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2331 ,-^
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORN
AT LOS ANGE
FORNIA I
LES
Gift of
Mrs. Viola F. (rood
PROSODY
EMMANUEIi AliVAREZ,
TRANBIATED INTO BHOIISH.
By V. H. BARBER.
Edidi quae poiui, noti ut volut, sed ut me Urn"
poris angustias cogerunt. — Cic.
FREDERICK, MD.
PRINTID FOR THE AUTHOR BY NEILSON FOB.
1833
03^ Entered, according' to act of Congress,
in tiie year 1832, by V. H. Barbeh, in the
Clerk's" Office of the Dlstricl Court of Mary-
land.
PROSODY,
Or the Measure of Syllables.
* Prosody is the art of rightly pronouncing
^ words, according- to the accent and quantity
of their syllables; and is so named from the
* Greek words vrp; and u^-^.
. A Syllable consists of one letter only, or of
iw several letters taken together: as, /, e-runt.
\ Letters are divided into vowels and conso-
le nants. V
* There are six vowels— A, E, T, O, U, Y—
^ and, by a certain union of these, there are
»* formed, six diphthongs: JE, AU, EI, EU, OE,
1^ YI — as prsemium, aurum^ hei, Europa, poena,
1^ Harpy ia.
\^ The consonants are divided into mutes and
^ semivowels.
** There are eight mutes— B, C, D, G, K, P,
,i Q, T.
,5 There are likewise eight semivowels — F,
g L, M, N, R, S, X, Z.
't\ four of the semivowels are called liquids —
as, L, M, N, R. F, placed before the liquids
VV^L and R, becomes a mute.
'\^ X and Z are double letters; x being equal
. to cs, and z to ds.
^V It is a subject of controversy whether H is
'^^, letter, or merely a sign of aspiration,
^i I, placed between two vowels, is a conso-
>*nant, and has the force of double I: as majm;
pejor. The ancients doubled the I: ^s maijor,
aijo, niaija.
40091(1
'i 0>- THE MtAbUllE Of SYLLABLES.
J and V, when placed before vowels, and
affect them, become consonants; as JanuUf
jecur, coujicio, Jocus, judex, rates, velox, vita,
vox, vultus.
The Greek lota is never a consonant: thus,
in lason. Iambus, laspis, and others, which are
plainly Greek words, the first letter is a vowel.
The Hebrew Jod is always a consonant,
when it is followed by a vowel: as JESUS,
JohajDies, Jacobus,- and, therefore, they who ut-
ter these names, and others of the same kind, by
J, as a consonant, pronounce best; while they
w ho sound J as a vowel, imitate the Greeks.
U after Q always becomes liquid: as Lin-
gua, concoquo; but, after G and S, sometimes
liquid: as Lingua, anguis, suadeo, suavis; at
others not, but retains its force: as Ljfiguus,
suus.
Letters are liquid when they lose the pow-
er and force of a vowel or consonant.
Svllablss are partly short, partly long,
and partly common.
Syllables, which are measured by leng"th of,
time, are either short, or long-, or common. —
Time is the space and interval in which a syl-
lable is pi-onounced. A short syllable consists,
of a single time and duration: as concldo/ a
lon^ one of two times and durations: as co7ici-
do. A common syllable is that which, in verse,* »,
can be as well sliort as long: such as the first*,^
in dllas, Cyclops, and the middle one in Te/ri-
bnv, pharctra. «
There is no vowel in Latin that is always
short, or always long. Among the Greeks i
and :, which correspond to e and 6 short, are
ox THE MEASUHE OF SYLtABIES. O
always short; « and a, which are e and 6 long-,
are always long", as in the middle syllables of
the words Eremus, Iddlum.
Universal Rules for the long
and sliort Syllables.
PIKST, or ONE VOWEL BEFORE AKOTHER.
First of two vowels brief is fixed;
Though Fio gives, witli R unmixed,
/long-; so fifth declension needs
Extended E where /succeeds:
Still E contract before the /,
In Eei, spti, Jidti.
/poets vary in lus,
Though short found in Altertus^
Long- in Alius: then Pompeii
So also Cat and Vultei,
With such like vocatives we rate.
As words of long- penultimate.
Eheii is long, but vaguely speak
Ohr, 16, and nouns in Greek,
WJiere some, asDia long*, protract.
Others, as Idea, contract.
In Latin, one vowel before another is short:
as Piter, fifit, ruit.
Virg-. Disce puer virtutem ex me veriimque
labor em.
Exception I. Fio has /long", unless R fol-
lows: a.s F%eham,fiam.
Juv. Fianf ista palam cupient et in acta re-
ferri. But, if ^ follows, it is short: as/terem,
fieri, confleri.
Virg-. Conjieri possit, paucis advcrte doeeho.
O OS THE MEASUHB OF SYLLABLES.
Exception II. The g-enitive and dative ca'
ses of the fifth declension, make E long be-
fore I: as DiEi, speciEi; except Rei, spSi, Jidei-
Horat. Ventum erat ad Pestoe quarta jam
parte diei.
ExcEPTiox in. The g-enitive in lUS has /
long- in prose; in verse as well short as long:
as Unius, illius; except Alferius, which al-
ways has J short; but dlius long.
Virg. Unius ob noxam eff arias Jjacis Oilei.
Horat. Nullius addidusjurare in verba ma-
gisfri.
Virg. Quam nostra iUixis labatur pectore vul-
ius.
Exception IY. Cdi, Pompei, Viilisi, and
such vocative cases, have the penultimate long.
Mart. Quod peto, da Cai, non peto consilium.
Ov. Accipe Pompei, deductum Carmen ab ilia.
The interjections Ohe and lo have the first
syllable common.
Mart. Ohe jam satis, est ohe libelle!
Sil. Quaque ferebatur ductor Sidojiius 75
Conclamant.
Mart. Rursus Id magnos clamat tibi Roma
triumphos.
Id the daughter of Inachus, though it more
frequently lengthens one vowel before the o-
ther, still has it shortened in Ovid in Epist.
Hyp. to Lin.
QucE iibi causa fiigce est? Quid, Id frela longa
perenas.
Appendix I. ^lany Greek words have one
vowel long before another: as Sir, Achaia,
Archelous, Agla, a gangway in a vessel, Aon-
ides, ChorEa, Clio, Cytharea, Darius, Elegia,
Erti/o, that is, Bellona; Laertes, & compounds
Oy THE MKASURE OF STLI.ABI.ES. 7
of >.u.or, Latous, Oreades, mountain nymphs;
Panchala, Platea, Pereas, the name of a ser-
pent; Thiecius, Taygetus, a mountain, and
Taygete^ the daughter of Agenor, Trdias,
Tro'ius.
Chorea, Platea, Malea, Nereis, Dedalous,
Graphiitm, Diana, are sometimes made short
by the poets.
Virg. Pars pedibus plaudunt chorSas, et car-
mina dicunt.
Hor. Purse sunt platSse nihil ut meditanti-
bus obstet.
Ovid. Quid digitis opus est graphium lassa-
re tenendo?
Papin. Accipit extempio Malese de voile re-
surgens Notum iter ad Thehas.
Claud. Lascivas dodum fallere NerHdas.
Virg. Constiterunt sylva alta Jovis lucusve
Dianse.
Eos and Eous being sometimes written in
Greek with an i, sometimes with an «, can
be made long or short.
Prop. Sive illam Hesp^rlis, sive illam osten-
dai Eois uret et Eoos, ur:f et Hesperios.
Words written in Greek with the diphthong
sj, have it uttered by us sometimes as / long:
as Alexandria, Antiochia, Bravium, Idalium,
Thalia, Xenodochiiim, Sec., at others it is turn-
ed into £ long: a.s .EnSas, gyiiaeceum odSum,
canopeum, platea, &c.
Sometimes, on solving the diphthong, s is
changed into », which has the power of E
long: as Cytherea, Cythereia, Elegia, Elegeia.
Ovid. Exigit indicii memorem Cythereia
jjxnam.
Ovid. Flebilis indignos Elegeia solve capillos.
8 Oy THE MEASrilE OF STLLABLES.
Appexdix II. Idea, Andreas, philisophia,
symphonia, efi/mologia, orthographia, and ma-
ny others, shorten one vowel before another;
though many persons (after the manner of the
Greeks) pronounce these words with a stress
on the penultimate.
Horat. Ui gratas inter mensas, symphonla
discors.
Although the Greek accusatives in EA from
EUS, are commonly pronounced short, yet,
in Virgil you will find them long in Idome-
nea and Ilionea.
= s i®14?l®ic=^-
Second Rule.
CI DIPHTHONGS.
The diphthong forms its numerous throng
In Greek and Latin always long:
Though /)ra?, with vowel next suppose.
In compound words, brief measure shows.
A diphthong is long both in Greek &. Latin
words: as »35^?2i?o-s, 3IeIib(Bus,prsemium,laus.
Virg. Miratur molem, JEneas magalia quon-
dam.
Virg. Melibae, Deus nobis hsec otia fecit.
ExcEPTioir. The preposition prse, taken
as a compound, is short when it precedes a
vowel: as Prssustus, prseeo, prseacutus.
Virg. iStifilibus duris agitur sudibusve prcEHi-
tis.
Statius, however. Lib. 6. Thebaid. says,
Prctmia cum vacuus domino prairel Avion.
ON THE MEASURE OF SYLLABLES. V
Third Rule.
OF POSITION.
Extend the vowel that you find
Before two consonants consigned,
Or double one, or /disclosed
Between two vowels inteiposed.
A vowel before two consonants, or a dou-
ble consonant, or before /when another vow-
el follows in the same word, is long by posi-
tion : as Terra, Ardxes, gaza, inajora, Troja.
Luc. Sxib juga jam Seres, jam barbarus issel
Ai axes.
Virg. Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja f e-
nates.
Virg. Sicelides Musa, paulo major a canamus.
Exception I. Bijugus, quadrijugus, and
others compounded of j'ligus, shorten the
vowel before /.
Virg. Interea b^vgis infert se Leucagvs albis.
Virg. Centum quadrlJKgos, agilabo ad flumina
ctirrus.
Appendix I. If one consonant were at the
end of the preceding word, and another in the
beginning of the following word, the vowel
would still be long: as At pius. Here A is
long by the position of the two consonants T
and P, though they are in different words.
Virg. At pius Apneas per noclemplurima volvens.
Appendix II. If both consonants, or a dou-
ble consonant, should be in the beginning of
the following word, the preceding short vow-
it\ is seldom assisted thereby.
Ovid. In solio Plu(bus clarislucentt smaragdis.
Al
10 OS THE MIASUHK OF STLIABIJES.
Virg. Jam medio apparet fluclu nemorosd Za-
cyntkos.
Luc. Tales Jama canit tumidum super cequord
Xerxem.
Lucente, nemorosa and sequora, have the
last syllable short, notwithstanding the two
consonants, or the double consonant in the
beginning" of the words that follow.
Exception II. Of the LiauiDS.
Before a mute and liquid twain,
Short vowels orators retain:
But poets vary such at will,
Tho' vowels long remain so still.
Those not by nature long or short,
Are deemed an ambidextrous sort.
A short vowel before a mute and liquid in
the same word, is common in verse, but in
prose it is always short: as Fblucris, Cyclops.
Ovid. Et primo similis volucri, incx vera vo-
lucris.
Virg. Ignarique vice, Cyclopum allahimur oris.
Virg. Vedosque ab rupe Cyclopas.
Appexdix I. It is necessary that the mute
should precede, and the liquid follow it, oth-
erwise the syllable does not become liquid:
as patris; and, also, that the vowel should be
by nature short — for a vowel, by nature long,
never becomes liquid: sls matris. But a short
syllable is often known from the quantity of
the nominative : as Calabe?-, Cantaber, Fater,
which have a short by nature, as the accent
shews, or the examples of the poets: where-
fore, in Calabro, Cantabro, Fatre, the a, by na-
ture short, becomes liquid. But Saluber,a{er,
■/(ilir^ lengthen the penultimate, M'hich, there-
t)K THE HZASUR£ OF IlLLXBLEI. 11
fore, is never shortened in salubre, matre, a-
irum. Where this rule is not of service, the
accent will be useful, or the example of the
poets — for, such as are shortened by accent,
are short by nature: as Tenthrse, latSbr3e,pha-
rStra, certbrum,- such as are long-, are long- by
nature: s.s ambulacrum, delubrum,ventilabrumy
volutabrum. So, such as are discovered short
among the poets, are, by nature, short: as
Mrox.
Appendix II. It is also necessary that the
mute, as well as the liquid, should have a view
to the following vowel. Wherefore, Abluo,
vbruo sublevo, adnitor, and other words com-
pounded with these prepositions, never short-
en the first syllable, because the mute apper-
tains to the preceding vowel. Yet the com-
pounds of BE, as Rcfledo, refrseno, refringo;
recludo, reprimo, more frequently shorten thaa
lengthen the first syllable, though the mute is
referred to the following vowel.
Appendix III. il/ and iV rarely become li-
quid, and that only in Greek words, as Tec-
messa, cygnxiSy Terapnae, Ichneumon.
Sil. Ecce inltr -primos Terapnao sanguine
Clansi.
Mart. Deleclat Mariam si perniciosus Ichneu-
12 ON THE MEASUHE OF STUABLES.
Fourth Rule.
OF PRETEHITES, OR PERFECT TEXSES, CONSIST-
ING OF TWO STllABLES.
Each dissyllabic perfect tense
Must with long- syllable comiTience.
Short steti, dedi, bibi, scidi,
"With tiilii and from jindo/jidi.
Perfect or preterite tenses of two syllables,
have the first long: as veni, vidi, vici.
Virg. Venit suvnna dies, et inehictabile tempus.
Virg. Quos ubi confertos audere in prcelia vidi.
Virg. Contra ego vivendo vlci meafata superstes.
Exception I. Sfeii, dedi, ecidi, tidi, bibi,
fidi, from Jingo, shorten the first syllable.
Mart, Dixit et ardentes avido bibit orefavillas.
Luc. ^iut scidit et medias fecit sibi litera terras.
Vir. Diffidit, et mulia porrectum extendit arena.
Appendix. The compound abscidi, when
derived from casdo, lengthens the middle syl-
lable; when from scbido, shortens it.
Luc. Abscidit impulsuventorum adjuta vetustas.
Luc. Mscidit nostrce mullurn sors invida laudi.
Mart. Mscidit vultus ensU uterqiie sacros.
ON THE MEASURE OF SYLLABLES. 13
Fifth Rule.
OF PRETERITES REDUPLICATING THE FIRST
SYLLABLE.
"When preterites reduplicate
Their leading" syllable, they rate
In each of them short quantity,
As par io makes pSperi;
k But still the rule we supersede
When twofold consonants succeed.
Yet long- from ca^do is cecidi,
To which, fvompedo, a.dd pepedi.
When the first syllable of the preterite is
doubled, that and the second are short: as
cecini, tetigi.
Virg. Tiiyre, te palulcs cecini sub tegminefagi.
Exception. These are excepted, csecidi
from csedo, pepedi from pedo, in which the se-
cond syllable is long-; as also in others in which
two consonants follow: as citcurri, iSiendi.
Juv. Ebriiis ac petulanSf qui nullum forle ce-
•idit.
8ixtli Rule.
OF SUPINES OF TWO SYLLABLES.
Supines of dissyllabic throng
Their leading- syllable prolong.
But those from Beo)- formed, and eo,
Cieo, sera, sino, quco,
Do, lino, all from nw made,
Ar^^ with brief quantity displayed.
14 0^ THE >IEASUKE OF STLtABlES.
Supines of two syllables have the first long;
as Visum, mutum.
Virg. Terribiles visiiformce; Lellnanque, Labor-
que.
Virg. Quos ego: sed niolos prastat componere
Jliictus.
ExcEPTiox. From reor rdfum, from sero
satum, from do datum, from cieo citum, from
Imo htum, from eo Itiun, from ruo rutum, from
queo qWitum, and from sino sVum, being su-
pines of two syllables, shorten the first.
Virg. Aos ahiisse rati, et vento peliisse Myscsnas.
Virg. dt non ille, sdtum quo le mentiris Achil-'
les.
Val. Fiac. Vulnus et extrema somdt cita cus-
pide cassis-
Ovid. Hie situs est Pha'ethon currus auriga pa-
terni.
AppEynix I. Citum from cieo, of the se-
cond conjugation, has the first syllable short:
whence concltus^ excitus, with a short penul-
timate.
Virg. AUior insurgens, et cursn concitus He-
ros.
Ovid. A'ec fruitur s.runo vigilantibiis exclta
etuis.
But Citum from do, of the fourth conjuga-
tion, lengthens the first syllable: whence con-
cltiLS, excitus, with the penultimate long.
Iaic. Unde ruunt tolo coiicUa perieulu mundo.
I.uc. Rvpta quies popu'is &tialiique excfta ju-
re, itus.
Ai'fEXDix II. Euo now makes ruiium for
\\\<^ supine; in ancient time.s it made rftfumy
ON THE JIBJiSUBB 01 STlLjiBlM. 15
whence we have now the compounds c??>iirq/imc?o, then
Propnlso and procxirro, mind,
Proserpina, propello joined,
A fluctuating race propose.
Of versatile, inconstant y>ro.9.
But such as AB pronounce with speed.
Unless a consonant succeed.
A, E, DE, DI, SE, are long: as Amitio,
Trnmpo, deduco, diripio, separo.
ON TUE MEASUKE OF SYLLABLES. ^1
Virg. ^missos longo socios sermone requirunt.
Virg. Deducunt socii naves, et litlora complent.
Virg. Tergora diripiunt cosUs et viscera nudant.
Exception. Dirtmo & dlsertus shorten di.
Virg. Cede Deo dixitque et jn'czlia voce dtremit.
Mart. JVoji tu, Pomponi, ccena diserta lua est.
Rgfert, from refero, is shortened; but when
it signifies *'it is the interest," it is lengthened.
Virg. JsTeque enim numero compren-
dere refert.
The preposition pro is short in Greek: as
Propontis — but long- in Latin: as Proveho.
Ov. Mlsit in has si quas longa Propontis aquas.
Virg. Provehiimir portu, terrccq; urbesq; rece-
dU7lt.
Exception. The following are shortened:
Profundus, profugus, pronepos and proneptis,
profestus, profari, projiteor, profanus, profecto,
procella, protervus, propages, ^nd propago, when
it signifies a race — for, when it relates to vines,
it is long.
Luc. Qiiam prior affatur Pompeiignavapropago
Virg. pressa propaginis arcus.
Projiciscor and propero do not appertain to
this class, since they seem to be simples.
Propmo, propago a verb, propxdso, procurro,
propello and Proserpina, have the first syllable
common; profunda rarely lengthens it.
The prepositions JlB, as abeo; AD, as dde.ro,
adoro; Ante, as antefero; Circum, as circuma-
fo; In, Inuro; Ob^ as bheo; Per, as pSrimo;
kib, as siibeo; Super, as superaddo; are short.
Virg. Omnibus umbra locis ddero dabis impro-
be pcenas.
22 ox THE MEASCBE OF STLLABLES.
Virg. Junonis magnce primiim prece nnmen
ddora.
Jut. Circumagat madidas a tempestate cohortes-
Sometimes, when a consonant follows, the
consonant of the preposition is dropped, but
the quantity is preserved. Hence, dperio, omit-
to and operio, shorten the first syllable.
Ovid, ^iprilem memorant ab dperio tempore
dictum.
Hor. Quod petiit, spernit; repetil quod niiper
6mml.
Prop, ^ilq; hinnulipellistotos bperibit amantes.
Eleventh Rule.
OF A, E, I, Y, & 0, IN COMPOUNDS.
A, in the part anterior found
Of compound words, prolongs the sound;
But E to aid poetic sport.
With 1 is mostly rendered short.
Nequam, niquis and kindred set,
Venejica, videlicet,
Nequando and nequaquam join,
Nequidquam; idem masculine,
Siquls, ibidem-, and quadrigae,
Tibicen, scilicet, and blgae,
Ublque, blrnus, and tantldem.
Compounds of dies, lastly qiCidam,
To ttiese a wide, extended train.
Rules of long- measurement pertain.
If the first part of the compound terminates
in the vowel A, it is made long: as trdno, trd-
duco, trade — but if in E, it is generally short:
OS THE MEASURE OF BILLABLES. 2S
as Liqutfacio, iremSfaciOy stupSfacio, ngfast
trScenti.
■ Rarefacio, patefacio, rarejio, are also long at
times; as is liquefacio in Ovid, book 9. Metam.
Fab. 2., and iepefacio in Catullus.
Virg. Flammarumque ; globos liq^-Sfadaque
volvere saxa.
Virg. atro tepefada cniore.
Juv. Credebant hoc grande nSfas et mortepian'
dum.
Exception. Except Nequis, nSqua, ne-
quod, nequanif nequitia, neqiiaqxiarriy nequid-
quam, nequando, videlicet, venejictis, veneficay
semodim. SHibra, however, is shortened by
Martial .
Virg. J^eque meis eslo didis mora: Jupiter hcec
stet.
Ovid. Barbara narralur venisse venEjica tecum.
Mart. Et tliuris piperisque tres sSlibrce.
If the first part of the compound ends in /
or Y, it is shortened: as Omiiipotens, causidi-
cus, Melilotus, biceps, triceps, bicorpor, tricor-
por, tricuspis, and the like — Polydorus, &c.
Virg. Turn pater omnipolens, rerum cui sum-
ma potestas.
Mart. Carper e causidiciisfertur men carmina.
Ovid. Pars thyma, pars rorcm,pars meHloton
amat.
Virg. vVam Polydorus ego, 8fc,
Exception. Ibidem, uhique, idem, the pro-
noun of the masculine g-ender, have /long-. —
Idem, neuter gender, has /short.
Blgse, quadrlgse, siquis, siqua, siquid, scilicet,
llicet, iibicen, melliphyllon, Trinacria, blmu^,
trlmus, quadrlmus, tantldem, quivis, quldam.
24 ON TUB XEASUKE OF STLLABLES.
guilibet, biduxim, triduum, and other com-
pounds fron; dieSy merldies, quotldie, &c.
Mart. Difficilis, facilis, jucundiis, acerbus es
Tdem.
Mart. Si totus tibi Irlduo hgatiir.
Mart. Inter tepentes post meridiem bitxos.
Quadrlduum is sometimes made short, as al-
so qv.otidianus, by Catulkis.
Ubicunque more frequently has /short.
Mart, (lid tecum cupis esse meos iibtcunque li-
bellos.
Ovid, however, lengthens it: Servor ubicun-
que est, &c.
Ublvis and ubilibet it is customary to make
long-. Parricida and matricida, Ausonius has
lengthened.
OF IN COMPOUNDS.
In leading" parts of compounds drawn
From Greek, brief render O (Mi;cp:v);
In which position long- rehearse
Q (Ms/k) found in Latin verse.
O, in Greek words, concluding the first part
of a compound, is shortened: as Cymothx,^
Carpophonts, Argonaut a.
Mart. Scecxila Carpophorum, Ccesar, si prisca
tulissent:
Jam milhim monslris orbefuissel opus.
Mart. Ao7i nautas puto vos, sedArgonautas.
EscEPTio??. Those written with an n (me-
ga) are long: as T-^\urTp}i?, Geometra; Minot au-
nts, fMfu^c;, lagopus; nor will you easily find
more that are used by the Latins.
Virg. Minotaur us inest Veneris moiiumt'nlM
nefanda.
Mart. Si mens aurita gaudet lagopode Flaccus.
In various words the Latin O
Sounds sometimes short, at others slow.
O, in Latin words, compounded, is partly
long-: as Alivqiiin, quandoque; partly short, as
Quandoquidem, hodle, duodenus, &c.
Vir^. Dicile quandoqiddefii, in inoUi coiisedi-
mus herba.
Herat. Indignor^ quandoque bonus dormilat
Homerus.
Of tiie iMcrease of Moiiiis in
the Slugular jViiHiljer.
^n explanation of ichat is meant by Increase,
If the genitive singular were equal to the
nominative in the number of syllables, there
would be no increase; as, Musa, Musoe; Bom-
i7ius, Bomini. But should it be longer, then
the penultimate of the genitive will be the
increase; which penultimate in all cases of
each number always preserves the quantity
of the gentitive; as, in S'ermo,scrmonis,sermoni,
sermones, sermonibus, the O is every where
long.
Except Bohus, where the is lengthened,
though in the genitive singular, bovis, it is
short.
Bl
26 ox THE INCREASE OF NOUNS.
Appendix. Iter, suppellex, and words com-
pounded o^ caput, ending- in the letters Pas',
are augmented by a double increase; as, it\n-
tris, supellectUls, biceps, hicipltis.
Increase of the first Sf second declension.
Declension first, be always ware,
Admits an increment but rare.
lOeri long the second rates,
All others it abbreviates.
There is no increase of ^i in the first de-
clension, unless with the poets, as, Jiulaiy
pictai, where it is long.
Virg. Aulai in viedlo Ubabant pocnla Bacchi.
Every increase of the second declension is
short; as, Miser miser i; vir viri; safur satiiri.
» Virg. Kon ignara mali miseris snccuirere disco.
Persius. inter pocula qKoerunt
Romulidce saturi quid dia poemala narrent.
Exception. Iber, Iberi, has the penulti-
mate long, and all the compounds of it, Celtt-
bcr, Cdtiheri.
Luc. Interea domitis Cctsar remeabil Iberis.
Marl. Vir Celtiberis non tactndi genlibus.
Of the genitive increasing in ICSwe have
dready spoken.
Increase of the third declension.
A.
.i singula)', in third declension.
Increases long, with slight dissention.
Still finals masculine in .iE,
And .2L,v, ith compounds formed of P.2ff,
ON THE INCREASE OF NOUKS. 27
Claim from the rule a wide dissent,
With others of brief increment,
As Bacchar, nectar, hepar, mas.
Lav, jubar, anas, also vas.
The increase of A in the sing-ular of the
third declension is long"; as, Fectigal,vecttgaliSf
Titan, pietas, pietaiis, pax, calcar and Jjax.
Ovid. Concitat iratus validos Tit anas in Jirina.
Virg. Pars mihi pads erit dextram tetigisse
Tyranni.
ExcEPTiox, Shorten the masculine nouns
in dSsiudAR; as, Sal, Hannibal, Amilcar, par,
impar, compar, dispar, &c.
Virg. Vela dabant Iccti, et spiimas satis cere ru^
ehant.
Sil. Hannibdlem Fabio ducam spectante per
urbem.
Sil. Cui scevum arridens narrabis Amilcdris
wnbris.
A, AS.
Greek terms in A and .^/S that end,
All words that final S append
Whereat a consonant precedes:
Annexed the class that here succeeds,
Anthrax, at rax, harpax, cor ax.
Climax, atax, panax, colax.
Dropax, fax, compounds of Phylax,
Abax, styrax, lastly srnilax;
These all with increments are found.
Each with brief Turkish crescent crowned;
Let Syphax, looking- either way.
His love of Punic faith betray.
Also the Greek words in A and .^.S"; as, Pa-
tma, stemma, Pallar, and those that have a
28 ox THE INCREASE OF jrOTTNS.
consonant before S; as, Trcbs, Arabs, and
others compounded of Phylax, Fax, Styrax,
Ardophylax, smilax, and cVmax; and also those
less used; dropax, colax, nydicorax, &c. Can-
dax and Pharnax ^re not in use? but Pharna-
ceSj Candaces.
Jut. Slemmuta qidd faciiint?
Vire;. Inslar monlis equum, divina Pallddis
arte^ JEdifxant.
Ovid. J\\m inodo tkurilegos *^rubas, modb sxis-
picit Indos.
E.
Brief increment on E confer
In third declension sing-ular.
Hymen apart, each genitive
In enis must long increase g've;
Protract thus viansues, locuples,
Ver, Iher, quies, hseres, prses:
Lex, vertex, halec, merces, fzx.
Exotic el, seps, plehs, and rex.
And Grecian finals, Er, and Es;
Though Aer, JEther, brief express.
The Increase o( E in the singular, of the
third declension is short; as, Grcx, grtgis, teres.
Virg. Mllle Grtges illi.
ExcF.PTioK I. Iber, IbHris is excepted; 'the
genitive enz'5 has the penultimate long; as. Pen
Jisnis;, Syren Syrenis; Hymen, Hymtnis is
short. But Ver, JMnnsues, &c. are long.
rxcEPTin>- II. Likewise foreign words in
El; as, Mic/iael; Greek words in Er and Es,
Crater, later, safer. Tapes, kbes, except Atr,
ON TUE INCIiEASE OF NOUNS. 29
Virg. Craicras v.xagnos stuluunt et vina coro-
nant.
Ovid. Viginii fidvos opeioso ex etve lebEtes.
I, 01- Y.
Brief increment on /confer
In tliird declension singular.
However, recollect and see
That if the word should Grecian be,
And I?iis, I m/s genitive,
Protracted be the sound you give.
Thus long form Sa/nnlSf JVes'is, liSy
GrypSi Vibex,. Quiris, glis and Dis.
/or F, as an increase in the singular of the
thiixl declension, is short; as, Styps, stqns,pol-
lex, chlamys, chalyhs.
Ovid. Die, inquam, parva, cur sttpe qucerat
opes?
Virg. M chahjhts nudi Jtrrwn.
Exception. The genitive Inls or Ynis from
Greek nouns lengthens the penultimate; as,
Delphyn, Flcrcyn, Salaniis. So Dis Dltis;
vihcx, viblcv: glis, gliris; gryjjs, gryphis;
iSamnis, sainnuis; JVists, jyisidis; a])sisy apsi-
dis, &c. Still there are some who think that
apsides can be made short; for A^iJig is found
with the acute assent on the penultimate;
Fsophis iias the middle syllable common.
Virg. Orpheus in Sylvis, inter DelphlnaS
Arion.
Virg. Laomedontiaden Priamum salainlna pe-
tenleru-
Virg. J^odcs atque dies patet atri janua Dltis.
oU ox THE INCREASE 01 VOU:?S.
IX or \X.
The Persian arrow's lengthened linCj
To words in /JT and FJT assign;
But briefly utter Histrix, pix,
Coxendix, fornix, varix, phryx.
With chaenix, cillx, natrix, 7iix,
And cal'ix, larix, onyx, styx,
So ^lix, eryx, salix, Japyx,
And others like them, such as mastixx
B\i\. bebryx, measured long or short,
Bends pliant to the poet's art.
Nouns ending in the syllable IX or YX,
have the penultimate of the genitive long; as,
Fdix, felicis; bombyx, bomb yds,- perdix^ co.
iurnix, pernix, lod'ix.
Virg. Vivite felices qxiibus estfortuna peracla.
ExczPTio>-. These are excepted, Cilix,
histrix, fornix, pix, 7iafrix a. kind of serpent;
Siix, strix, and some proper nouns; as, Ambi-
orix; and gentiles; as, Bifurix.
Luc. A-menios Cilicesqueferos, Taurosq suh-
egi.
Luc. ^iinc pice, mine liquida rapuere inccn-
dia cera.
Mastix masticis, for mastic gum, is short;
mastlgis, for a whip, is long.
Appexdts. Many lengthen it, still some
sav it should be shortened. Bebrix varies.
ox Tlia IXCRKASE OF xou:-dix. Some numerals also in GINTA
are sometimes read short in Martial and Mani-
lius. So contra, by Valerius Flaccus, Auso-
nius and Mandius, is made short.
ON FINAL SYLLABLES. 41
E FINAL.
^filial made, abbreviate,
Still certain words discriminate,
As those of first and fifth declension,
\Vhere final E has long dimension:
Stich tempe, cfte, ohe, make,
Thenfen/ie, fere, fame, take,
Dace, and such of mood the same;
Monosyllables add their claim.
Enclitics and syllabics still
None but contracted measure fill.
Declension second's adverb throng
Are (bating ?nak, bene,) long.
Finals in E are short — as JYait, fi>gS, ponS,
penB, nempe.
Virg. Heufu^t..nute Dea, teque his, ail,eriiiS
flammis.
Virg;. Per.S simul tecum solalla rapla Mena'ca.
Exception I. All of the first and fifth de-
clensions are long — as Anchi&iades, b Jinchisi-
ade, Cidliope, re, die, iii'd derivatives from
them — as Quare, hodie,- to which add fume,
cete, tempe, ferme, fere, ohe.
Virg. Tros Jnchisiade,facUis descensus -Iverni.
Marl. Ac?t renins quare lean longo tempore Ro-
mam-
Virg. Objicit: ilk faniB rapida tria guifvia
pandens.
Mart. Hoc si contigerit,fame peribis.
Exception II. Also verbs of the second
conjugation, imperative mood, singular num-
ber — as vidB, habS; cave, however, is often
short, for, formerly, it was of the third conju-
42 ox FIXAL SYLLABLES.
gation, as were also some others — so reaponde
which Martial shortens, as Fersius does vide,
and Horace vale.
Hor. Fade, vale: cavS ne titiibes, mandataqut
frangas.
Ovid. c/Ya?e, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corri-
ge vota.
Monosyllables also are long" — as me, te, s5.
Except the enclitic adjuncts, quS, ng, vg.
And the syllabic adjections, ptg, ce, ig — as
suapte, hisce, tutg.
Virg. Tanlang vos generis tenuit fidiicia vesh'i?
Hor. Hinc omnis pendet Liicilius, hoscg seculus^
Exception HI. Adverbs also are long- when
derived fro'n nouns of the second declension:
as Placide, valde, mmime, surnme,- except be-
ne and male.
Mart. Excipe soUicitos placide, mea dona li-
bdlos!
Mart. J^Til bgng cum facias, facis atlamen om-
nia belle
Hor. Et malg tornalos incudi reddere versus.
Appexdix. Adjectives of the third declen-
sion when they pass into adverbs, have the
last syllable short — as sublime, suavg, dulcg,
facilg, dij/icilg, &c.
Virg. Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni,
Virg. Ipse sed in pratis aries,^am suavg rubenli.
I riXAL.
Elongate /, but shorten nisi,
With all Greek substantives, and quasi:
But we may vary mihi, tibi,
Which privilege is claimed for sibi.
ox FIXAI. STLLABIES. 43
Cui dissyllable, and ubi,
Are short more frequently, and ibi;
But poets vary necxibi,
With sicuti and siciibi.
Words terminated by the vowel 1 are long
— as classi, fieri, uti, Mercuri.
Virg. Sic falur. lacrymans, classique immiUit
habenas*
Mart. Quam vellem fieri mem libeUus:
Hor. Ferhir uil pulvis collectus turbine.
Hor. Mercurt facunde nepos Atlantis.
Exception I. Shorten nisi, quasi, and
Greek words ending- in /or Y; as, Palladi,
Daphni, Moly.
Ovid. Q,Md nisi Pierides^ solatia fri^ida, res-
tant.
Virg. Insere, Ddphnt, Pyros: carpent tuapo-
ma nepotes.
Exception II. 3Iihi, tibi, sibi have the last
syllable common.
Ibii ubi, and cut when it is a dissylable, are
more frequently short.
Necubi, sicubi, and sicutt are always found
short.
Virg. Post mihi non simili poena commissa lu-
etis.
Virg. Extremum hunc, Arethusa^ mihi concede
labor em.
Mart. Sed noriint cui serviant leones.
O FiXAL.
vague, but long ergo, for sake,
'Greek words and monosyllables make,
44 ox riXAL SYLLABLES.
And datives, ablatives embraced,
Within declension second placed,
And adeb with ideo,
And adverbs that from nouns may flow:
But c;7o, modo, nescio.
And imo, duo, witli scio,
Abbreviate; but vary serb,
And also the conjunction verb.
Words ending- in 0, are ambig-uous; as,
Qtiando, vigilando, nolo.
Mart. ^Yolo inihi ponas rhombum nuUamve bi-
librem;
J^''ollo boletoSy oslrea nolOy tact.
ExcEPTios I. Except monosyllables; as, 0,
do, 6/o; datives and ablatives; as, Somnu, tuo.
So Greek words which have ii mega; as,
Androged, Afkd; Clio, Jleclo, and others of the
same kind, to which is added ergcu for causa,
signifying^ for sake.
Virg. iux Da danicz, spes fidhsima Teu-
crum.
Vlrg. hivaJirat iirhem somno viiioque sepul-
tarn.
Virg. rilecto lorvariifacie:n,elfuri(dia membra.
ExcKPTiox 11. So adverbs derived from
nouns; as, Subitb, meriib, inultb, fsubitohovf-
everis sometimes made short by Seneca_j to
which are added, Aded, ideo.
Here ag"ain are excepted Modo, quoinodb,
dutnmodd, postmodo, scito, into, to which add,
scio, nesc'w, duo.
The adverb icro, and the conjunction ve?-o,
have the last syllable common. To these some
join porro.
ON fllTAL gTLLABLES. 45
Mart. JllddK cito Dii, sed tibi sero dabunt.
Va). Flac sin verb preces et dicta super-
bus Respucret.
Juv. Vester porro labor fcecundier hisloriarum.
U, B, T, D.
Z7i3 prolonged, but ^, A T,
Respond alike brief quantity.
Words ending" in U, are long-; as, Manu,
cornu, Pantheu.
Virg. Tela manu miseri, jactabant irritn Teu-
cri.
Ovid. JVec 7nora curvavit cornii, nervoqne sa-
gittam impulit .
Virg. Quo res summa loco, Panlheu? quam
prendimus arcem?
Those terminating in B, D ,T, arc short;
as, ab, quid, audit.
Vi rg. Tarn paler ^.Tineas piippi sicfatur db alia.
Virg. Qaidqxdd id est timeo, Danaos et donafe-
re?ites.
Virg. Audiit et Trivkz longcc lacxis, audiit am-
nis.
C, L, M, FINAL.
C's long, but vague the pronoun hic;
And next brief formed are donee, nec;
But poets still, a fickle band.
The right to vsLvyfac demand.
Words ending in C, are long; as, slc^hdc, and
the adverb Inc.
Virg. Sic oculis, sic ille manus, sic orafercbat.
Virg. Classlbus hlc loctis, hic acies certare so-
lebant.
46 OS FINAL STLLABLE6.
Exception-. Shorten nee and donSe. The
pronoun hie is either way. Fac is mostly
short.
Ovid. ParvCjnec invideo, sine me, liber, ihis in
vrbem.
Virg. Hic vir,hic est, tibi quern promitli sccpius
audis
Virg. Est hu, est animus lucis contemptor,
et istam.
Ovid. Hos fac Armenios hxe est Enacia Per-
sis.
Mart. Signa rariu^, ut semelfac illud.
L.
Short in its quantity is L:
Long", Hebrew words, and sal, s6l, nil.
"Words ending in L, are short; as, dtdrubal,
semel, vigil, simul, consul, mel.
Sil. Vertit terga citus damnatis Asdruhal
ausis.
Hor. Quo semel est imbuta recens servabit o-
dor em.
Testa diu.
Exception. Sal, ''ill, sol, are long; and sev-
eral foreign words; as, JVabal, Daniel, Saul.
Stat. ]Vo7i Sal, oxiporumve, casusve.
Mart. Nil aliud video, quo te credamus ami-
cum.
Ovid. Llterixis spatium medio Sol altus habe-^
bat.
M.
Mhy eclipsis is removed,
Yet short with ancient ages proved.
ox FINAL SYLLABLES. 47
3/ final was in ancient times made short,
nor, as at present, was it cut off from the fol-
lowing- vowel; as it is even now seen in com-
pound verbs.
Ennius. Insignata gere turn millia militum
odo.
Juv. Quo fe circumagas? quae prima a%d ul-
tima ponas?
N FINAL.
Both Greek and Latin iV^ protract.-
Though i^xVsyllabical contract,
If INIS short it chance to give
For termination g-enitive.
Declension second's Greek noun g"ives
Erief leng-th, like such accusatives
As those that origin receive
From some contracted nominative.
Short /orsan is, with in and an,
And tameji, viden\ forsitan.
Words ending in iV, are long; as, REn,spUn,
s'm, litan, siren, Salaniln, Adeon, and others
of the third declension which end in ON.
Virg. Si'in absumpta salus, et te pater optlmc
Tencrum.
Luc. Unde venit Titan, el nox ubi sidera con-
dit.
Ovid. Adeon ego i:um, dominum cognosdte
vestrum.
Also the Greek accusative of nouns in .?/.S',
ES; as, Mnean^ Anchisen, Calliopen.
Likewise the Greek genitive of multitude,
of any declension; Cimmerion, epigrammaton.
Viig. £f £CEM(?n .E»fa>i agnovit Tvrnv.s in
armis.
48 OK FINAL STLIABLES.
Tibul. Cimmerion eliavii obscuras accessit ad
oras.
Exception I. Shorten an, 1.n, forsdn, forsi-
tdn, tdmtn, atlamen, viden.
Also, finals in the syllable m, which make
the genitive INIS— as Nomtn,yedtn,JlumBi\,
Jlameii.
Virg. Forsitan et Priaml fue) hit qucs fata re-
quirat.
Sla/. Ipsa dedi, vidtn ut jugxdo consuwpserii
ensem.
Ovid, yomen^lnenium Siculas impleverat urbes
ExcxPTiox II. Also, Greek nouns in ON
are short, which have a view to our second
declension — as Pelion, I/ion, Erotion.
Ovid. Ilion ^- Tenedos, Simoisque t^* Xunthus
if Ida.
Mart. Pallida nee nigras horrcscat Eroiion
umbras.
Finally, all accusative cases which proceed
from nouns having- the last syllable short — as
Scorpion, Thetyn, Ityn, Maidn, JE^inan.
Luc. Scorpion incendis cauda, chelasqut peruris
Ovid. Tantaque nox animi est Ilyn hue accer-
site, dixit.
Slat J^amque ferunt raptam palriis -Egindn
db undis.
R FINAL.
Brief render H, but lengthen nar,
Fur,' par and race, lar, cur and/cr,
With words derived from Greek that give
Long Eris final genitive;
And xther, aer, Iber, ver,-
Cor shorten; varv Ccliiber.
oy SlUXh SYLLABLES. 49
Words terminating in M are short; as,
Jmilcar, semper, semivtr, prsscor, Hector.
Sil. r^f senior SicuUs exsnltat >^milcdr in Ar-
mxs.
Virg. SeynpSr honos, nomenq', tuum^laudesq;
manehunt,
Luc. Inseruiise manus, impure ac semlvir au-
des.
Virg. J^'ec gemere aerid cessabit turtur ab ul-
mo.
Exception I. Lengthen Cur, Far, fur,
Iber, Lar, nar, ver, par, with its compounds;
as, compar, dispar, and hnpar, and Greek
words v/hich make the genitive ERIS long;
as, crater, stater, add aer and aether.
Hor. Cur ego, si nequeo,ignoroque poetasa-
lutor.
Hor. Ludere par, impdr, eq\iitare in anmdine
longd.
Luc. Si tibi durus Iber, aut si tibi terga de-
disset.
Virg. Largior hie compos ccthEr et lumina ves-
iit.
Appexbix. Cor is better short. Celtiher is
doubtful.
Ovid. MoUe cor ad timidas sic habet ille manvs.
Mart. Ducit ad uuriferas quod me Salo Celli-
ber oral.
AS FIXAL.
wSiS lengthen, but each Grecian word.
In case the fourth, declension third,
Contract, with which each first case blend,
In adis should the second end.
Finals in AS are long; as, ..Wlnecis, Pallas,
Pallantis, f&s, nefds.
CI *^ ^
50 •» TISAL STllABtJS.
Virg. ^neas ignariis abest, ignariis el absil.
Virg. Tela manusq; sinit, hiiic Pallas instet
et urget.
Virg. Fas etjura sinunt.
Exception. Shorten Greek nouns the
genitive of which ends in ABIS,- as, Areas,
Pallas Pallddis.
So the accusative of the third declension of
Greek nouns; as, Trods, Delphinds, Herods.
Ovid. Palds aninn sbnulal.
Mart. Curii quibus Pleiades et plus Areas erai.
Virg. Permistos Herods, et ipse videbitur illii.
ES FI>'^AL.
Protract ES; shorten nominatives
Declension third, if genitive's
Increase with short penultimate:
However, some exceptions state,
As paries and aries,
And eeres, pes and abies.
Fiomsum, es brief with joenes make;
Like measure for Greek neuters take.
And plural Grecian nominatives.
With corresponding vocatives.
Finals in ES are long; as, AnehisSs, locU'
pies, qiioties, octiSs, decies, j'ubes, aitdiSs.
Virg. AnchisSs alacris pulmas lUrasque teteri'
dit.
Mait. Orbns es et locnplSs, et Bruto consult
dignus.
Virg. Dicere te lassum quotiBs ego credo Qta"-
rino.
Virg. Uno nasceiis octiSs in aixno.
Exception. Shorten nouns of the tliird
declension which increase in the oblique ca-
ex FIJiAl STLLAB1.29. Sl
ses with a short penultimate; as, DivSs, equisp
hospts, pedes.
Virg. Insxila divSs opum, Priaml, dinn regno
manehant.
Virg. Obvius armalOy ceu cum pedSs iret in
hostem.
Except. Mies, aries,cerls, pariSs, pEs, with
its compounds; as cornipes, sonipes.
Virg. Populus influviis, abies in montibus al-
Hs-
Virg. Flava CerSs, alto neqxiidqnam special
Olympo.
Ovid. JSTec pSs ire potest intra qnoque viscera
saxum.
Virg. Stat sonipes, et/rcenaferox spiimantia
tnandit.
Exception. £5 from the verb sum, is also
short, and its compounds, as, potes, ades; also
penis: also Greek nouns of the neuter gen-
der; as, Cucoeihes. So the nominative and
vocative cases of Greek words; as, Arcades^
Trois, Dsemunes, Rhetorts, Amazonts-
Virg. Qu'isquis Ss, amissos jam hinc obliviscere
Graios.
Mart. Tn potes et patriot miles el esse dectis.
Hor. Qnem pents arbitrium est et jus, et nor-
ma loqutndi
Juv. Scribendi cacoethSs, et cegro in corde se-
nescit .
Virg. Jimbojlorentcs (ztatibus, ArcadSs ambo.
The accusative cases seem to foHoAv the
rule of the Latins, though Ovid in the Epistle
to Heroid has said
Quis scit an hac sccvas insula ligres habet,
Charyhdcs, hacreses, metamurphosEs, and simi-
ox FlXAl SYLLABLES.
ives are lo:
Greek, but Latin cases.
IS or YS FixAL.
Both /-Sand F6' abbreviate,
Thoug"]i you each puiral case dilate.
Extend the verb and noun too, vis^
And yiol'is,, velis, glls and sis,
Aadis and such, and then a thron;^
In inisy entis, itis long-.
Finals in IS or YS, are short; as, Jp1s, in-
quiS, aU, dixeris, egerts, Thetis, Tiphys, Ilys.
Ovid, .^on aplSfinde tuUt colleclos sechda fla-
res.
S!a^ Jamdudum lacllo lastrat Thelis omnia
visit .
Virg. filter evil tiini Tiphy<;, et altera qrice ve-
hal 'Irgo.
a IS, the ultimate in the future of the sub-
junctive mood, is almost always short.
M:ut, Is mini, dives erit, si causas egerts, in-
qnlt.
Yet sometimes tliis tense is found long",
v.hich some ascribe to theCyesura.
Ovid. Da milii le piacldurii, dederis in carrnina
v'res.
Exc-EPTiox 1. Except all cases in tlie plural
number; as, Viris, armts, mnsls, nobis, vobls,
qim, for quibus, omnis, urbl-s.
Also Ghs, vis the noun and verb, vths, s7.^,
with compounds; as, quamvis, nolis, adsls;
possis is by Juvenal in the V. Satyre, made
short.
OV FIXAL STLLABLrS.
63
And the second persons of the singular
number, indicative mood, fourth conjugation;
as, Audis, nescis, serdls.
Virg. Prczsentemque vins intenlant omnia
viortem.
Virg:. Queis ante orapatrum, Trojce submceni-
bvs aids.
Virg. JVbn ea vis anivio, nee tanta superbia
viclis.
Mart. Jam satis est; ncn vTs, ^^fer, avere, vale.
Mart. S'escisjieiinescls domin(X,faslidiaRom(Z.
EscEPTiox. Those also are long" the gen-
itive of which ends in INIS, ENIS, ITIS
with the penultimate long; as, iSalamis, Si-
mols, lis.
Ovid. Hac ibat Simots, hUest Sigeia lellus.
Hor. Gramaiici ctrtant, et adhuc sub judice lis
est.
^ OS riiN-Ai..
Elongate os, though brief in compos,
:'..iv less in os osftis, and impos;
G;eek neutei-s; so all words within
Declension second; and again,
Diminished measure Latins give
To OS the Grecian genitive.
Flnal«, in OiS" are long; as, Os oris,- EredLs,
Tros, Minos, Herds, Jlthus, A7idi-ogeds, and
others written with n (mega.)
Ovid. Os homini sublime dedit.
Virg. Tros tRnchisiade: facilis descensus Aver-
ni.
Virg. Andrcgeos off'ert ncbis, sccia agmina
credens.
Exception. Shorten Os ossis, and exos,
^4 05 Fi:XAL STILABLES.
compos, and impos,- and Greek neuters; ks,
Chaost melos, Argos.
Vire. Et Chaos et Phlegethon, loca node silen-
tia lute.
Also those ending- in Os which fall into the
second declension of the Latins; as, Tyros,
Jrcfos, Hi OS.
Luc. Et Tyros inslahilis, preliosaque murice
Sidon.
Mart. J\''escia nee nostri nomiyiis >.9rct6s erat.
Finally, all g'enitive cases proceeding- from
whatever nominatives; as, Arcados, Pallados,
Typho'eos, Tethyos, Tereos.
Ovid. Arcados hinc scdes et inhospita tecta /i/-
ranni,
Ovid. Alte jaces vasti super ora Typhoeos AE.I-
na.
Luc. Tethyos unda vagce lunaribus ctslual ho.
ris.
US FIXAL.
Z7S' although short, full length accords
To all monosyllabic words.
Which measure never fail to give,
First, each long increased genitive,
Declension fourth (with this relief
Case first and fifth has increase brief,)
Greek genitives in Untis found;
Then words that we with tuc compound,
Greek contracts first and second case;
Blest name of Jesus crowns the race.
Finals in US are short; as, Littus, intus,
scnsibus. And the nominative and vocative
cases singular of the fourth declension; as,
Domus, maniig.
ox flKAL STLtlBlBt. 55
Virg. Heufiige crudeles terras, fugc littus a-
varum.
Virg. File Dolopum manus, hic sczvns tendebat
Jlchilles.
Exception T. Except monosyllables; as,
Plus, rus, thus.
Luc. Plus ilia vohis acie, quam creditis actum
est.
And such as increase in the oblique cases
with a penultimate long-; as, Salus, tellus, pa-
lies; and nouns of the fourth declension, ex-
cept the cases already mentioned; as, AditTis,
vultus.
Ovid. Mox etiamfruges tellus inarata ferebat.
Ovid. Juncta palushuic est; densis obsessa sa-
lictis.
Mart. Hos aditus urbem Martis habere decet.
Pains however is shortened by Horace in
his Art of Poetry.
- Hor. Regis opits, sterilisqv.e diu palus, apldqnt
remis.
Exception II. Final!}-, Greek nouns, the
genitive of which ends in UNTIS; as. Opus,
Jimathxis; and such as are compounded of
!T3f TTc/o?; as Tripus, Mtlampiis. Such also
as are contracted from Oos; as, Panthus
from Panthoos. Likewise the genitive in US
from the feminines in 0; as, Jia?i/o, Mantus;
Clio, Clius; &c.
Virg. Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphus, at-
que Cijthera.
Virg. Palhus Olriades arcis Phcebique sacrrdcs*
Virg. FalidicCE, Manius et Tusci Jilius amnis.
The sacred name, JESUS,i[so come* under
this rul«.
56 ON THB COMMO:X STLIABLE.
Appexdix. Us final from os, not contract-
ed, is short; as, Pamphagus, Oribasus, Poly-
pus, the ultimate of which the ^lloliaus write
with OS, TTOKv^o?: wherefore by the Latins it is
formed with us^ with the penultimate short, f
Ovid. Pamphagus et Dorceiis, el Oribasus A--
cades omnes.
Hor. Polypus, an gravis hirsutis cubet hire^ts
in alls.
— =3I®I«1©1C==-
The Co f union SylU^ble.
First Hifile.
Some monos3'l]ables short, are found,
Greek fashioned, to prolong- the sound.
Monosyllables that are short are sometimes
by the poets made long-, after the Greek me-
thod.
Virg. Limlnaqiie; laxin'fsqtie; Dei tolusque;
movtri.
Juv. Enanimam et menlem, cum qua dii noc-
te loquvritnr.
Sil. Tot uno introitu, capiuntur mililis area.
Mart. Bis undena nocens, el bis duodena no-
eentes.
gecoiid Hiile.
The poets say, all usag-e past
Makes common syllable the last.
The last syllable of a verse is common if a
short syllable is put for a long one.
Virg. Gens inimtca miiii Tyrrhcnum navigat
cequor.
OV FEET. 57
Virg. vVu/e patrls summi, qui tela Typho'ea
teinnis.
The sixth foot is a spondee, which consists
of two long' syllables.
Or, on tlie contrary, a long syllable for a
short one.
Marl. J^Vns non licet esse tarn diserlis^
Qui JMusas colimus severiores.
For the last foot is a choree which con-
sists of a long" and short syllable.
Of the remaining- common syllables, expla-
nation will be g^iven in their proper places.
C^r Feet.
since we have spoken of syllables as well
short as long, and common; we shall now
speak briefly both of feet which consist of
those syllables; and of verse which consists of
feet.
What is a Foot? A foot is part of a verse
determined by a certain number and order of
syllables.
Feet of two syllables. A spondee consists
of two long syllables; ^s, FbssUnt, omnes.
Pyrrhidi; of two short syllables; as, 55-
niis^ riilt.
Choree,- or as others call it, Trochaic, of a
long and short; as, Vincor, arma.
Iambus,- of a short and long; as. Virus, rogas.
Feet of three syllables. Molossic of three
long; as, ^^}ieas, contSndunt.
Trochee or Tribrach; of thr^^e short; as,
Facer?, tvmldus.
C2
oS ON run.
Dactyl; of along and two short; as, Cdr-
pord, traxlnius.
Anapesi; of two short and a long"; as, .^n:?-
mos, sapliint.
Bacchis; of a short and two long; as Dolo-
res, pdrahant.
Jntibcxchis; of two long and a short,- as,
-i u diss e, mat u r u s.
Cretic or ampkimac; of a
a long; asj Maximos, audtunt.
Amphyhrach; of a short, a long and a short;
as, Cadebat, poemu.
Feet of four Syllables compounded of the fore-
going.
Dispondee of two spondees; as, OrdtorEs.
Froceleusma of two pyn-h'ichics; as, Abiete.
Dichoreic of two chorees; as, Dimlcdre.
Diambic of two iambics; as, ProplnqultdS'
Clioriamhus of a choreic and iambic; as, Nc-
billfas.
Antispastus of an iambic and choreic; as,i?^-
cusarS.
Fssons. The pxons are four; 8c they all con-
sist of three syllables short & one long, with
this condition, that the first foot has the first syl-
lable long, the second foot the second syllable
long, the third foot the third syllable, and the
fourth the fourth.
f 1. Of the Choreic and Pyrrych-
ic — as ddspldtt, temporlbus.
I 2. Of the Iambic and Pyrrychic
J — as Fotentid, doceblmur'
"^ 3. Of the Pyrrychic and Cho-
reic — as AntmdtiiS, morldmur.
4. Of the Pyrrychic and Iambic
^ — as C.lhlmlfcs, obtii-dnf.
Paeon.
OX THE DIFFERENT KIMD5 OP VESSE. 5§
The Epitrite or Hippie are the same in
number, but contrary to the foregoing.
f 1. Of the Iambic and Spondeic
-as Rtpeiitim, rtpfignarent.
2. Of the Choric and Spondeic
,, . .^ J — as Conditores, cumprobdrunt,
t^pitrue. ^^ 3. Of the Spondeic and Iambic
— as Dlscordlds, cldmdvtvds.
4. Of the Spondeic and Choreic
^ — as Furtundtns, pugndhdmiis.
Fi.ET OF FIVE SYLLABLES. Feet of fivc Syl-
lables are unusual, except the Uochimic,
chiefly opposed to oratorial composition. It
consists of the Iambic and the Cretic — as RSl-
publlcse, pSrkorrescSreyit.
®r Terse.
Verse is a discourse restrained by a certain
kind, number and order of feet. There are
various species of it.
Mexaiaieter of If eroic Terse.
It is called Hexameter Verse, because it
consists of the dimensions of six feet. It is
frequently called Heroic, because in that kind
principally are described the exploits of He-
roes.
Six feet Heroic verse unites;
The Muse each fifth a Dactyl writes,
The sixth a Spondee, all the rest
V^'hichevcr suits the poet best.
50 OSr THE DirFERE>'T KI>DS OF TERSE.
Tlie following- scheme will explain these
verses
Virg. lade ubl clard dSdlt sonltum tubajinl-
hus omnes.
Tibul. Jntonsi crtn^s longa cErvlcS fliiSbant.
Appendix I. The fifth foot is sometimes a
spondee; whence it is called the spondeic
verse; by which is declared either the g-ravity,
the greatness, the slowness of a thing, the
great grief or anguish of mind, or some such
t hing. A beauty is given to this verse by
the dactyl in the fourth place.
Virg. Cunsimt, aiqne ocu'ls Phrygla. agmtnd
clrcumspexU .
If the dactyl be put in the sixth place, the
verse on that account will be called dactylic,
by which is declared the celerity or force ot
any thing, or luicommon joy.
Virg. At tuba tentbllem sontlum procul exc^i-
tdl horrida.
They wish their last verse to be taken from
the first of the following verse, which on that
account generally begins with a vowel.
Appendix II. It is usually highly pleasing
in Hexameter verse to have dactyls and spon-
dees succeed alternately.
Virg. OhslupuitrelrdquS pSdem cum vdcS rS-
pressit.
Nor Is it considered less ornamental if the
adjective is placed before the substantive.
Virg. Sylveslrem ttnui musam m^dllans avc^
nCi.
on THE DIFFEKENT KINDS OF VXBSE. 61
Appendix III. A dactyl is sometimes re-
solved into a proceleusma, to which it is e-
qual in its number of times or quantity, and in-
to the place of which it occasionally succeeds.
Viig. Sectaque intexunt ahiete costas.
Virg. Hcerent varittihus scalce, postesque sub
ipsos.
Some however like to have them contracted.
The anapest which by inversion is a dac-
tyl, sometimes supplies its place.
Virg. Fluviorum rex Eriddmis.
Pentameter Verse.
In verse Pentameter you meet
AVith five uncouthly numbered feet,
Of which the first two, each may have
A dactyl lig-ht, or spondee grave;
Then comes cxsura long and lone,
Succeeding which two dactyls run;
To close the motley group is put
Caesura's second semi-foot.
Pentameter verse, which generally accom^
panics the Hexameter, has five feet, of which
the first two are dactyls or spondees, as any
one prefers, with a long syllable annexedi
which is called the caesura or half foot, the
rest are always dactyls, to which the csesura
is constantly adjoined.
Scheme.
Ovid. Scej-it' tlli pdttr est, sic Terse.
Iambic verse is so called from the Iambic
foot, which possesses the principal part in it.
It is familiar to comedy and tragedy.
Iambic verse when trimeter.
And equally when dimeter.
Iambics never fails to trace
In each and every even place.
But those termed odd may be possessed
By dactyl, spondee, anapest,
Iambus too; but tribrachs tempt
Each place at times, the last exempt.
Senary or trimeter Iambic, when it is pure
and entire, requires the Iambus both equal, &:
unequal. Hor. Btatus illS qvlprocTil ntgotl-
is. But then Horace says
Tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures.
In the first, third and fifth place, besides
the Iambic, it takes the spondee, dactyl and
anapest. Also in the first place you Ujay find
in Seneca sometimes the proceleusma. So
in all places except the sixth it admits the tri-
brach in this manner.
Seneca. Socraie Divis, proximum PhaebO cd-
piit.
Responsa, solve, fare quern poena petant.
The dimeter Iambic has four feet. In all
places it receives those wliich are received by
64 ox THE TiiTTZRr.yr kixps or terst:=
the trimeter, except in the fourth place (as
also the trimeter the sixth,} it rejects the try-
brach.
Hor • Ui prised gens moriahum.
The ancients formerly measured tl)irf kind
of verses by duplicate feet. Hence they are
called trimeters and dimeters, because, they
consist of three or two metres or measures;
when however, at the same time, they have
senary cr quarternary feet.
Observe that when a syllable is wanting- in
iambic Terse,itis called catalectic.
Prudent. %ide3, pater supreme.
When two are wanting-, it is called brachy-
catalectic: Musse, jovis gnatae.
Sometimes there is a'.i excess of syllables,
either one (and that in the end or in the mid-
dle) or even two; and this is called hyper-
CRtaiectic or hypermetric.
Hor. Clarl gigantceo tr\umphd.
Miisa sorvrEs Fdllddis Iv^eiil.
*§€azic OF Choliaiiibic Versei
The scazon, lame Iambic named.
Seems most for satirizing famed.
Its foremost four advancing feet
Iambic trimeters repeat:
Foot fifth Iambus always holds,
The sixth a spondee gravely moulds.
Scazic verse always has an iambus in the
fifth place, but a spondee in the sixth; in all
the Cillers it harmonizes with the senarv iam-
OW THE DIFTEBENT KIITDS OF VEHSE. 65
Mart. ExtSmporallSj facius Sst mSus RhElHr.
Calphurnhun non scripsit el sdliildvU.
Martial is full of the scazic, as it is well fit-
ted for raillery.
AnacFcoiitic Terse.
Anacreontic verse took its name from Ana-
creon, a lyric poet, who either invented it, or
handled it most delightfully.
Anachreon's racy verse so gay,
Charms like the ruddy morning's ray;
With thrice Iambus form the line,
Then one long syllable subjoin.
Iambus in foot first niaTv^ rest.
Or Tribrach, spondee, anape^..
This verse from the principal foot is called
catalectic dimeter Iambic. The first foot is
iambic or spondeic; the second and third each
are iambics, then one syllable remains which
generally is a part of the preceding word. —
And often Anacreon himself has put an ana-
pest or trybrach in the first place.
Scheme.
Anacr. Tauro fSrirS cormi,*
Eqxio ungxdo nocere,
LSpori vdleri cursu,
Naturd (I at Itdni
Oris pdtEntem htdtum.
66 Oy THE DIFFEREXT KINDS OF TERSE.
The repetition of some word with emphasis
gives a particular g-race to this verse either in
the beginning', as,
Anacr. Volo sonar e Alridas
Volo sonare Cadmum.
or in the middle of the verse; as, Anacreon
Ode 4.
Tencris superque myrtis,
Viridi superque loco,
Recuhans hxbain lihenler.
And Anacreon mostly observes this, that
with whatever foot he first begins an ode to
retain the same in the first place in the rest of
the verses: so that if the first were an anapes-
tic, spondeic, or iambic, all the subsquent
verses commence with the same foot.
The peculiar beauty of this verse is a fine,
unaffected simplicity of words.
Trochaic Verse.
Trochaic's seven melodious feet
The muses varied passion meet.
In each odd place the trochee stands,
Admitting tribrach's social bands.
For even places both are free,
Though tribrach cannot final be:
Ranked even dactyl, spondee rest,
Rare proceleusma, anapest.
An undue s\ liable supine
Extends at times the finished line.
Trochaic verse, suitable for hymns, come-
dies and tragedies, consists of seven feet, hav-
ing every where a trochee or choree necessary
for the unequal places: in the place of which
ox THE DIFFERENT KIXDS OF TERSE. 67
however it every where takes a tribrach; (on-
ly it excepts the last place which is taken by
a trochee alone) for the equal places a tri-
brach, spondee, anapest, dactyl, and rarely a
proceleusma. There is often in this verse
a redundant syllable.
hSafcs qui monenti spmite parnet JVumim.
Dnm polo siellae mtcdbnnt, Jihrbu ttrrsiS VQS'
tiet.
This kind of verse is not less various than
the iambic. The tetrameter is mostly approv-
ed, though some esteem also the dimeter; and
that g-enerally is the catelectic.
Catalectic trochaic verse is changed into a-
catalectic iambic if a syllable is prefixed to
the trochaic.
Cruxfidelis, inter omnes arbor una nobilis,
O Crux ^delis, inter omnea, &c.
Anape§tic Verse.
It is called the anapestic verse from the
anapestic foot which holds the principal place
in it.
Four feet proud Anapestics use,
In all which it delights the muse
To see at times no measure put,
Except the anapestic foot.
But freely with it interchanged,
See dactyl, spondee oft arranged;
68 OS THE DIFFEttlST KIA'DS OF VERSE
Tho' second place and fourth alone
The dactyl rig-idly disown.
Anapestic verse consists of four feet, which
are commonly dactyls or spondees, with ana-
pests intermixed, but in such a manner that
there is no dactyl in the second and fourth
place.
Seneca. Lvg^ai.^iher, mP^gnusqut farlns-
^^theris aiti, fellusgite ferax,
Et vaga Ponii mobilis undo.
Observe, the anapestic verse is som.etimes
wholly destitute of any anapest.
Seneca. Terlm nmit biiccina signum.
And on tlie contrary, sometimes all are ana-
pests.
Seneca. Praprium hoc miseros sequitur vi-
Hum.
This verse is altog-ether destitute of any cae-
sura; for what in other kinds of verse is a
fault, in this is praiseworthy.
Note, that after the second foot the anapes-
tic verse is sometimes terminated: hence some
have written a tribrach or choree and have
too often left a hiatus without an elision.
^lycojatc Terse.
Glyconic verse is so called from Glyco its
-inventor.
A spondee first, tlien dactyls twain,
Gljconic triple feet contain.
ox THE niFFEREST KIXDS OF VEnSE. 69
The g-lycop.lc consists of a spondee and two
dactyls.
Seneca. Tandem regld nobiliSf
Antiqui genus Inachi^
Fratrum composuit minas.
The Trocheic and Iambic hold the first
place.
Hor. Ig7ii.s Iliacus domos.
Mart- Pigebat dare strenuo.
This verse is seldom solitary; for it fre-
quently associates itself with the Asclepiadic;
so that one >,vhile, the asclepiadic is put be-
fore the g-lyconic, at another, after it.
Tlie Asclepiadic or Chori-
a^sibic.
It is called asclepiadic from its author As-
clepias, and choriambic from the j^revalence
of the choriambic foot.
Asclipeade ranges first its lines
With spondee, dactyl, then combines
CBESuranext, and with them classed
Behold the double dactyl last.
Asclepiadic verse consists of a spondee, a
dactyl and a long syllable, and then of two
dactyls in this manner.
Some measure this verse so that it has a
spondee in the first place, a choriambus in the
second and third, & a pyrrhichic in the fourth.
Hor. MxcenaSt atcivis Edits R?glhus,
Terranim dominos evehit ad Deos.
(0 OS THfi DlFf iKSHT KI2IDS Of TEft3£-
You will sometimes read a dactyl in the first
place; in the second a molossus; but be not
too hasty to imitate this.
Horace employs this kind of verse for
sounding the Olympic praises of the Gods and
Heroes, or the victories of the pugilists and
knig-hts. Afterwards its limits were extend-
ed so as to embrace not only feasts and drink-
ing, but all occa«ions of hilarity.
There is also anothe? kind of choriambic
verse which admits in the first two places a
dactyl or spondee, in the third a long cssura,
in the fourth a dactyl, and in the fifth a spon-
dee.
Boet. lieu quarn prsecipiil mersd profundd
Mens habet, et propria luce relicia.
Ttndit in externas ire tenebras.
Pherecratic.
A dactyl pherecratics screen
Two spondees' solemn ranks between.
Pherecratic verse consists of three feet; in
the first place of a spondee, in the second of
a dactyl, and in the third place of a spondee;
in this manner.
Hor. Grata Pyrrha sub antra
Often in the first place there is found a tro-
chee in place of a spondee.
• N THE DIPMREI^T KINDS OF rSRSB. 71
Fhaleucic or Hendecasyl-
labic.
Phaleiicic verse or Hendecasyllabic from
eleven syllables of which it consists, is so call-
ed from its inventor Phaleucus.
Five footed verse Phaleucics boast,
Resembling" some disordered host;
First spondee g'rave, then dactyl lig"ht,
While triple chorees close the flight.
Phaleucic verse consists of five feet; a
spondee, a dactyl, and then three chorees.
Mart. Comniendo tibi Quintiane nustros,
Nosfros dicere si tamen libelhs
Possum, guos recitat tuus Poeta.
This verse now and then takes in the first
place, an iambus and a choree.
Catul. Arido modo pumice expolitum,
jyieas esse alt quid putare nugas.
^appliic Verse.
The sapphic vei'se has its name from a
youn^ poetess called Sappho; it is also term-
ed Hendecasyllabic verse.
Mellifluent Sappho's verse is fixed
A choree first, then spondee next;
A dactyl holds the golden mean.
Last, are two closing chorees seen:
The gay Adonic, music's soul.
Crowns with its melody the whole.
Sapphic verse admits five feet in this oi-der;
SI ehorec, a spondee, a dactyl, and then two
72 ON TH£ DIFFERENT Kl»S3 OF TERSE.
chorees; with every third verse there is g"en-
erally connected an adonic, which consists of
a dactyl and a spondee.
Hor- Integer vitas, scelerisque piirus
Non eget Mauri jaculis nee arcu,
Nee venenatis gravida sagitiis,
F^isce, pkarcli-a.
Ca.tullus has sometimes put m the second
place another trochee; who also omits, and
that not rarely, the csesura which adds beauty
to this verse. Seneca takes into the first di-
vision a spondee, a dactyl and an anapest, in
the second also a dactyl; but"shun the practice.
Moratiau Verse.
There is another kind of verse with which
Horace was so much delighted that he is be-
lieved to be the inventor of it.
Acatalecfic I>actyl-Alcaic
Verse.
In foremost place alcaics put
A spondee, or iambic foot;
But in the second, bear in mind.
None will you but iambus find;
Then comes csesura, slow of pace.
And occupies the middle space;
And last of all two dactyls see.
That trip with nimble feet so free.
The alcaic takes in the first place an iam-
bus or spondee; in the second an iambus; in
ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE. 73
the third a long- caesura, and in the fifth a dac-
tyl.
In each strophe the first two consist of the
same feet and syllables.
Hor. Insigne moestis prassidium rStSy
Et consulenti Pollio, curiae.
Horace in this verse, Hinc omne prhicipium,
tuc refer exitxim, resolves the long syllable of
♦he csesura into two short ones.
Iambic dimeter succeeds;
Here spondee or iambus leads.
But next in order must appear
Iambus to this verse so dear;
Both hold place thirdjthe fourth is named,
As sacred to iambus claimed.
Last, one syllable's unsocial g-leam
Shows, lonely, in the far extreme.
The third verse, Archilochic iambic, which
requires an iambus in the first and third places,
or a spondee, admits only an iambus in the
second and fourth places; and finally a sylla-
bic in this manner:
Hor. Cut laurus asternos IidnHrBs.
Fourthly, dactyl-alcaic feet
We find are quadruply complete;
Two dactyls here, two chorees there,
Each line to balance, pair with pair.
The fourth verse is a dactyl-alcaic, taking",
in the first and second place, a dactyl, in the
third and fourth, a choree.
Dl
74 ox THE DirrERESTT K1>DS OF TERSE.
Hor. Dalmatico pSpSrit triumphs.
Of these four consists the Horatian verse,
which is the ode tricoUc, that is, consisting of
three kinds of verses; tetrastrophlc, that is,
in which after four verses there is a return to
the first.
Hor. Daninosa quid non imminuit dies?
^^tas parentmn pejor avis, tulit
JVos nequiores, mox daturos
Progeniem vitiosorum. *
There is, besides, another kind usual witlz
Horace, that is, where the first three verses
are asclepiadlcs,the fourth, a glyconic.
This kind of ode is called dicolic tetrastrophic.
Hor. Scriheris vario foriis, ethostium
Victor 3Iseonii car minis alite,-
Qiiam rem cumgue ferox, tiavibus aut
eguis
MiUs tt duce gesserit.
There is also another kind quite frequent
with him, where the first two verses are ascle-
piadics; the third, a pherecratic, the fourth a
glyconic.
Hor. 7iavis referrerit in Mare te 7iovi
Fluctus, quid agisP fortiter occupa
Portum, ixonne vides ut
2'y'udum reniigio latus?
75
Of the figures that have a
vie^v to the measure of
Terse.
SYNJERESIS.
To form a true syneeresis
Two syllables in one compress.
Synseresis, which is called Episynalsephe, is
made when two vowels are contracted into
one; as, Alvearia, eadtm^ alveUi eodem^ eosdem,
aureis, aurei, denarii.
Virg. Scu lento ftxerint alvearictvimine texta.
Virg. Uno eodemque tulit partu:
Mart. Denarhis tribv^ invitas, et mane toga-
ium.
Virg". Unlus oh noxam et furias Ajads Oilei.
Ovid. Begenerasy scclus est pietas in conjuge
Tereo.
In this kind of contraction there is need of
selection and authority; but of these cui, huic,
Diiy Diis, iiy iidem, iisdem, all may be used.
Also of the adverbs Deinde^ dein, deinceps,
dehinc; and of the verbs, Deesf, deerat, deerant,
deerit, deerunt, deese-^ and those that are com-
pounded of semi; as, semianimis, semihomo.
Ovid. Juncta palus huic est densis ohsessa sa-
lictis.
Luc. Iidem, cum fortes animosprcccepta suhissem.
Stat. DeMnc sociare choros, castisque accedere
sacris.
Mart. Smt Meccenates non deerunt, Flacci
Mar ones
Virg Semihominis Caci fades quam dira te-
gehat.
Anteamhulo, antehac, anteit, have a view to
the same, and others, if any there are.
76 ON THE FIGURES THAT HAyE
Mart. Sum comes ipse tuvs, tumidiqiie ante
ambido Regis.
Luc, Plnriinaque humanis antekac incognila
mensis.
Vir. Q,ui candor e nives antierant^ cursibus au-^
ras.
DIJERESIS OR DIALYSIS.
Dijeresis, disunion's friend,
One syllable in two may rend.
Diaeresis happens when one syllable is di-
vided into two; as, Aurai, a trissyllable for-
the dissylable axirx; sili'ia, evol'iiam, evoluisse,
dissnliio, ■persoluendus, siiavis.
Virg. ^^thereum sensinn, utque aurcii simplicis
igncm.
Hor. J\''ivesque dtdv.cunt Jovtm; nunc mare
nunc siluce.
Ovid. Dehv.cr ant fuses evoliiisse suos.
SYNAL.EPHA.
One vowel by the next when lopped,
Is by the synalaepha cropped.
Synalsepha happens when a vowel or diph-
thong- -of a preceding- word is cut off by a fol-
lowing- one, and in a manner absorbed by it.
Virg. Conticucre omnes, intentique ora tene-
haml.
Virg. DardanidcE e muris; spes addita suscitat
iras.
ExcEPTio>'. and keu with a vowel or
•diphthong- following", remains entire.
Virg. paler, liominum Divwnque (tterna
'potestas!
Stat. Heu, ubi siderei vultus?
Appendix I. Some times neither the vow-
A VIEW TO THE MKASURE OF VERSE. (7
el nor diphthong is absorbed by the following
vowel.
Virg. Posthabita cohdsse Samo, hie illius ar-
ma.
And what more rarely happens, even if the
vowel is short.
Virg. Et vera incessu patuil ilea; ilk uhl ma-
trem.
Sometimes a long vowel, or a diphthongs
becomes short.
Virg. Insulce lonio in magno; quas dira Ce-
Iceno.
Virg. Credimxis? an qui amant, ipsi sibi som~
nia Jingunt?
Appendix II. The synalaepha takes place
not only in the same verse, but also in differ-
ent ones.
Virg. Et spiimas miscent argenti, vivaque sul-
phur a,
Ideasque pices,
Virg. ignari homintanque locornmque
Erramxis,
In these and similar places the last vowel
of the preceding verse is cut off and absorbed
by the first of the following.
ECLIPSIS.
Eclipsis happens when the letter M, togeth-
er with a vowel, is cut off, on account of a
following vowel.
Eclipsis clips the M away
Before a vowel, claimed its prey.
Virg. Italiam, Italiam primus conclamat A-
chates.
Pers. curas homintim! quantum est in re*
bus inane!
78 ON THK riGrBES THAT HAVE
Appendix I. The ancients preserved the
letter 31, with the vowel short.
Ennius. Insignitafere turn milia militum octo.
The eclipsis has place also in different ver-
ses.
Virg* Jamque iter immensi, turres ac tecta La-
tinorum,
Ardua cer7iehant juvenes, murosque sub-
ibant.
Appendix II. The ancient poets every-
where cut off the letter.
Ennius. Vicimus, socii, et magnam pugnu-
vimxis pugnam.
SYSTOLE.
Nor place, nor nature gives relief^
To syllables by Systole brief.
The systole happens when a syllable by na-
ture long", is made short.
Virg. Obshipui steteriint comce, —
Sil. Torruerunt pavidos accensu Ceraunia
nautas.
Or long by position, but thrown out by an-
other consonant; as, obicis, for ohjicis; abici,
for abjici; reicit for rejicit.
Luc. Cur obicis magno twnulwn manesque va-
gantes.
Ovid. Turpe putas abici, quod sim miserandus
amicis.
Stat. Tela manu reicilqiie canes i?i vulnus hi-
ajites.
ECTASIS, OR DIASTOLE.
Short vowels Ectasis extends,
And doubling consonants commends.
Ectasis happens, either when a syllable, na-
A TIEW TO THE MEASURE OF TERSE. 79
turally short, is merely lengthened; which by
the poets is sometimes done, compelled by the
necessity of the measure, especially in proper
names, which cannot otherwise be connected
in verse.
Virg. Mque hie Priamiden lanialum cor pore
toto.
Prop. Et domiis intadce te Iremit Jlruhm.
Virg. Italiam fato profugus Lavinaque venit
Littora.
Or when the same consonant is doubled ^ as,
Relligio, relliquise, repperit, rettulit, reppulit.
Horace has said redducere for reducere.
Virg. ReUigione patrum midtos servala per
annas.
Virg. Troas relliquias Danaum^ atque immilis
JlchilUi.
Virg. Vir honus ei sapiens qualem vix repperit
wium.
Hor. ReUidit acceptos regale munissima Phi'-
lippos.
Luc. Reppulerit Lyhicis immensiim, Syrtibus
aqiior.
Hor* Dii tibi dent capta classeni redducere
Troja.
Of the Uletaplasiii, and cer-
tain figures ojf Poets.
It is peculiar to the poets also sometimes
by adding or diminishing, to modify words
which the orators use, sometimes to change
certain letters for others; sometimes to trans-
fer them from their appropriate place to an-
other; and though in prose this is a fault, and
80 ON POETIC FIGURES.
stlled a barbarism, still in verse it is not call-
ed a barbarism, but metaplasm: this is a liber-
ty that is granted to poets, because, for the
most part, they are oljlig-ed to subserve the
measure. It is called metaplasm because the
ancient form of words either through the ne-
cessity of metre, or for the sake of ornament-
ing the poem, is changed by the poets into a
new form and appearance of speech.
PHOTHESIS AXD APH^RESIS.
To words Prothesisadds, we say,
Aphxresis takes part away.
A letter or syllable added in the beginning
of a word, is called a pro thesis; as, Gnaiiis.
for natus.
A letter or a syllable taken away from the
beginingofa word, is called aphjeresis; as,
Ruo, for eruo; temno, for contemno; pefo, for
expeto.
Virg. dabit ille ruinas
^^rboribus, strugemque satis, met omnia
late.
EPENTHESIS axd SYNCOPE.
In words Epenthesis inserts,
A rule that Syncope inverts.
Epenthesis happens when a letter or sylla-
ble is inserted in the middle of a word; as,
Relliquias, for reliquias; •Mavars, for Mars,-
navita, for nauta,- induperaior, for imperator,-
ctncfuius for cinctus.
Virg. Trons relliquias DanaiLtn, atque immitis
^^cchillei.
Virg. Fecerat et riridi feram Marortis in antro.
ox POETIC FIGUHES. 81
Ovid. Quod tibi cum gludio! dubiam rege na-
vila pvppim.
Syncope takes a letter or syllable from the
middle of a word; as, Guberntido, fov guher-
naculo; pertdis, for per milis; vixet, for vix is -
set,- ext'mxtm, for extinxissem,- JDivum for Di-
tor urn.
Virg. Cumque gubernuclo Hquidas projecil in
undas.
Virg. Deseris; heu tantis nequidquam ereple
pertdis,
Virg. ilxet, cui vitam Deus aut sua dfxlra
dedisset.
Virg. nntumque patremque
Cum genet e extinxem, memd super ipsa
dedissem.
PARAGOGE AND APOCOPE.
Suffixes Paragoge loves.
Finals Apocope removes.
Paragoge happens when something is suffix-
ed to the last syllabic; diS, Deludiery fovddu-
di; admittier ?o\' admit ti.
Terent. Ubivls fadlius pnssvs sim, quam in
hac re me dehidier.
Virg. admittier alacres orant.
Apocope takes something from the end of
a word; as, Ttigurl, for Tugurii; oti, fov otii.
Virg. Pauperis et tugurt congestum cespite
culmen.
Virg. Parthenope, studiis florenlem ignobilis
oiu
TMESIS.
Tmesis divides a word, *tis seeui,
Another to insert between,
1)2
82 ON POETIC FIGURES.
Tmesis divides a word by another placed
between 5 as, Lique ligatus for illigatusque;
■qui te ctmque, for qmcumque te,- inque saluta-
tus for insalutatusque.
Virg. Ille pedem referens, et iniUilis, inque /i-
gatiis.
Virg. Inque salutatum linque,
Virg. Qui te cunque manent esto certamine ca-
sus,
ANTITHESIS and METATHESIS.
Antithesis beyond dispute,
This letter may for that commute;
So may Metathesis new mould
The order that the letters hold.
Antithesis is the change of a letter; as, olli,
for illi,
Virg. Olli ectruleus siipra caput adstitil imber.
Metathesis changes the order of letters;
as, Thymhre for Thymher.
Virg. J^am t'lbl Thymbre, caput Evandrius o&-
stulit ensis.
Unless one supposes that T/iymber and
Thy mbni s a.ve in the nominative; as, Evander
And Evdndrus.
— =oi©I4>I©lc=--
Of the Caeswva.
IF feet, especially of heroic verse, consisted
of single words, verse would be rendered flat
and insipid; though in anapastics it is agree-
able.
Aurea scrihis carmina, Juli maxime vaiunif
OS POETIC FiGrnis. 63
On the contrary, if words are divided so
Ihat by a mutual connexion, some feet depend
upon others, verse is rendered extremely
pleasing".
Virg-. Semper honos nomenque tuum laxides-
que manehimt.
Virg". Non ignara mali miseris succurrere
disco.
The syllable that is cut off from a word,
and remains after any complete foot, is com-
monly called a Csesura,- the force ot which
is so great that by means of it a short syllable
is lengthened, since it is a certain time latent
in the very division of words; for whilst we
delay and pass on to another, we gain an in-
terval and space.
There are four sorts of Csesura. — TViemime-
ris; when after the first foot there remains a
syllable which finishes the verse.
Virg. Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit
exta.
Fenthemwieris; when the same happens af-
ter t\vo feet.
Virg. Emicat EurialuSy et munere victor a-
mici.
Hepihemimeris; when after three feet.
Virg. Una eademque una sanguis animiiS"
qxie sequuntur.
Eneemimcris; when after four.
Virg. Graius ho7no infectos linquens profu'
gus Hymenseos.
You see that the syllables, naturally short
kfter the first, second, third and fourth foot,
«re made long; the advantage of the csesura,
84 ox PATRONYMIC N0TJK5.
Of Poetic Alords.
with the license of words the poets are
much more free than the orators; in the dili-
gent and accurate reading of them, those who
are devoted to poetry must carefully observe
not only the words,but also the ornamentSi
— ==31®1«I©IC==-
Of Fatroiiyiiiic JVoims.
Appropriate also to the poets are words
which by grammarians are called patronymics,
because they are formed from the names of
forefathers or ancestors, and signify a son or
daughter, a grandson or granddaughter, or
some one of posterity : they are made gener-
ally from Greek nouns, and end in des, or as,
is, or ne. The first of these are masculine,
and of the first declension; as, Pelides; Achil'
les, the son of Feleus.
Ovid. Pelides utinam vitasset Apollinis arcus.
^^acides; Achilles, the grandson of Maeus.
Virg. Sasvus uhi ^^acidse telojacet Hector.
JEacides; Pyrrhiis, king of the Epirotes,de-
scended from 31acus.
Virg. Ipsumque ^^acidem genus armipoten-
iisyichillei.
The rest are feminine, and of the third de-
clension, except the last, which are of the
second of the Greeks; as, Thaumantias; Iris,
the daughter of Thaumantis.
Virg. .id quern sic rosea Thaumantias ore lo-
lia-st.
ox PATK05YMTC KOUNS. 85
JEoUs; Jllcycnet the daughter ot JEolus.
Ovid. Molis in terra tantorum ignara malo-
rum.
JVerine, Nerines; Galatea^ the daughter of
Nereus.
Virg. Neriney Galatea^ &c.
Appestdix. I. Patronymics are derived not
only from fathers, grandfathers, great gand-
fathers, he. and other ancestors, but also from
mothers; as, Iliades; Romulus, from Ilia,-
Phylirides; Chiron, the Centaur from Phyli-
ra; Laiois-idls or idos; Diana, from x»rce, that
is, Latona.
Ovid. Invadunt, portxisque petunt, quas dbice
fir mo.
Clauserat Iliades.
Ovid. Fhilirides ptcerum clthara perfecit A-
chillem.
Ovid. Fraeteritas cessisseferunt Laloidos iras.
Also from brothers; as, Phaethontias, the
sisters o£Pha'eto7i.
Virg. Tum Phaethontiades musco circumdat
amara Corticis.
From kings and founders; as, " Romxdidse.,
Romans, from Romulus; Dardanidae, Trojans^
from Bardanus; Cecropidw; Athenians, from
Cecrops; also Thesidse; from Theseus.
Perseus. Inter pocula quaerunt,
Romulidae saturi, quid diapoemata narrent,
Virg. Dardaninx magni, genus alto a san^
guine Divum.
Ovid. Cecropidas duxif.
86 ON PATROXTMIC NOUNS.
Virg. Praemiaque ingentes pagos et compitd
clrciimy
Thesidas posuere.
Appendix II. Many words are formed
from regions, cities, mountains, rivers and o-
ther things; which have indeed the patrony-
mic form, but in fact are Gentiles, or are put
for possessives and adjectives; as, Asis, Li-
hystis, Sithonis, Thessalis, Sido7iis: Ilias, Tro-
as: ErymanthiSf Manalis, Fieris, Triionis,
Fegasis, JPhasis.
Ovid. JEgeas metiris aquas, et in Aside terra
Msenia coiistituis.
Virg. Horridus in jaculis, et pelle Libysiidis
UfS3e.
Ovid. Nee vehit Adaeas Sithonis unda rates-
Virg. Interea ad templum noii sequae Palla-
dis ikanf.
Crinibns Jliades passis.
Ovid. Troades exdamant, obiumuit ille do-
lor e.
Ovid. Cumque truci Borea Maenalis ursa vi-
det.
Ovid. Pegasus CEone Phrygiis cekberrima
sylvis.
Ovid. Credulus immerita Phasida fovet ope^
THE END.
THE
LATIN RULES
OF ALVAREZ.
(5) Primum de vocali ante vocalem.
Vocalem breviant aliasubeunte Latini.
Produc (ni sequituri?) Fio et nomine quintae,
Quse geminos casus E long-o assumit in Ei:
Verum E corripiunt Fideique, sptique, rSique,
/f/S' commune est Vati: producito alius:
Altefius brevia: Pompti et csetera produc,
Protrahiturque Ehexi; sed 16 variatur et Ohe,
Nomina Grsecorum certa sine lege vagantur,
Quaedam etenim longis; ceu Z)Za, Chorea Ph'
tea;
Quxdam etiam brevibus, veluti Symphonia,
gaudent.
(S) De Diphthovgis.
Dipthongus longa est in Graecis atque Latinis.
Prse br?evis est, si compositum vocalibus anteit>
(9) De Posilione.
Vocalis longa est, si consona bina sequatur,
Aut duplex, aut I vocalibus interjectum.
(10) Exceptio II. de Liquescenlibus.
Si mutam liquidaraque simul brevis una prsei-
vit;
Conti-ahit Orator, variant in carmine Yates:
Sed si longa praeit semper tibi longa manebit.
Quae neque longa brevis naluni dicitur anceps.
S8
rHE LATIK RULES OF ALVAREZ.
(12) De prmteritis Dissyllubis.
Prseteritaassamunt primam dissyllaba long-am.
Sto, do, scindo, fero, rapiunt bibo, findo pr'iores.
( 1 3) De prceleritls geminanlibus primam Syllabam.
Praetei'itum geminans prirham, breviabit u-
tramque:
Vt pario, p^ptri; vetet id nisi consona bina:
Caedo cecidit habet, long-a, ceu pedo, secunda.
(13) De Supinis Dissyllabis.
Cuncta supina volunt primam disyllaba Ion-
gam:
At JReoVi el Cieo, Scro, et Ire, Sinoq,- Linoq,-
Do, Queo, elovinRuo, breviabunt rite prlores.
(16) De Supinis Pohjsyllabis.
UTUM pvodvLcnnt polysyllaba cuncta supina.
/F/Proeterito semper producitur ITUM.
"Csetera corripias in Itum quoecunque supina.
(17) De Derivalivis.
Derivata. Patris naturam verba sequuntur;
Mobilis et fames, Latei-na ac rcgula sedes.
Quamquam orta e brevibus, gaudent produ-
cere primam.
Corripiuhtur Arista, vadum, sopor, atque Lu-
cerna.
Kata licet longis: usus te plura docebit,
(IS) De Compositione.
Legem simplicium retinent composta suorum^
Yocalem licet aut diphthongum syllaba mutet.
Drjcro corripies, cum ptejevo et hmubti, nee
non
.onuha^futkhi'inn et socios cum semisbpltn^
THE LATIN RULES OF ALVAREZ. Hd
Queis etiam nifdhniy cum cogniius, agn^tus
haerent.
I.onga imhBcillus verbumque ambitus amabit
(20) De Prcepositlonum Compositione.
Longa J, DE, E, SE, DI, proeter Dirimo at-
que disertus.
Sit RE breve; at refert a res producito sem-
per.
Corripe PRO Grsecum, sed produc rite La-
tinum.
Contraneque Fundus, fugio, nept'isquc nepos-
que.
'EXfesius, fori, fateor, fanumque crearunt:
Hisce profedu addes, pariterque procellay
protervns.
Atque propago genus, propago protrahe vitis.
Propino varia, verbum propago, profunda;
Propulso, procurro,propellu, Proserpina ]unge-
Corripe JB et reliquas, obstet nisi consona
bina.
(22) De Jl, £, /, F et 0, in Compositione.
Produc ^ semper, composti parte priore:
Ac simul E, simul/, ferme breviare memento.
Nsquidquam produc, Nequando, VenlJicGi
Nequam.
NBquaquam. nSqUis soclosque videlicet addcs.
Idem masculeum produc, et Siquis, Ibidem,
Scilicet, et bigse, tiblcen, uhtque, quadrlgse^
Blmus, tantldem, qu'idam et composta Diet.
(24) De in Compositione.
Grsecum O {mm^cv) prima composti corripe
parte;
n (xMsTst) produces, partem dum daudit ean--
demv
90 THE LATIN RULES OF ALVAREZ.
(25)
Latiniim in variis breviat vel protraliit usus.
(26)
Casibus obliquis vlx cresc'it prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa, tamen produclt IbSri.
(25) A.
Nominis A crescens, quod ftectit tertia, Ion-
gum est;
Mascula corripies AJR, AL^ finita; simulque
Par cum compositis Hepar^ cum Nedare. Bac-
char,-
Cum Vade, Mas, et Anas, cui junge Larem-
que, Juharque.
(27) A, AS.
A quoque et AS Grsecum breve postulat in-
crementum;
S quoque finitum, si consona ponitur ante?
Et Dropax, Anthrax^ Atrax; cum Smilace,
Climax;
His Atacem, Pandcem, Coldcem, Styrdcemque,
Facemque,
Atque Abacem, Cordcem, Fhylacem, compos-
taque; nectes,
Adde Harpax, Syphdcisque, tamen die atque
Syphdcis.
(28) E.
E crescens Nuntero breviabit tertia prime.
Praeter Iber Patriosque enis (sed contrahit Hy-
men.')
Fer, mamues, locuples, haeres, mercesq,- quiesq,-
Lex, vervex,pr3es,fxx, seps,pkbs, rex, insuper
halec.
El peregrinum, Es, Er; Graecum, ^^there et
Aere demptis.
THE LATIK RULES OP ALVAREZ. 9l
(29) I vel Y.
/crescens Numero breviabittertia prlmo:
Grccca sed in patrio casu Inxs et Ynis adop-
tant.
Et Lis^ GliSy Samnis, Dis, Gryps, Nisisque^
Quirisq;
Cum FzZ>ice,simulIonga incrementa reposcunt.
(30) IXvelYX.
IX vel YXpvodxic-y breviato Hisiricc cum Foi'-
nice, varix;
Coxendix, Choenixq,- Cilix, Natrixq; Calixq,'
Pliryxque, Larix et Onyx, Pix, JS%xque, Salixq;
Filixque,
Maslicis his ei Eryx , Calycisq; et Jap j/gts a ddes
ii^useque ultra iiivenias: Bebryx variare me-
mento.
(31) 0. '
crescens numero producimus usq; priore.
parvum in Graecis brevia; producito mag-
num.
Ausonius genitivus Oris, quern neuira dedere.
Corripitur: propria huic junges ul J^estor et
Hector,
Os oris mediosq; gradus extende; sed Arhos,
:ts? composta; Lepus; memor e{ bos, compos et
impos,
Corripe Cappadocem, Allobrogem, cum Proscdce
et 06s, Ops.
Verum produces Cercops, Hydropsq; Cyclopsq.
(32) U. ~
r/" brevia incrementa feret: sed casus in Lris,
Vdis et Utis ab Us Recto producitur; et Fur,
Lux, Pollux. Brev'ia. Intercusqiie, Pecusqueo
Ltgusque.
92 THE LATIM RULES OF ALVAREZ.
(33) A, E, 0, J, V.
Pluralis casus, si crescit, protrahit .S, E,
Atque Of Corripies /j Uy verum excipe bubus.
(35) De Incremento Verborum per A.
A crescens produc; Do incremento excipe
primo.
(36) De Incremento Verb orwn per E.
E quoque producunt verba increscentia; va-
rum
Prima £'corripiunt ante 7?duotempora Ternse.
Die Btris atque Btre,- at Rtris producito rere.
Sit brevis E, quando Ram, Bim, Bo adjuncta
sequuntur.
Corripit interdum StetSrunt, Dedtrunlque Po-
eta.
(37) De Incrementis Verborum per I.
Corripit /crescens verbum: sed deme VeU-
mus.
NollmuSf Slmus, quseque hinc composta da-
buntur;
IFI praeteritum, prresens quartx IMUS et
ITIS.
BI Conjunctivum possunt variare Poetae.
(39) De Incremento Verborum per et U,
O ineremenlum produc, fcorripe semper.
?7fit in extremo penuliiraa longa fuluro.
(40) »4, in fine.
A finita date longis. lid, Posted deme,
£ic, quia, et casus omne?: sed protrahe sex-
lum;
1f*roductos Grcecos casus adjunge vocandi.
THE LATIN RULES OF ALVAREZ. 93
(41) £, in fine.
E brevia; Primae Quintaeque vocabula produc:
Cete, Ohe, Temjie, Fermeq,- Fereq; Fameq,
Adde Doce, similemque modum, monosyllaba,
p raster
Encliticas ac syllabicas: nee non {male dempto
Ac bene) produces adverbia cuncta secundae.
(42) /, in fine,
I produc, brevia, nisi cum quasi Grsecaque
cuncta.
Jure mihi variare Tibiquey Sibique solemus.
Sed mage corripies Ibi, Ubi; dissyllabon et cuiy
Sicuii sed breviant, cum Necubi, Sicubi Vates.
(43) 0, in fine.
datur ambiguis, Grseca et monosyllaba lon-
gis;
Ergo pro causa; Ternus, sextusque secundaei
Atque .Meb ac Ideb; adde adverbia nomine
nata;
Sed Citb corripies modoq; et sciof nescio, et
iillOy
Et duo: sit varlum serb et conjunctio verb.
. ■ — — • — ■ r^3
(45) U, B, T, D.
^semper produc. B, T, D, corripe sempep,
(45) C, Z, My in fine,
Clongum est. Varium ZTic pronomen; coXf
ripe Donee,
Et Nec; fac, pariter malunt breviare Poetae.
"" (46) L. '
Corripe L, at produc sd/, sol, nil multaque
Hebraea.
94 THE LATIN RULES OF ALVAREZ.
(46) M.
J\I vorat Eclipsis: prisci breviare solebant.
(47) JY, in fine.
A'longam est Grsecis pariter, pariterque La-
tinis.
^iV^brevia, quod formant/iVJS breve; Graeca
secundae
Junglmus, et quartum, si sit brevis ultima
recti.
Forsxtan, in, forsan, tamen, an, viden* adjice
Curtis.
(48) R, in fine.
B breve; sed longum est Fur, par cum pigno-
re, Lar, J rr/?p.«'s.
M vnrat Fxlipsis, quoties vocalibus anteit.
Systole praecipitat positu vel origme longum.
THE LATIN RULES OP ALVAREZ. B9
(7») Edam, sire D astole-
Ectasis extenditquc brevem, dupHcatque ele-
mentum
(80) Prothem et .ftvhxzresh
Principinm apponit Prothesis, quod Aphaere-
sis aufert.
(^0) Eppnthens et Ss^incnpe.
Syncope de medio tollit, quod Epenthesis ad-
dit.
(81) Parasose et Jlpocope.
Apocope demit finem, quern dat Paragog-e.
CSI) Tmesis.
Per Tmesim inseritur medio vox altera vocis;
Ut, Scythiae reg'w septem suhjeda fr oni.
(82) JlntMhesh et M tathesis
Litera virtute Antithesis mntatur; ut OlU.
Sed cum transfertur, ceu Thymhre Metathe-
sis esto.
This hook is DUB on the last
date stamped below
DEC 6 1956
000 000 509
PA
2351
A47dE
1833
*4 ^
m