- LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class THE Manuol of Business BKINQ A COLLECTION OF CORRECT BUSINESS FORMS FOR EXECUTING ALL COM- MERCIAL INSTRUMENTS, COMMERCIAL DATA AND ADVICE ON THE THOUSAND AND ONE QUESTIONS OF CORRECT METHODS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY ARIS- ING IN EVERY DAY BUSI- NESS LIFE. Compiled from Various Sources BY SIDNEY P. JOHNSTON 1902: DANIEL STERN, PUBLISHER 69 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO. NERAL Entered According to Act of Congress in the year 1902, by DANIEL STERN In the Office of the Librarian of Con^rcs:-. at Washington, D. C. PREFACE There are a number of books on the market whose title is very similar to this one, but whose contents are devoted rather to store management than to busi- .renerally. They deal with the arrangement of good> on shelves, personal neatness and other phases of commercial life thai would appear to us to afford but (oiiiinonplace information to the average business man. In the present volume I believe a work has been com- piled that will prove a ready reference work in regard to the many forms of business usage and correspondence whose employment identifies the man posted in com- mercial methods and commands an attention and recog- nition that the incorrectly worded commercial instru- ment is rarely accorded. This work will also prove invaluable to the young business man, acquainting him with the forms in vogue in commercial life and increasing his commercial worth as he masters its points. THE COMPILER. Chicago, Sept. 10, 1902. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Page PENMANSHIP AND COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE 7 CHAPTER II. BOOKKEEPING DEBTS AND C BANKING COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS NOTES CHAPTER III OLLECTIONS 37 CHAPTER IV . . . 45 CHAPTER V. PAPERS . . . 50 CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. 80 . . . 126 PATENTS . MEASTTREMEN' CHAPTER VIII. . . . 143 CHAPTER IX. rs . 149 CHAPTER X. PUBLIC ROADS 166 CHAPTER XI. POSTAL REGULATIONS ..... ... 169 CHAPTER XII. DISCOUNT AND INTEREST 184 CHAPTER XIII PROPERTY, REAL AND PERSONAL 196 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. TRANSPORTATION 199 CHAPTER XV. RIGHTS OF PARENTS 203 CHAPTER XVI. PARLIAMENTARY RULES AND FORMS OF RESOLUTIONS 205 CHAPTER XVII. DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS TERMS 209 CHAPTER XVIII. BUSINESS ABBREVIATIONS 228 CHAPTER XIX. BUSINESS MAXIMS . 231 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE MANUAL OF BUSINESS CHAPTER I. Penmanship and Commercial Corres- pondence. While stenography is making steady encroachments on penmanship, the latter is still a valuable business accomplishment, and the art of business correspondence is a .s-///r troke of the pen should be drawn toward the center of the body. Do not sacrifice legibility to rapidity. Be accurate first and rapid afterward. Practice, careful practice, is necessary in order to 8 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. become a good penman. Compare your work frequently with the copy, and note all defects. As a single' element of success good penmanship stands almost without a rival. HOW TO USE CAPITALS. Officiary and honorary titles begin with a capital. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. All appellations of the Deity should begin with capitals. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals. Any word of Special importance may begin with a cap- ital. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always cap- italized. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. The days of the week and the months of the year bo- gin with capitals. In preparing accounts each item should begin with a capital. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are printed in capitals. Proper names and the adjectives derived from them should be capitalized. PUNCTUATION. Correct punctuation is very necessary in good com- position. Business Men often consider it of small im, portance, whereas it is important in good letter writing- and especially in the proper construction of commercial and legal documents. MARKS USED IN PUNCTUATION. The Comma (,) denotes the shortest pause. The Semicolon (;) a pause double that of the comma. The Colon (:) a pause double that of the semicolon. The Exclamation Point (!) follows an exclamation or any expression indicating emotion. The Period (.) follows every complete affirmative or negative sentence, abbreviations, headings, etc. The Interrogation Point (?) denotes that a question is asked. The Dash ( ) denotes a sudden pause or change of subject. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 9 The Ellipsis (....) denotes that some letters are omitted. The Quotation Marks (" '') are used to show that a word sentence has been copied from another author. The Parenthesis [ ( ) J is used to indicate an explan- atory sentence. The Apostrophe (') denotes the possessive case, and the omission of letters. The Brackets ( [ ] ) are used to include words that serve to explain the preceding sentence. The Hyphen (-) is used to connect compound words. The Indices or hand (S^ ) points out a paragraph which is to be particularly observed. The Paragraph (^f) denotes the beginning of a new subject. The Marks of Reference (*ftll) are used to call atten- tion of notes of explanation at the bottom of the page. The. Caret (A) is used to show that something has been omitted through mistake. RULES FOR WRITING A POS1AL. A card should be dated either on the upper right hand corner, or on the lower left hand corner. Always sign your name in full. Never write an invitation on a postal. Society pie- scribes polite forms for this purpose. Never write .a demand or a request for money on a postal card. It is disrespectful to the person receiving it. If you wish an answer give your full postoffice address, unless it is well known by the person to whom you are writing. Do not trust important matters to a postal card, for it is open to inspection, and the law does not provide for its return to the writer if it fails to reach its destina- tion. RULES FOR SPELLING. Verbs of one syllable, ending with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and verbs of two or more syllables, ending in the same manner, and having the accent on the last syllable, double the final consonant whenever another syllable is added, as, get, getting; omit, omitted. The plural of nouns ending in y, when y, is preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into i and add- 10 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. ing es ; as, lily, lilies. When y final is preceded by a vowel the plural is formed by adding s; as, valley, valleys. Nouns ending in o preceded by another vowel form their plurals regularly by adding s to the singular; as, cameo, cameos. Words formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double consonant retain both con- sonants; as, befall, rebuff. The exceptions are, with al, an nul, dis til, in stil, ful fil, un til. The word full, used as an affix, always drops one 1; and its compounds, thus formed, make their plurals regularly by adding s to the singular, as, handful, hand- fuls; spoonful, spoonfuls. BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE. Business letters in this/Teat trading and money making century are necessarily of great importance. A well worded and neatly written letter is a very desirable recommendation of a business house. Although the pen is used less than formerly, the ability to dictate readily and correctly is of more importance than ever before. The following rules may be of service to many: RULES FOR WRITING BTS1XKSS LETTERS. Business letters should be promptly answered. Never write an anonymous lot tor. Never write a letter on foolscap paper. Do not abbreviate; use eonstrations sparingly. Guard carefully the repitition of the same words. In letters of business use as few words as possible. Avoid all flourishes in writing business letters or papers Do not use postcripts when it is possible to avoid the same. Do not use the character "&" except in the title of firms. Never use both titles Mr. and Esq. in the same address. Never discuss or refer to social matters in a business letter. Neve' write a letter with a lead pencil, always use black ink. Always enclose a stamp for reply when writing for information. In ordering goods state carefully the amount, kind, quality, etc. Read your letter carefully when written, to see that MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 11 you have made no omissions or mistakes. Examine carefully your envelope when addressed to see that it is rightly directed. Avoid erasures or blots, rather rewrite the whole letter than to have it thus marred. State your subject so clearly that it will not be necessary to guess your meaning. Copy important business letters and properly file them. The possession of a letter sometimes prevents litigation and serious misunderstanding. In reply, acknowledge first the receipt of the letter, mentioning its date. Give town, county, state and date; it is frequently of irreat importance. When you request payment, do so in the most courteous manner. There is more loss than gain in rude and insult- ing language. In sending money, always state the amount and the means by which you send 'it. Send Money by Draft, P. O. Money Order, or Express, taking a receipt for the same. In writing business letters, or in preparing letters, or papers for the press, write on one side only. Never neglect to properly punctuate a letter and be exact in punctuating the address on the envelope. All letter of importance should be marked in this man- ner: i-Yoni R. B. Echols, received Sept. 15, answered Sept. 10. Letters of introduction and recommendation should not be sealed, as the bearer should know its contents. Letters of application should be carefully written in the applicant's own handwritting, modest but self-respectful. Before beginning a letter arrange the subject matter in your mind, so as to enable you to write or dictate in a proper and logical order. Business Men will find it a very convenient and useful practice to have a printed heading for business corres- pondence, giving the name of the writer, his business, the location From which he writes, and a space for date. En- velopes stamped w r ith one's business and address are also desirable. FORM OF A LETTER. A correctly written letter will embrace the foiling parts, viz.: The (late, address, complimentary address, body of the letter, complimentary closing and signature. 12 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. POSITION OF PARTS OF A LETTER The Date or Heading, which embraces the place of writing as well as the day of the month and year, is writ- ten near the upper right hand corner of the sheet. The Address, which consists of the name and residence of the person to whom it is written, should be placed on the line beneath, one inch from the left side of the sheet or to the left at the close. The Complimentary Address, such as Dear Sir or Dear Madam, should be written on the line below, a little to the right of the address.. The Body of the Letter is commenced nearly under the last letter of the complimentary address. The Complimentary Closing, as, I remain Yours sin- cerely, Yours truly, etc., is begun on the next line beneath the body of the letter, in the center of the page. The Center of the Subscription, which is simply the signature, may be under the last letter of the compli- mentary closing. PROPER MODES OF ADDRE>- The style of address are varied to meet the occasion. To a person with whom a writer is not very well acquainted he should say, " Sir" or " Madam," concluding with " Your obedient servant," or "Yours respectfully;" to those with whom he is tolerably well acquainted* " Dear Sir" or "Dear Madam," with "Yours faithfully;" and to those with whom he is on familiar terms, "My dear Sir" or "My Dear Madam" with "Yours truly" or "Yours sin- cerely." To a young unmarried lady the salutation is omitted, the address being used as an introduction. "Dear Miss" or "My Dear Miss' is the proper way to address young ladies with whom you mav be but slightly acquainted. MODEL HEADINGS. FORM 1. Chicago, 111., Sept. 10, 1902. Mr. John S. Train, 505 State St., St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sir: Your letter of the 20th MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 13 FORM 2. St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 25, 1902. Mrs. Jane Wilton, Springfield, Ohio. Dear Madam: I thought you would FORM 3. 4127 Ellis Ave., Chicago, 111. Sept. 11, 1902. Messrs. Hanson Bros., Broad way. New York. Gentlemen: Please send by return mail FORM 4. Wells & Nellegar Co., Lake and State Sts., Chicago. Gentlemen : FORM 5. To the Editor of The American Artisan, Chicago. Dear Sir: FORM 6 Rev. D. S. Thayor, Kokomo, Ind. My Dear Sir: FORM 7. Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. Sept. 15th, 1902 My Dear Friend: I have just received MODELS FOR CLOSING Yours truly, I remain, dear sir, A. B. Rice. Your obedient servant, E. M. Van Buren. 14 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Yours very truly, I remain, R. R. Moffatt. Your sincere friend, R. R. Richards. Yours sincerely, Fraternally yours, Mrs. D. Trevelyan. E. K." Brown. MODELS FOR ADDRESSING ENVELOPES. Stamp Louis Legner & Co., 328 Wabash Av<>., Chicago, 111. Stamp E. A. Douglas, Valparaiso, Ind. Stamp Hon. T. B. Barrett, Box 450, Oehvein, la. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 15 Stamp Hibbard Spencer, Bartlett & Co., Chicago, 111. Stamp To the President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Stamp Miss Mary Jones, Kalamazoo, Care of E. D. Eaton. Mich. 16 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. NOTICE OF COPARTNERSHIP. New York, Sept. 20, 1902. Mr... We beg to inform you tnat we have this day formed a copartnership under the firm name of Brown & Berry, for the purpose of carrying on the manufacturing and jobbing of hardware specialties, at 80 Chambers St., New York. Our long and varied experience in this business enables us to assure our friends and the trade generally that they will consult their best interests by favoring us with their patronage. Respectfully, A. B. Brown, E. E. Berry. DISSOLUTION OF COPARTNERSHIP. Springfield, Mass., Sept. 23, 19,)2. Mr... You are hereby respectfully advised that the copart- nership hitherto existing under the firm name of Williams, Jennings & Smith is this day dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Chas. Smith will sign in liquidation and is empowered to receive and pay all debts of the late copartnership. Very respectfully, John Williams, Thos. L. Jennings, Chas. Smith. ORDERING A BILL OF GOODS. New Ulm, Minn., Sept. 4, 1902. Messrs. S. S. Dugan Co., Aurora, 111. Dear Sirs: Please ship me at your earliest con- venience, by United States Express, 20 doz. pairs Gentleman's Woolen Hose, 30c $72.00 20 " pairs Ladies' Cotton Hose, 20c 48.00 10 " pairs E>pys' Woolen " 20c 24^00 $144.00 Enclosed find draft on New Ulm National Bank, Yours truly, Babcock & Thayer. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 17 FROM A YOUNG MAN COMMENCING BUSINESS TO WHOLESALE HOUSE WITH ORDER. Putnam, Conn., Sept. 1, 1902. Messrs. Hurdle, Snell & Hurdle, Chicago, 111. Dear Sirs; Having recently commenced business for myself, with fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to open an account with your house, and trust that it will he to our mutual advantage. Should you think favorably of the matter you will fill the accompanying order with the least possible delay, and on your best terms. For testimonials, I refer you 'to J. B. Bardon & Co., of this city, by whom I have been until recently employed; but as this is my first trans- action with your house, upon forwarding me an invoice of goods, and deducting your usual discount for cash, will remit a sight draft on the. Second National Bank of your city for the amount by return mail. Expecting prompt attention, I am, Yours respectfully, Cyrus E. Blenkarn.' KKCJUKST Foil CATALOGUE AND TERMS. Freeport, 111., Sept. 2, 1902. Jackson, (Irani Co., New York, N. Y. Cent lemon: Please favor me with your catalogue and quote your best prices and terms on your goods generally. If your line of goods and prices prove saitsfactory, I shall be pleased to give you an order. Respectfully, Henry Conklin. L UTTER CONTAINING REMITTANCE. Rockford, 111., Sept, 26, 1902. Messrs. Andrews & Wilson, St. Paul, Minn. Gentlemen : Enclosed you will please find my check for Twenty-five Dollars ($25.00), in payment of your bill of the 5th inst. Please acknowledge receipt of the same and oblige. F. J. Hopkins. 18 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. LETTER CONTAINING CHECK. St. Paul, Minn., Sept, 28, 1902. Mr. F. J. Hopkins, Rockford, 111. Dear Sir: Your favor of the 26th inst., containing check for Twenty-five Dollars is received. Accept our thanks for your prompt remittance Respectfully yours, Andrews & Wilson. SENDING RECEIPT. Chicago, 111., Oct. 1, 1902. Mr. J. N. Needham, Sterling, 111. Dear Sir: Your favor of Sept, 27, 1902, is at hand. Enclosed please find receipt. Thanking you for your promptness in remitting the same, I am, Yours truly, B. K. Larkins. SENDING DRAFT. Indianapolis, Ind., Sept. 5, 1902. Messrs. A. K. Ltiter Co., 234 Clare St., Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find draft on the State National Bank, No. 1346, for $32.20, in payment of bill for dry goods, dated Aug. 26, 1902. Please acknowledge receipt, and oblige, Yours respectfullv, A. T. Hendricks. ENCLOSING NOTES FOR DISCOUNT. Newark, N. J., Sept. 11, 1902. R. A. Hawkins, Esq. Cashier. Dear Sir: We offer for discount enclosed, F. R. John- son's note, Aug. 26, at sixty days, for $280.75. By discounting the same you will greatly oblige, Yours respectfully, F. M. Alexander & Co. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 19 ENCLOSING NOTES FOR COLLECTION. Omaha, Neb., Sept. 15, 1902. Cashier Second National Bank, Lincoln, Neb. Dear Sir: Enclosed find for collection: Note A. B. Jones, due Aug. 9 $500.25 E. S. May, due Aug. 10 50.25 $550.50 If collected, please remit draft for proceeds. Very respectfully, A. D. Lacy. LETTER COMPLAINING OF ERROR IN BILL. New York, N. Y., July 5, 1902. Smith Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Gentlemen: Upon examining bill accompanying your last lot of goods, I find that I am charged with eight dozen pairs of spring hinges, which I never ordered or received. I enclose the bill and copy of the invoice of the goods, that the error may I corrected. Yours truly, L. A. Wakeman. SHIPMENT ON COMMISSION. Ann Arbor, Mich., July 24, 1902. Messrs. Ardath & Fruehling, Chicago, 111. Gentlemen: Your favor of the 5th inst. at hand. I have today shipped to your consignment two hundred and twenty crates of peaches and three hundred dozen of eggs. Please take them in charge and sell to the best advant- age, holding proceeds subject to my order. Respectfully, H. R. Jenkins. LETTER OF COMPLAINT FOR IMPERFECT GOODS. Cleveland, O., Oct. 5, 1902. Messrs. West & Co., Boston, Mass. Dear Sir: For the first time in my long business con- 20 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. nection with your house I am obliged to complain of the goods which you last forwarded me. They were so imperfectly packed that some of the articles were greatly injured, while the quantity was much inferior to the last lot received at the same price. I should prefer to return the goods, and will do so. unless you wish to deduct 20 per cent., at which price I will keep them to save expense of transportation. I remain, Yours truly, J. M. Miller. A TENANT'S COMPLAINT. Cameron, Mo., July 21, 1902. Mr. D. R. Leland, St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sir: I called your attention some time ago to the condition of the drains of this house, but no notice has been taken of my letter. Unless you send someone at once to attend to this matter, I shall apply to t In- Sanitary Inspector, and whatever he considers necessary I shall have none, and charged to you. Respectfully, H. S. Vail. * NOTICE OF AN AGENT'S VISIT PRINTED HEADING. Sept, 7, 1902. Messrs. Rice & Conover, Seattle, Wash. Gentlemen: Our agent, Mr. Wilson, is traveling in your direction and expects to reach your city about the 25th of the present month. We should be pleased if you would defer placing your orders for goods until you examine his samples. With the expectation of increased orders from you We remain yours, etc., J. K. Listen & Co. NOTICE OF HAVING FORWARDED GOODS. St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 9, 1902. Messrs. King & Co., St. Louis, Mo. Dgar Sirs: According to our agreement I have shipped you this day, per steamer Garden City: MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 21 250 bbls. Pears Marked K. & Co. 180 baskets of Plums " " 25 bbls. Sweet Potatoes " Trusting that these will prove as satisfactory as those heretofore sent, and bring as good a price. Respectfully yours, John Jackson. OFFER TO SELL ON COMMISSION. Harlem, Ind., July 8, 1902. Messrs. Mueller & Co., Chicago, 111. Gentlemen: The orders which I have sent you from this place have probably made you aware that I have been doing a good business in your line for some time. I now sco an opportunity for a large increase of sales, and as my capital is not large, would be glad to sell for you on commission. The business relations already existing between us will, I presume, be sufficient guarantee of my dealing fairly with you, but if necessary I can give you full se- curity against loss. If my proposition meets with your approval, please let me know your most favorable terms at once. Respectfully, John Lockland. LETTERS REQUESTING PAYMENT. The correct method of requesting payment is of vital importance in business correspondence. A suavely weirded, polite letter of this kind is a valuable recom- mendation respecting the character of a business house. If a repetition of a request becomes necessary let the same gentlemanly tone be preserved, but make the re- quesl in less and more earnest words, even in a final demand of payment, which if not complied with will ivsuh in steps that are undesirable. FORM 1. Chicago, 111., July 23, 1902. . Pope & Franklin, New Haven, Conn. Gentlemen: Inclosed you will find a statement of your account for the past month, which we think you will find correct. 22 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Please examine the same at your earliest convenience and oblige us by sending your check for the amount. Respectfully, Bartlett, Lisk & Co. FORM 2. Chicago, 111., Aug. 23, 1902. Messrs. Pope & Franklin, New Haven, Conn. Gentlemen: We are under the necessity of remind ing you that your account is now several weeks past due, and as we have especial need of all available fund- tl is month, we trust you will make us a remittance without further delay. If we do not hear from you by the first we will draw on you at sight. Respectfully, Bartlett, Lisk & Co. FORM 3. Chicago, 111., Sept. 11, 1902. Messrs. Pope & Franklin, New Haven, Conn. Gentlemen: Not having honored our sight draft, we shall, unless we hear from you without further delay, find it necessary to place your account in the hands of an attorney for collection. Respectfully, * Bartlett, Lisk Co. REQUESTING PAYMENT OF RENT. Joliet, 111., July 30, 1902. Mr. Henry Bolan, Elgin, 111. Dear Sir: I have waited patiently for your conven- ience in the payment of rent for the house you now occupy. As, however, you have now been my tenant for throe months without meeting any of the payments, which were to be made monthly, I feel obliged to remind you that there is now $70 due me. I trust that you will give the matter your immediate attention. Yours truly, R. L. Brownell. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 23 REQUESTING PAYMENT. Detroit, Mich., Sept. 8, 1902. John Ruhling, Esq. Dear Sir: Inclosed you will find your account. You will greatly oblige me by settling at an early date, as I have several heavy payments to meet. Trusting that you will excuse my troubling you, I am, Yours respectfully, Wm. Jacks. LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMEND- ATION. Letters of this kind are often of great value to business men. A man should be careful not to sacrifice his honor nor endanger his good reputation by giving a letter of introduction to a person concerning whose true character he is uncertain in any degree. One should not introduce to a friend any person whose acquaintance such a friend would not desire to make. Be careful what is said in all such letters. Should a I otter have the form- of a recommendation for credit, then the sender may be held legally responsible for the same. A person recommending another should be well ac- quainted with the qualifications and character of the same. The letter should be carefully worded, plain and brief. Whoever gives a letter of recommendation is, to a certain extent, responsible for the character and ability of the person he recommends. It should there- fore not have the form nor tone of a letter of credit. To refuse a letter of recommendation is unpleasant, but a duty. To aid in placing an unworthy person in the serv- ice of another is an act of dishonesty toward the new employer and the public at large. INTRODUCING A FIRM. Kansas City, Mo., June 4, 1902. ('arson, Pirie, Scott & Co., Chicago, 111. Gentlemen: The new firm of Wilkins & Everett, which this note is to introduce to your favor, have re- cently opened a general store in this city. Having been acquainted with the gentlemen of this firm for several years, we take pleasure in saying that we believe them 24 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. to be men of strict integrity and of excellent financial ability. Respectfully, Billings & Matthews. INTRODUCING ONE GENTLEMAN TO ANOTHKR. Chicago, 111., July 10, 1902. Mr. Frank Baker, Chicago, III. Friend Frank : The bearer of this, Mr. L. S. Charles, is a stove dealer in our town, who visits your city for the purpose of mak- ing purchases for his fall trade. Any favor you can ren- der him by introducing him to your leading whole-ale houses will be appreciated by Mr. Charles, and acknowl- edged by Your friend, E. T. Kundell. RECOMMENDING A SALESMAN. New York, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1902. Chas. Green, Esq., Brooklyn, N. Y. Dear Sir: We beg to recommend to your notice the bearer, John King, for the past two years a sale-man in our house. Mr. King, for personal reason.-, is desirous of locating in Brooklyn, and to our regret has .! to leave us. If you have a vacancy in your stor cannot do better than to employ him. While in our employ his affability and uniform courtesy to customers. coupled with his truthful representations in regard to goods, made him a universal favorite. The firm securing his services may be congratulated on their good fortune. Very truly, Herman & Parker RECOMMENDING A BOOKKEEPER. Cincinnati, O., Aug. 8, 1902. The bearer of this, Mr. William Linke, having been in my employ for the past three years as bookkeeper, it gives me great pleasure to testify to his ability. He is a good penman and a thorough accountant. His per- sonal character and practical knowledge of business are MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 25 such that he would prove a valuable acquisition to any "establishment. He leaves my employ voluntarily, with my best wishes. Thomas R. Browne. FORM OF GENERAL RECOMMENDATION. Chicago, Aug. 3, 1902. To whom it may concern: I take great pleasure in certifying to the worth and character of the bearer, Mr. Samuel Barrett, of this city. Mr. Barrett is a young man of good family, steady habits, and honest and conscientious in the peformance of every duty. He sustains an excellent reputation among his associates and neighbors, and is highly respected by all. He i-i possessed of a good education and I feel sure that in whatever employment he may engage he will be found a valuable and reliable assistant. John L. Moran. APPLICATIONS FOR SITUATIONS. Every issue of the daily press contains many adver- ti^cments for employees in various industries. As hun- dreds of persons are also seeking employment, and will apply for the same position in writing, and as the situa- tion, other things being equal, will be given to that indi- vidual who writes the best letter, it is of great importance to be able to write a letter elegantly and correctly. The following forms may be of help to some such ap- plicants: BOOKKEEPER'S APPLICATION. 1'nmkfort, 111., July 25, 1902. Messrs. F. L. M. & Co., Chicago, 111. Gentlemen- In reply to your advertisement in to-day's issue of the "Herald" for a bookkeeper, I respectfully offer myself as applicant for the position. I have gradu- ated af Bryant end you a certificate of character from my late teacher. I am very willing to accept small wages if there is a good opportunity to acquire business knowledge and a chance of gradual ad- va^cement. Very respectfully, Chas. Howard. CANVASSER'S APPLICATION. Rockford, 111., Aug. ft, 1902. Blackton Book Co., Chicago. Gentlemen: In response to your advertisement in this morning's "Record-Herald" for canvassers on your new work, I would respectfully tender my services." I have had nearly three years' experience in work of this kind, MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 27 having been employed by the Wisner Publishing Co., from whom I enclose you a copy of testimonial. Hoping to hear from you in reply, Yours respectfully, G. L. Thompson. APPLICATION FOR SCHOOL. Walkerton, Ind., July 8, 1902. H. Somerfield, Esq., Sec. School Board, Indianapolis, Ind. Dear Sir: Having been informed that a vacancy exists in your school I beg leave to offer myself as a candidate for the position. I inclose testimonials and my certificate of examination from the State Board of Education. Should you see fit to engage me, I assure you that I will endeavor to discharge the duties of the position to the best of my ability and I hope to your entire satisfaction. Yours respectfully, S. T. Braithwaite. LETTERS OF APOLOGY. Letters of this kind should be written as promptly as possible. Always state the reasons why the obligation, was not met. Such failures may become unavoidable but neglect to promptly render an apology is inexcusable and greatly injures a man's credit. APOLOGY FOR DELAY IN PAYMENT. Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1902. Joseph Bright, City. Dear Sir: I must beg your pardon for not calling on you yesterday, as per agreement, to pay you that little bill then due. I expected to receive some money for work done, but I have not as yet received the same. I hope, therefore, that you will do me the kindness to wait a few days longer, by which time I hope to be able to pay you in full. Yours truly, A. E. Ettlinger. 28 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. APOLOGY FOR BREAKING A BUSINESS ENGAGEMENT. Cleveland. Ohio, July 23, 1902. Mr. J. H. Jones, Detroit. Dear Sir: I very much regret being compelled in apologize for not attending the meeting of the Royal League last evening as I agreed to do. You will pardon my absence when I tell you that Mrs. Martin was so ill that I could not leave her. Hoping that the arrangements we anticipated were perfected, I remain, Yours sinrerelv, C'has. K. Martin. REQUESTING A LOAN. Sterling, 111., Aug. 1, 1902. George Brown, South Bend, Ind. Dear Friend: Circumstances over which I have no control have so shaped 1hem>elve< that 1 am unable to meet certain payments coining due the second of next month. Can you favor me with a loan of Kighty-five Dollars ($85.00) on my note at seventy days? By that time I shall be able to return the same, without fail. Yours very truly, George Grant. LETTER OF roNGKATl'LATN >N. I)e> M. .me<, la., July 24, 1902. Dear Friend John: I have just received a little missive which informs me of two happy hearts made one. With all my heart I wish you a long, happy and prosperous married life. May you share with each other many joys and few sorrows. God bless you and yours, and surround you ever with his choicest blessings. Your sincere friend, John White. LETTER OF SYMPATHY. Atlanta, Ga., July 6, 1902. My Dear Friend : I have just heard with sincere regret of your illness and write to express my sympathy for you in your afflic- MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 29 tion. I am aware that mere words are powerless to soothe pain; however I could not refrain from expressing my regrets. Hoping that you will speedily recover, I remain, Your sincere friend, Walter Green. CHAPTER II. Bookkeeping. Everybody who can write at all writes letters, but take the country through and only a small per cent, a very small per cent, of those who can write, and are in some sort of business, too, keep any sort of account-book, and, of those who do, not many do it in a systematic and thorough way. It is not necessary, ordinarily, to under- stand all the intricacies of double entry and scientific book-keeping, and it is no part of the present purpose to teach professional bookkeeping only such accounting as everybody, whatever his mode of life or employment, ought to practice. There are a great many kinds of blank books to be had, and almost as cheaply as plain paper. It would be well to supply oneself with such book or books of account as would be most convenient, remembering that the great object of bookkeeping is to be able to determine what one is really doing in business, what money he receives and pays out, whom and what he owes and who are owing him, what business he is doing, in detail and in the aggre- gate, at what profit or loss, as the case may be, and that also in detail and in the aggregate. Many a poor man finds he is all the time in debt, in- ,-tead of getting ahead a little all the time, because there is a leak somewhere which he would stop- if he could only put his finger on the spot. Many a business man does a large business at a good profit, apparently, but some day wakes up a bankrupt, because there was a defect in his calculations, which a thorough knowledge of his affairs would have disclosed. Had he known about it in time he \\ould have pulled himself together and been saved from failure. Account books well kept must also be well understood. There is no use in having the notations if they are not to be studied and heeded. 30 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. The simplest form of bookkeeping is the day-book, or book for the entry of all business transactions in the order of their occurrence from day to day. On one side is the credit amount, on the other the debtor, or, receipts and expenditures. That book wants to be posted or footed every day, week or month, according to the cir- cumstances of the case. The merchant must take off his daily acounts on his ledger every day, but a good many men can afford to figure up less frequently. Common sense must govern and determine this matter. In trade a cash-book is usually employed for strictly cash deals, and an index is needed for the convenience of reference. In making debtor entry the word " to " is often prefixed, as in making a credit entry the word "by" is employed to avoid mistakes. Here is an ex- ample from a country merchant's accounts: Chicago, Thursday, Sept, 4, 1902. 1 Began business with assets and liabilities as below stated : John Doe, Cr. By cash on hand . ... 300 1 2 3 4 ' ' Stock of Goods as per inventory " James Bucklin, owes me on an 'T Dr. To amount due John Leslie James Bucklin, Dr. To amount due me as above John Leslie, Cr. By amount due me as above Saturday, Sept. 6th. Jefferson Jones, Dr. To 7 Ibs. Coffee at 19c, To 1 Ib. Tea 700 90 1 33 75 1090 50 90 50 To 7 Ibs.Sugar at 13c 01 2 90 5 Monday, Sept. 8th. Mrs. Josephine Darwin, Dr. To 1 doz. Paris Hose To 5 yds. Linen at 50c 4 2 56 50 To 1 Fancy Fan ? 9 Ofi 6 Tuesday, Sept. 9th. John Fisher, Dr. To 1 set Harness . . . 28 MANUEL OF BUSINESS. 31 6 2 3 10 4 John Fisher By Cash on acc't Saturday, Sept. 13th. James Bucklin By Cash on acc't. Cr. Cr. 2 14 85 16 50 50 15 2 45 99 Monday, Sept. 15th. John Leslie, To paid him cash in full Dr. Tuesday, Sept. 16th. John R. Samson By 103 Ibs. Butter at 15c Jefferson Jones By overcharge in price of Coff 7 Ibs. at 2c Bv Cash in settlement Cr. Cr. ee p20, The above is a day-book entry. Here follows a leaf from the ledger. James Bucklin, Dr. Cr. 1902 Sept. 5 SO To 17 yds. muslin, 10^ To 1 saucepan . . 1 1 79 00 Oct. i < Jan. 1903 Feb. i t 15 15 15 10 19 1 16 16 To 10 feet Rubber Hose, 25 To Pipe and Coupling By Cash on acc't To 1 Cook Stove To 1 Tin Oven To 22 Ibs. Rope, 20 To 84 yds. Duck, 32 By Cash on acc't 2 2 18 1 4 26 50 00 50 50 40 88 3 35 00 00 Mar. 2 2 17 To Linen Remnant To 8 yds. Tow-cloth, 22 .... By Goat " Billy " .... 1 1 00 76 5 00 < t 17 By Cash to balance .... 61 33 18 61 33 33 In bookkeeping it is customary to use capital letters much more freely than in writing a letter, as will be ob- served from the foregoing examples. It fac ilitates the read- ing over of an account by attracting attention to the chief words of the entry. A Ledger account is generally passed in review and closed once a year. All accounts 32 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. should be. The simplest book of business records should be summarized at least once a year. As a guide to that important side of an account book, there is herewith appended Professor Gaskell's directions for closing the Ledger, the application of which to any other and simpler book being obvious as to be safely left to common sense of the individual. (1) The Trial Balance, If the Ledger is correct, the total debits and the total credits will be the same; hence the trial balance as a test. (2) An inventory of all goods, etc., unsold, that should go to the Ledger. This is usually made in a separate book, and is termed, "taking account, of stock." (3) We now open two additional accounts in the L one, Loss and Gain to show all the losses and gains from the different accounts; the other, Balance, to exhibit all the balances, i. e., the resources and the liabilities. (4) The next step is to carry to the credit of their respective accounts the value of such unsold or other property as has not been credited by sales or otherwise - the Inventories. In business there are frequently x-veral accounts in which the balances unsold, on hand (or ac- cumulated, as in the case of interest), and not shown in the account, that are so treated, l-'or instance: It' ti is remaining on hand Merchandise to the value of si?. ">()(), that sum must go to the credit of that account. Th" reason for this is that Merchandise has been debited with all on hand at beginning business, and with all the pur- chases since; it has also been credited with all sales; it lacks only the value of that unsold, which was char. to the account when it was bought, to show the loss or gain. The words By Balance are used because the unsold goods are a resource. In Interest Account, where inteiv-t has accumulated both in favor of ourselves and oth< it is better to carry in both, To Balance, the liability, and By Balance, the resource. Thus we have expressed in these the interest we owe that has not been credited. (5) Begin with all these accounts to which inventory balances have been carried, and close them up first. The difference in the sides, if an}-, will show a gain or a 1- either that the account has produced more than it has cost, or vice versa. The closing entry (in red ink) ex- pressing the difference, is To or By, Loss and (Jain. Thes ' finished, take the other accounts in the Ledger not closed, omitting Stock or Partner's Accounts, closing By or To, MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 33 Balance, if a resource or a liability, and To or By, Loss and Gain, if there is a loss or a gain ; rule, and bring down the totals. The loss and gain red ink entries in the several accounts are now all carried in black ink to the opposite sides of Loss and Gain, and the " balances " to the Balance Account. When this is done the first will exhibit all the gains and of the business under one head, and the latter, all the resources and liabilities. (6) Loss and Gain Account is now closed in red ink, By (or To) Stock, because the investment has been in- creased if there has been a gain, (or diminished by the md carry this to Stock in black. In a partnership each partner is credited or charged with his proportion. (7) All the accounts are now closed except Stock and Balance. Take the difference between the sides of Stock Account, and enter in red ink, To or By, Balance. This goes to Balance in black, and completes the process of closing the Ledger. Red ink is used for all balances that are to be carried to another account. When the entry goes to the other account it is written in black. This rule is purely arbi- trary, but very convenient. It is always good practice for every man to have a private account-book of his own, no matter how many book- keepers there may be in his business. He wants to know where he, himself, individually stands. As in ordinary conversation it is wise to "keep something to yoursel' ye scarcely tell to ony, " so in business have a private ledger. It is unnecessary to give any form, for it would vary according to the business. Only it should be exact and complete, without being cumbered with non-essential details. Often in litigation account-books are introduced in evidence. Many a successful lawyer has owed his getting on in his profession to his facility in going through and i UK lerst anding a set of books. An eminent judge once ex- claimed in his vexation over his own inability to under- stand bookkeeping : " Double entry is an invention of the devil to help rascals rob honest men and not get caught at it by the courts." But the difference between single and double entry is not hard to see. In the former the account opened is with the individual only, but in the latter it is also with cash, expenses, bills receivable, mer- 34 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. chandise, real estate, stocks, bonds, or whatever things latter into the business transacted. In that way the book shows all the time what is the condition of every part of the business, just what is being gained or lost on the classes of things purchased and sold, the amount due on notes and bills, as well as from and to persons, the expenses and everything else it is desirable to know. And all this is as simple and as easily arranged by the bookkeeper as the most imperfect system of single entry. It would be almost impossible to do business intelligently on the present scale were it not for double- entry. These diffeent accounts are explained substan- tially as follows in all text-books on bookkeeping: CASH ACCOUNT. This account should show all the receipts and dislmrsi- ments of cash, and the balance on hand. It is debited with all cash received and credited with all paid out. The difference between the amount that ha< come in and that which has gone out will be the amount of cash on hand or '' balance. " The amount of cash on hand should agree with the difference bet ween the sides of the account. The Cash Hook should be clc<. It saves the time and labor of keeping accounts. This enables the seller to sell cheaper and the buyer to buy for less than on credit. (2) Cautions. Goods sent abroad should be paid for before the purchaser takes possession. The time of credit should be as short as possible and the bills collected when due. When working for others collect your wages weekly or monthly, in accordance with the agreement to pay, unless your employer is quite re- sponsible, thus making your dues safe. In renting lands or houses a duplicate lea-e .-hould be made, one for each party, the rent paid promptly when due, at the house or business place of the landlord, and the payment credited on the back of the 1 In receiving or making payments, a receipt should always be made out; it is a voucher and may save trouble. Hotel and boarding house keepers cannot be too prompt and strict in collecting their dues as their customers are mostly transient, making forced collections sometimes impossible. Never loan money without requiring a note or a due bill. if the amount is small; this is safest even between trusted friends. When the loan is large, have the note secured by a mortgage on real estate; but see to it that the same is not encumbered by previous claims which would render your security worthless. It is sal'e-i to require an ab- stract of title and then have your mortgage recorded immediately. This precaution should also be observed where a chattel mortgage is taken on personal property. If a small amount of money has been loaned without security, and it can apparently not be collected without legal process, it may be best to drop the matter and con- sider the loss as so much paid for a lesson in business prudence. FIRST STEPS IN MAKING COLLECTIONS. These depend very much upon circumstances. The debtor may have met with reverses or a misfortune, rendering him unable to pay at the time specified, and deserves patience; others may be careless and need a sharp reminder; a third party, inclined to be dishonest, MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 39 may need close watching. Thus discretion is necessary as to the form and tone of the letters requesting payment. For letter forms illustrating the first efforts in making collections, note the following: FORM 1. Chicago, 111., Sept. 12, 1902. Brown & Smith, San Francisco, Cal. Gentlemen : Enclosed you will find a statement of your account for the past month which we think you will find correct. Please examine the same at your earliest convenience and oblige us by sending your check for the amount. Respectfully, Powers, Jones & Co. FORM 2. Chicago, 111., Sept. 12, 1902. Brown & Smith, San Francisco, Cal. Gentlemen: We are under the necessity of reminding you that your account is now long past due, and as we have especial need of all our available funds this month we trust you will inke us a remittance without further delay. If we do not hear from you by the first we will draw on you at sight. Respectfully, Powers, Jones & Co. FORM 3. Chicago, 111., Sept. 12, 1902. Brown & Smith, San Francisco, Cal. Gentlemen: Not having honored our sight draft, we shall, unless we hear from you without delay, find it necessary to place your account in the hands of an attorney for col- lection. Respectfully, Powers, Jones & Co. LEGAL STEPS IN COLLECTIONS. No other motive except the question "Will it pay?" should induce the creditor to legally enforce payment. A mere feeling of retaliation or of getting satisfaction has no place in business. 40 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Before resorting to the power of the law it is well to ask the following questions: (1) Have all reasonable and peaceful efforts been made to induce the debtor to make payment? (2) Is the amount sufficient to warrant the expense involved in the legal pro< (3) Has the debtor more property than the law allows him by way of exemption? (4) What does the law exempt? Then all peaceable means have been exhausted and the debt is not paid it then becomes necessary to collect it, if possible, by legal proo If satisfied thai the debt can be collected, then the account should be plaeed in the hands of a Justice of the Peace, unless it is larger than conies within his jurisdiction. This amount varies in different States, as shown by the following table: FORM OK SUMMONS L'. The wording of this summons will be somewhat a- follows : State of | County, f s> The People of the State of to any con- stable of said County, (Greeting: You are hereby commanded to summon S. K. to ap- pear before me at on the day of , at o'clock. ... M.. to answer the complaint of M. S. for a failure to pay him a certain demand not ex- ceeding , and hereof make due return, as the law directs. Given under my hand this day of , 19 William Smith. In case the party is absent or refuses to hear the sum- mons the constable may read it to some member of the family of ten years or 'upward and leave a copy of the same.' A summons is usually served at least three days before the trial is to take place. Tpon the serving of the summons the debtor may pay to the constable the de- mand of the debt and costs, taking his receipt for the same, which will satisfy the debt and prevent all further costs. THE JUDGMENT. If at the time set for trial both parties appear and are ready for the same the Justice proceeds with it and MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 41 determines the matter in controversy. His determina- tion is called the judgment. The judgment can be ren- dered if the defendant does not appear at the trial. THE EXECUTION. The judgment being obtained, the plaintiff may now enforce payment. This process is called execution. It consists in a writ commanding the constable to seize sufficient of the property of the defendant "which is not exempted by law" to satisfy the claim and costs and to sell the same and bring the money into the court to be paid to the plaintiff. The constable then proceeds to do this, and if he succeeds in finding such property, seizes it, sells it at auction, and brings the money into court. ATTACHMENTS. Cases may arise where the legal process by summons, judgment and execution works too slowly, and the dis- honest debtor may get away before payment can be (MI forced. Others who are disposed to defraud, secrete, conceal, assign or remove their property beyond the reach of the law. To prevent such evasion the law pro- vides a short process to get possession of property owned by th"iii: this is called attachment. H()\V AN ATTACHMENT IS OBTAINED. The causes justifying an attachment are various; the creditor must affirm by oath that the debtor intends to defraud him by removing his property and departing beyond the reach of the law. In the affidavit is stated tlil- amount of the debt, that the same is just, is due, unpaid, and giving one or more reasons why the attach- ment should be issued. Usually the attachment is not issued until ^the debt is due, but in some states it is issued before if it can be shown that the debt would probably be lost unless an attachment is secured at once. THH CREDITOR'S BOND. In order to secure the costs and the debtor against all (liiniMgi-s in case the attachment is improperly issued, the creditor securing the same must give a bond, usually double the amount claimed. 42 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. THE WRIT. Makes it the duty of the officer to at onoe seize suffi- cient property of tlie debtor to satisfy the claim (except- ing such as i's exempt from execution) and to hold the same until the plaintiff can got judgment and seize is upon execution. Property of the debtor in the hands of a third party may also be soi/ed. THE HEAL OBJECT OF THE ATTACHMENT. Is to hold sufficient property of the debtor to satisfy the debt until the creditor can get judgment. When the properly has been -ei/cd the summons is served, and if the case is properly proved judgment is obtained in the ordinary way. After this the creditor take- out his execution, makes a levy upon the property attached, and out of the proceed- -ati-fies his debt. Each state has its own attachment laws and since officers of the law mu-t be engaged to obtain the attach- ment there need be no difficulty in the details of the procedure. GARNISHMENT. In the course of collection of debt< it sometime^ hap- pens that while the defendant himself may have no property in his possession upon which an attachment can be made some other person may have in his possession property belonging to the debtor or may be indebted to him. In such cases the plaintiff can proceed against this third party, who is called the garnishee. just at against the original debtor, although in some a certain amount of money is exempt and cannot be jiarnishood. All ACHING THE BODY. If under an attachment the officer returns "no property found," but the plaintiff is convinced that the defendant has property concealed, with the intention of defrauding him, and believes he is in danger of losing his claim, unless the debtor is held to bail, several States empower the Justice to issue a capias for the arrest of the debtor. A capias is issued usually only as a last resort, when it appears that the claim can only be collected by arresting the defendant. PERSONS WHO CANNOT BE ARRESTED. The Constitution of the United States prohibits the arrest of Members of Congress and Electors while on MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 43 duty, except for treason, felony and breach of peace. In many States the militia, while attending musters or while on a journey; so also attorneys and counselors at law, judges, sheriffs, and all other officers of the several Courts, also witnesses and other persons necessarily at- tending Court are exempt from arrest except for felony, etc. REAL ESTATE HELD FOR DEBT. When under an execution no personal property can be found with which to pay the debt and it is known that the debtor possesses real estate enough to meet the claim, then certain States allow the Justice to certify to the Clerk of the Circuit Court a transcript of the judg- ment. This when filed by the Clerk becomes a lien upon the real estate of the debtor. The Court can then issue an execution and the property be sold for payment of the debt and costs. RIGHT TO APPEAL. If all legal steps have been properly taken in a trial before a Justice or jury and the decision is that the debtor must pay the claim, lie can then appeal to the next higher tribunal, which is the Circuit Court, District Court, Court of ( 'onmion I'l'-as or others. Before an appeal is allowed the defendant must give a bond, signed by one or more responsible persons, to a sum twice the amount of the claim, to cover the debt and all costs in case he is beaten. If the defendant loses his case also in this Court then he can carry it to the Supreme Court of the State, where the matter generally ends, though the way remains open for him to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Stales. A bond twice the amount of the debt and the costs accumulated by the successive trials up to this time is required before an appeal from one court to another is granted, as from the first. WHEN AN AMOUNT BEYOND THE JURISDIC- TION OF A JUSTICE is to be collected the case must be brought before the Circuit Court, District Court, Court of Common Pleas, or a Court of similar character. There, the Clerk issues the summons, the sheriff or his deputy serves it and the case is usually tried before a jury of twelve men at the next term of Court. 44 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. DELAY. IN FORCED COLLECTIONS Since the defendant can promptly defend his case and if beaten apply to a higher Court he can thereby delay payment of the original debt for one or more" years. But as each appeal increases the costs they soon become heavy and but few persons are able or willing to bear them. A debtor will generally pay the debt in the earlier part of the prosecution, unless he believes himself wronged, or for other reasons refuses to do so. COST OF COLLECTIONS BY LAW. The first questions that should properly be asked, before resorting to or before .-ubmitting to collections by law, are: What will it cost? Will it pay? The actual cost cannot definitely but only approximately be foretold, and only in so far as the amount of the fees are fixed by law. If the amount and the intricacies of the case are such that it is though best to employ a lawyer a day or two, his charges will probably range from ten to twenty dollars. If the plaintiff gains the case the debtor must pay all the costs. If the justice or jury decides against the plain- tiff, declaring no cause for action, then the plaintiff must pay the cost of the suit. The following fees of an ordinary suit do not vary in the different States: Docketing the suit Issuing summons 25 Constable for serving summons 35 Each mile traveled by constable in serving summons .05 Justice fee for entering up judgment 25 For discharge of docket 25 Fee of justice for hearing statement and giving decision. . .2.00 Total $3.40 Witnesses are allowed 50 cents a dav, say two witnesses s 1 . ( )( ) Justice for issuing subpoena of witnesees at 25 cents .50 Constable for serving each subpa>na at 25 cents 50 Constable for mileage and administering oath to wit- ness about 50 Total. . . .85.90 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 45 If tried by jury, each juryman is allowed 50 cents; 12 jurymen $6 . 00 For entering verdict of jury 15 Constable for waiting on jury 50 Entering satisfaction of judgment 10 Approximate cost of trial without attorney before a justice if settled there 12. 65 If an attorney is employed, say fee 15.00 Total $27.65 If debtor does not settle, fee for execution $0.50 Fee for constable for serving and returning execution . 50 Advertising property for sale 50 Commission on sales, not exceeding ten dollars, 10 per cent.; if more, 5 per cent. ; property sales, say $50, commission 2 . 50 Total cost of legal process ending in execution $31 . 65 Total cost of suit involving, say a debt of $50. If the case is settled without effecting the sale under execution, the cost connected with the execution is one- half of what is stated above. Add to this the time lost, to say nothing about the moral effect, and the question, "Will it pay?" is pretty well answered. CHAPTER IV. Banking and Banking R. \iles. Make your deposits in the bank as early in the day as possible and never without your bank book. Always use the deposit tickets furnished by the bank. When checks are deposited, the banks require them to be indorsed, whether drawn to his order or not. Do not allow your bank book to run too long without balancing. Compare it with the account of the bank. Write your signature with the usual freedom and never vary the style of it. Draw as few checks as possible; when several bills are to be paid draw the money in one check. Every check is paid by the bank at its own risk. If forged the bank must lose the amount. If a raised check is paid by the bank, it can only charge the depositor the amount for which he- drew. Always keep your check book under lock and key. 46 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. In filling your checks do not leave space in which the amount may be rased. Always fill the space \\iih a dash. I'sr words instead of figures. Chicago, July 27, 1902. Xo. 31. Tru The American Trust and Sarinu* Hank, of Chicago. Pat/ to the order of M. E. Jones, "i.oo Six Hundred Dollars. I!'. A'. Chn-ke. I'.ANK DIIAI-T. No. 42. Trad-rs Xutiomil Hank, of X. J . $800.00 Newark.Tf.J., .///// 23, 11102. At siaht jnii( t<> tin order <>} II". /:. Smith Eiyht Hundred Dollar*, an our account. II'. A'. Dunlnn, Ca*ht't is a blank Form from which the customer fills out so as to show the date, the amount and kinds of funds deposited. DEPOSIT TICKET. Deposited in First Xational Hank. Bil If. It. Small. Chicago, July 23, 1!M)12. Currency 700. (X) Checks, C/ias. Bnnm 75.00 ir. E. Strong' 30 00 $805.00 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 47 THE PASS BOOK. If money is deposited in a bank to remain there for an indefinite time, the depositor receives a certificate of deposit, but if he wishes to draw out frequently the banker furnishes him a pass book in which are entered the date and the amount drawn out. From time to time they are balanced, showing the amount of deposit there is in the bank. Dr. Second National Bank in account with J. E. Jones. Cr. July u Aug. March 18 18 19 3 2 1902 To cash $700 500 850 200 .00 00 00 00 Feb. 12 " 18 " 25 March 2 1902 By check Balance $250 300 450 500 850 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 ToBal. $2,250 .00 $2,250 .00 850 00 THE CHECK BOOK. The check book contains the blank orders or checks with a margin on which to write date, amount and to whom the check is given. When filled out the check is taken to the bank, while the memorandum remains in the book. No. I J)til<-Jnne'23, li>02 Furor of E. M . ./one*. I' 1 '!,- Mcrch.(ine drawn to one's own order, and then in- dorsed in favor of the party to whom they are to be sent-. When acceptance or payment is refused, the draft is protested, in which case the drawer and indorser are held liable for payment. A protest is a formal declaration made by a notary public, under his hand and seal, at t he request of the holder for non-aceeptance or non-payment, and the parties liable are formally notified. The person drawn upon is under no obligation to the holder of the draft unless he accepts it. The usual method of writing an acceptance is to write aero-s t hr face of the draft with red ink the word accepted, following with date and signature. In buying a draft at the 1 ank it is always best to have it made payable to yourself, and then indorse it in favor of 1 he party to whom you intend to transfer it. Tlu's gives you a good receipt for your money. A promise to accept a draft will be equivalent to an acceptance, if it has given credit to the bill. Should the person upon whom the draft is drawn die before it was accepted it should be presented for accept- ance to his legal representatives. Drafts on foreign countries are usually drawn in sets of three, each one referring to the other two, in order to prevent loss in transmission. They are sent by different routes, and the payment of one of them cancels the three. MANUAL OF. BUSINESS. 49 FORMS OF DRAFTS. DRAFT TO MY OWN ORDER. $300.00 Madison, Wis., July 21, 1902. Twenty Five days after sight pay to my own order Three Hundred Dollars, and charge to W. E. Jones. To H. R. Powers, Madison, Wis. SIGHT DRAFT. $300.00 Henderson, Mich. At Mill it pay to the order of Henry Hosmer Three Hun- dred Dollars, ~and charge to the account of G. E. Smith. To Henry Brown, Chicago, 111. TIME DRAFT. $60.00 Belvidere, 111., July 2-02. At twelve days sight pay to the order of J. J. Hardin of South Haven Bank Sixty Dollars. C. E. Black. Value received. E. I. Burrows, Rockford, 111. TIME DRAFT, SECOND FORM. $500.00 Newark, N. J. Fifteen days from date pay R. E. Powers, or order, Fh -e Hundred Dollars, value received. James Clark. To A. B. Heller, Newark, N. J. ACCEPTED DRAFT. $25.00 Henderson, Mich., July 24, 1902. July 5, 1902, pay to bearer Twenty Five Dollars, and charge to R. E. White. To S. E. Snow, Calumet, Mich. (Written across the face) Accepted R. E. White. 50 MANUAL OF BUSL\I->s. BILLS OF EXCHANGE. A Bill of Exchange in common language is a draft whose drawer and the person drawn upon live in different countries, and which is therefore drawn in one country and paid in another. The rules governing Drafts and Bills of Exchange are generally the same. Foreign Bills of Exchange are often drawn in triplicate, thai is three alike, except that they are numbered first, second and third. If the first, which is usually kept by the purchaser, to be presented by himself for payment at the foreign bank, is lost, then the second or third, bring sent by mail, may be used. The payment of one <: the other two. The bank selling a Bill of Exchange having money deposited in a foreign bank order-; the bill cashed there. In this way travelers arc saved the trouble and the risk of carrying large amounts of money with them. Merchants engaged in foreign trade also find them very convenient and make all their payments through Bills of Exchange. BANK DISCOUNT. Discount is a certain percentage deducted from a note or debt for the payment of the same before it is due. Bank discount is simple interest on the principle taken in advance, and in most states is reckoned for three days more than the specified time. In discounting a note which is drawing interest the discount must be reckoned on the amount or value of the note when due. The interest for the full time must be added to the deed-;, or present worth. CHAPTER V. ComrrverciaJ Pa.pers. DEMANDING PAYMENT. Time of Demand. When a note or draft becomes due its payment should be made at the proper time. But no demand is necessary to make the maker of a note or the acceptor of a draft responsible. For instance, the owner may have ascertained beforehand that, tin- note or draft would be paid. He may sue them as as the paper is due without demanding payment. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 51 With indorsers the rule is different. To make the in- dorser of a note, or the indorser or drawer of a draft responsible, the paper must be presented and payment demanded of the maker or acceptor on the very day when it becomes due. The maker of a note and the acceptor of a draft are the primary debtors, the others are sureties, and are en- titled to have the demand made of the primary debtors first, even though it is known that they will refuse to pay. Regarding Checks. Demand of payment should be made as soon as possible. The drawer is not discharged by any delay, unless he can show that he was injured by it, as by the bank's failure in the meantime, but the indorser is discharged, unless it is sent to the bank for payment before the end of the next day after the person to whom he indorsed it receives it. Place of Demand. If the name of a bank or any other place is mentioned in the paper demand should be made there* By Whom. The owner or anyone acting for the owner may make demand and send the notice. Banks often do it for those who keep accounts with them. Usually the owner or his agent notifies all the parties on the paper, and this is the most businesslike as well as the most prudent way. This renders all parties responsible to him, and each responsible to each other in their order. Puxxession of Paper. The party making the demand should have possession of the paper, for the debtor can insist on having it delivered to him when paid. Protest. If demand is legally made and payment is re- fused the paper must be protested and the proper parties notified. This is commonly done by an officer called a Notary Public, to whom the owner delivers the paper for that purpose. The Notary then usually draws up a certificate showing that what he has done, and attaches it to the note or draft. On all commercial paper, except foreign bills of exchange, anyone may make the demand and serve.' the notice. On foreign bills it is better to em- ploy a Notary. LAWS REGARDING LOST NOTES OR BILLS. General Law. A note payable to bearer, coming before it is due to one who purchases it believing that the seller has the right to sell it, belongs to him, though stolen from the true owner. 52 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Bond. If the maker should refuse to pay a note or bill which has been lost, he may by law be compelled to pay it, but it would be necessary for the party col- lecting it to give bond, to protect the maker from all futher claims, on account of the lost paper. Proof. It is necessary to prove that the note has been given by a certain party or parties, and up to date not paid. The maker of the note can compel the holder of the same to give evidence that the amount promised therein has not been paid. Informal A'o/V.s. Although informal notes are regarded with suspicion, they may be collected. Any form of a written promise to pay a certain amount is regarded as an evidence of an intention to do so and will stand test of law. ('an/ion. Before letting the maker of a note know that it lias been lost, -run 1 it' possible his acknowledgment of the amount of said note in the presence of disinterested parties, because it may afterwards be difficult to secure suliicient evidence to establish the debt. Toledo, Ohio, Aug. 5, 1902. $26,000. Received of William C. Thome twenty-six thousand dollars in full payment for a certain note given by said Henry E. Gray, dated Apirl 19, 1902, calling for twenty- six thousand dollars; which said note is lost, destroyed, or mislaid, and this receipt is a guarantee against future demands of said note. Sam T. Brookman. N. B. Better never lose a note. TRANSFER OF COMMERCIAL PAPER. Transferring Legally. Commercial paper is usually transferred before it matures, and the innocent holder is protected by law in his pos-es>ion. Kven though he bought it from a party who has stolen, found, or procured it by fraud, it nevertheless belongs to him, provided he did not know that it had been obtained illegally. Usual Method of Transferring. Papers are commonly transferred by the seller placing his name on the back of the note or bill. By this the indorser agrees to the amount if the maker fails to do so, and if properly notified when the paper is clue and not paid, he is held responsible. Void Paper. If a paper is void where it is made it is everywhere void. A party who indorses a void paper over to an innocent holder is bound bv his indorsement. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 53 Buying Defective Notes. If you purchase a note and are aware of any defects in it, or if there is anything suspicious about it, you buy at your own risk. A Transfer After Maturity. Papers may be transferred as readily after maturity and in the same manner as before maturity, but the purchaser takes it at his own risk. It is subject in his hands to any defenses that may have existed against it in the hands of the one holding it when it became due. Claims of an Innocent Holder. If an innocent holder of a paper has paid its value before it became due, he can hold both the maker and the indorser for payment. LAWS REGARDING FORGED PAPER. Forgery is the Fraudulently Making or Altering a Written Instrument. An indorsement is itself a written instrument and therefore if any one having or finding a piece of com- mercial paper made payable to the order of some one else should indorse it in his name without authority to do so, and with a fraudulent intent it would be forgery. Any material alteration made, with intent 'to defraud, on a true instrument is forgery. Thus if the amount in a check wen 1 written thus, $70.00, a forgery might be committed by merely erasing the dot. A Forged Instrument. A forged instrument is not commercial paper. Being false, it represents neither a contract nor property, and no rights are gained by its possession or transfer. The Responsibility. One whose name is forged cannot be made responsible. The act is not his, and one cer- tainly should not be held responsible for another's acts which are entirely unauthorized. If your name is forged as the drawer of a check, and the bank believing it genuine pays it, the bank must lose the amount. It makes no difference how careful or honest one is who takes commercial paper, he must always take the risk of its being a forgery. Payment Under Mistake. Money paid under mistake must be refunded. One whose name is forged not only need not pay but even if he should himself be deceived by the skillfulness of the forgery, and should pay, he may nevertheless recover his money from the one to whom he paid it. Exceptions. There are, however, two important ex- ceptions to the rule of proceding. They both relate to the case where a person drawn upon has recognized the 54 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. paper as genuine either by paying it or accepting, or (in a check) certifying it, for a bona fide owner. The cases are (1) where the drawer's name is forged and (2) where the acceptance (in a check certification) is forged. If in these two cases the person or bank drawn upon accepts or certifies or pays, they miM stand by the act. The reason for this is the convenience for business. Transfer. Since forged paper is in reality nothing but a piece of waste paper, one who sells it to another in n-ality sells nothing except so far as it, is genuine, even though both believe it genuine. Therefore one who buys forged paper may recover what he loses by it from the one from whom he buys it, because it is' money paid under mistake. lidixinf/ Amount. Paper is frequently forged In ing the amount named in the genuine instrument and inserting a larger one. It is then perfectly valid as to the original sum, but wholly void as to the excess. \'.\- ample: If a check is drawn for " }.()()'' and by era-ing the dot the amount is raided to " S -100" the signer of the check will only be held for "$4.00"' and whoever takes the check for $400 lose- the s:;<)t;, unless of course, it can be recovered from the forger. Caution. Never buy a paper unless you are abso- lutely certain that it is genuine and a valid contract in every respect. LEGAL BUSINESS FORMS COMMERCIAL LAW. Law is a direction from the governing power of a country to its inhabitants, Mlinir them what they must or must not do. Every civili/ed nation has a sy-tem of written laws, as no nation could exist without a sys- tem of laws of some sort. Mercantile law is that branch of law which governs mercantile transactions of any kind. The general prin- ciples of law -are everywhere founded on the same con- siderations, and are identical. This is especially true of 'commercial or mercantile law. The very nature of com- merce and trade compelled business men of different lands to adopt similar customs and mode- of doing busi- ness. Their usages and customs have become almost identically the same in all parts of the civilized world, and are therefore recognized as binding law by the courts. and in many cases are confirmed and defined by special statutes. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 55 It is therefore of practical value to give to .business men a collection of useful rules and principles of legal forms, the application of which is not confined to any locality. Such a collection is given in the following pages: Sources of law in every State, arranged in the order of their relative authority. 1. The United States Constitution. 2. The laws of Congress, upon subjects named in the U. S. Constitution. 3. The Particular State Constitution. 4. The Statutes of the State. 5. The Common Law. AGREEMENTS. Aii agreement is in substance a contract in accordance * with which individuals, .singly or collectively, agree to perform certain duties within a specified time. In connection with all matters concerning which a difference of opinion or misunderstanding may arise, it is very important that agreements or contracts be plainly and fully reduced to writing, whereby frequently a long and expensive law suit may be saved the parties to the agreement. An agreement for which there is no consideration can- not be enforced at law. The consideration need not be entirely adaquate, but it must have some real value. An agreement should state explicitly the time within which the conditions are to be complied with. Misrepresentation, fraud, or changing of the date ren- ders an agreement void. It is advisable in drawing up a written agreement to have it signed by a witness; such witness, however, need not know the contents of the document. An agreement had better be drawn up and signed with pen ana ink. Signatures made with pencil are good in law, but it is advisable to have them written in ink. Duplicates should always be made of an agreement, and each party retain a copy. AGREEMENT FOR SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. This agreement, made the fifth day of August, 1902, between John Meyers, of LaSalle, County of LaSalle, State of Illinois, of the first part, and Fred Brown, of 56 MANUAL OF BUSIXF Chicago, Cook County, State of Illinois, of the second part: \Vitnesseth that the said John Meyers, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, herein- after contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Fred Brown, that he will deliver, in good condition, at the City of Piper City, 111., during the month of Sep- tember, of this year two thousand bushels of corn, in the following lots and on the following specified terms; namely, three hundred bushels by the 21st of August, two hundred and fifty additional bushels by the 30th of August, one hundred bushels more by the 3rd of Septem- ber, ;md the entire two thousand to be delivered by the 20th of September. And the said Fred Brown, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract on the part of the party of the first part, contract to and agree with the said John Meyers to pay for said corn at the rate of sixty cents per bushel, for each bushel as >oon a< delivered. In ca.-e of failure of agreement of either party it is hereby agreed that the party so failing shall nay to the other Sixty-Five Dollars as fivd and >ettled damages. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands, tin- day and year above written. ACJHKKMFAT Foil HIKIXC A WoRKMAX. Memorandum of agreement, made this (ith day of August, A. D. 1902, between .John Smith and ('has. Jones. The said John Smith agrees to serve ('has. Jones a> foreman in his business as carpenter, in the City of San Francisco, Cal., for one year from this date, at 'a salary of two thousand dollars per annum, payable in equal monthly payments on the la^t day of each month by said ('has. Jones. And the said John Smith agrees to devote all his attention and skill to the busim ss and superintend the same, under the direction of Chas. Jones, as they may from time to time be given him, and at all times to furnish ('has. Jones with any desired informa- tion concerning the business. AGREEMENT WITH CLERK FOR SFH VICES. This Agreement, made this sixth day of August, one thousand nine hundred and two. between Win. Horn, of Streator, County of LaSalle, State of Illinois, party MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 57 of the first part, and Ben Knapp, of Tonica, County of Clay, State of Illinois, party of the second part : Witnesseth, that said Ben Knapp agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Wm. Horn, and during the space of one year from date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time he, the said Ben Knapp, will carefully and honestly at- tend, performing all duties as clerk and salesman, in all respects as directed and desired by the said Wm. Horn. In consideration of which, services, so to be rendered by the said Ben Knapp, the said Horn agrees to pay said Knapp the sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1000) annually, in monthly payments, each payment to be made upon the fifteenth day of each month. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this sixth day of August, A. D. 1902. Wm. Horn [Seal.] Ben Knapp [Seal.] AGREEMENT FOR HIRING A FARM HAND. Know all Men by these Presents: That James B. Vaughn agrees to work faithfully for Frank White, as a general laborer on his farm, and to do any work that he may be called upon to do in connection therewith, in the township Ophir, County of LaSalle, and State of Illinois, for the period of two years, beginning the first day of September, next, 1902, for the sum of Thirty-Five Dollars per month. In 'consideration of the service to be performed, the said James Vaughn agrees to pay Frank White Thirty- Five Dollars per month. In Witness Win -roof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands this sixth day of August, 1902. James B. Vaughn. , Frank White. AGREEMENT TO CULTIVATE LAND ON SHARES. This Agreement, made this sixth day of August, A. D. 1902, between Thorns. Scanlan of the town of Sue Falls, County of Clinton, State of Dakota, and Henry King of Joliet, County of Cook, State of Illinois, party of th> second part, Witnessed that the said Thorns, Scanlan will, on or before the first day of November, break, 58 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. properly prepare, and sow with wheat the forty acres lie- longing to and lying north of the dwelling place of the said Henry King, in the town of Joliet. That one-half of the seed wheat shall be found by said Henry King. That when said crop is in proper condition, the said Thorns. Scanlan will cut, harvest, and safely house it in the barn of Henry King. That he will prop- erly thresh and clean the same. That he will deliver one-half of the said wheat to the said Henry King at his in-unary, on or before the fifteenth day of December, 1002. Witness our hands and seals. Thoins. Scanlan [Seal.] Henry King [Seal.] Signed, Sealed and delivered in the presence of Thomas Oliver. James Byer<. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. An acknowledgement is the assent of a person that any document to which his name is afiixed is true in fact, or that it is a voluntary act on his part .in transferring property or any personal right to another. It must always be made before a competent legal authority a< the law re- quires. The law makes it obligatory upon persons who give deeds for lands, or mortgages on property of any kind, to acknowledge the execution of the paper, so that it may be properly recorded. On any legal document, an unmarried person's ,-iirna- ture alone is suflicient, but if married then both husband and wife should sign it. EXAMINING WITNESSES TO A DEED, ON OATH, UPON THE BIBLE. You do solemnly swear that you will true answers make to such questions as shall be put to you in regard to the parties to the deed here shown to you, and the execution thereof, so help you God. HOLDING UP THE RIGHT HAM). You do swear, in the presence of the ever-living God, that you will true answers make to such questions as MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 59 shall be put to you touching the parties to the deed shown to you, and the execution thereof. A SINGLE GRANTOR'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. State of Dakota, ) County of Clinton j" ss I, John Feeney, a notary public for and within said county, in the said State aforesaid, do hereby certify that George Webster personally known to me as the real person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing deed as having executed the same, appeared before me in person and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered the said instrument in writing as his free and voluntary act, for the use and purpose therein set forth. Given under my hand and seal of office, this sixth day of August, A. D. 1902. [Notarial Seal.] JOHN FEENEY, Notary Public. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BY HUSBAND AND WIFE, State of Illinois, County of LaSalle, Before me, Edward Blake, a notary public for and within said county, in the State aforesaid, appeared the above named Oscar Brooke, and Mary Brooke, his wife, both personally known to me as the real persons whose names are subscribed to the within conveyance, as having executed the same, and acknowledged that they signed, sealed, and delivered the same for purposes therein mentioned. And the said Mary Brooke, having been by me exam- ined, separate and apart, and out of hearing of her husband acknowledged that she executed the same freely, and with- out any fear or compulsion of her said husband. Given under my hand and seal of office, this sixth day of August, A. D., 1902. [Notary Seal] EDWARD BLAKE. Notary Public. AFFIDAVITS. A written statement of facts under oath or affirmation is called an affidavit. Affidavits may be made in law suits or independently of legal proceedings to verify cer- tain facts. They must be made in the presence of an 60 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. officer qualified to administer an oath, as a justice of the peace. Amendment to the affidavit may be made by the order of the court, and the document must be sworn to. A counter affidavit is one made in opposition to affidavit already made. GENERAL FORM OF AFFIDAVIT. State of California. | Sutter County, City of SaD Francisco, i ss ' John Monroe, bring duly sworn, depo-u-- and Bar alleges and says): Tint (Hrrr srt out in full and ac- curate language thr mat in- to be alleu [Seal] JUKI. I!<> Sworn (or affirmed) before mr. \h\~~ seventh day of August. A. n., 1902. Oscar Mason, Justice of the IVaVe. (If the affiant is unable to read, thr subscription should be as follows :) Subscribed and <\\-orn to before me this seventh day of August, A. i)., 1902, the same having been by me (or in my presence) read to this affiant, he being illiterate (or blind), and understanding the same. (Officer's signature and title.) AFFIDAVIT OF ACCOUNTS. State of California, Humboldt County, Before me, the undersigned, one of the justice of the peace in and for said county, personally came Fred Kenny of Ottawa, and, being duly sworn according to law, de- poses and says: That the above account, as stated, is just and true. That the above sum of one hundred dollars is now justly due and owing to this deponent by the above named Dan Lawless. That he, the above said Fred Kenny, has never received the same or any part thereof, either directly or indirectly, nor any person' from him by his direction or order, knowledge or consent. Fred Kenny. Sworn and subscribed before me, seventh day of August. A. D., 1902. Albert Murphy, Justice of the Peace. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 61 AFFIDAVIT TO PETITION. State of Michigan, t Scott County, } Arthur Taylor, being duly sworn says: That the facts set forth in the foregoing petition are true to the best of his knowledge and belief. Arthur Taylor. Sworn, etc. (as in the preceding form). Affidavit to Signature of an absent witness. State of Illinois, ) Cook County, j" Sk - Joliet, August 7, 1902. BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the above mentioned day, before me, the undersigned, William Cotton, one of the Justices of the Peace in said county, personally ap- peared Peter Sheehan, who, being duly sworn, deposes and says: That Clarence Provines, one of the subscribing witnesses to the within (will or deed), is dead or absent from the State, as the case may be. That he has frequently seen said Clarence Provines write, and that he is well acquainted with the hand writing of said Clarence Provins. That to the best of his knowledge and belief (or he verily believes) the name of Clarence Provins, signed to the same as one of the subscribing witnesses, is the proper and individual handwriting of said Clarence Provins. Peter Sheehan. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this seventh day of August, A. D. 1902. William Cotton, Justice of the Peace. AGENCY AND ATTORNEY. 1. The greatest importance of the law of agency exists in its relation to making contracts through agents. 2. A General Agent is one authorized to represent his principal in all his business of one particular branch. 3. A Special Agent is one appointed to a particular thing only, or a few particular things. 4. An Agent is a person authorized to act for another tvith a third party. The Principal is the one for whom he acts. The person with whom the agent does busi- ness is the third party. 62 MAXCAL OF BUSINESS. 5. Agencij is one of the most common and neceary relations of life. Nearly everyone acts every day as the agent of someone else. Thus every clerk in the store is the agent of the proprietor. Almost all the business of the brokers, commission merchants, lawyers, auctioneers, etc., is sonic sort of an agency. Corporations act wholly \iy means of agents, viz.: their officers, clerks, etc. '6. Who Man Ac', fix Principal or Agent. Any one who s competent to do business for himself may act as prin- cipal, and appoint an agent to transact for him. Per- sons who cannot do business for themselves may, how- ever, be appointed to act as agent. Therefore minors and married women may act as agents. 7. I/oir Appointed. An Agent's authority may be given orally or by writing; no particular form of words is necessary. In important matters, the agent is often appointed by written instrument which is called power of attorney. When thus authorized under seal, an agent can sign deeds, or other conveyances of real estate or sealed instruments. 8. Extent of Authority. The employing of an agent is the act which gives him his authority. An agent has authority to do whatever is necessary or genera lly done in connection with the purpose for which he is employed. Some employments give very wide latitude of power, and leave very much to the direction of the agent, others give a very limited authority. Thus any act of the president or cashier of a bank in connection with its banking business binds the bank, while a meeii- ger would have authority only to carry a message. 9. Liability of Principal. The principal is responsible for the acts of his agents committed in the execution of the agency and which are within the real or apparent scope of the* principal's business. A distinction is here made between a special and a general agent. If a special agents exceeds or disobeys his instructions the principal is not liable; but if a general agent exceeds his authority the principal will be bound, if the act is within the ap- parent scope of an agent's authority, when it is such an act as is natural and usual in transacting business of that kind. Hy appointing him to do that busii. the principal is considered as saying to the world that his agent has all the authority necessary to transact it in the usual way. For any criminal act, however, of the agent, the principal is not responsible unJ^ss h*> diroctlv commands him to commit it. .MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 63 The Agent's Liability. 1. To His Principal. An agent is bound in transacting the affairs of his principal to exercise all the care which a reasonable man would exercise in his own, and to the utmost good faith. For any loss to the principal through neglect or unfaithful- ness, the agent is liable to him. 2. To the Third Party. If an agent conceals his character as an agent, or transcends his authority,or otherwise conducts himself as to make his principle respon- sible, or if he expressly binds himself in any way, his himself liable to the third party. Sub- Agents. An agent may himself appoint another agent and act through him. Such a person is called a sub- agent, and is responsible to him who has appointed him, as Ins principal. In most commercial transactions sub- agents may be employed. In Whose Name the Business is Done. All business should be transacted and money deposited in the name of the principal. If an agent deposits money in his own name, and the bank fails he is responsible for the loss. Mining Property. If an agent mixes his own property with that of his principal, so that it cannot be identified it will all belong to the principal. Responsibility to the Third Party. Ordinarily a person can only be responsible for his own acts, but an agent's act is really considered as that of his principal. There- fore the rule is that the principal is responsible for the act of his agent. The principal is bound even though he was unknown at the time the act was done, because he is supposed to derive the benefits of the same. Ratification. If a principal ratifies an act done, he is bound by it, whether he had given the agent authority or not. Subsequent ratification is equivalent to prior authority But if such ratification is made under a mistake of circum- stances it is not binding. Responsibility of Third Party. A person doing busi- ness with an agent is just as responsible to his principal as though he had transacted the business with the latter in peix.n. Revocation. It is always in the power of the principal to revoke an agency; but if the power conferred is coupled with an interest, as where an agent has power to sell goods and apply the proceeds to his own use; or if it is given for valuable consideration, and a continuance of the agency is necessary to meet the responsibilities he has assumed 64 MANTAL OF BUSIN! in advance, to carry it on, then such agency cannot be revoked at the pleasure, of the principal. How to Reroke fin Ay the contract to teach the apprentice the trade or business which he himself follows, to provide him with suitable food, clothing and shelter. He lias no right to employ the apprentice in menial labors not connected with the trade or business which he undertook to teach him. If he corrects for misbehavior, the punishment must be moderate and reasonable. Duties of the Apprentice. He is under obligation to serve his master faithfully and well; to obey all the lawful commands; to guard his master's property and interests, and to faithfully endeavor to learn the business, and to perform what is required of him in the contract. Termination of Apprenticeship. His time of service ends when he becomes of age, or in case his master dies, unless the contract includes the master's executors and administrators. If the apprentice runs away, and enters the employment of another, the master is not MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 67 bound to take him back, but is entitled to whatever he may earn, provided he can prove that the new employer was aware of the existence of the apprenticeship. The apprentice cannot be compelled to leave the state, nor can he be assigned to anyone else. INDENTURE OF AN APPRENTICE. This Indenture of Apprenticeship, between Albert Dillon, father of John Dillon, on the one part, and Oscar Lynch, of the other part, witnesseth: That the said John Dillon, aged sixteen years on the 2nd day of Septem- ber, A. D. 1902, is hereby bound as an apprentice under the said Oscar Lynch, from the date hereof until the 2nd day of September, 1907, to learn the trade and art of a carpenter, and is faithfully to serve the said Oscar Lynch and correctly conduct himself during the term of his apprenticeship. And the said Oscar Lynch hereby covenants that he will teach the said John Dillon the said trade and art and will furnish him, during said apprenticeship, with board, lodging, washing, clothing, medicine, and other necessaries suitable for an apprentice in sickness and health; and will send him to a suitable public school at least two months during each of the first two years of said term; and at the expiration of the said apprenticeship will furnish him with two new suits of common wearing apparel and one hundred dollars in money. In testimony whereof, the parties hereto have set their hands and seals this seventh day of August, A. D. 1902. w ., j Bert Wilson. (Apprentice) John Dillon. ss ( W. W. Moore. (Master) Oscar Lynch. (Parent) Albert Dillon. RELEASE OF AN APPRENTICE. Know all men by these presents, that I, son of Albert Dillon, did by this indenture, bearing date the 7th day of August, A. D. 1902, bind myself as an apprentice unto 2nd of September, for a term of years (or until he should be of legal age) from the date thereof, as by said indenture more fully appears. In witness whereof I have hereto set my seal this seventh day of August, A. D, 1902, (Signature.) 68 .MANUAL OF BUSINESS. ARBITRATION*. When a question concerning the rights of persons, or to personal property, is by the parties in dispute sub- mitted to the derision of the one or more disint vested persons, agreed upon by both, instead of taking their dis- pute 1 before a court of law, it is called arbitration. If both parties have sufficient confidence in some one individual they will agree to abide by this decision. It is, however, a common practice to submit the matter to two parties, one selected by each disputant, and to give them the power to select a third in case they are unable to agree. The agreement is called the submission, and the (! the award. The .submission may be voluntary, oral or Avritten agreement, or by order of the court. The award must not go beyond the subject-matter submitted; it must be clear, certain, possible, reasonable, final and conclusive. Arbitrators are not bound by legal rules in the admis- sion or exclusion of evidence, unices it be so stipulated in the agreement. Arbitration is sometimes ordered by the court, when both parties agree to do so. No one can be compelled to agree to arbitration, neither can he be compelled to select his arbitrators, even after he has signed the agreement. nor to submit his side of the case after the arbitrators have been appointed. But after a valid reward has been made the court- will enforce it. Before the award is written out either party may recall his submission. But the party who thus re- calls the arbitration is responsible for all the costs and damage that have occurred in consequence of his previous consent to submit to arbitration. FORM OF SUBMISSION TO ARBITHATK >X. Know all Men by these Presents: That we, the under- signed, hereby mutually agree to submit all the matters in difference between us. of every kind, name and nature, to the determination and award of Frank Marston, Joseph Thornbrough and Melvin De Lines of Hamblin, Scott County, Michigan, as arbitrators. That said arbitrators, or any two of them, shall hear and determine the matters in dispute between us, and award the payment of all costs and expenses incurred in MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 69 such arbitration. That the said arbitrators shall make their award in writing on or before the 10th day of Novem- ber, A. D. 1902. Done at Hamblin, Michigan, August 7th, A. D. 1902. Win. Meagher, ) w ., Robert Carr. F. C. Combs, P R. B. Leland. FORM OF NOTICE TO ARBITRATORS. Gentlemen: You have been chosen arbitrators on behalf of the undersigned, to arbitrate and award between them in clivers matters and things set forth in their sub- mission, which will be produced for your inspection when you meet at Court House, in Alameda, on the 1st day of September, at 2 o'clock P. M., to hear the allegations and proofs. Dated, etc. Ollie Norman, Fred Roady. FORM OF ARBITRATION BOND. Know all Men by these Presents: That John Smith and Harry Allen have this seventh day of August, A. D. 1902, submitted their matters in controversy concerning the boundary and division line of a certain tract of land (de- scribe it) to Chas. Goodrich, Fred Maher and Mack Burke, to arbitrate, award, order, judge, and determine of and concerning the same. That we, the undersigned, bind ourselves in the sum of one thousand dollars that said John Smith and Harry Allen shall submit to the decision and award of said nrbil raters, provided said award be made in writing on or before the 1st day of September, A. D. 1902. (Signed) Dougal Boyle. Harry Butler. FORM OF AWARD. Know All Men by these Presents: That we, the under- signed, arbitrators of all the matters of difference, of every name, kind and nature, between John Smith and Harry Allen, by virtue of their agreement of submission of August 7th, 1902,do award, order, judge and determine 70 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. of and concerning the same as follows : That (then state the award in full), In witness whereof we have, in each other's presence, hereunto set our hands this seventh day of August, 1902. Peter Perkins, Norman Cook, Chris Burns. ASSIGNMENTS. Any transfer of the title to a right of property is called an assignment. In effect, it is passing to another person all of one's title or interest in any kind of real or personal property rights, actions or estates. Corporations may assign their interest in paper or property to other corpoations, or to individuals. An assignment carries with it all the collateral securities and guarantees of the original debt, even though they are not mentioned in the instrument. In connection with the sale of injured property the policy should be assigned to the purchaser; this can only be done with the consent of the insurer, in order to have it indorsed on the policy. Only the person owning the insured property at the time of the assignment can legally become the assignee of an insurance policy covering it, and then the consent of the insurers to the transfer must be obtained. The following are some thinirs that may be legally as- signed: Copyrights, contracts, deeds, mortgages, bonds, leases, notes, drafts, accounts, judgments, all claims for money or \\ages. insurance, corporation shares, etc. Some things are not assignable, as an officer's pay or commission, a judge's salary, government bounties, per- sonal trusts, as a guardianship, or the rights of a master in his apprentice. No formality is required by the law in an assignment. Any instrument between the contracting parties that goes to show their intention to pass the property from one to another will be sufficient. Proof will be called for only when it appears that it was a mere sham or fraudulent . It is usual to employ as operative words in an assign- ment the phrase 'assign, transfer and set over," bin. " give, grant, bargain or sell, " or any words indicating an intention on the part of the parties to transfer the property are sufficient in law. An assignment for the benefit of creditors covers all MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 71 the assignor's property, wherever of whatever it may be, which is not exempt from execution. Correct schedules of the property assigned should ac- company the assignment in all cases. A party may convey by assignment his whole property absolutely, or in trust, or any equitable right to the benefit of it, the legal title remaining to the assignor. An assignment of a mortage carries with it, at the same time, without a transfer, the debt, note or bond. ASSIGNMENT FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS. Know All Men by these Presents: That whereas I, Stephen Newman, merchant of the city of Chicago, and State of Illinios, am indebted to various persons in con- siderable sums of money, which I am at present unable to pay in full, and being desirous to convey all my property for the benefit of my creditors, without preference or priority other than provided by law: Now, therefore, I, in consideration of the premises, and of the sum of Two Dollars paid to me by Ermine Brown, of the same city and state, do hereby, grant, bargain, sell, assign and convey unto the said Ermine Brown all my hinds, tenements, goods and chattels of every name, nature and description, wheresoever the same may be, excepting and reserving only such property as is exempted by law from attachment. To have and hold the same until the said Ermine Brown, in trust and confidence, to sell and dispose of the said real and personal estate for cash upon such terms and conditions as in his judgment may appear best, and apply the proceeds to the following manner, to wit: First. To pay all such debts as by the Law of the United States are entitled to preference to such cases. Second. To pay and discharge all the just and reason- able expenses, costs and charges of executing this assign- ment. Third. To distribute and pay the remainder of said proceeds to the creditors of the party of the first part for all debts and liabilities which he may owe, rateably, in proportion to their respective claims. Fourth. The residue and remainder of the proceeds of said sales, if any there be, shall be paid over to me, my executors, administrators or assigns. 72 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. In witness thereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 7th day of August, 1902. in presence of Stephen Xewman [Seal] Myers Fisher, Chas. Kinkade. ASSIGNMENT WITH POWER OF ATTORNEY. In consideration of the sum of Two thousand dollars (the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged), I do hereby assign, transfer and set over to Melvin Platt (of LuSallV 111.) all my right, title and interest in and to (here describe what) (and I hereby constitute said Melvin Pratt my attorney in my name or otherwise, but at his own cost and charges, to take all legal measures which may be proper or necessary for the complete recovery and enjoy- ment of the preini- Witness my hand and seal this 7th day of August, 1902. (Witnesses.) M. T. Molon A SIMPLE ASSIGNMENT. For value received, I hereby a:porta- tion. The Hill constitutes the contract between the shipper and the carrier. Three copies of the bill are made out , one is kept by the shipper, another by the party trans- port ing the goods, and the third is sent to the person to whom the goods are directed. Hills of Lading are transferable and assignable, and the assignee may sue for the recovery of the good-. If the goods perish without fault of the master of the ship, the freight must be paid, otherwise- the master or the owner of a ship is liable for damage-. Railroad companies, as common carriers, are subject to the common State Laws regulating such business; their bill of lading usually states as to how far they hold thn n- selves responsible for the safe transportation of the goods. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 75 BILL OF LADING. Chicago, August 7, 1902. Shipped in good order and well conditioned, by William J - Rial on board the ship Cunard Marked as follows: whereof Chas. Freeman. Melvin Elliott, is master, now lying in the port of New York London. and bound for the port of London 600 boxes of coffee, being marked and numbered as in the margin, and are to be delivered in the like order and condition at the port of London (the dangers of sea only excepted) unto Melvin Elliott or his assigns, he or they paying freight for the said cases, with nine cents primage and average accustomed. In witness whereof I have affirmed to three bills of lading, all of this tenor and date; one of which being accomplished, the others to stand void. Fred A. Maxwell. (In the above form Rial is the shipper or consignor, El- liott the consignee, and Maxwell the carrier. It might be signed by master (Freeman instead of Maxwell.) BILL OF SALE. A Bill of Sale is a written instrument by which the ownership of personal property is transferred. A seal is not required. The validity of the sale does not depend on the actual possession of the goods, passing from the seller to the buyer. If the seller, however, retains possession, the buyer runs the risk of having the goods attached by third parties who have claims against the seller, unless he can prove the validity of the sale. To protect the interest of the purchaser against the creditor of the seller, the bill is not sufficient of itself, there should also be a delivery of the property. A warranty of the seller's title is usual in bills of sale, and such warranty is implied by the law, though not stated. On the other hand warranty of quality or condition must be expressed. The general rule of the law is, that the buyer must look out for his own interest. But the seller will not be protected where actual fraud has been prac- tised. Where goods are sold by sample there is an im- plied warranty that the goods correspond with the sample. 76 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. In case of a dispute, juries have the power to pass de- cision upon the fairness or unfairness of the sale, and fraud can be shown by the evidence, the bill of sale will be ignored and declared void. FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know Ml Men by these Presents: That I. Albert F. Hunt, of Clinton, Iowa, in consideration of Six Hundred Dollars ($600), the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant, sell, transfer and deliver unto Chas. Caton the following property, to wit : Four Chairs x.'.O - Five- Tables 20 100 Three Pictures 10 30 Two Lamps 20 40 Total $370 To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto' the said (lias. Caton, his executor-, administrators and if assigns, to his own proper use and benefit forever. An I, the said Albert V. Hunt do avow myself to be the true and lawful owner of said goods and chattels: that I have full power, good right and lawful authority to dispo-e of said goods and defend the same against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever. In witness whereof, I, the said Albert F. Hunt, have hereto set my hand this seventh day of August. 1902. (Witness) Albert F. Hunt. BONDS. Bonds are written instruments by which one person binds himself to pay a certain sum of money to another person or persons, at a specifiedtime, for some real con- sideration. If this is all, the bond is called a "simple bond," but the word bond is more generally applied to a bond with a condition attached to it, which, if fulfilled, renders t he- promise of payment of no effect. The person executing the bond is called the obligor, the person receiving the same the obligee. The penal sum in a bond is usually made double the amount involved in the transaction in order to cover debit, interest, and costs in case the obligor fails to meet his obligations. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 77 Should the conditions of the bond not be fulfilled, the obligee cannot recover the full amount of the penal 'sum, but only sufficient to cover the principle, interest and cost if the condition was the payment of a certain sum of money or enough to cover any actual damages and costs if the condition was for the doing or the not doing of a certain thing. The penalty may attach and appertain to either the obligor or obligee, accordingly as the bond is drawn. Under ordinary circumstances a bond remains in full effect, yet if an act of Providence renders its accomplish- ment impossible, the penalty cannot be enforced. A bonol is in force for twenty years or during such time as the special statute of the state may provide. GENERAL FORM OF BOND. Know All Men by this Instrument: That I, Norman Cook, of Andover, in the County of Ashtabula, State of Ohio, am firmly bound unto A. A. Meads, of the place aforesaid, in the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, to be paid to the said X on nan Cook, or his legal representatives; to which payment, to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators firmly by this instrument. Sealed with my seal. Dated the 7th day of August, 1902. The condition of the above obligation is such,that if the above bounden Norman Cook, his heirs, executors or administrators, shall promptly pay the sum of two thousand dollars in four equal annual payments from the date thereof, with annual interest, then the above obligation to be of no effect; otherwise to be in full force and valid. Norman Cook. (L. S.) Signed, sealed and delivered } in presence of Henry Phillips. ) BOND TO A CORPORATION. Know All Men by these Presents: That I, Oscar Green- field, of Piper City, Cook County, State of Illinois, am firmly bound to the Piper City Plow manufacturing Com- pany in the sum of Twenty Thousand Dollars, to be paid to the said company, or their assigns, for which payment, to be made, I bind myself, and representatives firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal. Dated this seventh day of August, 1902. The condition of the above is such, 78 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. that if I, the said Oscar Greenfield, or my legal representa- tives, shall pay unto the Piper City Plow Manufacturing Company, or assigns, Ten Thousand Dollars in two equal payments, viz: Five Thousand Dollars September 2, 1902, and Five Thousand Dollars September 30, 1902. then the above to be void; otherwise to remain in full force and effect. Oscar Greenfield. (L. S.) Signed, sealed and delivered ) in presence of Tomas S. Soran. ) I '.<).\ I) <>F I. \DK.MM TV. I\>nr All Mtn l>n tlu'xe 1'rcscntx: That I, John Brown, of Waterloo, Iowa, am held and firmly bound unto Piper Leahy, of the same place, in the sum of Three Hundred Dollars, to be paid to the said Piper Leahy, his executor or administrators, for which payment, well and truly, to be made, I do bind myself, my heirs, executor- and administrators firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal. Dated this 7th day of August, 1902. Whereas, Piper Leahy is about to employ my nephew, Robert A. Conway, as cashier in his store, for the term of two years from November 1, 1902: Now the condition of this obligation is such that it the said Robert A. Conway shall fully perform all the duties of his said employment and promptly and cor- rectly account for and pay over all the money or property of the said Piper Leahy, which may come into his hands during its course, then this obligation shall be void ; other- wise to remain in full force. John Brown. BROKERS. A broker is one employed by the owner of property in the negotiation of contracts pertaining to it. A broker is an agent to make contracts. Kinds of Brokers. There are many kinds of brokers, therefore the term " broker " is a broader and more indefi- nite term than " commission merchant. " Bill and Note Brokers are those who buy and sell for others, drafts, bills and notes. Real Estate Brokers buy and sell real estate or mort- gages on real estate for others. Stock Brokers buy and sell for others the stock and bonds of States, railroads, etc. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 79 Insurance Brokers act for the owners of property in obtaining insurance upon it, settling losses, etc. Responsibility to Principal. The contract between the broker and the owner of the property for whom he acts is one of personal service like all contracts of agency. (See Agency and Attorney.) A Merchandise Broker is one employed to make a sale of property known as merchandise. A merchandise broker is much like a commission mer- chant, with the exception that the former does not have possession of the property, while the latter does. When a merchandise broker sells goods, he makes out two papers, one for the seller and the other for the buyer and delivers them to the respective parties. The two papers taken together makes a written contract of sale (ee form.) Kdution to Third Party. Some kinds of brokers act wholly as agents and reveal the names of their principals and therefore, are not responsible for any authorized and honest act; others do not mention their principals, and therefore are, so far as third parties are concerned,the real principals themselves. MERCHANDISE BROKER'S CONTRACT. 1. MEMORANDUM TO BE GIVEN TO THE SELLER. San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 8, 1902. Messrs. Colburn & Meyer, 234 Market St.: We have sold to-day on your account to Worth Cum- mings, 234 Ellis St., the following goods: 2,000 ounces Sulphate Quinine B. and G. at $1.50 per ounce. Respectfully, Brown & Scott, Brokers. 2. MEMORANDUM TO BE GIVEN TO THE BUYER. San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 8, 1902. Mr. George Burgess, 564 Freeport St. : We have bought to-day for account, from Colburn and Meyer, the following: 2,000 ounces Sulphate of Quinine B. *&.G at $1.50 per ounce. Respectfully, Brown & Scott, Brokers. CHAPTER VI. Contracts. The underlying law of contracts may be regarded as including nearly all laws which regulate the relations of human life, It lies at the ba-is of human society. Every feature of social lite pre-uines it and rots upon it. All rights, all duties, all obligations and all laws grow out of contracts, expressed or implied, declared or understood. Almost all the procedure of human life implies or rather is the continual fulfillment of contracts. (Parsons.) Dt/hiilion. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, based upon a sudicient consideration, to do or not to do some particular thing. Simple Contracts are such as are not under seal, and may be written or verbal, expressed or implied. An implied Contract is one which the law will imply from the relations and conduct of the parties. A Contract by Specialty is one that is can-fully reduced to writing and atte-ted by the seal of the parties. WHO MAY AM) MAY X()T MA KM A CONTRACT. Any person may enter into a contract who is competent to do* business, and who is legally responsible. Minors, idiots, insane persons, drunkards, who know. not what they are doing, and persons who cannot exercise their own free will, but are forced into a contract by threats, cannot legally make a contract. THE CONSIDERATION. The consideration of a contract is something given, done, or promised to be given or done by the person to whom the promise is made. Each part's promise in a contract implies or is accompanied by a corresponding promise by the other party, which is the consideration, and where either party fails to make good the promise the consideration is wanting and the contract is of course void. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 81 A contract differs from an agreement in this, that it implies or expresses several agreements made by the parties. Freedom of Contract. Everyone is free to make any contract he chooses to make, except such that are for- bidden by law. The fundamental rule of law regarding contracts is, that everyone must fulfill every agreement he makes unless some new agreement has changed or abrogated it. The principal is so important that the United States Constitution forbids any State to pass any law which shall ivlra*o any person from obligation to perform any con- tract he has made. RULES FOR WRITING A CONTRACT. 1 . The date, the names of the parties and their places of residence being written, then state fully all that the first party agrees to do, and after that the name of the second party. 2. Then state the penalties or forfeitures in case either party does not faithfully and fully perform his part of the agreement. 3. The parties are taken in the order in which they are written and referred to as " the party of the first part, " " the party of the second part, " without repeating the names. The order of the names is immaterial. 4. Lastly, the final clause, the signature, seals, and the signatures of the witnesses are written. (A seal is simply a mark made with the pen around the word [Seal] written after the signature.) A written contract requires no special legal form or language. State in your own words plainly just what you want done, just the same as you write a letter or anything else. Errors in grammar or spelling do not affect the legality of the contract. Where the language is obscure the court interprets the intent of the agreement. An agreement must either be all in writing or all verbal. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CONTRACT. 1. A Valuable Consideration. A valuable considera- tion is one whose value is equal to money, or may be changed into money. 2. Promise of Marriage. If a man promises a woman a certain sum of money if she would agree to marry him, the court will hold that the promise of marriage was a 82 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. sufficient consideration for the money, and compel him to pay it. 3. A Good Consideration. A good consideration is one which is based upon love, gratitude, esteem or blood relationship. But to make a good consideration legal the agreement has to be performed by one or both pan 4. Gratuitous Consideration. This is where something is done or money is promised on account of some affection or charity; in this case the act must be performed in order to hold the party; that is, the benevolent purpose Mich as the erection of a church, or a charitable enterprise must be carried out. ">. A Sufficient Consideration. The law takes no notice of the bargains that may be good or bad, it requires only that something be done by the parties, no matter how small tin- consideration. For instance, $4,000 worth of property can be legally sold for $2,000. GENERAL LAWS GOVERNING CONTRACTS. 1. Essential Parts. A contract must have: (1) I \-tr- ties. (2) Subject -matter. (3) Consideration. (4) Co- sent of the parties. There cannot be a contract wln-rc any of these are wanting. The consideration is what induces a person to make t he contract. CONTRACTS THAT MUST BE IN WRITING. A guaranty must be in writing. A contract which cannot be performed within a year must be in writing. A contract cannot be partly written and partly verbal It must be either wholly written or wholly verbal. A contract for the sale or purchase of personal property over a certain amount, ranging from $30 to $200 in dif- ferent states must be in writing. A contract required by law to be in writing cannot be dissolved by verbal agreement. A verbal release without payment or satisfaction "for the debt is not good, release must be under seal. CONTRACTS THAT ARE BINDING WITHOUT WRITING. If any part of the goods is delivered to the purchaser, and accepted by him, the whole contract is binding without writing. If any part of the price implied in a contract is paid and received the whole contract is binding without writing. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 83 CONTRACTS THAT ARE NOT LAWFUL. 1 . A contract not consistent with law is void. 2. A contract for immoral purposes is void. 3. A contract to commit a breach of the peace is void. 4. If any part of a contract is illegal the whole is illegal. 5. The right to vote or hold office cannot be sold by contract. 6. A contract which the law forbids is void. Fraud renders all contracts void. 7. An agreement to prohibit the carrying on of a trade throughout the State is void. 8. A contract without a consideration, such as a promise to make a gift, cannot be enforced. 9. Where consent to an agreement is given by mistake it cannot become a contract. 10. If there are two parts to a contract, and one con- flicts with the other, the first part holds good in preference to the last. 11. If no time of payment is stated in a contract, payment must be made on delivery of the goods. 12. An alteration of a contract in a material part, after it has been drawn up and signed by the parties, renders it void. 13. A contract totally restraining the exercise of a man's trade or profession is void, but one restraining him in any particular place is not void. 14. A contract for concealing felony or violating Eublic trust, for bribery and extortion, are prohibited by iw. 15. A fraudulent contract may be binding on the party guilty of fraud, without laying any obligation upon the party acting in good faith. 16. A contract made by a minor, a lunatic or an idiot is not binding upon him, yet he can hold the party with whom he contracts to all the conditions of the contract. CONTRACTS THAT CANNOT BE ENFORCED. 1 . Wagers or bets cannot be collected by law. 2. Money borrowed for the purpose of betting, the lender knowing it to be for that purpose, cannot be col- lected. 3. Contracts in which there are misrepresentation or concealment of material facts cannot be enforced. It is fraud to conceal fraud. 84 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 4. If a person agrees to serve as laborer or clerk he cannot be compelled to fulfil his agreement; damages, how- eve.r, may be recovered. 5. Guardians, trustees, executors, administrators or attorneys cannot take advantage of those for whom they act by becoming parties to the contract. 6. If a thing contracted for was not in existence at the time when the contract wa* made, >uch as buying a horse without knowing that it was dead at the time when the contract, was made, it is void. ADDITIONAL RULES COX('KI{X1X<; CONTRA< 1. The form of the writing is immaterial. It may be full and formal or simply a note or memorandum embodying its substance, written with ink or pencil. It must br signed, but writing simply the initials is sufficient. The fact that there is an authenticated paper is the important thing, not the form of it. 2. If only one party signs he is bound by the contract, but the other is not. But if the other party agrees to pay a certain sum, although he has not signed, payment can be enforced. 3. Signature by Agent. A person may authorize any person as his agent to make a contract for him, and to sign either his own name or of his principal's. A broker, for instance, signs for both the seller and the purcha-er by his own name. 4. Letters. If a letter containing an offer is answered by another accepting it, the two letters taken together constitute the written contract. If an order for goods is sent and filled it is a written contract as far as the writer is concerned but not as to the other party. A telegram in in the same way may be a written contract. COXTIIACT FOR BUILDIX(J. .Memorandum of Agreement, made this Sth day of Au- gust, one thousand nine hundred and two, between Henry Clay, builder, of Cincinnati, party of the first part, and Dorman Peltier, of the same place, of the second part. Said party of the second part also agrees that he will furnish and procure all the necessary material for said work in such quantities and at such times as said first party shall or may reasonably require. Witnesseth, That the said Henry Clay, party of the first part, for consideration hereinafter named contracts and agrees with the said Dorman Peltier, party of the MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 85 second part, that he, the said Henry Clay, will, within two hundred days, next following this date, in a good and workmanlike manner, and according to the best skill, well and substantially erect and finish one dwelling house on lot belonging to party of the second part, and known as No. 1013 Guion Street, which said house is to be of the following dimensions, with brick, stone, lumber, and other materials as are described in the plans and specifications hereto annexed. (Here describe the house, material for construction and plans in full.) In consideration of which the said Dorman Peltier cov- enants and agrees to pay the said Henry Clay the sum of Six Thousand Dollars in a manner as follows, to wit : Two Two Thousand Dollars at the beginning of the said work, Two Thousand Dollars when the building is inclosed, and the balance when the building is completed according to contract and accepted. The architect, Mr. R. W. Mason, is hereby made the judge of the proper completion of said building according to contract . For the true and faithful performance of this contract, and of each and all of its covenants and agreements, the said parties hereto bind themselves each the other in the penal sum of Two Thousand Dollars, as liquidated damages to be paid by the failing party. Witness our hands and seals the eighth day of August and year first written as above. Henry Clay, (L. S.) Dorman Peltier. (L. S.) CONTRACT FOR LAYING TILE. Know All Men by these Presents: That this agreement made this eighth day of August, A. D., 1902, between Robert Kline, party of the first part, and Rector Haight, l;Mrfy of the second part. Witnosseth, That the party of the first part agrees to lay three hundred (300) rods of eight inch tile at sixty cents (60c) per rod. The average depth and fall of said tile shall be sufficient to drain the land through which said title may be laid. The party of the second part shall direct place and part of land to be drained by the aforesaid number of rods of tile. Robert Kline, (Seal.) Rector Haight. (Seal.) 86 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. CONTRACT FOR BUILDING FENCE, SIDEWALK, ETC. This Agreement, Between Arthur Weller and Oscar French, made this eighth day of August, 1902. Wit- nesseth, That the said Arthur Weller agrees to build two hundred (200) feet of picket fence at twenty cents (20c) per foot. The height and designs of said fence shall be as the said Arthur Weller may direct. Arthur Weller, Oscar French. CORPORATIONS. A Corporation is a body composed of different indi- viduals authorized by a general or by a special charter to transact business. A Charter is the instrument embodying the rights and privileges granted by law to the incorporated body. Capital Stock is the money paid in to carry on the business of the corporation. A Share is one of the' equal parts into which the -lock or capital is divided, and is usually $100, but sometimes So() or $25. Stockholders are the owners of one or more share of the capital. Certificate of Stock is the written statement setting forth number and value of the share to which the holder is entitled. The Par Value of the stock is the amount named as each share 1 ; it is also called the nominal value. The Market Value is the sum for which -hares will sell. They are said to be at par when they sell at their nominal value, above par, or at a premium when they sell for more, and below par when they sell for less than their nominal value. The Premium or Discount on stock is computed at a certain per cent, on the original nominal value of the shares. Preferred Stock takes preference of the ordinary or com- mon stock, and the holders are entitled to a fixed per cent. out of the earnings of the corporations before a dividend can be declared on the common stock. The Dividend is the declared share of the profits due each stock holder after all expenses have been paid. Corporation laws. A corporation acts through its officers or authorized agents. Its business must be done in its corporate name and in harmony with its charter. A corporation may be plaintiff or defendant in suit at MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 87 law or equity. The notice or summons is served upon any of the executive officers. Liability. The stockholders are personally liable for the debt of the corporation in accordance with the statutes of the state. Their liability is often limited to the amount of stock they hold in the corporation. Dissolution of Corporation. Corporations are in theory immortal, but practically they can be terminated in various ways. If a corporation violates its charter, it loses the right to continue its existence. It may also be terminated by an act of the legislature when the law that created it has reserved the right to dissolve or to abolish it. A corporation limited as to time is of course dissolved at the expiration of such time. When dissolved, the debt of the corporation must be paid out of the assets, and what remains beyond that is divided among the stockholders. Land granted to a corporation reverts to the grantor when it is no longer used for the purpose for which it \vas granted. If used for another purpose, or not used at all, the grantor can claim it as forfeited. HOW STOCK IS WATERED. Sometimes the charter of a corporation forbids the declaring of a dividend exceeding a certain per cent. of the par value of the stock. In case the directors may find it desirable to "water" the stock, that is, issue addi- tional shares. This increase in the number of shares of course reduces the percentage of dividend, although the same profit, in the aggregate, is secured to the stock- holders. FORM OF APPLICATION FOR INCORPORATING. State of Ohio, City of Toledo. To John Brown, Secretary of State: We, the undersigned, Otto Schindier, Wm. Oarman and Fred Derby, propose to form a corporation under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, entitled, "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved Sept. 1, 1902, and all acts amendatory thereof, and that for the purpose of such original organization we thereby state as follows, to wit: The name of such corporation is the Toledo Hardware Company. 88 MANUAL- OF BUSINESS. 2. The object for which it is formed is to carry on the business of manufacturing hardware in all its branches and to sell the product so manufactured. 3. The capital stock shall be Two Hundred Thousand ($200,000) Dollars. 4. The amount of each shaiv i< Fifty ($50.00) Dollars. 5. The number of shares four thousand (-1,000). 6. The 'location of the principal office is in Toledo, State of Ohio. 7. The duration of the corporation shall be (50) years. Otto Srhindlrr, William ( >arman, Fred. Derby. The document must bear the following: INDOIISKMKNT o\ TIII; BACK. State of Ohio, City of Toledo. I, a notary public in and for the said City of Toledo, and State aforesaid, do hereby certify that on this 10th day of September, A. 1). 1!>02, personally appeared be- fore m- Otto Schindler, \Yilliam Oainian and Fred Der- by, to me personally known to be the same persons who executed the foregoing statement, and severally acknowledged that they executed the same for the pur- pose- therein set forth. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and year above written. Notary Public. DEEDS. A deed is a writing by which lands and appurtenance, thereon are conveyed from one person to another. It must be written on paper or parchment, properly signed, sealed and witnessed. It must be acknowledged before competent officers, as a justice of the peace, notary public, master in chancery, judge and clerk of a court mayor of the city, or commissioner of deeds, etc. Persons competent to gire a deed. In order to legally convey property a person must be of a sound mind, of age, and the right fit) owner of the pro pert;/. The maker of a deed is the grantor, the party to whom it is delivered the grantee. If the grantor has a wife, she must, even in the absence of a statute' to that effect, sign and acknowledge the deed, otherwise she may, after her husband's death, claim the use of one-third during her life. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. A deed of a homestead not acknowledged by the wife of the grantor is void. Her acknowledgment must be of her own free will and accord, and the officer before whom the deed is acknowledged must certify to the fact. Special care is necessary to have the deed properly ac- knowledged and witnessed and the proper seal attached. After the acknowledgment of a deed the parties have no right to make the slightest alterations. Any altera- tion or interlineation made before acknowledgement must be carefully noted at the bottom of the instrument and properly witnessed. An alteration of a deed after execution in favor of the grantee renders it void. If altered before delivery, such alteration destroys the deed as to the party alter- ing it. The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person authorized to receive it, and should be recorded a*t once. DIFFERENT KINDS OF DEEDS. A Warranli/ Deed is so called because the grantor covenants to warrant and defend lands mentioned against all persons, and to the extent specified. .1 (icneral Warranty covenants and warrants against all persons whatsoever. A 8 [ire i a I- Warranty covenants and warrants only against one person, his heirs and those claiming under him. A Quit Claim Deed is one which conveys all the in- terest which the grantor possesses, whatever it may I.e. in the lands specified without containing any warrants. By it the grantor merely quit claims any interest he may have, but does not warrant his title. .1 Trust Deed conveys property to persons to hold for the use of some person who is entitled to the proceeds, title, or use of the property. Deeds Requiring no Warranty. Deeds by executors, administrators or guardians generally contain no war- ranty; and every requisition of the law should be com- plied with to obtain a good title. Caution. Do not purchase real estate without first carefully examining the title, and always procure an abstract of title before advancing money or signing con- tract for purchase of property. WARRANTY DEED. Tliis Indenture, made this sixth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two between Ralph White and Mary White, his wife, 90 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. of the Village of Marengo, in the County of Kane, State of Illinois, party of the first part, and Howard Pierce, of the City of Rockford, in the County of Winnebago, and Stale of Illinois, party of the second part. \\'/fnesseth, That the >uid party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Seven Thousand ($7,000) Dollars, in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, remised, released, con aliened and confirmed, and, by these presents, do grant, bargain, sell, remi-e, release, convey, alien and confirm unto the said party of the second part, and his heirs and assigns forever, all that certain piece, or parcel, of land situated and being in the Village of Marengo, County of Kane, and State of Illinois and described as follo\\<, to \\it: The Southwest Quarter of Section Twenty ('2\^. in TownsRip Thirty-Two (3'2), North of Range Si East of the Fourth Principal Meridian, containing Two Hundred acres by government survey. Together with all and singular' the hereditaments thereto belonging or in any way appertaining, To Have and to Hold the said premises as described, with the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs and as-i^ns forever. And the said party of the first part, their heirs, executors and administrators, do covenant, grant, bargain and agree to and with the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, that at the time of the ensealing and delivery of the/. The said party of the first part have dereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the presence of P. H. Murray, Ralph White, L. S. R, S. Simmins. Mary White. L. S. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 91 QUIT CLAIM DEED. This Indenture, made the first of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two, between Robert H. Powers and Emma H. Powers his wife of Union, Cook County, State of Illinois, parties of the first part, and William Fleming, of Huntley, County of Cook, State of Illinois, party of the second part. Witnesseth, That the said parties of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Two Dollars to them in hand paid by the party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby confessed and acknowledged, do, by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, remise, release, and forever quit claims unto the party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns, forever, all that certain piece, or parcel, of land situated and being in the County of Cook, and State gf Illinois, and described as follow to- wit : The Northeast quarter of Section Number Ten, in Township Number Four, South of Range Number Two, \Yc received, \ve, the undersigned, do hereby guarantee a faithful com- pliance with the terms of the above (or within) agreement upon the part of the said contractor, John Williams. Done at Elgin, Kane County, State of Illinois, this 10th day of September, A. D., 1902. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the presence of Henry Worth, (/has Smith, (Seal.) Chas. Buckley. William Jennings. (Seal.) MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 93 GUARANTY FOR THE PURCHASE OF A HORSE. Chicago, 111., Sept., 1, 1902. In consideration of Two Hundred Dollars for a black mare, I hereby guarantee her to be only five years old, sound, free from vice and easy to ride or drive. H. P. Blackwell. N. B. In this guaranty the seller will be held for all the defects in the animal at the time of sale. This is the safest way for one who is not an experienced judge of horses to purchase one. GUARANTY OF A DEBT NOT YET INCURRED. Chicago, 111., Sept. 1, 1902. Mosrs. Williams & Worth, Dubuque. Gentlemen: The bearer of this, Mr. R. J. Walker, of this city, is on the point of visiting your city for the purpose of buying goods, and desires articles in your line. He is considered worth some thirty thousand dollars, and such is our confidence in his ability and integrity, that we hereby guarantee the payment of any bills which he may make with you during this year, to an amount not exceeding five thousand dollars. Yours respectfully, Jacobs and Walker. GUARANTY OF DEBT ALREADY INCURRED. Chicago, 111., September 2, 1902. The Chicago Supply Co., Chicago. Gentlemen: In consideration of two dollars, paid by yourselves, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, ! iMiarantee that the debt of six hundred dollars, now owing to you by L. D. Graham, shall be paid at maturity. Yours truly, William Maitland. INSURANCE. Insurance is a contract, an agreement by which one a -si Hues a certain risk which another would otherwise bear. The consideration on which the contract rests is called the premium; the instrument by which the con- tract is made, the policy. 94 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Insurance is of four principal kinds: Fire, marine, life and accident insurance. Many general principles are applicable to all. Insurance is usually made by in- corporated companies. All stipulations and conditions contained in the policy are binding upon both parties, though signed by but one, the insurer. The holder of the policy must have a personal interest in the property or life insured. An Open Policy. This is one in which the property upon which the risk is taken is not fully described, but referred to in general terms. I IRE INSURANCE. Fire insurance is a contract to indemnify the owner of certain property, if it is damaged or destroyed by fire, whether upon buildings, ships, or the goods or stock con- tained therein, or live stock. 1. The CoHlrurt has two parties, (1) the owner of the property, and (2) the company. In it the owner agi to pay the company a certain sum of money called the Premium, in any event, the company agrees to pay him whatever his damage amounts to. it' there is a fire, up to a slated amount. When no fire occurs the company gains the whole premium. The Time. The insurance may be for any time. but it is usually one, two or three years. At the end of this time a renewal is usually issued without making a new policy. The ftisfe*. The company is responsible for damage done by fire or by the water, etc.. in putting it out. Payment of Premium. The policy is usually so made as not to go into effect until the premium is paid to the company, either by the insured himself or by his proker. If such a provision does not exist, then the policy is binding before the premium is paid, and the amount of unpaid premium i< deducted by the company from the amount allowed for damages. Notice of losses mu.-t without delay be given to the company. Ownership OJ Pro/xrh/. A person may insure property he owns, or in which he has an interest or upon which he holds a mortgage. The insurance policy does not go with out the consent of the company. The amount of premium is based upon the degree of danger there is of fire. The insured must, therefore, not increase the risk; if he does the policy becomes void. Changes made should therefore be reported to the com- pany and its consent obtained. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 95 Changes made after the policy is issued for which the insured is not responsible will not affect the contract. Amount Paid. The amount to be paid in flre in- surance is the amount of the loss, unless the loss exceeds the amount of the policy. It never pays more than the policy. Thus if the policy is for $3,000 and the loss is $300, it pays $300 and the policy becomes $2,700. If the policy is $5,000 and the loss $6,000 the company pays only the $5,000 and the policy is discharged. Full Insurance. Many companies do not take more than a $5,000 or $10,000 risk on property. To obtain different companies until he obtains the desired amount. Xcgligence. A fire caused by negligence does not exempt the company from paying the loss. Most fires are caused by carelessness, and against such losses the owner wishes to protect himself. But the owner must do all he can to save his property and to set it on fire is a crime. Misrepresentations on the part of the owner as to the character of the property or the danger to which it may be exposed make the policy void. Conditions in the Policy. All policies contain certain additional agreements such as: that no gun-powper or kerosene oil, or other explosives, are to be kept on 11 u; premises insured; that they shall not become vacant, or that if any other insurance is added the company be notified. Agencies. Every company is strictly liable for all any of its duly authorized agents may do or engage to do. Mutual Companies. These differ from the Common Stock Companies in this, that every insured party is a member of the same, and is entitled to his share of the profits. Mutual companies are usually forbidden by their char- ters to insure for more than two-thirds of the full value of the property. FIRE INSURANCE POLICY. THE MAIN CLAUSE. No. 390,147. $10,000. THE ROCKFORD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF ROCKFORD. In consideration of ($50.06) fifty dollars, do insure William Worth against loss or damage by fire to the amount amount of ten thousand dollars, as follows: 96 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. On certain books, engravings, steel and copper plates, and other merchandise row contained in the building at No. 345 Loomis Street, Illinois. And the said company hereby agree to make good unto the assured, his executors, administrators and assigns, all such immediate loss or damage (not exceeding in amount the sum insured) as shall happen by fin- 1<> the property above specified, from the 10th day of September, 1902, at noon, to the 10th day of September, 11)03, at noon, the amount of such loss and damage to be proven and paid or made good according to the following terms and con- ditions : (Here follow ordinarily a large number of additional da uses. See below.) In witness whereof we have caused this policy to be attested by the president and secretary of the company the 12th day of September, 1902. Chas. Ilammel, William IJyan, Secretary. President. EXAMPLES OF SOME OF THE ADDI- TIONAL CLAUSES. 1. No assignment of this policy shall be \alid until indorsed hereon and approved by the company. 2. This company shall not be liable for loss in ea-e of fire caused by rioting, or by explosion, or in case the as- sured shall keep on the premises gunpowder, fireworks, phosphorus, naptha, etc. 3. This policy shall not be binding upon the company until the premium be actually paid. 4. In case there should be any other insurance on the property hereby insured, whether prior or subsequent, the assured shall be entitled to recover on this policy no greater proportion of the loss sustained than the sum herein insured bears to the whole amount insured thereon. RENEWAL OF FIRE INSURANCE. Rockford, 111., Sept, 1, 1902. THE ROCKFORD INSURANCE COMPANY. Do insure 'John Williams, in consideration of fifty dollars, being the premium on five thousand five hundred dollars; this being a renewal of policy No. 157,874, which is hereby continued in force for one year, to wit, from September 1, 1902, to September 1, 1903, at noon. James Wood, . William Downs. Secretary. President. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 97 LIFE INSURANCE. Life insurance is a contract to pay a certain sum of money on the death of a certain person or when he reaches a certain age. The premium is a fixed sum paid by the person insured annually or semi-annually. The object of life insurance, when properly conducted, is to give those dependent upon a certain person some means of support if he should suddenly die; or to secure to the insured himself, when he arrives at an age or is placed in circumstances when he may need such support or assistance as the insurance will supply. The insurance may also be taken out in favor of any legal representative who has an insurable interest, as is possessed by a creditor in the life of his debtor, by a father in the life of his minor child, by a wife in her hus- band, by a sister in the life of her brother, and in general, when by the death of the insured there would naturally follow actual and pecuniary loss or disadvantage to him to whom the policy is issued. If there is no insurable interest the contract is void, as being a gaming policy. The consent of a person whose life is insured must be obtained to a policy issued in favor of a third party. If the insurable interest exists when the policy is issued and ceases before the death of the insured the contract still holds good. Any material misrepresentations made by the insured at the time the policy is issued will render it void. Thus a false statement as to health such as a denial that the applicant had heart disease, would void the contract. Very often that third party is the one insured; he is then said to insure his own life. He may make it payable to himself, and if it is payable at his death it then forms part of his estate, or he may make it payable to his wife and children or any one else he chooses. If made pay- able to another it cannot be touched by his creditors, nor can he in his will deprive the other of it. Tli? Contract is not to indemnify, qut to pay a certain sum, and in this respect differs from fire and marine insuranee. A person may insure this own life in as many companies as he chooses, providing he is willing to pay the premiums Payment of Premium. ' The insurance ceases if the premium is not paid when due. This is so even though it were accidentally forgotten, and even for a day. Some companies will re-insure upon the same 98 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. terms, but require a new examination and certificate of good health. AxNifjnitii'tt!. Policies .-ire frequent ly as>ign-d. Thus, instead (if ;i creditor obtaining a policy on his debtor's life, the debtor may obtain it on his o\vn life and it to the creditor. In i-m-i/ r>ulciit rule is to obtain the c/// [KIHI/. Sometimes the policy provides that it shall be void if it is assigned with- out consent . Mo>t mutual companies i>sue policies that are not assignable 1o any other persons except blood relations. Misrepresentations. Veracity is in life insurance of the utrno-t importance. The comj)any be lore foiling a policy requires a written application in which the applicant must an.-wer many questions with regard to his health, occupation, etc. Tho-e questions mu>t be answered truthfully. If deception is practiced the policy becomes void. If , persons g<> on a journey or change their residence by which their life may be exposed to greater danger, they nm-t give notice thereof to the company to obtain their consent. Mo>t companies state all such conditions in their policies, which should be carefully read by the applicant before he insures and faithfully lived up to afterwards. LIFE INSURANCE POLICY. No. 1'.)x,2()3. $2,000. Tin: l'i;ii:\i)'s LIFE IxsruAxci: COMPANY. In consideration of the representations made to them in the application for this policy, and of the sum of fifty dollars and the further sums of fifty dollars to be paid on the lOtii day of September and April of each year during the continuance of thi> policy, do insure tin- life of Howard .\el-on, of San Francisco, in the County of Cook, State of California, in the amount of two thou- sand dollars for the term of his natural life. And tin- said company does promise and agree to pay the amount of the said insurance at its office in California to Howard Nelson's legal representatives in sixty days after due- notice and satisfactory proof of his death during the continuance of this policy. In witness whereof, the said Friend's Life Insurance Company has by its president and actuary signed and delivered this contract this 12th day of September, 1902. William Smith, Holden Jinks, Actuary. President. Premium $50.00 payable semi-annually. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 99 ACCIDENT INSURANCE. Accident Insurance covers the causalities to which travelers by land or sea are constantly exposed, without undue carelessness on their part. If loss of limb or health occurs the insurer agrees to pay a stipulated sum to the insured in accordance with the premium paid. Mutual companies usually pay a certain stipulated sum per week as long as the accident sustained renders the party incapable to resume his occupation. Opportunities to affect an accident insurance are offered in all prominent railroad depots and in ocean steamship offices. It is the part of prudence for any person who travels extensively to take out an insurance for his own benefit or for those dependent upon him. LANDLORD AND TENANT. LEASES. Leases are contracts by which one party called the lessor or landlord gives to the second party called the ]esxT or tenant possession of land or other real estate for a fixed period of time, receiving in return for the use, possession and profit thereof a fixed compensation called the rent . Duration. A lease may be for life, at will, on su (Trance or for a term of years. A lease for life terminates with the death of the lessee or tenant or any person speci- fic 1 as such in the lease. .1 Lease of Suff ranee of the landlord exists when a lease or a term of years has expired and the tenant is allowed to remain in possession. Such possession may be terminated without notice. A LCIIKC. df ll'ill is one which exists only during the will of the llandlord and may terminate at the will of either party, as the rights of possession on the part of the landlord or the rights of abandonment on the part of the tenant may justify or by the death of either party. .1 Lease for a 'Term of Years begins and ends at a certain -perilled date. Under the latter the tenant greater privileges than under either of the for- mer. When the number of years is not mentioned it is eon-trued to mean not less than two. s Written or Unwritten. In some states a lease to be \ alid must be in writing, in others verbal agreements holds good in law. It is best under all circumstances to specify clearly and definitely all the terms of the con- tra et in writing. In some states, where leases are re- 100 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. quired to be in writing, the mere signatures of the parties is sufficient; in others they must also be sealed and wit- nessed. A'.s-xr nfffil Specifications in a written lease are: Dates, Names, Rent, Description. The date fixes the beginning of the lease. Where no date is mentioned the time commences ordinarily with the delivery of the lease. This, however, is not always conclusive if another date can be proven. Names. Tin- law recognizes only one Christian name and the surname. If the partv asMimes a false name he is nevertheless responsible. The landlord deals with the man and not with the name. Tin Ifi'tif. Hents may be payable in other valuables besides inoni-y; the amount should, however, always be stated. If not stated the law will allow the landlord what the u>r <>i' the premises is reasonably worth. Description of Premise*. The 'lease must describe the premises. It need not be in full detail : any general description that will identify the property is sufficient . The parts and appurtenanes as ordinarily belong to such premises are included. H7/o Cannot (iin- a /.M/.sr. A husband cannot make a lease which will bind his wife's property after his death. A guardian cannot give a lea-e extending beyond a minor's majority which the minor cannot annul if he wishes, but if he does not annul it the tenant is bound by it. Cnder the common law a married woman cannot lease her property, but under the statutes of most states she can. A special statute supersedes the common law. A minor cannot make a valid lease but can become a tenant. Students under age hiring rooms come under this class. RIGHTS OF LANDLORDS. Subletting and Assigning Lease. The landlords can prohibit his tenant from supletting the premi- any part of them, or from assigning ihe lease, by stating the prohibition in a special clause of the same. 2. Tenant Breaking the Condition. If the tenant has broken the condition of the laese by subletting the pre- mises, the landlord, if he accepts the rent due cannot remove the tenant. 3. Making Demand for Rent. To make a non-pay- ment of rent' a cause for removal of the tenant the land- lord must make his demand for the rent on the day when due, before sunset, and in the most prominent MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 101 place of the same. The absence of the tenant at such time does not relieve the landlord from making such a demand. 4. Making _ Repairs. Unless expressly covenanted, the landlord is not obliged to make the necessary re- pairs, If a tenant wishes his landlord to make special repairs during the term he must stipulate for the same in the lease. But if the landlord does agree to make all necessary repairs and fails to do so, even that does not relieve the tenant from paying rent. 5. Notice to Qujt. When the tenancy is from year to year the landlord can terminate the same only by a notice to quit. Such notice must be explicit, in writing, served personally and signed not by the agent, but by the person who has the right to immediate possession. In some states the statutes require six month's notice in some three, in others one. G. Refusal to Vacate. If a tenant refuses to Yacate the premises after the termination of his lease, from any cause, the proper and safest way for the landlord, as well as the cheapest, is to get him out by process of law, or by a sealed lease to a third party, who can legally claim possession. 7. Right to Inspect Premises. The landlord has the right to enter upon the premises to ascertain whether there is any waste or injury done, after first giving notice of his intention. RIGHTS OF TENANT. Some of the rights of tenants are embodied in the above statements of the rights of the landlord. 1. To What a Tenant is Entitled. In taking possession of the premises the tenant is entitled to all the privileges and appurtenances to the property in all their details without being expressed in the laese. 2. Sale of Property. The landlord has no rigdt to interfere with the tenant's rights by selling the pro- perty. Such sale must be made subject to the rights of the tenant. 3. The Right to Sublet. A tenant can sublet the rented premises or any part of them, unless expressly prohibited from doing so by the terms of the lease. He, how ver, remains responsible to his landlord, unless fc he latter accepts such thirdparty as his tenant in place of the former and release him in writing. 4. Lease Assignable. A tenant's lease is always assignable unless it contains restrictions to the contrary. 102 MANUAL OF BUSIM Such an assignment may be for a part of the whole of Un- original term, but if for less than the original term ihen it is properly subletting. 5. The tinhlnuint. The subtenant bears no rela- tion to the original landlord and is not responsible to him for the rent. The tenant from whom he has rented is his only landlord. In the ea-e of an alignment of the lease the new tenant becomes the tenant or the orig- inal landlord and must pay him the rent. (i. Ih-jHtfrx. A tenant cannot make repairs upon the property rented and then deduct the amount paid out from the rent, for that would be in effect compelling the landlord to do it. 7. Making Improvements. For improvements that become part of the premi-es. or such a- cannot be re- moved without injury to the same, the tenant can claim n allowance from the landlord: but a tenant may re- move from rented property articles which he has placed for use in some trade. ^\u-}\ afi -team engines or other machines, or even buildings erected for the ary. as the landlord has the immediate right of possession as soon as the time expire-; so the tenant has also the right to vacate at that time without giving notice, to the landlord. Where, however, no limit of time is set a notice from either party is required for six month's time or le-s. 9. Paijntcut of 7V/./V.V. Where the tenant is to pay the taxes on the property he occupies it must be distinctly stated in the lease, as a verbal promise is of no effect. 10. .1 J\ccurt part to re-enter the said premises and lo remove all persons therefrom. And the said party of the second part covenants to pay to the said party of the lir-t part the said rent- a- herein specified and that at the expiration of the said term the said parly of the second part will quit and surrender the premises in as e removed l>y the outgoing tenant. /'/.// an*. The question as to what constitute iix- ture< on a farm is a broad one, and we can only say that respecting this the rules are liberal in favor of the tenant. It is stated in a general way that a tenant may sever and remove at any time all such fixt un-s of a chattel nature as he ha- himself erected or placed upon the rented premises for the purpose of ornament, domestic con- venience, or to carry on a certain trade, such may be steam engines or other stationary machinery and build- ings erected by him for such machinery. Tu.ns. The tenant in poxs, ion i- generally con- sidered as liable for the taxes, .but without special agree- ment he is under no obligations to his landlord to pay the taxes, :md if he does pay them so a- to protect himself in the possrion and free enjoyment of the premises he can deduct the amount from the rent and hold his landlord for any excess above the rent due him. Good Advice. No class of litigation is more intri- cate and technical than that of landlord and tenant. It should therefore be avoided if possible. In order to do so have your lease carefully executed, specifying as far as possible all details of conditions and then observe them carefully. Tf, however, any one. be he landlord or tenant, anticipates difficulty, then we advise him to secure the services of a competent lawyer to help if pos- sible to avert the litigation or to conduct it for him. "Law and justice are two things which God has joined but man has put asunder." LEASE OF A FARM. This Indenture, made this second day of September, 1902, between John Wilkins. of the township of Union, County of Cook, and State of Indiana, of the first part, and William Burke, of the said township and county, of the second part. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 107 Witnesseth, That the said John Wilkins, for and in consideration of the yearly rents and covenants here- inafter mentioned and reserved on the part and behalf of the said John Wilkins, his heirs, executors and adminis- trators, to be paid, kept and performed, hath demised, set and to farm let, and by these presents doth demise, set and farm let unto the said William Burke, his heirs and assigns, all that certain piece, parcel or tract of land situated, lying and being in the township of Union afore- said, known as lot No. (Description of farm here), now in iln' possession of William Worth, containing four hun- dred acres of land, together with all buildings and im- provements, to have and to hold the same unto the said William Worth, his heirs, executors and assigns, from the fifth day of September next, for and during the term of five years next ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended, yielding and paying for the same unto the said John Wilkins, his heirs and assigns, the yearly rent or sum of Two Thousand Dollars on the fifth day of Septem- ber in each and every year during the term aforesaid and at the expiration of said term or sooner if determined upon, he, the said William Burke, his heirs or assigns, shall and will quietly and peacefully surrender and yield up said premises with the appurtenances unto the said John Wilkins, his heirs and assigns, in as good order and repair as the same are now, reasonable wear, tear and easualities which may happen by fire or otherwise only excepted. In witness whereof, we have hereto set our hands and seals. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the presence of E. J. Smith. John Wilkins, (L. S.) William Burke. (L. S.) A LEASE OF REAL ESTATE. This Indent ure, made this second day of September, A. j>. 11)02, between John Simmins of the Town of Ep- worlh in the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, of t he first part, and Ronald Smith of the Town of Dubuque, in the County and State aforesaid, of the second part, - Witnesseth', that the said John Simmins, for the con- sideration hereinafter named, has demised, granted and teased and doth by these presents hereby demise, grant and lease unto the said Ronald Smith and his assigns Lots five (5) and six (6) in Block eight (8) of the original 108 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. town of Epworth, as shown by the plat of said town. Also the southeast quarter (S. ~E. ) of Section six (6), in Township ten (10), Range seven (7). west of fourth Principal Meridian, and containing one hundred (100) acres, according to government survey, together with all the privileges and appurtenances belonging thereto, to have and to hold the above described premi- and during the time of four years from the date hereof. And the said Honald Smith doth covenant and agree to pay the said .John Simmins or his assigns the sum of One Thousand Dollars as yearly rent for said premises, in three equal payments of Three Hundred and Thirty- Dollars and one-third eaeh, at the expiration of every four months from date, during the continuation of thi's Lease. In witness whereof the said parties have to this and one other instrument of the same tenor and date inter- changeably set their hands and >eals the day and year first above written. Signed, Sealed and Delivered. in the presence of YY. II. Jennings. John Simmin< (Seal.) Ronald Smith LETTERS OF CREDIT. These are written papers in which the writer author- izes the person addressed to pay a certain amount to the bearer. Letters of this kind are commonly ome special purpose with an expiv.-s contract that the good* shall be a pledgt for the labor or expense incurred or where property is delivered to another with the express understanding that it is necosary fora loan made on the -redit of it. \o f.itn Without Sjtccidl Shitnte*. Boarding-house keepers and livery keepers are entitled to lens only by special statutes of the state. S/xcidl Statutes. The foregoing cases are all covered by common law, but in many states special statutes have been passed which by particular laws mark out minutel)' the course of procedure to enforce the lien. In many states by special statutes the right of liens lias been given to" boarding-house keepers, livery men and others. /Enforcement of Liens. A person holding a lien un- der the common law has in general not the power to sell the property; it is only a right to force payment by holding the property and thereby depriving the owner from the use of it until he renders justice where it is due. Where property is held as security for a loan the lender MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 113 may sell, but he must give due notice of the time and manner of sale so as to give the owner of the property all possible chance to redeem or to waive rights. Many states have special statutes for the enforcement of liens and it is safest to consult these where enforcement be- comes necessary. MECHANIC'S LIENS. Liens created by statutes, although based upon the principles of common law are designed to go further, namely: to give liens even where the possession is not with the consent of the owner or where exclusive pos- ses>ion is impossible. Mechanic's liens are exclusively created by statutes; and no matter how just the claim may seem the lien will not exist unless the party brings himself under the provisions of the statute. The statute is based upon the principle that the party who has increased the value of the property by his labor or material furnished should have security upon the property although changed in form. Mechanics arc here assured of their right to a lien upon the property for their labor and material furnished, but as to details concerning the conditions of the lien and the manner of enforcing it they will do well to consult the statutes of their particular state. The form given below will serve as a general model: Clerk of the Boone County Court. Belvidere, Ind. Sir . Please Take Notice, that I, James Brown, residing at 198 East Ave., in the city of Belvidere, County of Boone. have a claim against William McCormick, owner (or only contractor, as the case may be) of a new four-story brick (1 welling house, amounting to One Thousand Six Hun- dred Dollars, now due to me, and that the claim is made for and on account of material furnished in pursuance of a con- tract entered into the 1st day of September, 1902 (here describe the contract, between the undersigned and the said James Brown. The said building is situated on Lot , in Block , in Johnson's addition to the City of Belvidere, on the east side of State St., and is known as No. 1987 of said street. The following is a diagram of said premises. (INSERT DIAGRAM.) And that I have and claim a lien upon said building and the appurtenances and lot on which said building stands, 114 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. subject to the provisions of an Act of the Legislature of tin- state of Indiana entitled, " An Act to Secure the Pay- incut of Mechanics, Laborers and Persons Furnishing .Material Toward the Erection, Altering; or Repairing of Buildings in the City of Belvidere," passed . 19 and of the acts amending the same. Dated this 10th day of September, 1902. James Brown. James Brown, being duly sworn, says that he is the claimant mentioned in the foregoing notice of lien; that he has read the said notice and kno\v> the content^: and that the same is true of his own knowledge, except a> to those matters stated on information and belief, as to those matters he believes to be true. Sworn before me this 10th day of September, A. D. 1902. John Jones, Police Justice. A lien should be sworn to before a Notary, a Justice of the Peace or County Judge, and in some states, County Clerk. It should be filed with the Clerk of the County Court. LEGAL RELATION OF E.MIM.oYKH AND KM l'L< )VK. AGREEMENT FoR PERSONAL SERVICES. An agreement to work for another is a very common kind of contract in business life. There are two general kind-. 1. To do some particular thing. 2. To do whatever the employer may direct. Brokers, commission merchants, lawyers, tradesmen, and many others belong to the first class; clerks and all others employed to do general work belong to the second class. The act of employing in both clashes is a contract in which each party agrees to do a certain thing. 1. The Compensation. All agreements to employ, con- tain an agreement to pay for the services rendered,' which latter agreement is either expressed or implied. When xerricex (ire requested there /* lw/!< an implied contract to IKII/ u'liat theij arc worth, i. e., the price usually paid by others for such services. 2. Employer's Agreement. The person employed to do a certain work must fulfill his agreement, but he need not do anything else. It is an implied to , anything else. It is an implied part in crer;/ a. Leaving Services. An employe can leave at the end of the time without giving notice. But if he leaves before the expiration of the time he is entitled to no pay lor that period, no matter how much of the time he has worked. Thus, if he agreed to stay a month and left at the end of three weeks he would be entitled to nothing. The general rule applies here as elsewhere. Each party MUNI kcc j> ///.v part of the contract if the other does,' but need not if the other does not. REAL ESTATE MORTGAGES. A Mortgage is a conveyance of property, either personal or real, given to secure payment of a debt, or the perfor- mance of some special act. When the debt is paid the mortgage becomes void and of no value. 116 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. The word means a " dead pledge, " because the property is dead to him who executed the mortgage unless he fulfills the conditions necessary to redeem it. The person mortgaging his property is called the Mort- gagor, and the person to whom the mortgage is given the Mortgagee. In real estate mortgages, unless otherwise provided, the person giving the mortgage resins po.-se>r Acknowledged. A mortgage pledging real estate inu.-t be acknowledged like a deed, before a proper public officer, whose duty it is to record >uch instruments. Must be in Writing. All mortgages must be in writing, signed and scaled. The time when the debt, to secure which the mortgage was given, is due must be plainly stated, and the property conveyed nm>t be clearly described, located and scheduled. Owner and shipRedernption. Formerly the mort- gagee was considered the legal o\\ner of the property but now he is regarded as having only a lien upon the property by \vay of security. Tin- tit'le still remains in the mortgagor, Mid by having inserted a redemptive clause he has a right to redeem it. An equity of redemp- tion is a right which the mongagor ha- to retain hi- by meeting the conditions of the mortgage, after the time set forth in the terms of the deed, and it is enforcible at equity and not at law. The time of redemption is generally limited by statute to one year. The heirs and legal representatives of the mortgagor may also have the right of redemption; but nothing short of paying the whole debt gives the right to redeem, for a mortgagee is not bound to take his money on installments. Power of Sale. A power of sale is not essential to a mortgage, but it may contain a clause permitting the sale of the property, if forfeited by non-payment of debt, as required. A mortgage may be so drawn that the property can be sold without decree from the court according to the statutes of the state, or by agreement of the parties. Mortgages are sometimes so drawn that a single failure in paying the interest at a stated time renders due the whole*, both principal and interest, and gives the mortgagee authority to sell the property long before the debt is due. The Accompanying Bond or Note. It is usual not only to insert a covenant of promise in the mortgage MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 117 to pay the debt, but for the mortgagor to give also his bond or note, as collatera, to the personal security. In this case the mortgagee may sue and recover upon the note or bond, or he can foreclose his mortgage; and if there is not sufficient realized from the sale to pay the debt, he may -recover the balance on the bond or note. The Note or Bond is the principal debt, the mortgage is only collateral there to. Assignment, A mortgage can be assigned, but unless the bond or note is also assigned it is worthless and gives no right to foreclose. Making Pai/nicntx. If the wording in the mortgage or note is "payable on or before" a certain date, the creditor cannot compel payment before that date (if the interest is kept up), but the debtor, if so disposed, can pay at any time, and the creditor must accept it. A debtor cannot compel his creditor to accept payment before it is due because he has a right to have his money remain on interest according to agreement. Whenever payment is made upon a note or bond or mortgage it should be carefully indorsed upon the in- strument. Tendering Payment. If the full amount due on a mortgage is tendered to the cridetor it stops the interest and releases the lien on the mortgage, but the debt remains. The creditor has, after that, only the individual respon- sibility of the debtor to secure his claim. This rule is applicable to mortgages on real and personal property, as also to all liens for personal labor and chattels. Foreclosure. If the mortgagor fails to meet the con- ditions of the mortgage then the mortgagee may fore- close. The method of foreclosure differs in several . In some the statutes prescribe a short summary method; in others an action of the court is necessary; in still others either method is legal. Referring the case to a master in chancery. Selling it to the highest bidder at auction. Hearing the parties by the Court. Deeding to the purchaser. Advertising the property. Application to a Court of Chancery for authority to foreclose. Paying over any surplus fund remaining from the sale to the mortgagor. Since the interests involved in giving and taking a mortgage on real estate are of such great importance that a mistake in executing it or in complying with its condi- tions may subject the interested parties to much trouble 118 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. and heavy losses the mortgage, bond and note should be drawn up with the utmost can- and the conditions laid down strictly and promptly complied with. Pi:< >MISS< >I{ Y \( >TK SECURED BY M( )I!T< IAGE. $5,000. Chieago. Sept., 10, 1902. Two years after date I promise to pay to John Smith Five Thousand Dollars at tke Continental Hank of Chicago, with interest at the rate of six per cent, p.-r annum, making such sale, on demand, to the party for value received. This note i- .-eeiired by a mortgage of even date here- with on certain real estate (d"seril>e the premises.) William .Jones. REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE TO SECURE PAYMENT (>K A HOVE NOTE. This Indenture, made this Kith day of September in the year one thousand nine hundred and two. between William .Jones of the City. County and Stale of Illinois, and Mary his wife, parties of the first part, and .John Smith, of the City of Belvidere. County of Hoone and State of Indiana, party of the second part, ]\'ilm i wfli: That the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Kive Thousand Dollars, does grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said party of the second part and to his heirs and a-signs all (give a complete description of the premises mortgaged) together with all the hereditament- and appurtenances thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining. This conveyance is intended as a mortgage to secure the payment of the above note 1 according to the condi- tion of the same, and these presents shall be void if such payment be made. But in case default shall be made in the payment of the principal or interest as above provided, than the party of the second part, his executors, administrators as- signs, are hereby empowered to sell the premises above described, with all and every of the appurtenances or any part thereof, in the manner prescribed by law, and out of the money arising from such sale to retain the said principal and interest, together with the costs and charge's of making the such sale, and the surplus, if any there be, MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 119 shall be paid by the party making such sale, on demand, to the party of the first part, his heirs or assigns, etc. In witness whereof said party of the first part hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, Sealed and Delivered William Jones (L. S.) in presence of Mary Jones, (L. S.) William Baker, John Scott. MORTGAGE-SHORT FORM. The mortgagor, William Smith and Mary Smith, his wife of the lown of Garden Prairie, in the County of Cook and Slate of Illinois, Mortgage and Warrant to Howard .Jones, of the same place, to secure the payment of a cer- tain promissory note for the sum of Two Thousand Dollars payable to the order of the said Howard Jones in three yeans from the date thereof, with interest at the rate of five per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually, the following described Real Estate: Lots number one (1), two (2), "and three (3) in Block No. fifteen (15) of John- son's addition to the Town of Garden Prairie, in the County of Cook and State of Illinois, hereby releasing and waiving all rights under and by virtue of the Williams Exemption Laws of this State. Dated this 3rd day of September, A. D. 1902. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in presence of Amos Brown, William Smith, (L. S.) Seth Barstow. Mary Smith. (L. S.) CHATTEL MORTGAGES. A Chattel Mortgage is a mortgage on personal property. Persons sometimes desire to use their personal property as security and yet retain possession of it, as for instance, furniture, machinery, tools, a library, or a stock of goods from which they are selling. This can be done by giving a Chattel Mortgage, which is really a conditional sale of the property, to the creditor, whose the property becomes it the debt is not paid when due. RULES GOVERNING CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 1 A Chattel Mortgage must be acknowledged before a Justice of the Peace or before the County Judge. 2. It runs out in two years. 120 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 3. The property must be taken possession of by the mortgagor when the mortgage matures, or other creditors can claim the property. 4. If the debt is not paid when due the property be- comes the creditor's, and the debtor is entitled to no surplus. 5. It is a criminal offense for the mortgagor to sell the property covered by a chattel mortgage. 6. Mortmain's of prr-onal properly should have a clause providing for the equity of redemption. 7. A mortgagee may sell or transfer his mortgage to another, but the purchaser cannot sell Hie property until the mortgage matures. FOIIM OF CHATTKL MORTGAGE. Know All Men by these Presents. That I, William Jones, of the City of Milwaukee, in the County of lioone and State of Indiana, acknowledge myself to be indebted to John Henderson of the same ])lace. in the sum of Six Hundred Dollar . to be paid on the :?rd day of September, 11)02, with interest at live per cent, from t his date. Now, therefore, in consideration of such indebtedness, and in order to secure i he payment of tin- >ame a^ afore- said, 1 do hereby sell, a<>ign. iran>fer and ^>t over unto the said John Henderson, his executors, admim'st ralors and assigns, the goods arid chattels mentioned in the schedule 1 hereto annexed and now at th'> residence No. \~>S Maple Street in the City of Milwaukee aforesaid. Provided, however, that if said debt and interest be paid as above specified, this sale and transfer shall be void, and this conveyance is also subject to the following conditions: The property hereby sold and transferred is to remain in my possession until default be made in the payment of the debt and interest aforesaid, or some part thereof: but in case of a sale or disposal or attempt to remove the same from said residence, or an unreasonable depreciation in value, the said John Henderson may take said property or any part thereof unto his own possession. Upon taking said property or any part thereof into his possession, either in case of default or as above provided the said John Henderson shall sell the same at public or private sale, and after satisfying the aforesaid debt and interest thereon and all necessary and reasonable costs, charges and expenses incurred by him, out of the proceeds MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 121 of such sale, he shall return the surplus to me or my repre- sentative. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 3rd day of September, 1902. Executed in the presence of Herman Brown. John Henderson, (L. S.) RELEASE AND SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. Know All Men by these Presents, That the debt se- cured by mortgage upon the following described property, situated in Milwaukee, in Boone County, in the State of Indiana, to wit: (describing it), wherein William Jones is grantor and John Henderson is grantee, and dated Septem- ber 3rd, a of which is in volume , page , the office of the (register or recorder) of deeds of Boone County , has been fully satisfied, in consideration of said mortgage is hereby released. Witness. William Jones. PARTNERSHIP. .1 Partnership exists when two or more persons com- bine their property, their labor, their skill, or all of these in business, to share the gains and losses in certain propor- tions. DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARTNERSHIP. A General Partnership is constituted between indi- viduals if 11 icy agree to enter into a general or particu- lar business 1o share the profits and losses together with- out fixing any limitations or conditions. A Special Partnership is an agreement entered into to perform only a particular work and to put in a limited amount of capital and to receive a corresponding share of the profits, and be held correspondingly responsible for the contracts of the firm. . t Secret Partner is one who is not openly or generally so declared. A Dormant or Silent Partner is one who takes no part in the transaction or control of the business, but shares in the profits and losses according to certain agreements. A Nominal Partner is held out to the world as such, without actually participating in the profits and losses of the business. 122 MANUAL OF BUSIM HOW PARTNERSHIPS ARE FORMED. All persons who are legally competent to do business for themselves may enter into partnership. A partnership may he formed by a mere verbal agree- ment and stand in law, but a written agreement is the only safe one, and he who neglects it will doubtless have reason i<> regret it later. The parties may agree as they plea-e a- to sharing profits or losses but in the absence of writing to prove the contrary, the law will assume that partners .-hare profits and losses equally. The articles of agreement -hould be drawn up with special care in writing the detail- of conditions, liabilities and proportionate -hare of profit.- or lo fully stated. I/uir Sonti a I'urlin rxlii i> /* /// F<-n . \\ i- presumed I hat a partnership commences at the time the article- of copartnership are drawn mile-- otherwise -la ted. Use oj \. It is generally supposed that one partner cannot -ue another. Thi< is not wholly true. A partner can sue for a balance due him after settlement of general accounts or for a balance due him or some specific account. It is. hmxever. le-t to appeal to a Court of Equity, for that Court can do for partnership what the law cannot do. DISSOLUTION OF PAllTXF.b'SHIl'. A partnership may be dissolved by mutual consent, by expiration of pre-determined time, by death of one of the partners, by insanity, by the bankruptcy of either partner or by the Court for any good cause, -uch a- dishonesty of one partner against 'the rest, or incapacity cau-ed by habitual drunkenness 'or conviction of any crime. A partner may withdraw at any time if no time for the continuation of the partnership is mentioned in the articles of agreement, but he must give notice due of his intention to the other partners. If the time for the continuance of the partnership is mentioned, a partner can nevertheless withdraw at any time, but he is responsible to the firm for damages caused by the breach of his promise. If a partner dies the surviving partners alone have the right to settle up the business. To his heirs and legal representatives they need only to render an account of the business. \otice to be Given. Upon the dissolution of a part- nership by mutual consent, it should be indorsed on the articles of copartnership, and a notice given in some MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 123 prominent newspaper. Special notice should also be sent to each one of -the creditors of the firm. Authority of Partners. As a general rule, the whole firm and each member of it is bound by the acts and contracts of one partner, because, in the eye of the law, the act or contract of one is regarded as the act of all. Each is regarded as the agent of all without any express authority being given. Thus, loans, purchases, sales, assignments, pledges, or mortgages effected by one partner on the partnership account, and with good faith in the third party are binding on all the firm. So is also release by one a release; notice to one is notice to all ; demand of one is demand of all. In matters, however, not connected with the partnership, but intended for his own personal interests the firm is not bound. Liability of the Several Partners. For the payment of partnership debts the property of the firm, both real and personal, us well as that of each individual partner, is held responsible for amount of the unpaid partnership debt. Partners in order to bind all must act in unison; two members of a firm cannot conclusively bind a third. If one of my partners were about making a trade with A., of which I do not approve, and I thus express my dissent to A., the trade, if consummated, will not bind me, pro- vided I give notice in time to prevent A. from entering into it. Imlii'ithtfil Debts of Partners. If a partner has in- dividual debts then his interest in the firm is held re- sponsible for them, after the debts of the firm have been paid. The liabilities of the firm, however, always have the first claim upon its own property. Liabilities of a New Partner. A new partner is not res- ponsible for the debts of the firm contracted by the same previous of his admission. Selling of a Partner's Interest. No partner can sell his interest to an outside party, in order to have him take his place, without the consent of the other partner. .1 nth or it i/ of Partners After a Partnership is Dissolved. After dissolution each partner has the right to settle up the business, unless the partners agree otherwise and give notice thereof. He can, however, create no new obliga- tions, but only settle up the old ones. The statute law ot the state should be carefully complied with in this respect. The following forms will serve as models for drawing up articles of copartnership: 124 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. ARTICLES OF COPARTNERSHIP. Articles of Agreement made and concluded this second day of September, in the year, A. D. one thousand nine hundred and two, between John Meyers of the first part and William Smith of the second part, both of the City of Boston, County of Boone, State of Massachusetts The said parties have agreed to associate themselves as co-partners for the purpose of carryingon the Hardware Business at No. 197 South Square in the City of Boston. 1. The name, title and style of such partnership shall be Meyers hall be divided in the following proportions: Seven-eights to the said John Meyers and one-eight to the said William Smith. 4. That books of account shall be kept, in which shall be entered a full and exact account of all purchases, -ales, transactions and accounts of said firm, and which shall always be open to the inspection of both parties and their legal representatives respectively. 5. That the said John Meyers shall have exclusive charge of all the buying for the firm. 6. Each partner shall devote all his time to the -aid business and will use his best efforts to make the business successful and promote the interests of the firms in every way. 7. Neither party shall assume any obligation or lia- bility in the name of the firm for the accomodation of any other person or persons whatsoever without the consent of the other party; nor shall either party lend any of the funds of the firm without the consent of the other partner. And it is further agreed that if either party violates any of the aforesaid articles of agreement the other shall have the right to dissolve this co-partnership immediately upon becoming informed of such violation. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year above written. John Meyers, (Seal.) Executed and Delivered William Smith. (Seal.) in the presence of Martin Smith. William Durlap. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 125 DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP. We, the undersigned, do mutually agree that the within mentioned partnership be and the same is hereby dis- solved, except for the purpose of the final liquidation and settlement of the business thereof; and upon such settlement wholly to cease and terminate. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this third day of September, 1902. John Meyers, (Seal.) William Smith. (Seal.) Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the presence of E. G. Norton. E. P. Johnston. NOTICE OF DISSOLUTION. Notice is hereby given that the partnership heretofore existing between John Meyers and William Smith, of Boston^ Mass., under the firm name of Meyers & Smith, is, this third day of September, 1902, dissolved by mutual consent. John Meyers. William Smith. The business will be continued at Boston by John Meyers, who is authorized to settle, the affairs of the said firm. Boston, September 3, 1902. PASSPORTS. A Passport is a written permit to citizens of this country to travel unmolested in any foreign country. It recom- mends them to the protection of foreign governments " The Senary rfState of the United States, at Wash- ington, is alone properly authorized to issue passports, but the ministers and other diplomatic representatives of our government abroad may also grant, issue and verity th None but citizens of the United States can receive passports. The charge is $5.00. u- on + a Any officer granting unlawfully a passport subjects himself to punishment by fine ^ imprisonment Passports may be issued by Collectors of Customs to United States vessels visiting foreign ports, and tne 126 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. master of a ship who sails without one to a foreign port makes himself liable to punishment. The name, age and residence of the applicant, with a description of his personal appearance, are entered in it, to properly identify him. CHAI'TKK VII. Notes. RULES KOH WHITING, COLLECTING AM) II: \ \ -FKK K I \< ; NOTES A note is void when founded upon fraud. Notes are made payable to hearer or order. Money paid under mistake must he refunded. A *ignatuiv written with a lead pencil is valid. A note made on Sunday is void in some states. A note a- a gift is void for want of consideration. The face of a note is the sum for which it is given. If no time i> specified the note is payable on demand. A note made by an intoxicated person or minor i- void. Outride evidence cannot change the time of negotiable paper. A note given by one who cannot write should be wit- nessed. Always write the name of the place and state, as it is just as important as the date. The signatures on a note or bill need not be proven, unless it is first denied under oat h. He who makes the note is the first debtor, and the in- dorsers are held conditionally liable. The person who promises is called the maker, and the one to whom he promises is called the payee. A note made in one state, payable in another, must be governed by the laws in the state in which it is to be paid. Evidence i* allowed in correcting a mistake made in stating the amount. An extension of the time of a note by holder releases sureties and indorsers. An indorser can avoid liability by writing, "without recourse" on the back of a note with his signature. Days of grace are allowed in all states except California, Arizona, Idaho, Illinois and Wisconsin. A written agreement signed by one person to pay another at a fixed time a stated sum of money is called a note. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 127 Upon presentation for payment and refusal by maker at maturity, the note should be protested by a Notary Public. If " with interest " is included in the note, it draws the legal rate of the state where it is given from the time it is made. A note obtained through fraud in the hands of an inno- cent party who has acquired it in good faith may be col- lected. All the parties who have written their names on a note are liable for the amount due; but only one satisfaction can be recovered. A note given by one who is not of age cannot be collected by law. If the minor ratines after becoming of age, it becomes valid. If a person at the time of taking a note has notice that it is void through fraud, or upon any legal grounds, he cannot collect it. One who receives a note (knowing it to have defects) get < IK) better right to collect it than the one from whom he received it had. If the note is to draw a special rate of interest higher than the legal, but not higher than the laws allow, the rate must be specified. When a note says I promise, but it is signed by two or more parties, each signer is bound for the full amount and either or all may be sued. Changing the date, amount, time of payment, or any other alterations in a note, releases all parties from liability who have not consented thereto. Demand for payment of a note must be made upon the last day of grace; if that day is a Sabbath or a holiday, demand must be made on the day previous. The words " value received" are not required by law, and can be safely omitted. The law always presumes value was received until evidence is shown to the contrary. .Negotiable paper, payable to bearer, or indorsed in blank which has been stolen or lost cannot be collected by the thief or finder, but a holder who receives it in good faith before maturity for value can hold against the owner's claims. To make the indorser of a note responsible the note must be presented and payment demanded of the maker on the very day when it becomes due. If payment is refused notice must be given immediately to the indorser or indorsers. When several persons unite in a note and say, we promise or we jointly promise, it is a joint liability only, and all 128 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. must be sued ; but if they say we or either of us promise, or we jointly and severally promise, the liability is both joint and several, and either or all may be sued. A negotiable note must contain five thi 1. That the date of payment be certain to eome. 2. That it have one of the two words "order" or " bearer." 3. That the amount be specified and certain. 4. That it be payable in money only. 5. That it be an unconditional promise. FORMS OF NOTES. $625.00 Nashville, Trim., July 26, 1 { .)|veilied. $200.00 Albany. N. V.. July 2. 1902. Due W. E. Little, for value received. Two Hundred Dollars. Walter Stewart. IN MKIM-H \\DI-K. *(><).<)<) Lynn, Mass., July 23. 1<><>2. Due J. L. Vincent, or order Sixty Dollars payable in merchandise at our store. M. E. Jones. ON DK.MANI). $300.00 Toledo, Ohio, July 2. 11)02. Due W. E. Lynch, on demand. Three Hundred Dollars in cash, and Twenty Dollars in merchandise from our factory. Piper & Orowley. IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING A BANK ACCOUNT. The keeping of a bank account is a matter of great con- venience as well as of pecuniary benefit to business men and women. \Yhere considerable business is done, money is constantly accumulating which when deposited in a reliable bank is more secure from burglary than elsewhere. Sometimes money may be lost through robbery or failure of a bank, but of all losses to which business men may be exposed that by failure of banks is the least. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 139 Henderson, Mich., , 19. . Received of ..Dollars. The first line contains the date; the second "from whom," the third, the amount in words; the fourth, the consideration; and the fifth the signature, and the amount in figures. RECEIPT FOR PAYMENT BY HAND OF THIRD PARTY. $300.00 South Haven, Mich., July 2, 1902. Received from Wm. Smith, by the hand of R. E. Powers Three Hundred Dollars in full for proceeds of sale of stock sold April 25, 1902. T. E. Ford. RECEIPT FOR INTEREST ON NOTE. Reading, Pa., July 23, 1902. I have this day received from W. E. Lynch Twenty- five Dollars in full of interest to date on his promissory note for Two Hundred Dollars made in my favor on the the 19th of July, 1901. W. E. Lawe. RULES AND FORMS FOR WRITING ORDERS. 1. An order is an authorization or command that money be paid. 2. An order contains the following: The drawee, the payee and words expressing the conditions as to negoti ability. 3. Orders are negotiable, but the person on whom they are drawn is not under obligation to pay them, unless they have been accepted, for an order partakes ot 1 nature of a draft. $100.00 Newark, N. J., July 25, 1902. Messrs. Jackson, Hunt & Co., will please pay to the bearer One Hundred Dollars in goods, and charge the same to my account. * 140 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. The practice of depositing each days accumulation in a bank so as to be drawn whenever wanted, as a whole or in part, is a great advantage to people doing a large amount of Im-i Of course when depo-it- are large, the banker is greatly benefited by having the use of the money, provided the rates of interest are good. Bankers on the other hand, reali/ing their indebtedness to their customers, often render such aid to them in time of need as to enable them to carry forward certain enterprises which without such aid they find very difficult. CHECKS. A written order on a bank directing a certain amount of money to be paid to a person named, or to his order, is called a check. This is the >imple>t form of negotiable paper. A check requires no -et form of wording; any properly dated demand upon a bank, by a depositor. correctly signed, is a check and will draw money. The words or bearer or order added to tip- name, makes the cheek payable to anyone presenting it. but without the-e words only the person named can cash the check. CKIMIFIF.I) CHI Certifying means that the person drawing the money has funds to the amount mentioned to his credit in the bank, and the bank guarantee^ its payment. The bank ollicer writes acns t he face Certified, also the date and his signature: of the words (iood, when properly indorsed, and his signature. FORGED CHECK^. Some forgers can imitate a signature so closely that even the one whose name is forged is not able to distinguish it from his own, and can only swear th-it he did not make out the check. The responsibility of detecting the forgery is thrown upon the teller. The' bank pays every check at its own risk. The person who.-e name lias been forged is not allowed to rectify the forgery, because that would shield crime and encourage it. RAISED CHECKS. To so alter the writing and the figures of a check that it, will call for more money than the drawer gave instruc- tion to pay is called raising the check. To prevent this care should be taken to always (ill in the empty spaces with lines. l">e words instead of figures. If a iai-ed check is paid by a bank, it can only charge the depositor with the amount for which he himself made out the check. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 141 WRITING, PRESENTING AND INDORSING CHECKS. A check is a written order on a bank for the immediate payment of a certain sum of money. A check is not due until presented. It is negotiable. It has no days of grace. The death of the maker of a check before presentment to the bank renders the check null and void. The amount of the check should always be written out in words. A forged check paid by the bank is the bank's loss and not the depositors. Giving a check is not payment of an indebtedness unless the check is paid. Payment of a check may be stopped by subsequent order to the bank by maker before presenting of check. In sending a check away from your own town or locality it should always be certified. In presenting a check to the bank for payment always write your name on the back before presenting it. A bank can stamp a check good, or certify it, and thus heroine responsible to the holder for the amount. 10 very holder of a check is liable to a subsequent holder only for the time for which he would be held if originally liable. If you have money in a bank and wish to draw out a certain sum write " Pay to myself " instead of writing your name in the body of the check, and then sign it. A safe bank ought to be patronized, for it is dangerous to keep in possession large sums of money. Always keep the stub of your check book, and in is- suing a check always fill the stub out first. ( 'ertificates of deposit are used when money is deposited for a short time, and no regular account is kept. They can be used the same as a certified check. FORMS OF CHECKS. PAYABLE TO BEARER. $300.00 South Haven, Mich., July 6, 1902. Commercial State Bank, pay to J. J. Brown, or order, Three Hundred Dollars. W. E. Smith. PAYABLE TO YOURSELF. $75.00 Newark, N. J., July 2, 1902. Frankfort Exchange Bank, pay to myself Seventy-five Dollars. S. E. Jones. 142 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. CERTIFIED CHECK. $500.00 Akron, Ohio, July 7, 1902. Third National Bank pay to bearer Five Hundred Dollar-. No. 2r,r>. R. E. Kirhy. (Writ ton across the face.) Good D. E. Larkins, Ca furnished. Aimmhnrnlx. Tin* applicant has a right to amend before or after the first rejection, and he may ainei; often as the examining oflicers pre-ents any new refer- ences or reasons for rejection. In case an applicant does not prosecute his application for two years after the date when the last official notice was mailed to him it will be held that the application has been abandoned. /:.r/r/,>.s/V;.s. Patents >ince March 2, 1861, cannot be exl ended except by Congi Axxtf/nnicutx. Kvery patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing. The patentee or his as.-igns may also grant and convey in like manner an exclusive right under his patent for the whole or any specified part of the United 81 Mark. Kvery patented article, before it is sold, must be marked Patented, so as to give notice to everyone that it is patented. Infringement is the making, using or selling the pat- ented article without the permission of the owner of the patent. Its consequences are twofold: (1) The infringer must pay to the owner of the patent whatever damages the latter suffers through the infringement, equivalent usually to the profits which the infringer has made; (2) The Court will compel the infringer to stop. By these two methods the exclusive right is enforced. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 145 FEES REQUIRED BY LAW. 1. Application. On filing each original applica- tion for a patent except in design cases, fifteen dollars, patent, except in design cases, twenty dollars. 2. Original Patent. On issuing each original patent, except in design cases, twenty dollars. 3. In Design Cases. For three years and six months, ten dollars; for seven years, fifteen dollars; for fourteen years, thirty dollars. 4. Caveat. On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 5. Re-issue of Patents. On every application for the re-issue of a patent, thirty dollars. 6. Disclamer. On filing each disclanier, ten dollars. 7. 'Extension of Patent. On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollars. 8. Grant <>/ l-^rifiision. On the granting of every ex- t e ha a full set of permanent teeth. These teeth grow longer by slow decrees, and at the same time wear away at the bottom the wearing about one-twelfth of an inch a year and gradually show irregularity in form. The age of cattle is told by the rings on the horns, as al-o of rams. A- a rule the animal begins to have riny;s at two years of age, forming a ring a year after that. This is not an infallible rule, but it is a convenient OIK- to know. The age of a ,-heep i- told by the teeth. A young sheep has eight even front lower teeth (no upper ones) At the age of two the front two are supplanted by others of greater width. At three a new small tooth appear- on each side of the two broad ones. At four the animal has six new teeth, and at five all the >et are broad. Then they begin to narrow, and the teeth of an old sheep are thin, sharp and long. HOW TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT Ol CATTLE. To find the weight of cattle without actually weighing them, multiply the girth in inches by the distance along the back from the tail to the fore part of the shoulder blade, and divide by 1 11 for the superficial feet. Then multiply the superficial feet by the number of pounds allowed for cattle of different girths and the product will be the numberof pounds of beef, veal or pork in the animal. Cattle having a girth of from 5 to 7 feet, allow 23 Ibs. to the superficial foot. Cattle having a girth of from 7 to 9 feet, allow 31 Ibs. to the superficial foot. Small cattle and calves having a girth of from 3 to 5 feet, allow 16 pounds to the superficial foot. Pigs and sheep having a girth of less than 3 feet, allow 11 Ibs. to the superficial foot. When the animal is but half-fattened a deduction of 1 Ib. in every 20 is made, and if very fat, 1 Ib. for every 20 must be added. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 153 HOW TO FIND THE NUMBER OF TONS OF HAY IN THE MOW OR STACK. A ton of dry hay is variously estimated from 400 to 500 cubic feet to the ton, but the latter figure is more likely to strike the right averages. To measure a mow that is well settled multiply the length in feet by the height in feet, and this by the breadth in feet, and divide the result by 500, and you have the number of tons. If the hay be in a long stack multiply the length in feet by the width in feet, and this by one-half the height, and divide the product by 300. If it be in a round stack, multiply the square of the distance around the stack in yards by four times the height in yards, and point off two places from the right, and this will be the number of cubic yards in the stack, which, divided by 20, will equal the number of tons. It is usually estimated that 20 cubic yards on a wagon or stack will weigh a ton; in a well settled stack or mow fifteen yards will weigh it. There is a greater variation in hay than most articles for the reason that it settles more, and there is considerable difference in different kinds of hay. HOW TO MEASURE CORN IN THE CRIB. A great deal of corn is sold in the crib on the cob. It is estimated that it takes two bushels of corn on the cob to make one bushel of shelled corn. Multiply the length of the crib by the width, and that result by the height, making allowance for the thickness of the crib in outside measurement. Then you have the cubic feet. Multiply the cubic feet by eight and divide by ten. This w T ould b<- i-.'isy enough if the cribs were of uniform width, but they generally widen as they rise. It is necessary to take the middle of the crib, in height, as the base of calculation for width as the broadening is gradual and uniform. Another rule for a crib flared at the side is: Multiply half the sum of the bottom breadths in feet by the perpendicular height in feet, and the same again by the length in feet; multiply the last product by .63 for heaped bushels of ears, and by .42 for the number of bushels in shelled corn. HOW TO MEASURE A PILE OF GRAIN. A fanner often wants to estimate the number of bushels in a loose pile of grain, vegetables or wood, or in a cock of hay. To do so he should measure off the diameter and the height of the pile, and then multiply the diameter by itself, and the result by the height. This done, divide the last result by four. This is not very accurate, but it is near enough for all ordinary purposes of calculation. 154 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. TO FIND THE NUMBER OF GALLONS IN A CISTKKX OR TANK. Multiply the square of the diameter in feet by the depth in feet, and multiply this result by 6, and you have the approximate contents of the tank in gallons. (For exact results, multiply the product by 5'v, instead of 6.) But if the tank be larger at the bottom than at the top, find the average diameter by measuring the middle part of the tank halfway between the top and bottom. Another rule is to multiply the square of the diameter in feet, arid multiply this result by 47, and divide the product by eight. In calculating the capacity of tanks. .'{IJ-g gallons are estimated to one barrel, and' (':{ gallons to one hothead. HOW To MEASUREA HAHIJKL, IN GALLONS. The barrel is usually otimated at ^l 1 ^ gallons, and the hogshead at CM gallons. But. the following will enable one to lind the exact capacity of any barrel. A gallon of water weighs nearly S,!o pound.-, avoirdupois. A pint is generally estimated as a pound, and the rule is to add together the diameters of the bung and head in inches and divide the sum by two, which equals the average diameter. Then multiply the average diameter by it>elf in inches and again by the height in inches, then multiply by 8 and cut off the right hand liguiv. and you have the number of cubic inches. Divide by 231 and you have the number of gallons. To find the number of bushels divide by 2,150.4. HOW MUCH A WAGON-BOX HOLDS. Find the cubic feet of grain in a box and then multiply the same by 4 and divide the result by 5, and you have the number of bushels. This simple rule is based on a calculation having as its bottom factor the United States standard, 2150.42 cubic inches make a bushel. The following table of bin or box capacity, inside measure- ments, are furnished as helps in ready reckoning : A box 24 inches by 16 inches, and 28 inches deep will contain a barrel. A box 26 inches by 15 J inches, and 8 inches deep, will contain a bushel. A box 13 inches square and 11 J inches deep, will con- tain a bushel. A box 12 inches by 11 inches, and 9 inches deep, will contain a half-bushel. MANUAL OF-BUSINESS. 155 A box 10 inches square, and 10| inches deep, will con- tain a half-bushel. A box 8 1-5 inches by 8 inches square, and 8 inches deep, will contain a peck. A box 8 inches square and 4 inches deep will contain a gallon. A box 7 inches square and 4| inches deep will contain a half-gallon. A box 3 inches square and 4 1-5 inches deep, will con- tain a quart. A box 3 inches square and 3f inches deep will contain a pint. An average wagon-box 10 feet long, 4 feet wide and 15 inches deep, has a capacity of 40 bushels. HOW TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE TRAVELED IN PLOWING. The farmer wants to know, sometimes, how much ground he has plowed in a given space of time. This he can estimate with reasonable accuracy, it being accepted as the base of calculation that he travels at the rate of 16 to 18 miles per day of 9 hours. The following table will serve as a guide in the calculation, taken together with the fact that there are 43,560 square feet in an acre, and that number of feet equals eight miles and a quarter: Breadth of fur- row slice. Space traveled in plowing an acre. Extent plowed per day. Inch. Miles. 18 Mi. 16 Mi. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 9 9-10 9 1 4-5 1 3-5 2 1/4 2 1-5 10-10 2J 21-10 Breadth of fur- row slice. Space traveled in plowing an acre. Extent plowed per day. Inch. Miles. 18 Mi 16 Mi. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 61-6 5M 49-10 2?J 2 2 4 -5 2 9-10 2 3-5 3 1-10 2M 3K 2 9-10 3^ 3 1-10 3 1-5 3M 156 MANUAL OF BUSIM HOW MANY BRICKS REQUIRED FOR A WALL. The usual si/e of bricks is 8 inches long, 1 inches wide and 2 inches, high, or 64 cubic inches. It takes 27 such bricks to make a cubic foot, without mortar, and from 20 to 22 with mortar. The following is a common rule for brick measurement: Multiply the length of the wall in feet by the height in feet, and that by its thickness in feet, and then multiply that result by 20, and the product will be the number of bricks in the wall. If there are doors or windows in the wall then multiply their height, width and thickness together and deduct the amount from the solid contents of the wall, before multiplying by 20. HOW TO MEASURE A WALL. It is customary to estimate walls by the perch, a perch being equal to 24% cubic feet. At least, that wa< cus- tomary. The foot is now more commonly employed as the unit of measurement. Cut -stone is sold by the cubic foot. Brick largely is reckoned by the thousand brick laid in the wall. The following scale for wall measurement is in common use: 4 inch wall ( \ brick) per superficial foot, 7 bricks. 9 -inch wall (1 brick) per superficial foot, 1-1 bricks. 13 -inch wall (H bricks) per superficial foot, 21 bricks. 18 -inch wall (2 bricks) per superficial loot, 2S bricks. 22 -inch wall (2 bricks) per superficial foot, 35 bricks. For every half-inch added to the thickness of a wall seven bricks are allowed. A rule which often comes con- venient for ascertaining the number of bricks in a wall is to multiply the length by the height, deducting for windows and doors, getting the square feet of the wall, and then multiplying the number of feet found to the surface measurement by the number of bricks per thick- ness, as shown in the' foregoing scale. In buying and selling the bricks in an old wall this rule is a great con- venience. HOW TO MEASURE FOR A CHIMXKV. The usual way to ascertain the number of bricks needed for a chimney is to apply the following rules : The diameter at the base should be one-tenth the length, and if the diameter of the chimney at the top is 1\ feet or over, the top length should be a brick and a half in thickness. The chimney should be one brick in thickness MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 157 for 25 feet from the top down, and a half brick additional for each 25 feet to the bottom. HOW TO MEASURE LOGS AND LUMBER. First find the average diameter of the log, and then allow 4 inches in diameter for slab waste, then square the remaining diameter and multiply length in feet. That will give the number of feet in board measure contained in the log. In board measurement, one inch in thickness is the unit employed. Thus, if a board is twenty feet in length one foot in width and one inch thick, it constitutes twenty feet of lumber, but if it is two inches thick it constitutes forty feet, or if half an inch, ten feet. If then, the measure- ment is by count, the thickness must be the base of cal- culation. It is customary to compute the length and height of a pile of boards in feet and the width in inches. Then, bearing in mind that twelve inches make a foot, the computation is simplified. For example, if the boards are twenty-four feet long and six inches wide, each board will contain twelve feet in lumber. If the board be two inches thick, that is, a plank, then double the figures in price measurement. But any kind of timber can be computed readily by remembering that one foot in length one foot in width and one inch in thickness, constitute a foot of timber. HOW TO MEASURE FOR WALL PAPER. To find the amount of paper required to paper a room, multiply the distance around the room, in feet, by the height of the room; this gives the superficial area of the walls. Multiply the length of the windows by their width and this by the number of windows. Do the same with the doors, and subtract the sum of these two from the superficial area of the walls, and you have the number of square feet of paper needed. Now each roll is 1$ feet wide and 24 feet long, containing 36 square feet; divide the square feet of paper needed by 36 and the result will be 1he number of rolls needed, except that five per cent, should be allowed for waste. HOW TO MEASURE A WOOD PILE. A cord of wood is a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high, making 128 cubic feet. Consequently the rule for measurement is self-obvious. Tan-bark is also sold 158 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. by the cord. What is called a " stove-length " cord differs from a regular cord in width. It is 8 feet long and 4 feet high, but its width is simply the length of a stick cut or sawed to fit actual use in an ordinary stove. HOW TO MEASURE CISTERNS AND WELLS. It is often desirable to know how much water there is in a cistern or old-fashioned well. The rule is: Multiply the square of the diameter in inches by the depth of the water inmches, and this by oJ, and then point off four figures. The result will be the quantity in gallons. Of course, if the rapacity of the cjstern or well, if full, were the point to be determined, the depth of the well or ri-tern itself would be taken. If it be desired to reduce the calculation to barrels divide by 31$; if to hogsheads, by 63. HOW TO MEASURE A FLOOR FOR A CARPET. Multiply tho length of the room in feet by the width in feet, and divide the result by the number of square feet in one yard of carpeting, and the result will equal the number'of yards of carpeting it will take to cover the floor. HOW TO MEASURE GAS. In every house lighted by gas is a meter by which it can be determined just how much gas is actually consumed, but very few people pay any attention to their meters, and, as a consequence, are liable to imposition. Gas bills are rendered monthly and are based on the record made by the meter in one's own house. That record, or registry, is taken off by an agent of the gas company. He goes to the house, asks to see the meter and then makes a memorandum of the number of feet shown to have been used during the month. Every householder should insist that any member of his house- hold who opens the door for the agent should accompany him and take off the record on a piece of paper, or better still, a little blank-book kept for that purpose. Then when the bill comes, figure it up and see if the amount used actually comes to the amount charged, at the rate given. In this way errors will be corrected, as well as frauds detected. It is not necessary to understand the mechanism of the meter, or the way it works only to take pains to know what the meter really records. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 159 If the gas bill is still unreasonably large procure a gasometer, or regulator, the object of which is to maintain an even and equitable pressure. If the pressure is uneven or excessive the light will not be as good and the expense will be greater. But the first thing is to make sure that the bill presented is only for the number of feet registered. In many cases the house is not visited at all and the bill is based on guess work, but if the householder takes a record he is protected against that sort of imposition, if his own book shows no record he knows that no agent of the gas company visited his house that month. A little practical attention to this matter will prove an effectual safe-guard against extortionate gas bills. The gas meter usually has three dials which are .used in determining the number of feet consumed, and a fourth for testing the meter. The right hand dial of the three used for actual meas- urement records the number of feet by hundreds, up to one thousand, and the left hand one, the number in tens of thousands up to one hundred thousand. Thus, if the hands or pointers have passed the 5, 6 and 7 figures on these dials the amount consumed is 76,500. If you have any suspicion that the gas meter is wrong, or that you do not read it correctly, apply to the gas inspector of your city to test and, if need be, explain the meter. If you pay no attention to the matter and simply pay whatever bill is presented, you have only yourself to blame if you are imposed upon. HOW TO ADJUST THE LOAD TO THE TEAM. It is highly important for a farmer or teamster to under- stand how to adjust the load to the team, the burden to the horses bearing it. For example, if the load weighs two ton.-, and is a hard strain on the horses, one of them being much larger and stouter than the other, it is neces- sary to regulate the evener, or whimetree or one or both. The evener is usually attached to the tongue of the wagon or the beam of the plow, in the middle, and the clevises are equally distant from the end. In that case each horse has the same strain put upon him. But move the evener one inch from the center and the horse having the short end will have to draw about one-twentieth more than the other, and if the clevises are uneven one inch the difference is one-half as great. Bearing this in mind the driver can adjust either the clevises or the evener to his idea of the difference between the drawing capacity of the two animals. 160 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Eveners vary in length according to the nature of the road or the character of the ground over which the team must travel, but this general idea of the effect of chang- ing the evener or the clevises will enable one to form an estimate of how to make the adjustment, which is suffi- ciently exact for all practical purposes. (.'are should be taken not to impose upon the willing beast of burden. The adjustment suggested can be used to protect the willing from the natural shirk. GENERAL RILKS FOR ESTIMATES OF MEASUREMENT. This chapter on measurements cannot be concluded in any better way than by giving the following standard rules of mensuration : Multiply three >ides of a cube together and the result is it< solid contents, and multiply the jiiaiv of the length of one side of the cube by six, and you have its surface The surface of a sphere is found by multiplying its diameter by its circumference, and its' solidity i'~ tained by multiplying the square of the diameter by 3.1416. The solidity of a cylinder is found by multiplying the area of one end by its length. The area of a triangle is found by multiplying the base by one-half the altitude. The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length by the breadth. The area' of a circle is ascertained by multiplying one- half the diameter by one-half the circumference. The circumference of a circle i> three and one- seventh times greater than its diameter. NAILS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK. For 1,000 shingles, 3* to 5 Ibs. 4d nails or 3 to 3 Ibs. 3d. For 1,000 laths, about 7 Ibs. 3d. fine. For 1,000 feet clapboards, about 18 Ibs. 6d. box. For 1,000, feet covering boards, about 20 Ibs. 8d com- mon, or 25 Ibs. lOd. For 1 ,000 feet upper floors, square edged, about 38 Ibs. lOd. floor, or 41 Ibs. 12d. floor. For 1,000 feet upper floors, matched and blind-nailed, 38 Ibs. lOd., or 42 Ibs. 12d. common. For 10 feet partitions, studs or studding, 11 Ibs. lOd. common. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 161 For 1,000 feet furring, 1x3, about 45 Ibs. lOd. common. For 1,000 feet furring, 1x2, about 65 Ibs. lOd. common. For 1,000 feet pine finish, about 30 Ibs. 8d. finish. For roofs and gutters use seven-pound lead; for hips and ridges, six-pound; for flashings, four-pound. Gutters should have a fall of at least one inch in ten feet. No sheet lead should be laid greater in length than ten or twelve feet, without a dip to allow for expansion. Joints to lead pipes require a pound of solder for every inch in diameter. MEMORANDA FOR PAINTERS. Painter's work is generally estimated by the yard, and the cost depends upon the number of coats applied, be- sides the quality of the work and the material to be painted. One coat or priming will take, for 100 yards of painting, twenty pounds of lead and four gallons of oil. Two-coat work, forty pounds of lead and four gallons of oil. Three- coat work, the same proportionate quantity as two coats; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of three-coat would be 100 pounds of lead and sixteen gallons of oil. One gallon priming oil will cover 50 superficial yards. One pound of paint covers about four superficial yards the first coat and about six each additional coat. One pound of putty, for stopping every twenty yards. One gallon of tar and one pound of pitch will cover twelve yards superficial the first coat, and seventeen yards each additional coat. A day's work on the outside of a building is 100 yards of first coat, and 80 yards of either second or third coat. An ordinary door, including casings, will, on both sides, make eight to ten yards of painting, or about five yards to a door without casings. An ordinary window makes about two and one-half or three yards. RULE FOR FINDING THE REQUIRED AREA . FOR ANY CHIMNEY. Multiply the nominal horse-power of the boiler by 112, and divide the product by the square root of the height of the chimney in feet. The quotient will be the required area in inches, at the top of chimney. 162 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Table showing diameter and height of chimney for any boiler: Horse Power of Boiler. Height of chimney in feet. Interior diameter at top. Horse Power of Boiler. Height of chimney in feet. Interior diameter at top. 10 12 16 20 30 50 60 60 75 90 99 105 120 120 14 in. 14 in. 16 in. 17 in- 21 in. 26 in. 27 in 70 90 120 160 200 250 380 120 120 135 150 165 180 195 30 in. 34 in. 38 in. 43 in. 47 in. 52 in. 57 in. WEIGHT OF BRICKWORK. Placing tin- weight of brickwork at 112 pounds pel- cubic foot, the weights per superficial foot for different walls are: 9 inch wall 84 Ib. 13 inch wall 121 Ib. 18 inch wall 168 Ib. 22 inch wall 205 Ib. 26 inch wall . ..2431b. CONTRAST OF COLORS. White-Black and all colors. Yello\\-Yiolet, la\emler, white. Red-Green, olive. Blue-Orange, auburn, brown. Orange-Bine, gray. Violet-Yellow, citrine, buff, dun. Green-Red, russet, maroon, chocolate, citrine, purple, violet, lavender. Russet ) Maroon x- Green, olive. Chocolate ) Gray-Orange, auburn, brown. Olive-Red, russet, maroon, chocolate. PAPER. 24 sheets 1 quire 20 sheets 1 quire outsides. 25 sheets 1 quire printers. 20 quires 1 ream. 21 quires. . 1 ream printers.' 2 reams 1 bundle. 10 reams 1 bale. 60 skins 1 roll of parch- ment. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 163 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. LINEAL MEASURE. 2\ inches 1 nail. 4 inches 1 hand. 3 inches 1 palm. 9 inches 1 span. 12 inches 1 foot. 45 inches 1 ell. 3 feet 1 yard. 6 feet 1 fathom. 4 poles or 22 yards 1 chain. 220 yards or 40 poles 1 furlong. 1760 yards or 8 furlongs 1 mile. 7.92 inches 1 link. 100 links or 66 ft. 1 chain. 10 chains 1 furlong. 80 chains 1 mile. 3 miles 1 league. feet or 5 yards 1 rod, pole, or perch. LENGTH OF A FOOT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Inches. Inches. Spain 11 . 03 Denmark 12 . 35 Holland 11.14 Prussia 12.36 Sweden 11 . 14 Austria 12.45 America '. 12 Portugal 12.96 England 12 Russia 13.75 LENGTI Russian . I OF A Mil COUN1 Am. yards. . .1,100 1,467 . . . .1,760 . . . .1,760 . . . .1,984 . .2,200 L,E IN DIFFERENT r RIES. Am. yards. Spanish 5,028 German 5,866 Swedish and Danish. 7,233 Hungarian 8,630 Italian English \ incrican Scotch Irish. . Norwegian 12,400 French league 3,666 SQUARE MEASURE. II 1 square inches- I squarefoot. 9 square feet 1 square yard. 2721 feet 1 square rod or pole. 40 rods 1 square rood. I!) rood.-, 1 160 rods 4,840 yards \ 1 acre 43,560 feet 10 square chains 640 acres 1 square mile. 2,471 acres 1 hectare. 7,840 square yards 1 Irish acre. 6,150 square yards 1 Scotch acre. 30 square acres 1 yard of land. 100 acres Ihide of land. 40 hides 1 barony. 164 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 inches 1 cubic foot. 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard. 40 cubic feet of rough or 50 cubic feet of hewn timbei 1 ton or load. 108 cubic feet 1 stack of wood. 128 cubic feet 1 cord of wood. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 16 drachms 1 ounce. 112 pounds 1 cut. 1(> ounces 1 pound. 20 cwt. 1 ton. 28 pounds 1 quarter. TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains 1 d\vt. 12 oz. 1 11 >. 20 clwt. 1 oz. DRY MEASURE. 2 gallons 1 peck. 04 gallons 1 quarter. S gallons 1 bushel. 1 bushel 1.28 cubic feet. LIQUID MEASURE. 8.665 cubic inches 1 gill. 4 gills 1 pint. 2 pints 1 quart. 4 quarts Igallon. 1 gallon U. S. 8.34 Ib. 1 gallon U. S. 231 cubic inches. 1 cubic foot 7.48 U. S. gallons. SIZE OF PAPER. (Whatman's.) Inches. Emperor 72 x48 Antiquarian 53 x31 Double elephant 40 x26f Atlas 34 x26 Colombier MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 165 SIZE OF PAPER. CONTINUED. Imperial 30 x22 Elephant 28 x23 Super Royal 27 x!9 Royal 24 x!9 Medium 22 x!7 Demy 20 xl5 Large post 20fxl6| Post 19 x!5i Foolscap 17 xl3| Post 15 x!2 Copy 20 x!6 TABLE OF SQUARE ROOTS, No. Sq. Root, No. Sq. Root. 25 5. 1400 37.42 50 7.071 1450 38.08 75 8.66 1500 38.73 100 10.00 1550 39.37 125 11.18 1600 40.00 150 12.25 1650 40.62 175 13.23 1700 41.23 200 14.14 1800 42.43 250 15.81 1900 43.59 300 17.32 2000 .44.72 350 . .18.70 2100 45.82 400 20.00 2200 46.90 450 21.21 2300 47.95 500 22.36 2400 .48.99 550 23.45 2500 50.00 600 24.49' 2600 50.99 650 25.46 2700 ' 51.96 700 26.46 2800 52.91 750 27.39 2900 53.85 800 28.28 3000 54.77 850 29.15 3200 56.57 900 30.30 3400 58.30 950.. ..30.82 3600 60.00 1000. . 31.62 3800 61.64 1050 32.40 4000 63.24 1100 33.16 4200 64.80 1150 33.91 4400 .66.32 1200.. 34.64 4600 67.82 1250 . .35.36 4800 69.28 1300 36.06 5000 70.72 1350.. ..36.74 CHAPTER X. Laws Concerning Public Roads. 1. To Prevent Collisions, and to secure the safety and COnvenie&Oe of travelers meeting and passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of the n.ad. These rules, originally established by custom, have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by .-tatute. and are of general and uniform observance in all parts of the I'nited States. In general, they apply to private ways as well as public roads and. indeed. extend to all places appropriated either by law or in fact, for the purp< travel. 2. Public ROCK]* are those which are laid out and sup- ported by officers entrusted with that power. Their care and control is regulated by the statutes of the different States, and in detail will not be referred to here, a^ they can be easily looked up by those who desire information so entirely local. 3. Ownership. The soil and the land remain?* in the owner, who may put the land to any use. and derive from it any profit, not inconsistent with the rights of the public. If the road is at any time discontinued, the land reverts to the owner. 4. Liability. The repair of highways is usually im- posed upon towns, and they are made' liable by statute for all damages against persons or estates, from injuries received or happening in consequence of a neglect of duty on the part of the officers haveng the same in charge. 5. The Primary Law of the road is that all persons using the same must exercise due care to prevent collisions and accidents. No one can claim damages for an injury mainly caused by his own negligence. 6. Persons traveling with carriages or vehicles of transportaton, meeting on any public way, are required to turn their carriages or wagons to the right of the center MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 167 of the road, so far as to permit such carriages or wagons to pass without interruption. Any unreasonable occupa- tion of the public way, whether arising out of a refusal to turn out and allow a more rapid vehicle to pass, or from an unjustifiable occupancy of such a part of the road as to prevent others from passing, will render the party so trespassing liable for damages to any suffering injuries therefrom. A loaded vehicle must turn out, and allow those to pass who may reasonably and lawfully travel faster. 7. Riders are not governed by any fixed rules, but are required to use reasonable prudence at all times to prevent accidents. They need less room and can make quicker movements, and are, therefore, not under as well defined rules as vehicles. 8. Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise rea- sonable care to avoid injuring them, but a foot pas- senger in crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as it is for the driver to see that he does not run over anyone: nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to the right apply to carriages and foot passengers, for, as regards a foot passenger, a carriage may go on either side. '.). Runaways. The owner of a runaway horse or horses, if negligent, or not exercising due care, is respon- sible for all damages that may occur. If a horse naturally quiet to ride and drive is frightened by a railroad train, steam thrasher or other causes not under the control of the rider or driver, does any damage, or injures any person or persons, the owner is not responsible. If horses are known to be vicious, or sustain a runaway reputation, break loose or run away with their driver, or injure any person persons, the owner is responsible, unless it can be shown that the horses were frightened by some obstacle which would naturally frighten a gentle or ordinarily quiet horse. 168 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. PETITION FOR LAYING OUT A ROAD. To the Commissioners of the Town of Milwaukee, County of Boone, State of Wisconsin. Your petitioners, of the town of Milwaukee, would respectfully represent that the public convenience and wants require that a road and highway should be laid out and constructed, 'beginning at the northeast corner of William .Jones' farm, in the town of Milwaukee, and lead- ing in a direct line south to the town of Southport. Your petitioners would therefore ask that your honors would view the premises and locate ;uul construct said road and highway, according to the laws in such cae useless or make such alterations or improvements as shall appear to your honors necessary. Signatures. Signatures. CHAPTER XI. Posted Regulations. HOW TO SEND MONEY. There are several ways to send money. How to send it by telegraph is explained elsewhere. 'The way to send the identical money is to send it by express. The package should be counted with the greatest care, and then a thread sewed through it so that a bill could not be slipped out if it be paper money. If it be coin it should be put in a strong canvas bag, then seal the knot with which it. is tied. Better still, put the bag in a box securely nailed or screwed down. If the package be in bills the wrapper should be carefully tied and the knots sealed with scaling wax. The express company will give a receipt for the amount which it is said to contain. But a better way to send money by express is to buy a money order. They issue for any amount without any formal application. If a person has a bank account he often finds it most convenient to remit by draft. You fill out and deposit the following blanks: Chicago, 111 190.. No. THE METROPOLITAN NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO. Pay to the order of $ . . DOLLARS. . METROPOLITAN NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO. Chicago, 190. . Wanted by and Cents. $ 100 Payable at State of Payable to Residence or place of business of person to whom money is to be paid. Town or city State of ' No Street, Sent by (Signature of Remitter to be written here.) 170 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Residence or place of business of Remitter. No ................... Street ..... Town or city ..................... State of. .-. ...................... On the reverse side is the following blank: v FKKS CHAI;<;I:I) F<>K MUNKY OUDKIIS. For Orders for sums of $5 or less ............ ;1 cents. Over s", and not exceeding S10 .......... 8 cents. ( )ver -810 and not exceeding sl."> .......... 10 cents. Over SI") and not exceeding -830 ........ lo cents. Over $30 and not exceeding 810 ........ 20 cents. Over SlO and not exceeding $50 ......... 12.1 cents. Over 8-10 and not exceeding 8 No Amount J These numbers and amounts are to be written in by the Postmaster. There being three blank spaces, more than one application is not needed when the Remitter sends over $100. APPLICATION FOR MONEY ORDER. (To be filled up by the Remitter, or by some one for him, not employed in the post office.) Date 190. . (Date must not be omitted.) For the sum of DOLLARS. Identificaton of Payee, Indorsee or Attorney waived. Remitter. If the Remitter signs this form, the issuing Postmaster must write or stamp across the face of the Money Order and of the Advice, these words : " Identification of Payee, Indorsee or Attorney waived, " and must add there to his official signature. Note: The issue of a single applicant, in one day, of more than three orders payable at the same office, and to the same payee, is positively forbidden. In the application the given 'names of the Remitter and Payee, or the initials thereof, should precede their sur- names, respectively. If the Payee has only one given name, it should be written in full,if known to the Remitter. For example, the name John Jones should be written, and not as J. Jones. Observance of this rule will tend to prevent mistakes and delay in payment. Names of firms, places and streets, as well as numbers and amounts, should be written in full and in the plainest manner possible. A money order must not be made payable to more than one person or firm. 172 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. As there are several Post Offices of the same name in the United States, an applicant for an order paj^able at one of such offices must be careful to indicate carefully which one of them he means, and the Po-t master will satisfy himself, before writing out the order, that the office indicated is, the one intended. These are the various methods in vogue for sending money. The choice between them is largely a matter of circumstance and convenience. Third Clax* Mall<-r (not exceeding \ pounds'). Printed matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or unconvcted, unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit ea-y inspection without cutting cords or wrapper 1 cent for each 2 ounces Fourth r/f/x.s Malta-. Not exceeding 4 pounds, em- bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids, poisons, grease, inflammable or explosive articles, live animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. Po-tage to Can- ada and Hritish North American States, 2 cents per ounce, must be prepaid, otherwise, c. cents. On any third or fourth class packages may be written the names and numbers of articles enclosed. The sender is also allowed to mark a word or passage in a book or paper, to which he desires to call special attention. He may also write a simple inscription, or dedication, upon the cover or blank leaves of a book or pamphlet. He may attach to articles of merchandise, by tag, or labels, a mark, number, name, or letter for purpose of identifica- tion. Printed circulars may contain the written name of the sender, and the date. The sender's address, pre- ceded by the word "from." may be added (inside or out) to any package 1 . Any other writing on third or fourth class matter will subject the package to letter rates of postage, ami render the sender liable to a fine of ten dollars for each offence. Money can be sent with absolute safety by mail, by procuring a Money Order. The fees are: On orders not exceeding *">. 5 rents; $10, 8 cents; $10 to $15, 10 cents; $15 to $30, 15 cents; $30 to *K). 2n cents; S 10 to $50, 25 cents; $80 to $100, 45 cents. All postmasters in the Tinted States issue Postal Notes for any sum under $5 at 3 cents each. FOREIGN POSTAGE. To all parts of Europe. Turkey, Persia, Egypt, India, Japan, Bermudas, Cuba, Porto Kico, Mexico, Honduras, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentine Republic, Chili, Peru, Ecuador, and Newfoundland for letters, 5 cents per half MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 173 ounce, prepayment optional; if not prepaid a fine is col- lected on delivery. Postal-Card, 1 cent in addition to stamp impressed. Newspapers, 2 cents each, if not over four ounces, and 2 cents for each additional four ounces or parts thereof. For other Printed Matter and Samples, 1 cent for each package and an additional 1 cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof the minimum rate for commercial papers being five cents for a package. All matter, except Letters must be prepaid. Letters and other packages may be registered on pay- ment of a fee of ten cents. Letters to New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria via, San Francisco, 12 cts. per oz. ; Australia, except above places, 5 cts. per oz. ; New Zealand, 12 cts. per | oz. SUGGESTIONS. Owing to the frequent handling all mail matter neces- sarily receives it is advisable always to use good envelopes, as many of the thin ones split open, which excites suspicion and blame against entirely innocent officials. Prepayment of one full rate of postage on first class matter insures its being forwarded, but it is best to fully prepay, else the receiver of the letter must meet the defi- ciency. All mail, except first-class matter, must be fully prepaid or it will not be forwarded. When the full rate of postage has been prepaid on first class matter, and all other matter when fully prepaid, may, at the request of the party addressed, be forwarded from one post-office to another. Postmasters can return second, third and fourth-class matter only upon zeceipt of postage stamps to cover remailing. A printed or writ- ten request on such matter, asking postmasters to notify sender of non-delivery, and of amount of postage required to return same, is allowable and will be honored. All inquiries relating to lost mail matter of any sort, either domestic or foreign, should be addressed to the Chief Inspector, Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. Inquiries relating to mail matter supposed to have been sent to the Dead Letter Office, should be sent to the Third Assistant Postmaster General. In all letters of inquiry fullest information must be given, such as name and address .of sender or writer, date and place of mailing, to whom and to what address the article was mailed, and a brief description of the contents. Whenever it is known when or why letter was sent to the 174 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Dead Letter Office, this should be stated as should the number of any registered matter. Always write "Transient" or "General Delivery" on matter for persons not living where you send mail to them \Ylien directing to cities, always add the street and number, or post office box, of the person addressed, unless marked "Transient " or " (Jem-nil Delivery." To insure certainty in dispatch of mail, give the county in which post-office is, and spell out the name of the State in full. If you will write or print your name and addn the contents, it' a package) in the upper left hand corner of your mail matter, it will be returned to you for correc- tion, if improperly addressed, or insufficiently paid, and if not called for at it- destination, it can be returned to you without going to the Dead Letter Office. If a letter, it will be returned free. Register all valuable letters and packages. Registry fee ten eents, which with the postage mu>t be fully pre- paid. The name and address of the .-ender must be given on the outside of the envelope or wrapper of all registered articles. Hegist ration does not make the Department responsible for lost letters, but it does so mark the progress of a letter that tampering with it is almost wholly im- possible. FOREIGN POSTAO \ :. To all parts of the I'liiver-al Postal I'nion (embracing neaarly every civili/ed country! : On letter*, /ire cent* for each Imlj ounce or fraction thereof, prepayment optional. Double rate- are collected on delivery of unpaid or short-paid letter-. On newspapers, book-, pamphlets, photographs, sheet music, map engravings, and similar printed matter, one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. To Canada (including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island): Letters, two cents for each ounce or fraction thereof; Books, Circulars and similar printed matter, one cent for each two ounces, or fraction thereof. Second ('lass Matter, same as in the United States Samples and Merchandise, on- per ounce. Packages must not exceed \ pounds, (i ounces in weight, prepayment compulsory. To Mexico: Letters, Postal Cards and printed matter, same rates as in the Tinted States. Samples, one cent per ounce; Merchandise other than Samples, can only be sent by Parcel Post. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 175 To Australia (except New South Wales, Queens- land and Victoria), via San Francisco: On Letters, five cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof. To places excepted above, twelve cents for each half ounce; on Newspapers, two cents each, prepayment compulsory. Limits of Size and Weight: Packages of samples of merchandise to the countries named above (except Great Britain, France, Belgium and Switzerland), must not exceed 8f oz., nor measure more than 8 in. in length, 4 in. in breadth and 2 in depth; and packages of printed matter must not exceed 4 Ibs. 6 oz. Packages of mer- chandise samples to Great Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Argentine Republic are limited to 12 oz. in weight, 12 in. in length, 8 in. in width, and 4 in. in depth. Packages of printed matter to Germany and Great Britain are limited to 2 ft. in length and 1 ft. in each other dimension. INTERNATIONAL OR FOREIGN MONEY-ORDER FEES. On Algeria, Belgium British India, Cape Colony, Con- si am inople, Denmark, Dominion of Canada, Egypt, England, France, German Empire, HongHong, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Newfoundland, New South Wales, Xc\v Zealand, Portugal, Sandwich Islands, Scotland, Shanghai, Sweden, Switzerland, Tasmania, Victoria. For sunls not exceeding $10 lOcts. ( )ver $10, not exceed. $20 20cts. Over $20, not exceed. $30 30cts. ( >ver $30, not exceed. $40 40cts. ( her $40, not exceed. $50 SOcts. Orders can also be obtained on Austria and the East Indies, by remittance through the Postal Department of Switzerland, subject to the rates of the Swiss Department to those countries. Also on Norway and the Nether- lands, through the Postal Department of the German Empire, subject to the rates of the German Department to those countries. No order issued for a larger amount than $50 in United States money. UNITED STATES POSTAGE RATES. Letters. Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce or fraction thereof 'to all parts of the United States and Canada; forwarded to another office without charge on 176 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. request, of the person addressed; if not called for, re- turned to the writer free if indorsed with the request. If the stamp is omitted the letter is forwarded to the Dead Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For registering letters the charge is ten cents additional. Drop letters, at letter carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof, at the other offices 1 cent per ounce or fraction thereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Canada, 6 cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped postal cards furnished only by Government, 1 cent postal card, or, anything but the address written on the face, letter po>tage is charged. Postage on all newspapers and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part, of the United .States to regular subscribers, must be paid in advance at the office of mailing. WITHDRAWAL OF MAIL MATTER. Before Dixjxilch. After mailable matter has been deposited in the post office it cannot be withdrawn except by the writer thereof or sender, or in case of a minor child, the parent or guardian duly authorized to control the correspondence of the writer. The utmost care mu-t be taken to axvrtain that the person desiring to withdraw the matter is the one person entitled to do so. It' necessary, the postma-ter should require the applicant to exhibit a written address in the same hand as that upon the letter, and such description of the letter or article mailed, or other evidence, as will identify the -aim- am! satisfy the postmaster that the applicant is entitled to withdraw it. The postmaster acts at his peril in permitting such withdrawal, and would be liable, however honest his intentions, were he to deliver it to an imposter or one not entitled to it. He should in no ca>e delay a mail, or retard the business of his office in order to search for a letter desired to be withdrawn. Lcflern With Stamp* Canceled not to be Withdrawn for Moiling on the Cars. After canceling the >tamps upon a letter the postmaster must not return it to the person mail- ing it to him to take it to a railway post office. If received too late to put in the locked pouch, the postmaster or his assistant or sworn clerk may, after cancelation and post- marking, take it to the postal car. The railway postal clerk may receive it from such postmaster, assistant or clerk, but is forbidden to receive such canceled letter out- side of the pouch from any other person. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 177 Withdrawal by Sender After Dispatch. After a letter has passed from the mailing post office, the delivery of same may be prevented, and its return to the writer secured, by an applicant by the writer to the post- master at the office of mailing, stating reasons therefor, identifying the letter, and supporting such application with sufficient proof in writing. Upon such application and evidence, and upon a deposit being made by the writer of a sum sufficient to cover all expenses incurred, the postmaster shall telegraph a request for the return of such letter to his office, if it has been forwarded, to the postmaster at the office of address, carefully describ- ing the same, so as to identify it and prevent the return of any other matter. On receipt of such request the postmaster at the office of address shall return such letter to the mailing postmaster in a penalty envel- ope, who will deliver it to the writer upon payment of all expenses and of letter rate of postage on the matter returned, on the envelope of which, postage-due stamps of the proper value must be placed and canceled, and upon the prepayment also, of a registered parcel, addressed to the First assistant Postmaster General, Division of Correspondence, P. O. Department, in which the postmaster shall inclose and transmit the application of the writer and all proofs submitted by him together with the writer's receipt for it, and the envelope of the n turned letter. Letters Withdrawn from the Mail Require Prepayment Anew. A letter which has been withdrawn from the post office by the sender, after the stamp has been canceled, for the purpose of adding to the message, cannot be remailed without new prepayment of postage. Return of Registered Matter. Registered matter cannot be returned without the consent of the addressee and the approval of the Department. Prepayment of Postage. First class matter will be forwarded for delivery in the domestic mails on the prepayment of one full rate of postage. The deficiency will be collected by postage-due stamps at the place of delivery. All other domestic matter must be fully pre- paid. When by any inadvertence mail matter of any reaches its destination without any prepayment, double the prepaid rates will be collected from the ad- dressee. When part prepayment, however, is made, only the actual deficiency will be collected. Second, third and fourth class matter will neither be forwarded nor returned without the prepayment of ad- ditional postage. 178 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Postage Due Must Be Paid in CW/. Po>tmasters cannot lawfully accept postage stamps in payment of postage remaining due on letters. The amount 'due must invariably be paid in cash. Dotihle Postage Collected on Unpaid Foreign Mail. Letter addressed to foreign countries other than Mexico and Canada, will be forwarded without the prepayment of po-iage. but double postage will be collected from the ad- dressee on delivery. Set/led /''ureii/H Mattir Other 1'han Letter*. Sealed mat- ter addressed to foreign countries, not in the usual and ordinary form of a letter, mu-t he fully prepaid to be for- warded. When not prepaid, it will be returned to sender or sent to the Dead Letter Office. Simmf. Third ond Fourth ('In.--* l-'or< //// Mail. Matter from foreign countries analagous to our domestic second, third and fourth class matter will be forwarded without the prepayment of additional postage. Return of Domestic Letter*. Domestic letters bear- ing the return card of the sender will be returned to sender should they prove undeliverable at the end of the time stated on the envelope, or if no lime is stated, at Ihe end of thirty days. Letter* Without Return Card. Letters which are not deliverable and do not bear the return card of the sender, are sent to the Dead Letter Office, where they are opened, and returned in a penalty envelope di- rected to the sender, if his address is contained therein. When a letter is not deliverable at an address, the city directory is searched for a new address. If found, the new address is marked on the letter and delivery made to the addressee. In view of this, it is advisable that everyone should see that his or her name is inserted in the city directory. If unavoidably left out of the direc- tory, the post office should be notified, so that the name may be entered in the post office interleaved directory. Chattue of Ada're**. Business houses changing their address should notify their letter carrier of their route or the general post office. All changes in corporation names or titles of firms should be reported to the post office, in order that mail may he promptly delivered: this is also true with respect to the establishment of new firms or newspapers, or any business concern to which mail is addressed. When changing an address state if it has been previously changed and to where. Send* r May Specify Time Letter Shall He Held. The sender of a letter may specify the time a letter shall be held pending delivery, but no 'time less than three days will be observed. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 179 .\o Charge for Letters Returned. Letters are returned to senders if not deliverable, without additional charge for postage. "Disputed Mail." Whenever there is a dispute between the members of a firm regarding the delivery of mail, the matter should be referred to the postmaster for adjudication. Letters Addressed to "Agent," or "In Care of." Letters addressed to anyone as the agent, manager or representa- tive of a business firm, belong to the business firm. Letters addressed care of business firm, individual or house, belong to the persons so addressed and not to the person or per- sons in whose care they are addressed. Cause of Non-Delivery to be Stamped. All re- quest, card or official matter of any class returned to sender, or undelivered matter sent to the Dead Letter Office, must bear on its face the reason for such return, as, such " refused, " " Removed, " " Present Address Unknown, " " Deceased, " " Unclaimed, " " Cannot be Found, " etc., and must also, in every instance, bear the post mark of the office from which it is returned. No article of undeliverable matter must be detained at the office to which it is addressed for a longer time than that named in the return request. Postal Cards, Etc., Not Given Directory Service. Postal cards, and matter of the second, third and fourth class, not deliverable, are not given directory service. Treatment of Valuable Second, Third and Fourth Claxs Matter. Matter of the second, third or fourth class, of obvious value, if not deliverable and if the address of the sender is not enclosed, is sent to to the Dead Letter Office. When the address of the sender is disclosed, a card will be mailed requesting post- age for returning or forwarding. ^Printed Matter of "Obvious Value" Defined. Printed matter of obvious value is defined to be such as magazines, pictorials, music, pictures, photographs, books or pamph- lets, likely to be of use or value to the addressee. ' ' Unclaimed Matter is A dvertised. ' ' All un- claimed matter of the first class, except registered, refused, fictitious card and request matter, if not de- liverable, is advertised weekly by lists posted at the post office, stations and sub-stations. One cent will be col- leHed when an advertised letter is delivered. "Mail Sent Under Cover." Matter sent under cover to a postmaster with a request to mail is always stamped " Mailed under cover at " which prevents de- ception. 180 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. GENERAL REGULATIONS CONCERNING FOREIGN MAILS. The following regulations are in effect on and after January 1, 1900. Until that date regulations published in previous issues of the Guide are in force. CXIYKRSAL POSTAL CONVENTION SIGNKI) AT WASHINGTONREGULATIONS IX MFFECT JAXl'AHY 1, 1900. The following principal provisions of the Universal Postal Convention of Washington, applicable to articles in the mails exchanged on and after .January 1, 1900, between the Cniled States and the. other countries (ex- cept Canada and Mexico) embraced in the rniversal Postal Union, are published for the information and guidance of postal officials and the public: 1. The postage rates remain unchanged. They are as follows, viz: For Letters. Five (5) cents for each half ounce or fraction of half ounce; prepayment optional. For Post-Cards. Two (2) cents for each single cards, and four (4) cents for double card<. For Prints of AVer// Kind. One (1) cent for each (2) ounces or fraction of two (2) ounces; limit of weight, four pounds, six ounces; limit of size, eighteen (18) inches in any direction, except that rolls of prints may measure thirty inches (30) in length and four (4) [nones in diameter. For Commercial Papers. Five (5) cents for the first four (4) ounces or less, and one (1) cent for each additional two (2) ounces or fraction thereof ounces; limit of weight, twelve (12) ounces; limit of size, twelve (12) by eight (8) by four (4) inches *A11 articles other than letters must be prepaid, at least in part. Double the deficient postage calculated at the above rates is collectible of the addressee, upon the de- livery of articles upon which postage has not been prepaid in full. 2. The sender of an article may cause it to be with- drawn from the mails, or its address to be changed; pro- vided the legislation of the country for which the article is destined allows such withdrawal or change of address. 3. In the case of unpaid letters and short paid articles of any kind returned to the senders as undeliverable, the senders must pay the amount which would have been MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 181 collected of the addressees if the articles had been de- livered. 4. The following articles are prohibited circulation in international mails, viz: Articles which do not conform to the conditions pre- scribed for them. Articles which may be dangerous or likely to soil or injure other articles. Current coin, articles liable to custom's duty, gold, silver, precious stones, but only to those countries the legislation of which does not permit their admission to the mails. 5. Postage stamps are required to be printed as far as possible in the following colors, viz: Stamps of the value of five cents in dark blue; stamps of the value of two cents in red; stamps of the value of one cent in green. 6. Every article addressed for delivery in a foreign country must show upon its cover an impression of the date stamp of the mailing post office. 7. A post office receiving letters and post-cards from foreign countries must impress its date stamp on the back of letters and on the front of post-cards. 8. Every unpaid or short-paid article must have marked upon its cover the capital letter "T". Such marking is done by the exchange post office, which dis- patches the article abroad. 9. Articles addressed by initials or in pencils are not allowed to be registered. 10. Registered articles for which a "Return receipt" is desired must be marked very plainly " Return receipt. " The return must be made out and attached, by means of a string tied crosswise, to the article. ' When an article is received accompanied by a return receipt, said receipt must be signed by the person to whom the article is deli- vered, and must be returned to the exchange office whence the article was received. 11. Post-cards must not exceed in size 5| by 3| inches, and must bear on the front the words " Post-card. " En- gravings or advertisement may be printed on the front provided they do not interfere with a perfectly distinct address. Postage stamps and small adress label may be affixed to the front ; and the sender may also write, print or stamp his name and address on the front, but nothing else is allowed to be placed there. 12. The sender of a double post-card may write his name and address on the front of the reply half of the double card. 13. Post-cards (single and double) issued by private establishments are admitted to enternational " mails in 182 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. those countries which authorize the issue of such cards, provided the cards conform as regards size, and the con- sNtency of tin 1 paper, with the official post-cards. 14. Samples <>f merchandise arc admitted only under the following conditions, viz.: First -a. They must be placed in bags, boxes or re- movable envelopes in such a manner as to admit of easy inspection. 1). They inu.-t not have any salable value, nor bear any manuM-ript other than the name and the .-ocial posi- tion of the sender, the address of the person for whom they are intended, a manufacture'.- or a trace mark, num- bers of orders, prices, and indication- relating to weight and size, as \\ell as to the quantity to be di>po>ed of, or those which are nece>-arv to precisely indicate the origin and nature of the merchandise. \rticles of irla>s. liquids oils fatty suh-tances, dry powders, whether coloring or not. as well a- live bees, are admitted a- samples, provided they are put up in the following manner: Fir*(. Articles of glass mu>t be packed solidly in boxes, in a way to prevent all danger to the corres- pondence and tiie emplo; S'<>/xl. Liquids, oils and substances easily lique- iiable must be enclosed in gla-> bottles hermetically closed. Fach bottle must be placed in a wooden box filled with sawdust, cotton or spongy material in suffi- cient quantity to absorb the liquid in ca>e the bottle should be broken. Finally, the box it>elf mu.-t be en- closed in a ca.-e of mental or wood, with a screw top, or of strong and thick leather. If perforated wooden blocks are used, mea>uring at K a-t one-tenth of an inch in the thinnest part, sufficiently filled inside with absorbing material, and furnished with a lid. it is not necessary that the block* should be enclosed in a second ca Third. Fatty substances, -uch as ointments, soft soaps, resins, etc. must be enclosed in an inner cover (box, bag of linen or parchment, etc.). which must be placed in a second box of wood, metal or strong and thick leather. Fourth. Dry powders must be placed in cardboard boxes enclosed in a bag of linen or parchment. Fiftli. Live bees must be enclosed in boxes which avoid all danger and permit examination of the con- tents. S i.ctlt.-~ Specimens of natural history, such as dried or preserved animals or plants, geological specimens, etc., MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 183 which are not sent for commercial purposes, are admitted at the postage rate and under the conditions of weight and size prescribed for samples. 15. Prints of all kinds are subjected to the following conditions, viz: a. Facsimile copies of manuscript or typewriting if sent as prints must be mailed at the post office windows in not less than twenty (20) perfectly identical copies. b. Stamps or forms of prepayment, whether can- celed or not, as well as all printed articles constituting the sign of monetary value, are not admitted as prints. o. The following manuscript additions may be made to prints: The name, business and residence of the sender; to visiting cards, the title and address of the sender and congratulations, thanks, etc., not to exceed five words; the date of despatch, the necessary correc- tions on proofs of printing, and the " copy " may be enclosed with the proof; correction of errors in printing, other than proof; the erasure and underscoring of cer- tain words; the insertion or correction of figures in price lists, advertisements, trade circulars and prospectuses; the insertion of the name of the traveler, the date and place of his intended visit, in notices concerning the trips of commercial travelers; the dates of sailing on notices relating to the sailing of vessels; the name of the person invited: the date, object and place, on cards of invitation and notices of meetings; a dedication on books, journals, photographs, Christmas and New Year's cards; fashion plates, maps, etc., may be painted; to cuttings from journals, the title, date, number and address of the journal from which they were cut may be added. d. No manuscript additions other than those above indicated are allowed upon prints. e. Prints must be wrapped so that the contents can be easily examined, without damaging the cover. But cards may be forwarded without covers. f . Cards bearing the title " Post-card " are not ad- mitted at the postage rate applicable to prints. 16. Commercial papers, samples and prints may be enclosed in one and the same packages; provided, (1) that each article taken singly does not exceed the limits of weight and size applicable to it; (2) that the total weight does not exceed four (4) pounds six (6) ounces; and (3) that the minimum charge shall be five (5) cents if the package contains "commercial papers," and two (2) cents if it contains samples. CHAPTER XII. Discount e^nd Interest. . To find the commission, the ( Selling Price and per cent, of commission being gi\en. RlUe. Multiply the cost or selling price by the rale per cent of commission. fc.ra tuple. Ho\v much commi^ion will !>< due an agent who buys $">.()()() worth of merchandise on a coin- mi ion of 6 pel cent.? OPEUATIi>\. S."), 1)1)1) Investment or ba-e. .06 per cent of Commission. $300.00 Commission or percentage. K.cpltttutlion. Since the rate of commission i> > p.-r cent., the whole commission due the airent \\iil he (' per cent, of the investment, So.lHH), or $300. TO FIND THE [NVESTMENT OB GROSS SALES, THE COMMISSION AM) I'KII ( i OF COMMISSION I'.KINC GIVEN. A'///c. DiviiU 1 the commission by the rate per cent. of commisison. Example. If an agent's rate of commission is 4 j^er cent., what value of goods must he sell to earn a com- mission of $100? OPERATION. Com. 4 % .04 ( $100.00 $2,500 Explanation. Since the agent's commission is 4 per cent., he earns four cents l>y selling SI worth of goods; the value of the goods sold, therefore, must be as many times $1 as four cents is contained times in SI 00 which is 2,500 times, and 2,500 time- M i- si2,500. MANUAI* OF BUSINESS. 185 TO FIND THE INVESTMENT AND COMMISSION WHEN BOTH ARE INCLUDED IN A REMITTANCE BY THE PRINCIPAL. Rule. Divide the remittance by 1 plus the rate per cent, of commission. Example. If $2,020 is sent to a Boston agent for the purchase of oats, how much will he invest, his rate of commission being 1 per cent? OPERATION. $1.00 Investment. $1.01) $2,020 .01 Commission. " $2.000 Sum invested oats. $1.01 Actual cost to principal of each dollar invested by agent. Explanation. For each dollar invested the prin- cipal supplies the dollar invested and 1 cent for the agent's services, therefore, the agent will invest only as many dollars in oats as $1 plus 1 cent, or $1.01 is contained times in $2,020, or 2,000 times, hence the investment $2,00 DISCOUNTS. Discount is the allowance made from the amount of a debt, a note, or other obligation, or a deduction from the price of goods, for payment before it is due. Trade Discount, is the allowance made by manu- facturers and merchants upon their fixed or list prices. When there is more than one Trade Aiscount they are known as Discount Series. Trade discount is computed by the rules of percentage on the market price as a base. When a series of discounts is allowed, the first only is so computed, and in every sub- sequent discount the remainder after each preceding dis- count is regarded as the base. TO FIND THE SELLING PRICE, THE LIST PRICE AND DISCOUNT SERIES BEING GIVEN. Example. The list price of a horse is $500, what is the net selling price, if a discount of 30 per cent, is allowed? OPERATION. 30 Per cent, of discount. 150 Discount. $150.00 Discount. $350 Net selling price. Explanation. Since the discount is 30 per cent., and the list price or base is $500, the discount to be de- ducted will be 40 per cent., or $150. The net price will be $500 $150 $350. 186 MANUAL OF BUSIN! TRUE DISCOUNT. True Discount is the difference 1><>1 ween the face of a debt due at a future time, and its present worth. Tin- I'rrxrnt U'orth of a debt payable at a future time without interest is its value now; hence is such a sum as being put at simple interest at the legal rate will amount to the given debt when it becomes due. TO FIND THE PRESENT WolJTH AND TRUE DISCOUNT. /:.rti>// />!<'. Find the present worth and true dis- count of a claim for $954.05 due 3 years (> months hence at 3 per cent per annum. OPERATION. $ .105 Interest on SI for 3 yr<. l l.i ;.">."> and s nee SI would in that 'time at (i per cent, amount to .Sl.lO"> is contained times in S ( .)f) I. (:>. or SM13.93. If the frier is *!>.-> ir.r, ;,nd iN present worth is only SS(i;>.!;>, the true discount will be $951. (if) minus $863.93, or *'.n).72. Ii'ulc. Divide the amount of the debt at its maturity by one dollar plus its interest for the given time ami rate and the quotient will lie the present worth. Subtract the E resent worth from the amount, and the remainder will e the true discount. BANK DISCO I* NT. Hank Discount, is a deduction from the sum due upon a negotiable paper at its maturity for the cashing or buy- ing of such paper before it becomes due. The discount may be a fixed sum, but is usually the interest at the legal rate taken in advance. Bank dis- count is usualh' reckoned on a basis of 360 days a year. The Time in bank discount is always the number of days from the date of discounting to the date of maturity. The Term of Discount is the time the note has to run after being discounted. \otcs containing an interest clause will bear interest from date to maturity unless other time be specified. Non-Interest Bearing Xotes become interest bearing if not paid at maturity. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 187 The Maturity of a note or draft is indicated by using a short vertical line with the date on which the note or draft is nominally due, on the left, and the date of ma- turity on the right; thus, September 1216. TO FIND THE DISCOUNT AND PROCEEDS, THE FACE OF A NOTE, TIME AND RATE PER CENT OF DISCOUNT BEING GIVEN. Example. Find the bank discount and proceeds of a note for $600 due in 60 days at 5 per cent. OPERATION. $605.00 Face. 5.00 Discount for 60 days. $595 . 00 Proceeds. Explanation. The bank discount of a note being its interest for the time plus grace and the proceeds being the face of a note minus the bank discount, it is only necessary to compute the interest on the face for the full time to obtain the discount and to subtract such discount from the face to find the proceeds; thus, $5.00 being the discount, $600 minus $5.00 equals $595.00 proceeds. Hide. Compute the interest for the time and rate for the bank discount and subtract this discount bank from the face of the note to find the proceeds. TO FIND THE FACE OF A NOTE, THE PRO- CEEDS, TIME AND RATE PER CENT. OF DISCOUNT BEING GIVEN. Example. What must be the face of a note, payable in 30 days, that when discounted at 3 per cent, the pro- ceeds may be $300? OPERATION. $1 . 00 Face of note of $1. . 0101 Discount of note of $1. . 9899 Proceeds of note of $1. .9899) $300 $303.17 face required. Explanation. If the discount of $1 at 3 per cent, for 33 days is .0101, the proceeds of $1 of the note would be $1 mmus $ .0101 or $ .9899, and if the proceeds of 188 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. $1 are $ .9899 it would require as many dollars face of note to give $300 as $ .9899 are contained times in $300 or $303.17. Rule. Divide the proceeds of a note by the proceeds of $1 for the given rate and time. PROFIT AND LOSS. Profit and Loss treats of gains or losses in business transactions. The Gross or Full <<( of an article is its first cost increased by all outlays incident to its purchase and holding to date of sale. The Net Selling Price is the gross selling price, 1' charges incident to its sale. TO FIND THE PROFIT AND LOSS, THE COST AND RATE BEING GIVEN. K. rumple. An agent paid $60 for a carriage and sold it at a profit of t> per cent. \Vhat was his gain? OPERATION. $60.00 Cost. .06 Per cent, of gain. $3.60000 Gain. Explanation. Since the agent gained 6 per cent, or 6 cents on $1, on the $60 of cost he would gain (iO times $ .06, or $3.60. Rule. Multiply the cost by the rate. TO FIND THE COST, THE GAIN < >!{ !.< ss. AND THE RATE OF GAIN OR LOSS BEING GIVEN. Rule. Divide the gain or loss by the per cent, or gain or loss. TO FIND THE RATE OF PROFIT OR LOSS, THE COST AND THE PROFIT OR LOSS BEING TAKEN. Rule. Divide the profit or loss by the cost. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 189 TO FIND THE COST, THE SELLING PRICE AND THE RATE PER CENT. OF PROFIT OR LOSS BEING GIVEN. Rules. Divide the selling price by 1 plus the rate of gain. Divide the selling price by 1 minus the rate of loss. TAXES. TO FIND A PROPERTY TAX. Example. The rate of taxation in the city of Belvi- dere Illinois, is 2 per cent. What amount of tax must a person pay whose personal property is valued at $5,000 and who owns real estate assessed at $10,000 OPERATION. $10,000 5,000 $15,000 times .024300. Explanation. Since his total valuation was $15,000, and the rate of taxation 2 per cent., his tax would be 2 per cent, of $15,000 or $300. Rule. Multiply the total assessed value by the rate per cent, of taxation. INSURANCE. TO FIND THE COST OF INSURANCE. Example. The stock in a store is insured for $200, What is the cost of insurance for one year at 6 per cent, premium, if $2.00 is charged for the policy? OPERATION. $200 Amount insured. . 02 per cent, of premium. $4.00 equal Premium. $4.00 equal Premium. $2.00 equal cost of policy. $6.00 equals full cost of insurance. Explanation. Since the amount insured is the base and the per cent, of premium is the rate, if the amount is multiplied by the rate the product, $4.00 will be the pre- mium; adding $2.00, cost of policy, equals $6.00 the full cost. Rule. Multiply the amount of insurance by the rate per cent, of premium, and add extra charges, if any. 190 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. TO FIND THE AMOUNT INSURED, THE PRE- MIUM AND PER CENT. OF PREMIUM BEINC, (IIYEN. From the full cost of insurance subtract tin 1 extra charges, if any; divide the remainder by the per cent, of premium and the quotient will be the face of the policy. PARTIAL PAYMENTS. Payments made at different times of part of a debt should always be endorsed upon the back of the note. The following rule is simple and more equitable than many complicated processes given, especially when the debt is not of long standing. This Commercial or Merchant's rule is commonly used in finding the amount due on notes and accounts running a year or less, ;in income to another. SALE OF PROPERTY. A Sale is an Agreement to Exchange Property for Money. It is a change of ownership for money. Possession is not ownership. A person may possess what he does not own, or own what he does not possess. An agreement to sell at some future time is not a sale. A Sale is Complete as soon as the agreement is made and the ownership changes immediately, whether the goods are delivered or not. Parties may agree upon the terms of a sale that the ownership is not change. to until payment is made or the goods are delivered. 198 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Destruction by Fire. If property is destroyed by fire the owner at that item must bear the loss no matter who possesses them. If it was u >;ile the buyer must pay for them. If it was only an agreement of a future sale he need not pay because the seller cannot carry out his part of the agreement. REQUISITES OF A SALE. Five things are necessary to every sale. 1. That the agreement should be binding. 2. That the property exist. 3. That it is owned by tin- -eller. 4. That the agreement must refer to >ome particular property. 5. That the consideration should be money. An agreement to sell requires only the first and last; a sale all of the five. 1. Every Sale is a Contract. The buyer agrees to pay a certain sum for the goods, the seller agrees to fur- nish the goods for the specified Mini, the consideration is the agreement by the buyer to pay for what lie buys. Fraud in any part of the acontract releases the defrauded party from 'his obligations. 2. Property Must A'.n'.sY. If A ><-lls a horse to B, and unknown to either the horse had died before the sale, the whole contract would be void. If B had paid the price it must be returned to him. If an article not yet manufactured is paid for in advance and is destroyed before finished the manufacturer must sustain the loss and furnish another article or restore the money to the purchaser. 3. Sale WilJioitl Otrnt'rxhijt /* X<> Xale. No one can claim a thing simply because he has bought it unless he has purchased it" from the owner. The true owner of property can claim it at any time and in whosever hands he finds it. If I, without my knowledge, buy stolen property, even if it has been delivered into my possession, the original owner can claim it. It makes no difference through how many hands the property may have passed. This rule does not apply to money or negotiable papers, payable to bearer, such as notes, checks, etc. Posse>-k>n in this case is sufficient evidence of ownership. Money and such papers pass daily from one party to another, MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 199 ownership cannot be first considered. This is especially true of money. If, however^ a thief should give stolen money to a friend, the latter could not keep it. If securities over due were offered, say at half their value, the banker would have reason to suspect that they had been stolen; the true owner could take them without indentifying the pur- chaser. 4. Particular Property. A sale must refer to particular property. If I order particular goods, say cloth or wares, they do not become mine until they have been selected. If no particular property is referred to it is merely an agreement to sell, and not a sale. 5. Price. An agreement to pay money is a necessary element of sale. The price need not always be fixed. I can order goods without stipulating a price, the pay- ment of a reasonable price is implied. When no time of payment is mentioned the same is due immediately. Sale of Debts. A claim upon a debtor may be sold just the same as other property, but notice of such a sale must be given to the debtor. Defects. Should there be any defects in the property or animals which can be seen, that does not relieve the buyer from meeting obligations, though he claims not to have seen the defects. CHAPTER XIV. Transportation. The business of the transportation of goods and the IUAVS which regulate the same are of great importance and should be thoroughly understood by everyone. Those who transport goods for others are called Carriers, arid since all the business is done under contract sush contracts are very numerous. Common Carriers. A common carrier is one whose business is to transport from place to place the goods of anyone who may employ him. The most common ones are the railroad, steamboat, steamship and express companies. Truckmen and others who offer their services to the public generally are also common carriers. Two elements are necessary to constitute one a com- mon carrier: (1) his following it as a business, and (2) his offering his services to the public generally. Those who work only for a particular person are not common but private carriers. 200 MANUAL OF BUSIM Obligation to Take. A common carrier is obliged by law to take any goods that are offered to him for trans- portation to any point on his route, provided his usual compensation is offered him in advance. In case the carrier's cars arc full he may refuse to take more; he may also refuse to carry freight of a dangerous character, such as explosives. Compensation. Carriers may establish such ral make such contracis as they choose. Large corporations usually have established >-heduIes of rates. They can change these from time to time, but they must the goods of all persons at thi as you go, or a strictly ca>h business i-. the best and safest method of doing business. Hut certain con- ditions or customs in trade make this -ometimes imprac- tical or impossible, and credit mu.-t be given. Cnder this method dishonest. carele<- or unfortunate people contract debts, then refuse, neglect or are unable to pay them and collections, peaceable or forced, become a necessity. The requisite steps to collect such debts are a matter of great importance and should be understood by every- body, but they are not and much unpleasant ne and heavy losses are often the result. Hut if the defects cannot be seen and the seller recom- mends the property as good or sound the buyer is relieved from filling his part of the contract. Time of Possession. When no time of payment is mentioned the law presumes that the property must be paid for before the purchaser can secure possession. When credit is given the buyer is entitled to immediate possession. In connection with sales of considerable value it is always well to advance a small amount to bind the seller to the bargain. CHAPTER XV. Rights and Obligations of Parents and Children. In ancient domestic life the father ruled as an absolute monarch over the family. So it is still in oriental coun- tries. Christian civilization has greatly modified this and laws have been enacted that set forth the relation of parent and child, defining the duties and obligations of each. RIGHTS OF PARENTS. 1. As long as a child is under age he is subject to the control of the parents, who have all reasonable authority to enforce obedience. As long as a child is properly treated by the parents no one has a right to interfere nor to take away and retain a child against their wishes. 2. Adopting a Child. When a child is adopted by another family its parents lose their claim upon it and the adopting "persons take their place. A child cannot be adopted without the consent of its parents, but if consent is once given it cannot be revoked. A child over fourteen must himself consent to the adop- tion. The court has in all cases the right to consent to or refuse the adoption. Application must therefore be made at the County Court and the judge will consider it and pass upon it. 3. Punishment. Parents have a right to punish their minor children providing they are not guilty of cruelty. Brutality is severely punished by law as a crime. The punishment must *be reasonable, leaving no bruise or injuring the health of the child. 4. Claims Upon Earnings. While the child is a minor parents have a right to all his earnings. They can claim them of his employer. Parents, however, may free the child and allow him to collect and use his own wages. 204 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. When this once made public the parents cannot thereafter collect the child's wages. 5. A Ifunnirai/ Cfiild. A child has no right to leave home without permission of the parents; if he does he can be brought hack by force. Relations or others who would keep him can be forced by la\v to give him up unless it can be shown that the father is brutal in his treatment of the child or is not capable because of drunk- enness or other causes to properly care for the child. OHLKIATIOXS OF PAKKNTS. Obligation to Support. The lav. requires that parents shall support their minor children. A child having property of his o\\ n does not releave the parents from supporting him. They can, however, by applying to the Court, get permission to use a part or all of the income from the child's property for his support. Heyond this the parents have no claim upon or control over the child's property. CHILIWKVS MIGHTS AM) OBLIGATIONS. 1. A child can own property over which the parents have no control, except the u>e of the income of the -ame for the support of the child, as slated above. 2. Where it is shown that parents are unable to .-up- port themselves the child is under legal obligations to support and care f.or them, at least do what he can to- ward such support. 3. If a child commits a premeditated crime he is personally liable: parents cannot be held responsible for crimes committed by their minor children. 4. Guardian. A guardian may be appointed over an orphan child, or the child may choose his own guardian, who in a legal sense exercises all the authority of a parent. CHAPTER XVI. Parliamentary Rules and Forms of Resolutions, Trace each motion to its respective references and you master at a glance the intricacies of parliamentary usages, comprising some three hundred points of order. Forms in which questions may be put, 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.14. Motions to withdraw a motion a. e. g. i. m. n. p. Questions of precedence of questions ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To take up a question out of its proper order, a.e.g.i.l.n.p. Motion to take from the table a.e.g.k.l.n.p. Motion to suspend the rules c.e.h.j.m.n.p. To substitute in the nature of an amendment,c.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion to make a subject a special order. . . .c.e.h.i.l.n.p Question whether subject shall be discussed, .a.e.g.i.l.o.q. Motion that committee do not rise a.e.g.j.m.n.p. Motion to refer a question c.f.h.j.m.n.p. Motion to reconsider an undebatable question, a.e.g.j.m.n.r. Motion to reconsider a debatable question, .c.f.g.j.m.n.p. Reading papers a.e.g.i.m.n.p. Questions of privilege c.e.h.i.m.n.p. Questions touching priority of business. . . . a.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion for previous question a.e.g.i.l.n.p. Motion to postpone indefinitely c.f.g.i.m.n.p. Motion to postpone to a definite time d.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion for the arders of the day a.e.g.i.m.o.q. Objection to consideration of question a.e.g.i.l.o.q. Motion to limit debate on question a.e.h.i.l.n.p. Motion to lay on the table a.e.g.k.m.n.p. Lea veto continue speaking after indecorum, a.e.g.i.n.m.n.p. Motion to extend limits of debate on question,a.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion to commit a.f.h.i.m.n.p. Motion to close debate on question a.e.h.i.l.n.p. Call to order a.e.g.i.m.o.q. Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision generally c.e.g.i.m.n.q Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision re- indecorum a.e.h.i.m.n.q. Motion to amend the rules c.e.h.i.l.n.p. Motion to amend an amendment c.e.g.i.m.n.p. 206 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Motion to amend c.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion to determine time to which to ad- journ b.e.h.i.m.n.p. Motion to adjourn a.e.g.j.m.n.p. a . Question undebatable; sometimes remarks tacitly allowed. b. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. c. Debatable question. d. Limited debate only on propriety of postponement. e. Does not allow reference to main question. f. Opens the main question to debate. g. Cannot be amended. h. May be amended. i. Can be reconsidered. j. Cannot be reconsidered. k. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be recon- sidered. 1. Requires two-third vote, unless special rules have been enacted. m. Simple majority suflices to determine the question. n. Motion must be seconded. o. Does not require to be seconded. p. Not in order when another IIMS the floor. q. Always in order though another may have the floor. r. May be moved and entered on the record when another has the floor, but the lmsine;> made by one who voted with the prevailing >ide, and on the same day the original vote was taken. 1. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be made; ranks first. 2. To adjourn without limitation; second. 3. Motion for the Orders ot the Day; third. 4. Motion to lay on the table; fourth. 5. Motion for the previous question; fifth. 6. Motion to postpone definitely; sixth. 7. Motion to commit; seventh. 8. Motion to amend; eighth. 9. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth. 10. On motion to strike out words, "Shall the words stand part of the motion?" unless a majority sus- tains the words they are struck out. 11. On motion for previous question the fonn to be ob- served is; "Shall the main question be now put?" This, if MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 207 12. On an appeal from the chair's decision, "Shall the decision be sustained as the ruling of the house?" The Chair is generally sustained. 13. On motion for Orders of the Day, " Will the house now proceed to the Orders of the Day?" This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. 14. When an objection is raised to considering question, "Shall the question be considered?" Objection may be made by any member before debate has commenced, but not subsequently. Many occa- sions arise in social life, such as the death of a member of some society, the retiring of an officer, or some other occurrence calling forth rejoicings or regrets, where expressions of sympa- thy, of gratitude or of congratulation are called for. Such expressions are usually clothed in the form of resolutions similar to the following; RESOLUTIONS OF CONDOLENCE. ON THE DEATH OF A PUBLIC OFFICER. Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God in His Infinite wisdom to remove from our midst our honored and worthy fellow-member, John Jones, and Whereas, The pleasant and intimate relations which for ten years he has held with this Board as a fellow Director make it eminently fitting that we should place upon record our feelings of appreciation of his services and regret for his loss, therefore be it Resolved, That this Board of Directors will ever hold in grateful remembrance the sterling business qualities, the patience, integrity and clear-sightedness displayed for many years by our late fellow-member, John Jones, in the work of this board. Resolved, That the sudden removal by the death of our esteemed fellow-citizen from the position which he held as a public officer creates a vacancy not easily filled, and that his fellow-members fully realize and deeply deplore the loss occasioned to themselves and to the public at Resolved, That we hereby extend our deepest sympathy to the bereaved relatives and friends of the deceased, hoping that even in the sadness of their affliction they may yet find some consolation in knowing that the worth of his private qualities and the value of his public services are properly appreciated. Resolved, "That a copy of these resolutions be properly 208 MANUAL OF W'SIXESS. engrossed and sent to the family of our deceased fellow- member, and that the resolutions In- also published in each of the daily papers of this city. DEATH 01 A SOCIETY MEMBER. At a special meeting of the Philologian Literary Society, held at Newbury Hall on the evening of Tuesday, Sep- tember 10th, the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: 117/ovY/N, [t has seemed good to the ruler of the Universe to remove from among us our talented and beloved friend and fellow-member, .James Wilson; therefore, in view of the loss \\-e have sustained, and the still greater loss occa- sioned to his respected relatives. ], it /iV.sWm/, That the members of this society hereby desire to express their sense of bereavement and grief at the loss of one of their earliest, most faithful and most gifted members, and to record the enjoyment and profit which they have long had in the genial, social and brilliant in- tellectual qualities of the decea>ed. Resolved, That we sincerely sympathize with the rela- tives and near friends of our late beloved associate, and that we respectfully commend them for consolation to Divine Providence,' who though sometimes inx-rutabie in His dispensation, yet doefh all things well, feeling sure that to them, as to us, there is comfort in the knowledge that the deceased was not only honorable and manly in all respects, but was also a devoted and consistent Christian. /.YXM//VV/, That in token of our sorrow at the death of our friend, the members of this society wear a badge of crape upon the left arm for thirty days. AY.Wm/, That the secretary of this meeting is in- structed to send a copy of these resolutions to the parents of the deceased as a testimony of our grief and sympathy. RETIREMENT OF AN OFFICER. At a meeting of. the Aldermen and Councilman of Chi- cago, in Common Council assembled, the following resolu- tions were adopted without a dissenting vote: Whereas, Our esteemecl fellow citizen, William Martin, has handed to us his written resignation of the office of City Collector, assigning as reasons therefor his increasing and bodily infirmity and, Whereas. The said William Martin has filled the office from which he now retires for thirty years, to the great MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 209 satisfaction of all citizens of whatever political party; and during this time our taxes have been lighter and our improvements, at the same time, more extensive than those of our neighboring cities, therefore be it Resolved, That in unwillingly accepting the resigna- tion of Collector Martin the Mayor and Common Council of this city desire to express to him, in the heartiest and most sincere manner, the thanks both of themselves and of the public for his prolonged valuable labors in be- half of the public interest, and hope that in his retire- ment from office he will enjoy the happiness of a peaceful and serene old age. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be hand- somely embossed at an expense of not more than fifty ($50) dollars, and presented to the retiring treasurer us a mark of our esteem. (Signed by the Mayor, Aldermen and Councilmen.) CHAPTER XVII. Dictionary of Business Terms. Abatement. A discount made for damage, overcharge, or payment for a debt before it is due. . 1 crept. To acknowledge by signature, or agree to perform, according to the expressed terms. Acceptance. A formal agreement by signature to pay a draft or bill according to its terms. Accommodation. The loan of money or of a name, without any other consideration than favor. Accommodation Paper. Notes or bills drawn to be dis- counted, and not founded on actual sale of goods or bona-fide indebtedness. Account. A systematic record of debits and credits, under the name of a person, species of property or cause. Account Book. A book containing accounts. Account Sales. A detailed statement rendered by a commission merchant to his principal, showing the sales of certain goods, the expense attending the same, and the difference or net proceeds. Account Current. A detailed statement of the trans- actions between parties for a certain period, showing what is the condition of affairs at the present time. Accrue. To increase, to accumulate, as profits. Acknowledge. To admit; as by letter to admit the receipt of money or goods; or by signature to certify to the genuineness of a deed or mortgage. Acknowledgment. A receipt or admission. 210 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Actuary. One skilled in annuities and insurance. Acquittance. A release from debt or obligation; a written discharge or receipt in full. Adjust. To put in order for settlement. Ad Valorem . According to the value. Ad valorem duties arc an impost of a certain percentage on the cost or value- of the article imported. Specific duties are levied upon the quantity, measurement, or weight; as so many cents or dollars per gallon, yard or pound, as li may be. A France. Money paid before goods are delivered; increase of value in merchandise; money- or acceptance from the commission merchant to the consignor before the goods are disposed of. .\ a 1 rent nrc. An enterprise or hazard; goods shipped to be sold on account and risk of the shippers. Adventure in Co. Goods sent to be sold on joint ac- count of the shipper and the consignee. Adrise. Information communicated by letter; usually the announcement of goods shipped, or bills sent for acceptance. Atn'nl. One commissioned to do business for another. Agreement. The meeting of minds; a contract. Allow. To concede or discount an amount to be paid, as an abatement. Alloirance. A deduction from the gross weight of goods. Amount. The sum total; the aggregate. (Iros- amount is the total without deduction: net amount, the total less deduction. Answer. To be responsible for; to discharge a debt or obligation; to reply for a letter of query. Application. Making a request ; the formal preliminary process for obtaining insurance. \]>{>li/. To appropriate in a particular \vay; as, apply- ing proceeds in the payment of a specified debt. Appraise. To set a price upon; to value. Appraisement. Valuation of merchandise or ^fcher property. .1 ppraiwr. One who sets a value upon goods; a govern- ment official whose duty it is to examine and report the dutiable values of imported merchandise. Appreciate. To raise the value of. Apprize. Same as appraise. Appropriation. A sum set apart for a certain object. Arbitral ion. A method of settling differences in busi- ness matters by referring the affair in dispute to two or more disinterested parties. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 211 Article. A clause in a contract; a distinct part of an agreement in writing; a particular commodity; as an article of merchandise. Articles of Copartnership. The text of a copartner- ship contract. Assets. Resources; the property or effects of an in- dividual company, or corporation ;' used in contradistinc- tion to liabilities. Assignat. The name of the French paper issued by the government after the revolution; nominally 100 francs. Assignee. A person to whom the affairs of an insolvent debtor are referred for settlement. An assignee is, in effect, a trustee for the creditors, his duty being to make the most out of the property for their benefit. Assignment. The act or instrument by which the prop- erty and effects of an insolvent or embarrassed merchant are placed in the hands of an assignee. Assignor. One who assigns or makes over his property arid effects for the benefit of his creditors. Association. A joint stock company. Assume. To undertake or promise to perform any specified service.. Assurance. A species of insurance; as contracts under which a certain sum is to be paid on the death of an in- dividual, or upon a contingency which is certain to occur. Attachment. A legal process by which property in the hands of a party not the debtor may be levied upon for the payment of a debt. Attorney. An agent, the authority under which an attorney acts is usually in writing, and under seal, called a "power of attorney." Audit. To examine and verify accounts. Auditor. One who examines accounts; an officer of the government through whose hands all claims upon the treasury must pass. Average. A fair sample; the adjustment of the pro- portion of loss sustained by insurers; the mean time for the payment of the whofe of several sums due at different times. Balance. Scales for weighing; amount remaining due on settelment; the difference between the debit and the credit sides of an account. Balance of Trade. The difference between the value of the exports and imports of a country. Balance of Account. An account used to contain the balances of resources and liabilities, comprising an epitomized statement of the condition of a business. 212 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Balance Sheet. A statement in condensed form show ing the condition and progress of business. Bona Fide. In good faith; honestly. Bankable. Funds which are received at the bank at par value. Bank Balance. Amount on deposit at bank subject to draft. Brink Book. The book of a depositor in which each deposit is entered by the receiving Idler, and which servos at the dealer's voucher. Banker. A dealer in money; one who is intrusted with the Funds of another. Bank Hours. The time within which business is trans- acted at a bank, in most cities the hours between 10 A. M. and 3 P. M. Bank Notes. The promissory notes of a bank which are payable on presentation at" its counter, and on that aCCOUnI called money. Bankrupt. A person who is unable to pay his debts, or who is broken up in his hu-iness; the term usually applies to merchants or business men. Hun/c.^. Corporate institutions chartered by State or Federal authority for the convenient transaction of mone- tary operations. They are authorized to receive money on deposit to is-ue their own promissory notes which pass as money; to discount paper, or lend money on se- curity, etc. Their special privileges in these directions are granted upon the ground of the benefits which they confer, and in consideration of certain guaranties upon their part which render them safe and reliable. Bank Xtock. The paid up capital of a bank, usually divided into shares of a certain amount, for which cer- tificates are given, and which may be transferred by assingment . Bargain. \ contract or verbal agreement; used often- times in the sense of an advantageous purchase. Barter. To traflic or trade, by exchanging one com- modity for another. Ba~aar. \ word of eastern uiblv come to an event which may occur; a possibility; a casualty. Contingent. Possible, or liable, but not certain to occur. Capital Stock. \ paid-in fund of a corporation or the amount of value which a man employs in his business. Cash Account. \ record of receipts ami disbursements ot cash in the form of an account. Cottage. A rate by the hundred. Certificate. A written testimony, a voucher; a- a cer- tificate of stock, or certificate of deposit. Certified Check. \ check which has been certified by the bank upon which it is drawn, making the bank abso- lutely responsible for its payment. Charges. Expenses incurred in purchasing, packing and shipping goods. Check. An order on a bank for money drawn by one who has cash on deposit. Check Book. \ book of printed or engraved blank orders for checks. Circulating Medium. Cash and Bank notes payable on demand; the medium of exchange. Clearance. A document from a custom-house officer permitting a ship to depart on her voyage MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 215 Clearing House. A kind of banking exchange for the convenience of daily settlements between banks. Clerical Error. An error in calculation or other acci- dental error on books or documents. Coin. Pieces of metal stamped with certain impres- sions fixing their value as a medium of exchange. Coinage. Assaying and converting metals into pieces of money or coins. Commercial Paper. Bills of exchange, drafts or pro- missory notes given in the course of business. Commission. A charge given or undertaken, percentage allowed an business done. Commission Agent. One who buys or sells on commis- sion. Common Carrier. One who for a pecuniary considera- tion engages to transport the goods or merchandise of any who may choose to employ him, from one place, to another. Common Carriers are restricted and privileged by law both for their own and the public benefit. Confidential Creditor. A creditor who from the pecu- liar character of his claims is perferred over the ordinary creditor in the fullness of payment. Consignee. The person to whom goods are sent or consigned. Consignment. Goods consigned to a correspondent or agent to be sold on account of the sender. Consigner. The party who consigns or transmits goods. Consumption. A using up; the quantity consumed. Contraband. Trade carried on contrary to the laws of a country. Contraband Goods. Articles prohibited by the laws to be imported or exported on certain conditions. Copartnership. An agreement between two or more persons for joining in a business enterprise, each having a proportionate interest therein. Corner. A term used to express a monopolizing arrange- ment entered into between dealers for the purpose of creating a fictitious value in any kind of produce, stocks or other commodity. Corporation. Name applied to persons, usually several, authorized by law to transact business as an association or individual, under some name, as the Jackson Manu- facturing Company. Correspondent. One who carries on intercourse with another by letter. Cost. That which has been expended in obtaining or producing an article. 216 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Counterfeit. A spurious imitation or forgery. Countermand. A contrary order. Coupon. An interest certificate which is cut off when payment is made. Credit. The opposite of debit; what is due to another; the time given for payment for goods sold; reputation, pecuniary integrity. Creditor. One to whom something is owing. Credit Xi/xtcnt. The >\>iem of selling goods on time. Currciici/. That which pa< s for money; usually applied for paper money. Current. Pas-ing freely from hand to hand as cur- rency; now running. Custom. The patronage or ,-upport of and establish- ment; the revenue duties levied on imported good.-. Customer*. Those who are in the haliit of purchasing from one concern, and who can lie relit d upon to do so. Custom nr ('He among merchants or bu>ine-> men >o long and uniformly a^ to he generally accepted ill the place of written law. Common law is the embodiment of mercantile i; Ct/xluttiN. Taxes or revenue duties levied on exported or imported. Dormant. Silent, not known, not acting. I)U)-(*H. Pei>onal rot mint, or fear of personal injury or imprisonment. Damage*. Claims against underwriters for amount of loss or injury, also against merchants on account of failure in whole or in part in fulfilling agreements, and from various other causes growing out of bush: Date. Statement in a letter or upon a bill of lading or on books of account of the day of the month ami year upon which the letter was written, or the transaction effected. Dai/ Book. The book upon which the consecutive trans- actions of a business are recorded; the book of original entry. Days of Grace. The time usually allowed beyond the expressed time for the payment 'of negotiable paper. In nearly all States three days of grace are allowed on all "written obligations unless otherwise expre>-ly stated. Deal. To trade or traffic; to buy or sell. Dealings. Transactions between two or more persons. Dealer. A trader in goods of any kind. The regular cu.-iciners or depositors of a bank are called dealers. Debenture. A certificate given by the collector of the port of entry to an importer for drawback of duties on imported merchandise: duties on which when the merchandise is exported are to be refunded. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 217 Debit. A term used in bookkeeping to express the left hand page of a ledger. Debt. That which one person owes another. Debtor. One who owes. Decimal. Any number expressed in the scale of tens. Decimal Currency. A currency based upon the decimal system, such as that of the United States. Declined. Fallen in value. Defaulter. One Avho is criminally deficient in his accounts. Deficit. A deficiency; the difference between an ac- countant's statement of assets and the assets them- selves. Delivery. Transferring the possession of goods from one person to another. Demand. A claim made for a debt due. Deposit. Money paid on account of a purchase; money placed in a bank; gross amount to the credit of a dealer. Discount. An allowance for prompt payment on a bill or debt not due; a sum paid by way of interest for the advance of money. Discount Days. The days in the week in which the directors or the discount board of a bank meet to con- sider paper offered for discount. Din'dend. A division of share, proportional payment made 1 to creditors out of the estate of bankrupt; division of the profits received by stockholders from the earnings of a joint stock company. Double Entry. The system of entry which secures the entire record of a transaction; so-called because for every transaction there are at least two entries, one on the debit and one on the credit. Draft. A deduction allowed from the gross weight of goods; the number of feet which a ship sinks in the water; an island or domestic bill of exchange, which is a written order or request by one person upon another for the payment of a specified sum of money at a specified time. Draw. To make a draft. Drawback. The paying back of duties by the govern- ment on the exportation of imported goods. Drawee. The person on whom the draft or bill is drawn. Drawer. The party who makes the draft, or who re- quests that the payment be made. Due Bill. A written acknowledgment of debt; not transferable by mere endorsement. 218 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Duties. A tax levied by the government on imported goods; money paid to the government on imports and exports. FAciiicni. One of the simplest parts or principles of which anything con-i-N; one of the fundamental or es- sential ingredients. Entitle. The degree. <|iiaiitity, nature and extent of interest which a person has in real property. EstoojM-d. A preclusion of a person, arising from pre- vious conduct, from asserting a fact inconsistent there- with. A man is estooped from contradicting what he has once avowed. A condu-ive admission, which cannot be denied or controverted. - l:'.r>'rnf,;l. AS applied to contracts, signifies already done, or accomplished, or performed. I:\rfcntor. One who is appointed by a testator, or by the court, to carry into effect the provisions of a will. Executory. Yet to be performed. Eartvxt. Money paid to the seller by a purcha-er to bind a verbal bargain; delivery of part of the good- -old to bind t he cont ract . Ea^u. Not pressed for money. Effect*. Movable property; available funds. Embezzling. Fraudulently appropriating money or goods entrusted to his charge by a clerk or employ- Engagement. An obligation or contract entered into. Enlrif. The record of any business transaction. ExrJni <]<. Tin" place where merchants of a city meet to transact business; a term used to designate that kind of mercantile transactions by which merchants pay debts to distant creditors without transmitting money'. Exchange Broker. One who negotiates foreign bills of exchange. A'.ro'.sr. Taxes or duties on articles produced and con- sumed at home; internal revenue tax. Exhibit. A transcript of ledger balances; a \\ritten statement of the affairs of a merchant. Export. To send goods to a foreign country. h\r l>(i Dutif. A duty imposed by some governments on the exportation of certain kinds of merchandise. J''.r/iort, damage or penalty, reimbursement of loss, damage or penalty. Indemnity. A guarantee against loss. Insolvency. Bankruptcy. Installment. A part of^a sum of money paid or to be paid at a particular time. Instant. A day of the present or current month. Instructions. Orders given by a principal to his agent in relation to his agency. Insurable Interest. An interest which one has in ships or goods without having any right of control. Insurance. A contract whereby, for a stipulated con- sideration, called a premium, an insurance company indemnifies the party insured against loss or injury to certain property or interests; the rate paid for indemnity, Interest. A share in the business or its profits; a sum paid for the use of money; literally the use of money. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 221 Interest Account. The account on a ledger which shows the amount paid and received for the use of the money. Internal Revenue. That part of the revenues of our government which is collected in the form of internal duties. Inventory. A list of merchandise usually made out at certain periods of the business year, for the purpose of knowing the quantity and value of unsold merchandise, in order to ascertain the condition of the business. Invoice. A written account or bill of merchandise bought; a. bill of items. Involved. Embarrassed by debts. Joint Tenants . Two or more persons to whom are granted lands or tenements to be held in fee-simple, fee-tail, for life, for years or at will. The right of survivorship belongs to an estate thus held. Judgment Note. A note given in the usual form, and containing in addition a power of attorney to the payee, or other person, to appear and confess judgment for the sum therein contained, against the maker. Joint Stock. A stock or fund formed by the union of several .shares from different persons. Journal. A book of consecutive business record, usually the medium between the Day-book or Blotter and the Ledger. Junior Partner. The youngest member of a firm; one who acquires an interest in an established business. Kiting or Kite-Flying. Exchanging checks on differ- ent banks for the purpose of obtaining the use of money for a single day. Lien. A hold or claim which one person has on property of another, as a security for some debt or charge. Lease. A contract for the occupation of a store or other building. Leases are usually in writing and run one year or more. Legal Tender. The name given to those notes which the government has declared shall be received in the pay- ment of all ordinary debts. Letter-Book. The book in which letters are trans- cribed or copied. Letters of Advise. A book containing information of a shipment of goods, of a bill of exchange being drawn on the party addressed, or of some act done by the writer of the letter in which the person to whom it is written has an interest. Letter of Attorney. A writing by which one person authorizes another to act in his stead, commonly called power of attorney. 222 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Letter of Credit. A letter authorizing credit to a certain amount of money to be given to the bearer. Liability. A debt or other legal claim against a person. I^'ccnse. Legal permission to do a certain act, such as selling gOOds, etc. Loan. That which is lent for a temporary purpose. Loss and (tain. \ term used in general to express fluctuation in value. As applied to an account it means a collection of the particular lo--e- ;l!l( l es or -ends it to the credi- tor for his information. Hank pass book. Pawnbroker. One who lends money on pledge or tin- deposit of good-. Pay. To discharge a debt ; to make suitable return for expense or trouble. Payable. Justly due. Payee. The one in whose favor a note or bill of exchange. Pdijcc. The one in whose favor a note or bill of ex- change is drawn, or who is to receive the money. Pdi/nicnt. The discharge of a debt; that which is paid. Personal Effect*. Wearing apparel and other per-onal property in actual use. Petty Cash Hook. A book containing a record of small receipts and disbursements. Policij. The writing or instrument in which a con- tract of insurance is embodied. Premium. The sum paid for insurance or indemnity; advance above par value. Price Current. A list of merchandise, with market price. Price Lixt. A written or printed list of articles for sale with prices attached. Principal. An employer; the head of a commercial house; the sum on which interest accrues. Profit and Loss. See loss and gain. Promissory Note. A written promise to pay to a person named at a specified time a certain sum of money unconditionally. Pro Eata. A proportional distribution. Protest. A formal notice to the sureties of a note or draft stating that the same was not paid at maturity; MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 225 or to the drawer of a draft stating that the same was not accepted upon presentment. Provisions. In the price current of England and the United States under this head are included butter, cheese, beef, pork, bacon, shoulders, hams and lard. Quasi. As if; in a manner; in ssome respects. Quarantine. Restraint of intercourse to which a ship is subjected, upon the supposition that she may be in- fected with disease. Quotations. The published current prices of stocks, bonds, produce, etc. Real Estate. A term which is applied to land in its most enlarged signification, including everything that legally passes with it in making conveyance of the land. Receipt. A written acknowledgement of having re- ceived money or some other valuable consideration. Receipt Book. A book in which receipts are taken for the payment of money. Rent. Amount paid for the privilege of occupying another's premises. Resources. Any species of property having a money value. Retail. To sell in small quantities. Retire. To take up one's note before due; to relinquish business. Revenue. The annual income of a state or nation from all sources. Secondarily. A term applied to the liability of an endorser of a note, or the drawer of a bill, signifying that he is only conditionally liable, the maker of the bill or accepter beirig primarily or first liable. Speciality. A writing sealed and delivered under some agreement. Sale. The transfer of property from one person to another for a price paid or to be paid. Sales. Much used to indicate the extent of business transacted for a given period, or to indicate relatively the general business of a commercial house. Sample. A small quantity, or piece of any kind of goods used to show the quality of the whole. Seller's Option. A term mostly confined to the sales of stocks, for a sale which gives to the seller the option of delivering the article sold within a certain time, the buyer paying interest up to delivery. Selling Out. Disposing of the entire stock, usually to close the business. Set-off. One demand placed against another. 226 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Short. Deficient in ready money; a term used by brokers when they -sell stocks, or other property without owning them, the intention being to buy before the day of delivery at a less price than the present ruling rate. Shrinkage. A reduction in the bulk of measurement. Sight. Usually the time of presenting a bill to the drawee. Sight Draft. A draft drawn payable at sight, or on representation to the drawee. Signature. The name of a person written by himself. Sin/ /tie Interest. Legal interest on the principal only, not interest on the interest. Sink. To lower in amount or value. Sinking Concern. A bu>iness establishment, or firm continually losing money. Sinking Euml. \ fund set apart from carnii.. other sources of income, for the redemption of debts of government, or of a corporation. Sleeping Partner. Silent; one who lias an interest in the profits without letting his name appear, or taking any part in the business. Specie. (}<)Id, silver or copper coined by authority and used as a circulating medium of commerce. Speculate. To purchase with the expectation of a con- tingent advance in value, and a consequent sale as a profit. Stfindunl. That which is established by authority or custom, as a rule or measure of quantity. Sterling. The current standard money of (livat Bri- tain. Stock. Capital in trade; the title of the proprietor of the busine>s. Stock Account. \ ledger account representing the proprietor and showing the net investment. Stock Exchange. A place where brokers and bankers meet daily to buy and sell goods, bonds, etc. Stockholder. C)ne who holds shares in the capital Mock of a jointstock company. Stock-In-Trade. The property of a merchant which is actually employed in his business; the goods kept for sale. Stock Market. The state of demand for stocks. Stock on Hand. Unsold merchandise. Stocks. Share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company. Stoppage in Tninxitu. The seller of goods on credit resuming possession after their shipment, before they get the actual possession of the buyer. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 227 Stopped Payment. Equivalent to the term failure; as when a merchant fails, or ceases to pay his notes or liabilities. Storage. Amount paid for the privilege of storing goods in another person's warehouse. Surety. A person who binds himself to pay a sum of money, or perform some act in case of the failure of an- other to do so. Survey. An examination into the condition of a ship or its cargo. Suspend. To stop payment. Tacit. That which, although not expressed, is under- stood from the nature of the thing, or from the provi- sions of the law; implied. Testator. The person who has made a valid will. Tort. A private or civil wrong or injury. Tare. A deduction made from the weight of goods on any account. Tariff. A rate of duty fixed by law on imports and exports. Ten-Forties. One of the first loans of the government during the war, so-called because of the privilege of the government to take it up in ten years, or to let it remain forty years, at its own option. Terms. The condition of a sale, or agreement. Trade Discount. An allowance or discount made to a dealer in the small trade. Trade-Mark. A device, writing, or ticket put upon manufactured goods to distinguish them from others, and protect the manufacturer from fraudulent imitations. Trade-Price. The price at which goods are sold to those in the same trade. Trans-Ship. To transfer merchandise from one con- veyance to another. Transportation. Carrying from one place to another. Treasury Notes. Notes of various denominations is- sued by the government, and received in payment of all dues, except for duties on imported goods. Treaty. An agreement between two nations made with a view to extend the commercial intercourse of the contracting parties. The President of the United States has power to make treaties with foreign governments, with the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the Senate. Undenvriter. One who insures a vessel or cargo; so- called because he underwrites his name on the condi- tions of a policy. Unmerchantable. Unsalable from any cause. Unseaworthy. Not fit for a voyage. 228 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. Unsound. Merchandise, the value of which is im- paired. Usury. The taking of more than legal interest for the use of money. Valid. Of binding force; strong; effectual. Vendee. One who purchases a thing; one to whom a thing is sold. Yi-mlnr. \ seller; a vender; the one who sells a thing. Void. That which has no force, or effect. Voidable. That which h:is some force, or effect, but which, in consequence of some inherent quality, may be legally annulled or avoided. Valuation. The estimated worth of a thing. Value. To estimate the worth of. V til lie Received. A phrase usually, but not n rily, forming a part of the body of a promissory note, or bill of exchange, to denote that a consideration ha- given for it. \'cntnn . A term u-ed by -eamen. and sometime- by owners and captaii, \S, for adventure. \'onclicrx. Receipts memoranda, entries or docu- ments, the production of which establishes a fact. \\'crip- tion of good- >4ul who neglects hia bush A man of honor respects his word as he does his bond. Make your business known in few words without loss of time. Choose that investment which will best promote your regular bus in.' Let your dealings with a stranger be most carefully considered. Business men, in business hours, attend only to business matters. Follow your business closely and it will lead you to honor and wealth. Know the exact condition of your affairs by keeping accurate accounts. Be courteous to all with whom you may come in con- tact. Courtesy may prove a fortune in itself. Avoid speculation. Concentrate your energy and means on your business. Treat all men with respect; confide in few; wrong no man. MANUAL -OF BUSINESS. 233 Keep your word as good as a bank. Remember that an honest man is the noblest work of God. Be economical. A gain usually requires expense; what is saved is clear. Be well satisfied before you give credit that those to whom you give it are men to be trusted. Never boast about your business. Never sign a paper for a stranger. Never fail to keep a business engagement. Never refuse a choice when you can get it. Never take a chance on another man's game. Never waste time in useless regret over losses. Never advertise a competitor's goods by running them down. Never fail to be civil to all with whom you come in contact. Never fail to read a paper carefully before signing your name to it. Never gamble or take chances on the board of trade. Never neglect to perform the commission which your friend may have entrusted to you. Never borrow money and neglect to pay. If you do you will soon be known as a person of no business in- tegrity. Never think that a man's time is of little value because he is polite. Never forget that if you are faithful in a few things you may be ruler over many. Never disappoint an old customer in the time of the delivery of goods for the sake of obliging a new one. Never fail to tell the truth. If truthful, you will et your reward. You will get your punishment if you de- ceive. Never fail to speak kindly, if a merchant, and you address your clerk; if an overseer, and you address your workman ; if in any position where you exercise authority you show yourself to be a gentleman by your pleasant mode of address. Goods well bought are half sold. Goods in store are better than bad debts. Little savings are the words that state dividends. It is better to saw wood well than to plead law poorly. The larger your account with trust, the sooner debt will take your business into his hands. Debt is the jailor of credit. A good buyer hears and sees a great deal more than he tells. 234 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. A good deal that is called luck consists in good man- agement. If you would know the value of a dollar try and bor- row one. Goods are never cheap enough, provided they can be bought cheaper. Success is doing what a man undertakes well; failure is doing it poorly. It is not the amount of goods that a mill produces that makes its owners rich or poor, hut the amount compared with the capital invested. Shrewd buyers never trade with a man who is selling out at cost. Time is money. What we call time enough always proves little enough. Leave "tricks of the trade" to tho-e who in nae pride, dirt's nae hone>ty. Mony purses hand friends lang thegither. He loveB roast meat well that licks the spit. Kverybody's bu>ine^s is nobody's bu-ines>. Every man is the architect of his own fortune. He that goes a-borrowing goes a-><>rrowing. He that will not be saved needs no preacher. An honest man's word is as irood as his bond. A -rival dowry is a bed full of troubles. Good words cost nothing, but are worth much. Burning a halfpenny candle seeking a farthing. When fortune smiles on thee take the advant;:. An inch o' glide fortune is worth a fathom o' forecast. Put twa pennies in a purse and they'll keep thegither. K iches are got wi' pain, kept wi' care and tint wi' grief. One thing for you about an honest man's house but a day's work. He may well be contented who needs neither borrow nor flatter. He that has no silver in his purse should have silver on his tongue. A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. Go to the ant, thou sluggard; rounder her way- and be wise. The poor is hated even of his neighbor; but the rich has many friends. Money is like the muck midden, it does nae good till it be spread. If ye sell your purse to your wife, gie her your breeks to the bargain. Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window. The labor of the righteous tendeth to life, the fruit of the wicked to sin. The rich ruleth over the poor; and the borrower is servant to the lender. MANUAL OF BUSINESS. 239 Wealth makes many friends; but the poor is separated from his neighbor. In all labor there is profit; but the talk of the lips tend- eth only to penury. Better is a little* with righteounesss, than great reve- nues without right. Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt find it after many days. When we have gold we are in fear-when we have none we are in danger. Be it for better, or be it for worse, be ruled by him that beareth the purse. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. The slothful man saith, There is a lion without; I shall be slain in the streets. Iron sharpeneth iron; so a man shapeneth the counte- nance of his friend. The hand of the diligent shall bear rule; but the sloth- ful shall be under tribute. Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. Who spends more than he should, shall not have to spend when he would. Wealth has made mair men covetous than covetous- ness has made men wealthy. There is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood leads on to fortune. Ken when to spend and when to spare, and ye needna be busy, and ye' 11 ne'er be bare. Boast for thyself of to-morrow, for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. As a bird that wandereth from her nest, so is a man that wandereth from his place. A false balance is an abomination to the Lord; but a just weight is his delight. Better is a dry morsel and quietness therewith, than a house full of sacrifices and strife. Treasures of wickedness profit nothing j but right- eousness delivereth from death. He that is greedy of gain toubleth his own house; but he that hateth gifts shall give. The rich man's wealth is his strong city, the destruc- tion of the poor is their poverty. He that is surety for a stranger, shall smart for it; and he that hateth suretyship is sure. It is nought, it is nought, saith the buyer; but when he is gone his way, then he boasteth. 240 MANUAL OF BUSINESS. He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man; he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich. He that observeth the wind shall not sow, and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap. Much food is in the tillage of the poor; but there is that is destroyed for want of judgment. As vinegar' to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes, so is the sluggard to them that send him. He become! h poor that dealeth with a slack hand; but the hand of the diligent maketh rich. Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; open thine eyes, and thou shall be satisfied with bread. The rich man is wise in his own conceit ; but the poor that hath understanding searcheth him out. Be thou diligent to know the state of the flocks, and look well to thy herds, for riches are not forever. He that gathereth in summer is a wise son; but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that cau.-es shame. The sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold; there- fore shall he beg in harvest and have nothing. A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favor rather than silver and gold. A man that has friends mu>t show himself friendly; and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother/ Hy much slot hfulness the building deeayeth; and through idleness of ;he hands the house droppeth through. The drunkard and the glutton .-hall come to poverty; and drowsiness shall clothe a man with r.-n He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth to the Lord; and that which he has given will he pay him again. There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing; there is that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches. Seest thou a man diligent in his business; he shall stand before kings; he shall not stand before mean men. There is that scattereth, and yet increase! h; and there is that with-holdeth more than' is meet, but it tendeth to poverty. The sleep of a laboring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much; for the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep. As a madman who casteth firebrands, arrows and death, so is the man that deceiveth his neighbor, and saith, Am not I in sport? When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what good is there to the owners thereof,, saving the beholding of them with their eyes. Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might, for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the grave, whither thou goest. INDEX. Accepting Drafts 48 Accident Insurance 99 Accommodation Note Form of 129 Account Assignment of 72 Account, Bank Importance of Keeping 138 Account Cash 34 Account Merchandise 34 Accounts Affidavits to 60 Accounts Personal 34 Accounts Stock or Partner's % 35 Acknowledgment A Single Grantor's 59 Acknowledgment by Husband and Wife . 59 Acknowledgments 58 Additional Rules Concerning Contracts 84 Addressing Envelopes Models for 14-15 Adopting a Child 203 Affidavits : . . . . 59 Affidavit General Form of 60 Affidavits to Accounts 60 Affidavits to Petition 61 Agency and Attorney 61 Agent Form of Indorsement by 133 Agent's Visit Notice of 20 Age of Animals How to Tell 152 Agreement for Hiring a Farm Hand 57 Agreement for Hiring a Workman 56 Agreement for Personal Services 114 Agreement for Sale of Personal Property 55 Agreement Landlord's 104 Agreements 55 Agreements Tenant's 104 Agreement to Cultivate Land on Shares 57 Agreement with Clerk for Service 56 Amount Insured How to Find, when the Premium and Per Cent, of Premium are Given 190 Animals Age ofHow to Tell 152 242 INDEX. Apology for Breaking a Business Engagement 28 Apology for Delay in Payment 27 Apology Letter of 27 Apothecaries' Measure Relative Value of 150 Apothecaries' Weight 139 Appeal Right to 43 Application for Bookkeeper 25 Application for Canva.-.-er 26 Application for Clerkship Boy's 26 Application for Money Order 171 Application for Patent Fees Required by Law for Filing. . . . 146 Application for Salesman 26 Application for School 27 Application for Situation 25 Apprentice Forms 66 Apprentice Indenture of .... (17 Apprentice Release of (>7 Arhit ration 68 Arbitration Award Form of . . 69 Arbitrators P'orm of Notice to 69 Arrests Prohibited 42 Articles of Copartnership 124 Assignment for the Benefit of Creditor- 71 Assignment of Account 72 'iiment of Mortgage 7 '2 Assignments 70 nunent Simple 7J 'imient uith Power of Attorney . . .72 Attaching the Body 42 Attachment Object of 42 Attachment Obtained 41 Attachments 41 Attorney Power of 64 Avoiding Debts Suggestions for 37 Avoirdupois Weight 149-164 B Baggage 2O2 Baggage Delay in Forwarding 202 Bail 73 Balance Trial Rules for Detecting Errors in 36 Bank Discount 50^186 Bank Draft 46 Hanking 45-51 Banking Rules 45 Barrel, in Gallons How to Measure 154 Bill Error in Letter Complaining of 19 INDEX. 243 Bill of Exchange 50 Bill of Goods Ordering 16 Bill of Lading 74-75 Bill of Sale ....'...". 7.5 Bill of Sale Form of 76 Bills Payable \ 35 Bills Receivable 35 Bills Rules for Indorsing 132 Body Attachment 42 Bond Arbitration Form of 69 Bond Creditor's 41 Bond General Form of 77 Bond of Indemnity 78 Bonds 76 Bond to a Corporation 77 Book Accounts Interest on 191 Book Check 47 Bookkeeper Letter Recommending 24 Bookkeeper's Application 26 Bookkeeping 29-37 Bookkeeping Points of Law on 37 Book Pass 47 Boy's Application for a Clerkship 26 Breaking a Business Engagement Apology for 28 Bricks Required for a Wall Number of 156 Brickwork Weight of 162 Brokers 78 Broker's Merchandise Contract 79 Building- -Contracts for 84 Building Fence Contract for 86 Business Forms Legal 54 Business Power to take Charge of and Carry on 65 Business Terms Dictionary of 209 c Canvasser's Application . 26 Capitals 8 Carpet for a FloorHow to Measure 158 Cash Account 34 Carrier's Duty 201 Carriers Common 199 Carrier's Compensation 200 Carrier's Liability 201 Carrier's Lien 200 Carrier's Obligation to Take Goods 200 Carrier's Payment 200 Catalogue Request for 17 244 INDEX. Cattle Weight of How to Estimate 152 Certificate of Deposit Form of 142 Certified Check Form of 142 Certified Checks 140 Chattel Mortgage Form of 120-131 Chattel Mortgages 119 Chattel Mortgages Rules Governing 119 Chattel Note Form of 131 Check Book Check, Certified Form of 142 Checks 140 Checks Certified 140 Checks Forged 1 40 Checks Forms of 141 Checks Indorsing 141-142 Check Letter Containing 18 Check, Payable to Bearer Form of 141 Check, Payable to Yourself Form of 141 Checks Presenting 141 Checks Raised 140 Checks -Writing 141 Child Adopting 203 Child's Earnings Parents' Claim upon 203 Child Punishment of 203 Child Runaway 204 Children and Parents Rights and Obligations of 203 Children Obligation of Parent to Support 204 Children's Obligations 204 Children's Rights 204 Chimney How to Measure for 156 Chimney Rules for Finding the Required Area for 161 Circular Measure 149 Cistern or Tank How to Find the Number of Gallons in 154 Cisterns and Wells How to Measure 158 Clauses in Leases Examples of some of the Additional 96 Clerk Agreement with for Service 56 Clerkship Boy's Application for 26 Coal in a Bin or Box How to Measure 151 Coins and their Value Rare U. S 193 Collateral Note Form of 130 Collect, Debts How to 202 Collect Debts Power of Attorney to 64 Collect Rents - Power of Attorney to 64 Collecting Damages of Railroad or Express Companies for Damaged Goods 201 Collecting Notes Rules for 126 Collection Enclosing Notes for 19 Collections Cost of by Law .44 INDEX. 245 Collections- -Delay in Forced 44 Collections First Steps in Making 38 Collections Legal Steps in 39 Colors Contrast of 162 Commercial Correspondence ..... 7 Commercial Paper Transfer of 52 Commission 184 Commission and Investment How to Find When Both are Included in a Remittance by the Principal 185 Commission and Per Cent, of Commission Being Given to Find the Investment of Gross Sales 184 Commission Offer to Sell on 21 Commission Shipment on 19 Common Carriers 199 Common Carriers of Persons 201 Compensation Carriers 200 Complaint A Tenant's 20 Compound Interest 192 Congratulation Letter of : 28 Consideration of a Contract 80 Contracts 80 Contracts - Additional Rules for 84 Contract Consideration of 80 Contract Essential Parts of 81 Contracts for Building 84 Contract for Building Fence 86 Contract for Building Sidewalks 86 Contract for Laying Tile 85 Contracts General Laws Covering 82 Contract Guaranty for the Performance of 92 Contract Merchandise Broker's 79 Contract Rules for Writing 81 Contracts that are Binding without Writing 82 Contracts that are Not Lawful 83 Contracts that Cannot be Enforced 83 Contracts that Must be in Writing 82 Contract Who May and May Not Make 80 Contrast of Colors 162 Copartnership Articles of 124 Copartnership Dissolution of 16 Copartnership Notice of 16 Copyright 146 Copyright Laws 146-149 Corn in the Crib How to Measure 153 Corporations 86 Corporation Bond to 7 Corporation Note Form of 130 Correspondence Business 1 246 INDEX. Correspondence Commercial 77 Cost and the Profit or Loss being Given, How to Find the Rate of Profit or Loss 188 Cost and Rate being Given, How to Find Profit and Loss. . . . 188 Cost How to Find the Gain or Los*, and the Rate of Gain or Loss being Given 188 Cost How to Find, when the Selling Price and the Rate Per Cent, of Profit or Loss are (liven 189 Cost of an Article Gross or Full 188 Cost of Collections by Law 44 Counterfeit Money 194 Credit A Guarantee Letter of 110 Credit Letter of 100, 109 Creditors Assignment for the Benefit of 71 Creditor's Bond Cubic Measure 180, 104 Cultivate Land on Shares --Agreerne:.' U) ... 57 D Death of Public Officer - Form of Resolu- tions of Condolence on 207 Death of a Society Member Form of Ill-solutions of Condo- lence on Debt Already Incurred Guaranty of , ... 93 Debt Real Estate Held for 43 Debts 37-45 Debts, Collection of Power of Attorney 64 Debts How to Collect _"-' Debts Not Yet Incurred Guaranty of a 93 Debts Suggestions for Avoiding 37 Deed Quit Claim 91 Deeds . . . 88 Deeds Different Kinds of 89 Deed Warranty 89 Delay in Forced Collections 44 Delay in Forwarding Baggage 202 Delay in Payment Apology for 27 Demanding Payment 50 Deposit Form of Certificate of 142 Deposit Ticket 46 Detecting Errors in Trial Balance Rules for 36 Dictionary of Business Terms 209 Different Kinds of Deeds 89 Different Kinds of Partnership 121 Discount and Interest 184-199 Discount and Proceeds How to Find the Face of a Note, Time and Rate Per Cent, of Discount Being Given 187 INDEX. 247 Discount Bank 50-186 Discount Enclosing Notes for 18 Discount Series and List Price Being Given How to Find the Selling Price 185 Discount Term of 186 Discount Trade 185 Discount True 186 Dissolution Notice of 125 Dissolution of Copartnership 16 Dissolution of Partnership 122-125 Distance Long Measure 150 Distance Traveled in Plowing- -How to Measure 155 Draft Bank 46 Drafts Accepting 48 Draft Sending 18 Drafts Forms of 49 Drafts Transferring 48 Drafts Writing 48 Dry Measure 149-164 Due Bill Payable in Merchandise Form of 138 Due Bill Payable on Demand Form of 138 Due Bills Forms for Writing 138 Due Bills- -Rules for Writing 138 Duty of a Carrier , 201 Duties of the Landlord 102 Duties of the Tenant ... .103 Earnings Child's Parent's Claim Upon 203 Election Power to Vote as Proxy at 65 Employer and Employe Legal Relation of 114 Enclosing Notes for Collection 19 Enclosing Notes for Discount 18 Engagement Breaking Apology for 28 Envelopes Models for Addressing 14-15 Error in Bill Letter Complaining of 19 Essential Parts of a Contract . . 81 Estate Real 196 Estimates of Measurement General Rules for 160 Exact Measurement .' 149 Examinations Recognizance for Further 73 Examining Witnesses to a Deed, on Oath, upon the Bible 58 Examples of Some of the Additional Clauses in Leases 96 Execution for Debt 41 Expense 35 Express Companies Liabilities of 200 Express and Railroad Companies Liabilities of 200 248 INDEX. Face of a Note-How to Find the Proceeds, Time and Rate Per Cent, of Discount Being Given. ... -| 37 Fall of Land per 100 Feet 151 Farm Hand Agreement for Hiring 57 Farm Leases 103 Farm Lease of a 106 Fees Charged for Money Orders 170 Fees International or Foreign Money Order 175 Fees Required by Law for Filing Application for Patent ... 146 Fence- -Contract for Building 86 Fire Insurance 94 Fire Insurance Policy 95 Fire Insurance Renewal of 96 Firm Letter Introducing 23 First Stops in Making Collections 38 Foot Length of in Different Count rips 163 Forced Collections Delay in Foreign Mails General Regulations Concerning isi) Foreign Money < >rder Fees 17") Foreign Postage 172-175 Forged Checks 140 Forged Papers Laws Regarding 53 Formed How Partnerships are 122 Form of Accommodation Note 129 Form of Application for Incorporating 87 Form of Arbitration Award 09 Form of Arbitration Bond C>!) Form of Bill of Sale . 7n<) Goods in Transportation - Perishable 2o Goods Ordering a Bill of 16 Goods ---Receipt for Shipping . 201 Grain, Pile of How to Measure . Guarantee Letter of Credit 110 Grantor'.- Single Acknowledgment 59 Gro>< i>r Full Co-t of an Article 188 Sales or Investment. How to Find the Commission and Per Cent, of Commission Being Given 184 Guaranties 91 Guaranty for the Performance of a Contract 92 ( iu.-iranty for the Purchase of a horse 93 Guaranty of a Debt Already Incurred 93 Guaranty of a 1 'ebt Not Yet Incurred MX Guaranty of a Note 92 Guaranty on Note Form of 133 H Hand, Farm Agreement for Hiring 57 Hay in the Mow or Stack How to find the Number of Tons . . 132 Headings Model 12 Holding up the Right Hand 58 Horsa Guaranty for the Purchase of 93 How Much a Wagon-box Holds 154 How Obtained Ownership of Property 197 How Partnerships are Formed 122 How Stock is Watered 87 How to Adjust the Load to the Team 159 How to Collect Debts ... 202 INDEX. 251 How to Estimate the Weight of Cattle 152 How to Find the Amount Insured when the Premium and Per Cent: of Premium are Given 190 How to Find the Cost of Insurance 1S9 How to Find the Cost, the Gain or Loss, and the Rate of Gain or Losa Being Given 188 How to Find the Cost, the Selling Price and the Rate Per Cent. of Profit or Loss Being Given 189 How to Find the Discount and Proceeds the Face of a Note, Time and Rate Per Cent, of Discount Being Given 187 How to Find the Face of a Note the Proceeds, Time and Rate Per Cent, of Discount Being Given 187 How to Find the Investment and Commission when Both are Included in a Remittance by the Principal 185 How to Find the Number of Tons of Hay in the Mow or Stack 153 How to P'ind the Present Worth and True Discount 186 How to Find the Profit and Loss the Cost and Rate Being Given 188 How to Find a Property Tax ... 189 How to Find the Rate of Profit or Loss the Cost and the Profit or Loss Being Given 188 How to Find the Selling Price the List Price and Discount Series Being Given 185 How to Measure a Barrel, in Gallons 154 How to Measure Cisterns and Wells 158 How to Measure Coal in a Bin or Box 151 How to Measure Corn in the Crib 153 How to Measure Distance Traveled in Plowing 155 How to Measure Floor for a Carpet 158 How to Measure for a Chimney 156 How to Measure for Wall Paper 157 How to Measure Gas 158 How to Measure Logs and Lumber 157 How to Measure a Pile of Grain 153 How to Measure a Wall 156 How to Measure a Wood Pile 157 How to Send Money 169 How to Tell the Age of Animals 152 Husband and Wife Acknowledgment by 59 Identification-Waiver of 170 Imperfect Goods Letter of Complaint for Imperial Measure Relative Value of 150 Importance of Keeping a Bank Account 138 Incorporating Form of Application for - 87 252 INDEX. Indenture of an Apprentice 67 Indorsement, Conditional Form of 133 Indorsement by Agent Form of 133 Indorsement in Blank Form of 132 Indorsement in Full Form of ' 1^2 Indorsement, Qualified Form of 133 Indorsement, Restrictive Form of 1 :':* Indorsers Relative Responsibility of 135 Indorsing Checks 141-142 Indorsing Bills Rules for Indorsing Notes Rules for 132 Injury of Good* in Transportation 200 Insolvency Net 36 Insurance 93 Insurance Accident 99 Insurance Fire 94 Insurance Fire Renewal of 96 Insurance How to Find Cost of 189 Insurance Life 97 Interest 190 Interest and Discount 35, 181, 199 Interest Compound 192 Interest Form of Receipt for Interest Legal Points Concerning 190 Interest Legal Rate of 191 Interest on Book Accounts 191 Interest on Note Receipt for 139 Interest upon a Judgment 191 Interest When Allowed 190 International Money Orders Fees 175 Introduction Letters of 23 Investment and Commission How to Find, when Both are Included in a Remittance by the Principal Investment or Gross Sales, How to Find the Commission^ and Per Cent, of Commission Being Given 184 J Joint and Several Note 46 Joint Note Form of 129 Joint Ownership of Property 197 Judgment for Debt 40 Judgment Interest upon 191 Judgment Note Form of . . 130 K: Kinds of Money in the United States 192 Kinds of Ownership 196 INDEX. 253 Lading, Bill of 74-75 Land Agreement for Cultivation of on Shares 57 Land, Fall of per 100 Feet 151 Landlord and Tenants' Leases 99 Landlord Duties of the 102 Landlord Rights of 100 Landlord's Agreement 104 Landlord's Notice to. Quit 105 Land Surveying 150 Law on Bookkeeping 29-33 Laws Concerning Public Roads 166-167 Laws Copyright 146-149 Laws Regarding Forged Papers 53 Laws Regarding Lost Notes or Bills 51 Laying Tile Contract for . . . 86 Lease of a Farm 106 Lease of Real Estate 107 Leases Farm 105 Leases for Renting a House ... 103 Leases Landlord and Tenants 99 Legal Business Forms 54 Legal Points Concerning Interest 190 Legal Rate of Interest 191 Legal Relation of Employer and Employe 114 Legal Steps in Collections 39 Legal Tender 192 Length of a Foot in Different Countries. . 163 Letter Complaining of Error in Bill 19 Letter Containing Check 18 Letter Containing Remittance 17 Letter Form of 11 Letter Introducing a Firm 23 Letter Introducing One Gentleman to Another 24 Letter of Complaint for Imperfect Goods. . 19 Letter of Congratulation 28 Letter of Credit 109 Letter of Introduction 23 Letter of Revocation 66 Letter of Sympathy 28 Letter Position of Parts of 11 Letter Recommending a Bookkeeper 24 Letter Recommending a Salesman 24 Letter Requesting a Loan 28 Letters Business, Rules for Writing 10 Letters, Forms of for Requesting Payment 39 Letters Models for Closing 13 254 INDEX. Letters of Apology 27 Letters of Credit ] 08 Letters of Recommendation 23 Letters Requesting Payment 21 Letters Requesting Payment of Rent 22 Liabilities and Resources Liabilities of Express Companies 200 Liability of Carrier 201 Liability of Railroad Companies 200 License 110 License Form of Peddler's Ill Lien Carrier's 200 Liens Ill Liens Mechanic's 113 Life Insurance 97 Life Insurace Policy 98 Life Ownership of Property 196 Lineal Measure 163 Liquid or Wine Measure 149-164 List Price and Discount Series Being (liven How to Find the Selling Price 185 Load to the Team How to Adjust 159 Loan Letter Requesting 28 Load to the Team How to Adjust. . 157 Log* and Lumber How to Measure 1~>7 Lone Measure Distance 150 im 1 ( lains . 30 Loss of Goods in Transportation _'()() Lo*t Notes or Rillo Laws Regarding 51 M Mail Matter Suggestions Regarding 1 73 Mail Matter Withdrawal of 176-179 Marks of Punctuation 8 Marks Trade 146 Married Women Form of Note by 129 Maturity of a Note 187 Maxims 2o5-240 Maxims Business 231-234 Measure, Apothecaries' Relative Va.-ue of 150 Measure a Barrel, in Gallons Hew to 154 Measure, a Carpet for a Floor How to 158 Measure Circular 149 Measure Cisterns and Wells How to 158 Measure Coal in a Bin or Box How to 151 Measure Corn in the Crib How to 153 Measure Cubic . 150-164 INDEX. 255 Measure the Distance Traveled in Plowing How to 155 Measure Dry 149-164 Measure for a Chimney How to 156 Measure for Wall Paper How to 157 Measure Gas How to 1 5^ Measure, Imperial Relative Value of 150 Measure Lineal 103 Measure Liquid 149-164 Measure Logs and Lumber How to 157 Measure Long Distance 150 Measure Metric 150 Measure Paper 162 Measure Pile of Grain How to 153 Measure Solid ] 64 Measure Square 150-163 Measure Surveyors' 150 Measure Time 149 Measure Wall How to 156 Measure Wine .' 149-164 Measure Wood Pile How to 157 Measurement. Estimates of General Rules for 160 Measurement Exact 149 Measurements 146-165 Measures and Weights 163-165 Mea.>ures Metric 150 Measures Miscellaneous 150 Mechanic's Liens 113 Memoranda for Painters 161 Merchandise Account 34 Merchandise Broker's Contract 79 Merchandise Form of Receipt for 138 Method of Obtaining an Attachment 41 Metric Measures 150 Metric Weights 150 Miscellaneous Measures 150 Model Headings 12 Models for Addressing Envelopes . . 14-1,5 Models for Closing Letters 13 Money Counterfeit !94 Money How to Send 169 Money Kinds of in the United States 192 Money Order Application for 171 Money Orders Fees Charged for 170 Money Order Fees International or Foreign 175 Mortgage Assignment of 72 Mortgage Promissory Note Secured by US Mortgage Release and Satisfaction of 121 Mortgage Short Form 119 256 INDEX. Mortgages Chattel 119 Mortgages Real Estate 115 N Nail* Required for Different Kinds of Work 160 Net Insolvency 36 Net Selling Price 188 Net Worth 36 Non-Interest Bearing Notes 186 Note, Accommodation Form of 129 Note, by a Married Woman Form of 129 Note, by One Who Cannot Write Form of 129 Note. Chattel Form of 131 Note, Collateral -Form of 130 Note, Corporation, Form of 130 Note Guaranty of a 92 Note Joint and Several 40 Note, Joint and Several Form of 12s Note, Joint Form of 129 Note, Judgment Form of 1^> Note Maturity of . 187 Note, Payable on Demand Form of !_'< Note, Payable to My Own Order Form of 12* Note, Principal and Surety Form of 129 Note, Produce Form of 128 Notes Forms of 128 i:U Notes Non-Interest Bearing 186 Notes, Payable at Bank Form of 12S Notes Regarding Good Principles to Practice 131 Notes Rules for Collecting 126 Notes Rules for Indorsing 132 Notes Rules for Transferring 12t> Notes Rules for Writing 1 2fi Notice of an Agent's Visit 20 Notice of Copartnership 16 Notice of Dissolution 1 2.' Notice of Having Forwarded Goods Notice of Leaving Tenants' 105 Notice to Quit Landlord's 105 Number of Bricks Required for a Wall 156 Number of Gallons in a Cistern or Tank How to Find 154 Number of Tons of Hay in the Mow or Stack How to Find. . . 153 o Object of the Attachment 42 Obligation of Carrier to Take Goods 200 Obligations of Children 204 INDEX. 257 Obligations of Parents and Children . ..................... 203 Obligation of Parent to Support Children .................. 204 Offer to Sell on Commission ............................. 21 Order to Close Account Form of .......... ". ............. 138 Ordering a Bill of Goods ............................... 16 OrdersForms for Writing ............................ 139 Orders Rules for Writing ............................. 139 Ownership Kinds of ................................ 196 Ownership of Property Full . ........................... 196 Ownership of Property How Obtained ................... 197 Painters-Memoranda for--.. ........................ 161 Paper Commercial Transfer of ......................... 52 Paper Forged Laws Regarding .................... ..... 53 Paper Measure ................ ............. .......... 162 Paper Size of .................................... 164-165 Parents and Children Rights and Obligations of ........... 203 Parent's Claim Upon a Child's Earnings .................... 203 Parent, Obligation of, to Support Children ................. 204 Parents Rights of .................................... 203 Parliamentary lUiles and Forms of Resolutions ............. 205 Partial Payments ..................................... 190 Partnership ........................................... 121 Partnership Different Kinds of ......................... 121 Partnership Dissolution of .......................... 122-125 Partner's or Stock Account ............................. 35 Pass Book ............................................ 47 Passports ........................... .................. 125 Patent Fees .......................................... 146 Patents ........................................ 144-145 Payment, Delay in Apology for ........... .............. 27 Payment Demanding ................................. 50 Payment Letters Requesting ........................ 21-22 Payment of Carriers .................................... 200 Payment of Rent Letters Requesting .................... 22 Payments Partial .................................... 190 Pedler's License Form of .............................. Ill Penalty of Usury ...................................... 191 Penmanship .......................................... 7 Penmanship Rules for ................................ 7 Perishable goods in Transportation ....................... 201 Personal Accounts ........ ............................. 34 Personal Property ..................................... 196 Personal Property Agreement for Sale of ................ 55 Personal Services Agreement for ....................... 114 Persons Common Carriers of . ....... 201 258 INDEX. Petition Affidavit to 61 Petition for Changing a Road Form of 168 Petition for Laying out a Road Form of 168 Pile of Grain How to Measure 153 Pile of Wood How to Measure 157 Plowing, Distance Traveled in How to Measure 155 Points of Law on Bookkeeping 37 Policy Fire Insurance 95 Policy Life Insurance 98 Postage Foreign 172-1 75 Postage Rates on Articles Between the United States and Other Countries 180-183 Postage Rates United States 175 Postal Regulations 169-183 Postals Rules for Writing 9 Power of Attorney 64 Power of Attorney Assignment with 72 Power of Attorney to Collect Debts 64 Power of Attorney to Collect Rents 64 Power to Take Charge of and Carry on Business 65 Power to Vote as Proxy at an Election 65 Practical Rules for Detecting Errors in Trial Balance 36 Premium and Per Cent, of Premium Being Given, to Find the Amount Insured 190 Presenting Checks 141 Present Worth 186 Present Worth and True Discount How to Find 186 Proceeds and Discount, How to Find, the Face of a Note, Time and Rate Per Cent. Being Given 187 Profit and Loss 188 Profit and Loss, How to Find, the Cost and Rate Being Given . . 188 Prohibited Arrests 42 Promissory Note Secured by Mortgage 118 Property Form of Receipt for 137 Property Held in Trust 197 Property Joint Ownership of 197 Property Ownership for Life 196 Property Personal 196 Property Personal Agreement for Sale 55 Property Real and Personal 196 Property Sale of 197 Property Tax How to Find 189 Proxy at an Election Power to vote. . 65 Public Roads Laws Concerning 166-167 Punctuation 8 Punctuation Marks 8 Punishment of a Child 203 Purchase of a Horse Guarantee of ... 93 INDEX. 259 Qualified Indorsement Form of 133 Quit Claim Deed 91 R Railroad Companies-Liabilities of 20O Raised Checks 140 Rare U. S. Coins and their Value 193 Rate of Interest Legal 191 Rate of Profit and Loss, How to Find, the Cost and the Profit or Loss Being Given 188 Rates, Postage on Articles Between the United States and Other Countries 180-183 Real and Personal Property 196 Real Estate 35-196 Real Estate Held for Debt 34 Real Estate Lease of 107 Real Estate Mortgages 115 Real Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Above Note 118 Receipt for Borrowed Money Form of 136 Receipt for Interest Form of 137 Receipt for Interest on Note Form of 139 Receipt for Merchandise- -Form of 136-138 Receipt for Money Advanced on Contract Form of 137 Receipt for Note Form of 136 Receipt for a Particular Bill Form of 137 Receipt for Payment by Hand of Third Party Form of 139 Receipt for Property Form of 137 Receipt for Purchase of a Horse Form of 137 Receipt for Rent Form of 136 Receipt for Shipping Goods 201 Receipt in Full of All Demands Form of 136 Receipt on Account Form of 136 Receipt Sending 18 R-eceipts Form of 136-138 Receipts Rules for Writing 135 Recognizance for Further Examinations 73 Recommendation General Form of 25 Recommendation Letters of 23 Regulations, General, Concerning Foreign Mails 180 Relative Value of Apothecaries' Measure 150 Relative Value of Imperial Measure 150 Release and Satisfaction of Mortgage 121 Release of an Apprentice 67 Remittance Letter Containing 17 260 INDEX. Renewal of Fire Insurance 96 Renting a House Leases for 105 Rent Payment of Letters Requesting 22 Rents Power of Attorney to Collect 64 Request for Calatogue and Terms 17 Requesting Payment Form of Letters for 39 Requesting Payment Form of Summons 40 Requisites of a Sale 198 Resolutions of Condolence on the Retirement of an Officer Form of 208 Resolutions of Condolence on the Death of a Public Officer- Form o 207 Resolutions of Condolence on the Death of a Society Member Form of Resolutions Parliamentary Rules and Forms of 2u"> Resources and Liabilities 36 Responsibility, Relative, of Each Indorser Table Showing. . . 135 Restrictive Indorsement Form of 133 Retirement of an Officer Resolutions of Condolence on 208 Revocation Letter of 66 Right Hand Holding Up .".S Right to Appeal 43 Rights and Obligations of Parents and Children 203 Nights of Children 204 Rights of Landlords 100 Rights of Parents 203 Rights of Parents and Children 203 Rights of Tenants 101 Road Form of a Petition for Changing 168 Road Form of a Petition for Laying Out 168 Roads Public, Laws Concerning 160-167 Rules Banking Rules for Collecting Notes 126 Rules for Finding the Required Area of any Chimney 161 Rules for Indorsing Bills 132 Rules for Indorsing Notes 132 Rules for Penmanship 7 Rules for Spelling 9 Rules for Transferring Notes 126 Rules for Writing a Contract 81 Rules for Writing Due Bills 138 Rules for Writing Notes 126 Rules for Writing Orders 139 Rules for Writing a Postal 9 Rules for Writing Receipts 135 Rules, General, for Estimates of Measurement 160 Rules Governing Chattel Mortgages 119 Runaway Child 204 INDEX. 261 Sale-Bill of .............................................. 75 Sale of Property ....................................... 197 Sale Requisites of .................................... 198 Sale Things Necessary ................................ 198 Salesman Letter Recommending ........................ 24 Salesman's Application .................................. 26 School Application for ................................ 27 Selling Price and the Rate Per Cent, of Profit or Loss Being Given to find the Cost ............................... 189 Selling Price How to Find, the List Price and Discount Series Being Given ................................. 185 Selling Price Net ...................................... 188 Send Money How to .................................. 169 Sending Draft ......................................... 18 Sending Receipt ....................................... IS Service Agreement with Clerk for ....................... 56 Shipment on Commission ............................... 19 Shipping Goods Receipt for ............................ 201 Short Form Mortgage .................................. 119 Sidewalk Contract for Building .......................... 86 Signs ................................................ 231 Simple Assignment ..................................... 72 Single Grantor's Acknowledgment ....................... 59 Situations Applications for ............................. 25 Size of Paper . . , ................................... 164-165 Solid Measure ......................................... 164 Spelling Rules for .................................... 9 Square Measure .................................... 150-163 Square Root Table of ................................. 165 Stocks How Watered ................................. 87 Stock or Partner's Account .............................. 35 Submission to Arbitration Form of ...................... 68 Suggestions for Avoiding Debts .......................... 37 Suggestions Regarding Mail Matter ....................... 173 Summons, Forms of, for Requesting Payments ............. 39 Surveying Land ........................................ 150 Surveyors' Measure .................................... 150 Sympathy Letter of .................................. 28 Table of Square Roots ................................ 165 Table Showing the Relative Responsibility of Each Indorser. . 135 Tank or Cistern How to Find the Number of Gallons ........ 154 Tax, Property How to Find ........................... 189 Tenant Duties of the ................................. 105 Tenant's Agreement .................................... 104 262 INDEX. Tenant's Notice of Leaving 105 Tenants Rights of 101 Tender Legal 192 Term of Discount 186 Terms Request for 17 Things Necessary to Every Sale 198 Third Party Form of Receipt for Payment by 139 Ticket Deposit 46 TileContract for Laying 85 Tile Laying Contract for 85 Time Measure 149 To Find the Investment or Gross Sales, the Commission and Per Cent, of Commission Being Given 184 To Find the Number of Gallons in a Cistern or Tank 154 Tons of Hay in the Mow or Stack How to Find N umber of ... 153 Trade Discount 185 Trade Marks 14G Transferring Commercial Paper 52 Transferring Drafts 48 Transferring Notes Rules for 126 Transportation 199 Transportation Injury of Good* in 200 Transportation Loss of Goods in JOO Trial Balance Rules for Detecting Errors in 3Q Troy Weight 149-164 True Discount 1S6 True Discount and Present Worth How to Find 186 Trust Property Held in 197 u United States Postage Rates 175 Universal Postal Convention Signed at Washington Regu- lations in Effect January 1, 1900 180 Usury 191 Usury Penalty of 191 \7 Value of Rare U. S. Coins 193 \A/ Wagon-box Holds-How Much 154 Waiver of Identification 170 Wall How to Measure 156 Wall Number of Bricks Required for 156 Wall Paper How to Measure for 157 Warranty Deed 89 INDEX. 263 Watered How Stock is 87 Weight Apothecaries 149 Weight Avoirdupois 149-164 Weight of Brickwork 162 Weight of Cattle How to Estimate 152 Weights and Measures 163-165 Weights Metric 150 Weight Troy 149-164 Wells and Cisterns How to Measure 158 Who May and May Not Make a Contract 80 Why Business Men Fail 234 Wine Measure 149-164 Withdrawal of Mail Matter 176-179 Witness Examination of 58 Wood Pile How to Measure 157 Workman Agreement for Hiring, 56 Worth Net 36 Writ 42 Writing Checks 141 Writing Drafts 48 Writing Notes Rules for 126 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW W 83 !9!5 6 30m-l,'15 U 4 Hf&SZ