PA
351
P3
1881
MAIN
UC-NRLF
B ^ D2T D7D
C 3
REESE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Received^.
__,;^<^ 188^
A
Accessions No. _^ ?-_«? A >'„ . 5.^^ W^. .
e*.
y
THE GREEK PARTICLES
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
A SHORT TREATISE
ON
THE GREEK PARTICLES
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS
ACCOKDIKG TO ATTIC USAGE.
OF Tllv. ^
/ ' OF TUu ■ 4^/^
F. A. PALEY, M.A.,
EDITOR OF THE GREEK TRAGIC POETS,
LATE EXAMINER IK CLASSICS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO.
LONDON : GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET,
COVENT GARDEN.
1881.
LONDON :
R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor,
BRKAD STREET HILL.
2 z Siv'
t^.^
TO THE READEE.
The object of this compendious work is to collect
Facts, and from them briefly and yet clearly to ex-
plain Principles. It does not attempt too refined
distinctions or too minute classification, but it points
out and illustrates the meaning of the Particles,
both singly and in combination, leaving to the
observation and intelligence of the student to mark
occasional minor deviations from the established
usages. It is designed for the use of Schools, and
is therefore made as simple and easy as possible.
These ' Particles,' it is well known, constitute an
important and a characteristic feature of the Greek
Language, especially of the Attic writings of the
best period. They so greatly affect the tone, con-
nexion, or irony of a passage, that a correct knowledge
of their uses is quite a necessary condition of accurate
Greek scholarship. Especially is it important to
the right interpretation of the Greek Plays and to
the idiomatic composition of Greek Iambics — too
h
vi TO THE READER.
often a mere nexiis verbor%m, without any feeling
for or knowledge of the real spirit of Tragedy. And
it is with a view to these points that so many of
the examples are taken from Tragedy. In fact,
poetry is stronger, so to say, in the use of particles
than prose, and a distinction occasionally has to be
made of combinations which are, perhaps, exclusively
poetical. No special account has been taken of epic
or lyric usages, as it seemed desirable to exclude
these, though in many respects they are not materially
different from the Attic.
It may be doubted if any Manual exists which
explains at once clearly and correctly, and in a
conveniently concise form, the Doctrine of the Greek
Particles. Longer works, as Hoogeven's,^ and ex-
positions of the principal uses given in the larger
Greek Grammars, are not generally accessible to
young scholars, or at least, they are consulted with
some reluctance. Perhaps, indeed, it is not too
much to say, that in consequence of this some of
the combinations are rather imperfectly understood,
and are explained, if at all, by no means correctly.
Many a student has learnt to think a 76 or a hi\ a
mere makeshift to the metre, when it really has a
most certain and definite sense. How many, we may
» I am not writing in ignorance that there are others, but it
was not my purpose to borrow from any.
TO THE READER. vii
fairly ask, could give a true account ' of 76 in Aesch.
Theh. 71, and Soph. Oed. Col. 1409, or of ^ in Oed.
B. m and Oed. Col. 1215 ?
The present short Treatise is entirely original, and
is under no obligation whatever to any work existing
on the subject. It may.be objected, with some truth,
that it is difficult to define what should be admitted
under the strict definition of the term "Particles."
If, for instance, the uses of the conditional av and of
the negatives ov and ^r) are included under this head,
— and it does not seem reasonable to exclude them
— it is not easy to write briefly on subjects involving
so much variety in idiomatic usage. The best course
is, perhaps, to lay down clearly the general principles
only; for when these are well understood, then the
details can be well filled up, like a picture completed
from a good cartoon.
Indeed, the greatest difficulty in a work of this
kind is, perhaps, to write at once clearly and briefly.
For examples accumulate to so large an extent that
a limited selection becomes absolutely necessary. As
Hermann has written a long treatise on av, so a
volume of no small size would be required to treat
^ Some will smile at this remark, and say, Truly, a worthy
subject to engage the thoughts of clever men 1 But if the
educational use of learning Greek is just in proportion to the
accuracy of the knowledge and the closeness of the observation,
we cannot afford to despise such small details of language.
vai TO THE HEADER.
exhaustively of ov and fiij and their combinations.
Still, I think both these subjects may be well ex-
plained at moderate length.
It has been my lot to know, from very long
experiences both as a Lecturer and an Examiner in
Classics, how common is a confused and misty con-
ception of the logical grounds of certain idiomatic
expressions, and how little even the primary distinction
of objective and subjective propositions is realised by
younger students. Thus, whether, to use ov or firj in
Greek or (what is not very different) the indicative or
the subjunctive in Latin, becomes a frequent cause
of perplexity in composition, and it is only by un-
derstanding the reasons of things that the difficulties
can be mastered.^ A use which was intuitive in a
Greek and a Roman is often very hard to acquire by
rule and example.
But much may be done by an intelligent survey
of such special phenomena as are presented by the
Pai-ticles. The fixed uniformity of their use in the
best period of the language, with an import far beyond
that of mere expletives, gives them a high place in
the scientific analysis of the language.
To my mind, then, so far from being a dry un-
important subject, the combinations of the Greek
Particles are full of the liighest interest, as being,
* Prof. Campbell (on Soph. Track. 90) even says that * The
whole question of the Greek negatives is still indeterminate.'
f
TO THE READER. ix
so to say, an elaborately finished part of a most
complex and beautiful machinery. That a few un-
inflected monosyllables should determine so completely
the tone and meaning of a sentence, is in itself a curious
phenomenon of language. Believing that from long
and careful obser\^ation, I understand them myself, I
have tried to make others do the same; and I only
hope they will have the same pleasure in reading
which I have had in writing this small work.
A few more words remain to be said on the pre-
dominance given to quotations from the dramatic writers
over those from the prose compositions of the best age.
The reason is simple; the idioms and usages of the
Particles are the same, but they are, so to say, inten-
sified, — they are much more frequently and pointedly
used by the Attic poets. Hence it seems more useful
to give illustrations (say) from Sophocles than from
Thucydides ; for the more subtle meanings in many
passages of the Greek Plays are too often either
wholly overlooked, or quite wrongly understood.
Plato is one who makes a great use of particles, but
always coincidently with the Tragic use ; and that use
can be learnt as well from the one source as from the
other.
To fill pages with examples of apa, hrj, ye or re from
epic poetry, or to mix up with the Attic the Ionic
usages of Herodotus, would have added much to the
bulk and perhaps nothing to the utility of this little
X TO THE READER.
Manual.^ It was q^uite necessary too, for obvious
reasons, to explain briefly and only generally the uses
of ov and ^rj and of the particle av. My present belief
however is, that the little that has been said on these
most difficult monosyllables sufficiently indicates the
true principles of their usage. No one has any claim
to be a sound Greek scholar who is imperfectly
acquainted with these and the other particles ; and
those who value verbal and grammatical accuracy in
a classical education will do well to encourage this
study in all the upper classes of the Schools.
1 Baumlein's work, Untersuchungen iiber Griechische PartiJclen,
(Stuttgart, 1861) extends, for the above reason, to more than 300
pages of rather close print.
London, 1881.
I
CONTENTS.
PAGE
dXXd 1
&v 3
apa, dpa 11
76 14
8^ 18
8f]Ta, Brfiev (8fj0€) 24
^ 27
Kal 30
\iiv and 86 34
|x^v 35
ov and (ji^ 40
oOv 52
•n-cp 60
irois and 8ir«s, and irws and irov enclitic 63
irov interrogative ... 66
Toi 67
«s 71
THE GUEEK PARTICLES
AND THEIU COMBINATIONS.
aAXa.
This word, commonly meaning hut, and often nearer
in sense to the Latin at or autem than to the separative
sed, was in its origin, perhaps, the plural of dXXo^,
' to speak of other things.' ^
A peculiar use of the word is nearly a synonym of
ryovv, Lat. saltern. Sometimes it may be rendered
* then,' as
I aif 8' aWa raahl Ta<; Se/feret? yevaac Xa^cov,
I ' then take and taste these.' Ar. Ach. 191.
aif 8' aWd fiot, o-rdXayfiov elprivrj^i eva
69 Tov KoXafxiaKov ivaraXa^ov tovtovL
Ibid. 1033.
aXX i\eft) /juev tov Ik6T7)v Se^aiaTO'
tt)9 ov;^ eSpat; yrj<; rrjaS' av i^6\6oLfi €TV.
Soph. Oed. Col 44. •
1 Compare the use of ceterum, Hhis other matter'; and avrc
with awfem, 'again,' '.further.*
B
I
I THE GREEK PARTICLES
(TV 5' aXKa yij/jLa<i UpiafiiBcJv yafjL^po^ yevov.
Rhes. 167.
LV aWa TOVTO KaT6avov(r e^o) aeOev /J>vrj/jL6tov.
Iph. Aul 1239.
w Oeoi irarpwoi, (rvyyiveaOe y aXka vvv.
Lat. nunc demitm. Soph. M. 411.
\ey dWa tovto. Ibid. 415.
ireipdaar dX)C vfiei^ ye Kivrjcrai irarpof;
TO BvcTTrpoaoioTOV KaTTpoariyopov aroiMa.
Oed. Col. 1276.
0) TOvEi* ofiaLfiOL (f>(OT€<;, aXV u/xet? ye —
/jL'q fi drifxdaTjTe ye. Ibid. 1405.
eiTT, 0) rdXacv, aXX' rffilv ix aavTrj^. Track. 320.
It is used like the Latin at in expostulation, and so
the passage last cited from Oed. Col. may be explained.
(W iral M.evoi,f€e(o<}, dW iirel fi6vo<i iraTrjp
ravraiv XeXei-y^ai, — firj crepe irepUhr)^ k.t.X.
Oed. Tyr. 1503.
aW' aXheaal fie koI KaTOiKTeipov fiiop.
Iph. Aid. 1246.
In the sense at saltern we have dXV ovv, as Ar. Ach.
920, Eur. Tro. 1192, and Alcest, 363, nearly or quite the
same as aXV ovv-ye — dXKa yovv.
like at enim, dXKcL yap {Antig. 148) may often be
rendered ' but since/ and so d\>C ov yhp, Oed. Col, 755.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 3
The formula ov yap aWa/ for indeed/ ' for of course/
lit. * for it is not otherwise but,' is not unfrequent.
KKvoifM av' ov yap dWa Bet Bovvat /Ltepo?.
Eur. Suppl. 570.
aiTi6\ ov yap dWd rod irapaOevrof; 17 ;\^apt9.
Ar. Equit. 1205.
av.
The uses of this particle may be reduced to three
principal heads.
(1) It combines and coheres with relative and some
few other quasi-relative words {irpiv, in case a negative
precedes, evOa, p^^xpf'. ecov, <w?, eZ), in present and future
time, to express indefiniteness, like our word ever in
' whoever/ ' whenever,' &c.
In this case it is naturally constructed with the
subjunctive mood. For every subjunctive is a future,
implying as it does something that is yet to be proved
by experience. And in all such propositions an event
is waited for, the issue of which is regarded as a present
uncertainty.
And as ' ever ' forms an integral part of our words
' whenever/ &c., and we are not in the habit of writing
separately * when ever,' or ' what ever,' so ore dv and
el dv are written as one word oTav and rjv (or idv again
shortened to dv). So oiroravj iirrjv, iireiBdv, and the
crasis dv for d dv.
B 2
4 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Thus 0?, OO-Tt?, Ot09, OTTOLOf!, 6(70^, OTTOCO^, OTTOTepO^j
oTTov, oTTco^, ' whoever/ 'whichever,' 'of what kind
soever,' &c., in all matters pending and still undecided,
are followed immediately by dv, which is inseparable
from the relative or quasi- relative word ; so that o^s-av
\eyrj alone is right, and 09 Xiyy uv would be a solecism.
It would be equally incorrect in English to write * who
says ever,' instead of 'whoever says.' Here, therefore,
the Greek idiom is identical with our own.^
Note here, that from their very nature such indefinite
clauses logically form the first part of a proposition.
Thus, ' whoever says (may be found to say) this, will
say what is false ' ; 0? ai/ tovto Xeyrj, y^evaerai. But
the order of the clauses is often inverted.
The contrary is the case in the use of dv with the
optative.
(2) Constructed with the optative (aorist or present)
the particle expresses tlie probable results of a certain
condition being fulfilled, and which condition therefore
logically precedes.
' If he were to say this, he would say (be saying)
what is false.'
el TOVTO Xe^ot, yjrevBotro dv.
Note that here the uncertainty or mere probability
lies in the result : ' he vjovld say,' &c., i.e. there is
1 But, although op is so very important as a conditional particle
to the Greek, neither the English nor the Latin possesses any re-
presentative of it ; for 'ever/ cunque, in the indefinite or subjunc-
tive use, has only a resemblance to it in the respect pointed out.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 5
a likelihood of that being the case. Whether the
hypothesis is a probable one or not is immaterial.
The young student should consider the different ideas
conveyed by if he should — he would, and if he shall — he
will. He will thus learn clearly to distinguish ^olt) av,
el e%ot, from Bcoa-ety iav exv, and yevoiT av irav 6eov
deXovTO^ = el 6e6^ OeXoi, from yevrjaeTai irav, Pjv Oeo^
deXrj. Again, he will see that a supposition may be
assumed as a fact ; el rt ex^h Bl^oya-L, where the result
shares in the certainty which the speaker feels about
the condition.
Where the uncertainty is salely about the condition,
and the result of the fulfilment of it is contemplated
as certain, then, of course, the dv has place in the
conditional clause : —
' If he says this, he will say what is false/
iav (el — aij tovto Xeyy (or Xe^y, 'shall have said'),
yjrevareTaL. This then is but a variety of the first
example, o? dv Xeyy, &c. The doubt here is, whether
he will say it. If he does, there is no doubt about the
falsehood.^
(3) With the past indicative (aorist or imperfect) dv
is used to express what would have been the case if a
certain condition had been fulfilled, but which is not
the case under the present circumstances.
1 That av does not in itself goYeni or affect the subjunctive (as
it does the optative) is proved by the pretty frequent occurrence
of el, OS, npiv, ews, &c., without the av, taking the subjunctive.
6 THE GREEK PARTICLES
' If he had said this, he would have said what was false. '
el TovTO e\€^€v, iyfreva-aro av. Which implies, *But
he did not say it, and therefore he has told no lies.*
The real meaning of the phrase is, * if he said it (only
he did not), according to that (ava tovto) he said what
was false.* The Roman idiom is here strikingly different,
si hoc dixisset, mentitus esset.
Note particularly, that with the optative the position
of av in the sentence is usually early, that is, it follows
some emphatic word, which from its very emphasis stands
nearly first. It thus much more frequently precedes the-^
verb than immediately follows it. In fact the Greeks
seldom say ov ravra yevotr av, or ov yevoir av ravra,
' this is not likely to happen,' but nearly always ovk av
yepoiTo ravra. And generally, emphasis is expressed
by the position of av, as in 7179 rijaB' av (p. 1). When
there are two emphatic words, or wlien the verb follows
long after the introductory av, the particle may be re-
peated, as Ka\a)<; av ra roiavra Trpo? dhiKOv av avBpa
X-e^^eti;. So Ant. 466-8, dXX' &v — kclvol^ civ rjXyovv.
rd')^ av Kafi av roiavrj) X^^P^ rifiaypelv OeXoi.
Oed. B. 139.
BvvaiT av ovS' av iayy^^v (pvyelv. Bled. 697.
Note also, that even with the subjunctive such
particles as fiev, Be, yap* fidXcara, often intervent
between the dv and the relative word, as ^ fiev (U
BoK^ ravra, c<? fidXiara av <7O0O9 y, oU yap av aeiadf
Bofio^, Ant. 584.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 7
A peculiar use of av with au historic tense contem-
plates the condition as having often taken place, and
an act or event in consequence having frequently
occurred.
TTpO? he TOvO' JjLOI /BdXoL
vevpoa-iraBrj^i arpaKTO<;, avrb^ dv raXa^
elXvojjbrjv hvcn7]vo<i i^eX/ccov rrroBa
7r/)o? roVT dv' el 6' eSet n Koi ttotov Xa^eiv,
ravT dv i^eoTTODV TdXa<i
e/jL7)xC'V(t)fjbr]v. .-^^^^^ Philoct. 289.
evpero ttclv dv Bed Ta9 Xiirapd^. Ar. Ach. 640.
' He would get anything he asked for, through that
complimentary title Athens the Bright!
In the optative or the indicative construction (as
distinct from the subjunctive and relative use), the in-
finitive, or even the participle, is often combined with
dv, where either of these represents the original mood hy
some change of the syntax. Thus,
irdvr dv (j)0^r)6eh taOi, JRhes^ 80,
' know that you would fear everything/ is only a short
form of the fuller proposition,
TrdvTa dv (f)o^'r)deLrj<;, el tovto (j)o^7)del7}<i, or el
TOVTO <l>Op€l.
ft>9 ovTTOT dv T\d<i OvjUTepa KTavelv ifirfV.
Ifh. Aid. 96.
Similarly, e^7\ Trdvra dv irpd^ai el BiivaiTo means
ecpT) on irpd^etev dv, while €<pr} irpd^ai dv el riBwrjOt]
8 THE GREEK PARTICLES
means otl eirpa^ev av el rjhvvrjdT}. Lat. se facturum
fwisse si posset or potuisset. Thuc. viii. Q^Q, ivrja-av yap
Kol ofjf; ovK av irore ri^ weTO €9 oXiyap'^iav rpairea-OaL,
* whom no one ever supposed would turn (or, would have
turned) to oligarchy.' Similarly, e<t>r] Trpdaaeiv av
el i^Bvvaro means ort eirpaaaev av el rjhvvaro, ' that he
would have been for doing it, if at the time he had the
power.'
Examples of av with both participles and infinitives
are very common, and present no difficulty if the
sentence is resolved into its primary conditional form.
Thus it is clear that in Oed. B. 11, 009 OeXovro^ av e/iov
irpocrapKelv irav is only a brief way of saying eirel iyco
fiev irav av dekoLfii nrpoo-apKelv, and
Xeyo) yap Kai ra hva^op\ el TV')(pi
Kar opdov e^eXdovra, irdvT dv evTV')(elv, Ihid. 87,
virtually means otl evTvxolrj dv.
Note further; in a few instances the subjunctive
construction with dv (69 — dv, &c.) is retained even
with the optative, when the original sentence is affected
by oratio obliqua in a past narrative. Thus, it is not
wrong, though it is by no means usual, to say ixiXeve
Trdvra^, orav eXOoiev, rd oirXa TrapaBiBovat, the original
or primary proposition being the command orav eXdr^re,
rd oirXa ttovtc^ irapaZihoTe or irapaBcoaeTe. This use
however (the correctness of which is even denied by
some) is nearly confined to a few passages in poetry, as
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 9
')(p6vov 7rpoTd^a<;, &)? Tpifirjvov r)vlic civ
X(^pa'i aTrecTj, ' Soph. Track. 164,
where the actual words of Hercules were,
Xpovov TTpordaaco, &>?, yvLK av aTrw, &C.
60)9 CIV dpTL'XpLaTov dp/jboaaL/jLL TTOv. Ibid. 687.
orav vecov (p0apivTe<i e')(6pol vrjaov i/ccrco^OLaTo.
Aesch. Fers. 452.
As dv with the optative, expressing result, occurs in
a different clause from el implying the condition, it
follows that such a combination as el av yevoiro is quite
irregular. Yet even of this a few examples occur, and
the reason seems to be that dv yevoLTo is regarded as
equivalent to yevija-eraL For el yevTjaerac, though less
frequent, is as correct Greek as ^i/ yevrjTat. The line
in the Agamemnon, v. 903,
el Trdvra 6' w? TTpdaaoijJb dv, ev6ap(Tr}(; iy(o,
may be so explained, though ,'irpd<r<rocfMev is a very
probable correction ; ' if I continue to act thus in all
things, I for my part have good confidence.'
Again, as the future expresses a certain result, and
even the future optative is nothing more than the
expression of the same certainty made indirect by
past narrative, it follows that neither earat dv nor
eaoLTo av nor eaecjOai, dv is really good Greek. Of
the last, however, there are not wanting difew examples
in good writers. It is much more probable that they
10 THE GREEK PARTICLES
are lax colloquial usages than that they imply any
subtle difference of meaning.
Lastly, though a perfect tense/ active or passive,
cannot take dv, a pluperfect can do so. And hence
even TreTroirja-OaL dv is good Greek, if it stands for
iireiroLT^To dv. See Thuc. ii. 103, and v. 46. So Athen.
p. 351 A, vofil^oov ov/c dv ovrcog ea-Troyyladac KaX(o<i, el
fi7) avTO<; iairoyyiG-ev.
XaOi Se 7rapa(f)p6vLfiov
7r€(j)dvOat fjb dv, et cr' ivoacjiL^o/jLav. Oed. B. 690.
As a particle of purpose (' in order that ') ha does not
take aV, with the subjunctive ; but it does so in the sense
of ' wherever' {Ion, 315). In Oed. Col. 405, iirjh' tv dv
aavTov Kparol^ is right, the dv belonging to the verb,
<aud not where you are likely to have control over
yourself.' In this sense Kpary^; is a solecism, and in its
only true force, *and not wherever you may,' &c., it
makes nonsense. Both cw? and m dv, o7rco<; and ottw?
dv, mean * in order that ' with a subjunctive, and m
dv and 07ra>9 dv also mean ' according as,' e.g. in Soph.
Aj. 1369. Without dv, ottco^ is more often constructed
with a future, and ottw? dv with the optative means
* how.' In this latter case, though the position is less
usual, the dv may follow the verb, as in
OTTO)? aTToarpe'y^aifi dv avTiBUayv EUrjv. Ar. Nuh. 776.
* Of course, in such phrasee as ovk otS* &v el ttc tVat/it (Eur. Ale.
48, Ar. Av. 1017) there is a hypertheais of the &v, which is
attracted by the ov/c.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 11
But we have
OTTft)? av avTTjv a<f)aviaeLa<; elire fJLOi, Ibid. 759,
where av, though strictly belonging to the optative verb,
follows OTTft)? from its natural tendency to come at the
beginning of a sentence.
It should be added, that an optative with civ is often
used as a mild or polite command or request. Thus
')(^a)pol<i av ' you may go,' means, as it would in English,
'go,' lit. 'you would be for going (if you wished to
please me, &c.).'
The above are all the main facts really necessary for
understanding the uses of av. And it would serve no
purpose to encumber this short^nd plain statement of
the doctrine with a number of examples.
apa, upa.
The root of this word implies connexion and con-
sequence. It is one of the commonest in epic (where
it is often little, if at all, more than a metrical supple-
ment), and is very frequent in the Attic poets and
prose writers, especially in dialogue.
The most usual sense of apa is ' then,' as
fjLCLTTjv dp 7)fiel<i, ft)? eoiKGV, rjKOjJbev.
Soph. El. in.
ev ixev dpa toU avfJL(fiCopovfi6v, iv Be rot? ov, Plat. p.
263, A.
12 THE GREEK PARTICLES
But apa generally asks a question where an affirmative
answer is expected, lit. 'are then these things so, or
not?'
ap eaTV ravra St? roa e^ aifkMV KaKcu ;
Soph. Aj. 277.
apd (TOi BoKel
'Xcopelv av e? irav epyov aia')(vv7]^ arep ; El. 614.
And the ou is often added, as
XO. ap ovx vj3pL<; rdS'; KP. t'/S/jt?, aW dvcKTea.
Oed. Col. 883.
Combined with fiij, a negative answer is anticipated, the
question being put with a tone of surprise and incre-
dulity.
ft) Trai, rekelav yjrrjcl^ov dpa fir) kXvcov
T/}? /ji€X\ovufi(f>ov irarpl Xvcro-aivwv irdpeL ;
Soph. Ant, 632.
apa /JLT) SoKel<i
'XvTTjpC avTr ravra rov (povov <f>epeLv ; EL 446.
' Surely you do not suppose ! * &c.
ri ovv ; 6 vavrr)^ apa firj \ TrpSpav <f>i;ya)V
rrpvixvqdev Tjvpe firj'x^avrjv amrripia^ ;
Aesch. Theh. 196.
In Plato and Demosthenes el dpa, rjv (&v) dpa, w? dpa
mean ' if really,' ' if so be that,' * that truly ' (or for-
sooth), &c.
A peculiar use of dpa, mostly witli the imperfect,
expresses something of the existence of which the
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 13
speaker was not previously aware, and which comes on
him as a surprise, or as a conclusion to be now first
deduced from the circumstances of a case.
KoX TovG* vTTOTTTov TfV ap\ EuF. Andv. 1088.
' and this, it seems, was regarded with suspicion.*
TO 6' rjv ap ovBev dWo irXrjv davelv ifie.
Soph. Track. 1172.
6 (T7}/jiaTOvpyo<; ^' ovtl<; €VT€Xr)<; dp* rjv,
6(Tri<; ToS* epyov cjiraaev 7rpo9 aaTrlSi,.
Aesch. Theh. 486.
drap rd are/iivd /cal SoK^fxaaLv ao^a
ovhev TO Kpeiaaoa tmv to fiySev rjv dpa.
Eur. Troad. 411.
ovK dpa jjbovvov erjv epihwv yivo^. Hesiod, "Epy. 11.
w %«?/>€, ArjSa? OvyaTep, ivOdh^ rjaO' dpa ;
' SO you were here, were you ? ' Eur. Jlel. 616.
Not unfrequently with efieWov, '1 thought I should,'
'it seems then I was likely to,' &c.
€fjLeX\€T dp* diravTe^ dvaaeieiv — ^orjv. Ar. Ach. 847.
' I thought I should make you all raise your — voices '
(meaning dvao-eletv %6/3a9, a form of asking for quarter).
Sometimes dpa is so combined with a participle, as
OVK 6L0VL apa
Iv rjfiev dTr}<!. Soph. M. 935.
tout' dpa (TKOTTOvfjuevoL, Eur. IfeL 1537.
* having an eye, it seems, to this.'
14 THE GREEK PARTICLES
The strengthened form of apa (compare hr) with he,
fjbr)v with fiev) is used in strong affirmations.
<rov apa rovpyov, oufc i/iov, KeKXrjaeTai. Aj. 1368.
o'iiJL>OL Ta\a[v7}<i apa rrjahe cru^tt^opa?.
Ibid. 738, 980 ; Oed. Col. 408-9 ; and M. 1179.
In Rhes. 118,
TTW? S' av *y€(f>vpa<; Sia^aXovcr iTrTrrjXdraL
r}v apa /nrj Opavaavre^; avivywv ')(y6a^ ;
the use is peculiar, -where rjv /jlt] apa, ' unless indeed,'
would be more usual.
This is a most important particle, and one which has
several combinations that are either but little observed
or not fully understood.^ It is peculiarly adapted to
the genius of a language which delights in pointed
questions, irony, and equivocal assent. But it is remark-
able that it has for most of its uses no English equiva-
lent. We must translate or paraphrase according to the
context, as in
KaXov y 6Vefc8o9 to3 vecocnl vvp,(f)i(py Med. 514.
and
KdkrjV ye Kprjvijv elira^ riSeldv r ifioL Cycl. 148.
/ca\o9 7* iraidvy fxekire fioi TOPS', a) KvKXoiyjr,
' a nice reproach, truly ! ' &c. Ibid. 664.
1 Some of these will be explained under the other particles
with which it most frequently unites.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 15
KoXax; rye fjiov lov viov — ovK ercvaaf;. Ar. Av. 139.
The most ordinary meaning of 76 is 'yes,' in assenting
to a question or proposition.
KoX vvv (f)\oya)7rov irvp 6)(0va ecfy^fiepoi ;
IIP. d^' ov ye TroXXa? eKfJLaOrjo-ovTaL re^va?.
Aesch. Prom. 261.
Kkveiv 7' €(j)a(TfcoVy Track. 425.
' aye, they said they heard.'
AI. ev TolaSe T0Z9 /caKolmv, rj rl /hol \eyeL<; ;
TE. fjuT] (Toi ye ttov SvcrrTjvo^i aVTrjaa^ ddvoi. Aj. 532.
Very frequently it conveys a slight banter, which may
be expressed by an emphasis.
e^oiK oKovcov, ov yap elaelSov ye ttco, Oed. R. 105.
' I knew it by hearsay, for I never saw it to this day.'
ovre yap dpaav^
ovr ovv 7rpoSeiaa<; eljJiX roS ye vvv Xoyo),
' by your ^rese^i^ account.' Ihid. 89.
TTpoaOelaa tcavaOelaa rov ye Kardavelv, Aj. 476,
' when it does but bring us nearer to, or remove us
further from death.'
Allied to this is the sense ' at least,' ' at all events.*
Kalroi vLv ov Kelv6<^ 7' Sv<tt7]v6(; irore
Kareicrav,^ aXhJ avTO<i irdpoidev coKero,
Mcrr ov)(l fjuavreia^; y av ovre rfjS^ eycb
PtXe'^^raifx av ovveic ovre r^S' av varepov.
Oed. B. 855.
16 THE GREEK PARTICLES
It is often added to 09 and 6(TTc<i in the sense of
quippe qui.
dvhpS}v TTp&Tov ae KpivoVT€(; —
09 ye e^ikv(7a<; Baa/jLov, Oed. Tyr. 33-6.
qtd trihuto liberaveris.
aXX' ol BeoL a<j)i, fjuyre rr)v Treirpcofjiivrfv
epcv Karaa^iaetav —
01 ye Tov (jyvaavT ifie — ovk ea^ov. Oed. Col. 427.
trco' TO TavTT]<; (roofia TifjuaaOai 'xpewv,
^Tt9 ye TTJ^; arj<; irpovOave '^v)(rj(;, t6kvov.
Alcest. 619.
17 76 firjBe 7r/309 6eov<;
e^eaT aKkavaTtp rrjcrB* diro<TTrjvai> aTeyrjf;,
Soph. M. 911.
cui ne ad deos quidem domo impune exire liceat.
With fiev it is frequently used in a slightly weaker
sense than fiev yap, like our * that is to say/ nenipe,
quippe, scilicet.
In strong entreaty, expostulation, or deprecation, ye
often follows firj^ with or without an interval. We often
find /i-T^TTO) ye (Soph. Phil. 1409, Aesch. Prom. 649), firj
(TV ye {Heciib. 408, Bacch. 951, Ion, 439), and fiij fiol
ye, as
fxtfj fjLoi ye, fir/ fioi, firj BiaaKavBLKlcrrj^.
Ar. Equit. 13.
See iUd. 1100, Nub. 84, 196, 267, 433, &c.
But the ye is sometimes separated, and yet is part of
the formula of deprecation.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \y^^ vKO'
uavovT , eireu ov fie ^(avra y avui^ e^erov. ^s ^*_.,,
Oed Col. 1409.
/i-^ 7r^09 ^ewv ^povS)v y dwocrrpacfyfj^i.
bed, R. 326.
fir) SrJTa Tov Sva-rrjvov c55e 7' alKtarj,
jj. 111.
firf fioc TToXiv ye Trpejivodev Travaikedpov
eKda/ivla-rjTe. Aesch. Theb. 71.
firj &fJT efi6<; y wv, w reKvov, Spdarjf; rdSe.
Eur.'>S^^^^^. 320.
Here, of course, the ye may emphasise e/xo?, * if you
call yourself mine.'
So too in Bacch. 951,
yLt^ (TV ye Ttt ^vfi(j)cov SLoXeayf; iBpufiara
Kol Uavo<; eBpa<;, evO* e^eL (Tvpiyfiara.
The sense may be, ' Don't you destroy the haunts of the
Nymphs (whatever others may do),' or the ye may be
part of the expostulation.
When assent is expressed, but some new consideration,
or some demur or reservation is intended, we commonly
find 8e ye, * aye, but,' &c.
TToXkov^ he y evprjaovcriv ev fieo-Tj/i^pLa ^
ddXirei ^pa')(^LOv ev Kareppivrjfievovi.
Aesch. Sujppl. 726.
o 3' d(l>66vriTo<^ y ovk e7rL^rj\o<; ireXet.
' Very true ; but a man who is not envied is a
man who is not worth envying.' Agam. 912.
c
18 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Both 6t 7e and iirei ye, quoniam qttidem, siqicidem, are
common, "but they do not require special illustration.^
The particle ye is not used with the imperative, and it
very rarely closely follows dv, Sijy or fMij, though instances
of each do occur. (JETerc. Fwr. 517, Ar. Thesm. 934.)
Tlie common practice of rendering ye ' at least *
is much more often wrong than right. In truth this is,
both in prose and poetry, a particle by which many,
and sometimes very subtle, senses are conveyed ; and a
good deal of the higher scholarship is implied in the right
understanding of it. The notion, that it was often a
mere metrical and otiose supplement, must be dismissed,
at aU events in the interpretation of undoubtedly genuine
passages in Attic Greek.
As a strengthened form of he it has nearly the sense
of ovv and dpa, *then.' The two are very often com-
bined, as
hpd<T(0 Ze Brj tI ; 10. avyyovayv Xvtret? epiv.
Eur. Phom. 1277.
^/tei9 hk Srj ri Trja-he yrj<; KexpVf^^vo^ »
Suppl 457.
fieWeit; Bh Bij ri Bpav avrjKearov Kamv ;
ffippol. 722.
veKpov Be Bri viv Kelfievov ^(o/jlov TreXa?
e^e^aXov. Androm. 1156.
1 On liroi—yf, Ij, etc., see Shilleto on Thuc, iL 40, 8.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 19
See also Orest. 62, 101, 426, 580, 940.
Conversely, ore Brj 8' occurs Ar. JEccl. 195, 827.
SoKelre Bt] fJLOL rfja-Be KOiVfoveiv xOovbf;
' Well, you do seem to me to have (as you say)
some ancient connexion with this land.'
Aesch. SuppL 319,
It never stands first except in the epic Br) yap and
Brj t6t€, which latter occurs also in Aesch. Theb. 202,
Br} TOT rjpOrjv <l>6^(p 7rpo<; fxaKapwv Xtra?,
and in the compound SrJTroTe, olim.
It is used as an adjunct to express some special
emphasis or assurance of a fact,
{a) With relatives, as
eK Be T^9 0e/jLiv,
rj Brf TO fjLr)Tpo<i Bevrepa toB' e^eTO
jxavTelov.
' Who, as is well known,' &c. Aesch. Eum. 2.
ov Br} ^oXw^ets TexTOvaf; Biov TTUpo?
KTelvd) KvKXa)7ra<i, Eur. Ale. 4.
MeveXao9 o5 Bt} TovBe ttXouv eaTeiXafiev.
Soph. Aj. 1045.
The reading in Eur. Siippl 162, o Br}Ta (Brj je MSS.)
TToXXou? ayXeae GTpaTr}\dTa^, is Porson's. The verse
may he spurious. But in Soph. Phil. 130 we have
ov Br}Ta, TeKvov, rrroiKLXco'; avBcojievov
Be'^ov TO. tTVfi<j)€povTa T(Sv ael Xdrywv.
C 2
20 THE GREEK PARTICLES
(h) With superlatives, as fidXiara Srj, vyp-Lcna Bij
(Pers. 333), /JLeyLcrrr) Brj {Thuc. viii. 1), KoWiara Br}
(Eur. fferacL 794). Very often with one or more words
intervening, as
o) Twv airavTcov Brj Oeafidroyv ifwl
aXyia-Tov a>v irpocrelhov o(f>BaXfiol^ iyco. Aj. 992.
This Jiyperhaton is found also
{c) With TToXv?, as
ttW' X<t6l iroXka fiev fie BaKpvaavra Bij,
Oed. R. 66.
hirel iroWa /jlcv at fiaKpal
dfiipai KaredevTo Brj
\u7ra9 ijyvTepcj. Oed. Col. 1215.
The formula iroXXd Brj is very frequent.
KalroL TToXka 7rpo<; ttoWou? fie S17
i^el-rra^. Soph. FL 520.
TToWal 5' aTreiXal ttoWol Bt) fidrrjv eirr}
dvfiQ) KaTrjTreCKrjcrav. Oed. Col. 658.
CO TToWd Br] Koi depfid KoX Xoyqt kukcl
Kol X^P^^ '^^^ v<oToi<rt fioxJdrjCTa^ iyat.
Track. 1046.
0)9 TToWd Brj Koi rSyvBe yevvaiq) irarpl
€K TOvBe ravTov arofiaTOf; rfyyeCKaf; KdKOL.
Eur. Heracl. 53.
iToXka Br) ^vpLirovqcavra teal Oepfiov dirofjua^dfievov
dvBpLKov IBpSija Brj Kal ttoXvv. At. Ach, 695.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS, 21
Ar. Av. 139, and
TToXif Etj TToXif Sy) yvvaiK dpCarav
\lfivav ^Ax^povTiav iropevo-ai. Eur. Alcest. 442.
{d) With imperatives and earnest exhortations, as eta
B^, X6i St], dye Bij, (j>ip6 Sr}.
So
AI. eta Bt}, <f>l\oi XoxItul, rovpyov ov;^ e/c^9 ToBe.
XO. ela Btj, ^L<f)0<; TrpoKCJTrov 'Tra? t*9 evTpeTn^eray.
Agam. 1628.
It is used with a finite verb in the sense of ' as it
seems,' ' as you now see.'
iyo) 8' 67r* oXXtjv yalav elpX Brj <f>vyd^.
Eur. Med. 1024.
ToOS* ovKeO' rjfjilv rov \6yov fiireorTi Btj.
Heracl. 665.
ArjBav eXefa? ; ot;^eTat 6avovaa Brj.
Hel. 134.
aW' o^'^erai, Brj iravra ravT ippLfifjueva.
Soph. Aj. 1271.
iyo) KpaTT) Bt) irdvra kol Bpovov^ ^X^>
'thereupon /came into possession of.'
Ant. 173.
Like fac, koI Brj is used in assuming some supposed
case, meaning properly ' already that has been done,' or
* now it is likely to be done.'
Kal Bt) Tedvacri* rt? fie Be^erai TroXt? ;
Eur. Med. 386.
22 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Kal 8r) BiSefyfiai' tI<; Be fioi, Tifjurj fievei. ;
Eum. 854.
KoX Brj 6vp(op5)V ovTL^ av (f^aiBpa cjypevl
Bi^air,^ eTreiBr) BaifMova So/u,09 KaKol^;,
Oho. 556.
KoX Brj TO crSi<^pov Tovfiov ov ireiOei a ccrci)<;*
Sec Bi] ere Sel^at roS rpoTrcp SL6(l)dapT}v.
* Supposing now (as I dare say is the case) that
my assertion of virtue does not convince
you : then it is for you to show in what
way I was corrupted.' HippoL 1007.
Kal 8^7 TrapecKev,
* suppose that he has conceded this.* Rel 1057.
The same combination means (a) * before now/ as
Kal Brj 4>Ckov Tt9 €KTav ayvoia^ vwo.
Aesch. SuppL 493.
(b) 'WeU, then/as
teal Srj Xeyo) aoL irav oamv KareiSo/jLijv,
Soph. M. 892.
Kal Brj Xiyeo aoi' tov v€Kp6v t/? dprico^
0dyjra<; fie^rjKC. Antig. 245.
Kal hrj TriTre/iTTTat Koafiov iv ')(epoLV e^mv.
Theb. 468.
Kal Srj 'n'e<f)paapLai' Bevpo B* i^oKeWerav.
* Well, I have considered : and the matter comes
to this.' Suppl. 432.
(c) * Already/ as
Kal hrj Vt BiacaU ^v crrpaTrjyiatv irvXat,^. Aj. 49.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 23
Kol Brj KOfii^€i> irpocnroXoiv 6S^ iyyvdev. Ibid. 544.
Kal Srj iraprjKTat a^dyta ra^etov €Kd<;, Heracl. 673.
Koi St) Vt Kparl (rri^avo<;. Med. 1065.
KOL Srj fiev ovv irapovra,
*Nay rather, actually now present.* Oed Col. 31.
More KoX Brj rovvofi avrrj^s ev dyopa KvkLvSeTac.
Vesfp, 492.
Combined with 009, Brj conveys intense irony, especially
with the emphatic crv,
a>9 Bt) <TV (Ta)<j>pcov, rdpucL B' ov^t a6i)<j)pova,
' As if forsooth you only knew what virtue was.'
Eur. Andr. 235.
©9 Brj (TV fiOL TVpavvo<i ^Apy€i(ov eaei.
Aesch. Ag. 1611.
C09 Brj (TV ^pa'^ea, ravra B' iv Kaipm Xeyei^.
^Oed. Col. 807.
And this would be a better reading in Iph. Taur. 1184,
o)9 Br] (TV (T(0(Tai^ rjBoval<i dyyeXfiaTeov, (MSS. 0)9
Btj <T<t)€),
* Of course — that you might save them through
delight at the tidings.'
See also Eur. El. 947, Hel. 1038. Here. Fur. 1407,
0)9 Brj TL (j>i\TpOV TOUT e)(^COV pdiOV e(T€l,
* As if you will be at all the easier for having
that charm applied.'
24 THE GREEK PARTICLES
The two particles are separated in Eel. 1378,
<»9 Tft) BavovTL ')(apLTa hrj crweKwovoiv.
With a participle it has the sense of tanquam^ with a
slight irony ;
ft)9 hr) Oeoiff: vireKhpafiov fievoi 7]/j,apT0V cifiaBSi^.
Fhoen. 873.
^po&ip'^eraL co? Brj Kara'rri,6fiev6<i fie.
Equit. 691-3.
o{no^ he BiefjuvWaivev, eo? Br) Be^ib^, sc. wv.
Vesp. 1315.
Very often ov Bi^ and rt StJ occur where the context
alone must determine whether Br/ means * then,' or is
merely emphatic.
ov Bt] iroTy « fei/\ a/x<^' e/*ol (rrivei^ rdBe.
Aj. 1180.
t/ St; ttot*, w ^eVy mB' eTna-KOTr&v a-Tevet^ ;
Ibid. 1184.
fcal Brj Kai, ' and moreover,' often occurs in prose,
where the latter kqI may generally be taken to qualify
the word next following. Plato, Phaedr. page 260a,
KOI Br) Kal TO vvv Xe^Bev ovk dcfyereov,
' we must not give up this point as well as the
others.'
SrJTay Sr]0€V {SrjOe).
These are adverbial expansions of Brj, the latter
sometimes combined with w^ either before or after it.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 25
When a word is repeated with assent, BrjTa is added,
as
Zev? Be yevv^Top lSoc,
XO. tSoLTO Srjra 'Trpevfievov^ air ofifiaro^i.
Aesch. SuppL 202.
€fc8a)9 av alaav Tijvhe a-vyyvolrj fiporolf;.
AA. avyyvoCTO Brjra koI Trapaa-Tairj Trpocppcov.
Ihid. 211.
TE. aTTeifJUL roivvv, Koi av, iral, Ko/jut^i /xe.
OI. KofiL^€T(o B7]e\ Oed. B. 404.
B6/jLov<; 7raTpa)ov<; eXoz^re? fieXeoL ^vv al^/J>a.
HM. fiiXeoi Brje\ o?, k.t.X. Theb. 872.
So
T€TV/JLfieVOl T€TV/JLfJLeVOL BtjB' . lb. 882.
TTJveXKa KaX\lviKO<; — Ti]V€\Xa Brjr^ eiTrep /caXet?.
Ar. Ach. 1227.
Kal Brjra, ' and did you then ? ' — or without a question ,
is a combination occasionally found.
Ka\ BrJT erdXyLta? TovaB' virep^aLvetv vopuov^ ;
Soph. Ant. 449.
Kal Brjra <^iXa6rivaL0^ ^v vwep^votyf;.
Ar. Ach. 142.
In strong and indignant denial ov Brjra, * no indeed ! ' is
used.
ov Brjr , iirel /le Kal Kacnyvrjrov rv'x^at,
reipova "ArXavro^;. Aesch. From. 355.
26 THE GREEK PARTICLEtS
ov BrJTf iirel tol rrjv firjv avriK rj^epav —
Oed, Col. 433, 436.
AN. op^s ; (iTravBai; iv KaKol<i ^lXoccl (toI<;.
G>E- f)v BrJTa, firjBev tovt oveihlari^ ifiol. Androm. 87.
Tj Koi veoaaov rovhe {/CTevel^;) ;
ME. ov Brjra' Ovyarpl B\ ^v OiXrj, Stoao) KTaveiv,
Hid. 442.
ov hrJT, iirel rav fieyoKa-^^ ? Tpoia arivoL.
Gycl. 198.
SimiJariy^vre have iirj Brjra in strong deprecation.
firjBi IT or eXirrjO'
(09 Zeu? i5/ia9 €i9 airpooiTTOV
TTTJfi eiai^aXePy firj Stjt, avral 6'
vfia<! avrdf;. Aesch. Prom. 1094.
fir) Brjra, Ovp>e, firj av y ipydarj rdBe. Med. 1056.
The ironical B^dev, 'forsooth/ stands either first or
second in a sentence.
iKcprofirjaa'i Brjdev o)9 ira'iB' ovra fie,
* as if I were a child indeed ! ' Prom. 1007.
T^9 ifcetvofi ovBafia
fi\dara<i l(^a)vei, BrjOev ovBep laropSiv,
* pretending to know nothing about it.*
Track. 381.
eXaifiev e9 oXkov^^ BrjOev o)9 OavovfievoL.
Orest. 1119.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 27
m hrjOev ovK elBvla rafecpyao-fjieva. Ihid. 1320.
Ha. reicetv fi e^ovXer dadevrj, tolSBc Bov<;.
OP. (0<i BrjOe walSa^ firj TeKoi<: irocvaTopafi.
Eur. M. 267.
In Med. 785 for rrjvBe firj <j>€v<yeiv %^oi/a, there was
a var. led. Srjde firj (jyexjyecv '^6dva.
ol MavTivfj^ — virairfjeaav Kar oXiyovf;, dfjua ^vWe-
yovT€(} e<\) a i^rjXdov BrjOev. Thnc. III. iii. 1.
T^9 8' \6r}valwv 'xjdovo^
afft) Oearrjv BrjOev, ax; ovk ovt €fi6v.
Eur. Ion, 655.
I
This particle is used, like Brj, in emphatic assertion,
but it stands first, whereas St] follows, as ^ iroXXa =
^oXXa Bi]. The two are combined in Aesch. Gho. 729,
^ Srj kXvcov €Kelvo<i ev^pavel voov,
€vt' av irvOrjTav jivOov.
We also find both Bijttov (Ar. Ach. 122) and ^
TTov, as
rj TTOV iriKpodf; vlv Oipaire'^ ^<yov eK (j)6vov.
Eur. Su2)jpL 762.
rj TTOV VLV €'^6pav TTjv TTplv iK^aXov(Ta vvv
6t9 oIktov ^XOe^ TTvpl KaTydaXco/jL6VTj<i.
Troad. 59.
28 THE GREEK PARTICLES
See Aj. 850, 1229. This formula, used also by Plato,
is both interrogative and emphatic. The question is
more common with ov ttou, as
ov TTOv viv *EX€V7}<: alffxpov wXea-ev k\€0<; ;
mi. 135.
ov TTOV ^povM fiev e^, ro 8* Sfjifia fiov voaei ;
Ibid. 575.
oij TTOV TTpoa-rjTeL^ ffiOTov ; & rdXaiv iyca.
Ibid. 791.
In Agam. 1031 we have —
rf fiaiverai ye kol KaKtav kXvcl (fypevwv.
In Theh. 667—
rj 8rJT av etrj iravhUodfi yjrevBoovvfJLOf;
Alkt} ^vvovaa ^corl TravTokfio) <f>p€va<;.
In Antig. 323,
^ BeLvov, w BoKct ye, kol 'sIrevSrj SoKetv.
Ibid. 484,
97 vvy eyo) fjuev ovk dvrjp, avrrj 8 dvrjp.
Both Tj iroXka and 17 xapra are extremely common,
7i iroXXa fiev 8r] tcov ifji&v eXetfare. Eum. 106.
7l TToWa 8rj iraOovca koI fidrap iy(i>. Ibid. 139.
See also Aj. 1417, El. 622, 1456, Agam. 694 (^
iro\v6p7}vov aiMva), Phoen. 697, Rlies. 266, 915,
ffel. 765.
T) Kapra veuKov^ rovro opoav 7rapoi,^op.ai,.
Aesch. Suppl. 446.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 29
y Kcipra Xafiirpa kov kot ofifia teal (j)va-iv.
Soph. Track. 379.
See Aj. 1359, M. 312, Uum. 204, Agam. 575.
In Platonic dialogue we often find ^ yap ; * is it not
60?'
rj yap voeh ddirreiv <Tq>, anroppTjTOV iroXei ;
* What ! are you really thinking of burying him
when the state has forbidden it ? '
Soph. Ant 4A.
See Agam. 1337, Soph. Ul. 1221, Phil. 248, Phoen.
1673.
Similarly aW' ^, ' can it reaUy be that ? '
d\V ?7 yvvaifcwv e? ttoXiv BofceU p^oKeiv ;
Aesch. Suppl. 890.
7rft)9 elira^ ; a\X' rj Kal a-o0o9 XiXrjdaf; cov ;
Alcest. 58.
aXX* 97 Tt KelOev iroiXi/jbcov ireTTovdafiev ;
^erc. i'W. 1128.
aXV ^ KpvTTTov Xo'xpv elairaicrafi hioXwXe ;
Rhes. 560.
AA. aXV 97 T/5t;^o/3/3Q)Te? tou? Xocfiov; fiov Kare^ayov ;
A I. aXV ^5 Tpo heiirvov rrjv fjblfjLapKvv /careSofjuac ;
At. Ach. 1111.
aXV ^ (T* iiriaviv Tt5 airrepo^ <f)dTL<; ;
' Well then, was it some report, not a warning
from the omen of birds, that you fed upon ? '
Agam. 267.
30 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Sometimes 17 simply asks the question, as
17 fydp TL XoLTTov ryhe tttjimcltcov ipeh ; Prom. 764.
^ 7r/309 Bd/jLapTO<; e^avlararai OpovoDv ; Ihid. 786.
Often too it means sane, * in sooth.'
ri Bv(T7r6T(a<; av tov^ ifjLOv<; dOXov<; <j)epot<;,
OTcp Oavelv fiev ia-Ttv ov ireirptotievov.
Prom. 771.
KaL
This particle, 'and,' *also,' 'even,' has the same
relation to re as et has to que. As the Eomans say
jpaterque et films, not et pater filiusqim, so the Greeks
say irarrip rt Koi vio<;, not Kal irarrjp vl6<; re.
Hence in a few passages such as Aesch. Suppl. 742,
ft)9 Kol fjuaramv dvoaloav re KVcoSdXcji/
exovTa^ 0/0709, -^prf (pvXdaaeaOai Kpdro^,
the Kai must be taken separately, as here w? koX
exovra^ = iTreiBrj fcal e'^ovct,, an instance of axicusative
absolute.
Oed. Col 1393,
Ka^dyyeW* Iwv
Kal iraa-L KaBfietoicn roU a-avrov 6^ dfia
irKnoLGL a-vfi/jbd'^OKTav k.t.X.
Besides re — kul = que et, we find often kul — xal = et
— et, and re — re = qiie — q^l€, the last mostly in epic, as
Trarrjp dvBptov re deS)V re, //. i. 544.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 31
Xote here, that re combines with &>? to express
consequence or result by wcrre, with 0*09 to express
power or capability by ol6<; re, and with the relative
to express terms or conditions, €<^' wre apr^vpiov
airoTLveiv, ' on condition of paying a sum of money/
The Greeks use /caL very often where the Eomans
use vel and etiam.
Both el Kai and kclI el are used, and generally with
this difference, that el Kai implies an admitted fact,
' even though,' koX el a somewhat improbable sup-
position, * even if.' So Oed, R. 302,
ttoXlv fjuev, el koI fir) j3\67ret9, <^povel^ S' o/ag)9
o'ia v6a(o (TVvecTTLv.
K€ivoi<; 8' t<7ft)9 Kel helv eireppcoa-dTj XeyeiV
tt}? crrjf; dycoyrji;, o78' iycb k.t.X.
* even if they have ventured to say strong things
about taking you away/ Oed. Col. 661.
Here it is difficult to distinguish the one phrase from
the other.
KoX yap el yepcov &yot),
TO rrja-Be %ft>pa9 ov yey7]paKe (rOevo^. Ihid. 726.
Kai ravT ^Idacov 7raiSa<; e^ave^erao
7rao-^oj/Ta9, €t Kai /MJjTpl hia^opdv e^et ;
i.e. ' even if he has a quarrel with the mother.*
Eur. Med, 74
a-v iralha Bo^et^ Biokeaai, Kel firj Kreveh,
* even if you shall not really be the murderess.'
Ion. 1024.
32 THE GREEK PARTICLES
veaviaf; yevov
€pyoLaL, vel fit) tS xpovw irdpeaTL aoi.
Ibid. 1041. '
Xe/'^o) he ^w/iov Tovhe, Kei davelv fie ^i].
Ibid, 1401.
Etiam si mihi moriendum sit; while el teal Oavelv
fie ')(prj would be etiam si mihi moriendum est.
The combination koI yap is common, but it is rarely,
if ever, a mere sjnaonym or expansion of yap. It
should be rendered 'for even,' * for also,* &c. SoAj. 669,
Kal yap tcl Setva Kal tcl KaprepcoTara
Ttpal<i vireiKeiy
* for even things of power and things of mightiest
strength obey the powers that be.'
Kal ycLp v<7Tep(p to y ev
irpdaaeiv, iirel irvdotro, KepBo<: ep^iroXa.
'Track. 92.
Kal yap ^HXeKTpav Bok&
(TTelyetv, dSe\<f>r)v rrjv ifi'qv,
*for if I mistake not, here comes my sister
Electra too.* Aesch, C%o. 14.
Kal yap ev rat^; olKiac<;
ravTai<: eTrtrpoVot? fcal TafMlaiai xP<*>P'€^cl>
Eccles. 211.
Seldom in the earlier Attic, but frequently in Plato
and Xenophon, we find Kal — 5e, where he is the copula
and Kai is * also.*
i\ ^/ ^^- / '^
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \<^ o"^^ ^
' and also when far away.' Aesch. Eum^^^^M ^
So Prom. 994, ^^^^^is^
KoX (76 3' eV TOVTOLf; \eyco,
' and 3/(?^i too I reckon among these.*
AYith an interrogation Kal ttw?, Kal tl^:, koI ttoI, &c.
are used ironically to ask a question which is regarded
jis somewhat absurd, as
'and pray what messenger could arrive with
such speed as that ? A gam. 271.
Kol TTWV vTracOcov (TQjfJL d,v Id/jirjv TO aov ;
' surely I should not cure your body by setting
fire to it ? ' Track 1210.
Generally, though not always, the inverted order of
the words, ttw? /cat, rt? Kal, &c. asks a question where
information is really required.
iroiov ')(p6vov Se Kal ireTropSrjTav ttoXl^ ;
KA. T^9 vvv TeKOva-Tjif <f w? roS* €V(f>p6v7}^ \iyco,
Agam. 269.
TTW? Kai viv i^CTTpd^aT ; S,p^ alhovfievoi ;
Eur. Hec. 515.
Yet in Aj. 50, the question
KoX TTw? €7re(T'^e xelpa fiaifiwaav (j)6vov ;
is answered by eyca atf direipyoi.
XP. KoX wov 'oTtv ovTO'; ; Oavfid to I /*' vTrep'^^eTai.
HA. /car oIkov, r)Bif^ ovBe firjTpl hva-')(epri<^. El. 928.
D
34 THE GREEK PARTICLES
OI. Kot Tt<; xpovo<; To?cr8' e(rT]v ov^eXrjXvOo)^ ;
lO. a^x^e^ov tl TrpoaSev 7) av rrja-B' €)(^cov '^6ov6^
ap')(r]v e<f>aivov. Oed. T. 735.
KoX vvv is a formula very often used where a practical
illustration is given of some preceding general state-
ment.
KoX vvv (f)v\d<7<Ta) kap^TrdSo^ to avfi^oXop,
' and accordingly here I am, watching for the
concerted signal of a bright flame.' Agam. 8.
Kol vvv eirl a-K7)val<; ae vavTiKOif; opco
AtavTo^. Aj. 3.
KaX vvv Kar ot/cov<i crvvBeTov^ alKL^eraL Ibid. 65.
Kal vvv aB6\(j)a TWvBe /C7jpv^a<i e^(o. Antig. 192.
Tn combination with av (sometimes called * conso-
pitum/ because its force is, as it were, dormant) we
often find KaC, especially in the latter Attic, under the
crasis kuv. So irdpe^ kuv afiiKpov elirelv, Soph. Ul.
1482.
rjv B* ovv Kara/JLvarj kclv oi^vrjv,
'if he should close his eyes, be it ever so little.'
Ar. Ve^. 92.
;x«/ and 5e.
These particles, apparently containing the roots one
and two, though most extensively used by all Greek
writers, have neither Latin nor English representatives.
Where the Greeks say av fikv BUaco^; el, iraTtjp Be
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 35
dBnco<;, the Bomans generally say tu Justus e$, pcUer
injushcs; and. we ean; only say ' You are honest, Avhile
your father is dishonest/
Both fiiv and ,Se are often used separately; for
instance, many of the tragedies commence with fiiv,
not followed by any antithetical Be, which in many
cases may be mentally supplied. So too irpwrov fih
is usually ans\;vered by eirecra, without Si. Very often
Be = autem merely connects or combines a narrative ;
and equally common is its adversative use 'but,' = at
or sed. Sometimes it is used in apodosi, or to resume
the thread of .an argument or to introduce a
question,, as \
^pdcrQv fioL — TTocrov Be. Pers. 335.
With these few facts bbrne in mind, young students
will find no sei^ious difficulty in the uses of these
particles. .. ;;. , .,..;'■ , ; -, ■,• ' ■.■■', ■•;
This particle, a strengthened form of fxev, has several
well-marked and important meanings.
By itself it means 'but,* as
X670) ^T^v OTL iroLTjTal rjfilv elai Ttve?.
Plato, p. 810.
tre iiav aa-TvdvaKra<; fiaKapa^ Oeov^i d'ya\ovvT6<^.
Aesch. Suppl. 995.
,Oed. Col. 1S2 eireo fJLav, c(,t sequere.
D 2
36 THE GREEK PARTICLES
It has a remarkable tendency to be followed by ye
with a word intervening. Thus ov fjurjv — ye is ncc
tamen :
ov fMTjv aivfioi y Ik 6e5)v TeOvT]^ofi€v. Again. 1250.
ou firjv dfco/jfiraaTOf^ y e<f>l(TTaTaL irvKai^^.
Theh. 553.
ov (jL^v Ti TTotvai^i y Q)o/jL7jv loUiiai fie
KaTi<r)(yavela-6at. From. 27G.
ov fjurjv rt ff>evy(o y ovBe fi el Oavelv ')(pea>v.
Ij^h. T, 1004.
ov firjv OavovTt, y ovBa/jUMf; avvrjhofiaL. JRhes. 958.
KoX firjv irapdov ye kov \6yov<; dWojv kXvwv.
Fers. 266.
Koi fiTjv €K€ivd y r) rv^fj Orjaei KaXm<;.
Eur. M 648.
/cat fiT)v iir avrd^ y elalrto Bofiav irvXa<;.
Ibid. 661.
OP. fcal fiTJv ToS* ep^a<i 5t^ Oavelif ov^ d^ofiai.
FIT. a\X* ovh^ eyoi firjv aoi ye TifA(opovfi€vo^,
Orest. 1116.
When ye precedes, the formula means tamen.
ifiol 8* dymv oS* ovfc d<j)p6vTi,aTo^ irdXai
viKr)<! Ta\atd<! rjXOe, avv X/ooz/y ye fx'qv.
Agam. 1348.
\6y(ov ye firjv evKKeiav ov^ upa^ oarjv
aavT^ Tc Kufiol irpoa^aXeh ; Soph. £1. 973.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 37
opa ye firjv, ov a-fiifcpbfi, ov^, ayoDi^ oBe.
Oed. CoL 587.
X^V> ^^ y^P Vf^^^ eo-TL TOVTO, aoi ye fi^v,
' though it is to you.' Orest. ] 08^1
fieyaka iinvoels iXelv, fiaKapiof; ye firjv KVprja-a^
eo-ei. Rhes. 195.
ovK oW aKpt^co(;, elKuaai ye firjv irdpa.
Ibid, 284
liaKpav yap epiret yy]pv<;, e(jL(f>avy)'i ye fiijv.
Eur. EL 754.
Similarly 76 fiev 8r) means ' however ' in Soph. £1.
1243, Track. 484, Agam, 644, 860, JSitm. 1397, and
76 fjLevTOL in JEum. 561, Fcrs. 388, Theb. 713, PhilocL
i)3, Eur. Heracl 267, 637,
?//ca) 76 /M€VTOL ')(appba aot, <f>epoi)v fieya.
kXclSol ye fiev Srj, Kara vofiov^ acfycKTOpcov,
Kelvrai irap vfilv 7rpo<i 6eol^ dycoPLoi<;.
Aesch. Su2i2)L 237.
fiaKpdv ye /juev By prjacv ov arepyei 7r6\t9.
Ibid. 269.
3t8oi;9 76 ^ev Br) Bv<Ty€V€<; fir^Bev BlBov. Hel. 1259.
The interrogatives rl fjujv ; tl p>rjv ov ) and rl
fidXiara ; mean ' why not,' or ' of course.'
HA. ^vvaiveh ; OP. rt /irjv ov ; Soph. M. 1280.
HM. BoKel yap ; HM. Tt fx^jv ov ; Rhes. 706.
With Tt fi'qv we may supply dWo, ' wliy, what but
this ? ' i.e. * of course.'
38 THE GREEK PARTICBES
Orjp6<i Be K7)paivovaL koI ^porol, ri \xr]v ;
Aescli. Sit]r>'pl. 976.
Xeyovcnv /^fjLa^; cos^ oXcoXora^' rl fiijv; Agam. 655.
exPV^cL TTOcvUf; rod 7raTpo<; iTip.'y^raf tl fitjv ;
Uum. 194.
This formula is common in Flato, e.g. in page 36
{Fhilebus) it occurs thrice.
The combination rj /irjv has three peculiar meanings : —
{a) In taking an oath, ' 1 truly will do so-and-so.'^
ft)(T^' ppKov avTcp irpoa^aXwv Stcofioo-ev
r) fjurjv Tov iify^iaTripa rovBe rov 7rd6ov<;
^vv TravBl Kal yvvaiKl BovXcoq-etv en.
^Soph. Tracli. 255.
HP. ofJLVv Al6<; vvv tov ae (l)V(Tavro<; Kcipa.
TA. f] fjLTjv Tt Spdaeiv ; Kal roS' i^eip-qo-erat ;
Ibid. 1185.
dfjLvvcTL 8* al-^r^v
77 /t^V Xdird^eLv a<nv KaBfielcov ^ia. Theb. 526.
,(&) In ejcpressing a threat.
j5 fjLYjv €Ti Zevf: Kaiirep avOdBr) ^povwv
ea-rai raireivo^. Prom. 928.
Tj fJLT)V €T e/JLOV
')(,peiav e^et tiaKapn^v 7rpvTavt<;. Ibid. 175.
^ /jLr)v orv Kavev rovBe Xv7rr)0€l<t ^arei.
Oed. Col. SIO.
* Herodotus ii. 118, 2, and iii. 90, 1, has fir) firjv = »* ixfjv firj.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 39
rj firjv (TV iravaei Kalirep ci)fib<; wv dyav,
Alcest. 64.
y firjv (TV TOVTOL^i TM ^cvw TTOT d^Oiaec.
Ar. Nuh. 865.
rj fMTjv iyco (7€ T^fiepov aKVTJ] jSXeTreLV 7roi,rj(Ta>.
Vesp. 643.
77 fjLTJv (re iravcret t/}? v^p€(D<^ ravrrj^; Trarrjp.
Av. 1259.
(c) In the sense of nihilominiLSy or crede mihi.
iroXka^ ev vpuv. Eur. Med. 1032.
nP. fjLTjBev iy/ceXev dyav.
KP. 97 fjLTjv KeXevaco,
* but I will give orders.' Prom. 72.
^ /JLTjv iyco (Tov '^drepov'i /jL6L^ova<; KoXd^o),
' 1 can tell you, I punish greater men than you.'
Ar. Vesp. 258.
rj firjv iroXif SpifivTaro^ y 'ijv tmv irap vf^^v.
Ibid. 278.
The formula koI firjv, ' but here comes,' &c. is used
ia) to introduce a new character on the stage.
KoX fjLTjv e? avTov Kaipov oiEe irkTjaiov
TrdpeLGiv. Aj. 1168.
Kol fjbrjv IBcov €(T7rev(j-a tov arparijk.drrjv
\ya/jL6/jLvov . Ibid. 1223.
Kai /xrjv opta rdXaivav Evpv^i/crjv Ofiov
dd/iapra Tr]v Kpiovro^. Antig. 1180.
40 THE GREEK PARTICLES
(b) The same, with or without ye, means, ' well, but/
and * well, then.' ^
Kol fir)v 6 -^Tja-fiof; ovKer ex KaXv/nfidroyv
ea-rac BeBopxco^;. Agam. 1149.
KaX firjv TreTTcoACft)? y u)<{ QpaavveaOat irXeov
ffpoTetov alfia, Kcofxof; iv So/jlol^ fiep€c. Ibid. 1159.
Kal firjv (fio^oto-i y avrov i^e\v(TdfjL7)v. Aj. 531.
KoX firjv 7reXa9 ye Trpocnrokoif; (fyvKdaaerai.
Ibid. 539.
See also El. 1045, 1188, Prom. 1006, Pers. 266,
Theh. 234, Eur. Suppl. 393, 697.
We have dWd p,rjv in Pers. 235, dXX ovBe fir^v in
Cho. 181, ' yet neither,' and in Eur. Ilel. 1047,
dW* ovBe fiTjv vav^ eaTW y afoOelfjLev dv.
Ov ri 117] 1/ occurs in Soph. El 817.
ov and fiy.
The former of these negatives a fact, or denies tlie
existence of something, as ovk earc ravra, ovk IXeft*, ovk
ecpvye, &c.
But fjbi] always contemplates some i-esult, and is
therefore used in all conditions, wishes, prohibitions,
warnings, and generally with infinitive moods. Thus
el fiTf \e76t9, e^' yap (or eiOe) firf yivoiTO or iyiveTO, fiy)
TTOtet or 7roi)](Trj<;j 00a fiyj Xddp ere, Toiovro'i iariv Mare
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 41
fxriZeva <f)o^€L(r6ai, &c. Thus ov is called objective, and
fiT) subjective.
By a very common idiom, both these negatives are re-
peated even several times, as ouSeW "Ke'yei ovSev ovSa/jL(o<;^
/jii] ae XaOri firjSeU fir^Ba/MoOev elaeXOoiv. This with us is
a mere vulgarism, * he didn't say nothing to no'body.'
Where ou is used when something known and finite is
denied, fir) is used where there is uncertainty. Hence 09
ov Xeyet,, tov ov Xiyovra, rov ov/c ahiKov, refer to a par-
ticular person, A or B. But 09 (or oaris:) fir) Xeyec, 6 fi?)
Xiyayy, qui non dicat, tov fir) aScfcov avhpa, express a class
of persons supposed or conceived to exist Sometimes
we find the abbreviated formula tov t6 aBiKov koI jjlt),
for /col TOV fjbi).
With indefinite relatives fiyj is regularly used where
the Eomaus employ the subjunctive. So
7rw9 yap ; f) ye /x^Se Trpo? ^eou?
€^€a-T oLKXavTM TrjoB^ aTTocTTTJvac aTeyrj^i.
Soph. El 911.
ov fit) 'crrt Kacp6<;, fir) fiaKpav fiovXov XeyeLv.
Ibid. 1259.
w fir) ^cTTL BpcovTC Tup^o^, ovS* eVo? ^ojSei.
Ord. Tyr. 296 ; Ant. 691 ; Pliil 255 : Iph. Aul. 523, 823,
Hence with waTe, expressing a result or contingency,
followed by an infinitive mood, fir) is almost invariably
found. See, however. Soph. El 780 ; Eel 108; Phoe-ii.
1358. But while the Greeks say tolovto^ icniv ooare
42 THE GREEK PARTICLES
HTjBha (jyopetadcLi, which is a general proposition, they
would say, describing the known character and habit of
A or B, and speaking of a fact, ToiovT6<i iariv coare
ovBeva (l)o^€tTaL
rj rocrovo e;^a9
T6Xfi7]<; Trpoa-cDTTOv, wcrre ra^ e/ia? (TTeya<;
LKov ; Soph. Oed. R. 532.
7) K wSe tXtj/jlcov cddTe rw fiidaropi
^VVeCTT, 'EpLVVV OVTiV iK(j>o^ovfJLivrj.
Soph. Ul 276.
Where we say ' I think you are not,' the Greeks
generally say, ' I don't think you are.' Hence ov (prjfjbl,
ov BoKM, ovfc oLofiaL (76 70L0VT0V €LvaLy is Hiorc usual
than 8o/cft) ae firj tolovtov elvai. But there is a real
difference of meaning between ovk e'^earv Xeyeiv, ' it is
not permitted to speak,' and e^ea-ji fir} \eyeiv, ' you
need not speak unless you like.' So
covOpcoire, ^ovXec pur) ^Xiireiv eU ra^ KL'^Xa^ ;
Ar. Ach. 1108.
ov Bvva^ai p,r) yeXdv,
71071 possum non ride7^e. Ran. 42.
Tovahe yap fir) ^rjv eSet. Scph. Phil. 418.
XP^^ TovBe fir) ^rju fir)K opav <f)do<; ToBe.
Eur. Eeracl. 969.
The infinitive sometimes takes ov and not /jli), as in
et Toi vofit^€i^ avBpa crvyyevrj KaK(a<;
Bpa)v ov^ v(l>€^€Lv Tr)v BUr)v, ovk ev (booveU.
Oed, R. 551.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 43
Where the sense is, ei vofii^ei^; ore ov'^ v^e^ei^. Both
i)(priv ere firj and gvk ixpv^ ^^ occur, as Phil. 1363,
Hipp. 507, where XP^^ ^^^ °^ ^' afiaprdveiv = ovk
iXPiv, See Androm. 100, 214, 607; Med. 294;
Suppl. 22.
So far the differences between ov and /xr; are pretty
clear. But the combinations ov firj and /jlt] ov ^ often
create difficulty to students, the former especially, which
is used both interrogatively and as a direct statement
that something will not take place.
A little care, however, will distinguish these. When
we find ov fi-q \d6r}, ov fiy (j)vyo)aiv, &c., the phrase
may always be rendered 'there is no chance of his
escaping notice,' ' there is no fear of their escape,' &c.
And a few passages which occur w^here the full
formula is expressed, ov Beivov eari or ov ^6po<^ io-Tt
fjbri, &c., seem to show that this is the origin of the
phrase.
Sometimes, however, we find such phrases as ovhu<i fir)
jivrjTaL, 'there is no chance of any one becoming' so-
and-so. We cannot here supply (f>c^o<i, yet it is clear
that this is but a variety of the original idiom.
Some doubt has been felt whether the first aorist
subjunctive or the future indicative is the more correct,
e.g. ov fjLT} TTpd^ei^ or ov fi7] irpd^rj^i. The above con-
1 Professor Kennedy calls ^it] ov " the most difficult point in
Greek grammar, and not adequately explained in any treatise he
has read " {ShuHa Sophoclea, p. 45).
44 THE GREEK PARTICLES
sideration gives the preference to the subjunctive. We
find however instances of the future where the subjunc-
tive cannot be used, as
ov /Ml] a €K T(ovb eopavoDV,
w yepov, aKoi/ra Tt? afet. Soph. Oed. Col. 177.
(ra<j)6)<i yap eLTre Teipe<TLa<i ov /jli] wore
GOV T>;V5e yriv olKovvro^ ev TTpd^eiv ttoXlv.
Fhoen, 1590.
aW elauB'. ov <jol /a?; fiedi^frofiat ttote.
Elcdr, 1052.1
With an interrogation (a form of speaking which the
Greeks were very partial to), ov firj with a future
conveys a strong and rather impatient command, as
ov firj irpoaolarei'; %efcpa, ' don't touch me,' * lay your
hand on me if you dare ! '
ov jxrj 7rp6<r€L tovtoigiv ia-KOpoSicrfievoi^ ;
Ar. Ach. 166.
Sometimes, as in Oed. B. 637, and Aj. 75, two clauses
are combined, the first with ou, the second with fit}
added to it, e.g. ovk (hrei xal firj ivravOa p.evel^ ;
<L heiva Xi^aa, ovy^t cvyKXrjcTCLf; CTOfjua
Kol fjurj fie6ija-€L<i avdc^ ala^larov^; Xoyov^ ;
mpjyol, 498.
This idiom is more difficult to explain. ' Will you not
not ' do so-and-so, i,c. will you not abstain from doing ? is
' * Even the future occurs with ftij in the sense of ' lest.' See
Ar. Ecd. 495, and on Aeach. Fers, 124. .
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 45
not a satisfactory solution, because it does not account for
the subjective fjurj. Possibly, it is but an interrogative
variety of the former idiom, * Is there no chance of your
not doing ? ' i.e. ' pray don't do.' Or thus, ' Will you not
attend to the command fir) iroLrjar)^;, dont do it ? ' In
either case, the future must be a modification of the
subjunctive, from tlie formula being regarded as a
simple interrogative.
Where the participle stands for the verb with el, fii]
is of course necessary. So KaKo^; av eiTjv fxtj Sp(bv (or
8pdcra<;) rdSe, ' I should be base if I did not do this ' ;
/iir] ovTcov Oecov, BUt} ouk €j-ti, ' there is no such a thing
as justice, if there are no such beings as gods ' ; fi?)
TvxoDv, ' if I fail to obtain,' Ach. 466, Ftcm. 455 ; firj
Kvpy<Ta<;, Phoen. 490. But KaKo^i icmv ov Bp&v Ta.Be, is
* he is base for not doing this.'
Kpeiara-tov jdp rjada /jl7)K€T oiv fj fwv TV<f>\6'f,
Oed. Tyr. 1368.
irakai Be firj irapoyp Oavfid^eraL, = el firj Trdpeari,
' I wonder that he is not here already.'
Ibid. 289.
dXX 6? ToB* 7]^ei^ fiT) \eyfov ye tovvBikov.
Ibid. 1158.
When the preceding clause contains a negative, or
involves a negative idea, then ov is added to firj in the
second clause, as tC fieWei^ (= ri ov airevBei^) to jxtj
ov Bpdaai ; and
46 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Bvad\yr]To^ yap av
elrjv TOidvBe fir) ov KaTOiKreipdiv eSpav.
' I should be heartless if I did not pity,' &c.
Oed, B. 13.
firi fjb dTifjLd(T7)<; to fir) ov Oavelv crvv arot.
' Do not refuse to let me die with you/
Ant. 544.
This use is very extensive, especially in poetry, e.g.
in V. 283 of the same play, /x?; irapf}^ ro fir) ov (jypdaaL.
Kal ToaovS* eKOfiTrao-e,
fi7)h^ av TO aefivov Trvp viv elpyaSelv Aio<;,
TO fir) ov icar uKpcov irepydfiwv iXelv ttoXlv,
rhoen. 1174.
Another use of fir) ov implies an ellipse of BeBotKa, as
fjLT) ov Tvxv^ 'T^'? d\7)06la^, ' I am afraid you will not
hit the truth,'
viK(OfjL6V0^ fiev TijvBe fir) ov fi6\r)<; iroXiv.
Mes. 115.
fir) dfxa9el<; irolei ^ea?
TO GOV Katcbv Koafiova-a' fir) ov irelcr-Q^ (ro<f>ov(;,
vereor ut peritis id persicadeas. Treads 981.
Or with fi'^ only, as
fir) yap ae dprjvoq ovfio^ eU e^Opav fidXy.
From. 396.
The full syntax occurs Eur. M. 568.
TrdXai BeBoLKa, fit) av y oukct ev (f)povfj<;.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 47
Either ovSev or to fi7]B€v is used in the sense of nihili,
a nobody or a mere nothing. Earely, and somewhat
inaccurately, fiijhev is used without the article, where
strict logic requires ovhev. So Kairl firfhev ep'^erat
stands for eVt to /jLrjSev in Soph. JEL 1000.
When a relative conveys any notion of indefiniteness,
or purpose, cause, or condition, fitj, and not ol* is used,
affecting even the participle (Tro. 1166). Thus
e<j)€vyov ev6a /n^ oyjroLfjLrjv. Oed. R. 79.
Tt9 i^ov aO\LcoTepo<; av €t7],
ov firj efecTTt daTcov tlvl Sex^adat ; lb. 817.
Sometimes (in poetry especially) to ixyj stands for
oxjTe fiT], 'to the not doing' of something being re
garded as a result. So Agam. 552,
TO ixTjiTOT av0i<; jJLTjh' dvaaTTJvai fieXeiv,
* they are dead and gone, so that a return to life is
no care to them.'
A peculiar use of fj,T] is to ask a question, directly or
indirectly, where a negative answer is expected. Thus,
fjLTf \e7€t9 ravTa BiKaia elvai ; ' Surely you do not call
that just, do you ? '
Track. 316, firj t(ov Tvpdvvayv; EvpvTov o-Tropd rt?
r}v\ 'She was not one of the royal family, was shel'
Aesch. Prom. 255, infj irov tl irpovfiri'; Tcovhe koX irepai-
T€po) ; and 980. Fers. 346, Ag. 665. Indirectly, with
the indicative, fjurj signifies 'whether. Soph. Ant.
1253,
4:H THE GREEK PARTICLES
oXV elaofiea-Oa firj ri /cat /carda-^eTov
Kpv(l>rj KaXvirrei KapBia Ovfiovfiivrj.
deXco TTvOiaOat, firj Vt TOt<; irakai KaKot<i
TrpodKeifievov tl irrjfia (rrjv EaKvet, ^peva.
Hcrad. 482.
€7rto-;^€9, ft)9 av Trpov^epevvija-co cttl^ov,
firj ri,<i iroKiTcav Iv Tpl^cp <l)av7d^€Tai.
Phoen, 92.
(TKOirelre /x-r; hoKrjcnv ei^€T eK Oetav. Hel. 119.
Whether fiSyv is compounded of firj ovv, and is
identical with nu7ny or has a dififerent origin, it falls
under this head ; but it is mostly used when a negative
reply is expected.
fitov TL fioi fieya
irdpeare tt/so? KaKolai, irefiirovref; xaxov;
Philoct. 1265.
ftwr KoX Oe6<i irep Ifiipo) 7r€7r\Tjyfiivo<; ;
Ag. 1174. '
fiwv €K dedov Tov Kaivbv dyyeXei^i Itto? ; Tro. 55.
Similarly SiBoiKa firj ^jKOe means 'I am afraid he
went/ lit. * I have fears as to whether he went.'
Even in conditional clauses, if the negative adheres
strictly to the verb, ov is sometimes used, e.g. el ovk ia<f
for el KcoXvec^,
el T0V9 Oavovra^ ovk ea? BdirreLv irapcov ;
Ajax. 1131.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONs\<Xo,'^vl» "^^ ^"^
el B' ov 7rapova7j<; ravra rev^o/juac (T60ev/\^^ ^ ^
^evero) Kar otKov;. Ijgh.
el 8' ovKer e(Tii, Ion 347, 388,
Where a participle has the virtual sense of an infini-
tive, 117) is used, as BrjXcoo-ay fir) 7670)9 = ifie fir)
^e^ovevai, Aj. 472. So Oed. Col. 797, aXX olBa yap
<re ravra fir) irei9(ov, Wc, where perhaps irelawv should
be read. Or if a participle may he resolved into a
condition, as Philoct. 935, aX>C o)? fiedTJacov firfirod^
w8' opa iraXiv = 009 el diXoc fir) irore fiedtevac.
When a participle with a negative is continued
from, or forms part of, a clause containing a prayer
or command, fiij is used, as
^atjoe — 6 ni;^to9 dva^,
To^ot9 Idrrrcov fn)Ker eh r)fia^ ffiXr).
Aesch. Agam. 491 — 3.
aironaov — fir) BeK ifiirXTJa-a^ ernrj. Orest. 655.
97 diraye arparov,
TCL Toi)v ArpeoBcov fir) fiivcov fieXkirffiara.
Iph. Atol. 817.
fid'x^av CTTcBe, irdrep,
filaia fir) (plXoLf; opoov
ofifiaacv ivBUoi^. Aesch. Sup]pl. 791.
In Tkel. 431,
Tt9 dvBpa KOfiird^ovra fir) rpeara^ fievel;
50 THE GREEK PARTICLES
the firj is wrongly used, and the verse is probably an
interpolation. A similar anomaly occurs in Eur. Heracl.
533,
€vpr]fia yap tol fjur) ^tXoyjrvxovo-' e^yft)
KdWL(TTOV 7}Vp7JK 6Vk\€00<; XcTTetV ^LOV,
Thuc. viii 68, fin. ')(aXeirov rjv top 'AOrjvaiojv
Brj/jLov iravaaiy koI ov /jlovov firj viry/coov ovra aXKu
Koi k.tX.
With a deliberative subjunctive, should I or not ? ^rj
must be used, as
TTw? G-e aeffl^Q)
fjLTJd' virepdpa^ fiijd' {jiroKd^'>^a<t
Kaipov ^a/?tT09 ; Ag. 758.
etTTft) TO TMV elcoOorayv, co BicnroTa ;
fiTjB^ erepov da-relov ti ; Ban. 1.
Bia Tr)v '^odvrjv ovv fiijT aKovco fjLij0* opw ;
Thesm. 19.
A very peculiar use of /jlt] occurs in strong assever-
ations which assume the form of an oath.
tarco vvv Zeu?,
^rj fjuev TOt<? XirTroKTiV dvrjp cTTO'^tjcreTaL dWo^.
II X. 329.
nd Tr)v ^A(f)poBLr7jpy firj *yd> (T d<l>T](7a).
At. Fed. 999.
fjbd yrjv, fid 7raytBa<;, fid i^ec^eXa?, fid SUrvay
firj *7ft) voTjfia KOfiyjroTepov rJKOvad ttg). Av. 195.
fid Tov AttoWo). firj (7 iycot
Kaiirep toiovtov ovra, KaraKkivS} '^afiaL
Lydst. 917.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 51
We can only say that this is an idiom ; it is hard to
explain it on any logical principle.
From ovSev dWo rj, nihil aliud qybam (an accusative
of the object), an adverbial formula a\V ?;, praeter-
quani, came into use. Thus in Pers. 211,
o K ovhev aWo y rj 7rT7]^a<; Se//,a9
Trapecxe,
the full sense would be ovBev dWo iTroiec rj irapelxe.
In Ran. 227,
ovbev yap ear aW rj Koa^
we clearly trace the transition of dXko to aXkd.
Similarly in Pac. 475, (reading dX\\ not aXV,)
ovK oXhe y elXKov ovhev dpyeloi irdXai
aXX' Tj KUreyeXcov rwv TaXaLTrwpov/jbivcDV,
the word etXKOv is used Trapd irpoahoKiav for eTTOiovv,
' they have been doing nothing but (else than) laughing.'
Hence in negative sentences ovSev dXX i), ov/c — aXX'
T}, became very common, especially in Plato, to re
XoLTTOV fJbr)8eTepoV(; Bi'^eaOat dXX^ r) fiia vrj't r}crvxd^ovTa<;,
TJiucycl. iii. 71, 1. koI Trpoa-^aXovre^ rfj 'Idaqy alcpviBiOi,
Kol ov irpoorBe'^ofjLevoov dXX' fj 'AmKafi Td<; vav<; elvai,
aipovai. Ibid. viii. 28, 2.
We often find dXXd — ydp, dXX'' ov yap, with some
ellipse or aposiopesis, as
a\V eV ydp Setvot? ov (TX*]a(o
ravraq dTa<;,
' but (you need not advise me) for, &c.'
Soph. M. 223.
E 2
52 THE GREEK PARTICLES
The phrase ov yap aWa is also elliptical.
xXvoLfi av ov yap aWa 8el Bovvat ixepo^.
Eur. Suppl 570.
fir) o-K&iirTe /t*, Si8i\(j), ov yap aX,X' e^&) KaKa)<;,
* for indeed I am hard up,' lit. * for it is not but that,' &c.
Ar. Ban. 58.
OVJ/.
The simplest meaning of this particle is ' therefore.'
^v/jL^ovXov ovv fju eirrjXOe^, rj rlvo^ X^P^^ >
Eur. Sup2)l 125.
But in combination it has many very different
meanings.
In Plato, /jL€v ovv is commonly used in assent, as
irdvv fjL6v ovv, a-(l>68pa fxev ovv, &c. But it is equally
common in the sense of * nay rather,' imo potius.
AI. rj fjLT) (j)vy(o ae ;
OP. fiTj fiev ovv Ka6^ -qhovtjv
edvrj^. Soph. M. 1503.
10. avTb<i fui^eiSo)?, rj fiaOwv dXKov irdpa \
01. fiavTLV fiev ovv KUKOvpyov ia-Trefiylra';.
Oed. B. 704
NI. \4y€ <rv.
AH. (TV fiev ovv \iy€.
EqidU 13.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 53
AA. efiov jjuev ovv.
KA. ifiov fiev ovv.
' Xo ! on mine ! ' Ibid. 910.
KA. ovK €(t)v, rj ^vyKeXevcov iralh^ ayeiv Oavovfievnv ;
nP. firj /jL6v ovv dyecv. Iph. Aul. 892.
fir) TayaOa
a vvv yeyevrjTaL ; TT. fir) fxev ovv ra irpdyjjbara.
Ar. Plut. 651.
This combination frequently occurs where ovv simply
means ^ then/ and the iiev has reference to Se implied
or expressed.
iyco fxev ovv ovr avT6<; l/jbelpcov €(j>vv
TVpavvo<s elvat jiaXkov rj rvpavva Spdv.
'/then (whatever others may feel) have no desire
to be a ruler rather than to act as a ruler,'
Oed. R. 587.
eyo) jjbev ovv kol ravra kol ra TrdvT del
(jido-KotfM av dv0p(O7roLcn jarj-^avdv deov<;'
oT(p he fMrj TaS* iarlv iv yvd^fxrj cftcXa,
K6lv6<; r ifcecva a-repyero) /cdyo) rdSe.
' My view then is this, — but if any one dissents
from it, let him cling to that opinion as I do to
this.' Aj. 1036.
So Antig. 65.
Kelvof; fjbev ovv €K€It, iyco 8' 6 Bvafiopo<; fc.r.X.
Phil 359.
54 THE GREEK PARTICLES
iyo) jjLev ovv ^evoKTcv wS' evhaifioai
KcBycov €KaTL TTpay/JLaTcov av ijdeXov
yv(ocTT09 yeveadai
TT/oo? Bva-o-e^ela^ 8' rjv ifiol toS' iv <j)p6alv,
TOCovBe TTpdyfia firj KapavSiaai (f>iKoL^.
Cho. 687.
ifKcira fiev ovv —
d^etfiaTOV fju 67re/x,7re*
— TeXevTCK; 8' iv XP^^^
irarrjp 6 iravToina^
irpevfievel^ KrlcreLev. Suppl. 126.
With ovvy both before and after, ye often combines in
the sense of saltern, and sometimes with the interval of
a word. This usage appears to be but little understood.
dXV ovv BehoyfJLevov ye ecrri rov ^(OKparr) hia(f>epetv
TLvl TOiv iroXkSyv avdp(i>iT(ov. Plat. Ajpol. p. 34, E.
aW ovv evvoia y avO(t>.
* Well, at all events it is from kindness that I tell
you,' &c. Soph. M. 233.
aXX' ovv iirla-TCo y ol fi arLjiCa^ dyei^;.
Ibid. 1035.
a\\' ovv TTpofjLTjvva-Tjf; ye tovto firjSevl
7ovpyoVf Kpv(l)7] 8e Kpvine. Ant. 84.
ovKOVv 7rdpo<; ye arj<; aTreardjovv <j>p€v6^,
' at least I did not on a former occasion hold
aloof from your view.' Ibid. 993.
dX)C ovv iXeyofzead', rj (J>utl<; B* ov fioL TriKpd,
Eur. lon^ 1325.
VIZ. ae TeKuv. '
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 55
ovKOvy iroT e'/c tovtolv ye fir) crK7]7rpoiv ert
6Boc7rop7]aec<i. Oed. Col. 848.
See also Ibid, 651, 924, Oed. Tyr, 565, 1357.
ovKOvv av eK<f)vyoi> ye ttjv TreTrpayfJbevrjv.
Prom. 526.
aXV ovp iyo) ^(f>v\a^a tovto y dpKeaai.
Aj. 535.
In some of these, and many similar passages, the
force of ye seems to have escaped the notice of editors.
The use of yovv is more obvious.
ctXV el TO, 6vrjToov fir] Karaio-^vvead^ ert
yiveOXa, rrjv yovv iravra ^oa/covaav <f)\6ya
alhelad' avaKTO<i rfkiov. Oed. R. 1424.
el KoX Tupavvel^if e^icrcoTeov to yovv
L(T dvTiXe^ai. Ibid. 408.
no. fjLTJTep, dXXd fiot av ^(^atpe.
10. ')(apTd yovv irda^w, reKvov.
Phoen. 618.
The particles 8' ovv are very often used
(a) to express defiance, mostly with the pronoun of
the second and third person.
6 3' ovv TTOieLTCO' TfdvTU TTpOaSofCTJTd fJLOL
' Then let him do it ! There is nothing that I may
not expect to happen to me.'
Aesch. Prom. 956.
ol b' ovv ^ocovTcov dWa rdf; (Tirovhd<^ <pepeL<; ;
Ar. Ach. 186.
56 THE GREEK PARTICLES
ol S' ovv BpcovTcov Ti ^ovkovTai. Lysist. 491.
S' ovv Irco, Kcl '^prj fie iravrekw^; Oavelv.
Oed. Tyr. 669.
01 S' ovv ye\d>vT(Dv Kairc^aipovTcov Ka/col<;.
Aj. 961.
y S' ovv eaaOoi Kal iropevedOoi areyaf;.
Track 329.
(TV S' OVV \ey\ et col to3 \6yq) ti,<; ySovrj.
Soph. JSL 891.
aif B* ovv, iTrecSr] Tepyln<; ^Se aroc to Spav,
%P« Xet/9t. Aj. 114.
cru 8' ovv UKOve rovpyov. Track. 1157.
av 3' ovj/ hi(OK6 Kal irovov irXeov rldov.
Hum. 217.
(b) With et or ^i; a barely possible contingency is
expressed, ' but if he should do so-and-so, then,' &c.
This idiom also, though in fact common, seems but
little understood.
el B^ ovv avdyKTj rrjaS^ eTnppeTTOL tu;^?;?,
apx^i'i'O'n'XovTCOv Bea-irordv ttoWtj X'^P^^-
Aesch. Ag. 1009.
el S' ovv TL KaKTpeiroiTo rov irpoaOev \6yov,
'or, if he should deviate at all from his former
statement,' &c. Oed. Tyr. 851.
el 8* ovVf <I>l\€2 ycLp tovto firj ravTrj peireiv.
Antig. 722,
where fir) ao<l>o^ cfyvaei Ti<i earl is to be supplied.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 57
el Toi Bofce? (TOL, ^PW /^^^ ^^ ^' dfiaprdveiv'
el S' OVV, ITiOoV /JLOL,
' but if you did go wrong/ &c. Hippol. 507.
el 3' OVV, epoo yap koI to aov, icelvov OeXwv
i7r(0(j)e\r)crai ravT eBpa, k.t.X. Soph. ^l. 577.
^v S' OVV KarafJLva-r) kcLv a'^vr)V,
'but if he should close his eyes for ever so
little/ &c. Ar. Vesp, 92.
(c) Like ceteruni, ' be that as it may/ S' ovv expresses
a result arrived at where the possible causes or motives
are left undecided.
yevoLTO 3' OVV fio\6vTO<; ev^Cxrj %e/3flt
dvaKTO<; olk(OV TrjSe ^aardcrac %6/o^
' however, I will say no more now, than that I hope
soon to shake hands with my lord.' Agam. 34.
erXa S' ovv Ovrrjp yeveo-dat Ovyarpof;,
'however, be that as it may (viz. respecting a
mental infatuation), dare he did to slay his own
daughter.' Ihid. 217.
^ekoLTO S' ovv rdirl tovtolotlv ev irpd^if;.
Ihid. 246.
ovfc oLO ejJbOi ovv tj t ayav <jiyr) papv
hoKel TTpoa-elvai '^rj jjbdrrjv ttoWt) ^orj.
Antig. 1251.
o S' ovv epcordr, alriav KaQ^ r]VTiva
alKt^eral fjie, tovto St) o-a<j)7jvc(o, From. 234.
viz. 'however, painful or not painful (v. 205), I
will explain to you the cause.'
68 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Both ovKovv and ovkovv occur, where the accented
syllable alone has its force. In all cases however ovk
ovv should be taken separately, and the meaning deter-
mined by the addition or absence of the interrogation.
With &(T7rep the particle means ' as in fact.'
TO firj TToXiv /JL6V, MCTTTep OVV €^et, TraOelv,
'to prevent the city from suffering as it lias
suffered.' A gam. 1142.
Kal fiyv €TL ^(ov, TevKps, TovBe aoL fieXetv
€<f>L€6' dvrjp Kelvo<;, oiairep ovv fjueXec, Aj. 990.
^ aly drl/Jbtof;, wa-irep ovv aTrcoXero
iraTTjpj — arei'^co ; Cho. 88.
With alternatives expressed by elVe — etre, or excluded
by 0VT6 and fMiJTe, we find ovv added to one or both
clauses according as a special emphasis is conveyed.
etr o^v aXrjdel^, etr oveLpdrayv BUijv —
' whether they are irideed true, or whether &c.'
Agam. 474.
eXr ovv 6av6vTO<i etre Kal ^(ovto<; iripv
\iy(o. Ibid, 816.
etV ovv KOfiL^eiv ho^a viKrjaeL ^iX(0Vj
etr ovv fM6TOCKov 69 TO irdv del ^ivov
OdiTTeiV, i(f)6T/Jid<i TdaBe iropOjievaov irdXiv.
Cho. 670.
XiyovT€<; ecT dXrjdh cIt dp* ovv fiaTrjv.
Philoct. 345.
ctT odv iir dyp<av etre xdvOdS^ elcnBoov.
Oed, R. 1049.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 59
ovT iv Oealai 7rpo<; deSyv 6pcofiiva<;y
ovT ovv pporeioL^ ipucj^epeU p^opipcofiaacv.
Eum. 390.
firjT dpoTov avTol^i yr]<; avoivac nva
IxrjT ovv fyvvaiKOiV 7ralBa<;.
Oed. K 270.
Sometimes with a simple copula, as
irdvTa 'yap rd r ovv Trdpo^
rd T elai'TreiTa a-fj Kv/Sepvco/jiac %e/ot. Aj. 34.
In all such passages ovv strongly insists on the par-
ticular fact or person about which the statement is
made. Thus
y S' ovv yvvT) KdreicTLV el<;"kLhov B6/jLov<;,
' No ! go she must.' (Or perhaps, ' that may be as
you say; but anyhow she must go.'). Alcest. 73.
dW' r] TTOT rjada 6rjp ; reravpcoaat <ydp ovv,
' for indeed you have the form of a bull.'
Eur. Bacch. 922.
elirep yvvr) av' aov yap ovv TrpoKrjBofiat,
' for of you I certainly do take forethought.'
Antig. 741.
ev jap ovv \i'yec<;,
* for that you speak well there can be no doubt.'
Ibid. 1255.
TOt) S' ovv Kopa TQ)S' ovK diraWd^ei jLuopov,
'but these girls he assuredly shall not save from
their fate.' Ibid. 769.
eo-To) S' ovv 07ra)9 v/jllv <j)l\ov,
' however, be it as you wish.' Oed. Col. 1205.
60 THE GREEK PARTICLES
o-^ft) S' ovv apcofiac fir) iror avrrjcyac Ka/CMV.
Ibid. 1444.
See also Ihid. 980, 985 ; Ant. 771, 925.
In Heracl. 202, koI yap ovv means ' for, of course.'
With a wish or prayer ovv adds particular point to
the negative.
yLw} TL TTOT OVV yevol/jLttv V'iro')(eipio<;
Kpdreo-iv dpcrevcov. Aesch. Suppl. 1147.
firj yap ovv ^(jyqv en. Orest. 1147.
fi7] TL TTOT €t9 (ovv ?) ifiav iToXiv IkoiQ^ o iral^.
Ion 719.
Added to relatives and relative particles, ovv gives
the sense of indefiniteness, as b<ni(Jovv^ otlovv, oircoa-ovv.
Plato, Symp. p. 210, B, to KdWo<; to iirl otcjovv o-co^iaTu
Tft) eVl eTepa (ToofiaTc dBe\(j)6v ia-Tt, ' the beauty in any
(one) body is akin to that in any other.'
Trep,
This particle, except in the epic, is seldom used
alone. Eur. Ale. 2, ^eo? Trep mv, * though a god,' and
Aesch. Theh. 1041, ywr] irep ovcra, ' though a woman,'
and Agam. 1547, Tahe fiev o-TepyeLV BixjTrXrjTa irep ovt
are among the few examples from tragedy. Similarly
Cho. 495,
ovTco yap ov TidvrjKa^;, ovBe irep Oavcov.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 61
More common is Kalirep with a participle, sometimes
separated, as
^Siv fcal 6e6^ nrep ifiipa) TreTrXrjy/jLevo^ ; i.e.
Kalirep Oeo^i wv. Ag. 1174.
KOTfO) (T LKvovfiai Kal ryvvrj Trep ova o/jL(o<i.
Eur. Orest. 680.
Very rarely Kaiirep is used with a finite verb, as in
Pind. Nem. iv. 35, ep^nra, Kalirep €%e^, and Plat. Symp.,
p. 219, C, Kalirep eKelvo <ye (pfMrjv to elvac, where KatToc
should doubtless be restored.
eXirep, siquidem, is nearer to our ' since ' than to ' if,'
though it may sometimes be rendered 'if, as is the
case,' e.g. —
€L7rep etpyao-Tac rdSe,
' if, as we assume, he has done this.' Aj. 22.
It is followed by ye in assent, as
etirep y dir dp'xfj^ 7rpdy/jiaT0<; kolvwvo^ riv.
Aesch. Suppl. 338.
etirep y ^OpeaTov aoj/xa (Saard^o) ToBe.
Soph. M. 1216.
More often a word intervenes, as
Kav Tot9 efJLoh dp\ etirep ev ye loiai rol^;.
Aesch. Cho. 215.
val, leKvov, etirep earl y e^ocKijaifio^;.
Oed. Col. 27.
etirep tl y ecrrl tt)? d\7j6ela<; cOevo^.
Oed. R. 369.
62 THE GREEK PARTICLES
TTO)?, ecTrep o(f)6a\fiot<; ye to?? avTOL<^ opa',
' Aj. 84.
HA. rj }^fi yap dvrjp ; OP. etVep e/jLyjrvxo^ y iy(o.
El. 1221.
elirep TL<i el8<af; y ev to3' i^etTrev reXo?.
Affam. 907,
(where the 76 seems incompatible with the MSS. reading
e^elTTov.)
€L7r6p KpaT7}0eL^ y avTLVLKTjaat, OeXei^. Cho. 490.
etirep <T(f)aKel^ ye Bevpo a-oydrjo-ei ttoXlv.
Phoen. 725.
With relatives, oairep, wairep, oaovwep, &c., the
particle adds the notion of exact identity, ' the very one
who,* &c., and thus it stands in contrast with the
indefinite oo-rt?.
01. TL<; ovTO<; ;
AN. ovrrep koI irdXai KaTei')(oyiev
yva>tiri. Ocd. Col. 1252.
Yet a few passages occur wliere o<nrep av seems
identical, as
'X^covTrep (or ;;^w(r7rep) av Olyrj,
<f>d€Lp6L rd mcivra KVcoSaX. Track. 715.
ecoaTrep dv fw, ' so long as I may be alive.'
Oed. Col. 1361.
Vlsito, Sophist, p. 219, B, rrdv oirep dv firj irporepov
Ti<i 6v varepov eh ova-lav dyrj — ttouIv (jyafiiv.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
<l>i\ov<; vofjLL^ova ovairep av itog-l^ aeOev
Eur. Med. 1153.
Where perhaps the sense is not ovanva^ av vofil^y,
but ovairep vofii^oi av, ' the very same whom he would
regard as his friends.'
The correction of Dobree in Soph. El. 691, aOx' airep
vofil^erat for irevrdeOX' a vofil^eraL, though generally
adopted, seems inadmissible, and the passage is more
probably an interpolation.
TTOV and ttcos enclitic, and ircos and o7rco9»
The two latter, ' somehow,' ' somewhere,' or ' per-
chance,' as et 7r&)9, rj irov, and tto) with a negative only
(in the earlier Attic), nondum, as distinct from ovKeri,,
iam non, 'no longer,' are simple in their uses, and
require no special illustration. But 7rw9 and otto)?,
besides their uses in asking a direct or (as in Nub. 690)
a repeated question and in expressing indirectly means
how and purpose, with the future, subjunctive, or
optative, have several other idiomatic meanings.
As TTol or iTov <yrj<; often occurs, so we find ttoJ?
ev^evela^ e^et?, ' how are they disposed towards you ? '
a)9 av irapovcTT)^ ovo-iac; 6Ka(TT0<; rj,
' according as each one has ready means.' '
Eur. Eel 313, and 1253.
64 THE GREEK PARTICLES
Similarly otto)? ttoBc^p, oiro)^ rd^ov^, ' with all speed/
AescKSuppl 816, Plat. Gorg. p. 507, D, where there is
an ellipse of ex^t, or some tense of it.
A wish is often expressed by irm av with the
optative, ' how could I do it ? * meaning virtually ' I
should be glad if I could do it/
7ra)<f av Spoaepd<: diro Kp7}VLBo<;
KaOapwv vBaTcov TroofM dpvaatfjiijv;
' that from a dewy spring I could take a draught
of clear water ! ' Hippol. 208.
w ZeO, 770)9 av rov ai/jLvXcoTarop
oXeaaa^ Odvoifii; Aj. 387.
7rft)9 av fJLoXoL Brjd' rjpuv iv Ta^^i Trapcov ;
Oed, E. 765.
A peculiar idiom is the use of 07r&)9 with an optative
alone, where we should expect av.
OVK eaO^ OTTOx; Xi^atfiL rd '^evhi) KaXd,
€9 Tov iroXifv <f)iXoi,aL KapirovaOai xpovov.
Agam, 603.
ecTT ovv OTTO) 9 'AX/ci^o'Tt? ft? y^pa<; fioXoL ;
Alcest. 52.
Similarly with oo-ta9,
OVK ea-TLV oaTL<; ttX^v ifMov /ceipaoTO viv.
CAo. 164.
OVK eartv ortp fiel^ova fiolpav
veifJLacfjb rj aoi. Prom, 299.
Kai Tt9 TTOT 'ecTTtF ov J ijo) ylri^atfjLL n ;
Oed. Col. 1172.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 65
where the sense is ovTL<i ecrnv ov, or ovfc eariv
ovTiva, &c.
We find ovx oircoi} in the sense of ' so far from,' as
Soph. m. 796.
TCJvBe Be ov'x 07r(0<; KcoXvTal i^Opcov ovrcov jevrjaeade,
aWa Koi — Bvva/jLLV TrpocrXa^elv Trepio-yjreaOe. — Thuc. i.
35.
With the ellipse of crKoirei we not unfrequently find
OTTOJ? with a future in the sense of cura ut, or cave ne.
oTTCt)? fX7] a-avTov olKTuel^ TTOTe. Aesch. Prom. 68.
Ylev6exj<i S' otto)? fxr] irevdof; elaoLaet 86jiioc<;.
Eur. Bacch. 367.
oTTft)? irapeaeo fJLOi koL av Koi ra TracBla.
Ar. Av. 131.
A usage more difficult to explain, but depending
probably on the attraction and assimilation of moods
and tenses, is the occurrence of ottq)? and other particles
of purpose, o)^ or ha, in the sense * in which case it
would have been,' or ' that so it might have been.'
TL BrjT ifjLol ^rjv K6pBo<;, aXX" ovk eV ra^et
eppc-yjr^ ifiavrr^v TrjaS* diro (TTV(f>Xov 7r6Tpa<;,
OTTco<; ireBo) CTKrjyjraaa tcov Travrcov irovcov
a TTTjWdyrjv ;
' why do I not throw myself at once from this rocky
crag, that so I may be rid of all my troubles ? '
Aesch. From. 766.
F
66 THE GREEK PARTICLES
€iO* el^e ^(ovrjv 6V(j>pov\ dyyiXov BIktjv,
07rft)«; SL(f)povTL<; ovaa firj *KLVvaa-6fi7jv,
* for then I should not have been agitated by two
thoughts.' Cho. 187.
iSovXofiTjv fjuev erepov av tcjv ^OdSayv
Xiyeiv rd ySeXrtcr^', iV i/caOrjfnjv rjcrvxp^.
Eccles. 151.
See also Soph. El 1131-4, Oed. Tyr. 1389, 1392,
Eur. Hippol. 647. The original meaning seems to have
been ' in which way (or ' where,' ha) so-and-so took
place ; ' and we may compare such expressions as KaX
Brj BiSey/jbat in the sense of *fac me accepisseJ Perhaps
the ellipse of exoov or ycyv6fjb6vo<: may be admitted ;
' being how,' i.e. in which circumstances, ' I was so-
and-so.' It is not however certain that any logical
explanation of the fir) in this idiom can be offered.
TTOV interrogative.
The ironical question, ' Where shall I find sy-and-so ? '
with the implied answer 'Nowhere!' gave rise to a
peculiar use of ttoO interrogatively, which is formulated
by Elmsley on Heracl 371 (369), ' irov non sine indig-
natione negat.' He refers to Porson on Orest. 792
(802),
TTOV yap cov Sel^co ^tXo9,
€t (T€ fjLT) 'v heivalcLV ovra avii(\>opal^ eirapKeao) ;
* I shall not show myself to be a friend, if I fail
to assist you in trouble.'
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 67
TTOV ')(pr) TideaOai, ravra, ttov S' alvelv, orav
TO. OeV eiraLVMv tov<; ^eou? evpoo KaKov<; ;
Philoct. 451.
eVet, (^ep' etVe, ttov (tv fidvTL'^ el cra^TJ? ;
* you never showed yourself a true prophet.'
Oed. B. 390.
TTOV (TV (TTparrjyels: TOvSe, ttov Se Kal Xecov
e^ecrr avdo-aeci/ ;
' you are not his commander, nor have you
authority over his hosts.' Aj. 1100.
Kara irov '(TTLv rj BUrj ;
' then there is no such a thing as justice.'
Fhoen. 548.
TToO rdB' iv '^prjarol'; irpeirei ;
'such conduct is not thought becoming by the
good.' Heracl. 510.
TTOV he fJLOL TiaTTjp av'j
* you are not my father.' Ion 528.
irov fydp ecTL hiKaiov iv olKeTov arcojuaTt
Kol yjrv^^fj Evo a)(l>\r}KevaL rdXavra ;
Dem. p. 978.
Oeov Xiyeis irpovoiaV dWa ttov roSe;
* but that cannot be,' viz. the means devised for
preservation. Orest. 1179.
TOU
This is old form of tS, ' hereby,' ' truly/ ' in fact.'
In epic, it is very often represented by re, which better
suits the hexameter verse.
F 2
08 THE GREEK PARTICLES
(Tvv re Bv^ ipxofJLevQ), Kal re irpo o rod ivorjaev
OTTTTO)? /ce/?8o9 e^* jjbovvo^ 8' etirep re vorjarj,
aXkd re ol ^pdao-cov re v6o<; XeTrrrj Be re /jltjtl^;.
II. X. 224.
It is peculiarly used in enunciating maxims or
sententious remarks.
7Lev<; TOi Ko\a<TTr]<i rcbv vTrepKOfiircov dyav
(ftpovrj/xdrcov eirearLv evdvvo^ ^apv<^,
* know that Zeus severely punishes excessive pride.'
Aesch. Pers. 823.
This particle combines very frequently with KaL and
/zev in strongly expressed objections, * but yet,' ' but
indeed,' Kairov always standing first, fievTou second in
a sentence. Rarely we find Kalroi ye, as in Eur. Tro.
1015.
But fievroL, both in prose and poetry, is also used
nearly as a synonym of tol, and in this case perhaps it
should be separately printed fj,ev roi.
yevoLTO fiiv rav irav deov re^vay/jbevov,
' why, truly, anything may happen wheu a god
contrives it.' Aj, 86.
Kul T&vBe fJbivTot fjLTjKeT eXTTtV?;? otto)?
rev^ec ttot'. Soph. M. 963.
With dv and dpa there is frequently a crasis with
Toty often corrupted in MSS.
'^(op'qaoiiai rap' olirep iaTdXrjv oBov.
Soph. EL 404.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 69
ov Tav e\6vr6<; avOi,<; dvOaXolev av. Agam. 330.
r] Tav 7rav(t)\€c<; irayKciKCOf; r oXoiaro. Theb. 547.
It is often combined with eVet, and we find also eirei
TO I KaL
eirei
KoX ^vfjL<f)opd TOi fit) elBivac ai y rjTL<; el.
Track. 321.
TreTTOcd', eirel tolv ov fiuKpav e^cov iyco. El. 323.
ov SrJT, eirel tol ttjv fiey avTi')^ rj/jLepav, k.t.\.
Oed. Col. 433.
ov BrJT, eVet Tav fieydXa y n Tpoia aTevoi.
Cycl 198.
(Tol K ovhev e%<w (f)l\Tpov, iirei tol
fjLey avaX(oaa<; ^/^f%^9 ficpcov
Tpoiav elXov. Androm. 540.
ifjLol ixeXrjaet TavT , eVet
TOL Kal yjrocjieL \d\ov Ti Kal
iTvpoppaye^. Ar. Ach. 933.
ov BrJT, eirel tol Kal yiXcoTo^; d^ia. Heracl. 507.
TOLovTo^i olo<i av TpoTTTjv 'EtvpvaBeco'^
delrjv eireC tol Kal Kaico<^ fieveLv Sopv. Ibid. 743.
fxaXLaT , iireL tol Kal cro^?}9 BelTaL (ppevo^;.
Med. 677.
When the special attention is desired of the party
addressed, tol or Br] is added.
(76 TOL, ere TOL fiovov BeBopKa Trrjfiovdv eirapKecrovT ,
. ' you, yes you,' &c. Aj. 360.
70 THE GREEK PARTICLES
(76 roij TOP CK Trj<; al')(jxcCk(OTCho<; Xiyco.
Ihid. 1228.
ere Toi, ae KpLva). El. 1445.
(Toi TOL Xeyovara Traverat aacf)?] Xoyov.
A gam. 1014.
AA. ly(o ; AH. aif fievToi, Eguit. 168.
(TV Toi lie izeWu^;. Rhes. 663.
fjuelvov, 0) ae roi Xeyco. Iph. Aiil. 855.
ae Bri, ae Tr}v vevovaav e? irehov Kapa.
Antig. 441.
ai) hri Kar OiKOV<; co9 exihv v^eLjievrj
XrjOovad fjb i^iirivef;, ovB' ifidvOavov
rpicjxov Bv dra KaTravaardaeif; Opovwv,
' so you^ like a viper crouching in the house, have
been quaffing my blood secretly (not assailing me
openly, like your sister). I little thought that
I was maintaining two banes and two rebels
against my throne.' Rid. 531.
The combinations Toiydp, rocyapovv, and rolvvv,
' then,' are remarkable for the occurrence of toc first in
the sentence, equivalent to tw, 'wherefore.' In the
weaker sense it is always enclitic.
In alternatives, tol combines with rj in the first
term, as
7]Toc K€avT€<; rj refJbovTe^ eC<f}p6v(o<i. Agam, 822.
We find TOi 8ij in Soph. FhU. 245, ye toi Bij Oed, R
1171, and 7^ toi very frequently.
* The common reading crv ^ ^, &c., is inferior in emphasis.
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 71
lBp(o<; yi loi viv irav Karaa-Td^ei Se/Lta?.
Phil 823.
aSX ev ye roc roB' laOi. Track. 1107.
<l>opd<; ye tol ^96vricn<; ov yevrjaeTat. Ihid. 1212.
dXX! ev ye tol kcltlo-Ql. Ant. 1064.
ala-'^ov ye fievTOi, vav^ eir ^pyeiwv fioXelv.
Bhes. 589.
fxaXkov ye fievTOt to2<; ifiol<; ireiOov X6yoc<;.
mi. 994.
6p(o ye TOL TovaB' dpva<! ef dvTpoov e/jucov.
Cycl 224.
^adv<; ye tol H^LpKolo^ dva')(wpelv iropo^.
Fhoen. 730.
CDS'*
This particle, which has the same relation to otto)? as
ocro9 to oirocro^, olo? to oirolo^, has several well-defined
uses.
(a) As a particle of purpose, ' in order that/ it takes
the subjunctive with or without dv, the optative always
without dv.
CO? dv irapfj /jlol jxdpTV^ ev Blkj} Trore.
Aesch. Cho. 974.
Bevp* eXO\ 07ra)9 dv koX ao(f>(OT€po<i yevrj.
Alcest 779.
72 THE GREEK PARTICLES
aX)C ft)9 BoXoLo-L TralBa ^acrtXeQ)9 ktclvcd.
Med. 783.
eV avTO<f>a)p(p irpea^vv co? e'^ovd^ eXoL,
viz. TO (ftdpfiaKov. Ion 1214.
(J) In exclamations,
0)9 0-' a7r' iXTTiScov
oifx^ (ovirep e^67refi7rov elo-eSe^dfir^v.
Soph. m. 1128.
(c) In comparison, ' as/ quemadmodum.
PloTov evalcDva, YlepcraL<; a)9 ^609, Birj<ya^e^.
Pers. 707.
In this sense 07rG)9 is used by the poets,
yyTTj^ 07ra)9 dpovpav e/CTOirov \aj3a)V.
Track. 32.
Note, that in comparison, m takes the accent when
it comes after the object compared.
eSv S* €9 dvTpov da^iScjpo*; W9.
Aesch. frag. Phorcid.
(d) After verbs of saying, indicating, &c. , where the
Romans use the infinitive.
Xeyovac B\ et)9 o-v fiev fiiyav T€kvoi<;
ttXovtop eKTyaro) ^vv al'^rj. Pcrs. 750.
Dicunt te magnas apes liberis hello comparasse.
(e) Accented, «9 is used for out 0)9, but somewhat
rarely, and chiefly in the formula ahX 0)9 yeieadw,
' then be it so,' Troad. 726.
U '^cr
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \VX?^^(V '
66 Travra o co? Trpaaaoi/jb av, evuapcrr]^; ^7*< '^Jl^-^ V^
Agam. y6^£4. "^
(/) CO? often signifies 'when' in the sense of eVe/,
and very often * since.'
aXhJ evrpeTTi^e ^da<yav rj Pp6')(ov Bipr),
ft)? Bel Xnrelv ae ^67709. Orest. 953.
ft)? Se avTol<; 7rpb<s rot? 'iro\e[iioi<i rjcrav, — hvo fiev
evBix; y]vTOfjb6\7]aav. Thuc. iii. 77.
In this sense of * when ' ottg)? also is used in Antig.
253, 407, Track 917.
(^) Both ft)? az^ and otto)? av with the subjunctive
mean 'according as.'
&)? az/ iroLrjarjf;, TravTa^rj '^rja-To^i y ecrec.
Aj. 1369.
OTTft)? av, olfiai, Kol 7rapacrT(0(rtv TV^ai.
Med. 331.
And so probably we should read in Ocd. R. 329, ra//.'
ft)? az/ efc7r?7?, ' however you may speak of my conduct '
(for &)? av etTTfi)).
(A) With superlatives, «? and otto)? are used as the
Eomans use q%bam maxime, &c.
fjbaivec yap w? dXytaTa. Bacch. 326.
yevoiro 8' w? apLGra. Again. 657.
-^/CetV OTTO)? Td')(^LO-T ipdoTfJLLOV TToXec.
Agam. 588.
74 THE GREEK PARTICLES.
(^) With genitive absolute, w? wS' exovTOdv rojvSe,
quae guum ita se haheant, &c.
(k) With future participles, ©9 wav Spdacov or
BpdcrovTo<i,^ like the Latin future in -rus.
Generally, this expresses either real intention, or at
least some avowed plea.
\i7rQ)v Se PovaraOfjb 'I Sato? Hapt?
^TrdpTTjv d<l)LK66' t»9 ifiov a'^rjacov Xe^o'i.
mi. 29.
(/) With present or other participles, w? wj/, eb? iroWd
dBi,K7]cra<;, &c.
aif 5' <it)9 Tt %/0?7fwv T9;i/3€ i^auo-roXet? yOova ;
ife^. 682.
1 Without ©y, the future participle represents the Latin supine
with verbs of motion, as e^jjft ^eaad/xfi/o?, exibat spectatum, rrefmo)
ere ayytkovvraf &c.
INDEX.
PAGE
aWh saltern 1, 2
ov y&p d\\& 3, 52
ovK — dAA.' fj 51
in expostulation 2
oAXct yap, oA\' ou ydp 2, 51
d\\' 9j 29
dWa ix'(]v 40
oAA' ouSe yi-i\v 40
dAA' oh yap 51
oAA' olv — ye 54-5
dAA' oZu 54-5
iz/ with relative and subjunctive 3
inseparable from relative word 3, 4
with optative expressing condition and result 4
no Latin nor English equivalent . 4
expresses differently would, should, and shall, will .... 5
with past indicative, would have 5
does not in itself govern subjunctive 5
position after emphatic word, and early in a sentence ... 6
repeated 6
separated from relative word by jueV, 5€, yap 6
expresses frequent occurrence in past time 7
with infinitive or participle 7, 8
with optative and relative in indirect past narrative .... 9
with el hardly in use 9
76 INDEX.
PAGE
&v rarely used with future 9
•with pluperfect 10
with ojy and 'd-nm 10
naturally adheres to '6iTm 11
with optative expressing command 11
with optative expressing wish 64
"consopitum" 34
atpo, root of 11
primary meaning 11
a/)o, d.p' ov 12
5po fii] 12
after d, ^v, ws 12
with imperfect, ^v &pa, &c 13
ffjLfWov dpa 13
2po in strong affirmation 14
6.pa with ^v fjLT} 14
76 used in irony 14
assent 15
emphasis 15
'at least' 15, 18
with gj and Sa-rts, quippe qui 15
with jxff lighter than jutv yap lt>
following fi-fi in expostulation 16
follows 5e 17
follows €t and inei 18
ye {xijv tamen 36
never a mere supplement 18
7f fifv 5^ 37
ye fxiproi 37
yovv 55
76 Tot, 76 TOi 5^ 70
8( in apodosis 85
in questions 35
5»f strong form of 5e 18
U,H • 18
Hie 19
S^TTOU 27
INDEX. 77
PAGE
5t) tSts, SrjTTOTe 19
with relatives, Ss Stj, &c 19
Avith superlatives 20
with 7roA\o 20
with imperatives, Sye S-fj, &c 21
with finite verbs . 21
after kuI, in assumption 21
after Kai, in other senses 22
with ws, in irony 23-4
with special emphasis on person 69
57j0ej/, Srjde 27-7
SrJTa, with a word repeated 25
with Kal preceding 25
with ov in indignant denial 25-6
5' ovv 55, 57
fl Kai, Koi 61 81
elov 48
€t 5' ovv 56
etTrep, siquidem 61
cfjrep — ye 61
et was 63
eVet TOi Kai 69
^ Stj 27
^ irov, Stjttou 27, 63
■^ StJto 28
^ iroWci, ^ Kapra 28-9
^ -ycfp 29-30
^ truly 30
^fx-/,v 38, 39
^v 5' ovv 56-7
'iva &v ' 10
tva, *in which case,' &c 65, 6
Ka\ Uv, kUv 34
Ka\ T6, T6 — Kai 30
Kol yip 32
78 INDEX.
PAGE
Kot yap odf 60
Kald4 32
KoiH 21-3
Kol TTcDy, Ka\ ris, &C 33
Kol dr\ deSeyfxai 66
Koiei 31-2
Kol S17 /cat 24
KoL vvv 34
Kol fi-ffu — 76 36
KoX ^l'nv 39, 40
KotVep not used with finite verb 61
Kalroi ye 68
ix4v not always followed by Se 35
IJL€v olv in assent 52
* nay rather ' . . . 52
fxdvTOl 68
firju, 'b:^t' 35
wtth ye, ov ixTJv — ye 36-7
fii^, how different from ov 41
with indefinite relatives 41
with relatives of purpose, &c 47
with &<rr€ 41
H^ov 43
fiTi with participle = el fiij 45
fii] ov with SeSoiKa implied 46
jtirjSev for rb firjdev 47
/LiT^ in direct questions 47
indirect questions 48
with indie, after Sc'Soiko 48
fi-Zi with participle representing infinitive 49
implying condition 49
/iTJ with participle and preceding imperative 49
^rf, anomalous uses of 49, 50
with deliberate subjunctive 60
/biri in strong asseveration with fut. indie 50
/Li?) yap oZv 60
/«) Tt ttot' 60
H&v, fjiil olu = num 48
INDEX. 79
PAGE
Uttods TTodujv, rdxovs, &c 64
(Jirwy without &v takes optative 64
/ii7, cave ne 65
with ellipse of a-Kotrei 65
'in which case,' &c 65
'when' 73
oaircp 62
Satrep av 62
d S' o5j/ 56
ou, why objective negative 41
ov^ 24
oh \4yii ovSev, &c .41
ov SoK&, oij (prifii, &c , 42
ovK €^€(TTi and e|e(rT{ /trj 42
ov yap &Wa 52
with infinitive 42
OVK ixPV") &c 43
ov fi-q, explanation of idiom . 43
with fut. indie, or aor. subj 43
with future interrogatively 44
ov /col fJLi] . 45
ov jX-fjV 76 36
ov follows fjLt] in second clause after ov or a negative implied . . 45
ovSev &Wo ^ 51
ovSeu {ovk) aAA.' ^ 51
OVKOVy, OVK ovv 58
ovv, primary meaning 52
preceded by ^eV 53-4
preceded or followed by 7^ 54
following etre 58
following oir^ or ix^re 58-9
insists on person or fact 59
ov irov 28
oij ri ixriv 40
ovx oirws with future 65
irep with participles 60
forms e^Trep, Kaiirep 61
irov interrogative 66
80 INDEX.
PAGE
vpwrov fiev — eiretTO 35
VMS 63
TTcDs dv expressing wish 64
TTCOy Koi, Koi TTCOS 33
Subjunctive always future 3
<rlr 5' oSv 56
re with, ws, oTos &c 31
WSrf 24
tS /irf = &(rT€ /xrj 47
Tot, primary meaning of ; .... 67
= epic T6 67
in sententious remarks 68
with Kai and /teV 68
in crasis, r&pa and rUv 68
with iirei and koI 69
in calling special attention 69
Tolyap, roiyapovv, rolvvv 70
with ^ in alternatives 70
Tot 5rf 70
&)s, various uses of 71
&s, sic 72
&<rir€p oZp 58
wo-Te vnila. indicative 42
iss Uv Tis evfievelas ixV 63
us, ' in which case ' &c 65
ft)s Uv * according as ' 73
THE END.
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