON 105 of Charlton Mackcrell, Somerset, drew up a most voluminous pedigree of his family, which he illustrated with sketches of monuments and sh(jrt biographical notices. Here we find, ' Joanc Lady IVadliam, ist ma. to IValion of Barton, Esquire, Secondly, to Sir Nicholas Wadhajn, Knt., died at Mere field, Aitg an. 5 Mary, buried at Ilton.' This is accompanied by a sketch of the monument, probably a brass, representing a female figure holding a book in her left hand, and a rosary in her right, with a copy of the epitaph which enables us to restore the missing half. lofiifiiaiRatfPWiiT Brass of Joan Lady Wad- ham, 1557. This fourth Lady Wadham, who is not mentioned in an}- oi the published pedigrees, had a son and daughter by her first marriage. The son ' /// his voitngcr ycais fell into Icivd conipanyc, and zcas attainted of feolony,' and his lands were forfeited to the Crown. But Sir Nicholas being ' gratious -ccith the King,' obtained them back and restored them to his wife. Joan Lady Wadham outlived her husband and died, as the epitaph states, in 1557 '. From the village green a side road leads up to the Wadham alms- The Wadham ^ almshouses at houses, built and endowed in his lifetime by Nicholas Wadham. The nton. building is very picturesque, with its long thatched roof, dormer windows, and four lofty chimneys. (See above, Chapter I. p. 17.) There are eight tenements, each having a front and back room, with a good attic above, and a fair strip of garden. The endowment is but small, each inmate getting only two shillings a week-. ' I am indebted to Mr. H. Maxwell Lyte, Deputy Keeper of the Records, for access to this remarkable pedigree, and for other information connected with it. ■ Ilton is somewhat overdone with almshouses, having another set founded by a Mr. Whetstone; in all seventeen almshouses for a population of 300 souls. io6 MERIFIELD [chap. VIII Foundation deed. Merifield. Destruction of Merifield. The deed of foundation is dated June 6, 1606, by which Nicholas Wadham conveys the building, a close called Perihayes, and a charge of ^42 a year on his lands at Merifield, Braydon, and Ilton, to twelve trustees, 'Sir Will'". Petre, Knight, Sir Edzv\ Phellips, Knight, the Kings Ma'" Seriant att Laivc, Sir John Sidenham, Knight, Sir Edward Hixt, Knight, Sir Alexander Brett, Knight, Henry PValrond, Esq., Will'". Gibbes, Esq., John Coles the younger, Esq., Richard Sidenham of Chel- zvorthy, Esq., Marmadiike Jennings, Gent., John Bartlett, Gent., and John Standenvycke, Gent.,' and he nominates 'his well-beloved in Christe, John Arnolde, Gent., & Thorns Verrier, his true and lawfiill attourneys,' to deliver seizin to these trustees aforesaid. Each of the eight poor people is to have /,"5 yearly, paid quarterl}' by 'yeaven porcons.' The owners of the mansion house of Merifield are to nominate the poor people when vacancies occur ; in default of their nominating the trustees are to do it; and in their default the Bishop. One of the 'poore' is to be ' lettered, zvhereby he uiai saic Divine Praieres daylie to the rest, and niaie be capable of Orders yf it shall please the Byshopp of that Diocese for the tynie being to admitt him thereunto or allozv him to be a Reader! Beyond the almshouses the road rapidly dwindles to a lane, and finally comes to an end at a cottage and a gate leading to a large grass field, round the edge of which may be traced dimly some indica- tion that the road once continued further. On the far side of the meadow is all that remains of Merifield, masked by the thick hedge that lines the outer margin of the moat. Within is a square enclosure corresponding to the area of the old mansion, and having on three sides broken walls of rubble masonry, robbed of almost every vestige of wrought stone. The moat, still partly full of water, washed the walls, and was itself faced with masonry on the outside, but most of the walls have fallen in and the greater part is choked with briars and ruin. Merifield fell to Sir John Wyndham, as part of his share of his uncle's estates, and he, sa^^s Collinson, 'disliking the situation of the house, because it was surrounded with wood, pulled it down.' How soon this was done is uncertain. Mr. Arnold's letter (v. supra p. 85), shows it was standing in 1618 ; and the registers of Ilton record the birth of a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wadham-Wyndham \ ■' Plati. IX tfn. .\ -yf '"•i-^'TS^"- JfJ^^ •*''^-^fe^'- MKRIFIKI.D To A""*' A '^'^ CHAP, viii] MERIFIELD 107 in 1658', which looks as if Mcrificld were still standing then, for there is no other house in the place suitable to folk of this quality, unless it be Woodhouse, the farm which was built out of the materials of Mcrifield and which I did not see. There is another old house in Ilton, scofs Fa™, Scot's Farm, stone built, with mullioned windows, which may also have been made out of the ruins of the great house. Certain it is that the fine woodwork of the interior can have come from no other place. Two of the rooms are lined with old oak panelling with a carved frieze ; and on the consoles is the Wadham crest, a rose between two horns, alternating with other devices, among which is a double-headed eagle displayed, the bearing either of the Walronds or the Spekes. The frieze of dragons tied together in couples by the tail resembles that on the stalls in Wadham College Chapel. The whole is very roughly adapted to its present place, and evidently belonged to much larger and loftier rooms. Besides the panelling the house contains a very curious oak staircase, and a grand old expanding oak dining table, at which Nicholas and Dorothy may very well have feasted under the ancestral roof. At Merifield itself the desolation is complete, and nothing remains to Ruins of ^ ' • ° Merifield. speak of former grandeur. In point of magnitude the house was not of the first order, the area within the moat measuring only sixty-four paces from front to back and forty-eight from side to side, and the wings surrounding the interior quadrangle being only about twenty-five feet deep. The traces of architectural detail that remain are confined to a plinth and a moulded base which are not of any great age, and the walls of blue lias are only two feet thick, and do not speak of any military strength. Although, therefore, according to Collinson, Merifield con- tained parts of great antiquity, it may have been mostly of the Elizabethan age, to which the woodwork at Scot's Farm belongs. ' Bearthes, 1658 :— 'M's Ann Windham daughter of M''. Wadham & M'* Barbara Windham was born one the ii''^ day of february and was baptized one the 28''' day of March, 1658.' Mr. Wadham Wyndham, ninth son of the Founder's nephew, and afterwards Sir Wadham Wyndham, Judge of the King's Bench, married Barbara, daughter of Sir George Clarke, Knt., of Walford. He was admitted Fellow-Commoner of Wadham College, 1626. The Registers of Ilton do not go back to the time of the Founder. io8 MERIFIELD In the meadows behind may be traced the Hncs of the old stews, but nothing remains of the old gardens and pleasaunces which gave so great a charm to the Elizabethan mansion. The spot is a desert ; silence reigns where Nicholas kept open house, — 'an inn at all times, a court at Christmas.' It is haunted ground. Superstition has woven her web over the ruins, and the peasant will show you in the courtyard an enchanted stone, a mere smooth boulder of a reddish water-worn rock, which no power of man or engine avails to move. CHAPTER IX A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE FROM THE DEATH OF THE FOUNDRESS TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. With the cessation of the Letters of the Foundress and Mr. Arnold we seem a Httle to lose touch with the College history', the dry records of the Convention books being a poor substitute for personal communi- cations. The new foundation prospered, and the yearly admissions of Eariy pros- ' / . perity of the undergraduates averaged nearly thirty till the whole academical system coiiege. was disturbed by the Civil Wars. The frequent occurrence of Wyndham, Strangeways, Walrond, Speke, Strode, Blake, Drake, Ironside, and other West-country names, shows that the College was largely recruited from that part of England, with which it maintained a certain connexion itsWest- country throughout its history, till recent University changes came to upset all connexion, such traditional associations. But lads were also sent thither from all parts of the country without distinction. Accident has preserved a letter from a Yorkshire lady to a youthful Fellow-Commoner of thirteen years who entered at the College in 1616 in the time of the second Warden, Dr. Fleming-. 'to- (Endorsed) To her louinge fonn Thomas LetteroiLady Gower Efquire att his chambers °'^"' ' '^' in Waddam Colledg in O.xford glue thes Tom : I am fo fearfull of you now being fo far from me, that your 3-ounge yeares, fhould forgett 3'our maker, which hath beene so beneficiall unto you. I charge you to continue w"" your daly prayers unto him, for the increafe of them and alwayes acknowledge, from whence they came I writt to you in m}' last letter, that you should fend me word, whether y[ou hejard from your granmother or P no IVARDEN SMYTH [chap, ix LetteroiLady whether vou writt tfo heir fine your beinsje at Oxforrdl and you fent me no word Gower, 1617. lj./ o ljj at all, I have no newes to fend you, but th[at o]ne fatterday before christemas day, Witt P . . . fon k[ille]d duckitt fon in the fielde, it was ther exeeinge great pride and god hath justly punished them, for the one is dead, and the other is fleed his contrie, and is undone, therfore I charge 3'ou to beware of this fin, and to pray against it, litle Sparlinge alfo of Sherifhouton is dead thus with my daly prayers to god to continue you with his bleffings ; I rest : your ever lovinge mother till death. Stittnam 29 of Ann Gower. January: 161 7, Show j'our coffin dauers when j-ou fe him thes lines underneathe, tell him that I would not haue bene a broker for no man livinge but himfelf. I did it from his owne mouth and to don him a kindnefe and now my woord is baffeld. I wish him as much as his owne kind hart would desire but Yorkfhire will not afford it. I pray you rember me very kindly to your unkell Harrington. On the back in another handwriting is the following : — Hopinge of your health, I haue made the best meanes for j'our fworde, and canne not gett it by noe manner I have [with the leaft] fent unto him three times, and the letters have all bine Delivered to him, 3'et could I not heare from att all and at this time havinge nothinge to write. But trufting of your health In hast I commend. Jn Arnolde was chosen fellowe a weeke since. ^ {another Hue erased). A new foundation in those da^'s of patronage attracted the attention of all who had friends or dependants to place. That the foundress should ' Warden's MSS. No. 27. The letter was found in 1836 under the floor of one of the musasola in No. 5 staircase, i pair right, occupied by the Rev. J. B. Dyne, then a Fellow. Lady Gower's writing is in a beautiful Italian hand. She was daughter and co-heiress of John D'Oyley, of Merton, Oxfordshire, and married Sir Thomas Gower, Knt. and after- wards Baronet of Stittenham, near Sheriff Hutton, Yorkshire. ' Tom ' became Sir Thomas Gower, and ancestor, by a second marriage with the heiress of Sir John Leveson, of the Dukes of Sutherland, Earls Granville, and Earls Ellesmere. Lady Gower's sister Margery married Sir Edward Harrington, brother to James Harrington, the Fellow, who is men- tioned "in the letter. CHAP, ix] WARDEN SMYTH m make her poor relation, John Bulkr, butler, and her old servant, John Williams, manciple, and give Scholarships and afterwards Fellowships to the kinsmen of her factotum, John Arnold, was pardonable and perhaps natural; but no sooner is the College established than her friend the Archbishop induces her to make a place there for his cook, and a year or two later the King himself attempts to 'job' a Scotchman into a Fellow- ship contrary to the Statutes. In the Statutes themselves James had Aucmptcd intrusion of altered the qualification ' in Anglia natus ' into ' in Britannia natus,' and wiiiiam Durham by he now writes on Oct. 30, 1618, to desire the College to admit to the James 1,1618. next vacant Fellowship William Durhame, M.A. of St. Andrews, 'notwith- standing anie thing in your Statutes to the contra rie.' The College turned for hcl]) to the Chancellor, Lord Pembroke, pointing out that Durham was ineligible, and though we do not know the whole history of the dispute, in the event the College was successful '. James's letter is dated the day after Sir Walter Raleigh's head fell on the scaffold, and it was perhaps not only sympathy with the King's victim, but indignation at the attempted intrusion of the Scotch M.A., that provoked the College to add to the usual dry record of admission of a Fellow-Commoner Admission of •^ Sir w. Carew Ralegh in 1619, 'fortissimi doctissimique equitis Gualteri Ralegh Raieigh-s son, filius.' '^''' The number of admissions is diminished by the outbreak of the plague The plague of in 1625, when the Parliament adjourned to Oxford, sending orders to the University to clear the Colleges and Halls of their inmates for the recep-. tion of Members. But the ' Parliamentum vanum,' as it was called from its barren records, dissolved at once : the plague had travelled with them to Oxford, and the University was dispersed. On July 28, the members of Wadham were dismissed ' on account of the plague, then as was thought prevailing in the College itself',' and did not reassemble till the following January. Anthony Wood records the exodus of the citizens to huts in Port Meadow, the deserted streets, the tolling of bells, and the general misery that accompanied the pestilence ; and also the petition addressed to the king to check the building of cottages by the citizens, to the increase of which the plague was attributed. ' Warden's MSS., 28-31 inclusive. " 'Convention Book,' ii. P 2 112 irARDEN ESTCOT [chap. IX Poverty of the Founda- tion. Numbers affected by civil war. Royal demand for College plate, 1642. The finances of the College were straitened during the first part of its history. In 1633 and 1636 proportionate parts of the stipends of the society were taken by way of loan to be repaid when possible ' pro statu Collesfii sublevando,' a mode of relief to which recourse was had on several subsequent occasions ^ As the disputes between King and Parliament ad- vanced,and Civil War began to looni in the prospect, the current of events is reflected in the registers of the College by the falling off of admissions. From twenty-five in 1636 they fall to nine in 1639. ^"^ 1642 when the Civil War broke out they had risen to twenty-four, but in 1643 they are only seven, in 1644 only three, and none are recorded in 1645. In 1642, on Oct. 29, Charles entered Oxford after the battle of Edgehill, the town became a garrison, and the students were taken from their studies to dig in the trenches. A hundred pounds had in the preceding July been levied on the College by way of loan, and in the following January Wadham like the rest was called upon to surrender the College plate to the royal necessities. To our trusty and welbeloved ye Warden, & Fellowes of Wad- ham Colledge in our Vniversity of Oxford. Charles R. Trust}' and Welbeloved. We greete you well. We are soe well satisfied with youre readinefse & affection to our Service that we cannot doubt but you will take all occasions to exprefse the same And as we are ready to sell or engage any of our Land soe We have melted downe Our Plate for the pa3-ment of Our Army, raised for Our defence & the preservation of the Kingdome, and having received several! quantityes of Plate from diverse of our Loving Subjects We have removed our mint hither to our Citie of Oxford for the coyning thereof, And we doe hereby defire you, that you will lend unto Us all such Plate of what kind soever w'^'" belongs to youre Colledge, Promising j'ou to see the same justly repayed unto 3'ou after the rate of 5'. the ounce for white & 5'. 6^. for gilt Plate as soone as God shall enable us. For afsure 3'our selves We shall never let persons, of whom we have soe greate a care, to suffer for their affection to Us, but shall take speciall order for the repa5'ment of what you have already' lent to Us, according to our Promise, & also of this you now lend in Plate, well knowing ' The College was never able to pay the full statutable stipends from the foundation till the year 1733; v. inf. p. 121. CHAR ixl WARDEN ESTCOT "3 it to be the goodes of your Colledgc, that you ought not to alien, though noe men will doubt but in such a case you may lawfully Lend to assist youre King in such visible necefsity, And We have entrusted our trusty and Welbeloved S"' William Parkhurst Kn'. and Thomas Bushell Esq"', officers of our mint or either of them, to receive the saide Plate from you, who upon weighing thereof shall give you a receipt under their, or one of their hands for the same. And we assure Ourselfe of youre very greate willingnes to gratify Us herein, since besides the more publicque Considerations you cannot but know how much youre selves are concerned in Our sufferings, And We shall ever remember this particular servn'ce to youre advantage. Given at Our Court at Oxford the 5"' day of Januar)', 1642. The College thereupon resolved unanimously Surrender of ^ ' -^ plate by the College, 1642. That all ye plate of this College shall be Lent unto y<" King according to his Ma*'*' request exprefsed in His Lres above written reserv'ing only our Communion plated The barren receipt which was all the return ever made for the loan Receipt for , 1 the plate. runs thus : — Jan. 26, 1642 (1643). Rec"* of ye Warden ^ ffellows of Wadha CoUedge Oxford in plate bj' them lent for his Maties ufe & Service, viz : li. oz. d. In white plate 100 i 15VV In guilt plate 23 4 o William Parkehurft Thomas Bufhell -. The quantity of plate for so young a college is considerable, and is exceeded only by that of Christ Church, Queen's, Magdalen, All Souls, Trinity, and Exeter ^ During the war Wadham men were to be found on either side. The Royaiist majority were undoubtedly for the King, always the more popular side lhe"co]ieg°e. with the University. Many who were in orders suffered deprivation of The royal letter is copied into the 'Convention Book," ii, with the resolution. A list of the plate surrendered will be found below in an appendix to Chapter XV. ' Warden's MSS. No. 67. ' Ingram's 'Mem.' vol. ill. St. John's redeemed their plate and so kept it for a time, but ultimately had to surrender that as well. 114 WARDENS ESTCOT AND PITT [chap, ix their benefices; and some of them took service in the royal ranks. Ancket}^!, one of the Fellows, doffed his cassock and became famous as ' Colonel Anketell, the Priest and malignant Doctor.' Bisse, Coker, Dod- dington, Blewet, Strangways, and St. John held commissions as Colonels in the Royal army, and the last fell fighting at Newbury. Markham defended Newark against the Roundheads, and Dymoke, the King's Champion, died in garrison at Oxford. Parliament- Qu the othcr sidc Zouch and John D'Oyly were members of the anan members - -^ ^ of the College. Parliamentary Commission for the reformation of the University; another D'Oyly commanded Fairfax's Life Guards at Naseby ; and above all Admiral Blake towcrs thc sfrcat name of Robert Blake, who after fighting for the Parlia- and others. => ' O & ment on land was made General at sea, crushed the Royal fleet under Prince Rupert, and triumphed over the navies of Holland, France, and Spain. Against Love, who acted as one of the Judges of Charles I, and died in exile at Vevay, may be balanced Gauden, the reputed author of Royalists While Chadcs was at Oxford the courtiers and officers were quartered quartered in the College, on thc scvcral colleges. At Wadham, Henchman, Bishop of London, 1642-5. ^ was established in the Warden's Lodgings in 1645, and requited his entertainment by a gift of .^^20 to the library-. William, Earl of Bedford, who had commanded as General of Horse for the Parliament at Edge- hill, but afterwards joined the King, is entered as a Fellow-Com- moner in 1643, no doubt an honorary qualification for residence. Sir Edward Herbert, the Attorney-General, is also entered in the same year as Fellow-Commoner, and appears by an entiy on the back of an old register of burials, to have had two sons born and one baptized in the College ^ Distress of the Various cntrics in the 'Convention Book' throw light on the troubles College during civil of the time. A Scholar elected in 1642 is prevented reaching Oxford for wars. admission till 1645 'per ciiiilcs rcgni discordias^.' In 1648 the pecuniary distress of the College was such 'per van'os casus ct infortunia hoc cut ill's ' Several others will be found in Mr. Gardiner's ' Register' who took a more or less prominent part in doing or suffering on either side. ^ Wood, ' Colleges and Halls.' ' Gardiner, ' Register,' p. 159. ' 'Convention Book," ii. April 17, 1645. CHAP. IX] WARDENS PITT AND W'lLKlNS 115 discordiae tempore,' that a fresh loan had to be levied on the stipends of the members of the Society, from the Warden down to the servants, in proportion to the statutable amounts ; and the registers show that the number of students was reduced to very few. With the fall of the Royal cause, and the comparative settlement of public affairs under the Common- wealth, things began to mend, but the improvement was only reached through a somewhat severe revolution. John Pitt, who had been one of the Foundress' first Fellows, and had been elected Warden in 1644 on Parliamentary visitors, 1648. the death of Warden Estcot, was one of the Heads of Houses summoned before the Parliamentary Visitors at Merton on March 21, 164I. 'The chiefest of them,' says Wood', 'was Dr. J oh. Pitt, Warden of Wadham Col- lege, to whom were propounded " certain questions," to which he replied by reference to the answer of the University in Convocation, that "they could not acknowledge any Visitour but the King, or such that are im- mediately sent by his Majeitie^"' Pitt had been one of the Delegates by whom the University answer had been prepared, and the case against him was clear. On the following 13th of April the Chancellor and Visitors, after deposing the Heads of Magdalen and All Souls, go with a great rabble after them to Wadham College, 'where thev act the same things, dash warden Pitt '^ ' •' ° ejected. Ap- out Dr. Pitt's name (he being as I conceive then absent), and enter into !?°,'"'T.';'!! °^ '^ o '' Jolm Wilkins, his place Mr. John Wilkins of Magdalen Hall, lately chaplain to the '^48. Prince Elector, and forthwith give him possession ^' Seven Fellowships and two Scholarships were filled up by the Visitors at different periods in the same year. The means adopted were violent, but the result so far as the advantage Flourishing ^ ' _ ° state under of the College was concerned was excellent. The number of admissions Warden "^ Wilkins. increased enormously, no less than fifty-seven entries being recorded in 1650, and at no time in its history does the College Register show a more distinguished list of names than during Dr. Wilkins' reign. The Warden himself was one of the most remarkable men of his ^^r. wukins. sixth Warden, time. He was the centre of the group of learned men who in London ■648-59- and Oxford founded what afterwards became the Royal Society, and for some time the earliest meetings of the Oxford branch were held ' Wood's 'Annals,' ii. p. 552. - Wood's 'Annals,' ii. p. 524. ^ Wood's ' Annals,' ii. p. 570. Ii6 WARDEN WILKINS [chap. IX His friendship with John Evelyn. at his Lodgings. Of the original society, Napier, Seth Ward, and Christopher Wren, as well as Thomas Sprat, who afterwards became its apologist and historian, belonged to the College. Wilkms' qualities enabled him to retain the friendship of his political opponents : though he had joined the Solemn League and Covenant he retained his chaplaincy to the Count Palatine of the Rhine and Prince Elector, and after his intrusion into the Wardenship he was allowed by the Visitors to defer taking the D.D. degree in order that he might attend on the Prince Elector. He is the Royalist, John Evelyn's, ' deare and excellent friend Dr. Wilkins,' with whom he sups at a magnificent entertainment in Wadham Hall ', whom he goes to hear at St. Paul's when he preached in the Presbyterian fashion before the Lord Mayor, and to whom at Sayes Court he presents his 'rare burning glafse.' Wilkins' services to the University were considerable, and Evelyn observes that ' he tooke greate pains to preserve the Universities from the ignorant sacrilegious Commanders and Souldiers, who would faine have demolish'd all places and persons that pretended to learning '\' His influence was increased by his connexion with the Lord Pro- His marriage, tcctor, whosc sistcr Robina, widow of Dr. French, Canon of Ch. Ch., he married in 1656, having obtained from the Parliamentary Visitors five years before a dispensation from the statutory condition of celibacy •'•. The scientific fame of Dr. Wilkins probably attracted to Wadham 'that miracle of a youth,' as Evelyn calls him, 'Mr. Christopher Wren, nephew to ye Bishop of Ely,' who entered the College as Fellow-Com- moner on June 25, 1649. In 1653 Wren was elected to a Fellowship at All Souls, where Evelyn called on him in 1654, but he retained his connection with Wadham, and succeeded Seth Ward in the ' Astronomy chamber' over the gateway, for which he paid rent in Oct. 1663^; and Sir Christo- pher Wren. ' Evelyn's Diary, July 10, 1654, Feb. 10, 1656. ' Ibid. vol. i. p. 289, Ed. Bray, 2 vols, qu". ' Jan. 20, 1651. ' IVhcrcas the founder and foundre/se . . . did . . prohibit the Warden to marry ; Wee . . upon divers weighty Considerations according to the power comitted to us . .for Rectifying the Statutes . . ordain and dec/are that the Seiial Clau/cs in the Statutes . . importing such phibilion /hall be null and voyded for the future.' — Ra. Au/ten Reg. Com. Warden's MSS. No. 126. This disproves the statement generally made that the license to marry was given by Cromwell. * Gardiner's ' Register,' p. 178. CHAP, ix] WARDEN IVJLKINS n; here it was, no doubt, that alter Kvel^-n had dined with 'that most obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins,' and seen the curiosities in his house and garden, 'that prodigious young Scholar Mr. Chr. Wren ' presented him with a ' piece of white marble which he had stained with a lively red, very deep, as beautiful as if it had been natural '.' The regulations of the Parliamentary Visitors ^ from 1648 till the Regulations Restoration relate as a rule to the better observance of the Statutes. Pariiamcntaiy Absentees are recalled, finances are controlled and expenditure limited to meet income ; the speaking of Latin in the College is enforced, and Tutors are required to take care of the money of their pupils ' which by their friends, parents or benefactors shall be allowed them for their necessary expenses in the University.' In 1651 a return is made of the .stipend of value of the Headships at Oxford and Cambridge, by which it appears that 1651.''"^ '^' the Warden of Wadham received £62- 105. a year, about as much as the heads of Queen's and Lincoln, more than that of Gloucester Hall who had ^50, and that of Trinity who had only £20, and less than the Heads of Oriel, Balliol and Exeter who had ^92, St. John's and Brasenose who had £go, and Pembroke ^100. Now and then are orders that the Students shall attend sermons and take notes of them, and that the Tutors shall ' at some convenient time between the Houres of Seaven and Tenne in the evening, cause their pupils to repaire to their chambers and pray with them.' But there were 'cakes and ale' even under the Puritan rule, wadhama Wadham was at that time a musical College, and Wood tells us of a coTiege. famous party at Dr. Wilkins's, where he was dragged into performing on the violin in concert with the renowned violinist Baltzar, the greatest master the world had yet seen. Among his musical friends, with whom he held weekly meetings which if he missed he could not enjoy himself all the week after, he mentions Mr. Jeamson, Music lecturer in 1664, and Ch. Hen. Flower, both of Wadham College; Sylvanus Taylor, sometime Com- moner of Wadham and afterwards Fellow of All Souls, violist and songster ; Henry Langley, M.A. and Gentleman-Commoner of Wadham College, also a violist and songster ; and Samuel Woodford, a Commoner and M.A. of the said College, a violist. The meetings took place at ^ Evelyn's 'Diary," July 13, 1654. * Warden's MSS. No. 77-119. 1 18 WARDENS WILKINS AND IRONSIDE [chap, ix different Colleges, 'as in the chamber of Henry Langle}', or of Samuel Woodford in Wadham College.' Celebrities at Among the Other celebrities who entered the College under Dr. W 3 ci £i 3 m underWarden Wllklns Were Scth Ward, who in 1660 lived in the chamber over the gate, Prselector of Astronomy, and afterwards Bishop of Exeter and of Salis- bury ; Sprat, afterwards Bishop of Rochester ; Austin, author of ' Naps upon Parnassus, a sleepy Muse nipt and pincht but not awakened;' John Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, in whose house the invitation to William of Orange was drawn up ; Sir Charles Sedley, the profligate wit of the Restoration ; Parker, afterwards Bishop of Oxford, whom James H intruded into the Presidency of Magdalen ; and Lloyd, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph, and one of 'the seven Bishops,' of whom Wood records an elaborate practical joke, the introduction of a sham patriarch whose blessing the royalists innocently sought and received. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, the profligate poet of the court of Charles H, entered the College in Jan. i6|-|, and left it in 1661 with the degree of M. A., while still an innocent boy of 14. In 1659 Dr. Wilkins was made by Richard Cromwell Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and was succeeded at Wadham by Walter Bland- ford, who became Bishop of Oxford in 1665, and was succeeded b}^ Gilbert Ironside. Gilbert Iron. Dr. Irousldc, whosc crabbed writing contrasts strongly with the more side, eighth i r r i /- i • Warden. clcgant tcxt-hands of other Wardens before and after him, was a man of determination worthy of his name. In 1669 he successfully resisted an encroachment of the Visitor, Bishop Piers, who had cited the Warden and Fellows to appear before him at his house in Walthamstow to answer an appeal made by Pyle, a deprived Fellow. Ironside represented that ' there is not a word in our Statute of any power in yo'" Ldp. of visiting us an3rwhere but in the Colledge.' Archbishop Sheldon was induced to intervene, and Bishop Piers shuflied out of his false position somewhat shabbily, after the Archbishop had put it to him ' that beside the ill noyse it will make at this time yo'" Lo'p. will haue the worft of the dispute '.' Ironside was Vice-Chancellor from 1687 to 1689, during which time J 665-1689. ' The correspondence is entered at length in the ' Convention Book ' and attested by a notary pubUc. CHAP, ix] WARDEN IRONSIDE 119 James II intruded Parker, Bishop of Oxford, who had been Commoner of Warden iron- Side s resist" Wadham while Ironside was Fellow, into the Presidency of Magdalen, ance to .,,»•-. T-\ T • 1 • 1 James II. In a conversation with the King, Ur. Ironside vigorously maintained the authority of the Statutes which the King was overriding, and showed himself a strong opponent of the royal interference ^ Though originally a Royalist, and one of those High Churchmen whom Lloyd had tricked into receiving the blessing of the pretended Patriarch, Ironside, like his fellow Collegian Lord Lovelace, was a prominent supporter of the Revo- lution. Hearne says that before ever King William had any pretended right to the Crown from the Convention, Ironside as Vice-Chancellor administered the oath of allegiance to King William in the Congregation House ■-'. On the foundation as Scholars of the College at this time were John celebrities at the Collctre Pratt, afterwards Chief Justice, and ancestor of the Camden family ; 1674-1 708. ' Creech, the translator of Lucretius, and Hody, Professor of Greek and Archdeacon of Oxford, who all entered the College between 1674 and 1677. The admissions of 1689 include the great name of Richard Bentley, who was incorporated M.A. from St. John's College, Cambridge, and entered himself as a Commoner at Wadham, where he resided as tutor of the son of Dr. Stillingfleet. Harris, the author of ' Hermes,' and Arthur Onslow, afterwards Speaker of the House of Commons, entered the College early in the succeeding century. Accident has preserved to us a letter belonging to the period of Dr. Ironside's Wardenship, found, like Lady Gower's, under the floor of a chamber not many years ago. The writer, Mary Kemeys, daughter and sister of a Glamorganshire baronet, is known to history as the friend of Bishop Ken, who found an asylum at her home, Naish Court, near Portishead, after being deprived of his Bishopric as a non-juror. ' Bloxam's ' Magdalen College and James 11/ p. 92, &c. ' Hearne's 'Collections,' vol. i. p. 97. He adds that Dr. Finch, Warden of New College, and two or three more Heads intended to induce their Colleges to sacrifice their plate to the cause of King William. Q 2 I20 WARDENS IRONSIDE AND DUNSTER [chap, ix Letter of Miss Kemeys. /lilj^^^ (addressed) ffor M^ George Kemys at Wadham Collidge in Oxon. Brother this day I receved yours of the ii instant y'' Long filence made us thinke that you would quite forgett us, were it not for ye quarter day [m]y brother intends to travel, & therefore defires to fee you here, if it may be w"" y' conveniance in order thereto, M'. Evans has lo pound & y' mare soe I hope to see y" suddenly, my mothers blessing to y", my brother nancy & my Love to you I am y' affectionate fister, June [the] 6th Mary Kemeys ^. 1674. Wadham 111 1689 Dr. Ironsidc was made Bishop of Bristol. Warden Dunster, Colic SfC ^VtllET and Low his successor, has left no minutes of his period of office, and the register of admissions is equally silent from 1668 to 1719. The politics of the College were Whig and Low Church, and provoked the spleen of Hearne. ' This Dunster,' he writes, ' was one of the violentist Whiggs, and most Rascally Low-Churchmen of y* age ; never goes near either of his Parsonages, unless it be to receive his money, to y" great Scandal of y" Church and Prejudice of Religion : and it has been obser\'ed of him, y' for all his Preferment he is very poor, being much given to Luxury, and like his cron}' Royce (Provost of Oriel) to spend all upon his Gutt -.' The College continued strongly Whig after the Hanoverian Succes- sion. And the picture of George I as well as that of William III hangs in the College Hall to testify to the principles of the Society. Warden Baker was chaplain to George I, and in 1722 was allowed leave of absence 'being commanded by his Majesty to attend him to Hannover.' Under Scholar Warden Wyndham in 1754, John Pester, Scholar, was accused of enter- deprived for jacobitism, tainiug 1754- * principles of disaffection to his Majesty's Person and Government, and on the twenty-first of June, 1753, wore publickly marks of Distinction as fuch . . . ^ See Plumptre's ' Life of Ken,' ii. 167 ct passim. The letter was found in No. 6 first-floor left. George Kemeys was a Fellow-Commoner, aged 19. The letter is sealed with the family arms in a lozenge, Kemys impaling Whitmore. - Hearne's 'Collections,' vol. i. p. 291. CHAP. IX] WARDEN WILLS 121 and he having lately given frefh proofs of his difpofition (notw^ithstanding all the Warning given by his Friends to be more circumspect, carefull and cautious for the future) b\- wearing such marks of Uiftinction at the late County Election as by him ought to be more particularly avoided, it was unanimously agreed that he ought to be removed from the Foundation, and in purfuance thereof His name was struck out of the Roll of the Scholars'. The income of the College had been steadily improving since the improved . resources of Civil War, and in 1733 it was decreed, that every person on the t ounda- the founda- tion, 1733. tion receive the full stipend as left by ye will of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham for the firft time-/ From that time the stipends received periodically an increment which in time brought them up to their modern value. In Warden Wills, who was elected in 1783, the College found its Warden . . . . Wills' greatest benefactor since the original foundation. Owing to his liberality benefactions. the grounds attained their present extent ; a fund was formed for the purchase of livings, a necessary element in the endowment of colleges when most of the Fellows took Orders ; he also left a large addition to the Warden's stipend, and ^1000 to improve the lodgings ; and he founded two Fellowships of ^100 each for Law and Medicine, two Scholarships of £20 each for the same faculties, stipends of /31. los. yearly to a Divinity lecturer and preacher, and annuities of/"75 to one superannuated Fellow, and ^50 to another. The history of the College down to the end of the century presents nothing of special interest. Such matters as relate to the buildings will be touched upon in succeeding chapters. With the election of Benjamin Parsons Symons as Scholar in 1803, whose long Wardenship of forty years expired by his resignation only in 1871, we are brought into touch with present history, into which it is not our purpose to enter. ' 'Convention Book,' July 8, 1754. ^ 'Convention Book,' April 7, 1733. 122 APPENDIX [chap. IX APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IX. List of the Wardens of Wadham College. 1. Wright, Robert, D.D. Appointed by the Foundress. Admitted April 20, 1613. Resigned July 20 in the same year. Bishop of Bristol 1622. Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry 1632. Died 1643. 2. Fleming, John, D.D. Appointed by the Foundress, Sept. 2, 1613. Chaplain to the King. Died March 16, i6f§. 3. Smyth, William, D.D. Appointed by the Foundress, Mar. 24, 16} 5. Vice- Chancellor 1630-1. Resigned Sept. 7, 1635. 4. EsTcoT, Daniel, D.D. Elected Sept. 7, 1635. Died April, 1644. 5. Pitt, John, D.D. Elected April 13, 1644. Depriv^ed and ejected by the Parliamentary Visitors Apr. 13, 1648. 6. WiLKiNS, John, D.D. Appointed by the Visitors Apr. 13, 1648. Resigned Sept. 3, 1659, on being appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, by Richard Cromwell. Deprived at the Restoration. Dean of Ripon 166J. Bishop of Chester 1668. Died 1672. 7. Blandford, Walter, D.D. Elected Sept. 5, 1659. Vice-Chancellor 1662-3. Consecrated Bishop of Oxford in New College Chapel Dec. 3, 1665. Bishop of Worcester 1671. Died 1675. 8. Ironside, Gilbert, D.D. Elected Dec. 7, 1665. Vice-Chancellor 1687-9. Resigned Oct. 7, 1689, on appointment to Bishopric of Bristol. Bishop of Hereford 1691. Die'd 1701. 9. Dunster, Thomas, D.D. Elected Oct. 21, 1689. Died in London May 17, 1719. 10. Baker, William, D.D. Elected 1719 (admitted May 23). Resigned 1724, on appointment to Bishopric of Bangor. Bishop of Norwich 1727. Died 1732. 11. Thistlethwayte, Robert, D.D. Elected 1724. Resigned 173^- 12. Lisle, Samuel, D.D. Elected March 22, 173I. Resigned 1744, on his appointment to Bishopric of St. Asaph. Translated to Norwich 1745^. Died 1749. 13. Wyndham, George, D.D. Elected May 11, 1744. Died 1777- ciiAi'. ix] APPENDIX 123 14. Gerard, James, D.L). Elected May 5, 1777. Resigned Nov. 19, 1782. Re-elected Nov. 21, 1782. Resigned July 5, 1783. 15. Wills, John, D.D. Elected July 7, 1783. Vice-Chancellor 1792 5. Died 1806. 16. TouRNAV, William, D.D. Elected June 19, 1806. Resigned 1831. 17. Symons, Benjamin Parsons, D.D. Elected June t6, 1831. Vice-Chancellor 1844-8. Resigned June 30, 1871. Died Apr. 12, 1878, at his house in the Woodstock Road, Oxford. 18. Griffiths, John, D.D. Elected Nov. 4, 1871. Keeper of the Archives. Resigned Sept. 21, 1881. Died Aug. 14, 1885, at 63 St. Giles's, Oxford. 19. Thorley, George Earlam, M.A. Elected Oct. 11, 1881. (The present Warden.) CHAPTER X THE BUILDINGS. THE THREE QUADRANGLES The original The origiiial plaii of Wadliam College consisted of two quadrangles : the atrium grande, surrounded by buildings on all sides and entered under a tower on the west, and the Atrium uiinus beyond, enclosed on three sides by the Chapel, the Hall, and the Kitchen, and open on the fourth side to the east. The front. Thc Collcgc stands back from the street far enough to leave a considerable lawn in front, now fenced by a simple iron railing. This space was originally enclosed by walls (v. plate i, frontispiece), and formed into two little gardens, one perhaps for the Warden, and the other for the Fellows. Between them was the approach to the College, walled in on either hand, and with an outer gate to the street. The front wall next the street appears by Loggan's print to be older than the College, and may have been the boundary wall of the Augustine precincts which the builders of the College simply pierced in one place for their outer gateway. Rights of By their purchase of the site the College acquired certain rights over College over the road. thc road m front. In Loggan's print (v. plate i.) there are posts and rails and a barrier at each end, enclosing the footway along the front of the building ; and his map of Oxford shows a double line of posts across the road at the gate of Trinity gardens, and another at the garden door of St. John's. The latter, which could be lowered to allow carriages to pass, but was ordinarily kept locked by the College, was maintained till 1871, when it was arbitrarily removed by the Local Board, after the College had agreed to transfer their rights to the University on certain conditions which were intended to secure that the quiet of the College should not be Plate X CK QUADRANGLE To/atfp. ,54 I^H Original work S-'.'fi.^ Later alterationt ^ CHAP, x] THE BUILDINGS 125 disturbed by heavy traffic*. The rights of Wadham College extended to the other side of the road, for about 1809 the College made and enclosed a plantation along the wall of Trinity College. The wall was subsequently sold to that College in 1850- on condition that the plantation and railings should not be removed. The gateway under the Tower has lost the original doors of Jacobean ri.e gateway. work, made by the head carpenter Thornton, and shown by Loggan and Williams. They are now represented by doors with tracery in the Gothic style of sixty years ago, no doubt by Mr. Blore, to whom is due also the substitution of quasi-Gothic finials for the globes that originally surmounted the gables. The lodge under the tower is ceiled with elaborate fan-vaulting in stone. The general design is Gothic, but the Renaissance asserts itself in the four pendants that surround the centre piece, and in the cartouche of the middle panel on which is a shield bearing the arms of Wadham impaling Petre. Chambers, three storeys high with attics above, surround thequadrangle The great quadrangle. to the north, west, and south ; and the east side facing the entrance is occupied by the Hall and Chapel. Ever since William of Wykeham built his Chapel and Hall in one continuous range that had been the fashionable arrangement at Oxford. At All Souls it is true the original Hall was placed athwart the Chapel for want of room, but it adjoined it at the east end, and the modern Hall is continuous with it. At Magdalen the plan of New College is copied closely, at Brasenose the original Chapel ran on from the Hall westwards, at St. John's the Chapel runs on from the Hall eastwards, and the same plan is adopted in the more modern buildings of Queen's. The same idea to some extent governs the arrangement at Wadham, though owing to the necessity of orientation it is not the Chapel but the Antechapel which is continuous with the Hall, and between the two is interposed the entrance to the Hall with the buttery and the Common room above it. Over the Hall entrance is a frontispiece of four superimposed orders, The Haii gateway. ' The question of the respective rights of the University, the College, and the Local Board is still in dispute. '■' ' Convention Book,' Nov. 7, 1809, and Dec. 6, 1850. 3 26 THE BUILDINGS [chap, x Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with niches and statues ; not the earhest of the three in Oxford, for that in the inner quadrangle of Merton preceded it by a few months', but the immediate predecessor of the more elaborate and beautiful tower of the five orders in the Bodleian. In niches over the archway are statues of the Founder and Foundress, Nicholas being in armour and holding a model of the College in his hand ; above is King James I, and in the top storey are the Royal arms. The orders though rather short are fairly proportioned by Classic rule, but there is no attempt to distinguish their entablatures except that the Doric order has its trigl3'phs. Gothic tradition breaks out not only in the door- way, which though it has a Classic architrave has a four-centred arch, but in the cusped canopy over the King, and in the row of quatrefoiled circles and pierced cresting that crowns the composition. The style. Thc samc mixture of styles prevails throughout the building. All the windows are mullioned, those of the chambers have obtusely pointed heads to the lights, those of the tower are cusped, those of the Hall and Ante- chapel have traceries, though to be sure they are of a form unknown to mediaeval art, and all the doorways and arches are four-centred. All this is Gothic, as well as the high-pitched gabled roofs and battlemented parapets. It is in the more purely decorative features that Classic forms creep in, — in the frontispiece over the Hall doorway, in the two side doorways, of which one leads to the Chapel and the other is a sham put in for symmetr}^; in the details of the woodwork of screens and stalls in the Chapel, and those of the buttery screen in the Hall, though the Renaissance stall-work of the Chapel choir is surmounted by ranges of windows in almost pure Perpendicular Gothic. Setting on one side these choir windows, the rest of the building inclines towards the Classic side of the English Renaissance more decidedly than theSchools quadrangle which in point of date followed it. The great Schools tower with its cusped and transomed oriels, its angle turret and spirelet, and the rib and panel vaulting of its lower storey with its bosses at the intersection of the ribs, is far nearer to Gothic than Classic, while the other sides of the quadrangle. ' Hoc anno circa festu Michaelis, 1610, Tpofuimus fine aedificio noftro quadrangular! verfs auftru, qcJ" inchoavims die carnis-privij pxime pcedente. — MS. Register of Merton College. CHAP, x] THE BUILDINGS 127 especially the panelled and arcaded front of the Library and its great window, bear no trace of Classic influence ' whatever. The three statues are restored copies of the original 'pictures' put The statues, up in Burford stone by John Blackshaw, the chief mason, for which, exclusive of material, he was paid in all ^11 2. Supposing them to have been faithfully copied they were never great works of art, but it is interesting to find that the difference of mason and sculptor, unknown during the middle ages except as implying greater or less degree of skill in working stone, was not yet defined in the seventeenth century, so that the mason who made the kitchen vault was also the sculptor of the statues. Between the figures of the Founder and the Foundress is this in- scription — AN . DOM . 1613 . APR 20 SVB AVSPICHS R. JACOBI HOSPES QVAM VIDES DOMVM MVSIS NVNCVPATAM PONENDAM MANDABAT NICHOLAVS WADHAM. SOMERSETENSIS ARMIGER . VERVM ILLE FATO PRiEREPTVS DOROTHE/E CONJVGI PERFICIENDAM LEGABAT . ILEA INCVNCTANTER PERFECIT . MAGNIFICEQVE SVMPTIBVS SVIS AVXIT TV SVMME PATER ADSIS PROPITIVS TVOQVE MVNERI ADDAS QVjESVMVS . PERPETVITATEM. The velvet lawn that now adds so much to the charm of this quad- Thegrasspiat. rangle is not original. For a long time the court was gravelled, though Loggan's print seems to show small plots of grass between the pathways. A charge for gravelling the courts appears in the building accounts for June, 1613 : in 1769 it was agreed to 'new gravel the quadrangle and lay with new stone such parts of the gutter as want it,' and it is not till 1809 that we hear of a grass-plat there. It was then ' Resolved that in con- sequence of the Turf placed in the Quadrangle and of the shrubs lately ' Sir Thomas Bodley's Library which forms the west side of the old Schools quadrangle was begun in 1610, the first stone being laid on July 16th. It was finished in 1612. The first stone of the other three sides was laid iVIarch 30, 1613, the day after Sir Thomas Bodley's funeral in Merton Chapel. ' Building Accounts, 161 5. Feb. 27, £3. Mar. 6, £3. Mar. 20, £2. Mar. 27, 'for the last of his Statuts,' £3. R 2 128 THE BUILDINGS [chap, x planted near the wall of Trinity College two pounds be added to the yearly wages of the Gardener'.' The back Besides the main quadrangle with the Chapel and Library wings quadrangle. to i ^ o projecting from it, the College has now three staircases, Nos. IX, X, XI, running southwards from the main building and facing Park street. These buildings, which with an archway leading to the back quadrangle, occupy the whole frontage from the College to the King's Arms Hotel, are much more recent than the main building, and some are almost modern. There were, however, several buildings standing on this part of the site when it was purchased, and the College seems from the first to have made use of some of them as chambers. At the northern end, next to the College, was a humble building of timber, rough cast, built on the old boundary wall -. This occupied the site of No. IX. Next to this southwards was an arched gateway, the predecessor of the present back gate ', and beyond that was a three-storeyed building with gablets and mullioned windows, which is illustrated by Skelton \ This building had square windows, with depressed four-centred heads to the lights, and hood-moulds of the 'windlass ' type, and it cannot have been much older than the College. It was probably one of the tenements mentioned in the deeds as then recently built out of the ruins of the Prior}'^ by the various tenants, who were allowed by their leases to dig stones on their holdings. This must be the building referred to in Bursar Lee's list of 1654 as 'ye Back lodgings,' containing ground and middle chambers, and cocklofts. It occupied the site of the present No. X. Southward of this again, between it and the King's Arms, were three cottages, of which the first, a humble timber-built and roughcast tenement, was a public house with the sign of a Lion couchant^ Building of All these buildings have now disappeared, though some survived till Staircase No. ^ ^ IX, 1693 4. this century. In 1693 the building next the College was pulled down, ' 'Convention Book,' June 26, 1769; Nov. 7, 1809; Dec. 6, 1850. - This is shown in Loggan's print : v. Frontispiece to this volume. ' The old archway is shown in Skelton. It stood till 1820, when ' it was resolved to take down the pointed arch now over the gateway leading from the street into the Back Buildings.' — 'Convention Book,' Apr. 7, 1820. ■* Skelton's 'Oxen. Ant. Rest.' vol. ii. plate 153. The original drawing for this plate is in Dr. Griffiths' collection in the Warden's lodgings. ^ v. Skelton's plate as above. CHAP, x] THE BUILDINGS 129 and the present No. IX erected in its place'. It forms a detached house, standing forward and flanking the front of the College ; and by the print in the Oxford Almanack for 1738 it appears that a corresponding building, — perhaps a house for the Warden, — was contemplated at the other end of the facade, with an elaborate fence of stone piers surmounted by urns and iron railings between them. The design, which has been tradition- ally attributed to Wren, was only carried out so far as the erection of No. IX. Unfortunately the period of its erection is that of Warden Dunster, during whose reign no minutes were kept, and therefore the Convention books give no information about this, the only serious piece of building the College has undertaken since its foundation ^ The earliest mention of the ' New buildings ' is in 1773, when it was resolved to assign the two garrets to Scholars. The 'old building' — that illustrated by Skelton, — is occasionally The' oid * J ' J building,' mentioned in the minutes. In 1768 it was reslated, the roof thoroughly repaired, and the walls new pointed. In 1780 the rent of its ground and middle chambers (the latter lately vacated by Mr. White) was fixed at £^ each, and that of the garrets at £2, each. In 1801, however, it was aCTeed to convert that part of the Colleee called the Old Building, P""<=d down * . . 1801 to buUd now in a ruinous and dilapidated state, into a Brewhouse, and a Bakehouse, a Brewhouse. and to make such arrangements and alterations as shall be necessary for the same. Consequently in that year, as we are informed in Skelton's ' Oxon. Ant. Rest.,' this old building was pulled down, the last remnant, according to him, of the Augustine friary, though there is nothing in his drawing of it to warrant any such antiquity. The three cottages between this and the King's Arms were let to the saie of three ° _ '^ cottages to University. A lease of seven years, which elapsed at Ladyday 1796, the uni- ^ was then renewed at a rent of ^25 a year for twenty years from that date. But in the following June it was agreed to sell under the Act ii Geo. 3 called the Oxford paving Act the Fee of the Three Cottages between the King's Arms and Wadham College to the ' Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 599, says it was begun in 1693 and finished in 1694. ^ The minutes are discontinued from the election of Warden Dunster, Oct. 21, 1689, till the election of Warden Baker, May 23, 1719. 13° THE BUILDINGS [chap. X The Stereo- type foundry. Re-purchased by the College 1828, and made Stair- ease No. XI. Staircase No. X. The back quadrangle. University * * * setting the rent at £2.^ per arm, and rating the Fee at 8 years purchase above the value of the said lately granted Lease ; and rating the annual Quit rent of .^2. 15s. od. now paid therefrom at 30 years purchase '. The College seal was set to the conveyance on Nov. 5 in the same year, and the University at once proceeded to build on the site of the cottages a foundry and warehouse for carrying on the then novel art of stereo- typing, of which they had lately bought the secret for ^4000 from Mr. Andrew Wilson, who was acting in conjunction with Lord Stanhope. In 1828 'the building known as the University Stereotype Foundery' was bought back by the College for /1081, and it was resolved That the late Bible Warehouse or Stereotype Founder}' * * be converted into College Rooms according to a Plan and estimate made by Mr. John Hudson, and dated April 4, 1828 * * that the yearly rent of these new Rooms be .^^15, and that the rent of all other rooms be raised to the same sum, the increased rent being payable for the Quarter ending at Midsummer, 1828. At the same time it was resolved to convert the Brewhouse into College rooms to be let at ^15 a year, and to build a new Brewhouse elsewhere. The creation of these two staircases, Nos. X and XI, brought the College to its present extent in point of accommodation, but left a good deal to be desired in the Back court by which these new buildings are approached. Till a few years ago the back gardens of the houses in Holywell ran up to the old wall within a few feet of the College, which had from the first formed the southern boundary of the premises. Close courts of cottages and untidy yards where pigs were kept and slaughtered came within a few yards of the College windows, and the space within the w^ill was further curtailed by the erection of stables and the enclosure of a stable-yard for the Warden in 1731 ^. This left only a narrow lane along the south side of the College, and destroyed .almost the last traces of ' the Grove ' men- * 'Convention Book,' June 30, 1796. ^ . . . ' to cut down the first row of trees in the Grove facing the King's Arms garden wall to make a way to a coach-house ivhich he (Mr. Warden') is to erect there for his own use and at his own expense, the trees being alloiucd for that purpose' — ' Conv. book,' Apr. 17, 1731. The Warden's stables do not seem to have been brought here till later. In 1826, March 31, it was resolved to carry out a design of Mr. Daniel Robertson, Architect, for 'a new stable and other outhouses and buildings for the use of the Warden instead of those standing near his Lodgings, which have long been in the greatest dilapidation and decay.' CHAP, x] THE BUILDINGS 131 tioned in the title deeds. Later on, when staircases X and XI were Formation of r ii-i -I II 11 1 "'•^ b.ick quad- tormed, this lane was continued round the stable-yard to reach them. rangic, 1876. In 1876 it was resolved to carry out an improvement of this part of the College which had been for some time under consideration. A spa- cious back quadrangle was formed by pulling down many of the cottages and taking in their gardens, the south boundary wall beine: thrown back p°^^'''''= "="■ "^ ^ o tension of eighty-three feet, and the new area laid down with gravel and turf', ^""•-•ge- Should the increasing number of the members of Wadham College ever require, as seems likely, more rooms within the College walls, the natural mode of extension will be to complete this quadrangle by building along the frontage to Holy well-street. The corner where Park-street and Holy- well-street meet offers a grand opportunity for an effective design, and if the south front were set back from the street, with a grass-plat in front, the new fagade would be well seen, and Holywell-street much improved. This would still leave room for a quadrangle much larger than the old one, and the effect of the interior, bounded on two, perhaps ultimately on three sides, b}^ new buildings, and on the fourth by the picturesque gables of the old quadrangle and the fine end window of the Hall, might be made equal to anything in Oxford. ' 'Convention Book,' June 19, 1874, Resolution moved by Mr. Jackson, and June 24, 1876. CHAPTER XI THE CHAMBERS. The Collegiate plan. Several occupants of each chamber. The chambers at Wadham College are arranged on the usual Collegiate plan, which had from the very first been followed in both Universities. Instead of the conventual plan of long interior corridors with cells opening from them on one or both sides, the Colleges were designed as a series of houses, attached but independent, each with its own door and staircase in the middle and chambers on either hand, and each separated by a partition wall from the next house. In this we may perhaps trace the influence of the old halls or hostels in which students were lodged before colleges existed, and which were generally ordinary private houses of the burghers leased or purchased for academic purposes. To form a college several halls or houses were bought up and used together, and when as time went on colleges had buildings specially designed for them, the old plan, originating in accident, but approved by experience, was continued as the m.ost convenient. Although the accommodation in the colleges was no doubt from the first an improvement on that in the Halls or Hostels, where the students were often ill-lodged and overcrowded, it was never till quite modern times thought necessary that any one of the inmates, except the highest dignitaries, should have a room to himself Each set of rooms was designed to be occupied by several persons. The Statutes * of Merton (1270), and Oriel (1326), provide that in each chamber one Fellow or ' V. ' Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford,' printed by H. M. Commissioners, 1853. Vol. i. Merton, p. 13 ; Oriel, p. 7 ; Queen's, p. 19 ; New College, p. 88 ; All Souls, p. 72. The same, vol. ii. Magdalen, p. 72 ; Brasenose, p. 34 ; Corpus, p. 80. The same, vol. iii. Worcester, p. 41. CHAP. XI] THE CHAMBERS 133 Scholar shall be older than the rest to maintain order. At Queen's (1340), two at least are to be lodged together, unless the rank and position of any Scholar entitle him to have a room to himself. At New College (1400), there were to be three Fellows or Scholars in each upper room where there were three studies, and four in each lower room with four Feiiows and studies ; every one to have a separate bed and one Fellow to be older than three or four A\iir^ii ^7'*>T" '"^ room. his 'camerales to keep order. At All Souls, by a Visitors Injunction of 1445, the eight Senior Fellows had rooms to themselves, the rest were to be two or three in a room. At Magdalen (1479), Bishop Waynflete puts four in each upper chamber, of whom two have 'lecti principales,' and the others beds on wheels, ' lecti rotales, Trookyll beddys vulgariter appellati,' which were pushed under the others in the day-time ^ At Brasenose (1521), there were to be three Fellows and Scholars in the upper, and four in the lower rooms. At Corpus (1517), the number of occupants of a set of chambers was limited to two, a decided step in the direction of conve- nience : a Fellow and a Scholar were to be together, the Fellow in a high bed and the Scholar in a truckle bed. The same regulations prevailed at Cambridge'-, and continued at both Universities as late as the seven- teenth or even the eighteenth century, for the Statutes of Worcester College (1714) contemplate two Fellows 'at most' sharing a chamber, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, Ambrose Bonwick, admitted Aug. 24, 1 7 10, ' had an agreeable Chamber-fellow, a very good Scholar, a sober and innocent yet chearful companion ■'.' The custom of lodging two or three in a chamber, or set of rooms as Effect of this on Collegiate we should call them, made special arrangement of the interior necessar}^, architecture. and even affected the architectural features of the exterior. If the dispo- sition of the windows in most of the Colleges be observed, it will be noticed that they come in a regular order, first two single lights rather near one another, then a large window of two or three lights, then gener- ally the staircase window of two lights, then another large window, and then two single lights again. This system is the result of the interior ' In the Howard Household Accounts of 1629 (p. 265), they are called tryiinell-bords ; for trundling under the others. - Willis and Clark's ' Cambridge,' vol. iii. p. 297, &c. Their chapter on Chambers and Studies is especially valuable, and I am largely indebted to it. ^ Willis and Clark, iii. 303. 134 THE CHAMBERS [chap, xi cubicuium divisions of the cubiadiim and musaeola of which each set consists. There and musaeola. . . is one large room with a fireplace, a common livmg room by da}- and a common dormitory by night, and opening from it are studies, two or three or sometimes only one, to which the inmates retired apart for their work. The ' musaeola ' had each a single light window, and the large windows lighted the common living and sleeping room. This regular sequence of large and small windows can be seen nowhere more plainly than at Wadham, where the greater number of cubicula had three studies apiece, two across the far end of the room and At Wadham ouc undcr the stairs. The provision of space, however, wasfor that period lodged unusually liberal, for the Statutes ordain that ' each Fellow have for his separately. .,,,. ,. ;-i own use one chamber {cubicuium), with all its studies {musaeohs), that one which shall please him best, observing order of seniority in the choosing.' Scholars three Xhe Scholars, however, were to be housed three in a room'. No rule in a room. for the number of Commoners and Battellars in a room is laid down; but since, after rooms had been allotted to the members of the Foundation, the rest of the chambers were to be let at forty shillings a year, the Com- moners and Battellars probably either lived three in a room or took a whole set to themselves according to their pecuniary means and social Furniture and positiou. Thc fumiturc of Spartan simplicity which sufficed for the habits in^en ory. ^^ tj^osc days sccms to have been provided by the College : I will, (says the Foundress) -, that of the tables, benches, bed-tressels ^, and all other furniture placed in the several chambers at my expense or that of the said College, an inventory be made to be kept by the Bursars, ordaining that no one take away, change, burn, or wilfully damage any of the said utensils or furniture, unless he leave a better one in its stead at his own expense*. Every year the incoming Bursars are to check this inventory and require deficiencies to be made good, and the same is to be done when any inmate finally leaves the College. Several of these inventories are entered in the chamber books, with corrections at each change of tenancy, and specimens of them will be found in the appendix to this chapter. The walls were probably plastered, — certainly the cross walls were so. ' Statutes, Cap. 26 : ' Scholares autem ternos volo habitare in singulis cubiculis.' Ibid. ' ' Lectorum fulcra.' ^ Statutes, Cap. 26. CHAP. XI] THE CHAMBERS 135 NAMES OF ROOMS FROM BURSAR LEES PLAN being only of timber, and the front and back wall most likely followed suit. Their bareness may have been hidden by hangings of ' green say, dornicks, or perpetuana,' of which frequent mention is made in contemporary inven- tories ; but at Wadham, in at least one instance, the walls were orna- mented with arabesques painted in colour on the plaster between the timber studds, of which a fragment is preserved in the bedroom of the second floor chamber next the Hall '. All the partitions and cross walls dividing one house or staircase from I'an.tions. another were of timber- ingplastered. Originally WADHAM COLLEGE .„ l653- there was not a single internal party wall be- tween the Tower and Hall on one side, and the Tower and Chapel on the other. A few were constructed be- tween 1747 and 1776 with part of Lord Wynd- ham's bequest, his Lord- ship having ' designed the building Partition walls. He having fre- quently in his life time taken notice of the want of such - : ' but the greater part of the par- titions remain of timber and plaster to this day. The staircases were not distinguished by number as they now are, but Names of Staircases. by names, a separate name being given to the set of four store^^s over one another on each side of the stairs. These names it is possible to identify from Bursar Lee's chamber book and valuation dated 1654, and they are ' It was discovered and exposed by the Rev. J. Griffiths when Sub Warden. These rooms have generally been occupied by that officer. ° 'Convention Book,' Apr. 24, 1747. 136 THE CHAMBERS [char XI Chaplains* chambers. Clerks' chamber. Fellows' chambers. given in the accompanying plan, together with the actual numbers now in use. The different storeys were distinguished as ground chamber, middle chamber ( = first floor), upper chamber ( = second floor), and cockloft ( = garret), thus 'the South bay cockloft,' 'the South bay upper chamber,' the 'South bay middle chamber,' the ' South bay ground chamber,' and so on. With a few exceptions there was no rule for assigning certain rooms to certain persons. On Dec. 20, 161 3, the Foundress writes. The two Chaplaynes I would should be placed in the two chambers of the right side of the Gate, that hath but one Studdy a peece. These rooms must have been the Southern ground-floor rooms in what is now No. VII staircase, named in the chamber books as ' Chap- laines,' but the divisions of the studies do not now correspond with the description. The Clerks are supposed to have been lodged in the Ground Chapel chamber (now used as the Bursary), for the convenience of ringing the chapel bell as the Statute required them for ' prayers, lectures, disputa- tions, all exercises, dinner, and supper.' But this allocation is not speci- fied by the Statutes. By a resolution of Feb. 21, 1623 ', it was decreed that an inventory should be made of the fixtures fit and necessary for the Fellows' chambers, which were to be attached to the chambers and valued to the succeeding Fellow, who was to be bound to take them. These inventories include locks, bolts, door, shutters, fixed shelves, and presses, but not ordinary furniture, and the valuations range from £2 or £2 to £6. The Fellows could, as we have seen, choose their rooms where they liked, but they seem as a rule to have occupied the ' upper chambers,' that is the second floor. Their preference for these rooms is explained partly by their quietness, the garrets or cocklofts being at first unoccupied, and afterwards by the advantage of being able to hire the empty garrets at a small rent and either use them or sublet them at a higher rate when more rooms were wanted. At a subsequent time it seems to have been compulsory on the tenants of an upper chamber to rent the garret over it. Chamber Book of 161 3, p. 49. CHAP, xi] THE CHAMBERS 137 The garrets or cocklofts were not at first required as chambers. The Garrets at first In an entry of 1773, in the time of Warden Wyndham, wc read that disused. while Chumming ' was in Fafhion, the College had sufficient Chambers without having Recourfe to the Garretts, They were therefore neglected looked on as Lumber Holes, Nor were any of them (except two or three of late years) - Ever repaired or had an3'thing laid out on them since the Foundation of the College ; No wonder then they Sank in value and the College was then willing to let them at the fmall Price of 10' a year ■'. Ten shillings is in fact their rent in Bursar Lee's valuation of 1654, where chamber rem ill 1654. we find that the rent of ground Chambers was ^3, and that of Fellows' Chambers, by which we must understand the first and second floor rooms, was .1^5, when not occupied by a Fellow, who of course had a right to rooms rent free. To a certain extent, however, the garrets must have been habitable Garrets par- ' ' ° tially used. from the first. In inventories and valuations entered in the chamber books are frequent references to provision of doors and fittings in the cocklofts, and in 1643 it appears that some half dozen of them were already occu- pied, although according to Loggan's print of 1675, and Williams' of 1733, they were then lighted entirely by the windows in the exterior gables, a few skylights only showing towards the quadrangle. Without the windows to the quadrangle on which they now depend mainly for light the garrets must have been uncomfortable places, but in spite of that, the change of habits and the growing desire of the undergraduates to have chambers to themselves made the cocklofts sought after, and the College at last was forced to do something to improve them. Accordingly- at a convention on July 8, 1773, It having been reprefented that though the Members of the College were not near fo many as They have formerly been* Yet all the Chambers were full fo ' A 'Chum' is a ' Cameralis ' or chamber-mate. Dr. Murray cites: '1684. Creech, Theocritus, Idyll, xii. Ded., To my chum Mr. Hody of Wadham College.' " July 29, 1730. It was resolved that an old floor removed from Dr. Sandy's room to make way for a new one be laid in Mr. Thomas's garret. ' 'Convention Book,' July 8, 1773. ' The Oxford Guide for 1765 states that the number of Students of ivcry kind is about 50. ,38 THE CHAMBERS [chap. XI Disuse of that there was no Room into which to put an)' young Perfon that fhould enter. Chumming. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Deficiency of Rooms was owing to the Custom of Chumming being almost grown totally into Difufe, infomuch that the Scholars of the Houfe choofe rather to hire fmgle Rooms than Chum in thofe allotted them by the College. It was therefore proposed from henceforth not to require the Tenants of the upper Chambers to rent the Garretts but to fit them up and let them out diftinct as other Chambers are, and at a Price according to their different Goodness for the Common Benefit of the College, agreeably to the Statute ^ ; Or if the Society thought proper to add to the Twelve Garretts in the great Quadrangle the two in the New Buildings and the present Ground Chamber in the Right hand in No. 3, (which chamber (whenever a partition wall is there built) muft necefsarily lofe two of its prefent apartments) They might allott the faid Garretts and Ground chamber to the ufe of the Scholars, whereby each Scholar would have a feparate Room, and the other four Scholars Rooms and as many as are occupied by Scholars refufing to Chum would be for fuch other Members as may hereafter enter. Fourteen This WHS carricd, but nothing seems to have come of it at first. In April, one Ground 1775, it was furthef resolved that as the Scholarships were diminished in Room allotted ^ , . . , r 1 ■ 1 r to Scholars, valuc bj thc necessity of hiring rooms, the annual rent of which often absorbed more than half their stipend, ^ the custom of Chumming being totaly laid aside,' the fourteen garrets and one ground room should be allotted to the Scholars to live in, and in which they shall be obliged to live, and shall not be permitted to hire any other Room whatsoever * * * The S'^ Garretts as the present owners quit them shall be put into habitable repair for the S'^ Scholars-. Fitting up of The fitting up of the garrets proceeded slowly, and was done by one or two at a time as they fell in. Entries appear in the ' Convention Book ' of their fitting up, and of the insertion of 'Scholars' windows,' by which we must understand the windows facing the quadrangle, in 1781, 1782, 1786, and 1797; and finally in 1806 it was resolved That the windows which disfigure the front roof should be removed, and uniform Garret windows be made looking towards the quadrangle. Their rent also rose from 105. in 1773 to £2. in 1780; and in 1812 we read, ' Statutes, Cap. 27 : ' Pro reliquis vero omnibus cubiculis et pro superioribus tricliniis seu cameris . . disponendis,' &c. &c. - 'Convention Book,' Apr. 21, 1775. CHAP. XI] THE CHAMBERS 139 Mr. Symons to occupy the garret in Staircase No. 3 at present rent of ^4, which on his ceasing to occupy sh'' be raised to the highest rent charged for any garret. Mr. Symons was at that time a Probationer, though he was allowed to live in a garret. Probably the rule requiring Scholars to live in the 'Scholars' rooms/ as the garrets continued to be called, was relaxed, and they were allowed to hire other rooms and receive rent for those allotted them by the College. In order to make the garrets habitable, they had to be furnished with fireplaces, for which no provision was originally made '. They were built out on the timbering of the floor, on which they still rest with apparent security, and the flues were taken into the old stacks, or built up against them. Chumming being abandoned, and each inmate allowed a set of rooms Alterations in to himself, the old arrangement of the cubicula and musaeola was no longer singTe"^ "' applicable. The common bedroom, with its fireplace, hitherto shared by °^'^"''''" ^' three chums, became the living room of the single occupant, the two musaeola next one another were thrown together to form his bedroom, while the third study under the stairs became the pantry or 'Scout's hole.' In most cases, however, the original partitions remain to tell of the old mode of living during the first century and a half of the existence of the College. During the eighteenth century, many of the middle and upper cham- chambers bers were lined with handsome wainscotting of deal with bolection "'""'*"' " mouldings and raised panels. The handsomest in point of finish and style is the one pair room right in staircase No. V, which has carving over the chimney piece and windows. It is not known that this was any but an ordinary set of chambers like the rest, and probably the style in which each room was finished depended on the taste and means of the occupant for the time being. At Caius College, Cambridge, in 1696, it was agreed that if any fellow desired to have the chamber wainscotted and it was done at the College charge the common chest should receive yearly after the rate of 5 pc. for their mone}^ so laid out'-. ' The Chamber Book (p. 64) records the building of a chimney at the expense of the College in 1636, in 'ye cockloft over the 3'''' upper chamber from yi; Chappeell,' i.e. the West Attic in No. II. - WiMis and Clark, iii. 321. I40 THE CHAMBERS [chap, xi At Wadham no resolution as to wainscotting rooms appears in the minute book, but it may be referred to in a passage of the resolution oi July, 1773, which speaks of what the College has already laid out to make all the chambers better, and particularly Thofe next the Chapel and Hall Alterations to The last-namcd improvement seems to refer to the alteration in the staircases Nos. niand staircascs of No. Ill next the chapel, and No. IV next the Hall. These were originally just like the others, except that the stone doorway at the foot of the staircase opened not to the quadrangle, but to the passage: their stairs ran straight up to the back of the building like the rest, between chambers on the west and lobbies and coal-houses on the east. These lobbies were now added to the adjoining chambers by turning the staircase so as to allow of communication behind, and they make perhaps the best sets of rooms in the College. To get headway at the foot of the stairs the old stone archway was cut away, but the springing of its four-centred head may still be traced in the masonry. Alteration to A somcwhat simllar alteration had been made already to No. VII No.'viif staircase. On May 29, 1745, it was agreed to alter the staircafe at the right Hand of the Gate hy making it turn and not as now to run up direct. Sashing The cost of ' sashing ' the windows was probably divided between windows. the College and the tenant, like that of the wainscotting. Originally the windows of the chambers were glazed in lead quarries with iron bars and casements ; but these were gradually replaced during the latter part of the eighteenth century by wooden frames and sashes. The front half of the muUions however was allowed to remain, and not taken quite away as at Lincoln and some other colleges, and the effect of the mullioned window is therefore not quite lost. This sashing of the windows was considered 'a great ornament to the College,' and 'in order to beautify the entrance to the College from the street it zvas agreed to sash the Bozv-windozv {over the gate) fronting the West, and not to charge the present or fntnrc Tenants for the sanie\' 'Convention Book,' Apr. 13, 1792. CHAP. Xl] THE CHAMBERS. THE TREASURY 141 From entries in the College books it appears that at different times sen-ants' rooms. some if not all of the College servants were lodged in the College. The Porter would naturally have had the ground floor chamber next the gate northwards. Mr. Gardiner thinks that as the earlier Chamber books only notice a few of the ground floor rooms the others may have been occupied by servants '. John Williams, the first manciple, did we know live in College, apparently in the ground floor Hall chamber, i. e. in No. IV. At a later date the Manciple occupied the ground floor next the Warden in No. I, whence he was dispossessed in 1751, in order to enlarge the Warden's house, and it was resolved That the Manciple henceforth may have for his Chamber (so long as the College shall give him leave to have a chamber) that room next the gate on the South side'''. The Treasury or Muniment Room still occupies the position The Treasury. fixed for it by the Statutes on the top floor of the Tower. 'Also I will,' sa3's the Foundress, 'that that chamber (cubiculum) which is situate in the tower, or the upper part of the great gate, be for ever held and occupied for the Treasury ".' The door of this Treasury is to be ' strong and secure, locked with three locks having differing keys, of which the War- den, Sub- Warden, and Senior Bursar shall have the custody*.' Within was to be kept a chest with three difTering locks, of which the same three officers were to have the keys, where the Bursars were to bestow the surplus cash, in the sight of the Dean and five Senior Fellows. In another larger chest, of which the three keys were to be kept by the Warden, the Dean, and Junior Bursar, were to be kept all the Charters, deeds, and muniments of the College, and the original book of the Statutes ' signed KEYS OF TREASURY. ' ' Register of Wadham College,' p. 473. " 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1751. " Statutes, Cap. 26, de cubiculorum dispositione. ' Statutes, Cap. 21. 142 THE TREASURY. THE LODGINGS [chap. XI The College seal. The muni- ments. and sealed,' sa3's the Foundress, 'with ni}' hand.' Here also was to be kept the College seal, in a certain little iron-bound box closed with two differing locks, of which the Warden and Dean were to keep the keys. All other papers relating to the College were to be kept in the same room in a proper repository. The College seal still reposes in its little chest (v. sup. p. 60) turned in solid box-wood, but it is now kept in a safer place than the Treasury '. Otherwise the old ' Gazophylacium ' with its furniture remains unaltered. The old door still opens with its three differing ke3^s and retains its pretty wrought iron scutcheons (v. Illustrations) ; and the chests are there though the Bursar's surplus cash now finds its wa}' to the Bank. Here too are all the College charters, deeds and muniments, including the Charter of Edward IV granting the 'Austin Fair' to the convent in 1474, a beautiful piece of engrossing on vellum, with the ro3'al seal in They lie in a handsome oak press of some age, with doors of crossed lattice-work ingeniously moulded, and over all has settled down a secular dust which was rudely disturbed for the first time in 1890 when workmen had to enter the room to do some repairs. 4f. , ',1/1 ' lA,f'/>;) ESCUTCHEON ON TREASURY DOOR. wax hanging to it. The Warden's lodgings. The Lodgings — ' I ordain and appoint,' sa3's the Foundress, ' that the chamber (cubiculum) over the great gate of the College, and other seven chambers (cubicula) next adjoining on the north side be assigned to the sole use of the Warden ; nor shall it be lawful for the said Warden to keep for his own use any other chamber, nor to change his own for others, except with the consent of a majorit}' of Fellows'-.' The original Warden's house therefore consisted of the great room over the gateway with an oriel window at each end, and seven sets of rooms on Staircase No. I, leaving the eighth set probably for the Porter. ' While I was Fellow, 1864-1880, the seal was still kept in the muniment room, and it was the rule that no Fellow should go to fetch it or enter the room alone. - Statutes, Cap. 26. cHAi>. xi] THE LODGINGS 143 This liberal allowance of room for the Head of the College had LodginRs for become common since the Reformation. The Head of the earlier nicearUer" colleges was at first a Coenobite, and was expected to dine and sup in Hall with the rest. While all the rest of the Society chummed three or four in a room it was thought a sufficient concession to his dignity to give him the use of a chamber to himself A second room was next allotted to him, for purposes of College business and to receive visitors, and for a long time two chambers on the first floor (solaria) were his utmost allowance'. He seems to have chosen his rooms where heAfi"<:'i pleased, till William of Wykeham first gave his Warden a fixed habit- f"-^ 'he Head first at New ation over the great gate whence he could command the quadrangle couegc. and the approach to the College at the same time, and be accessible by those who had occasion to come to him on College affairs without dis- turbance to the studious pursuits of the Fellows and Scholars. After this the practice obtained of providing a residence of two or more chambers for the Head, and in many cases, as at Wadham, he was lodged on Wykeham's plan in the rooms over the gateway. The chambers allotted to the Warden of Wadham were ordinary The Wardens r 1-1 1 1 ■ 1 II ■ lodging at sets 01 rooms like the others m the quadrangle, not combmed in any way Wadham 1-1 -' -' College. mto a house ; and smce he was a bachelor by statute, and could not have needed them all even had they been conveniently arranged for the pur- pose of a residence, it is probable that they were given him that he might derive profit by letting them -'. The great chamber over the gate is now reached only by the chamber over the cstc winding staircase of the Tower : but formerly it had a second door, now blocked, leading to the adjacent room on No. I staircase. How long this room continued to be occupied by the Warden is uncertain. He could only exchange his quarters for others by consent of the majority of Fellows, but no entry appears in the minute book of any such consent being applied for or given. He does not seem to have moved in 1626-', ' Willis and Clark, iii. 328, &c., give particulars of the Lodgings of the Head of most of the Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. - E.g. in the time of Warden Baker. ' The room which Mr. Nnnl rents of the Warden to be new floored at the expense of the College. ,Ccfpenter computes at £7." Convention Book, Sept. I, 1721. ' In 1626, middle chamber North Bay, part of the present Lodgings, was occupied by Charles Dymokc. Gardiner's ' Register.' T 2 144 THE. LODGINGS [chap, xi Removal oi but hc was goHc from the Tower chamber before 1640, in which year, on Warden's lodgings. Nov. 17, this room was vacated by Thomas Mannmg . In Bursar Lee's hst of 1653 it appears as 'The Astronomy chamber,' and is valued at £^ a year, and in 1663 it was rented by Dr. Christopher Wren although he had been elected ten years before to a fellowship at All Souls. By Loggan's print we learn that before 1674 the Warden had flown not only from the Tower room, but from his original seven chambers on Staircase No. I, and was settled in ' North bay' and 'North crest' which he still inhabits. The change in fact consisted simply in his giving back to the College the rooms allotted to him by Statute, and taking instead the whole of the eight sets of rooms on the adjoining staircase, which makes a much more compact and convenient residence. Tradition of Thcsc datcs, it is to be feared, upset the tradition always religiously Royal Society prescrvcd in the College that the earliest meetings of what afterwards at Wadham. t^ c • i i i • i became the Royal Society were held m the great room over the gateway, then occupied by Dr. Wilkins as part of the Warden's Lodgings. That meetings did take place in the Lodgings for some years is perfectly true, but the 'Astronomy chamber' had evidently ceased to be part of the lodgings some years before Dr. Wilkins was appointed Warden. Dr. Sprats Thc caHy history of the Royal Society is told somewhat differently by different writers. Dr. Sprat, writing about 1664 -, yields to in- clinations which, (he says,) strongly force me to mention that which will be for the honor of that place where I received a great part of my Education. It was, therefore, fome fpace after the end of the Civil Wars at O.xford, in Dr. Wilkins his Lodgings, in Wadham College, which was then the place of Resort of vertuous and Learned Men, that the firft meetings were made, which laid the foundation ot all this that follow'd. ******* The principal and moft conl'tant of them were Doctor Seth Ward the prefent Lord Bifhop of Exeter, M^ Boyl, D'. Wilkins, Sir William Petty, M^ Mathew Wren, D'. Wallis, D^ Goddard, D^ Willis, D"". Bathurft, D^ Christopher Wren, M'. Rook ; befides several others who jojned themfelves to them upon occafions. account. ' Chamber book, ' ihe chamber over the gate-house.' The valuation of the fixtures to him was £3. 14s. lod. ■ Sprat's ' History of the Royal Society,' 1677, quarto, p. 53. CHAP. XI ] THE LODGINGS 145 Thus they continued without any great Intermifsions till about the year 1658. But being then call'd away to feveral parts of the Nation, and the greateft number of thcin coming to London, they ufually met at Grcfham College at the Wednefdays, and Thurfda^'s Lectures of D"'. Wren and M'. Rook. * * * * The Royal Society had its beginning in the wonderful pacifick year 1660. A diflferent account, however, is given by Dr. Wallis, whom Sprat Dr. waiiis's r 1 r- T T account — mentions as one of the hrst members. He says : — first meetings in London. 1 take its first ground and foundation to have been in London, about the year 1645, if not sooner, when D". Wilkins (then chaplain to the Prince Elector Palatine in London) and others met weekly at a certain day & hour under a certain penalt}' \ * * * * * About the year 1648-9, some of our company were removed to Oxford : first Branch D''. Wilkins, then I, and soon after D'. Goddard, whereupon our company Oxford, divided. Those at London (and we when we had occasion to be there,) met as before. Those of us at Oxford, with D^ Ward, D''. Petty, and many others of the most inquisitive persons in Oxford, met weekly (for some years) at D^ Petty's lodgings, on the like account, to wit so long as D'. Petty continued in Oxford, and for some while after, because of the conveniences we had there (being the house of an apothecary) to view and make ufe of drugs and other like matters as there was occasion. * * * we did afterwards, (Dr. Petty being gone to Ireland, and our numbers growing less) remove thence ; and (some years before Early meet- his Majesty's return) did meet at D'. Wilkins lodgings in Wadham College. In wiikins's the meanwhile our company at Gresham College being much again increased by '"'^e'ngs- the accefsion of divers Eminent and noble persons, upon his Majesty's return, we were (about the beginning of the year 1662) by his Majesty's grace and favour charter oi incorporated by the name of the Royal Society -. Society. After the removal of Dr. Wilkins to Cambridge the Oxford Philo- sophical Society met at the lodgings of the Hon. Robert Boyle. Their minutes, which are preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, contain frequent reference to the London Societ3^, and the two branches seem to have interchanged communications on the subjects brought before them. The Oxford Society met at irregular inter\'als till 1690, in which End^^nhc year their meetings terminated, much to the regret of philosophers l branch, 1690. ' The discussion was limited to philosophical subjects, politics and divinity being forbidden. ^ From a rare tract by Dr. Wallis in defence of the Royal Society, published 1678. Cited in Weld's ' History of the Royal Society,' 2 vols. 1848, pp. 35, 36. ' Weld, pp. 33-35. Tiieir cessation is deplored by Dr. Plot. 146 THE LODGINGS [chap, xi Although therefore Wadham College may claim in Dr. Wilkins the originator of the Royal Society, it is to be feared that the tradition must be abandoned which lays the scene of its foundation within the College walls. All accounts, however, agree that the Oxford branch of the infant Society met for some years in Dr. Wilkins's lodgings at Wadham College, and as it seems certain that the room over the gate did not then form part of the Lodgings, we must place the scene of the meetings either in the Warden's parlour, the present dining-room, or the drawing-room Musical over it. Here too was the scene of the musical party described by party at Dr. Wilkins's Anthony Wood in 1658, when Dr. John Wilkins, Warden of Wadham lodgings. College, 'the greatest curioso of his time,' invited the Lubecker, Thomas Baltzar, the most famous artist for the violin that the world had yet produced, to display his skill before the musicians of Oxford. Baltzar's skill in running up his fingers to the end of the fingerboard of the violin and back again insensibly, 'and all in alacrity and very good tune,' of which no one in England saw the like before, defied all competition. Though instruments and books had been brought, none of the company could be induced ' to play against him in consort on the violin '; till at Anthony a last, in a comcr near the door, some one espies a shy recluse, who spent Wood at Dr. Wilkins's all the time he spared from his antiquarian pursuits in 'the most lodgings. delightful facultie of music,' and Anthony Wood is haled in among them, and play forsooth he must. ' He was abashed at it, yet honour he got by playing with and against such a grand master as Baltzar was '.' Extension Thc Warden's Lodgings remained within the limits of a single stair- of Wardens fc> t> fc) lodgings. case, as Williams' plan of 1733 shows them, till in 1751 under Warden Wyndham ' the ground chamber next to his Parlour on the South side was taken in -,' and in 1831, immediately after Dr. Symons' election to the Wardenship, it was resolved that the three sets of apartments marked 1, 2 & 7 in the staircase East of the Lodgings No. 2, be allocated to the Warden instead of three sets on the South side of the Lodgings No. i.^ ' Autobiography of Anthony Wood. '' 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1751, a fresh room was provided for the Manciple, who had previously occupied these rooms: v. supra, p. 141. ^ 'Convention Boole,' June 30, 1831. CHAP. XI I rilE LODGINGS. THE COMMON ROOM 147 This allocation was an assignment to the Warden of the rents of the three chambers in question, with the right of adding them to the lodgings if he desired. In 1812, under Dr. Tournay, considerable alterations were made in Alterations to , /• I 1 ■ • ''"^ Lodgings, the Lodgings at an expense 01 about ^1500'. It was at this tune, pro-ini8i2. bably, that the staircase was removed to its present position, the outer wall being somewhat perilously reduced in thickness to make way for it. Further alterations, towards which the College voted ^300 '-, were made in 1832. by Mr. Blore for Warden Symons in 1832. They consisted partly in the construction of a double arch across the Hall in the Gothic style of the day, which was removed in 1872 after the election of Dr. Griffiths to the in 1872. Wardenship, when for the last time the house was improved in many ways and redecorated. The principal rooms in the house are handsomely panelled in the style of 1750 or thereabouts, and in one of the rooms are considerable remains of Jacobean panelling, coeval with the College, though a good deal altered and moved from its original position. The Common Room — ■ No provision was made in the original plan for the Common Room, The common an institution which did not appear at Oxford till some time afterwards. At Cambridge, where the Colleges conform much more to the recognized combination '-' ' ^ Room at type of the contemporary manor-houses, there seems from the first to have Cambridge. been provided behind the upper end of the Hall a parlour or common sitting-room ^ corresponding to the withdrawing-room, or drawing-room, of the palaces and large private houses of that time, of which one of the best-known examples is that at Hampton Court. Here a common fire was maintained, often the only one to which the Fellows and Scholars had access. ' Towards this Dr. Wills' benefaction of £1000 was employed with other money applicable for the purpose, and the Warden presented to the College the balance of £340. us. 6(i. 'Convention Book,' Jan. 12, 1812. '^ 'Convention Book,' Oct. 26, 1832. ' Willis and Clark, iii. 376. The parlura, afterwards conclave or sometimes coenaculum, was first called combination room at Trinity in 1650-1. Ibid. p. 380. 148 THE COMMON ROOM [chap. XI common Rooms at Oxford. The Biirsarv. At Oxford the parlour or Common Room formed no part of the original scheme. Merton was the first to establish a Common Chamber, 'to the end that the Fellows might meet together, (chiefly in the evenings after refection) partly about business, but mostly for Society sake, which was before at each chamber by turns '. This was in 1661, and the example was followed by other Colleges, that at Trinity being made in 1665 out of a lower room belonging to a Fellow between ' the Common Gate and the South end of the public refectory,' where it still remains. The room at Wadham which is now the Common Room was origin- ally the Bursary. The Statutes prescribe that the chamber (cubiculum) above the buttery shall serve for the Bursars of the time being, wherein to make an account, together with the Steward of the Hall, the Manciple, and the Butler, of the expenses & sums laid out week by week -. Used as a A Common Room is first mentioned in 1724, when it is ordered that Common Room, 1724. the mason's work of the Common Room be done at the College expense ■'-. In 1770 we learn that every Fellow was 'put on ' half-a-crown a quarter for the Common Room, and every Gentleman-Commoner five shillings, Gentlemen- Commoners being apparently admitted to use it with the Fellows. In 1776, Mr. White, sub-Warden and Arabic Professor, is allowed to make use of 'the Room over the Buttery' for his lectures. In 1783, in Warden Wills' time, the Warden raised the question whether it was right that the College should bear the expense of coals for the Common Room, which had gradually grown to /"20 a year. He observed that the Statutes of the College directed all savings to be kept or expended /;/ pnblicinn Cotlegii usiim ; that laj'ing out above £20 p. afi. in Firing for those Fellows benefit only who resided in College, and for the benefit of Gentlemen Commoners and independent Masters of Arts, was not expending \\. in publicum Cotlegii usu 111 ;— because neither the Warden nor absent Fellows, nor the Chaplains, Scholars, nor Clerks had any advantage therefrom *. Common Room coals. ' Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 528. '■' Statutes, Cap. 26. '' June 17, 1724. It is described as the ' Sala Coiiiiiitiiiis' in Williams' plate of 1733. ■* ' Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1783. This was settled in 1785 by reducing the Gentlemen- Commoners to the same quarterly payment of 2S. 6d. as the Fellows, but charging them and M.A.'s not on the Foundation a guinea quarterly towards the firing. Mar. 31, 1785. Plate XI To /ace />. 148 THE COMMON ROOM CHAP, xi] THE COMMON ROOM 149 The Gentlemen-Commoners, it is to be feared, did not always behave Ccntiemen- , Commoners nieely in Common Room, for in 1785 Barnes, Gentleman-Commoner, is in common ... . . Room. ordered to make a proper apology for misbehaviour, and a resolution is passed, though afterwards crossed out, that Gentlemen-Commoners be not admitted to Common Room till they are of four years' standing, and that the Warden be asked to give them another room till they had com- pleted the said term. In 1787 we read that Mr. Peers estimate of £'32. los. od. for putting up new windows :uici a new Aittrations iney piece, & laying a new ma a plan he gave in was approved of chimney piece, & laying a new marble slab in tlie Common Room according to Room"'""" This chimney-piece is no doubt the marble head and jambs still existing. The panelled and carved super-mantel is of an older date. What was done to the windows is not so clear. Originally the great window had tracery like the others in the Hall and ante-Chapel, for it is required to make up the total of William Arnold's eighteen ; but before 1733 the tracery had been cut out, and the window filled with small panes apparently set in wooden bars ^ In 1826 double sashes were ordered for the large window of the Bursary or Common Room, which was also directed to be painted at the expense of 'Domus.' This brought the room to its present condition. The only other entry in the ' Convention Book ' relating to the Com- mon Room is the vote of ^50, on Dec. 11, 1812, to be spent on a carpet and curtains. The Room is a very pleasant one, commanding a view still more Description of rural than any other in Oxford, though no longer unbroken by a single building as it was thirty years ago. The walls are handsomely wains- cotted with deal, in large panels with rich mouldings, and with rounded pediments over the doors ; and in the over-mantel are festoons of fruit and foliage boldly carved in soft wood. A few pictures hang on the walls. Pictures in Over the chimney-piece is the portrait of Warden Wilkins. Opposite the Room. window is another of Mother George, an old wife mentioned in Anthony Wood's autobiography, who lived to the age of 120 years, preserving her faculties to the last, and dying after all not of old age, but from the effects V. plate in Williams' ' Oxonia depicta.' u I50 THE COMMON ROOM [chap, xi of a fall, in 1691 '. Her picture, which is a good one, is by Sonmans. The author of Ackerman's Oxford says it was presented to the College by the painter, and that Mother George was an old servant of the Society, but he does not give his authority -. On the side wall is a very elaborately finished architectural subject on copper, painted in 1647 by Van Dclcn, representing the Pool of Bethesda, and given to the College by Mr. John Poynder. Dr. Ingram believes the left-hand figure to be a portrait of the painter. ' Wood's ' Life,' note by Editor. - The only female servant allowed by the Statute was the ' Lotrix,' but in the time of the Parliamentary Commissioners in i6|^ it appears that female bedmakers were employed, and Mother George may have been one of them. 'Ordered that noc woman fhall he pmitted to make Beds or doc any other Jervice for Students and Scholars in any College or Hall in this Univerfdie of Oxon : but ancient weomen of good report, fuck as fhall be approved of by the Gouno's of enie Colledge and Hall, ^-c By order of the Visitors, Ra. Aitften. Reg. Coin: Warden's MSS. No. 84. CHAP. XI] APPENDIX 151 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XI Specimens of inventories from the Chamber Books. John Williams Chamber the Manciple a'^q^ The chamber whited and painted, wainfcotted 7 foot high, and crested and '" 'he ledged overhead. 2 wainfcot benches with turn'd posts from ye chymney to ye giucn by yu fouth weft corner, and from thence to the ftudy. A chymney pcece carued t'he"co'iiege. worke ; 3 wainfcot dores to y"" 3 Studyes w"' one latch to each of them ; and a MemiS) y« in bolt befide to the South weft Study dore. A faire portall w"" a spring latch; corne°r whTre a strong spring locke & one key for the chamber dore. The floore new 'g a ''^ace °°''^ horded, a hearth pace with 36 painted ftones and a chimney back all faire. In ''00' '<== 3 1-1 r ^ /- ■ ^ % ■ -i ■ inches in the Windows 2 caiements, and 6 painted birdes, 2 in y" south windowe, 4 in y" breadth, 3 foot north, and 2 wainfcot window leaves to each windowe ; fingle in y'' fouth, but g^ "g oT*^ ' double and folding in the north windowe. wamfcot. The Study whited and painted, y" inner dore painted with a locke, key, and The South- bolt. A cafement, and a windowe leaf diuided. A tablebord 3 foot & 9 inches towarcTs ye long & 2 foot broad, 2 Shelues each 7 foot long and 11 inches broad, a greene *'=»'^'<^ e^*'"^- cloth nayled on w"' tape added by M'. Eaftcourt. The Study whited and painted, ye dore painted hauing a locke and ke}^ 2 The North- Shelues 7 f long and 11 inches broad a cafement to the windowe. towards ye The door painted unhanged. The Middle Chappell Chamber ye 6"'.i College. South caft ftudy or toward ye cookes (!). chSber. 2 cafements, a back in the chimney, a faire table 6 foot long, 2 foote 4 inches broade, 2 ioyned stooles. A new lock w"" two keyes 5' bought new by S'' John in the Portman alsoe window leaves towards the north. Swings : & a hearthpafe added by R. Phelips & Will: Northey. The hangings of y*^^ chamber (of darnix) and a flope bedsteed of darnix^, for W'' y* Banfields payd 5. 6. 8 after 3 removes. ' ' Chamber book ' of 1613, &c., p. 18. '" Most of the chambers have 'two standing bedstceds and a Irucklcbcdst uf' cords and u 2 1S2 APPENDIX The study to the College. 5 Shelves 6 foote longe 6". 8'. a table 4 foote longe, 2 foote broade 5'. 4''. a look &key3'. The study to A CafeiTient, a cafe of 4 Shelves 5 foote long w"' a hanging defke 3 foote long t agar en. ^ foote & Halfe broadc, a little defke 2 foote long, nayld to the wall, a plate lock & key to the dore that cost 3'. The 2 Bamfeilds did pay for ye Hangings and the Bed 5". 6'. 8'. 1629. In the chamber. The first study towards the College. The inner study towards the College. The study towards the south. The Middle Hall Chamber, 60'. A frame table 4 foote long 2 foote 4 inches broade, 2 cafements, a back & hearth, a fire pan, doggs and tongs, 4 io3rned stooles, a carpet to the table of darnix a yard & 3q" longe. and a yard broade, a curtaine of darnix to the south window, a standing bedsted & a truckle bedst : w*'' cords & matts, a plate & lock to the dore & 3 ke3'es 7'. more a pair of window leaues 8'. more a court cupbord w"' a drawinge boxe 4 foot long les 2 inches & as many foote high. Half of the court cupbord was given to ye houfe by M''. Speckett, 1623, and the other half by M'. Rainfford 1624. A case of 5 shelues the whole length of the ftudye, a frame table 3 foote long, 2 foote broade, a paire of window leaues in a frame a plate lock and a bolt 4'. A case of 5 shelves 4 foote & \ long, a frame table 3 foot long, 2 foote broade 6'. a paire of window leaues in a frame, a plate lock & bolt 5'. 6'^ A case of 5 shelves 5 foote longe, & another broade fhelfe 3 foote longe, a frame Table 3 foote longe, 2 foote 2 inches broade, a paire of window leaves 3^ maits.' Darnix is a kind of cloth made at Tournay, whence its name. The inventories at Cambridge are similar, containing generally a standing bedstead, a trundle bedstead, a leaden cistern and trough for washing purposes, wooden shutters to the windows, a plain wooden table, two forms or a few stools or a settle, a cupboard, a desk for writing on, and book-shelves which were generally in the studies. Willis and Clark, iii. 324. ' ' Chamber book ' of 1613, &c., p. 22. Plate XII t^r^- -^^ * ^^*^■ To face /I. 153 THE chapel: interior view CHAPTER XII THE CHAPEL. The Chapel of Wadham College will not compare in magnitude or Thechapei. in architectural splendour with the stately fanes of Christ Church and Merton, nor in correctness of style and purity of detail with the chapels of New College, Magdalen, and All Souls ; but the mixture of styles it presents, which reflects faithfully the period of its construction, renders it historically correct, and gives it a picturesque charm unique among the chapels of either University. The exterior of the choir is simple and The exterior. dignified, and its architecture is almost regular, and suggests nothing to prepare one for the effect of the interior. The view of its hoary walls and grey roof from the College garden is one of the best known and most generally admired subjects in Oxford, and has been drawn and engraved over and over again. As seen from here even the strange windows of the ante-Chapel fail to disturb the orderly and quiet repose of the design, which, beautiful as it is, has no remarkable originalit}' to stir us (v. Plate xvii. p. 210). But the first view of the interior, either from the doors of State in The interior, the quadrangle, or the transept door now once more made the usual entrance, is somewhat startling. The spaciousness of the ante-Chapel and the fine effect of the double arches and columns that span it are unexpected ; the bizarre windows of this part make one forget the more regular windows of the choir ; and there is something new and striking in the bold sweep of the fine arch that divides the ante-Chapel from the inner Chapel, and in the fantastic gorgeousness of the choir screen. The Chapel is of that T shaped plan which is peculiar to Oxford, ^^^"^''"i'' and was so popular there that no fewer than seven college chapels conform to it. The old story that this plan was first suggested by the 154 THE CHAPEL [chap, xu Dimensions. Ante-chapel windows. Choir windows. accident of the cruciform church at Merton being finished off at the transepts without its western Hmb is now discredited by antiquaries, on the ground that the transepts at Merton are later in date than the 7" shaped chapel of New College. This objection is not, however, conclusive, for the older church of St. John the Baptist certainly was cruciform, and part of the older transepts, in the decorated style, remain in the later building. But, however the plan was first conceived, it was at all events deliberately adopted by William of Wykeham at New College, which set the fashion for All Souls in 1437, and Magdalen in 1474. The succeeding colleges either had at first no chapels, or else built them on a smaller and simpler plan, and the "f form was not reverted to till it was adopted a hundred and thirty-five years later at Wadham. Since then it has been followed at Oriel, which w^as rebuilt in 1620 in the same st3'le as Wadham, and in Hawkesmoor's curious chapel at Brasenose, which dates from 1656. The dimensions of the Chapel are considerable, the extreme length being 96 ft. 6 in., the width of the choir 27 ft, and that of the transepts from north to south 74 ft. The choir within the screen is 69 ft. long. Room was required not only for the services but also for the theological disputations that went on there', most likely in the ante-Chapel, when perhaps the doors of the Chapel screen m.ay have been shut. The ante-Chapel is lighted by ten windows of quaint Jacobean tracery, the work of William Arnold and his men, based on the strap-work common in Elizabethan ornament, and in the contemporary work of the Nether- lands. Three round-headed lights carr}' an oval figure, which fills the head and is supported by a scroll on either hand, the whole having knots worked at the points of contacts The choir windows, on the contrary, the work of John Spicer, are in tolerably correct Perpendicular Gothic, and at the first glance can hardly be believed of the same date as the others. Consequently it has been often supposed that these windows ' ' Aliam vcro dispntationcm Thcologkam ad diias vel paullo iiiiniis Jioras diiratnram, nisi propter caiisam kgitimam interdum cam corripcrc libucrit, faciaiit dicli Collcgii Magistri in Sacello dicti Collcgii.' Statutes, Cap. 11. ' William Arnold was paid £3. i8s. od. for each of these windows, labour only, e.xclusive of material. The eighteen similar windows are all described as Hall windows, though ten are in the ante-Chapel and one was in the Bursary. Building Accounts, Dec. 7, 161 1_ to May 2, 1612. Plate XIII WADHAM CeLLESE ISCREEN BETWEEN CHAPELS ANTECHAPEL .^. A.E. r. me«t tttfcl o CHAP, xii] THE CHAPEL 155 came from the ruined priory of the Augustincs, and were really of fifteenth-century work instead of only seeming so. To an architect's eye there are several minute differences to disprove this, but irrespective of that, there is the evidence of the Building Accounts, which give the name of the mason who worked them, the payment to him for his labour, and the actual year, month, and week when each one was finished'. These windows afford perhaps the best existing evidence of the vitality of the native Gothic art of England, of which there are other instances in Oxford scarcely less remarkable than this, though none so well qualified to deceive the unwary antiquary-. The woodwork of the great choir screen and the stalls is extremely The choir screen. fine in its way. The screen (v. Plates xii and xiii), made by John Bolton, joiner and carver, resembles veiy closely the grand chancel screen at Crosscombe, near Wells, and makes it probable that Bolton was a Somer- setshire man. Though it retains the four-centred Tudor arch for the great gateway, all the colonettes have classic capitals and bases, and all the other arches arc round. The quaint brattisching of open scroll-work, pinnacles, balls, and heraldry, which surmounts it and gives it its character, exceeds in picturesqueness, and it must be confessed in extravagance, the Somersetshire example, but it is abundantly piquant and delightful. Against the screen on the inside are the return stalls, with the seats of the Warden and Sub- Warden on the right and left of the entrance respectively; and against the outside, also right and left servants' pews. of the entrance, are two high pews of Jacobean panelling, now devoted to the reception of candle ends and other rubbish, but intended originally for the servants of the foundation. The stalls are in the same style as the screen, with high backs of xiie staiis. arcaded panelling, the arches divided by flat arabesqued pilasters and surmounted by a running band of grotesques in the freize. Some liberty has been taken with the top of the cornice of both stalls and screen, which is now only of deal, carved with cherubs' heads at intervals in a later style. ' John Spicer received £6 for working each side window of the choir, and £20 for the great East window — Labour only. Building Accounts, Feb. i, i6i|, to Sept. 26, 1612. ■ The examples of late Gothic in O.xford are collected and well described by Mr. O. Jewitt, in No. 32 of the 'Archaeological Journal.' i=i6 THE CHAPEL CHAP. XII The subscllae and their fronts were originally of plain square panelling, and the standard ends were surmounted by balls, like those at Oriel and Mr. Biore's Brasenosc. Mr. Blore, who 'restored' the Chapel in 1832', cased the alterations ' in 1832. outsides of the standards and the fronts of the subsellae with imitations of Jacobean ornament in deal, and substituted debased Gothic finials for the balls, entirely destroying the original design. At the same time he added new front desks of oak in the same st3'le as his work in the subsellae. The old work of the subsellae, however, still exists under its modern disguise, and might easily be restored to view, and a few of the old ball-finials have survived as supports for the communicant's kneeler. The whole woodwork of screen and stalls is now unhappily grained oak and varnished, a condition from which we may hope some day to rescue Woodwork it. At the same time there is no doubt that here, as elsewhere, the originally painted. Original designers would have failed to understand the superstitious regard which we moderns pay to oak. In their day it was the common building wood, and sometimes, from the way in which it is spoken of, deal, or fir-deal as the}' called it, seems to have been thought a superior material. The stalls and screen were no doubt painted from the first -, most likely red, for the woodwork is shown of that colour in a sketch of the Chapel by the Rev. Mr. Eagles made shortly before Biore's alterations -. Painted hang- In thc samc sketch may be seen the curious painting, or rather ings by Isaac Fuller. drawing, in a kind of encaustic on cloth, by Isaac Fuller, which is thus described b}^ Chalmers : — The Cloth, of an ash colour, serves for the medium ; the lines and shades are done with a brown crayon, and the hghts and heightening with a white ' ' // having for many years past been determined to repair and refit the College chapel, and nioiiev having fur that purpose been invested in the public funds, it is resolved that the Warden be requested to consult with Mr. Blore, the Architect, and in concurrence zuith two Resident Fellows of whom the Subwardcn shall be one to take such steps as shall be deemed proper towards carrying the proposed plan of that gentleman into execution.' 'Convention Book,' Dec. 7, 1831. - Win. Davis, painter, receives £10 ' in acconipt for the chappie' on Feb. 27, 16}^, and again £5 for the same on April 24, 1613, £9 for the same on May 8, £3 for the same on June 6, £8 on June 12, and a final payment on Sept. 4. In all some £40. v. Building Accounts. "' The drawing is in the Warden's Collections. A small one by the same hand is in.niy possession, a bequest from Dr. Griffiths. Mr. Eagles was an amateur well known in his day, and a friend of William Turner, of Oxford, the water-colour painter, who thought highly of his powers. See also the excellent plate of the interior of the Chapel in Ackerman's Oxford. ciiAi'. xii] THE CHAPEL T57 one. These dry colours being pressed with hot irons, which produce an exudation from the cloth, are so incorporated into its texture and substance that they are proof against a brush or even the hardest touch. * * * Xhe subject on the front, is the Lord's Supper ; on the North side are Abraham and Meichiscdec ; and on the South the children of Israel gathering Manna. He adds that the drawing was in his time becoming indistinct '. Horace Walpole mentions it and says it has merit, though he condemns Fuller's altar-pieces at Magdalen and All Souls as despicable". It probably remained till removed to make way for the panelled work and blank traceries of Bath stone in a somewhat cast-iron style of Perpendicular Gothic, with which Mr. Blorc surrounded the space within the rails. In Mr. Eagles' sketch may also be seen the original ceiling'' boarded xhcceiiing. in five cants below the rafters, braces, and collars, and divided into panels with rosettes at the intersections. The panels seem also to have had borders painted round them. All this has now disappeared, and the only survival of it is a solitary rosette in the ceiling of the Warden's summer house. The present ceiling, by Blore, is a four-centred cove divided into small quatrefoiled panels; the whole is of stucco, painted oak and varnished, and a plainer ceiling of the same material is in the ante-Chapel. These ceilings are, it must be confessed, admirable specimens of stucco work, and to their hard resonant surface is due the excellent acoustic properties of the Chapel, which are very remarkable. They also keep the interior much warmer than the old boarded ceilings with nothing but the bare stone tiling above them. The tiles were originally laid only in mos.s, and the roof was anything but weather-tight. In 1763 we read that Whereas the chapel has often been mended and the slates new laid in Mofs, and 3'et upon every Rain with a northerly wind it has so rained down (the Wind driving the rain through or forcing away the Moss) as to make the sitting therein very inconvenient, besides the damage that does accrue thereby to the Timber of the Roof, and we having been informed that there is now to be had at the pits ' Chalmers' 'Oxford,' .\.d. 1810, p. 415. The hangings; seem to have returned alongthe side walls. ■ 'Anecdotes,' vol. iii. p. 9. ed. 1782. ' This ceiling is referred to as Battening the chapel, battening 'the He,' &c. for which Au.stin and T'liornton received (for labour only) in all £35. Building Accounts, Dec. 19, 1612, to March 27, i6i:f The chapel roof made by Thornton cost also £35 in labour. X 158 THE CHAPEL [chap, xii very good slates much thinner and Hghter than such as were formerly used, It is ordered (that the roof be partly relaid with new slates and) * * * that to prevent entirely its raining down thro' the slates be laid in mortar. The pave- Thc bluck and white marble floors were laid about 1670, and the ments. handsome cedar altar-rail dates evidently from the same time. To meet these and similar expenses it was resolved on July 30, 1669, that in order to the better furnishing of the Library the adorning the Chappie and other publique aduantages of the Colleg * * every flfellow-comoner under the degree of Nobleman shall imediately upon his Admifsion into the Colleg lay down at least eight pounds in money into the Bursars handes to be kept seperat for thofe purpofes in a cheft by itfelf under two kej-es, the one of w"^^'' is to be in the handes of the Warden, the other of the Burfars. And this money is to be received instead of Plate. On March 27, 1673, a yearly charge of (>d. was ' putt on ' every one's name but the Servitors ' as a reward for cleansing the marble in the Chappie and ordering of the clock '.' The clock. The clock, which is here mentioned for the first time in the ' Conven- tion Book,' is traditionally a present from Sir Christopher Wren, who is supposed to have designed its mechanism. It lasted till 1870, when, being quite worn out, it was replaced by a new one -. The old works are pre- served as a relic in the ante-Chapel, and the original face of the old clock is retained unaltered. In small ovals occupying the upper spandrils of the clock-face and painted in blue and gold are some armorial bearings, now much defaced. The dexter coat seems to have been that of the College. On the other may still be seen three crosses crosslet, which con- firms the tradition relating to Sir Christopher Wren, whose arms seem to have been, Argent, a chevron sa. between three lions' heads erased az., on a chief gu. three crosses crosslet or^ p.ninted glass Thc paiutcd glass in the choir is of unusual interest, though of un- in the inner chapel. equal merit. It is the work of three different artists : David and the prophets in the north windows being by one, our Lord with the twelve apostles, St. Paul and St. Stephen in the south windows by another, and ' ' Convention Book,' No. i. This seems to disprove the dates given by Wood, 'Coll. and Halls,' p. 602, who says tlie eastern part of the pavement was laid in 1677, and the rest in the following j'ear. - ' Convention Book,' Mar. 30, 1870. ■' Burke, Papworth. cnAi'. xiij THE CHAPEL 159 the great east window by a third. Besides these are two subjects occupy- ing three lights each brought from a Belgian church. The side windows have been much moved about, and many of them Dr. oriifiihs- ... .-^, , . ^ , . . account of the have suffered severely m the process. 1 he history ot their transmutations removal of oid ■r-v/— '•VI* 1*11 ir^* lights to fresli is thus recorded by Dr. Gnfiiths in a paper which he sent to the Society places, 183.,. in 1885, with suggestions for replacing them in their original position. ■jf************** These windows were the gift of the Foundress '. They occupied the lower lights or compartments of the ten windows, and they remained as the Foundress placed them until 1833 or 1834. Then on the suggestion of Mr. Blore^, who had lately finished his repairs and alterations of the Chapel and Antechapel, the figures of the twelve apostles were gathered together in the upper as well as the lower lights of the two easternmost windows, marking off" a sort of Sacrarium at the East end of the Chapel : and after some experimental moves, the figures of our Saviour, S'. Paul, S'. Stephen, and three displaced Prophets were set where they now stand ^. A glass-stainer named Russell, living in S . Clements, was emploj'ed to fill the small uppermost lights of the two Eastern windows according to his own taste and skill. The removal of the figures of the Apostles left vacant the lower lights of two windows on the South side : but before long these spaces were filled b}' the liberality of D^ Symons, with glass which had recently been brought to England out of a Church or Conventual Chapel near Louvain ■*. I was a Fellow at the time, and assented to the change, because I knew no better. Fifty years ago the rules of ecclesiastical architecture were little known, and there was little appreciation of the principles of taste. In a few years however I learnt that the figures of the Apostles ought never to have been moved, and I have regretted the removal ever since. The plea urged for it was invalid ; for there is very little, if an}', authority for a Sacrarium in a Domestic chapel : and certainly at Wadham there is no ground for believing that there was even a rail in front of the Communion Table before the year 1677. Most people will now agree, that, without some very strong reason for the change, the figures should have been left in the places for which they were originally designed. ' V. infra, p. 161, Foundress' letter of Mar. 28, 1614. ' V. ' Convention Book,' Oct. 29, 1835. ' That is to say our Lord, St. Paul and St. Stephen in the penultimate .soutii window- eastwards, and the three prophets in the last south window westwards. * ' The Warden (Dr Symons) announced his present to the College 0/ two subjects in painted glass taken from a church at (name left blank) viz. : the Nativity and Pentecost. They were now placed in two windotvs of the Chapel.' 'Convention Book,' iv. April 6, 1836. ' He found some old ivindotvs at an upholsterer's in Bond Street and transferred two of them to the C hapcl at a cost of a hundred guineas.' MS. notes on Wadham College, by Dr. Griffiths, p. 13. X 2 i6o THE CHAPEL [chap, xn Restoration 111 tlic sumiiicr ol 1885, ciccordingly, the Apostles and Prophets were glass to the put back as nearly as was feasible in their original place. Those on the places, 1885. south sidc wcrc arranged exactly as they were at first ; those on the north recovered the three Prophets that had strayed away, but the ten next the west were not moved, it being thought undesirable to do more than was absolutely necessary to glass so much shaken and damaged. Conse- quently the Prophets are not quite in their right order, Malachi coming last but one instead of last, as he should be, both according to the order of the canon, and as having the date like Stephen who finishes the opposite series. The two Louvain windows were slightly altered and placed in the upper lights of the easternmost window on each side, and the abominable plumber's glass inserted by Russell was replaced by suitably designed painted glass. The expense of this was more than met by a fund with a Dr. Griffiths's cuHous history. In 1837 ^ subscription was begun for filling the ante- fund. Chapel windows with painted glass ; and in February, 1844, when the last of those windows was complete, there remained a surplus of /200. This was carefully nursed by Dr. Griffiths till 1885, when it amounted to no less a sum than ^^1210. Besides the restoration of the choir windows this sufficed to provide an organ-loft and an organ-case, and the rest was spent, by a curious irony, in taking out the greater part of the coloured glass in the ante-Chapel, to provide which the fund had originally been formed. The north Puttlug ou ouc sldc thc two foreign windows, it is probable that the dovvs, 1614. oldest glass in the Chapel by a few years is the series of David and fourteen prophets on the north side. These figures have been so much injured by alterations, and have been repaired in so bungling a wa}' with common plumber's glass, and vulgar daubing in enamel colours, that it is hardly fair to judge them severely. It is unfortunate that the date under Malachi, who ought to close the series, is imperfect, 16 . . Were it complete it would Robert probably be 1613 or 1614, and the artist would seem to have been Robert glazier. ' Rudlaud, of Oxford, whose name frequently appears in the Building Ac- counts. He was employed generally for the 'white glass,' or ordinary glazing, of rooms throughout the College ', but there is an entry of £']. 75. od. paid to him for twenty-one foot of ' paynted glaf/e' on July 3, 1613. He seems not to have given satisfaction, for it must be to him that the Foundress refers in her letter to the Warden of March 28, 161 4 : — ' Building Accounts, fol. ccxxi, cc.x.xiv. CHAP, xii] THE CHAPEL i6i * * * I would hauc you alfo to end w"" y"' old Glafier that there may be noe more brabbhng with him, but my minde is to haue the Hke Statues made, if you can gett it well done, that it may a little make shew for what purpofe that place was appointed. In consequence of this Rudland was paid oft" at once and gave his formal receipt ^ : — A". D° 1614 Aprill the 18"' It is concluded and agreed between the Warden and fifellowes of Wadham College of the one partye and Robert Rudland of Oxoh of the other partye, that for and in confideratyc of the Summe of nyneteen pounds to him payde at the feaft of S'. John Baptist next foUowinge the date hereof, he doth acknowledge him felf fatiffyed and payde for all the painted glaffe in the Chappell of the fayde Colledge ; and promifeth to free the College fro all future payments ; to this he hath fubfcribed in the presence of thefe whofe names are under written. Witnefses Robert Rudland. John Fletcher Richard Trewren. The merits of the glass which I suppose to be Rudland's may best The noni. be estimated from the figures of David, Isaiah, and Jeremiah, next the windows. east end, of which those of the two prophets seem to have been trans- posed, for the figure above the cartouche of Jeremiah has the saw proper to Isaiah. These three are pretty well preserved in their original state. They are coarsely designed, and the figures are ill-proportioned, the hands and feet especially being badly drawn and enormously too big. Their general decorative effect, however, is fairly good. The others in this series have been very much altered, and some of them retain scarcely anything of the original glass. In the second window from the east Ezekiel has hardly any original work. Daniel has a new head, and Amos has an old head and everything else new. The next window has very little of the original glass remaining, and the others have suffered a good deal, the new work in all cases being executed in a disgracefully bungling way, and done, one may almost imagine, by the College plumber. The windows on the south side of the choir are dated in two places thc south choir vvin- 1616, and are by far the best in the Chapel. Unfortunately we do not dows. 1616. know the name of the artist. The figures are good, and many of them expressive ; that of Stephen with the stone in his hand is conceived with much originality. The draperies are of pot-metal, some of it very fine in ' Warden's MSS. No. 23. i62 THE CHAPEL [chap, xii colour, the blues especially' being very pleasing. The background and sky is painted in enamels, which have stood the test of time ver\' well, and the grassy field on which the figures are placed is very prettily painted with flowers and leaves. Jacobean cartouches fill the bottom of the lights, each bearing an inscription, and each apostle is named on the background, or in some cases in the cartouche. The inscriptions are these : — Under our Lord, Data est Mihi Omnis Potestas in caslo et in terra. Ite in Vniversum Mun- dum et Docete Omnes Gentes Baptizantes Eos in Nomine patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Under each of the twelve Apostles is the sentence of the creed attri- buted to him : — *Etrvs. Credo in deum patrem oinnipotentem creatorem coeli et terrEe. S. Andreas. Et in lesum Christu Filium Eius vnicum. S. loHANNEs. Qui Conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto natus ex Maria Virgine. S. lacobus. Paffus Sub Pontic Pilato Crucifixus Mortus et Sepultus. S. Phillipvs. Descendit ad inferna tertia die Resurrexit a mortuis. S. Bartholom^vs. Ascendit Ad Coelos sedet ad Dexteram Dei Oinnipotentis. S. Thomas. Inde Venturus Est ludicare Viuos Et Mortuos. S. Matth^vs. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum. S. Iacobvs Minor. Sanctam ecclesiam catholicam sanctorum communionem. S. Simon. Remiffionem Peccator""i. S. Ivdas. Carnis Resurrectionem. S. Matthias. Et vitam yEternam. Amen ; Anb Dom 1616 : Under St. Paul, who is not named, is the following : — Ego Enim Sum Minimus Apostolorum qui Non sum Dignus Vocari Apostolus, Quoniam Persecutus sum Ecclesiam Dei. Gratia iVute Dei Sum Quod sum, Et Gratia Eius in Me temere non P'uit. Under the last figure is S. Stephanvs. ANo. 1616. In point of execution these windows are unusually good of their kind. They are far less heavily matted and loaded with enamel and shading than most glass of the date, and consequently the colour is pure and clear, and the light passes freely through them. This qualit}' is in their case of especial value, because as the upper lights of the windows above the tran- sonic are, and always have been, glazed with clear white glass, heavy CHAP, xii] THE CHAPEL ,63 glass in the lower lights would have looked black and dirty. To this free admission of light by the upper half of the windows while the lower half is filled with colour, the cheerful effect of Wadham Chapel is largely due; and it is strange that the same idea has not been carried out in other churches with transomed windows'. The great east window bears the name of its artist and the date 1622. The east Its history is complete. We have an account of its maker, and the parti- "'" °'''' " culars of its cost, for which /loo was provided by the liberality of Sir John Strangways, one of the co-heirs of the Founder. In seeking an artist for the work the College had recourse to the advice of a Mr. Thomas Langton, who lived in London, and who appears by his letter to have been concerned with the provision of new painted windows in St. Paul's Cathedral, probably out of the present of /,"5oo made for that purpose before 1616 by Mr. William Parker, citizen and merchant-taylor -. Langton had been in treaty for the St. Paul's windows with a young Dutchman named Van Ling, of Emden on the Hanoverian side of the Dollart, lately come from Paris, whom he now recommended to Warden Smyth as a proper artist for the window at Wadham': (Endorsed) To the Right Worfhipfull Doctor Smith Warden of Wadham College Oxford The agreefnt w"' Bernard van Ling for painting y" Chappell= East window. Laus Deo. In Londo the xj"' Julij iD 1621. Wor«hipfu" S''. Since owre Conference at your beinge in Londo Letter of I have endevored the heft that is in me to effecte your defire for the ex- Langton, cellent makinge of yo"" window and have contracted w"' a glafier, by nativitye, '^^'' ' On a larger scale this effect was to be seen at Westminster Abbey, where the play of light from the clerestory windows filled with white glass was delightful. Now unfortunately they are being or have been filled with coloured glass, and the effect is spoiled. Another famous instance of coloured glass used in combination with clear white glass is at Nurem- burg, where the long apse windows at I think both the Lorenz-kirche and the Sebalds-kirche have rich painted glass in the lower part, ending with canopy work about two-thirds of the way up, the rest being of ordinary white glass. - 'Gentleman's Magazine,' Oct. 1850. Article on the Van Linges by Mr. John Gough Nichols. I have failed to obtain any information about Thomas Langton. Dr. Sparrow Simpson, Sub dean of St. Paul's, assures me his name is not to be found in any of the chapter records. ' Warden's MSS. No. 33. 164 THE CHAPEL [ruAP. XII his Grandfather and his father were brave workemen, in the cittie of Emden where this yonge man hath had his education in the fame pfeffion and hath wrought 4 3'eares in Parris in fraunce upon greate or hiftiory worke now the troubles beinge ther this youth depts thence & comes for England whoehavinge ben here three dayes then was prefented to me by a very fufficient mchunt Stranger as is in Londo, whoe did dwell in Emden & did know this youth from a child. I have fene his draufts and is an excellent Penfill man and of fober and good carriage not given to Drinke. I have fent 3'ou the Contracte it selfe wch If you dare give Credite to me wilbe the beft & fitteft workeman for you. If you pleafe not to accept of him and our agreement I praye write me that I put the man to noe charge for hee muft prefently fall to worke or hee will dept the Lande : I have fet your Colledge before S' Paule's Church for if 3'ou doe not entertayne him prefently then will I fet him In worke in Paules and after hee have wroughte here it will be hard for you to agree w"" him upon thefe conditions, for I am fure I am w"'in compas of your 100' & thus I expla3'ne it. I fupofe 3'our W'indowe at the moft to bee 300 foote of Glaffworke Square measure and not above. fo the workemans work for fo much & his penfill coller unto at 3*" 4 the foote is the glaffe w'*" you are to finde his will cofte .... Your Lead for the windowe Leffe then Your Drafte in paper will Coft The wier for the windo Leffe than & for the maffon to faften Iron for wier a nealing oven to neale the glaffe Then is there for his Chamber & diate -s will amonte 50. 0. 12. 0. 01. 0. 08. 0. 71- 0. ID. 0. 02. 0. 83" 0. 02. 0. 85- 0. 15- 0. 100. 0. In these all I have fet downe w"' the mofte for I Doubt \'our windowe is not 300'' and for the Reft I am within Compaffe and have fet Downe w"' the moft for his Diat & a Chamber I fupofe he maye have in Oxford for X£ p. ann If hee eate & Drinke at the Colledge w'^'' is but a fmall matter then 3'ou fave that 10 pounds. Thus you fee how 3'ou ma3'e haue 3-oure worke workemen Like Done wch if it bee you will thinke well of mee if not then is Difcretion in queftion fo I Rune a hazard. In this bufmes but whether it Contene or not I am fure 3'ou have fro me wth a cleane Harte & Cleane hands and you may fupofe it is like to be well &. Truly performe becaufe the workeman Delireth no monney for his worke before hee hath finifhed wch I knowe none of oure workemen but will have a ciiAi'. xii] THE CHAPEL 165 great pt before they begine to worke. myfelfe entertayned one workma for poules that hath 40' before hand wch wilbe loft fuch is there fubtilty that they will by one meanes or other get before hand w"" you. But if you entertayne this man Let him haue no more monney then is agreed upon till hee haue done all or fo much as you maye be fure that the monney that you have allwaj^es 40' to paye at Laste & at the end of the worke it wilbe moft pleafinge to giue I have Left out n- r T11-1-- ■ • window of the Passion 01 our Lord, which is given in a series of ten pictures described, arranged in two tiers in the five lights. Bernard Van Ling seems to have been assisted in ' making the patternes ' by the engravings in an interesting book, ' Meditationes in Evangelia,' by Hieronymus Natalis, printed at Antwerp in 1595 -, part of Dr. Bisse's present to the College, and still preserved in the Library. The plates are designed by Martin de Vos, and engraved by Hieronymus Wierx. The five lights of the window are entirely filled by the pictures without any ornament or canopy work, and the effect of this is excellent. The subjects, beginning at the left hand, are as follows : — /;/ the Lower Tier — 1. The triumphal entry into Jerusalem. This is adapted from De Vos. 2. The agony in the garden. This is not like the plate by De Vos. 3. The betrayal. In this the figures of Peter and Malchus are taken from De Vos. The rest not. 4. Jesus before Caiaphas. Adapted from De Vos, with some variation. 5. Pilate offering Jesus or Barabbas to the people. This follows De Vos very closely. /;/ tJic Upper Tier — 6. The Flagellation. Closely copied from De Vos, including the accessories of a block and an axe for beheading criminals. The form of the block^a low rounded bar of wood — throws some light on the dispute as to the mode in which Charles I was be- headed. In the distance is the crowning with thorns taken from another plate of De Vos. 7. Christ bearing his cross, and in the distance the ' Ecce homo,' and Pilate washing his hands. This is adapted from two plates of De Vos. 8. The Crucifixion. Unlike De Vos, probably original. 9. The Resurrection. Unlike De Vos, probabl}' original. 10. The Ascension. Unlike De Vos, probably original, but the two angels below the ascending figure are taken from De Vos. ' 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 251. See also the article by Mr. Grinling in Proceedingsof Oxford Arch it. Society for 1883. ^ See appendix to Chapter XIV by Mr. Gordon Duff, who was the first to observe this, so far as I know. I70 THE ( JI.IPKI. [(HAP, .xii At the lout ul' these lights an insenptiun recurds Hi-EC fenestra ok.nata EST SVMPTIBVS DNI. JOHANNIS STRANGWAYES MILITIS VNIVS EX COHEREDIBVS FVNDATORis, and in the right-hand bottom corner is Bernard van ling. FECIT. 1622. The eight larger tracery lights contain tour other 'Canonical histories,' typical of our Lord's Passion, each occupying two lights. i. The Sacrifice of Isaac; 2. the Brazen Serpent; 3. the Translation of Elijah : 4. Jonah and the Whale. The smaller tracery lights have eight heraldic panels, four cherubs, and the sun and moon. The general eflfect-of this great window is very fine, and it has few rivals in Oxford, but on closer examination it will be found very inferior in brilliancy of colour, and in merit of drawing, to the South windows. The matting is very heavy and is carried over nearly the whole surface, and the figures are overshaded. How much of this may be due to repairs of a later date than Van Ling's work it is impossible to say. But Repairs to it is curious to find that in 1742, whether owing to damages received east window during the Civil War, or for other reasons, the window was so much out of repair that a considerable sum, not much less than its original cost, was subscribed for repairing it. So large a sum must have been more than enough for merely refixing, or even releading it, and there mav have been a good deal more done to it than can now be traced. Contributors ' by Promise to the Repair of the Eaftern window- in Wadham College Chapel. Rec'' by G. Wyndham. M" Horner ReC' by D"' Lisle 52 10 o L'' Wyndham Rec'^ bjf Geo. W3'ndham 10 10 o M' John Wj-ndham Rec* by Geo. W3ndham 10 10 o ]VL Helyar Wadham Wyndham Rec'' by Geo. Wyndham 10 10 o The Rev'. M' Hofte Rec" by Geo. Wyndham 500 M'' James Harris Rec'' by Geo. W3'ndham 330 Sir Hugh Briggs Rec'' bj' Geo. Wyndham 550 in 1742. M"- Walter Acton Mofeiev ' Warden's MSS. No. 124. Endorsed, 'Contributors to Repair of Eastern window, 1742.' Tlie 'Convention Book' records a resolution on July 29, 1742, ' that the IVardett and such Fellows as shall be present in College be iinpoiwred to treat ivith Rowel or Price, glass- stainers, concerning repairing the East window in the Chappel, and in case the said w'ork cannot be perform'' in College to agree that y' Glass may be carryd to some other Place for V pui^pose.' uiAi'. xii| THE CHAPEL 171 Mrs. Horner, the largest contributor, was the daughter and coheiress Mrs. Homer, of Thomas Strangways, Esq., of Melbur}', county Dorset, the la.st Hneal descendant of the original donor of the window. She was the widow of Thomas Horner, Esq., of Mclls, who died in 1741. Their daughter and sole heiress married Sir Stephen Fox, ancestor of the Earls of llchester, who have taken the name of Strangways. The brass lectern, which is not among the best in Oxford, though Thdcctcm. its design shows some originality, was given in 1691, and bears this inscription with the donor's arms ' : — ■ Ex Dono Thomee Lear de Lindridge in Comitatu Devoniae Militis et Baronetti M. DCLXXXXI. The pulpit is a very good one of Jacobean design, no doubt coe\'al thc puipit with the College, and quite perfect -. Like most College pulpits, it is moveable, and when in use its place, as appears by the plate in Acker- man's 'Oxford ' as well as b}^ Mr. Eagles' sketch, and also by the plan in Williams's 'Oxonia depicta,' was at the east end of the .south stalls, whence it was presumably removed by Mr. Blore in 1832. It now stands idly in the ante-Chapel, and it is much to be desired that it should be replaced. Among the minor fittings of the Chapel may be mentioned two flat cushions for cushions of tapestr3^ work, perhaps the only survivors of ' 15 mats for the Chappie,' for which a sum of three shillings was paid on June 19, 1613. One of them bears a pattern of crowns and rosettes, and the other a Tudor rose surmounted by a royal crown, and with a small lion passant on each side of it. The old Communion table, like many other things, disappeared from ti,c com- 1 /~^i 11/ •»■/-» ir '"'iri Tuinion lablc. the Chapel at the restoration m 1832, and alter many vicissitudes found its way back to the ante-Chapel, where it now serves to bear a handsome set of service books presented to the Society by Speaker Onslow, a member of the College. The Communion table of splendid Jacobean work, now in use, has a curious history. It was till lately the Communion table of Ilminster Church, and may be old enough for the Founder and ' The lectern was illustrated in the • Building News ' of June 4, 1886. - In her final statute the Foundress provides for sermons to be preached by clerical incnibcrs of the Foundation, 'pro coiicionilnts publicis in .Icaciciiiia, rr/ />riva/is in Coi/di^io nico /uibciidis.' 172 THE CHAPEL [chap. XII The ante- Chapel. Foundress to have communicated at it. It was discarded and thrown aside when the church was ' restored ' a few years ago, in favour of a modern one, and was redeemed by Mr. Stowe, the Senior Bursar of the College, who presented it to the Chapel in 1889. A silver plate let into the oak margin records its history, and another on the underside certain conditions attached to the gift '. The ante-Chapel is divided into a central space or nave, with an aisle- or transept on each side, by twin arches springing from central columns in the lines of the north and south walls of the choir. There is of course nothing new in the conception of this, for it had been done first at New College and imitated at Magdalen and All Souls, but it is carried out here with considerable daring and freedom. With this exception, and that of William Arnold's curious window traceries, the ante-Chapel has no par- ticular architectural interest, but forms a grand vestibule to the choir. It had originally three entrances ; a central one for grand occasions, under a heavy classic pediment in the quadrangle ; another from the cloister ; and a third, intended apparently for ordinary use, in the passage leading to the garden. The door to the cloister is now closed : its object was no doubt to give ready communication to the College burying-ground. For the Foundress' care provided her Society with its own cemetery, and the space now thrown into the garden lying between the Chapel and kitchen wings was the old churchyard, long used for interments, and still retain- ing at least one tombstone sunk in the grass sward, and bearing the inscription : — HERE LIETH Y BODY OF ROBERT ROGERS WHO DIED Y 3I OF AUGUST A° DNi. 1676''. The Cloister This cemctcry is consecrated ground, dedicated on the same day as consecrated the Chapel ; and so is the cloister itself, although it serves, and must always have served, as the way by which the dinner is carried from the kitchen to the Hall. The ante-Chapel also is full of interments. The stones that marked them, — often only by the initials of the person laid below, — have been a good deal shifted and disarranged, but some are /// situ ; and here may still be found the epitaph of the decayed gentleman, The Cemetery. for burials. Interments in the Chapel. ' 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1889. '■' It is spoken of as thie ' He,' in the Building Accounts. ' Perhaps a servant. He does not appear in Mr. Gardiner's Register. Plate XIV Wadham Coulege Chap el . long section . CHAP, xii] THE CHAPEL 173 the Foundress' poor relation, whom she put into the butler's place at the John Bniier, first institution of her Society — "^ ' ^''' HERE LYETH lOHN. BULLER. ESQVIER. AV : THE SECOND. 1634. Wood gives a long list of burials in the outer chapel, and mentions some in the churchyard, and others in the cloister". Very few are recorded as having been buried in the inner Chapel ; but Wardens Fleming and Estcot were laid near the altar, and Sir John Portman, who Monument of died in 1624, aet. 19, lies on the north side at the east end of the stalls, where Portman. his monument originally stood, as may be seen by Williams's plan and Mr. Eagles's sketch. It was removed like other things by Mr. Blore, and now stands, much less picturesquely, against the north wall of the ante- Chapel. It is, as Wood says, 'a very fair monument, on ivhkli is the proportion of a beautiful young man laying on his right side habited in a coloured gozL'n' and leaning on his elbow; at his feet is a Talbot couched, and over him are the figures of Fortitude, Temperance, Justice, &c. Above are Time with his scythe, and the heraldic bearings of the deceased. Close by is the monument of Thomas Harris, Fellow, who died 1614, Tablet of a youth of great promise, whose loss the Foundress lamented. The tablet HarlS^ is curiously formed of a trophy of books, bound and clasped and set with their fronts outward as at that time they were usually placed on the shelves. This idea was afterwards in fashion for book-plates, as for instance that of Sir Philip Sydenham dated 1699, which has been repeatedly copied. In the south aisle or transept under a large black marble slab lies Tombofor. Doctor Humphrey Hody, Regius Professor of Greek, and Archdeacon of Oxford, who died in 1706, together with Edith his wife, who died in 1736. Dr. Hody was Scholar and Fellow and a great benefactor to the College, to which he bequeathed most of his property to found Exhibitions. The only remarkable monument of recent date is one to the memory Monument to Lord ^Vcst" of Lord Chancellor Westbury, once Scholar and afterwards Fellow of the bury. House, erected in obedience to his own express desire. He left his bust to the College, trusting that the College would place it either in the Hall or Library, with such inscription (to be put up at the expense of his estate) as the College should approve. He hoped also that ' See also Warden's M SS. No. 69 : 'A register of burials in Wadham College Chapel and churchyard since the foundation of the College in 1613.' Found by Dr. Tournay on his taking possession of the Warden's lodgings. It is dated 1646. Z 174 THE CHAPEL [chap, xii the College would allow his executors to erect in the outer chapel of the College a plain marble tablet to his memory expressing the principal events of his life, beginning with his being elected a Scholar of the College on the day he attained fifteen years of age, from which event he dated all his prosperity'. Stained glass Thc antc-Chapel windows were first filled with stained glass between Chapel. 1837 and 1840 by means of the subscription of which Dr. Griffiths has recorded thc history -. The six facing east and north were filled with heavily matted grisaille quarries forming a field for shields on cartouches, three to each fight, bearing the arms of Wardens and eminent members of the College. The effect of these in excluding light was considerable, and when the four western windows were filled with figures in heavily shaded colour and with backgrounds that are nearly black, the whole ante-Chapel was plunged into a melancholy gloom that was most de- pressing. The four windows last named were by Evans of Shrewsbury, and two of them were by the ingenuity of Dr. Symons, then Warden, provided at the expense of ' Domus,' on the ground which he has, as was his habit, carefully recorded in the minute book, that ' the cost would not exceed the sum required for glazing all the windows in the ante-Chapel with plain glass, for which Domus was liable as a necessary repair ; and there was a reasonable expectation at the same time that the other windows in the antc-Chapel would be ornamented with glass by private liberality ■■.' Two of Evans's windows are now hidden by the organ, the other two remain for the present. The other ante-Chapel windows have been reglazed with quarries of white ' muff"' glass in geometrical patterns, retaining the scutcheons and heraldry, which were not badly drawn though somewhat over-shaded. The ante-Chapel is thus once more as well lighted as the rest of the interior. This alteration was made in 1885-6 at the same time as the restoration of the choir windows to their primitive order. The organ It ouly rcmaius to notice the other work done in the Chapel at thc and organ- . • i o same time or subsequently to thc date just mentioned. Some years previously an organ had been provided b}^ subscription for the sake of ' 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1873. Copy of letter from the Hon. Slingsby Bethell. The inscription was composed by the Warden, Dr. Griffiths. The monument was made by Messrs. W^'att of O.xford, from the design of thc present writer. ^ V. supra, p. 160. ' ' Convention Book,' May 3,1837. loft CHAP. XII] THE CHAPEL 175 introducing a plain musical service like that of an ordinary parish church. The organ stood at first without a case nakedly on the floor of the south transept. In 1886 part of Dr. Griffiths's fund was devoted to constructing an organ-loft at the west end of the Chapel, and a case for the organ. The loft and case are of oak somewhat richly carved', and the organ is kept as narrow from front to back as the organ-builder could be induced to make it, in order not to block up the antechapel. The organ itself is a fine instrument, and has gained much musically by its new position : it was built by Mr. Henry Willis, but owes much of its peculiar quality, which wins the admiration of all organists, to the care with which the stops were selected and arranged by the Rev. J. C. Hanbury, one of the Chaplains of the College, and a practical musician of rare accomplishments. The two silver and parcel-gilt candlesticks were given in 1880, one by candlesticks, ^ ^ ... altar cloth, Mr. Wells, a Fellow, and the other by the members ol a society in the anddossai. College called St. Andrew's Guild. In the preceding year a new embroidered altar-cloth and dossal were provided, the former by the liberality of Mr. Henderson, Fellow and Sub- Warden, the latter by a fund raised among the theological students of Dr. Vaughan, Master of the Temple and Dean of Llandafif, who had been accommodated in the College during their visit to Oxford in the Long Vacation -. In conclusion it meiy be interesting to record a peculiarity in the Ritual pecu- liarity at Chapel ritual at Wadham which survived till about 1856 or 1857. Till wadham. then the officiating Chaplain at morning and evening prayers always robed himself like the rest of the Foundation, in white on surplice days, in his gown at other times. This habit, which seems peculiarly appropriate to a Collegiate body and more conformable to the Statutes, has been discontinued, and the Chaplain now always wears a surplice. Many such peculiar customs existed at Oxford till lately, and some still survive. For instance, at Oriel the Fellows used to gather at the ' The loft and case were made by Mr. Curtis of Oxford, and the carving was done by Messrs. Farmer and Brindley, of London, the total cost being about £780. The designs were by the present writer. The organ itself cost from first to last £620 exclusive of the case. - The embroideries were done by Messrs. Watts, of Baker Street, London, and the candlesticks made by Messrs. Hart and Co., of Wych Street, London, in both cases from the present writer's designs. Z 2 176 THE CHAPEL Communion rail when the words of invitation, ' Draw near,' &c., were said. This is now discontinued ; but at St. Mary's Church and at the Cathedral the Sacrament is still brought round to the communicants kneeling in the stalls, which are prepared with white linen cloths laid on the desks in front of them. Elections in Accordiug to thc Statutcs the election of the Warden and Proba- chapel. tioners, and the admission of Probationers to full Fellowship, were to take place in the Chapel. In the two former cases the common prayers were first to be said, and at the election of a Warden every Fellow was to attend the service unless lawfully hindered, under pain of deprivation. This statute was observ^ed till 1872, when Dr. Griffiths, shortl}' after his election to the Wardenship, proposed and carried its repeal. Plate XV To face p. 177 THE hall: INTKRIOK VIEW CHAPTER XIII THE HALL. The Hall, which is among the largest in Oxford, is a fine room measuring from wall to wall 83 ft. in length and 27 ft. in width. The great east window and the three-light windows in the sides are filled with William Arnold's singular tracery', and it has the conventional oriel or bay window at the lower end of the High Table. The roof, Thereof, made by Thomas Holt the carpenter-, is a grand though somewhat heavy piece of open timber work, with hammer-beam construction, and arched braces both transverse and longitudinal. The surfaces of the ceiling between the main timbers are of stucco painted, like those in the Chapel ; but originally the ceiling was of white plaster. Thepaneiiing. The walls are lined with panelling of oak, which was originally much higher, reaching partly up the side of the windows. As in the Chapel, this woodwork had from the first been painted, and when, in 1872, Dr. Tournay's paint was removed and the natural oak exposed, it appeared that the surface had been at one time painted red and at another green. The screen enclosing the buttery passage is one of the two made by The buttery screen. John Bolton, carver and joiner, and is a fine piece of Jacobean work ' William Arnold received for working (labour only) the great end window £io, for the oriel or bay window £7, and each of the side windows £3 i8s. Building Accounts, Dec. 11, 1611, to May 7, 161J. '^ This is probably the same carpenter who contracted for the woodwork in the south quadrangle of Merton in 1608, 'Circa initiu Maij decrevinmsdnoaistodeapprobantcutquidam Thomas Holt effct fabcr ligiiarius pro toto adificio construcndo! His contract was for £430 and the expense of his journey. Merton College MS. Register. Holt was no more architect of Merton than he was of Wadham. The /a^cr lapidarius was John Acroyde of Halifax, who contracted for all the opus lapidarmm at £570 and the expense of his journey. 178 THE HALL [chap, xiii surmounted by open brattishing like the other screen in the Chapel, though the design here is not so elaborate. The lantern. In the Centre of the roof is a lantern, now glazed, but at first no doubt open for the escape of smoke from a brazier on the floor below ', a veritable ' impluvium,' as it is elsewhere described. There was originally no fireplace, and though no actual mention of the brazier occurs, the Hall can have been warmed in no other way. Dr. Johnson told Warton, ' In these halls the fireplace was anciently always in the middle of the room till the Whigs removed it on one side-.' The brazier continued at The fireplace. Wadhaui till 1 797, whcu, not perhaps entirely out of Whiggery, it was resolved to make a chimney and Fireplace with a grate in the west side of the College Hall, nearly opposite to the Library door'. However it would seem that some other expedient was adopted, for in 1826 it was resolved to carry out a design of Mr. Daniel Robertson, Architect, for a new Chimney piece and firegrate for the College Hall, instead of the present Stove which has been found not to answer the intended purpose. This is the fireplace and grate still in use, the design being imitated from the Jacobean ornaments of the screens. In 1837, 'complaints having been made of the great coldness of the Hall it was agreed that some measures be taken to warm it,' but nothing seems to have been done, and I can remember that in my undergraduate days the water used to Heating frccze ou the tables at the lower end near the door. It was not till apparatus. 1872-3 that hot-water pipes were brought to the assistance of the fire, and both Chapel and Hall were for the first time raised to a comfortable temperature in winter. The floor. The Building Accounts* show that the Hall was originally floored with oak, but subsequently the central part was laid with stone flagging, a very ' Willis and Clark, i. 263 and iii. 355, state that at Cambridge braziers were in use for warming the Halls till 1742 at Trinity Hall, 1865 at St. John's, and 1866 at Trinity College. ^ Clark's 'Colleges of Oxford,' p. 410. ^ 'Convention Book,' June 30, 1797. As to the Library door see below under Library. * Building Accounts, March 23, 161 ft : 'Edward Thornton and Wm. Holloway for making 7 great baycs for (i.e. over) llie great cellar being 2.1 foole long a hay.' March 13, 161 g: ' Coppthort for hording dim the Hall ' (twice). ciiAP. xiii] THE HALL lyg chilly and dusty substitute. This has just been remedied', and a wainscot oak floor laid down through the liberality of Mr. Richards, one of the F'ellows. The original oak floors remain under the side tables and in the dais. In Wood's time the Hall windows contained in i)ainted glass the Thcandcm arms of Bishops Montague, Lake, and Laud, Visitors of the College, ^^^'" those of Wadham and Petrc impaled, Bisse, Strangways, and another which he does not identify -, but which seems to be that of Dr. Fleming, who was Warden from Sept. 1613 to Mar. 161 i. Also a coat of sixteen quarterings belonging to the Lattons, who were founder's kin through the Martins. Of this glass the Latton escutcheon, with the ornament surrounding it prettily painted in enamels, is now in the lower part of the window that lights the buttery passage from the quadrangle. The rest has made way for some modern heraldic glass on a ground The modem of heavily matted quarries which was put in during Warden Tournay's ^^^^ time in 1827 ^ The glass of the great south window was given by the Warden ; the large oriel window was filled with the arms of the chief worthies of the College by the munificence of the Rev. William Wilson, B.D., of Worton, Oxfordshire, Vicar of Walthamstow, Essex ; and other members of the College contributed to adorn the side windows with their respective arms^ This glass, though re- spectable for the time when it was done, has the great objection of making the Hall disagreeably dark. I;: was in Dr. Tournay's time also Paneiiingcut that the side panelling was painted oak colour and cut down to its present painted oak, 1806. low proportion, a manifest mjur}' to the dignit}^ of the interior ^ Possibly it was at the same time that the white plaster ceilings between the timbers of the roof were painted and varnished also in imitation of oak, though the analogy of the ceilings in the Chapel would lead one to attribute this alteration to Mr. Blore in 1832. The great chandeliers of ormolu gilt are said to have done service at The chandeliers. ' 'Convention Book,' March 4, 1891. ' Gules, on a chevron between three owls arg. a crescent sable. ^ The glass was by Thomas Willement, of Green Street, Grosvenor Square, whose cypher \y appears in the South window. ' Ingram, ' Mem. Oxford," vol. iii. A key to the whole of the heraldry in these windows will be found in Dr. Griffiths's MS. ' Notes on Wadham College," p. 82, Ac. * 'Convention Book,' July 5, 1806. i8o THE HALL [chap, xiii the coronation banquet of George IV. They were given to the College by Dr. Tournay. Lord West- On a pedestal at the lower end of the Hall against the screen is the uri s us . j^.|^j.j^jg i^jjg^ qJ- Lord Chancellor Westbury, once Scholar and Fellow of the College, which he bequeathed to the Society, as has been already related '. The portraits. Thc picturcs arc numerous, and several among them are of consider- able merit and historical interest : a complete list of them is given at the end of this chapter. Statutes as to Thc ordcr of the Hall dinner and supper is accurately prescribed order in Hall. in the Statutes -. At the sound of the bell, or of the horn if there be no bell, all the Fellows and Scholars are to assemble in the Hall and await thc arrival of the Warden. All are to join in the responses to the Grace, and no one is to leave the table without leave till Grace is The Bible to again said. A Clerk or Scholar is to read aloud some part of the Bible be read, and i • i ii Latin spoken. duHng duincr, to which all are to listen in silence under penalty of losing commons for that day. Latin only or some other useful language is to be spoken, and the vernacular tongue to be avoided. As to the Table for B.A. ordcr of sittlug. Fellows who are Bachelors of Arts, and Chaplains, are Chaplains. to dlnc togcthcr 'sine vindicatione loci,' and the Probationers are Scholars' and allowcd to jolu thcm. Scholars are to dine by themselves in messes Commoners' r r i ^^ i -r^ ii • i tables. of four, and Commoners and Battellars in the same way, except on fish-days, which are to be observed according to the statutes of the High Table, realm. The Warden is to sit at the High Table with the Sub- Warden, and the Doctors of Physic, Law, and Divinity, with whom the Fellows who are Masters of Arts are permitted to sit. The tables are to be cleared at a sign from the Warden or Sub- Warden, and no one is to linger in the Hall after Grace '\ Lower High It was howcvcr only by invitation that the M.A. Fellows sat at the M.A. Fellows, High Tablc I they had a table of their own, to which in the first year noblemen, (See. , , , i i • of the College it was resolved that the sons ot noblemen, and kinsmen of the Founder or Foundress, might be admitted. Two years later, in ' See above, p. 173. ^ Statutes, Cap. 17. ' The New College statutes forbid lingering in Hall after dinner and supper, except on Saints' days and holy days in winter when a fire is lighted, and then a reasonable time may be spent in the hall in singing or some other decorous recreation. CHAP. .\:ii| llIE ILILL i8i 1615, Gilbert Stokes, one of the Chaplains, was also admitted to it. It is probable that this table was on the dais, at the foot of the High Table and detached from it, for we read of 'Coiuensales siiprcjucr iiicnscc' the young noblemen or Founder's kinsmen above referred to, who would certainly not sit with the Warden and Doctors, and also of a ' )iu'nsa secunda in siipvema parte aiilcr,' at which M.A. Commoners were to dine, Tabic for together with M.A. Scholars, Probationers, and Chaplains ', which would mo'!lere!&c be just below the dais on the left hand of the Hall opposite to where the fireplace was afterwards made. The Bursars also had a table of their Bursars- and own, and with them the Steward of the Hall, who was to be a Fellow tabie.'"^ according to Statute, was to dine and sup after seeing that ever}rthing was properly served, nor was he to admit more than three, and they Masters of Arts, to dine or sup with him'-. This seems to have been a favourite table, for in 1653 under Warden Wilkins Bachelors and Undergraduates whether Fellow Commoners or others are forbidden to sit there unless especially invited by the Bursar or Steward, 'subpoena 6i^a THE BUTTERY. CHAPTER XIV THE BUTTERY, CLOISTER, KITCHEN, AND LIBRARY. The Buttery occupies the usual position, with a doorway in the centre The buttery, of the end wall of the Hall, and a hatch or half-door with a shelf on the top over which the beer and bread and cheese are served to the servants outside. A space at the lower end of the Hall is screened off for a lobby or passage which forms a vestibule to the Hall, and also a serving-room for the buttery. This passage in large manor-houses and palaces was ceiled and floored above so as to form a minstrel's gallery for the perform- ance of music during the banquet ; that in the old Hall of Penshurst is a well-known example. The buttery passages at Wadham, and most other Colleges in Oxford, are also ceiled at the level of the top of the screen, but I know of no instance in which the ceiling was made strong enough Bb igo THE BUTTERY. THE CLOISTER [chap, xiv for a gallery above, a feature for which there was no occasion in a colle- giate refectory. Entrance to the buttery was strictly forbidden by the Statutes, Cap. 14, to all Undergraduates, and even to Bachelors who had no business there. Offenders were to be sconced a day's commons for each oflfence. The cellar. Froiii thc buttcry a stone staircase, protected by a well-designed iron railing (v. Illustration), leads to the vaulted cellars, which extend under the whole of the Hall. Loggan's print shows four windows to light the cellar, with the base moulding of the wall jumped over them, but if they ever existed no traces'of them remain. The buttery Qu Icaving thc Hall, and returning to the buttery passage, a flight of passage. _ _ -/ 1 o o steps on the right leads down to the cloister and by it to the kitchen and library. Before descending, however, we must pause to notice two charming little oval portraits in grisaille and enamel let into the window under which we are about to pass. They represent Charles I and Hen- rietta Maria, and they, as well as similar portrait medallions in the oriel of the Hall at Magdalen College, where the queen's portrait is dated 1633, seem to be copied from the engravings by Delphius (William Jacobi) in 1628-30 after pictures by Mytens '. The third light contains an oval medallion with the head of Dorothy Wadham, much faded. All these, as well as a medallion of the Founder, are said by Wood to have been in the oriel window of the Hall. The cloister. Thc Cloister is really consecrated ground like the piece of the garden outside, and several interments took place within it, of which traces were found a few years ago when the floor was partly taken up to make alter- ations. It does not appear that the windows were ever glazed till 1806, being before that time merely protected by iron stanchions -. There is a door from the cloister to the old cemetery, and there was originally another, now blocked, into the Chapel, by which funerals used to pass to the burial-ground. In the windows of the cloister are several fragments of the heraldic glass which in Wood's time was in the Hall ; the arms of the first Visitor, James Montagu (Montagu and Monthermer quarterly), impaling those of ' The history of these glass portraits has been carefully elucidated by Mr. Stowe, Fellow and Bursar of the College. ^ 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1806. CHAP, xiv] THE KITCHEN. THE LIBRARY 191 the see of Winchester, and surrounded by pretty scrolls in enamel; the arms of Strangways ; and those of two other Visitors, Bishops Lake and Laud ', impaling the arms of the see of Bath and Wells. The kitchen is spacious, but presents nothing remarkable, resembling The kitchen, those at other colleges in its great open fires and other arrangements, except that it is ceiled from end to end with a barrel vault in cut stone, the work of John Blackshaw. At the visitation of Bishop Piers in 1633 '\ it was decreed that Bache- lors or Undergraduates entering the kitchen without leave should pay the same fine as that imposed by Statute for entering the buttery. Scholars and Bachelors so offending about the hour of dinner or supper are to be punished by the Steward. At the south end of the cloister a staircase rises to the Library, The Library leaving room on the left for the passage to the kitchen. The situation for the Library is admirably chosen ; it occupies the whole upper floor ol the kitchen wing, is well lighted on both sides and at the end, and gets plenty of sun and air ; the kitchen below keeps it dry, and the stone vault under its floor partly secures it against fire. The approach to the Library has not always been as it now is. The original entrance from the cloister was no doubt in the place of the present one, but the staircase is comparatively modern, and for some time the Library was reached from the Hall. In 1776 it was proposed to enquire^ Whether a wall can be built on the left hand of the staircase from the Alterations in r^\ • L n 1 T •! 1 II T r ■._ ^ approach to Cloister as you hrst go up to the Library, and an arch be turned from it to Library in the wall of the kitchen on one side, and an Arch on the other side to the Wall '■''^■ of the Hall, and whether a door being made from the Hall to enter on or about the present first landing-place of the Library Staircase, a new Staircase to the Library may not be made to rise from thence b}' the Wall of the Hall, and so turn towards the Library Door; whereby would be gained to the Library a closet on the North side equal to that on the South side, and that Part of the Library which reaches beyond the kitchen would by the Arches proposed be equally fecure from Fire as the other part of the Library which is over the kitchen and is already arched. ' Anns of Lake : Sa. a bend between si.x crosses crosslct fitchy argent, a mullet sa. for difference. Arms of Laud : Sa. on a clicvron, between three estoiles pierced or, as many crosses patees fitchy gules. - 'Convention Book,' ii. ' 'Convention Hook,' May 15, 1776. 1! b 2 192 THE LIBRARY [chap, xiv This plan was to have entirely cut oft" the Library floor from the ground floor by stone vaulting, and so to have made the western part as fireproof as the eastern. This part of the scheme was not carried out, but the door from the Hall was actuall}^ made and the old approach from the cloister Original givcu up '. This lasted till t8o6, when an estimate of Mr. Harris, a approach restored 1806 bulldcr, amountiug to ^,97. ro5. od. was accepted for restoring the original passage to the Library by a handsome staircase from the cloister-, and making certain other alterations in the Library. The regulations for the Library occupy a whole chapter of the Statutes ■'. They run as follows : — Statute 'de Also I will, ordaln, and appoint that the books bought bj^me, or given to the said College by the pious munificence of others, or acquired out of the propertj' of the said College or from other sources, be put and kept in safety m a certain Chamber (cubiculo) over the kitchen, fixed by iron chains to certain settles, and be in no wise removed thence save only for the sake of repair : which being done let them be put back in their places as soon as possible, unless others better, more perfect, or more useful be substituted, of which I will that the decision be left to the Warden, Sub- Warden, and three other Senior Fellows. The numerous books piously given to this College by the Venerable Philip Bisse, Doctor of Divinity, and Archdeacon of Taunton in the Diocese of Bath and Wells, on the front of each of which his name will be inscribed, may in no wise be sold, exchanged, or replaced by others, unless when age has worn them out other books of the kind composed by the same authors be put in their place, with the name of the said Doctor similarly inscribed ; to the intent that no time may ever blot out, destroy or extinguish in the aforesaid College the munificence, piety, name, and memory of the said Philip Bisse. And this chamber, called by the name of Library, shall be open only to the Warden and graduates of the said College, each of whom shall have a kej' of his own. Nor shall it be lawful to others either of the House, or from without, to enter unless accompanied b}' some one of the said Fellows who shall remain with him fi-om his entry till his exit. Any one leaving the door open, or lending his key to unauthorized persons, or leaving them alone in the Library, is to be fined 6s. 8d. One of the Fellows is to be Librarian with a yearly salary of thirty shillings. ' When engaged in restoring and taking the paint from the Hall panelling in 1872, I found the place where this door had been cut through, and the panelling afterwards made good in deal. - ' Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1806. ' Statutes, Cap. 28, De Bibliotheca. c H Ai ■. X 1 \- 1 THE L I BR A R Y '93 Every book presented to the Library is to ha\-e the name of the college and of the donor written on the front. The practice — necessary but inconvenient — of chaining books to Practice of clifliiiiDfj desks was universal during the middle ages in all public and collegiate books, libraries. Three libraries in England still retain their original desks and chained volumes ', and many old libraries at Oxford still bear on their fittings and on the older volumes traces of chains that have been removed. The books forming the Library of the University were at first, sa3's Wood, ' locked up in chests or chained upon desks in St. Mary's chancel and church, to be used by the Masters upon leave first obtained-.' Thence in time they were removed to the library built over the Con- gregation House, set up in pews or studies, and chained. Books in college libraries were always similarly 'settled,' that is chained to settles or desks, but the statutes of many Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge provide for a certain number being unchained and lent for a term or longer among the Fellows, who are to choose what they will take in order of seniority. The books were set on the shelves with the backs inwards, and the Mode of 'settling' title written on the frontispicium, that is the front edges of the leaves, books, where Mrs. Wadham directs the donor's name also to be inscribed. To the front edge of one cover was attached one end of the chain of which the other had a ring running on a horizontal bar secured bj' a padlock and a staple. The practice of chaining books was continued much later than is Late contimi- generally imagined. The gift of Selden's books to the University in 1659 chaining, was accompanied by the condition that they should be ' within the space of twelve moneths next ensuing placed and chayned-',' and a charge of ^'25. 105. od. for providing chains appears in the accounts for 'settling' them \ Notices of additional chains being ordered for the Bodleian ' At Hereford Cathedral, All Saint.?', Hereford, and Wini borne Minster ; v. Willis and Clark, iii. 418 &c., where is an illustration of the library fittings at Hereford Cathedral. The most famous example still in existence of chained books is that of the Laurentian Library at F"lorence with its splendid renaissance desks and shelves. - 'Annals,' vol. ii. p. 910. ^ Wood's 'Annals,' ii. 943. * Macray. 'Annals of the Bodleian,' p. 86. 194 THE LIBRARY [chap Xl\' Books un- chained. Books chained at Wadham. The books and their donors. Dr. Bisse. Library occur as late as 1751, and it is not till 1757 that the removal of the chains seems to have been begun. In 1761 there is a payment recorded for unchaining 1448 books at a half-penny each '. The books at Brasenose were not unchained till 1780, when the Library was refitted by Wyatt -. Towards the end of the building accounts of Wadham College are several purchases of chains. Four dozen are bought on Mar. 13, 1613, at 45. a dozen, six dozen on April 10, and eight dozen on June 6 : several dozen staples are charged at different times, and in the last week is an entry of bars and staples for the Library I The ' settling ' of the books was probably not completed before the opening of the College in April, 1613. On June 12 of that year is entered a payment of /40 to Bat. How in accompt for the library seats, and on July 3, ^23. 85. od. to Tho. Ranklin for all the locks (lockers ?) and desks in the Librar3\ This did not, however, complete the furnishing of the room, for in the following December John Arnold writes to the Warden : — Good M-- Doctor I have foUicited your fute for 3'our Company unto my miftris and I have pre\-avled fo farre w"' her as that fhe hath fent you to dischardge Carr3-adge and fettlinge of your books w"' the makinge of your feaies fifty poundes; * * *■« Some of the books were given by the Foundress, as the Statute implies ; the payment of /8 for ' carriage of the books to Oxford,' and 155. 6d. for ' the waynemens diet,' entered July 3, 1613, probably refers to the arrival of Dr. Bisse's books. ' Philip Bisse,' sa_ys Fuller, ' was extracted from a worshipful family in this county (Somerset), who have had their habitation at Spargrave for some de- scents, being bred fellow and doctor in Divinitjf in Magdalen College in Oxford ; he was afterwards preferred Archdeacon of Taunton. Now though it be most true what Reverend Bishop Hall was wont to say of friends and books " good and few are best," yet this doctor had good and many of both kinds ; and at his ' Macray, 'Annals of the Bodleian,' p. 86. Mr. Macray adds that several of the chains are still preserved loose as relics. ° Mr. Madan in Clark's 'Colleges of Oxford,' p. 267. Wyatt's designs for the fittings are preserved in Brasenose library ; they are signed 'James Wyatt, July, 1779-' ■' Building Accounts, cc.xi, ccxv, ccxix. ' Copied into 'Convention Bool-c,' ii. p. 4, dated Dec. 12, 1613. CHAP, xiv] THE LIBRARY 195 death bequeathed his hbrary (consisting of so many volumes as were vakied at one thousand pounds) to Wadham College, then newly founded '.' Wood, however, says that he gave his library, not that he bequeathed it, and the Statute implies the same, for Bisse, according to Fuller, did not die till 1614. Wood states the value of his books at /1700-. The gratitude of the Foundress prompted her to have his portrait painted full length 'with his doctoral formalities on,' and hung over the Library door inside the room, where it may still be seen. It bears this inscription — Dorothea Wadham, Fundatrix hujus Collegii, hanc Phh.ippi Blsse, S. Theologiae Doctoris efhgiem, quia hanc Bibliothecam suis libris ornavit, in grati animi testimonium fieri voluit atque hie append! mandavit. ^tatis suae 72. An. Dom. 1612". In further recognition of Dr. Bisse's bounty she made his nephew Swaddell one of her first Fellows, though he had not 3-et taken his degree •*. Wood records several additions to the Library by the Foundress ; by other donors of books. Lad}' Mary Dymock =, who gave /20 to buy books in 1627 ; by John Williams, gent., the first manciple of the College, who bequeathed £10 in 1628; by Samuel Seman, of Gloucester, Esq.; by Gilbert Drake, M.A., Fellow, who bequeathed many books in 1629 ; and by Humphrey Hench- man, Bishop of London, who lodged in the Warden's Lodgings when the Parliament sat in Oxford in 1665, and who gave /20 to buy books. In 177s a great addition to the Library was made by the bequest of Books left by 1'^ o J J -i Mr. Warner. Richard Warner, Esq., of Woodford in Essex, formerly Commoner of the College, consisting of ' four thousand four hundred volumes and upwards. ' Fuller's ' Worthies of Somerset.' ' This epitaph was made upon him wherein nothing of wit save the verbal allusion, which made itself without any pains of the author thereof: — " Bis fuit hie natus, puer et Bis, Bis juvenisque. Bis vir. Bisque sencx, Bis doctor, Bisque sacerdos." ' "^ 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 601. ' I have trusted to Wood for the inscription ; the picture is hung too high for it to be read. He says the arms of Bisse were in the Hall windows : ' Sable, three escallops in pale argent.' The present Warden tells me the picture at one time was hung in the Hall. ' v. supra, p. 73. " Sir Edward Dymoke, champion at Coronation of James I, married Mary Poultney. Their son Charles entered as Fellow Comm. in 1626. He lived in middle chamber, North Bay, which therefore was not yet part of the Warden's Lodgings. He died at O.xford in the King's Garrison, 1644. Burke's ' Landed gentry ; ' Gardiner's ' Regist.' * Dymoke's tankcrd ' was sacrificed to Charles I ; v. infra, chap. X\'. 196 THE LIBRARY [chap, xiv and of considerable value '.' This addition, and that of the books left by Books left by the Rev. Samuel Bush, Vicar of Wadhurst, who died in 1783, led to the Mr. Bush. ' ^ refitting of the Librar}-, tor which money was raised partly by subscrip- Library tlon aud partly by ' putting on ' a fee of three guineas to each newly elected Fellow, the same to every Gentleman-Commoner on taking his degree, two guineas to a Commoner, one to a Scholar, and half a guinea to a Servitor or Clerk, for the use of the Library -. The present book- cases presumably date from this refitting, and as they bear no traces of any attachment of chains and rods, it was at this time most probably- that the practice of chaining the books was given up. Chained copy Xhc ouly book that has retained its chain is the copy of the Statutes of statutes. •' ... which was directed b}- the Foundress to be kept chained in the Librar}'. It is enclosed in a curious hinged wooden cover, shaped like a book and sunk in the solid to receive the volume and allow the chain to pay out. The other entries in the ' Convention Books ' relating to the Librar}- Sale of are not numerous nor important. In 1736 we first hear of duplicates duplicates. . . . , n- i being disposed of, and again m 1788 is an order lor selling them to members of the Societ}' in order of seniority, or failing that to a book- seller, the proceeds in all cases to be invested in buying other books^ Catalogue. Thc fii'st rcfcrencc to a Catalogue is in 1780, when It was agreed * * to desire Mr. Price (who set Mr. Warner's books upon shelves in the new studies in the Library properly classed and arranged last summer) to undertake this summer to enter the titles of such books into the Public Catalogue of the Librar}-. In 1809 it is mentioned that the Librar}^ was then being catalogued ' by Mr. Parker (a respectable bookseller).' E.xtensionof Lcavc to takc books out of the Library was extended to all M.A.'s out books. and to the Chaplain in 1794, on condition apparently of their being resident in College, for Mr. White, late Fellow and Professor of Arabic, • 'Convention Book," April 20, 1775; Oct. 23, 1775. Gutch (Wood, 'Colleges and Halls,' p. 602) mentions Warner's bequest of 'a large collection of books, among which are many valuable prints in Natural History and Botany. He left also an annual stipend for a Botanical exhibition in this College.' He died April 11, 1775. ^ ' Convention Book,' March 31, 1785. This money was to be used partly to establish a Fund for buying modern publications. ^ 'Convention Book,' Sept. i, 1736; March 24, 1788. CHAP, xiv] THE LIBRARY 197 though he is allowed a key is not to take books out, ' being Comniorant in the City '.' In 1813 the privilege of taking out books without applica- tion to the Librarian was extended to all M.A.s and B.C.L.s-. The Library is a handsome room 54 by 23J feet, with small windows Description spaced regularly along the sides to admit of bookcases standing out between them at right angles to the wall on the delightful plan usual in ancient libraries. At the east end is a large tracericd window of a more regular Gothic character than any other in the College, except those of the choir. It was made by Edward Arnold, who received ^9 for working it^ The roof, made by Tesely and Holt, at the cost of /4T. T05. od. for labour only '■, is ceiled below with plaster in a coved form. ' The east window contains small oval medallions with portraits of the Founder and Foundress painted in enamels, and their arms impaled. ' 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1794. - 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1813. ' Building Accounts, clxxxi. This, like the other payments for windows, was for labour only. * Building Accounts, clxxxiij to cci. c c 198 APPENDIX [chap. XIV APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIV. 1 AM indebted to Mr. E. Gordon Duti', a member of the College, who is well known as an authority on the subject of books, for the following interesting account of the more important contents of the Library at Wadham College : — 'As might be expected from the late date of its foundation, the library is not rich in early printed books. Among the early English books there are two great rarities, the Latin translation of the spurious letters of Phalaris printed at Oxford in 1485,4"', and the Antonius Andreae printed at St. Alban's about 1482, 4'°. Of the first of these there is another copy m the Corpus library, but it is in a very poor condition, while our copy is spotless and in the finest state. Of the second book two other copies are known, one perfect in the library of Norwich Cathedral, and another at Jesus College, Cambridge. Our copy wants unfortunately eight leaves. 'There are also very imperfect copies of Caxton's Boethius ; the Speculum Vitee Christi printed by Pynson about 1495 ; and the Chronicles of England and description of Britain printed by W3'nk3'n de Worde in 1502. ' Of early printed books printed abroad there are not many; and of these but a few are of any interest or rarity. The earliest is a volume of the Letters of Jerome printed at Rome by Sweynheym and Pannartz in 1468. The complete book is in two volumes, but only one is in the librar}'. The illuminated initials are very good examples of the Italian style of book decoration of the period. 'There is the second edition of Caesar printed at Venice bj-Jenson in 1471 ; the De Claris muheribus with curious woodcuts printed by Zainer at Ulm in 1473 ; the sermons of Leonardus de Utino printed by Ulric Zel at Cologne in 1473; Hierocles in aureos versus Pj'thagorse, Padua 1474. Amongst early illustrated books are an edition of Petrarch, Venice 1490, fol., valuable both from the excellence of its text and the beaut}' of the woodcuts; the well known " Nuremberg Chronicle," printed b}' Antony Coburger in 1493 ; and the Life of Christ, by Diirer. The latter is of the edition containing text on the back of the woodcuts, but is unfortunately very imperfect. ' With theological books of a certain class the library is well supplied, thanks to the donation of Bisse, but it is surprising how so large a collection could have been formed containing so very little interesting or rare. One book, CHAP, xiv] APPENDIX 199 however, should be mentioned, the Meditationcs Natalis in Evangciia, printed at Antwerp in 1595, for it was evidently from the beautiful copper-plates of this book that Van Ling took some of the designs for the large east window in the chapel. The only two books in the library printed on vellum are also in the class of theology, a Hebrew Bible of 1558 and a "Horae ad usum Sarum" printed by Vostre at Paris in 1507. The latter book is imperfect, wanting eleven leaves. ' Other books of interest in the department of theology are Walton's Polyglott of 1657, Stephen's Greek Testament 1550, and four scarce editions of the Bible in English, 1541, 1562; the second edition of the " Breeches Bible," containing the remarkable misprint in Matt. v. 9, " Blessed are the place- makers ; " 1568, the first edition of the Bishops' Bible, commonly known as the "treacle" Bible, from the reading in Jeremiah viii. 22, " Is there no trj-acle in Gilead ? " the divines were also scandalised by one of the initial letters used in it containing a picture of Leda and the Swan; 161 1, one of the early editions of the authorised version ; Smith's Defence of the Altar, 1546 ; Latimer's Ser- mons, 1549 ; Cranmer's Defence of the Sacrament, 1550; Hooper's Certeine com- fortable Expositions, 1580; King James' translation of the Psalms of David, 1631. ' The most valuable bequest to the theological department of the Library is the wonderful set of the earl}' editions of the Homihes bequeathed by Dr. Griffiths. ' The departments of Law, Medicine and Natural Philosoph}' contain nothing of any great rarity, except perhaps Frampton's "Joyful newes out of the New found world," 1596. The botanical books formed no doubt in their day a very valuable collection, and an expert would probably be rewarded by a careful search in this division of the library. ' Among the classics there are some interesting books. There is the Terence of 1498, with its curious cuts, a Plautus of 1495, and a Virgil of 1500. ' There are a good number of Aldines, including the Euripides of 1503 with MS. notes by Heinsius. Of translations of the Classics there are a consider- able number, includmg many early ones which are rare. Among these we may notice: Sallust 1557, Caesar 1565, Horace 1567, Aelian 1576, Ovid 1576, Appian 1578, Seneca 1581, Herodotus 1584. ' Among the Voyages and Travels there are some fine old Atlases and a volume of De Bry. In the History and Topography early editions of Fabian's Chronicles, 1533; Hall's Chronicles, 1548; and Holinshed, 1577; one volume of Froissart printed by Pynson in 1525 ; and the Alfred! Res Gestae, London 1574, a book of considerable rarity; a number of such smaller county histories as Nash's Worcestershire, Morant's Essex, Plot's Oxfordshire and Burton's Leicestershire, and fine copies of Loggan's Views of Oxford and Cambridge. ' The English Literature begins well with the first four folios of Shakespeare. The first (1623) wants seven leaves and is in bad condition, the other three are C c 2 200 APPENDIX in a much better state. Of Beaumont and Fletcher there is the first foHo of 1647 and the later of 1679. Among the folios are the Ship of Fools, 1570; Sid- ney's Arcadia, 1598; Drayton's Pol3folbion, 1613; Govver's Confessio Amantis, 1554 ; More's Works, 1557, and original sets of the Rambler, Tatler and Spectator. Amongst the quartos are the first edition of Paradise Lost (with a late title-page), and others of Milton's writings ; early editions of the Faery Queen, Piers Plowman, The Spider and the Fl3'e, and a number of quarto plays. There is a copy of Coriat's Crudities, 161 1, and a small volume containing some excessively rare poetical tracts by Skelton. 'The French and Italian books, mostly of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, have no rarities amongst them. The Spanish books relating to the Reformation form a separate collection, and are kept apart from the general library. They were collected by B. B. and J. H. Wiffen, the authors of works on the Spanish Reformation and Spanish Literature, and form a valuable series on a special subject. ' Amongst the manuscripts, which number in Coxe's list fift3^-three, some few deserx^e special notice. The finest is no doubt the tenth-century MS. of the Gospels given to the College in 1625 by William Boswell : it contains a few curious and distinctive illuminations. ' There are two thirteenth-century Bibles (Coxe, i, ix), one being dated. The inscription at the end of the Apocalypse runs, " Anno Domini M.cc.xl quarto perfecta est biblia ista ; Gulielmus Miles Parisiensis consummavit eam." A " Ducale " of the end of the fifteenth century has a finely illuminated page and is in its original Venetian binding. ' There are two valuable English MSS., a " Mirror of the Life of Christ " and a Gower's Confessio Amantis, both of the fifteenth centurj^ Another of the seventeenth, " Sir William Waller's experiences," has a historical interest. ' One MS. not in Coxe's list deserves mention on account of the beauty of its illuminations. It is a folio Missal, with the following inscription at the beginning, " Istud Missale scribi fecit reverendus pater dominus Ambrosius de Angelis, Abbas modernus hujus monasterii Parchensis ordinis Premonstratensis prope Lovanium. Per Franciscum Weert. Anno virginei partus M.ccccc.xxi. finit feliciter." The illuminations, though of a late period, are particularly fine.' E. GORDON DUFF. CHAPTER XV THE COLLEGE PLATE. Plate in the middle ages was one mode of securing money, the piateamode purchase of land, impropriations and advowsons, or tithe rent charges, money, being the only other modes of investment ; and all cash not so laid out had to be locked up in chests and taken out for current expenses. Plate was a mode of keeping wealth ready to be realized when occasion required, and the demand of Charles I. for the loan of the College plate to be minted into coin was only a sequel to previous impositions which had exhausted the College cash. Six months before the plate was requisitioned Wadham College had been obliged to contribute ;^ioo for his Majesty's use under the name of a loan '. The barren receipt is preserved in the College : — Received y" day & j-eare abouesayd off y*" Trefury of Wadham Coll. y" Sum of one hundred pounds for y" ufe of his Mai'^'" according to his letters directed to y^ University of Oxon I say soe much receivd per me Rich: Caworth. (Endorsed) Lent K. loo" July 12. 1642. Other forms of investment were beginning to offer themselves in the seventeenth century-, but it is probable that a good stock of plate was still thought necessary, not onl}^ for use but as a reserve of wealth in case of emergency. The necessity of realizing it, however, does not ' Warden's MSS. No. 66; July >* 12th, 1642. ^ East India stock in 1600 amounted to £72,000. In 1683 India stock sold at £500 for iioo. Ha^'dn's ' Dictionary of Dates.' 202 THE COLLEGE PLATE [chap, xv Statute con- Seem contemplated in the statute, which provides rather for its careful cerning tlic Plate. preservation as a memorial of the donors. The Foundress says', I will moreover that in the said chest (the Bursar's chest) be kept and stored all the gold and silver vessels granted and given or hereafter to be granted for the perpetual use of Students in the said College, those being taken out which are wanted for necessary and daily use, under the same names and forms by which they are now known, and that they be kept entire as long as possible without an}- change, according to the last intention of the donors. In the building accounts is an entry of /103 ' for plate given to the Colledge,' and £^2.. 85. -zd. for plate given to the Warden -. We know what this was by the list of plate surrendered to the King, where it is Provision for kcpt Separate from that acquired from other sources. The latter had adding to stock of Plate, bcforc 1642 morc than doubled the original stock, owing to the practice of requiring members to present plate to the College on admission or promotion to a higher table in Hall. In 1633 it is decreed that every M.A. admitted to the second table in the upper part of the Hall is to give 505. to the Bursars, 'loco argentei poculil' Fellow-Com- moners, on admission, gave large sums for a piece of plate, of which they had the use in their chambers during residence, leaving it behind Donors'names them on departing. Each piece was inscribed with the name and inscribed. i • • .• i i • • i i i i condition ot the donor, an interesting custom contemplated by the statutes, and continued to the present day, which makes every article a memorial of some member of the College. Examples of Most of the Collegcs on surrendering their plate to the Ro3'al old Plate re- ser\edat uecessitics in 1642 retained a few pieces, which either had been con- Oxford. ^ r J secrated to the use of the chapel, or had some historical connexion with their Founders. Corpus and Oriel in particular have a few pieces of extremely beautiful mediaeval plate which escaped the melting-pot at New Inn Hall to which so much was sacrificed, not only of intrinsic worth which might be regained, but of artistic value which was lost for ever. Wadham which was then a young college had of ' Statutes, Cap. 21. The bursar's chest was to be in the bursary, unless the Warden, Sub- Warden, and five Seniors thought the Treasury a better place. ^ Building Accounts, July 3, 1613. ^ ' Convention Book.' Visitation of Bishop Piers. cnAi'. xv] 77/ A ( ()LLK(,K PLATE 203 course nothing to lose comparable in interest to the plate of the older colleges, but yet the list of articles surrendered makes a lover of plate sigh over their destruction : — (Endorsed) 21''. feb. 1642 li 35 32 18 I 3 oz 5 8 6 5 3 white plate if gilt plate J ffound: Tankard I Mr. Strange flfalcon ]i(l 1 3.6 White plate giuen to y" Colledge ' by the ffoundres Fower filver potts weighing filver bowles 2 weighing . fpoones 4 dozen & 9 weighing . filver faltes 5 weighing Gilt plate giv One bason weighing One ewer weighing . One bowle w"* a cover One fait & cover One other fait, & a trencher fait en by o"' foundref One gilt tankerd y' o'' foundref did ufually drinke in, given ] by Mr. Arnold her execuf, weighing ) Plate given by fellow Comoners - ye 2 Peeteres tankerds Hunts tankerd .... Cliflfords tankerd Cokers tankerd weighing . Kertons tankerd oz. 73 25 128 65 49 i 24 i 30 \ 20 •7 i 40 i8i 23 1 2" w. List of Plate surrendered to Charles I, 1642. 2' wht. > Warden's MSS. No. 68. ^ The two Petres, great-nephews to the Foundress, were the first Fellow-Commoners admitted ; Wood, 'Athen.' iii. 1144. For Gower, see above, p. 109. Hendley is probably Rob. Henley, admitted 1616. For Dr. Zouch, v. Wood, 'Athen.' iii. 510. For Portman, V. supra, p. 173. For Dymoke, v. supra, p. 114 ; and for the rest, v. Gardiner's ' Regist.' 204 THE COLLEGE PLATE [chap. XV Gowers tankerd Doilys tankerd gilt weighing Bluets tankerd . Hendlys tankerd Brounckers tankerd . 2 Estcourts tankerds . D' Zouch his tankerd S'' J°. Portmans tankerd St. Legers tankerd . Windams flagon Alderman Boswells flagon Dymokes tankerd Okeovers tankerd Croftes tankerd . Winters tankerd Strodes tankerd A falcon gilt given by M'' Two gilt candlesticks Brownes pott Markhams pott . Groves pott Rodneys pott Walronds pott . Grayes pott Horfyes gilt bovvle Mafyes bowle Palmer his bowle Clyfi'es bowle Everyes bowle . Gyles Strangwayes Two filver falts by M". S'. Ledger Blakes salt .... Wrights fprigg-falt Two barrel-tonnes A silver bason . An ewer More given by o"' ff'oundrefse. oz. 20j 20i 26 1 2oi i7i 4ii 20 1 30 i i7i 36 40 3'' wht 41 i 34 \ 20 &' wht 35 I 2'' wht 23 4 I*" wht 39' 40 \ 3" wht \b\ 15^ 17! 2''w. i9i r' w. 15^ ■z^ w. 18 11 \ 13 19 14I I*" w. io| 6i 4'' w. 14 ■2?- W. 35 ^ 2'' W. 29 f 2' W. 72 31 CHAP, xv] THE COLLEGE FLA TE 205 The practice of presenting plate steadily refilled the empty plate NcwPiaicto replace that chest. Under Dr. Wilkins we read that Bachelor Commoners on surrendered, proceeding to the Masters' table are to pay 405. to the house for a plate ', and that every Fellow Commoner on admission lay downe 5" for a plate, or else his Tutor to engage to see one of that value provided within a month ^. By ' a plate ' seems to have been understood conventionally a beer cup or tankard. A 'plate of ale' is an expression used at Trinity College, Cambridge, for a cup or tankard of ale-'. Under Warden Ironside the necessities of the Chapel and Library led to the diversion to those purposes of the ^8 which Fellow Com- moners were in future to lay down, but Every fellow Commoner thus admitted shall have the ufe of one piece of Plate to his Chamber as formerly they had when they gave plate''. By this time, therefore, we may suppose that there was again plate enough for daily use. No further reference to plate occurs till 1719, oid putc when it was resolved to change some old plate in the Treasury. In 1745 the two Scholars' and the two Servitors' pots were exchanged for four second-hand pots to which the arms and inscriptions were to be transferred. In 1768 is a purchase of some more plate, including a new hand-candlestick for the Warden, and ' nozells to raise and enlarge his two pair of candlesticks.' In 1783 is mentioned a bequest of plate by Mr. Bush, and the exchange of various articles for others more useful, ' restoring to the names of Donors an equal number of ounces of silver.' The Warden also sent to the Buttery Mr. Wynd- ivory-handied -^ -^ knives and ham's cases of knives and forks, and was allowed to buy in their fori^s- place two cases of knives and forks with ivory handles to the value of about thirteen guineas. Another concession to the growing refine- ment of the age had been made a few years before in 1769, when it was agreed ' 'Convention Book,' i. Mar. 7, 1653. - ' Convention Book,' i. Dec. 29, 1651. ' Cripps, 'Old English Plate,' 4th cd. p. 30. ' ' Convention Book,' i. July 30, 1669. I) d 2o6 THE COLLEGE PLATE [CIIAI'. XV Stoneware instead of Pcvvtcr. that the Warden, inftead of buying new Pewter, or exchanging the old now in the Lodgings, which by Length of Time is much decayed and out of Fashion, might purchafe the ftoneware now Generally in Ufe'. Wedgwood ware. And again in 1783, in the time of Warden Wills, another step was taken toward modern habits. It was agreed That the Warden, inftead of buying new Pewter for the Use of the Lodgings (which was now much out of fashion) or of replacing that sort of Ware which was bought for Doctor Wyndham in 1769 and now almost all broken, might purchase a fet of Dishes and Plates of the Stone Ware called Wedgwoods -. Pewter in Hall. Knives and forks in Hall The use of pewter dishes and plates in Hall for the rest of the College survived much later, and will be remembered by most Oxonians of middle age. In the days of a generation older still the service of Hall dinners probably fell a good deal short of modern ideas of comfort. There is a curious entry in 1820 that the Under Butler be responsible for the cleaning of as many knives and forks as shall be neces.sary for the daily supply of the Hall Tables, and that the practice of wiping them onl}' be discontinued '. It is perhaps fair to suppose that this wiping only refers to the change of forks and knives between the courses ; let us at least hope so. The provision of these implements seems to have been farmed by the Under Butler, for it was resolved on Dec. 10, 1835, that the underbutler shall not henceforth supply any knives or forks of his own, but that a stock shall be purchased by the College. Old plate It will be remembered that when the College resolved to 'lend' retained by . i i • /^ • i College. their plate to the Kmg they reserved their Communion plate ^ and that only, and that in the list of pieces sent to be melted down at New Inn Hall mention is made of the cup in which the Foundress ' 'Convention Book,' June 30, 1769. - 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1783. '" ' Convention Book,' Nov. 30, 1820. ' 'Convention Book,' Jan. 14, 1642; v. supra, p. 113. CHAl'. XV THE COLLEGE PLATE 207 usually drank. It is therefore curious that there should still be amono the plate at the Warden's house a silver gilt 'pot,' professing to be the cup in question (v. Illustration). It is of antique form and design tiu- Foundr and bears the inscription, ' Pociihim Fundatricis Coll. PVadh. ex dono cup. Jo. Arnold executoris xdt. test, fnudatncis.' On the lid is a shield with the incomprehensible bearings Tregarthin impaling Petre, and 3 llofL. THE FOUNDRESS' CUP.' an inscription, which seems later than the other, ' Insignui fundatricis ct matris mariti ejus.' This cup with these inscriptions was seen and described by Hutchins before 1773, who writes with no doubt of its authenticity: but from the mark of the maker Swift, and the Hall mark of 1752, it appears that the cup is not the original one. which no doubt found its way to the melting-pot at New Inn Hall in 1642. D d 2 2o8 THE COLLEGE PL A TE [chap, xv At the same time its form, which is not that of the date when it was made, and the character of the lettering in the inscriptions seem to show that it was copied from some piece of plate made about the middle of the preceding centur}-, though even that would not have been old enough by some fifty years to go back to the days of the Foundress. Delusive This is not the only example of the substitution of newer plate for ofthl°piatT'' old, and of a disappointing discrepancy between the date on the inscrip- tions and that of the hall-mark. As pieces were worn out they were replaced by others and the old inscriptions and heraldic engravings were transferred to the new pieces. Sometimes the money given to provide a piece of plate was not laid out immediately. There is for instance a fine pair of silver sugar castors with inscriptions recording that one was given in 1652 by Edward Harby, and the other in 1653 sirchristo- by Chrlstophorus Wren, Arm. : but though the date letter is missing, sugar Vs'ior^ thc mark of the maker, Samuel Margas, shows, according to Mr. Cripps', that they could not have been made till 1720. Among other interesting pieces is a fine porringer of 1671 given by the brother of Miss Kemys, whose letter is to be found in a preceding chapter (v. sup. p. 120). It has a lid with three unicorns' heads which serve as feet when the lid is reversed and used as a salver. It is by a famous maker, whose name, however, is unknown, who made a fine rose-water ewer and salver for the Inner Temple in 1670. There are many other interesting pieces of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and in particular a magnificent ' Monteith ' punch-bowl made by Humphrey Payne in 1704, which Mr. Cripps values highly. The Com- The Communion plate is of great interest. It consists of two large """'""''^"''flagons, two large and tall cups of the Post-Reformation form with paten covers, and a large dish. The whole is of silver entirel}^ gilt. The dish was given by Warden Ironside in 1689. One of the cups with its paten, copied from the others, was given in 1635 by ' I had the opportunity of examining the College plate with Mr. Wilfred Cripps, the well-known authority on gold and silver smith's work, and am indebted to him for much information about it, and for the references in the text to other pieces of plate by the same makers. Plate XV^ (jj.V-ijSjCL. To fate p. 209 THE COMMUNION FLAGON Height \i,\ inches cnAP. xv] r HE rOLLFJ.E PLATE 209 Warden Smyth, and bears the date mark of that year. There is a similar cup at Ewehne in Oxfordshire with the same maker's mark ; R.W. over a mullet. The other cup bears the inscri])tion ex dono FUNDATRicis, and the Hall-mark of 1612. The maker's mark W.R. over a rainbow or double crescent occurs on a Hne flagon of 1613 which Mr. Cripps saw in the Treasury of the Patriarch at Moscow, and on the fine tall tankard flagon belonging to the Corporation of Norwich '. All this plate is quite plain. The two flagons are in a very different style and much earlier in TheCom- munion date. They did not come into the possession of the College till 1618, "agons. being inscribed leg.\tvm fundatricis coll. wad., but they bear the Hall-mark of 1598. The arms of Wadham impaling Petre were probably put on at the same tune as the inscription, for the Petre coat is given in its simplified and later form which there is no reason to suppose Mrs. Wadham ever used. But if this is no evidence of the plate having been made for the Wadhams, possibly the device of the rose, the well-known family badge, may be so interpreted ; and possibly the flagons may have served in the private chapel of Merifield or Edge -. The lips and projecting rings are beautifully finished with stamped leaf-work, bands of other stamped patterns surround the neck and foot, and the whole is richly diapered with a pattern of strap-work marked out by lines in repousse work, the pattern being finished bright and the ground burred (v. Plate xvi). The diapering is slightly varied on the two flagons. Mr. Cripps writes that these 'flagons are of a very rare form and of unusual interest ; and they are about the last of their kind. A 3'ear or two later the taukard-flagon occurs and the older ronnd-bellied flagon disappears. The very earliest of the newer fashion arc at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of 1598, at New College of 1602, and at Brasenose of 1608 (gift of Barnston), and from then they are common. Yours of 1598,' he says, 'are the latest of the true Elizabethan fashion I have seen as Church vessels, except one of 1613 at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, but this was made to match an earlier one of 1583 already there, which makes it rather an exception to rule.' ' Engraved in Cripps's 'Old English Plate,' 4th ed. p. 300. - The maker's mark on the flagons, a hind couchant with the letters i D, is unknown to Mr. Cripps. All the plate is of English make. CHAPTER XVI THE GARDENS. The gardens A CONSIDERABLE time elapscd after the foundation of the College in front. ^ ^ before it had any garden except the two Httle walled enclosures in front, shown in the views of Loggan and Williams, which scarcely deserved the name. When the site of the Augustine friary was bought by the The southern Foundrcss, thc southern part, where the convent seems to have stood, part of the site always for the depth of 240 feet northward from Holywell Street, was cut up into several long narrow holdings with numerous tenements and shops along the south and west frontages. The tenants were probably not dis- turbed in their occupation, and indeed the greater part of this ground, from the King's Arms Inn at the western corner to the house beyond the Music Room eastward, has ever since been let in small holdings to various Only the occupauts. Immediately to the north of these plots the College was built, middle of the 1 • 1 i 1 site occupied Qccupyiug with its out-premises a little less than two acres, and stretchmg Foundress, quitc across the site of the Friary from side to side. This left to the north of it a parcel of garden ground of about two acres, which at thc tmie of the purchase was underlet by Richard Kenner to Richard and The northern John Burroughcs. This plot, called 'the Grove,' was promptly let off part of site let' tit-i ^ r ^ -irTTi oflfbythe by Mrs. Wadham to John Burroughes, gardener, ot the parish ot Holy- Foundress. well, for thirty-six years from Michaelmas 1611, at an annual rent ot ^8. The lease speaks of ' houses, backsides and garden grounds with appurt' containing by estimation 2 acres.' The tenant was bound to leave the ground well and sufficiently furnished with apple trees pear trees and other fruit trees thereupon to be growing of the growth of 20 years fit for an orchard at the end of 36 years. > X H < -1 ;l 'i 'ii; i il n :.m 11 b-^I I .--• <*:^'^,--.i'!«T" ■'^ >'i ^T -■* i 1;' il^fciJ!,,.,!^^^^ -'^n!^': i.,:i:*^-fi 6;^;.'l i^ ^^^^fe-^g y^^}^ J) THE GARDENS 211 This garden came within a few yards of the north side of the College, leaving a narrow lane along that side of it ' about equal to a corre- sponding lane left in the same" way along the south side. These, with the two enclosed plots in front which were apparently allotted to the use of the Warden and the Fellows respectively, and the Cemetery behind, The cemetery. were all that the College had by way of garden or open ground attached to it. No alteration was made during the time of the first three Wardens. In a list of the College revenues in 1633 the /8 rent for the garden still appears in the account ; but Warden Estcot who died in 1644, before Garden taken in by Warden the expiration of John Burroughes's lease, took in about half the ground Kstcot.c.A.D. and made it into a garden for his own use. Under his successor Warden Pitt, At a meeting Jul. 30*'' a.d. 1645 ^^ ^^^^ mutually agreed that M"'. Warden and his Succefsours fhall hold and enioy, for seuen yeares from y° feast of S'. Michael the Arch-angell next enfuing, without rendring any Rent, all that part of y*" Colledge Garden-Ground next adioyning unto the North part of y" College, as the same is now diuided from y other part of the faid Garden- Ground, in fuch fort as D"" Estcot the late Warden held and enioyed ye fame-. (Signed by Geo. Ashwell, Bursar, and six Fellows.) This parcel of ground is the first or narrower part of the present Warden's garden, equal in depth to the Fellows' garden. The wider part of his garden beyond of course did not then belong to the College at all. (v. plan, Plate IV, at page 22, sup.) The rest of the two acres, corresponding to what is now the Fellows' garden, was let off on the same day, — July 30, 1645, — for seven years to Maria Coke, for the nominal rent of 6(!'. a year'', but was resumed by the College before the end of the term. On July 17, Present Fei- ^ "^ lows garden i6so, under Warden Wilkins, it was resolved taken in ^ A. D. 1650. that y College garden be taken in from M"'". Mumforde at Michaelmas ' This lane along the North of the College, between it and what was not yet the gardens, mu.st have been John Boiler's ' non ultra walk.' Dr. Ingram's suggestion that it was along the N. wall of the Fellows' garden is disproved by the fact tiiat none- of that garden was taken in at the time of Buller's death in 1634. - 'Convention Book,' ii. ' Muniment room. Lease to Maria Coke. 212 THE GARDENS [chap, xv; next & y' y"' charges of taking it in and cli\'iding it shall be defrayed by way of loane out of halfe y'' dividend woodmony'. From a marginal note in Dr. Wilkins's handwriting it appears 'the expenfc of y garden' came to Z72. 13^-. od., a moderate sum even at the value of money at that time, for the elaborate way in which the garden Fellows- gar- was laid out. In Loggan's print, twenty-four years later (v. Frontis- den laid out. piece), we see it in all the glory ot pnm parterres, straight alleys, clipped borders and hedges of yew or box, and in the middle at the intersection of two main walks a great mound crowned with a circle of posts and rails, ascended by a staircase on one side, and supporting a great figure of Atlas with a globe on his shoulders. We cannot be wrong in seeing the hand of the ingenious Dr. Wilkins, 'the greatest curioso of the time,' in this triumph of formal gardening, and we may imagine the pleasure with which he showed it, then freshly made, to his friend John Eveh'n, the archmaster of woodcraft and gardening, at his visit in 1654. But if the prints may be trusted, Wadham gardens sixty years later displayed The gardens uiarvcls of thc toplary art in still greater perfection (Plate- xviii). During in 1733. . . . the interval the yew hedges have grown up and been trimmed into flat walls and even clipped into balustrades, the formal parterres have become more formal still, and the regularl}' spaced trees are shaped into pinnacles and pyramids. Atlas still reigns supreme on his mound, which we now see contains a summer house entered from behind. The Warden's garden contains a little Doric temple in the middle of a geometrical parterre, and numerous clipped yew hedges of marvellous flatness. In one of the small lawns into which it is divided is a statue on a pedestal, and in the other a structure which one would fain believe John Evelyn's to bc ouc of thc woudcrful ' apiarics ' with which Dr. Wilkins delighted account of Wadham |ohn Evclyu, and through him King Charles II. May not the statue gardens. also be that contrived by the same inventive genius, 'which gave a voice and nttered words by a long concealed pipe zvhich went to its mouth, ivhilst one speaks through it at a good distance' ' ? The Convention Books contain but few references to the garden after this, except such as relate to the payment of thc gardener, and ' 'Convention Book,' i. ■' Evelyn's ' Diary,' vol. i. p. 271. Ed. i8i8, Bray. CHAP. XVl] THE GARDENS 2T3 the apportionment of his wages between the Warden and the Fellows. In 1720 the walls of the Warden's and Fellows' Gardens were raised, The garde J J . , . , walls. new pomted, and repaired ' in a convenient manner such as zvas proper for the preservation of the mounds of the Collc^^c^.' Before this, in 1685, the east wall of the Fellows' garden was built for them at his own expense by Robert Smyth, M.D., mayor of Wells, and a member of the College. His liberality is recorded by the following inscription in the wall - : — ROBERTVS SMYTH, M.D. et Praetor Civitatis Wellensis in Agro Somerset Pro benevolo Suo in Collegium Wadhami animo Hunc murum propriis Sumptibus Struxit M . DC . LXXXV. In 1730 there is a resolution ' that y Trees next y zvall in y Garden be taken up and planted on the other side of y grass walk, And that y Gardener be paid,' to which is added in a small hand the remark, ' N. B. This docs not confirm the can/less and expenfive alteracbns in y Garden.' What those alterations were we are not told. In 1745, five pounds is laid out in repairing the Fellows' garden, and in future every Fellow is to be 'put on 25. 6d. quarterly tozvards garden money instead of the Shilling they are noiv put on •\' Eight years later some alterations of a tolerably extensive kind were made. On April 6, 1753, it was agreed 'to build a wall from the north west corner of the College up to the middle division of the Warden's garden, and so on to the west wall.' The effect of this was to enclose him a yard next Park Street. The middle division is shown in Alterations in the garden, A. D. 1730. Party-walls in the gardens, A. D. 1753. ' 'Convention Book," May 4, 1720. '' Dr. Smyth left several benefactions to the College : v. Gardiner, ' Regist.' p. 229. " 'Convention Book,' Dec. 6, 1745. E e 214 THE GARDENS [chap, xvi Williams's print (v. Plate xviii). Also a wall was to be built 'on the other side at the north east end of the Lodgings and so on to the Fellows' garden and from thence to the tool-house in tlicir garden.' This must have been on the line of the original north boundary of the College premises before the gardens were taken in. We also hear of the new laying out of the Fellows' garden, and the removal of the mount, ' the statue of Fall of the Atlas having been bloivn down by the His^h wind, and broke all to pieces'^.' Statue of _ _ ■' Atlas, A. D. It is satisfactory to have his fall recorded, for it removes all doubt of 1753. his having actually existed ; and rids us of the haunting suspicion that the quaint gardens in Loggan and Williams may have been only creations of the artists' poetic imagination. The cemetery Thc ucxt alteration was in Warden Gerard's time, twenty-four thrown into the Fellows' years later. The plot of ground behind the College destined for a gardens, a. D. 10 o 1777- burying-ground seems to have been very little used for that purpose, and it was now determined to convert it into a garden. On Dec. lo, 1777, it was agreed to inclose the ground behind the College (which has already been planted and prepared for that purpose) for a garden to be appropriated to the use and convenience of the Warden and actual Fellows only. The back gate leading to Love Lane and the side doors in the walls that ran eastwards from chapel and kitchen and enclosed this plot of ground were to be opened by the same key, and a sufficient quantity of numbered keys were to be provided for those who were 'members of this garden.' The back The great night lock of the Back gate to be still continued on * * * and ^^ '^' the Porter to have admission into the Garden every night and morning for the purpose of locking and unlocking the same as usual. In this state the gardens remained another period of eighteen years. In front were the little walled gardens between the College and the Subdivisions road. To the north were the Warden's garden and the Fellows' of the ° gardens. gardcu cucloscd and divided by walls, and the latter separated by a ' 'Convention Book.' In the bursar's accounts for 1753 is a payment of £18 to the gardener for clearing away the Mount, and of £77 to one Burgess for the new walls. CHAP, xvi] THE GARDENS 215 wall from a lane running cast and west along the north side of the College to an outbuilding containing a tool house and certain necessary offices for the Fellows. A wall with a door in it parted this lane from the new Fellows' garden, originally the graveyard. On the south of the College was a similar lane leading to a similar outbuilding for the use of the College and for storing charcoal. Another wall with a door in it divided this lane from the old graveyard and new garden. This curious collection of little walled enclosures naturally invited the re- forming hand, and in Warden Wills's time the final change was made which brought the Fellows' garden into its present form. The out- Removal of ° ° ^ the party- buildinss were removed and provided for elsewhere, the double walls waiis in the «-> ' _ garden, between the Fellows' two gardens were removed, there being no longer a.d. 1795. any occasion for the private approach between them, and the two gardens were thrown together'. The next day Warden Wills executed a deed of tjift from himself to Wadham College of the Lease Dr. Wiiis's T^ 11 • /^ J addition to of Haines's Garden adjoining northward to the Warden and Fellows Gardens the Wardens in trust for the use of the Warden of Wadham College for ever''*. ^^d. ^95. This was a plot of a little less than four acres occupying a corner of the old entrenchments thrown up at the time of the siege of Oxford, which Dr. Wills held as a leasehold from Merton College. It occupied the whole space between the site of the Austin Friars and what had already for more than a hundred years been known as 'the Nezv Parks'",' and this addition brought the College property to its present limits. The new acquisition was added to the Warden's garden of which it forms the larger part, and by no means the least attractive feature it possesses is the raised terrace walk which runs along its eastern and northern sides on the top of the old earthworks thrown up by the Royalist garrison in 1642 '. Dr. Symons, afterwards Warden, whose ' 'Convention Book,' April 8, 1795. ^ 'Convention Book,' April 9, 1795. ' So described by Prince in 1700. Wood speaks of drilling in New Park in 1642; ' Annals,' ii. 444. * Wood, 'Annals,' ii. 456, speaks of the entrenchments being dug in New Park, in Dec. 1642, and of the King's vexation at finding only 12 persons working on them instead of 122. I-. C 2 2l6 THE GARDENS [chap. XVI Previous state of the ground added to the Warden's garden. connexion -with the College began in 1803, only eight years after the acquisition of this ground, has recorded that the premises when they came into the possession of the Warden con- sisted of a cottage and a common market garden unenclosed, with an open public walk through it, and the whole expense of encompassing it with walls, and of converting it into its present ornamental condition, was borne by the Lefsee, the Warden that is '. These important changes led to a general remodelling of the whole Decline of the of thc CoUcge gardcns. The days of formal gardening and of the 'ars 'arstopiaria.' & & J' _ & fe topiaria ' were gone by. No one with pretension to taste any longer ' in trim gardens took his pleasure.' The landscape gardener was abroad ; the quaint parterres and curious knots of the old-fashioned pleasaunces were .levelled and turfed over, the clipped yews and box trees were rooted up, and everything now was to be natural, sylvan, and romantic. Trees were planted so as to disguise the extent of the domain, vistas were devised to give it fictitious expanse, and the dis- covery that nature abhorred straight lines caused the straight garden walks and alleys of the older style to wind and twist with serpentine curves and lose themselves among the shrubberies. Wadham College gardens had outlived the birth of the new fashion for a surprisingly long time. ' Capability ' Brown had risen and flourished, and had been in his grave some thirteen years, and yet the old gardens of Loggan's and Williams's prints remained much as they were. But their hour came at last, and in 1796 The Fellows' garden modernised, A. D. 1796. it was agreed to adopt the plan of alterations in the Fellows' Garden, recommended by W. Shipley, the Duke of Marlborough's Gardener; and it was ordered that all the Trees marked by M^ Shipley should be immediately cut down ; that all that remain'd of the old Tool house and cross Walls should be taken away ; and that the whole should be sold ; and the produce of the Sale should be applied towards the expences of the proposed Alterations ^. Purchaseof j^g \^^^ cvcut in the history of the gardens is the conversion of freehold from -' "^ J^T°" the leasehold tenure of the northern or new part of the Warden's College. ' ' Convention Book,' June 21, 1871. The walls were erected it is said by Dr. Tournay. 'Convention Book.' CHAP, xvi] THE GARDENS 211 garden into freehold by purchase from Merton College. The fines had been paid by the College and recovered with interest in annual instalments from the Warden, and in 1834, fourteen years of the lease being yet unexpired, the College bought the fee-simple from Merton College for /1600'. The modernizing of the gardens, especially that of the Fellows, was The present done on the whole with taste and forbearance. The old square walk ga*rden.^ still surrounds it and has not been tortured into meaningless curves and idle deviations from rectitude. The trees are beautiful, and the peeps of the grey walls and gables through the bosky foliage of lime and beech, or under the spreading arms of cedars, are delightful. The silver grey walls of the chapel with their traceried lights rise from the softest and most velvety of lawns, and though one longs for a glimpse of the old-world garden of Dr. Wilkins's time, one cannot after all bring oneself to wish it back again in reality, or seriously desire to instal Atlas once more on his mound, and set up again the ingenious Doctor's speaking statue, and his transparent apiaries built like castles and palaces and adorned with a variety of dials, little statues, and vanes -. After the modernizing of the gardens in 1796 the only part of the original en- • ' 11 1 Ml 1 1 1 /~H closures in origmal garden ground still unaltered was that between the College front of ihc College. and the road. Loggan's print of 1675 shows a high wall in front of the College on the edge of the road with a rather imposing gateway of Jacobean architecture in the middle, opposite the tower gateway of the College. From this outer gateway return walls ran back to the College, enclosing the approach to the inner gateway between them. The two small enclosures right and left of this passage were laid out as gardens, and reached by doors in the side walls of the approach. This arrangement is shown again in Williams's plate of 1733, but the removal of the walls seems to have been contemplated soon after, for Proposed in the Oxford Almanack of 1738 instead of the walls is shown a row enciosm"ein of stone piers crowned with urns and connected by railings, the gate '" ' In relation to the tenure and ownership of the Warden's garden v. 'Convention Boole,' Nov. 7, and Dec. 6, 1809; Mar. 13, 1834; Nov. 20, 1835; Jan. 22, 1836; Feb. 22, 1843 ; June 21, 1871. - Evelyn's diary, ut supra. 2l8 THE GARDENS Removal of the original front wall and gateway, A.D. 1805. piers having statues on them, and being joined to the College by return piers and railings. The fences in front run on the lines of the original walls but are open instead of being solid. This plan, like many others shown in the Oxford Almanacks, was never carried out, and the original walls survived till 1805. In that year it was proposed to take down the wall before the College towards the Road, and in its stead to put up an Iron Palisade ; and the Warden (Dr. Wills) was requested to procure a plan and estimate to be made and given in for doing this '. Next year one of the first resolutions after Dr. Tournay's election was that a handsome Palisade should be placed in the Front of the College. That an outer gate corresponding with the architecture of the front should be erected, together with nine piers, according to a plan delivered by Mr. Harris-. This fence of piers and railings was actually built, and may be seen in the print of the front of the College in Ackerman's ' Oxford.' It was a poor design of 'carpenter's Gothic,' but is interesting as showing that it was still thought important to preserve the outer gate of the original New piers plan. This structure did not last many years, but was soon removed rrmoved"fnd to makc Way for something still lighter. The ' Oxford Guide ' of 1822 present rail- ings substi- says, tuted, A. D. '^"- The front of the College was much improved in 1822 by the removal of the heavy iron and stonework erected a few years since, in place of which are light iron palisades ^ These light railings are shown in Ingram's ' Memorials of Oxford,' in 1837, and are those still in existence. New piers and railings, A. D. 1806. 'Convention Book,' Nov. i, 1805. ' 'Convention Book,' July 5, 1806. " 'Oxford Guide' for 1822, p. 98. INDEX INDEX Abbot, Archbishop, his cook, 77. Acroyde, John, of Halifax, mason. 177. Almshouses, see Ilton. Ancketyll, Henrj', Fellow, 70, 77. Architect, the, 32. his position in the middle ages, 33-36. Arms of Arnold, 30. Bartlett, 95. Kellaway, 93. Kemys, 120. Latton, 179. Tregarthin, 93, 94, 207. Visitors, 179, 190. Wadham, 24, 94, loi, 179. Wren, 158. Arnold, Edmond, mason, 34, 35, 47, 48, 197. Arnold, Mr. John, 12, 15, 17, 23, 30, 33, 35, 48, 50, 70, 73, 84, 106, 203, 207. his arms, 30. letters from, 74, 78. 83, 84, 85, 194. Arnold, Robert, Scholar and Fellow, 73, 74. Arnold, William, Scholar and Fellow, 73. Arnold, William, the head workman, 32-34, 38, 46, 47, 149, 154, 172, 177. Astronomy chamber, 144. Atlas, statue of, 212, 214, 217. Augustine Priory at Oxford, 18. buildings of, 19, 155. destroyed, 20, 44. site of, 21, 53, 124, 128, 210. Austin fair, 19, 142. Austin, the carpenter, 48, 157. Austins, 'doing,' 18, 19. Xjachelors, their beha\-iour, 58. their seat in Hall, 180. plate given by, 205. BAKER, William, D.D., loth Warden, 120, 184. Baltzar, the violinist, 117, 146. Barber, the, 58, 59. Bartlett, Mr. John, 12, 15, 17. Bath and Wells, Bishops of, to be Visitors, 14, 61. Battellars, 58, 62, 67, 134, 180. Bay-boards, 47. Bays, 38. 41, 45, 46. Bedsteads and Beds, 95, 133, 134, 151. Bethel, Hon. Slingsby, letter of, 173. Bible to be read during dinner, i, 180. Bisse, Dr., 51, 73. 169, 179, 194, 198. his picture, 195. Blacksha"w, John, mason and carver, 35, 37, 48, 127, 191. Blake, Admiral Robert, 114, 185. his gold medals, i88. BLANDFORD, Walter, D.D., 7th Warden, 118, 184. Blore, Mr., architect, his work in the College, 125, 147. 156, 159, 173- Bodley, Sir Thomas, 10, 15, 31. Bolton, John, joiner and carver, 48, 51, 155, 177. Boswell, Alderman, 85, 86, 204. Boswell, William, Scholar and Fellow, 6, 49, 74, 200. Branscombe in Devon, 4, 84, 91. Brazier in the Hall, 178. Brewhouse and bakehouse, 129, 130. Brome, Mr. George, 39. Brown, ' Capability,' 216. Buildings, new, No. IX, 128, Nos. X and XI, ISO- Buildings, old, on site of College, 20, 21, 128, 129. 222 INDEX Building accounts of the College, 29. Buller, John, Butler, 79, 80, 173, 211. Bur-stone, 39. Burials in Chapel, cemetery and cloister, 172, 173. Bursars, the, 51, 56, 61, 141. their table in Hall, 181. Bursary, the, 61, 136, 148. Bush, Rev. Samuel, 196, 205. Butler, the, 58, 59, 80. Buttery, the, 58, 189. Oaius College, Cambridge, 139. Cards and dice, 58. Carisbrooke, tomb of Lady Wadham at, 5. Carpenters, 38, 45, 46, 51 : see Austin, Holt, Tesely, Thornton. Carriage of materials, 31, 32, 38, 40, 43, 45. Catechist, the, 57. Cellar, the, 190. Cemetery, the, 172, 211, 214. Chains for the books, 51, 192, 194. Chambers, the, 62, 132. each had several occupants, 132. Chapel, the, 43, 44. consecrated, 49. services, 55. at funeral of Foundress, 86. the Choir, 154-158. pavement, 158. painted glass, 158-170, 174. fittings, 171. the Antechapel, 172. Chapels, first appearance of, in Colleges, 3. T-shaped plan of, at Oxford, i, 153. Chaplains, 55, 196. stipend of, 58, 63, 79. their chambers, 136. their seat in Hall, 180. Charles I, loan to, 201. demands the silver plate, 112. portrait of, in glass, 190. earthworks of, 215. Chests in treasury, &c., &c., 60, 141, 202< Chimney piece in Common-room, 149. in Hall, 178. Chumming, 137. City of O.xford, sells the site, 22. nominates one Fellow and two Scholars, 23. 66, 72, 74. Clare College, 34. Clay bought, 46. Clein, John and Francis, their drawings of Raffaelle's cartoons, 187. Clerks, 53, 58, 79. their chamber, 136. their seat in Hall, 181. discontinuance of, 182. Clock, the, 158. Cloister, the, 47, 172, 190. Cock-lofts, see Garrets. Codrington, R. H., Fellow, 186. College, original type of, 3. perfected plan of, 3, 132. Common-room, 147. Commoners, 62, 67, 134, 180. Commons, 58, 64. Communion-plate 208. Communion-table, the, 171. Consecration of Chapel, Cemetery and Cloister, 49. Contracts for building, 33, 35, 46. Cook and under-cook, 58, 59, 77. Corbel-table, 45, 47. Corpus Christ! College, 6, 202, 209. Cottages, site sold to University, 129. bought back, 130. Crange, Mr., his advice to the Founder, 10. Creech, Thos., Scholar, 119, 137, 185. Cromw^ell, Oliver, 116. Cubiculum, 134, 139, 141, 142, 148, 192. Cumnor Wood, 40, 43. Cup, the Foundress', 203, 207. Darnix or Dornicks, 135, 151, 152. Davis, William, painter, 43, 156. Day-labour, 37. Dean, the, 56, 57, 81, 141. Dinner, 59. Disputations, 57, 154. Drawings, absence of working drawings, 35. 36- Dress, 58. Duff, E. Gordon, his account of Library, 198. DUNSTER, Thomas, D.D.,9th Warden, 120, 184. Durham, William, his attempted intrusion, III. Dymoke, Charles, Fellow-Comni., 114, 195, 203. Latly Mary, 195. INDEX 223 iLagles, Rev. Mr., his drawings of the College, 156, 171, 173. Edge, Manor and house of, 4, 11, 30, 50, 84-90. described, 95-97. Emmanuel College, 35, 46. Essex, estates in, 78. ESTCOT, Daniel, D.D., 4th Warden, 70, 72, 11, 81, 173- takes in a garden for the Warden, 211. Evans, of Shrewsbury, glass painter, 174. Evelyn, John, at Wadham. 116, 117, 212. on Clein's drawings, ,187. Extranei, 62. familiarity forbidden, 58. Fellow-Commoners, 66. iii, 116, J48, 149, 202, 205. Fellows, their dress and behaviour, 58. election of, 54. their chambers, 136. their seat in Hall, 180. Fellowships, to be open and terminable, 14. election to, 54. term of, 57, 79. stipend of, 58, 63, 79. deprivation, 59. Female servants, 60, 150. Flavell, John, Scholar, 74-82. FLEMING, John, D.D., 2nd Warden, 76, 82, 173. 179- Floors, 38, 46, 47. of Hall, 178. Foundation stone laid, 43. Founder and Foundress, see Wadham. Founder's kin, 64. Freemasons, 37. Fuller, Isaac, his painted hangings, 156. Furniture, 134, 151, 152. Ijrangs of workmen, 38. Garden, in front of College, 124, 210, 217. the Warden's, 211, 212, &c. Warden Wills's addition to, 215, 217. the Fellows', 211, 212, &c. cemetery thrown into, 214. modernizing of the gardens, 216. Garrets, 136, 137. Gateway, the outer, 124, 217. the great, 125. F f" Gateway, the back, 128. back garden gate, 214. Gauden, Bishop, 114. Gaudy-days, 61, 62, 64, 78. Gentlemen-Commoners, see Fellow-Com- moners. George I, King, 120, 183. George, Mother, her portrait, 149. Glass, painted, 158. in north choir windows, 160. in south ditto, 161. in east window, 163-170. repairs of ditto, 170. in Antechapel, 174. in Hall, 179. in Cloister, 190. in Library, 197. Glass-painters, see Evans, Ling, Price, Rowel, Rudland. Glazing, 51. Globes for finials, 46. Gloucester Hall, Founder's proposal as to, 13. 17- Goodridge, John, Fellow and benefactor, 69, 77. 184. Gothic architecture, its survival at O.xford, 2, 125, 126, 155. Gower, Lady, letter of, 109. her son, 109, 203. Grace before meat in Hall, 182. Grass laid down in quadrangle, 127. Gravelling the courts, 127. Grevil, Mrs., 85, 89. GRIFFITHS, John, D.U., i8th Warden, 135, 147, 176. his letter about the Chapel windows, 159. his fund, i6o, 174, 175. his picture, 184, 187. his gift of prints and medals, 188. ditto of Homilies, 199. Grumbold, William, architect of Clare College, 34. riall, the, 177-180. order of sitting in, 180. pictures in, 183. Hanbury, Rev. J. C, chaplain, 175. Hangings on walls, 135. Harrington, James, Fellow, 49, 69, 81, no. Harris, James. Fellow-Commoner, 119, 185. 2 224 INDEX Harris, Thomas, Fellow, 72, 173. Harrys, Thomas, Alderman and Mayor of Oxford, 44, 72, 84. Headington stone, 39. Heating of Hall and Chapel, 178. Henderson, Rev. A. P. Wright, 175. Henry, Prince of Wales, 13. High bridge, 40. High table, 180, 181. second high table, 181. Hill, Scholar, 49. Hody, Humphrey, D.D., 137, 173, 185. Holt, Thomas, carpenter, 32, 47, 177, 197. Horner, Mrs., 170-171. Huish, Alexander, Scholar and Fellow, 72, 75. 81. Hurdles for scaffolds, 45. llminster Church, 5, 14, 83, 84, 86, 98. Ilton, almshouses at, 9, 11, 105, 106. Church and monuments at, 103-105. Inventories of chambers, 134, 136, 151. IRONSIDE, Gilbert, D.D., 8th Warden, 118, 120, 184, 205. a promoter of the Revolution, 119. alms-dish given by, 208. Jacobitism, Scholar deprived for, 120. James I, attempts to intrude a Fellow, iii. his statue, 126. j his portrait, 183. | prints of, 188. { James II, opposed by Warden Ironside, 119. Jesus College, intentions of Fovmder to- 1 wards, 13, 17. Jvellaway, John, 6, 93. Kemys, Miss Mary, her letter, 119, 120, 208. Ken, Bishop, Visitor, 119, 188. Keys, 141. Kin, Founder's, 64, 180. King's Arms, the, 129, 210. Kitchen, the, begun, 45, 47. vaulted, 48. described, 191. Knives, ivor\'-handled, introduced, 205. to be cleaned instead of wiped, 206. supply of, 206. Jjabour, how employed, 37. Lake, Bishop, Visitor, 179, 191. Langton, Thomas, letter of, 163. Lantern of Hall, 178. Latin to be spoken within the College, 2, 117. at dinner, 180. Latton, family of, 15. Laud, Bishop, Visitor, 70, 179, 191. Laundress, the, 58, 60. Layers (of masonry), 37, 43. Lectern, the, 171. Lee, Bursar, his chamber-plan, 135. Library, 47, 50, 51, 62, 78, 114, 191-197. account of books in, 198. Lime, 41. Ling, Bernard van, glass-painter, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169. LISLE, Samuel, D.D., 12th Warden, 184. Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, 118, 119, 188. Loddon, John, the laj'er, 38, 45. Lodgings, the Warden's, 142-147, 195. Love, one of the King's judges, 114. Lovelace, John, Lord, 119, 185. Lyte of Lyte's Cary, 104. iVlagdalen College, 39. Males to be employed as servants, 60. Manciple, the, 58, 59, 79. his rooms, 141. Marble pavement in Chapel, 158. Martin of Athelhampston, family of, 15, 179. Masons, 30, 37 : see Arnold, Blackshaw, Spicer. Masters of Arts, their table in Hall, 180, 181. Materials of the building, 37-42. Mats for Chapel seats, 51, 171. Medcalfe, the plasterer, 46, 51. Medley, Bishop, Commoner, 186. Merifield, 4, 5, 8, 16, 85, 86, 96, 103, 106- 108. Merton College, new quadrangle at. 31, 32, 177- first Common-room at, 148. the Chapel plan, 154. garden purchased from, 215, 217. Montague, James, Bishop, the first Visitor, II, 61, 83, 85, 86, 179, 190. Monument of Founder and Foundress at llminster, 86, 100. of Founder's mother at Branscombe, 91. INDEX 225 Monuments of the Wadhanis at Ilminster, 99, 100. of the Wadhanis at Ilton, 103-105. at Carisbrook, 5. at Whitchurch and Liskcard, 5. in the College Chapel, 173, &c. Moss for la\ing slates, 45, 157. Mourning for the Foundress, 84, 85. mercer's bill for, 89. Muniment room, see Treasury. Musaeola, 134, 139. Musical party at Wadham, 1 17, 146. JNatalis Hieronymus, 169, 199. New buildings, staircase No. IX, 129. Nos. X, XI, 130. Ne'w College, see Wykeham. New Inn Hall, mint at, 202, 206. Non-ultra walk, 80, 211. Officers of the College, 56. Onslow, Arthur, Fellow-Commoner, Speaker of the House of Commons, 119, 171, 185. Oratories in earlier Colleges, 3. Orders, Holy, no condition of, made by Founder, 14, 53. Organ, the, and organ-loft, 174, 175. Oriel College, 39, 154, 175, 202. Osborne, Matthew, Fellow, 77. i ainting and Painters, 43, 51, 156. Parker, Bishop of Oxford, Commoner, 119. Parker, Mr., bookseller, his catalogue of Library, 196. Parks, the new, 50, 215. Parliamentarian numbers of the College during Civil War, 114. Parliamentary Visitors, 115. Parsons, John, D.D., Scholar, 186. Partitions, 38, 41, 46, 47, 135. walls, 135. Passports, form of, 71. Pedigree of Tregarthin, 25. Popham, 26. Wadham, 27. Petre, Sir William, 7. Petre, Lord, 6, 66, 85. his two sons, Fellow-Commoners, 66, 203. Pewter plate, 51. disused, 206. Piece-work, 37, 38. PITT, Pytt, or Pitts, John, 5th Warden, 69, 77. 81, 115, 211. Plague in Oxford, in. Plasterers, 38, 46, 47, 51. Plate, surrendered to Charles I, 112, 203. meaning a tankard or cup, 205 : see Silver. Plows, Mrs. Wadham's, 30, 31. sent home. 45. Plumbers and plumbing, 46. Popham, pedigree of Elizabeth, 26. Porter, the, 58, 142. Portman, Sir John, Fellow-Commoner, 151, 1 73. 203, 204. Portraits in Hall, 183. in Common-room, 149. in Lodgings, 186. Potter, Scholar, 49. Poulett, Sir Amyas, 8, 11, 96. letter of, 8. Praelector humanitatis, 57. philosophiae, 57. Praemunire, statute of 27 Eliz., ii. Pratt, Sir John, C.J., Scholar and Fellow, 185. Price, glass-painter, 170. Probationer, see Fellowship. Progress through the estates, 60. Pulpit, the, 171. C^uadrangle, the great, 125. the back, 128, 130. Quarries, 32, 39. Queen's College, Cambridge, 46. Xvaffaelle's Cartoons, drawings of, 187. Raleigh, Carew, Fellow-Commoner, iii. Regency, 57. Rent of chambers, 129, 130, 134, 137. 138, 139- Residence, 56. Richards, Herbert, Fellow, 179. Ritual peculiarit}-, 175. 226 INDEX Robertson, Uaiiiel, architect, 178. Robinson, Roger, cook, 77. Roofs, 38, 47, 177. Rowel, glass-painter, 170. Royal Society, the, 144-146. Royalist members of the College during Civil War, 113, 114. Rudland, Robert, glazier and glass-painter, 160. Ot. John's College, Cambridge, 35. Salisbury, Lord, treasurer, present to, 13,17. letter of Foundress to, 16. Sand, 42. Sashing of windows, 140, 149. Say, 89, 135. Scaffolding, 45. Scholars, their dress and behaviour, 58. their chambers, 138. their seat in Hall, 180. Scholarships, election to, 55. stipend of, 58, 63, 79. Schools, the, 32, 126. the New, 42. Scout's hole, 139. Screens in Chapel and Hall, 48, 51, 155, 177. Seals of the College, 52, 60, 78, 142, 194. Selden, his library, 193. Senescallus Aulae, 59, 61, 181, 191. Sermons, 64, 171. Servants, the, 53, 58, 59. stipend of, 58, 64. rooms of, 141. Service in Chapel, 55. Settling of books, 78, 193, 194. Silver plate, 51, 61-63, 1^< ^5> "2, 113,201- 209. Site of the College, 17, 21, 22. purchased, 23. partly re-let on purchase, 210. Slates and Slaters, 38, 41, 45, 46, 157. Smith-gate, 18, 22, 49. Smyth, Robert, builds the garden wall, 213. SMYTH or Smith, William, D.D., 3rd Warden, 66, 68, 77, 81, 82, 83, 184. communion cup given by, 209. Soap, 32. Society, the first, 65. Somersetshire masons emploj'ed, 31, 43. Sonmans, pictures by, 150, 183. Spicer, John, mason, 46, 154, 155. Sprat, 'I'homas, 116, 185. Staircases altered, 140. Statues by Blackshavv, 48, 126, 127. Statutes, 49, 52-64, 180, 190, 192, 202. Stereotype Foundry, the, 130. Steward, sec Senescallus Aulae. Stipends, 57, 58, 63, 79, 112, 117, 121. Stone, 38, 40. StoncAvare introduced, 206. Stowe, Alfred, Fellow and Bursar, 172, 190. Strangers* table, the, 182. Strangways, family of, 15. Sir John, 50, 88, 163, 170, 183. Thomas, loi. Giles, 204. Sub dean, the, 56. Sub-warden, the, 56. Swaddell, John, Fellow, 73, 195. Sydenham, Humphre}-, Fellow, 72. SYMONS, Benjamin Parsons, D.D., 17th Warden, 121, 139, 146, 147, 174, 184, 215- his gift of painted glass, 159. Symons, Ralph, architect at Cambridge, 35. Teseley, the carpenter, 47, 197. THORLEY, George Earlam, M.A., 19th Warden, his picture, 184. Thornton, Edward, the carpenter, 45, 47, 48, 51, 125, 157, 178. Timber, 40. used green, 41. Topiary Art, the, 212. TOURNAY, William, D.D., i6th Warden, 147. 173. 177. 179. 180, 184, 216, 218. Trapp, Joseph, D.D., Scholar, 185. Treasury, the, 60, 141. Tregarthen or Tregarthin, family of, 6, 93, 207. pedigree of, 25. Trevelyan, Christopher, letter of, 43. Trinity College, Cambridge, 48, 205. Trinity College, Oxford, 39, 67, 124, 128, 148. Truckle-beds, 133. Tutors, 63. Vaughan, Rev. Dr., visit of his Theo- logical students, 175. Visitor, the, 14, 54, 61. INDEX 227 Visitors, the Parliamentary, 115, 117. Vos, Martin de, his designs used for east window, i6g. iVadham, family of, 4-6. arms of, 24, 179. pedigree of, 27. WADHAM, Sir John, 4, 99, 103. tomb of his widow, 99. WADHAM, Sir William, 4. iiis tomb, 99. WADHAM, Sir Nicholas, 5, 104. Joan, Lady Wadham, 104-105. WADHAM, Nicholas, brass of, at Ilton, 104. WADHAM, John, 6, 93, 95, 100. Mrs. Joan, 6, gi-94, 95, 207. WADHAM, NICHOLAS, the Founder, 6, 93. his marriage, 7. his almshouses, 9. his projected Roman Catholic College at Venice, 9. abandoned for Protestant College at Oxford, 10. his religion, 10-12. instructions to his nephew, 12. his death, 14. his funeral, 14. his will, 15. his arms, 24. his monument at Ilminster, 86, 100. his character, 86. his statue, 126-7. portraits of, 183, 186, 197. medal of, 188. WADHAM, DOROTHY, the Foundress, 7. her recusancy' and pardon, 12, 87, 88. her letter to Lord Salisbury, 16. begins the College, 17. issues her statutes, 49, 52. letters of, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 136, 161. conveys her Esse.x lands to the College, 78,81. illness and death, 83. her will, 83. her funeral, 84, 86, 88, 89. her character, 86. her portrait, 183, 186, 190, 197. medal of, 188. her cup, 207. WADHAM COLLEGE, its mediaeval charac- ter, 1. shows collegiate plan perfected, 4. Founder's instructions, 13, 14. the site, 17-22. purchased from the city, 22, 23. building accounts, 29. laying of Foundation Stone, 43. institution of College, 49, 65. a west country College, 65, 109. poverty of, 78, 112, 121. endowed with lands, 78, 80. distress during Civil Wars, 112. surrender of its plate, 112. illustrious members, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119. a musical college, 117, 146. its politics, 120. its buildings, 124-13 1. the chambers, 132. the Treasury, 141. the Lodgings, 142. the Common-room, 147. the Chapel, 153. the Hall, 177. the pictures, 183. the Buttery, 189. the Cloister, 190. the Kitchen, 191. the Library, 191. the silver plate, 201. the gardens, 210. Wainscotting of chambers, 139. Ward, Seth, 116. Warden, the, his qualifications, 53. condition of Holy Orders, 14, 53. of celibacy, 14, 53, 116. election of, 54, 176. deprivation of, 62. his stipend, 57, 63, 79, 117, 121. his lodgings, 129, 141, 142-147, 195. Wardens, list of, 122. Warner, Richard, his bequest to library, 195- Water-carriage, 40. Wedgewood ware introduced, 206. Wells, J., Fellow, 175. Westbury, Lord Chancellor, Scholar and Fellow, 173, 180, 186. Whally, Nath., his life of the Founder, 6, 7. Whetcombe, Mr. Peter, 78, 80. 228 INDEX White, Mr., Fellow and Arabic Professor, 148, 196. WILKINS, John, D.D., 6th Warden, 69, 115-118, 144-146, 149, 184, 205, 211. lays out the gardens, 212. William III, King, 119, 120, 183. Williams, John, Manciple, 79, 80, 141, 151, 195- Willis, Mr. H., organ-builder, 175. WILLS, John, D.D., 15th Warden, 121, 147, 184, 187, 215. Winchester, Bishop of, see Montague. Windows of Hall and Antechapel, 46, 149, 154. 177- of Chapel, 46, 154. sashing of, 140, 149. Wood, Anthony, at Wadham College, 117, 146. Wood-money, 64. Worcester College, 17. Wren, Sir Christopher, Fellow-Commoner, 116, 129, 144, 158, 185, 188. his sugar-castor, 208. WRIGHT, Robert, D.D., ist Warden. 50, 67, 76, 77. 183- Wyatt, James, architect, his bookcases at Brasenose, 194. Wykeham, William of, his collegiate plan, 3. 125, 143- his statutes, 52, 180. his chapel, 154. WYNDHAM, George, D.D., 13th Warden, 137, 146, 170. Wyndham, Sir John, 12, 15, 48, 50, 78, 88, 106. Sir Edward, loi. Sir Wadham, 107. Lord, 135, 170, 185, 187. Wynford, Lord, Commoner, 186. Wyott, Mr. Hugh, 17, 80. ^ouch, Dr., 203, 204. family of, 24, 26. Zull, or SuU, 31. THE END UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. *!AK ^'i I95S Form L9-5Qm-ll, '50 (2554)444 *LF Jackson - 7P.Fi .Va' illflm ^""llapiQ- J13w Delayed Paging *LF 725 J13w MrMi?i°,iII?f.!!1.''E'^'°''*'- LIBRARY FACILITY D 000 987 172 4 mrt '''Sjg 5^ ^i^ 1 ^^ b i-i