GIFT OF 
 J.B. Peixotto 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinwriterOOabborich 
 
fHorris anti JHorgan^g ILatin Series 
 
 EDITED FOR USE IM SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 
 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 
 
 EDWARD P. MORRIS, M.A., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN YALE UNIVERSITY 
 
 AND 
 MORRIS H. MORGAN, PH.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
VOLUMES OF THE SERIES 
 
 First Year Latin for English Speaking Beginners. George 
 
 H. Browne, Browne and Nichols School, Cambridge. ^ 
 
 A School Latin Grammar. Morris H. Morgan, Harvard University. 
 
 ;^i.oo. 
 
 A First Latin Writer. M. A. Abbott, Groton School. 
 Connected Passages for Latin Prose Writing. Maurice W. 
 
 Mather, Harvard University, and Arthur L. Wheeler, Bryn Mawr 
 
 College, ^i.oo. 
 
 Caesar. Episodes from the Gallic and Civil Wars. Maurice 
 W. Mather, Harvard University. 
 
 Cicero. Select Orations with Extracts from the Epistles to 
 
 serve as Illustrations. J. Remsen Bishop, Walnut Hills High 
 
 School, Cincinnati, and Frederick A. King, Hughes High School, 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 Selections from Latin Prose Authors for Sight Reading. 
 
 Susan Braley Franklin and Ella Catherine Greene, Miss Baldwin's School, 
 
 Bryn Mawr. 60 cents. 
 Cicero. Cato Maior. Frank G. Moore, Dartmouth College. 
 Cicero. Laelius de Amicitia. Clifton Price, University of California. 
 
 75 cents. 
 Selections from Livy. Harry E. Burton, Dartmouth College. 
 Horace. Odes and Epodes. Clifford H. Moore, Harvard University. 
 
 ^1.50. 
 
 Terence. Phormio and Adelphoe. Edward P. Morris, Yale Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Pliny's Letters. Albert A. Howard, Harvard University. 
 
 Tibullus. Kirby F. Smith, Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 Lucretius. William A. Merrill, University of California. 
 
 Latin Literature of the Empire. Alfred Gudeman, University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Vol. I. Prose : Velleius to Boethius ^1.80 
 
 Vol. n. Poetry: Pseudo-Vergiliana to Claudianus . . . . 1.80 
 
 Selections from the Public and Private Law of the Romans. 
 James J. Robinson, Yale University. 
 
 Others to be announced later. 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 BY 
 MATHER A. ABBOTT 
 
 •/ 
 
 MASTER IN GROTON SCHOOL 
 
 o>a<o 
 
 NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI :• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
/ '< 
 
 a iiJULyiCJh^^ 
 
 Copyright, 1904, by 
 EDWARD P. MORRIS AND MORRIS H. MORGAN. 
 
 Entered at Stationers* Hall, London. 
 
 Abbott's first latin writer. 
 W. P. I 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 This book is not an exhaustive text-book on Latin com- 
 position. It is intended for the use of beginners ; that is, 
 for those who, having completed the study of some first- 
 year Latin book, are in a position to take up the study of 
 the manner in which a connected passage of EngHsh prose 
 should be translated into Latin. 
 
 In this book, therefore, the fundamental rules, and those 
 only, have been dealt with; exceptions, unless of great 
 importance, have been disregarded; phrases and con- 
 structions of infrequent occurrence have been omitted. 
 
 The reason why these omissions have been made is that 
 the writer has found that if with a given rule too many 
 exceptions have been included, his younger pupils' minds 
 have had so much to assimilate that a general confusion 
 has been the result. The fundamental rule has become so 
 entangled with exceptions that it has often been lost sight 
 of altogether. 
 
 It is the intention of this book, therefore, to set forth 
 in a simple way, which can be easily understood by the 
 youngest pupil, those rules of Latin composition which 
 are absolutely necessary to the grammatical rendering of 
 English into Latin prose. 
 
 The subject-matter of the compositions has been taken 
 from the second book of Caesar's "Gallic War." The 
 vocabularies and examples have been, for the most part, 
 taken from that book. The reason for this selection is 
 
 5 
 
 869060 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 that this book of the "Gallic War " is used in most of our 
 schools as the usual text-book for the beginning of second- 
 year Latin. 
 
 The book has been divided into three parts, and of these 
 parts the first has been divided into thirteen lessons, the 
 second into twelve, and the third into twelve; so that if 
 one lesson is taught a week, the first part will correspond 
 to the first term of the school year, the second to the 
 second term, and the third to the third. 
 
 As this book is intended for the use of those who have 
 completed the study of some first-year Latin book, the 
 pupil is supposed to have mastered the rules of Latin 
 inflection and the primary rules of syntax, i.e, the four 
 concords and the division of the sentence into main and 
 subordinate clauses. But as some further practice may be 
 required in these rules of syntax, an appendix has been 
 added, in which these laws have been fully dealt with. 
 
 The writer is under obligations to Dr. E. H. Higley of 
 Groton School, who has kindly read the manuscript and 
 has made many important suggestions. Gratitude is also 
 due the editors of this series for criticism and assistance in 
 the reading of the proof-sheets. 
 
 M. A. A. 
 
 Groton, Mass. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART I 
 LESSON I 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Indirect Discourse. Main Clause. Present Tense . . . .11 
 
 LESSON II 
 
 Indirect Discourse. Main Clause. Perfect Tense .... 14 
 
 Indirect Discourse. Subordinate Clause .15 
 
 Accusative of End of Motion 16 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 Indirect Discourse. Future Tense 19 
 
 Accusative of Extent of Space . . . . . . . .19 
 
 Ablative of Place and Separation 20 
 
 LESSON IV 
 
 Complementary Infinitive 22 
 
 Locative Case. Towns, etc., in Connection with End of Motion and 
 
 Separation 23 
 
 LESSON V 
 
 Purpose Clauses 26 
 
 Sequence of Tenses .......... 27 
 
 Ablative of Time When and Within Which ...... 28 
 
 Accusative of Duration of Time ........ 28 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 Relative Clauses of Purpose 30 
 
 Ablative of Means and Ablative of Agent 31 
 
 LESSON VII 
 
 Purpose Clauses with Gerund and Gerundive 33 
 
 Ablative of Manner 33 
 
 7 
 
CONTENTS 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Substantive Clauses of Purpose 35 
 
 Verbs of Asking 38 
 
 LESSON IX 
 
 Clauses of Result 40 
 
 Ablative of Accompaniment 41 
 
 LESSON X 
 
 Substantive Clauses of Result 43 
 
 Ablative of Cause 44 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 Remarks on Purpose and Result 46 
 
 Genitive and Ablative of Description 46 
 
 LESSON XII 
 Revievi^ of First Four Lessons 48 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 Revievi^ of Last Seven Lessons , .50 
 
 PART II 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future • • • • 53 
 
 LESSON XV 
 Conditional Sentences. Contrary to Fact 56 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 Conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future in Indirect Discourse 59 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 Conditional Sentences. Contrary to Fact in Indirect Discourse . . 62 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 Temporal Clauses , , 66 
 
 8 
 
CONTENTS 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Causal Clauses . . . 70 
 
 Ablative of Comparison and Comparatives with Quam . . . . 71 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 Clauses of Concession . . . . . . . . . . 74 
 
 Ablative of Degree of Difference • • 75 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 Ablative Absolute 77 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 
 Clauses of Characteristic ......... 8i 
 
 Ablative of Specification, Ablative after Vtor, etc. ..... 81 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 The Accusative and Ablative classified . 84 
 
 LESSON XXIV 
 Review of Lessons XIV to XVII inclusive 87 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 Review of Lessons XVIII to XXIII inclusive 88 
 
 PART III 
 
 LESSON XXVI 
 Independent Subjunctives. Hortatory. Optative .... 90 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 Imperative. Commands and Prohibitions 93 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 Direct Questions. Dative of Possession 96 
 
 LESSON XXIX 
 
 Indirect Questions 98 
 
 Partitive Genitive . , . . . . . . , , .99 
 
 9 
 
CONTENTS 
 LESSON XXX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Periphrastic Conjugations . . . loi 
 
 Dative of Agent 102 
 
 LESSON XXXI 
 Participles and Gerund 104 
 
 LESSON XXXII 
 Some uses of Present and Imperfect Tenses 107 
 
 LESSON XXXIII 
 Uses of the Genitive 109 
 
 LESSON XXXIV 
 Uses of the Dative . . . . . . . . . . .112 
 
 LESSON XXXV 
 Review of Lessons XXVI to XXIX inclusive 116 
 
 LESSON XXXVI 
 Review of Lessons XXX to XXXIV inclusive . . . . . 117 
 
 LESSON XXXVII 
 Harvard Examination. Entrance, 1894 • • • • • .119 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 I. Main and Subordinate Clauses. The First Concord . . .119 
 
 II. The Second and Third Concords . . . . . , .123 
 
 III. The Fourth Concord. Rules of Order ...... 126 
 
 Vocabulary . . . . , . 1 29 
 
 10 
 
PART I 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 Indirect Discourse : Main Clause, Present Tense 
 
 The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case, 
 but in what case is the subject of the infinitive ? 
 
 1. The subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative 
 case. Never use the nominative. 
 
 When is the Infinitive with Subject Accusative construc- 
 tion used ? 
 
 2. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative construction 
 is used after verbs of — 
 
 (i) saying- a.nd tellings dico, nuntio, certi5rem facio, etc. 
 
 (2) knowings scio, cognosco, etc. 
 
 (3) thinking and hearings puto, existimS, arbitror, audio, etc. 
 
 (4) perceivings sentio, comperio, reperio, vide5, etc. 
 
 3. Therefore the Infinitive with Subject Accusative con- 
 struction is a subordinate clause used as the object of 
 verbs of saying, teUing, knowing, thinking, hearing, and 
 perceiving. 
 
 Now, because after such verbs the words of the writer 
 or speaker are not given exactly as he said them {i.e. direct 
 discourse), but are quoted indirectly, the construction after 
 these verbs is called Indirect Discourse ; and, as we have 
 
 II 
 
§§ 4-5] A FIRST LAI IN WRITER 
 
 seen that the infinitive with subject accusative follows 
 these verbsj .the; Infinitive with Subject Accusative con- 
 ^£tfVK:tio|i'-is iiJ^Hfor the main clause of indirect discourse. 
 
 ': ': - l^idW^ ?.s it 'deferhiined which tense of the infinitive to use 
 in the main clause of indirect discourse ? 
 
 4. If the time to be indicated is present, or if repeated 
 action in past time is to be denoted by the main clause of 
 indirect discourse, the present tense of the infinitive must 
 be used. ^ 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 T/ie ambassado7^s say that the Belgians are under arms, 
 
 Legati dicunt Belgas in armis esse. 
 
 Introducing verb of saying, dicunt. 
 
 Indirect discourse, that the Belgians are under arms. 
 
 Subject accusative, Belgas. 
 
 Verb infinitive, esse. 
 
 5. The word that, which usually follows the verb of 
 saying, etc., in English, must never be translated into 
 Latin. 
 
 In the following examples point out the introducing 
 verb, the subject, and main verb of indirect discourse : 
 
 1. All these announced that bands of men were being col- 
 lected, and that the army zvas being brought together into 
 one place. 
 
 Hi omnes nuntiaverunt maniis cogi, exercitum in unum 
 locum condiici. 
 
 2. He heard that the Bellovaci were the most powerful 
 among them. 
 
 Audivit plurimum inter eos Bellovacos valere. 
 
 12 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 6-7 
 
 3. He found out that the Suessiones zvere theirneighbors. 
 Reperiebat Suessiones suos esse finitimos. 
 
 4. The ambassadors said that now Galba was king. 
 Legati dicebant nunc esse Galbam regem. 
 
 6. VOCABULARY 
 
 Note. — In the lesson vocabularies only the most important words 
 are given ; for the words used in the compositions which are not found 
 in the lesson vocabularies, reference must be made to the vocabulary at 
 the end of the book. 
 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Be able, can, possum, posse, potui Also, etiam (adv.). 
 
 — foil, by complementary in- y^r////, exercitus, -us (m.). 
 
 finitive. Deed, factum, -i (n.). 
 
 Alar?7i, commoveo, 2, commovi, Concermng, about, de (prep, with 
 
 commotus. abl.).- 
 
 Assert, confirm©, i . Hand, band of?nen, manus, -us (f.) . 
 
 Drive together, collect, cogo, 3, Legion, legio, -onis (f.). 
 
 coegi, coactus. Neighbors, finitimi, -orum (m.). 
 
 Intend, have in mind, in animo One, iinus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 habeo, 2. Place, locus, -i (m.), plural neuter. 
 
 Knoui, cognosce, 3, cogn5vi, cog- Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 
 
 nitus. 
 Bring, bri?tg together, condiico, 3, 
 
 conduxi, conductus. 
 Say, dico, 3, dixi, dictus. 
 Set out, proficiscor, 3, profectus 
 
 sum. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 7. The Senones said that they were the neighbors ^ of 
 the Belgae, that therefore they ^ knew about the deeds of 
 this tribe and were able to ^inform Caesar concerning them. 
 They said also that this nation was collecting bands of men 
 and was bringing its army * into one place. Caesar, how- 
 ever, asserts that he is not alarmed ^by these reports, that 
 
 13 
 
§§ 8-IO] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 he has six legions with him, and that he intends to set out 
 with these men ^ for the territories of the Belgae. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Of the Belgae^ dative with finitimos. 
 
 2. To know about ^ cognoscere de, followed by ablative. 
 
 3. To inform^ certiorem facere, complementary infinitive after posse. 25. 
 
 4. Into one place ^ in iinum locum. In with accusative. 12. 
 
 5. ^/ //^^j^ r^/<?r/j, ablative of means. 45. 
 
 6. For, ad, followed by accusative. 
 
 LESSON II 
 
 Indirect Discourse: Main Clause, Perfect Tense. 
 Indirect Discourse : Subordinate Clause. Accusa- 
 tive OF End of Motion 
 
 8. We have seen that, if present time or repeated action 
 in past time is to be denoted by the main clause of indirect 
 discourse, the present tense of the infinitive must be used ; 
 but \i past time is to be denoted, the perfect infinitive must 
 be used : 
 
 They say that Diviciactis has been king. 
 
 Or, They said that Diviciacus had been king, 
 
 Dicunt (or) Dixerunt Diviciacum fuisse regem. 
 
 9. We have seen that the accusative and infinitive con- 
 struction is used for the main clause of indirect discourse ; 
 but if there is a subordinate clause, depending on this 
 main clause, in what mood will the verb of this subordinate 
 clause be .'* 
 
 10. The verb of a subordinate clause in indirect dis- 
 course must be put into the subjunctive and therefore, of 
 course, its subject must be in the nominative case : 
 
 14 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ ii 
 
 They said that DiviciactiSy who had been the most power- 
 ful man in all Gaid^ had been king, 
 
 Dixerunt Diviciacum, qui potentissimus totius Galliae fu- 
 isset, regem fuisse. 
 
 How is it known which tense of the Subjunctive to use 
 in subordinate clauses of indirect discourse ? 
 
 II. The tense of the subordinate verb in indirect dis- 
 course is determined usually by reference to the intro- 
 ducing verb of saying, etc. 
 
 That is : 
 
 If the introducing verb is primary, i.e. present, future, 
 future perfect, or perfect subjunctive, the tense of the 
 
 subordinate verb will be primary, i.e. — 
 
 * 
 
 Present subjunctive for present time, 
 Perfect subjunctive for past time. 
 
 but: 
 
 If the introducing verb is secondary, i.e. imperfect, 
 perfect indicative, or pluperfect, then the tense of the 
 subordinate verb will be secondary, i.e. — 
 
 Imperfect tense subjunctive for present or repeated 
 action. 
 
 Pluperfect tense subjunctive for past time. 
 
 Exception : 
 
 But if the verb of the main clause of indirect dis- 
 course is in the perfect infinitive, then the introducing 
 verb is usually disregarded and the imperfect or pluper- 
 fect subjunctive is used for the verb of the subordinate 
 clause. 
 
 IS 
 
12-13] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 He says that Caesar, who has conquered the Gaids, is 
 cons7il. 
 
 Dicit Caesarem, qui Gallos super averit, consulem esse. 
 
 He says that Caesar, who has conquered the Gauls, has 
 been consul. 
 
 Dicit Caesarem, qui Gallos superavisset, consulem fuisse. 
 
 He said that Caesar, who zvas conquering the Gauls, was 
 consul. 
 
 Dixit Caesarem, qui Gallos superaret, consulem esse. 
 
 He said that Caesar, who zvas conquering the Gauls, would 
 be consul. 
 
 Dixit Caesarem, qui Gallos superaret, consulem futiirum 
 esse. 
 
 12. The Place to Which some one or something moves 
 is put into the accusative and is preceded by the preposi- 
 tion in, into, or ad, to : 
 
 The army has been brougJit together into one place. 
 Exercitus in unum locum conductus est. 
 
 Note. — This is called the Accusative of End of Motion. 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 13. In the following sentences point out the main and 
 subordinate clauses of indirect discourse, and account for 
 all tenses and all accusatives. 
 
 16 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ I3 
 
 1. Diviciacus says that the Bellovaci have always been 
 under the protection of the Haeduan state, 
 
 Diviciacus dicit Bellovacos omni tempore in fide civitatis 
 Haeduae fuisse. 
 
 2. When they knew that the hope of taking the town had 
 failed them, 
 
 Vbi intellexerunt spem de expugnando oppido se fefellisse. 
 
 3. He found out that the women and those zvho seemed 
 useless for fighting had been throzvn together into a place^ 
 whither on account of szvamps the army had no access. 
 
 Reperiebat mulieres quique ad pugnam inutiles viderentur 
 in eum locum coniectos esse, quo propter paludes exercitui 
 aditus non esset. 
 
 4. He says that those who had been the leaders of this 
 plan have fled into Britain, 
 
 Dicit eos qui eius consili principes f uissent, in Britanniam 
 profugisse. 
 
 5. He said that he would do that which he had done in 
 the case of the Nervii, 
 
 Dixit se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum esse. 
 
 6. He says that unless help is sent to him, he is not able 
 to hold out longer. 
 
 Dicit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sus- 
 tinere non posse. 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 2 I / 
 
§§ 14-15] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 14. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Use, utor, 3, usus sum, followed 
 Conspire, coniuro, i. by ablative. 
 
 Demand, postulo, i. 
 
 Dwell, incolo, 3, incolui, . nouns, etc. 
 
 Give, do, I, dedi, datus. Against, contra (adv.). 
 
 Joifi, coniungo, 3, coniunxi, con- Ainbassador, legatus, -i (m.). 
 
 iunctus. Hostage, obses, obsidis (c). 
 
 Prepare, par5, i. Magistracy, magistratus, -us (m.). 
 
 Ready, prepared, paratus, -a, -um Relation, consanguineus, -i (m.). 
 
 (p. p. oiparo used as adj.). Rest of, remaining, reliquus, -a, 
 Receive, recipio, 3, recepi, receptus. um (adj.). 
 
 Revolt, deficio, 3, defeci, defectus. To, ad (prep, with ace). 
 Surrender, hand over, permitto, 
 
 3, permisi, permissus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 15. The Remi sent ambassadors to Caesar. These men 
 told him that the Remi surrendered ^themselves and ^ all 
 their possessions to him ; that they had not conspired 
 with the rest of the Belgae, who had revolted, but were 
 ready to give the hostages, which he had demanded, and 
 to receive him into their towns. They say, also, that the 
 Germans, who dwell on the other side of the Rhine, are 
 ^ under arms, and have joined ^themselves to the Belgae; 
 that the Suessiones, their relations, who used the ^same 
 laws and had the same magistracy ^ with them, have also 
 conspired against the Roman people. 
 
 PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 
 
 1. Themselves and all their possessions, se suaque omnia. 
 
 2. To be tmder arms, in armis esse. 
 
 3. To join to, conjungere cum, with the ablative. 
 
 4. Vtor with the ablative. See 156. 
 
 5 . With them, cum ipsis. 
 
 18 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 16-19 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 Indirect Discourse : Future Tense. Accusative of 
 Extent of Space. Ablative of Place where and 
 Place from which 
 
 16. We have seen that, in the main clause of indirect 
 discourse, the present infinitive is used for present time or 
 repeated action in past time, and the perfect for past time ; 
 but when is the future infinitive used ? 
 
 17. The future infinitive must be used in the main clause 
 of indirect discpurse, when future time, or completed action 
 in future time, is to be indicated : 
 
 Caesar said that he would presctue them. 
 Caesar dixit se eos conservaturum esse. 
 
 Caution. — Do not forget in using the future participle that its 
 ending -iirus must agree with its subject. 
 
 18. After verbs denoting to hope or promise the future 
 infinitive of indirect discourse is used : 
 
 He hopes to conquer the Gaitls, 
 Sperat se Gallos superaturum esse. 
 
 They p7'omise to obey. 
 Pollicentur se parituros esse. 
 
 19. The Extent of Space is denoted by the accusative 
 without a preposition : 
 
 He is many miles away. 
 Multa milia passuum abest. 
 
 19 
 
§§ 20-22] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 20. But the Place Where an action takes place is put 
 into the ablative and is preceded by the preposition in, in. 
 
 Note. — This preposition in may be left out if the noun of place is 
 qualified by an adjective : 
 
 Power of standing on the wall^ in miiro consistendi potestas. 
 But, To surround the legions on the open flank, aperto latere legiones 
 circumvenire. 
 
 And : 
 
 21. The Place From Which an action starts is denoted 
 by the ablative with the preposition a or ab or ex : 
 
 The enemy 7'an from the camp to the river. 
 Hostes ad flumen ex castris cucurrerunt. 
 
 They ran down from the higher position. 
 Ex loco superiore decucurrerunt. 
 
 Note. — This is sometimes called the ablative of separation. 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 22. In the following sentences point out the main and 
 subordinate clauses of indirect discourse. Account for all 
 the accusatives and ablatives. 
 
 1. They say that they will neither send ambassadors nor 
 accept any condition of peace. 
 
 Confirmant sese neque legates missuros, neque uUam con- 
 dicionem pads accepturos esse. 
 
 2. He says that, if he did this, he would increase the 
 influence of the Haedui amongst all the Belgae. 
 
 Dicit, si hoc fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnis 
 Belgas se amplificaturum. 
 
 20 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 23-24 
 
 3. The town of the Remi was eight miles away from this 
 camp. 
 
 Ab his castris oppidum Remorum aberat milia passuum 
 octo. 
 
 4. He found out from captives that the river Sabis was 
 distant fvm his camp ten miles, no more. 
 
 Inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen a castris suis non 
 amplius milia passuum decem abesse. 
 
 5. On the river was a bridge. 
 In flumine pons erat. 
 
 23. VOCABULARY 
 
 Verbs Hope, spero, i. 
 
 Arise, be sprung from, orior, 4, Lead to, bring, ^^^\iz% i. 
 
 ortus sum. Promise, poUiceor, 2, pollicitus 
 Come, venio, 4, veni, ventus. sum. 
 
 Cross, transeo, transire, transii, 
 
 transitus. nouns, etc. 
 
 Divide, divido, 3, divisi, divisus. Each, uterque, utraque, utrumque. 
 
 Enroll, e7ilist, levy, conscribo, 3, S7ipplies,forces,ZQi^\di^,-dir\\m.{{.). 
 
 conscripsi, conscriptus. Territories, fines, -um (c). 
 
 Find out, reperio, 3, repperi, reper- War, bellum, -i (n.) . 
 
 tus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 24. The Remi said that they would tell Caesar ^all 
 about the Belgae. 
 
 Therefore Caesar found out that the Belgae had not 
 always been in Gaul, but that they were descended from 
 those Germans who, ^a long time ago, had crossed the 
 Rhine and had come from Germany into Gaul. 
 
 He found out, also, that the Belgae were divided into 
 many tribes, who lived at a great distance from each other, 
 but that ^each of these tribes would bring many men to 
 
 21 
 
§§ 25-26] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 this war; that the Nervii had promised that they would 
 bring fifty thousand from their soldiers, the Morini would 
 send twenty-five thousand, and the Aduatuci, who were 
 many miles away, would enroll twenty-nine thousand in 
 their territories ; that the Belgae hoped to bring all these 
 forces together ^ within twenty days. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. All about ^ omnia de followed by ablative. 
 
 2. A longtime ago, antiquitus, adverb. 
 
 3. Each of these tribes, each tribe. 
 
 4. Within twenty days, viginti diebus. 
 
 LESSON IV 
 
 Complementary Infinitive. Locative Case. End of 
 Motion and Separation in Connection with Names 
 OF Towns, etc. 
 
 What is meant by Complementary Infinitive.'* 
 
 25. When the action of the subject is not complete by 
 the use of one verb, another verb is added in the infinitive 
 mood to complete the meaning of the first : 
 
 He is able to the camp, incomplete. 
 
 He is able to go to the camp, complete. 
 
 Ad castra ire potest. 
 
 Note. — The present tense of the infinitive is usually used for the 
 Complementary Infinitive. 
 
 What sort of verbs require a Complementary Infinitive } 
 
 26. The verbs of most frequent occurrence that take a 
 Complementary Infinitive are — 
 
 22 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 27-29 
 
 attempt^ try, conor, -ari, -atus sum. 
 
 be able, possum, posse, potui. 
 
 be accustomed, soleo (2), solitus sum (semi-deponent). 
 
 begin, coepi, coepisse (defective). 
 
 contvme, pergo (3), perrexi, perrectus. 
 
 dare, audeo, audere, ausus sum (semi-deponent). 
 
 hesitate, dubito (i), cf. dubito, to doubt (Lesson X). 
 
 27. Note. — The infinitive is used v^^ith interest and other imper- 
 sonal phrases, and appears to be complementary, but with an impersonal 
 phrase the infinitive is subject : 
 
 It is to 7ny interest to do this, i.e. to do this is my interest, interest 
 mea hoc facere. 
 
 Here hoc facere is subject of interest. 
 
 Other impersonals which take infinitive as subject are — 
 
 Libet, // pleases. Oportet, it behooves. 
 
 Licet, // is allowed. Opus est, there is need. 
 
 Necesse est, // is necessary. Placet, // pleases. 
 
 Visum est, it seemed good. 
 
 28. Names of towns and small islands, domus, and rus, 
 never take a preposition when they are in the accusative 
 of End of Motion or ablative of Separation : 
 
 He went from home to Rome. Domo Romam iit. 
 
 But : — 
 
 When Place Where is to be denoted by the name of a 
 town or small island, domus, or rus, these words have a 
 case of their own w^hich is called — 
 
 THE LOCATIVE CASE 
 
 29. In nouns of first and second declension the locative 
 has the same form as the genitive in the singular, and the 
 ablative in and plural as : 
 
 23 
 
§ 30] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 In Romey Romae. ht Athens^ Athenis. At hoine^ domi. 
 At Philippi, Philippis. 
 
 In nouns of the third declension it has the same form as 
 the dative or the ablative in both singular and plural : 
 
 In the country y ruri or rure. At Cures, Curibus. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 30. In the following sentences point out the comple- 
 mentary and subject infinitives, the nouns of place where, 
 to which, and from which : 
 
 1. He said that he was not able to hold out longer. 
 Dixit sese diutius sustinere non posse. 
 
 2. They began to fortify the camp. 
 Coeperunt castra munire. 
 
 3. They dared to cross a very broad river, to climb very 
 high banks, a7id to enter upon an unfavorable position. 
 
 Transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, 
 subire iniquissimum locum ausi sunt. 
 
 4. He came out of the country to his home in Rome and 
 then went to Philippi. 
 
 Rure domum Romae venit et tum Philippos profectus est. 
 
 5. He shows Diviciacus how much it zvas to the interest 
 of the common safety for the bands of the enemy to be kept 
 apart, 
 
 Docet Diviciacum quanto opere communis salutis intersit 
 manus hostium distineri. 
 
 6. It seemed good to him to do this. 
 
 Hoc facere ei visum erat. • 
 
 24 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 31-32 
 
 31. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Reachy advenio, 4, adveni, adven- 
 Answer, responded, 3, respond!, tus. 
 
 responsum. Seem best, videtur, 2, visum est. 
 
 Become, to be done, iio, fieri, factus Summon, send for, arcesso, 3, ar- 
 
 sum. cessivi, arcessitus. 
 
 Hear, audio, 4. 
 Keep apart, distineo, 2, distinui, nouns, etc. 
 
 distentus. Camp, castra, -orum (n.). 
 
 Lead, duco, 3. Enemy, hostes, hostis (c.)- 
 
 Lay waste, vasto, i. Home, house, domus, -us (f.). 
 
 Make a journey, march, iter facio, Space of three days, \x\^i^x^xm.,'\{Jx.) . 
 
 3, feci, factus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 32. Caesar summoned Diviciacus. But this man was at 
 Bratuspantium in the country. However, he heard that 
 Caesar had sent for him, and therefore it seemed best to 
 him to set out from Bratuspantium and to go to Caesar's 
 camp. He did not dare to march quickly through an 
 enemy's country, but nevertheless was able to reach Cae- 
 sar's camp ^in the space of three days. Caesar, ^on his 
 arrival, told him that it was of interest ^to the common 
 safety for the bands of the enemy to be kept apart. Divi- 
 ciacus answered that he was able to keep them apart ; that 
 he would lead his forces into the territories of the Bello- 
 vaci, and would thus be able to lay waste their land. It 
 pleased Caesar, therefore, to * make him liberal promises 
 and to send him to his home. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 
 
 1. Ablative of time within which. See 37. 
 
 2. Adventii eius, ablative of time when : 37. 
 
 3. Interest is followed by the genitive, but instead of the genitive of 
 a personal pronoun the ablative feminine singular of the corresponding 
 possessive pronoun must be used : 
 
 25 
 
§§ 33-34] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 It is to Caesuras interest. Interest Caesaris, 
 but: 
 
 // is to my interest. Interest mea. 
 
 4. To make liberal promises. Liberaliter poUiceri. 
 
 Note. — Review Lesson XII may be studied here. 
 
 LESSON V 
 
 Purpose Clauses with vt and ne. Sequence of 
 Tenses. Ablative of Time 
 
 What is a purpose clause.'^ 
 
 33. A purpose clause is a subordinate clause which shows 
 the design or purpose of the clause on which it depends : 
 
 Our men were ready under arms to attack them. 
 Nostri ut eos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. 
 
 How is a purpose clause expressed in Latin } 
 
 34. There are several ways^ of expressing purpose in 
 Latin, but by far the most usual is by the use of ut (mean- 
 ing that, in order that) or negative ne (meaning lest, m 
 order that not or that not) and the subjunctive mood : 
 
 He went into the Province in order that he might levy 
 troops. 
 
 In Provinciam iit ut copias conscriberet. 
 
 He destroyed the bridge in order that the enemy might not 
 cross. 
 
 Pontem interscidit ne hostes transirent. 
 
 Note. — English frequently makes use of the infinitive to denote 
 purpose ; for instance, in the first of these sentences, the English 
 rendering would be. He went into the Province to levy troops. 
 
 26 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 35-36 
 
 This to levy means ^ in order that he might levy.' Great care must 
 therefore be taken in translating an English infinitive into Latin. 
 
 What tense of the subjunctive is used in a purpose 
 clause } 
 
 35. The tense of the subjunctive which must be used in 
 a purpose clause depends upon the rules for Sequence of 
 Tenses, which rules apply to all dependent subjunctive 
 clauses and are as follows : 
 
 SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
 
 Primary tenses of the indicative are followed by primary tenses of 
 the subjunctive. 
 
 Secondary tenses of the indicative are followed by secondary tenses 
 of the subjunctive. 
 
 INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 (present time or 
 
 Present 1 f Present 
 
 Future \ Primary are followed by 
 
 Future perfect J 
 
 repeated action in 
 . past time). 
 Perfect (past time). 
 
 D \r 4 I c A r n j u f ^^^perfect (repeated action). 
 
 Perfect h Secondary are followed by ^ z^r z /- ^; 1 . x- 
 
 Pluperfect J ^ Pluperfect (complete time). 
 
 What is the effect of indirect discourse upon a purpose 
 clause .-^ 
 
 36. A purpose clause, being a subordinate clause in the 
 subjunctive, suffers no change in indirect discourse, unless 
 the tense is affected by the sequence taken from the 
 introducing verb. Cf . 1 1 . 
 
 He said that he would go to the Province to levy troops. 
 
 Dixit se ad Provinciam iturum esse ut copias conscriberet. 
 
 27 
 
§§ 37-39] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 37. The noun which denotes the Time When or Within 
 Which an action takes place is put into the ablative: 
 
 He came to the camp at night. Nocte ad castra iit. 
 He reached the camp within twenty days. Ad castra 
 viginti diebus advenit. 
 
 But : 
 
 38. Duration of Time is expressed by the accusative : 
 They fought for four days, Quattuor dies pugnabant. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 39. In the following sentences point out the purpose 
 clause, give reason for the tense of the subjunctive in each 
 sentence, and account for all accusatives and ablatives. 
 
 1 . He destroys the bridge that the enemy may not cross. 
 Pontem interscindit ne hostes transeant. 
 
 2. He said that he destroyed the bridge that the enemy 
 might not cross. 
 
 Dixit se, ne hostes transirent, pontem interscidisse. 
 
 3. The horsemen, moreover, to wipe out the disgrace of 
 their flight, fought most bravely, 
 
 Equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae delerent, fortissime 
 pugnabant. 
 
 4. They tried to cross the river that they might capture 
 the fortress and destroy the biHdge. 
 
 Fltimen transire conati sunt ut castellum expugnarent 
 pontemque interscinderent. 
 
 5. On his arrival they fled. Adventu eius fugerunt. 
 
 28 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§40-41 
 
 6. They fought for a whole day. Totum diem pugnabant. 
 
 7. They ivere harassed for many years. 
 Multos annos exagitati sunt. 
 
 40. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Attack^ oppugno, i (of a town) ; Day^ dies, diei (m.). 
 
 adgredior, adgredi, adgressus Firsts primus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 sum. Help^ auxilium, -i (n.). 
 
 Capture^ take by storni^ expugno, i. Middle of, medius, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Hold out, withstand, sustineo, 2, Near, ad, with ace. 
 
 sustinui, sustentus. Night, nox, noctis (f.). 
 
 Obtain, pario, 3, peperi, partus. Townsman, oppidanus, -i (c). 
 Pitch camp, castra pono, 3, posui, 
 
 positus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 41. The Belgae, in order ^ that they might capture Bi- 
 brax, pitched camp near this town and attacked it ^with 
 great fury. 
 
 The townsmen, however, fought most bravely in order 
 ^ that the town might not be taken by storm ; and held out 
 for the first day. But in the night Iccius, their general, 
 sent a messenger to Caesar. On his arrival the messenger 
 says to Caesar ^ that he has come to obtain help. Caesar 
 replies ^ that he will send help in the middle of the night 
 in order ^ that Bibrax may not be captured ; but ^ that 
 he shall demand six hundred hostages in order ^ that Iccius 
 may not conspire against him. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Caution. — The that of English indirect discourse is never ex- 
 pressed in Latin, the that of purpose is always expressed. Beware of 
 these thats. 
 
 2. With great fury ^ magno impetu, ablative of manner. 52. 
 
 29 
 
§§ 42-44] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 Relative Clauses of Purpose. Ablative of Means. 
 Ablative of Agent 
 
 What is a relative clause of purpose ? 
 
 42. A relative clause of purpose is a purpose clause 
 which is introduced by the relative pronoun qui, quae, 
 quod, who, which, what, or by the relative adverb quo. 
 These relatives take the place of ut : 
 
 He sent soldiers to destroy the bridge. 
 Milites, qui pontem interscinderent, misit. 
 
 43. The relative adverb quo is used only when there is 
 a comparative in the purpose clause : 
 
 They made a hedge in 07'der that they might the more 
 easily hinder the cavalry of their neighbors. 
 
 Saepem fecerunt quo facilius finitimorum equitatum im- 
 pedirent. 
 
 How is it known when to use qui and when to use ut? 
 
 44. Qui is of infrequent occurrence and ut is never 
 grammatically wrong. But a good rule is : 
 
 Use qui instead of ut when the object of the main clause 
 is the same person or thing as the subject of the purpose 
 clause : 
 
 He sent ambassadors to say, etc. 
 
 Legatos misit qui dicerent, etc. 
 
 Note. — This rule is not true of substantive clauses of purpose, see 
 Lesson VIII. 
 
 30 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 45-47 
 
 45. The ablative is used without a preposition to denote 
 the Means or Instrument of an action : 
 
 They killed a great number of them with their swords, 
 Gladiis magnam partem eorum interfecerunt. 
 
 46. The ablative with the preposition a or ab {b)>) is 
 used with a passive verb to denote the Agent. 
 
 They said that the Haediii had been reduced to slavery 
 by Caesar. 
 Dixerunt Haeduos a Caesare in servitutem redactos esse. 
 
 Note. — The Agent is a person and requires a or ab. Means is a 
 thing and requires no preposition. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 47. Point out the clauses of purpose and give reasons 
 for all the ablatives and tenses of the subjunctives in the 
 following sentences : 
 
 1. The Reini send ambassadors to hijn to say, etc. 
 Remi ad eum legates mittunt qui dicant, etc. 
 
 2. At the beginning of summer he sent Quintus Pedius 
 to lead these legions into inner Gaul, 
 
 Inita aestate, in interiorem Galliam qui has legiones dedu- 
 ceret, Quintum Pedium misit. 
 
 3. He ordered them to open up their maniples, in order 
 that they might the more easily use their swords, 
 
 Manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. 
 
 4. These men were harassed by their neighbors for 
 many years. 
 
 Hi multos annos a finitimis exagitati sunt. 
 
 5. A town excellently fortified by nature, 
 Oppidum egregie natura munitum. 
 
 31 
 
§§ 48-49] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 48. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Bear^ brings f ero, f erre, tuli, latus. A little while, paulisper (adv.) . 
 Defend, def endo, 3, defend!, defen- Ambassador, envoy, legatus, -i 
 
 sus. * (m-)' 
 
 Delay, msiXQi,\, ^r^7^^/K, fortiter (adv.). 
 
 Destroy, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. Bowman, Sagittarius, -i (m.). 
 
 Fire, ignis, -is (m.). 
 
 /?^^;2/Y7r^^;;/^;//, subsidium, -i (n.). 
 
 Slinger, funditor, funditoris (m.). 
 
 Sword^ gladius, -i (m.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 49. Ambassadors were sent by Icciiis to say that he 
 was not able to hold out ^ any longer. Caesar therefore in 
 the middle of the night sent the bowman and slingers to 
 bring help to Bibrax, in order that by their aid the towns- 
 men might the more easily defend themselves. On the 
 arrival of these reenforcements the townsmen fought 
 bravely to defend the town. Therefore the enemy ^ hav- 
 ing delayed a little while ^ with the purpose of destroying 
 the villages and laying waste the fields of the Remi by 
 fire and sword, marched toward Caesar's camp; and, in 
 order that they might come there the more quickly, they 
 marched day and night. Caesar sent scouts to find out 
 where the enemy ^ had pitched camp, and these men re- 
 ported that the camp of the Belgae was only two miles 
 away. 
 
 PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 
 
 1. Any longer, \(m.%Y^'&, 
 
 2. Having delayed, morati. 
 
 3. With the p2ir pose of, eo consilio ut, with subjunctive. 
 
 4. Had pitched, posuissent, subjunctive of indirect question, see 190. 
 
 32: 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 50-52 
 
 LESSON VII 
 
 Purpose with Gerund or Gerundive. Ablative of 
 
 Manner 
 
 When is the gerund or gerundive used to denote 
 purpose ? 
 
 50. In short phrases the accusative of the gerund 
 ^r gerundive with ad, or the genitive of the gerund or 
 gerundive with causa or gratia, may be used to denote 
 purpose : 
 
 For the picrpose of seeking supplies, 
 Commeatus petendi causa. 
 For the purpose of encouraging the soldiers. 
 Ad cohortandos milites. 
 
 When is the gerund and when is the gerundive used ? 
 
 51. The gerund, being a noun, is usually used alone : 
 Hiemandi causa, for tJie purpose of ivintering. 
 
 But the gerundive, being an adjective, must agree with 
 •some noun : 
 
 Ad cohortandos milites. 
 
 52. The ablative is used with the preposition cum to 
 denote the manner of an action, but cum may be omitted 
 if there is a limiting adjective : 
 
 Venit cum celeritate. He came with speed. 
 But: 
 Magna celeritate or magna cum celeritate venit. 
 
 He came with great speed. 
 
 Note. — Review sequence of tenses, 35. 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 3 33 
 
§§ 53-54] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 53. In the following sentences point out the ablatives of 
 manner and the purpose clauses, showing where the gerund 
 and where the gerundive is used : 
 
 1. And he set out for another par^t in order to pass the 
 winter. 
 
 Atque in alteram partem hiemandi causa profectus est. 
 
 2. Time was wanting not only for fitting on decorations, 
 but also for putting 07i their hebnets a7zd for taking the 
 coverings off their shields, 
 
 Non modo ad insignia accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas 
 induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda, tempus defuit. 
 
 3. They ran down to the river with marvellous speed. 
 Incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt. 
 
 4. They fougJit daringly. Cum audacia pugnabant. 
 
 54. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 ^^^/;z /^«///^, proelium committo, 3, Battle^ pugna, -ae (f.), proelium, 
 
 commisi, commissus. -i (n.). 
 
 Draw 7ipj instruo, 3, instruxi, Care, cura, -ae (f.). 
 
 instructus. Cavalry, equester, equestris, eques- 
 
 Encourage, hortor, i. tre (adj.). 
 
 Fight, pugno, i. Hill, coUis, -is (m.). 
 
 Lead out, educo, 3, eduxi, eductus. Line of battle, acies, aciei (f.). 
 Make trial of, periclitor, i . Several, nonnuUi, -ae, -a (adj . ) . 
 
 Terrify, terreo, 2. Speed, swiftness, celeritas, celeri- 
 
 tatis (f.). 
 Top of, summus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Valor, courage, virtus, virtii- 
 tis(f.). 
 
 34 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 55-56 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 55. Caesar, in order that he might make trial of the 
 courage of our soldiers and the valor of the enemy, fought 
 several cavalry battles. Then ^ having delayed a little 
 while in camp, in order to encourage the soldiers, he drew 
 up his line of battle with great care on the top of the hill. 
 He left two legions to guard the camp and marched out 
 with the other legions '^ with the purpose of terrifying the 
 enemy. The enemy saw that he had led out his army and 
 they, with the greatest swiftness, led out their own forces 
 2 with the purpose of beginning battle. Caesar, however, 
 waited for their attack and did not move from his position. 
 
 PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 
 
 1. Having delayed, moratus. 
 
 2. Purpose of, ad with gerundive. 
 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 SuBSTAxNTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 
 
 What is a substantive clause } 
 
 56. A substantive clause is a clause which takes the 
 place of a noun and is either the subject or object of a 
 verb. Thus : 
 
 {a) He asks for reenforcements. 
 
 Here reenforcements is object; but: 
 
 (b) He asks that remforcements be sent to him. 
 
 Here that reenforcements be sent to him takes the place 
 of reenforcements in sentence {a) and is the object of the 
 verb asks, 
 
 Rogat ut subsidia sibi mittantur. 
 
 35 
 
§§ 57-6i] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 57. A substantive clause of purpose, therefore, is a 
 clause of purpose which takes the place of the object or 
 subject of a verb. 
 
 What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of purpose? 
 
 58. We will divide the verbs that take a substantive 
 clause of purpose into three classes. 
 
 59. First class. 
 
 (i) Verbs of asking, peto, quaero, rogo, postulo, and 
 others. 
 
 (2) Verbs of commanding, impero, cogo, decerno, mando, 
 negotium do, and others. 
 
 (3) Verbs of advising diXid persuading, persuadeo, moneo, 
 hortor, etc. 
 
 (4) Verbs of permitting, sino, patior (these also take 
 the infinitive). 
 
 He asks 
 He advises 
 He commands 
 He permits 
 
 Rogat 
 
 Monet 
 me to go. 
 
 ^ Imperat 
 
 Sinit 
 
 me ut earn. 
 
 Note. — When the introducing verb is active, the substantive clause 
 is object. When the introducing verb is passive, the substantive clause 
 is subject. 
 
 He advised me to go, Monuit ut irem ; but // was advised that I should 
 go, Vt irem monitum est. 
 
 60. Caution. — lubeo, to command, and veto, to forbid, 
 though verbs of commanding, always take the infinitive. 
 
 61. Second class. 
 
 Verbs oi fearing, timeo, metuo, and vereor. 
 
 36 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRTfER [§§ 62-63 
 
 With these verbs ftote the peculiarity : 
 
 I fear that he will not come. Vereor ut veniat. 
 
 Here, where we should expect ne, we have ut. 
 
 And: 
 
 I fear that he will come. Vereor ne veniat. 
 
 Here, where we should expect ut, we have ne. There- 
 fore, after a verb of fearing, use ut for negative, but ne 
 for affirmative. 
 
 62. Third class. Cf. 77. 
 
 Verbs of hindering and preventing, deterreo, 2, impedio, 
 4, prohibeo, 2. 
 
 These verbs are followed by ne instead of ut. 
 
 He hindered the me7i from disembarking. 
 
 Deterruit | 
 
 Impedivit [ viros ne egrederentur. 
 
 Prohibuit ] 
 
 Note. — Prohibeo, the verb of most frequent occurrence, and impe- 
 dio, take also the accusative and infinitive. 
 
 Impedivit 1 , . 
 
 T. ^.M. i. h viros egredi. 
 
 Prohibuit J ^ 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 63. In the following sentences point out the substantive 
 clauses of purpose, and show to which class the purpose 
 clause belongs: 
 
 I . The Bellovaci ask him to show his nsual clemency, 
 Bellovaci petant ut sua dementia utatur. 
 
 37 
 
§64] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 2. He orders the Senones to find out these things, 
 Dat negotium Senonibus ut haec cognoscant. 
 
 But : 
 
 3. He orders Labienus to follow. 
 Labienum subsequi iubet. 
 
 4. He advised tJie tribunes of the soldiers to charge the 
 enemy. 
 
 Tribunos militum monuit ut signa in hostes inferrent. 
 
 5. They feared that our army would be led to them. 
 Veriti sunt ne ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur. 
 
 6. They feared that Caesar would not come. 
 Veriti sunt ut Caesar veniret. 
 
 7. They prevented the Remi from crossing the river. 
 Prohibuerunt Remos flumen transire. 
 
 8. They hindered the Rcmi from crossing the river. 
 Impediverunt Remos ne flumen transirent. 
 
 64. VOCABULARY 
 
 To ask : 
 
 Rogo, I, is followed by two accusatives. 
 He asks me for a book. Rogat me librum. 
 
 Pet5, 3, petivi, petitus, and postulo, \^to demand^ are followed by 
 the accusative of the thing and the ablative of the person with 
 a or ab. 
 
 He asks me for a book. Petit (or postulat) librum a me. 
 
 Quaero, 3, quaesivi, quaesitus, is followed by the accusative of 
 
 the thing and the ablative of the person with a or de or ex. 
 He asks me for a book. Quaerit librum a (or de or ex) me. 
 
 38 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 65 
 
 y^jj^gg Persuade^ persuadeo, 2, persuasi, 
 
 persuasus, with substantive 
 
 Advise^ moneo, 2, with substantive clause of purpose and dative 
 
 clause of purpose. of person. 
 
 Be in co?n?Hand, have charge of, Prevent, hinder, impedio, 4, with 
 
 praesum, with dative. purpose clause and ne. 
 
 Cross, transeo, transire, transii, Prevent, keep from, prohibeO; 2, 
 
 transitus. with infinitive. 
 
 Fear, be afraid of, vereor, 2, veri- Return, redeo, redire, redii, reditus. 
 
 tus sum. Run down, decurro, 3, decucurri, de- 
 
 Lead back, reduce, 3, reduxi, reduc- cursus. 
 
 tus. See, video, 2, vidi, visus. 
 Order, impero, i, with substantive 
 
 clause of purpose and dative of nouns, etc. 
 
 person. Ford, vadum, -i (n.). 
 
 Order, iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, with Fort, castellum, -i (n.). 
 
 infinitive and accusative of per- Struggle, pugna, -ae (f.). 
 
 son. 6''Z£/^;//^, palus, paludis (f.). 
 
 Pertnit, sino, 3, sivi, situs. Without, sine (prep, with abl.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 65. A small swamp, which was between our army and 
 the enemy, hindered our men from beginning battle. Caesar 
 advised his soldiers not to cross this swamp, in order that 
 they might not be attacked in ^ an unfavorable position. 
 The enemy also were afraid that their men would cross, and 
 therefore led their forces back into camp. Caesar, hav- 
 ing delayed a little while in order that his men might see 
 the departure of the enemy, ordered his forces to with- 
 draw. Then the generals of the enemy persuaded their 
 men to run down and cross the fords ^in the rear of Cae- 
 sar's camp. Titurius,* who had charge of the fort there, 
 did not permit them to cross without a struggle. He sent 
 a messenger to Caesar to ask him to send reenforcements 
 
 39 
 
§§ 66-6;] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 to him, that he might prevent the enemy from crossing. 
 ** I fear," said he, " that I cannot prevent them from 
 crossing." 
 
 PHRASES, NOTES, ETC. 
 
 1. In an unfavorable position^ iniquo loco. 
 
 2. In rear of, post with accusative. 
 
 LESSON IX 
 Clauses of Result. Ablative of Accompaniment 
 
 What is a clause of Result.!^ 
 
 66. A clause of Result is a clause which shows the con- 
 sequence or result of the action of the clause on which it 
 depends : 
 
 So great was their fear that they sent ambassadors to 
 Caesar about peace. 
 
 Tantus eorum fuit terror ut legates de pace ad Caesarem 
 mitterent. 
 
 How is result expressed in Latin ? 
 
 67. Result is expressed in Latin by the subjunctive with 
 ut {that, so that), negative ut non {that not, so that not): . 
 
 The sheds were so large that they terrified the enemy* 
 Vineae tantae erant ut hostes terrerent. 
 
 The swiftness of the enemy was so marvellous that 
 Caesar had not time to draw up his line of battle. 
 
 Celeritas hostium tarn incredibilis erat ut Caesari tempus 
 ad exercitum instruendum non esset. 
 
 40 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 68-70 
 
 68. To denote the persons or things which accompany 
 other persons or things, the ablative is used with the prep- 
 osition cum : 
 
 They abandoned the town with their wives and children. 
 Oppidum cum coniugibus puerisque deseruerunt. 
 
 Note. — Cum may be omitted in military phrases : 
 He came^ with all his forces. Omnibus copiis venit. 
 
 What is the effect of indirect discourse upon a clause of 
 result } 
 
 69. A clause of result, being a subordinate clause in the 
 subjunctive, is not affected by indirect discourse, except so 
 far as sequence requires a change of tense. 
 
 Review sequence of tenses, 35. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 70. In the following sentences point out the subjunctives 
 of result, and ablatives of accompaniment. Account for 
 the tenses of the subjunctives. 
 
 1 . So great a change was made that our men renezved tJie 
 battle. 
 
 Tanta commutatio facta est ut nostri proelium redinte- 
 grarent. 
 
 2. So zvonderful is their speed that we cannot catch them. 
 
 Tam incredibilis eorum celeritas est ut eos capere non 
 possimus. 
 
 3. They rushed out zvith all their forces. 
 Omnibus copiis provolaverunt. 
 
 41 
 
§§ 71-72] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 71. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Decide, constituo, 3, constitui, con- Also, etiam (adv.). 
 
 stitutus, with infinitive. Delay ^ mora, -ae (f.). 
 
 Disturb, perturbo, i. Especially, praesertim (adv.). 
 
 Hasten, contendd, 3, contend!, con- Fiercely, acriter (adv.). 
 
 tentus (ad, etc.). Multitude, multitudo, multitu- 
 
 Help, adiuvo, i, adiuvi, adiutus. dinis (f.). 
 
 Kill, occido, 3, occidi, occisus. Message, news, nuntius, -i (m.). 
 
 Repulse, repello, 3, reppuli, re- So, tarn (adv.). 
 
 pulsus. So great, tantus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Terror, terror, terroris (m.). 
 Weapon, telum, -i (n.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 72. Caesar, to help Titurius, sent ^ him the sHngers and 
 archers with the cavalry. They crossed the river with 
 great speed, and attacked the enemy so fiercely, that they 
 killed a great number of them, and repulsed the rest by 
 the multitude of their weapons. So great was the terror 
 of the enemy that they thereupon decided to return home 
 with all their forces. The Bellovaci especially ^ wished to 
 return home. They had heard that Diviciacus was laying 
 waste their territories, and they were so disturbed by this 
 news that they did not delay, but hastened home to bring 
 help ^to their own people. ''So great is our fear of the 
 Haedui," said they, '' that we hasten home to defend our 
 wives and children." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 
 
 1 . To him, ad eum. 
 
 2. Wished to return, redire voluerunt. 
 
 3. To their own people, suis. 
 
 42 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 73-77 
 
 LESSON X 
 
 Substantive Clauses of Result. Ablative of Cause 
 
 73. In the same manner as a purpose clause, a clause 
 of result may take the place of the subject or the object of 
 a verb. 
 
 What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of result ? 
 
 74. We will divide the verbs that take an object clause 
 of result into three classes. 
 
 75. First class. — A substantive clause of result is used 
 as object after verbs which denote that something has been 
 brought to pass. 
 
 Efficio, to britig about. Facio, to make. Impetro, to obtain a request. 
 
 76. Second class. — A substantive clause of result is 
 used as subject to such impersonals as : 
 
 Accidit, it happens. Additur, it is added. 
 
 Relinquitur, // remains. Fit, // beco7nes, the result is. 
 
 Necesse est, // is necessary^ one 7nust. 
 
 77. Third class. — Cf . 62. Negative phrases of hinder- 
 ing, resisting, and doubting take a substantive clause of 
 result with quin {but that) instead of ut : 
 
 There is no doubt that he is gone, 
 Non est dubium quin ierit. 
 
 / did not hinder Jiim from going. 
 Non deterrui quin iret. 
 
 43 
 
§§ 7^-79] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 78. The ablative without a preposition is used to denote 
 Cause : 
 
 They fled because of fear. Metu fugerunt. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 79. In the following sentences point out the substantive 
 clauses of result; give reasons for all tenses of the sub- 
 junctive and for all ablatives : 
 
 1. They brought it about that the setting out seemed vejy 
 much like a flight. 
 
 Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 
 
 2. They had brought it about that these hedges afforded 
 fortifications like a wall. 
 
 Effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta prae- 
 berent. 
 
 3. Wherefore the result is that they take upon themselves 
 great arrogance in military affairs. 
 
 Qua ex re fit ut sibi magnos spiritus in re militari sumant. 
 
 4. There is no doubt that tJie Helvetii are the most power- 
 ful nation of the whole of Gaul. 
 
 Non est dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii 
 possint. 
 
 5. They were not able to keep the Sues siones from conspir- 
 ing with these men. 
 
 Suessiones deterrere non potuerunt quin cum his consen- 
 tirent. 
 
 6. On acco7int of his arrival the soldiers were inspired 
 with hope. 
 
 Adventu eius militibus spes accessit. 
 
 44 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 80-81 
 
 80. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Bring about ^ effect, ef&cio, 3, effeci, Ambush, insidiae, -arum (f.). 
 
 effectus. Departure, profectio, profectionis 
 Depart, exeo, exire, exii, exitus. (f.) . 
 
 Doubt, dubito, i, followed by quin Deserted^ desertus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 with subjunctive. Doubt, dubium, -i (n.). 
 
 Draw up, constituo, 3, constitui, Flight, iugSi, -blq (f.). 
 
 constitutus. However, autem (adv.). 
 
 Fall into, incido, 3, incidi, incasurus. Outcry, tumultus, -us (n.) . 
 
 Pursue, prosequor, 3, prosecutus TV^/j-^, strepitus, -us (m.). 
 
 sum. Rear, novissimum agmen (n.). 
 // remains, reliquum est. 
 Seem, seem best, videor, 2, visus 
 
 est. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 81. The enemy therefore decided to return home. No 
 one hindered them from setting out, and they did not doubt 
 that they would reach home in safety. But they departed 
 with so much noise and uproar that they brought it about 
 that the setting out seemed just Hke a flight. It happened 
 that Caesar heard of their departure ; but he feared that it 
 was a trick, and did not send his men to pursue the enemy, 
 Uest they should fall into some ambush. However, on 
 account of this news, he drew up his army. ^At dawn 
 there was no doubt, because of the deserted camp, that the 
 enemy had departed, therefore it only remained for Caesar 
 to pursue the rear of the enemy. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Lest, ne, followed by purpose clause, 
 
 2. At dawn, prima luce. 
 
 45 
 
§§ 82-84] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 Remarks on Purpose and Result Clauses. Genitive 
 AND Ablative of Description 
 
 82. It will be observed from the last six lessons that 
 purpose and result are expressed in Latin in the same 
 way, but with one great exception, namely : 
 
 Negative purpose is introduced by ne. 
 Negative result is introduced by ut . . . non. 
 
 From this rule there follows a difference between result 
 and purpose in the following phrases: 
 
 ENGLISH PURPOSE RESULT 
 
 that no one, ne quis, ut nemo. 
 
 that nothing, ne quid, ut nihil. 
 
 that never, ne unquam, ut nunquam, etc. 
 
 83. It must be observed also that a verb of hindering 
 when affirmative takes a purpose clause with ne, or the 
 infinitive; but a negative clause of hindering takes result 
 with quin. 
 
 / prevented him fro in gomg. 
 Deterrui ne iret, or prohibuit eum ire. 
 But : 
 
 / did not prevent him from going, 
 Non impedivi quin iret. 
 
 84. The genitive or ablative is used with a modifying 
 adjective to denote the. quality of a person or thing. 
 
 Iccius, a man of. the highest nobility. 
 Iccius, vir summae nobilitatis (or summa nobilitate). 
 
 46 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 85-86 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 85. In the following sentences point out the purpose 
 and result clauses, account for their tenses, and account 
 for all genitives and ablatives: 
 
 1. They made the wall very high in order that no one 
 might cross. 
 
 Murum altissimum f ecerunt ne quis transiret. 
 
 2. The wall is so high that 7zo one can cross. 
 Murus tarn altus est ut nemo transire possit. 
 
 3. They destroyed the whole town that nothing might be 
 left, 
 
 Oppidum totum deleverunt ne quid relinqueretur. 
 
 4. They destroyed the town to snch an extent that nothing 
 was left. 
 
 Tantopere oppidum deleverunt ut nihil relinqueretur. 
 
 5. A m.an of the greatest inflnerice among his followers, 
 Vir magnae auctoritatis inter suos. 
 
 6. They were men of great courage, 
 Viri magna virtu te fuerunt. 
 
 ^ 
 86. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Begm, coepi, coepisse, defective Arrival, adventus, -us (m.). 
 followed by complementary in- Before, ante (prep, with ace), 
 finitive. Nevertheless, tamen (adv.). 
 
 Besiege, oppugnd, i. Siege engiiie, opus, -eris (n.). 
 
 Lead tip, ago, 3, egi, actus. Peace, pax, pacis (f.). 
 
 Size, magnitudo, magnitudinis (f ) . 
 7>rr//f^4 permotus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Use, usus, -us (m.). 
 
 47 
 
f§ 87-88] A FIRST LATIN WRTrER 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 87. Caesar led his army into the territories of the Sues- 
 siones to capture the town of Noviodunum. He journeyed 
 by ^ forced marches, in order that no one of the enemy 
 might reach the town before him. On his arrival he be- 
 gan to bring up sheds and to prepare the other things 
 which were of ^ use ^ for besieging a town. The Sues- 
 siones, although men of great courage, were so terrified 
 by the size of Caesar's siege engines that not one of them 
 wished to defend the town. They therefore sent ambas- 
 sadors to Caesar, to sue for peace and to ask that nothing 
 of theirs should be destroyed, and that no one of their 
 wives or children should be killed. Caesar said that he 
 would preserve them, but that it pleased him that they 
 had not withstood him. ^ ** For," said he, *' I was on the 
 point of so destroying your town that nothing of it should 
 be left." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Forced marc/ies, maLgno itmere, 
 
 2 . Dative /or a Jise to. 
 
 3. Ad with gemndive. 
 
 4. For^ nam. 
 
 LESSON XII 
 Review of Lessons I to IV Inclusive 
 
 88. Questions : 
 
 1. What is the difference between direct and indirect 
 discourse } 
 
 2. After what sort of verbs is indirect discourse used } 
 Give some of these verbs in Latin. 
 
 48 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 89-90 
 
 3. How do you express indirect discourse in Latin? 
 main clause ? subordinate clause ? 
 
 4. On what does the tense of the main clause of indirect 
 discourse depend? On what does the tense of the sub- 
 ordinate clause depend ? 
 
 5. After what sort of verbs is the complementary in- 
 finitive used ? Give these verbs in Latin. 
 
 6. When is the infinitive used as subject ? 
 
 7. What tense of the infinitive do you usually use in the 
 complementary infinitive ? 
 
 8. How are end of motion, place where, place from 
 which, extent of space, expressed in Latin ? 
 
 9. Do you know anything peculiar about place where, 
 to which, and from which in connection with names of 
 towns and small islands, domus, and rus ? 
 
 89. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Approach^ advenio, 3, adveni, ad- Elders^ maiSres natu. 
 
 ventus. Firsts primus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Fight against, armis contendd cum, Five, quinque (num. indecl. adj.). 
 
 with abl. Hostage, obses, obsidis (c). 
 
 Receive, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus. Mile, millia passuum. 
 
 Seek, peto, 3, petivi, petitus. State, civitas, civitatis (f.). 
 
 Show, ostendo, 3, ostendi, ostentus, Surrender, deditio, deditionis (£.). 
 
 followed by indirect discourse. Thus, sic (adv.). 
 
 6)^r^<2^^///,pand6,3,pandi, passus. ^^//, murus, -i (m.). 
 Stand, sto, i, steti, status. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 90. The Senones said that they would send him, as hos- 
 tages, those who were the first men of the state. Caesar 
 therefore marched away from Noviodunum to the terri- 
 tories of the Bellovaci. This tribe collected all its forces 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 4 49 
 
§ 91] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 at Bratuspantium. About five miles from this town all the 
 elders approached Caesar and said, that they had come 
 from the town ^to show him that they would not fight 
 against the Roman people. Caesar received them and 
 marched to their town. On his arrival there the women 
 and those children who were able to stand on the wall 
 began to hold out their hands to Caesar, and thus, ^accord- 
 ing to their custom, began to seek peace from the Romans. 
 Caesar said that it would please him to save the town, 
 and that it would be to their interest to send him six 
 hundred hostages. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 
 
 1. To show is followed by indirect discourse. 
 
 2. According to their ciistoin^ suo more. 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 
 Review of Lessons V to XI Inclusive • 
 
 91. Questions: 
 
 1. What is a purpose clause } A clause of result } 
 
 2. How are purpose and result usually expressed in 
 Latin } What is the difference } 
 
 3. What is a relative clause of purpose ? 
 
 4. What is the introducing Latin word when there is 
 a comparative in a purpose clause } 
 
 5. What is a substantive clause.'* 
 
 6. What sort of verbs take a substantive clause of pur- 
 pose .'* of result.^ Give their Latin meanings. 
 
 7. What difference is there in a clause of fearing from 
 an ordinary purpose clause } 
 
 8. How is purpose expressed in short clauses } 
 
 50 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 92-93 
 
 9. Does indirect discourse change a purpose or a 
 result clause at all? 
 
 10. How are time when, within which, and duration of 
 time expressed in Latin ? 
 
 11. How are means, agent, accompaniment, cause, 
 description, and manner expressed in Latin ? 
 
 92. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC 
 
 Bring upon, infero, inferre, intuli, Ally, socius, -i (m.). 
 
 illatus. Disaster, calamitas, calamitatis 
 Flee, fugio, 3, fugi, fugiturus. (f.). 
 
 Lead on, impello, 3, impuli, im- Friendship, amicitia, -ae (f.). 
 
 pulsus. Greatest, maximus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Make war on, bellum inferre. Leader, princeps, principis (m.). 
 
 Pardon, ignosco, 3, ign5vi, ign5- Speed, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 
 
 tus, with dative. 
 Plead for, verba facere pro, with 
 
 abl. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 93. Diviciacus was sent for by the Bellovaci in order 
 that he might plead for them, and that they, by his help, 
 might the more easily obtain pardon from Caesar. He, 
 on his arrival, asked Caesar to pardon them. He said 
 that the Bellovaci had ^always been allies of the Haeduan 
 state; that they had been led on by their leaders, who 
 had persuaded them to make war with all their forces 
 upon the Roman people ; that now those leaders, though 
 men of great courage, were so disturbed by the disaster 
 which they had brought upon their state that they, to save 
 themselves, had fled with the greatest speed into Britain ; 
 that ^not only the Bellovaci, ^but also the Haeduans asked 
 that he would use ^ his usual clemency ^with regard to 
 
 SI 
 
§ 93] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 them, that he would permit them to use their towns, that 
 he would not keep them from cultivating their fields. 
 "Thus," said he, ''you will bring it about that the authority 
 of the Haeduan state will for many years be increased 
 among the Belgae." Lastly Diviciacus said, "You need 
 not fear that they will revolt again, for there is no doubt 
 that they are terrified by your power." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Always^\x2i'i\^2X%for all titne. 
 
 2. Not only . . . but also^ non solum . . . sed etiam. 
 
 3. His usual clemency ^ sua dementia. 
 
 4. With regard to thetn^ in eos. 
 
 52 
 
PART II 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 
 Conditional Sentences. Present, Past, and Future 
 Conditions 
 
 94. A conditional sentence consists of two parts : (i) the 
 supposition or condition, called the Protasis : as. If Caesar 
 is here: and (2) the conclusion, called the Apodosis : as, 
 we ai^e safe, 
 
 95. Note. — The Apodosis is therefore the main clause, 
 and the Protasis is the subordinate clause. 
 
 How are conditional sentences expressed in Latin ? 
 
 96. There are six kinds of conditions : 
 
 (i) Present. (4) Future less vivid. 
 
 (2) Past (S) Contrary to fact present. 
 
 (3) Future more vivid. (6) Contrary to fact past. 
 
 We will discuss each in turn. 
 
 97. Present Condition, i.e. Condition in present time. 
 If Caesar is here^ zve are safe. 
 
 Si Caesar adest, conservamur. 
 
 Rule. — A Present Condition takes present indicative 
 in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 S3 
 
§§ 98-IOI] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 98. Past Condition, i.e. Condition in past time. 
 If Caesar was here^ we were glad. 
 
 Si Caesar aderat, nos laeti eramus. 
 
 Rule. — A Past Condition takes some secondary indica- 
 tive tense in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 99. Future Condition More Vivid, i.e. Condition in dis- 
 tinct future time. English words, shall or will: 
 
 If Caesar shall be (or is^ here, zve shall be safe. 
 Si Caesar aderit, conservabimur. 
 
 Rule. — Future More Vivid requires future indicative 
 in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 100. Future Less Vivid, i.e. Condition in less distinct 
 future time. English words, should or would. 
 
 If Caesar should be (or were) here, we should be safe. 
 Si Caesar adsit, conservemur. 
 
 Rule. — Future Condition Less Vivid requires present 
 subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 Note i. — How do we know in English whether a future condition 
 is more or less vivid ? 
 
 In the apodosis of a more vivid future condition shall or will is used. 
 In the apodosis of a less vivid future condition should or would is 
 used. 
 
 Note 2. — In English the present is usually used instead of the future 
 in the protasis : 
 
 If Caesar does this, I shall go to Rojne. 
 This sort of present must be translated into Latin by the future 
 indicative. 
 
 examples 
 
 101. In the following sentences point out the apodosis 
 and protasis of each condition and show what sort of a 
 condition is expressed : 
 
 54 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 102-103 
 
 1 . If the Gauls are conspiring, Caesar is troubled. 
 Si Galli coniurant, Caesar permovetur. 
 
 2. If the Gauls were conspiring, Caesar was always 
 troubled. 
 
 Si Galli coniurabant, Caesar semper permovebatur. 
 
 3. If they will surrendcry Caesar will save them. 
 Si se dedent, Caesar eos conservabit. 
 
 4. If they should siirre7ider, Caesar woidd save them. 
 Si se dedant, Caesar eos conservet. 
 
 5. If he should do this, he would heighten the influence 
 of the Haedui. 
 
 Si hoc f aciat, Haeduorum auctoritatem amplificet. 
 
 6. If he does this, he will heighten the influence of the 
 Ha e din. 
 
 Si hoc faciet, Haeduorum auctoritatem amplificabit. 
 
 102. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Give up one's arms., arma trado, Always ., semper (adv.). 
 
 3, tradidi, traditus. Command, mandatum, -i (n.). 
 
 Obey, pareo, 2, followed by dative. Terms, condicio, condicionis (f.) . 
 
 Obtain, pario, 2, peperi, partus. Services, meritum, -i (n.). 
 
 impetro (i). 
 Surrender, dedo, 3, dedidi, deditus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 103. Diviciacus spoke to the Bellovaci ^as follows: 
 ^ " Caesar will pardon you if you give up your arms, but if 
 you should send him also six hundred hostages, you would 
 obtain more favorable terms of peace. If you are brave 
 men, the Romans are still braver, and therefore I advise 
 you to surrender yourselves and all your belongings to 
 
 55 
 
§§ I04-I06] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Caesar. If the Gauls have conspired, Caesar has always 
 conquered them ; and if they would only keep the peace, 
 our country would not be laid waste by war." Then the 
 Bellovaci surrendered and sent hostages. Caesar there- 
 fore praised Diviciacus on account of his services. ^''If 
 you will always obey my commands," said he, " you will 
 be the man of greatest influence in Gaul." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. As follows^ sic. 
 
 2. Direct discourse, why ? 
 
 LESSON XV 
 
 Contrary to Fact Conditions 
 
 What is a Contrary to Fact condition } 
 
 104. A Contrary to Fact condition is a statement of what 
 would have been the case if a certain supposition were being 
 or had been fulfilled : 
 
 If Caesar were here^ we should be safe, 
 (But Caesar is not here.) 
 
 105. There are two kinds of contrary to fact conditions. 
 I. Present, i,e. Contrary to Fact condition in present 
 
 time. 
 
 If Caesar were here^ we should be safe. 
 Si Caesar adesset, conservaremur. 
 
 Rule. — A present Contrary to Fact condition requires 
 the imperfect subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 106. 2. Past, i.e. Contrary to Fact condition in past 
 time. 
 
 56 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 107-109 
 
 If Caesar had been present, we sJionld have been safe. 
 Si Caesar adf uisset, conservati essemus. 
 
 Rule. — A past Contrary to Fact condition requires plu- 
 perfect subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 107. Summary of conditions in direct discourse. 
 
 Condition Protasis Apodosis 
 
 Present Present indicative Present indicative 
 
 Past Secondary indicative Secondary indicative 
 
 Future more vivid Future indicative Future indicative 
 
 Future less vivid Present subjunctive Present subjunctive 
 
 Present contrary to fact Imperfect subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive 
 
 Past contrary to fact Pluperfect subjunctive Pluperfect subjunctive 
 
 Remark on Si. — Si, if is the word which usually introduces the 
 protasis of a condition ; but other words also may be used, chiefly the 
 compounds of si. Of these, those of most frequent occurrence are nisi, 
 unless^ if not^ and etsi, although. The latter introduces a concessive 
 clause. See 142. 
 
 108. Nisi and etsi may introduce the protasis of any of 
 the above conditions. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 109. In the following sentences point out the protasis 
 and apodosis of the conditional sentences and show what 
 sort of a condition exists : 
 
 1 . If the Suessiones were the allies of the Haeduans, they 
 would not fight against Caesar. 
 
 Si Haeduorum socii Suessiones essent, armis cum Caesare 
 non contenderent. 
 
 2. If Caesar had not sent help, the enemy would have 
 captured Bibrax. 
 
 Si Caesar auxilium non misisset, hostes Bibractem expug- 
 navissent. 
 
 S7 
 
§§ iio-iii] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 3. There will be no terms of surrender unless they hand 
 over their arms. 
 
 Deditionis nulla erit condicio nisi arma tradent. 
 
 4. Although the enemy were brave ^ Caesar was not 
 alarmed. 
 
 Etsi hostes fortes erant, Caesar non perturbabatur. 
 
 no. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Captive^ captivus, -i (m.) . 
 
 Wait for, await, exspecto, i. Further, ulterior, ulterius (adj.). 
 
 Find, invenio, 4, inveni, inventus. On this side of cis (prep, with 
 
 ace ) . 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. River, flumen, fluminis (n.). 
 
 Across, trans (prep, with ace). Together with, iina cum (with 
 
 Bank, ripa, -ae (f.). abl.). 
 
 Coming, arrival, adventus, -lis Unprepared, imparatus, -a, -um 
 
 (m.). (adj.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 III. The captives said to Caesar: ^ " If our camp were 
 on this side of the river Sabis, you would be able to reach 
 it in three days, but our general has crossed the river in 
 order to await the coming of the Aduatuci. If the forces 
 of that tribe had been with us, we should not have awaited 
 your arrival, but should have attacked you ^ of our own 
 accord. If you were now across the river, you would come 
 upon our forces unprepared, but, ^when you arrive on the 
 further bank, you will find the Nervii together with the 
 Atrebates ready ^for the fight. If we were afraid, we 
 should send hostages, and accept your conditions of peace ; 
 but unless you are much stronger than we, we hope to 
 defeat you easily." 
 
 58 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 112-113 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Direct discourse, why ? 
 
 2. Of our own accord , ultro. 
 
 3 . When you arrive, cum venies. 
 
 4. For the fight, ad pugnandum. 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 Present, Past, and Future Conditions in Indirect 
 Discourse 
 
 What is the effect of indirect discourse upon conditional 
 sentences ? 
 
 112. The effect upon conditional sentences of indirect 
 discourse is as follows : 
 
 The apodosis, being the main clause, will go into the 
 infinitive. 
 
 Present condition Present infinitive. 
 
 Past condition Perfect infinitive. 
 
 Future condition Future infinitive. 
 
 Effect of indirect discourse upon the protasis. 
 
 The protasis being a subordinate clause will go into the 
 subjunctive, but its tense will depend upon the sequence 
 of tenses in indirect discourse. 11. 
 
 Note. — There is no distinction between more vivid and less vivid 
 future conditions in indirect discourse. 
 
 What happens if the verb required for the apodosis of a 
 future condition in indirect discourse has no supine stem 
 and therefore has no future infinitive } 
 
 113. If the verb required for the apodosis of a future 
 condition in indirect discourse has no future infinitive, a 
 
 59 
 
§§114-115] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 paraphrase must be used, consisting of the future infinitive 
 of the verb sum followed by ut with the subjunctive. 
 
 114. Note. — This paraphrase mnst be used also when 
 the verb of the apodosis is passive^ and may be used in 
 any future condition in indirect discourse : 
 
 He said that, if the yards were cut from the masts, they 
 would fall. 
 
 Dixit, si antemnae ab malis absciderentur, futiirum esse 
 ut conciderent, i.e. it would be that they would fall. 
 
 He said that, if Caesar did not send help, Bibrax would 
 be captured. 
 
 Dixit, si Caesar auxilium non mitteret, futiirum esse ut 
 Bibrax expugnaretur, i.e. it would be that Bibrax would be 
 captured. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 115. In the following sentences point out the protasis 
 and apodosis, show what sort of a condition is expressed, 
 and give reasons for all tenses of subjunctives : 
 
 1. Diviciacus says that Caesar would heighten the influ- 
 ence of the Haedui, if he should do this. 
 
 Diviciacus dicit, si Caesar hoc fecerit, Haeduorum auctori- 
 tatem amplificatiirum esse. 
 
 2. He said that if they would surrender, they should be 
 safe. 
 
 Dixit, si se dederent, futiirum esse ut conservarentur. 
 
 3. He says that the yards would fall, if they were cut 
 off from the masts. 
 
 Dicit futurum esse ut antemnae concidant, si ab malis 
 abscidantur. 
 
 60 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§116-117 
 
 4. He said that if Caesar were there, they were safe. 
 Dixit si Caesar adesset eos conservari. 
 
 116. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Determine^ agree upon, constituo, Between, inter (prep, with ace.)- 
 3, constitui, constitutus. Line of inarch, iter, itineris (n.). 
 
 Come between, intercede, 3, inter- One at a time, singuli, -ae, -a 
 
 cessi, intercessurus. (adj.). 
 
 Escape, effugio, 3, effiigi, effugitii- Order, arrangement, consuetiido, 
 rus. consuetudinis (f.). 
 
 Ptan, consilium, -i (n.). 
 Separately, singillatim (adv.). 
 Surrendered, dediticius, -a, -um 
 (adj.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 117. The surrendered Gauls said that, if Caesar was 
 determined to cross the river, they were determined to 
 escape from Caesar's camp, and to tell the Nervii of the 
 arrangement of our line of march ; that, if the Nervii 
 should listen to their plan, they would be able to over- 
 whelm the whole Roman army. ^ When Caesar marched 
 therefore, they fled to the Nervii and told them that it 
 would be 2 an easy thing to conquer the Romans, if they 
 should attack each legion separately. The Nervii replied 
 that, if the legions marched one at a time, it would not be 
 difficult to conquer them. The Gauls then told them that 
 in our Hne of march a great amount of baggage came 
 between each legion, and that if the first legion was 
 attacked on its arrival, they would be able to destroy it 
 before the others came up. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Wiien Caesar marched, cum Caesar iter faceret, see 127. 
 
 2. An easy thing, non quicquam negoti, see 191. 
 
 61 
 
§§ II8-I20] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 
 Contrary to Fact Conditions in Indirect Discourse 
 
 What effect has indirect discourse on Contrary to Fact 
 conditions ? 
 
 ii8. In indirect discourse the protasis of a Contrary to 
 Fact condition suffers no change ; but the apodosis, being 
 the main clause, uses the future participle, in agreement 
 with the subject accusative, and the perfect infinitive of 
 sum, i.e. -urum (or -uros) f uisse : 
 
 He says (or He said) that if Caesar had been there ^ they 
 would have been glad. 
 
 Dicit (or Dixit) si Caesar adfuisset, eos laetos futures 
 fuisse. 
 
 What happens in a Contrary to Fact condition when 
 there is no supine stem of the verb required, and therefore 
 no future participle ? 
 
 119. In a Contrary to Fact condition, when there is no 
 supine stem of the verb in the apodosis, a paraphrase is 
 used, consisting of the future participle of sum, with fuisse 
 and ut with the imperfect subjunctive : 
 
 He says (or He said) that if the yai'ds had been cut 
 from the masts, they would have fallen. 
 
 Dicit (or Dixit) si antemnae ab malis abscisae essent 
 futiirum fuisse ut conciderent (i.e. it would have been that 
 they would fall\ 
 
 120. Note. — This paraphrase may be used in any Con- 
 trary to Fact condition in indirect discourse, an^ must be 
 used if the verb of apodosis \% passive. 
 
 62 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 121 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 121. In the following sentences point out the apodosis 
 and protasis, show what sort of a condition is expressed 
 in each sentence, and account for all subjunctive tenses : ; 
 
 1 . He says tJiat^ if Caesar had beefi there ^ Bibrax would 
 not have been captured. 
 
 Dicit, si Caesar adfuisset, futurum fuisse ut Bibrax non 
 expugnaretur. 
 
 2. He said that the Sicessioncs would not now be fighting 
 against Caesar ^ if they were the allies of the Haeduans. 
 
 Dixit Suessiones iam cum Caesare non contenturos fuisse, 
 si Haeduorum socii essent. 
 
 3. He says that, if the yards had been cut aivay from the 
 masts, they would have fallen. 
 
 Dicit, si antemnae ab malis abscisae essent, futurum fuisse 
 ut conciderent. 
 
 4. Caesar replied that he would have spared them, if they 
 had surrendered their arms. 
 
 Caesar respondit se eos conservaturum fuisse, si arma 
 tradidissent. 
 
 63 
 
§ 122} 
 
 A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 O. 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 >^ 
 on 
 
 < 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■2 ? 
 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 y) 
 
 -^ w 
 
 i. 
 
 •5 w 
 
 i) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 si 
 
 
 HH p 
 
 o :5 
 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^1 
 
 S 
 
 *l 1 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 <3 
 
 0) 
 
 > 
 
 'S 
 
 .s 
 1 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 'S 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 .s 
 .s 
 
 s. a 
 
 11 
 
 ^ i? S 
 
 d *-< 03 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 .£ 
 
 ^ 
 
 '? 
 
 ■n 
 1 1 1 
 
 .a 
 i t 
 
 V5 
 
 
 Cfl 
 
 
 
 ^.g 
 
 Ml! 
 
 ;3 vh 
 
 d 
 
 s 
 
 '> 
 
 5 d -in 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 ■!=; 53 
 
 3 
 
 
 P "d S 
 
 •y 
 
 .a. d ^ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 
 >• 
 
 
 
 Ui 4-> 
 
 
 d ^ 
 
 
 rt 
 
 '> 
 
 o d M-i 
 
 d 
 
 "S .S^ 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 t, 
 
 
 C/} 
 
 
 tlH 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 fl > 
 d o 
 
 O T3 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 ^ 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 
 511 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 'o 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 
 d i^ 
 
 0) 
 
 > 
 
 .s 
 
 *0 
 
 d 
 
 T3 
 
 2 
 
 2^ 
 
 d 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 ■'5 
 *> 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 CT) 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 <L> 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 <L) 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 (3 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 ^d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lo" 
 
 
 c/3 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 C/3 
 
 2:^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 U^ 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 l; 
 
 
 <u 
 > 
 
 
 .> 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 t3 
 
 d 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 *-t-» 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 5 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 d 
 
 •5^ 
 
 
 d 
 3 
 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !5^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 C/} 
 
 
 O 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 
 d 
 
 C/3 
 
 S-i 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 tL. 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1° 
 ^=1 
 
 
 ' > 
 
 ¥ 
 
 1 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 -*-« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "> 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 ^_, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 U2 
 
 c/3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 t-5 
 
 ^<» 
 
 o 
 
 b d 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d '> 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 d S^ 
 o a, 
 U 
 
 
 d !§ 
 
 o a 
 
 
 64 
 
A PIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 123-124 
 
 123. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Employ^ occupo, i. Attack^ impetus, -us (m.). 
 
 Follow^ subsequor, 3, subsecutus In light marching order, expedi- 
 
 sum. tus, -a, -um (adj . ) . 
 
 Fortify, muni5, 4. Operation, opus, -operis (n.). 
 
 Hold one's ground, consists, 3, 7»?/^, tempus, temporis (n.). 
 
 constiti. 
 Keep, habeo, 2. 
 Send ahead, praemitto, 3, prae- 
 
 misi, praemissus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 124. Caesar said that, if he had kept the same order of 
 march which the deserters had reported to the Nervii, he 
 would have been overcome by the Nervii ; but that he had 
 sent ahead the cavalry and had followed them with six le- 
 gions in light marching order. He said that these legions 
 came to the camp and fortified it, and that if they had not 
 been employed in this operation, they would easily have 
 repulsed the first attack of the Nervii ; that if the cavalry 
 had only held their ground, he would have had time to draw 
 up his forces in line of battle ; and that at that time he had 
 said ^to himself, if only the cavalry were Romans, they 
 would easily hold their ground and not be so easily 
 repulsed. 
 
 Phrase 
 
 I . To himself, secum. 
 
 Note. — Before entering upon the study of Lesson XVIII, Review 
 Lesson XXIV may be studied. 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 5 5 1 
 
§§ 125--127] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 Temporal Clauses. The First Cum 
 
 What is a temporal clause ? 
 
 125. A temporal clause is a subordinate clause which is 
 introduced by some relative adverb of time or conjunction 
 of time : 
 
 When neither army began to cross, Caesar led his men 
 back into camp. 
 
 Vbi neutri transeundi initium fecerunt, Caesar suos in 
 castra reduxit. 
 
 What are these relative adverbs and conjunctions of 
 time ? 
 
 126. The relative adverbs and conjunctions of time used 
 to introduce temporal clauses are as follows : 
 
 First kind. Those that take the indicative. 
 
 Vbi, when, 
 
 Vt, when. Vt primum, as soon as, 
 
 Postquam, after. 
 
 These particles are usually followed by the perfect in- 
 dicative. 
 
 127. Second kind. Those that take the indicative or 
 subjunctive according to their temporal significance. 
 
 Cum, when. 
 Priusquam, before. 
 
 Cum, when it defines the time of the main clause, takes 
 the indicative in whatever tense the context requires : 
 
 66 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 12S 
 
 When Caesar came into Gaul^ the leaders of one party 
 were the Haediii, of the other the Seqiiani. 
 
 Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes 
 erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. 
 
 But when the cum clause merely denotes what was 
 happenmg or had happened at the time of the action of 
 the main clause, cum is followed by the imperfect or plu- 
 perfect subjunctive : 
 
 The Bellovaciy having betaken themselves and all their 
 possessions into the town^ sought peace from Caesar. 
 
 Bellovaci, cum se suaque omnia in oppidum contulissent, 
 pacem a Caesare petierunt. 
 
 Priusquam is followed usually by the perfect indicative 
 or imperfect subjunctive; but if the verb of the main 
 clause is primary, then priusquam is usually followed by 
 the present tense indicative or subjunctive. 
 
 128. Third kind. Those that take the indicative or 
 subjunctive according to their meaning. 
 
 Dum, zvhile, until. 
 Donee, as long as. 
 Quoad, as long as. 
 
 Dum meaning zvhile takes the present indicative ; but 
 when dum means 7intil it takes the present or imperfect 
 subjunctive : 
 
 While Caesar waited in these places, ambassadors came 
 to him. 
 
 Dum in his locis Caesar moratur, ad eum legati venerunt. 
 But: 
 
 67 
 
§§ 129-130] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 He waited until the rest of the ships should come together, 
 
 Dum reliquae naves convenirent, exspectavit. 
 
 Donee and quoad, meaning as long as, take the indicative. 
 
 Note. — These words also mean trntil, 2m6. then usually take the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 129. To denote future time in a temporal clause, the 
 future indicative must be used with cum. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 130. In the following sentences point out the temporal 
 clauses and give reasons for every use of the indicative or 
 subjunctive: 
 
 1 . When the wall was stripped of defenders, the Gauls 
 advanced and undermined the walls. 
 
 Vbi murus defensoribus nudatus est, Galli succedunt mu- 
 rumque subruunt (historical present). 
 
 2. After he saw that all the forces of the Belgians were 
 coming against him, he hastened to lead his army across the 
 Axona. 
 
 Postquam omnis copias Belgarum ad se venire vidit, 
 Axonam exercitum traducere maturavit. 
 
 3. When the ropes were cut, the yards fell. 
 Vt funes abscisi sunt, antemnae conciderunt. 
 
 4. While these things were taking place amongst the 
 Veneti, Sabinus reached the territories of the Venelli. 
 
 Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Sabinus in fines Venel- 
 lorum pervenit. 
 
 5. As long as he was able he resisted bravely. 
 Quoad potuit fortissime restitit. 
 
 68 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 131-132 
 
 6. When they from time to time betook themselves into 
 the forests to their friends arid made an attack back again 
 from the forests on our men, and our men did not dare to 
 follow them, when they fled, farther than to that point to 
 which the open places extended, the six legions meanwhile 
 began to fortify the camp. 
 
 Cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent, ac 
 rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri 
 longius quam quern ad finem loca aperta pertinebant ce- 
 dentis insequi auderent, interim legiones sex castra munire 
 coeperunt. 
 
 7. Caesar led his army into the territories of the Sues- 
 siones before the enemy recovered from their flight, 
 
 Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore reciperent, in fines 
 Suessionum exercitum duxit. 
 
 131. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Draw off, detraho, 3, detraxi, de- Battle line, acies, aciei (f.). 
 
 tractus. Coverings, tegimentum, -i (n.). 
 
 Haste7t, contendo, 3, contendi, con- Forest, woods, silva, -ae (f.) . 
 
 tentus. Shield, scutum, -i (n.). 
 
 Lie hid, lateo, 3, latui. 
 Put to flight, f ugo, I ; cf. fugio, to 
 
 flee. 
 Rush forth, provolo, i. 
 
 132. COMPOSITION 
 
 When ^the van of our baggage was seen by the enemy, 
 who lay hid in the forest, they rushed forth and made an 
 attack on our cavalry, who fought bravely until they were 
 overcome by the number of the enemy. When the Nervii 
 had repulsed these so quickly that they reached our camp 
 
 69 
 
§§ 133-134] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 before our men were ready to receive them, they tried to 
 capture our army. Our men, however, when they saw that 
 the cavalry were put to flight, ^ran to arms; but before 
 they could arrange their line of battle, and while they were 
 drawing off the coverings from their shields, the enemy 
 broke into the camp. Nevertheless, as long as the tenth 
 legion remained in camp the enemy were repulsed, but 
 when that legion left its place on the left wing in order 
 to pursue the Atrebates, the enemy began to surround our 
 army on that flank. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. The vail of our baggage, prima impedimenta. 
 
 2. To run to arins^ ad arma concurrere. 
 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 Causal Clauses. The Second Cum. Comparatives 
 WITH Quam. Ablative of Comparison 
 
 What is a causal clause t 
 
 133. A causal clause gives the reason for the action of 
 the clause on which it depends : 
 
 They conspired becaicse they feared that our army ivoiild 
 be led against them. 
 
 Coniuraverunt quod vererentur ne ad eos exercitus noster 
 adduceretur. 
 
 How are causal clauses expressed in Latin } 
 Causal clauses may be divided into two classes. 
 
 134. First class. 
 
 Quod, quia, and quoniam, because, are followed by : 
 
 70 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 135-136 
 
 {a) The indicative, if the reason given is on the authority 
 of the writer or speaker. 
 
 But by : 
 
 {b) The subjunctive, if the reason given is on theauthor- 
 ity of some other person : 
 
 The Helvetii surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor be- 
 cause they fight almost daily battles with the Germans. 
 
 Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere 
 cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt (writer's au- 
 thority). 
 
 But: 
 
 Caesar, complaining because they had made war without 
 good reason, said that he would pardofi their indiscretion, 
 
 Caesar questus, quod bellum sine causa intulissent 
 (Caesar's authority), se ignoturum imprudentiae dixit. 
 
 Note. — Quod meaning because is the word most frequently used. 
 Quia is used less frequently and usually takes the indicative. Quoniam 
 means inasmuch as rather than because. 
 
 135. Second class. 
 
 Cum causal, meaning since in the sense of because, takes 
 the subjunctive : 
 
 Since each one hastened to return home, they made the 
 setting out seem very much like a flight. 
 
 Cum quisque domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut 
 consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 
 
 How is comparison expressed in Latin } 
 
 136. Comparison is usually expressed by quam meaning 
 than, which takes the same case after it as before it : 
 
 71 
 
§§ 137-138] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 The Romans are braver than tJie Gauls. 
 Fortiores quam Galli Romani sunt. 
 But : 
 
 137. When the person or thing to be compared is nomi- 
 native or accusative, the ablative without quam may be 
 used of the person or thing with which some one or some- 
 thing is compared : 
 
 The Romans are braver than the Gauls, 
 Gallis fortiores sunt Romani. 
 
 Caution. — Never use the ablative of comparison when the thing to 
 be compared is genitive, dative, or ablative. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 138. Point out the causal clauses, account for the moods 
 and tenses of all the subordinate verbs, and account for 
 the cases of the things compared in the following sen- 
 tences : 
 
 1 . He tried to capticre that town on the march, because he 
 had heard that it was destitute of defenders. 
 
 Id oppidum ex itinera expugnare conatus est, quod va- 
 cuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat 
 
 2. They began to taunt our men because so great an 
 engirte of ivar was being set up at so great a distance, 
 
 Increpitabant vocibus quod tanta machinatio ab tanto 
 spatio institueretur. 
 
 3. Since they thought that there was no obstacle in the 
 way of the conquerors and no safety for the conquered, they 
 sent ambassadors to Caesar. 
 
 Cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum arbi- 
 trarentur, legates ad Caesarem miserunt. 
 
 72 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 139-140 
 
 4. The tower was higher' than the wall. 
 Turris quam murus altior erat, or Turris muro altior 
 erat. 
 
 139. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Expectation^ opinio, opinionis (f.) . 
 
 ^ , . Fierce, acer, acris, acre (adj.)- 
 
 Encourage, cohortor, i. ^ ' '..., 
 
 „ . * . _ « « r ^^«^« On account of. propter (prep, with 
 
 /I'^/i'^, propono, 3, proposui, propo- ^ y?*- ^ \v if 
 
 .. ace). 
 
 Tvl/rexercito i. /'w^//^^, praesentia, -ae (f.). 
 
 ' ' Short, brevis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 
 Signal, signum, -i (n.). 
 NOUNS, ETC. standard, vexillum, -i (n.). 
 
 An advance, successus, iis (m.). Sudden, subitus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Customary, usitatus, -a, -um (adj .) . Trumpet, tuba, tubae (f.) . 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 140. Caesar, because the time was short, was hindered 
 from giving the customary orders. Therefore, because the 
 standard was not raised, the soldiers did not run to arms, 
 and because the trumpet did not give the signal, the sol- 
 diers did not come back from the ^work on the fortifica- 
 tions. Also, since the advance of the enemy was so sudden, 
 Caesar had no time to encourage his men ; but the lieuten- 
 ants, because the enemy were so near, did what seemed best 
 to them, and the soldiers, because they had been trained in 
 former battles, were able to do ^what was necessary to 
 be done. Caesar also, because the attack of the enemy 
 seemed fiercer than he had expected, entered the line of 
 battle himself, and the soldiers, because their leader seemed 
 to be in danger, fought with the greatest bravery; but inas- 
 much as the enemy had possession of the camp, the result 
 of the battle was most uncertain. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Work on the fortifications, opus, -eris (n.). 
 
 2. What was necessary to be done, quid fieri oporteret. See igo. 
 
 73 
 
§§ 141-142] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 Clauses of Concession. The Third Cum. Ablative 
 OF Degree of Difference 
 
 What is a clause of concession ? 
 
 141. A clause of concession is a subordinate clause which 
 denotes a fact in spite of which the action of the main 
 clause takes place, will take place, or has taken place : 
 
 Although he was in an unfavorable position, Caesar 
 began the battle. 
 
 Cum in iniquo loco esset, Caesar proelium commisit. 
 
 How are concessive clauses expressed in Latin ? 
 
 142. Concessive clauses are expressed by : 
 
 1. Cum, although, though, with the subjunctive : 
 
 Though these things are so, nevertheless he will make 
 peace ivith thejn. 
 
 Cum ea ita sint, tamen cum eis pacem faciet. 
 
 2. Etsi, even if, although, with the construction of prota- 
 sis ; 108: 
 
 Although on account of their n?imbers they thought that 
 they would fight successftdly, still they thought it was 
 safer, etc. 
 
 Etsi propter multitudinem se tuto dimicaturos esse existi- 
 mabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur, . . . etc. 
 
 3. Quamquam with the indicative, but only when the 
 clause of concession is an admitted fact : 
 
 Although he was covered with wounds, he fought bravely. 
 Quamquam vulneribus confectus est, acriter pugnabat. 
 
 74 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 143-144 
 
 143. The Degree of Difference between one thing and 
 another is expressed by the ablative case : 
 
 The tower zvas five feet higher than the wall. 
 Tunis quinque pedibus altior muro erat. 
 
 Caution. — Do not become confused between the ablative of com- 
 parison and the ablative of degree of difference. The ablative of com- 
 parison denotes the person or thing by which another is compared ; 
 but the ablative of degree of difference denotes by how much one thing 
 differs from another. In the sentence above, which is the ablative of 
 comparison and which the ablative of degree of difference ? 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 144. In the following sentences point out the clauses of 
 concession, account for the subordinate moods and tenses, 
 and give reasons for all the ablatives : 
 
 1. Althoicgh the Siievi had not been able to cast them out 
 of their territories, nevertheless they made thein tributary to 
 them, 
 
 Eos cum Suevi finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen 
 vectigales sibi fecerunt. 
 
 2. TJioiigh the winters are early iit these places, nevertJie- 
 less he hastened to set out for Britain, 
 
 Etsi in his locis maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britan- 
 niam proficisci contendit. 
 
 3. Although Caesar was a skillfnl general, he was almost 
 conquered by the Nervii. 
 
 Quamquam Caesar dux peritus erat, prope a Nerviis super- 
 atus est. 
 
 4. The infantry of the NeTuii fought mtich better than 
 the horsemen of the Gauls. 
 
 Peditatus Nerviorum quam Gallorum equites multo fortius 
 pugnabant. 
 
 75 
 
§§ I45~H6] a first LATIN WRITER 
 
 145. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Be away, absum, abesse, abfui. At once, sine mora. 
 
 Co7ne to, advenio, 4, adveni, adven- Foot, pes, pedis (m.). 
 
 tus. Inch, digitus, -i (m.). 
 
 Repulse, repello, 3, reppuli, repul- Two, duo, duae, duo (num. adj.). 
 
 sus . Unexpected, subitus, -a, -um (adj . ) . 
 
 Take one's stand at, consist© ad ^<a;/<i?r, virtiis, -tiitis (f.). 
 
 with ace. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 146. Although each soldier ^ ought to have taken his 
 stand at the standard of his own legion, still the time was 
 so short that each man took his stand ^ at the first standard 
 he came to. Although Caesar ^ ought to have encouraged 
 the men, still the advance of the enemy was so unexpected 
 that he had no time for a long speech, but at once gave 
 the signal for battle. Then, however, although the Nervii 
 were at the walls, he encouraged his soldiers to remember 
 their former valor, not to fear the enemy, though these 
 men were many inches taller than they, and with their 
 usual bravery to repel the attack of the Nervii. Then he 
 himself led the soldiers to battle though the enemy were 
 only ^twenty feet away. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Ought, translate by oportuit, // behooved, followed by accusative 
 and infinitive : thus, // behooved the soldiers to, etc. 
 
 2. At the first standards, ad prima signa. 
 
 3. Ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 76 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 147 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 
 Ablative Absolute 
 
 For what purpose is an Ablative Absolute used ? 
 
 147. A noun or a pronoun with a participle, or with an 
 adjective, or with another noun, may be put into the 
 ablative to denote : 
 
 1. The time, 
 
 2. The cause, 
 
 3. The condition, or 
 
 4. The attending circumstances, of an action. 
 
 examples 
 
 1 . Caesar, when the Nervii had been conquered, returned 
 to camp. 
 
 Caesar, Nerviis superatis, se ad castra recepit. 
 That is, Caesar, the Nervii having been conquered, re- 
 turned to camp. 
 
 2. Because they despaired of our success they hastened 
 home. 
 
 Desperatis nostris rebus, domum contenderunt. 
 
 That is, Our fortuues being despaired of, they hastened 
 home. 
 
 3. He said that if Caesar were leader, they would over- 
 come the Gauls. 
 
 Dixit eos, Caesare imperante, Gall6s superaturos esse. 
 
 That is, Caesar being leader. 
 
 4. In Caesar s presence the men fought bravely. 
 Caesare praesente, milites fortiter pugnabant. 
 
 77 
 
§ 148] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Example of a noun and an adjective : 
 
 When a small pai^t of the summer ivas left. 
 
 Exigua parte aestatis reliqua. 
 
 That is, A small part of the summer being left. 
 
 Example of two nouns : 
 
 Under the leadership of Boduognattis. 
 
 Boduognato duce. 
 
 That is, Boduognatits being leader. 
 
 Note. — In these last two examples the present participle of the verb 
 to be^ beings is understood, as there is no form in Latin for the present 
 participle of sum. 
 
 148. How and when to use the Ablative Absolute. 
 
 1. An Ablative Absolute requires a subject and a predicate of its 
 own. Therefore never use the ablative absolute, unless it is possible 
 to make out of the subordinate clause a subject and a predicate wholly 
 separate from the subject and predicate of the main clause. 
 
 Thus, the ablative absolute is impossible in : 
 
 Caesar having returned to the province levied two legions : 
 
 Impossible because Caesar is subject of both clauses. 
 
 But in the sentence. They hastened hof?te, because they despaired of our 
 success^ it is possible to use the ablative absolute, because the subordinate 
 clause admits of a subject and a predicate separate from the main clause. 
 
 Our success being despaired of they hastened home. 
 
 2. When a participle is used with the ablative absolute, it is either 
 the present active or the perfect participle passive which is used. 
 Therefore, use the ablative absolute only when the present active or 
 perfect participle passive can be used. 
 
 In the sentence, When the Nervii had surrendered Caesar re- 
 turned to camp, it is impossible to use the ablative absolute because 
 there is no perfect active participle; and the subordinate clause does 
 not admit of a change into the passive, because the verb is intransitive. 
 But when the verb is transitive, such a change is possible and an 
 ablative absolute may be used : thus, in the sentence, Caesar^ having 
 
 78 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRirER [§ 149 
 
 demanded hostages^ 7'eiiirned to ca;np, the subordinate clause can be 
 . changed into, hostages having beeji demanded, and so may be trans- 
 lated by the ablative absolute. 
 
 Note. — Here is manifest the usefulness of a deponent verb, because 
 such a verb, having a perfect participle of transitive meaning, it is pos- 
 sible to translate directly from English into Latin without making use 
 of the ablative absolute or a temporal clause : 
 
 Caesar, haviitg encouraged the soldiers, gave the signal for battle. 
 Caesar, cohortatus milites, signum proelii committendi dedit. 
 
 But in the sentence, Caesar, having demanded hostages^ returned to 
 camp, as there is no perfect participle active, we are forced to use an 
 ablative absolute in the passive or a temporal clause. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 149. In the following sentences point out the ablative ab- 
 solutes and show to which of the four kinds each belongs : 
 
 1. When the battle had beeii renewed, they threw the 
 enemy into flight, 
 
 Redintegrato proelio, hostes in f ugam coniecerunt. 
 
 2. Because the report had been confirmed, he sent ahead 
 the cavalry. 
 
 Confirmata re, equitatum praemisit. 
 
 3. He said that there was no condition of surrender if 
 the arms were not handed over. 
 
 Dixit deditionis nullam esse condicionem, nisi armis 
 traditis. 
 
 4. This was tJie year ivhen Gnaens Pompey and Ma^xiis 
 Crassns zvere cons7ils. 
 
 Qui fuit annus, Gnaeo Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus. 
 
 5. The Nervii under the leadership of Boduognatiis has- 
 tened to that place. 
 
 Nervii, duce Boduognato, ad eum locum contenderunt. 
 
 79 
 
150-151] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 150. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Military science^ res militaris (f.). 
 
 Leave, relinquo^ 3, reliqui, relictus. More, magis (comparative adv.). 
 
 Remain, remaneo, 2, remanci, re- Neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque. 
 
 mansus. Regular, certus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Destitute, vacuus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Hedgey saepes, -is (f.). 
 
 VieWf prospectus, -us (m.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 151. ^ Because the army had been drawn up more as the 
 nature of the place than as miHtary science demanded, he 
 was unable to place regular reserves; and ^ because the 
 view of the soldiers was hindered by hedges, he could not 
 give all the commands himself. The soldiers, however, 
 fought most bravely, especially the men of the tenth legion, 
 who, ^ when the Atrebates had been overcome, drove this 
 part of the enemy's line down to the river. They pursued 
 these men a little too far ; because ^ by their absence the 
 left wing was left destitute of defenders and thus the Nervii 
 were able to obtain possession of that part of our line; ^a 
 thing which they never could have done, ^if the tenth 
 legion had protected that flank. However, Caesar ran to 
 that place, and ^ under his leadership the Nervii were 
 driven back. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Translate by ablative absolute. 
 
 2. By their absence, they being absent, ablative absolute. 
 
 3. A thing which, id quod. 
 
 80 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 152-155 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 
 Clauses of Characteristic. Ablative of Specifica- 
 tion. Ablative after Vtor, etc. 
 
 What is a clause of characteristic ? 
 
 152. A clause of characteristic is a subordinate relative 
 clause used to denote some peculiar quality of the subject 
 or object of the clause on which it depends : 
 
 There were only two roads by which they might emigrate, 
 Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus exire possent. 
 
 That is, there were other roads, but these two were the 
 only ones which led out of their territories. 
 
 How is a clause of characteristic expressed in Latin ? 
 
 153. A relative clause of characteristic is introduced by 
 some relative pronoun or adverb and takes its verb in the 
 subjunctive. See the example above. 
 
 154. A relative clause of characteristic is used after such 
 expressions as : 
 
 Sunt qui. There are some who^ etc. 
 
 Solus est qui. He is the only 07ie who^ etc. : 
 
 There were some who blamed Caesar on account of his 
 severity. 
 
 Erant qui Caesarem acerbitatis incusarent. 
 
 155. The ablative, is used to point out that in respect to 
 'which anything is, or is done : 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 6 8 I 
 
§.§ 15^-157] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 They said that the Bellovaci were very strong both in 
 valor and inflnence and niunber of men. 
 
 Dixerunt Bellovacos plurimum et virtute et auctoritate 
 et hominum numero valere. 
 
 That is, they were strong in respect to valor, etc. 
 This is called the Ablative of Specification. 
 
 156. The Ablative of Means, instead of an object in the 
 accusative, is used with the verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
 and vescor : 
 
 Caesar nsed the same men as guides^ who^ etc. 
 Caesar isdem ducibus usus est, qui, etc. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 157. In the following sentences point out the clauses 
 of characteristic, account for all subjunctive tenses, and 
 give reasons for all the ablatives : 
 
 1. There was 710 i^eserve which could be sent as a 
 remforcement. 
 
 Nullum erat subsidium quod summitti posset. 
 
 2. They gathered them together into a place to which there 
 was no access on account of the szvamps. 
 
 Eos in eum locum coniecerunt, quo propter paludes aditus 
 non esset. 
 
 3. This state ivas superior in the number of men, 
 Haec civitas hominum multitudine praestabat. 
 
 4. He ordered them to use their territories and towns, 
 Suis finibus atque oppidis uti iussit. 
 
 5. There zvere some who fled. 
 Erant qui fugerent. 
 
 6. They a7'e the only people who prevented the Cimbri 
 from entering their territories. 
 
 Soli sunt qui Cimbros intra suos fines ingredi prohibuerint. • 
 
 82 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 [§§ 158-159 
 
 158. 
 
 VERBS 
 
 Drive, compello, 3, compuli, com- 
 
 pulsus. 
 Excel, praecedo, 3, praecessi, prae- 
 
 cessurus. 
 Expose, nudo, i . 
 Obtain possession of, potior, 4, po- 
 
 titus sum. 
 Pursue, persequor, 3, persecutus 
 
 sum. 
 Use, utor, uti, usus. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Bravery, virtus, virtiitis (f.). 
 Eighth, octavus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Eleventh, undecimus, -a, -um 
 
 (num. adj.). 
 Embarrassed, impeditus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 1)1 front, a f route. 
 Higher, superior, superius (adj.). 
 Left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum 
 
 (adj.). 
 Never, numquam (adv.). 
 Tenth, decimus, -a, -um (num. adj.). 
 Weak, infirmus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 159. When the battle had begun the soldiers of the 
 tenth legion, who excelled all others in bravery, drove the 
 Atrebates from the higher position into the river. Then 
 they used their swords and slew those of the enemy who 
 were embarrassed by the water. The soldiers of the 
 eleventh and eighth legion also put to flight the Viro- 
 mandui, who were out of breath from ^running, and pur- 
 sued them to the river bank. There are some who say 
 that if the eleventh legion had not pursued the enemy, but 
 had, after putting the Viromandui to flight, remained in 
 order to serve as a reserve, the Nervii would never have 
 obtained possession of our camp. But because the camp, 
 on account of the departure of these legions, was exposed 
 on the left and front, the enemy under the leadership of 
 Boduognatus, who was a most daring man, rushed against 
 these places and reached the interior of the camp. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 I. Ablative of cause. 
 
 83 
 
§§ i6o-i6i] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 
 The Accusative and Ablative Classified 
 
 i6o. I. Place. 
 
 The Accusative is used to express : 
 
 (a) Place to Which with the prepositions in, intOy or 
 ad, to : 
 
 Ad eum locum. To that place, 
 {b) Extent of Space without a preposition : 
 
 He marched many miles. 
 
 Multa milia passuum iter fecit. 
 
 The Ablative is used to express : 
 
 (a) Place Where with the preposition in, in. 
 
 In eo loco. In that place, 
 {b) Place from Which with the prepositions ex or ab. 
 
 Ab eo loco. From that place. 
 
 Note. — Names of towns and small islands, domus, and rus, never 
 have a preposition, and have a locative case (cf. 29) for Place Where. 
 
 161. II. Time. 
 
 The Accusative is used to express : 
 
 Duration of Time without a preposition : 
 They were harassed for many years. 
 Exagitati sunt multos annos. 
 
 The Ablative is used to express : 
 Time When without a preposition : 
 
 At dawn. Prima luce. 
 Time Within Which : 
 
 Within twenty days. Viginti diebus. 
 84 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 162 
 
 162. III. Uses of the Ablative. 
 The ablative is used to express : 
 
 1 . Accompaniment with the preposition cum : 
 
 They were m the swamps with the women a7id 
 
 children. 
 Cum pueris mulieribusque erant in paludibus. 
 Note. — Cum is omitted in military phrases, e.g. omnibus copiis. 
 
 2. Manner with the preposition cum : 
 
 They went with great swiftness. 
 Magna cum celeritate ierunt. 
 Note. — Cum may be omitted if there is a limiting adjective. 
 
 3. Means without a preposition : 
 
 They cut the^n doivn with their swords, 
 Eos suis gladiis occiderunt. 
 
 4. Agent after a passive verb with the preposition a or ab : 
 
 He was sent by Caesar. Mittebatur a Caesare. 
 
 5. Cause without a preposition : 
 
 Breathless from running. Exanimatus cursu. 
 
 6. Specification : 
 
 A man distinguished for his valor, 
 Vir insignis virtute. 
 
 7. Quality with a limiting adjective: 
 
 A m,an of the greatest nobility, 
 Vir summa nobilitate. 
 Note. — Genitive would do as well. 
 
 8. Comparison without a preposition : 
 
 The Romans a7'e bi'aver than the Gauls, 
 Romani fortiores sunt Gallis. 
 85 
 
§§ 163-164] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 9. Degree of Difference : 
 
 The Rhine is many feet wider than the Rhone. 
 Rhenus latior multis pedibus quam Rhodanus. 
 
 10. With utor, fruor, potior, fungor, vescor: 
 They used their swords. Gladiis usi sunt. 
 
 163. VOCABULARY 
 
 v^^^s Sally ^ excursio, excursionis (f.). 
 
 Build^ exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- Shed., vinea, vineae (f.). 
 structus. Slow., tardus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. ^^ Sreat, tantus, -a, -um (adj.) . 
 
 Frightened, permotus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 1 64. Caesar came with the greatest swiftness and ordered 
 the soldiers to build a shed which should be five feet higher 
 than the enemies' wall. The enemy, men of great courage, 
 thereupon made a sally from their town in order to try to 
 get possession of the camp of the Romans. But our men 
 rushed out of the camp and attacked them with great fierce- 
 ness, and although they excelled in the number of men, they 
 were soon put to flight by our soldiers, and slowly, on ac- 
 count of their wounds, returned home to their town. Then 
 the sheds were driven up to the walls by the hands of our 
 men, and when these reached the town, the townsmen were 
 so frightened at the sight, because those in that town had 
 never seen works of so great size, that they sent ambassa- 
 dors to Caesar to say that they would surrender and would, 
 on the next day, give up their arms ; that they had fought 
 for many years, but had never seen works of such size, and 
 that they therefore thought that the gods fought for the 
 Romans. 
 
 86 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§165-166 
 
 LESSON XXIV 
 Review of Lessons XIV to XVII Inclusive 
 
 165. Questions : 
 
 1. What is a conditional sentence ? 
 
 2. How many clauses are there in a conditional sentence ? 
 What is each clause called ? 
 
 3. How many kinds of condition are there in Latin ? 
 What is each kind called ? 
 
 4. What English words distinguish more vivid from less 
 vivid future conditions ? 
 
 5. How are the different conditions expressed in Latin ? 
 
 6. How does indirect discourse affect conditions ? 
 
 7. Is there any distinction between more vivid and less 
 vivid future conditions in indirect discourse ? 
 
 8. What is used for the apodosis in a future condition, 
 or a contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse when 
 there is no future participle of the required verb ? 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 166. If the men had not been so crowded together, they 
 would have been able to use their swords more easily, but 
 the attack of the enemy had been so unexpected that they 
 had no time to find the position of their own legions, and so 
 took their stand at the first standards to which they came. 
 Caesar therefore commanded the centurions to open up the 
 maniples ; " for," said he, '' if these are opened up, the sol- 
 diers will be able to make use of their weapons." Then a 
 messenger ran to Caesar from another part of the line and 
 said that Baculus had fallen, and that, unless he came with 
 reenforcements to prevent it, the enemy would get posses- 
 
 87 
 
§ 167] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 sion of that wing of the battle line. Caesar replied to this 
 that, if the two legions in the rear of the baggage were pres- 
 ent, he would send them as reenforcements ; but because 
 these men had not yet reached camp, there were no reserves 
 which could be sent. " All hope of safety stands in brav- 
 ery alone," said he. ** If Baculus is dead, then I am afraid 
 ^the matter is in a critical state. I shall therefore come 
 and lead you, for if the soldiers should see me in danger, 
 they would fight bravely to preserve me." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 I. A matter in a critical state^ res in angust5. 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 Review of Lessons XVIII to XXIII Inclusive 
 
 167. Questions: 
 
 1. What sort of a clause is a temporal clause.? How 
 many kinds of temporal clauses are there .'^ How are they 
 expressed in Latin .? 
 
 2. What sort of a clause is a causal clause, a concessive 
 clause } How are such clauses expressed in Latin } 
 
 3. What do you know of the three uses of cum } 
 
 4. What is an ablative absolute 1 When do you use it ? 
 What does it consist of .'^ 
 
 5. What is meant by a relative clause of characteristic.'^ 
 How is such a clause expressed in Latin } 
 
 6. How may comparison be expressed in Latin.'* 
 
 7. When may you not use the ablative of comparison ? 
 
 8. What do you know of the uses of the ablative and 
 accusative in connection with Time and Place ? 
 
 9. Give ten uses of the ablative case. 
 
 S8 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 168-169 
 
 168. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Announce^ nuntio, i. Cainp follower^ calo, calonis (m.)- 
 
 Despair of, despero, i . Multitude, multitude, multitudi- 
 
 Look back, respicio, 3, respexi, re- nis (f.). 
 
 spectus. Terrified, perterritus,-a, -um (adj . ) . 
 
 Outnumber, numero supero, i. Victor^ victor, victoris, (m.). 
 Plunder, praedor, i. 
 Press hard, premo, 3, pressi, pres- 
 
 8US. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 169. The camp followers, because they had seen that 
 our men, as victors, had crossed the river, came out of 
 camp to plunder the enemy. But when they looked back 
 and saw that the enemy were in our camp, they ^com- 
 mitted themselves to headlong flight. Also, when the 
 men, who were coming with the baggage, perceived the 
 enemy, they fled, terrified, because they had no weapons. 
 
 2 When the camp followers had been put to flight, ^when 
 the enemy were in possession of our camp, and ^the legions 
 hard pressed, the horsemen of the Treviri, ^ because they 
 despaired of our fortunes, hastened home, and announced 
 to their state that the Nervii were stronger than the Ro- 
 mans both in courage and number of men ; that they out- 
 numbered the Romans by ten thousand men ; and that 
 they had overwhelmed Caesar, although he had used all 
 his forces in the battle. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Committed themselves to headlong flight, praecipites f ugae sese 
 mandabant, i.e. headlong they, etc. 
 
 2. Use ablative absolute. 
 
 89 
 
PART III 
 
 LESSON XXVI 
 
 Independent Subjunctives. Hortatory and Optative 
 Subjunctive 
 
 I. What is the Hortatory Subjunctive ? 
 
 170. The Hortatory Subjunctive is a main clause used 
 to denote : 
 
 1. Exhortation. 
 
 2. Command. 
 
 3. Prohibition (see Lesson XXVII). 
 
 Notes. — i. The second person only is used in prohibitions. 
 
 2. The present subjunctive is generally used. 
 
 3. The negative of the Hortatory Subjunctive is ne. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 Exhortation : 
 
 Let ns go to the eamp, 
 
 Eamus ad castra. 
 
 Let lis not go to the eamp. 
 
 Ne ad castra eamus. 
 Command : 
 
 Let Labi cm IS do this. 
 
 Labienus hoc faciat. 
 
 For second person in commands and prohibitions, see the next lesson. 
 
 90 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 171-172 
 
 II. For what is the Optative Subjunctive used? 
 
 171. The Optative Subjunctive is a main clause used to 
 express a wish. 
 
 Notes. — i. This subjunctive is usually preceded hy utinam., wou id 
 that^ oh that^ and unless it is preceded by utinam the imperfect or plu- 
 perfect must not be used. 
 
 2. The perfect subjunctive is never used in the optative subjunctive. 
 
 3. The present subjunctive denotes the wish as possible : 
 
 Oh^ that our soldiers may be brave. 
 Vtinam nostri fortes sint. 
 
 The imperfect denotes the wish as impossible of fulfillment in present 
 
 time : 
 
 Wotdd that Caesar were here. 
 
 Vtinam Caesar adesset. 
 The pluperfect denotes the wish as unaccomplished in past time : 
 Woiddthat Caesar had been present. 
 Vtinam Caesar adfuisset. 
 
 Can not the verbs, volo, / wisJi, nolo, / am nnwillingy 
 malo, I prefer y cupio, / desire, etc., be used to introduce 
 the expression of a wish ? 
 
 172. Volo, etc., may be used to introduce the expression 
 of a wish. 
 
 These verbs take the following construction : 
 
 1. If there is no change of subject the infinitive is used : 
 
 Caesar wisJied that he had been present. 
 Caesar voluit se adfuisse. 
 
 2. If there is a change of subject, ut with subjunctive 
 should be used. 
 
 We wished that Caesar had been present. 
 Voluimus ut Caesar adfuisset. 
 
 Note. — Volo and cupio, however, can regularly take the infinitive 
 even when there is a change of subject. 
 
 91 
 
§§ 173-175] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 173. Account for all the subjunctives and their tenses 
 in the following sentences : 
 
 1. Let us return home and fight in our own country. 
 Revertamur domum et in nostris finibus decertemus. 
 
 2. Let Diviciacus keep the bands of the enemy apart, 
 Diviciacus manus hostium distineat 
 
 3. Would that the cavalry had not fled I 
 Vtinam equites ne f ugissent ! 
 
 4. Oh^ that Labienus would look back ! 
 Vtinam Labienus respiciat I 
 
 5. Would that the regular legions wei^e here I 
 Vtinam certae legiones adessent ! 
 
 6. He wished to go to those nations and explore those 
 regions, 
 
 Eas nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat 
 
 7. He wished that Labienus would return. 
 Volebat ut Labienus reverteretur. 
 
 174. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Charge^ signa infero, inferre, in- Recklessly ^X^^m^t^ (adv.). 
 
 tuli, inlatus. Seventh^ septimus, -a, -um (num. 
 
 Come together^ sese coniungo, 3, adj.). 
 
 coniunxi, coniunctus. Too far ^ paulo longius. 
 Cry out, exclamo, i. 
 Die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 175. Caesar, when he saw that the seventh legion was 
 hard pressed by the enemy, cried out to the centurions, 
 
 92 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 176-177 
 
 ** Let the legions come together and charge the enemy. 
 Let us not fear that we shall be surrounded by the Nervii, 
 but let us resist more bravely and fight more boldly. Would 
 that Labienus would look back and send us reenforcements. 
 He has pursued the Atrebates too far, and recklessly wishes 
 to gain possession of the camp of the enemy. Would that 
 the Nervii would yield or that the two legions, who are in 
 the rear, would come to help us ! Let us however be un- 
 willing to yield, but let us prefer to die ^ rather than be 
 conquered." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 
 
 I. Rather than, potius quam. 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 
 Imperative. Commands. Prohibitions. Dative of Ser- 
 vice AND Double Dative 
 
 For what is the imperative mood used 1 
 
 176. The imperative mood is used to express a com- 
 mand; but: 
 
 177. A negative command, i.e. a prohibition, is put into 
 the hortatory subjunctive with ne, or more usually is ex- 
 pressed by the imperative of nolo (noli, plural nolite), be 
 imwilling, and the infinitive ; sometimes also cave, beware 
 of, with the subjunctive may be used. 
 
 Notes. — i . Only the second person of the imperative is commonly 
 used ; for the third person of command use the Hortatory Subjunctive. 
 
 2. The present imperative is mainly used. If there is a distinct 
 reference to future time the future imperative may be rarely used. 
 
 93 
 
§§ 178-179] A- FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 In the following sentences point out the imperatives and 
 subjunctives and give the reasons for their use : 
 
 1. Jump dozvHj fellow-soldiers^ unless you wish to Jiand 
 over tJie eagle to the enemy. 
 
 Desilite commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus pro- 
 dere ! 
 
 2. Do not hand over the eagle to the eiiemy. 
 
 Uolite aquilam hostibus prodere; (or) Ne prodatis aquilam 
 hostibus ; (or) Cavete aquilam hostium prodatis. 
 
 3. Send Labie7ius to Caesar to-moi^row, 
 Cras mittito ad Caesarem Labienum. 
 
 What is the effect of indirect discourse upon the horta- 
 tory subjunctive and the imperative? 
 
 178. In indirect discourse the imperative is changed 
 into the subjunctive, and the hortatory subjunctive remains 
 in the subjunctive. 
 
 In indirect discourse prohibitions are always in the sub- 
 junctive with ne. Noli and cave must not be used. 
 
 1. Precatur commilitones desiliant nisi velint aquilam 
 hostibus prodere. 
 
 2. Precatur ne aquilam hostibus prodant. 
 
 3. Precatur cras Labienum ad Caesarem mittat. 
 
 179. Dative of Service or Purpose. 
 
 The dative is used to show that for which something 
 serves : . 
 
 The horsemen came as a reenforcemejit. 
 
 Equites auxilio venerunt, i.Q.for a help. 
 94 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 180-181 
 
 This dative is most frequently used in what has been aptly called 
 the Double Dative construction; that is, where the person or thing 
 that is benefited or hampered by the service is also in the dative : 
 
 The soldier's were a guard to the baggage. 
 
 Milites praesidio impedimentis erant, i.e. served for a guard to . . . 
 
 He saw that they hindered one another iii fighting. 
 
 Ipsos sibi esse ad pugnam impedimento vidit. 
 
 180. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Drive out, expello, 3, expuli, ex- Disgrace, turpitiido, turpitudinis 
 
 pulsus. (f.). 
 
 Set free^ to free, libero, i. Return^ reditus, -us (m.). 
 Wipe otit, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 181. Labienus looked back and saw that Caesar was 
 hard pressed. He therefore sent the tenth legion as a 
 help to Caesar. '' Go with great swiftness," he com- 
 manded, ''free the general from danger, and drive out 
 the Nervii from the camp. Do not delay, but run ^at full 
 speed. Do not let the enemy have the victory, but show 
 2 your usual courage and the battle will be yours." The 
 leader of our horse said that the cavalry had been put to 
 flight, but that if the tenth legion should return the cavalry 
 were also to run back and help Caesar; that they were 
 not to be afraid to return, but were to go and wipe out the 
 disgrace of their flight by their valor. 
 
 When these reenforcements arrived, the attack of the 
 enemy was checked, and they were driven out of the camp 
 of the Romans. 
 
 PHRASES 
 
 1 . At full speed, incitato cursu. 
 
 2 . Vour usual courage, vestram virtutem. 
 
 95 
 
§§ 182-184] A FIRST LATIxN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 Direct Questions. Dative of Possession 
 
 In what mood is a direct question ? 
 
 182. A direct question is ordinarily in the indicative 
 mood. 
 
 NOTES. — I . A simple question has usually the enclitic -ne added to 
 the emphatic word : 
 
 Is Caesar in the camp ? 
 Estne Caesar in castris ? 
 
 2. A question which expects the answer " yes " is introduced by the 
 negative nonne, is not f 
 
 Is not Caesar a skillful general? 
 Nonne Caesar dux peritus est ? 
 
 3. A question which expects the answer '^ no " is introduced by num : 
 
 The Gauls did not conquer the Romans^ did they ? 
 Num Galli Romanos superaverunt ? 
 
 What is a double question } 
 
 183. A double question is one that asks which of two 
 supposed cases is the true one. In Latin the first case 
 is usually preceded by utrum, whether, and the second by 
 an, or: 
 
 Are the Romans or the Gauls the braver f 
 Utrum Romani an Galli f ortiores sunt ? 
 
 184. Questions are also introduced by interrogative par- 
 ticles. 
 
 The most usual of these are : 
 
 I. The pronouns : 
 
 Quis ? quae ? quid ? who ? which ? what ? 
 
 96 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 185-186 
 
 2. Pronominal adjectives : 
 
 Quantus, -a, -um ? how great ? 
 Quails, -q'^ of what sort ? 
 
 3. Interrogative adverbs : 
 
 Vbl ? when ? Vnde ? whence ? 
 
 Quo? whither? Quot ? hozv many ? 
 
 Qua ? where ? Vtrum ? whether ? 
 
 4. The adjective: 
 
 Vter, utra, utrum, which (of two) ? 
 
 185. The dative is used with the verb sum, to denote 
 
 possession : 
 
 Merchants have no access to them. 
 
 NuUus adltus est ad eos mercatoribus, i,e, there Is no 
 admission for merchants. 
 
 186. EXAMPLES 
 
 1 . What sort of states are they ? 
 Quales civltates sunt ? 
 
 2. Is Labieniis zvith Caesar f 
 Estne Lablenus cum Caesare ? 
 
 3. Did not the soldiers have weapons ? 
 Nonne arma mllltlbus erant ? 
 
 4. The Treviri did not say that Caesar had conquered 
 the Nervii, did they ? 
 
 Num* Treviri dicebant Caesarem Nervlos superavisse ? 
 
 5. Whither are you going? Quo vadls ? 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 7 97 
 
§§ 187-189] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 187. .VOCABULARY 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Hindrance, impeditum, -i (n.). Merchants, mercator, mercatoris 
 
 Question, quaestio, quaestionis (f.). (^'n.)* 
 
 Why f quid ? 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 188. Caesar before the battle had asked the Haedui 
 these questions : " What sort of people are the Nervii ? 
 How great are their resources? Why do the merchants 
 have no access to them ? How many soldiers have they ? 
 Do they intend to take their stand on this side of the river, 
 or will they not rather cross the river and there await my 
 coming ? Whither will they flee if they are conquered ? '* 
 The Haedui had at this time answered that the Nervii 
 were the bravest men in Gaul ; that they were unwilHng 
 that the merchants should bring them wine; that they 
 would await Caesar's arrival on the other side of the river. 
 
 LESSON XXIX 
 
 Indirect Questions. Partitive Genitive 
 
 What is the difference between direct and indirect ques- 
 tions ? 
 
 189. A direct question gives the exact words of the 
 question : 
 
 Is Caesar in the camp ? 
 But in an indirect question the words of the questioner are 
 quoted : 
 
 He asks if Caesar is in the camp. 
 
 Note. — The Latins extended the idea of indirect question to such 
 an extent, that wherever an interrogative word (see 184) is used, though 
 there may have been no direct question, the indirect question construc- 
 tion follows. 
 
 98 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 190-192 
 
 What is the construction of an indirect question ? 
 
 190. An indirect question is introduced by some inter- 
 rogative particle, is put into the subjunctive mood, and its 
 tense depends on the following rules : 
 
 1. If the time of the indirect question is present, use 
 the present subjunctive. 
 
 2. If the time of the indirect question is past and the 
 introducing verb is primary, use the perfect subjunctive. 
 
 3. If the introducing verb is secondary, use the im- 
 perfect subjunctive for repeated action, the pluperfect for 
 completed action. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 He asks what I am doing. Rogat quid f aciat. 
 He asks what I did. Rogat quid fecerit. 
 He asked what I was doing. RogSvit quid facerem. 
 He asked what I had done. Rogavit quid f ecissem. 
 
 4. If the time indicated by the indirect question is 
 future, then a paraphrase must be used, consisting of the 
 future participle, and the proper person of sim, if the in- 
 troducing verb is primary, and of essem, if the introducing 
 verb is secondary : 
 
 He asks what I shall do. Rogat quid facturus sim. 
 
 He asked what I should do, Rogavit quid facturus essem. 
 
 191. The whole to which a part belongs is denoted by 
 the genitive. 
 
 Part of the soldiers^ pars militum. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 192. In the following sentences give reasons for all sub- 
 junctives and their tenses : 
 
 99 
 
§ 193] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 1. When he asked what states there were, how powerful 
 they were^ and what they could do in war, he found out, etc. 
 
 Cum quaereret quae civitates, quantaeque in armis essent, 
 et quid in bello possent, reperiebat, etc. 
 
 2. Because they knew how great a calamity they had 
 brought upon their state, etc. 
 
 Quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulis- 
 sent, etc. 
 
 3. Caesar asks why Labienus does not come. 
 Caesar rogat qua de causa Labienus non veniat. 
 
 4. He did not know whether the reenforcements woicldcome. 
 Non scivit utrum subsidia ventura essent. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 193. Caesar before the battle had asked the Haedui 
 what sort of people the Nervii were, how powerful they 
 were in arms, and how many states had conspired with 
 them. He wished at that time also to know whether the 
 enemy would await his arrival on this side of the river, 
 or would go across it. He knew what the surrendered 
 Gauls had told the Nervii, and therefore wished to find 
 out where to expect the attack of this tribe. The Haedui 
 at that time had answered, that the Nervii were the 
 bravest men in Gaul ; that they had collected together all 
 of their fighting men because they knew how powerful the 
 Romans were in war; that it would therefore be some 
 ^ trouble to conquer them, especially because each one of 
 the tribe knew what he was doing when he had consented 
 to fight against the Romans. 
 
 PHRASES, NOTES, ETC 
 
 I. Trouble^ partitive genitive, i.e. something of trouble. 
 
 Note. — Review Lesson XXXV may be studied here. 
 
 100 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 194-19S 
 
 LESSON XXX 
 
 Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent 
 
 What are the periphrastic conjugations and when are 
 they used? 
 
 194. There are two periphrastic conjugations. 
 
 I. The first periphrastic conj ugation consists of the future 
 participle of the verb required, with some tense of the verb 
 sum, meaning : ^ -^ o\ . '. • 
 
 be about to . . . , ' ' ' 
 
 be on the point of; .^ v,\ i I i» »' '> L* l\l I 
 
 He is about to die. Moriturus est. 
 
 He was about to die. Moriturus erat, etc. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1 . We have already studied four uses of this periphrastic conjugation : 
 
 (a) The future infinitive in indirect discourse. See 17. 
 {b) The future condition in indirect discourse. See 112 and 113. 
 (c) Contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse. See 118 and 
 119. 
 
 {d) Future indirect question. See 190, 4. 
 
 2. This conjugation is most frequently used in the infinitive. 
 
 195. II. The second periphrastic conjugation consists 
 of the gerundive and some tense of the verb sum, and de- 
 notes what must, should, or ought to be done : 
 
 All things must be done by Caesar. Omnia Caesari agenda 
 sunt. 
 
 All things should have been dojie by Caesar. Omnia 
 Caesari agenda erant. 
 
 All things will have to be done by Caesar, Omnia Caesari 
 agenda erunt. 
 
 lOI 
 
§§ 196-197] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 196. After the gerundive, instead of the ablative of the 
 agent with a or ab, we must use the dative of the agent. 
 See Ca,esari, in the examples above. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 197. In the following sentences point out the first and 
 second periphrastic conjugations and account for the 
 datives : 
 
 1. They thought that the Romans had no knowledge of 
 'tJiie^shoah^n ih^a^ids of those places where they were about 
 , tojwag^.^W<^t' .*''", 
 
 4)kigtilnafeant'febtlianos eorum locorum ubi bellum gesturi 
 essent, neque vada neque insulas novisse. 
 
 2. He said that he would do that which lie had done in 
 the case of the Nervii. 
 
 Dixit se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum esse. 
 
 3. They had thought that our men would draw off the 
 guard or would keep it carelessly, 
 
 Illi nostros praesidia deducturos aut indiligentius serva- 
 turos crediderant. 
 
 4. He keeps apart the bands of the enemy so that he may 
 not have to fight with so great a multitude at one time. 
 
 Mantis hostium distinet ne cum tanta multitudine sibi 
 uno tempore confligendum sit. 
 
 5. The Nervii thought that the plan ought not to be dis- 
 regarded by them. 
 
 Non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. 
 
 6. The signal had to be given on the trumpet, 
 
 Signum tuba dandum erat. 
 
 102 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 198-199 
 
 198. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Gather^ confero, 3, contuli, conla- Mound, agger, aggeris (m.). 
 
 tus. Sight, visus, visus (m.). 
 
 Laugh at, inrideo, 2, inrisi, inrisus. 7>rr2/?^<3f, perterritus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Withdraw, se recipio, 3, recepi, 
 
 receptus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 199. Caesar was about to return into the province when 
 he heard that the Aduatuci had gathered all their forces 
 into one town, and there awaited the coming of the Ro- 
 mans. He thought therefore that he ^ ought to conquer 
 this tribe before he went home. 
 
 On his arrival the Aduatuci were about to attack him, 
 when they became afraid and withdrew into the town, in 
 order that they ^ might not have to fight with Caesar. 
 
 Therefore sheds had to be built, a tower had to be con- 
 structed, and a mound thrown up by the Romans, in order 
 that they might take the town by storm. 
 
 2 When these things had been done, the Aduatuci were 
 on the point of laughing at the Romans because they had 
 built so great engines of war ^at so great a distance; 
 but when they saw that the tower and sheds were mov- 
 ing toward their walls, terrified at the sight, they thought 
 that they ^ ought to send ambassadors to Caesar to ask 
 for peace. When Caesar had listened to these men, he 
 said that hostages must be sent to him and that all the 
 arms must be handed over. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Use the gerundive. 
 
 2. Ablative Absolute. 
 
 3. At so great a distance, tanto spati5. 
 
 103 
 
§§ 200-20I] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XXXI 
 
 Participles and Gerund 
 
 The participles are : 
 
 Present Active. Perfect Passive. 
 
 Future Active. Gerundive. 
 
 200. The future active participle, as v^e have seen, is 
 usually used in the periphrastic conjugation. It remains, 
 therefore, to study the use of the other three. 
 
 201. I. The present and perfect participles may be used 
 in agreement with the subject or object of a verb instead 
 of a subordinate clause to denote : 
 
 1. Time. 
 
 2. Cause. 
 
 3. Attending circumstance of an action. 
 
 4. Condition. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 1. Time: 
 
 When they had delayed a little near the town and had 
 laid waste the fields of tJie Remi^ they hastened to Caesar s 
 camp. 
 
 Paulisper apud oppidum morati, agrosque Remorum de- 
 populati, ad castra Caesaris contenderunt. 
 
 He came upon them while they were fighting, 
 Eis pugnantibus occurrit. 
 
 2. Cause : 
 
 The horsemen of the Treviri, because they were terrified 
 by all these things^ hastened home. 
 
 Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treviri domum 
 contenderunt. 
 
 104 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 202-203 
 
 3. Attendant circumstance : 
 
 The women, holding out their hands, sought peace from 
 the Romans. 
 
 Mulieres, passis manibus, pacem ab Romanis petierunt. 
 
 4. Condition : 
 
 He said that if he were asked he would encourage the 
 soldiers. 
 
 Dixit se rogatum milites cohortatiirum esse. 
 
 202. II. The present and perfect participles are often 
 used like adjectives. 
 
 The m.ind of the enem^y was so set upon fighting that, etc. 
 
 Hostium tarn paratus ad dimicandum erat animus ut, etc. 
 
 They had minds of very little stability. 
 
 Animos minime resistentes habuerunt. 
 
 Note. — There is no active perfect participle, and therefore this defi- 
 ciency is made good by a temporal clause, or by an ablative absolute. 
 See 148, 2. But a deponent verb having an active meaning and a per- 
 fect participle has a form which corresponds in meaning to the English 
 perfect participle active. 
 
 Having said this, he returned to camp. 
 His dictis (or cum haec dixisset) se ad castra recepit. 
 But: 
 
 Havi7ig encouraged the soldiers, he returned to camp, 
 Cohortatus milites se ad castra recepit. 
 
 203. The gerundive is used : 
 
 1. In the periphrastic conjugation. See 194. 
 
 2. As an adjective. 
 
 He gave the signal for beginning battle. 
 Signum committendi proelii dedit. 
 
 3. With ad to denote purpose. See 50. 
 
 los 
 
§§ 204-206] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 204. Gerund is : 
 
 1. Used with ad to denote purpose. See 50. 
 
 2. A noun and may be used as one in its cases. 
 
 If a beginning of crossing should be made by them. 
 Si ab illis initium transeundi fieret. 
 
 205. VOCABULARY 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 Beginnings initium, i (n.). Deprive^ despolio, i, with ablative. 
 
 Safety^ salus, salutis (f.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Note. — In this composition translate the temporal, causal, condi- 
 tional, and attendant circumstance clauses by a participle. 
 
 206. Caesar when he had encouraged his men gave the 
 signal for beginning battle. Because the mind of the 
 enemy was not ^ set upon fighting, they were soon repulsed 
 and driven back into their town. Then, sending ambassa- 
 dors to Caesar, they say that they will surrender, and ask 
 him not to deprive them ^ of their arms. '* For," say they, 
 " if our arms are taken away, we shall be unable to defend 
 ourselves from our enemies." The ambassadors receive 
 this reply from Caesar, that he will receive their surrender, 
 when their arms are handed over to him, but that he will 
 grant no terms of surrender unless they give up their arms. 
 Therefore the Aduatuci, because they see no hope of safety, 
 surrendering their arms, accept Caesar's terms. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Set tipon, paratus ad. 
 
 2. Of their arms^ armis, ablative after despolio. 
 
 106 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 207-210 
 
 LESSON XXXII 
 Some Uses of the Present and Imperfect Tenses 
 
 207. In expressions of duration of time the present tense 
 is used when an action is denoted, which, begun in the 
 past, is continued in the present. Such clauses are most 
 frequently introduced by, iam diu, iam dudum, etc. : 
 
 Caesar has fought with the Gauls foi' a long thne. 
 
 Jam diu Caesar cum Gallis pugnat. 
 But : 
 
 If the action to be denoted was begun in and continued 
 in past time, the imperfect is used : 
 
 Caesar had fought with the Gauls for a long time, 
 
 Caesar iam diu cum Gallis contendebat. 
 
 208. Dum, meaning while, is used in the present indica- 
 tive, where the English usually has the imperfect : 
 
 While these things were going on, Caesar was in Gaul. 
 Dum haec geruntur, Caesar in Gallia erat. 
 
 209. The imperfect usually denotes continued or re- 
 peated action : 
 
 Many irports were brought to him, and he was continu- 
 ally inforrned by the letters of Labienus that all the Bel- 
 gians were conspiring. 
 
 Crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque Labieni 
 certior fiebat omnis Belgas inter se coniurare. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 210. Account for the use of the present and imperfect 
 in the following sentences : 
 
 107 
 
§§ 2II-2I2] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 1. Now for many years the Gauls had desired new forms 
 of government, 
 
 Galli iam multos annos novis imperils studebant. 
 
 2. For a long time the Gauls have desired new forms of 
 government. 
 
 Iam diu Galli novis imperils student. 
 
 3. While the tenth legion was pursuing the Atrebates, the 
 Nervii gained possession of our camp, 
 
 Dum legio decima Atrebates prosequuntur, Nervii nostris 
 castris potiebantur. 
 
 4. They kept on pursuing the enemy for many miles, 
 Hostes multa milia passuum prosequebantur. 
 
 211. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Break in, refringo, 3, refregi, re- Fortification, munitio, muni- 
 
 fractus. tionis (f.). 
 
 Keep within, se contineo, 2, con- Gate, porta, -ae (f.). 
 
 tinui, contentus. Redoubt, cdistQWumy -i {n.). 
 
 Sell, vendo, 3, vendidi, venditus. 
 Throw back, reicio, 3, reieci, re- 
 
 iectus. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 212. The Aduatuci had for a long time kept within the 
 town, so that Caesar thought that they had accepted the 
 terms of peace. But suddenly, while our men were in 
 camp, they made a sally against that part of our fortifica- 
 tions which seemed the weakest. Our men ran out quickly 
 from the nearest redoubts in order to repel the attack, and 
 fought with the enemy for many hours in that place. At 
 length, ^ when many thousands of them had been killed, 
 
 108 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 213-216 
 
 the enemy were thrown back into the town. On the next 
 day, ^ when the gates had been broken into, while our men 
 were marching into the town, their senate came to Caesar 
 and kept on asking him to preserve them. But to these 
 Caesar said, '* Now for a long time you have resisted me, 
 and have-kept me here for many days, when I ^ ought to 
 have been in the province, and also you have attacked me 
 after you had surrendered ; therefore I shall sell you and 
 the whole town." 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . Translate by ablative absolute. 
 
 2. Oportet with infinitive. 
 
 LESSON XXXIII 
 
 Uses of the Genitive 
 
 213. The genitive is the case of the possessor. 
 Caesar's army. Exercitus Caesaris. 
 
 214. The genitive is used with an adjective to describe 
 the peculiar quality of some one or some thing. 
 
 A man of great courage. Vir magnae virtutis. 
 
 215. The genitive is used to describe the material of 
 which a thing consists or is made. 
 
 A hedge of boughs, Saepes ramorum. 
 
 216. The whole to which a part belongs is denoted by 
 the partitive genitive. 
 
 Part of the foot soldiers. Pars peditum. 
 
 No distance, nothing of distance. Nihil spatii. 
 
 109 
 
§§ 21 7-218] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 217. The subjective genitive is used when, if there was 
 a predicate, the genitive would be the subject. 
 
 A father's love. Amor patris. 
 Here, if there were a predicate, /^///^r would be subject, 
 e.g. the love which the father feels. 
 
 218. The objective genitive is used after : 
 
 1. Nouns that have a transitive sense. 
 
 The horsemen of the Treviri^ whose reputation for valory etc. 
 Equites Treviri, quorum opinio virtutis, etc. 
 Thanksgiving to the gods. Supplicatio deorum. 
 Desire for power. Cupiditas regni. 
 
 2. Verbs and adjectives of : 
 {a) Memory and forgetfulness. 
 Mindful of his former valor. 
 Suae pristinae virtutis memor. 
 
 If he shotdd consent to disregard the old affront. 
 Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet. 
 (^) Power or weakness. 
 Able to rule. Potens imperii. 
 A race having no control of its own affairs. 
 Gens impotens suarum rerum. 
 {c) Knowledge or ignorance. 
 
 Our men were altogether unacquainted with this kind of 
 fighting. 
 
 Nostri huius omnino generis pugnae imperiti erant. 
 
 If the Roman people had been aware of any harm doings 
 etc. 
 Si Romaniis populus alicuius iniuriae conscius, etc. 
 
 no 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 219-220 
 
 {d) Innocence or guilt. 
 
 Guiltless of his brother's death. 
 
 Insons fraterni sanguinis. 
 
 Guilty of conspiracy. Noxius coniurationis. 
 
 {/) Charge or penalty, after verbs of condemnation or 
 acquittal. 
 
 Vercingetorix was accused of treachery. 
 
 Vercingetorix proditionis insimulatus est. 
 
 He was condemned to death. 
 
 Capitis damnatus est. 
 
 219. The genitive also follows certain words : 
 
 Causa and gratia, /6?r the sake of, e.g. hiemandi causa, to 
 winter. 
 
 Instar, like, e.g. saepes instar muri, a hedge like a wall. 
 
 Postridie, day after, e.g. postridie eius diei, the day after 
 that day. 
 
 220. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Desirous, cupidus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Accuse, incuso, i. ^''^y^ ^^^^^«^' '^ ("•)• 
 
 Condemn, damn5, i. ^'^^^^^^^ pristinus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Disregard, be forgetful of obli- ^^''^<^' °^^^"«' "*' """^ (^^iO- 
 
 viscor, 3, oblitus sum. Mindful of memor, memoris 
 Leave, relinquo, 3, reliqui, relictus. (^"J-)- 
 
 Be in possession of potior, 4, poti- Reputation, opinio, opinionis (f.). 
 
 tus sum, with genitive. ^^^^' ^^^^"^ "^ C^-)- 
 
 Sagacity, consilium, -i (n.). 
 
 Some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 
 
 -IS, -e 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Treachery, 
 
 proditio, p 
 
 The chief command, summa im- 
 
 (f.). 
 
 
 peri. 
 
 Unequaled, 
 
 singularis. 
 
 Desire, cupiditas, cupiditatis (f.). 
 
 (adj.). 
 Ill 
 
 
221-222] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 221. On the day after that day, Caesar, thinking that 
 he was in possession of all Gaul, departed for the province 
 with the desire for rest. He took some of the soldiers 
 with him and left the others with Labienus, — a man of 
 the greatest sagacity, and ^ one who had an unequalled repu- 
 tation for valor, — because he was desirous of the chief 
 command. On the day of his departure, Caesar had ad- 
 dressed the soldiers, saying, that he hoped that they, 
 2 during his absence, would be mindful of their duty 
 ^toward him and Labienus, and that, if they were at- 
 tacked, they would not be forgetful of their former valor ; 
 that he hoped also that none of them would be guilty of 
 treachery, and that if any one was accused of this crime, 
 he would condemn him to death. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC 
 
 1. (9;/^ w-^^, qui (characteristic). 
 
 2. During his absence^ eo absente. 
 
 3. Towards him, dative. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV 
 
 Uses of the Dative 
 
 222. The dative is the case of the object indirectly 
 affected by the action of a verb : 
 
 He gives a book to the boy or He gives the boy a book. 
 
 In this sentence book is the direct object and boy the 
 indirect, and therefore dative. 
 
 Librum puero dat. 
 
 112 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 223-224 
 
 Also : 
 
 He answered AriovisUis, i.e. He answered to Ariovistus : 
 
 Ariovisto respondit. 
 
 Note. — If, however, motion is expressed, the accusative with ad or 
 in must be used ; see 12 : 
 
 He sent Labzenus to Caesar, 
 Labienum ad Caesarem misit. 
 
 223. The verbs of most common use that take the dative 
 of indirect object are : — 
 
 I. 
 
 Credo, / believe y I trust i7t : He trusted Caesar^ Caesari 
 credidit. 
 
 Ignosco, / pardon: He pardoned the Bellovaci, Bel- 
 lovacis ignovit. 
 
 Impero, I command: He commanded hi^n, ei imperavit. 
 
 Parco, / spare : He spared the women, mulieribus pepercit. 
 
 Pareo, / obey : He obeyed Caesar , Caesari paruit. 
 
 Persuadeo, / persuade : He persuades Diviciacus, Divi- 
 ciaco persuadet. 
 
 Resisto, / withstand: He withstood the enemy ^ hostibus 
 restitit. 
 
 Studeo, / desire: He desires new government^ novis 
 rebus studet. 
 
 And others. 
 
 224. II. Verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, 
 inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, are followed by the 
 dative of the indirect object if the meaning of the com- 
 pound requires : 
 
 Titurius was in command of the redoubt, 
 
 Titurius castello praeerat. 
 But: 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 8 113 
 
§§ 225-226] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Fear took possession of tJieir minds, 
 Timor animos praeoccupavit. 
 
 Then the difficulty is to know when to use the dative and when not. 
 
 A useful rule, although it has many exceptions, is that if in the Eng- 
 lish the compound verb is divided into a verb and a preposition, then 
 use the dative, otherwise not : 
 
 The redoubt over which Tituriiis presided was behind the cainp. 
 
 Post castra erat castellum cui Titurius praeerat. 
 But: 
 
 They confessed their sins. Delicta confess! sunt. 
 
 225. Adjectives that take the dativ€ are those of: 
 
 1. Nearness: 
 
 The Senones were the neighbors of the Belgae, 
 Senones finitimi Belgis erant. 
 
 2. Likeness : 
 
 The setting out ivas very 7nuch like a flight, 
 Profectio consimilis fugae erat. 
 
 3. Fitness : 
 
 A place suitable for a camp. 
 Locus idoneus castris. 
 
 226. Dative with nouns. 
 
 1. Dative of service : 
 
 They came as an aid to the soldiers. 
 Multibus auxilio venerunt. 
 
 2. Dative of agent after the gerundive: 
 All things had to be done by Caesar. 
 Omnia Caesari agenda erant. 
 
 3. Dative of possession with sum : 
 The merchants had no access to them. 
 Eis aditus mercatoribus non erat. 
 
 114 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 227-228 
 
 227. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS 
 
 Be desirous of, studeo, 2, studui, Beastofbterden,mmQTi.tvLm,-\(n.). 
 
 , with dative. Character, natura, -ae (f.). 
 
 Betray, prodo, 3, prodidi, proditus. Conqueror, victor, victoris (m.)- 
 Obey, be obedient to, pared, 2. Fickle, instabilis, -e (adj.). 
 
 Pardon, ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotus, Fitted, suited, aptus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 , with dative. Fitted, suited, idoneus, -a, -um 
 
 Preside over, praesum, praeesse, (adj.). 
 
 praefui. 
 Resist, withstand, resisto, 3, re- 
 
 stiti, , with dative. 
 
 Spare, pared, 3, peperci, , 
 
 with dative. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 228. The Gauls are men of fickle mind, who are always 
 desirous of new governments. They do not easily obey a 
 conqueror, and will only follow one of their own leaders, if 
 he is able to persuade them to do what he commands them. 
 They will withstand an enemy bravely until they are over- 
 whelmed, and then, if they surrender, and the victor spares 
 them, and pardons them, in a few months they will con- 
 spire to overthrow him. To their own chiefs, who preside 
 over them, they are obedient, if their rulers are fitted in 
 mind and character for the supreme power. They will 
 never pardon a prince who, like Dumnorix, betrays them. 
 ^They have good horses and beasts of burden, which are 
 of great use to them for war, and serve as a help to those 
 who, when conquered, wish to flee. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 I. Translate by dative of possession. 
 115 
 
§§ 229-231] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 LESSON XXXV 
 Review of Lessons XXVI to XXIX Inclusive 
 
 229. Questions : 
 
 1. What is meant by independent subjunctives? For 
 what are they used ? 
 
 2. Is there any other way of expressing a wish except 
 by the optative subjunctive ? 
 
 • 3. What is the imperative mood used for ? 
 
 4. How do you express a prohibition in Latin ? 
 
 5. What is the difference between a direct and an indi- 
 rect question ? How are they expressed in Latin ? How 
 many interrogative words can you give ? What is a double 
 question ? How is it expressed in Latin ? 
 
 6. What is a dative of possession ? A double dative ? 
 Partitive genitive ? 
 
 230. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC 
 
 Arrest, retineo, 2, retinui, retentus. Among, inter (prep, with ace). 
 
 Drive back, send back, remitto, 3, Council, concilium, -i (n.). 
 
 remisi, remissus. Forefathers, maiores, maiorum 
 Reduce, redigo, 3, redegi, redactus. (rn-)- 
 
 Remain, permaneo, 2, permansi. Grain, frumentum, i (n.). 
 
 permansus. Liberty, libertas, libertatis (f.). 
 
 Slavery, servitiis, servitiitis (f.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 231. When the ambassadors came to the Veneti to de- 
 mand grain, the Veneti called a council and said among 
 themselves : ** Let us not send grain to Crassus, let us rather 
 arrest these envoys, and send this message to Crassus, ' If 
 you want your ambassadors, send us back our hostages.' 
 
 116 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 232 
 
 Would that the Romans had not come into Gaul and re- 
 duced us to slavery ! O that we were able to withstand 
 them ! Nevertheless, this is the time to try what we can 
 do. We know how strong Crassus is, we know how brave 
 Caesar's soldiers are, and we have seen what sort of weap- 
 ons the Romans use. Nevertheless, let us try to drive them 
 back into the province. Let us not be afraid. Let us 
 obtain our liberty. Shall we not fight ? Do we prefer to 
 endure the Roman slavery, or to remain in the liberty 
 which we have received from our forefathers ? " 
 
 Having said these things they arrested the envoys and 
 sent a messenger to Crassus, who said, " O Crassus, send 
 us back our hostages. Do not attempt to fight with us, 
 for if you make war on us, we know what we shall do, and 
 you will never conquer us." 
 
 LESSON XXXVI 
 Review of Lessons XXX to XXXIV Inclusive 
 
 232. Questions : 
 
 1. What are the two periphrastic conjugations.'* What 
 do they mean ? How is the agent expressed after the 
 gerundive ? 
 
 2. What are the most usual uses of the participles and 
 the gerund ? 
 
 3. What do you know of the tenses which follow expres- 
 sions of duration of time ? 
 
 4. After what sort of nouns, adjectives, and verbs is the 
 genitive used ? Can you give any other genitives ? 
 
 5. What is the dative the case of ? What sort of verbs 
 and adjectives take the dative.^ 
 
 6. What do you know of the dative in connection with 
 service ? agent ? possession ? 
 
 117 
 
§§ 233-234] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 233. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Be present^ adsum, adesse, adfui, Naval, navalis, -e (adj.). 
 
 adfuturus. Ship, navis, navis (f.). 
 
 Delay, moror, morari, moratus Supplies, copiae, -arum (f.). 
 
 sum. 
 N'avigate, navigo, i . 
 Strike camp, castra moved, 2, 
 
 movi, motus. 
 Suffer^ patior, pati, passus sum. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 234. Caesar, ^ when he saw that the Veneti were about 
 to arrest his ambassadors and were on the point of mak- 
 ing war upon him, thought that he ^ ought not to delay, but 
 should immediately march against them. Therefore he 
 called Brutus, a man suited to a naval command, and said 
 to him, " ^ You must prepare ships, get together those sup- 
 plies which are of use for ships, and enrol sailors from 
 those harbors which are nearest to the Veneti." ^ When 
 Brutus had gone, ^because he thought that if *he were 
 present the other tribes would not join the Veneti, Caesar 
 immediately struck camp. When he had been marching 
 for a long time, a messenger came from the Veneti, who 
 said to Caesar, ''For a long time, O Caesar, we have borne 
 the slavery of the Romans; but now, since the desire for 
 freedom is great, our leaders have persuaded us to fight 
 against the Roman people. Having arrested your envoys, 
 we have condemned them to death, and the generals have 
 commanded me to say that they will not pardon your am- 
 bassadors, unless you send back the hostages you have 
 taken from us. Moreover, mindful of your former sever- 
 ity, and because they know that ^if they are conquered 
 they will be killed, the Veneti will resist you most bravely." 
 
 118 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§235-236 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. Translate by a present participle. 
 
 2. Translate, it ought not to be delayed by him (gerundive). 
 
 3. Translate, ships must be prepared by you, sailors must be en- 
 rolled^ etc. 
 
 4. Ablative Absolute. 
 
 5. Translate by perfect participle passive. 
 
 LESSON XXXVlI 
 Harvard Entrance Examination, 1894 
 
 235. The Usipetes and Tencteri, German tribes, were so 
 persecuted by the Suevi that they were compelled to 
 abandon their homes, and wandered about for many years 
 in the vain search for a new abode. Finally they came to 
 the river Rhine with the design of crossing into Gaul. 
 But the Menapii, who dwelt on both banks of the river at 
 that point, were alarmed at the approach of such an im- 
 mense host ; and transporting all their property across the 
 river, they posted troops on the farther bank to keep the 
 Germans from crossing. The latter, having no ships, re- 
 sorted to a trick : they withdrew from the river, pretending 
 to return to their own country ; but when the Menapians, 
 deceived by their departure, had come back to their homes, 
 they suddenly turned, and surprising them by a rapid 
 march, massacred them all, and seized their ships. 
 
 APPENDIX I 
 Main and Subordinate Clauses. The First Concord 
 
 236. A simple sentence consists of a subject and a 
 predicate : 
 
 Caesar conquered the Gaitls. Caesar Gallos vicit 
 
 119 
 
§§ 237-239] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 237. But the subject or the predicate may be modified 
 by a clause : 
 
 CaesaVy who was a skillful general^ conquered the GaulSy 
 who had rebelled. 
 
 In this sentence, therefore, Caesar conquered the Gauls 
 is the main clause, because it is that part of the sentence 
 which makes an independent statement, while who was a 
 skillful general and who had rebelled are called subordinate 
 clauses because they modify the subject and object respec- 
 tively of the main clause. 
 
 A subordinate clause is ahvays introduced by a subordi- 
 nate conjunction or by a relative. 
 
 238. A sentence may contain more than one main 
 statement ; if so, these main clauses are connected by a 
 coordinate conjunction; but each of these clauses is an 
 independent statement and does not modify the other : 
 
 Caesar went to Gaul, but Crassus stayed at Rome. 
 Caesar in Galliam prof ectus est, sed Crassus Romae 
 remansit. 
 
 Therefore : 
 
 A main clause is an independent statement, question, or 
 command : 
 
 Caesar went to Gaul. 
 
 A subordinate clause is a clause which modifies the state- 
 ment of the main clause : 
 
 Caesar, who was a skillful general, zvent to Gaul. 
 
 239. The first Concord or The first rule of Agreement. 
 A noun which is used to describe another noun, agrees 
 
 with the noun it describes in case : 
 Caesar, the general. Caesar dux. 
 
 120 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 240-243 
 
 240. There are two kinds of these descriptive nouns. 
 I. Appositives, II. Predicate Nominatives. 
 
 241. I. Appositives. 
 
 When a noun describes another noun, and a verb does not 
 come between it and the noun it describes, the descriptive 
 noun is said to be in Apposition with the noun it describes. 
 
 Caesar^ the consul, did this. Caesar, consul, hoc fecit. 
 This was done by Caesar the consul. 
 Hoc a Caesare consule factum est. 
 
 Note. — A noun in Apposition may be used in Latin in some cases 
 when in English we would have a subordinate clause. 
 
 Caesar, when he was consul, did this. Caesar, consul, hoc fecit. 
 
 Diviciacus, who was the most powerful man in Gaul, was king of 
 the Suessiones. 
 
 Diviciacus, totius GaUiae potentissimus, Suessionum rex fuit. 
 
 But: 
 
 242. II. If a verb comes between the descriptive noun 
 and the noun described, the descriptive noun is said to be 
 in Predicate Nominative with the noun described. 
 
 Caesar was the consul of the Romans. 
 Caesar erat Romanorum consul. 
 
 Note i. — Predicate nominative is used usually with the following 
 verbs : to be, ^um ; to become, be made, f 10 ; to appear, appareo ; and 
 passives. 
 
 Note 2. — A predicate nominative which agrees with two or more 
 singular nouns is put into the plural. 
 
 Crassus and Labienus were the lieutenants of Caesar. 
 
 Crassus et Labienus legati Caesaris erant. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 243. In the following sentences point out the main and 
 subordinate clauses, the Appositives, and Predicate Nomi- 
 natives : 
 
 121 
 
§244] 
 
 A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 1. Labienus and Crassits^ when they were young me^t^ 
 were the lieutenants of Caesar. 
 
 Labienus et Crassus, adulescentes, Caesaris legati erant. 
 
 2. The Nervii and Aduatuci, Gallic tribes^ conspired 
 against Caesar^ the general of the Romans. 
 
 Nervii Aduatucique, gentes Gallicae, contra Caesarem, 
 imperatorem Romanorum, coniuraverunt. 
 
 3. The '^nan who came to Caesar was Iccius^ a Gaul. 
 Vir qui ad Caesarem venit Iccius Gallus erat. 
 
 4. The Gauls fought many battles with Labienus and 
 Crassus^ who^ when they were young men^ had been the lieu- 
 tenants of Caesar. 
 
 Galli multas pugnas cum Labieno et Crasso, qui, adules- 
 centes, fuerant Caesaris legati, pugnabant. 
 
 244. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS 
 
 Be^ sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
 Cojne^ venio, 4, veni, ventus. 
 Conquer., supero, i. 
 Have, habeo, 2. 
 
 Live, incolo, 3, incolui, . 
 
 Know, cognosco, 3, cognovi, co- 
 
 gnitus. 
 March, iter facio, 3, feci, factus. 
 Sail, navigo, i. 
 Send, mitto, 3, misi, missus. 
 Teach, doceo, 2, docui, doctus. 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Against, contra (prep, with ace). 
 And so, itaque. 
 Boy, puer, -i (m.)» 
 
 Consul, consul, consulis (m.). 
 From, ab (prep, with abl.). 
 Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 General, imperator, imperatoris 
 
 (m.). 
 Island, insula, -ae (f.). 
 Lieutenant, legatus, -i (m.). 
 Many, multus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Navigation, navigatio, naviga- 
 
 tionis (f.). 
 Near, prope (prep, with ace). 
 Ocean, oceanus, -i (m.). 
 Sea, mare, maris (n.). 
 Skillful, peritus, -a, -um (adj.) 
 To. ad (prep, with ace). 
 Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 
 With, cum (prep, with abl.). 
 
 122 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 245-248 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 245. Caesar, a skillful general, who had been consul, 
 was sent to Gaul. He conquered the Nervii and Adua- 
 tuci, Gallic tribes, and marched against the Veneti, with 
 his lieutenants Labienus and Crassus, who had come to 
 him from Italy. The Veneti were a tribe who lived near 
 the sea. They had many ships, in which they sailed to 
 Britain, an island in the ocean. These men, ^when they 
 were boys, had been taught navigation, and so ^when 
 they became men they knew ^all about ships. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1 . All about, omnia de with ablative. 
 
 2. Appositive. 
 
 APPENDIX II 
 
 The Second and Third Concords 
 
 The Second Concord. Agreement of Adjectives. 
 
 246. An adjective agrees with the noun it limits in gen- 
 der, number, and case : 
 
 A good man, to a good woniaii, of a good gift. 
 Bonus vir, bonae feminae, boni doni. 
 
 247. Participles and adjective pronouns also agree with 
 the noun they limit in gender, number, and case : 
 
 His army was conquered. Suus exercitus victus est. 
 
 248. An adjective in agreement with the subject of a 
 verb may be used like an adverb : 
 
 He came joyfully. Laetus venit. 
 He came unwillingly. In Vitus venit. 
 He was the first to come. Primus venit, i.e. he came the 
 first. 
 
 123 
 
§§ 249-250] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 249. The Third Concord. Agreement of the Relative. 
 
 A relative agrees with its Antecedent in gender and num- 
 ber, but its case depends on the construction of the clause 
 in which it stands : 
 
 He sent the men to Caesar, who was in Gaul. 
 
 Milites ad Caesarem, qui in Gallia erat, misit. 
 
 Here qui is masculine and singular because its anteced- 
 ent Caesarem is masculine and singular; but qui is nomi- 
 native because it is the subject of erat and is Jiot accusative 
 in agreement with Caesarem. 
 
 But: 
 
 If there is an appositive or predicate nominative in the 
 relative clause, the relative will agree with that appositive 
 or predicate nominative rather than with its antecedent : 
 
 Rome, which is the capital of Italy, is a great city. 
 Roma, quod est Italiae caput, urbs magna est. 
 
 Here quod although it refers to Roma agrees with caput, 
 because caput is in the predicate nominative within the 
 relative clause. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 250. In the following sentences point out the adjectives 
 and show the nouns with which they agree; point out the 
 relatives and account for their gender, number, and case. 
 
 1. Caesar was a good general and a clever commander. 
 Caesar erat bonus dux et imperator peritus. 
 
 2. Rome, a great city, was the most powerful town in 
 the world. 
 
 Roma, urbs magna, eratoppidum totiusorbis potentissimum. 
 
 124 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§§ 251-252 
 
 3. The Neivii sent ambassado7's^ zvho were the best 
 fnen of the state. 
 
 Nervii legates, qui primi civitatis erant, miserunt. 
 
 4. The horses^ which were good beasts of burden^ were 
 killed. 
 
 Equi, quae erant iumenta bona, occisi sunt. 
 
 251. VOCABULARY 
 
 VERBS Brave, fortis, forte (adj.)- 
 
 „ . - . /J r i- \ r 11 Cavalry, equitatus, -us (m.)- 
 
 i?^;^/«, coepi, -isse (defective), foil. ^, ., , ,\ - . ; / 
 
 by infin. ' ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Ftg/ity pugno, I . 
 
 Foot soldiers, pedes, peditis (m.). 
 
 J' .. .1 ., Forest, silva, -ae (f.). 
 
 G^^, eo, ire, 11, itum. r- ,1 ^ -+ r a- \ 
 
 .' , ,„ .^-. Fortified, mumtus, -a., -um (adj.). 
 
 Make war on, bellum miero, m- -^ ' - / \ ^ •* ^ 
 
 ferre, intuli, inlatus, with dative. ,^^*!^', ^ ' V^')- 
 
 . .- .- - . . A?y/>//, laetus, -a, -um (adi.). 
 
 Place, conicio,3, conieci, coniectus. r ^ ,\. . \r. 
 
 Put to flight, fugo, ,. J:'y^ 'f t^t't' '"■"■ ^^- 
 
 NOUNS, ETC. 
 
 Marsh, aestuarium, -i (n.). 
 Others, ceteri, -ae, -a (adj.). 
 Town, oppidum, -i (n.) . 
 
 Always, semper (adv.). Swamp, palus, paludis (f.). 
 
 Amongst, inter (prep, with ace). 7;?rr//f^<^,perterritus,-a,-um(adj.). 
 Battle, pugna -ae (f.). Woman, mulier, mulieris (f.). 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 252. The Nervii, who Hved in the forests, were the 
 bravest men in Gaul. They had no good horses, but their 
 foot soldiers were brave men and were able to put to flight 
 the cavalry of those who fought with them. Their town, 
 which was a fortified city, ^ was situated amongst swamps 
 and marshes. In this city they place the terrified women 
 and little children, and then ^ go into battle. They were 
 the first to make war upon the Romans, and they fought 
 joyfully. The other Gauls always made war unwillingly, 
 
 , 125 
 
§§ 253-254] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 but the Nervii, who are a brave tribe, begin to fight ^ with 
 the greatest joy. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. IVas situated^ positum est. 
 
 2. To go into battle, ad pugnam ire. 
 
 3. With the greatest joy, cum maxima laetitia. 
 
 APPENDIX III 
 
 The Fourth Concord. Rules of Order 
 
 253. the fourth concord 
 
 A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number 
 and person. If there are two or more subjects, the verb 
 is plural. If these subjects are of different persons, then: 
 
 If one of the subjects is first person, the verb is first 
 person plural. 
 
 If there is no first person, and one of the subjects is sec- 
 ond person, the verb is second person. 
 
 Yott and I ivill go. Ego et tu ibimus. 
 
 Yoic a7id Caesar will go. Tu et Caesar ibitis. 
 
 Caesar and Crassus zvill go. Caesar et Crassus ibunt. 
 
 254. SOME SIMPLE RULES OF ORDER 
 
 1. Place the verb of the main clause last. 
 
 Caesar was sent to Ganl. Caesar ad Galliam missus est. 
 
 2. Place the most important word first, and the next 
 most important word next, and so on. 
 
 Caesar ad Galliam missus est. 
 Here the word Caesar has the place of importance, show- 
 ing that it was he and no one else who was sent to Gaul ; 
 
 126 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER [§ 255 
 
 but in the sentence Ad Galliam Caesar missus est, the phrase 
 ad Galliam has the place of importance, showing that it was 
 there and nowhere else that Caesar was sent. 
 
 3. In a subordinate clause put the subordinate verb last 
 in its own clause, put the introducing conjunction or rela- 
 tive first, then the word of most importance in the subor- 
 dinate clause, and so on. Place the subordinate clause as 
 near as possible to the word it modifies, but if the whole 
 main clause is modified by the subordinate clause and the 
 subordinate clause is more important than the main clause, 
 put the subordinate clause first. 
 
 Caesar^ zvho is a skillful general^ has conquered the Gauls, 
 Caesar, qui dux peritus est, Gallos superavit. 
 
 But: 
 
 When he had conquered the Gauls he went to Rome, 
 Cum Gallos superavisset, Romam profectus est. 
 
 4. Place a preposition before its noun, an adjective 
 before its noun (as a general rule), and the negative be- 
 fore the verb. 
 
 He did not come with great speed. 
 Magna cum celeritate non venit. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 255. In the following sentences account for the person 
 of the verbs, and give reasons for the order of the words : 
 
 1 . Those who have been the leader's of this plan have fled 
 into Britain. 
 
 Ei qui eius consili principes fuerunt in Britanniam profu- 
 gerunt. 
 
 2. He came to the town and pitched his camp there. 
 Ad oppidum venit castraque ibi posuit. 
 
 127 
 
§§ 256-257] A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 3. The Gauls ^ terrified by the size of works which they 
 had neither seen nor heard of before^ sent ambassadors to 
 Caesar. 
 
 Galli, magnitudine operum quae neque viderant neque 
 ante audierant perterriti, legates ad Caesarem miserunt. 
 
 256. VOCABULARY 
 VERBS Ditty ^ of&cium, -i (n.). 
 
 Govern, administro, i. Law, lex, legis (f.). 
 
 Hold, habeo, 2. Proconsul, proconsul, proconsulis 
 
 Pacify, paco, i . ("^0 • 
 
 Rule, regd, 3. Province, provincia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Senate, senatus, -us (m.). 
 NOUNS, ETC. Time, tempus, temporis (n.). 
 
 After, postquam (adv.). Whole, totus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Capital city, caput, capitis (n.). Wisely, sapienter (adj.). 
 
 Chief power, imperium, -i (n.) . World, orbis, orbis. 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 257. Rome, which is the capital of Italy, was the great- 
 est city of the world in the time of Caesar. The chief 
 power was held ^by two consuls, who ^with the senate 
 made laws and ruled the people. 
 
 After a man had been consul he was sent ^into a prov- 
 ince as proconsul. The duty of the proconsul was to gov- 
 ern the people of his province, and to conquer them ^ when 
 they rebelled. 
 
 So Caesar went into Gaul as proconsul. He governed 
 wisely, pacified the whole country, and ^ made it tributary 
 to Rome. 
 
 NOTES, PHRASES, ETC. 
 
 1. By, a with ablative. 
 
 2. With, cum with ablative. 
 
 3. Into, in with accusative. 
 
 4. When they rebelled, cum deficerent. 
 
 5. To make tributary to, vectigalis facere with dative. 
 
 128 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 Abandon^ desero, 3, deserui, desertus. 
 
 Able, possum, posse, potui, , 
 
 with the complementary infinitive. 
 
 Abode^ domus, -us (f.). 
 
 Aboutj concerning, de (prep, with 
 ablative); — adv. circiter ; bring 
 about, see bring ; be about, see 194. 
 
 Absence, absentia, -ae (f.) ; in his ab- 
 sence, he being absent, eo absente 
 (ablative absolute). 
 
 Accept, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus. 
 
 Access, aditus, -us (m.). 
 
 Accord, one's oiun, ultro (adv.). 
 
 According to, in accordance with, 
 translate by ablative of manner. 
 
 Account, on account of, propter (prep, 
 with accusative) ; or translate by ab- 
 lative of cause. 
 
 Accuse, insimulo, i, with genitive of 
 the charge. 
 
 Across, trans (prep, with accusative). 
 
 Address, adloquor, 3, adlocutus sum, 
 appello, I. 
 
 Aduatuci, Aduatuci, -orum (m.), 
 plural noun. 
 
 Advance, successus, -us (m.). 
 
 Advance, progredior, 3, progressus 
 sum. 
 
 Advise, moneo, 2, with substantive 
 purpose clause. 
 
 Afraid, be, vereor, 2, veritus sum, 
 with substantive purpose clause. 
 
 After, post (adv.); postquam (adv.). 
 
 Again, iterum (adv.). 
 
 Against, contra (prep, with accusa« 
 
 tive); in (prep, with accusative). 
 Ago, long time, see long. 
 Ahead, send, see send. 
 Aid, auxilium, -i (n.), subsidium, 
 
 -i (n.). 
 Alarm, commoveo, 2, commovi, 
 
 commotus. 
 All, omnis, omnis, omne (adj.). 
 Allow, sin5, 3, sivi, situs, usually 
 
 with substantive purpose clause; 
 
 patior, 3, passus sum, usually with 
 
 infinitive. 
 Ally, socius, -i (m.). 
 Alone, solus, -a, -um (adj.); as adv. 
 
 solum. 
 Also, etiam (adv.) ; not only . . , but 
 
 also, non solum . . . sed etiam. 
 Although, etsi, with protasis; cum, 
 
 with subjunctive; quamquam, with 
 
 indicative. 
 Always, semper (adv.). 
 Ambassador, legatus, -1 (m.). 
 Ambush, insidiae, -arum (f.), plural 
 
 noun. 
 Among, inter (prep, with accusa- 
 tive). 
 Amount, great amount of, magnus 
 
 numerus, with genitive. 
 And, et, enclitic -que, atque, ac 
 And so, itaque 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — 9 129 
 
A PIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 AnnouncettOf renuntio, i, followed by 
 indirect discourse. 
 
 Another, alter, altera, alterum (adj.). 
 
 Answer, respondeo, 2, respond!, re- 
 sponsus, followed by indirect dis- 
 course. 
 
 Any longer, longius (comp. adv.). 
 
 Anyone, quis, quae, quid, or quis- 
 quam, quaequam, quidquam. 
 
 Apart, keep, see keep. 
 
 Approach, aditus, -us (m.), or ad- 
 ventus, -lis (m.). 
 
 Approach, to, advenlo, 4, adveni, ad- 
 ventus. 
 
 Archer, Sagittarius, -i (m.). 
 
 Ar77is, arma, -orum (n.), plural noun; 
 under a7'ms, in armis; run to arms, 
 see run. 
 
 Army, exercitus, -us (m.) . 
 
 Arrangement, ordo, ordinis (m.). 
 
 Arrange, draw up, to, instruo, 3, in- 
 struxi, instructus; constituo, 3, 
 constitui, constitiitus. 
 
 Arrest, comprehendo, 3, compre- 
 hend!, comprehensus. 
 
 Arrive, advenio, adveni, adventus. 
 
 Arrival, adventus, -iis (m.). 
 
 As, ut, with indicative ; — follows, 
 sic (adv.); — long as, quoad (conj.). 
 
 Ask, ask for, rogo, i, with accusative 
 of person and accusative of thing; 
 peto, 3, petii, petitus, with a or ab 
 and ablative of person and accusa- 
 tive of thing ; quaero, 3, quaesivi, 
 quaesitus, with de, ex, or ab and 
 ablative of person and accusative of 
 thing. 
 
 Assert, confirmo, i, followed by indi- 
 rect discourse. 
 
 At, ablative of place where with in, 
 or locative case; at, in the sense of 
 
 I 
 
 near, ad with accusative; — length, 
 
 denique (adv.) ; — once, without 
 
 delay, sine mora. 
 Atrebates, Atrebates, -um (m.), plural 
 
 noun. 
 Attack, impetus, -iis (m.). 
 Attack, impetum facere, feci, factus 
 
 (in), or adgredior, 3, adgressus. 
 Atte??ipt, Conor, i, conatus sum. 
 Authority, auctoritas, auctoritatis (f.). 
 Await, exspecto, i. 
 Away, be, absum, abesse, abfui, 
 
 abfutiirus; take — , see take. 
 
 B 
 
 Back, see under come, drive, lead, and 
 look. 
 
 Baggage, impedimenta, -orum (n.), 
 plural noun. 
 
 Band of men, manus, -iis (f.). 
 
 Ba7tk, ripa, -ae (f.). 
 
 Battle, pugna, -ae (f.) ; proelium, -i 
 (n.) ; battle li7ie or line of — , acies, 
 -ei (f.); begin — , proelium com- 
 mittere. 
 
 Be, sum, esse, fui, futiirus. 
 
 Be away, absum, abesse, abfui, ab- 
 futiirus ; — in flight, fugio, 3, 
 f iigi, f ugitiirus ; — in possession of, 
 potior, potiri, potitus sum, with 
 ablative, but sometimes with geni- 
 tive. 
 
 Bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
 
 Beast of burden, iumentum, -i (n.). 
 
 Because, quod, quia, quoniam, or 
 cum with subjunctive ; because of, 
 translate by ablative of cause. 
 
 Beco7ne, fi5, fieri, factus sum ; — 
 afraid, vereor, veritus sum. 
 
 Before, ante (adv. or prep, with accu- 
 sative). 
 
 30 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Begin, coepi, coepisse, defective verb 
 only used in perfect tenses and fol- 
 lowed by indirect discourse ; begin 
 battle, see battle. 
 
 Beginning, initium, -i (n.). 
 
 Belgae, Belgae, -arum (m.), plural 
 noun. 
 
 Bellovaci, Bellovaci, -orum (m.), plu- 
 ral noun. 
 
 Besiege, oppugno, I. 
 
 Best, seem, see see7n. 
 
 Betray, prodo, 3, prodidi, proditus. 
 
 Between, inter (prep, with accusative). 
 
 Bibrax, Bibrax, -actis (f.). 
 
 Boduognatus, Boduognatus, -i (m.). 
 
 Boldly, audaciter (adv.). 
 
 Both, ambo, -ae, -o; uterque, utraque, 
 utrumque; both . . . and^ et . . . 
 et. 
 
 Bowina7i, Sagittarius, -i (m.). 
 
 Boy, puer, pueri (m.). 
 
 Bratuspatitium, Bratuspantium, -i 
 (n.). 
 
 Brave, fortis, fortis, forte (adj.). 
 
 Bravely, fortiter (adv.). 
 
 Bravery, virtus, -litis (f.). 
 
 Break in, refringo, 3, refregi, re- 
 fractus ; — into, intro, i. 
 
 Breath, out of breath, exanimatus, -a, 
 -um (adj.). 
 
 Brin^, f ero, ferre, tuli, latus; — about, 
 efficio, 3, effeci, effectus, or f acio, 3, 
 feci, f actus, followed by ut and sub- 
 junctive of result. 
 
 Bring up, condiico, 3, conduxi, con- 
 ductus (of soldiers) ; (sheds) ago, 
 agere, egi, actus; — upon, infero, 
 inferre, intuli, inlatus; — together, 
 condiic5, 3, conduxi, conductus. 
 
 Britain, Britannia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, i (m.). 
 
 13 
 
 Build, to, exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- 
 structus; aedifico, i. 
 
 Burden, beasts of, see beast. 
 
 But, sed, autem (postpositive); — 
 
 also, sed etiam; — that, quin, with 
 
 subjunctive, after verbs of doubting. 
 By, a or ab, with the ablative of the 
 
 agent ; otherwise express by the 
 
 ablative. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, -aris (m.). 
 
 Call, appello, I. 
 
 Camp^ castra, -orum (n.), plural noun ; 
 
 pitch — , castra pono, 3, posui, 
 
 positus; strike — , castra moveo, 
 
 2, movi, motus. 
 Ca77ip follower, calo, calonis (m.). 
 Ca7i, be able, possum, posse, potui, 
 
 , followed by complementary 
 
 infinitive. 
 Capital city, caput, capitis (n.). 
 Captive, captivus, -i (m.). 
 Capture, expugno, i ; capio, 3, cepi, 
 
 captus. 
 Care, cura, -ae (f.). 
 Cavalry, equitatus, -us (m.). 
 Cavalry, equester, equestris, equestre 
 
 (adj.). 
 Ce7iturion, centuri5, centurionis (m.). 
 Character, natura, -ae (f.). 
 Charge, signa infer5, inferre, intuli, 
 
 inlatus, with dative. 
 Charge of have, be i7t co77imand of, 
 
 praesum, praeesse, praefui, with 
 
 dative. 
 Check, tardo, i. 
 
 Chief, princeps, principis (m.). 
 Chief co7n7nand or power, summa (ae 
 
 [f.]) imparl. 
 Children, liberi, -orum, plural noun. 
 I 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 City^ urbs, urbis (f.). 
 
 Clamor, clamor, clamoris (m.). 
 
 Clemency J dementia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Colled, conligo, 3, conlegi, conlectus. 
 
 Collect together, conf ero, conf erre, con- 
 tuli, conlatus. 
 
 Come, venio, 4, veni, ventus; — back, 
 redeo, 4, redii, reditus; — between, 
 intervenio, 4, interveni, interven- 
 tus; — out of, exe5, 4, exii, exitus; 
 — ///, advenio, 4, adveni, adven- 
 tus; — upon, invenio, 4, inveni, 
 inventus ; — to, aded, 4, adii, adi- 
 tus ; — together, convenio, 4, con- 
 veni, conventus. 
 
 Coming, adventus, -iis (m.). 
 
 Command, mandatum, -i (n.) ; im- 
 perium, -i; supreme — , summa (ae 
 [f.J) imperi; be in — of, praesum, 
 praeesse, praef ui ; to — , iubeo, 2, 
 iussi, iussus, with infinitive ; im- 
 pero, I, with purpose clause and 
 dative. 
 
 Commit oneself , committS, 3, commisi, 
 commissus, with reflexive and da- 
 tive. 
 
 Common, commiinis, communis, com- 
 mune (adj.). 
 
 Compel, cogo, 3, coegi, coactus. 
 
 Concerning, de (prep, with ablative). 
 
 Condemn, damno, i, with genitive of 
 penalty. 
 
 Condition, condicio, condicionis (f.). 
 
 Conquer, vinco, 3, vici, victus ; su- 
 per©, I. 
 
 Conqueror, victor, victoris (m.). 
 
 Consent, consentio, 4. 
 
 Conspire, coniiiro, i. 
 
 Constj'uct, exstruo, 3, exstruxi, ex- 
 structus. 
 
 Consul, consul, consulis (m.). 
 
 I 
 
 Council, concilium, -i (n.). 
 Country, rus, riiris (n.), terra, -ae (f.); 
 
 xa^zmng fatherland, patria, -ae (f.). 
 Courage, virtiis, virtiitis (f.). 
 Covering, tegimentum, -i (n.). 
 Coivard, ignavus, -i (m.). 
 Crassus, Crassus, -i (m.). 
 Crime, noxia, -ae (f.). 
 Critical, matter in a — state, res in 
 
 angusto. 
 Cross, transe5, 4, transii, transitus. 
 Crowded together, conf ertus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 Cry out, exclamo, i. 
 Ctdtivate, col5, 3, colui, cultus. 
 Custom, consuetiido, consuetudi- 
 
 nis (f.). 
 Customary, usitatus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Danger, periculum, -i (n.). 
 Dare, audeo, 2, ausus sum. 
 Daring, audax, -acis (adj.). 
 Dawn, prima liice, i.e, at dawn. 
 Day, dies, diei (m.); on the — after 
 
 that — , postridie eius diei ; space 
 
 of three — , see space. 
 Dead, be, morior, 3, mortuus sum. 
 Death, conde??tn to, capitis damno 
 
 (I). 
 Deceive, fallo, 3, fefelli, falsus. 
 Decide, constituo, 3, constitui, con- 
 
 stitiitus, with infinitive. 
 Deed, factum, -i (n.). 
 Defeat, clades, -is (f.). 
 Defeat, to, fugo, I ; supero, i. 
 Defend, defendo, 3, defend!, de- 
 
 fensus. 
 Defender, defensor, defensoris (m.). 
 Delay, mora, -ae (f.). 
 Delay, to, moror, i, moratus sum. 
 
 32 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Demand^ postulo, i, with ace. of 
 
 thing and ab with abl. of person; 
 
 posco, 3, poposci, . 
 
 Depart, proficiscor, 3, profectus 
 
 sum. 
 Departure, profectio, profectionis 
 
 (f.). 
 Deprive, despolio, i, with ablative. 
 Descended from, be, orior, 4, ortus sum. 
 Deserted, desertus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Deserter, desertor, desertoris (m.). 
 Design, consilium, -i ; with the — of, 
 
 eo consilio, followed by ut with 
 
 subjunctive. 
 Desire, cupiditas, cupiditatis (f.). 
 Desirous, cupidus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Desirous of, be, studeo, 2, studui, , 
 
 with dative. 
 Despair, despair of, to, despero, i. 
 Destitute of, vacuus, -a, -um (adj.), 
 
 with ab and the ablative. 
 Destroy, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
 Determine, constituo, 3, constitui, 
 
 constitiitus, with infinitive. 
 Die, morior, 3, mortuus sum (future 
 
 participle moriturus). 
 Difficult, difficilis, -e (adj.). 
 Disaster, calamitas, calamitatis (f.). 
 Disgrace, turpitude, turpitii- 
 
 dinis (f.). 
 Distance, spatium, -i (n.). 
 Disturb, perturbo, i. 
 Diviciacus, Diviciacus, -i (m.). 
 Divide, divido, 3, divisi, divisus. 
 Do, facio, 3, feci, f actus; ago, 3, egi, 
 
 actus. 
 Done, be, become, fio, fieri, f actus 
 
 sum. 
 Doubt, dubium, -i (n.). 
 Doubt, to, dubito, i, with quin and the 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Down, run, decurro, 3, decucurri, 
 decursus ; drive — , see drive. 
 
 Drazv off, detraho, 3, detraxi, detrac 
 tus. 
 
 Draw up, instru5, 3, instruxi, 
 instructus. 
 
 Drive, ago, 3, egi, actus; — back^ 
 repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus ; — 
 reicio, 3, reieci, reiectus ; — dozvjt, 
 deicio, 3, deieci, deiectus ; — out, 
 expello, 3, expuli, expulsus ; — 
 up, adigo, 3, adegi, adactus ; — 
 together, cogo, 3, coegi, cdactus. 
 
 Duimiorix, Dumnorix, Dumno- 
 rigis (m.). 
 
 Duty, officium, -i (n.). 
 
 Dwell, incolo, 3, incolui, . 
 
 Each, each one, uterque, utraque, 
 
 utrumque (adj.); each other, from, 
 
 translate by the one from the other, 
 
 alius ab alio. 
 Easily, facile (adv.). 
 Easy thing, to be an, non quicquam 
 
 negoti esse 
 Eighth, octavus, -a, -um (num. 
 
 adj.). 
 Elders, maiores, maiorum (m). 
 Eleventh, undecimus, -a, -um (num. 
 
 adj.). 
 Embarrassed, impeditus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 Employed in, be, versor, i. 
 Encourage, cohortor, I. 
 Endure, patior, 3, passus sum. 
 Enemy, hostis, -is (c). 
 Engine of war, machinatio, machi- 
 
 nationis (f.); siege — , opus, ope- 
 
 ris (n.). 
 Enough, satis (adj.). 
 
 33 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Enrol, conscribo, 3, conscripsi, con- 
 
 scriptus. 
 Enter, ingredior, 3, ingressus sum. 
 Envoy, legatus, -i (m.). 
 Escape, effugio, 3, effugi, effugiturus. 
 Especially, praesertim (adv.). 
 Even, etiam (adv.). 
 Ever, unquam (adv.). 
 Excel, antecedo, 3, antecessi, ante- 
 
 cessus. 
 Expect, exspecto, i. 
 Expectation, Opinio, opinionis, (f.). 
 Exposed, nudatus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 F 
 
 Fall, cado, 3, cecidi, casus. 
 
 Fall into, incido, 3, incidi, incasiirus. 
 
 Far, too, paulo longius (adv.). 
 
 Farther, ulterior, -ius (comp. adj.). 
 
 Favorable, secundus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Fear, timor, timoris (m.). 
 
 Fear, to, vereor, 2, veritus sum, with 
 substantive purpose clause. 
 
 Few, paucus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Fickle, instabilis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 
 Field, ager, agri (m.). 
 
 Fierce, acer, acris, acre (adj.). 
 
 Fierceness, ferocia, ae (f.). 
 
 Fiercely, acriter (adv.). 
 
 Fifty, quinquaginta (indecl. num. 
 adj.). 
 
 Fight, pugna, -ae (f.), proelium, -i 
 (n.). 
 
 Fight, to, pugno, i ; contendo, 3, con- 
 tend!, contentus, and cum with 
 ablative. 
 
 Fighting man, armatus, -i (m.). 
 
 Finally, denique (adv.). 
 
 Find, to, invenio, 4, inveni, inventus ; 
 — out, reperio, 4, repperi, repertus, 
 
 I 
 
 usually followed by indirect dis- 
 course. 
 Fire, ignis, -is (m.). 
 First, primus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 First men, primi, -orum (m.). 
 
 Fitted, aptus, -a, -um (adj.) ; idoneus, 
 -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Five, quinque (num. adj. indecl.). 
 
 Flank, latus, lateris (n.). 
 
 Flee, fugio, 3, fiigi, fugiturus. 
 
 Flight, fuga, -ae (f.) ; —put to, fug5, 
 I ; be in — , fugio, 3, fugi, fugi- 
 turus. 
 
 Folloio, sequor, 3, secutus sum. 
 
 Follows, as, sic (adv.). 
 
 Follower, see camp. 
 
 Foot, pes, pedis (m.). 
 
 Foot soldier, pedes, peditis (m.). 
 
 For, nam (conj.) ; meaning on behalf 
 of, pro, with abl. ; meaning to, ad, 
 with accusative ; in expressions of 
 duration of time is omitted ; for 
 battle, ad pugnandum ; in dative 
 of service is expressed by dative; 
 after nouns having a transitive sense 
 is expressed by genitive. 
 
 Forced march, magnum iter, magni 
 itineris (n.). 
 
 Forces, copiae, -arum(f.), plural noun. 
 
 Ford, vadum, -i (n.). 
 
 Forefathers, maiores, maiorum (m.), 
 plural noun. 
 
 Forest, silva, -ae (f.). 
 
 Forget, be forgetful of, obliviscor, 3, 
 oblitus sum. 
 
 Former, pristinus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Fort, castellum, -i (n.). 
 
 Forth, see rush forth. 
 
 Fortification, munitio, munitionis 
 (f.); work on the — , opus, Operis 
 (n.). 
 
 34 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Fortified, munitus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Fortify, munio, 4. 
 
 Fortune, fortuna, -ae (f.) ; res, rei (f.). 
 
 Free, to set, libero, i. 
 
 Freedom, libertas, libertatis (f.). 
 
 Freely, libere (adv.). 
 
 Friendship, amicitia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Frightened, be, vereor, 2, veritus sum, 
 
 with substantive purpose clause. 
 From, ab or ex (prep, with ablative) ; 
 
 after verbs of hindering, see 62 and 
 
 77- 
 Front, in, a f ronte. 
 Full speed, at, incitato cursu. 
 Further, ulterior, ulteriot, ulterius 
 
 (adj.). 
 Fury, furor, furoris (m.). 
 
 Gain possession of, potior, 4, potitus 
 sum, with ablative. 
 
 Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Gate, porta, -ae (f.). 
 
 Gather together, confero, conferre, 
 contuli, conlatus. 
 
 Gaul, Gallia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Gaul, Gallus, -i (m.). 
 
 General, dux, ducis (m.), imperator, 
 imperatoris (m.). 
 
 German, Germanus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Germany, Germania, -ae (f). 
 
 Get possession of, potior, 4, potitus 
 sum, with ablative. 
 
 Get together, confero, conferre, con- 
 tuli, conlatus. 
 
 Give, do, dare, dedi, datus ; — back, 
 remitto, 3, remisi, remissus; — 
 up, trado, 3, tradidi, traditus. 
 
 Go, e5, ire, ii, itum ; proficiscor, 3, 
 profectus sum ; — into, ineo, in- 
 ire, inii, initus ; — across, transeo. 
 
 God, deus, -i (m.). 
 
 Good, bonus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Govern, administro, i. 
 
 Governments, new, nova imperia (n,), 
 novae res (f.) (plural). 
 
 Grain, frumentum, -i (n.). 
 
 Grant, do, dare, dedi, datus. 
 
 Great, magnus, -a, -um (adj.) ; — 
 amount of, magnus numerus, with 
 genitive ; so — , tantus, -a, -um 
 (adj.); how — , quantus -a, -um 
 (adj.). 
 
 Ground, hold one's, COnsistO, 3, COn- 
 stiti, . 
 
 Guard, to, servo, I. 
 
 Guard, a, praesidium, -i (n.). 
 
 Guilty, noxius, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Haeduan, Haeduus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Haedui, Haedui, -orum (m.). 
 Hand, manus, -iis (f.). 
 Hand over to, trado, 3, tradidi, 
 
 traditus. 
 Happens, it, accidit, 3, accidit, , 
 
 impersonal followed by ut with sub- 
 junctive. 
 Harbor, portus, -US (m.). 
 Hard pressed, be, passive of prem5, 3, 
 
 pressi, pressus. 
 Hasten, contendo, 3, contendi, con- 
 
 tentus, with ad and accusative. 
 Have, habeo, 2 ; — charge of, prae- 
 
 sum, praeesse,praefui, with dative ; 
 
 — possession of, potior, 4, potitus 
 
 sum. 
 He, she, it, plural they, is, ea, id (dem. 
 
 pron.) ; in oblique cases in reference 
 
 to the subject, sui, sibi, se, se. 
 Headlong, praeceps, praecipitis 
 
 (adj.). 
 
 35 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 HeaVy audio, 4, followed by indirect 
 discourse. 
 
 Hedge^ saepes, -is (f.). 
 
 Help, auxilium, -i (n.). 
 
 Help, to, adiuvo, i, adiuvi, adiiitus. 
 
 Here, hie (adv.). 
 
 Hid, see lie. 
 
 Higher, superior, -ior, -ius (adj.) ; al- 
 tior, -ior, -ius (adj.). 
 
 Hill, collis, coUis (m.). 
 
 Himself, herself, itself, ipsa, ipse, ip- 
 sum (pron. adj.); in reference to 
 subject in oblique cases, sui, etc. 
 
 Hinder, impedio, 4, deterred, 2. 
 
 His, hers, its, his own (in reference to 
 subject), suus, -a, -um; (in refer- 
 ence to someone or something else), 
 eius (sing.), of him, of her, of it ; 
 his men, sui, suorum (m.). 
 
 Hold, teneo, 2, tenui, tentus ; habeo, 
 2, habui, habitus ; — one'' s ground, 
 to, consisto, 3, constiti, ad. 
 
 Hold out, to, sustineo, 2, sustinui, sus- 
 tentus ; meaning extend, pando, 3, 
 pandi, passus. 
 
 Home, domus, -iis (f.). 
 
 Hope, a, spes, spei (f.). 
 
 Hope, spero, i, followed by future 
 infinitive of indirect discourse. 
 
 Horse, equus, -i (m.) ; meaning horse- 
 men, equites, -um (m.). 
 
 Horseman, eques, equitis (m.). 
 
 Host, multitudo, multitudinis (f.). 
 
 Hostage, obses, obsidis (c). 
 
 Hour, hora, -ae (f.). 
 
 How? quam? 
 
 However, autem, postpositive adverb. 
 
 How great? quantus, -a, -um? (adj.). 
 
 How many? quot? (indecl. adj.). 
 
 How powerful? quantus. -a, -um? 
 (adj.). 
 
 Hundred, centum (indecl. num. adj.) ; 
 six — , sescenti, -ae, -a (num. adj.). 
 
 /, ego, mei, plural nos. 
 
 Iccius, Iccius, -i (m.). 
 
 If, si (conj.). 
 
 Immediately, extemplo (adv.). 
 
 Immense, such an, tantus, -a, -um 
 (adj.). 
 
 In, in (prep, with ablative) ; is omitted 
 in expressions of time. 
 
 In order that, in order to, ut with the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Inasmuch as, quoniam (conj.). 
 
 Inch, digitus, -i (m.). 
 
 Increase, augeo, 2, auxi, auctus. 
 
 Influence, auctoritas, auctorita- 
 tis (f.). 
 
 Inform, to, certiorem facio, 3, feci, 
 factus, followed by indirect dis- 
 course. 
 
 In order that, ut, negative, ne, fol- 
 lowed by subjunctive of purpose. 
 
 In the rear of, post (prep, with accu- 
 sative). 
 
 Intettd, in animo habeo, 2. 
 
 Interest, be of, interest, interesse, 
 interfuit, followed by infinitive, see 
 32, note 3. 
 
 Interior of, interior, -ior, -ius 
 (adj.). 
 
 Into, in (prep, with accusative) ; break 
 — , see break. 
 
 Island, insula, -ae (f.). 
 
 //, id, eius (n.). 
 
 Italy, Italia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Its, in reference to subject, suus, -a, 
 -um ; in reference to something else, 
 eius, of it. 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Join, coniungo, 3, coniunxi, con- 
 iunctus. 
 
 Journey, iter facio, 3, feci, factus. 
 
 Joy, laetitia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Joyful, laetus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Joyfully, render by laetus in agree- 
 ment with the subject. 
 
 Just like, consimilis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 
 Keep, habeo, 2; teneo, 2, tenui, 
 tentus ; — , when used with within 
 in the sense of restrain, contineo, 
 2, continui, contentus, with reflex- 
 ive pronoun ; — apart, distineo, 2, 
 distinui, distentus; — fro??i, pro- 
 hibeo, 2, followed by infinitive ; — 
 on, render by the imperfect. 
 
 Kill, occido, 3, occidi, occisus. 
 
 Know, cognosco, 3, cognovi, cog- 
 nitus, followed by indirect dis- 
 course. 
 
 Labienus, Labienus, -i (m.). 
 
 Land, terra, -ae (f.). 
 
 Lastly, denique (adv.). 
 
 Z^//f r, hic, haec, hoc (dem. pron.). 
 
 Laugh, laugh at, inrideo, 2, inrisi, in- 
 risus, with dative. 
 
 Law, lex, leg is (f.). 
 
 Lay waste, vasto, I. 
 
 Lead, duco, 3, duxi, ductus ; — back, 
 rediicd, 3, reduxi, reductus ; — on, 
 impello, 3, impuli, impulsus ; -^ 
 out, ediic5, 3, eduxi, eductus; — 
 together, condiico, 3, conduxi, con- 
 ductus. 
 
 L^eader, dux, ducis (m.). 
 
 Leaderships see under. 
 
 Leave, relinquo, 3, reliqui, relictus. 
 Left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum 
 
 (adj.). 
 Legion, legio, legionis (f.). 
 Length, at, denique (adv.). 
 Lest, ne, with subjunctive of purpose. 
 Let, introduces the hortatory subjunc- 
 tive, is not translated. 
 Levy, conscribo, 3, conscripsi, con- 
 
 scriptus. 
 Liberal promises, make, liberaliter 
 
 polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum. 
 Liberty, libertas, libertatis (f.). 
 
 Lie hid, lateo, 2, latui, . 
 
 Lieutenant, legatus, -i (m.). 
 
 Light marclmig order, expeditus, -a, 
 
 -um (adj.). 
 Like, similis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 Like, just, consimilis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 Line, line of battle, acies, aciei (f.). 
 Line of march, agmen, agminis (n.). 
 Listen, listen to, audio, 4. 
 Little, parvus, -a -um (adj.). 
 Little too far, paulo longius. 
 Little while, a, paulisper (adv.). 
 Live, in sense of dwell, incolo, 3, in- 
 
 colui, incultus. 
 Look back, respicio, 3, respexi, 
 
 respectus. 
 Lottg, longus, -a, -um. 
 Long time, for a, for a long while, see 
 
 under time; as long as, quoad. 
 Long time ago, a, antiquitus (adv.). 
 Longer s any longer, longius (adv.). 
 
 M 
 
 Magistracy, magistratus, -iis (m.). 
 
 Make, facio, 3, feci, factus; — liberal 
 promises, see liberal; — trial of, 
 periclitor, i ; — make tributary, see 
 tributary ; — use of, see use ; — 
 
 137 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 war, bellum infero, inferre, intuli, 
 inlatus, with dative. 
 
 Man, homo, hominis (c); vir, viri 
 (m.). 
 
 Maniple, manipulus, -i (m.). 
 
 Many, multi, -ae, -a (adj.). 
 
 Many? how, quot? pron. (indecl. adj.). 
 
 March, iter, itineris (n.); line of—, 
 agmen, inis (n.) ; forced — , mag- 
 num iter, magni itineris (n.); 
 order of — , ordo agminis. 
 
 March, to, iter f acio, 3, feci, f actus ; 
 — out or away, proficiscor, 3, pro- 
 fectus. 
 
 Marching order, in light, expedltus^ 
 -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Marsh, aestuarium, -i (n.). 
 
 Massacre, a, caedes, caedis (f.). 
 
 Massacre, to, caedo, 3, cecidi, caesus. 
 
 Matter in a critical state, see critical. 
 
 Menapii, Menapii, -orum (m.). 
 
 Merchant, mercator, mercatoris (m.). 
 
 Message, nuntius, -i (m.). 
 
 Messenger, nuntius, -i (m.). 
 
 Middle of, medius, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Mile, milia (n.) passuum (plural). 
 
 Military science, res militaris (f.). 
 
 Mind, animus, -i (m.) ; mens, men- 
 tis (f.). 
 
 Mindful of, memor, memoris (adj.). 
 
 More, magis (adv.). 
 
 More than, magis quam. 
 
 Moreover, autem (postpositive ad- 
 verb). 
 
 Morini, Morini, -orum (m.). 
 
 Most, render by the superlative. 
 
 Mound, agger, aggeris (m.). 
 
 Move, moveo, 2, movi, motus. 
 
 Much, mviltum (adv.); multo (adv.). 
 
 Much, multus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Much, so, tantus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 I 
 
 Multitude, multitiido, multitudinis 
 
 (f.). 
 My, mens, -a, -um (poss. pron.). 
 
 N 
 Nation, natio, nationis (f.). 
 Nature, natura, -ae (f.). 
 Naval, navalis, -is, -e (adj.). 
 Navigation, navigatio, navigationis 
 
 (f.). 
 Near, prope (prep, with accusative) ; 
 
 ad (prep, with accusative). 
 Nearest, proximus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Nearest to, finitimus, -a, -um (adj.), 
 
 with dative. 
 Necessary, be, necesse est, esse, fuit. 
 Need, you — not fear, translate by "be 
 
 unwilling to fear," noli vereri. 
 Neighbors, finitimi, -orum (m.). 
 Nervii, Nervii, -orum (m.). 
 Never, nunquam (adv.). 
 Nevertheless, tamen (adv.). 
 Neiv, novus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Neiv governments, nova imperia (n.), 
 
 or novae res (f.), plural. 
 Neivs, nuntius, -i (m.). 
 Next day, postridie eius diei. 
 Night, nox, noctis (f.). 
 Nine, novem (indecl. num. adj.). 
 iV<7z.yf, tumultus, -us (n.). 
 None, 'no, nuUus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 No one, not one, nemo, neminis (c.) 
 
 (never use genitive neminis or 
 
 ablative nemine, but use instead 
 
 nuUius, nullo). 
 Not, no, non; with hortatory subjunc- 
 tive, ne ; not yet, nondum. 
 Not only , . , but also, non soliim, 
 
 . . . sed etiam. 
 Nothing, nihil (indecl. n,). 
 Noviodunum, Noviodiinum, -i (n.). 
 
 38 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Now, nunc; iam (adv.). 
 Number, numerus, -i. 
 
 Obey, be obedient to, pareo, 2, with 
 
 dative. 
 Obtain, pario, 3, peperi, partus; im- 
 
 petro, I, of a request ; — possession 
 
 of, potior, 4, with ablative. 
 Ocean, oceanus, -i (m.). 
 Oh that! would that! utinam (adv.). 
 On, in expressions of time render by 
 
 the ablative; in expressions of place 
 
 by in and the ablative. 
 On account of, propter (prep, with 
 
 accusative or use ablative of cause). 
 On the other side of, trans (prep, with 
 
 accusative). 
 On this side of, cis (prep, with accusa- 
 tive). 
 Once, at, without delay, sine mora. 
 One, iinus, -a, -um (num. adj.). 
 One at a time, singuli, -ae, -a, plural 
 
 adjective. 
 Only, solum (adv.) ; modo (adv.) ; not 
 
 only . , , but also, non solum . . . 
 
 sed etiam. 
 Open up, laxo, i. 
 Operation, Opus, Operis (n.) . 
 Or, aut (conj.); an (conj.). 
 Order, mandatum, -i (n.) ; in — that, 
 
 see in. 
 Order, iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, with 
 
 infinitive ; impero, i, with ut and 
 
 subjunctive and dative of person. 
 Order, in light marching, expeditus, 
 
 -a, -um (adj.). 
 Order of march, agmen, agminis 
 
 (n.). 
 Other, alius, -a, -um (adj.) ; on the — 
 
 side ^_/^ trans (prep, with accusative) ; 
 
 I 
 
 other, in the sense of the rest, reli- 
 
 qui, -ae, -a. 
 Ought, oportet, ere, opottuit, followed 
 
 by infinitive, or render by the ge- 
 rundive. 
 Our, noster, nostra, nostrum (poss. 
 
 pron. ) ; — soldiers, nostri, -Drum 
 
 (m.). 
 Our own accord, ultro (adv.). 
 Ourselves, nos ipsi, nos ipsae. 
 Outnumber, numero supero, i. 
 Out of, ex (prep, with ablative). 
 Out of breath, exanimatus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 Overcome, supero, i. 
 Overthrow, adfligo, 3, adflixi, ad- 
 
 flictus. 
 Overwhelm, opprim5, 3, oppress!, 
 
 oppressus. 
 
 P 
 
 Pacify, paco, I. 
 
 Pardon, venia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Pardon, to, ignosco, 3, ignovi, igno- 
 
 tus, with dative. 
 Part, pars, partis (f.). 
 Peace, pax, pacis (f.). 
 People, populus, -i (m.). 
 Perceive, sentio, 4, sensi, sensus, 
 
 followed by indirect discourse; 
 
 meaning to see, intelligo, 3, intel- 
 
 lexi, intellectus. 
 Permit, sino, 3, sivi, situs, followed 
 
 by ut with subjunctive of purpose. 
 Persecute, exagito, i. 
 Persuade, persuadeo, 2, persuasi, 
 
 persuasus, with dative and ut with 
 
 subjunctive of purpose. 
 Pitch camp, castra pono, 3, posui, 
 
 positus. 
 Place, locus, -i (m.) ; plural, loca, 
 
 -orum (n.). 
 
 39 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Place, to, pono, 3, posui, positus. 
 
 Plan, consilium, -i (n.). 
 
 Plead for, verba facio, 3, feci, factus, 
 
 and pro, with ablative. 
 Please, placeo, 2, usually used im- 
 personally. 
 Plunder, praedor, i. 
 Point, at that, eo loco; on the — of, 
 
 render by the periphrastic conjuga- 
 tion, see 194. 
 Position, locus, -i (m.) ; plural, loca, 
 
 -orum (n.); static, stationis. 
 Possessio7ts, themselves and all their, se 
 
 suaque omnia. 
 Possession of, take, potior, 4, potitus 
 
 sum, with ablative. 
 Possible, be, potest, pOSSe, potuit. 
 Post, static, stationis (f.). 
 Post, pono, 3, posui, positus. 
 Power, imperium, -i (n.); supreme 
 
 — , summa (ae [f.]) imperi. 
 Powerful, potens, potentis (adj.), 
 
 with genitive ; how — , quantus, -a, 
 
 -um? (adj.). 
 Praise, laudo, I. 
 Prefer, malo, malle, malui, with 
 
 infinitive, or ut with subjunctive. 
 Prepare, paro, i . 
 
 Prepared, paratus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Presence, praesentia, -ae (f.). 
 Present, be, adsum, adesse, adfui, 
 
 adfutiirus ; if he were present, eo 
 
 praesente (abl. absolute). 
 Preserve, conserv5, i. 
 Preside, preside over, praesum, prae- 
 
 esse, praefui, with dative. 
 Press hard, premo, 3, pressi, pressus. 
 Pretend, simulo, i. 
 Prevent, prohibeo, 2, with infinitive ; 
 
 impedio, 4, with ne and subjunctive ; 
 
 negative with quin and subjunctive. 
 
 I 
 
 Prince, princeps, principis (m.). 
 
 Proconsul, proconsul, proconsulis 
 (m.). 
 
 Promise, polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum, 
 followed by future infinitive of indi- 
 rect discourse; make liberal prom- 
 ises, see liberal. 
 
 Property, bona, -orum (n.), plural 
 noun. 
 
 Protect, tueor, 2, tiitus sum. 
 
 Province, provincia, -ae (f.). 
 
 Purpose, with the — of, e5 consilio 
 with ut and the subjunctive; or ad 
 with the gerundive. 
 
 Pursue, prosequor, 3,prosecutus sum. 
 
 Put to flight, f ugo, I . 
 
 Question, quaestio, quaestionis. 
 Quickly, celeriter (adv.). 
 
 Raise, tollo, 3, sustuli, sublatus ; 
 
 propono, 3, proposui, propositus 
 
 (of a standard). 
 Rapid, celer, celeris, celere (adj.). 
 Rather, potius (adv.). 
 Rather . . . than, potius . . . quam. 
 Reach^ advenio, 4, veni, ventus, or 
 
 pervenio, perveni, perventus. 
 Ready, be, paratus esse. 
 Ready, paratus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Rear of, in the, post (prep, with 
 
 accusative). 
 Rear, the, novissimum agmen (n.). 
 Rebel, deficio, 3, defeci, defectus. 
 Receive, accipio, 3, accepi, acceptus; 
 
 recipio, 3, recepi, receptus. 
 Recklessly, \,^vciffL^ (adv.). 
 Redoubt, castellum, -i (n.). 
 Reduce, redigo, 3, redegi, redactus. 
 
 40 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Reenfor cement, subsidium, -i (n.). 
 
 Regard to them, with, in eos. 
 
 Regular, certus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Relations, consanguine!, -orum (m.). 
 
 Remain, permaneo, 2, permansi, 
 permansus; it remains, reliquum 
 est, fuit. 
 
 Remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. 
 
 Remember, memini, meminisse, defec- 
 tive verb used only in perfect tenses. 
 
 Remi, Remi, -orum (m.), plural noun. 
 
 Repel, repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus. 
 
 Reply, responsum, -i (m.). 
 
 Reply, to, responded, 2, respond!, re- 
 sponsus. 
 
 Report, rumor, riimoris (m.). 
 
 Report, to, nuntio, i ; certiorem facio, 
 3, feci, factus, followed by indi- 
 rect discourse. 
 
 Repulse, repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus. 
 
 Reputation, Opinio, opinionis (f.). 
 
 Rescue, eripio, 3, eripui, ereptus. 
 
 Reserve, subsidium, -i (n.). 
 
 Resist, resisto, 3, restiti, , vi^ith 
 
 dative. 
 
 Resort to, se recipio, 3, recepi, 
 receptus. 
 
 Resource, Ops, opis (f.). 
 
 Rest, otium, -i (n.). 
 
 J^est, rest of, reliquus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Result, eventus, -us (m.). 
 
 Return, reditus, reditus (m.). 
 
 Return, to, redeo, 4, redii, reditus. 
 
 Revolt, defectio, defectionis (f.). 
 
 Revolt, to, deficio, 3, defeci, defectus. 
 
 Rhine, Rhenus, -i (m.). 
 
 Right, rectus, -a, -um. 
 
 River, fliimen, -inis (n.). 
 
 Roman, Romanus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Rome, Roma, -ae (f.). 
 
 Rule, to, rego, 3, rexi, rectus. 
 
 14 
 
 Ruler, imperator, imperatoris (m.). 
 
 Run, curro, 3, cucurri, cursus; — 
 back, recurro, 3, recucurri ; — down, 
 decurro, 3, decucurri, decursus ; — 
 out, excurro, 3, excucurri, excursus; 
 — to a7'ms, ad arma, concurro, 3, 
 concucurri, concursus. 
 
 Rumiing, cursus, -us (m.). 
 
 Rush, concurro, 3, concucurri, con- 
 cursus ; — forth, provolo, I, 
 
 Sabis, the, Sabis, -is (m.). 
 
 Safe, be, conservor, i. 
 
 Safety, saliis, saliitis (f.) ; in — , tuto 
 (adv.). 
 
 Sagacity, consilium, -i (n.). 
 
 Sail, navig5, i. 
 
 Sailor, nauta, -ae (m.). 
 
 Sally, excursio, excursionis (f.). 
 
 Sa?ne, idem, eadem, idem (dem. adj. 
 pron.). 
 
 Save, servo, i. 
 
 Say, dico, 3, dixi, dictus, foUovi^ed by 
 indirect discourse. 
 
 Science, see military. 
 
 Scout, explorator, exploratSris (m.). 
 
 Search, peto, 3, petivi, petitus. 
 
 See, video, 2, vidi, visus, usually fol- 
 lowed by indirect discourse. 
 
 Seek, peto, 3, petivi, petitus. 
 
 Seem, seem best, videor, 2, visus sum, 
 followed by indirect discourse. 
 
 Seize, capio, 3, cepi, captus. 
 
 Sell, vend5, 3, vendidi, venditus. 
 
 Senate, senatus, senatus (m.). 
 
 Send, mitto, 3, misi, missus ; — 
 ahead, praemitto, 3, praemisi, prae- 
 missus ; — back, remitto, remisi, 
 remissus ; — for, arcesso, 3, arces- 
 sivi, arcessitus. 
 
 I 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 SenoneSf Senones, -um (m.). 
 
 Separate, singuli, -ae, -a, plural adjec- 
 tive. 
 
 Separately, singillatim (adv.). 
 
 Serve as a, translate by dative of ser- 
 vice with the verb sum. 
 
 Service, meritum, -i (n.). 
 
 Sei out, proficiscor, 3, profectus sum. 
 
 Setting out, profectio, profectionis 
 (f.). 
 
 Set upon, paratus ad. 
 
 Seventh, Septimus, -a, -um (num. adj.). 
 
 Seventy, septuaginta (indecl. num. 
 
 adj.). 
 Several, singuli, -ae, -a; nonnulli, 
 
 -ae, -a, plural adjectives. 
 Severity, severitas, severitatis (f.). 
 Shed^ vinea -ae, (f.). 
 Shield, sciitum, -i (n.). 
 Ship, navis, navis (f.). 
 Short, brevis, brevis, breve (adj.). 
 Show, ostendo, 3, ostendi, ostentus, 
 
 followed by indirect discourse. 
 Side, pars, partis (f.) ; on that — , ea 
 
 parte; on this — , cis (prep, with 
 
 accusative) ; on the other — ■, trans 
 
 (prep, with accusative). 
 Siege engine, opus, Operis (n.). 
 Sight, visus, visiis (m.). 
 Signal, signum, -i (n.). 
 Since, cum, with subjunctive. 
 Situated, positus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Six, sex (indecl. num. adj.). 
 Six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a (num. 
 
 adj.), plural. 
 Size, magnitiido, magnitudinis (f.). 
 Skillful, peritus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Slavery, servitus, servitutis (f.). 
 Slay, occido, 3, occidi, occisus. 
 Slinger, funditor, funditoris (m.). 
 Slowly, tarde (adv.). 
 
 Small, parvus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 So, ita (adv.); sic (adv.), tam; — 
 great, tantus, -a, -um (adj.); — 
 much, ta.ntus, -a., -um (adj.) ; — that, 
 ut with subjunctive. 
 
 Soldier, miles, militis (m.). 
 
 Some, nonnullus, -a, -um, aliquis, 
 aliqua, aliquid (adj.) ; so/ne trouble, 
 quicquam negoti ; there are — who, 
 sunt qui, with subjunctive of char- 
 acteristic; — ... others, d\H . . . 
 alii. 
 
 Soon, statim (adv.); mox (adv.). 
 
 Sort, what — of, see what. 
 
 Space of three days, triduum, -i (n.). 
 
 Spare, parco, 3, peperci, parsurus. 
 
 Speak, dic5, 3, dixi, dictus. 
 
 Speech, oratio, orationis (f.). 
 
 Speed, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 
 
 Speed, at full, incitat5 cursu. 
 
 Stand, sto, stare, steti, status; 
 take one^s — , consists, 3, constiti, 
 (ad). 
 
 Standard, vexillum, -i (n.). 
 
 State, civitas, civitatis (f.); matter 
 in a critical — , see critical. 
 
 Still, tamen (adv.) ; — braver, f ortior, 
 -or, -ius (adj.). 
 
 Storm, take by storm, see take. 
 
 Strength, vis, vis (f.), plural vireS, 
 virium. 
 
 Strike camp, castra moveo, 2, movi, 
 motus. 
 
 Strong, fortis, fortis, forte (adj.). 
 
 Struggle, pugna, -ae (f.). 
 
 Subdue, vinco, 3, vici, victus. 
 
 Such, see so great ; — an immense, 
 see immense. 
 
 Sudden, subitus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Suddenly, subito (adv.). 
 
 Sue for, oro, I. 
 
 142 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Suessiones, Suessiones, -urn (m.). 
 Suevii Suevi, -orum (m.). 
 Suited, idoneus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Summon, arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arces- 
 
 situs. 
 Supplies, copiae, -arum (f.), plural 
 
 noun. 
 Supreme power, summa (-ae [f.]) 
 
 imperi. 
 Surprise, to take sof7ieone by surprise, 
 
 imprudenter . . . adgredior, 3, 
 
 adgressus sum. 
 Surrender, deditio, deditionis (f.). 
 Surrender, to, ded5, 3, dedidi, dedi- 
 
 tus (refl.). 
 Surrendered, dediticius, -a, -um. 
 Surround, circumvenio, 4, circum- 
 
 veni, circumventus. 
 Swamp, palus, paludis (f.). 
 Swiftness, celeritas, celeritatis (f.). 
 Sword, gladius, -i (m.). 
 
 Take, capio, 3, cepi, captus ; — away, 
 spolio, I ; — by storm, expugno, i ; 
 — one's stand, consisto, 3, constiti, 
 
 ; — possessio7t of, potior, 4, 
 
 potitus sum, with ablative. 
 
 Taller, grandior, -or, -us (adj.). 
 
 Teach, doceo, docui, doctus. 
 
 Tell, dico, 3, dixi, dictus, followed by 
 indirect discourse; narro, i. 
 
 Ten, decem (indecl. num. adj.). 
 
 Tencteri, Tencteri, -orum (m.). 
 
 Tenth, decimus, -a, -um (num. 
 adj.). 
 
 Term, condicio, condicionis (f.) . 
 
 Terrify, perterreo, 2. 
 
 Terrified, perterritus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 Territories, fines, -um (m.), plural 
 
 Terror, terror, terroris (m.). 
 
 Than, quam. 
 
 That, ille, -a, -ud, is, ea, id (dem. 
 adj. pron.) ; but — , quin, with sub- 
 junctive ; in order that, ut ; so that, 
 ut; would — , utinam (adv.). 
 
 Their, their own (with reference to 
 the subject), suus, -a, -um; other- 
 wise, eorum, ofthefn. 
 
 Themselves, ipsi, ipsae, ipsa (pron. 
 plural) ; in oblique cases when re- 
 ferring to the subject sui, sibi, se, se. 
 
 Then, tum (adv.). 
 
 There, ibi (adv.). 
 
 Therefore, ergo (adv.); itaque (adv.). 
 
 Thereupon, inde (adv.). 
 
 They, ei, eae, ea (plural dem. pron.). 
 
 Things res, rel (f.); easy — , non 
 quicquam negoti ; a thing which, 
 id quod. 
 
 Think, puts, i. 
 
 This, hie, haec, hoc (dem. pron.). 
 
 Though, etsi, with construction of 
 protasis ; cum, with subjunctive ; 
 quamquam, with indicative. 
 
 Thousajtd, mille, singular (indecl. 
 num. adj.) ; milia, milium (n.), 
 plural. 
 
 Three, tres, tria (num. adj.); space 
 of three days, see space. 
 
 Through, per (prep, with accusa- 
 tive). 
 
 Throw back, reicio, 3, reieci, reiectus. 
 
 Throw up, build up, exstruo, 3, 
 exstruxi, exstructus. 
 
 Thus, sic, ita (adv.). 
 
 Time, tempus, temporis (n.) ; one at 
 a — , see one ; for a long — , diu ; 
 long — ago, antiquitus. 
 
 Titurius, Titurius, -i (m.). 
 
 TOi ad (prep, with accusative). 
 
 43 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 Together with, una cum (prep, with 
 ablative); bring — , see under 
 brings collect, gather, get, crowded. 
 
 Too far, paulo longius (adv.). 
 
 Top of, summus, -a, -um (adj.) 
 
 Towards, ad (prep, with accusative). 
 
 Toiver, turris, turris (f.) . 
 
 Town, oppidum, -i (n.). 
 
 Townsman, oppidanus, -i (c). 
 
 Train, exercito, i. 
 
 Transport, traduco, 3, traduxi, tra- 
 ductus, with two accusatives. 
 
 Treachery, proditio, proditionis (f.). 
 
 Treveri, Treveri, -orum (m.). 
 
 Trial of, make, periclitor, i. 
 
 Tribe, gens, gentis (f.). 
 
 Tributary to, w^-^^, vectigales habere. 
 
 Trick, insidiae, -arum (f.), plural 
 noun. 
 
 Troops, copiae, -arum (f.), plural 
 noun. 
 
 Trouble, some, quicquam negoti. 
 
 Trumpet, tuba, -ae (f.). 
 
 Try, Conor, i, takes infinitive. 
 
 Turn, converto, 3, convert!, con- 
 versus. 
 
 Twenty, viginti (indecl. num. adj.). 
 
 Two, duo, -ae, -0 (num. adj.). 
 
 U 
 
 Unable, impotens, impotentis (adj.) ; 
 
 be — , non possum, non posse, 
 
 non potui, with complementary 
 
 infinitive. 
 Uncertaiit, incertus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Under . . . leadership, translated by 
 
 ablative absolute . . . duce. 
 Unequaled, singularis, -is, -e. 
 Unexpected, improvisus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 Unfavorable, iniquus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 
 I 
 
 Unless, nisi (conj.). 
 
 Unprepared, imparatus, -a, -um 
 (adj.). 
 
 Until, dum; donee; quoad; with 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, nolui, 
 with infinitive, or ut, with sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 Unwillingly, translate by invitus, -a, 
 -um, in agreement with the subject. 
 
 Up, see draw, bring, send. 
 
 Upon, against, contra (prep, with 
 accusative) ; in (prep, with accusa- 
 tive) ; come — , see come. 
 
 Uproar, strepitus, -iis (m.). 
 
 Use, iisus, iisiis (m.). 
 
 Use, to 77iake — of, utor, 3, usus sum, 
 with ablative. 
 
 Usipetes, Usipetes, -um (m.). 
 
 Usual clei?iency, courage, etc., trans- 
 late by possessive pronoun, e.g. his 
 usual clemency, sua dementia. 
 
 Vain, in, frustra. 
 
 Valor, virtiis, virtu tis (f.). 
 
 Van of the baggage, prima impedi- 
 menta (n.), plural. 
 
 Veneti, Veneti, -orum (m.). 
 
 Victor, victor, victoris (m.). 
 
 Victory, victoria, -ae (f.). 
 
 Vieiv, prospectus, -iis (m.). 
 
 Village, vicus, -i (m.). 
 
 Viromandui, the, Viromandui, -orum 
 (m.). 
 
 W 
 
 Wait for, exspecto, i. 
 
 Wall, murus, -i (m.). 
 
 Wander about, vagor, i. 
 
 Wa7tt, ivish, volo, velle, volui, with 
 infinitive, or ut, with subjunctive; 
 
 44 
 
A FIRST LATIN WRITER 
 
 (^—be in need of), ege5, 2, egui, 
 
 with genitive. 
 War, bellum, -i(n.) ; make — ,bellum 
 
 infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus, with 
 
 dative; efigines of — , see engine. 
 Waste, see lay waste. 
 Water, aqua, -ae (f.). 
 We, nos, nostrum (c). 
 Weakest^ infirmissimus, -a, -um 
 
 (adj.). 
 Weapon, telum, -i (n.). 
 What sort of ? quails, -is, -e? (adj.). 
 When, ubi, with indicative; cum, 
 
 with subjunctive or indicative. 
 Where ^ ubi; where? qua? 
 Whether? utrum? (adv.). 
 While, dum, with present indicative. 
 While, for a little, paulisper (adv.). 
 While, for a long, iamdiu (adv. ) ; 
 
 iamdudum (adv.). 
 Whither? quo? (adv.). 
 Who, which, what, qui, quae, quod 
 
 (rel. pron.). 
 Who? which? what? quis? quae? 
 
 quid? or quod? (interrog. pron.). 
 Whole, totus, -a, -um (adj.). 
 Why? quid? (adv.). 
 Wife, coniunx, coniugis (f.). 
 Win, vinco, 3, vici, victus. 
 Wine, Yinnm, -i (n.). 
 Wing of an army, cornii, cornii (n.). 
 Wipe out, deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
 Wisely, sapienter (adv.). 
 
 Wish, to, volo, velle, volui, , with 
 
 infinitive, or ut, with subjunctive. 
 
 With, cum (prep, with ablative); 
 — the purpose of, see purpose. 
 
 Withdraiv, recipio, 3, recepi, re- 
 ceptus, with reflexive. 
 
 Within, intra (prep, with accusa- 
 tive); in expressions of time is 
 expressed by the ablative without a 
 preposition. 
 
 Without, sine (prep, with ablative). 
 
 With regard to them, in eos. 
 
 Withstand, sustineo, 2, sustinui, 
 sustentus ; resistd, 3, restiti, with 
 dative. 
 
 Woman, mulier, mulieris (f.). 
 
 Woods, silva, -ae (f.). 
 
 Work, zvork on the fortifications^ 
 Opus, operis (n.). 
 
 World, orbis terrarum. 
 
 Would that ! vX\.\i3iVCi.\ (adv.). 
 
 Wound, vulnus, vulneris (n.). 
 
 Year, annus, -i (m.). 
 
 Yet, not, nondum. 
 
 Yield, cedo, 3, cessi, cessiirus. 
 
 You, tu, tui, plural vos, vestrum (c). 
 
 Your, referring to one person, tuus, 
 -a, -um, to more than one, vester, 
 vestra, vestrum (poss. pron.). 
 
 Yourselves and all your belongings, 
 vos vestraque omnia. 
 
 FIRST LATIN WRITER — lO 
 
 145 
 
Lane's Latin Grammars 
 
 LANE'S LATIN GRAMMAR $1.50 
 
 For Use in Schools and Colleges. By George M. Lane. 
 Ph.D., LL.D., Late Professor Emeritus in Harvard University. 
 In many respects this is the most thorough, philosophical, and com- 
 plete Latin Grammar ever published in this country, representing, as it 
 does, the crowning work and ripest conclusions of one of the most 
 eminent teachers of the language. The work has the distinction, rarely 
 accorded to a text-book, of being regarded both as a literary and as a 
 scientific event. Its preparation engaged the author, during the intervals 
 of teaching at Harvard University, for nearly thirty years. After his 
 death the work was taken up and completed by his colleague, Dr. Morris 
 H. Morgan, of Harvard University. Some of the distinguishing 
 features and merits of the book are comprehensiveness and accuracy in 
 detail, precision of definition and statement, combined with a remark- 
 ably clear arrangement and singular aptness of illustration. The sup- 
 plementary aids are an important feature. These include a chapter on 
 Versification written by Dr. Herman W. Hayley, a former pupil of 
 Professor Lane, and brief expositions of such important subjects as 
 Rules of Quantity and Figures of Prosody, Occasional Peculiarities of 
 Verbs, Indirect Discourse, Use of Pronouns and Numerals. The book 
 contains also a complete Index of Subjects and an Index of Latin 
 Words with references. 
 
 LANE AND MORGAN'S SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR . , $1.00 
 Prepared by Morris H. Morgan, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of 
 
 Classical Philology in Harvard University. 
 
 This book is intended for the use of students of Latin during their, 
 course in secondary schools. It is based on *' Lane's Latin Grammar 
 for Schools and Colleges," and furnished abundant material for careful 
 training in Latin pronunciation, for the study of leading principles under 
 which Latin words are formed, for thorough drill in inflections, and for 
 acquiring a good working knowledge of the most important principles of 
 Latin syntax and composition. The arrangement of the material is clear 
 and logical with cross-references to the to the larger grammar. 
 
 Copies sent^ prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price^ 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York • Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (»38) 
 
Latin Literature of the Empire 
 
 Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions 
 
 By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D. 
 Associate Professor of Classical Philology, University of Pennsylvania 
 
 In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo. Per Volume. $1.80 
 
 Vol. I — Prose. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca Rhetor, 
 Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, including Cena 
 Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny the 
 Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, Apuleius — Ammianus 
 Marcellinus, and Boethius. 
 
 Vol. II — Poetry. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius, Calpurnius, 
 Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus, Seneca, the 
 Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statins, Silius Italicus, Martial, 
 Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and Claudianus. 
 
 The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan 
 period have hitherto, with a few notable exceptions, been 
 virtually excluded from the classical curricula of colleges 
 and universities. 
 
 The present collection has been made primarily for the 
 use of students in higher classes in colleges. The selec- 
 tions will be found useful as collateral reading in con- 
 nection with lectures on classical literature, and will also 
 furnish suitable material for sight reading. 
 
 The selections themselves contain nothing that is not 
 eminently worthy of perusal. They are in every case 
 sufficiently extensive to give a continuous and coherent 
 story, which at the same time exhibits the author at his 
 best. The text follows the best modern editions, the 
 deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded 
 in critical appendices. 
 
 Copies sent, prepaid^ to any address on receipt of the price, 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
Latin Dictionaries 
 
 HARPER'S LATIN DICTIONARY 
 
 Founded on the translation of '*Freund's Latin-German Lexicon.** 
 Edited by E. A. Andrews, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, and in great 
 part Rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D., and Charles 
 Short, LL.D. 
 Royal Octavo, 2030 pages . Sheep, $6.50; Full Russia, $10.00 
 
 The translation of Dr. Freund's great Latin-German Lexicon, 
 edited by the late Dr. E. A. Andrews, and published in 1850, has been 
 from that time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and 
 America. Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on 
 which lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest 
 advances in philological study and research, and is in every respect the 
 most complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published. 
 
 LEWIS'S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS 
 By Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. 
 Large Octavo, 1200 pages . Cloth, $4 50 ; Half Leather, $5.00 
 
 This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and inde- 
 pendent work, designed to include all of the student's needs, after 
 acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin 
 authors commonly read in school. 
 
 LEWIS'S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY 
 By Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. 
 Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather. . . . $2.00 
 
 This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in 
 secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second years* 
 work in colleges. 
 
 SMITH'S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY 
 
 A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By William 
 Smith, LL.D., and Theophilus D. Hall, M.A., Fellow of Uni- 
 versity College, London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names. 
 Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep $4.00 
 
 Copies sent^ prepaid^ to any address on receipt of the price, 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (278) 
 
MORRIS &■ MORGAN'S LATIN SERIES 
 
 HORACE'S ODES, EPODES 
 and CARMEN SAECULARE 
 
 EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY, 
 
 BY CLIFFORD HERSCHEL MOORE, 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN AND GREEK, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, 465 pp. Price, $1.50. Text edition. Price, 40 cents. 
 
 npHIS edition of Horace's lyrical poems has been 
 prepared for the needs of freshmen and sopho- 
 mores. The introduction is intended to give the 
 necessary information as to the poet's life and writ- 
 ings. The text is the vulgate, although in some 
 passages the better manuscript edition has been pre- 
 ferred. Inasmuch as young students require no little 
 help if they are to understand as well as translate the 
 Odes and Epodes, the editor has not limited his com- 
 mentary to the baldest aids, but has tried to give 
 such assistance in interpretation as may help students 
 to some appreciation of Horace's art and charm. 
 The relation of the poet to his Greek models is 
 shown by frequent quotations. To all the more 
 difRcult Greek passages translations have been ap- 
 pended. A number of quotations from the later 
 Latin writers are also given to indicate in some 
 degree the ready acceptance which Horace's phrases 
 found among his successors. 
 
 For list of the entire series and descriptive catalogue of text-books 
 in the Ancient Languages, write to the Publishers, 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
 BOSTON ATLANTA DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 (271) 
 
Greek Dictionaries 
 
 LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON 
 
 Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by Henry George Liddell, 
 D.D., and Robert Scott, D.D., assisted by Henry Drisler, 
 LL.D. Large Quarto, 1794 pages. Sheep . . . $10.00 
 The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, 
 
 and large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the 
 
 co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been 
 
 entirely rewritten. 
 
 LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON—lntermedlate 
 
 Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages. 
 
 Cloth, $3.50; Half Leather, $4.00 
 
 This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the 
 ordinary requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller 
 abridged edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large 
 Lexicon, and contains a large amount of new matter. 
 
 LIDDELL AND SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON— Abridged 
 
 Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. Half Leather $1.25 
 This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary 
 
 and College Preparatory Schools. 
 
 THAYER'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, 
 Revised, and Enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer, D.D., LL.D. 
 Royal Quarto, 727 pages . Cloth, $5.00 ; Half Leather, $6.50 
 This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest 
 researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces histori- 
 cally the signification and use of all words used in the New Testament, 
 and carefully explains the difference between classical and sacred usage. 
 
 YONGE'S ENGLISH.GREEK LEXICON 
 
 By C. D. YoNGE. Edited by Henry Drisler, LL.D. 
 
 Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep $4.50 
 
 AUTENRIETH'S HOMERIC DICTIONARY 
 
 Translated and Edited by Robert P. Keep, Ph.D. New Edition. 
 
 Revised by Isaac Flagg, Ph.D. 
 
 i2mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth . , • . $1.10 
 
 Copies senty prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price, 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ^ Chicago 
 
 (310) 
 
classical Dictionaries 
 
 HARPER'S DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE AND 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 Edited by H. T. Peck, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language 
 
 and Literature in Columbia University. 
 
 Royal Octavo, 1716 pages. Illustrated. 
 One Vol. Cloth . \ $6.00 Two Vols. Cloth . . $7.00 
 One Vol. Half Leather . 8.00 Two Vols. Half Leather . 10.00 
 
 An encyclopaedia, giving the student, in a concise and intelligible 
 form, the essential facts of classical antiquity. It also indicates the 
 sources whence a fuller and more critical knowledge of these subjects 
 can best be obtained. The articles, which are arranged alphabetically, 
 include subjects in biography, mythology, geography, history, literature, 
 antiquities, language, and bibliography. The illustrations are, for the 
 most part, reproductions of ancient objects. The editor in preparing 
 the book has received the co-operation and active assistance of the most 
 eminent American and foreign scholars. 
 
 SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES 
 
 Edited by William Smith, Ph.D. Revised by Charles 
 Anthon, LL.D. Octavo, II 33 pages. Illustrated. Sheep $4.25 
 Carefully revised, giving the results of the latest researches in the 
 history, philology, and antiquities of the ancients. In the work of 
 revision, the American editor has had the assistance of the most dis- 
 tinguished scholars and scientists. 
 
 STUDENTS' CLASSICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 A Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography. Abridged. 
 
 By William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 i2mo, 438 pages. Cloth $1.25 
 
 Designed for those schools and students who are excluded from the 
 use of the larger Classical Dictionary, both by its size and its price. All 
 names have been inserted which one would be likely to meet with at the 
 beginning of classical study. 
 
 Copies seniy prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price, 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (3"> 
 
REVISED EDITION 
 
 VIRGIL'S AENEID 
 
 With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by HENRY S. FRIEZE, 
 late Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. Revised by 
 WALTER DENNISON, Professor of Latin in the University of 
 Michigan. 
 
 First Six Books . . , . $1.30 Complete $1.50 
 
 Complete Text Edition $0.50 
 
 This Work differs in many respects from the former edition. Such 
 changes and alteration* have been introduced as are necessary to 
 make the book conform to modern demands, and many important addi- 
 tions have also been made. 
 
 The Introduction has been enlarged by the addition of sections 
 on the life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter, 
 manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference. 
 
 The Text has been corrected to conform to the readings that have 
 become established, and the spellings are in accord with the evidence of 
 inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of early 
 assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the first two 
 books are fully indicated. 
 
 The Notes have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. The 
 old grammar references are corrected and new ones (to Harkness's 
 Complete, Lane & Morgan's, and Bennett's Grammars) added. The 
 literary appreciation of the poet is increased by parallel quotations 
 from English literature. The irregularities of scansion in each book 
 are also given with sufficient explanations. 
 
 The Vocabulary has been made as simple as possible and includes 
 only those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound 
 words are not indicated separately when they appear unmodified in 
 the compound form. The principal parts of verbs are given which are 
 understood to be in actual use. 
 
 The Illustrations for the most part are new and fresh, and have 
 been selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in the 
 interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the wan- 
 derings of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, 
 and a full-page, facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the 
 Codex Palatinus. 
 
 American Book Company, Publishers 
 
 (256) 
 
Introduction to the Study of 
 Latin Inscriptions 
 
 By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., Ph.D. 
 Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University 
 
 Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous illustrations and 
 exact reproductions of inscriptions .... Price, $3 50 
 
 This work is designed as a text-book for the use of 
 students in Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish 
 an account of this branch of archaeological study for 
 general readers. It has been prepared in the belief that 
 a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the 
 equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the sub- 
 ject itself has become so important as to justify its intro- 
 duction, in elementary form at least, into the curriculum 
 of undergraduate studies. 
 
 A distinctive feature of the book is the number and 
 character of its illustrations, — there being over seven 
 hundred cuts and diagrams of inscriptions, for the pur- 
 pose of illustrating the text, and for practice in reading. 
 Of these, over one hundred are photographic repro- 
 ductions, showing the forms of the letters and the 
 arrangement of the inscriptions. The work is also sup- 
 plied with an exhaustive bibliography and valuable tables 
 of abbreviations, archaisms, etc. 
 
 Copies of Egbert's Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any address 
 on receipt of the price by the Publishers : 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (266) 
 
A Grammar of Attic and 
 Ionic Greek 
 
 By FRANK COLE BABBITT. Ph.D. (Harvard) 
 
 Professor of the Greek Language and Literature, Trinity College, Hartford ; 
 formerly Fellow of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 
 
 PRICE, $1.50 
 
 THIS grammar states the essential facts and principles of the Greek 
 language in concise form, with only so much discussion as may 
 reasonably be demanded for a clear understanding of the subject. 
 It therefore meets the wants of secondary schools and at the same time 
 is sufficient for all ordinary demands of the college course. 
 
 A Modern Grammar. — The book incorporates the results of 
 the more recent philological studies, and includes many departures 
 from conventional presentation. Due regard is paid to the fact that 
 analogy plays an important part in language, and that the context is 
 often more important than grammatical rules in determining the exact 
 significance of mode or tense. 
 
 Treatment of Cases.— The treatment of cases is thoroughly log- 
 ical and clear. The true genitive and the ablative genitive are dis- 
 tinguished from each other and considered separately ; likewise the 
 true dative, the locative dative, and the instrumental dative. In this 
 way much confusion is avoided. 
 
 Rules of Agreement. — The general rules of agreement are first 
 given in a preliminary paragraph and are then followed by a general 
 statement regarding attraction and constructio ad sensum, and its appli- 
 cation to substantives, adjectives, verbs, etc. 
 
 Treatment of Modes. — The general significance of each mode is 
 summarized briefly at the beginning, with its uses grouped and treated 
 under the head of statements, questions, wishes, commands, etc. The 
 various forms of statement are taken up and contrasted, thus allowing 
 the student to perceive at a glance their similarities and differences. 
 
 Classes of Verbs. — While every portion of grammar has been 
 simplified as much as possible, the notice of teachers is directed 
 especially to the fact that the verbs have been reduced to five classes. 
 In spite of this, however, nothing has been sacrificed in the process. 
 
 Indirect Discourse. — The subject of indirect discourse is put at 
 the end of syntax, and the principles have been fully stated in their 
 proper places. The general principles are clearly enunciated, followed 
 by the details with numerous examples. 
 
 Syntactical Usage. — Tables of syntactical usage for reference are 
 included to make it possible for the pupil to perceive the normal 
 usage at a glance. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Publishers. 
 
GREEK SERIES FOR COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS 
 
 Edited under the supervision of Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.D., 
 Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 
 
 BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX 
 
 By LOUIS BEVIER, Jr., Ph.D., 
 
 Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Rutgers College. 
 Cloth, I2m0y io8 pp. Price, go cents, 
 
 'T^his book contains the essentials of Greek syntax 
 "^ formulated as simply and clearly as possible, 
 and though intended principally for use in prepara- 
 tory schools, it will be found advantageous by fresh- 
 men for purposes of review. Its aim is to counteract 
 the baleful influences resulting from the too wide use 
 of sight reading, and to give the student a clear and 
 precise grasp of the fundamental principles of Greek 
 syntax. In this way it is hoped that he will be able 
 to appreciate more fully the force and beauty of the 
 Greek language and the precision and flexibility oi 
 the author's style to a greater degree than does the 
 average freshman of to-day. All statements of prin- 
 ciple are illustrated by examples quoted in their 
 actual form, and while, for obvious reasons, the quota- 
 tions are drawn chiefly from the Anabasis, a few have 
 been taken from Homer, from the Cyropaedia and 
 other writings of Xenophon, and from prose writers 
 in general. It need scarcely be said that the book is 
 not intended to take the place of the more extensive 
 grammars already in use. 
 
 For illustrated descriptive catalogue of text-books in 
 the Ancient Languages^ write to 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
 (288) 
 
SYNTAX OF 
 CLASSICAL GREEK 
 
 FROM HOMER TO DEMOSTHENES 
 Part I. The Syntax of the Simple Sentence, $1.50 
 
 BY 
 
 BASIL LANNEAU GILDERSLEEVE 
 
 WITH THE COOPERATION OF 
 
 CHARLES WILLIAM EMIL MILLER 
 OF THE Johns Hopkins University 
 
 GILDERSLEEVE'S Syntax of Classical Greek is a 
 Syntax of Style from one point of view, and from 
 another an Historical Syntax of Greek Literature. 
 This unique feature of the work is due to the fact that, in 
 the first place, the collection of examples it contains is in 
 the truest sense of the word representative of all the various 
 departments of the literature, and in the second place, special 
 attention has been given in the text itself to historical 
 evolution. 
 
 In the presentation, ease of consultation has everywhere 
 been aimed at, hence only a single topic has been treated in 
 each section, and examples illustrating different categories 
 have not been mixed. The special point treated in each 
 section is briefly indicated by small capitals. Then follows 
 the author's statement in regard to the particular construc- 
 tion involved. The standard use under each head is in most 
 cases illustrated by a translation. Thereupon follow the ex- 
 amples, which are added for purposes of minuter study. 
 
 The utmost care has been exercised in the verification of 
 the passages, and the exact text has been studiously main- 
 tained. An attempt has been made to preserve also the 
 exact setting of the passage, as it were, by uniformly mark- 
 ing every omission, even the slightest; while everywhere 
 the critical warrant for the readings given has been kept in 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 [298] 
 
Lessons in Physical Geography 
 
 By CHARLES R. DRYER, M.A., F.G.S.A. 
 Professor of Geography in the Indiana State Normal School 
 
 Half leather, 12mo. Illustrated. 430 pages. . . . Price, $1.20 
 
 EASY AS WELL AS FULL AND ACCURATE 
 
 One of the chief merits of this text-book is that it is simpler than 
 any other complete and accurate treatise on the subject now before the 
 public. The treatment, although specially adapted for the high school 
 course, is easily within the comprehension of pupils in the upper grade 
 of the grammar school. 
 
 TREATMENT BY TYPE FORMS 
 
 The physical features of the earth are grouped according to their 
 causal relations and their functions. The characteristics of each group 
 are presented by means of a typical example which is described in unusual 
 detail, so that the pupil has a relatively minute knowledge of the type form. 
 
 INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATIONS 
 
 Only after the detailed discussion of a type form has given the pupil 
 a clear and vivid concept of that form are explanations and general prin- 
 ciples introduced. Generalizations developed thus inductively rest upon 
 an adequate foundation in the mind of the pupil, and hence cannot 
 appear to him mere formulae of words, as is too often the case. 
 
 REALISTIC EXERCISES 
 
 Throughout the book are many realistic exercises which include both 
 field and laboratory work. In the field, the student is taught to observe 
 those physiographic forces which may be acting, even on a small scale, 
 in his own immediate vicinity. Appendices (with illustrations) give full 
 instructions as to laboratory material and appliances for observation and 
 for teaching. 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SUBJECTS OF HUMAN INTEREST 
 
 While due prominence is given to recent developments in the study, 
 this does not exclude any link in the chain which connects the face of the 
 earth with man. The chapters upon life contain a fuller and more 
 adequate treatment of the controls exerted by geographical conditions 
 upon plants, animals, and man than has been given in any other similar 
 book. 
 
 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 The book is profusely illustrated by more than 350 maps, diagrams, 
 and reproductions of photographs, but illustrations have been used only 
 where they afford real aid in the elucidation of the text. 
 
 Copies sent, prepaid, on receipt of price » 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (112) 
 
THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 WHAT IT IS; WHAT IT DOES 
 
 By SALTER STORRS CLARK 
 Price, 75 cents 
 
 THIS text-book, prepared especially for use in high schools, covers 
 the whole field of government. It furnishes a unique presentation 
 of the subject, treating of the principles of general government 
 before considering those of local government. 
 
 What Government Is. The first part, besides giving the purpose 
 and plan of the book, tells what government means, who compose the 
 government, and what the tools of government are. 
 
 What Government Does. The second part gives a simple 
 treatise on the functions of government under its main heads. A 
 chapter is added on what government does not do. 
 
 Who Does It. The third part explains the American system of 
 central government, and local government by the people. It discusses 
 voting; state constitutions; the United States Constitution; the relations 
 of nation, state, county, township, and city to each other; with a sketch 
 of the whole world in its relation to free government. 
 
 Government Officials. The fourth part takes up the principal 
 officials of township, county, city, state, and nation; and, besides explain- 
 ing their many duties, gives a brief statement of their necessary 
 qualifications and salaries. 
 
 Government in Action. The fifth part describes certain practical 
 operations of government; and includes chapters on the political issues 
 of the day and political corruption. 
 
 A Little Law. The sixth part contains a short summary of the 
 principles of international law and of business and property law. 
 
 The Appendix. At the end of the book is a list of the chief 
 nations of the world, arranged under their different forms of govern- 
 ment; a table of the legislatures of these countries, showing their com- 
 position; condensed descriptions of the methods of government of the 
 most important countries; a table showing the subjects over which 
 Congress and the state legislatures respectively have jurisdiction; the. 
 text of the United States Constitution; and an abstract of a state 
 constitution. 
 
 Unusual Features. On almost every phase of the subject, 
 comparison is made between the United States and the rest of the world, 
 in this way giving an outline of every kind of government and of the 
 political condition of the entire world. The subject of government is 
 presented as a science, a complete and sensible system of interdependent 
 parts, defined limits, and a single object — the good of the people, rather 
 than a haphazard record of powers and happenings. The book also 
 measures and emphasizes the comparative importance of the different 
 governmental functions. Its method of treatment is well suited to 
 encourage independent thought and personal research. This appears 
 not only in the Supplementary Work at the end of each chapter, but also 
 in the problems of government suggested at intervals. Maps and 
 diagrams are used, besides suggestive illustrations, to reenforce the text. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Publishers 
 
 (■85) 
 
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF HIGH 
 SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS 
 
 A yl /E issue a complete descriptive catalogue of our 
 ^ ^ text-books for secondary schools and higher 
 institutions, illustrated with authors* portraits. 
 
 For the convenience of teachers, separate sections 
 are published, devoted to the newest and best books 
 in the following branches of study: 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 ^ MATHEMATICS 
 
 HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 
 
 SCIENCE 
 
 MODERN LANGUAGES 
 
 ANCIENT LANGUAGES 
 
 PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION 
 
 If you are interested in any of these branches, we 
 shall be very glad to send you on request the cata- 
 logue sections which you may wish to see. Address 
 the nearest office of the Company. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 Publishers of School and College Text-Books 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
 Boston Atlanta Dallas San Francisco 
 
 (312) 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 
 
 SfP 15 I93fi 
 
 
 JUN 15ib37 
 
 
 ^ • t»an>.. 
 
 
 8Jfi'C4SW 
 
 
 
 
 REC'D LD 
 
 
 MAY -^n'BA-FiPN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LD 21-100m-8,'34 
 
YB 00505 
 
 869060 ^^■'' 
 
 V' y 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY