PA 
 
 351 
 
 P3 
 
 1881 
 
 MAIN 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 B ^ D2T D7D 
 
C 3 
 
 REESE LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Received^. 
 
 __,;^<^ 188^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 Accessions No. _^ ?-_«? A >'„ . 5.^^ W^. . 
 
 e*. 
 
 y 
 
THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 
 
A SHORT TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 AND THEIR COMBINATIONS 
 
 ACCOKDIKG TO ATTIC USAGE. 
 
 OF Tllv. ^ 
 
 / ' OF TUu ■ 4^/^ 
 
 F. A. PALEY, M.A., 
 
 EDITOR OF THE GREEK TRAGIC POETS, 
 LATE EXAMINER IK CLASSICS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 
 LONDON : GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, 
 
 COVENT GARDEN. 
 1881. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor, 
 
 BRKAD STREET HILL. 
 
 2 z Siv' 
 
 t^.^ 
 

 TO THE READEE. 
 
 The object of this compendious work is to collect 
 Facts, and from them briefly and yet clearly to ex- 
 plain Principles. It does not attempt too refined 
 distinctions or too minute classification, but it points 
 out and illustrates the meaning of the Particles, 
 both singly and in combination, leaving to the 
 observation and intelligence of the student to mark 
 occasional minor deviations from the established 
 usages. It is designed for the use of Schools, and 
 is therefore made as simple and easy as possible. 
 
 These ' Particles,' it is well known, constitute an 
 important and a characteristic feature of the Greek 
 Language, especially of the Attic writings of the 
 best period. They so greatly affect the tone, con- 
 nexion, or irony of a passage, that a correct knowledge 
 of their uses is quite a necessary condition of accurate 
 Greek scholarship. Especially is it important to 
 the right interpretation of the Greek Plays and to 
 the idiomatic composition of Greek Iambics — too 
 
 h 
 
vi TO THE READER. 
 
 often a mere nexiis verbor%m, without any feeling 
 for or knowledge of the real spirit of Tragedy. And 
 it is with a view to these points that so many of 
 the examples are taken from Tragedy. In fact, 
 poetry is stronger, so to say, in the use of particles 
 than prose, and a distinction occasionally has to be 
 made of combinations which are, perhaps, exclusively 
 poetical. No special account has been taken of epic 
 or lyric usages, as it seemed desirable to exclude 
 these, though in many respects they are not materially 
 different from the Attic. 
 
 It may be doubted if any Manual exists which 
 explains at once clearly and correctly, and in a 
 conveniently concise form, the Doctrine of the Greek 
 Particles. Longer works, as Hoogeven's,^ and ex- 
 positions of the principal uses given in the larger 
 Greek Grammars, are not generally accessible to 
 young scholars, or at least, they are consulted with 
 some reluctance. Perhaps, indeed, it is not too 
 much to say, that in consequence of this some of 
 the combinations are rather imperfectly understood, 
 and are explained, if at all, by no means correctly. 
 Many a student has learnt to think a 76 or a hi\ a 
 mere makeshift to the metre, when it really has a 
 most certain and definite sense. How many, we may 
 
 » I am not writing in ignorance that there are others, but it 
 was not my purpose to borrow from any. 
 
TO THE READER. vii 
 
 fairly ask, could give a true account ' of 76 in Aesch. 
 Theh. 71, and Soph. Oed. Col. 1409, or of ^ in Oed. 
 B. m and Oed. Col. 1215 ? 
 
 The present short Treatise is entirely original, and 
 is under no obligation whatever to any work existing 
 on the subject. It may.be objected, with some truth, 
 that it is difficult to define what should be admitted 
 under the strict definition of the term "Particles." 
 If, for instance, the uses of the conditional av and of 
 the negatives ov and ^r) are included under this head, 
 — and it does not seem reasonable to exclude them 
 — it is not easy to write briefly on subjects involving 
 so much variety in idiomatic usage. The best course 
 is, perhaps, to lay down clearly the general principles 
 only; for when these are well understood, then the 
 details can be well filled up, like a picture completed 
 from a good cartoon. 
 
 Indeed, the greatest difficulty in a work of this 
 kind is, perhaps, to write at once clearly and briefly. 
 For examples accumulate to so large an extent that 
 a limited selection becomes absolutely necessary. As 
 Hermann has written a long treatise on av, so a 
 volume of no small size would be required to treat 
 
 ^ Some will smile at this remark, and say, Truly, a worthy 
 subject to engage the thoughts of clever men 1 But if the 
 educational use of learning Greek is just in proportion to the 
 accuracy of the knowledge and the closeness of the observation, 
 we cannot afford to despise such small details of language. 
 
vai TO THE HEADER. 
 
 exhaustively of ov and fiij and their combinations. 
 Still, I think both these subjects may be well ex- 
 plained at moderate length. 
 
 It has been my lot to know, from very long 
 experiences both as a Lecturer and an Examiner in 
 Classics, how common is a confused and misty con- 
 ception of the logical grounds of certain idiomatic 
 expressions, and how little even the primary distinction 
 of objective and subjective propositions is realised by 
 younger students. Thus, whether, to use ov or firj in 
 Greek or (what is not very different) the indicative or 
 the subjunctive in Latin, becomes a frequent cause 
 of perplexity in composition, and it is only by un- 
 derstanding the reasons of things that the difficulties 
 can be mastered.^ A use which was intuitive in a 
 Greek and a Roman is often very hard to acquire by 
 rule and example. 
 
 But much may be done by an intelligent survey 
 of such special phenomena as are presented by the 
 Pai-ticles. The fixed uniformity of their use in the 
 best period of the language, with an import far beyond 
 that of mere expletives, gives them a high place in 
 the scientific analysis of the language. 
 
 To my mind, then, so far from being a dry un- 
 important subject, the combinations of the Greek 
 Particles are full of the liighest interest, as being, 
 
 * Prof. Campbell (on Soph. Track. 90) even says that * The 
 whole question of the Greek negatives is still indeterminate.' 
 
f 
 
 TO THE READER. ix 
 
 so to say, an elaborately finished part of a most 
 complex and beautiful machinery. That a few un- 
 inflected monosyllables should determine so completely 
 the tone and meaning of a sentence, is in itself a curious 
 phenomenon of language. Believing that from long 
 and careful obser\^ation, I understand them myself, I 
 have tried to make others do the same; and I only 
 hope they will have the same pleasure in reading 
 which I have had in writing this small work. 
 
 A few more words remain to be said on the pre- 
 dominance given to quotations from the dramatic writers 
 over those from the prose compositions of the best age. 
 The reason is simple; the idioms and usages of the 
 Particles are the same, but they are, so to say, inten- 
 sified, — they are much more frequently and pointedly 
 used by the Attic poets. Hence it seems more useful 
 to give illustrations (say) from Sophocles than from 
 Thucydides ; for the more subtle meanings in many 
 passages of the Greek Plays are too often either 
 wholly overlooked, or quite wrongly understood. 
 Plato is one who makes a great use of particles, but 
 always coincidently with the Tragic use ; and that use 
 can be learnt as well from the one source as from the 
 other. 
 
 To fill pages with examples of apa, hrj, ye or re from 
 epic poetry, or to mix up with the Attic the Ionic 
 usages of Herodotus, would have added much to the 
 bulk and perhaps nothing to the utility of this little 
 
X TO THE READER. 
 
 Manual.^ It was q^uite necessary too, for obvious 
 reasons, to explain briefly and only generally the uses 
 of ov and ^rj and of the particle av. My present belief 
 however is, that the little that has been said on these 
 most difficult monosyllables sufficiently indicates the 
 true principles of their usage. No one has any claim 
 to be a sound Greek scholar who is imperfectly 
 acquainted with these and the other particles ; and 
 those who value verbal and grammatical accuracy in 
 a classical education will do well to encourage this 
 study in all the upper classes of the Schools. 
 
 1 Baumlein's work, Untersuchungen iiber Griechische PartiJclen, 
 (Stuttgart, 1861) extends, for the above reason, to more than 300 
 pages of rather close print. 
 
 London, 1881. 
 
I 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 dXXd 1 
 
 &v 3 
 
 apa, dpa 11 
 
 76 14 
 
 8^ 18 
 
 8f]Ta, Brfiev (8fj0€) 24 
 
 ^ 27 
 
 Kal 30 
 
 \iiv and 86 34 
 
 |x^v 35 
 
 ov and (ji^ 40 
 
 oOv 52 
 
 •n-cp 60 
 
 irois and 8ir«s, and irws and irov enclitic 63 
 
 irov interrogative ... 66 
 
 Toi 67 
 
 «s 71 
 
THE GUEEK PARTICLES 
 AND THEIU COMBINATIONS. 
 
 aAXa. 
 
 This word, commonly meaning hut, and often nearer 
 in sense to the Latin at or autem than to the separative 
 sed, was in its origin, perhaps, the plural of dXXo^, 
 ' to speak of other things.' ^ 
 
 A peculiar use of the word is nearly a synonym of 
 ryovv, Lat. saltern. Sometimes it may be rendered 
 * then,' as 
 I aif 8' aWa raahl Ta<; Se/feret? yevaac Xa^cov, 
 
 I ' then take and taste these.' Ar. Ach. 191. 
 
 aif 8' aWd fiot, o-rdXayfiov elprivrj^i eva 
 69 Tov KoXafxiaKov ivaraXa^ov tovtovL 
 
 Ibid. 1033. 
 aXX i\eft) /juev tov Ik6T7)v Se^aiaTO' 
 tt)9 ov;^ eSpat; yrj<; rrjaS' av i^6\6oLfi €TV. 
 
 Soph. Oed. Col 44. • 
 
 1 Compare the use of ceterum, Hhis other matter'; and avrc 
 with awfem, 'again,' '.further.* 
 
 B 
 
 I 
 
I THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 (TV 5' aXKa yij/jLa<i UpiafiiBcJv yafjL^po^ yevov. 
 
 Rhes. 167. 
 
 LV aWa TOVTO KaT6avov(r e^o) aeOev /J>vrj/jL6tov. 
 
 Iph. Aul 1239. 
 
 w Oeoi irarpwoi, (rvyyiveaOe y aXka vvv. 
 Lat. nunc demitm. Soph. M. 411. 
 
 \ey dWa tovto. Ibid. 415. 
 
 ireipdaar dX)C vfiei^ ye Kivrjcrai irarpof; 
 TO BvcTTrpoaoioTOV KaTTpoariyopov aroiMa. 
 
 Oed. Col. 1276. 
 
 0) TOvEi* ofiaLfiOL (f>(OT€<;, aXV u/xet? ye — 
 
 /jL'q fi drifxdaTjTe ye. Ibid. 1405. 
 
 eiTT, 0) rdXacv, aXX' rffilv ix aavTrj^. Track. 320. 
 
 It is used like the Latin at in expostulation, and so 
 the passage last cited from Oed. Col. may be explained. 
 
 (W iral M.evoi,f€e(o<}, dW iirel fi6vo<i iraTrjp 
 ravraiv XeXei-y^ai, — firj crepe irepUhr)^ k.t.X. 
 
 Oed. Tyr. 1503. 
 
 aW' aXheaal fie koI KaTOiKTeipov fiiop. 
 
 Iph. Aid. 1246. 
 
 In the sense at saltern we have dXV ovv, as Ar. Ach. 
 920, Eur. Tro. 1192, and Alcest, 363, nearly or quite the 
 same as aXV ovv-ye — dXKa yovv. 
 
 like at enim, dXKcL yap {Antig. 148) may often be 
 rendered ' but since/ and so d\>C ov yhp, Oed. Col, 755. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 3 
 
 The formula ov yap aWa/ for indeed/ ' for of course/ 
 lit. * for it is not otherwise but,' is not unfrequent. 
 
 KKvoifM av' ov yap dWa Bet Bovvat /Ltepo?. 
 
 Eur. Suppl. 570. 
 
 aiTi6\ ov yap dWd rod irapaOevrof; 17 ;\^apt9. 
 
 Ar. Equit. 1205. 
 
 av. 
 
 The uses of this particle may be reduced to three 
 principal heads. 
 
 (1) It combines and coheres with relative and some 
 few other quasi-relative words {irpiv, in case a negative 
 precedes, evOa, p^^xpf'. ecov, <w?, eZ), in present and future 
 time, to express indefiniteness, like our word ever in 
 ' whoever/ ' whenever,' &c. 
 
 In this case it is naturally constructed with the 
 subjunctive mood. For every subjunctive is a future, 
 implying as it does something that is yet to be proved 
 by experience. And in all such propositions an event 
 is waited for, the issue of which is regarded as a present 
 uncertainty. 
 
 And as ' ever ' forms an integral part of our words 
 ' whenever/ &c., and we are not in the habit of writing 
 separately * when ever,' or ' what ever,' so ore dv and 
 el dv are written as one word oTav and rjv (or idv again 
 shortened to dv). So oiroravj iirrjv, iireiBdv, and the 
 crasis dv for d dv. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Thus 0?, OO-Tt?, Ot09, OTTOLOf!, 6(70^, OTTOCO^, OTTOTepO^j 
 
 oTTov, oTTco^, ' whoever/ 'whichever,' 'of what kind 
 soever,' &c., in all matters pending and still undecided, 
 are followed immediately by dv, which is inseparable 
 from the relative or quasi- relative word ; so that o^s-av 
 \eyrj alone is right, and 09 Xiyy uv would be a solecism. 
 It would be equally incorrect in English to write * who 
 says ever,' instead of 'whoever says.' Here, therefore, 
 the Greek idiom is identical with our own.^ 
 
 Note here, that from their very nature such indefinite 
 clauses logically form the first part of a proposition. 
 Thus, ' whoever says (may be found to say) this, will 
 say what is false ' ; 0? ai/ tovto Xeyrj, y^evaerai. But 
 the order of the clauses is often inverted. 
 
 The contrary is the case in the use of dv with the 
 optative. 
 
 (2) Constructed with the optative (aorist or present) 
 the particle expresses tlie probable results of a certain 
 condition being fulfilled, and which condition therefore 
 logically precedes. 
 
 ' If he were to say this, he would say (be saying) 
 what is false.' 
 el TOVTO Xe^ot, yjrevBotro dv. 
 
 Note that here the uncertainty or mere probability 
 
 lies in the result : ' he vjovld say,' &c., i.e. there is 
 
 1 But, although op is so very important as a conditional particle 
 to the Greek, neither the English nor the Latin possesses any re- 
 presentative of it ; for 'ever/ cunque, in the indefinite or subjunc- 
 tive use, has only a resemblance to it in the respect pointed out. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 5 
 
 a likelihood of that being the case. Whether the 
 hypothesis is a probable one or not is immaterial. 
 
 The young student should consider the different ideas 
 conveyed by if he should — he would, and if he shall — he 
 will. He will thus learn clearly to distinguish ^olt) av, 
 el e%ot, from Bcoa-ety iav exv, and yevoiT av irav 6eov 
 deXovTO^ = el 6e6^ OeXoi, from yevrjaeTai irav, Pjv Oeo^ 
 deXrj. Again, he will see that a supposition may be 
 assumed as a fact ; el rt ex^h Bl^oya-L, where the result 
 shares in the certainty which the speaker feels about 
 the condition. 
 
 Where the uncertainty is salely about the condition, 
 and the result of the fulfilment of it is contemplated 
 as certain, then, of course, the dv has place in the 
 conditional clause : — 
 
 ' If he says this, he will say what is false/ 
 
 iav (el — aij tovto Xeyy (or Xe^y, 'shall have said'), 
 yjrevareTaL. This then is but a variety of the first 
 example, o? dv Xeyy, &c. The doubt here is, whether 
 he will say it. If he does, there is no doubt about the 
 falsehood.^ 
 
 (3) With the past indicative (aorist or imperfect) dv 
 is used to express what would have been the case if a 
 certain condition had been fulfilled, but which is not 
 the case under the present circumstances. 
 
 1 That av does not in itself goYeni or affect the subjunctive (as 
 it does the optative) is proved by the pretty frequent occurrence 
 of el, OS, npiv, ews, &c., without the av, taking the subjunctive. 
 
6 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 ' If he had said this, he would have said what was false. ' 
 el TovTO e\€^€v, iyfreva-aro av. Which implies, *But 
 he did not say it, and therefore he has told no lies.* 
 
 The real meaning of the phrase is, * if he said it (only 
 he did not), according to that (ava tovto) he said what 
 was false.* The Roman idiom is here strikingly different, 
 si hoc dixisset, mentitus esset. 
 
 Note particularly, that with the optative the position 
 of av in the sentence is usually early, that is, it follows 
 some emphatic word, which from its very emphasis stands 
 nearly first. It thus much more frequently precedes the-^ 
 verb than immediately follows it. In fact the Greeks 
 seldom say ov ravra yevotr av, or ov yevoir av ravra, 
 ' this is not likely to happen,' but nearly always ovk av 
 yepoiTo ravra. And generally, emphasis is expressed 
 by the position of av, as in 7179 rijaB' av (p. 1). When 
 there are two emphatic words, or wlien the verb follows 
 long after the introductory av, the particle may be re- 
 peated, as Ka\a)<; av ra roiavra Trpo? dhiKOv av avBpa 
 X-e^^eti;. So Ant. 466-8, dXX' &v — kclvol^ civ rjXyovv. 
 rd')^ av Kafi av roiavrj) X^^P^ rifiaypelv OeXoi. 
 
 Oed. B. 139. 
 BvvaiT av ovS' av iayy^^v (pvyelv. Bled. 697. 
 
 Note also, that even with the subjunctive such 
 particles as fiev, Be, yap* fidXcara, often intervent 
 between the dv and the relative word, as ^ fiev (U 
 BoK^ ravra, c<? fidXiara av <7O0O9 y, oU yap av aeiadf 
 Bofio^, Ant. 584. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 7 
 
 A peculiar use of av with au historic tense contem- 
 plates the condition as having often taken place, and 
 an act or event in consequence having frequently 
 occurred. 
 
 TTpO? he TOvO' JjLOI /BdXoL 
 
 vevpoa-iraBrj^i arpaKTO<;, avrb^ dv raXa^ 
 
 elXvojjbrjv hvcn7]vo<i i^eX/ccov rrroBa 
 
 7r/)o? roVT dv' el 6' eSet n Koi ttotov Xa^eiv, 
 
 ravT dv i^eoTTODV TdXa<i 
 
 e/jL7)xC'V(t)fjbr]v. .-^^^^^ Philoct. 289. 
 
 evpero ttclv dv Bed Ta9 Xiirapd^. Ar. Ach. 640. 
 ' He would get anything he asked for, through that 
 complimentary title Athens the Bright! 
 
 In the optative or the indicative construction (as 
 distinct from the subjunctive and relative use), the in- 
 finitive, or even the participle, is often combined with 
 dv, where either of these represents the original mood hy 
 some change of the syntax. Thus, 
 
 irdvr dv (j)0^r)6eh taOi, JRhes^ 80, 
 
 ' know that you would fear everything/ is only a short 
 form of the fuller proposition, 
 
 TrdvTa dv (f)o^'r)deLrj<;, el tovto (j)o^7)del7}<i, or el 
 
 TOVTO <l>Op€l. 
 
 ft>9 ovTTOT dv T\d<i OvjUTepa KTavelv ifirfV. 
 
 Ifh. Aid. 96. 
 
 Similarly, e^7\ Trdvra dv irpd^ai el BiivaiTo means 
 ecpT) on irpd^etev dv, while €<pr} irpd^ai dv el riBwrjOt] 
 
8 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 means otl eirpa^ev av el rjhvvrjdT}. Lat. se facturum 
 fwisse si posset or potuisset. Thuc. viii. Q^Q, ivrja-av yap 
 Kol ofjf; ovK av irore ri^ weTO €9 oXiyap'^iav rpairea-OaL, 
 * whom no one ever supposed would turn (or, would have 
 turned) to oligarchy.' Similarly, e<t>r] Trpdaaeiv av 
 el i^Bvvaro means ort eirpaaaev av el rjhvvaro, ' that he 
 would have been for doing it, if at the time he had the 
 power.' 
 
 Examples of av with both participles and infinitives 
 are very common, and present no difficulty if the 
 sentence is resolved into its primary conditional form. 
 Thus it is clear that in Oed. B. 11, 009 OeXovro^ av e/iov 
 irpocrapKelv irav is only a brief way of saying eirel iyco 
 fiev irav av dekoLfii nrpoo-apKelv, and 
 
 Xeyo) yap Kai ra hva^op\ el TV')(pi 
 
 Kar opdov e^eXdovra, irdvT dv evTV')(elv, Ihid. 87, 
 
 virtually means otl evTvxolrj dv. 
 
 Note further; in a few instances the subjunctive 
 construction with dv (69 — dv, &c.) is retained even 
 with the optative, when the original sentence is affected 
 by oratio obliqua in a past narrative. Thus, it is not 
 wrong, though it is by no means usual, to say ixiXeve 
 Trdvra^, orav eXOoiev, rd oirXa TrapaBiBovat, the original 
 or primary proposition being the command orav eXdr^re, 
 rd oirXa ttovtc^ irapaZihoTe or irapaBcoaeTe. This use 
 however (the correctness of which is even denied by 
 some) is nearly confined to a few passages in poetry, as 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 9 
 
 ')(p6vov 7rpoTd^a<;, &)? Tpifirjvov r)vlic civ 
 X(^pa'i aTrecTj, ' Soph. Track. 164, 
 
 where the actual words of Hercules were, 
 
 Xpovov TTpordaaco, &>?, yvLK av aTrw, &C. 
 
 60)9 CIV dpTL'XpLaTov dp/jboaaL/jLL TTOv. Ibid. 687. 
 
 orav vecov (p0apivTe<i e')(6pol vrjaov i/ccrco^OLaTo. 
 
 Aesch. Fers. 452. 
 
 As dv with the optative, expressing result, occurs in 
 a different clause from el implying the condition, it 
 follows that such a combination as el av yevoiro is quite 
 irregular. Yet even of this a few examples occur, and 
 the reason seems to be that dv yevoLTo is regarded as 
 equivalent to yevija-eraL For el yevTjaerac, though less 
 frequent, is as correct Greek as ^i/ yevrjTat. The line 
 in the Agamemnon, v. 903, 
 
 el Trdvra 6' w? TTpdaaoijJb dv, ev6ap(Tr}(; iy(o, 
 
 may be so explained, though ,'irpd<r<rocfMev is a very 
 probable correction ; ' if I continue to act thus in all 
 things, I for my part have good confidence.' 
 
 Again, as the future expresses a certain result, and 
 even the future optative is nothing more than the 
 expression of the same certainty made indirect by 
 past narrative, it follows that neither earat dv nor 
 eaoLTo av nor eaecjOai, dv is really good Greek. Of 
 the last, however, there are not wanting difew examples 
 in good writers. It is much more probable that they 
 
10 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 are lax colloquial usages than that they imply any 
 subtle difference of meaning. 
 
 Lastly, though a perfect tense/ active or passive, 
 cannot take dv, a pluperfect can do so. And hence 
 even TreTroirja-OaL dv is good Greek, if it stands for 
 iireiroLT^To dv. See Thuc. ii. 103, and v. 46. So Athen. 
 p. 351 A, vofil^oov ov/c dv ovrcog ea-Troyyladac KaX(o<i, el 
 fi7) avTO<; iairoyyiG-ev. 
 
 XaOi Se 7rapa(f)p6vLfiov 
 7r€(j)dvOat fjb dv, et cr' ivoacjiL^o/jLav. Oed. B. 690. 
 
 As a particle of purpose (' in order that ') ha does not 
 take aV, with the subjunctive ; but it does so in the sense 
 of ' wherever' {Ion, 315). In Oed. Col. 405, iirjh' tv dv 
 aavTov Kparol^ is right, the dv belonging to the verb, 
 <aud not where you are likely to have control over 
 yourself.' In this sense Kpary^; is a solecism, and in its 
 only true force, *and not wherever you may,' &c., it 
 makes nonsense. Both cw? and m dv, o7rco<; and ottw? 
 dv, mean * in order that ' with a subjunctive, and m 
 dv and 07ra>9 dv also mean ' according as,' e.g. in Soph. 
 Aj. 1369. Without dv, ottco^ is more often constructed 
 with a future, and ottw? dv with the optative means 
 * how.' In this latter case, though the position is less 
 usual, the dv may follow the verb, as in 
 
 OTTO)? aTToarpe'y^aifi dv avTiBUayv EUrjv. Ar. Nuh. 776. 
 
 * Of course, in such phrasee as ovk otS* &v el ttc tVat/it (Eur. Ale. 
 48, Ar. Av. 1017) there is a hypertheais of the &v, which is 
 attracted by the ov/c. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 11 
 
 But we have 
 
 OTTft)? av avTTjv a<f)aviaeLa<; elire fJLOi, Ibid. 759, 
 
 where av, though strictly belonging to the optative verb, 
 follows OTTft)? from its natural tendency to come at the 
 beginning of a sentence. 
 
 It should be added, that an optative with civ is often 
 used as a mild or polite command or request. Thus 
 ')(^a)pol<i av ' you may go,' means, as it would in English, 
 'go,' lit. 'you would be for going (if you wished to 
 please me, &c.).' 
 
 The above are all the main facts really necessary for 
 understanding the uses of av. And it would serve no 
 purpose to encumber this short^nd plain statement of 
 the doctrine with a number of examples. 
 
 apa, upa. 
 
 The root of this word implies connexion and con- 
 sequence. It is one of the commonest in epic (where 
 it is often little, if at all, more than a metrical supple- 
 ment), and is very frequent in the Attic poets and 
 prose writers, especially in dialogue. 
 
 The most usual sense of apa is ' then,' as 
 
 fjLCLTTjv dp 7)fiel<i, ft)? eoiKGV, rjKOjJbev. 
 
 Soph. El. in. 
 
 ev ixev dpa toU avfJL(fiCopovfi6v, iv Be rot? ov, Plat. p. 
 263, A. 
 
12 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 But apa generally asks a question where an affirmative 
 answer is expected, lit. 'are then these things so, or 
 not?' 
 
 ap eaTV ravra St? roa e^ aifkMV KaKcu ; 
 
 Soph. Aj. 277. 
 apd (TOi BoKel 
 'Xcopelv av e? irav epyov aia')(vv7]^ arep ; El. 614. 
 
 And the ou is often added, as 
 
 XO. ap ovx vj3pL<; rdS'; KP. t'/S/jt?, aW dvcKTea. 
 
 Oed. Col. 883. 
 
 Combined with fiij, a negative answer is anticipated, the 
 question being put with a tone of surprise and incre- 
 dulity. 
 
 ft) Trai, rekelav yjrrjcl^ov dpa fir) kXvcov 
 
 T/}? /ji€X\ovufi(f>ov irarpl Xvcro-aivwv irdpeL ; 
 
 Soph. Ant, 632. 
 
 apa /JLT) SoKel<i 
 'XvTTjpC avTr ravra rov (povov <f>epeLv ; EL 446. 
 ' Surely you do not suppose ! * &c. 
 
 ri ovv ; 6 vavrr)^ apa firj \ TrpSpav <f>i;ya)V 
 rrpvixvqdev Tjvpe firj'x^avrjv amrripia^ ; 
 
 Aesch. Theh. 196. 
 
 In Plato and Demosthenes el dpa, rjv (&v) dpa, w? dpa 
 mean ' if really,' ' if so be that,' * that truly ' (or for- 
 sooth), &c. 
 
 A peculiar use of dpa, mostly witli the imperfect, 
 expresses something of the existence of which the 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 13 
 
 speaker was not previously aware, and which comes on 
 him as a surprise, or as a conclusion to be now first 
 deduced from the circumstances of a case. 
 
 KoX TovG* vTTOTTTov TfV ap\ EuF. Andv. 1088. 
 
 ' and this, it seems, was regarded with suspicion.* 
 
 TO 6' rjv ap ovBev dWo irXrjv davelv ifie. 
 
 Soph. Track. 1172. 
 
 6 (T7}/jiaTOvpyo<; ^' ovtl<; €VT€Xr)<; dp* rjv, 
 6(Tri<; ToS* epyov cjiraaev 7rpo9 aaTrlSi,. 
 
 Aesch. Theh. 486. 
 
 drap rd are/iivd /cal SoK^fxaaLv ao^a 
 ovhev TO Kpeiaaoa tmv to fiySev rjv dpa. 
 
 Eur. Troad. 411. 
 
 ovK dpa jjbovvov erjv epihwv yivo^. Hesiod, "Epy. 11. 
 
 w %«?/>€, ArjSa? OvyaTep, ivOdh^ rjaO' dpa ; 
 ' SO you were here, were you ? ' Eur. Jlel. 616. 
 
 Not unfrequently with efieWov, '1 thought I should,' 
 'it seems then I was likely to,' &c. 
 
 €fjLeX\€T dp* diravTe^ dvaaeieiv — ^orjv. Ar. Ach. 847. 
 
 ' I thought I should make you all raise your — voices ' 
 (meaning dvao-eletv %6/3a9, a form of asking for quarter). 
 Sometimes dpa is so combined with a participle, as 
 
 OVK 6L0VL apa 
 Iv rjfiev dTr}<!. Soph. M. 935. 
 
 tout' dpa (TKOTTOvfjuevoL, Eur. IfeL 1537. 
 
 * having an eye, it seems, to this.' 
 
14 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 The strengthened form of apa (compare hr) with he, 
 fjbr)v with fiev) is used in strong affirmations. 
 
 <rov apa rovpyov, oufc i/iov, KeKXrjaeTai. Aj. 1368. 
 
 o'iiJL>OL Ta\a[v7}<i apa rrjahe cru^tt^opa?. 
 
 Ibid. 738, 980 ; Oed. Col. 408-9 ; and M. 1179. 
 
 In Rhes. 118, 
 
 TTW? S' av *y€(f>vpa<; Sia^aXovcr iTrTrrjXdraL 
 r}v apa /nrj Opavaavre^; avivywv ')(y6a^ ; 
 
 the use is peculiar, -where rjv /jlt] apa, ' unless indeed,' 
 would be more usual. 
 
 This is a most important particle, and one which has 
 several combinations that are either but little observed 
 or not fully understood.^ It is peculiarly adapted to 
 the genius of a language which delights in pointed 
 questions, irony, and equivocal assent. But it is remark- 
 able that it has for most of its uses no English equiva- 
 lent. We must translate or paraphrase according to the 
 context, as in 
 
 KaXov y 6Vefc8o9 to3 vecocnl vvp,(f)i(py Med. 514. 
 and 
 
 KdkrjV ye Kprjvijv elira^ riSeldv r ifioL Cycl. 148. 
 
 /ca\o9 7* iraidvy fxekire fioi TOPS', a) KvKXoiyjr, 
 ' a nice reproach, truly ! ' &c. Ibid. 664. 
 
 1 Some of these will be explained under the other particles 
 with which it most frequently unites. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 15 
 
 KoXax; rye fjiov lov viov — ovK ercvaaf;. Ar. Av. 139. 
 
 The most ordinary meaning of 76 is 'yes,' in assenting 
 to a question or proposition. 
 
 KoX vvv (f)\oya)7rov irvp 6)(0va ecfy^fiepoi ; 
 IIP. d^' ov ye TroXXa? eKfJLaOrjo-ovTaL re^va?. 
 
 Aesch. Prom. 261. 
 
 Kkveiv 7' €(j)a(TfcoVy Track. 425. 
 ' aye, they said they heard.' 
 
 AI. ev TolaSe T0Z9 /caKolmv, rj rl /hol \eyeL<; ; 
 TE. fjuT] (Toi ye ttov SvcrrTjvo^i aVTrjaa^ ddvoi. Aj. 532. 
 
 Very frequently it conveys a slight banter, which may 
 be expressed by an emphasis. 
 
 e^oiK oKovcov, ov yap elaelSov ye ttco, Oed. R. 105. 
 ' I knew it by hearsay, for I never saw it to this day.' 
 
 ovre yap dpaav^ 
 ovr ovv 7rpoSeiaa<; eljJiX roS ye vvv Xoyo), 
 
 ' by your ^rese^i^ account.' Ihid. 89. 
 
 TTpoaOelaa tcavaOelaa rov ye Kardavelv, Aj. 476, 
 ' when it does but bring us nearer to, or remove us 
 further from death.' 
 
 Allied to this is the sense ' at least,' ' at all events.* 
 
 Kalroi vLv ov Kelv6<^ 7' Sv<tt7]v6(; irore 
 Kareicrav,^ aXhJ avTO<i irdpoidev coKero, 
 Mcrr ov)(l fjuavreia^; y av ovre rfjS^ eycb 
 PtXe'^^raifx av ovveic ovre r^S' av varepov. 
 
 Oed. B. 855. 
 
16 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 It is often added to 09 and 6(TTc<i in the sense of 
 quippe qui. 
 
 dvhpS}v TTp&Tov ae KpivoVT€(; — 
 09 ye e^ikv(7a<; Baa/jLov, Oed. Tyr. 33-6. 
 qtd trihuto liberaveris. 
 
 aXX' ol BeoL a<j)i, fjuyre rr)v Treirpcofjiivrfv 
 
 epcv Karaa^iaetav — 
 
 01 ye Tov (jyvaavT ifie — ovk ea^ov. Oed. Col. 427. 
 
 trco' TO TavTT]<; (roofia TifjuaaOai 'xpewv, 
 ^Tt9 ye TTJ^; arj<; irpovOave '^v)(rj(;, t6kvov. 
 
 Alcest. 619. 
 
 17 76 firjBe 7r/309 6eov<; 
 e^eaT aKkavaTtp rrjcrB* diro<TTrjvai> aTeyrjf;, 
 
 Soph. M. 911. 
 cui ne ad deos quidem domo impune exire liceat. 
 
 With fiev it is frequently used in a slightly weaker 
 sense than fiev yap, like our * that is to say/ nenipe, 
 quippe, scilicet. 
 
 In strong entreaty, expostulation, or deprecation, ye 
 often follows firj^ with or without an interval. We often 
 find /i-T^TTO) ye (Soph. Phil. 1409, Aesch. Prom. 649), firj 
 (TV ye {Heciib. 408, Bacch. 951, Ion, 439), and fiij fiol 
 ye, as 
 
 fxtfj fjLoi ye, fir/ fioi, firj BiaaKavBLKlcrrj^. 
 
 Ar. Equit. 13. 
 
 See iUd. 1100, Nub. 84, 196, 267, 433, &c. 
 
 But the ye is sometimes separated, and yet is part of 
 the formula of deprecation. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \y^^ vKO' 
 
 uavovT , eireu ov fie ^(avra y avui^ e^erov. ^s ^*_.,, 
 
 Oed Col. 1409. 
 
 /i-^ 7r^09 ^ewv ^povS)v y dwocrrpacfyfj^i. 
 
 bed, R. 326. 
 fir) SrJTa Tov Sva-rrjvov c55e 7' alKtarj, 
 
 jj. 111. 
 
 firf fioc TToXiv ye Trpejivodev Travaikedpov 
 eKda/ivla-rjTe. Aesch. Theb. 71. 
 
 firj &fJT efi6<; y wv, w reKvov, Spdarjf; rdSe. 
 
 Eur.'>S^^^^^. 320. 
 
 Here, of course, the ye may emphasise e/xo?, * if you 
 call yourself mine.' 
 So too in Bacch. 951, 
 
 yLt^ (TV ye Ttt ^vfi(j)cov SLoXeayf; iBpufiara 
 Kol Uavo<; eBpa<;, evO* e^eL (Tvpiyfiara. 
 
 The sense may be, ' Don't you destroy the haunts of the 
 Nymphs (whatever others may do),' or the ye may be 
 part of the expostulation. 
 
 When assent is expressed, but some new consideration, 
 or some demur or reservation is intended, we commonly 
 find 8e ye, * aye, but,' &c. 
 
 TToXkov^ he y evprjaovcriv ev fieo-Tj/i^pLa ^ 
 
 ddXirei ^pa')(^LOv ev Kareppivrjfievovi. 
 
 Aesch. Sujppl. 726. 
 o 3' d(l>66vriTo<^ y ovk e7rL^rj\o<; ireXet. 
 ' Very true ; but a man who is not envied is a 
 man who is not worth envying.' Agam. 912. 
 
 c 
 
18 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Both 6t 7e and iirei ye, quoniam qttidem, siqicidem, are 
 common, "but they do not require special illustration.^ 
 
 The particle ye is not used with the imperative, and it 
 very rarely closely follows dv, Sijy or fMij, though instances 
 of each do occur. (JETerc. Fwr. 517, Ar. Thesm. 934.) 
 
 Tlie common practice of rendering ye ' at least * 
 is much more often wrong than right. In truth this is, 
 both in prose and poetry, a particle by which many, 
 and sometimes very subtle, senses are conveyed ; and a 
 good deal of the higher scholarship is implied in the right 
 understanding of it. The notion, that it was often a 
 mere metrical and otiose supplement, must be dismissed, 
 at aU events in the interpretation of undoubtedly genuine 
 passages in Attic Greek. 
 
 As a strengthened form of he it has nearly the sense 
 of ovv and dpa, *then.' The two are very often com- 
 bined, as 
 
 hpd<T(0 Ze Brj tI ; 10. avyyovayv Xvtret? epiv. 
 
 Eur. Phom. 1277. 
 
 ^/tei9 hk Srj ri Trja-he yrj<; KexpVf^^vo^ » 
 
 Suppl 457. 
 fieWeit; Bh Bij ri Bpav avrjKearov Kamv ; 
 
 ffippol. 722. 
 
 veKpov Be Bri viv Kelfievov ^(o/jlov TreXa? 
 e^e^aXov. Androm. 1156. 
 
 1 On liroi—yf, Ij, etc., see Shilleto on Thuc, iL 40, 8. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 19 
 
 See also Orest. 62, 101, 426, 580, 940. 
 Conversely, ore Brj 8' occurs Ar. JEccl. 195, 827. 
 
 SoKelre Bt] fJLOL rfja-Be KOiVfoveiv xOovbf; 
 
 ' Well, you do seem to me to have (as you say) 
 some ancient connexion with this land.' 
 
 Aesch. SuppL 319, 
 
 It never stands first except in the epic Br) yap and 
 Brj t6t€, which latter occurs also in Aesch. Theb. 202, 
 
 Br} TOT rjpOrjv <l>6^(p 7rpo<; fxaKapwv Xtra?, 
 and in the compound SrJTroTe, olim. 
 
 It is used as an adjunct to express some special 
 emphasis or assurance of a fact, 
 
 {a) With relatives, as 
 
 eK Be T^9 0e/jLiv, 
 rj Brf TO fjLr)Tpo<i Bevrepa toB' e^eTO 
 jxavTelov. 
 ' Who, as is well known,' &c. Aesch. Eum. 2. 
 
 ov Br} ^oXw^ets TexTOvaf; Biov TTUpo? 
 KTelvd) KvKXa)7ra<i, Eur. Ale. 4. 
 
 MeveXao9 o5 Bt} TovBe ttXouv eaTeiXafiev. 
 
 Soph. Aj. 1045. 
 
 The reading in Eur. Siippl 162, o Br}Ta (Brj je MSS.) 
 TToXXou? ayXeae GTpaTr}\dTa^, is Porson's. The verse 
 may he spurious. But in Soph. Phil. 130 we have 
 ov Br}Ta, TeKvov, rrroiKLXco'; avBcojievov 
 Be'^ov TO. tTVfi<j)€povTa T(Sv ael Xdrywv. 
 
 C 2 
 
20 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 (h) With superlatives, as fidXiara Srj, vyp-Lcna Bij 
 (Pers. 333), /JLeyLcrrr) Brj {Thuc. viii. 1), KoWiara Br} 
 (Eur. fferacL 794). Very often with one or more words 
 intervening, as 
 
 o) Twv airavTcov Brj Oeafidroyv ifwl 
 
 aXyia-Tov a>v irpocrelhov o(f>BaXfiol^ iyco. Aj. 992. 
 
 This Jiyperhaton is found also 
 
 {c) With TToXv?, as 
 
 ttW' X<t6l iroXka fiev fie BaKpvaavra Bij, 
 
 Oed. R. 66. 
 hirel iroWa /jlcv at fiaKpal 
 dfiipai KaredevTo Brj 
 \u7ra9 ijyvTepcj. Oed. Col. 1215. 
 
 The formula iroXXd Brj is very frequent. 
 
 KalroL TToXka 7rpo<; ttoWou? fie S17 
 i^el-rra^. Soph. FL 520. 
 
 TToWal 5' aTreiXal ttoWol Bt) fidrrjv eirr} 
 dvfiQ) KaTrjTreCKrjcrav. Oed. Col. 658. 
 
 CO TToWd Br] Koi depfid KoX Xoyqt kukcl 
 Kol X^P^^ '^^^ v<oToi<rt fioxJdrjCTa^ iyat. 
 
 Track. 1046. 
 
 0)9 TToWd Brj Koi rSyvBe yevvaiq) irarpl 
 €K TOvBe ravTov arofiaTOf; rfyyeCKaf; KdKOL. 
 
 Eur. Heracl. 53. 
 
 iToXka Br) ^vpLirovqcavra teal Oepfiov dirofjua^dfievov 
 dvBpLKov IBpSija Brj Kal ttoXvv. At. Ach, 695. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS, 21 
 
 Ar. Av. 139, and 
 
 TToXif Etj TToXif Sy) yvvaiK dpCarav 
 
 \lfivav ^Ax^povTiav iropevo-ai. Eur. Alcest. 442. 
 
 {d) With imperatives and earnest exhortations, as eta 
 B^, X6i St], dye Bij, (j>ip6 Sr}. 
 So 
 
 AI. eta Bt}, <f>l\oi XoxItul, rovpyov ov;^ e/c^9 ToBe. 
 XO. ela Btj, ^L<f)0<; TrpoKCJTrov 'Tra? t*9 evTpeTn^eray. 
 
 Agam. 1628. 
 
 It is used with a finite verb in the sense of ' as it 
 seems,' ' as you now see.' 
 
 iyo) 8' 67r* oXXtjv yalav elpX Brj <f>vyd^. 
 
 Eur. Med. 1024. 
 
 ToOS* ovKeO' rjfjilv rov \6yov fiireorTi Btj. 
 
 Heracl. 665. 
 
 ArjBav eXefa? ; ot;^eTat 6avovaa Brj. 
 
 Hel. 134. 
 aW' o^'^erai, Brj iravra ravT ippLfifjueva. 
 
 Soph. Aj. 1271. 
 
 iyo) KpaTT) Bt) irdvra kol Bpovov^ ^X^> 
 'thereupon /came into possession of.' 
 
 Ant. 173. 
 
 Like fac, koI Brj is used in assuming some supposed 
 case, meaning properly ' already that has been done,' or 
 * now it is likely to be done.' 
 
 Kal Bt) Tedvacri* rt? fie Be^erai TroXt? ; 
 
 Eur. Med. 386. 
 
22 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Kal 8r) BiSefyfiai' tI<; Be fioi, Tifjurj fievei. ; 
 
 Eum. 854. 
 
 KoX Brj 6vp(op5)V ovTL^ av (f^aiBpa cjypevl 
 Bi^air,^ eTreiBr) BaifMova So/u,09 KaKol^;, 
 
 Oho. 556. 
 
 KoX Brj TO crSi<^pov Tovfiov ov ireiOei a ccrci)<;* 
 Sec Bi] ere Sel^at roS rpoTrcp SL6(l)dapT}v. 
 
 * Supposing now (as I dare say is the case) that 
 
 my assertion of virtue does not convince 
 you : then it is for you to show in what 
 way I was corrupted.' HippoL 1007. 
 
 Kal 8^7 TrapecKev, 
 
 * suppose that he has conceded this.* Rel 1057. 
 
 The same combination means (a) * before now/ as 
 
 Kal Brj 4>Ckov Tt9 €KTav ayvoia^ vwo. 
 
 Aesch. SuppL 493. 
 
 (b) 'WeU, then/as 
 
 teal Srj Xeyo) aoL irav oamv KareiSo/jLijv, 
 
 Soph. M. 892. 
 
 Kal Brj Xiyeo aoi' tov v€Kp6v t/? dprico^ 
 0dyjra<; fie^rjKC. Antig. 245. 
 
 Kal hrj TriTre/iTTTat Koafiov iv ')(epoLV e^mv. 
 
 Theb. 468. 
 
 Kal Srj 'n'e<f)paapLai' Bevpo B* i^oKeWerav. 
 
 * Well, I have considered : and the matter comes 
 
 to this.' Suppl. 432. 
 
 (c) * Already/ as 
 
 Kal hrj Vt BiacaU ^v crrpaTrjyiatv irvXat,^. Aj. 49. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 23 
 
 Kol Brj KOfii^€i> irpocnroXoiv 6S^ iyyvdev. Ibid. 544. 
 
 Kal Srj iraprjKTat a^dyta ra^etov €Kd<;, Heracl. 673. 
 
 Koi St) Vt Kparl (rri^avo<;. Med. 1065. 
 
 KOL Srj fiev ovv irapovra, 
 
 *Nay rather, actually now present.* Oed Col. 31. 
 
 More KoX Brj rovvofi avrrj^s ev dyopa KvkLvSeTac. 
 
 Vesfp, 492. 
 
 Combined with 009, Brj conveys intense irony, especially 
 with the emphatic crv, 
 
 a>9 Bt) <TV (Ta)<j>pcov, rdpucL B' ov^t a6i)<j)pova, 
 ' As if forsooth you only knew what virtue was.' 
 
 Eur. Andr. 235. 
 
 ©9 Brj (TV fiOL TVpavvo<i ^Apy€i(ov eaei. 
 
 Aesch. Ag. 1611. 
 
 C09 Brj (TV ^pa'^ea, ravra B' iv Kaipm Xeyei^. 
 
 ^Oed. Col. 807. 
 
 And this would be a better reading in Iph. Taur. 1184, 
 
 o)9 Br] (TV (T(0(Tai^ rjBoval<i dyyeXfiaTeov, (MSS. 0)9 
 
 Btj <T<t)€), 
 
 * Of course — that you might save them through 
 delight at the tidings.' 
 
 See also Eur. El. 947, Hel. 1038. Here. Fur. 1407, 
 
 0)9 Brj TL (j>i\TpOV TOUT e)(^COV pdiOV e(T€l, 
 
 * As if you will be at all the easier for having 
 that charm applied.' 
 
24 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 The two particles are separated in Eel. 1378, 
 
 <»9 Tft) BavovTL ')(apLTa hrj crweKwovoiv. 
 
 With a participle it has the sense of tanquam^ with a 
 slight irony ; 
 
 ft)9 hr) Oeoiff: vireKhpafiov fievoi 7]/j,apT0V cifiaBSi^. 
 
 Fhoen. 873. 
 ^po&ip'^eraL co? Brj Kara'rri,6fiev6<i fie. 
 
 Equit. 691-3. 
 
 o{no^ he BiefjuvWaivev, eo? Br) Be^ib^, sc. wv. 
 
 Vesp. 1315. 
 
 Very often ov Bi^ and rt StJ occur where the context 
 alone must determine whether Br/ means * then,' or is 
 merely emphatic. 
 
 ov Bt] iroTy « fei/\ a/x<^' e/*ol (rrivei^ rdBe. 
 
 Aj. 1180. 
 
 t/ St; ttot*, w ^eVy mB' eTna-KOTr&v a-Tevet^ ; 
 
 Ibid. 1184. 
 fcal Brj Kai, ' and moreover,' often occurs in prose, 
 where the latter kqI may generally be taken to qualify 
 the word next following. Plato, Phaedr. page 260a, 
 KOI Br) Kal TO vvv Xe^Bev ovk dcfyereov, 
 ' we must not give up this point as well as the 
 others.' 
 
 SrJTay Sr]0€V {SrjOe). 
 
 These are adverbial expansions of Brj, the latter 
 sometimes combined with w^ either before or after it. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 25 
 
 When a word is repeated with assent, BrjTa is added, 
 as 
 
 Zev? Be yevv^Top lSoc, 
 XO. tSoLTO Srjra 'Trpevfievov^ air ofifiaro^i. 
 
 Aesch. SuppL 202. 
 
 €fc8a)9 av alaav Tijvhe a-vyyvolrj fiporolf;. 
 AA. avyyvoCTO Brjra koI Trapaa-Tairj Trpocppcov. 
 
 Ihid. 211. 
 
 TE. aTTeifJUL roivvv, Koi av, iral, Ko/jut^i /xe. 
 
 OI. KofiL^€T(o B7]e\ Oed. B. 404. 
 
 B6/jLov<; 7raTpa)ov<; eXoz^re? fieXeoL ^vv al^/J>a. 
 HM. fiiXeoi Brje\ o?, k.t.X. Theb. 872. 
 
 So 
 
 T€TV/JLfieVOl T€TV/JLfJLeVOL BtjB' . lb. 882. 
 
 TTJveXKa KaX\lviKO<; — Ti]V€\Xa Brjr^ eiTrep /caXet?. 
 
 Ar. Ach. 1227. 
 
 Kal Brjra, ' and did you then ? ' — or without a question , 
 is a combination occasionally found. 
 
 Ka\ BrJT erdXyLta? TovaB' virep^aLvetv vopuov^ ; 
 
 Soph. Ant. 449. 
 
 Kal Brjra <^iXa6rivaL0^ ^v vwep^votyf;. 
 
 Ar. Ach. 142. 
 
 In strong and indignant denial ov Brjra, * no indeed ! ' is 
 used. 
 
 ov Brjr , iirel /le Kal Kacnyvrjrov rv'x^at, 
 
 reipova "ArXavro^;. Aesch. From. 355. 
 
26 THE GREEK PARTICLEtS 
 
 ov BrJTf iirel tol rrjv firjv avriK rj^epav — 
 
 Oed, Col. 433, 436. 
 
 AN. op^s ; (iTravBai; iv KaKol<i ^lXoccl (toI<;. 
 
 G>E- f)v BrJTa, firjBev tovt oveihlari^ ifiol. Androm. 87. 
 
 Tj Koi veoaaov rovhe {/CTevel^;) ; 
 ME. ov Brjra' Ovyarpl B\ ^v OiXrj, Stoao) KTaveiv, 
 
 Hid. 442. 
 
 ov hrJT, iirel rav fieyoKa-^^ ? Tpoia arivoL. 
 
 Gycl. 198. 
 
 SimiJariy^vre have iirj Brjra in strong deprecation. 
 
 firjBi IT or eXirrjO' 
 (09 Zeu? i5/ia9 €i9 airpooiTTOV 
 TTTJfi eiai^aXePy firj Stjt, avral 6' 
 vfia<! avrdf;. Aesch. Prom. 1094. 
 
 fir) Brjra, Ovp>e, firj av y ipydarj rdBe. Med. 1056. 
 
 The ironical B^dev, 'forsooth/ stands either first or 
 second in a sentence. 
 
 iKcprofirjaa'i Brjdev o)9 ira'iB' ovra fie, 
 
 * as if I were a child indeed ! ' Prom. 1007. 
 
 T^9 ifcetvofi ovBafia 
 fi\dara<i l(^a)vei, BrjOev ovBep laropSiv, 
 
 * pretending to know nothing about it.* 
 
 Track. 381. 
 
 eXaifiev e9 oXkov^^ BrjOev o)9 OavovfievoL. 
 
 Orest. 1119. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 27 
 
 m hrjOev ovK elBvla rafecpyao-fjieva. Ihid. 1320. 
 
 Ha. reicetv fi e^ovXer dadevrj, tolSBc Bov<;. 
 OP. (0<i BrjOe walSa^ firj TeKoi<: irocvaTopafi. 
 
 Eur. M. 267. 
 
 In Med. 785 for rrjvBe firj <j>€v<yeiv %^oi/a, there was 
 a var. led. Srjde firj (jyexjyecv '^6dva. 
 
 ol MavTivfj^ — virairfjeaav Kar oXiyovf;, dfjua ^vWe- 
 yovT€(} e<\) a i^rjXdov BrjOev. Thnc. III. iii. 1. 
 
 T^9 8' \6r}valwv 'xjdovo^ 
 afft) Oearrjv BrjOev, ax; ovk ovt €fi6v. 
 
 Eur. Ion, 655. 
 
 I 
 
 This particle is used, like Brj, in emphatic assertion, 
 but it stands first, whereas St] follows, as ^ iroXXa = 
 ^oXXa Bi]. The two are combined in Aesch. Gho. 729, 
 
 ^ Srj kXvcov €Kelvo<i ev^pavel voov, 
 €vt' av irvOrjTav jivOov. 
 
 We also find both Bijttov (Ar. Ach. 122) and ^ 
 TTov, as 
 
 rj TTOV iriKpodf; vlv Oipaire'^ ^<yov eK (j)6vov. 
 
 Eur. Su2)jpL 762. 
 
 rj TTOV VLV €'^6pav TTjv TTplv iK^aXov(Ta vvv 
 6t9 oIktov ^XOe^ TTvpl KaTydaXco/jL6VTj<i. 
 
 Troad. 59. 
 
28 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 See Aj. 850, 1229. This formula, used also by Plato, 
 is both interrogative and emphatic. The question is 
 more common with ov ttou, as 
 
 ov TTOv viv *EX€V7}<: alffxpov wXea-ev k\€0<; ; 
 
 mi. 135. 
 
 ov TTOV ^povM fiev e^, ro 8* Sfjifia fiov voaei ; 
 
 Ibid. 575. 
 
 oij TTOV TTpoa-rjTeL^ ffiOTov ; & rdXaiv iyca. 
 
 Ibid. 791. 
 
 In Agam. 1031 we have — 
 
 rf fiaiverai ye kol KaKtav kXvcl (fypevwv. 
 
 In Theh. 667— 
 
 rj 8rJT av etrj iravhUodfi yjrevBoovvfJLOf; 
 Alkt} ^vvovaa ^corl TravTokfio) <f>p€va<;. 
 
 In Antig. 323, 
 
 ^ BeLvov, w BoKct ye, kol 'sIrevSrj SoKetv. 
 Ibid. 484, 
 
 97 vvy eyo) fjuev ovk dvrjp, avrrj 8 dvrjp. 
 Both Tj iroXka and 17 xapra are extremely common, 
 
 7i iroXXa fiev 8r] tcov ifji&v eXetfare. Eum. 106. 
 7l TToWa 8rj iraOovca koI fidrap iy(i>. Ibid. 139. 
 
 See also Aj. 1417, El. 622, 1456, Agam. 694 (^ 
 iro\v6p7}vov aiMva), Phoen. 697, Rlies. 266, 915, 
 ffel. 765. 
 
 T) Kapra veuKov^ rovro opoav 7rapoi,^op.ai,. 
 
 Aesch. Suppl. 446. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 29 
 
 y Kcipra Xafiirpa kov kot ofifia teal (j)va-iv. 
 
 Soph. Track. 379. 
 
 See Aj. 1359, M. 312, Uum. 204, Agam. 575. 
 
 In Platonic dialogue we often find ^ yap ; * is it not 
 
 60?' 
 
 rj yap voeh ddirreiv <Tq>, anroppTjTOV iroXei ; 
 * What ! are you really thinking of burying him 
 when the state has forbidden it ? ' 
 
 Soph. Ant 4A. 
 
 See Agam. 1337, Soph. Ul. 1221, Phil. 248, Phoen. 
 1673. 
 
 Similarly aW' ^, ' can it reaUy be that ? ' 
 
 d\V ?7 yvvaifcwv e? ttoXiv BofceU p^oKeiv ; 
 
 Aesch. Suppl. 890. 
 
 7rft)9 elira^ ; a\X' rj Kal a-o0o9 XiXrjdaf; cov ; 
 
 Alcest. 58. 
 
 aXX* 97 Tt KelOev iroiXi/jbcov ireTTovdafiev ; 
 
 ^erc. i'W. 1128. 
 
 aXV ^ KpvTTTov Xo'xpv elairaicrafi hioXwXe ; 
 
 Rhes. 560. 
 
 AA. aXV 97 T/5t;^o/3/3Q)Te? tou? Xocfiov; fiov Kare^ayov ; 
 A I. aXV ^5 Tpo heiirvov rrjv fjblfjLapKvv /careSofjuac ; 
 
 At. Ach. 1111. 
 
 aXV ^ (T* iiriaviv Tt5 airrepo^ <f)dTL<; ; 
 ' Well then, was it some report, not a warning 
 from the omen of birds, that you fed upon ? ' 
 
 Agam. 267. 
 
30 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Sometimes 17 simply asks the question, as 
 
 17 fydp TL XoLTTov ryhe tttjimcltcov ipeh ; Prom. 764. 
 
 ^ 7r/309 Bd/jLapTO<; e^avlararai OpovoDv ; Ihid. 786. 
 
 Often too it means sane, * in sooth.' 
 
 ri Bv(T7r6T(a<; av tov^ ifjLOv<; dOXov<; <j)epot<;, 
 OTcp Oavelv fiev ia-Ttv ov ireirptotievov. 
 
 Prom. 771. 
 
 KaL 
 
 This particle, 'and,' *also,' 'even,' has the same 
 relation to re as et has to que. As the Eomans say 
 jpaterque et films, not et pater filiusqim, so the Greeks 
 say irarrip rt Koi vio<;, not Kal irarrjp vl6<; re. 
 
 Hence in a few passages such as Aesch. Suppl. 742, 
 
 ft)9 Kol fjuaramv dvoaloav re KVcoSdXcji/ 
 exovTa^ 0/0709, -^prf (pvXdaaeaOai Kpdro^, 
 
 the Kai must be taken separately, as here w? koX 
 exovra^ = iTreiBrj fcal e'^ovct,, an instance of axicusative 
 absolute. 
 
 Oed. Col 1393, 
 
 Ka^dyyeW* Iwv 
 Kal iraa-L KaBfietoicn roU a-avrov 6^ dfia 
 irKnoLGL a-vfi/jbd'^OKTav k.t.X. 
 
 Besides re — kul = que et, we find often kul — xal = et 
 — et, and re — re = qiie — q^l€, the last mostly in epic, as 
 Trarrjp dvBptov re deS)V re, //. i. 544. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 31 
 
 Xote here, that re combines with &>? to express 
 consequence or result by wcrre, with 0*09 to express 
 power or capability by ol6<; re, and with the relative 
 to express terms or conditions, €<^' wre apr^vpiov 
 airoTLveiv, ' on condition of paying a sum of money/ 
 
 The Greeks use /caL very often where the Eomans 
 use vel and etiam. 
 
 Both el Kai and kclI el are used, and generally with 
 this difference, that el Kai implies an admitted fact, 
 ' even though,' koX el a somewhat improbable sup- 
 position, * even if.' So Oed, R. 302, 
 
 ttoXlv fjuev, el koI fir) j3\67ret9, <^povel^ S' o/ag)9 
 o'ia v6a(o (TVvecTTLv. 
 
 K€ivoi<; 8' t<7ft)9 Kel helv eireppcoa-dTj XeyeiV 
 tt}? crrjf; dycoyrji;, o78' iycb k.t.X. 
 
 * even if they have ventured to say strong things 
 
 about taking you away/ Oed. Col. 661. 
 
 Here it is difficult to distinguish the one phrase from 
 the other. 
 
 KoX yap el yepcov &yot), 
 TO rrja-Be %ft>pa9 ov yey7]paKe (rOevo^. Ihid. 726. 
 
 Kai ravT ^Idacov 7raiSa<; e^ave^erao 
 7rao-^oj/Ta9, €t Kai /MJjTpl hia^opdv e^et ; 
 i.e. ' even if he has a quarrel with the mother.* 
 
 Eur. Med, 74 
 
 a-v iralha Bo^et^ Biokeaai, Kel firj Kreveh, 
 
 * even if you shall not really be the murderess.' 
 
 Ion. 1024. 
 
32 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 veaviaf; yevov 
 €pyoLaL, vel fit) tS xpovw irdpeaTL aoi. 
 
 Ibid. 1041. ' 
 
 Xe/'^o) he ^w/iov Tovhe, Kei davelv fie ^i]. 
 
 Ibid, 1401. 
 
 Etiam si mihi moriendum sit; while el teal Oavelv 
 fie ')(prj would be etiam si mihi moriendum est. 
 
 The combination koI yap is common, but it is rarely, 
 if ever, a mere sjnaonym or expansion of yap. It 
 should be rendered 'for even,' * for also,* &c. SoAj. 669, 
 
 Kal yap tcl Setva Kal tcl KaprepcoTara 
 Ttpal<i vireiKeiy 
 
 * for even things of power and things of mightiest 
 strength obey the powers that be.' 
 
 Kal ycLp v<7Tep(p to y ev 
 irpdaaeiv, iirel irvdotro, KepBo<: ep^iroXa. 
 
 'Track. 92. 
 
 Kal yap ^HXeKTpav Bok& 
 (TTelyetv, dSe\<f>r)v rrjv ifi'qv, 
 *for if I mistake not, here comes my sister 
 Electra too.* Aesch, C%o. 14. 
 
 Kal yap ev rat^; olKiac<; 
 
 ravTai<: eTrtrpoVot? fcal TafMlaiai xP<*>P'€^cl> 
 
 Eccles. 211. 
 
 Seldom in the earlier Attic, but frequently in Plato 
 and Xenophon, we find Kal — 5e, where he is the copula 
 and Kai is * also.* 
 
i\ ^/ ^^- / '^ 
 AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \<^ o"^^ ^ 
 
 ' and also when far away.' Aesch. Eum^^^^M ^ 
 
 So Prom. 994, ^^^^^is^ 
 
 KoX (76 3' eV TOVTOLf; \eyco, 
 ' and 3/(?^i too I reckon among these.* 
 
 AYith an interrogation Kal ttw?, Kal tl^:, koI ttoI, &c. 
 are used ironically to ask a question which is regarded 
 jis somewhat absurd, as 
 
 'and pray what messenger could arrive with 
 such speed as that ? A gam. 271. 
 
 Kol TTWV vTracOcov (TQjfJL d,v Id/jirjv TO aov ; 
 ' surely I should not cure your body by setting 
 fire to it ? ' Track 1210. 
 
 Generally, though not always, the inverted order of 
 the words, ttw? /cat, rt? Kal, &c. asks a question where 
 information is really required. 
 
 iroiov ')(p6vov Se Kal ireTropSrjTav ttoXl^ ; 
 KA. T^9 vvv TeKOva-Tjif <f w? roS* €V(f>p6v7}^ \iyco, 
 
 Agam. 269. 
 
 TTW? Kai viv i^CTTpd^aT ; S,p^ alhovfievoi ; 
 
 Eur. Hec. 515. 
 Yet in Aj. 50, the question 
 
 KoX TTw? €7re(T'^e xelpa fiaifiwaav (j)6vov ; 
 
 is answered by eyca atf direipyoi. 
 
 XP. KoX wov 'oTtv ovTO'; ; Oavfid to I /*' vTrep'^^eTai. 
 HA. /car oIkov, r)Bif^ ovBe firjTpl hva-')(epri<^. El. 928. 
 
 D 
 
34 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 OI. Kot Tt<; xpovo<; To?cr8' e(rT]v ov^eXrjXvOo)^ ; 
 lO. a^x^e^ov tl TrpoaSev 7) av rrja-B' €)(^cov '^6ov6^ 
 ap')(r]v e<f>aivov. Oed. T. 735. 
 
 KoX vvv is a formula very often used where a practical 
 illustration is given of some preceding general state- 
 ment. 
 
 KoX vvv (f)v\d<7<Ta) kap^TrdSo^ to avfi^oXop, 
 ' and accordingly here I am, watching for the 
 concerted signal of a bright flame.' Agam. 8. 
 
 Kol vvv eirl a-K7)val<; ae vavTiKOif; opco 
 AtavTo^. Aj. 3. 
 
 KaX vvv Kar ot/cov<i crvvBeTov^ alKL^eraL Ibid. 65. 
 
 Kal vvv aB6\(j)a TWvBe /C7jpv^a<i e^(o. Antig. 192. 
 
 Tn combination with av (sometimes called * conso- 
 pitum/ because its force is, as it were, dormant) we 
 often find KaC, especially in the latter Attic, under the 
 crasis kuv. So irdpe^ kuv afiiKpov elirelv, Soph. Ul. 
 1482. 
 
 rjv B* ovv Kara/JLvarj kclv oi^vrjv, 
 'if he should close his eyes, be it ever so little.' 
 
 Ar. Ve^. 92. 
 
 ;x«/ and 5e. 
 
 These particles, apparently containing the roots one 
 and two, though most extensively used by all Greek 
 writers, have neither Latin nor English representatives. 
 Where the Greeks say av fikv BUaco^; el, iraTtjp Be 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 35 
 
 dBnco<;, the Bomans generally say tu Justus e$, pcUer 
 injushcs; and. we ean; only say ' You are honest, Avhile 
 your father is dishonest/ 
 
 Both fiiv and ,Se are often used separately; for 
 instance, many of the tragedies commence with fiiv, 
 not followed by any antithetical Be, which in many 
 cases may be mentally supplied. So too irpwrov fih 
 is usually ans\;vered by eirecra, without Si. Very often 
 Be = autem merely connects or combines a narrative ; 
 and equally common is its adversative use 'but,' = at 
 or sed. Sometimes it is used in apodosi, or to resume 
 the thread of .an argument or to introduce a 
 question,, as \ 
 
 ^pdcrQv fioL — TTocrov Be. Pers. 335. 
 With these few facts bbrne in mind, young students 
 will find no sei^ious difficulty in the uses of these 
 particles. .. ;;. , .,..;'■ , ; -, ■,• ' ■.■■', ■•; 
 
 This particle, a strengthened form of fxev, has several 
 well-marked and important meanings. 
 By itself it means 'but,* as 
 
 X670) ^T^v OTL iroLTjTal rjfilv elai Ttve?. 
 
 Plato, p. 810. 
 
 tre iiav aa-TvdvaKra<; fiaKapa^ Oeov^i d'ya\ovvT6<^. 
 
 Aesch. Suppl. 995. 
 ,Oed. Col. 1S2 eireo fJLav, c(,t sequere. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 It has a remarkable tendency to be followed by ye 
 with a word intervening. Thus ov fjurjv — ye is ncc 
 tamen : 
 
 ov fMTjv aivfioi y Ik 6e5)v TeOvT]^ofi€v. Again. 1250. 
 
 ou firjv dfco/jfiraaTOf^ y e<f>l(TTaTaL irvKai^^. 
 
 Theh. 553. 
 
 ov (jL^v Ti TTotvai^i y Q)o/jL7jv loUiiai fie 
 KaTi<r)(yavela-6at. From. 27G. 
 
 ov fjurjv rt ff>evy(o y ovBe fi el Oavelv ')(pea>v. 
 
 Ij^h. T, 1004. 
 
 ov firjv OavovTt, y ovBa/jUMf; avvrjhofiaL. JRhes. 958. 
 KoX firjv irapdov ye kov \6yov<; dWojv kXvwv. 
 
 Fers. 266. 
 
 Koi fiTjv €K€ivd y r) rv^fj Orjaei KaXm<;. 
 
 Eur. M 648. 
 
 /cat fiT)v iir avrd^ y elalrto Bofiav irvXa<;. 
 
 Ibid. 661. 
 
 OP. fcal fiTJv ToS* ep^a<i 5t^ Oavelif ov^ d^ofiai. 
 FIT. a\X* ovh^ eyoi firjv aoi ye TifA(opovfi€vo^, 
 
 Orest. 1116. 
 
 When ye precedes, the formula means tamen. 
 
 ifiol 8* dymv oS* ovfc d<j)p6vTi,aTo^ irdXai 
 viKr)<! Ta\atd<! rjXOe, avv X/ooz/y ye fx'qv. 
 
 Agam. 1348. 
 
 \6y(ov ye firjv evKKeiav ov^ upa^ oarjv 
 
 aavT^ Tc Kufiol irpoa^aXeh ; Soph. £1. 973. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 37 
 
 opa ye firjv, ov a-fiifcpbfi, ov^, ayoDi^ oBe. 
 
 Oed. CoL 587. 
 
 X^V> ^^ y^P Vf^^^ eo-TL TOVTO, aoi ye fi^v, 
 
 ' though it is to you.' Orest. ] 08^1 
 
 fieyaka iinvoels iXelv, fiaKapiof; ye firjv KVprja-a^ 
 eo-ei. Rhes. 195. 
 
 ovK oW aKpt^co(;, elKuaai ye firjv irdpa. 
 
 Ibid, 284 
 
 liaKpav yap epiret yy]pv<;, e(jL(f>avy)'i ye fiijv. 
 
 Eur. EL 754. 
 Similarly 76 fiev 8r) means ' however ' in Soph. £1. 
 1243, Track. 484, Agam, 644, 860, JSitm. 1397, and 
 76 fjLevTOL in JEum. 561, Fcrs. 388, Theb. 713, PhilocL 
 i)3, Eur. Heracl 267, 637, 
 
 ?//ca) 76 /M€VTOL ')(appba aot, <f>epoi)v fieya. 
 
 kXclSol ye fiev Srj, Kara vofiov^ acfycKTOpcov, 
 Kelvrai irap vfilv 7rpo<i 6eol^ dycoPLoi<;. 
 
 Aesch. Su2i2)L 237. 
 
 fiaKpdv ye /juev By prjacv ov arepyei 7r6\t9. 
 
 Ibid. 269. 
 
 3t8oi;9 76 ^ev Br) Bv<Ty€V€<; fir^Bev BlBov. Hel. 1259. 
 The interrogatives rl fjujv ; tl p>rjv ov ) and rl 
 fidXiara ; mean ' why not,' or ' of course.' 
 
 HA. ^vvaiveh ; OP. rt /irjv ov ; Soph. M. 1280. 
 HM. BoKel yap ; HM. Tt fx^jv ov ; Rhes. 706. 
 
 With Tt fi'qv we may supply dWo, ' wliy, what but 
 this ? ' i.e. * of course.' 
 
38 THE GREEK PARTICBES 
 
 Orjp6<i Be K7)paivovaL koI ^porol, ri \xr]v ; 
 
 Aescli. Sit]r>'pl. 976. 
 
 Xeyovcnv /^fjLa^; cos^ oXcoXora^' rl fiijv; Agam. 655. 
 
 exPV^cL TTOcvUf; rod 7raTpo<; iTip.'y^raf tl fitjv ; 
 
 Uum. 194. 
 
 This formula is common in Flato, e.g. in page 36 
 {Fhilebus) it occurs thrice. 
 
 The combination rj /irjv has three peculiar meanings : — 
 
 {a) In taking an oath, ' 1 truly will do so-and-so.'^ 
 
 ft)(T^' ppKov avTcp irpoa^aXwv Stcofioo-ev 
 r) fjurjv Tov iify^iaTripa rovBe rov 7rd6ov<; 
 ^vv TravBl Kal yvvaiKl BovXcoq-etv en. 
 
 ^Soph. Tracli. 255. 
 
 HP. ofJLVv Al6<; vvv tov ae (l)V(Tavro<; Kcipa. 
 TA. f] fjLTjv Tt Spdaeiv ; Kal roS' i^eip-qo-erat ; 
 
 Ibid. 1185. 
 dfjLvvcTL 8* al-^r^v 
 77 /t^V Xdird^eLv a<nv KaBfielcov ^ia. Theb. 526. 
 
 ,(&) In ejcpressing a threat. 
 
 j5 fjLYjv €Ti Zevf: Kaiirep avOdBr) ^povwv 
 
 ea-rai raireivo^. Prom. 928. 
 
 Tj fJLT)V €T e/JLOV 
 
 ')(,peiav e^et tiaKapn^v 7rpvTavt<;. Ibid. 175. 
 
 ^ /jLr)v orv Kavev rovBe Xv7rr)0€l<t ^arei. 
 
 Oed. Col. SIO. 
 
 * Herodotus ii. 118, 2, and iii. 90, 1, has fir) firjv = »* ixfjv firj. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 39 
 
 rj firjv (TV iravaei Kalirep ci)fib<; wv dyav, 
 
 Alcest. 64. 
 
 y firjv (TV TOVTOL^i TM ^cvw TTOT d^Oiaec. 
 
 Ar. Nuh. 865. 
 
 rj fMTjv iyco (7€ T^fiepov aKVTJ] jSXeTreLV 7roi,rj(Ta>. 
 
 Vesp. 643. 
 
 77 fjLTJv (re iravcret t/}? v^p€(D<^ ravrrj^; Trarrjp. 
 
 Av. 1259. 
 
 (c) In the sense of nihilominiLSy or crede mihi. 
 
 iroXka^ ev vpuv. Eur. Med. 1032. 
 
 nP. fjLTjBev iy/ceXev dyav. 
 
 KP. 97 fjLTjv KeXevaco, 
 
 * but I will give orders.' Prom. 72. 
 
 ^ /JLTjv iyco (Tov '^drepov'i /jL6L^ova<; KoXd^o), 
 ' 1 can tell you, I punish greater men than you.' 
 
 Ar. Vesp. 258. 
 
 rj firjv iroXif SpifivTaro^ y 'ijv tmv irap vf^^v. 
 
 Ibid. 278. 
 
 The formula koI firjv, ' but here comes,' &c. is used 
 ia) to introduce a new character on the stage. 
 
 KoX fjLTjv e? avTov Kaipov oiEe irkTjaiov 
 TrdpeLGiv. Aj. 1168. 
 
 Kol fjbrjv IBcov €(T7rev(j-a tov arparijk.drrjv 
 \ya/jL6/jLvov . Ibid. 1223. 
 
 Kai /xrjv opta rdXaivav Evpv^i/crjv Ofiov 
 dd/iapra Tr]v Kpiovro^. Antig. 1180. 
 
40 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 (b) The same, with or without ye, means, ' well, but/ 
 and * well, then.' ^ 
 
 Kol fir)v 6 -^Tja-fiof; ovKer ex KaXv/nfidroyv 
 ea-rac BeBopxco^;. Agam. 1149. 
 
 KaX firjv TreTTcoACft)? y u)<{ QpaavveaOat irXeov 
 ffpoTetov alfia, Kcofxof; iv So/jlol^ fiep€c. Ibid. 1159. 
 
 Kal firjv (fio^oto-i y avrov i^e\v(TdfjL7)v. Aj. 531. 
 
 KoX firjv 7reXa9 ye Trpocnrokoif; (fyvKdaaerai. 
 
 Ibid. 539. 
 
 See also El. 1045, 1188, Prom. 1006, Pers. 266, 
 Theh. 234, Eur. Suppl. 393, 697. 
 
 We have dWd p,rjv in Pers. 235, dXX ovBe fir^v in 
 Cho. 181, ' yet neither,' and in Eur. Ilel. 1047, 
 
 dW* ovBe fiTjv vav^ eaTW y afoOelfjLev dv. 
 
 Ov ri 117] 1/ occurs in Soph. El 817. 
 
 ov and fiy. 
 
 The former of these negatives a fact, or denies tlie 
 existence of something, as ovk earc ravra, ovk IXeft*, ovk 
 ecpvye, &c. 
 
 But fjbi] always contemplates some i-esult, and is 
 therefore used in all conditions, wishes, prohibitions, 
 warnings, and generally with infinitive moods. Thus 
 el fiTf \e76t9, e^' yap (or eiOe) firf yivoiTO or iyiveTO, fiy) 
 TTOtet or 7roi)](Trj<;j 00a fiyj Xddp ere, Toiovro'i iariv Mare 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 41 
 
 fxriZeva <f)o^€L(r6ai, &c. Thus ov is called objective, and 
 fiT) subjective. 
 
 By a very common idiom, both these negatives are re- 
 peated even several times, as ouSeW "Ke'yei ovSev ovSa/jL(o<;^ 
 /jii] ae XaOri firjSeU fir^Ba/MoOev elaeXOoiv. This with us is 
 a mere vulgarism, * he didn't say nothing to no'body.' 
 
 Where ou is used when something known and finite is 
 denied, fir) is used where there is uncertainty. Hence 09 
 ov Xeyet,, tov ov Xiyovra, rov ov/c ahiKov, refer to a par- 
 ticular person, A or B. But 09 (or oaris:) fir) Xeyec, 6 fi?) 
 Xiyayy, qui non dicat, tov fir) aScfcov avhpa, express a class 
 of persons supposed or conceived to exist Sometimes 
 we find the abbreviated formula tov t6 aBiKov koI jjlt), 
 for /col TOV fjbi). 
 
 With indefinite relatives fiyj is regularly used where 
 the Eomaus employ the subjunctive. So 
 
 7rw9 yap ; f) ye /x^Se Trpo? ^eou? 
 
 €^€a-T oLKXavTM TrjoB^ aTTocTTTJvac aTeyrj^i. 
 
 Soph. El 911. 
 
 ov fit) 'crrt Kacp6<;, fir) fiaKpav fiovXov XeyeLv. 
 
 Ibid. 1259. 
 
 w fir) ^cTTL BpcovTC Tup^o^, ovS* eVo? ^ojSei. 
 Ord. Tyr. 296 ; Ant. 691 ; Pliil 255 : Iph. Aul. 523, 823, 
 
 Hence with waTe, expressing a result or contingency, 
 followed by an infinitive mood, fir) is almost invariably 
 found. See, however. Soph. El 780 ; Eel 108; Phoe-ii. 
 1358. But while the Greeks say tolovto^ icniv ooare 
 
42 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 HTjBha (jyopetadcLi, which is a general proposition, they 
 would say, describing the known character and habit of 
 A or B, and speaking of a fact, ToiovT6<i iariv coare 
 ovBeva (l)o^€tTaL 
 
 rj rocrovo e;^a9 
 
 T6Xfi7]<; Trpoa-cDTTOv, wcrre ra^ e/ia? (TTeya<; 
 
 LKov ; Soph. Oed. R. 532. 
 
 7) K wSe tXtj/jlcov cddTe rw fiidaropi 
 ^VVeCTT, 'EpLVVV OVTiV iK(j>o^ovfJLivrj. 
 
 Soph. Ul 276. 
 
 Where we say ' I think you are not,' the Greeks 
 generally say, ' I don't think you are.' Hence ov (prjfjbl, 
 ov BoKM, ovfc oLofiaL (76 70L0VT0V €LvaLy is Hiorc usual 
 than 8o/cft) ae firj tolovtov elvai. But there is a real 
 difference of meaning between ovk e'^earv Xeyeiv, ' it is 
 not permitted to speak,' and e^ea-ji fir} \eyeiv, ' you 
 need not speak unless you like.' So 
 
 covOpcoire, ^ovXec pur) ^Xiireiv eU ra^ KL'^Xa^ ; 
 
 Ar. Ach. 1108. 
 ov Bvva^ai p,r) yeXdv, 
 71071 possum non ride7^e. Ran. 42. 
 
 Tovahe yap fir) ^rjv eSet. Scph. Phil. 418. 
 
 XP^^ TovBe fir) ^rju fir)K opav <f)do<; ToBe. 
 
 Eur. Eeracl. 969. 
 
 The infinitive sometimes takes ov and not /jli), as in 
 
 et Toi vofit^€i^ avBpa crvyyevrj KaK(a<; 
 
 Bpa)v ov^ v(l>€^€Lv Tr)v BUr)v, ovk ev (booveU. 
 
 Oed, R. 551. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 43 
 
 Where the sense is, ei vofii^ei^; ore ov'^ v^e^ei^. Both 
 i)(priv ere firj and gvk ixpv^ ^^ occur, as Phil. 1363, 
 Hipp. 507, where XP^^ ^^^ °^ ^' afiaprdveiv = ovk 
 iXPiv, See Androm. 100, 214, 607; Med. 294; 
 Suppl. 22. 
 
 So far the differences between ov and /xr; are pretty 
 clear. But the combinations ov firj and /jlt] ov ^ often 
 create difficulty to students, the former especially, which 
 is used both interrogatively and as a direct statement 
 that something will not take place. 
 
 A little care, however, will distinguish these. When 
 we find ov fi-q \d6r}, ov fiy (j)vyo)aiv, &c., the phrase 
 may always be rendered 'there is no chance of his 
 escaping notice,' ' there is no fear of their escape,' &c. 
 
 And a few passages which occur w^here the full 
 formula is expressed, ov Beivov eari or ov ^6po<^ io-Tt 
 fjbri, &c., seem to show that this is the origin of the 
 phrase. 
 
 Sometimes, however, we find such phrases as ovhu<i fir) 
 jivrjTaL, 'there is no chance of any one becoming' so- 
 and-so. We cannot here supply (f>c^o<i, yet it is clear 
 that this is but a variety of the original idiom. 
 
 Some doubt has been felt whether the first aorist 
 subjunctive or the future indicative is the more correct, 
 e.g. ov fjLT} TTpd^ei^ or ov fi7] irpd^rj^i. The above con- 
 
 1 Professor Kennedy calls ^it] ov " the most difficult point in 
 Greek grammar, and not adequately explained in any treatise he 
 has read " {ShuHa Sophoclea, p. 45). 
 
44 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 sideration gives the preference to the subjunctive. We 
 find however instances of the future where the subjunc- 
 tive cannot be used, as 
 
 ov /Ml] a €K T(ovb eopavoDV, 
 
 w yepov, aKoi/ra Tt? afet. Soph. Oed. Col. 177. 
 
 (ra<j)6)<i yap eLTre Teipe<TLa<i ov /jli] wore 
 GOV T>;V5e yriv olKovvro^ ev TTpd^eiv ttoXlv. 
 
 Fhoen, 1590. 
 
 aW elauB'. ov <jol /a?; fiedi^frofiat ttote. 
 
 Elcdr, 1052.1 
 
 With an interrogation (a form of speaking which the 
 Greeks were very partial to), ov firj with a future 
 conveys a strong and rather impatient command, as 
 ov firj irpoaolarei'; %efcpa, ' don't touch me,' * lay your 
 hand on me if you dare ! ' 
 
 ov jxrj 7rp6<r€L tovtoigiv ia-KOpoSicrfievoi^ ; 
 
 Ar. Ach. 166. 
 
 Sometimes, as in Oed. B. 637, and Aj. 75, two clauses 
 are combined, the first with ou, the second with fit} 
 added to it, e.g. ovk (hrei xal firj ivravOa p.evel^ ; 
 
 <L heiva Xi^aa, ovy^t cvyKXrjcTCLf; CTOfjua 
 Kol fjurj fie6ija-€L<i avdc^ ala^larov^; Xoyov^ ; 
 
 mpjyol, 498. 
 
 This idiom is more difficult to explain. ' Will you not 
 not ' do so-and-so, i,c. will you not abstain from doing ? is 
 
 ' * Even the future occurs with ftij in the sense of ' lest.' See 
 Ar. Ecd. 495, and on Aeach. Fers, 124. . 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 45 
 
 not a satisfactory solution, because it does not account for 
 the subjective fjurj. Possibly, it is but an interrogative 
 variety of the former idiom, * Is there no chance of your 
 not doing ? ' i.e. ' pray don't do.' Or thus, ' Will you not 
 attend to the command fir) iroLrjar)^;, dont do it ? ' In 
 either case, the future must be a modification of the 
 subjunctive, from tlie formula being regarded as a 
 simple interrogative. 
 
 Where the participle stands for the verb with el, fii] 
 is of course necessary. So KaKo^; av eiTjv fxtj Sp(bv (or 
 8pdcra<;) rdSe, ' I should be base if I did not do this ' ; 
 /iir] ovTcov Oecov, BUt} ouk €j-ti, ' there is no such a thing 
 as justice, if there are no such beings as gods ' ; fi?) 
 TvxoDv, ' if I fail to obtain,' Ach. 466, Ftcm. 455 ; firj 
 Kvpy<Ta<;, Phoen. 490. But KaKo^i icmv ov Bp&v Ta.Be, is 
 * he is base for not doing this.' 
 
 Kpeiara-tov jdp rjada /jl7)K€T oiv fj fwv TV<f>\6'f, 
 
 Oed. Tyr. 1368. 
 
 irakai Be firj irapoyp Oavfid^eraL, = el firj Trdpeari, 
 ' I wonder that he is not here already.' 
 
 Ibid. 289. 
 
 dXX 6? ToB* 7]^ei^ fiT) \eyfov ye tovvBikov. 
 
 Ibid. 1158. 
 
 When the preceding clause contains a negative, or 
 involves a negative idea, then ov is added to firj in the 
 second clause, as tC fieWei^ (= ri ov airevBei^) to jxtj 
 ov Bpdaai ; and 
 
46 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Bvad\yr]To^ yap av 
 elrjv TOidvBe fir) ov KaTOiKreipdiv eSpav. 
 ' I should be heartless if I did not pity,' &c. 
 
 Oed, B. 13. 
 
 firi fjb dTifjLd(T7)<; to fir) ov Oavelv crvv arot. 
 ' Do not refuse to let me die with you/ 
 
 Ant. 544. 
 
 This use is very extensive, especially in poetry, e.g. 
 in V. 283 of the same play, /x?; irapf}^ ro fir) ov (jypdaaL. 
 
 Kal ToaovS* eKOfiTrao-e, 
 fi7)h^ av TO aefivov Trvp viv elpyaSelv Aio<;, 
 TO fir) ov icar uKpcov irepydfiwv iXelv ttoXlv, 
 
 rhoen. 1174. 
 
 Another use of fir) ov implies an ellipse of BeBotKa, as 
 fjLT) ov Tvxv^ 'T^'? d\7)06la^, ' I am afraid you will not 
 hit the truth,' 
 
 viK(OfjL6V0^ fiev TijvBe fir) ov fi6\r)<; iroXiv. 
 
 Mes. 115. 
 
 fir) dfxa9el<; irolei ^ea? 
 TO GOV Katcbv Koafiova-a' fir) ov irelcr-Q^ (ro<f>ov(;, 
 vereor ut peritis id persicadeas. Treads 981. 
 
 Or with fi'^ only, as 
 
 fir) yap ae dprjvoq ovfio^ eU e^Opav fidXy. 
 
 From. 396. 
 The full syntax occurs Eur. M. 568. 
 
 TrdXai BeBoLKa, fit) av y oukct ev (f)povfj<;. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 47 
 
 Either ovSev or to fi7]B€v is used in the sense of nihili, 
 a nobody or a mere nothing. Earely, and somewhat 
 inaccurately, fiijhev is used without the article, where 
 strict logic requires ovhev. So Kairl firfhev ep'^erat 
 stands for eVt to /jLrjSev in Soph. JEL 1000. 
 
 When a relative conveys any notion of indefiniteness, 
 or purpose, cause, or condition, fitj, and not ol* is used, 
 affecting even the participle (Tro. 1166). Thus 
 
 e<j)€vyov ev6a /n^ oyjroLfjLrjv. Oed. R. 79. 
 
 Tt9 i^ov aO\LcoTepo<; av €t7], 
 
 ov firj efecTTt daTcov tlvl Sex^adat ; lb. 817. 
 
 Sometimes (in poetry especially) to ixyj stands for 
 oxjTe fiT], 'to the not doing' of something being re 
 garded as a result. So Agam. 552, 
 
 TO ixTjiTOT av0i<; jJLTjh' dvaaTTJvai fieXeiv, 
 * they are dead and gone, so that a return to life is 
 no care to them.' 
 
 A peculiar use of fj,T] is to ask a question, directly or 
 indirectly, where a negative answer is expected. Thus, 
 fjLTf \e7€t9 ravTa BiKaia elvai ; ' Surely you do not call 
 that just, do you ? ' 
 
 Track. 316, firj t(ov Tvpdvvayv; EvpvTov o-Tropd rt? 
 r}v\ 'She was not one of the royal family, was shel' 
 Aesch. Prom. 255, infj irov tl irpovfiri'; Tcovhe koX irepai- 
 T€po) ; and 980. Fers. 346, Ag. 665. Indirectly, with 
 the indicative, fjurj signifies 'whether. Soph. Ant. 
 1253, 
 
4:H THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 oXV elaofiea-Oa firj ri /cat /carda-^eTov 
 Kpv(l>rj KaXvirrei KapBia Ovfiovfiivrj. 
 
 deXco TTvOiaOat, firj Vt TOt<; irakai KaKot<i 
 TrpodKeifievov tl irrjfia (rrjv EaKvet, ^peva. 
 
 Hcrad. 482. 
 
 €7rto-;^€9, ft)9 av Trpov^epevvija-co cttl^ov, 
 firj ri,<i iroKiTcav Iv Tpl^cp <l)av7d^€Tai. 
 
 Phoen, 92. 
 
 (TKOirelre /x-r; hoKrjcnv ei^€T eK Oetav. Hel. 119. 
 
 Whether fiSyv is compounded of firj ovv, and is 
 identical with nu7ny or has a dififerent origin, it falls 
 under this head ; but it is mostly used when a negative 
 reply is expected. 
 
 fitov TL fioi fieya 
 irdpeare tt/so? KaKolai, irefiirovref; xaxov; 
 
 Philoct. 1265. 
 
 ftwr KoX Oe6<i irep Ifiipo) 7r€7r\Tjyfiivo<; ; 
 
 Ag. 1174. ' 
 
 fiwv €K dedov Tov Kaivbv dyyeXei^i Itto? ; Tro. 55. 
 
 Similarly SiBoiKa firj ^jKOe means 'I am afraid he 
 went/ lit. * I have fears as to whether he went.' 
 
 Even in conditional clauses, if the negative adheres 
 strictly to the verb, ov is sometimes used, e.g. el ovk ia<f 
 for el KcoXvec^, 
 
 el T0V9 Oavovra^ ovk ea? BdirreLv irapcov ; 
 
 Ajax. 1131. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONs\<Xo,'^vl» "^^ ^"^ 
 
 el B' ov 7rapova7j<; ravra rev^o/juac (T60ev/\^^ ^ ^ 
 ^evero) Kar otKov;. Ijgh. 
 
 el 8' ovKer e(Tii, Ion 347, 388, 
 
 Where a participle has the virtual sense of an infini- 
 tive, 117) is used, as BrjXcoo-ay fir) 7670)9 = ifie fir) 
 ^e^ovevai, Aj. 472. So Oed. Col. 797, aXX olBa yap 
 <re ravra fir) irei9(ov, Wc, where perhaps irelawv should 
 be read. Or if a participle may he resolved into a 
 condition, as Philoct. 935, aX>C o)? fiedTJacov firfirod^ 
 w8' opa iraXiv = 009 el diXoc fir) irore fiedtevac. 
 
 When a participle with a negative is continued 
 from, or forms part of, a clause containing a prayer 
 or command, fiij is used, as 
 
 ^atjoe — 6 ni;^to9 dva^, 
 
 To^ot9 Idrrrcov fn)Ker eh r)fia^ ffiXr). 
 
 Aesch. Agam. 491 — 3. 
 
 aironaov — fir) BeK ifiirXTJa-a^ ernrj. Orest. 655. 
 
 97 diraye arparov, 
 
 TCL Toi)v ArpeoBcov fir) fiivcov fieXkirffiara. 
 
 Iph. Atol. 817. 
 fid'x^av CTTcBe, irdrep, 
 filaia fir) (plXoLf; opoov 
 ofifiaacv ivBUoi^. Aesch. Sup]pl. 791. 
 
 In Tkel. 431, 
 
 Tt9 dvBpa KOfiird^ovra fir) rpeara^ fievel; 
 
50 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 the firj is wrongly used, and the verse is probably an 
 interpolation. A similar anomaly occurs in Eur. Heracl. 
 533, 
 
 €vpr]fia yap tol fjur) ^tXoyjrvxovo-' e^yft) 
 
 KdWL(TTOV 7}Vp7JK 6Vk\€00<; XcTTetV ^LOV, 
 
 Thuc. viii 68, fin. ')(aXeirov rjv top 'AOrjvaiojv 
 Brj/jLov iravaaiy koI ov /jlovov firj viry/coov ovra aXKu 
 Koi k.tX. 
 
 With a deliberative subjunctive, should I or not ? ^rj 
 must be used, as 
 
 TTw? G-e aeffl^Q) 
 
 fjLTJd' virepdpa^ fiijd' {jiroKd^'>^a<t 
 
 Kaipov ^a/?tT09 ; Ag. 758. 
 
 etTTft) TO TMV elcoOorayv, co BicnroTa ; 
 
 fiTjB^ erepov da-relov ti ; Ban. 1. 
 
 Bia Tr)v '^odvrjv ovv fiijT aKovco fjLij0* opw ; 
 
 Thesm. 19. 
 A very peculiar use of /jlt] occurs in strong assever- 
 ations which assume the form of an oath. 
 
 tarco vvv Zeu?, 
 
 ^rj fjuev TOt<? XirTroKTiV dvrjp cTTO'^tjcreTaL dWo^. 
 
 II X. 329. 
 nd Tr)v ^A(f)poBLr7jpy firj *yd> (T d<l>T](7a). 
 
 At. Fed. 999. 
 fjbd yrjv, fid 7raytBa<;, fid i^ec^eXa?, fid SUrvay 
 firj *7ft) voTjfia KOfiyjroTepov rJKOvad ttg). Av. 195. 
 
 fid Tov AttoWo). firj (7 iycot 
 
 Kaiirep toiovtov ovra, KaraKkivS} '^afiaL 
 
 Lydst. 917. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 51 
 
 We can only say that this is an idiom ; it is hard to 
 explain it on any logical principle. 
 
 From ovSev dWo rj, nihil aliud qybam (an accusative 
 of the object), an adverbial formula a\V ?;, praeter- 
 quani, came into use. Thus in Pers. 211, 
 
 o K ovhev aWo y rj 7rT7]^a<; Se//,a9 
 Trapecxe, 
 the full sense would be ovBev dWo iTroiec rj irapelxe. 
 In Ran. 227, 
 
 ovbev yap ear aW rj Koa^ 
 we clearly trace the transition of dXko to aXkd. 
 Similarly in Pac. 475, (reading dX\\ not aXV,) 
 ovK oXhe y elXKov ovhev dpyeloi irdXai 
 aXX' Tj KUreyeXcov rwv TaXaLTrwpov/jbivcDV, 
 
 the word etXKOv is used Trapd irpoahoKiav for eTTOiovv, 
 ' they have been doing nothing but (else than) laughing.' 
 Hence in negative sentences ovSev dXX i), ov/c — aXX' 
 T}, became very common, especially in Plato, to re 
 XoLTTOV fJbr)8eTepoV(; Bi'^eaOat dXX^ r) fiia vrj't r}crvxd^ovTa<;, 
 TJiucycl. iii. 71, 1. koI Trpoa-^aXovre^ rfj 'Idaqy alcpviBiOi, 
 Kol ov irpoorBe'^ofjLevoov dXX' fj 'AmKafi Td<; vav<; elvai, 
 aipovai. Ibid. viii. 28, 2. 
 
 We often find dXXd — ydp, dXX'' ov yap, with some 
 ellipse or aposiopesis, as 
 
 a\V eV ydp Setvot? ov (TX*]a(o 
 
 ravraq dTa<;, 
 
 ' but (you need not advise me) for, &c.' 
 
 Soph. M. 223. 
 E 2 
 
52 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 The phrase ov yap aWa is also elliptical. 
 
 xXvoLfi av ov yap aWa 8el Bovvat ixepo^. 
 
 Eur. Suppl 570. 
 
 fir) o-K&iirTe /t*, Si8i\(j), ov yap aX,X' e^&) KaKa)<;, 
 * for indeed I am hard up,' lit. * for it is not but that,' &c. 
 
 Ar. Ban. 58. 
 
 OVJ/. 
 
 The simplest meaning of this particle is ' therefore.' 
 
 ^v/jL^ovXov ovv fju eirrjXOe^, rj rlvo^ X^P^^ > 
 
 Eur. Sup2)l 125. 
 
 But in combination it has many very different 
 meanings. 
 
 In Plato, /jL€v ovv is commonly used in assent, as 
 irdvv fjL6v ovv, a-(l>68pa fxev ovv, &c. But it is equally 
 common in the sense of * nay rather,' imo potius. 
 
 AI. rj fjLT) (j)vy(o ae ; 
 
 OP. fiTj fiev ovv Ka6^ -qhovtjv 
 
 edvrj^. Soph. M. 1503. 
 
 10. avTb<i fui^eiSo)?, rj fiaOwv dXKov irdpa \ 
 01. fiavTLV fiev ovv KUKOvpyov ia-Trefiylra';. 
 
 Oed. B. 704 
 
 NI. \4y€ <rv. 
 
 AH. (TV fiev ovv \iy€. 
 
 EqidU 13. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 53 
 
 AA. efiov jjuev ovv. 
 
 KA. ifiov fiev ovv. 
 
 ' Xo ! on mine ! ' Ibid. 910. 
 
 KA. ovK €(t)v, rj ^vyKeXevcov iralh^ ayeiv Oavovfievnv ; 
 nP. firj /jL6v ovv dyecv. Iph. Aul. 892. 
 
 fir) TayaOa 
 a vvv yeyevrjTaL ; TT. fir) fxev ovv ra irpdyjjbara. 
 
 Ar. Plut. 651. 
 
 This combination frequently occurs where ovv simply 
 means ^ then/ and the iiev has reference to Se implied 
 or expressed. 
 
 iyco fxev ovv ovr avT6<; l/jbelpcov €(j>vv 
 TVpavvo<s elvat jiaXkov rj rvpavva Spdv. 
 '/then (whatever others may feel) have no desire 
 to be a ruler rather than to act as a ruler,' 
 
 Oed. R. 587. 
 
 eyo) jjbev ovv kol ravra kol ra TrdvT del 
 (jido-KotfM av dv0p(O7roLcn jarj-^avdv deov<;' 
 oT(p he fMrj TaS* iarlv iv yvd^fxrj cftcXa, 
 K6lv6<; r ifcecva a-repyero) /cdyo) rdSe. 
 ' My view then is this, — but if any one dissents 
 from it, let him cling to that opinion as I do to 
 this.' Aj. 1036. 
 
 So Antig. 65. 
 
 Kelvof; fjbev ovv €K€It, iyco 8' 6 Bvafiopo<; fc.r.X. 
 
 Phil 359. 
 
54 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 iyo) jjLev ovv ^evoKTcv wS' evhaifioai 
 KcBycov €KaTL TTpay/JLaTcov av ijdeXov 
 
 yv(ocTT09 yeveadai 
 
 TT/oo? Bva-o-e^ela^ 8' rjv ifiol toS' iv <j)p6alv, 
 TOCovBe TTpdyfia firj KapavSiaai (f>iKoL^. 
 
 Cho. 687. 
 ifKcira fiev ovv — 
 d^etfiaTOV fju 67re/x,7re* 
 — TeXevTCK; 8' iv XP^^^ 
 irarrjp 6 iravToina^ 
 irpevfievel^ KrlcreLev. Suppl. 126. 
 
 With ovvy both before and after, ye often combines in 
 the sense of saltern, and sometimes with the interval of 
 a word. This usage appears to be but little understood. 
 
 dXV ovv BehoyfJLevov ye ecrri rov ^(OKparr) hia(f>epetv 
 TLvl TOiv iroXkSyv avdp(i>iT(ov. Plat. Ajpol. p. 34, E. 
 
 aW ovv evvoia y avO(t>. 
 
 * Well, at all events it is from kindness that I tell 
 you,' &c. Soph. M. 233. 
 
 aXX' ovv iirla-TCo y ol fi arLjiCa^ dyei^;. 
 
 Ibid. 1035. 
 
 a\\' ovv TTpofjLTjvva-Tjf; ye tovto firjSevl 
 
 7ovpyoVf Kpv(l)7] 8e Kpvine. Ant. 84. 
 
 ovKOVv 7rdpo<; ye arj<; aTreardjovv <j>p€v6^, 
 ' at least I did not on a former occasion hold 
 aloof from your view.' Ibid. 993. 
 
 dX)C ovv iXeyofzead', rj (J>utl<; B* ov fioL TriKpd, 
 
 Eur. lon^ 1325. 
 VIZ. ae TeKuv. ' 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 55 
 
 ovKOvy iroT e'/c tovtolv ye fir) crK7]7rpoiv ert 
 6Boc7rop7]aec<i. Oed. Col. 848. 
 
 See also Ibid, 651, 924, Oed. Tyr, 565, 1357. 
 
 ovKOvv av eK<f)vyoi> ye ttjv TreTrpayfJbevrjv. 
 
 Prom. 526. 
 
 aXV ovp iyo) ^(f>v\a^a tovto y dpKeaai. 
 
 Aj. 535. 
 
 In some of these, and many similar passages, the 
 force of ye seems to have escaped the notice of editors. 
 The use of yovv is more obvious. 
 
 ctXV el TO, 6vrjToov fir] Karaio-^vvead^ ert 
 yiveOXa, rrjv yovv iravra ^oa/covaav <f)\6ya 
 alhelad' avaKTO<i rfkiov. Oed. R. 1424. 
 
 el KoX Tupavvel^if e^icrcoTeov to yovv 
 
 L(T dvTiXe^ai. Ibid. 408. 
 
 no. fjLTJTep, dXXd fiot av ^(^atpe. 
 
 10. ')(apTd yovv irda^w, reKvov. 
 
 Phoen. 618. 
 The particles 8' ovv are very often used 
 
 (a) to express defiance, mostly with the pronoun of 
 the second and third person. 
 
 6 3' ovv TTOieLTCO' TfdvTU TTpOaSofCTJTd fJLOL 
 
 ' Then let him do it ! There is nothing that I may 
 not expect to happen to me.' 
 
 Aesch. Prom. 956. 
 
 ol b' ovv ^ocovTcov dWa rdf; (Tirovhd<^ <pepeL<; ; 
 
 Ar. Ach. 186. 
 
56 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 ol S' ovv BpcovTcov Ti ^ovkovTai. Lysist. 491. 
 
 S' ovv Irco, Kcl '^prj fie iravrekw^; Oavelv. 
 
 Oed. Tyr. 669. 
 
 01 S' ovv ye\d>vT(Dv Kairc^aipovTcov Ka/col<;. 
 
 Aj. 961. 
 
 y S' ovv eaaOoi Kal iropevedOoi areyaf;. 
 
 Track 329. 
 
 (TV S' OVV \ey\ et col to3 \6yq) ti,<; ySovrj. 
 
 Soph. JSL 891. 
 
 aif B* ovv, iTrecSr] Tepyln<; ^Se aroc to Spav, 
 
 %P« Xet/9t. Aj. 114. 
 
 cru 8' ovv UKOve rovpyov. Track. 1157. 
 
 av 3' ovj/ hi(OK6 Kal irovov irXeov rldov. 
 
 Hum. 217. 
 
 (b) With et or ^i; a barely possible contingency is 
 expressed, ' but if he should do so-and-so, then,' &c. 
 This idiom also, though in fact common, seems but 
 little understood. 
 
 el B^ ovv avdyKTj rrjaS^ eTnppeTTOL tu;^?;?, 
 apx^i'i'O'n'XovTCOv Bea-irordv ttoWtj X'^P^^- 
 
 Aesch. Ag. 1009. 
 
 el S' ovv TL KaKTpeiroiTo rov irpoaOev \6yov, 
 'or, if he should deviate at all from his former 
 statement,' &c. Oed. Tyr. 851. 
 
 el 8* ovVf <I>l\€2 ycLp tovto firj ravTrj peireiv. 
 
 Antig. 722, 
 
 where fir) ao<l>o^ cfyvaei Ti<i earl is to be supplied. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 57 
 
 el Toi Bofce? (TOL, ^PW /^^^ ^^ ^' dfiaprdveiv' 
 
 el S' OVV, ITiOoV /JLOL, 
 
 ' but if you did go wrong/ &c. Hippol. 507. 
 
 el 3' OVV, epoo yap koI to aov, icelvov OeXwv 
 i7r(0(j)e\r)crai ravT eBpa, k.t.X. Soph. ^l. 577. 
 
 ^v S' OVV KarafJLva-r) kcLv a'^vr)V, 
 'but if he should close his eyes for ever so 
 little/ &c. Ar. Vesp, 92. 
 
 (c) Like ceteruni, ' be that as it may/ S' ovv expresses 
 a result arrived at where the possible causes or motives 
 are left undecided. 
 
 yevoLTO 3' OVV fio\6vTO<; ev^Cxrj %e/3flt 
 dvaKTO<; olk(OV TrjSe ^aardcrac %6/o^ 
 ' however, I will say no more now, than that I hope 
 soon to shake hands with my lord.' Agam. 34. 
 
 erXa S' ovv Ovrrjp yeveo-dat Ovyarpof;, 
 'however, be that as it may (viz. respecting a 
 mental infatuation), dare he did to slay his own 
 daughter.' Ihid. 217. 
 
 ^ekoLTO S' ovv rdirl tovtolotlv ev irpd^if;. 
 
 Ihid. 246. 
 
 ovfc oLO ejJbOi ovv tj t ayav <jiyr) papv 
 hoKel TTpoa-elvai '^rj jjbdrrjv ttoWt) ^orj. 
 
 Antig. 1251. 
 
 o S' ovv epcordr, alriav KaQ^ r]VTiva 
 alKt^eral fjie, tovto St) o-a<j)7jvc(o, From. 234. 
 
 viz. 'however, painful or not painful (v. 205), I 
 will explain to you the cause.' 
 
68 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Both ovKovv and ovkovv occur, where the accented 
 syllable alone has its force. In all cases however ovk 
 ovv should be taken separately, and the meaning deter- 
 mined by the addition or absence of the interrogation. 
 
 With &(T7rep the particle means ' as in fact.' 
 
 TO firj TToXiv /JL6V, MCTTTep OVV €^et, TraOelv, 
 'to prevent the city from suffering as it lias 
 suffered.' A gam. 1142. 
 
 Kal fiyv €TL ^(ov, TevKps, TovBe aoL fieXetv 
 €<f>L€6' dvrjp Kelvo<;, oiairep ovv fjueXec, Aj. 990. 
 
 ^ aly drl/Jbtof;, wa-irep ovv aTrcoXero 
 
 iraTTjpj — arei'^co ; Cho. 88. 
 
 With alternatives expressed by elVe — etre, or excluded 
 by 0VT6 and fMiJTe, we find ovv added to one or both 
 clauses according as a special emphasis is conveyed. 
 
 etr o^v aXrjdel^, etr oveLpdrayv BUijv — 
 
 ' whether they are irideed true, or whether &c.' 
 
 Agam. 474. 
 
 eXr ovv 6av6vTO<i etre Kal ^(ovto<; iripv 
 
 \iy(o. Ibid, 816. 
 
 etV ovv KOfiL^eiv ho^a viKrjaeL ^iX(0Vj 
 etr ovv fM6TOCKov 69 TO irdv del ^ivov 
 OdiTTeiV, i(f)6T/Jid<i TdaBe iropOjievaov irdXiv. 
 
 Cho. 670. 
 
 XiyovT€<; ecT dXrjdh cIt dp* ovv fiaTrjv. 
 
 Philoct. 345. 
 
 ctT odv iir dyp<av etre xdvOdS^ elcnBoov. 
 
 Oed, R. 1049. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 59 
 
 ovT iv Oealai 7rpo<; deSyv 6pcofiiva<;y 
 ovT ovv pporeioL^ ipucj^epeU p^opipcofiaacv. 
 
 Eum. 390. 
 firjT dpoTov avTol^i yr]<; avoivac nva 
 IxrjT ovv fyvvaiKOiV 7ralBa<;. 
 
 Oed. K 270. 
 Sometimes with a simple copula, as 
 
 irdvTa 'yap rd r ovv Trdpo^ 
 rd T elai'TreiTa a-fj Kv/Sepvco/jiac %e/ot. Aj. 34. 
 
 In all such passages ovv strongly insists on the par- 
 ticular fact or person about which the statement is 
 made. Thus 
 
 y S' ovv yvvT) KdreicTLV el<;"kLhov B6/jLov<;, 
 ' No ! go she must.' (Or perhaps, ' that may be as 
 you say; but anyhow she must go.'). Alcest. 73. 
 
 dW' r] TTOT rjada 6rjp ; reravpcoaat <ydp ovv, 
 ' for indeed you have the form of a bull.' 
 
 Eur. Bacch. 922. 
 
 elirep yvvr) av' aov yap ovv TrpoKrjBofiat, 
 ' for of you I certainly do take forethought.' 
 
 Antig. 741. 
 ev jap ovv \i'yec<;, 
 * for that you speak well there can be no doubt.' 
 
 Ibid. 1255. 
 
 TOt) S' ovv Kopa TQ)S' ovK diraWd^ei jLuopov, 
 'but these girls he assuredly shall not save from 
 their fate.' Ibid. 769. 
 
 eo-To) S' ovv 07ra)9 v/jllv <j)l\ov, 
 
 ' however, be it as you wish.' Oed. Col. 1205. 
 
60 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 o-^ft) S' ovv apcofiac fir) iror avrrjcyac Ka/CMV. 
 
 Ibid. 1444. 
 See also Ihid. 980, 985 ; Ant. 771, 925. 
 In Heracl. 202, koI yap ovv means ' for, of course.' 
 
 With a wish or prayer ovv adds particular point to 
 the negative. 
 
 yLw} TL TTOT OVV yevol/jLttv V'iro')(eipio<; 
 
 Kpdreo-iv dpcrevcov. Aesch. Suppl. 1147. 
 
 firj yap ovv ^(jyqv en. Orest. 1147. 
 
 fi7] TL TTOT €t9 (ovv ?) ifiav iToXiv IkoiQ^ o iral^. 
 
 Ion 719. 
 
 Added to relatives and relative particles, ovv gives 
 the sense of indefiniteness, as b<ni(Jovv^ otlovv, oircoa-ovv. 
 Plato, Symp. p. 210, B, to KdWo<; to iirl otcjovv o-co^iaTu 
 Tft) eVl eTepa (ToofiaTc dBe\(j)6v ia-Tt, ' the beauty in any 
 (one) body is akin to that in any other.' 
 
 Trep, 
 
 This particle, except in the epic, is seldom used 
 alone. Eur. Ale. 2, ^eo? Trep mv, * though a god,' and 
 Aesch. Theh. 1041, ywr] irep ovcra, ' though a woman,' 
 and Agam. 1547, Tahe fiev o-TepyeLV BixjTrXrjTa irep ovt 
 are among the few examples from tragedy. Similarly 
 Cho. 495, 
 
 ovTco yap ov TidvrjKa^;, ovBe irep Oavcov. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 61 
 
 More common is Kalirep with a participle, sometimes 
 separated, as 
 
 ^Siv fcal 6e6^ nrep ifiipa) TreTrXrjy/jLevo^ ; i.e. 
 Kalirep Oeo^i wv. Ag. 1174. 
 
 KOTfO) (T LKvovfiai Kal ryvvrj Trep ova o/jL(o<i. 
 
 Eur. Orest. 680. 
 
 Very rarely Kaiirep is used with a finite verb, as in 
 Pind. Nem. iv. 35, ep^nra, Kalirep €%e^, and Plat. Symp., 
 p. 219, C, Kalirep eKelvo <ye (pfMrjv to elvac, where KatToc 
 should doubtless be restored. 
 
 eXirep, siquidem, is nearer to our ' since ' than to ' if,' 
 though it may sometimes be rendered 'if, as is the 
 case,' e.g. — 
 
 €L7rep etpyao-Tac rdSe, 
 
 ' if, as we assume, he has done this.' Aj. 22. 
 
 It is followed by ye in assent, as 
 
 etirep y dir dp'xfj^ 7rpdy/jiaT0<; kolvwvo^ riv. 
 
 Aesch. Suppl. 338. 
 
 etirep y ^OpeaTov aoj/xa (Saard^o) ToBe. 
 
 Soph. M. 1216. 
 
 More often a word intervenes, as 
 
 Kav Tot9 efJLoh dp\ etirep ev ye loiai rol^;. 
 
 Aesch. Cho. 215. 
 
 val, leKvov, etirep earl y e^ocKijaifio^;. 
 
 Oed. Col. 27. 
 etirep tl y ecrrl tt)? d\7j6ela<; cOevo^. 
 
 Oed. R. 369. 
 
62 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 TTO)?, ecTrep o(f)6a\fiot<; ye to?? avTOL<^ opa', 
 
 ' Aj. 84. 
 
 HA. rj }^fi yap dvrjp ; OP. etVep e/jLyjrvxo^ y iy(o. 
 
 El. 1221. 
 
 elirep TL<i el8<af; y ev to3' i^etTrev reXo?. 
 
 Affam. 907, 
 
 (where the 76 seems incompatible with the MSS. reading 
 e^elTTov.) 
 
 €L7r6p KpaT7}0eL^ y avTLVLKTjaat, OeXei^. Cho. 490. 
 
 etirep <T(f)aKel^ ye Bevpo a-oydrjo-ei ttoXlv. 
 
 Phoen. 725. 
 
 With relatives, oairep, wairep, oaovwep, &c., the 
 particle adds the notion of exact identity, ' the very one 
 who,* &c., and thus it stands in contrast with the 
 indefinite oo-rt?. 
 
 01. TL<; ovTO<; ; 
 
 AN. ovrrep koI irdXai KaTei')(oyiev 
 
 yva>tiri. Ocd. Col. 1252. 
 
 Yet a few passages occur wliere o<nrep av seems 
 identical, as 
 
 'X^covTrep (or ;;^w(r7rep) av Olyrj, 
 <f>d€Lp6L rd mcivra KVcoSaX. Track. 715. 
 
 ecoaTrep dv fw, ' so long as I may be alive.' 
 
 Oed. Col. 1361. 
 
 Vlsito, Sophist, p. 219, B, rrdv oirep dv firj irporepov 
 Ti<i 6v varepov eh ova-lav dyrj — ttouIv (jyafiiv. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 
 
 <l>i\ov<; vofjLL^ova ovairep av itog-l^ aeOev 
 
 Eur. Med. 1153. 
 
 Where perhaps the sense is not ovanva^ av vofil^y, 
 but ovairep vofii^oi av, ' the very same whom he would 
 regard as his friends.' 
 
 The correction of Dobree in Soph. El. 691, aOx' airep 
 vofil^erat for irevrdeOX' a vofil^eraL, though generally 
 adopted, seems inadmissible, and the passage is more 
 probably an interpolation. 
 
 TTOV and ttcos enclitic, and ircos and o7rco9» 
 
 The two latter, ' somehow,' ' somewhere,' or ' per- 
 chance,' as et 7r&)9, rj irov, and tto) with a negative only 
 (in the earlier Attic), nondum, as distinct from ovKeri,, 
 iam non, 'no longer,' are simple in their uses, and 
 require no special illustration. But 7rw9 and otto)?, 
 besides their uses in asking a direct or (as in Nub. 690) 
 a repeated question and in expressing indirectly means 
 how and purpose, with the future, subjunctive, or 
 optative, have several other idiomatic meanings. 
 
 As TTol or iTov <yrj<; often occurs, so we find ttoJ? 
 ev^evela^ e^et?, ' how are they disposed towards you ? ' 
 
 a)9 av irapovcTT)^ ovo-iac; 6Ka(TT0<; rj, 
 
 ' according as each one has ready means.' ' 
 
 Eur. Eel 313, and 1253. 
 
64 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 Similarly otto)? ttoBc^p, oiro)^ rd^ov^, ' with all speed/ 
 AescKSuppl 816, Plat. Gorg. p. 507, D, where there is 
 an ellipse of ex^t, or some tense of it. 
 
 A wish is often expressed by irm av with the 
 optative, ' how could I do it ? * meaning virtually ' I 
 should be glad if I could do it/ 
 
 7ra)<f av Spoaepd<: diro Kp7}VLBo<; 
 KaOapwv vBaTcov TroofM dpvaatfjiijv; 
 ' that from a dewy spring I could take a draught 
 of clear water ! ' Hippol. 208. 
 
 w ZeO, 770)9 av rov ai/jLvXcoTarop 
 oXeaaa^ Odvoifii; Aj. 387. 
 
 7rft)9 av fJLoXoL Brjd' rjpuv iv Ta^^i Trapcov ; 
 
 Oed, E. 765. 
 
 A peculiar idiom is the use of 07r&)9 with an optative 
 alone, where we should expect av. 
 
 OVK eaO^ OTTOx; Xi^atfiL rd '^evhi) KaXd, 
 €9 Tov iroXifv <f)iXoi,aL KapirovaOai xpovov. 
 
 Agam, 603. 
 
 ecTT ovv OTTO) 9 'AX/ci^o'Tt? ft? y^pa<; fioXoL ; 
 
 Alcest. 52. 
 Similarly with oo-ta9, 
 
 OVK ea-TLV oaTL<; ttX^v ifMov /ceipaoTO viv. 
 
 CAo. 164. 
 OVK eartv ortp fiel^ova fiolpav 
 veifJLacfjb rj aoi. Prom, 299. 
 
 Kai Tt9 TTOT 'ecTTtF ov J ijo) ylri^atfjLL n ; 
 
 Oed. Col. 1172. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 65 
 
 where the sense is ovTL<i ecrnv ov, or ovfc eariv 
 ovTiva, &c. 
 
 We find ovx oircoi} in the sense of ' so far from,' as 
 
 Soph. m. 796. 
 
 TCJvBe Be ov'x 07r(0<; KcoXvTal i^Opcov ovrcov jevrjaeade, 
 aWa Koi — Bvva/jLLV TrpocrXa^elv Trepio-yjreaOe. — Thuc. i. 
 35. 
 
 With the ellipse of crKoirei we not unfrequently find 
 OTTOJ? with a future in the sense of cura ut, or cave ne. 
 
 oTTCt)? fX7] a-avTov olKTuel^ TTOTe. Aesch. Prom. 68. 
 
 Ylev6exj<i S' otto)? fxr] irevdof; elaoLaet 86jiioc<;. 
 
 Eur. Bacch. 367. 
 
 oTTft)? irapeaeo fJLOi koL av Koi ra TracBla. 
 
 Ar. Av. 131. 
 
 A usage more difficult to explain, but depending 
 probably on the attraction and assimilation of moods 
 and tenses, is the occurrence of ottq)? and other particles 
 of purpose, o)^ or ha, in the sense * in which case it 
 would have been,' or ' that so it might have been.' 
 
 TL BrjT ifjLol ^rjv K6pBo<;, aXX" ovk eV ra^et 
 eppc-yjr^ ifiavrr^v TrjaS* diro (TTV(f>Xov 7r6Tpa<;, 
 OTTco<; ireBo) CTKrjyjraaa tcov Travrcov irovcov 
 a TTTjWdyrjv ; 
 
 ' why do I not throw myself at once from this rocky 
 crag, that so I may be rid of all my troubles ? ' 
 
 Aesch. From. 766. 
 
 F 
 
66 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 €iO* el^e ^(ovrjv 6V(j>pov\ dyyiXov BIktjv, 
 07rft)«; SL(f)povTL<; ovaa firj *KLVvaa-6fi7jv, 
 * for then I should not have been agitated by two 
 thoughts.' Cho. 187. 
 
 iSovXofiTjv fjuev erepov av tcjv ^OdSayv 
 Xiyeiv rd ySeXrtcr^', iV i/caOrjfnjv rjcrvxp^. 
 
 Eccles. 151. 
 
 See also Soph. El 1131-4, Oed. Tyr. 1389, 1392, 
 Eur. Hippol. 647. The original meaning seems to have 
 been ' in which way (or ' where,' ha) so-and-so took 
 place ; ' and we may compare such expressions as KaX 
 Brj BiSey/jbat in the sense of *fac me accepisseJ Perhaps 
 the ellipse of exoov or ycyv6fjb6vo<: may be admitted ; 
 ' being how,' i.e. in which circumstances, ' I was so- 
 and-so.' It is not however certain that any logical 
 explanation of the fir) in this idiom can be offered. 
 
 TTOV interrogative. 
 
 The ironical question, ' Where shall I find sy-and-so ? ' 
 with the implied answer 'Nowhere!' gave rise to a 
 peculiar use of ttoO interrogatively, which is formulated 
 by Elmsley on Heracl 371 (369), ' irov non sine indig- 
 natione negat.' He refers to Porson on Orest. 792 
 
 (802), 
 
 TTOV yap cov Sel^co ^tXo9, 
 €t (T€ fjLT) 'v heivalcLV ovra avii(\>opal^ eirapKeao) ; 
 * I shall not show myself to be a friend, if I fail 
 to assist you in trouble.' 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 67 
 
 TTOV ')(pr) TideaOai, ravra, ttov S' alvelv, orav 
 TO. OeV eiraLVMv tov<; ^eou? evpoo KaKov<; ; 
 
 Philoct. 451. 
 
 eVet, (^ep' etVe, ttov (tv fidvTL'^ el cra^TJ? ; 
 
 * you never showed yourself a true prophet.' 
 
 Oed. B. 390. 
 
 TTOV (TV (TTparrjyels: TOvSe, ttov Se Kal Xecov 
 e^ecrr avdo-aeci/ ; 
 
 ' you are not his commander, nor have you 
 authority over his hosts.' Aj. 1100. 
 
 Kara irov '(TTLv rj BUrj ; 
 
 ' then there is no such a thing as justice.' 
 
 Fhoen. 548. 
 TToO rdB' iv '^prjarol'; irpeirei ; 
 'such conduct is not thought becoming by the 
 good.' Heracl. 510. 
 
 TTOV he fJLOL TiaTTjp av'j 
 
 * you are not my father.' Ion 528. 
 
 irov fydp ecTL hiKaiov iv olKeTov arcojuaTt 
 Kol yjrv^^fj Evo a)(l>\r}KevaL rdXavra ; 
 
 Dem. p. 978. 
 
 Oeov Xiyeis irpovoiaV dWa ttov roSe; 
 
 * but that cannot be,' viz. the means devised for 
 
 preservation. Orest. 1179. 
 
 TOU 
 
 This is old form of tS, ' hereby,' ' truly/ ' in fact.' 
 
 In epic, it is very often represented by re, which better 
 
 suits the hexameter verse. 
 
 F 2 
 
08 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 (Tvv re Bv^ ipxofJLevQ), Kal re irpo o rod ivorjaev 
 OTTTTO)? /ce/?8o9 e^* jjbovvo^ 8' etirep re vorjarj, 
 aXkd re ol ^pdao-cov re v6o<; XeTrrrj Be re /jltjtl^;. 
 
 II. X. 224. 
 
 It is peculiarly used in enunciating maxims or 
 sententious remarks. 
 
 7Lev<; TOi Ko\a<TTr]<i rcbv vTrepKOfiircov dyav 
 (ftpovrj/xdrcov eirearLv evdvvo^ ^apv<^, 
 * know that Zeus severely punishes excessive pride.' 
 
 Aesch. Pers. 823. 
 
 This particle combines very frequently with KaL and 
 /zev in strongly expressed objections, * but yet,' ' but 
 indeed,' Kairov always standing first, fievTou second in 
 a sentence. Rarely we find Kalroi ye, as in Eur. Tro. 
 1015. 
 
 But fievroL, both in prose and poetry, is also used 
 nearly as a synonym of tol, and in this case perhaps it 
 should be separately printed fj,ev roi. 
 
 yevoLTO fiiv rav irav deov re^vay/jbevov, 
 ' why, truly, anything may happen wheu a god 
 contrives it.' Aj, 86. 
 
 Kul T&vBe fJbivTot fjLTjKeT eXTTtV?;? otto)? 
 rev^ec ttot'. Soph. M. 963. 
 
 With dv and dpa there is frequently a crasis with 
 Toty often corrupted in MSS. 
 
 '^(op'qaoiiai rap' olirep iaTdXrjv oBov. 
 
 Soph. EL 404. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 69 
 
 ov Tav e\6vr6<; avOi,<; dvOaXolev av. Agam. 330. 
 r] Tav 7rav(t)\€c<; irayKciKCOf; r oXoiaro. Theb. 547. 
 
 It is often combined with eVet, and we find also eirei 
 TO I KaL 
 
 eirei 
 KoX ^vfjL<f)opd TOi fit) elBivac ai y rjTL<; el. 
 
 Track. 321. 
 
 TreTTOcd', eirel tolv ov fiuKpav e^cov iyco. El. 323. 
 
 ov SrJT, eirel tol ttjv fiey avTi')^ rj/jLepav, k.t.\. 
 
 Oed. Col. 433. 
 
 ov BrJT, eVet Tav fieydXa y n Tpoia aTevoi. 
 
 Cycl 198. 
 (Tol K ovhev e%<w (f)l\Tpov, iirei tol 
 fjLey avaX(oaa<; ^/^f%^9 ficpcov 
 Tpoiav elXov. Androm. 540. 
 
 ifjLol ixeXrjaet TavT , eVet 
 TOL Kal yjrocjieL \d\ov Ti Kal 
 iTvpoppaye^. Ar. Ach. 933. 
 
 ov BrJT, eirel tol Kal yiXcoTo^; d^ia. Heracl. 507. 
 
 TOLovTo^i olo<i av TpoTTTjv 'EtvpvaBeco'^ 
 
 delrjv eireC tol Kal Kaico<^ fieveLv Sopv. Ibid. 743. 
 
 fxaXLaT , iireL tol Kal cro^?}9 BelTaL (ppevo^;. 
 
 Med. 677. 
 
 When the special attention is desired of the party 
 addressed, tol or Br] is added. 
 
 (76 TOL, ere TOL fiovov BeBopKa Trrjfiovdv eirapKecrovT , 
 . ' you, yes you,' &c. Aj. 360. 
 
70 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 (76 roij TOP CK Trj<; al')(jxcCk(OTCho<; Xiyco. 
 
 Ihid. 1228. 
 ere Toi, ae KpLva). El. 1445. 
 
 (Toi TOL Xeyovara Traverat aacf)?] Xoyov. 
 
 A gam. 1014. 
 
 AA. ly(o ; AH. aif fievToi, Eguit. 168. 
 
 (TV Toi lie izeWu^;. Rhes. 663. 
 
 fjuelvov, 0) ae roi Xeyco. Iph. Aiil. 855. 
 
 ae Bri, ae Tr}v vevovaav e? irehov Kapa. 
 
 Antig. 441. 
 ai) hri Kar OiKOV<; co9 exihv v^eLjievrj 
 XrjOovad fjb i^iirivef;, ovB' ifidvOavov 
 rpicjxov Bv dra KaTravaardaeif; Opovwv, 
 ' so you^ like a viper crouching in the house, have 
 been quaffing my blood secretly (not assailing me 
 openly, like your sister). I little thought that 
 I was maintaining two banes and two rebels 
 against my throne.' Rid. 531. 
 
 The combinations Toiydp, rocyapovv, and rolvvv, 
 ' then,' are remarkable for the occurrence of toc first in 
 the sentence, equivalent to tw, 'wherefore.' In the 
 weaker sense it is always enclitic. 
 
 In alternatives, tol combines with rj in the first 
 term, as 
 
 7]Toc K€avT€<; rj refJbovTe^ eC<f}p6v(o<i. Agam, 822. 
 
 We find TOi 8ij in Soph. FhU. 245, ye toi Bij Oed, R 
 1171, and 7^ toi very frequently. 
 
 * The common reading crv ^ ^, &c., is inferior in emphasis. 
 
AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 71 
 
 lBp(o<; yi loi viv irav Karaa-Td^ei Se/Lta?. 
 
 Phil 823. 
 
 aSX ev ye roc roB' laOi. Track. 1107. 
 
 <l>opd<; ye tol ^96vricn<; ov yevrjaeTat. Ihid. 1212. 
 
 dXX! ev ye tol kcltlo-Ql. Ant. 1064. 
 
 ala-'^ov ye fievTOi, vav^ eir ^pyeiwv fioXelv. 
 
 Bhes. 589. 
 
 fxaXkov ye fievTOt to2<; ifiol<; ireiOov X6yoc<;. 
 
 mi. 994. 
 
 6p(o ye TOL TovaB' dpva<! ef dvTpoov e/jucov. 
 
 Cycl 224. 
 
 ^adv<; ye tol H^LpKolo^ dva')(wpelv iropo^. 
 
 Fhoen. 730. 
 
 CDS'* 
 
 This particle, which has the same relation to otto)? as 
 ocro9 to oirocro^, olo? to oirolo^, has several well-defined 
 uses. 
 
 (a) As a particle of purpose, ' in order that/ it takes 
 the subjunctive with or without dv, the optative always 
 without dv. 
 
 CO? dv irapfj /jlol jxdpTV^ ev Blkj} Trore. 
 
 Aesch. Cho. 974. 
 
 Bevp* eXO\ 07ra)9 dv koX ao(f>(OT€po<i yevrj. 
 
 Alcest 779. 
 
72 THE GREEK PARTICLES 
 
 aX)C ft)9 BoXoLo-L TralBa ^acrtXeQ)9 ktclvcd. 
 
 Med. 783. 
 
 eV avTO<f>a)p(p irpea^vv co? e'^ovd^ eXoL, 
 viz. TO (ftdpfiaKov. Ion 1214. 
 
 (J) In exclamations, 
 
 0)9 0-' a7r' iXTTiScov 
 oifx^ (ovirep e^67refi7rov elo-eSe^dfir^v. 
 
 Soph. m. 1128. 
 
 (c) In comparison, ' as/ quemadmodum. 
 PloTov evalcDva, YlepcraL<; a)9 ^609, Birj<ya^e^. 
 
 Pers. 707. 
 In this sense 07rG)9 is used by the poets, 
 
 yyTTj^ 07ra)9 dpovpav e/CTOirov \aj3a)V. 
 
 Track. 32. 
 
 Note, that in comparison, m takes the accent when 
 it comes after the object compared. 
 
 eSv S* €9 dvTpov da^iScjpo*; W9. 
 
 Aesch. frag. Phorcid. 
 
 (d) After verbs of saying, indicating, &c. , where the 
 Romans use the infinitive. 
 
 Xeyovac B\ et)9 o-v fiev fiiyav T€kvoi<; 
 ttXovtop eKTyaro) ^vv al'^rj. Pcrs. 750. 
 
 Dicunt te magnas apes liberis hello comparasse. 
 
 (e) Accented, «9 is used for out 0)9, but somewhat 
 rarely, and chiefly in the formula ahX 0)9 yeieadw, 
 ' then be it so,' Troad. 726. 
 
U '^cr 
 
 AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. \VX?^^(V ' 
 
 66 Travra o co? Trpaaaoi/jb av, evuapcrr]^; ^7*< '^Jl^-^ V^ 
 
 Agam. y6^£4. "^ 
 
 (/) CO? often signifies 'when' in the sense of eVe/, 
 and very often * since.' 
 
 aXhJ evrpeTTi^e ^da<yav rj Pp6')(ov Bipr), 
 
 ft)? Bel Xnrelv ae ^67709. Orest. 953. 
 
 ft)? Se avTol<; 7rpb<s rot? 'iro\e[iioi<i rjcrav, — hvo fiev 
 evBix; y]vTOfjb6\7]aav. Thuc. iii. 77. 
 
 In this sense of * when ' ottg)? also is used in Antig. 
 253, 407, Track 917. 
 
 (^) Both ft)? az^ and otto)? av with the subjunctive 
 mean 'according as.' 
 
 &)? az/ iroLrjarjf;, TravTa^rj '^rja-To^i y ecrec. 
 
 Aj. 1369. 
 
 OTTft)? av, olfiai, Kol 7rapacrT(0(rtv TV^ai. 
 
 Med. 331. 
 
 And so probably we should read in Ocd. R. 329, ra//.' 
 ft)? az/ efc7r?7?, ' however you may speak of my conduct ' 
 (for &)? av etTTfi)). 
 
 (A) With superlatives, «? and otto)? are used as the 
 Eomans use q%bam maxime, &c. 
 
 fjbaivec yap w? dXytaTa. Bacch. 326. 
 
 yevoiro 8' w? apLGra. Again. 657. 
 
 -^/CetV OTTO)? Td')(^LO-T ipdoTfJLLOV TToXec. 
 
 Agam. 588. 
 
74 THE GREEK PARTICLES. 
 
 (^) With genitive absolute, w? wS' exovTOdv rojvSe, 
 quae guum ita se haheant, &c. 
 
 (k) With future participles, ©9 wav Spdacov or 
 BpdcrovTo<i,^ like the Latin future in -rus. 
 
 Generally, this expresses either real intention, or at 
 least some avowed plea. 
 
 \i7rQ)v Se PovaraOfjb 'I Sato? Hapt? 
 ^TrdpTTjv d<l)LK66' t»9 ifiov a'^rjacov Xe^o'i. 
 
 mi. 29. 
 
 (/) With present or other participles, w? wj/, eb? iroWd 
 dBi,K7]cra<;, &c. 
 
 aif 5' <it)9 Tt %/0?7fwv T9;i/3€ i^auo-roXet? yOova ; 
 
 ife^. 682. 
 
 1 Without ©y, the future participle represents the Latin supine 
 with verbs of motion, as e^jjft ^eaad/xfi/o?, exibat spectatum, rrefmo) 
 ere ayytkovvraf &c. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 aWh saltern 1, 2 
 
 ov y&p d\\& 3, 52 
 
 ovK — dAA.' fj 51 
 
 in expostulation 2 
 
 oAXct yap, oA\' ou ydp 2, 51 
 
 d\\' 9j 29 
 
 dWa ix'(]v 40 
 
 oAA' ouSe yi-i\v 40 
 
 dAA' oh yap 51 
 
 oAA' olv — ye 54-5 
 
 dAA' oZu 54-5 
 
 iz/ with relative and subjunctive 3 
 
 inseparable from relative word 3, 4 
 
 with optative expressing condition and result 4 
 
 no Latin nor English equivalent . 4 
 
 expresses differently would, should, and shall, will .... 5 
 
 with past indicative, would have 5 
 
 does not in itself govern subjunctive 5 
 
 position after emphatic word, and early in a sentence ... 6 
 
 repeated 6 
 
 separated from relative word by jueV, 5€, yap 6 
 
 expresses frequent occurrence in past time 7 
 
 with infinitive or participle 7, 8 
 
 with optative and relative in indirect past narrative .... 9 
 with el hardly in use 9 
 
76 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 &v rarely used with future 9 
 
 •with pluperfect 10 
 
 with ojy and 'd-nm 10 
 
 naturally adheres to '6iTm 11 
 
 with optative expressing command 11 
 
 with optative expressing wish 64 
 
 "consopitum" 34 
 
 atpo, root of 11 
 
 primary meaning 11 
 
 a/)o, d.p' ov 12 
 
 5po fii] 12 
 
 after d, ^v, ws 12 
 
 with imperfect, ^v &pa, &c 13 
 
 ffjLfWov dpa 13 
 
 2po in strong affirmation 14 
 
 6.pa with ^v fjLT} 14 
 
 76 used in irony 14 
 
 assent 15 
 
 emphasis 15 
 
 'at least' 15, 18 
 
 with gj and Sa-rts, quippe qui 15 
 
 with jxff lighter than jutv yap lt> 
 
 following fi-fi in expostulation 16 
 
 follows 5e 17 
 
 follows €t and inei 18 
 
 ye {xijv tamen 36 
 
 never a mere supplement 18 
 
 7f fifv 5^ 37 
 
 ye fxiproi 37 
 
 yovv 55 
 
 76 Tot, 76 TOi 5^ 70 
 
 8( in apodosis 85 
 
 in questions 35 
 
 5»f strong form of 5e 18 
 
 U,H • 18 
 
 Hie 19 
 
 S^TTOU 27 
 
INDEX. 77 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5t) tSts, SrjTTOTe 19 
 
 with relatives, Ss Stj, &c 19 
 
 Avith superlatives 20 
 
 with 7roA\o 20 
 
 with imperatives, Sye S-fj, &c 21 
 
 with finite verbs . 21 
 
 after kuI, in assumption 21 
 
 after Kai, in other senses 22 
 
 with ws, in irony 23-4 
 
 with special emphasis on person 69 
 
 57j0ej/, Srjde 27-7 
 
 SrJTa, with a word repeated 25 
 
 with Kal preceding 25 
 
 with ov in indignant denial 25-6 
 
 5' ovv 55, 57 
 
 fl Kai, Koi 61 81 
 
 elov 48 
 
 €t 5' ovv 56 
 
 etTrep, siquidem 61 
 
 cfjrep — ye 61 
 
 et was 63 
 
 eVet TOi Kai 69 
 
 ^ Stj 27 
 
 ^ irov, Stjttou 27, 63 
 
 ■^ StJto 28 
 
 ^ iroWci, ^ Kapra 28-9 
 
 ^ -ycfp 29-30 
 
 ^ truly 30 
 
 ^fx-/,v 38, 39 
 
 ^v 5' ovv 56-7 
 
 'iva &v ' 10 
 
 tva, *in which case,' &c 65, 6 
 
 Ka\ Uv, kUv 34 
 
 Ka\ T6, T6 — Kai 30 
 
 Kol yip 32 
 
78 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kot yap odf 60 
 
 Kald4 32 
 
 KoiH 21-3 
 
 Kol TTcDy, Ka\ ris, &C 33 
 
 Kol dr\ deSeyfxai 66 
 
 Koiei 31-2 
 
 Kol S17 /cat 24 
 
 KoL vvv 34 
 
 Kol fi-ffu — 76 36 
 
 KoX ^l'nv 39, 40 
 
 KotVep not used with finite verb 61 
 
 Kalroi ye 68 
 
 ix4v not always followed by Se 35 
 
 IJL€v olv in assent 52 
 
 * nay rather ' . . . 52 
 
 fxdvTOl 68 
 
 firju, 'b:^t' 35 
 
 wtth ye, ov ixTJv — ye 36-7 
 
 fii^, how different from ov 41 
 
 with indefinite relatives 41 
 
 with relatives of purpose, &c 47 
 
 with &<rr€ 41 
 
 H^ov 43 
 
 fiTi with participle = el fiij 45 
 
 fii] ov with SeSoiKa implied 46 
 
 jtirjSev for rb firjdev 47 
 
 /LiT^ in direct questions 47 
 
 indirect questions 48 
 
 with indie, after Sc'Soiko 48 
 
 fi-Zi with participle representing infinitive 49 
 
 implying condition 49 
 
 /iTJ with participle and preceding imperative 49 
 
 ^rf, anomalous uses of 49, 50 
 
 with deliberate subjunctive 60 
 
 /biri in strong asseveration with fut. indie 50 
 
 /Li?) yap oZv 60 
 
 /«) Tt ttot' 60 
 
 H&v, fjiil olu = num 48 
 
INDEX. 79 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Uttods TTodujv, rdxovs, &c 64 
 
 (Jirwy without &v takes optative 64 
 
 /ii7, cave ne 65 
 
 with ellipse of a-Kotrei 65 
 
 'in which case,' &c 65 
 
 'when' 73 
 
 oaircp 62 
 
 Satrep av 62 
 
 d S' o5j/ 56 
 
 ou, why objective negative 41 
 
 ov^ 24 
 
 oh \4yii ovSev, &c .41 
 
 ov SoK&, oij (prifii, &c , 42 
 
 ovK €^€(TTi and e|e(rT{ /trj 42 
 
 ov yap &Wa 52 
 
 with infinitive 42 
 
 OVK ixPV") &c 43 
 
 ov fi-q, explanation of idiom . 43 
 
 with fut. indie, or aor. subj 43 
 
 with future interrogatively 44 
 
 ov /col fJLi] . 45 
 
 ov jX-fjV 76 36 
 
 ov follows fjLt] in second clause after ov or a negative implied . . 45 
 
 ovSev &Wo ^ 51 
 
 ovSeu {ovk) aAA.' ^ 51 
 
 OVKOVy, OVK ovv 58 
 
 ovv, primary meaning 52 
 
 preceded by ^eV 53-4 
 
 preceded or followed by 7^ 54 
 
 following etre 58 
 
 following oir^ or ix^re 58-9 
 
 insists on person or fact 59 
 
 ov irov 28 
 
 oij ri ixriv 40 
 
 ovx oirws with future 65 
 
 irep with participles 60 
 
 forms e^Trep, Kaiirep 61 
 
 irov interrogative 66 
 
80 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 vpwrov fiev — eiretTO 35 
 
 VMS 63 
 
 TTcDs dv expressing wish 64 
 
 TTCOy Koi, Koi TTCOS 33 
 
 Subjunctive always future 3 
 
 <rlr 5' oSv 56 
 
 re with, ws, oTos &c 31 
 
 WSrf 24 
 
 tS /irf = &(rT€ /xrj 47 
 
 Tot, primary meaning of ; .... 67 
 
 = epic T6 67 
 
 in sententious remarks 68 
 
 with Kai and /teV 68 
 
 in crasis, r&pa and rUv 68 
 
 with iirei and koI 69 
 
 in calling special attention 69 
 
 Tolyap, roiyapovv, rolvvv 70 
 
 with ^ in alternatives 70 
 
 Tot 5rf 70 
 
 &)s, various uses of 71 
 
 &s, sic 72 
 
 &<rir€p oZp 58 
 
 wo-Te vnila. indicative 42 
 
 iss Uv Tis evfievelas ixV 63 
 
 us, ' in which case ' &c 65 
 
 ft)s Uv * according as ' 73 
 
 THE END. 
 
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