FLOKIGRAPHIA BEITANNICA. FLORIGRAPHIA BRITANNICA; OR. ENGRAVINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF BEITAIN. HICHAED DEAKIN, M.D., OF "THE FLOBA OF THE COLOSSEUM OF HOME," ETC. VOL. I. CLASSES I. TO V. LONDON : GROOMBEIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATEENOSTEE EOW. 1857. In compliance with current copyright law, U. C. Library Bindery produced this replacement volume on paper that meets ANSI Standard Z39.48- 1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original 2000 PREFACE, THE FLORIGIIAPHIA BRITANNICA was originally published in monthly parts, the main object being to place in the hands of the botanical student and admirers of our native Flora a cheap, full, and entire work, illustrated with small but accurate representations of each plant; these, amounting to 1625, are arranged in the classes and orders according to the Linnssan method. There is also added a synopsis of the Natural System, and under the orders all the genera are arranged, so that the student may con- veniently study them according to both these methods. In the body of the work is given the generic and specific characters, and a more detailed description of each plant, to which is added a short history, and the uses to which they are applied in medicine, agriculture, the arts, &c. ; thus rendering it not only a scientific work upon our native plants, but a useful reference as to the economical applica- tion of them. Since the work has been completed, circumstances have arisen (which it is needless to mention here) by which the Author is enabled to reduce it to nearly half the price at which it was originally published; and in order to render it as complete as possible to the present time, a short specific description has been added of those plants which have been discovered or become naturalized since the Parts were published, so that this may be considered almost equal to a new edition of the work. 11. D. March 20, 1857. 3S7348 ADDITIONS. PAGE 21. S. clandestine/, Linn. Leaves oblong, lobed, toothed, or pin- natifid, unequally crenate, rugose, upper ones acute, sessile, lower stalked, subcordate at the base ; bracteas cordate, ovate, shorter than the calyx, upper lip of calyx rounded, minutely three-toothed, the lower bifid corolla pale blue, longer than the calyx. Dry, gravelly banks; rare. Lizard Point, Cornwall ; Jersey. Perennial, flowering in July. 74. LEEESIA, Soland. Panicle lax, often contracted ; spikelets compressed, single-flowered ; glumes wanting; glumelles two, chartaceous, navicular, much compressed, awnless, nearly equal, the lower one much the broadest ; stamens three to six ; rarely one. Named in honour of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist. L, oryzoidcs, Sw. Panicle spreading ; the branches flexu- ous ; spikelets half elliptical, ciliated, triandrous ; leaves rough ; ligula short. English Botany, t. 2908. Ditches, meadows, pools, and wet places ; rare. Near Hen- field and Arundel, Sussex ; Mole River, Surrey ; Boldre Biver, near Brockenhurst Bridge, Hants. Perennial, flower- ing in August and September. 115. P. Borreri, Hooker and Arnold. Panicle spreading ; in fruit ascending, and patent ; spikelets linear, of four to seven florets ; outer glumelle obsoletely five-nerved, obtuse, with a minute point, formed by the midrib ; leaves flat ; root tufted. Glyceria. Bab. English Botany, t. 2797. Muddy, salt places on the south-east coast ; not uncommon. Perennial, flowering in June. '.34. B. maximus, Desf. Panicle erect, lax, at length nodding, slightly branched ; peduncles elongated after flowering ; spikelets lanceolate, downy ; florets remote, subcylindrical, about half the length of the straight awns, diverging during ADDITIONS. PAGE and after flowering, distinctly seven-ribbed ; outer glumella of the lowest floret equal to the larger glume ; leaves downy. English Botany, t. 2820. Parn. Gr., t. 115. Sandy places. Channel Islands. Annual, flowering in June and July. 168. S. alterniflora, Loisel. Partial spikes numerous; larger glume five-nerved, fringed with a few short, scattered, bristly hairs on the keel, otherwise glabrous ; outer glumelle three-nerved, glabrous, slightly toothed on the keel above ; rachis much elongated beyond the spikelets, with a flexuous awn-like point ; leaves equal to or longer than the spikes, dilated at the base, continuous, with the sheath and all persistent. English Botany, t. 2812. Parn. Grasses, t. 75. Itchin Ferry, Southampton. Perennial, flowering in Au- gust. 213. P. plantagineus, Ducr. Leaves all membranous, stalked, lower oblong, upper elliptical; spike slender, cylindrical, densely flowered ; peduncles long, not thickened upwards : fruit minute, obliquely ovate, rounded at the back when recent, acutely keeled when dry. Deep peaty pits and ditches. Perennial, flowering in June and July. 449. S. Bahusiensis, Fries. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, stalked mucronate, single ribbed, faintly nerved ; scape much branchec from the base, panicled ; branches ascending or incurved spikes elongated ; flowers rather distant ; calyx-segment acute, with intermediate teeth. S. rariflora, Drej. English Botany, t. 2917. Muddy shores, not unfrequent ; nearly allied to S. Lima mum. 577. For P. maritimum read P. Soberti, Lois. P. maritimum, Linn. Flowers axillary ; leaves crowdec elliptic-lanceolate, fleshy, glaucous, revolute at the margins stipules about as long as the internodes, with numerou branched veins ; stem procumbent, woody below ; frui longer than the perianth, protruded, smooth, and polished. English Botany, t. 2804. Sandy shores. Jersey and Guernsey ; Caroline Park, nea Edinburgh ; Killiney Bay, near Dublin. Perennial, flowei ing from August to September. ADDITIONS. PAGB 635. A. uliginosa, Schl. Stem prostrate at the base, then erect ; flowers one to three, on long slender peduncles ; leaves subu- late, semiterete, bluntish, nerveless ; sepals ovate, acute, three-nerved, about as long as the oblong-ovate petals. English Botany, t. 2890. Spergula stricta, Sto. Alsine, Wahe. Banks of a stream near the top of Widdy Bank Fell, Tees- dale, Durham. Perennial, flowering in June. 789. J2. ophioglossifolius, Vlll. Leaves oblong, sessile, lower ones cordate, ovate, petiolate ; stem erect, many flowered ; fruit obliquely ovate, with a short point margined, the sides tuber- culated. English Botany, t. 2835. St. Peter's Marsh, Jersey. Perennial, flowering in June. 807. C. sylvatica, Bromf. "Whorls of numerous flowers ; leaves broadly ovate, sharply serrated, green on both sides ; calyx two-lipped, ciliated, teeth of the upper lip spreading or re- curved, of the lower subulate and longer, the throat with a ring of few hairs. English Botany, t. 332. Isle of Wight ; Kent, Perennial, flowering from August to October. 834 0. Hederce, Duby. Stem simple; sepals one-ribbed, ovate below, suddenly contracted into one or two subulate points, nearly as long or longer than the tube of the corolla ; corolla- tube curved, limb toothed, wavy, upper lip two-lobed, its side straight, lower of three roundish, nearly equal lobes, the middle one longest ; stamens inserted above the base of the corolla, glabrous, with a few scattered hairs on the lower part ; style glabrous, with a few hairs on the upper part ; lobes of the stigma yellow, cohering to near the middle. O. barbata, Pair. Babington, in English Botany, t. 2859. Parasitic upon Ivy, in the South and West of England and Wales ; Leixlip, and Mucross Abbey, Ireland. Perennial, flowering from June to August. 0. arenaria, Bork. Stem simple; calyx five-toothed, teeth triangular, subulate, shorter than the tube of the corolla ; corolla tubular, nearly straight, middle of the tube com- pressed at the back, throat slightly inflated, upper lip cloven, ADDITIONS. PAGE lobes of the lips obtuse, reflexed at the margin ; suture o the anthers hairy ; style glandular, downy. O. ccerulea. Babington, British Botany, t. 214. 864. L. Pelisseriana, De Cand. Glabrous, erect; leaves linear, uppei ones alternate, lower whorled, those of the sterile shoots ternate and broader; flowers at first in short racemes ; pedi eels as long as the bracteas ; sepals linear, acute, twice as long as the capsules, much shorter than the spur of the corolla ; seeds nearly flat, surrounded by a fringed wing, tuberculated on one side, smooth on the other. English Botany, t. 2832, On a hill-side between St. Peter's Barracks and a water- mill, near St. Owen's Pond, Jersey. Annual, flowering in June. L. sv/pina, Desf. Glabrous, diffuse, or ascending ; inflo- rescence glandular, hairy ; leaves linear, blunt, upper ones alternate, lower whorled ; sepals linear or linear-spatulate, shorter than the capsules or spur, about as long as the corolla ; seeds nearly flat, surrounded by a striated wing. Near Plymouth, Devon ; Poole, Dorset ; Hayle and St. Blaize, Cornwall; Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Perennial, flower- ing in July and August. 953. F. micrantha, Lag. Sepals peltate, orbicular, somewhat cor- date at the base, the margin toothed and cut, concave at the back, much shorter than the corolla, and about twice as broad ; fruit globose, subapiculate ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; segments of the leaves narrow, linear, grooved. English Botany, t. 2876. About Edinburgh, and other places in the east of Scotland; Dover ; Guildford ; and New Burnham, Norfolk, England. Annual, flowering from June to August. 970. M. arvensis, Wallr. Legumes one to two seeded, ovate, ob- tuse, mucronate, transversely plicate, rugose ; racemes lax ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ; wings and standard equal, longer than the keel ; stem branched from the base, ascending. English Botany, t. 2960. Near Thetford and Cambridge. Biennial, flowering in July and August. 973. T. incarnatum, Linn. Heads ovate, at length cylindrical, ADDITIONS. stalked, solitary, terminal ; calyx hairy ; teeth lanceolate- subulate, nearly equal, shorter than the corolla, spreading in fruit ; stipules ovate ; leaves obcordate ; a flowers reddish purple, 3 flowers yellow. English Botany, t. 2950. a, Jersey and in the South of England ; 0, Lizard Point, Cornwall. Annual, flowering in June and July. T. Bocconi, Sam. Pods terminal and axillary, sessile, ovate-cylindrical ; calyx cylindrical in fruit ; teeth unequal, awl-shaped, straight ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate, toothed, smooth above; stipules oblong, with a long subulate point. English Botany, t. 2868. Dry places in Cornwall ; very rare. Annual, flowering in July. T. strictum, Linn. Smooth; heads terminal and axillary, stalked, globose ; calyx at length campanulate, with nearly equal, awl-shaped, spreading teeth ; leaflets elliptic, lanceo- late, toothed; stipules rhomboid, pointless, toothed; stem erect. English Botany, t. 2949. E-ocks near the sea ; rare. Jersey, Landewednack, and Old Lizard Head, Cornwall. 1111. Epipogon, Ghnel. Perian th resupinate ; sepals nearly equal, spreading lip superior, three-lobed, with an inflated short spur ; column, with the stigma at the base, in front ; pollen masses two-sectile, stalkerl, the stalk attached to a triangular gland ; ovary straight (not twisted). E, Gmelini, Ledeb. Hook, in Bot. Mag., t. 4821. Satyrium Epipogiwm, Linn. Stiff wet soil, foot of a steep woody bank close to a brook, Ted-stone, Delamere, Herefordshire. Mrs. Anderton Smith. 1148. Z. nana, Roth. Leaves one-nerved; spadix short, few-flow- ered, with extra marginal appendages ; fruit smooth. English Botany, t. 2931. Dover beach ; Poole harbour, Dorsetshire ; Kyde, Isle of Wight ; between Fairlie and Hunterstone Point, Ayrshire ; very abundant. 1182. C. collina, Willd. Barren spikelets solitary ; sessile glumes ADDITIONS. PAGE obtuse or retuse, fertile, one to three, roundish, approximat< sessile ; sheaths short, membranaceous, lower most general!] with an awl-shaped bractea; glumes broadly ovate, usually emarginate, mucronate ; fruit very downy, obovate, oblong trigonous, the sides nearly flat, beak very short, notched roots tufted, fibrous. C. montana, Schk. English Botany, t. 2924. C.pubescens Gand. Near Tunbridge Wells, Sussex ; Limestone Wood, abou four miles from Chepstow, Monmouthshire ; near PenmoyL Bocks, Gloucestershire. 1236. S. cuspidata, Schultz. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, much acu minate ; stipules half- cordate, oblique ; stamens three tc four ; style short ; stigmas bifid ; stalks of the ovary three tc four times as long as the gland. 8. Meyeriana, Willd. Near Shrewsbury. The Rev. W. A. Leighton. 1304. A. nitens, Relent. Stem herbaceous, erect branched ; leaves triangular, acuminate, shining above, glaucous beneath, lower ones cordate, hastate, upper deltoid, somewhat auriculed, uppermost lanceolate ; perianth of the fruit ovate, acuminate, entire, smooth on the back, thin, and finely reticulated. Sea-shore. Byde, Isle of Wight. Dr. Bromfield. ATiTma.1, flowering in August and September. [Anacharis alsinastrum, a North American plant, has re- cently, and with most extraordinary rapidity, naturalized itself in our streams and canals, extending and growing so vigorously as to obstruct, in many parts of the country, the passage of the canals, and fill up the streams, mill-ponds, dams, &c.] SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. CLASS 1. MONANDRY. 1 Stamen. ORDER 1. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. 1. SALKJOR'NIA, [Pagcl.] Perianth single, swelling, flesh}', nearly equal. Style, short. Stigmas, two or three-cleft. Seed one, inclosed in a thin transparent skin, enveloped in the inflated perianth. 2. HIPPD'RDS, [Page 3.] Perianth single, crowning the germen with a slight border. Seed one, inclosed in a small oval, hard, and shining pericarp. (See Valcriana rubra, in Class ///.; Alchemilla arvensis in Class IV. ; Zoslera and Callitriche, in Class XXI. ; Chara, in Class XXI y.) CLASS 2. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens. ORDER 1. MONOGTNIA. 1 Pistil. * Perianth double, inferior, monopeialous, regular. 1 LIGUS'TROM, [Page 4.] Calyx of one leaf, with four bluntish projecting teeth. Corolla of one petal, regular, in four segments. Berry of two cells, with two seeds in each. ** Perianth double, inferior, monopeialous, irregular. Seeds inclosed in a pericarp. 2. VERON'ICA, [Page 5.] Calyx of one piece, inferior, persistent, divided into four deep segments. Corolla wheel-shaped deeply four-cleft, the lower segments smallest. Capsule two-celled. 3. PINGUIO'ULA, [Page 17.] Calyx permanent, two-lipped, upper three-cleft, tfce lower bifid. Corolla ringent, spurred, and SVNOI>SIS of THE GENERA. five-cleft. Germen globose. Style *ery short. Stiff; of two unequal lobes. Capufeone-cellqd. Seeds numero and attached to a central receptacle. 4. UTRICULA'RIA, [Page 20.] Calyx permanent, of two ovate eqi leaves. Corolla personate, spurred. Germen globose. Sf short. Stigma two-lipped. Capsule one-celled. Set numerous, small, attached to a central receptacle. *** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Set four, apparently naked. 5. LYCO'PDS, [Page 23.] Calyx tubular, permanent, divided ir five narrow acute segments. Corolla tubular, nearly equ four cleft, the upper segments broadest, and notch< Stamens simple. 6. SAL'VIA, [Page 23.] Calyx tubular, permanent, unequally tw lipped, the lower bifid, the other three-toothed. Coro> labiate tube compressed and dilated upwards, lower lip three lobes, the upper concave. Filaments with t' divaricated branches, the one only bearing a perfect singi celled anther. **** Perianth double, superior. 7. CIRCCE'A, [ Page 25.] Calyx tubular at the base, divided into ti ovate obtuse deflexcd segments. Corolla of two peta alternate with the segments of the calyx, and inserted in it. Stamens alternate with the petals. Capsules two-celle with one seed in each. ***** Perianth, single or none. 8. FHAX'INUS, [Page 27.] Calyx absent, or in ovate segYnenl Capsiile flat and foliaceous, at the extremity, two-celle with a seed in each cell. Seed solitary, flat, brown, ai pendulous. Flowers sometimes without stamens, vfre with stamens only. 9. LEM'NA, [Page 29.] Perianth single, membranous, inflate Fruit a thin transparent membraneous utricle, singl seeded. 10. CLA'DIDM, [Page 32.] Perianth single, glnmaceous. Glum concave, of one piece, single-flowered, outer ones smalle mostly barren. Fruit a nut, with three slight angle covered with a loose coat, and destitute of bristles at tl base. (See Salicornia in Class I. Schcenus in Class HI. Lepidium an Coronopus in Class XV. Carcx in Class XXI.) SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. ORDER II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. 1. ANTHOXAN'THUM, [Page 33.] Glumes of two unequal valves, containing one perfect and two imperfect florets; the middle floret perfect. Glumella of two small awnless valves ; the lateral florets each reduced to a single awncd valve. CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. ORDER 1. MONOGYNIA. 1 PistiL 1. VALKRIA'NA, [Page 24.] Calyx a thick slightly crenated mar- gin, ultimately expanding into a feathery pappus. Corolla of one piece, tuhular, the limb five-cleft, gibbous or spurred on one side at the base. Fruit single-seeded, surrounded ut the top with the feathery pappus. 2. FK'DIA, [Page 36.] Calyx three to five unequal teeth, first very small, at length crowning the fruit. Corolla of one petal, gibbous at the base, the limbs of five unequal segments. Capsule indehiscent, of one fertile and two abortive cells. 3. CRO'CUS, [Page 39.] Perianth divided into six equal coloured segments, its tube longer than the limb, and enveloped in two or more membranous sheaths. Stigma three-lobed, dilated, folded, and variously cut and jagged at the ex- tremity, 4. TRICIION'EMA, [Page 42.] Perianth divided into six deep equal segments ; its tube shorter than the limb, and enveloped in a sheath longer than the tube. Filaments short, hairy. Stigma very slender, deeply divided, its lobes bipartite, spreading. Capsule three-celled. Seeds globose and nu- merous. 5. Iius, [Page 43.] Perianth single, of six unequal segments, three alternate ones larger and reflexed. Stigmas three, resembling petals, and forming a covering to the oblong anthers. ** Flowers inferior, glumaceous. Seed single. 6. O'i'EROS, [Page 44.] Flowers in spikes. Spikelets two-ranked, imbricated, many-flowered. Glumes of one keeled valve, generally fertile, equal. Bristles none, Style simple, de- ciduous. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 7. SCHJE'NOS, [Page 46.] Spikchts one to three-flowered. Glum two, ranked, the outer ones smaller, barren. Bristles ve small, or none. Style jointed, or deciduous. 8. RHYNCHOS'PORA, [Page 46.] Spikelets few-flowered. Glumes one valve, imbricated on all sides, the outer ones small< barren. Bristles various in number, spiny, and short than the glumes. Style bifid, dilated at the base, more less articulated, persistent, and crowning the fruit. 9. SCIR'PUS, [Page 48.] Glumes of one valve, imbricated on < sides, the outer ones sometimes barren. Bristles som times wanting. Style simple, deciduous. Fruit tenr nating in a point. 10. ELEO'CHARIS, [Page 52.] Spike terminal, solitary. Glufn of one valve, imbricated on all sides, mostly all fertil Bristles four to twelve, finely toothed, rarely absent. Sty dilated at the base, and jointed upon the germen. Stiyni two or three. Fruit lenticular or triangular, crowned 1 the indurated base of the style. Stem erect, simp] sheathed at the base. 11. ELIO'GETON, [Page 54.] 'Spike terminal. Glumes near equal, of one valve, imbricated on all sides, all fertil Bristles absent. Style deciduous. Fruit tipped with short point. 12. BLYS'MUS, [Page 55.] Spike terminal, compressed. Spikeh bracteated, arranged in a distichous manner on a slight! zig-zag rachis. Glumes of one valve, imbricated on t sides, outer ones the largest, barren. Bristles often abser Fruit compressed, terminated by the tapering persistej style. 13. ERIOPHO'RUM, [Page 56.] Spikes terminal, solitary or m inerous. Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all side nearly equal. Style deciduous. Stigmas three. Frit with very long silky hairs springing from the base. 14. NAR'DUS, [Page 61.] Glumes wanting. Glumelles two ur equal lanceolate valves, the outer one the largest. ORDER II. BIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. * Flowers panicled ; (compact, appearing like a spike, or spreading f- Spikelets single-flowered. 15. ALOPECU'RUS, [Page 74.] Panicle spiked. Glumes of tv* SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. simple nearly equal valves, mostly united at the base. Glumella of one valve, with an awn arising from the base. 16. PHAL'ARIS, [Page 78.] Panicle contracted, or spreading. Glumes two, equal, keeled, longer than the Glumella. Glumelles of two equal awnless valves, at length forming nn indurated covering to the seed, and accompanied at its base with one or two unequal imperfect florets. 17. AMMO'PHILA, [Page 80.] Panicle spiked. Glumes nearly equal, keeled. Glumelles shorter than the glumes, hairy at the base, the outfr valve awned beneath the bifid apex. 1&. GASTRIDIUM, [Page 81.] Panicle contracted, spiked. Glumes two, unequal, awnless, unequally swelled at the base, much longer than the glumelles, which form a cover- ing to the seed; the outer valve mostly with a dorsal awn. f9. MIL'UIM, [Page 81.] Panicle spreading. Glumes two, equal, flaitish, awnless, ribbed. Glumelles two, equal, shorter than the glumes, smooth, shining, ribless, without awns, forming a hard, permanent covering to the seed. 20. PBLK'UM, [Page 82.] Panicle spiked, compact. Ghemes nearly equal, acuminate, or the keel terminating in an awn; Glumelles two, smaller, awnless, membranous. Seed ob- long, loose. 21. LAGU'RUS, [Page 86.] Panicle spiked, ovate. Glumes of two equal fringed valves, terminating in feathery awns. Glu- mella of two unequal valves, external one the largest, with a dorsal awn, bifid at the apex ; the lobes, long, rough, awn-like. 22. STI'PA, [Page 87.] Panicle erect, or branched. Glumes of two nearly equal valves, longer than the glumella. Glumella of two involute valves, the external one bearing from its apex a long twisted awn, jointed at the base, and finally separating at the joint. 23. POLYPO'GON, [Page 87.] Panicfecontracted, somewhat spiked. Glumes- of two equal awned valves. Glumella of two un- equal valves, smaller than the glumes, the outer largest, obtuse, awned at the extremity. 24. CALA'MAGROSTIS, [Page 89.] Panicle loose. Glumes two, longer than the glumella. Glumella of two unequal valves, surrounded with hairs at the base, the outer valve awned beneath the bifid apex. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEIU. 26. AGROS'TIS, [Page 91.] Panicle loose. Glumes two, unequa longer than the gluinelles. Glumelles two, unequal, th shorter valve largest, with or without an awn, the inner on sometimes wanting. ff Spikelets t^vo or three- floivered. 26. CATABRO'SA, [Page 96.] Panicle loose or close. Spikcld two or three flowered, sometimes with a fourth imperfec floret. Glumes unequal, membranous, obtuse, mud shorter than the florets. Glumelles nearly equal, ribbed awnless, the extremity truncated, erose. 27. AI'RA, [Page 96.] Panicle loose or close. Spikelets tw< flowered. Glumes unequal. Glumelles unequal, the oute valve mostly awned near the base. Fruit free. 28. HOL'CUS, [Page 102.] Panicle loose. Spikclels two flowered Glumes nearly equal, longer than the florets ; lower flor* perfect and awnless ; upper with stamens only, and awncd Fruit coated with the indurated gluinelles. 20. ARRHENATH'ERUM, [Page 104.] Panicle loose. Glumes tvrc unequal, two flowered ; lower floret with stamens only, ant a loij^ joiuted awn, arising from near the base of the oulei valve ; the upper perfect, and the outer valve with a shon straight bristle near the apex. 30. PANI'CUM, [Page 105.] Panicle erect, compound. Glumci two, unequal, two-flowered; the lowest smallest, pointed or awned. Florets dissimilar. Glumelles of the fertile floret two, cartilaginous, the external one concave, the in- ternal plane ; glumelles of the neuter or male floret, one 01 two ; the external membranous, pointed, or awned ; the inner smaller, often absent. 31. SETA'JLUA, [Page 106.] Panicle spiked, cylindrical. Glumes two, unequal, two-flowered, the spikelcts supported on short branched pedicles, two or three of which are supported by a bristly involucre. Florets dissimilar. Glumelles of the perfect floret two, unequal, cartalaginous ; glumelles of the neuter or male floret, one or two ; membranous; the smaller one sometimes absent. 32. SESLE'KIA, [Page 107.] Panicle spiked. Glumes two, nearly equal, pointed or awned at the apex ; glumelles nearly equal ; the outer jagged, awned, at the apex ; the inner bifid. 33. HiERO'CHioii, [Page 108.] Panicle spiked. Glumes two, SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEIIA. nearly equal, three-flowered, the two'lateral florets neuter, each containing three stamens ; the terminal one perfect, containing two stamens and pistils. Glumelles nearly equal, with or without an awn. 34. ME'LICA, [Page 109.] Panicle loose. Spikelets one ormore flowered, with the rudiments of one or more imperfect ones. Glumes two, nearly equal, about as long as the florets. Glumelles two, unequal, awnless, becoming hard and investing the fruit. 35. MOL'INIA, [Page 110.] Panicle loose. Spikelels two or more flowered, and sometimes with an imperfect floret. Glumes two, unequal, much shorter than the florets. Glumelles two, nearly equal, awnless. ttt Spikelels three, or mostly many-flowered. 36. Po'i, [Page 111.] Panicle loose. Spikelets three or many- flowered. Glumes two, shorter than the florets. Glumelles two, nearly equal, awnless. 37. TKIO'DIA, [Page 122.] Panicle racemed. Spikelets many- flowered. Glumes two, nearly equal. Glumelles two, unequal ; xternal one with three nearly equal teeth j the middle one stiff, straight. 38. Bai'zA, [Page 123.] Panicle loose. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes tvo, equal. Glumclles two, unequal, awnless ; the outer convex, swelled at the base ; the inner smaller, flat. Fruit closely invested with the glumelles. 39. FES'TUCA, [Page 124.] Panicle loose or contracted. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, the outer valve acuminated or awned at the apex. 40. BRO'MUS, [Page 131.] Panicle loose. Spikelets many- flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, the outer awned below the bifid apex. 41. AVE'NA, [Page 138.] Panicle loose. Spikelels two or more flowered. Glumes two, nearly equal. Glumelles two, lanceolate, nearly equal ; the outer bifid at the apex, and bearing a twisted dorsal awn. 42. DACTT'LIS, [Page 144.] Panicle loose or contracted; branches, solitary, the lower ones long, the upper very short. Spike- lets clustered, three or four-flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, lanceolate, nearly equal, the outer with a short awn. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 43. CYNOSTJ'KUS, [Page 145.] Panicle spiked. Spikelets two o many-flowered, fixed upon pectinate bracleoc. Glumes two equal. Glumelles two, nearly equal, the outer pointed, o awned at the apex,. 44. ARUN'DO, [Page 147.] Panicle loose. Spikelets many-flower ed ; the lower floret bearing stamens only, and naked ; tb upper perfect, and surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Glume two, unequal, shorter than the florets. Glumellcs two unequal, ** Flowers spiked. Spikelets sessile, upon a common stalk o rachis. f Spikelets inserted on all sides. 45. ELY'MUS, [149.] Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets two or thre from the same point, two or three-flowered. Glumes two both on one side of the spikelet, Glumelles two, nearlj equal. 46. HOR'DETJM, [Page 150.] Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets sin gle-flowered, three together, the lateral ones mostly imper feet. Glumes two, lateral, Glumelles two, the outer valv awned. Fruit closely invested with the gltimelles. 47. TIHT'ICUM, [Page 154.] Inflorescence spiked, Spikelet many-flowered, all fertile. Glumes two, nearly equal placed transversely, the sides directed to the rachis. Gltt melles two, lanceolate ; the external one mostly awned a the apex. 48. BRACHY'PODIUM, [Page 160.] Inflorescence somewhat race mose. Spikelets alternate, somewhat compressed, many flowered; 'footstalks short. Glumes unequal, transverse Glumelles two, the outer valve mostly awned at the ex tremity. 49. LO'LIUM, [Page 162.] Inflorescence a two-sided spike. Spike lets alternate, compressed, many -flowered. Gluma a singl valve. Glumelles two, nearly equal ; the outer val\e awn less, or with an awn below the apex. 50. ROTTBOL'LIA, [Page 165..] Inflorescence a two-sided spike Spikelets alternate, one or two-flowered, Glumes of twi valves, sometimes single, lateral, Glumelles two, awnjess imbedded in the notches of the rachis. 51. KNAP'PIA. [Page 166.] Inflorescence racemose, simple Glumes two, truncated, nearly equal, awnless, Glumclle two, equal, obtuse, nwnless, hairy. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. f f Flowers on one-sided Spikes. 52. SPARTI'XA, [Page 167.] Inflorescence a one-sided spike. Spihelets one-sided, single-flowered, in two rows pressed close to the rachis. Glumes two, unequal, lanceolate, compressed, pointed or awned. Glumelles two, nearly equal, lanceolate, compressed. Styles partly united. 53. CYN'ODON, [Page 168,] Inflorescence a compound spike, Spikelets one-sided, in two or more rows, Glumes two, nearly equal, keeled, spreading. Florets single-flowered. Glumelles shorter than the glumes, awnless, compressed, keeled ; the outer valve broadest, enwrapping the shorter inner one, becoming hard, and forming a coat to the ovate seed. 54. DIGITA'RIA, [Page 169,] Inflorescence a compound spike. Spikelets arranged on a zig zag rachis ; Florets two : the outer sometimes wanting : the perfect one of two car- tilaginous, nearly equal, valves; the imperfect one a single valve, Fruit coated with the hardened glumelles. ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. 55. MON'TIA, [Page 171.] Calyx inferior, of two ovate abrupt pieces, united at the base. Corolla of five unequal petals, united at the base. Capsule one-celled, with three valves and three seeds. 56. HOLOS'TEUM, [Page 172.] Calyx inferior, of five ovate pieces, Petals five, jagged towards the extremity. Cap- sule one-celled, opening at the apex with six teeth, Seeds numerous, furrowed on one side, and dotted. 56/TPoLYCAR'PON, [Page 172.] Calyx inferior, of five ovate mu- cronate pieces, with membranous margins, and united at the base. Petals five, notched at the extremity. Stamens from three to five. Capsule three-valved, many-seeded. CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens (EQUAL). ORDER I. MONOQTNIA. 1 Pistil. * Perianth double. Corolla of one piece, superior. Seed single. 1. DIPSA'OUS [Page 173.] Flowers in heads, surrounded by a SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. many-leaved involucrum, Involucellum with four si and eight little excavations. Calyx cup-shaped, thic clothed with short rigid hairs. Receptacle with spiny maceous bractece, shorter than the leaves of the involucn 2. KNAU TIA, [Page 176,] Flowers in heads, surrounded h many- leaved involucrum. Involucellum compressed, v four little excavations. Calyx cup-shaped. Fruit pla upon a short stalk. Receptacle bristly. 3. SCABIO'SA, [Page 177.] Flowers in heads, surrounded b; many-leaved involucrum. Involucellum nearly cylindri with eight little excavations and a membranous plai limb. Calyx with a limb consisting of about five brist ** Perianth double. Corolla of one piece, superior. Seeds t Leaves in Whorls. 4. GA'LIUM, [Page 178.] Corolla wheel or bell-shaped, four five cleft. Fruit a dry indehiscent pericarp, with two c and two seeds, not crowned by the calyx, 5. RU'BIA, [Page 188.] Corolla rotate or campanulate, with fr three to five spreading segments. Fruit a succuh smooth, two-lobed berry. 6. SHERAK'DIA, [Page 189.] Corolla funnel-shaped with f segments. Fruit crowned with the persistent teeth of calyx. 7. ASPER'OLA, [Page 189.] Corolla funnel-shaped, with fr three to four segments. Fruit not crowned with the cal *** Perianth double. Corrolla of one piece inferior. Se two, or many. 8. EXACUM, [Page 192.] Calyx of one piece, with a four-c extremity. Corolla four-cleft salver-shaped, with a glob tube. Anther bursting longitudinally. Stigma capit; entire. Capsule one-celled, two valved. 9. PLANTA'GO, [Page 192.] Corolla with four reflexed segmei Stamens very long. Capsule of two or four-cells, me branous, two or many-seeded, bursting with a transve incision. 10. CENTUN V CCLUS, [Page 196.] Corolla of one piece, the ti swelling, limb four-cleft. Stamens short. Capsule of < cell, many-seeded, bursting with a transverse incision. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. **** Perianth double. Corolla of four petals. 11. EPIME'DIUM, [Page 196.] Calyx of four pieces, deciduous, petals four, inferior, with a large inflated nectary at the base. Pod oblong, two valved, one-celled, many seeded. 12. CoR'NUS, [Page 189.] Calyx of four deciduous pieces. Corolla superior. Drupe with a two-celled, two-seeded, nut. ( See Euonymus in Class V. ; Cardamine and Coronopus in Class XV.} ***** Perianth double. 13. PARIETA'RIA, [Page 199.] Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a two-leaved involucrum. Perianth single, inferior, four-cleft, persistent. Stamens at first incurved, at length expanded by the elastic force of the filaments. Fruit single seeded, enclosed by the enlarged perianth. 14. ALCHEMI'LLA, [Page 201.] Perianth inferior, eight-cleft; the four outer alternate ones smallest. Fruit a solitary or double nut, surrounded by the persistent perianth. Seed suspended. 1/5. IS-NARBIA, [Page 202.] Calyx superior, the limb of four lobes, persistent. Petals four wanting. Stigma capitate. Capsule obovate, with four angles, four valves, four cells, and many seeded. 16. SANGUISOR'BA, [Page 203.] Perianth superior, of four coloured lobes, with two or four scales at the base. Nuts one or two, surrounded by the dry persistent tube of the perianth. Seed suspended. ORDER II. DIGYWIA. 2 Pistils. 17. BUFFONIA, [Page 204.] Calyx of four pieces. Corolla of four entire petals. Capsule compressed, one-celled, two- valved, two-seeded. ( See Alchemilla, in ORDER II. Gentiana and Cuscuta in Class K.) ORDER III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils. 18. TLEX, [Page 205.] Calyx persistent, of four or five teeth. Corolla of four or five petals, distinct or combined at the base. Stamens four, sometimes five. Fruit fleshy, con- taining four or five hard one-seeded nuts. Seeds inverted. 19. POTAMO'GETON, [Page 207.] Flowers in spikes, arising from a sheathing bractece, or spathac. Perianth single of four SYNOPSIS 0? THE GENERA. pieces. Stamens with the anthers sessile, opposite pieces of the perianth. Pistils four, alternating with stamens, becoming compressed. Nuts, each contain a suspended, curved, more or less spiral seed. 20. RUP'PIA, [Page 217.] Flowers two, from the base of the lea^ Calyx and corolla wanting. Seeds four, convex at < side, slightly keeled on the other, and elevated on a si peduncle. 21. SAGI'NA, [Page 217.] Calyx inferior, of four perman leaves. Petals four, shorter than the calyx, sometir absent. Capsule of one-cell, and four equal valves. St numerous, each attached to the receptacle by its own sti 22. MCEN'CHIA, [Page 218.] Calyx inferior of four perman equal pieces. Petals four, shorter than the calyx. Capi of one-cell, opening at the summit, with eight or minute teeth. Seeds numerous, attached to the recepta 23. TILLE'A, [Page 218.] Calyx of three or four segmei Capsules three or four oblong, recurved, bursting leng wise, two-celled, two-valved, two-seeded. 24. RADIOLA, [Page 219.] Calyx or four pieces united toget half way up each, mostly three-cleft. Petals f< undivided. Capsule of eight cells, and eight valves. St ovate, solitary, compressed. (See Cerastium tetrandum in Class X.} SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens. ORDER 1. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous. Ovarium of four lobes. Style simple in the middle. Fruit four nuts, (apparently naked). Nat. Ord. Boragin'ece, Juss. (Jh- perifolia, Linn.) f Corolla naked at the orifice. 1. E'CHIUM, [Page 220.] Corolla wi* a short tube, irregular, the limb campanulate, obliquely five lobed, the two upper largest, the lower acute and reflexed. Stigma deeply cloven. Nuts covered with little tubercles. 2. PULMONA'RIA, [Page 221.] Calyx campanulate, with five angles, five-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, five lobed. Stigma obtuse. 3. LITHOSPER'MUM, [Page 223.] Calyx in five deep segments. Corolla funnel-shaped, five lobed. Stigma obtuse, bifid. Nuts smooth, or wrinkled. ft Corolla with scales or valves at the orifice. 4. SYMPHY'TUM, [Page 226.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla cylin- drical, swollen upwards, limb with five short round lobes, its orifice closed with subulate connivent scales. 5. BORA'GO, [Page 228.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel- shaped, the limb of five mostly spreading segments, the orifice of the tube closed with five obtuse emarginate scales. 6. LYCOP'SIS, [Page 229.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla funnel- shaped, the limb of five lobes, the tube curved, its orifice clothed with five convex connivent scales. 7. ANCHU'SA, [Page 230.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla funnel- shaped, the limb of five lobes, the tube straight, its orifice closed with five convex connivent scales. 8. MYOSO'TIS, [Page 231.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla salver- shaped, the limb of five flat obtuse lobes, tube short, its orifice nearly closed with smooth rounded scales. Nuts smooth. e SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 9. ASPERU'GO, [Page 239.] Calyx five-cleft, unequal, with int< mediate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short tul its orifice closed with convex connivent scales. Ni four, attached to the persistent style, compressed, cover by the folded compressed calyx. 10. CYNOGLOS'SUM, [Page 239.] Calyx five-cleft. Carol funnel-shaped, the tube short, its orifice closed with fi convex connivent scales. Nuts four, depressed, mu cated, attached to the base of the persistent style. ** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous. Set inclosed within a capsule. f- Capsule of one cell, with a central placenta. 11. CYCLA'MEN, [Page 241.] Calyx campanulale, five-clt Corolla with campanulate tube, the limb of five reflex segments. Capsule globose, opening with five teeth. 12. PRI'MULA, [Page 242.] Calyx tubular, five toothed. Coro salver-shaped, or funnel-shaped, the tube about the leng of the calyx, cylindrical, dilated at the orifice, the limb five lobes. Capsule ovate, opening with five or t valves. 13. HOTT'ONIA, [Page 247.] Calyx five parted. Corolla salv shaped, with a short tube, the limb of five flat lob Stamens nearly sessile at the mouth of the tube. Caps-i globose, tipped with the long persistent style. 14. ANAGAI/LIS, [Page 248.] Calyx five parted. Corolla whe shaped, five lobed. Stamens hairy, inserted in the base the corolla. Capsule globose, bursting all round trai versely. 1$. LYSIMA'CHIA, [Page 250.] Calyx five parted. Coro wheel-shaped, five lobed. Stamens scarcely hairy, serted in the base of the corolla. Capsule globo opening with five valves. f-f Capsule of one cell, with parietal placenta. 16. MENYAN'THES, [Page 254.] Calyx five parted. Coro funnel-shaped, the limb of five spreading segmer bearded within. Stigma capitate, two lobed. Caps two valved. Seeds numerous. Leaves ternate. 17. VILLAR'SIA, [Page 255.] Calyx five parted. Core rotate, limb of five spreading segments, the margins flexed in estivation, bearded in the throat, five giant SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. alternating with the stamens. Stigmas five-cleft. Capsule two valved. Seeds numerous. Leaves simple. f ft Capsule of two or Jive cells. 18. ERYTHJE'A, [Page 257.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla funnel- shaped, its limb short. Anthers after bursting, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas two. Capsule linear, of two cells, with the margin of the valves turned inwards. 19. POIEMO'NIUM, [Page 260.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel- shaped, with a short tube, the limb of five lobes. Stamens dilated and hairy at the base, closing the mouth of the tube. Stigmas three-cleft. Anthers incumbent. Cap- sule of three cells, and three valves. Seeds numerous. 20. CONVOLVULUS, [Page 261.] Calyx five-cleft. CoroWa bell- shaped, folded in five plaits. Stigmas two. Capsule from one to four cells, with as many valves. Seeds one or two in each cell. 21. AZA'LEA, [Page 264.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla bell- shaped, regular. Stamens straight, inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers bursting longitudinally. Capsule two or three valved, two or three celled, dissepiments formed by the indexed margins of the bifid valves. Seeds attached to a central at length free receptacle. 22. VERBAS'CUM, [Page 264.] Calyx five parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, of five unequal segments. Filaments de- clining, mostly hairy. Capsule ovate, or globose, with two cells and two valves. 23. DA'TURA, [Page 273.] Calyx tubular, with five angles and five teeth, falling away, and leaving a broad persistent orbicular base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube, the limb plaited with five angles and five lobes. Stigma of two plates. Capsules spinous, or smooth, four celled, frequently with imperfect dissepiments, four valves, and many seeded. 24. HYOSCY'AMUS, [Page 275.) Calyx tubular, five-cleft, per- sistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb oblique, some- what unequal, five lobed. Capsule ovate, furrowed on each side, swelled at the base, contracted above, opening with a transverse aperture. Seeds numerous. ' |m Fruit a Berry. 25. ATRO'PA, [Page 278-] Calyx bell-shaped, five-cleft. Corolla SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. bell-shaped, with five equal lobes. Stamens distant. Her within the calyx, globose, two celled. 26. SOLA'NUM, [Page 281.] Calyx five or ten partite. Corol wheel-shaped. Anthers connivent, oblong, opening \vi two pores at the extremity. Berry roundish, two or me celled. ttttt Fruit in two follicles. 27. VIN'CA, [Page 283.] Calyx five-partite. Corolla salve shaped, the segments oblique, spirally imbricated in i, bud, the tube long, its orifice prominent, with five angl( Anthers closing over the pistil. Stigma crowned with tuft of hairs. Follicles with naked seeds. (See Gentiana in Ord. 2.) *** Perianth double, superior. Corolla monopetalous. f- Fruit a capsule. 28. SA'MOLUS, [Page 256.] Calyx half superior, five-cle Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, with a short tube, its mou surrounded with five scales (sterile stamens), alternatii with five stamens, and opposite the segments of the lira Capsule half superior, two celled, opening with five valv< Seeds fixed to a large central placenta. 29. LOBE'LIA, [Page 287.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla irreguli two lipped, five-cleft. Stamens united around the pist Stigma blunt, mostly two lobed and hairy. Capsule ti or three celled, opening at the apex with two or thr valves. 30. JASI'ONE, [Page 290.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla whe< shaped, in five deep narrow segments. Anthers united their base. Stigma club-shaped, bifid. Capsule t\ celled, opening at the apex. (Flowers collected into dense head, with a many leaved involucrum.) 31. PHYTEC'MA, [Page 291.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla whet shaped, in five deep narrow segments. Filaments dilat at the base. Anthers free. Stigma three-cleft. Capsi of two or three cells, opening on the side. (Flowe collected into a dense bracteated head or spike. ) 32. CAMPANULA, [Page 292.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla be) shaped or wheel-shaped, with five larger or smaller se ments, the mouth of the tube closed with the dilated ba of the filaments. Anthers free. Stigma two to five-cle SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Capsule from two to five celled, opening on the side, rarely at the extremity. 33. PRISMATO'CARPUS, [Page 304.] Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a flat limb. Capsule oblong, pris- matic, two or three celled, opening near the top. ft Fruit a berry. 34. LONICE'RA, [Page 305.] Calyx of five small teeth. Corolla tubular, with an irregular five-cleft limb. Stigma capitate. Berry from one to three celled, one or many seeded. **** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla of four or five petals. f Flowers regular. 35. RHAM'NUS, [Page 308.] Calyx urceolate, the limb four or five- cleft. Corolla of four or five petals, or wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and with them inserted into the tube of the calyx. Styles from two to four, united or distinct. Fruit fleshy, of two to four cells, each containing a single seed. 36. EUO'NYMUS, [Page 311.] Calyx flat, four or five-cleft, with a peltate disk at the bottom. Petals four or five, inserted into the margin of the disk. Stamens four or five, alter- nating with the petals, and inserted into the disk. Cap- sules with three to five angles, and as many cells. Seeds one in each cell, with a coloured fleshy arillus. j-f Flowers irregular. 37. IMPA'TIENS, [Page 313.] Calyx of two deciduous leaves. Petals four, very unequal, the lower one elongated at the base into a spur. Anthers united, three of which are two celled, and two one celled. Stigma five, united. Capsule long, tapering, of five valves, bursting suddenly at the base, and rolling backwards. 38. VIO'LA, [Page 314.] Calyx of five sepals, unequal, and appeudiculated at the base. Petals unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens with dilated filaments, the anthers united around the pistil, the two lower ones with processes at the base. Capsule of one cell, opening with three elastic valves. ***** Perianth double, superior. Corolla of five petals. 39. RI'BES, [Page 324.] Calyx of four or five segments, regular, and bearing the petals and stamens. Style from two to four-cleft. Fruit a single celled many seeded berry. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 40. HE'DERA, [Page 330.] Calyx of five teeth. Petals broadest at the base. Style simple or divided. Fruit a succulent berry, crowned by the calyx, of from three to five cells, and as many seeds. ****** Flowers incomplete, inferior. 41. GLA'UX, [Page 332.] Perianth single, inferior, bell-shaped, five-cleft, coloured. Stamens inserted at the bottom of the perianth. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, of one cell, and five valves. Seeds about five, attached to a central placenta. 42. ILLE'CEBRUM, [Page 332.] Calyx in five nearly separate segments, thickened and laterally compressed, cartila- ginous, terminating in a slender awl-shaped point. Petals wanting, or reduced to five alternate awl-shaped scales. Style short. Stigmas two, obtuse. Capsule surrounded by the calyx, of one cell, marked with five longitudinal stria. Seed single, attached to the side of the cavity. ******* Flowers incomplete, superior. 43. THB'SIUM, [Page 334.] Perianth four or five-cleft. Petals wanting. Stamens opposite the segments of the ealyx, surrounded with a small fascicle of hairs. Style long. Stigma obtuse. Fruit a single seeded dry or fleshy drupe, crowned by the persistent calyx. ORDER IT. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. * Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous. 44. GENTIANA, [Page 335.] Calyx four or five-cleft. Corolla funnel or salver-shaped, with a tubular base, the limb five- cleft. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla. Styles sometimes united into one. Stamens two. Capsule of one cell, with two valves, and marginal placentas. 45. CUS'CUTA, [Page 340.] Calyx four or five-cleft. Corolla roundish, beil-shaped, the limb of four or five lobes, with as many scales at the base below the stamens. Capsule two celled, two seeded, bursting at the base transversely. Parasitical twining leafless plants, with long thread-like stems. ** Perianth double, superior. Corolla of five petals. (Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERJE. From Genus 46 to 88.) j- Flowers in heads or simple umbels. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 46. HYDROCO'TTLE, [Page 347.] Calyx margin obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with a straight point. Fruit com- pressed at the sides, so as to form two flat nearly orbicular lobes. Carpels with five filiform ridges, those of the sides and back nearly obsolete, and the two intermediate ones arched. Seeds carinated, compressed. 47. SANI'CULA, [Page 347.] Calyx with a five toothed leafy margin. Petals erect, obovate, notched, with a slender inflexed point, as long as the petal. Fruit sub-globose, densely clothed with hooked prickles, without ridges, but with many vitta. General involucre lobed, partial of many lanceolate segments. 48. ERYN'GIUM, [Page 350.] Calyx with a five toothed leafy margin. Petals erect, oblong, notched with a slender abruptly inflexed point the length of the petal. Fruit obovate, densely clothed with pointed scales, without ridges or vittae. Involucre of several leaves. Flowers blue, upon a scaly receptacle, collected into an oblong compact head. j-f Flowers in compound umbels. 1. Fruit laterally compressed, with five primary filiform ridges. Albumen before plane or convex. a. Petals entire. 49. BUPLEU'RUM, [Page 352.] Calyx limb obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, broad, closely rolled inwards, the sides depressed. Fruit laterally compressed, crowned by the recurved styles and depressed disk. Carpels with five equal, winged, acute, filiform, or obsolete ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with or without vittae. Albumen plane in front. Involucre various. Flowers yellow. Leaves undivided. 50. API'UM, [Page 355.] Calyx limb obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, with an involute point. Fruit roundish, laterally contracted, double. Carpels with five filiform equal ridges, the two lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with single vittee, the outer ones sometimes having two or three. Albumen very convex at the back, plane in front. Involucre wanting. Flowers white. a. SWERT'IA, [Page 335.] Calyx four or five-partite. Corolla wheel-shaped, the limb of five segments, plane, with a fimbriated gland at the base of each. Capsule of one cell, and two valves, with marginal placentas. Seeds numerous. Named after Emanual Swert, a Dutch Bo- tanist, who published a Florilegium in 1612. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 51. PETROSELI'NUM, [Page 356.] Calyx limb obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, slightly emarginate, with a narrow in- curved point. Fruit ovate, laterally contracted, nearly double. Carpels with five filiform equal ridges, the two lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with single vittcB. Albumen very convex at the back, plane in front. General involucre of a few, partial of many, segments. 52. TRI'NIA, [Page 358.] Calyx limb an obsolete margin. Petals of the barren plant lanceolate, with a narrow in- flexed point, those of infertile ovate, with a short inflexed point Fruit ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with five prominent filiform equal ridges, the two lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with obscure vittee, but a distinct channel under each ridge. Albumen very con- vex at the back, plane in front. Involucre various. 53. HELOSCIA'DIUM, [Page 359.] Calyx limb of five teeth, or obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, with a straight or inflexed point. Fruit ovate, or oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform prominent equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with single vittee. Albumen convex at the back, plane in front. In- volucre various. b. Petals obcordate, with a small inflexed point. Calyx obsolete. 54. SI'SON, [Page 362.] Calyx margin obsolete. Petals round- ish, deeply notched and incurved with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with short single club-shaped viiicc. Albumen convex at the back, plane in front. General and partial involucre of few segments. 55. ^GOPO'DIUM, [Page 363.] Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obovate, notched and curved with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels without vittai. Albumen roundish, convex, somewhat plane in front. General and partial involucre wanting. 56. CA'RUM, [Page 364.] Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obo- vate, notched and curved with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. with single vittee. Albumen roundish, convex, plane in front. General and partial involucre various. 57. BUNIUM, [Page 365.] Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obo- vate, slightly notched with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-oblong, laterally compressed, crowned by the conical disk and straight styles. Carpels with five equal obtuse filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with many viltce. Albumen convex at the back, flat in front. General involucre none, partial of a few segments. 58. PIMPINEL'LA, [Page 366.] Calyx margin obsolete . Petals obovate, notched with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed, crowned by the convex disk and long slender style. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with many viltce, Albumen roundish at the back, plane in front. Involucre wanting. c. Petals obcordate, with a small inflexed point. Calyx of five teeth. Channels with single vittce. 59. CICU'TA, [Page 369.] Calyx margin of five teeth, leafy. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit roundish, laterally compressed. Carpels with five nearly plane ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with single villa, which are more prominent in the ripe fruit than the ridges. Albumen roundish. General invo- lucre none, or of few segments, partial of numerous linear segments. Channels with three viltce. 60. BERO-LA, [Page 371.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally contracted. Disk shortly conical, with a narrow margin. Styles reflexed. Carpels with five equal filiform ridges, the lateral ones before the margin. Channels with many vittce. Albumen roundish. General and partial involucres of several reflexed lanceolate or pinnate segments. 61. SI'UM, [Page 372.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit laterally com- pressed, or contracted. Disk flattish, with a depressed margin. Styles reflexed. Carpels with five equal obtuse filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. d SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. .obsolete. Petals obovate, notched with an inflexed point and very short claw. Fruit roundish, or the sides slightly compressed. Carpels with five sharp equal winged ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with many vittcB. Albumen half round. General involucre various, partial of many segments. 67. SI'LAUS, [Page 383]. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obo- vate oblong, entire, or somewhat notched, with an inflexed point, either sessile or with an appendage at the base. Fruit roundish. Carpels with five sharp equal somewhat winged ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with many vittee. Albumen nearly round. General involucre of a few segments, or wanting, partial of many segments. 3. Fruit with Jive primary filiform ridges, flat at the back, with winged acute or thickened margins. Albumen before plane or convex. a. Ridges very slender, three at the back at equal distances, the lateral ones remote, contiguous to the dilated border, or make part with it. 72. PASTIN'ACA, [Page 389.] Calyx margin obsolete, or minutely toothed. Petals roundish, entire, rolled inwards with a broad obtuse inflexed point. Fruit flattened at the back with a dilated flat margin. Carpels with five very slender filiform ridges, the three dorsal ones equi-distant, the lateral ones remote, near to the dilated margin. Channels with single vittce. Albumen flattened. General and partial involucre of few segments, or wanting. 73. HERA'CLEUM, [Page 390.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obovale, emarginate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones often radiant, bifid. Fruit flattened at the back, with a broad plane margin. Carpels with very slender ridges, the three dorsal ones equi-distant, the two lateral ones remote, contiguous to the dilated margin. Channels with single clavate viitce. Albumen flattened. General involucre falling away, partial of numerous seg- ments. 74. TORDY'LIUM, [Page 392.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones radiant, bifid. Fruit flattened at the back, surrounded by a thickened often crenated accessory margin. Carpels with five very slender ridges, the dorsal SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. ones equi-distant, the lateral ones remote, contiguous to the thickened margin, or sometimes covered over by it Channels with one to three vittce. Albumen flattened. General and partial involucre of numerous segments, b. Ridges slender, equi-distant. 75. PEUCE'DANUM, [Page 394.] Calyx margin of five teeth, sometimes obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, or en- tire, with an indexed point. Fruit flattened at the back, with a broad thin margin. Carpels with five nearly equi- distant ridges, the three dorsal ones filiform, the lateral ones more obsolete, contiguous to or confounded with the dilated margin. Channels with one to three vittce. Al- bumen flat in front. Pericarp double. General involucre various, partial of numerous segments. 76. IMPE'RATORIA, [Page 396.] Calyx margin obsolete; (the rest as in Peucedanum. ) 4. Fruit more or less compressed at the back, with five primary and four secondary ridges, prickly. 77. DAU'CUS, [Page 397.] Calyx of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones radiant, bifid. Fruit compressed at the back, Carpels with five primary filiform bristly ridges, three at the back, the two lateral ones on the plane of the commissure, the four secondary ones more prominent than the rest, and with a single row of prickles. Channels under the secondary ridges, with single vitltz. Albumen flat in front. General and partial involucre of numerous segments. 5. Fruit with the margins of the albumen rolled inwards, or deeply channeled in front. a. Fruit prickly. 78. CAU'CAXIS, [Page 399.] Calyx of five teeth. Petals ob- cordate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones radiant, and deeply bifid. Fruit slightly compressed on the sides. Carpels with five primary filiform, bristly or prickly ridges, three at the back, the two lateral ones on the plane of the commissure, and the four secondary ridges more prominent, with one or two rows of prickles. Channels under the secondary ridges, with single villa:. Albumen deeply channeled in front. General and partial involucre variable . 79. TORI'LIS, [Page 401.] Calyx of five teeth. Petals obcor- SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. date, with an inflexed point, the outer ones radiant, and deeply bifid. Fruit with the sides compressed. Carpels with five primary bristly ridges, three at the back, the two lateral ones on the plane of the commissure, the secondary ridges obliterated by the numerous prickles, which occupy the whole of the channels, under which are single villa. Albumen deeply channeled in front. General and partial involucre of numerous segments. b. Fruit not prickly, ridges obtuse, sometimes wanting, except at the point. 80. SCAN'DIX, [Page 404.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obovate, with an indexed point. Fruit with the sides compressed, and with a very long beak. Carpels with five obtuse equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels without or with scarcely any vittee. Albumen roundish, with a deep furrow in front. General involucre wanting, or of few segments, partial of from five to seven segments. 81. ANTHRIS'CTJS, [Page 405.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obcordate, with an iuflexed often very short point. Fruit contracted at the sides, beaked. Carpels nearly round, without ridges, except five on the beak, dlbumen nearly round, deeply furrowed in front. General invo- lucre wanting, partial of numerous segments. 82. CH.EROPHYL'LUM, [Page 407.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit con- tracted at the sides, beaked. Carpels with five very obtuse equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin, the commissure with a deep furrow. Channels with single vitlcB. Albumen roundish, deeply furrowed in front. General involucre wanting, or of few segments, partial of numerous segments. c. Fruit not prickly, ridges acutely winged, not crenated. S3. MYRR'HIS, [Page 410.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit laterally com- pressed. Carpels with a deep furrow between them, of five equal acutely winged hollow ridges. Channels deep, without vitttE. Jllbumen closely invested with a second covering of the pericarp, the sides rolled inwards. General involucre wanting, partial of numerous segment*. 84. PHYSOSPER'MUM, [Page 411.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit laterally SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. compressed. Carpels roundish, with five equal ridges, of which the lateral ones are placed within the margin. Channels with single vittce. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards. General and partial involucre of numerous segments. 85. SMYR'NIUM, [Page 413.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals lanceolate, or elliptical, entire, with a long inflexed point. Fruit laterally compressed, double. Carpels roundish, reniform, with three acute prominent ridges at the back, the two lateral ones nearly obliterated. Channels with numerous vittce. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards. Involucres various, d. Fruit not prickly, ridges crenated or waved. 87. CONI'UM, [Page 415.] Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obcordate, with a very small inflexed point. Fruit laterally compressed, ovate. Carpels with five equal prominent waved or crenated ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with numerous streaks, but no vittce. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards. General involucre of few segments, partial of three on one side. 86. ECHINO'PHORA, [Page 414.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petal's obcordate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones larger and bifid. Flowers of the ray on long stalks sterile, in the centre a solitary fertile one. Fruit ovate, roundish, inclosed in a hollow receptacle, with a short protruded beak. Carpels with five depressed equal waved striated ridges. Channels with single viltce, covered with an arachnoid membrane. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards. Involucre of numerous segments, e. Fruit globose. Albumen concave in front. 88. CORIAN'DRUM, [Page 417.] Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point, the outer ones larger, bifid. Fruit globose. Carpels with five primary depressed waved ridges, the lateral ones before an acces- sory margin, the four secondary ones more prominent and carinated. Channels without vittce, the commissure with two vittce Albumen hollow in front, covered with a loose membrane. General involucre wanting, partial on o side. *** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla of five petals. (See Staphylea in ORD, III.) SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. ***** Perianth single. 89. CHENOPO'DIUM, [Page 418.] Perianth single, inferior, five- cleft, persistent, and unaltered, closing over the fruit. Fruit a thin depressed utricle, containing a single polished seed. 90. BE'TA, [Page 427.] Perianth single, half inferior, five-cleft, persistent. Stamens inserted into the fleshy top of the germen. Fruit kidney-shaped, inveloped in the capsular base of the calyx. Seed with a coriaceous covering. Flowers two or three, united at the base. 91. SAL'SOLA, [Page 428.] Perianth single, inferior, five partite persistent, the segments after flowering producing from their back a transverse appendage. Stamens inserted into the base of the perianth. Fruit a depressed membranous utricle. Seed solitary, with a membranous covering. Embryo spiral. 92. HERNA'RIA, [Page 430.] Calyx five-partite, slightly co- loured within, persistent. Stamens five, alternating with five filiform entire petals, sometimes wanting. Styles very short, or wanting. Stigmas obtuse. Capsule mem- branous, indehescent, single seeded, covered by the calyx. Small prostrate plants, leaves small, opposite, flowers in axillary clusters. 93. UL'MUS, [Page 431.] Perianth bell-shaped, of four or five teeth, single, superior, persistent. Stamens mostly five, but varying from three to six. Stigmas sessile. Capsule membranous, compressed, winged all round, single seeded. ORDER III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. * Flowers superior. 94. VIBTJR'NUM, [Page 438.] Calyx five-cleft, superior. Corolla bell-shaped, five-lobed. Stigmas sessile. Fruit a succu- lent berry, from one to three seeded. Upright deciduous shrubs, with cymose flowers and simple leaves. 95. SAMBU'CUS, [Page 440.] Calyx five-cleft, superior. Corolli wheel- shaped, of five at length reflexed lobes. Stigmas sessile. Fruit a succulent berry, three or four seeded. Upright deciduous shrubs, with cymose flowers and pin- nated leaves. ** Flowers inferior. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 96. STAPHY'LEA, [Page 443.] Calyx five parted, inferior, co- loured, with an urceolate disk at the base. Petals five. Styles two or three, sometimes united. Fruit a mem- branous capsule, of two or three cells., dehiscing internally. Seeds roundish Upright deciduous shrub, with large flowers in racemose panicles and pinnate leaves. 97. TA'MARIX, [Page 444.] Calyx four or five parted, persistent. inferior. Petals four or five. Stamens four or five, or eight or ten. Stigmas three, long, spreading, glandular and oblique at the apex. Capsule tapering to a point, of one cell, three valved, and many seeded. Seeds crowned with long simple hairs. Shrubs or herbs with rod-like branches, small alternate scale-like leaves, and spiked or racemose flowers, 98. CORRIGI'OLA, [Page 445.] Calyx five parted, persistent, inferior. Petals five, inserted into the base of the calyx, and as long. Stigmas three, sessile. Capsule covered by the calyx, single seeded. Seed suspended by its cord, which arises from the bottom of the capsule. Small procumbent herbs, with alternate glaucous leaves, and small flowers in terminal corymbose racemes. (See Chenopodium in Ord. 2. Stellaria in Class 10.) ORDER IV. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils. 99. PARN'ASSIA, [Page 446.] Calyx five parted, spreading. Petals five, veiny, and opposite the base of each is an heart- shaped fleshy scale, fringed with slender bristles, tipped with globular glands. Sligmas four, sessile. Capsule superior, of one cell, opening at the apex with four valves, each with a linear placenta, bearing numerous seeds. Herbaceous plants, loith entire radical leaves, a simple stem, with one leaf, and a solitary terminal flower. ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA 5 Pistils. 100. STA'TICE, [Page 447.] Calyx of one piece, funnel-shaped, plaited, dry, membranous, persistent. Corolla of five petals, united at the base, and bearing the stamens. Stigma five. Capsule enveloped in the calyx, with one seed. Herbaceous plants with radical leaves, flowers in heads or panicles, ivith an imbricated involucre of scarious scales e SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 101. LI'NUM, [Page 452.] Calyx of five persistent pieces. Corolla of five petals. Stamens united at the base into a ring with intermediate teeth opposite the petals (abortive stamens). Capsule globose, pointed with the indurated base of the style, of ten valves, and ten cells. Seeds ovate, compressed. Herbaceous plants, with entire leaves, and very fugitive petals. 102. SIBBAL'DIA, [Page 456.] Calyx of ten segments, the alternate ones small. Corolla of five petals, inserted into the calyx. Fruit five small nuts, placed upon a dry receptacle. (Stamens and nuts vary from Jive to ten.) Small herbaceous plants, with compound leaves and yellow powers. (See Cerastrum and Spergula in Class 10.) ORDER VI. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Pistils. 103. DRO'SERA, [Page 457.] Calyx deeply five-cleft. Corolla of five petals. Styles three to five, divided in two. Capsule one celled, three valved. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous plants, clothed with beautiful glandular hairs flowers white. ORDER VII. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils. 104. MYOSU'RUS, [Page 459.] Calyx of five pieces, elongated at the base. Corolla of five petals, with filiform tubular claws. Capsules indehescent, several, triquetrous, single seeded, inserted into a much elongated columnar recep- tacle, and terminated by the styles. Small herbaceous plants, with lineat radical leaves, yellowish flowers, and a remarkably elongated receptacle. (See Ranunculis Ficaria in Class 13.) FLORIGRAPHIA BRITAMICA- Salicornia herbacea. Salicornia radicans. Hippuris vulgarip. Ligustrum vulgare. Veronica spicata. Veronica hytrida. FLORIGRAPHIA BRITANNICA. CLASS I. MONAN'DRIA.f 1 STAMEN. ORDER I. MONOGYN'IA. 1 PISTU. GENUS I. SALICOR'NIA. Glamvort. Natural Order. CHENOPO'DE^K. GENERIC CHARACTER. Perianth single, swelling, fleshy, nearly equal. Style short. Stigmas two or three cleft. Seed one, inclosed in a thin transparent skin (Utricle) enveloped in the inflated Perianth. Named from sal, salt, and cornu, a horn. 1. S. herba'cea, (Fig. 1.) jointed Glasswort. Stem herbaceous, joints compressed, notched and thickened upwards, lower branches divided. Spikes tapering towards the extremity, a. Stem erect. S. an'nua, English Botany, t. 415. S. herbacea, English Flora, vol. i. p. 2. . Stem procumbent. S. procum'lens, English Botany, t. 2475. English Flora, vol. i. p. 2. Lindley, Synopsis of the British Flora, p. 214. Hooker r British Flora, vol. i. p. 1. Root small and annual. Plant six to twelve inches high, fleshy, jointed, branched and leafless, each joint surrounded by a short two- t The student may be somewhat perplexed with the anomalous plants of this class. A flower with one stamen is the character of the class ; but Salicornia is not unfrequently found to contain two stamens, and the lower flowers of Hippu- ris frequently without any. Other anomalous species, such as Valeriana ritbra, (which has only one stamen,) Valeriana dioica, Lychnis dioica, &c., have the stamens and pistils in separate flowers ; they are, however, arranged with other species in their respective classes, and a reference will be inserted under the class to which they might be thought to belong. Zostera and Callitriche are removed to the class Monoecia, on account of the stamens and pistils generally being found separated ; and the genus Chara is now placed in the class Cryptogamia. VOL. I. B . . ;/: ; .- -. *" ' .'' '. " , . I**.,- //.SALlCORNIA. [CLASS i. ORDER i. lobed membraneous sheath. Stem woody within. Flowers in close spikes, lateral, and terminal in short joints, bearing at the base of the articulations two clusters of three flowers each. Stigma two or three cleft. Stamen one or two. Habitat. Frequent in salt marshes. Annual ; flowering in August and September. 2. S. radi'cans, (Fig. 2.) creeping Glasswort. Stem woody, procum- bent and taking root, joints compressed and notched at the top, interstices cylindrical, spikes oblong, obtuse. English Botany, t. 1691 ; and S.fruticosa, t. 2467. English Flora, vol. i. p. 3. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 214. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 2. Stem perennial and spreading. This varies but little from S. lier- bacea, except in its more spreading slender branches and perennial woody stem. The S.fruticosa of the English Botany, t. 2467, and the English Flora, p. 3, is only a variety or imperfect plant of the pre- sent species. Habitat. Muddy sea-shores ; rare. Perennial ; flowering in August and September. The various species of this genus of plants are found on the sea- coasts of most parts of the world, and are of great importance from the soda which they produce. In the south of France, and on the Medi- terranean shores of Spain, they are made an object of extensive culti- vation. Attempts have been made to cultivate them inland, but it was found that instead of producing soda, as when grown on the sea-coasts, they only contained potash : from which it appears that air impregnated with saline particles is necessary to the production of soda. When burned, their ashes form the barilla of commerce ; dissolved in water, and crystallised, it obtains the name of soda ; impregnated with car- bonic acid gas, it forms the carbonate of soda of the shops ; and from soda being used in the manufactory of soap and glass, the genus has derived the English name, Glasswort. Soda, called also fossil oY mi- neral alkali, natron by the Germans and Swedes, and nitrum by the ancients, is now abundantly procured from common salt, which exists in vast quantities in the waters of the ocean. It was demonstrated by Sir H. Davy, in a series of experiments with the galvanic battery, by which he made some of the most brilliant discoveries in the science of Chemistry, that soda is composed of a metal, to which he gave the name of sodium, and oxygen gas of the atmosphere. Salicomia is frequently gathered by the country people, and sold for Samphire (Crithmum maritimum); and is said not to be inferior to it when pickled wkh vinegar. oHDiai.] HIPPURIS. 3 GENUS II. HIPPU'RIS. Mare's Tail. Nat. Ord. HALOKA'GEJE. GEN. CHAK. Perianth single, crowning the gerraen with a very slight border. Seed one, inclosed in a small oval, hard, and shining pericarp (nut). Named from hippos, a mare, and oura, a tail. It was the opinion of the late Mr. Curtis, that the Hippuris of Linnaeus was identical with a plant mentioned by Dioscorides under a different name, and arranged by his commentator Matthi- olus with our Polygamun aviculare and Herniaria : " succeeding botanists," he says, " imagining from the growth of its leaves, or from its producing seed, that it had better pretensions to be ranked with the Equisetum, absurdly enough called it Canda equina. fiemina, to which Mr. Hudson could not well avoid giving the English name of Mare's-tail." 1. H. vulya'ris, (Fig. 3.) common Mare's Tail. Leaves linear, six to ten in a whorl. English Botany, t. 763. English Flora, vol. i. p. 3. Lindley, Sy- nopsis, p. 110. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 2. Root jointed, the fibres whorled at each articulation. Stem undivided, erect, shining, with a tough woody column passing through its centre. Leaves about eight in a whorl, narrow, smooth, with a callous point, spreading, about an inch in length. Flower small, attached to the stem at the base of the upper leaves, never alternate ; superior to thegermen, and bearing within its slight border a stamen and tapering thread-like style : the former frequently absent in the lower part of the stem. Filament at first short, afterwards nearly the length of the style. An- ther when young of two large reddish lobes, with the style passing between them. Germen oval, inferior. Seed single. The short stems remaining under water are thickly set with longer and thinner leaves than those on the flowering stem, and generally ten in a. whorl : the whorls frequently less than the eighth of an inch apart, forming dense brush-like tufts. Dr. Hooker finds this plant at Sur- lingham, Norfolk, two or three feet long, with the leaves excessively crowded, three and even four inches in length, pellucid, with an opaque nerve, their points not callous ; the whole plant submerged, and con- sequently barren ; and at Ben-y-gloe, in Scotland, at a considerable elevation above the sea, the opposite extreme of this, scarcely four inches high. Habitat. Ditches, lakes, and slow streams; frequent in England, in gravelly soil ; not so common in Scotland. Perennial ; flowering June and July. It possesses slightly astringent qualities, and is sometimes used by the country people as a tea in a relaxed state of the bowels, Sec. ; but its virtues are so slight as to render it unworthy attention. LIOUSTRUM. [CLASS 11. OKDER i. CLASS II. DIAN DRIA. 2 STAMENS. ORDER I. MONOGYN'IA. 1 PISTIL. GENUS I. LIGUS'TRUM. Privet. Nat. Ord. OI/E&CE.C. GEN. CHAR. Perianth double. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with four bluntish projecting teeth. Corolla of one petal, regular, in four segments. Berry of two cells, with two seeds in each. Name from liffo, to bind ; from its tough and pliant branches being used in making bands. 1. L. vulgar' e, (Fig. 4.) common Privet. Leaves elliptico-lanceolate, flowers in dense panicles. English Botany, t. 764. English Flora, vol. i. p. 13. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 171. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 4. Shrub six or eight feet high, with terminal panicles of odoriferous white flowers. Bark smoothish, often sprinkled with numerous brown oval spots (Lenticular glands), which indicate the point from whence roots would appear, if placed in a favourable situation for their production. Wood tough and flexible. Leaves on short footstalks (petioles) varying from long and narrow to nearly round, opposite and alternate. Calyx and pedicle somewhat hairy, with short deciduous braclea. Corolla white, incurved at the edges, longer than the calyx, turning brown before falling. Stamens opposite, alternate with the segments of the corolla. Style short. Berry blackish-purple or yellow, round and pulpy. Habitat. Hedges and thickets in shady situations ; common. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. PRIVET. Prim-privet is an ornamental and useful shrub. It is often planted with advantage in Beech (Fagus Sylvatica) and Horn- beam (Carpinus Betulus) hedges, in a stiff clay soil ; in such situa- tions it sometimes attains the height of sixteen feet. In moist ground, when partially shaded, its long flexible branches form an impenetrable undergrowth, well adapted for covers in game preserves, &c. The berries are harmless, and are fed on by pheasants, partridges, and other birds. It is remarkably patient of the shears, and is sometimes cut into singularly fantastic forms; and is one of the few plants that will grow under the shade and drip of trees, and confined smoky situ- ations, for which reason it is common even in the close parts of large CLASS II. ORDER 1.] VERONICA. towns. The caterpillars of the Privet Hawkmotb, (Sphinx , may frequently be found feeding upon the leaves of this plant ; and specimens of the moth are best obtained by feeding the caterpillars in a cage made for the purpose, or in common garden-pots covered with glass, until they change into the chrysalis state ; they may then be removed into a dry cool place until the following spring; during the months of April or May, they should be exposed to the influence of the sun, and in a short time the perfect moth will make its appearance. GENUS II. VERONICA. Speedwell. Nat. Ord. SCROPHULAIUN'E.E. GEN. CHAR. Perianth double. Calyx of one piece, inferior, persistent, divided into four deep segments. Corolla wheel-shaped (rotate), deeply four cleft, the lower segment smallest. Capsule two-celled. The derivation of the name of this beautiful genus has much puzzled botanists : Sir J. E. Smith says, " Its common etymology is of a mule kind between Greek and Latin, from verus, or rather vera, true, and sixov, a figure ; and this, illiterate and barbarous as it is, has the sanction of the superstitious legend of St. Vero- nica, whose handkerchief is recorded to have received the impres- sion of our Saviour's face, as he used it in bearing his cross to the place of crucifixion. But we find nothing analogous in any of the herbs which have borne this name, nor any character, true or false, stamped upon them, except that of their own peculiar beauty." There exists to this day a difference of opinion as to the pronunciation of the name ; and it was to the settling of this question that the controversial inquiry was mainly directed. " If," adds the learned authority above quoted, " there be any truth in its Greek origin, the i must be long; but if otherwise, the analogy of Betonica may justify the usual practice of throwing the accent on the o." * Spikes or racemes terminal. (Root perennial.) 1. V. spica'ta, (Fig. 5.) spiked Speedwell. Spike terminal, stem erect, undivided, branching at the base, leaves opposite, oblong, tapering at the base, serrated, downy, lower or radical ones broader, ovate and stalked. English Botany, t. 2. English Flora, vol. i. p. 17. Lindley, Sy- nopsis, p. 188. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 5. Stem four to ten inches high, erect, downy. Lower Leaves opposite, broader, serrated or crenated in the middle, entire towards the extremi- ties, upper ones long and narrow, serrated or entire, sometimes alternate. Spike terminal. Floivers numerous dark blue. Bracteas linear. Ca- lyx remarkably downy twice as long as broad. Capsule in the imma- ture state downy. VERONICA. [CLASS n. ORDER I. Habitat. Chalky ground about Bury St. Edmund's and Newmarket Heath. Rare. Perennial ; flowering July and August. V. hyb'rida, (Fig. 6.f) Wekh Speedwell, of Engl. Botany, t. 673, and Engl. Flora, vol. i. p. 17, is no\y thought to be only a variety of the above; indeed, Dr. Hooker deems it scarce worthy of being com- memorated as a variety, and to differ only in its more luxuriant growth. The whole plant is larger, with broader, more oval and distinctly veined Leaves, stalked, often three in a whorl, unequally serrated, the lowermost ovate and broader. Stw erect and gene- rally bearing three spikes. The whole plant is stouter, rougher, and much larger. Habitat. Humphrey Head, near Cartmel Wells, Lancashire. Ormeshead, and Gloddacth, near Conway ; Craig Wreiddim, in Montgomeryshire. Rare. 2. V. serpyl'lifolia, (Fig. 7.) thyme-leaved Speedwell. Raceme somewhat spiked, leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly crenate, three rib- bed, smooth, capsules inversely reniform, about as long as the style. English Botany, t. 1075. -English Flora, vol. i. p. 20. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 188. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 5. 0. V. alpi'na ; stems prostrate. V. humifu'sa, Dicks. Linn. Tr. vol. ii. p. 288. Root fibrous. Stem ascending, branching from the base. Leaves opposite, frequently entire, lower ones on footstalks, upper ones nearly sessile. Calyx segments, obovate, equal, bhint. Corolla light blue or flesh-coioured, with dark blue veins. Capsule in the immature state inversely heart-shaped (obcordate), when ripe inversely kidney- shaped (reniform). The whole plant is more or less downy, depending upon the situation in which it has grown : if in a wet place, it is smooth and shining ; in a dry one, it is clothed more or less with pubescence. Habitat. Gardens, pastures, &c. Common. /3. On the high mountains of Scotland; on Snowdeu ; Cheviot Hills, Northumberland. Perennial ; flowering from May to July. 3. V. fruticulo'sa, (Fig. 8.) shrubby Speedwell. Raceme somewhat spiked, many flowered, leaves ovate-lanceolate, thick, slightly ser- rated, stem ascending, woody and branching at the base, capsule ovate, slightly notched at the extremity. English Botany, t. 1028. English Flora, vol. i. p. 18. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 188. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 6. Root strong and woody. Stem erect, round, woody towards the root. Leaves opposite on short footstalks, pale green, leathery, frequently en- f It. is intended to give figures, as in the present instance, of some of the more marked varieties of the different species of plants, which will be of considerable assistance to the young student in Botany. Veronica serpyllifolia. "ercnica fruticulcsa. "ercuica alpina. 10, Veronica saxatilis. 11. 13. Veronica Beccaliunga. CLASS II. ORDER I.] VERONICA. 7 tire at the extremities and serrated in the middle. Racemes long, flower-stalks (pedicles) longer than the bractea. Calyx segments, ob- ovate, longer than the capsule. Corolla flesh-coloured and reined. Capsule ovate. Style longer than the capsule, its stigma capitate. Seed smooth and flat. This species was long confounded with V. saxatilis, but appears to be quite distinct, and one of the rarest of our native plants. We have been unable to obtain other than cultivated specimens. It has only been found in Scotland, by Dr. Walker upon Ben Cruachan, and Mr. Brown upon Ben Lawers. Sir James Smith, in speaking of it, remarks, " Mr. Brown, whose accuracy is beyond all doubt or ' supposition,' told me he found this plant on Ben Lawers. I trust no further confirmation is requisite to establish it as a native." E. Bot. In luxuriant cultivated specimens, the racemes or clusters are fre- quently lateral, the leaves broader at the base and clasping the stem, and the whole plant downy. Perennial; flowering in July. 4. V. alpi'na, (Fig. 9.) alpine Speedwell. Raceme corymbose, leaves ovate, slightly serrated, smoothish, calyx and bracteas fringed with jointed hairs, capsule obovate, notched at the extremity, style short. English Botany, t. 484. English Flora, vol. i. p. 19. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 188. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 5. Stem erect undivided from four to six inches high, branching at the base. Leaves various in size, larger and more deeply serrated than those of V. serpyllifolia. Flowers deep blue, at first in a short compact corymb, afterwards elongated with the lower flower-stalks longer than the upper. Calyx in four unequal segments and as well as the bracteas hairy. Capsule obovate. Style very short. Stigma capitate. The whole plant scattered with white jointed hairs. Habitat. Found only on the summit of the Highland mountains of Scotland, on the margin of rivulets and trickling rills; but rare. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. 5. V. saxat'ilit, (Fig. 10.) blue rock Speedwell. Raceme of few flowers, corymbose, leaves oval, slightly serrated, stems spreading, capsules orate, of four bifid valves. English Botany, t. 1027. English Flora, vol. i. p. 19. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 188. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 5. Root perennial long and fibrous. Stems woody, slender, procumbent at the base and much branched. Leaves smooth, veiny, serrated or en- tire, more or less stalked, turning black when dry. Flowers large, bright blue, richer in the brilliancy of its colour than any other of the genera. Habitat. On exposed rocks in Scotland; rare. Our specimens were collected on Ben Lawers ; it is also found on other mountains of the Breadalbane range. Perennial ; flowering in July. 8 VERONICA. [CLASS n. ORDER i. Deservedly esteemed as an ornament to the flower-garden; and patches of its rich blue flowers, contrasted with tho bright green leaves, are highly decorative to artificial rockery, > to delight ; on account of the marshy si/nations in which they grow. 1. E. palus'tris, Br. (Fig. 76.) creeping Spike-rush. Stem round, emitting from its base long underground stems, stigmas two, fruit nearly plain on one side, convex on the other, shorter than the four bristles at its base. English Flora, vol. i. p. 64. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 30. Scir'pus palus'tris, Linn. English Botany, 1. 131. Helio'charis palus'- tris, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 280. Root fibrous. Underground stems long, emitting roots at various intervals, and clusters of three or more erect, smooth, naked flowering stems, from six to eighteen inches high, tapering abruptly at the ex- tremity, terminated by an ovate oblong acute spike, and surrounded at the base with close thin membranous sheaths, the lower external ones black and shining, the upper a reddish-purple colour. Glumes various in size, outer ones the smallest, keeled, brown, with a pale membranous edge. Stigmas two. Fruit pale, smooth, attenuated at the base, crowned by the dilated indurated base of the style, nearly plain on one side, convex on the other, shorter than the four spiny bristles, which are flattened and dilated at the base. Habitat. Common on the borders of lakes, ditches, and in wet marshy ground. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. 2. E. multicau'lis, Sm. (Fig. 77.) many-stalked Spike-rush. Stem CLASS UI. ORDER I. J ELEOCHARIS. 53 round, with scarcely any underground stems, stigmas three, fruit bluntly triangular, longer than the six hristles at its base. English Flora, vol. i. p. 64. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 30. Sclr'jnts multicau'lis, English Botany, t. 1187. Helio'charis multi- cau'lis, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 280. Roots long, fibrous, tufted, with scarcely any, or very short, under- ground stems. Flowering stems numerous, round, with a central pith, from eight to twelve inches high, contracted at the extremity, termi- nated by a slender oblong ovate spike, and surrounded at the base with close dull reddish-brown membranous sheaths. Glumes keeled, brown, with a membranous edge, outer ones the smallest. Stigmas three. Fruit smaller than the last species, brown, smooth, triangular, one side broader and flatter than the others, crowned by the hard dilated trian- gular base of the style, contracted at the base, and surrounded by six short narrow spiny bristles. This is nearly allied to the last species, for which it is probably frequently passed over, but is constant to the above characters, and the situation of its growth is also different. Habitat. On wet heathy places, common probably throughout the kingdom. Perennial ; flowering in July. 3. E.pauciflo'ra, Link. (Fig. 78.) chocolate-headed Spike-rush. Stem round, sheaths at the base close, leafless, spike ovate, few-flowered, outer glumes the largest obtuse, shorter than the spike, stigmas three, style deciduous. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 3Q.Scir'pus pauciflo'rus, English Botany, t. 1122. English Flora, vol. i. p. 56. Helio'charis pauci- flo'ra, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 281. Root fibrous, sometimes sending out jointed runners. Flou-er stems erect, slender, simple, smooth, enveloped at the base with tight mem- branous leafless sheaths, and surrounded with a few dark-brown scales ; barren stems more or less numerous. Spike small, ovate, brown, of three or four flowers, the two outer glumes obtuse, half as long as the spike. Fruit triangular, pale, obtuse, terminated by the withered style, and surrounded at the base with about six bristles. Habitat.-Bogs, moors, and heaths. Not uncommon in Scotland, less so in England, near Yarmouth, Norfolk; Anglesea, and Bangor, in Wales. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. 4. E.cspito'sa,Unn,(Fig.79.) scaly-stalked Spike-rush. Stem round or compressed, striated, leaves sheathed at the base, and invested with numerous scales, outer glumes the largest, as long as tl spike, and terminated by long rigid points, stigmas ree, style deciduous. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. W.-Scir'pu* c*spito'*us, Enghs 54 liLIOGITON. [CLASS in. ORDZR i. Botany, t. 1029. English Flora, vol. i. p. 55. Helio'charis ccetpito'ta, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 261. A small plant, growing in dense tufts. Roots numerous, tough, and wiry. Stem erect, slender, simple, striated, varying in height from -two to ten inches, naked, except at the base, which is enveloped in two or three sheaths bearing subulate leaves, and surrounded with numerous smooth brown striated scales. Spike small, ovate, reddish-brown, two outer glumes largest, longer than the spike, mostly with a foliaceous apex, and generally fertile. Fruit triangular, pale yellow, terminating in a fine point, and surrounded at the base by six bristles, longer than itself. Dr. Hooker finds a variety upon Ben Lawers, with the two outer glumes an inch long, four times the length of the spike. Habitat. Common on moors and moist turfy situations. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This species grows most abundantly on moist barren moors in many parts of the country, and is fed upon by sheep, and " is called ' Deer's Hair' in the Highlands, and yields an abundant food to sheep on tlie mountains in spring." Hook. 5. E. acicula'ris, Roem. and Sch. (Fig. 80.) least Spike-rush. Stem setaceous, grooved, compressed, sheaths at the base close, leafless, spike small, ovate, acute, glumes nearly equal, acuminate, stigmas three, fruit without bristles. English Flora, vol. i. p. 65. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 31. Scir'pus acicula'ris, English Botany, t. 749. Helio'charis acicula'ris, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 280. A small, delicate, slender plant, growing in thick tufts. Roots long and fibrous, with slender runners. Stem from two to four inches high, compressed or four-sided. Sheaths at the base tight, reddish, leafless barren stems more numerous and shorter than the fertile ones, appearing like leaves. Spike very small, four to six flowered. Glumes nearly equal, keeled, brown, with a pale membranous edge ; keel, especially of the outer ones, green. Fruit oblong, " pale yellow, beautifully im- pressed with dotted lines, tipped with the almost globose dark base of the style" (Hook.) without bristles at the base, but the filaments are generally persistent, and might be mistaken for bristles. Habitat. Sandy borders of lakes, pools, and in marshy places, not unfrequent. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. GENUS XI. ELIO'GITON. LINK. Water-ruth. Nat. Ord. CY'PERACEJE. GEN. CHAR. Spike terminal- Glumes nearly equal, of one valve, imbricated on all sides, all fertile. Bristles absent. Style deci- ClASS III. ORDER I.J BLYSMTTS. 55 duous. Fruit tipped with a short point. Name from sXo?, a marshy and ytir^ou, " ointment (or balsam) of spikenard." (Mark, xiv. 3.) The plant-here spoken of is thought to be the Andropo- gon nardits, the Indian Nard, or Spikenard, which yields an agree- able essential oil. Nardus, or Nard, is a name anciently applied to several plants, as Nardus cellica (Valeriana celticae), Nardus italica (Lavendula spicata), Nardus mcnyof, a lover ; the plant delighting to grow in loose sand. 1. A. arundina'cea, Host. (Fig. 99.) common Sea-reed, Sea Mat- weed. Panicle spiked, pointed, glumes acute, outer one shortest, glumelles surrounded with short hairs, inner valve with an abor- tive hairy floret at its base. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 34. Ammo'phila arena'ria, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 302. Arun'do arena'ria, Linn. English Botany, t. 520. English Flora, vol. i. p. 172. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 371. Root with very long, tough, jointed underground stems. Stem from two to three feet high, erect, often bent near the base, round, smooth, finely striated, very rigid. Leaves long, narrow, the edges rolled in- wards, rigid, with a very sharp point, smooth, glaucous. Sheaths close, smooth, striated. Ligula long, lanceolate, generally torn. Inflores- cence a compact spiked panicle, swelled in the middle, a pale green or straw colour. Glumes with a slight rib on each side, rough on the keel, especially towards the extremity, the keel of the inner valve terminating in a short point between the bifid apex. Glumelles of two valves, shorter than the glumes, roughish, with minute points, and surrounded at the base with a tuft of glossy bristles, outer valve the largest, with two ribs on each side, the keel terminating in a rough point, shorter than the acute membranous lobes on each side of it, inner valve smaller, with two slight lateral ribs, and two dorsalones; between the two latter, which run nearly parallel with each other, is a sinus, the whole length of the valve, having imbedded in the lower part of it a hairy awn-like abortive valve, about one-third the length, which arises from the recep- tacle above the insertion of the valve of the perfect floret. Glumellules long, lanceolate. Anthers linear, orange or purplish. Styles distinct, erect. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Frequent on loose sandy sea-coasts. Perennial ; flowering in July. The long tough creeping underground stems, which send out roots from the numerous joints, are of vast utility in preventing the sand from being drifted inland from the sea coast, and in binding the em- bankments raised either by natural or artificial means, as a barrier to the encroachments of the sea. Pbalari* rvrandinacea. P. Ammonliila amndinacea. Milium effusum. iirm lendigerum. Phleum pratense 103 Phleum alpianm. CLASS ill. ORDER a.] GASTRIDIUM. MILIUM. 81 GENUS XVIII. GASTRI'DIUM. BEAUV. Nit-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle contracted, spiked. Glumes two, unequal, awn- less, unequally swelled at the base, much longer than the glu- melles, which form a covering to the seed ; the outer valve mostly with' a dorsal awn. Name from ya^Jov, a little belly, or swell- ing ; on account of the swollen base of the glumes. 1. G. lendi'gerum, Beauv. (Fig. 101.) awned Nit-grass. Glumes unequally lanceolate, glumelles equal membranous, the outer one awned. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 302. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 36. Mil'iwm lendi'gerum, Linn. English Botany, t. 1107. English Flora, vol. i. p. 88. Agros'tis austra'lis, Linn. ? Root fibrous. Stem from six to ten inches high, branching at the base, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the upper sur- face and edges. Sheaths striated, smooth, somewhat inflated. Ligula oblong, generally torn. Inflorescence a lobed spiked panicle, erect, tapering towards the end. Glumes shining, singularly swollen at the base, rough on the keel, compressed upwards, the outer valve the largest. Glumelles much smaller, membranous, downy ; outer valve the largest, generally with a rough dorsal awn ; inner bifid at the apex, hairy at the base. " Sometimes the rudiment of a second floret at the back of the inner valve." Seed covered with the indurated glumelles, and enveloped in the shining glumes. Habitat. Rare. In fields near the sea, where water has stagnated. In the Isle of Shepey ; at Weyraouth ; Gillingham ; and at Cley in Norfolk. Perennial ; flowering in August. This is a very distinct genus from Milium, with which it was for- merly united. GENUS XIX. MIL'IUM. LINN. Millet-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spreading. Glumes two, equal, flattish, awn- less, ribbed. Glumelles two, equal, shorter than the glumes, smooth, shining, ribless, without awns, forming a hard permanent covering to the seed. Name from mille, a thousand ; a name ap- plied by the ancients to a sort of corn or grass, remarkable for the abundance of its seeds. 1. M. effu'mm, Linn. (Fig. 100.) spreading Millet-grass. Branches of the panicle spreading, partly whorled. English Botany, t. 1 106. English Flora, vol. i. p. 87. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 301. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 36. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 403. VOL. i. M 82 PHLEUM. [CLASS in. ORDER 11. Rapt fibrous, often with creeping underground stems, and putting up several erect, smooth, and leafy flowering stems, from three to four feet high. Leaves broad, flat, lanceolate, with one prominent rib and nu- merous small ones, the lower leaves rough on both sides and the edges, the upper ones less so, and quite smooth on the upper surface. Ligula oblong, blunt, frequently torn. Inflorescence an elegantwide-spreading panicle ; its hair-like branches, which are roughish in the upper part, arise in half whorls, mostly on alternate sides, their base having a swollen articulation with the stem. Flowers single. Glumes thin, membranous, mostly three-ribbed, pale green, roughish. Glumelles smaller, very smooth and shining, concave, cartilaginous, persistent, and embracing the seed. Styles short. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Frequent in moist woods and shady situations. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. The panicles of this graceful and pretty grass are sometimes found near a foot long, and eight inches wide; the seeds are a favourite food of numerous birds, and the abundance which it produces, together with its naturally preferring to grow in the cool and shade of trees, sufficiently recommend it as a grass of great utility in game preserves ; and its elegance and soft green colour would form an ornament of no inconsiderable beauty in the shade of plantations and pleasure grounds where but few other plants will grow. GENUS XX. PHLE'UM. LINN. Cafs-tail-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spiked, compact. Glumes nearly equal, acumi- nate, or the keel terminating in an awn. Glumelles two, smaller, awnless, membranous. Seed oblong, loose. Name from " ^EO,-, or (pxs&jf, formerly applied, as is supposed, to the Reed-mace (Ty- pha), to which our grass bears some distant resemblance. 1. P. praten'se, Linn. (Fig. 102.) common Cafs-tail-grass, Timothy - grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; glumes abrupt, longer than its rough awn ; keel ciliated at the back. English Botany, t. 1076. English Flora, vol. i. p. 76. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 300. Hooker. British Flora, vol. i. p. 34. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 195. /9. nodo'sum, whole plant smaller, stem tuberous at the base. Phle'um nodo'sum, Linn. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 199. Root fibrous, sometimes sending out creeping underground stems. Stem erect, from one to four feet high, round, smooth, striated, leafy below, frequently bent at the lower joints, generally several from the same root. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, striated, rough, with fine points, especially on the under side. Sheaths long, striated, smooth, close. Ligula obtuse, torn. Inflorescence spiked, cylindrical, obtuse, varying CLASS III. ORDER II.] PHLECM. 83 in length from two to six inches, very densely crowded, green or pur- plish. Glumes pale, membranous, with a strong, green, ciliated keel, terminating in a somewhat spreading, rough awn ; the inner edge of the outer vale hairy. Glumelles unequal, small, obtuse, often crenated, ribbed with green. Stigmas feathery. Seed oblong. Habitat. Meadows, pastures, and waste ground, common. Perennial ; flowering from June to September. This grass varies considerably in size, owing to the variety of situa- tion in which it may have grown ; the same circumstance is also the cause of the various appearances which are observed to take place in the roots. The utility of this grass for agricultural purposes varies considerably, according to the treatment. It contains, from the ac- counts of Sinclair, a greater proportion of nutritive matter than any other grass he submitted to experiment. Its herbage is early produced in the spring, but unless grazed while young, it becomes so gross as to be avoided by cattle ; and its being grazed at this period does not de- crease the value or quantity of hay which it afterwards produces ; it is for the latter purpose that this grass is principally esteemed, but it is also of great value amongst other grasses, both for permanent pastures and the alternate husbandry. " This grass is the Highland badge of the clan Sutherland, whose crest is a cat." 2. P. alpi'num, Linn. (Fig. 103.) alpine Cafs-tail-grass, Stem ascending ; panicle spiked, ovate-oblong ; glumes abrupt, about as long as its rough awn ; keel ciliated at the back ; root creeping. English Botany, t. 2519. English Flora, vol. i. p. 77. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 300. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 35. Root with long underground stems. Stem from six to twelve inches high, ascending, branched at the base, leafy, smooth, striated, tinged with purple towards the top. Leaves flat, linear, with a distinct dorsal midrib, which is rough, as are also the edges, with fine cartilaginous teeth, pointed towards the extremity ; upper ones short, with long in- flated striated smooth sheaths. Inflorescence spicate, short, mostly of a dull purplish colour. Glumes abrupt, thin, smooth, slightly sprinkled with short hairs, purplish, with a strong green ciliated keel, terminating in a rough awn, about as long as the glume. Glumelles two, unequal ; the external valve largest, abrupt, three-ribbed, the dorsal one rough, terminating in a short rough awn, and frequently the two lateral ones also ; the internal one shorter, lanceolate, with a dorsal rough rib. Glumellula of two lanceolate valves. Seed ovate, dotted, closely in- vested with the glumella. Style short Anthers yellow. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Rare. Clove Mountains Mr.J. D. Hooker; Ben Law* ers and Garway Moor, Scotland. Perennial j flowering in July* 84 PHLEUM. [CLASS in. ORDER n. This rare species of Scotch grass is readily distinguished by its short ovate spike, abrupt glumes, and long awn. It is remarked by Smith that the roots are tuberous, a character which we have not observed , but in all the specimens we have seen they are creeping, with numerous joints and whorls of long fibres sent out from each of them. In Salt's collection there are specimens communicated by " Mr. Sowerby, from Forfar," which have the leaves shorter and much broader, the sheaths more inflated and striated, and the whole plant much stouter, than is its usual appearance. Probably this difference may be from a luxu- riant growth of the plants. 3. P. as'perum, Jacq. (Fig. 104.) rough CaCs-tail-grass. Stem erect, often branched ; panicle spiked, cylindrical, dense ; glumes wedge- shaped, rough; awn short, blunt. English Flora, vol. i. p. 77. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 301. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 35. Phle'um panicula' turn, English Botany, t. 1077. Root strong, fibrous. Stem from eight to twenty inches high, smooth and shining, tufted and branched, very leafy. Leaves somewhat rough, linear, sharply pointed. Sheaths smooth, striated, slightly swelled. Ligula oblong, obtuse, mostly torn. Inflorescence densely spicate, slightly tapering at each end, from two to three inches long, often en- veloped at the base with the sheath of the upper leaf. Glumes wedge- shaped, swelling upwards, rough, with short pointed tubercles, termi- nated with a short rigid awn. Glumelles unequal, ribbed, and some- what downy. Anthers short. Stigmas capillary. Seed small, brewn, cylindrical. Habitat. Rare. In dry elevated fields in Bedfordshire, Gloucester- shire, and Cambridgeshire. Annual ; flowering in July. This plant, unknown to Linnaeus, is the Phala'ris as'per of Rctzius, Willdenow, and the French Botanists. E, Bot. 4. P. Boehme'ri, Schrad. (Fig. 105 ) purple stalked Cat's- tail-grast. Stem simple; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; glumes lanceolate, acu- minate, rough, ciliated at the keel. English Flora, vol. i. p. 78. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 301. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 35. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 317. Phala'ris phle'oides, Linn. English Botany, t. 459. Root fibrous. Stem simple, erect, sometimes bent below, from six to eighteen inches high, smooth, except near the top, frequently pur- plish. Leaves short, rough, lanceolate, of a light-green or glaucous colour. Sheaths long, striated, harsh, scarcely inflated. Ligula ob- tuse. Inflorescence a close spiked panicle, from one to two inches long, purplish. Glumes lanceolate, strongly keeled, abruptly terminating in a point, scarcely awned, the keel ciliated with white hairs. Glumelles Phleutn Boehmeri. rn Michelii. Phleum arenarium. 108. Lafiunis ovatrus. 109. Stipa pinnata. CLASS III. ORDER II.] PHLEUM. 85 unequal, pale, obtuse, slightly downy, the outer one largest, three or five-ribbed. Styles short. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Rare. In sandy or chalk fields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. Perennial ; flowering in July. This grass growing naturally upon a sandy soil, is but little produc- tive of herbage, and that of an inferior quality, rendering it of no value for the purposes of cultivation. 5. P. Michel'ii, Allioni. (Fig. 106.) Michelian Cat's-tail-yrass. Stem erect; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; glumes lanceolate, taper-point- ed, downy, ciliated at the keel. English Botany, t. 2265. English Flora, vol. i. p. 78. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 301. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 35. Root fibrous. Stem erect, several arising from the same root, from twelve to eighteen inches high, smooth, leafy below. Leaves plane, roughish, tapering at the point. Sheaths rather long, upper ones slightly inflated. Ligula obtuse. Inflorescence a close spiked panicle green, or frequently purplish, from one to three inches long. Glumes gradually tapering to a point, rough, with hairs, ribbed, the keel rigid at the point, strongly ciliated at the back. Glumelles unequal, obtuse, hairy, the outer one mostly five-ribbed, the inner smaller, often cloven at the extremity. Styles short. Stiymas feathery. Habitat. Rare. On the rocky parts of the high mountains of Clove, Angusshire, Scotland. Perennial ; flowering in July. 6. P. arena' rium t Linn. (Fig. 107.) sea CafS'tail-grass, Stems seve- ral from the same root ; panicle spiked, oblongo-ovate ; glumes lanceolate acute, ciliated on the back, much longer than the abrupt glumella. English Flora, vol. i. p. 79. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 35. Phala'ris arena'ria, t. 222. Achno'don arena'rius, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 300. Root of numerous long downy and simple fibres. Stems nearly erect, several from a single root, enveloped at the base and lower joints with thin membranous sheaths, branched and leafy, from three to six inches high. Leaves linear, thin, somewhat glaucous, rough on the edges, upper ones shorter, with long, smooth, striated, slightly inflated sheaths. Ligula lanceolate, decurrent. Inflorescence spicate, dense, rigid, from half an inch to an inch long, nearly cylindrical, green. Glumes Ian- ceolate, terminating in a short awn, strongly keeled and ciliated, a rib on each side, green between the ribs and keel, the rest of the valves thin, pale, membranous, hairy on th edge, rough towards the apex. Glumella about one-third the length of the glumes, membranous^ ob- 86 IAGI7RUS. [CLASS III. ORDER II. tuse, torn or crenated at the end, broad, ribbed with green, slightly hairy on the edge, as is also the narrower inner valve. Anther small, pale yellow. Style short. Seed ovate, attenuated at each end. After flowering, the plant remains for some time, and becomes bleached, and not unfrequently may be observed blowing about on the loose sand. Habitat. On sandy sea-coasts, frequent ; sometimes it is found in sandy situations inland, as " on Swaffham and Newmarket heaths." Annual ; flowering from May to July. GENUS XXI. LAGU'RUS. LINN. Hare's-tail-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spiked, ovate. Glumes of two equal, fringed valves, terminating in feathery awns. Glumella of two unequal valves, external one the largest, with a dorsal awn, bifid at the apex ; the lobes long, rough, awn-like. Name from Xayoj, a hare, and ot/f, a tail ; from the resemblance which the spike has to the hare's tail. 1. L. ova'tus, Linn. (Fig. 108.) Hare's-tail-grass. Glumella sur- rounded at the base externally with hairs, the internal valve with a small abortive feathery floret at its base. English Botany, t. 1334. English Flora, vol. i. p. 167. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 299. Hooker. British Flora, vol. i. p 35. Root fibrous. Stem from six to eighteen inches high, erect, or some- what bending at the base, branched, leafy, round, smooth, shining, naked above, slender. Leaves broadly linear, acute, ribbed, downy on both sides. Sheaths striated, finely downy, upper one long, inflated in the upper part. Ligula oblong, abrupt, striated, embracing the stem. Inflorescence spicate, ovate, pale, remarkably soft and woolly, with numerous long protruding awns. Glumes equal, thin, membranous, spreading, single-ribbed, and, as well as its awn, fringed with long silky hairs ; frequently a number of them, surrounding the base of the spike, are empty. Glumella on a short pedicle, of two unequal valves : the outer one with a geniculatecl awn, twisted in the lower part, tapering in the upper, and arising from about the middle of the valve; the inner one smaller, awnless, having at its base a small, finely fringed, abortive floret. Anthers yellow. Style short. Stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, loose in the unchanged glumella. Habitat. Very rare. Sandy fields near the sea, in Guernsey. Annual ; flowering in June. This is one of our most beautiful and ornamental grasses, " the only known species of the genus," and well worthy a place in the flower- garden ; it would also form a very pretty addition to the feathery awus of the following and other pp ecies in dcebrntions during the winter luonthij CLASS III. ORDER H.] STIPA. POLtPOGON. 87 GENUS XXII. STI'PA. LINN. Feather-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle erect, simple, or branched. Glumes of two nearly equal valves, longer than the glumella. Glumella of two involute valves, the external one bearing from its apex a long twisted awn, jointed at the base, and finally separating at the joint. Name from .43.Echino'chloa Crus'-gal'li, Lindley, Synop- sis, p. 305. Root fibrous. Stems several from the same root, about two feet high, branched and leafy in the lower part, smooth, striated. Leaves broad, lanceolate, smooth, except on the edges, which are sometimes waved or crenated. Skeaths large, compressed, smooth, and striated. Ligula absent. Inflorescence a compound spiked panicle, the lower spikes rather distant; the upper crowded, shorter tufted; rachis compressed, rough edged, mostly zigzag. Glumes unequal, the inner largest, concave ribbed, pointed or awned and scattered with short rigid bristles ; the outer smaller, thinner, partly embracing the other at the base, pointed at the extremity. Glumelles of the perfect floret, two, obscurely ribbed, smooth and shining ; the lower or outer one concave, downy at the apex, the sides inflexed ; the upper or inner one plane, the sides slightly inflexed, pointed. Glumelles of the imperfect floret very unequal, the outer one large concave, thin, membranous, ribbed, the edges scattered with bristles, the sides inflexed, terminated with a rough awn, about as long as itself or shorter ; this valve has a great resemblance to the outer glume, for which it is not surprising it should have been mistaken ; the inner one much smaller, sometimes wanting, very thin, plane pointed or notched at the apex ; this floret is generally empty, sometimes it contains stamens only. Stamens about the length of the glumelles. Anthers small. Stigmas feathery. Seed flat, truncated, remaining attached to the hardened glumella. Habitat. Rare, in fields in the vicinity of London, " but probably introduced." Hooker. Annual ; flowering in July. rot. r. 106 SETARIA. [CLASS in. ORDER ii. GENUS XXXI. SETA'RIA. BEAUV. "Bristle Grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spiked, cylindrical. Glumes two, unequal, two- flowered ; the tpikelets supported on short branched pedicles, two or three of which are surrounded by a bristly involure. Florets dissimilar. Glumelles of the perfect floret two, unequal, cartilagi- nous; glumelles of the neuter or male fl oret one or two, membranous; the smaller one sometimes absent. Name from Seta, a bristle, on account of the bristly appearance of the spikes. 1. S. verticilla'ta, Beauv. (Fig. 132.) rough Bristle grass. Panicle spiked, lobed in the lower part, branches whorled, bristles of the involure, several, prominent, rough, with reversed teeth. Lindley Synopsis, p. 309. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 43. Pan'icum verticilla'tum, Linn. English Botany, t. 875. English Flora, vol. i. p. 98. Root fibrous. Stems one or several from the same root, from 'eight inches to two feet high, erect, leafy, striated, smooth below, angular at the top and rough, with sharp erect teeth. Leavet rather broad, lanceolate, taper pointed, rough on both sides, the edges very rough, especially near the base where it not unfrequently has a narrow pale cartilaginous border, and one edge of the leaf waved. Sheaths long, striated, smooth. Ligula a tuft of short hairs, which are continued, but scattered for some distance oil the edge of the sheath. Infloretcence compound, from one to three inches long, erect, cylindrical, irregularly lobed, the branches short, rough, from three to six in a whorl, each bearing several flowers, every pair of which is subtended by about two long rough bristles. Glumes very unequal, thin, membranous, with greenish ribs, the lower valve the smallest, about half the length ot the upper, and shortly pointed, the upper valve oval, concave, many ribbed, as long as the florets, surrounded at the base by the outer valve. Florets generally in pairs. Glumelles of the perfect floret of two cartila- ginous unequal valves, shining and beautifully impressed with close dotted leaves; the outer concave with inflexed edges, enclosing the plane inner valve. Glumelles of the imperfect floret unequal, thin, membranous; the outer large ribbed, cor; cave, greatly resembling the inner glume ; the inner plane very thin, smaller, or absent. Anthers short, cloven. Stigmas feathery. Seed ovate, dark-coloured, enclosed in the hardened glumelles, which are enveloped by the persistent glumes. Habitat. EATS, between London and Putney, Battersea fields, and near Norwich; " probably not indigenous." Hooker. Annual; flowering from July to August. 2. S. vi'ridis, Beauv. (Fig. 133.) Green Brittle grass. Panicle spiked, continuous bristles of the involure, more numerous, and rough, with erect teeth. CI.A4S UI. ORDER II.] SESLEIUA. 107 Lindley, Synopsis, p. 309. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 43. Pan'icum vi'ride, Linn. English Botany, t. 875. English Flora, vol. i. p. 98. This plant is generally smaller than the above species, which it greatly resembles. It would appear, the only character of distinction upon which reliance can be placed is the bristles of the involure having the small teeth with which they are closely set with the points directed upwards, while in the former they are directed downwards; the spike is also more compact, less distinctly lobed, more bristly ; the florets are the same in both species, except that in the latter the inner valve of the neuter floret is more frequently wanting, and sometimes the whole floret is suppressed. Habitat. Rare; in sandy fields about London and Norwich; " scarcely indigenous." Hooker. Annual ; flowering in July and August. GENUS XXXII. SESLE'RIA. ARDCIN. Moor gratt. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spiked. Glumes two, nearly equal, pointed or awned at the apex.^ Glumelles nearly equal; the outer jagged, awned at the apex ; the inner bifid. Named from Leonard Sesler, an Italian Physician and Botanist. 1. S. ceeru'lea, Scop. (Fig. 134.) Spike ovate, with alternate mem- branous bractea at the base. English Botany, t. 1613. English Flora, vol. i. p. 114. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 309. Booker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 42. Sinclair, Horf Gram. Woburn. p. 303. Plant forming close thick tufts, the roots numerous, long, tough, and wiry. Stem from four to twelve or eighteen inches high, smooth, and striated, thickly clothed at the base with the remains of withered leaves, naked above. Leaves numerous, linear obtuse, smooth, except the edges and keel, which. are frequently roughish, striated, single ribbed, a glaucous green, the upper ones very short. Sheaths short, close. Ligula absent. Inflorescence close, a short ovate, shining bluish-green, spiked panicle, the lower spikelets having thin membranous, jagged, toothed or ciliated bractea at their base. Glumes nearly equal, thin, shining bluish,somewhathairy,ovate-lanceolate,keeled,pointedor awned, frequently jagged, toothed, or ciliated towards the extremity, mostly containing two florets longer than themselves. Glumelles nearly equal, external one the largest, shining bluish towards the extremity, from three to five toothed, ciliated, and slightly hairy ribbed, the keel terminating in the middle tooth, mostly lengthened into a short roughish awn; inner valve with two roughish ribs terminating in a bifid extremity, the edges inflexed and membranous* Anthers large, yellow tipped with purple; 108 HIEROCHLOE. [CLAM in. cuu if. Habitat. Frequent in the mountainous districts in the North of England and in Scotland ; plentiful at Settle, on the moors, and lime- stone districts in Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Perennial ; flowering in April and June. This grass appears to be a favourite food of sheep, and is one of the 1 superior alpine grasses, as containing a considerable proportion of nutri- tive matter; it is an early spring grass,but the quantity of herbage which it produces is inconsiderable, and its growth, after being cropped, is very slow. J t appears to possess no other properties by which it can be cultivated with advantage in other than its natural place of growth, but iu such situations it is one of the best and most nutritious grasses. GENUS XXXIII. HIERO'CHLOE. GMEUN. Holy-grass. GEN. CHAR. .Pamefeloose. Glumes two, nearly equal, three-flowered, the two lateral florets neuter, each containing three stamens ; the ter- minal one perfect, containing two stamens and pistils. Glumelles nearly equal, with or without an awn. Fruit free. Name from " ?J, sacred, x*>ox or %Xo7, a grass, so called, because in some parts of the Prussian dominions it is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and strewed before the doors of the churches on festival days, as the Sweet-flag ( Acorus Calamus) is in England." 1. H. borea'lis, Reom et Schult. (Fig. 135.) northern Holy-grass. Panicle nearly erect, somewhat unilateral, flower stalks smooth, florets awnless, roughish ; outer valve ciliated on the margin, leaves flat. English Botany, Supplement, t. 2641. English Flora, vol. i. p. 110. Liudley, Synopsis, p. 306. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 42. Hol'cus odora'tus, Linn. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 167. Moot fibrous, the plant rapidly extending itself by numerous under- ground stems. Flowering stems from twelve to eighteen inches high, erect, round, smooth, striated, leafy in the lower part, naked above. Leaves linear, with a long narrow point, smooth, finely striated, rough on the edges, beneath shining bright green, paler above, and sometimes slightly downy, those of the siem very short. Sheaths long, close, smooth, ribbed. Ligula broad, acute, torn or jagged on the edge. Inflorescence an erect or slightly drooping smooth branched spreading panicle. Spikelets three-flowered. Glumes two, nearly equal, smooth and shining, ovate, broadly pointed, membranous, a little longer than the florets, sometimes jagged or serrated towards the apex. Florets three, on short stalks, the lateral ones neuter (male flowers) having three stamens, (triandrous) pistils wanting, the central or terminal flower smallest, perfect, but with only two stamens (diandrous) and pistils, unequal, the outer valve largest, of a firm almost cartilaginon* 134. Sesleria coerulea. 136. HierocMoe borealis. 136. Melica nutane. 137. Melica unifiora. 138. Molinia coerulea. 139. Poa aquatica. ORDER II. } MELICA. 109 texture, shining, roughish, the margins fringed, pointed, not awned ; inner valve about half as narrow, thin, membranous, ribbed, smooth, bifid at the apex. Glumellules linear, lanceolate. Stigmas large. Anthers large, yellow. Habitat. Very rare. This interesting plant was discovered by Mr. G. Don, in a narrow valley called Kclla, in Angus-shire, Scotland. Perennial ; flowering in July. This species like all others of the genus has the peculiar smell of new mown hay, similar to Anthoxari thum odora'tum, but in a much greater degree, so much so, that according to Dr. Hooker, in Iceland, it is so plentiful as to be used by the people to scent their apartments and clothes ; and it is said to be esteemed in Sweden for its narcotic effects. The produce of this grass in spring is very small and of a very tender nature ; these, together with its strong spreading underground steins, render it a grass of no agricultural merit, a circumstance which is to be regretted, as it contains a greater proportion of nutritive matter than many of the early grasses. GENUS XXXIV. MEL'ICA. L[NN. Melic Grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose. Spikelets one or two flowered, with the rudiments of one or more imperfect ones. Glumes two, nearly equal, about as long as the florets. Glumelles two, unequal, awn- less, becoming hard, and investing the fruit. Name probably derived from p&x, honey, mel. Melica, or Melliga, is also a name given in Italy to the common Millet (Sor'ghum vulga're) ; and some resemblance between it and the present genus, may have been the reason of Linnaeus giving It this name. 1. M. nu'tans, Linn. (Fig. 136.) mountain Melic-grass. Panicle drooping, nearly a simple raceme; spikelets pendulous on one side, containing two perfect florets. English Botany, t. 1059. English Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 307. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 41. Root with creeping underground stems. Stem from one to two feet high, nearly erect, simple, slender, roughish, striated and angular, leafy below. Leaves narrow, linear, acute, the lower ones much shorter than the upper, with a roughish margin. Sheaths striated, roughish. Li- gula very short. Inflorescence a slightly drooping nearly simple ra- ceme, sometimes quite simple. Spikelets on short rough stalks, hang- ing to one side. Glumes ovate, nearly as long as the florets, smooth, a deep purplish brown, the margins pale, nearly equal, the external one smallest, each five or seven-ribbed. Perfect florets two, the lower ses- sile, the upper on a short stalk. Glumelles unequal, cartilaginous ; the vuttr ralv ovate lanceolate, concave, roughish, strongly and nume- 110 MOLINIA. [CIAM iH. ORB*a U. rously ribbed, purplish green, the margins pale and membranous; inner valve pale, ovate acute, flat, smooth, except on the two strong marginal ribs, from the inner edge of which is inflexed a narrow thin membranous border. Imperfect florets paler, one, two, or three, each rising on a short stalk from the base of the inner valve of the floret below it. I have occasionally observed three perfect florets, in fine luxuriant specimens. Anthers yellow. Stiymas distant, rather long, feathery. Seed ovate attenuated, loose, in its covering of the hardened glumelles. Habitat. Woods in subalpine districts ; not common. Middleton Dale, and other parts of Derbyshire. Most frequent in the north of England and in Scotland. Perennial ; flowering from May to June. 2. M. uniflo'ra, Retz. (Fig. 137.) wood Melic-grass. Panicle branched ; spikelets erect, spreading, containing one perfect floret. English Botany, t. 1058. English Flora, vol. i. p. 112. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 307. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 41. Root with creeping underground stems. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, slender, smooth, striated, leafy, simple. Leaves flat, broader than the preceding species, thin, striated, roughish. Sheaths close, striated, nearly smooth. Ligula very short. Inflorescence a long branched, nearly erect, spreading panicle ; its branches distant, slender, nearly smooth. Spikelets few, distant, erect. Glumes unequal, smooth, purplish brown, as long as the florets ; outer valve smallest, lanceolate, with a single dorsal rib ; inner larger, ovate lanceolate, five-ritfbed. Perfect floret sessile, cartilaginous. Glumelles unequal ; outer ralve ovate, ribbed, pale green, with a purplish tinge, very concave; inner flat, smooth, except the two strong lateral ribs, from the inner edge of which is inflexed a broadish border. Glumellula of one thick notched yellow piece at the base of the outer valve of the glurnella. Imperfect floret elevated on a smooth bent stalk, half as long as the perfect floret : the outer valve concave, of a very irregular shape, embracing the much smaller inner valve, and the rudiment of second still more imperfectly formed stalked floret. Anthers yellow. Stigmas distant, feathery. Seed small, truncate. Habitat. In the shade of woods and groves ; frequent. Perennial; flowering from May to July. GENUS XXXV. MOLIN'JA. M(ENCH. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose. Spikelets tv.o or more flowered, and sometimes with an imperfect floret. Glumes two, unequal, much shorter than the florets. Glumelles two, nearly equal, awnless. Name in honour of Giovanni lynatiu Molinia, who published an account of the plants of Chile in 1782, CLASS Itl. ORD1TR. H.] PDA. HI 1. M. cceru'lea, Moench. (Fig. 138.) purple Molinia. Panicle erect, rather close, purplish, leaves much shorter than the stem. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 307. Mel'ica cceru'lea, Linn. English Botany, t. 750. English Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 41. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 286. & Panicle pale -green; spikelets few-flowered. Mel'ica alpi'na, ~Don.Molin'ia depaupera' ta, Lindley. Roots of numerous strong wiry fibres. Stem, erect, from one to two feet high, numerous, smooth, finely striated, the base frequently swollen, surrounded with numerous leaves, single-jointed near the bottom. Leaves numerous, Jong, narrow, linear, acuminate, finely striated, roughish especially on the tipper surface. Sheaths close, smooth, striated. Ligula a tuft of short line glossy hairs. Inflorescence a rather close, erect, roughish branched panicle, from two to six inches long. Spikelets numerous, erect, bluish-purple ; " rarely, and perhaps only when growing in much sheltered situations, green." Glumes unequal, purple, becoming brown with age; the outer valve lanceolate, shorter than the inner, which has a longer sharper point, each with a single dorsal rib. Florets from three to six, the upper one or two imperfect, shining ; outer valve lanceolate, three-ribbed, with a sharp point; the inner pale-green with two lateral ribs from which the inner margins are inflexed, the extremity acute. Anthers purple. Stigmas a dense purple feathery tufts. Seed small, loose, inclosed in the hardened gluvnelles. Habitat. On exposed moors, and on barren heathy situations, common. Perennial ; flowering in August. For the purposes of cultivation this grass is of little or no value. The tough stems, we are informed by Withering, are used in some parts of England to make brooms, and used as a substitute for the more expen- sive ones made of hair ; and Lightfoot says, that in Skye, the fishermen twist them into excellent ropes for their nets. GENUS XXXVI. PO'A. LINN. Meadow-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose. Spikelets three, or many- flowered. Glumes two, shorter than the florets. Glumelles two, nearly equal, awnless. Name from vo, grass, or herb. This genus is so named in reference to their value as pasture grasses.* * The above, there can be little doubt, is the derivation of the word Poa ; but there are other words of the same meaning, as VOKX and Ton. While speaking of the derivation of the word Grass, it may be interesting to notice a remarkable coincidence between a systematic arrangement of the vegetable kingdom, (which has been adopted only within the Isut few yean, after the 112 POA. [CLASS m. OHM* n. * Spikelets linear or linear-ovate. 1. P. aqua'tica, Linu. (Fig. 139.) reed Meadow-grass. Panicle erect, large, much branched, and spreading, florets numerous, obtuse ; outer valve seven-ribbed; leaves broad lanceolate. English Botany, t. 1315. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 43. Glyce'ria aqua'tica, English Flora, vol. i. p. 116. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 354. Hydro'chloa aqua'tica, Hartman, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. Root with jointed creeping underground stems and numerous whorled fibres. Stems erect, from three to six feet high, striated, smooth, and leafy in the lower part, naked and roughish above, slightly compressed. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, broad, flat, single-ribbed, rough on the edges and under side. Sheaths smooth, close, finely striated. Ligula obtuse, torn. Inflorescence a large nearly erect panicle, from six to twelve inches long, its branches arising in alternate half whorls, long, rough, repeatedly branched, spreading. Spikelets numerous, linear. Ghimes unequal, membranous, smooth ; outer valve smallest, single- ribbed ; inner with a strong dorsal and two smaller lateral ribs; florets from five to ten or more, obtuse; outer valve with about nine strong ribs, smooth, or minutely downy ; inner narrower, with two lateral ribs, from which the membranous margins are inflexed, bifid at the extre- labours and investigations of ages,) and the divisions which are distinctly stated by the sacred historian Moses, in his account of the creation, given in the Book of Genesis, where we read that on the third day, or epoch, vegetables were created. In our translation, it is thus stated : " God said, Let the earth bring forth grass (Deshe), the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth : and it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind." The primary divisions of what is called the Natural System of Botany, are three, (which appear to have been made without the least suspicion that they were the same as those given by Moses,) and were called by Linnceus, Cryptogama, Fruges, and Plantae, which are synonymous with Cellulares, or Acotyledons, Endogenae, or Monocotyle- dons, and Exogense, or Dicotyledons ; and by some botanists they have been called Spore-bearing, or seedless plants, Grain-bearing, and Seed-bearing plants. These three divisions agree precisely with those of the Mosaic account above quoted. The word DESHF. in the original Hebrew, which is translated in the text grass, is satisfactorily pointed out, both by an able writer in the 25th Num- ber of " Jameson's Journal," and by the late Professor Burnet, to signify spring- ing or shooting plants, or tender herbs. And we may also state, in corroboration of these opinions, that of Rosenmiiller., in his Scholia on Genesis, ch. 1, v. 11 : " Itaque in hoe commate in tres veluti classes, quidquid emittit terra, dividitur: 1. est tenera herba, sine semir.e, saltern conspicuo : 2. quae semen profert majorque est: 3. arbores, sub quibus arbusta continentur." So that, in thii sentence, whatever the earth sends forth, is divided, as it were, into three clatses : 1. There is the tender herb without seed, at least any that it observable (Acoty- ledons) ; 2. That which produces seed, and is larger (Monoeotyledooi) ; t. Trees, under which shrubs are included (Dicotyledons). CLASS III. ORDER II.] PDA. 113 mity. Glumellules small, acute. Anthers yellow. Stigmas fea- thery. Habitat. On the banks of streams, drains, and swampy situations ; common. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This, though a large coarse grass, is eateu by cattle with an apparent relish, and contains a large proportion of nutritive matter. It forms the principal winter provender in some parts of the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, where it grows with so great rapidity and luxu- riance, that it is sometimes mown three times during the summer. Its quick growth and rapid wide-spreading stems, render it exceedingly troublesome in drains and rivers ; so much so in the Isle of Ely, we are informed by Mr. Curtis, as to render it necessary to cleanse them with an instrument called a bear a sort of roller, with numerous sharp projecting pieces of iron, which is dragged up and down the river, to cut or tear up the roots. 2. P.flu'itans, Scop. (Fig. 140.) floating Meadow-grass. Panicle long, nearly erect, scarcely branched ; florets numerous, seven- ribbed, with short intermediate ones at the base ; leaves linear, acute. English Botany, t. 1520. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 43. Glyce'riaflu'itans, English Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 315. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 349. Fes'tuca flu'itans, Linn. Root with long, creeping, prostrate stems, thick, succulent, often partly floating in water, putting out roots and stems from the joints ; upper part erect, from one to three feet long, smooth, striated, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, roughish, the lower ones floating on the surface of water. Sheaths long, smooth, finely striated, close, and slightly compressed. Ligula oblong, acute, often torn. Inflores- cence a very long, nearly erect, slender panicle, branched mostly at the base, and spreading ; the upper spikelets on short, simple stalks, and erect. Spikelets linear, cylindrical, or slightly compressed. Glumes unequal, thin, membranous, each with a single green rib. Florets from eight to twelve. Glumelles equal ; the outer valve acute, or obtuse, membranous towards the extremity, minutely hairy, seven-ribbed, with short intermediate ones between them ; inner membranous, two-ribbed, the margins inflexed, notched at the extremity. Glumellula of one thick piece. Anthers small, yellow. Stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, furrowed on one side. Habitat. Pools, slow streams, and wet places; frequent. Perennial ; flowering from July to September. This grass is of little or no agricultural utility. The seeds are pur- chased in the shops under the name of manna-seeds, and are said to be VOL. I. 114 POA. L CLASS "' ORDER II. used in some parts of Germany and Holland, as well as in Poland, as a great delicacy in soup and other articles of food. In some parts of Germany, Schreber says, it is cultivated for the value of the seeds. Small birds are very fond of the sweet unripe seeds ; and the fine sharp bran is said to be useful in destroying intestinal worms in horses, but Sinclair observes, " they must be kept from water some hours after- wards." 3. P. marit'ima, Hudson, (Fig. 141.) creeping Sea Meadow-grass. Panicle erect, rather close ; spikelets of about five obtuse florets, outer valve five-ribbed ; leaves involute ; root with creeping stems. English Botany, 1. 1140. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 44. Gly- ce'rla marit'ima, English Flora, vol. i. p. 118. Sclero'chloa marit'ima, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 315. Root with numerous creeping underground stems, putting out nume- rous fibres and stems from the joints. Whole plant a glaucous-green. Stems numerous, bent at the base, about a foot high, rigid, smooth, and leafy, except at the top it is rather rough. Leaves linear, the edges mostly rolled inwards, sharp-pointed, the upper side and margins roughish. Sheaths long, rather swelled, smooth, finely striated. Li- gula obtuse. Inflorescence a rather close, rough, branched panicle, arising mostly on one side, and spreading only when in flower. Spike- lets linear, cylindrical. Glumes unequal; the outer smallest, single- ribbed ; the inner with a sharp point and two rough ribs, the mem- branous margins inflexed. Glumellules acute. Anthers yellow. Stig- mas feathery. Seed small, pointed at each extremity. Habitat. In wet places on the sea-coast; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. 4. P. dis'tans, Linn. (Fig. 142.) reflexed Meadow-grass. Panicle erect, spreading, its branches at length deflexed ; spikelets of about five obtuse florets, outer valve with five indistinct ribs ; leaves flat; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 986. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 318. Hooker, Bri- tish Flora, vol. i. p. 44. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 323. Glyce'ria dis'tans, English Flora, vol. i. p. 118. Root fibrous. Whole plant a glaucous green, tufted. Stems nu- merous, bent ai the base, round, smooth, leafy, from one to two feet high. Leaves linear, flat, smooth on the under side, roughish on the upper. Sheaths smooth, striated, the upper ones longest, slightly inflated. Ligula short, striated, obtuse, notched or torn. Inflores- cence an erect, spreading panicle ; its branches slender, angular, rough- ish, attached to the rachis by a swollen joint, in alternate half whorls, singularly bent downwards as the plant advances to maturity, by which character it may readily be distinguished from its allied species. Spikelets short, somewhat compressed, shining, and sometimes tinged CLASS III. ORDER II. | TOA. 115 with purple. Glumes membranous on the edges; the outer valve smallest, single-ribbed ; the inner with three ribs. Florets from three to seven. Glumelles nearly equal ; the outer one acute and membra- nous at the extremity, with five indistinct ribs ; the inner pointed or bifid at the extremity, with two roughish lateral ribs, from which the inner membranous margins are inflexed. Glumellules acute. Anthers yellow. Stigmas large, feathery. Habitat. In sandy situations, principally near the sea Hooker. Near Dublin Mr. W. Wilson. Nottingham Meadows, and Lenton, rare Dr. Howitt. Near Rotherham Salt's Herb. Attereliffe near Sheffield, Yorkshire, and road sides about Worksop, Nottinghamshire, plentiful .R. D. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The singular deflection of the branches of the panicle arises from the peculiar structure attached to their base. In a newly developed panicle, the branches are erect : it may then be distinctly seen that the two external angles are formed by two of the ribs or stria passing from the stem along the branch, and between them is a pale compact mem- brane. The inner surface is a pale yellow, scarcely swollen ; this, however, is limited to a very short distance at the base, and as the plant advances to maturity, this part gradually enlarges, and forms a pro- jecting tubercle. The outer surface, formed as above stated, is capable of resisting the pressure of the gradually swelling tubercle; conse- quently, it forms, as it were, a hinge, which allows the branches to be bent backwards as the tubercle is developing. A thin transverse sec- tion of the tubercles, examined with a strong magnifying power, shows them to be composed of cells of an hexagonal figure, much smaller and more compact in the lower part and middle, gradually becoming larger towards the upper and external surface. 5. P. procum'bens, Curtis, (Fig. 143.) procumbent Sea Meadow- grass. Panicle rather close, ovato-lanceolate ; spikelets leaning one way, linear, of about four florets, outer valves with five ribs. English Botany, t. 532. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 44. Gly~ ce'ria procum'bens, vol. i. p. 119. Sclero'chloa procum'bens, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. Whole plant a glaucous green, and rigid. Root fibrous. Stems procumbent at the base, from six to eight inches high, smooth, leafy, and branched at the base. Leaves flat, linear, obtuse, ribbed, roughish on the edges and upper surface, smooth beneath. Sheaths long, some- what inflated, striated, smooth. Ligula short, obtuse, often torn. In- florescence a close, roughish branched, two-ranked panicle, about two inches long, more spreading when in flower. Spikelets two-ranked, turned to one side. Glumes unequal : the outer obtuse, with three strong ribs; the inner acute, with a single rib. Florets about four, oblong, *'6 POA. [CLASS in. ORDER ii. rather distant. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer obtuse, five-ribbed ; the inner membranous, with two marginal hairy ribs, mostly bifid at the apex. Glumellules acute. Stigmas feathery. Anthers small, yellow. Seed compressed. Habitat. In salt marshes near the sea. St. Vincent's Rock, Bristol ; Essex ; Scarborough ; Yarmouth ; and other places. Apparently not rare. Annual ; flowering from June to August. 6. P. ri'gida, Linn. (Fig. 144.) hard Meadow-grass. Panicle erect, rigid, lanceolate ; spikelets two-ranked, leaning one way, linear, of about seven nearly ribl ess florets; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 1371. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 44. Glyce'ria ri'gida, English Flora, vol. i. p. 120. Sclero'chloa ri'gida, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. A very rigid and wiry plant, varying from a light green Jo a dark purplish colour. Root of numerous branched fibres. Stem from two to six inches high, branched, and bent at the base, or simple and erect, smooth, repeatedly jointed and leafy below. Leaves short, striated, the margins more or less rolled inwards, roughish on the upper side, smooth beneath. Sheaths short, smooth, striated. Ligula oblong, obtuse, mostly torn. Inflorescence a rather close, two-ranked panicle. Spikelets linear, turned to one side, arising from the angular zigzag rachis on short, smooth, angular, simple, or branched stalks. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, the smaller with a single dorsal rib, the larger with a dorsal and two lateral ribs. Florets about seven, rather distant, smoothish. Glumelles nearly equal : outer valve obtuse, with mem- branous edges, scarcely ribbed ; inner with two lateral, roughish ribs, bifid at the apex. Anthers short. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Crevices of walls and rocks, and dry sandy situations ; not uncommon. Annual ; flowering in June. 7. P. compress'a, Linn. (Fig. 145.) fiat-stemmed Meadow-grass. Panicle rather close, spreading when in flower, partially leaning one way ; spikelets ovate, oblong ; florets from five to seven, con- nected by a web at the base ; stem compressed ; root with creeping stems. English Botany, t. 365. English Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 45. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 306. The whole plant is more or less of a glaucous green. Root with creeping stems. Stems procumbent, leafy, and often branched at the base, naked above, roughish, striated, and remarkably compressed. Leaves short, flat, linear, keeled and striated, smooth beneath, roughish on the upper side and edges. Sheaths rather long, somewhat inflated, 140. Poa fluitana. 141. Poa maritima. 142. Poa distans. Poa procurn'be'ns. 144. Poa rijjida. Poa compressa. CLASS III. ORDER II. J POA. 117 striated, and roughish. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflorescence an erect panicle, varying in length from one to three inches, according to the situation of its growth ; spreading when in flower, but rather close both before and after. Spikelets ovate, oblong. Glumes nearly equal, ovate, acute, each three-ribbed, the dorsal one roughish. Florets from five to seven, the lower ones connected at the base, and partly up the keel and edges of the glumelles, by a soft, tine white web of some length : the outer valve of the glumelles ovate, acute, with a strong dorsal and four rather indistinct lateral ribs; inner valve with two lateral, roughish ribs, bifid at the apex ; the margins membranous, in- flexed. Anthers small. Stigmas densely feathery. Habitat. On walls, rocks, and dry, waste places; frequent. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. For purposes of cultivation, this grass is of little utility, although it contains a considerable proportion of nutritive matter ; the quantity of herbage which it produces is too scanty in comparison with many other valuable grasses,, so as to render it scarcely worthy the attention of the farmer. ** Spikelets ovate. 8. P. alpi'na, Linn. (Fig. 146 ) alpine Meadow-grass. Panicle loose, spreading ; glumes nearly equal ; florets four or five, hairy at the base ; leaves broadly linear, obtuse ; ligulae of the upper leaves oblong, acute, of the lower short, obtuse. English Botany, t. 1003. English Flora, vol. i. p. 122. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 45. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p 301. /3. glomera'ta ; spikelets densely crowded. D. Don, Hooker's Flora Scotica, vol. i. p. 34. Root fibrous. Stem erect, from six to twelve inches high, sometimes bent at the base, and branched and leafy, naked above, round, smooth, finely striated, mostly purplish. Leaves smooth, sometimes roughish on the edges and upper side ; the lower numerous, tufted, linear, flat, striated, rather short, obtuse, with a fine bristle point ; their sheaths short ; the ligulce short, obtuse : upper leaves much shorter, narrower ; the margins inflexed ; the sheaths much longer; the ligulae lanceolate, mostly torn. Inflorescence an erect, loose, spreading panicle ; its branches smooth, mostly in pairs. Spikelets ovate, rather large. Flo- rets mostly four, sometimes five. Glumes ovate, lanceolate, green or purplish, with a strong keel, terminating in a short point or awn, and two lateral ribs ; the margins membranous. Glumelles green or pur- plish : outer valve ovate, lanceolate; the keel roughish at the apex, silky at the base; the margins thin and membranous: inner valve with two lateral ribs, finely fringed ; the apex notched; the margins membranous, inflexed. Anthers rather large. Stigmas feathery. 1 18 POA. [CLASS in. ORDER ii. The florets, instead of being as above described, are frequently found in a viviparous state. , Habitat. Frequent on the lofty Scotch and Welsh mountains, and not unfrequent in Ireland. 0. Banks of the Esk, D. Don. (Hook.) Perennial; flowering in July and August. 9. P. lax' a, Ha;k. (Fig. 147.) wavy Meadaiv-grass. Panicle loosely spreading, drooping; glumes nearly equal; florets about three, hairy, and connected by a web at the base; leaves narrow, linear, acute; ligules all lanceolate. English Flora, vol. i. p. 123. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 316. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 45. Po'a flexuo'sa, English Botany, t. 1123. Root fibrous, often arising from the lower joints of the stem. Stem ascending, more or less bent at the joints, about a foot high, very slender, especially in the upper part, which droops with the weight of the panicle; roughish above. Leaves narrow, linear, lanceolate, more numerous than in the last species, roughish on the edges and upper side. Sheaths long, close, striated, slightly compressed, and smooth. Ligula lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence a loosely spreading panicle. Glumes nearly equal, downy on the keel: the outer smallest, single- ribbed ; the inner with three ribs. Florets mostly three, tinged with purple. Glumelles acute, obscurely ribbed; the outer downy on the rib and keel, and connected at the base with a complicated web ; the margin thin and membranous. Anthers small, yellow. The whole plant has somewhat of a glaucous hue, and much smaller and slenderer than the last species ; the flowers, like it, are frequently found in a viviparous state. Habitat. On Ben Nevis, Scotland; first found by Mr. T. Mackay. Perennial ; flowering in July. 10. P. bulbo'sa, Linn. (Fig. 148 ) bulbous Meadow-grass. Panicle close ; glumes nearly equal ; florets about four, downy at the keel, and connected by a web at the base; leaves short, finely serrated on the margins ; stems swollen into bulbs at the base. English Botany, t. 1071. English Flora, vol. i. p. 123. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46. Root of numerous, long, branched fibres. Stem from four to six inches high, mostly bent in the lower part, erect above, smooth, the base formed into an oblong bulb" by the swelling of the base of the leaves, and surrounded with dry and withered sheaths. Leaves nume- rous, linear, short, keeled and striated, the edges with a narrow, serrated, pale, cartilaginous margin. Sheaths smooth, striated, loose, mostly purplish, the upper ones long, the lower short. Ligula lanceolate, embracing the stem, and decurrent on the margins of the sheath. Inflorescence an erect, simple, scarcely branched panicle. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, smooth, except the upper part of the keel. CLASS 111. ORDER II.] POA. HO Florets three or four, more or less tinged with purple. Glumelles nearly equal: the outer valve acute, obscurely ribbed, finely downy; the keel with long down, especially at the base, which is webbed: the inner valve with two marginal, more or less fringed ribs, bifid at the apex. Stigmas small, feathery. Anthers slender, yellow. Habitat. On the east and southern parts of England, principally on the sea-shores. Perennial; flowering in April and May. This singular species of grass is peculiarly fitted to dry, sandy situa- tions. The bulbs formed at the base of the stems and leaves, are blown about on the surface of the sand during the greater part of the summer months, until the ground becomes humid, when they also become fixed, and shortly put out their fibrous roots deep into he sand, and, during the early part of spring, shoot forth an abundance of leaves, which form a grateful, and the principal part of the herbage for cattle on the Denes at Yarmouth, and other places, until there is a greater abundance of other summer food, by which time they have withered away. This species, Sir J. E. Smith observes, " abounds in Germany, France, and Italy ;" and that those collected " in the streets of Rome are usually viviparous ;" and Sir W. J. Hooker adds, " So are my specimens from Germany ;" but it has not, that I am aware of, been found in that state in this country. *** Spikelets ovate-oblong. 11. P. praten'sis, Linn. (Fig. 149.) smooth stalked Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; glumes nearly equal, three-ribbed ; florets about four, five-ribbed, connected by a web at the base ; stem and leaves smooth ; ligula short ; root with creeping stems. English Botany, t. 1073. English Flora, vol. i. p. 126. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 142. P. angustifo'lia ; smaller, with narrower involute leaves. Poa angustifolia, Linn. y. sub-cceru'lea ; smaller; the leaves short, broad, and the whole plant of a glaucous hue. Poa sub-ccerulea, Smith, English Botany, t. 1004. Root fibrous, with long horizontal underground stems, which fre- quently give out numerous leaves, and erect, smooth, flowering stems, from one to two feet high. Leaves numerous, linear, spreading, obtuse, striated, and smooth, sometimes roughish on the keel and margins. Sheaths close, smooth, striated, upper ones rather long. Ligula short, obtuse, a character by which this species is readily distinguished from the following, to which it is nearly allied. Inflorescence an erect, smooth, branched, spreading panicle. Glumes nearly equal, three- ribbed, smooth, except the upper part of the keel. Florets about four, 120 POA. [CLASS in. OKDKR u. green or purplish. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer valve five- ribbed ; the margins and point membranous; the ribs and keel downy, and copiously webbed at the base : the inner valve lanceolate, with two roughish ribs, from which the narrow membranous margin is in- flexed. Stigmas rather long, feathery, branched. Anthers yellow. Habitat. Meadows and pastures; common. /3. In woods, y- Not uncommon in dry barren places, and on walls, especially in alpine countries. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This grass, though nearly allied to the following species in its gene- ral appearance, is very different in its habit and utility as an agri- cultural grass, and ought to be carefully distinguished in making selections of seeds to be sown in different kinds of land. All plants with creeping underground stems impoverish the land much more than those with simple fibrous roots, and ought not to be chosen if the latter can be substituted for them, that possess other equal advantages. The value of this species is the earliness with which it produces its herbage ; but the quantity which it produces for it puts out flowering stems but once in the season, and is of slow growth compared with many other grasses, together with its habit, cannot, observes Mr. Sin- clair, justify its claim to a place in the composition of the best natural pastures, and on this account should be carefully avoided as an un- profitable plant for that purpose. 12. P. trivia'lis, Linn. (Fig. 151.) roughish Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; glumes unequal, pointed, and roughish ; florets about three, five-ribbed, connected by a web at the base; stem and leaves roughish; ligula oblong; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 1072. English Flora, vol. i. p. 124. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 146. Root fibrous. Stems several, bent at the base, erect above, from one to two feet high, roughish, and leafy, frequency purplish. Leaves spreading, flat, linear, lanceolate, roughish, as well as the long, slightly compressed, striated sheaths. Ligula acute, oblong, or lanceolate. Inflorescence an erect, rather large, much branched, spreading panicle ; the branches angular and rough. Glumes unequal, roughish : the outer valve smallest, single-ribbed ; the inner with three ribs. Florets mostly three, sometimes purplish. Glumelles roughish: the outer valve acute, five-ribbed, the edges thin and membranous at the extre- mity, the base with very long, convoluted, slender filaments ; the inner valve lanceolate, with two lateral ribs, from which the membranous margins are inflexed. Stiymas feathery, and branched. Anthers yellow or purple, small. Seed small, angular. Habitat. Meadows and pastures ; common. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. Poa alpina. 147. Poa laxa. 148. Poa "buTbosa. 149. Poa pratensis. Poa annun. 151. Poa trivialis. CLASS III. ORDEE H.~| POA. 121 The rougliish Meadow-grass is one of the most valuable of our native grasses : it possesses highly nutritive properties, arrives at perfection at the most seasonable period, and is preferred by cattle before almost any other grass, as is evident by those parts of pastures where it is most abundant being more closely eaten down than any other. It grows to the greatest perfection in moist, rich soils, in sheltered situations, or amongst a mixture of other grasses, where it will get a partial covering : under such circumstances, it has been found to nearly double the quantity of its produce. This grass is most valuable for permanent pastures, and in sowing the seed it should be in the proportion of about seven pounds to the acre. Valuable, however, as this grass is in moist, .rich soils, and sheltered situations, it cannot with advantage be culti- vated in dry exposed land, as the quantity of herbage which it pro- duces is far less, and it gradually diminishes, and frequently dies off in the course of a few years. 13. P. an'nua, Linn. (Fig. 150.) annual Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; glumes unequal ; florets about five, a little remote, five-ribbed, hairy, but without web at the base; stem compressed ; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 1141. English Flora, vol. i. p. 127. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 400. Root fibrous. Stems numerous, bent and branched at the base, smooth, pale, and striated ; the lower joints often putting out roots. Leaves linear, flat, flaccid, blunt, frequently wared, a bright palish green, smooth, except a slight roughness on the edges. Sheaths close, compressed, smooth. Liyula obtuse in the lower leaves, acute in the upper. Inflorescence an erect, spreading, smooth, branched panicle. Glumes unequal, smooth, or roughish: the outer valve smallest, lan- ceolate, single-ribbed ; the inner ovate-lanceolate, three-ribbed. Flo- rets about five, rather remote, green tinged with purple, smooth, shi- ning, the margins pale and membranous. Glumelles unequal: the outer ovate-lanceolate, acute, five-ribbed, hairy, without web at the base; the inner valve with two marginal, roughish ribs, bifid at the apex. Anthers yellow. Stigmas large. Seed small, angular, pale. Habitat. Common everywhere. Annual ; flowering from April to November. This is one of the most common of the grasses, growing almost any- where upon walls, roofs, the crevices of pavements, road-sides, &c. It is also very various in size, depending upon the place of its growth. It is a very troublesome weed in court-yards, gravel walks, &c., and difficult of extirpation, for it produces seed nearly all the year round : in such like places, it has been recommended to destroy it by boiling water, lime, &c.; but perhaps the most effectual method is to sprinkle the places pretty well over with common salt, once or twice during the VOL. I. E K2 TRIODIA. [CLASS HI. ORDER II. year. For agricultural purposes it is of uo value, compared with many ether grasses. 14. P. nemra'lis, Linn. (Fig. 152.) wood Meadow-grass. Panicle slender, slightly drooping, spreading ; glumes unequal ; florets about four, a little remote, silky, scarcely webbed ; stem slightly compressed ; ligula short, obtuse. English Botany, t. 1265. English Flora, vol. i. p. 129. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 182. 0. glau'ca, (Fig. 153.) Whole plant much smaller, and glaucous. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 46.~Po'a glau'ca, English Botany, t. 1720. English Flora, vol. i. p. 128. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 317. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 192. Root fibrous. Stem from one to three feet high, slender, erect, branched at the base, smooth, slightly compressed. Leaves narrow, flat, linear, acute, ribbed, roughish on the edges and keel. Sheaths short, close, striated, smooth. Ligula very short, obtuse, notched. Inflores- cence a loose, slightly drooping, spreading, waved, slender, rough, branched panicle. Glumes unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, and obscurely ribbed. Florets from three to five, rather distant, a shining green tinged with purple. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer valve with a thin membranous margin, the keel and two lateral ribs silky, the base scarcely webbed ; the inner with two strong, smooth, lateral ribs, the membranous margins inflexed, the point bifid. Stigmas feathery. Anthers yellow. Habitat. Frequent in woods and shady places. /9. Frequent on the Welsh and Scotch mountains. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. The variety glauca was regarded by Sir J. E. Smith as a distinct species ; but from the examination of both wild and cultivated speci- mens, we think with Sir W. J. Hooker, that it is but an alpine state of Poa nemoralis. GENUS XXXVII. TRIO'DIA. BROWN. Heath-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle racemed. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes two, nearly equal. Glumelles two, unequal : the external one with three nearly equal teeth ; the middle one stiff, straight. Name from Tfus, three, and o^ot/?, a tooth ; in reference to the three-toothed apex of the outer glumella. 1. T. decum'bens, Beauv. (Fig. 154.) decumbent Heath-grass. Pa- nicle a nearly simple raceme of few spikelets ; glumes smooth, as long as the florets ; ligula a tuft of hairs. CLASS III. ORDER II. J BRIZA. 123 English Flora, vol. i. p. 131. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 311. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 47. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 377. Fes'tuca decum'bens, Linn. Po'a decum'bens, English Botany, t. 792, Root with strong fibres, sometimes slightly creeping. Stems mostly numerous, from six to twelve inches high, bent in the lower part, erect in the upper, tough, smooth. Leaves linear, acuminate, striated, scat- tered, with rather long hairs, smooth except towards the point. Sheaths close, smooth, striated, hairy. Ligula a tuft of rather long whitish hairs. Inflorescence a nearly simple raceme, of from six to twelve spikelets, their footstalks and the rachis rough. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, keeled and more or less distinctly ribbed, purplish, the margins thin and pale, smooth except the keel. Florets about four. Glumelles unequal : the external one ovate, smooth, shining, ribbed ; the base with a tuft of short fine white hairs on each side, and fre- quently the margins are fringed nearly their whole length ; the apex with three teeth : the internal valve ovate, obtuse, with two strong, green, ciliated, lateral ribs, from which the thin membranous margins are inflexed. Seed ovate, flat. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. On heaths, poor sandy and mountainous districts ; not uncommon. Perennial ; flowering in July. GENUS XXXVIII. BRI'ZA. LINN. Quaking-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes two, equal. Glumelles two, unequal, awnless ; the outer convex, swelled at the base ; the inner small and flat. Fruit closely in- vested with the glumelles. Name from " /SptSw, to balance ; the spikelets being most delicately suspended." 1. B, me'dia, Linn. (Fig. 155.) common Quaking-grass. Spikelets broadly ovate, of about seven florets; glumes shorter than the florets ; ligula short, obtuse. English Botany, t. 340. English Flora, vol. i. p. 133. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 315. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 47. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 205. Root fibrous, often woolly. Stems mostly numerous from the same root, erect, from one to two feet high, slender, smooth, surrounded with numerous leaves at the base. Leaves rather short, linear, acuminate, roughish, especially towards the point. Sheaths close, smooth, striated. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflorescence a wide-spreading, slender, rough- ish, repeatedly branched panicle. Spikelets numerous, broadly ovate, smooth, and shining. Glumes ovate, obtuse, very concave, slightly compressed, three-ribbed, purple, with a pale, narrow, membranous margin. Florets about seven. Glumelles unequal : the outer valrc 124 TESTUCA. [CLASS m. ORDER ir. like the glumes, but larger and more concave; the inner much smaller, plane, with two lateral roughish ribs, the apex bifid. Stiffmas long, feathery. Fruit triangular, closely invested with the glumelles. Habitat. Pastures ; very common. Perennial ; flowering in May and June. The appearance and size of this grass varies considerably : it is not uncommon to find it in some situations two, or even three, feet high, and in others not more than four or six inches. The elegant and graceful panicles, supporting their ovate spikelets upon slender, silk- like stalks, are put into a tremulous motion by the slightest passing breeze ; hence its popular name of Quaking, or Trembling Grass : and the various shades of colour which they are found, (often in the same locality,) from a dark shining purple to a pale yellowish-green, have rendered them a favourite winter decoration and ornament. It is a grass containing a considerable proportion of nutritive matter, is eaten by most cattle, and is cultivated with the greatest advantage in poor sandy or strong tenacious soils ; but in rich pasture or meadow lands, it is not cultivated with the same advantage or profit, but is injured by a too great supply of manure. 2. B. mi'nor, Linn. (Fig. 156.) small Quaking-grass. Spikelets tri- angular, of about seven florets; glumes longer than the florets ; ligula elongated, acute. British Flora, vol. i. p. 133. English Botany, t. 1316. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 315. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i, p. 47. Root fibrous, downy. Stem from three to six inches high, smooth, often branched at the base. Leaves linear, roughish on the edges. Sheaths close, smooth. Liyula elongated, acute, more or less decur- rent. Inflorescence similar to the last, but smaller, as is the whole plant. Spikelets triangular, smooth, green or white, shining, some- times purplish. Glumes longer than the florets, which are generally seven in number. Glumelles unequal : the outer valve very concave, and swollen at the base; the inner much smaller, and flat, with two marginal ribs, and bifid at the apex. Stigmas long, feathery. Fruit closely invested by the glumelles. Habitat. Fields in the South of England ; very rare. About Bath ; in Cornwall, Jersey, and Guernsey. Annual ; flowering in July. GENUS XXXIX. FESTU'CA. LINN. Fescue-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose or contracted. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, the outer valve acuminate or awned at the apex. The derivation of the name is doubtful : 152. Poa nemoraliB. 163. Poa nemoralia. Slauca. Triodia decumbens. 166. Briza media. Briza minor. 157 Festuca ovina. 158. Festuca ovina, E vivipara. Festuca durmscula. 160. Festuca rubra. 161. Feetuca Myurue. 163. CLASS III. ORDER II. J FESTUCA. 125 according to Pheis, it is from the Celtic word fest, which signifies food or pasturage ; in Latin, the word festuca signifies the shoot or stalk of a tree or herb. * Glumelles with a short awn. 1. F.ovi'na, Linn. (Fig. 157 and 158.) Sheep's Fescue-grass. Pa- nicle rather close ; spikelets mostly turned to one side, oblong, of about five florets ; stems square upwards ; leaves bristle-shaped. English Botany, t. 585. English Flora, vol. i. p. 139. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 313. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 48. Sinclair, Hort Gram. Woburn. p. 257. /3. Sm. ru'bra ; panicle purplish. Festuca ru'bra, Withering. y. Sm. cce'sia; whole plant glaucous. Festu'ca cce'sia, English Botany, t. 1917: J. Sm. tenuifo'lia ; leaves more numerous, longer, and slenderer ; glumelles acuminate, awnless. Festu'ca tenuifo'lia, Sibthorp, Schrader. s. Hook, mvip'ara, (Fig. 158.) ; plant taller ; florets viviparous. Festu'ca ovi'na, @. Linn. y. Schrader. Festu'ca vivip'ara, English Botany, t. 1355. English Flora, vol. i. p. 140. -Lindley, Synopsis, p. 313. Root of numerous, long, smooth, branched fibres. Stems numerous, from three to eighteen inches high, erect, smooth, slender, round and leafy in the lower part, naked and square in the upper. Leaves very numerous, tufted, narrow, acute, their margins so closely rolled inwards as to appear bristle-shaped, smooth at the base, roughish towards the apex, mostly of a somewhat glaucous-green, and varying considerably in their length. Sheaths close, smooth, striated. Ligula very short,, projecting on each side. Inflorescence an erect, short, rough branched, rather close, one-sided panicle. Spikelets oblong, often purplish. Glumes unequal, acute, nearly smooth, keeled, and with two more or less distinct lateral ribs. Florets about five, rather distant. Glumelles equal : the outer valve keeled and ribbed, smooth, except towards the apex, which is more or less rough ; sometimes downy, especially in the viviparous variety ; acuminated or awned at the extremity ; the awn roughish, variable in length, but not longer than half the length of the ralve : the inner valve with two lateral roughish ribs, and bifid at the apex. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. On dry, elevated pastures ; common. e. On the moun- tains of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland ; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This grass, which is found abundant on downs, high moors, and dry sandy situations, is a favourite food of sheep, and its fine succulent foliage is well fitted for their organs of mastication. It is said to be from the sheep feeding on this grass, that the South Down and Forest mutton obtains its superiority. For cultivation, this grass is little 126 FESTUCA. [CLASS in. ORDER II. capable of improvement ; it is true that a greater produce is obtained when it is grown in a rich loamy soil, but not in proportion to the quantity that can be produced from other grasses in the same situation. Its value as a pasture grass is limited to the natural places of its growth, to which it is admirably adapted by its long, penetrating, fibrous roots, the close, tufted manner of its growth, and its narrow, thread-like leaves. Mr. Curtis has pointed out the advantage of this grass for making grass-plats, lawns, or bowling-greens : it doer not require so frequent mowing, and keeps greener in dry weather, owing to the length of its roots : for this purpose it will be found to answer best in a light sandy soil. 2. F. durius'cula, Linn. (Fig. 159.) hard Fescue-grass. Panicle spreading ; spikelets mostly turned to one side, oblong, of about six awned florets; stem round ; stem-leaves nearly flat, lower ones bristle-shaped ; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 470. English Flora, vol. i. p. 141. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 314. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 49. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 156. Root fibrous, tufted. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, smooth, striated, round. Upper leaves nearly flat, with long, close, smooth, striated sheaths ; the lower leaves numerous, much longer, striated, and keeled ; the margins closely rolled inwards, so as to appear bristle- shaped ; their sheaths shorter, hairy or downy. Ligula very short, obtuse. Inflorescence an erect, somewhat spreading, one-sided panicle; its branches short, angular, rough. Spikelets oblong, green or pur- plish, smooth, or sometimes roughish. Glumes unequal : the outer valve shortest, keeled; the inner keeled and ribbed. Florets about six, rather distant. Glumelles equal : the outer keeled, ribbed, and awned, the awn not more than half the length of the valve ; the inner valve with two lateral, roughish ribs, the apex bifid. Stigmas protru- ding, feathery. Anthers yellow. This species is nearly allied to the above, from v.hich it is at once distinguished by its greater size and stouter habit. Habitat. In pastures, meadows, and waste places ; plentiful. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This is always found among the grasses of a natural pasture, espe- cially where the soil is rather of a light rich nature. It is one of the best grasses for sheep, springing early, and producing fine succulent herbage, though not very abundant ; and its long fibrous roots enable it to withstand the injurious effects of continued dry weather. Mr. Sinclair remarks, that " it attains to the greatest perfection when com- bined with the Festu'ca praten'sis and Po'a trivia'lis" and that it is entitled " to a place in the composition of the best pastures, though iu a small proportion." CLASS III. ORDER II.] FESTtJCA. 127 3. F. ru'bra, Linn. (Fig. 160.) creeping Fescue-grass. Panicle spreading; spikelets turned to one side, oblong; florets longer than their awns ; leaves downy on their upper side, more or less involute; root with extensively creeping, underground stems. English Botany, t. 2056. English Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 314. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 49. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 261. Root with extensive creeping, underground stems, the only cha- racter by which this can be distinguished from the above species; " and may not this," Sir W. J. Hooker observes, " be owing to a pecu- liarity in soil and other accidental circumstances ?" According to the opinions of Smith, Schrader, and Sinclair, this character is sufficient to distinguish it as a species. Habitat. Sandy pastures near the sea, plentiful ; and " in moun- tainous pastures and alpine precipices." Perennial ; flowering in July. This, Mr. Sinclair says, " has no superior merit over those species it resembles in habit, to compensate for the impoverishing effects of its creeping roots to the soil." ** Glumes very unequal ; glumelles unth a long awn. 4. F. Myu'rus, Linn. (Fig. 161.) Wall Fescue-grass. Panicle elon- gated, rather close, somewhat drooping ; spikelets leaning one way; florets shorter than the awn, containing only one stamen ; stem leafy in its upper part. English Botany, t. 1412. English Flora, vol. i. p. 143.- Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 49. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburu. p. 266. Vul'pia Myu'rus, Gmelin. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 314. Root small, fibrous. Stem from twelve to eighteen inches high, erect, smooth, striated, leafy nearly to the top. Leaves short, awl- shaped, striated, and smooth. Sheaths close, smooth, striated. Ligula. short, obtuse. Inflorescence a slightly drooping, angular, rough- branched, lax panicle, from two to five inches long. Glumes pointed or awned : the outer smallest, keeled ; the inner keeled and ribbed. Florets narrow, tapering, cylindrical. Glumelles nearly equal: the outer valve ribbed, roughish towards the apex, terminating in a fine rough awn, longer than itself; the inner valve thin, with two lateral greenish ribs, roughish and bifid at the apex. Stigmas very small, feathery. Stamen only one. Anther yellow. Fruit long, narrow, deeply channelled on one side, downy towards the apex. Habitat. Walls, and barren sandy grounds; not uncommon in England, less frequent in Scotland and Ireland. Annual ; flowering in June and July. 128 JESTUCA. [CLASS HI. ORDKBU. 5. F. bromoid'cs,' Linn. (Fig. 162.) barren Fescue-grass. Panicle erect; spikelets turned to one side ; florets shorter than the awn, containing only one stamen; stem leafless in the upper part. English Botany, t. 1411. English Flora, vol.i. p. 142. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 49. Vul'pia -bromoid'es, Dumort. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 315. Greatly resembling the above species, except in being much smaller. Stem from six to twelve inches high, naked in the upper part. Leaves narrow, tapering, bristle-shaped, from the inflexed edges; the upper ones shorter than the close, striated, smooth sheaths. Ligula very short. Inflorescence a short, scarcely branched panicle, sometimes racemed. Spikelets mostly turned to one side. Glumes very unequal : the larger keeled, and with two lateral ribs ; the smaller keeled. Flo- rets narrow, tapering, about six. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer roughish, terminating in an awn longer than itself; the inner with two marginal, roughisb, green ribs, scarcely bifid at the apex. Stigmas small, feathery. Stamen only one. Anther yellow. Fruit long, deeply channelled on one side. Habitat. Walls and dry places ; not very common in England and Ireland, less so in Scotland. About Edinburgh, and Isle of Arran, -on the sandy beach. Annual ; flowering in June. 6. F. uniglu'mis, Soland. (Fig. 163.) single-ylumed Fescue-grass. Panicle an erect, two-ranked raceme ; florets compressed, shorter than their awn ; outer valve of the glumes very small. English Botany, 1. 1430. English Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Vul'pia uniglu'mis, Dumort. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 314. Root fibrous. Stem erect, several from the same root, from six to eighteen inches high, smooth and leafy, almost to the top. Leaves short, acute, striated, smooth, or sometimes scattered with hairs. Sheaths long, striated, smooth, close. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflores- cence an erect, simple, two-ranked racemose panicle; its branches short, dilated, and roughish. Spikelets mostly turned to one side. Glumes very unequal ; the outer almost obsolete. Florets tapering, compressed. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer valve terminating in a roughish awn, longer than itself; the inner with two marginal, rough- ish ribs, scarcely bifid at the apex. Stigmas short, feathery. Stamens three. Anthers yellow. Fruit oblong, deeply channelled on one side. Habitat. On the sandy sea-coast, chiefly of Sussex. Portmarnock Sandhills, Ireland. Biennial Smith ; annual Hooker; flowering in June. CLASS HI. ORDEa II.] FE8TTJC.A. 129 *** Glumes unequal ; glumelles acute, scarcely awned. 7. F. calama'ria, Smith, (Fig. 164.) Reed Fescue-grass. Panicle nearly erect, much branched, spreading ; spikelets oblong ; florets from three to five ; leaves linear, lanceolate. English Botany, t. 1005. English Flora, vol. i. p. 146. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Schedon'orus sylvat'icus, Beauvis, Lind- ley, Synopsis, p. 313. @. mi'nor, Hook.; smaller, with scarcely more than two perfect florets. Festu'ca decid'ua, Smith, English Botany, t. 2266. Root fibrous. Stem erect, several from the same root, from two to three feet high, round, and smooth. Leaves large, broad, linear, lance- olate, from six to eighteen inches long, ribbed and striated, the edges rough, and sometimes the whole leaf. Sheaths close, striated, rough- ish. Ligula short, torn, sometimes pointed. Inflorescence a nearly erect, spreading panicle ; its branches angular, repeatedly divided, and generally roughish towards the extremity. Spikelets oblong, mostly purplish or brown. Glumes unequal, narrow, lanceolate : the outer valve keeled ; the inner keeled, and with two lateral ribs. Flo- rets rather distant. Glumelles equal : the outer valve lanceolate, with an elongated membranous point, keeled and remotely ribbed, roughish.; inner thin, membranous, with two lateral smooth or roughish ribs, bifid at the extremity. Stigmas feathery. Fruit small. Habitat. Mountainous woods, not unfrequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. 8. F. praten'sis, Hudson, (Fig. 165.) Meadow Fescue-grass. Panicle nearly erect, branched, spreading; spikelets linear, compressed; florets numerous ; leaves linear ; root fibrous. English Botany, t. 1592. English Flora, vol. i. p. 148. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 149. Schedon'orus praten'sis, Beauvis, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 312. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems erect, numerous, from one to two feet high, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear, flat, pointed, spreading, rough on the edges, and frequently on both sides of the upper ones. Sheaths close, smooth, and striated. Ligula short, obtuse, generally torn. In- florescence an erect, spreading, roughish, angular, branched panicle. Spikelets linear-oblong, compressed. Glumes unequal, acute, smooth': the outer smallest, keeled ; the inner lanceolate acute, keeled, and t*x> or four ribbed. Florets about eight. Glumelles equal: the outer valve ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled and obscurely ribbed, and roughish towards the apex, which is membranous, sometimes cloven, and the ieel elongated into a short roughish awn ; inner valve with two mar- ginal, roughish, green ribs, bifid at the apex. Glumellules " with four divaricated points." Stigmas feathery. Fruit small, lanceolate. VOL. I. * 130 FESTUCA. (CLASS HI. WIDE* a. Habitat. Meadows and pastures, frequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. The Meadow Fescue, observes Mr. Sinclair, "constitutes a very considerable portion of the herbage of all rich natural pastures and irrigated meadows ; it makes excellent hay, and though a large plant,, the leaves or herbage are succulent and tender, and apparently much, liked by cattle, as they never form rank tufts, which is the case with the larger grasses. It does not appear to arrive at its full productive powers from seed so soon as either the Cocksfoot or Foxtail Grass, and though essential for permanent pastures, is not by itself very well adapted for the alternate husbandry, but should be combined with Cocksfoot, Rye-grass, and Rough-stalked Meadow-grass." 9. F. ela'tior, Linn. (Fig. 166.) tall Fescue-grass. Panicle large, much branched, somewhat drooping; spikelets ovate -lanceolate; florets numerous, somewhat awned; leaves linear-lanceolate; root with creeping stems. English Botany, t. 1593. English Flora, vol. i. p. 148. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 161. Schedon'orus ela'tior, JBeauvis, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 313. Root with downy fibres, and creeping underground stems. Stems erect, stout, from three to four feet high, striated, smooth and leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, striated, smooth, except the margins. Sheaths very long, close, smooth, striated. Ligula short, obtuse, mostly torn. Inflorescence a large, much branched, spreading, slightly drooping panicle. Spikelets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, scarcely compressed. Glumes unequal : the outer smallest, keeled ; the inner keeled, ribbed, ovate-lanceolate. Florets from eight to ten. Glumelles equal : the outer valve o rate-lanceolate, ribbed, membranous, and bifid at the point, the keel mostly terminating in a short awn ; the inner valve with two green, hairy, marginal ribs. Glumellules similar to the last. Fruit ovate. Stigmas feathery. Habitat. Moist meadows, banks of rivers and ditches ; much less frequent than the above species. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This is one of the best grasses that can be cultivated in clayey lands, either for the purpose of grazing or making into hay. Its herbage is abundant, and produced early in the spring, containing a considerable proportion of nutritive matter, and is eaten by most cattle. 10. F. lolia'cea, Linn. (Fig. 167.) spiked Fescue-grass. Spikelets arranged in an elongated, two-ranked spike ; spikelets linear- oblong, nearly sessile, distant ; florets numerous, awnless. English Botany, 1. 1821. English Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 178. Schedon'orus lolia'cea, Dumort, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 313. CLASS III. ORDER II. J BROMtJS. 131 * Root fibrous. Stem erect, simple, from one to two feet high, smooth, and leafy. Leaves short, linear, acute. Sheaths rather long, close, smooth. Ligula very short. Inflorescence a simple, slightly drooping, two-ranked raceme, from three to eight inches long. Jiachis waved, angular, alternately channelled, in which the spikes have been placed in an early stage of their growth, the angles roughish. Spikelets nearly sessile, linear-oblong, rather distant, about six-flowered. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, seven-ribbed; the inner valve smallest, sometimes wanting. Glumelles nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate, com- pressed, membranous towards the point, and slightly five-ribbed, smooth, except a slight roughness on the ribs. Stigmas densely fea- thery. Fruit ovate, but seldom perfected. Habitat. In meadows and pastures, especially such as are occa- sionally overflowed; common. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This grass at first sight might be mistaken for Lo'lium peren'ne, (Rye-grass,) from which, however, it if readily distinguished by having two glumes, while that just named has only one. This grass, which, grows in similar situations to the Rye-grass, is much more valuable for agricultural purposes, affording a greater proportion of nutritive matter, and producing its herbage in greater abundance ; it comes also earlier in the spring, and improves by age qualities which strongly recommend it for cultivation in place of the Rye-grass ; but unfortu- nately the seed is seldom perfected, and its propagation by the division of its roots would be too expensive a process. GENUS XL. BRO'MUS. LINN. Brome-grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose. Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, the outer awned below the bifid apex. Name from " $ya\M$, given by the Greeks to a kind of oat, and that again from /3w/u.a, food." Hook. * Spikelets lanceolate ; glumes very unequal, lanceolate-acute. 1. B. gigan'teus, Vill. (Fig. 168.) -tall Brome-grass. Panicle large, branched, spreading, drooping towards one side ; spikelets com- pressed, from three to six-flowered, ribbed ; awn longer than the floret ; leaves linear-lanceolate. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 50. Festu'ca gigan'teet, English Botany, 1. 1820. English Flora, TO!, i. p. 144.- Lindley, Synopsis, p. 314. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 376. /3. trifto'rus, Hook.; a smaller and more erect plant; spikelets three-flowered. Ftttn'ca triflo'ra, E, Bot. t 1918. 132 BBOMUS. [CLASS m. oa n. Root of many strong, more or less downy fibres. Stem erect, sim- ple, round, smooth, striated, and leafy, from three to four feet high. Leaves broad, linear-lanceolate, nearly erect, ribbed, rough on the upper side and margins, pale and smooth beneath. Sheaths long, close, smooth, striated. Ligula very short, mostly torn, with a projecting portion on each side, which clasps the stem. Inflorescence a large, compound, spreading panicle, its branches angular and rough, droop- ing on one side. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, compressed, from three to sfx-flowered. Glumes very unequal : the outer small, frequently awl- shaped, keeled ; the inner lanceolate, acute, the keel and two lateral ribs rough. Glumelles nearly equal : tb.6 outer lanceolate, smooth, membranous, and obscurely ribbed towards the extremity, the apex bifid, aim long, inserted below the point ; inner valve membranous, with two lateral downy ribs, the apex bifid. Stigmas feathery. Fruit oblong. Habitat. Moist shady woods and hedges. (3. In drier situations. Sahara, Norfolk ; and near Forfar, in Scotland. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This is a coarse grass, containing but a small proportion of nutritive matter ; and although a native of woods and shady situations, it will flourish in open exposed places ; but it appears to possess no properties to render it worthy the notice of the agriculturist. 2. 2?. as' per, Linn. (Fig. 169.) hairy Wood Brome-grass. Panicle branched, drooping ; spikelets compressed ; florets remote, hairy ; awn shorter than the floret ; leaves uniform, the lower ones hairy. English Botany, t. 1172. English Flora, vol. i. p. 158. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 312. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 54. Root of many strong branched fibres. Stem erect, simple, striated, round, smooth, and leafy upwards, from four to six feet high. Leaves broad, spreading, lanceolate, rough, the lower ones hairy, many-ribbed. Sheaths long, close, striated, and more or less clothed with deflexed hairs. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflorescence & very lax, wide-spreading, drooping panicle, its branches slender, subdivided, rough. Spikelets compressed, about an inch long. Florets about eight, rather remote. Glumes very unequal, sharply pointed, rough : the outer valve smallest, keeled ;.the inner keeled, and with two lateral ribs. Glumelles nearly equal : the outer lanceolate, ribbed, roughish, and hairy, membranous eo the edges towards the extremity, and bifid at the apex ; the awn stout, straight, rough, shorter, or about the length of the valve ; the inner valve shortest, obtuse, its lateral ribs finely hairy. Stigmas densely feathery. Fruit linear, blunt, and downy towards the summit, furrowed on one side. Habitat. Moist woods and hedges, not very common. Annual or biennial ; flowering from June to August. Brooms giganteus. 169. 170. Bromus sterilis. 171. Bromus diandrus. Bromus erectus. 173 Bromus axvensis. 174 Bromus Bquarrosus 175. Bromus secalinus. CLASS ill. ORDza u.J BROM0S. 133 3. B. ster'ilis, Linn. (Fig. 170.) barren Brome-ffrass. Panicle scarcely branched, drooping ; spikelets compressed on long stalks ; florets remote, rough; awn longer than the floret; leaves flat, linear, downy. English Botany, t. 1030. English Flora, rol. i. p. 159. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 312. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 51. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn.'p. 296. Root small, fibrous, woolly. Stem from one to two feet high, round, slender, striated, leafy even to the panicle. Leaves narrow, ribbed, soft and downy, with a few scattered hairs towards the base. Sheaths rather short, close, striated, downy, and more or less clothed with de- flexed hairs. Ligula short, mostly torn. Inflorescence a large, grace- fully drooping, wide-spreading panicle ; its branches long, slender, rough, angular, scarcely subdivided, dilated near the extremity. Spikelets about an inch long, drooping, compressed, about eight- flowered, purplish towards the extremity. Glumes very unequal, rough : the outer keeled, awl-shaped ; the inner lanceolate, membra- nous towards the extremity, keeled, and with two lateral ribs. Glu- melles very unequal, rough : the outer valve long, narrow, membranous on the upper part of the margin, and bifid at the apex, the keel and numerous ribs uniting and forming a long, stiff, rough torn. Inflorescence an erect, rather close panicle; its branches scarcely subdivided, rough, slender, all turned to one side, abruptly swollen at the extremity. Spikelets two, very rarely three or four-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, thin, membranous, smooth, except a slight roughness on its numerous ribs ; the margins and point white, very thin. Florets elevated on a short smooth footstalk, that of the second having near its extremity a lateral tuft of hairs. Glumelles unequal : the outer concave, lanceolate, bifid at the extremity ; the points long, narrow, terminating in two rough purplish awns, besides the dorsal awn, which is nearly as long again as the valve, and inserted above its middle ; the valve is smooth, sometimes slightly scattered over with flat twisted hairs, obscurely ribbed, except towards the point, where it is also roughish : inner valve lanceolate, flat, with two lateral downy ribs and a bifid apex. Stigmas short, feathery. Habitat. Frequent in corn-fields in England, Scotland, and Wales. Near Cork, Ireland Mr. J. Drummond, Annual; flowering in June and July. The habit and size of this species have a greater resemblance to the cultivated Oat, A. sativa, than the last; but its oblong, rather crowded, one-sided panicle, and the awned extremity of the florets, essentially distinguish it from all other species, and give the whole panicle a remarkably strigose or bristly appearance ; hence its specific name. 3. A. pralen'sis, Linu. (Fig. 181.) narrow-leaved Oat-grass. Panicle an erect, nearly simple raceme ; spikelets erect ; florets from three to five, longer than the glumes ; leaves long, narrow, smooth except on the margins, the lower ones with the margins closely rolled inwards. English Botany, t. 1204. English Flora, vol. i. p. 155. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 310. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 53. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 312. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems erect, several from the same root, tufted, from one to three feet high, striated, smooth, with a single joint near the base, from whence arises the upper and almost only leaf of the stem, which is very short, narrow, striated ; the sheath very long, close, deeply striated, smooth, except a slight roughness upon the edge qf the stria. The lower leaves long, tufted, narrow; the margins closely rolled inwards, and minutely serrated ; their sheaths short, and enveloped in the withered remains of the older ones. Inflorescence an erect, simple raceme, or a slightly branched panicle ; the upper spikelets sessile, the lower on simple or branched, angular, and rough stalks. Glumes un- equal, lanceolate, with a long narrow point, frequently terminating in a roughish awn, each with two smooth lateral ribs and a keel, rough towards the extremity. Florets from three to fiwe or six, each upon a short stalk, the upper part clothed with short, stiff, white, shining hairs. 181. Avena pratensis. Avena alpina. Avena pianiculmia. 184. Avena pubescens- Avena fiavescene. 180. D acty I is Alomerata. CLASS III. ORDER II. J AVENA. 141 Glumelles nearly equal, lanceolate ; the outer smooth, scarcely ribbed except towards the apex, where it is membranous and pale, often torn ; the lower part green, variegated with purple, as well as the glumes ; awn from above the middle of the back, purplish, with a white slender point. Glumelhdes long, lanceolate; the inner valve thin, white, and membranous. Stigmas short and feathery. Habitat. Dry pastures and mountainous places in a chalky or cal- careous district, as well as in meadows of a clayey soil; not uncommon. Perennial; flowering in July. 4. A. alpi'na, Smith, (Fig. 182.) great Alpine Oat-grass. Panicle erect, slightly branched ; spikelets erect ; florets five or six, longer than the glumes; leaves roughish, broad, flat, linear, acuminated ; the margins rough ; sheaths and stem round. English Flora, vol. i. p. 165. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 310. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 53. Ave'na planicul'mis, English Botany, t. 2141. Root fibrous, downy, tufted. Stem erect, about two feet high, round, smooth, striated, leafy below. Leaves linear, broad, flat, striated, which as well as the edges are rough, with minute points ; the lower ones folded, not rolled inwards. Sheaths round, close, deeply striated, rough ; the upper ones long ; the lower very short. Ligula acute, torn. Inflorescence an erect, rather close panicle, from three to four inches long; its branches angular, rough, simple or subdivided, tumid at the extremity. Spikelets erect, often an inch long. Glumes lance- olate, unequal, membranous ; the margins and acute points thin and pale; the two lateral ribs and keel roughish. Florets five or six, rather remote, each upon a smooth footstalk, except a tuft of stiff, white, shining hairs, which are slightly decurrent. Glumelles lanceolate : the miter with five rough ribs ; the apex deeply cloven ; the colour a pale yellowish-green, variegated with brown : awn long and tapering, rough, brown, arising from about the middle of the valve : inner valve thin, white, membranous, minutely downy, the point acute. Stigmas short, feathery. Habitat. Rocky places on mountains; rare? Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This species is nearly allied to the last, from which it is distinguished by its larger and more compound panicle, its stouter habit, and broader, flatter, and rougher leaves. 5. A. planicul'mis, Schrad. (Fig. 183.) flat-stemmed Oat-grass. Pa- nicle erect, branched ; spikelets erect ; florets from five to seven, much longer than the glumes ; leaves broadly linear, suddenly acute, flat, minutely serrated, rough, as well as the flat, sharply, keeled sheaths ; lower part of the stem slightly compressed, two- edged. 142 AVEKA. [CLASS ni. OBDER 11. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 53. Lindley, Synopsis, Supplement, p. 333. English Botany, Supplement, t. 2684. Root fibrous. Stem erect, stout, compressed, especially below, stri- ated and rough, about three feet high. Sheaths long, close, remarka- bly compressed and sharply keeled, strongly striated, and very rough. Leaves broad, fiat, nearly of the same width throughout, with a broad, acute, sharp point, rough, the margins serrated with sharp cartilagi- nous teeth, striated, and at the back having a remarkably sharp, thin, projecting keel, the upper leaves very short. Ligula pale, thin, and membranous : those of the upper leaves lanceolate acute; of the lower oblong, mostly torn. Inflorescence an erect, spreading panicle, about four inches long; its branches'rough and angular, scarcely subdivided, arising in alternate half-whorls. Spikelets erect, long, close, linear, afterwards spreading, and Saltish. Glumes lanceolate-acute, unequal, pale, thin, and membranous : the outer smallest, with a rough keel ; the inner with two lateral rough ribs and keel. Florets from five to seven, rather remote, each (except the lower one) upon a roughish footstalk, and having towards the top a tuft of white shining hairs. Glumelles unequal: the outer obscurely four-ribbed and keeled, roughish, varie- gated with green purple and white ; the upper part pale, thin, and membranous, often torn at the extremity, the keel above the middle of the valve terminating in a long, slender, rough, twisted aim ; inner valve thin, pale, and membranous, with two slender, downy, lateral ribs. Stiymas loose, feathery. Anther long, narrow, yellow. Habitat. Glen Sannox, on the ascent of Goat-fell from Loch Ran- noch, Isle of Arrau, Scotland Mr. Stuart Murray. Perennial ; flowering in July. For specimens of this rare and distinct species of grass, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Murray, who had the good fortune to discover it in one of his botanical excursions on the interesting Isle of Arran during the summer of 1826, and who has since that time grown it in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, where it has remained unaltered in all its characters. 6. A. pnbes'cens, Linn. (Fig. 184.) downy Oat-grast. Panicle erect, nearly simple ; spikelets erect ; florets about three, rather longer than the glumes; leaves .flat, downy, the margins smooth. English Botany, t. 1640. English Flora, vol. i. p. 164. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 54. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 285. Trise'tumpulet'cens, Pers. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 308. Root fibrous, and somewhat creeping. Stein erect, except at the base, from one to three feet high, round, smooth, simple, leafy. Leaves flat, spreading, short, linear, acute, hairy. Sheaths long, close, striated, the upper ones nearly smooth, the lower hairy. Ligula of the lower leaves short and acute ; of the upper oblong, and mostly torn. Inflo- CLASS III. ORDER II. j AVENA. 14$ rescence an erect, long, slightly branched panicle ; its branches arising in alternate half- whorls, slightly angular, and roughish. Spikelcts erect, spreading when in flower. Glumes unequal, lanceolate : the outer smallest, keeled; the inner keeled, and with two lateral ribs. Florets two or three, each on a short footstalk, densely clothed with shining, white, rigid hairs ; the upper one mostly imperfect, often only a footstalk terminating in a tuft of hairs. GlumeUes lanceolate, une- qual : the outer longest, obscurely five-ribbed, variegated with green and purple ; the upper part thin and membranous, white and shining, jagged at the extremity ; awn arising from above the middle, and about as long again : inner valve membranous, folded, the apex bifid. Stigmas protruding, densely feathery. Habitat. Dry pastures, most abundant ; on a chalk or limestone soil, not uncommon. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This grass possesses considerable merit as forming a part of the grass of permanent pastures in a dry soil : it is hardy, and very productive ; but the nutritive matter which it affords, observes Mr. Sinclair, contains a greater proportion of the bitter extractive principle than the nutritive matter of those grasses that affect a similar soil, which lessens its merits in those respects, and must prevent its being employed in any consi- derable quantity as a constituent of a mixture of grasses for laying down such soils to grass. 7. A. fiaves' cens. Linn. (Fig. 185.) yellow Oat-yrass. Panicle erect, loose, much branched ; florets about three, equal in length to the unequal glumes ; the outer valve with two terminal bristles ; leaves flat, slightly downy. English Botany, t. 952. English Flora, vol. i. p. 166. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 54. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 161. Trise'tumflaves'cens, Bcauv. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 309. Root fibrous, with more or less creeping underground stems. Stem erect, from one to three feet high, smooth, except occasionally hairy about the joints, finely striated, slender, leafy. Leaves linear, narrow,, flat, tapering at the point, striated, hairy, especially on the upper side. Sheaths close, striated, more or less scattered with deflexed hairs. Li- gula very short. Inflorescence 'an erect, rather close panicle ; its branches arising in alternate half-whorls, long, slender, angular, rough- ish, and repeatedly subdivided. Spikelets numerous, small, of a shining yellowish-green. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, membranous except about the keel and ribs : the outer valve smallest, with a rough keel ; the inner with a rough keel, and two lateral ribs. Florets from two to four, longer than the outer valve of the glumes, each elevated on a short hairy footstalk. GlumeUes nearly equal : the outer valve with membranous margins, from three to five-ribbed ; the apex bifid, termi- nated by two short, roughish awns ; the roughish dorsal awn from 144 DACTYLIS. [CLASS Hi. ORDER 11. above the middle of the valve spreading : inner valve pale aud mem- branous, with two lateral roughish ribs ; the apex bifid. Stigmas pro- truding, feathery. Habitat. Dry meadows, pastures, and heathy places ; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This grass will grow in almost all kinds of soil and situa- tion, from the dry upland heath to the moist irrigated meadow ; it prefers, however, a dry calcareous soil, where it is the most productive and useful, and is always found a component of the grasses in the rich- est meadow pastures : but it never is so productive when cultivated alone, as when mixed with other grasses. The nutritive matter which it contains is combined with a considerable proportion of bitter princi- ple, which renders it very agreeable to cattle, especially in combination with other grasses containing a less quantity. GENUS XLII. DAC'TYLIS. LINN. Cock's-foot- grass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle loose or contracted; branches solitary, the lower ones long, the upper very short. Spikelets clustered, three or four- flowered. Glumes two, unequal. Glumelles two, lanceolate, nearly fqual ; the outer with a short awn. Name from JaxrvXoj, a finger or foot. 1. D. glomera'ta, Linn. (Fig. 186.) rough Cock's-foot-grass. Spikelets in dense, globular tufts, turned to one side ; leaves flat, roughish. English Botany, t. 335. English Flora, vol. i. p. 134. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 310. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 48. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 136. Root with long stout fibres, tufted. Stem erect, or bent in the lower part, from one to three feet high, rough, especially towards the top, leafy, particularly in the lower part. Leaves linear, flat, with a tapering point, dull green, striated, and roughish. Sheaths close, striated, somewhat compressed and keeled, roughish. Ligula elongated, em- bracing the stem, mostly torn. Inflorescence a large, one-sided panicle ; its branches arising singly on alternate sides of the stem, rough and angular, the lower long and mostly spreading, the upper short, each bearing a dense ovate or globular tuft of crow tied spikelets all turned to one side. Spikelets three or four-flowered. Glumes unequal, mem- branous, lanceolate, the point long, sometimes awned, smooth except on the keel ; the outer keeled only ; the inner keeled, and with two lateral ribs. Florets compressed, on short smooth footstalks. Glu- melles equal : the outer valve lanceolate, cartilaginous, with a narrow, pale, membranous margin, four lateral ribs, and a rough keel, termi- nating between the bifid apex in a short av:n; inner valve membranous, CLASS III. ORDER II. j CYXOSURUS. 146 wth two lateral, green, roughish ribs, and a bifid apex. Stig)Ka* spreading, feathery. Anther yellow, brown, or purplish. Specimens may occasionally be observed, varying considerably from the general appearance of the plant ; having a short, dense, scarcely branched panicle, with the outer valve of the glumella much elongated. Habitat. Meadows, hedges, and waste places; very abundant. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. As a pasture grass, this is undoubtedly one of the best of our native grasses, very productive, and highly nutritious ; but if allowed to grow rank and coarse, either from the want of more frequent cropping or mowing, it loses much of its nutritive matter; hence its greater value as a pasture grass than for hay : " yet even for this purpose," observes >lr. Sinclair, " it will be found more valuable than Rye-grass, Lolium perenne, and many other grasses. The produce does not increase if left standing after the time of flowering, but rather decreases in the weight of root leaves ; and by reason of the rapid growth of the latter math, which succeeds an early cropping, the loss incurred by letting this hay crop stand for seed, will be found considerable." In the selection of grasses either for pasturage or mowing, the nature of the soil upon which they are to be sown must be duly considered. The loss in not attending to this important particular, is witnessed in the failure of the attempts to renew original pastures in rich meadow lands, by the neglect in selecting the seeds of those grasses suited to the soil and situation. It is true that Nature herself will, in the course of time, produce those kinds of grasses suited to the soil, and they only will remain permanent ; but if, by the observance of her laws, we can assist her in the process, and accomplish that in a short time which would otherwise have required a long period, then knowledge and art will have advanced to their confines ; for the laws of Nature, although, they may be perverted, still remain unchanged. In illustration of these remarks, the Dactylis glomerate furnishes an excellent example. In a soil of a porous nature, its fibrous roots penetrate to a considerable depth, the plant flourishes well, producing a remarkable quantity ol herbage, and remains permanent. If, on the contrary, it is sown in a situation where the surface of the soil is thin, upon a cold weLclay, it succeeds very imperfectly, or altogether fails : its produce at first may be abundant, but this is not permanent ; its roots are small and short, the plants are easily pulled or trodden up by cattle, and from the same cause, should dry or hot. weather occur, the produce will gradually diminish, and at length the plant will altogether disappear. GENUS XLIII. CYNOSU'RUS. LINN. Dog's-tail-prass. GEN. CHAR. Panicle spiked. Spikelets two or many-flowered, fixe"ER II. Habitat. Open fields and heathy places. Oxfordshire and Kent. Roche Abbey and other places, Yorkshire. Near North Qtieensferry, Scotland. Doubtful if found in Ireland. Perennial; flowering in July. . This plant, which we find plentiful in the open fields about Roche Abbey, is quite smooth, or thickly clothed with short rigid hairs, espe- cially the spikelets and lower sheaths, and the whole plant is of a pale yellow hue. This species, together with the above, according to Sin- clair, may be considered the least useful of the British grasses. GENUS XLIX. LOXIUM. LINN. Darnel. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence a two-sided spike. Spikelets alternate, compressed, many-flowered. Gluma a single valve. Glumelles two, nearly equal ; the outer valve awnless, or with an awn below the apex. The derivation of the name is variously given by au- thors. According to Thornton, it is from Xa*ov, corn, and oXooj, injury. Hooker gives the following: "'Quasi dolium, o*ov, quod dolosum sit vel adulterimum. Fit enim e corruptis Tritici ac Hordei seminibus.' The ancients, as well as the moderns, attributed poisonous qualities to the L. temulentum; and even now it is believed in some countries, that the Wheat changes into Darnel." 1. L. peren'ne, Linn. (Fig. 203.) perennial Darnel, or Rye-grass. Spikelets much longer than the gluma ; florets awuless ; root per- ennial. English Botany, t. 315. English Flora, vol. i. p. 173. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 295. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 57. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 211. Root fibrous. Stems several, erect in the upper part, bent in the lower, roundish, smooth, striated, leafy. Leaves linear, with a long narrow point, smooth and shining beneath, striated and roughish on the upper side. Sheaths somewhat compressed, close, smooth, striated, long, especially the upper ones. Ligula short, acute. Inflorescence an erect, two-ranked spike, from two to twelve inches long. Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, sessile, upon the notches of the more or less waved, smooth, and angular rachis. Gluma lanceolate, ribbed, smooth, shorter than the spikelct. Glumelles two, equal : the outer valve lanceolate, keeled, with a membranous margin and point, which is often more or less cloven ; inner membranous, with two lateral roughish ribs. Stigmas feathery. Fruit linear. There are several varieties of this species, depending upon the more or less luxuriant state of their growth ; and sometimes, according to Sinclair, it is found with the florets in a viviparous state. CLASS III. ORDER II.] LOlICM. 163 Habitat.- Fields, meadows, and waste places ; very common. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This common species of grass, known by the name of Rye- or Ray- grass, appears to have been cultivated since the year 1677 ; and much has been said in its praise as a grass of great agricultural utility. Its natural habit is to produce an abundance of seed ; it arrives at perfec- tion early in the season, and produces a good supply of herbage the first year of its growth. It is a favourite food with most cattle, and hence its value as a grass for the alternate husbandry, especially when combined with a portion of Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata), Timothy (Phleum pratensis), Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), and Mea- dow Foxtail grasses. By this mixture an early crop of grass is pro- cured, and the after-math very superior: but when Rye-grass is culti- vated alone, it is found that the after-math is very small, and rendered coarse by its numerous flowering stems, which are mostly rejected by cattle. Although this is a perennial plant, it is said seldom to continue more than six years ; but the abundance of seed which it bears, falling among the root-leaves, produces new plants, with a plentiful succession of herbage. This grass, in common with many other of the foddcr-grassesf, as well as Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Maize, among the Cereal, but especially Rye, are liable to the attacks of a peculiar Fungus, Spermo- e'dia Claims, commonly called Sec'ale cornu'tum, ergot, horned, or spurred grain, (Fig. 215. as seen upon the spikelets of Lolium perenne, with one of the spurs separated and drawn the natural size.) This Fungus is much less frequent in this country than in France, and is remarkable, not only, like the uredo (p. 159), in depriving the grain. of its nutritive matter, but is itself an inj urious, or even poisonous substance. Like many other poisonous substances, however, ergot, when properly administered, is *>und of the greatest utility as a medicine, and is now admitted into the materia inedica of this and other countries. It is singular that this production, when occurring in great abundance on the ears of corn, especially Rye, as it does in wet situations or seasons, where that grain is extensively cultivated, as on the Continent, where it composes the whole or a considerable part of their bread, by its con- tinued use, tends to produce that most extraordinary malady, the dry gangrene, one of the most fearful and distressing diseases to which the human race is heir to, and which has often prevailed epidemically in different parts of the Continent. It commences its attack with greater or less severity, either with severe convulsions or with general weakness, weariness, and a feeling as of insects creeping over the skin : when these symptoms have continued some time, the extremities become f Phalaris canariensis, Phleum pratensis, Alopecuris pratensis, Agrostis alba, Aira cristata, Poa fluitans, Festuca duruiscula, Arundo urenaria, Elymus are- narius, Triticum junceum anil repens, Holcus lanatus, Arr/ienatfttrum aveita- ceum, &c, 164 LOLIUM. [CLASS m. ORDER ii. cold, white, stiff, benumbed, and at length quite insensible, after which succeed excruciating pains, together with fever, headach, and some- times bleeding from the nose ; finally, the affected parts, and in the first instance the fingers and arms, afterwards the toes and legs, shrivel, dry up, and drop off by the joints, when the parts heal up or before this, life is exhausted. Such is the account of this dreadful disease, given by Lang, a physician of Lucerne. The manner in which ergot is produced, is variously stated by authors. According to Willdenow, it may be produced at any time in Rye sown in a rich soil, by watering the plants excessively in warm weather. Fontana has alleged that ergot may be propagated from plant to plant, and that he has expressly transmitted it by contact from ear to ear. Hertwig, however, by very careful experiments, came to a different conclusion. Others again assert, that it is produced by an insect, a species of butterfly; and General Martin Field, having observed flies to puncture the glumes of Rye during its milky state, imitated the process by puncturing them with a needle, and found that in both cases the juice exuded, and in four days a little black point was visible, which he affirms gradually became a spur. But De Candolle and others maintain that it is a distinct parasitic plant. The only way, as Mr. Berkeley observes, of deciding the point, would be to institute inquiries as to the manner in which it commences its growth, as Brong- niart has done respecting Uredo scyctum, as stated in Ann. des Sciences, vol. xx. p. 171. 2. L. tcmulen'tum, Linn. (Fig. 208.) bearded Darnel. Spikelets equal in length with the gluma ; florets awned ; root annual. English Botany, t. 1124. English Flora, vol. i. p. 174. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 295. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 57. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 397. (3. (Fig. 205.) Florets without or with a short awn. Lo'lium arven'ge. English Botany, t. 1125. English Flora, vol. i. p. 175. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 295. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 57. Hoot fibrous, downy. Stem from one to three feet high, round, striated, leafy, smooth and shining below, roughish above. Leaves linear, with a tapering point, roughisb, especially on the upper side. Slieaths striated, roughish. Ligula short, obtuse, mostly torn. Inflo- rescence an erect spike, from six to twelve inches long; the rachis notched, angular, slightly waved, and roughish. Spikelets alternate, compressed, the lower oiies having mostly two ylumes : the outer one as long as the spikelets, frequently half as long again, lanceolate, nu- merously ribbed ; the inner small, membranous, close pressed to the channel of the rachis, gradually diminishing in size in each upper spikelet, at length entirely disappearing. Glumelles equal : the outer concave, with four indistinct ribs near the membranous margin, and a Blight keel terminating in a roughish awn of greater or less length and 204. KJnappia agrostidea. 205. Lolium arvense. 206. Cynodon dactylon. 207. Digitaria sangnimalis 208. Lolium temulentum. 20? CLASS ill. ORDER ix. J ROTTBOLLIA. 165 rigidity. The awn is the only character by which L. a-rvensia is con- sidered as a distinct species from the present ; but the variable length which it is found leads me to consider it only as a variety : the inner valve membranous, with two lateral roughish ribs. Fruit oblong, furrowed on one side. Habitat, Corn-fields. Frequent in various parts of England and Ireland, less so in Scotland. Annual ; flowering in July. This is the only species among the grasses that produces grain with any deleterious properties. It appears to possess powerful narcotic, and at the same time acrid qualities, producing disagreeable and even fatal effects. Seeger, in the experiments which he made with it, found it always to cause general tremor of the body; and Cordier found, by experiments which he made upon himself, that, by eating bread made with the flour, he felt confusion of sight and ideas, languor, heaviness, and alternate attacks of somnolency and vomiting. Serious accidents have sometimes occurred by its accidental mixture with wheaten flour, but in this country it does not grow in sufficient quantity to be often of any serious consequence. It is said to be used sometimes for giving an intoxicating quality to fermented liquors ; and in China and Japan, where it also grows, its use is forbidden by law. The deleterious effects of lolium appear to have been long known. Among the Arabs it is called zivan, and it is thought the word rosch in some instances means the same thing. It is generally supposed that it is this plant which is referred to by Virgil " in torque nitentiae culta Infelix Lolium, et sterilis dominantur avenee ;" for, in warm climates, Lolium and the barren Oat sometimes grow so rank and abundant as to choke the Wheat. The late Sir J. D. Mi- challes and others think that the Greek word *, which is trans- lated tares in our text of the 13th chapter of St. Matthew's Gospel, the 25th and following verses, would be better darnel, and would convey the meaning of the parable more fully. From the parable above quoted, it will appear with what care the Jews disposed of the base grain, by destroying it in the field with fire, after selecting it from the Wheat. GENUS L. ROTTBOL'LIA. LINN. Hard-grass. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence a two-sided spike. Spikelets alternate, one or two flowered. Glumes of two valves, sometimes single, lateral. Glumelles two, awnless, imbedded in the notches of the rachis. Named in honour of Rottboll, a Professor of Botany at Copen- hagen. 1. R. incurva'ta, Linn. (Fig. 209.) Sea Hard-grass, Spike cyliu- drical, tapering ; glumes united at the base. 166 KNAPPIA. [CLASS HI. ORBKR Ih English Botanj', t. 760. English Flora, vol. i. p. 175. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 68. Ophiu'rus incurva'tus, Beauv. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 295. ^. more slender ; spike nearly erect. Roltbol'liafilifor'mis,'&o\b. Root small, fibrous, downy. Stems numerous, procumbent, and spreading at the base, the upper part erect, from six to twelve inches long, round, hard, smooth and shining, leafy. Leaves narrow, linear, striated, smooth on the under side, rough above and on the margins. Sheaths slightly swelling, smooth, and striated. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflorescence an erect, cylindrical, incurved spike. Rachis remarkably flexuose, forming a joint at the base of each floret, at which it readily separates, especially when matured, carrying with it the floret contain- ing the ripe fruit. Spikelets spreading when in flower, but, both before and after, close pressed within the notches of the rachis, so as to form a round, smooth surface. Glumes lanceolate, united at the base, some- times the whole length, and forming a single valve closely fitting the notches of the rachis, ribbed. Florets one or two, but only one perfect, the second mostly rudimentary. Glumelles two, lanceolate, equal, membranous. Anthers yellow. Stigmas feathery, spreading. Fruit oblong, enclosed within the florets. Habitat. Sea-coast, in salt marshes ; not very common. Abundant in Ireland. /5. Aberlady Bay, Scotland G. Don. Annual; flowering from July to August. GENUS LI. KNAPPIA. SM. Knappia. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence racemose, simple. Glumes two, truncated, nearly equal, awnless. Glumelles two, equal, obtuse, awnless, hairy. Named in honour of Mr. Knapp, an English botanist, and author of " Gramiua Britannica," or representations of the British grasses. 1. K. ayrosti'dea, Sin. (Fig. 204.) early Knappia. English Botany, t. ] 127. English Flora, vol. i. p. 84. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 58. Agros'tis min'ima, Linn., Chamayros' tis min'ima, Borkh., Lindley, Synopsis, p. 301. The whole plant very small and delicate, not more than an inch or two inches and a half high, and " only one species is known." Root long, of numerous small branched fibres. Stems several from the same root, erect, smooth, slender, triangular. Leaves short, linear, obtuse, roughish : sheaths nearly as long, pale, thin, membranous at the base, somewhat inflated ; the lower ones shortly fade and decay : liyula obtuse, torn at the extremity. Inflorescence a simple ra9eme of few erect flowers, rachis somewhat zigzag in the upper part. Glumes two, nearly equal, truncated at the apex, compressed .and green or purplish C1ASS III. ORBER. II. j SPARTIKA. 167 at the back, pale and membranous on the edges. Glumelles two, equal in length, shorter than the glumes, delicate, thin, white, membranous, clothed and ciliated with fine silky hairs ; the outer valve broadest, embracing the inner. Stamens longer than the glumes, anthers with two small terminal beaks. Stigmas long, feathery. Fruit obovate, slightly compressed, pale brown, striated and " beautifully dotted," as observed by Sir W. J. Hooker. Habitat. Very rare, sandy fields near the sea, Essex, near the mouth of the Thames. Wales, and on the south-west coast of Angle- sea, frequent Rev. H. Davis. Annual; flowering in March and April. This diminutive grass is more interesting as a rare and beautiful botanical curiosity than from any known or valuable properties that it possesses ; but, though so small, like all other of the productions of Nature, it affords to the reflecting mind abundant matter for investi- gation : * " By every pleasing image they present, Reflections such as meliorate the heart, Compose the passions, and exalt the mind." Its habit will forcibly remind the student of the beautifully expressive allusion to the frailty of grass, made by the Apostle James in the 1st chapter of his Epistle, where he says, " The sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withereth the grass, and the flower thereof fall- eth, and the grace of the fashion of it perisheth." The young, the expanding mind, rising in intelligence, cannot be too soon led to the investigation of the simple yet wonderful works of the CREATOR, which are so profusely spread around, and ever display his perfection, supreme intelligence, and infinite wisdom. GENUS LII. SPARTl'NA. WILUX Cord-grass. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence a one-sided spike. Spikelets one-sided, single-flowered, in two rows pressed close to the rachis. Glumes two, unequal, lanceolate, compressed, pointed or awned. Glumelles two, nearly equal, lanceolate, compressed. Styles partly united. " Name derived from its similarity to the Lygeum Spartum, or Bastard Mat-weed. Esparto (from which some authors say it is derived) is a name given to Stipa tenacissima by the Spaniards, who make ropes, &c. of it." Hooker. 1. S. stric'ta. Smith, (Fig. 211.) twin-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes two or three, with very smooth stalks ; glumes downy, the outer valve smallest. English Flora, vol. i. p. 135. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 298. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 58.~Dac'tylis stricta, English Botany, t. 380. 168 CFNOBON. [CLASS m. ORDER 11. Hoot with strong fibres and creeping underground stems. Plant somewhat tufted, tough, and rigid. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, simple, round, smooth, clothed with leaves to the top, the base surrounded with numerous withered sheaths. Leaves short, rigid, stri- ated, smooth, tapering to the point, the margins closely rolled inwards. Sheaths close, smooth, striated, long. Ligula short, torn. Inflorescence an erect, compound, one-sided spike ; rachis angular, smooth, with a furrow for each spikelet. Spikelets in two lateral rows. Glumes une- qual, lanceolate, more or less downy : the outer shortest, narrow, with an acute point, and keeled; inner with a strong keel, the margins membranous, tapering at the point, sometimes cloven, having between the lobes a short rigid awn, the termination of the keel. Florets single. Glumelles two, lanceolate, more or less membranous, both keeled, and less downy than the glumes. Glumellula wanting. Styles united together about three-fourths of their length. Stigmas slender, feathery. Fruit oblong, enclosed in the unaltered glumelles. Habitat. Salt marshes on the east and south-east coast of England, not common. Perennial ; flowering in August. GENUS LIII. CYN'ODON. RICH. Dog-tooth-grass. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence a compound spike. Spikelets one-sided, in two or more rows. Glumes two, nearly equal, keeled, spreading. Florets one-flowered. Glumelles shorter than the glumes, awn- less, compressed, keeled ; the outer valve broadest, enwrapping the shorter inner one, becoming hard and forming a coat to the ovate seed. Name from xuwv, a dog, and o^ouj, a tooth. 1. C. Dac'tylon, Pers. (Fig. 206.) creeping Dog's-tooth-grass. Spikes from three to five together ; glumelles smooth, external one some- what ciliated, internal with a bristle at its base. English Flora, TO!, i. p. 95. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 298. Hooker, British Flora, vol.i. p. 58. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 290. Pan'icum Dac'tylon, Linn. English Botany, t. 850. Root long, fibrous, branched, with numerous hard, branched under- ground stems. Stems long, prostrate, numerously branched and mat- ted, and frequently sending out roots from the numerous joints ; branches very leafy, and copiously clothed around their base with sheath and decayed leaves; flowering stems at length ascending leafy to the top, and terminating in from three to five straight, spreading, rigid spikes. Leaves short, tapering to the point, slightly hairy, and glaucous. Sheaths long, striated, smooth, upper ones terminating in a bristle-shaped leaf, or frequently without. Ligula hairy. Spikes linear : the florets arranged in two or more close alternate rows, nearly CLASS HI. ORDER II.] DIGITARIA. It sessile, on an angular, somewhat rough, striated, zigzag rachis, glossy mostly purplish. Glumes narrow, acute, keeled, rough towards the point, spreading, which makes the spikes appear rough and spiny. Glumelles unequal, smooth, compressed, keeled; the outer valve much the broadest, slightly hairy on the keel and inner border, enwrapping the smaller inner valve. Glumellules Iwo small scales. Styles distinct, long. Stigmas feathery. Fruit small, ovate, enclosed in the hardened glumelles. Habitat. Very rare ; on the sandy shore between Penzance and Marazion, Cornwall. Perennial; flowering in July and August. The long, branched, and rooting underground stems of this plant are admirably suited to the loose sandy situation of their growth. This species, according to A. B. Lambert, Esq. in the 6th vol. of the " Transactions of the Linnean Society," is' identical with the famous doobgrass of the Hindoos, who worship it in the most extravagant manner, as the " Divinity not subject to age or death the armour of India, the preserver of regions, the destroyer of enemies, a gem that gives increase to the fields," &c. (See the Works of Sir Wm. Jones, vol. ii.) GENUS LIV. DIGITA'RIA. SCOPOLI. Finger-yrass. GEN. CHAR. Inflorescence a compound spike. Spikelets arranged on one side of the waved rachis. Glumes of one or two very unequal valves ; the outer sometimes wanting. Florets two : the perfect one of two cartilaginous, nearly equal valves ; the imperfect one a single valve. Fruit coated with the hardened glumelles. Named from digitus, a finger, 1. D. sanguina'lis, Scop. (Fig. 207.) hairy Caches-foot- or Finger- grass. Leaves and sheaths hairy ; glumes oblong, smooth, the larger one rough on the margins only. English Flora, vol. i. p. 96. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 299. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 58. Sinclair, Hort. Gram. Woburn. p. 294. Pan'icum sanguina'le, Linn. English Botany, t. 849. Root fibrous. Stems numerous, bent and branched at the base, erect above, from twelve to eighteen inches high, slender, round, smooth, striated, leafy. Leaves short, broad, lanceolate, the margins waved, striated, smooth on the under side, roughish above, and, as well as their long, somewhat inflated sheaths, scattered over with hairs, those on the latter arising from small tubercles. Ligula short, mostly torn. Inflorescence of from three to six or eight spreading spikes, terminating the stem. Rachis waved, angular, deeply furrowed, roughish, with a broad flat rib on one side. Spikelets two together, the footstalks an- VOL. I. Z 170 DIGITARIA. [CLASS m. ORDER n. gular, rough, one longer than the other, arranged alternately at each flexture of the rachis. Glumes of two very unequal valves : the outer one very small, ribbed, often absent; the inner oblong, the length of the florets, with about five ribs, purple, smooth except on the margin, which is rough or downy. Florets two, smooth, and glossy, becoming hard and cartilaginous : the perfect, one of two nearly equal valves ; the outer concave with inflexed ir.rugins, the inner flat : the imperfect floret of one valve. Anthers small. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas short, feathery. Fruit enclosed in the hardened glumella, Habitat. In cultivated fields, Battersea Fields, near London. The other statious given in English Flora, &c it is thought belong to the following species. Annual ; flowering in July and August.- This plant is of no agricultural utility. Birds are very fond of the seeds. In some parts of Germany they are said to be used as sago, and, when boiled in milk or wine, to form an extremely palatable food. The specific name, sanguinalis, is said to have been given to it, not from its colour, but on account of boys in Germany mischievously thrusting the spikes up the noses of their companions, by which means it makes them bleed. 2. D. humifu'sa, Pers. (Fig. 210.) smooth Cock's-foot- or Finyer- grass. Leaves and sheaths smooth ; glumes ovate, downy. Hooker, in English Botany, Supplement, t. 2613. British Flora, vol. i. p. 59. Lindley, Synopsis, Supplement, p. 333. Root of numerous branched fibres. Plant tufted, and of a more or less purplish hue. Stems numerous, bent at the base, and spreading, becoming erect, slender, round, smooth, striated, from three to six inches high, leafy. Leaves broadly linear, lanceolate, quite smooth to the touch, except a roughness in the margins, with a rather prominent midrib, and several slenderer lateral ones. Sheaths swollen, striated ; , the upper long, and quite smooth ; the lower short, and with a few occasional hairs on the margins, but otherwise quite free from hairs or roughness. Ligula short, obtuse. Inflorescence similar to the last, the spikes varying in number from two to four. Rachis with a broad, striated wing, having pale, narrow, rough margins. Spikelets two, sometimes three together, one on a longer footstalk than the others, nearly smooth, angular. Glumes very unequal: the outer a small, smooth, blunt, membranous scale, sometimes wanting ; the inner ovate, equal in length to the florets, downy, with from three to five smooth green ribs. The imperfect floret of one valve, similar to the larger valve of the glumes ; the perfect one of two dark purple, shining, con- cave valves, beautifully marked with numerous close dotted lines, the margins pale and membranous, rolling inwards, at length forming a hardened investment for the fruit. Anthers small, purple. Style CLASS III. OHDBR III. J MONTIA. 171 thread-shaped, as long as the valves. Stigmas protruding, short, fea- thery. Habitat. " On loose sand at Weybridge, Sussex Mr. Borrer ; who says that the Ipswich D. sanguinalis is this, and thinks that the Norfolk and Suffolk stations, assigned to that plant in E. Flora, probably belong to the present. Once found^at Dalbeth, near Glasgow Mr. Hopkirk" Yarmouth Mr. J. D. Hooker. Annual; flowering in July and August. ORDER III. TRIGYN'IA. 3 PISTILS. GENUS LV. MON'TIA. LINN. Blinks. Nat. Ord. PORIULA'CILZ. GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, of two ovate abrupt pieces, united at the base. Corolla of five unequal petals, united at the base. Capsule one-celled, with three valves and three seeds-. Named in honour oljoseph de Monti, a Professor of Botany and Natural History at Bologna. 1. M.fonta'na, Linn. (Fig. 212.) Water Blinks, or Water Chickweed. English Botany, t. 1206. English Flora, vol. i. p. 186. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 62. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 59. Root small, fibrous. Plant varying in height from one to four inches, of a shining pale-green, often with a yellowish hue, quite smooth and succulent. Stems much branched and spreading, often putting out roots from the axils of the leaves. Leaves small, opposite, spatulafe, entire. Flowers small, white, arising from the base of the leaves, or terminating the stems, at first drooping, , and expanding themselves only in the bright sunshine ; their footstalks simple, or branched. Calyx of two, sometimes three, permaneqt pieces. Corolla of five petals, three smaller than the others, and having the stamens inserted into them. Styles very short. Stigmas three, with spreading "branches. Capsule erect, roundish, one-celled, containing three black, shining, dotted seeds; its three valves, after discharging the seeds, are spreading, and have their margins rolled inwards. Habitat. On the side of streams, springs, and in wet places, fre- quent. Annual; flowering from May to July* 172 HOLOSTEUM POLYCARPON. [CLASS HI. O*XR uz, GENUS LVI. HOLOS'TEUM. LINN. Jagged Chickweed. Nat. Ord. CARTO'PHYLI.E.. GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, of five ovate pieces. Petals five, jagged towards the extremity. Capsule one-celled, opening at the apex with six teeth. Seeds numerous, furrowed on one side, and dotted, Name from 0X0?, all, and OCTTEOV, bone ; by antiphrasis, the tex- ture of the plant being the very reverse of the meaning soft and delicate. 1. H. umbella' turn, Linn. (Fig. 213.) umbelliferous Jagged Chick- weed. Flowers umbellate, reflexed after flowering, at length erect ; leaves ovate, acute. English Botany, t. 27. English Flora, p. 187. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 50. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 59. Root small, fibrous. Stems weak, bent and branched at the base, the upper part erect, from four to five inches high, round, the lower part smooth and leafy, the upper naked, more or less clothed with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, spreading, ovate, oblong, with an acute point, single-ribbed, glaucous, and of a somewhat succulent tex- ture ; the footstalks dilated, and often combined at the base. Flowers in a terminal umbel, mostly five, their stalks simple, spreading, or re- flexed, having at the base several small bractea;. Calyx of five ovate, acute, permanent pieces. Corolla of five oblong, unequally jagged or toothed petals, of a white or reddish hue. Anthers roundish.* Styles short, slender. Stiymas downy. Capsule cylindrical, its six teeth finally separating into as many valves. Seeds numerous, attached to a central placenta, rough, roundish, its embryo folded back in the albumen. Habitat. On old walls ; rare. About Norwich and Bury. Annual ; flowering in April. This genus is nearly allied to Ceraslium. The jagged, not cloven, extremity of the petals, and the number of stamens, will, however, readily distinguish it. GENUS LVII. POLYCARTON. LINN. All-teed. ' Nat. Ord. ILLECE'BREJJ. y GEN. CHAR. Calyx inferior, of five ovate mucronate pieces, with membranous margins, and united at the base. Petals five, notched at the extremity. Stamens from three to five. Capsule one-celled, three-valved, many-seeded. Name from TroXv, many, and xaj fruit f on account of the abundance of seed which it produces. Difotaria immifasa. Snartina stricta. 212. Montia fontana. Holosteum um."bellat\im- 211 Pol.vcarpon tetraphyllum. 215. Secale eornutuTn. Uredo se^ebum. CLASS IT. ORDIR I.] DIPSACCS. 173 1. P. tetraphyl'lum, Linn. (Fig. 214.) four-leaved All-seed. Leaves of the stem whorled in fours, those of the branches opposite. English Botany, t. 1031. English Flora, vol. i. p. 188. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 61. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 59. Root long and tapering. Stems numerous, spreading upon the sur- face of the ground, repeatedly branched, and somewhat downy. Leaves obovate, on short footstalks, entire, smooth, and rather succulent, ar- ranged in whorls of four on the stems, and two on the branches, having at the base thin membranous stipula, pointed, with a jagged margin. Floivers terminal, in corymbose branches, each division of which having at its base a pair of acute, membranous, pointed, and jagged bractea. Calyx of five ovate, keeled, pointed pieces, with pale membranous margins, slightly united at the base. Petals five, obovate, notched at the extremity, white, smaller than the calyx leaves, and alternating with them. Stamens from three to five. Styles short. Capsule ovate, of one cell, opening with three valves. Seeds small, numerous, attached to a central placenta. Habitat. Southern coasts of England Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Portland Island. Annual ; flowering during the summer months. CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 STAMENS (equal) ORDER I. MONOGYN'IA. 1 PISTIL. GENUS I. DIPSA'CUS. LINN. Teatel. Nat. Ord. DIPSA'OEJT. GEN. CHAR. Flowers in heads, surrounded by a many-leaved involu- crum. Involucellum with four sides, and eight little excavations. Calyx cup-shaped, thickly clothed with short rigid hairs. Recep- tacle with spiny, glumaceous bractea;, shorter than the leaves of the involucrum. Name from ^*j, /uuoy, a mouse ; and ouj, u-rog, an ear ; from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to the ear of a mouse. * Hairs of the calyx straight, close pressed. 1. M. palm' iris, With. (Fig. 310.) great Water Scorpion-grass, or Forget Me Kot. Calyx five-cleft, when in fruit carupanulate, open, shorter than the divergent pedicle, limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube, pubescence of the stem spreading, or absent. English Botany, t. 1973. English Flora, vol. i. p. 250. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 101. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 165. Myosotis scorpioides, @. palustris, Linn. Sp. PI. vol. i. p. 188. Hoot creeping. Stem from one to two feet high, succulent, round, or slightly angular, erect or reclining at the base, mostly branched, clothed more or less abundantly with soft spreading hairs, or sometimes it is quite smooth, on the upper part of the stem and stalks of the racemes close pressed. Leaves oblong lanceolate, the lower tapering at the base into a broad footstalk, obtuse, sometimes ovate or ovate- lanceolate, the upper narrower, longer, tapering towards the extremity, or acutely lanceolate, sessile, and frequently slightly decurrent, form- ing a slight angle some way down the stem, all with a rather strong mid-rib, and a more or less distinct marginal one running from the base, and uniting again at the extreme point, where it is mostly termi- nated with a hard point bristly, and scattered over equally on both sides more or less profusely with soft white depressed hairs pointing upwards, except on the margin and footstalks they are spreading. Inflorescence terminal, racemes single, or mostly in pairs, with a single flower from the axis of divarication; this, though general, is not con- stant; sometimes it is accompiirled by a small lanceolate leaf. At first the racemes are rolled in and crowded, but as the flowers gradually expand, they become more distant from each other. Flowers numerous, arranged in two rows, alternate on pedicles, at first very short and erect; but after flowering elongate, becoming longer than the calyx, patent and curved downwards. Calyx bell-shaped, rounded at the base, scattered over with close pressed hairs, limb divide'] about one-third its depth into five broad acute segments, each having a distinct mid-rib, and two scarcely distinguished lateral ones uniting in a callous point like the leaves, open when in fruit. Corolla, when in bud, a delicate pink, tube short, yellow, its orifice nearly closed by five obtuse yellow scales, the limb of five rounded or slightly emar- ginated lobes, flat, a beautiful blue colour, with a white line from the base of each lobe. Stamens alternating with the scales at the orifice of the tube. Pistil about the length of the tube of the corolla. Stigma capitate. Fruit four. Nuta smooth, compressed before, obtuse be- hind, with a slight edge, the base obtuse, with a minute perforation. Cf.ASSV. ORDER I.'| MYOSOTTS. 233 Habitat. The sides of ditches, rivers, and in damp places; frequent. Perennial ; flowering during the summer months. The flowers of this plant are amongst the largest of our species, of a brilliant blue, with a yellow eye, and white radiating lines around it. Nothing can be more ornamental to our rivers, banks, and ditches ; its numerous clusters of .flowers raising their curled heads from amidst the delicate green of their leaves, fail not to attract the atten- tion of every rambler among the pastoral scenes where it grows, in all parts of Europe. We are told that it obtained itu name of Forget Me Not, and is selected as the emblem of affection, from the circum- stance that " Two lovers were walking by a river, (the Rhine, I believe,) when the lady seeing and wishing for a flower of the Myosotis palustris, the cavalier attempted to gather it for her, but in so doing, slipped into the river and was drowned, exclaiming as he sunk, ' Vergils mich nicht' ' Forget Me Not.' " 2. M. re'pens, Don. (Fig. 311.) creeping Water Scorpion -grass, Calyx deeply five-cleft, when in fruit mostly connivent, shorter than the divergent pedicle ; limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube, pubescence of the stem spreading. English Botany, t. 2703. EJooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 101. under M. palustris. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 326. This is usually a smaller plant than the above, seldom more than a foot high, frequently not half that height, putting out runners from its base, which take root, and the individual plant is continued. The racemes are similar to M. palustris, except that the pedicles are longer, especially in their deflexed state, and from the base of the first, and often also from two or three above it, there is a small lanceolate leaf. These, however, are not constant. The calyx is more deeply divided, its segments narrower, not so open when in fruit, and the base more hairy than in M. palustris. The corolla is also generally smaller, more concave than flat, its lobes paler coloured, the hairiness of the stem is variable, but generally more abundant than in M. palustris. Habitat. Wet, boggy situations; Scotland. Mr. G. and D. Don, Dr. Murray. Kent. Mr. D. Don. Sussex. Mr. Borrer. York- shire, (higher parts). Mr. Backhouse. Glen Cree, Ireland. J. Bell. Banks of the River Don, above Sheffield; and the Moors, Derbyshire. R. D. Annual ; flowering, according to Mr. Backhouse, in Hooker's British Flora, two months earlier than M. palustris. It is not without some hesitation that we have followed Mr. Don, in considering this more than as a variety of M. palustris. It is, how- ever, probably as much deserving the distinction of a species, as some others that are considered so. I have gathered it from boggy places on the Cintra mountains, not more than six inches long ; and about 234 MYOSOTIS. Oporto and other parts of Portugal, not unfrequent. It is stated in English Botany to have been found at Madeira, and is described as a German plant. 3. M. caspito'sa, Schultz. (Fig. 312.) tufted Water Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five-cleft, when in fruit campanulate, open shorter than the divergent pedicles, limb of the corolla flat, equalling the tube, leaves linear, oblong, hairs of the stem close pressed. English Flora, vol. i. p. 251. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 102. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 165. Borrer in English Botany Suppt. t. 2661. Root fibrous, not creeping, but tufts of fibres are frequently thrown out from the lower part of the stem. Stem* mostly several from the same root, erect, or more or less curved at the base ; from a few inches to two feet high, with axillary branches from the base upwards, which are generally much less leafy than the stem, generally scattered over with close pressed hairs, pointed upwards. Leaves pale green, linear, oblong, or ligulate, the lower obtuse, tapering at the base into a broad footstalk, the upper narrower, acute, sessile, sometimes slightly decur- rent, hairs short, rigid, scattered freely over the upper side, very sparingly on the under, the mid rib prominent, the marginal ones, one or two, scarcely elevated above the surface of the leaf, united at the extremity in a blunt point. Racemes mostly in pairs, with a solitary flower, sometimes accompanied with a small leaf from the axis of deva- rication. Flowers numerous, at first crowded, becoming more distant as the common stalk extends, the pedicles when in flower about the length of the calyx, erect, becoming three limes as long, and, as the fruit advances to maturity, deflexed, the two or three lower flowers are sometimes accompanied with a lanceolate leaf, but this is far from being constant. Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat rounded at the base, and scattered over with pale close pressed hairs, the limb divided about half way into acute spreading segments, each with a prominent mid- rib and a delicate marginal one, united at the point. Corolla generally smaller than M.palustris, flat, or somewhat concave, the lobes rounded, rarely emarginate. Style shorter than the tube of the corolla. Stigma capitate, concave. Fruit four, spreading. Nuts oval, compressed in front with a sharp edge all round the base, wiih a slight depression, and perforated in the middle. Habitat. Watery drains, and side of slow streams, especially in a clayey or strong soil ; frequent. Annual or Biennial ; flowering from May to July. There is a great resemblance in this to M. repens. Its leaves are, however, longer, the hairs of the stem close pressed, the calyx less hairy, its segments more spreading when in fruit, and the corolla is smaller, and there are no runners by which it is propagated from its base. CLASS V. ORDER I.] MYOSOTTS. 235 ** Hairs at the base of the calyx spreading, and hooked at the extremity, those of the limb straight. 4. M. alpes'tris, Schmidt. (Fig. 313.) rock Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five-cleft, when in fruit campanulate and open, shorter than the slightly spreading pedicles, a few hairs only at the base, curved, lower leaves on long narrow footstalks, limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube. English Flora, vol. 5. p. 253. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 102. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 165^-M. rupicola English Botany, t. 2559. Hoot somewhat creeping. Stems several, from the same root, erect, or bent at the base, from four to six inches or more high, round, sim- ple, or slightly striated, clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves numerous, hairy, the lower ovate, or ovate oblong, obtuse, on long narrow footstalks, the upper, lanceolate, acute, sessile, mid-rib strong, the lateral ones scarcely observable. Racemes terminal, in pairs, with a solitary flower, and very rarely a small leaf at the axis of devarica- tion, at first in dense clusters of numerous large splendid blue flowers, on short stalks, which, however, elongate with the common stalk, and become longer than the calyx, and slightly spreading ; the hairs of the common stalk and pedicles of the calyx very short and close pressed. Calyx large, for the size of the plant, of five lanceolate segments, more than half cleft to the base, clothed in soft straight silky hairs, especially towards their extremity, and with a few curved ones intermixed with those at the base, the segments straight, not closing over the fruit. Corolla large, as M. palustris, of a darker more brilliant blue, the limb flat, rounded, longer than the tube ; the style as long as the tube of the corolla. Stigma capitate. Fruit four ; smooth nuts. Habitat. Highland mountains, at a great elevation ; but, observes Sir W. J. Hooker, " I am not sure that it is found except on the Bread- albine range ; extending as far as Schechallion." Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The splendid colour of the flowers of this plant, crowded at the extremity of their short stems, is extremely striking; and it is the collecting of these mountain gems in the lofty regions of their birth, that the true pleasure of possessing so great a prize gathered by ourselves is felt; indeed, the beauty of this Myosotis is justly appreciated only when seen blooming in its native place. It is found also on the mountain ranges of Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and others of the Continent, and is regarded by some Botanists as a variety of M. sylvatica. 5. M. sylv'atica, Hoffm. (Fig. 314.) upright Wood Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five-cleft, with spreading hooked bristles at the base ; when in fruit ovate, and closed, shorter than the divergent pedicles ; VOL. I. 2 I 236 MYOSOTIS. [CLASS v. ORDER i. limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube, lower leaves on long footstalks. English Flora, vol. i. p. 252. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 102. English Botany, Suppt. t. 2630. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 166. Root somewhat creeping. Stems numerous from the same root, erect or bent at the base, from four inches to twelve or more high, simple or branched ; the lower leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, on long narrow footstalks, the upper lanceolate, sessile; the whole plant clothed with spreading soft hairs. Racemes in* pairs, longer than in M- alpestris ; the pedicles more spreading ; the calyx with more numerous hooked hairs at its base ; the segments narrower, less hairy, and the hairs straighter, and not so soft, the segments converging over the fruit, though not closely. The corolla is generally longer than in M. alpestris, but this is variable, and its colour is not so deep a blue. It seems an intermediate species between M. alpestris and M. arvensis, in^which it partakes of some characters of each, but with so slight a difference in others, as to render it difficult to determine to which species it belongs. Habitat. Dry shady places, North of England ; Lowlands of Scotland, frequent; RokebyPark; Thorp Arch ; and Moor Hall, near Sheffield, Yorkshire; Woods, Welbeck, and other places, Nottingham- shire ; in Essex, Kent, and Norfolk. Perennial; flowering in June and July. We have no doubt this plant occurs more frequently than is sup- posed, being collected for M. arvensis, from which there is f-ome difficulty in distinguishing it, since both vary greatly according to the situation of their growth. M. sylvatica, when grown on a poor dry soil, in an open situation, is much smaller than when grown otherwise, and is scarcely distinguishable from the following species ; but M. sylvatica appears to be a perennial plant, and the arvensis is an annual. 6. M. arvensis, Hoffm. (Fig. 315.) Field Scorpion-grass. Calyx with half five-cleft spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit ovate, closed, shorter than the spreading pedicles, limb of the corolla concave, equalling the tube in length. English Botany, Suppt. t. 2629. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 103. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 166. M. scorpioides, a arvensis, Linn. Sp.Pl. p. 188. Root fibrous, annual. Stems from a few inches to two feet high, mostly numerous from the same root, erect, or curved at the base, simple, or branched, roundish or angular, clothed more or less abun- dantly with spreading hairs. Leaves various, those from the root orate or spatulale, on a somewhat dilated footstalk of variable length, upper ones sessile, lanceolate, tapering towards the base. Racemes mostly in pairs, often having one or two leaves at the base; when CLASS V. ORDER 1. | MYUSOTIS. 237 single there is generally one flower ch^ant from the rest, and frequently from the axis of a small leaf; the hairs of the common stalk, at least in the upper part, close pressed. Flowers numerous; pedicles spreading when in fruit, at length curved downwards. Calyx about half-cleft, less deeply than in M. sylvatica ; its segments lanceo- late, narrow, folding over the fruit more closely than in M. sylvatica, consequently more oval, and all the hairs, except a few towards the points of the segments, hooked ; these straight hairs are, however, more numerous on some plants Uiau others, but are not so numerous as in M. sylraiica. Corolla mostly small ; tube the length of the calyx ; the limb concave, as loug as the tube. Style about the length of the tube. Stigma capitate. Fi~uit four, ovate, acute; two-edged black nuts. Habitat. Fields, uncultivated grounds, &c. ; frequent. Annual ; flowering during the Summer months. Few plants vary more in size than this. In the sandy 6elds of Not-: linghamshire we have gathered it not more than three inches, and in rich land, amongst corn, one anxl two feet high; it varies also consi- derably in the size of its flowers, but which are pretty constant to the characters, as described above. The more constant marks of distinc- tion are to be sought for in the calyx. We hare some specimens also that are covered with soft spreading white hairs; while others are rough, from short hairs arising from callous tubercles. 7. M. col' Una, Hoffm. (Fig. 316.) early Field Scorpion-grast. Calyx with spreading hooked bristles, deeply five-cleft, open when in fruit, and as long as the spreading pedicles ; limb of the corolla con- cave, shorter than the tube. Raceme usually with a distant flower at the base. Borrer in English Botany, Suppt. after t. 2558. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 103. Lindley Synopsis, p. lfc'6, M. arvensis. English Botany, t. 2558. t. 253. Root annual, fibrous. Whole plant very hairy. Stem from four to eight and twelve inches high, usually several from the same root, erect or spreading, simple or branched, round, thick, clothed with spreading soft hairs. Leaves mostly numerous below the roots, and on short dilated footstalks, ovate, obtuse, the upper sessile, oblong, ob- tuse, or acute. Racemes long, very lax after flowering, the common stalk round, hairs close pressed, having a single flower distant from the others at its base, either alone or from the axis of the leaf. This dis- tant flower is, however, not constantly present, especially in our conti- nental specimens. Flowers numerous, very small. Calyx on an extremely short pedicle when in flower, but elongating to about its own length when in fruit, and spreading at length, curved downward?; the limb cleft, into five narrow segments, clothed with hooked spreading bristles, except near their extremities ; they are straight, and open, 238 MYOSOTIS. [CLASS v. ORDER i. not closed over the fruit. Corolla very small, concave, shorter than the tube, of five rounded lobes. Fruit four black smooth oval nuts. Habitat. Dry sandy places, wall tops, &c. ; not very common. Annual; flowering" iu Apui and May. The size of the plant is very variable according to its habitat, particularly as to the greater or less supply of moisture it can obtain. It is, however, regular in the characters above given, and can only be mistaken for the following species, with which it has been identified by some Botanists, when it Las grown very luxuriant. 8. M. versicolor, Lefim. (Fig. 317.) yellow and blue Scorpion-grass. Calyx with spreading hooked bristles, deeply five-cleit, closed when in fruit, and longer than the nearly erect pedicles ; limb of the corolla concave, about half as long as the elongated tube. English Botany, t. 2558, (not the fig.) English Flora, vol. i. p. 254. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 104. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 166. M. scorpioides. English Botany, t. 480, fig. 1. M. scorpioides, y. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 189. Root fibrous, annual. Stem very variable, in height from two to twenty inches, erect, or curved at the base, simple or branched, round, or slightly angular, rough, with spreading hairs, as is the whole plant. Leaves variable in number, sometimes very numerous, at others very scanty ; the radical ones on broadish footstalks, ovate, obtuse, the upper sessile, long, narrow, obtuse, or acute, mostly thickly clothed with spreading hairs. Racemes very long, and lax after flowering; hairs much less numerous than on the stem, and close pressed. Flowers numerous, on short nearly erect pedicles, one or two of the lower ones, sometimes arising from the axis of a small leaf. Calyx large, longer than its pedicles, deeply divided into five narrow segments, closed when in fruit, clothed, except at the extremities where they are straight, with short rigid hooked bristles. Corolla with a tube, longer than the calyx, and twice as long as the limb, which is small, concave, when first expanded yellow, becoming blue, and often purple. Fruit four ovate black nuts. Habitat. Not uncommon in wet, as well as in dry places. Annual; flowering from April to July. " The flowers commencing in their lower part amongst the leaves, we do not find uncommon in luxuriant specimens ; in corn fields and other places, in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. The whole of this genus of plants possess demulcent properties, and have been occasionally used as such in the form of tea, in cases of fever; they are not now thought of any value, but superseded by others. It was thought also that the leaves bruised and made into a poultice, were useful iu removing inflammation of the eyes, as well as the decoction to bathe them ; but this is also gone out of use, more potent remedies being substituted. 315 ZVTyosctis arvensis 315 Mycsotia collins Myosotis visicolcr. Asperugo procumbens. 319 CynoiSlossum otScinsile. 320 Cynoglosaum sylvaticum. CIAMV. ORDMI.1 ASPERUGO. 239 GENUS IX. ASPERU'GO LINN. Madwort. Nat Ord. BORAGIN'E.E. DE CAND. GEN. CHAK. Calyx flve-cleft, unequal with intermediate teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short tube; its orifice closed with convex connivant scales. Nuts four, compressed, covered by the folded compressed calyx. Name from asper, rough. 1. A. procumb'ens, Linn. (Fig. 318.) German Madwort. Stem pro- cumbent ; flowers axillary. English Botany, t. 661. English Flora, vol. i. p. 266. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 105. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 165. Root small. Stem spreading upon the surface of the ground, from one to two feet long, square, and rough, with short hooked prickles pointing downwards. 'Leaves mostly numerous, oblong, lanceolate, the margin rough, with prickles pointed forwards, and more or less hairy \vith close pressed hairs, sessile, or on short footstalks, single, or two, three, or four, arising from near the same point of the stem. Flowers small, single from the axis of the leaves, at first on short erect peduncles, which become longer, and curved downwards when in fruit. Calyx small, deeply divided into five teeth, with a small intermediate one, much enlarged when in fruit, veiny, compressed, and folded over the fruit. Corolla with a short cylindrical tube, its orifice closed by five obtuse convex valves ; the limb longer than the tube, divided into five rounded blue segments. Stamens on short filaments, alternating with the valves, by which they are enclosed within the tube. Style as long as the tube. Stigma obtuse. Fruit four compressed roughish ovate nuts, attached laterally to the base of the persistent style,' and without any perforation at the base. Habitat. Waste places, but rare ; most frequent in the North of England and Scotland. " Boxley, Sussex; Wrangford, near Brandon." Durham ; about Dunbar, Guillon Links, near Edinburgh, and Pur- tieet, Scotland. Annual; flowering in June and July. GENUS X. CYNOGLOS'SUM. LINN. Hounds tongue. Nat. Ord. BORAGIU'E^E. DE CAND. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped; the tube short, its orifice closed with five convex connivant scales. Nuts four, depressed, muricated, attached to the base of the persistent style. Name from xvuv, a. dog ; and yXwo-ro, a tongue, from the shape and texture of the leaf. 24Q - CYNOGLOSSOM. f CLASS V. ORDER 1. 1. C. officina'le, Linn. (Fig. 319.) common Hound's tongue. Leaves lanceolate, downy ; the upper ones subcordated at the base, sessile ; the lower on footstalks; stamens shorter than the corolla. English Botany, t. 921. English Flora, vol. i. p. 261 Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 105. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 166. Hoot tapering. The whole plant very soft and downy, of a dull green, exhaling when rubbed a nauseous foetid odour. The stem from one to two feet high or more, erect, round, striated, branched, and leafy ; lower leaves oblong, lanceolate, tapering into a broad stout long footstalk, the upper narrower, the margin waved, dilated towards the base, where it is more or less cordate, embracing the stem ; mid-rib strong, with several branched lateral ones. Inflorescence terminal , branched, spreading racemes. Flowers numerous, on short pedicles, which elongate after flowering. Calyx of five deep ovate acute seg- ments, very downy, becoming much larger after flowering, reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity, and sometimes falls off, but mostly per- sistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short wide cylindrical tube ; its orifice closed by five obtuse convex vahes ; the limb ol live rounded obtuse segments, of a dull red or purplish colour. Stamens on short filaments, alternating with the valves at the orifice of the tube. Style about the length of the tube, becoming much larger as the fruit ad- vances, and forms an angular column, round which they are attached. Fruit four obovate flattish nuts, attached in the centre to the enlarged base of the style, very Tough, with rigid (hollow when dry) conical points, having at the extremity a great number of minute spreading cartilaginous teeth, by which the nuts attach themselves to clothes, animals, Vc. Habitat. Waste and rubbishy places ; frequent in England and Ireland, les.--. :. o in Scotland. Perennial j flowering in June and July. This plant is mucilaginous and narcotic, and was esteemed as an anti-spasmodic, having an extremely unpleasant odour, like that of mice. It is not now used in England, but is still retained amongst the list of preparations used by the Italian physicians ; but with what advantage over the other more elegant remedies that we possess, having similar properties, we have yet to learn. 2. C. sylvat'icum, Hccnkc. (Fig. 320.) green leaved Hound's tongue. Leaves lanceolate, shining, slightly hairy and roughish, especially beneath, the upper ones subcordate at the base, semi amplexicaul, sessile, the lower on footstalks ; stamens shorter than the corolla. English Botany, t. 1642. English Flora, vol. i. p. 261. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 105. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 166. Root tapering. The whole plant of a pale shining green, sparingly scattered over with hairs, having, unlike the last, little odour when CLASS V. ORDER I.] CYCLAMEN. 421 rubbed. The stem from one to two feet high, round, branched, somewhat str:. if c;l, erect.,, f.rarcs mostly hairy beneath, and rough with tubercles, the lower ones on long footstalks, broadly lanceolate, the upper oblong lanceolate, sessile, broader at the base, and more or less embracing the stem ; all have a strong mid-rib, and several small lateral branching veins. In other respects it is the same as the above, except that the flowers are mostly a duller purplish colour. Habitat. Road sides, and shady situations ; rare. In Essex, Worcester, Kent, Surrey, Oxford, arid near Norwich. Carse of Gowrie, in Scotland. Mr. G. Don. Near Balbriggan, Ireland. Dr. Scott. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. GENUS XI. CYCLA'MEN LINN. Cyclamen. Nat. Ord. PRIMULAC'EJE. VENT. GEN. CHAR. Calyx campanulate, five-cleft. Corolla with a cam- panulate tube, the limb of five reflexed segments. Capsule globose, opening with five teeth. Name from JOIX.XOE, a circle, " probably from the circles formed by the spiral peduncles," or from the shape of the leaves. 1. C. hedereefo'lium, Willd. (Fig. 321.) Ivy leaved Cyclamen, or Sow-bread. Leaves ovate, angular, and crenate, deeply cordate at the base, orifice of the tube of the corolla with ten teeth. English Flora, vol. i. p. 274. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 107. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 183. Cyclamen Europceum. English Botany, t. 548. Tubers largfe, globose, which put out branched fibrous roots. Leaves all radical, on long slender footstalks, ovate, or roundish oblong, an- gular, waved and crenated, deeply heart-shaped at the base, smooth, the upper side beautifully variegated with dark and pale glaucous green, with a central rib, and several smaller ones from the base, more prominent on the under side, and somewhat glandular, the surface of the leaf is somewhat paler than the upper, with a purplish tinge. Flowers single, drooping on a long slender scape, thinner and waved in the lower part, thicker in the middle, reaching above the leaves after flowering, and as the seed advances to maturity, the scape becomes twisted up in a spiral manner, and conveys them to the earth. Corolla white, or pinkish, purplish about the orifice of the tube, which is short, somewhat bell-shaped ; the limb of five deep acute reflexed twisted segments, with two obscure teeth at the base of each. Calyx deeply divided in five ovate acute segments. Stamens within the tube, 422 PRIMULA. [CLASS v. ORDER i. on short filaments. Style as loiig as the stamens. Stigma ohluse Capsule globose, opening with five teeth. Seeds numerous. Habitat. Groves and shady places, a doubtful native; Bramfield, Suffolk. D. E. Davy, Esq. Sandhurst Green. Mr. Christy. And Goudhurst, Kent. Mr. Borrer. Perennial ; flowering in April. The common name of Sow-bread, by which this plant is known, appears to have arisen from the circumstance of its tubers being much sought after by swine. In the Island of Sicily it forms a considerable portion of the food of the wild boars, although it possesses acrid and stimulating properties. ft has been thought useful in schirrous affections, the fresh root being scraped into a pulp, and applied exter- nally as a poultice ; taken internally, its action is that of a drastic purgative, which is said to procure abortion, and is for that purpose taken, but is a very doubtful and dangerous medicine. " Jerarde be- lieved that merely stepping over this herb caused abortion, and very prudently guarded it in his garden with sticks." Its acrid principle is thought to be of a peculiar character, and is named arthanitine. No gardener considers his flower borders well stocked with early flowr :ing plants, unless this forms a part ; it is one of the earliest to put out its tender bud, and expand its fair bJoom, gracefully pendant on its slender stem, amid its shining leaves of varied hues, which at all times are highly ornamental. Several species of this genus are culti- vated for the greenhouse, and, by careful management, a regular succession of the flowers may be had all the year round. It is frequent in the woods and shady places in various parts of Italy ; and so profuse in some districts about Pisa, as to give the surface of the ground an apparent clothing, at a short distance, of a delicate pink tissue. GENUS XII. PRIMITLA. LINN. Primrose. Nat. Ord. PRIMULA 'CEJE. VENT. GEN. CHAR. Calyx tubular, five toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, or funnel-shaped. The tube about the length of the calyx, cylindri- cal, dilated at the orifice. The limb of five lobes. Capsule ovate, opening with five or ten valves. Name from Primulus, the beginning, on account of the early appearance of the flowers in Spring. 1 . P. vulga'ris, Huds. (Fig. 322.) common Primrose. Leaves oblong, ovate, narrowing at the base, wrinkled, irregularly toothed, scape single flowered ; limb of the corolla flat. CEASS V. ORDER I.] PRIMULA. 243 English Botany, t. 4. English Flora, vol. i. p. 271. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 107. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 184. Primula veris, y. acaulis, Linn. Sp. 205. Root scaly, somewhat abrupt, with numerous long branched fibres. Leaves numerous, radical, oblong, ovate, gradually tapering at the base into a broadish footstalk, wrinkled, the margin somewhat waved and irregularly toothed, a dark smooth green on the upper side, pale be- neath, with a strong hairy mid-rib and numerous branched lateral veins. Flowers numerous, each on a slender scape, from two to eight inches high, and which, as well as the calyx, is generally thickly clothed with soft woolly hairs ; at the base of the stalk is a small subulate scale. Calyx tu- bular, with five angles, and five lanceolate teeth. Corolla large, pale sulphur coloured, with five dark radiating spots in the centre ; the limb of five flat obcordate lobes ; the tube as long, or rather longer than the calyx, dilated upwards. Stamens on short filaments, near the bottom of the tube. Style as long as the tube. Stigma globular. Capsule ovate, opening with five or ten valves. Seeds small, numerous. Habitat. Woods, hedge banks, and shady pastures abundant. Perennial ; flowering in April and May. This is thought by some Botanists not distinct from the following species. It is true that the flowers are sometimes found elevated on a common stalk, in a simple umbel, but, as Sir W. J. Hooker observes, if the scapes are traced to their very base, they will be found to spring from one common point, and to constitute a sessile umbel. Varieties are sometimes found with pale purplish flowers, but by cultivation many very beautiful varieties are obtained, well known as ornaments to the flower border ; amongst these, perhaps the most curious and elegant, is a double pale sulphur coloured one, which appears as if one corolla had been placed within the other. Upon exa- mination, it will be found to be the stamens at the bottom of the tube of the outer corolla, expanded into a perfect corolla. The expan- sion of stamens into petals is a curious, though frequent occurrence, in cultivation, by which many very beautiful and admirable flowers are obtained, especially in the compound flowers ; but in the present instance we have the developement and the union of the five stamens into a blossom of one piece, with five lobes ! The student will find these transformations an extremely interesting subject of investigation, to which we can here only direct his attention, as we shall have occa- sion to do in reference to other subjects for his inquiry, that cannot be here discussed. The primrose is one of the early harbingers of Spring, which has claimed the attention of poets of almost every age in their praise of Spring's return, or strains of tender love. When " Beaux and Beauties crowd the gaudy groves, And woo and win their vegetable loves." And " The love sick violet, and the primrose pale, Bow their sweet heads and whisper to the gale." VOL. i. 2 K 244 PRIMULA. [CLASS v. ORDER i. 2. P. ela'tior, With. (Fig. 323.) Oxlip Primrose. Leaves ovate, contracted below the middle, wrinkled, and irregularly toothed ; stalk many flowered ; limb of the corolla flat. English Botany, t. 513. English Flora, vol. i. p. 271. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 107. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 184. Primula veris, @. elatior, Linn. Sp. 204. Hoot scaly, with numerous branched fibres. Leaves ovate, wrinkled, waved, and irregularly toothed, contracted about the middle, by whioh they differ from the leaves of P. vulgaris. This character is not, how- ever, a constant one. Flowers mostly numerous, elevated on a round downy stalk, in an umbellate manner, from two to eight inches high. Pedicles of variable lengths, but ultimately all becoming the same, each having at its base a small thin subulate scale. Calyx less downy than P. vulgaris, and the corolla smaller, the dark ray around the orifice of the tube mostly darker. Habitat. Woods and groves ; not uncommon. Perennial ; flowering in April and May. Much doubt is entertained of this being a distinct species from the above, some persons supposing it to be an hybrid between it and the following. It certainly is very variable in its appearance, and those characters by which it is distinguished are by no means constant ; for instance, the leaves are frequently found without the contraction in the middle, while the flowers on the same root have been found single on a scape, and others numerous in an umbel. It varies greatly in the colour of its flowers, and by cultivation many very beautiful shades are obtained, known by the name of Polyanthus. 3. P. ve^ris, Linn. (Fig. 324.) common Cowslip or Paigle. Leaves ovate, contracted about the middle, wrinkled, and irregularly toothed ; stalk many flowered ; limb of the corolla concave. English Botany, t. 5. English Flora, vol. i. p. 272. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 107. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 184. Primula veris, a. officinalis, L. Sp. 204. Root similar to the above. Leaves ovate, contracted about the middle, frequently heart-shaped at the base, wrinkled and veiny, the margin waved, and more or less toothed, the edges curled back, parti- cularly in a young state, dark green above, paler beneath, and more or less downy, especially towards the margin. Flowers numerous, in a simple umbel, on a round stalk, from three to eight inches long, clothed with soft close pedicles of variable lengths, drooping, each having at its base an ovate subulate scale. Calyx downy, its teeth acute, or obtuse, sometimes emarginate. Corolla smaller than either of the above. The tube as long, or longer than the calyx. The limb concave, of five notched lobes, each having at its base a dark orange spot. Stamens nearly sessile above the middle of the tube. Pistil longer than the tube, Stigma capitate. CLASS V. OftDKKI.] PRIMULA. 245 Habitat. Meadows and pastures ; frequent in England and Ireland ; very rare in Scotland ; King's Park and Caroline Park, near Edinburgh. Perennial ; flowering in April and May. Whatever doubt may be entertained with regard to the distinction of the two former species, this will be found more constant in its charac- ters. The smaller darker coloured concave corolla, the stamens inserted in the middle of the tube, the elongation of the style, and the more obtuse segments of the somewhat inflated calyx, are characters which we have observed to remain unaltered (especially the corolla) by cultivation. The modest cowslip is one of the welcome forerunners of Spring, which is hailed with delight by the lover of rural enjoyments, who perambulates the green meadows and pastures, where " The sight is pleas'd, The scent regards each odoriferous leaf, Each opening blossom freely breathes abroad, Its gratitude, and thanks him with its sweets." The flowers of the cowslip are much used to make an elegant kind of wine, which is mild, and pleasantly impregnated with their fragrance, an infusion is made either of the fresh or dried flowers, and is esteemed as an anodine and sudorific. A beautiful coloured syrup is also made of them, and sold in the shops; it is agreeably flavoured, and is used mostly for children. The fragrance of the flowers was supposed by Shakspeare to reside in the dark spots around the mouth of the tube. He says " The cowslip tall her pensioners be ; In these gold coats spots you see ; Those be rubies, fairy flowers, In those freckles live their savours, I must go seek some dew drops here, And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear." Midsummer Nights' Dream. 4, P. farino'sa, Linn. (Fig. 325.) Bird's MENYANTHES. [".ASS v. ORDER I. ovate oblong. Pistil about the length of the stamens. Stigma ob- tuse notched. Capsule seldom perfected, globose. Habitat. Wet shady pastures and banks ; not so common as the last. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. Infusions or decoctions of this plant are said to be vulnary and anti- scorbutic, and useful in dysentery. Pliny, moreover, says it tames restive horses; but now-a-days we do not find it to have any of these virtues, either for one complaint or other, much less for the purpose in which Pliny says it is so potent. GENUS XVI. MENYANTHES. LINN. Buckbean. Nat. Ord. GENTIA'NE^E. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five parted. Corolla funnel-shaped. The limb of five spreading segments, bearded within. Stigma capitate, two lobed. Capsule two valved. Seeds numerous. Name from " JU.VIKT), a month ; and >0of, & flower." 1. M. trifolia'ta,- Linn. (Fig. 336.) common Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil. Leaves ternate. English Botany, t. 495. English Flora, vol. i. p. 275. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 168. Liudley, Synopsis, p. 179. Root long, branched fibres from the joints of the long creeping undergmmd stems, which are mostly very numerous, and matted together, round, smooth, stout, succulent, passing into flowering stems, which are procumbent at the base, mostly clothed with the dry mem- branous sheath of old leaves, frequently branched, ascending towards the summit, where it is leafy. Leaves ternate, on a long stout foot- stalk, terminating in their membranous sheaths enfolding the stem, leaflets ovate or obovate, sometimes acute, or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, with a stout mid-rib, and numerous lateral branches, the margins waved, or somewhat toothed; Inflorescence a raceme, or thyrsus, of numerous flowers, on a round smooth succulent stalk, from four to eight inches long, arising from the axis of the leaves. Flowers crowded, white or flesh coloured, tipped externally with pink, on round, smooth, short pedicles from the axis, of a small ovate or ovate acute bractea. Calyx of five ovate deeply divided segments, about half as long as the funnel-shaped corolla. The tube short, dilated upwards. The limb of five segments, ovule, acute, reflexed, smooth and veiny externally, much bearded within, with long slender waved filaments. Stamens the length of the corolla. Filaments slender, from about the C1AS V. ORDEH I.] VILLARSIA. 255 middle of the tube. Anthers deeply cloven at the base. Pistil about as loDg as the corolla. Stigma of two lobes. Capsule ovate, sur- rounded at the base by the persistent calyx, opening with two valves, the seeds attached to the parietal placenta, formed by the inflexed margins of the dissepiments. Seeds numerous, light brown, smooth polished. Embryo straight, in the axis of the albumen. The radicle placed next the hilum. Habitat. Marshes and boggy situations; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. The leaves of the Buckbean have a very bitter nauseous taste, with a faint disagreeable smell. On account of its bitter property, it is used in some places as a substitute for hops, but is far from possessing the fine aroma of the flowers of that plant. It is tonic, somewhat diuretic and purgative, and is said to have been useful in some cases of fever, rheumatism, and painful affections of the joints; and also in diseases of the skin. It is used by making an infusion of half an ounce of its dried leaves in half a pint of bulling water, and taking a wine glass of it two or three times a day. It is also taken in doses from a scruple to a drachm of its leaves in fine powder. It is, how- ever, seldom used in modern practice, since a more elegant substitute is found in other plants of the Gentian tribe. In cattle it Is said to cure the disease called darn ; in doses, of course, proportionately larger than those stated above. Its roots, like those of many other plants, are useful in rendering boggy ground more firm by their matting themselves together ; and, by their gradual decomposition, deposits of vegetable matter are formed, which, by a succession of years, is raised above the water, when other plants take possession of it, and at length a firm footing is obtained, and it becomes subservient to the use of the animal creation. Lands thus rescued from the watery element, it is well known, are extremely productive for a very consi- derable period after ; and if boggy grounds, such as we see in many parts of the kingdom, were artificially drained, instead of being left to this slow process of nature, there can be little doubt but they would well repay the expense aud labour bestowed upon them in the course of a very short time, as we see exemplified in many districts of Lincolnshire, and in other counties. GENUS XVII. VILLAR'SIA. VENT. Villarsia. Nat. Ord. GENTIAN 'EJE:. Joss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx fire parted. Corolla rotate. The limb of five spreading segments, the margins inflexed in aestivation, bearded in 256 VILLARSIA. [CLASS v. OEDER i. the throat, five glands alternating with the stamens. Stigma five- cleft. Capsule two Talved. Seeds numerous. Leaves simple. Named in compliment to M, de Villars, author of Flora des Dauphine. 1. F. nymphce'oides, Vent. (Fig. 337.) Nympheea-hhe Villarsia. Leaves floating, orbicular, cordate ; flowers in axillary sessile umbels ; corolla ciliated. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 109. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 180. Menyanthes nymphceoides, Linn. E. Botany, t. 217. English Flora, vol. i. p. 276. Roott long, round, cord-like. Stems long, round, smooth, succulent, much branched, and spreading. Leaves floating on the surface of the water, roundish, heart-shaped at the base, the margins more or less waved or toothed, smooth, shining, pale variegated green above, a darkish purple beneath, and thickly scattered over with small elevated spots. Footstalks long, round, dilated and membranous at the base, and from their axis arise the flowers, in a sessile umbellate manner. The pedicles round, smooth, erect when in flower. Calyx in five lanceolate obtuse segments, about half the length of the corolla, smooth. Corolla large, yellow, rotate, in five spreading segments, the margins curiously inflexed in aestivation, and more or less fringed, with a smooth darker radiating disk ; the orifice of the short tube fringed with simple hairs, around which also are placed the stamens on short filaments, alternat- ing with five oblong glands. Pistil about half as long as the corolla. Stigma five-cleft. Capsule ovate, of one cell, two valves, many seeded. Habitat. Rivers and still \vaicrs; rare. In the Thames; abundant in the Canal, near Downham Market, and Wisbeach ; and several places in Yorkshire. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This rare but beautiful plant is readily cultivated in ponds or streams of water; and when it has once established itself, it is afterwards difficult of extirpation. It is highly ornamental in the drains and rivers of Holland, and many other parts of the continent, entirely covering the surface of the water with its beautiful floating leaves and stems, and its rather large elegant flowers successively rising and expanding their curious structured corollas, making gay the abode of the croaking frog, (Rana temporaria), and undulating leech, (Hirudo medicinalis) two sleek animals, known to most persons, but favourites with few. We once in one of our botanical perambulations, in search of aquatic plants, had our attention attracted by them. The frog, evi- dentlyinastale of perturbation, was endeavouring to escape with all the exertion that it could make from an attack of the wily leech ; but with all its leaping, swimming, and croaking, it could not shake off its close companion, who had attached itself firmly upon its leg: and to judge C1AM V. OEM* I.] BRTTHRiA. $57 from the swollen and increasing size of the leech, we supposed he was making a very hearty meal at the expence of the vivifying blood of the poor animal. We watched them some time ; hut the frog, what with exhaustion from the loss of blood, the 'exertion it had made, and the lYight which it appeared to be in, leaped upon a leaf of the Villarsia, a bark which being unable to sustain such a cargo, sunk, and its burden disappeared. GENUS XVIII. ERYTHILE'A. RENEALM. Centaury. Nat Ord. GENTIAN'E.J: . Jess. OEM. CHAR. Calyx fire-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, its limb short. Anthers after bursting spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas two. Capsule linear, of two cells, with the margin of the valves turned inwards. Name from ifvSjof, red, the colour of the flowers in most of the species. 1. E. Centau'rium, Pert. (Fig. 338). common Centaury. Stem somewhat branched ; leaves ovate oblong ; flowers nearly -sessile, in fasciculated corymbs. Calyx half as long as the tube of the corolla. The segments of the corolla oval. English Flora, vol. i. p. 321. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 109. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 178 Chironia Onfaurmm. English Botany, t. 417. Gentiana. Centaurium. Linn. Root tapering, with branched fibres. Stem erect, simple, or mostly with short branches, from eight to eighteen inches high, smooth, square. Leave* opposite, smooth, sessile, the radical ones bright green, some- times on short broad footstalks, spreading, mostly broader than those of the stem, all ovate oblong, with three main ribs, in luxuriant speci- mens, the lower ones have five, and the upper ones in distant pairs are narrower, and become somewhat lanceolate. Inflorescence a branched, more or less dense fasciculated corymb. Flowert numerous, nearly sessile, each little pedicle having a narrow bractea, and sometimes round, the base of the calyx there are several small awl-shaped scales. Calyx in five deep linear segments, with a pale narrow mem- branous margin, about half the length of the tube of the corolla. Corolla salver-shaped. The tube long, pale, with numerous slender veins. The limb a beautiful pink, of five ovate segments, spreading only in the sunshine, closed in tie dark, and cloudy weather, and im- mediately after gathering the plant. Stamens inserted around the contracted orifice of the tube. The filaments slender, threadshaped, about half as long as the limb of the corolla. Anther* oblong, of two cells, becoming spirally twisted after the escape of the pollen. Pittil 258 ERtTHREA. [CLASS V. ORDZR I. with a narrow oblong compressed germen, a shortish style, somewhat oblique or recurved, and stigma of two roundish lobes. Capsule closely invested with the persistent corolla, linear of two imperfect cells, two valves, and many seeded. Habitat. Dry gravelly fields, and road sides ; frequent. Annual ; flowering from July to August. So extremely delicate are the flowers of this plant, that they will only shew their blushing beauty at the solicitation of a glowing sun, when they may expect numerous passing visits from the insect throng to pay homage to their beauty, and inspect the curious structure of their spiral cells. The whole plant is without odour; but the stem, leaves, and petals, are strongly impregnated with a bitter resinous matter or mucus, which is imparted to boiling water, or spirits of wine. It is tonic and antiseptic; and before the introduction of cinchona bark, was used in cases of fever : it is not, however, used in modern practice, but is one of the great remedies of the village doctress, and is, no doubt, useful in some dispeptic complaints, taken in the form of powder, or half an ounce of the herb in half a pint of boiling water, taking a fourth of it two or three times a day. 2. E. pulchel'la, Hooker. (Fig. 339.) Dwarf-branched Centaury Stem much branched ; leaves ovate oblong ; flowers on shoit stalks, in loose panicles ; calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ; th& segments of the corolla oblong. Hooker, Flora Scotica, vol. i. p. 79; and British Flora, vol. i. p. 109. English Flora, vol. i. p. 323. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 178. Chironia pulchella. English Botany, t. 458. Gentiana Centaurium, . Linn. We are much disposed to follow Linnaeus in considering this as a variety of the E. Centaurium. We have frequently met with speci- mens in the dry sandy districts of Nottinghamshire, differing in no respect from those grown on the sea shores in various parts of the coast, except that they had been cropped down by cattle, consequently had become much branched and lax, fewer flowered, and with shorter leaves. Habitat. Sandy sea shores. England and Scotland ; Cape Clear Island ; and near Bangor, county of Down, Ireland. Annual ; flowering from July to August. 3. E. littora'lis, Hooker. (Fig. 340). Dwarf-tufted Centaury. Stem simple, or branched ; leaves linear-obovate obtuse ; flowers nearly sessile, in close capitate corymbs ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; the segments of the corolla ovate. Hooker, Flora Scotica, vol. i. p. 80 ; and British Flora, vol. i. p. CtASS V. ORDKE I.] ERYTHRSA. 259 109. English Flora, vol. i. p. 321. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 178. Chironia littoralis. English Botany, t. 2305. This, we also think , would be more properly regarded a variety of E. Centaurium ; we have found it equally common with the preced- ing. It differs in the leaves, being narrower, and in more distant pairs, with one or three ribs, the margins sometimes minutely toothed. The stem simple or branched from the base or stem, often obscurely angular. The calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; and the limb of the corolla with ovate segments, larger in proportion to the size of the plant; and the flowers more crowded into a capitate corymb. One or other of these characters are so variable from the variety of situations of growth, as to render it difficult to determine (if they are to be re- garded as species) to which to refer it. Habitat. Sandy districts, especially near the sea ; England, Scot- land, and Portmarnock, Ireland. Annual ; flowering in June and July. 4. E. lati* folia, Smith. (Fig. 341.) broad-leaved tufted Centaury. Stem three branched at the top; flowers in dense forked tufts; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; segments of the corolla lanceolate ; lower leaves broadly elliptical, with five or seven ribs. English Flora, vol. i. p. 322. English Botany, Suppt. t 2718. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 110. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 178. Whether this is a species or a variety of E. Centaurium we are unable positively to determine, for so variable are the characters of the British plants of this genus, that it is difficult to say which is a species and which a variety. The present is, perhaps, more distinct from E. Centaurium than those above mentioned; its leaves are broader, larger, and more obtuse, especially the radical ones. The stem is short, three branched at the top ; and the calyx segments as long as the tube of the corolla, but yet not any of these characters are constant : and we cannot think it is more than a variety. It is not uncommon in sandy districts, growing with others in every intermediate stage between this and E. Centaurium. Were we disposed to mul- tiply species, or enumerate varieties, many might be mentioned. We have now before us specimens nearly two feet high, some single, and others with numerous stems from the branched root, and obscurely angular ; the leaves lanceolate, three and five ribbed ; the stem three branched at the top ; the flowers in dense tufts, almost capitate ; the calyx as long, or longer than the tube of the corolla ; the bractea long as the tufts of flowers, narrow, awl-shaped, and the style somewhat bent ; but we cannot think that it is any thing more than a variety of E. Centaurium. It was grown in a moist sandy situation amongst corn. Habitat. Sea shores, and sandy situations. Annual; flowering in July and August. VOL. I. 2 M 260 POLEMONIUM. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. GENUS XIX. POLEMO'NIUM LINN. Jacob's Ladder. Nat Ord. POLEMONIA'CE^E. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a short tube. The limb of five lobes. Stamens dilated and hairy at the base, closing the mouth of the tube. Stiffmas three-cleft. Anthers incumbent. Capsule of three cells and three valves. Seeds numerous. Name from TTOXE/XOC, war ; on account, accord- ing to a tale related by Pliny, of its having been the occasion of a war between two Kings, from a dispute that arose between them as to who was the discoverer of its uses. He further states that the Polemonium of the ancients was called Chilodynamia, from XXK and Juxa/xK, on account of the many virtues that it is related to possess. 1. P. cceru'leum, Linn. (Fig. 342.) Jacob's Ladder, or Greek Valerian. Stem smooth, leafy ; leaves pinnated ; leaflets oblong- lanceolate, smooth, panicle clothed with glandular hairs; flowers erect. English Botany, t. 14. English Flora, vol. i. p. 287. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 168. Root of branched fibres. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angular, from one to two feet high, leafy, green, or sometimes pinkish. Leaves alter- nate, the lower ones on long common stalks, the upper short. Leaflets smooth, sessile, or on short footstalks, oblong-lanceolate, opposite or alternate, with an odd one at the end, and all of nearly an equal size. Inflorescence a branched panicle, more or less clothed with soft glan- dular hairs. Flowers numerous, large, blue, sometimes white, on short stalks, mostly crowded. Calyx about half five-cleft ; the seg- ments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less thickly clothed with glandular hairs, especially at the base, and each segment with one or three simple or branched ribs, persistent, and enveloping the capsule, enlarging after flowering as it advances to maturity. Corolla wheel- shaped, with a short tube, and large five lubed spreading limb, regular or somewhat unequal, imbricated in estivation, mostly waved on the margin, and beautifully pencilled over with dark purple veins. Stamens alternating with the segments of the corolla, and nearly as long. The filaments dilated and hairy at the base, closing over the mouth of the tube. Style simple, as long as the corolla. Stigma three-cleft. Capsule triangular, of three cells, three valves, each valve with an external furrow and prominent internal rib attached to the central placenta, and forming the internal walls of the cells. Seeds angular, or oval. Habitat. Banks and bushy places ; rare. On the banks of the river Derwent, near Fox Inn, and Castleton Dale, Derbyshire, not CLASS V. ORDER I.] CONVOLVULUS. 261 unfrequent ; Craven aud Gordale, Yorkshire; about Queensferry, Arniston and Delvine Woods, Scotland; Kuockmaroon Hill, near Chapelizod, Ireland. Perennial; flowering in June and July. This pretty plant, known by the name of Greek Valerian, or the more common one of Charity, is a garden flower, much cultivated, continuing in flower a long time, and varying greatly in its colours from a dark blue to a pure white. This, like many other plants dis- tinguished by ancient names, is not found to possess the many virtues that it is related to have had in former times ; or it is thai we apply the names to other plants than they formerly distinguished. In the present case, the plant appears scarcely to have any sensible medical qualities, much less those of such great importance as to have induced Kings to have waged war against each other, to settle a dispute as to who was to have the honour of being considered the discoverer of so rare and valuable a plant. GENUS XX. CONVOL'VULUS. LINN. Bindweed. Nat. Ord. CONTOLVUL&'CE^. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, folded in five plaits. Stigmas two. Capsule of from one to four cells, with as many valves. Seedt one or two in each cell. Name from Convolve, to entwine. * Flowers with two distant bracteas. 1. C. arven'sis, Linn. (Fig. 343.) small Bindweed. Stem climbing; leaves arrow-shaped, their lobes acute; peduncles mostly single flowered ; bracteas small, distant from the flowers. English Botany, t. 312. English Flora, vol. i. p. 285. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 112. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 167. Hoot with very long creeping underground stems, spreading to a considerable distance, and difficult of extirpation. Stem slender, angular, simple or branched, smooth below, downy towards the end of the branches, prostrate, unless near some plant, round which it can entwine and support itself. Leaves alternate, arrow-shaped, round, or obtuse at the apex, the lobes at the base acute, spreading, smooth or downy, with a mid-rib and slender lateral veins, on a slender chan- nelled footstalk. Flowers arising from the axis of the leaves, solitary, or in pairs, on a slender angular stalk about as long or longer than the leaves, and, like them, more or less hairy, each flower having a distant pair of awl-shaped bractea. Calyx of five ovate obtuse hairy segments, 262 CONVOLVULUS. [CLASS v. ORDER i Corolla bell-shaped, about an inch broad at the mouth, mostly a deli- cate pink or rose colour, with white rays from the yellowish centre, having five plaits, and five indistinct lobes. Stamens from the base of the corolla, dilated below, slender, about half as long as the corolla, two mostly shorter than the others. Anthers arrow-shaped. Style as long as the stamens. Stigmas two, oblong, spreading, downy. The capsules are seldom perfected ; it propagates itself by the underground stems. Habitat. Corn fields, hedges, and gardens ; very common, espe- cially in a light soil. Perennial ; flowering from July to August. This is a very troublesome plant to the farmer, though greatly orna- mental to bis fields. The flowers are beautiful in colour, and deli- cately formed, exhaling a fragrant odour in dry warm weather, and closing closely up in rain, or when the sky is cloudy. It contains a cathartic resin, but in a far less proportion and much less active than the well known Scammony or Jalop, as well as other plants belonging to this order. The leaves are very variable in size, and their having acute, obtuse, or elongated lobes at the base, being smooth or downy, together with the variable depth of colour in the flowers, seem to depend upon the situation of its growth, or rather the nature of the soil, as to the lightness or richness of its quality. ** Flowers with two large bracteas at the base. Calystegia. R. Brown. 2. C. se'pium, Linn. (Fig. 344.) great Bindweed. Stem climbing ; leaves arrow-shaped, their lobes truncate, often toothed peduncles, single flowered, four sided ; bracteas large, heart-shaped, close beneath the calyx. English Botany, t. 313. English Flora, vol. i. p. 285. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Calystegia sepium. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 167. Root with long creeping somewhat fleshy underground racemes. Stem slender, angular, twisted, smooth, woody, much branched, climbing and spreading, many feet around. Leaves large, arrow- shaped, alternate, acute at the apex, lobes at the base abruptly cut, or obtusely toothed, or even as the rest of the margin generally is, quite smooth, a lively green, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, with a mid-rib, and numerous smaller lateral branched veins, on a slender furrowed footstalk, which frequently twists around other plants to assist in supporting itself. Flowers large, solitary, from the axis of the leaves, very handsome, pure white, or with a pale pink ray, about two inches across the mouth, on a rather slender square smooth stalk, scarcely as long as the leaves, having two large dilated oblong heart-shaped veiny bracteas immediately beneath, and enclosing the CLASS V. ORDM I.] CONVOLVULUS. 263 calyx, leafy, quite smooth. Calyx of five orate segments, about half as long as the bractea. Corolla bell-shaped, folded with five plaits, and indistinctly lobed. Stamens arising from the base of the corolla, equal in length, not half as long as the corolla. The filaments dilated downwards, downy. Anthers oblong, arrow-shaped. Style smooth, longer than the stamens, slender. Stigma of two spreading ovate downy lobes. Capsules of one or four imperfectly formed cells. Seeds ovate, few. The capsules are seldom perfected ; the plant increasing by its underground, stems. Habitat. Woods, hedges, and thickets, especially in a moist soil j frequent. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. This beautiful species of Convolvulus is much larger than the last, and highly ornamental to our rural lanes and sequestered dells, throw- ing ils slender arms around perhaps the fragrant woodbine, and mingling with its sweets its gay and more conspicuous attire, adorning the sylvan bower in rich festoons of varied hues; or climbing some tree hard by, it hangs pendent from its outstretched boughs its length- ened folds of living drapery. It is readily distinguished from C. arvensis, by its large bracteas beneath the calyx. The flowers are mostly much larger, and the stigmas two obtusely ovate lobes. 3. C. soldanel'la. Linn. (Fig. 345). Sea-side Bindweed. Stem prostrate; leaves kidney-shaped, fleshy; peduncles single flowered, four sided, somewhat winged ; bracteas large, ovate, close beneath the calyx. English Botany, t. 314. English Flora, vol. i. p. 286. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Calystegia soldanella.Lindlej t Synop- sis, p. 167. Root with numerous long creeping branched underground stems. The whole plant smooth and succulent. Stem branched, spreading on the surface of the sands, angular, from six to twelve inches long, or longer. Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite, roundish, heart or kidney-shaped, pointed, lobed, and obtusely toothed, with a mid-rib and several radiating veins, on a rather long broadish channelled footstalk. Flowers solitary from the axis of the leaves, large, very handsome, a delicate rose colour, with a palish yellow ray, nearly two inches across the mouth, and almost as long, on a long square stalk, dilated upwards, the angles more or less distinctly winged, and some- what pinkish, having two large ovate leafy bractea immediately be- neath the calyx, with a mid-rib, and finely reticulated with veins. Calyx of five ovate segments, longer than the bractea, with a minute point and pinkish raid-rib. Corolla bell-shaped, with five broad plaits, and five somewhat pointed lobes. Stamens arising from the base of the corolla, and about half as long, nearly equal ; the filaments dilated 26.4 AZALEA. [CLASS v. ORDER i. downwards, and more or less downy. The anthers large, arrow- shaped. Style longer than the stamens. Stigmas of two ovate downy spreading lobes. Capsule roundish, large, of four lobes, single celled, containing generally four large black dotted seeds. .Habitat. Sandy sea shores ; frequent. Perennial; flowering from June to August. The flowers only expand in the sunshine, and continue a short time; but there is a continual succession of them for two or three months. It is found on the sandy shore of almost all parts of the European continent ; but has not, that we are aware of, been applied to any useful purpose. GENUS XXI. AZA'LEA. LINN. Azalea. Nat Ord. ERI'CEJE. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Stamens straight, inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthem bursting longtitudinally. Capsule two or three valved, two or three celled, disseppiments formed by the inflexed margins of the bifid valves. Seeds attached to a central, at length free, receptacle. Name from o^aXjoj, parched, dry ; from the plants growing in parched or dry situations. 1. A. procumb'ens, Linn. (Fig. 346.) trailing Azalea. English Botany, t. 865. English Flora, vol. i. p. 283. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 113. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 172. A low shrubby plant, with long twisted branched dark roots, a much branched and tortuous stem, smooth dark brown scaly bark. The branches short, wiry, and leafy. The leaves rigid, ovate oblong, above dark, smooth, shining, and channelled, the margins reflexed ; beneath a pale glaucous green, with a broad pale smooth prominent mid-rib, a continuation of the short broad footstalk, fringed with short hairs. Inflorescence small terminal racemes. Flowers few, small, rose co- loured, on short reddish stalks, each with a small orate convex bractea at its base. Calyx of five, sometimes six, deeply divided oblong fleshy purple segments. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, its limb deeply divided in five oblong obtuse spreading segments, mostly equal. Stamens a little shorter than the corolla, with slender filaments inserted at the base of the corolla, into a somewhat fleshy disk at the base of the germeu. " Anthers of two oval cells, opening distinctly by a longti- tudinal fissure, lead- coloured germen, upon a fleshy base or disk, scarcely broader than itself, ovate, two or three celled. Style about equal to it in length. Stigma capitate, obscurely lobed. Capsule broadly ovate, with a somewhat spongy coat, purplish brown, opening CLASS V. ORDKR I."| ^ERBASCUM. 265 -by two or three valves, according as the cells are two or three ; the margins of the valves entering into the capsules, and thus forming the disseppiments ; again each valve is deeply cleft, so that, on looking at the upper half of an open capsule, we find four or six valves or segments, each having one of its sides inflexed, to form (with the introdexed side of the neighbouring segment) a disseppiment of a double plate. Seeds fixed to two or three lobes of a central, at length (when the valves open) free column or receptacle, oval, pale brown, dotted." Habitat. Dry moory ground; on most of the mountains in the highlands of Scotland. Shrub ; flowering in May and June. The anthers of this plant, Smith says, consist of two cells, each cell opening by a rather wide pore, with a blunt border; and that he never found them bursting longitudinally. In our own investigations we do not find this to be the case, but that they burst longitudinally as above described in the words of Sir W. J. Hooker, whose excellent description of them and the capsules we have quoted, and he further remarks, " A.procumbens abounds in the Arctic Regions of, I believe, the whole northern hemisphere. It is found in America, as far south as the White Mountains of New Hampshire. My friend, Dr. Boott, gathered it on Mount Washington of that range ; and it is extremely plentiful on the highest part of the Rocky Mountains." GENUS XXII. VERBAS'CUM. LINN. Mullein. Nat. Ord. SOLAM'E^E. Jvss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, of five unequal segments. Filaments declining, mostly hairy. Capsule ovate or globose, with two cells and two valves. Name supposed to be from Barbascum (Quasi barbascum), from Barba,& beard, in allusion to the hairy foliage of most of the species. 1. F. Thap'sus, Linn. (Fig. 347). Great Mullein, High Taper. Leaves decurrent, crenated, ovate-lanceolate, woolly on both sides; stem simple, raceme spiked, very dense, flowers with two stamens longer than the others, and smooth. English Botany, t. 549. English Flora, vol. i. p 309. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 111. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Root long, tapering. Stem erect, simple, from three to six feet high, sometimes, but very rarely, branched, round, or slightly angular, densely woolly, like all the rest of the plant, with very soft curiously 266 VKRBASCUM. branched pale yellowish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, crowding the stem, all decurrent, densely dotted on both sides the margins, more or less distinctly crenated, with a strong mid-rib and lateral branched veins, the lower on footstalks, often a foot long, ovate oblong, tapering at the base, 'the upper sessile, strongly decurrent at the base, forming wings to the stem, oblong-lanceolate in the lower part of the stem, with an acute point in the upper tapering. Inflorescence a much crowded racemose spike, cylindrical, from one to two feet long. Flowers large, handsome, golden yellow, gradually expanding from the base upwards, and by their continual succession, are a considerable time in flower, some are sessile, others on short stalks, each with a narrow ovate-lanceolate Bractea as long as the calyx, woolly on the outside, mostly smooth and pale on the inside. Calyx of five deep lanceolate segments, the one next the stem narrower than the others, pale, smooth, and shining, on the inner surface. Corolla wheel- shaped, -with a short tube, sometimes the tube is longer, and approaches funnel shape. The limb spreading, of jfive unequal rounded lobes, woolly on the outside, smooth and veiny within. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, two of them with long slender filaments, quite smooth, or with a few hairs, the others with much shorter and very hairy filaments. Anthers bright orange, those on the two long filaments much larger than the others. Style nearly as long as the corolla, hairy below, swollen upwards. Stigma obtuse, green. Capsule surrounded by the persistent calyx, ovate, compressed, fun-owed on each side, downy, with two cells, opening with two valves. Seeds very numerous, angular, compressed, beautifully dotted, attached to a placenta formed by the disseppiments. Habitat. Fields, banks, and road sides; frequent, especially in a light sandy soil. Biennial; flowering from June to August. This large conspicuous plant has, no doubt, obtruded itself on the notice of, and is known by many persons who are mere admirers of flowers : but those who explore with more than with a general eye this vast field of investigation, will find in this plant much that is worthy of minute examination. The hairs with which almost the whole plant is so abundantly clothed, are very delicate, and of exquisite structure, branched and stellated in a remarkable manner. The unequal stamens with their different filaments, and variously formed anthers : the capsule and the beautiful seeds, are all parts whose 'use and curious structures will afford much interest in their examination, and the offices they perform in the economy of the plant. The flowers, " when dried in the sun give out a kind of fatty matter, used in Alsace as a cataplasm in Loemorrhoidal complaints." The 345 Convolvulus aoldanella. 343 Azalia procinn'bena. 347 Verbascum thapaua. Verbascum fhapsiforme. Verbaacum. lycb.nl tia. Verbascurn floccoaum. CtASS V. ORDER I. j VERBASCUM. 267 whole plant is said to he emollient and mucilaginous. The flowers are made into an infusion or decoction in some parts of Italy, an ounce and a half to a pint of water, and is said to be useful for a cough, inflamed bowels, diseases of the kidneys and bladder, and is used as an injection to allay tenesmus. It was also used by the Italian ladies as a cosmetic to remove spots from the skin, and it was quite as useful as many of the now more fashionable and expensive compounds that is sold for the same purpose. 2. " V. thap'siforme, (Fig. 348.) Schrad. Thapsus-like Mullein. Stem simple, leaves lauceolate-ovate, decurrent, crenulate, downy, the upper acuminate, raceme spiked, dense ; bractea longer than the woolly calyx; segments of the corolla obovate rounded, two anthers oblong." De Cand. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 1 11. Habitat. " By-road sides in Kent." 44 Biennial ; flowering in July and August." This plant we are unacquainted with as a native of Britain ; it is not unfrequent on the continent, but we are disposed to consider it rather as a variety of V. Thapsus than a distinct species. 3. V. Lich'nitis, Linn. (Fig. 349.) white Mullein. Leares oblong, wedge-shaped above, the lower ovate oblong, on footstalks, nearly smooth mi the upper side, woolly beneath, crenated, stem angular and panicled. English Botany, t. 58. English Flora, vol. i. p, 310. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 111. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Root tapering. Stem from two to four feet high, erect, somewhat angular, branched at the top, clothed with short close woolly hairs. Leaves numerous, smooth on the upper side, or slightly scattered over with hairs, beneath thickly clothed with short yellowish wool, with a strong mid-rib, and numerous branched reticulated veins, the margins crenated, the lower ones ovate-oblong, contracted upwards, and tapering at the base into a footstalk, becoming more lanceolate as they advance upwards, and the footstalks shorter, until at length they are sessile, ovate-lanceolate, with a more or less acute or tapering point. Inflorescence a branched paniculated raceme, its branches erect, scarcely spreading, angular and woolly, densely crowded with white flowers, some on a short footstalk, others sessile. Bractea small, lanceolate, smooth within. Calyx of five narrow lanceolate woolly segments, one shorter and rather narrower than the others. Corolla with a short tube, wheel-shaped, the limb of five spreading oblong ncute veiny segments, woolly on the outside, smooth within. Stamens with short white woolly inflexed filaments, nearly equal iu length, inserated into the tube of the corolla, rather small, orange-coloured. Anthers yellow, all similar in size. Style slender, hair} 1 below, smooth, ind swelling upwards, nearly as Jong as the corolla, with an obtuse VOL. I. 2 N 268 VERBASCUM. [CLASS T - ORDER stigma. Capsule ovate, somewhat compressed, furrowed on each side, woolly, of two cells, opening with two valves, surrounded with the persistent calyx. Seeds numerous, small, brown, angular, dotted. Habitat. Pastures, road sides, and waste places, especially on a chalky soil. Biennial ; flowering in July and August. 4. V. flocco'sum, Waldst et Kit. (pi. rar. hung.) (Fig. 350.) yellow hoary Mullein. Lower leaves ovate oblong, on footstalks, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. V. pulverulentum, Vill. English Botany, t. 487. English Flora, vol. i. p. 311. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 112. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Root tapering, sometimes divided and branched. The whole plant clothed with a soft thick powdery woolliness, having a unctuous feel when rubbed between the fingers, easily rubbed from the plant. 'Stem from three to six feet high, erect, stont, much branched, round, or sometimes obscurely angular. Leaves numerous, more or less dis- tinctly crenated on the margin , with a strong mid-rib, and numerous branched reticulated veins, above sparingly, but beneath densely clothed with woolliness, the lower and radicle leaves ovate oblong, attenuated into a footstalk of variable length, large, often a foot long, becoming gradually smaller up the stem, with a shorter footstalk, until they are sessile and lanceolate, often with a tapering point. Inflo- rescence a large branched paniculated raceme, the branches round, erect, and disposed in a pyramidal form, from two to three feet long. Flowers very numerous, crowded, rather large, bright yellow, very handsome, some sessile, others on short footstalks, in crowded alternate tufts, very woolly. Bractea cordate lanceolate, the upper ones very small. Calyx in five lanceolate somewhat unequal segments. Corolla in five oblong ovate spreading segments, with a short tube, woolly externally. Stamens nearly equal, the filaments clothed with pale yellow or white woolliness. Anthers all similar in size, scarlet. Style about as long as the corolla, slender, somewhat hairy below, smooth and thickened upwards. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woolly, ovate, slightly compressed, scarcely furrowed on each side, surrounded by the persistent calyx, of two cells, opening with two valves. Seeds small, numerous, brown, angular, dotted. Habitat. Banks, road sides, and the borders of fields, in a gravelly or chalky soil ; frequent rn Norfolk and Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, Den, near Culleu, and about Stirling, Scotland. Biennial ; flowering in July and August. A curious instance of the irritability of this plant is mentioned by Smith ; he sa3 r s, if the stem be smartly struck three or four limes with a stick, all the flowers then open will in a few minutes throw off their CLASS V. ORDRI.] VEKBASCUM. 26S> corolla, the calyx closing round the germen, so that after eight or ten minutes none will remain on the plant. It is one of the most magnificent of our native plants; its large panicle of golden-coloured flowers, with their fringed filaments and scarlet anthers, crowding round the stems for a foot or more long, forms a large pyramid of shining gems, not surpassed, if equalled, by any of the genus. It is admirably calculated for ornamental bushy rock work in pleasure grounds, and two or three plants growing together, have a most splendid appearance ; it is also very handsome on borders, especially between and amongst low young shrubs, but is not so well standing alone, without other lower plants about it. The hairs on the 'stems and leaves, examined by the microscope, are seen beautifully and delicately branched in a stellated manner, like slender stars of highly polished silver. 5. V. pulverulen'lnm, Vill. powdery-leaved Mullein. Lower leaves ovate oblong, on short footstalks, the upper ones sessile, with an acuminated point, slightly powdery above, beneath densely woolly, subcrenated, stem round, branches of the panicle obtusely angular. V. nigra-pulverulentum. F]. Br. Var. 0. English Flora, vol. i. p. 311. This species has the general aspect of V. floccosum ; its leaves, however, are more distinctly crenated, the upper ones with a more acuminated point, the lower ones on longer footstalks, and the upper side of the leaf is less clothed with woolliness, but the under side is densely covered ; the stem is round below, but above and the branches of the panicle are obtusely angular, patent, and the hairs of the stamens are somewhat purple, or white, in other respects it is the same as V.floccosum. Habitat. Road sides and stony places; "near Norwich, and various parts of Norfolk ;" about Yarmouth ; not unfrequeut. Biennial ; flowering in July and August. How far this may be found a distinct species, we are at present unable to determine ; it is readily distinguished from the former, and would appear, from its characters, to be an hybrid between V. Jloccosum and V. Lycknitis, or an intermediate species. We have found it in Germany and Italy, a circumstance which favours its being a distinct species, independent of hybrids in plants being of very rare occurrence. 6. V. ni' gram, Linn. (Fig. 351.) dark Mullein. Leaves on foot- stalks, oblong, heart-shaped, crenated, nearly smooth above, slightly downy beneath. English Botany, t. 59. English Flora, vol. i. p. 312. Hooker, British Flora, \ol.i.p. 112. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. 270 VERBASCUM. [CLASS v. ORDER i. ft. ovatwn. The lower leaves ovate, or ovate oblong, contracted at each end, scarcely cordate at the base, petiolated. Verbasnim nigro- Lychnitis. Schrad. A variety sometimes found, especially iu a dry situation. Root tapering. Stem simple, from two to four feet high, slightly angular, purplish, smooth below, above scattered over with a short soft woolliness ; leafy. Leaves green above, and smooth or slightly scattered over with down, beneath pale and woolly, the margins some- times waved, simply or doubly crenated, with a prominent mid-rib beneath, with branched reticulated veins, oblong, heart-shaped, the radical ones large, sometimes a foot long, on long channelled footstalks, the upper ones smaller, cordate lanceolate, with a gradually shorter stalk, the upper ones nearly sessile. Inflorescence a simple rarely branched racemose spike, of numerous crowded flowers, some sessile, others on a short stalk in alternate clusters, of a bright yellow colour. Bractea narrow, linear, long, downy. Calyx of five linear, nearly equal, somewhat downy segments. Corolla rather small, wheel-shaped, with a short tube. The limb of five ovate obtuse spreading segments, downy on the outside, smooth within. Stamens nearly equal, the fllaments densely clothed with purple down. Anthers equal, dark orange colour, or purple. Style nearly as long as the corolla, hairy below, smooth and thickened upwards. Stigma obtuse. Capsule ovate, somewhat compressed, downy, surrounded by the persistent calyx, of two cells, opening with two valves. Seeds numerous, angular, small. Habitat. Banks, road sides, and waste places, especially in a gravelly or chalky soil, but not common ; rare in Scotland ; near Boglehill, east of Cockenzie. Mr. Neill. Links between Seaton and Gosford. Dr. Yule. Banks of the river Esk, opposite Coal-pits, and at Brothwick Castle. Mr. Maugham. Not known in Ireland. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This is a striking and beautiful plant, readily distinguished from the other species. It is said to possess narcotic properties, and to be one of the plants used by poachers to intoxicate fish, for the purpose of capturing them. The whole plant is mildly astringent, said to be useful in a weakened state of the bowels ; and Cialen says that a de- coction of it is useful as a wash for the mouth, in pains of the teeth and gums. 7. V. virga'lum, With. (Fig. 352.) large-flowered Primrose-leaved Mullein. Leaves ovate-lauceolate, toothed, sessile, partly decurrent, the radical ones downy, somewhat lyrate, stem erect, branched, flowers in long racemes of small alternate clusters, nearly sessile. English Botany, t. 550. English Flora, vol. i. p. 312. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 112. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Root of thick tapering fleshy branches. Stem from five to six feet Datura stramonium. ! CLASS V. ORDER I.~| VERBASCUM. 271 high, or wore, stout, round, or slightly angular, mostly much branched from the bottom upwards, smooth, or somewhat downy, leafy, and partially winged from the more or less decurrent leaves. Leaves variable, the lower ones large, much resembling those of the Primrose, more or less lyrate, sometimes erosed, doubly toothed or serrated, those on the lower part of the stem oblong lanceolate, doubly toothed gradually towards the top of the stem, and at length heart-shaped, taper-pointed, and simply serrated or toothed, claspiug the stem, and more or less decurrent, the upper ones are generally smooth, the lower more or less profusely scattered over with stellaied, sometimes glandular hairs, all a palish green, with a strong mid-rib, and numerous branched reticulated veins. Inflorescence long, simple or branched racemose spikes terminating the stem and branches. Flowers large, bright yellow, in lateral clusters, of from one or two on the top of the stem, to about six arising from the axis of a heart-shaped lanceolate, bractea gradually becoming smaller, some of the flowers nearly sessile, others on a stalk as long as the calyx, hairy and elongating after flowering. Calyx of five nearly equal lanceolate viscid segments, persistent enlarging and enveloping the capsule. Corolla wheel-shaped, rather large, bright yellow, of five ovate spreading nearly equal segments, downy on the' outside, smooth and veiny withiu. Stamens unequal, two with long slender filaments, less thickly clothed with purple down, and bearing larger curved anthers than the others. Style about the length of the corolla, slender, somewhat hairy at the base, thickened upwards. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, somewhat hairy, and scarcely fun-owed on each side, of two cells, opening with two valves. Seeds numerous, small, angular. Habitat. Fields and road sides; rare. Fields near Wrexham. Mrs, Nash. Near Plymouth. Mr. Hanks. Near Lincoln. Mr. Nicholson. On the College grounds, at West Green-lane, near Kenmare, in Ireland. Biennial ; flowering in July aud August. This is nearly allied to the following species, and we are disposed to think that the" Lincoln station given for this plant belongs to th follow-in^ which we have collected there: we have received dry specimens from the same quarter, named V. mrgatum, which are undoubtedly V. Blattaria. 8 V Blat'tana, Linn. (Fig. 353.) Moth Mullein. Leaves smooth, oblong, acute, subcordate at the base, embracing the stem, crenate, the radicle ones ovate oblong, attenuated at the base, sinuated; stem erect, branched ; flowers in a long raceme, solitary, on a footstalk half as long again as the bractea. luglish Botany, t. 393,-English Flora, vol. i. p. 313Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 1 12.- Liudley, Synopsis, p. 181. 272 VSRBASCUM. Root tapering. Stem erect, smooth, roundish, or obtusely angular, three or four feet high, branched upwards, leafy. Leaves smooth, variable, those from the root and lower part of the stem ovate oblong, acute at the point, but tapering at the base, aud sometimes with a short footstalk, the margin sinuated and creuated in an irregular manner, often uearly a foot long, becoming, as they advance up the stem, smaller, less siuuated until simply creuated, smaller, oblong, with an acute point, the upper ones more or less deeply heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem, and sometimes scattered over with glandular hairs, the whole rather a dark shining green, with a strong mid-rib, and branched lateral veins. Inflorescence a siinple t raceme terminating the stem and slender branches, which are more or Jess profusely scattered over with glandular hairs. Flowers rather large, solitary, or sometimes in pairs, on a rather ]ong Jloioer ttalk, scattered over like the bractea and calyx with glandular hairs. Bractea ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the flower stalk. Calyx of five nearly equal lanceolate segments. Corolla in five ovate spreading segments, the margin often waved, a dark yellowish browu externally, sometimes slightly hairy, bright yellow within, and more or less marked with purple at the base. Stamens unequal, two longer than the others, with larger re- curved anthers, the upper part of the filaments smooth, naked, but the lower part like the whole length of the others, thickly clothed with Jongish purple hairs. Style nearly as long as the corolla, slender, or slightly hairy at the base, smooth, mostly thickened upwards. Sliyina obtuse. Capsule globose, smooth, or thinly scattered over with glan- dular hairs, slightly furrowed on each side, surrounded by the per- sistent calyx, having two cells, opening with two valves, and containing, numerous small angular seeds. Habitat. Fields and banks, in a gravelly soil, but rare; at Cobham, and several other places in Kent; not uncommon in Devonshire and Cornwall; near Plymouth. Mr. Banks. Found in several places about Lincoln. R. D. Annual ; flowering from July to September. This beautiful species is frequently cultivated in gardens, and is highly ornamental ; commences flowering in June, and continues to produce a succession of its flowers the remainder of the summer, and even in the auuimn, when grown in a shaded situation. A variety with white flowers is not unfrequently produced by cultivation, which is remarkably delicate and beautiful. The leaves and tender branches of this plant arc said to be destructive to the Cockroach (Blatta orientalis), and from this circumstance the Romans called it Blattaria, the specific name by which it is now distinguished. If it still retains thig reputed virtue, its use may be very great to the inhabitants of houses infested by this troublesome insect; and in the stores and \\arehouses it may be scattered about CLASS V. OftBIR I. | DATtTRA. 2?3 without danger of any Til effects arising from it, as is often the case in using many of the poisons for that purpose. The Cockroach is well known, by its deep brown colour, flat body, small head, almost con- cealed by the thorax, having long slender antenna?, and spinous legs, the elytra and wings shorter than the body; the female is without wings. They hide themselves during the day in crevices, &c. the females secreting a peculiar cellular substance, in which she deposits her eggs. They come out at night, and being very voracious, are particularly destructive in kitchens, mills, granaries, and ships' stores, especially the B. gigantea. They 'are said to have been originally brought from the Levant, but are now common in all parts ef Europe. GENUS XXIII. DATU'RA. LINN. Thorn-apple. Nat Ord. SOLAN 'E^E. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx tubular, with five angles and five teeth, falling away, leaving a broad persistent orbicular base. Corolla funnel- shaped, with a long tube, the limb plaited, five angled and five lobed. Stigma of two plates. Capsule spinous or smooth, four celled, frequently with imperfect disseppiments, four valves, and many seeded.* Named, it is supposed, from the Indian word datiro. 1 >. Stramo'nium, Linn. (Fig. 354.) common Thorn-apple. Herbaceous, leaves ovate, angular, and sinuated, smooth ; fruit ovate, erect, clothed with numerous spines. English Botany, t. 1288. English Flora, vol. i. p. 314. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 110. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 180. Root tapering. The whole plant smooth, from one to three feet high. Stem round, much branched, and spreading leafy. Leaves on foot- stalks, ovate, variously angular, acutely sinuated and toothed, large, smooth, shining, of a dullish green, with a mid-rib, and numerous lateral branched veins. Floivers solitary from the axis of the stem or leaves, on a short stalk, elongating, nearly as long again after flower- ing. Calyx oblong, tubular, swelling upwards, with five angles and five lanceolate teeth, thickened at the base, where it separates in a circular manner after flowering, which forms a fleshy reflexed persistent rim around the base of the capsule. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, the tube half as long again as the calyx, cylindrical, the limb spreading, with five folds and five angles, each forming a mid-rib to the live waved pointed lobes. Stamens as long as the tube, and united to it in their lower half. Style as long as the stamens. Stigma of two obtuse plates. Capsule ovate, or roundish, thickly clothed with smooth spines, 274 DATURA. | CLASS v. OHDKR i. four ralved aud four celled, two of which are generally only divided half way hy their disseppiments, hence though four celled in the lower part, it is only two in the upper. Seeds numerous, flattish, kidney shape, and dotted. Habitat. Waste ground, especially in the vicinity of gardens. Annual; flowering in July. This is a naturalised plant, no* found in almost all parts of England, and was probably introduced from America, and ought not to be admitted into the British Flora ; but since it is so commonly found, and a plant 'of importance to be known, we have given it a place here. The whole plant is narcotic and stimulent, with a foetid unpleasant odour, frequently in a very short time producing head-ache in some people, and has a bitter nauseous taste. The narcotic principle which it contains, according to the analysis of M. Brandes, resides in a peculiar alkaline salt, which he has named Daturine. The effects which the plant of this genus have upon the system are variously stated by authors, and many strange tales have been told of the use made of it by the savages of the Asiatic Islands, and people of more civilised nations, previous to the committal of various atrocious crimes. D Stramonium is called by the Americans the Devil's Apple, or the Jamestown weed, from the circumstance of its being there found so extremely abundant, and producing upon the new settlers, when eaten, such extraordinary effects. Beverly's account of it, in his History of Virginia, is somewhat amusing. He says, " the Jamestown weed, which resembles the thorn apple of Peru, is supposed to be one of the greatest coolers in the world. This being an early plant, was gathered very young for a boiled salad by some of the soldiers sent thither to quell the rebellion of Bacon, and some of them ate plentifully of it, the effect of which was a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural fools upon it for several days. One would blow up a feather into the air; another would dart straws at it with much fury; another (stark naked) was seen setting up in a corner like a monkey, grinding and making mouths; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his companions, and sneer in their faces, with a countenance more antic than any in a Dutch droll. Jn this frantic condition they were confined, lest in their folly they should destroy themselves. A thousand simple tricks they played, but after eleven days returned to themselves again, not remem- bering any thing that had passed." Numerous cases are on record of the narcotic properties of stramonium, and it is even said to be used by the Turks instead of opium, and that the Chinesinfuse the seeds in beer. It has been recommended in cases of mania and epilepsy, but its beneficial effects are very doubtful, from the reported trials that have been made with it. Dr. Barton, of America, regards it as a remedy of great efficacy, and has reported ctASS v. ORDER I.] HTOSCTAMUS. 275 several cases; he mentions that of a child suddenly seized with idiotcy, without fever. The pulse, he says, was natural, the tongue clean, and no internal function disturbed, excepting that of the brain. The boy appeared very happy, talking, laughing, and in constant motion ; yet so weak, he could not stand or walk without tottering. An emetic was administered, some seeds of the Stramonium were vomited up, and the child shortly after recovered. Dr. Fowler also has related the case of a little girl, who took a drachm and a half of the seeds. In less than two hours she was attacked with maniacal delirium, accompanied with spectral illusions, and she remained in this state most of the following night, but had some intervals of lethargic sleep. Next morning, after the operation of a laxative, she fell fast asleep, and awoke after some hoars quite well. The seeds have been sometimes taken in mistake, and at others administered designedly, sometimes producing death; but the symptoms produced when taken in poisonous doses appear very variable. There is generally great deli- rium, dilatation of the pupils, and stupor; sometimes there are spasms, and palsy also occasionally occurs. Blood-letting, emetics, and pur- gatives, are the remedies found to give relief, but bleeding seems to be particularly called for, from the symptoms of determination of blood to the head. The deleterious effects of this plant have also been produced by the application of the leaves to the skin, when deprived of its cuticle, as in the cases of burns. A poultice of the bruised leaves has been found an useful applica- tion to inflammatory tumours, and an ointment made of the leaves is said to be useful iu hcemorrhoides ; and the extract in doses of half a grain, gradually increased to ten, twice a day, is said to have given great relief in severe chronic pains ; its use requires, however, great caution. The dried leaves smoked in the manner of tobacco at one time obtained for it great reputation in relieving the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma, a practice introduced into England from Ceylon ; it has been, however, found so often to fail in its beneficial effects, as to have lost much of its fame. Asa garden flower it is not much admired ; it is too spreading, and but little ornamental. The flowers have a pleasant fragrance, espe- cially at night, but it is not now much cultivated. GENUS XXIV. HYOSCY'AMUS. LINN. Henbane. Nat. Ord. SOLAN 'E^:. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx tubular, five-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel- VOL. I. 2 o 276 HTOSCTAMUS. [CLASS V. O&DSR I. shaped ; the limb oblique, somewhat unequal, fire lobed. Capsule ovate, furrowed on each side, swelled at the base, contracted above, and opening with a transverse aperture. Seeds numerous. Named from vj, t>o?, a Hog ; and DUC^AOJ, a bean ; so named because its fruit bears some resemblance to a bean, and hogs are said to eat it as a medicine. 1. E, ni'ffer. Linn. (Fig. 355.) common Henbane. Leaves ovate- oblong, sinuated, amplexicaul above, petiolated below ; flowers nearly sessile. English Botany, t. 591. English Flora, vol. i. p. 316. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 110. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 181. Hoot tapering. Whole plant more or less profusely clothed with soft viscid hairs, and of a foetid odour. Stem from one to two feet high, round, simple, or branched, very leafy ; the lower leaves on short footstalks, the upper sessile and embracing the stem, large, alternate, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid, or deeply sinuated with a broad mid-rib, and small lateral veins, mostly very hairy. Inflorescence a terminal leafy recurved raceme. Flowers on short stalks from the axis of the floral leaves, numerous, but only a few blown at one time. Calyx tubular, swelling below, veined with dark purplish veins, the limb five cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube short, cylindrical, the limb five lobed, deeply divided, one segment broader than the rest, a pale sulphur colour, beautifully pencilled with dark purple reins. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, of unequal lengths. Anthers purpleish. Capsule ovate, somewhat compressed with a longitudinal furrow on each side, closely enveloped with the enlarged tube of the calyx, bellying below, contracted into a neck above, which falls off trans- Tersely like a lid, and exposes the two cells within. Seeds numerous, obovate, dotted, abounding with oil. Habitat. Waste rubbishy places, especially in a chalky or lime- stone soil ; not uncommon. Annual ; flowering in June and July. Henbane is a narcotic plant, and when it is taken in any considerable quantity is, like opium, quickly poisonous to man and most animals. Swine are said to eat it with impunity; hence it has in some places the name of Hog-weed, but if they eat it in too great a quantity, it proves also poisonous to them. On a village green, near Worksop, Notting- hamshire, this plant used to grow abundantly, and was called by the villagers Hog-weed, from the pigs eating it when no other animals would ; but a number of these pigs occasionally dying from eating too much of this plant, they took the means of further preventing their loss, by destroying every year all the plants they could meet with ; now scarcely one is to be met -with, and the apothecary is obliged to seek elsewhere for his supply of this medicine. Goats and sheep wfll eat it, but very sparingly. i. "I HTO6CYAMU8. 277 The whole plant is poisonous, with the exception, according to Smith, of the seeds, which abound in oil, and he says he has eaten them with impunity when a youth. This appears, however, from the accounts of some authors, to want confirmation, and that they are poisonous, but in a diminished degree. Dr. Archibald Hamilton has described (in the Edin. Phys. and Lit. Essays, vol. ii. p. 268.) the case of a young medical student, who took about twenty-five grains of the seeds, he was seized in half an hour with lassitude and somnolency, and successively with dryness of the throat, impeding deglutition, convulsive movements of the arms, incohereucy, total insensibility of the skin, and loss of recollection. These symptoms continued about twelve hours, and then slowly receded. From which if will seem that the seeds are not to be taken with impunity, but are dangerous, as the rest of the plant. Other cases of a similar result are on record, and we find in PyVs Magazine the case of two boys, a few minutes after eating the seeds, were attacked with convulsions and heat in the throat; one of them, who could not be made to vomit, died in the course of twelve hours. The seeds and capsules smoked Kke tobacco, are a favourite remedy with some people for the cure of the tooth-ache ; but if relief is to be obtained by this means, the leaves will be found better to answer the purpose. The roots are equally as poisonous as the rest of the plant ; Orfila, indeed, says they are more so, but vary in their activity at different seasons of the year. Mr. Wilmer, in his Treatise on the Poisonous Vegetables of Great Britain, has given an account of six persons of one family who were poisoned by eating the cooked roots for dinner of hyoscyamus, by mistake for those of parsnips. Some of them were delirious, and danced about the room like maniacs; one had the appearance of being drunk, and one woman became profoundly and irrecoverably comatose. Emetics could not be swallowed, stimulating injections had no effect, the appli- cation of various external stimulants failed to rouse her, and she expired the following morning. The symptoms produced by an over dose of the plant, are giddiness and stupour, insensible eye, and dilated pupil, difficulty of breathing, frequently locked jaw and distorted features, the pulse small and intermittent, with coldness and palsy of the extremities. Emptying the stomach of its contents, either by means of the stomach pump, or by emetics, afterwards administering purgatves,and laxative injections, and giving the patient vinegar and water, are the means found to give relief, and restoration speedily follows. Medicinally henbane is used either in the form of extract or tincture, and in doses of from two to six grains of the former, and from twenty lo sixty drops of the latter, usually inducing pleasant sleep, and may be administered in all cases where opium is indicated, frequently pro- ducing the desired effect, without the unpleasantness which opium 278 ATROPA. I CLASS causes in dreams and disturbed sleep; and at the same time it does not constipate the bowels, but rather acts as a laxative. Externally the leaves are used in the form of fomentations, to diminish the pain and irritation of inflamed parts in gout and rheumatism, but with much greater advantage to scrofulous and cancerous ulcerations,and inflamed hoemorrhoids. The tincture is frequently an useful application to Btrumous or chronic inflammations of the conj unctiva ; it has also the effect of contracting the pupil, but is much less powerful than bella- donna for that purpose. The active principle of the plant resides, according to the investiga- tions of M. Brande, in a peculiar alkaline salt, which he has named Hyosciamia, which crystallizes in long prisms, and forms neutral salts with the acids. The plant by cultivation seems to loose in its active properties, and the flowers become much paler. Wild specimens are also sometimes found quite pale, with, indistinctly coloured veins, and is the variety (3. pallidus. .GENUS XXV. ATRO'PA. LINN. Dwale. Nat. Ord. SOLI.N'E.C. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx bell-shaped, five cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, with five equal lobes. Stamens distant. Berry within the calyx, globose, two celled. Name from Atropa, one of the three fatal sisters who cut the thread of life, in allusion to the fatal effects of the plant upon those who are subjected to its influence. 1. A. Belladon'na, Linn. (Fig. 356). common Divale, or Deadly Night-shade. Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, entire; flowers axillary, on short peduncles. English Botany, t. 592. English Flora, vol. i. p. 317. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 111. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 182. Root thick, fleshy, whitish. Whole plant of a dark lurid aspect, and of a foetid unpleasant odour when bruised. Stem round, smooth, much branched, from two to four feet high, herbaceous, somewhat downy above. Leaves numerous, mostly opposite, one generally smaller than the other, large, ovate, acute, entire, smooth, with a mid-rib, and numerous lateral veins, on footstalks. Flowers solitary from the axis of the upper leaves, drooping on short stalks, of a dark lurid purple colour. Calyx bell-shaped, fire cleft, smooth, or covered over with short close down. Corolla bell-shaped, about three times as long as the calyx, with a short tube, five cleft at the extremity, the segments spreading, acute, veiny. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla. CLASS v. oRDa i.l ATROPA. 279 Filaments thread-shaped, curved within the corolla, hairy at the base around the mouth of the tube. Anthers heart-shaped, yellow. Style longer than the corolla. Stigma large, capitate. Fruit a shining violet black berry, as large as a cherry, inclosed within the calyx, globular, with a furrow on each side, two celled, with numerous small kidney-shaped seeds attached to the placenta, in the middle of the disseppiments. Habitat. Hedges and waste places, especially amongst ruins in a calcarious district ; not very common. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. Dwale, or Deadly Night-shade, is one of the most poisonous of our native plants ; it was called by the ancients Solanum lethale, ina.nia.cum, or furiosum, all names expressive of the powers which the plant pos- sesses. It present specific name bella-donna (beautiful lady) refers to the use that the Italian ladies made of the berries, as a cosmetic to beautify the appearance of the skin, but we cannot learn that it is used now by them for that purpose. Numerous cases are on record of the poisonous effects of this plant when taken by mistake for some other, or administered designedly, producing pain in the head, restlessness, dimness of vision, dictation of the pupils, and subsequent loss of sight, dryness of the throat, delirium, coma, and sometimes convulsions. The delirium is not always present, and is mostly of the pleasing kind, with constant and immoderate laughter, talking continually, but generally on lively subjects. The muscles of the eyeballs are sometimes spasmodically contracted, as well as the muscles of deglutition, especially when any thing is attempted to be swallowed. At other times the effect pro- duced resembles somnambulism, as occurred in the instance of a tailor, who was poisoned with an injection of the infusion of bella-donna, and who for fifteen hours, though speechless and insensible to external objects, went through all the usual operations of his trade with much vivacity, and moved his lips as if in conversation. Bloody stools, and aphthous ulcerations of the throat and mouth, are mentioned as being sometimes present, and also violent stranguary, with suppression of urine and bloody micturition. The most frequent cases of accidental poisoning of this plant are from children being tempted to eat the black shining cherry-like fruit, which is sweetish, without any unpleasant odour. It is said that in some cases even half a berry has proved fatal ; but an instance is re- lated by M. Gigault, a French physician, of a young man who took a pound of the berries before going to bed, and was not subjected to treatment until the next morning, when he was found in a state of delirium, but soon recovered after the operation of emetics and pur- gatives; indeed, fatal results now seldom occur from the accidental 380 ATROPA. I CLABS v< taking of this plant, for as delirium comes on some time before the state of stupor ensues, suspicion is excited, and the stomach may be emptied either by means of the stomach pump, or emetics, before the poisonous quality has been absorbed in sufficient quantity to prove fatal. After this has been done, the bowels ought to be cleared by active purgatives, assisted by laxative injections. The drinking of vegetable acids as vinegar, is also said to be useful. As a poison this plant appears to have been long known, and used for treacherous purposes. Buchanan, the Scottish historian, relates that the Scotch, under the command of Macbeth, owed their victory over the Danes to their having given to the troops of Sweno, during a truce, bread and a drink of ale and wine, in which was mixed the poison of this plant. After very accurately describing the botanical character of the plant, be adds, " vis fructui, radici, ac maxime semini somnifera et quise in amentiam, si largius sumantur, agat." This remarkable circumstauce appears not to have escaped the observation of Shakspeare, for Banquo in his speech says, " Or have we eaten of the insane root that takes the reason prisoner ?" It is supposed to have been known even long before this period, for Plutarch in his account of the Parthian war, when speaking of the want of provisions by the soldiers of Mark Anthony, says, " Those who sought for herbs obtained few that they had been accustomed to eat, and in tasting unknown herbs they found one that brought on madness and death. He that had eaten of it immediately lost all memory and knowledge, but at the same time would busy himself in turning and moving every tone he met with, as if be was upon some very important pursuit. The camp was full of unhappy men, bending to the ground, and thus digging up and removing stones, till at last they were carried off by bilious vomiting, when wine, the only remedy, was not to be found." Medicinally, bella -donna is used in the form of extract and tincture ; it is powerfully narcotic, and is said to have been found of use in obstinate intermitlents, chronic rheumatism, gout, paralysis, amaurosis, tpitepsy, and pertussis, as well as relieving painful neuralgic affections. Its internal administration, however, requires much caution ; applied externally we have seen it extremely useful in the form of a plaster, combined with soap cerate, in relieving hooping cough ; also applied m the form of ointment to painful, irritated scirrhus ulcers. The extract smeared round the eye, or the tincture dropped into it, is well known as shortly producing dilatation of the pupil, and is of the greatest use previous to the performing certain operations oil the eye, and in some diseases of the iris, upon the radiated fibres of which, observes Mr. Adams, its operation seems to be limited. Bella-donna appears, from experiments that have been made, to have the power of protecting individuals to whom it is administered from the infection of scarlet fever, during the prevalence of that COD- CIASI V. ORDI& 1. 1 SOLANtTM. $81 tagious disorder. It should at first be administered in small doses, gradually and cautiously increasing it. GENUS XXVI. SOLA'NUM. LINN. Might-shade. Nat. Ord. SOIAN'EJS: Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx fire or ten partite. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers connivent, oblong, opening with two pores at the ex- tremity. Berry roundish, two or more celled. Name thought to be derived from so/or, to comfort, on account of the medicinal properties of some of the species. 1. S. Dulcam'ara, Linn. (Fig. 357.) Woody Night-shade, or Bitter- sweet. Stem shrubly, flexuous, climbing, leaves ovate, cordate, upper ones hastate, corymbs drooping, inserted opposite the leaves. English Botany, t. 565. English Flora, vol. i. p. 318. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 111. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 182. Root woody, of numerous long slender branches, and tufts of branched fibres. Stem woody, slender, straggling, branched, several feet long, especially when supported by other plants, roundish and smooth below, downy towards the extremities. Leaves smooth, alter- nate on footstalks, the lower ones ovate, heart-shaped at the base, the upper ones narrower, and mostly hastate at the base, a palish green, with a mid-rib, and numerous lateral branched veins. Inflorescence a lax branched corymb, on a longish stalk, arising opposite the leaves. Flowers numerous, dark purple, on a mostly smooth pedicle, arising from a swollen bractea. Calyx smooth, persistent, of five or ten obtuse segments. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a very short tube, the limb spreading, of from four to six segments, ovate-lanceolate, each with two green tubercles at the base, the margins finely ciliated. Stamens from four to six, according to the number of the segments of the corolla, but five is by far the most usual number. Filaments very short around the mouth of the tube of the corolla. Anthers long, yellow, large, united together in a hollow cone-shaped manner, each opening at the extremity by a small pore. Style in the middle, and longer than the stamens. Stiyma rather small, obtuse. Fruit an ovate berry, bright scarlet or yellow, having from two to six cells, and numerous roundish compressed seeds in the midst of the soft pulp. Habitat. Hedges and bushes ; frequent in England, less so in Scotland and Ireland. Shrub ; flowering in June and July. . tomentosum. Stems and leaves more or less cbthed with a. soft down. SOLANUM. A variety occasionally found in dry places, as on old walls, &c. The Bitter-sweet or felon-wood has been usually considered a very poisonous plant, but from the experiments of Orfila and others, it does not appear to possess by any means active poisonous properties ; it has the same effect as Hyoscyamus, but in a much feebler degree. M. Dumal has given to a dog 180 berries, or four ounces of the extract, without producing any ill effects, and he quotes an experiment on the human subject, where thirty-two drachms of extract were taken with- out injury. From which it would appear that it is scarcely entitled to the name of a poisonous plant. The same may be also stated with respect to the following plant, S. nigrum, which is, perhaps, the most active of the two species ; but Orfila says it is not stronger than lettuce opium. Subjected to chemical analysis, M. Desfosses discovered their active principle to reside in a peculiar alkaloid, which is named tolaninc, or solania, possessing narcotic properties, but is not an active poison. The roots and stems of this plant are the parts used medicinally ; when chewed, they have at first a bitter taste, which shortly changes to a considerable degree of sweetness ; and hence it is that the plant has obtained the name of Bitter-sweet. It is narcotic, and has been found useful in humoral asthma, dropsy, and chronic rheumatism, but more especially in cutaneous diseases; and we have known it used to a con- siderable extent in syphillitic affections in place of sarsaparilla, and apparently with equal benefit as that far more expensive medicine. It is generally used in the form of infusion or decoction, but requires cautious watching in its administration, in not giving too large a dose, producing in such cases nausea, vomiting, fainting, and palpitation ; if such symptoms occur, the dose must be diminished, and the addition of some aromatic is advisable. 2. S. ni'grum, Linn. (Fig. 358.) common or Garden Night-shade. Stem herbaceous, leaves ovate, toothed and waved, umbels simple, lateral, drooping. English Botany, t. 566. English Flora, vol. i. p. 319. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 111. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 182. Root annual, much branched. Stem erect, much branched and spreading, from one to two feet high, angular, or slightly winged, especially the branches, and scattered over especially towards the ex- tremities, wifh soft hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, on footstalks, smooth, or slightly hairy, ovate, bluntly toothed or waved, somewhat decurrent at the base, with a mid-rib, and numerous lateral veins. Inflorescence a simple racemose umbel, on a short hairy stalk, arising solitary from the stem, in the space between the branches, mostly about an inch below the upper branch. Flowers not very numerous, whitish, with a musky scent, drooping, each on a short hairy pedicle, thickened towards the extremity. Calyx of five obtusely angular 357 Solanum dulcamara. 358 Solatium nigrum. Vinca minor. 360 Vinca major. Samolus valerandi 362 Lobelia urena. ClASS V. ORDER I.] VIITCA. 283 hairy segments. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a short tube, and five oblong lanceolate spreading segments, finely downy on the outside, and fringed on the margin. Stamens with very short filaments. The anthers yellow, oblong, united together in the form of a tube, opening at the apex with a small pore. Style downy, longer than the stamens, dilated at the base. Stigma obtuse. Fruit a round smooth black berry, with numerous ovate compressed seeds. Habitat. Waste places, road sides, &c. ; not uncommon. Annual ; flowering from June to September. p. hitmile, a smaller plant, smoother, with the leaves less decurrant, the angles of the stem less distinct, and with yellowish berries. It is sometimes found growing with the above, and is the S. humile of Bernhard, the S. luteo-virens of Gemel. and the 5. nigrum 5 De Cand. By the German Botanists it is considered a distinct species, but we are unable to satisfy ourselves of its being other than a of .$". nigrum. GENUS XXVII. VIN'CA LINN. Periwinkle. Nat. Ord. APOCYNE'^E. Joss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five partite. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments oblique, spirally imbricated in the bud. The tube long, its orifice prominent, with live angles. Anthers closing over the pistil. Stigma crowned with a tuft of hairs. Follicles two erect. Seeds naked, (without seed down). Name from vincio, to bind, either from its trailing stems binding round those of other plants, or because it is used in some places for wreaths and garlands. 1. F. mi'nor, Linn. (Fig. 359) lesser Periwinkle. Stem procure bent, leaves oblong lanceolate, their margins, as well as the segments of the calyx, smooth. English Botany, t. 917. English Flora, vol. i. p. 339. Hooker, British Flora, vol.i. p.. 114. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 176. Root with long creeping underground stems and branched fibres. Stem trailing, frequently much branched at the base, round, smooth, slender, simple, above leafy, the lower parts strong and very tough. Leaves opposite, smooth, shining, ovate lanceolate, on short channelled footstalks, the upper ones more acute at the extremities, mid-rib rather strong, with slender branched veins. Flowers solitary from the axis of the upper leaves, on a smooth, slender, erect stalk, shorter than the leaves. Calyx of five linear lanceolate segments, nearly equal, and VOL. i. ^ N gg4 VINCA. [CLASS v. ORDKU t. not half as long as the tube of the corolla. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube dilated upwards, and with slender veins running its whole length, the limb violet purple, about an inch wide, oi five flat spreading obliquely truncated segments, spirally twisted together in the bud, the orifice of the tube surrounded with five prominent angles, paler than the rest. Stamens five, arising about the middle of the tube ; above their origin to the orifice of the tube is clothed with short white shining hairs. Filaments short, dilated upwards, smooth above, hairy below, curved, beneath the stigma they are bent with an acute angle, after- wards curving over it, and with the connivent anthers turning over its summit quite enclose it on all sides. The anthers flat, auriculated at the base, curved over the stigma, pale yellow, of two cells opening on the inner side, with longtitudinal fissures near the margins, the upper or convex surface mostly with a few simple hairs scattered over it, especially on the margin. Style short, smooth, swollen upwards. Stigma flat orbicular glandular, having from its disk, on a short stalk, a thick tuft of delicate white silky hairs. Fruit an erect two celled follicle, surrounded with the persistent calyx. Seeds without seed down, but seldom perfected in England. Habitat. Woods, hedges, groves, and shady places ; not unfrequent in various parts of England, not so common in Scotland or Ireland. Perennial; flowering from May to July. w.-... *.... This, we fear, in various stations described for it, is often the outcast of gardens; but it is decidedly wild in Devon, according to the Rev- J. S. Tozer, both with blue and white flowers. The white flowered variety is very common in gardens, and the leaves also variegated green and yellow ; this variegation appears to be owing to the kind of soil in which they are grown. We have repeatedly taken fine healthy green leaved plants with purple flowers from a good soil, and planted them in one of poor rubbishy sand, gravel, &c., and in the course of one or two years the leaves have become variegated, and the flowers paler and shortly white; if these same plants were again removed to a good soil, they would soon regain their former state of green leaves and purple flowers. Both this and the following species are extremely useful plants to the gardener, growing and ornamenting with a good cover all the year, situations under the shade of trees, the drip of buildings, &c. where most other plants would perish ; and they are not in the least particular as to the atmosphere being free from the smoke of houses: this renders them extremely useful in ornamenting suburban plantations, shrubberies, &c. affording a lively green cover all the year by their plentiful leaves, and in some situations they are scarcely ever without flowers. V. minor, the Clematide prima of the old authors, was likened by them to a serpent creeping amongst the grass. The stems and leaves, CLASS V. ORDER I.J VINCA. 285 bruised in wine, they used as an astringent in dysentery, and as a gargle in relaxed sore throat; the bark masticated relieved tooth-ache; made into a plaster it cured the bite of serpents ; and bruised in vinegar it relieved the sting of wasps. It has long been the custom amongst the peasantry in Italy to wreath the brow, and, indeed, the whole body of unmarried per- sons, both men and women, as well as children, with this plant, intermixing with it various other evergreens and flowers of different kinds, forming gay garlands, and placing upon the breast a large bunch of the finest flowers that the season will afford ; dressing in fact, the whole body in a vegetable garment, composed of the richest productions of Flora that they can meet with. This prac- tice is still followed, especially amongst the peasantry in the provinces of Tuscany ; and we think it most probable that the generic name of Vinca has been given to it from the circumstance of their using it to bind the bodies of their dead. 2. V. ma'jor, Linn. (Fig. 360.) greater Periwinkle. Stem sub- erect. Leaves ovate cordate, their margins, as well as those of the linear subulate segments of the calyx, ciliated. English Botany, t. 514. English Flora, vol. i. p. 340. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 114. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 176. Root with long creeping underground stems, much branched. Stems numerous, branched and procumbent below, erect above, espe- cially whilst flowering ; round, smooth, and shining, not so long, or SD tough and strong as V. minor, although the plant is much larger in all its parts. Leaves opposite, on short footstalks, of 9. dark shining green, smooth, except the margins being fringed with short white hairs, paler beneath, the lower ones ovate at the apex and base, the upper ovate, attenuated at the apex, rounder, or heart-shaped at the base, the mid-rib rather strong, with numerous slender branched veins, flowers from the axis of the upper leaves, on round, erect, slender, smooth footstalks, half as long as the leaves, elongating after flowering, and reflected. Calyx of five narrow long subulate segments, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla, with a mid-rib, and the margins fringed with pale hairs. Corolla a fine blue or purple, but varying from a dark to a very pale blue, almost white, as large again as the last species, salver-shaped, the tube suddenly contracted in the lower half, striated with longtitudinal veins, the limb spreading, of five flat obliquely truncated segments, frequently two inches across, the mouth of the tube surrounded with five promi- nent angular protuberances. Stamens about the middle of the tube, inserted into the top of the contracted part The filaments short, and acutely angled at their insertion, smooth, but much dilated upwards, with a membraneous margin above, which surrounds and encloses the lower annular part of the stigma. Anther flat, pear-shaped, with a 286 SAMOLUS. [CLASS V. ORDER I. dilated auriculated margin at the base, smooth on the inner side, where it is concave, and where the longlitudinal fissures of the cells open, the outer or convex surface of the anther is more or less thickly clothed with rigid pale hairs, they close over the upper tessellated part of the stigma, so that with the dilated filaments below, -and the curved spreading anthers above, the stigma is completely enclosed in a kind of globular case. Style, smooth, dilated upwards. Stigma a glandular ring, crowned with a thick tuft of white hairs on the top of a short pedicle from its disk. Fruit a follicle, of two cells, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Seeds several, large, whitish. Habitat. Woods and groves ; naturalized. Perennial ; flowering in May and June. An examination of the curious structure of this flower will afford the student much gratification. The stamens are very remarkable, but not more so than the stigmas ; the tuft which surmounts the glandular ring is formed of simple and branched delicate hairs, and seem to act as a brush, perhaps to stimulate the discharge of the pollen, which they brush away and convey to the gland below it, upon which it will be observed the granules of pollen adhere. This operation is carried on in a closed case, as it were, which prevents our peeping in and observing the process ; but we suppose, from having observed the hairs of the ring differently disposed at one time from another, that they have a peculiar function to perform. The structure of the fruit and seeds is also worthy of particular attention. GENUS XXVIII. SA'MOLUS LINN. Brookweed. Nat. Ord. (allied to.) PRIMULACE'JE. BROWN. GEN. CHAR. Calyx half superior five cleft. Corolla somewhat bell- shaped, with a short tube, its mouth surrounded with five scales, (sterile stamens), alternating with five stamens, and opposite the segment of the limb. Capsule half, superior, two celled, opening with five valves. Seeds numerous, fixed to a large central placenta. "Named, some say, from the island Samos, where Valerandus, a botanist of the 1 6th century, is alleged to have gathered our Samolus Valerandi. Others, as Tbis, derived it from san, salutary, and mos, a hog in Celtic; because it was used by the ancients for curing diseases in hogs." 1. S. Vale'randi, Linn. (Fig. 361.) Brook-weed, or Water Pim- pernel. Leaves oblong, obtuse ; racemes many flowered, becoming ClASS V. ORDIft I.] LOBELIA. 287 elongated, each pedicle with a small bractea about its middle ; capsule sub-globose. English Botany, t. 703. English Flora, vol. i. p. 325. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 114. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 185. Root of numerous white branched fibres. Stem erect, simple or branched, from six to eighteen inches high, round, smooth, and some- what succulent, like the rest of the plant. Leaves alternate, somewhat fleshy, entire, with a strong mid-rib, and numerous lateral slender branched veins, the root leaves numerous, spreading around on foot- stalks, of variable length, oblong, ovate, rounded at the extremity, but more or less attenuated at the base, the upper or leaves of the stem sessile, or on short footstalks, ovate, with a short acute point. Inflo- rescence terminating the stem and branches, at first in a close corymbose raceme, at length elongating after flowering in the lower part. Flowers small, white, each on a simple slender stalk, more or less acutely bent about the middle, from whence arises a small ovate-lanceolate bractea. Calyx separating from the germen about half way up, its limb of five angular segments. Corolla very small, somewhat bell-shaped, with a short tube, the limb of five oblong obtuse spreading segments, having five small obtuse scales between each, and at the base of each segment around the mouth of the tube are the five stamens, on short broad filaments. The anthers ovate, of two cells, bursting with two lateral longtitudinal fissures. Style erect, very short. Stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, of one cell, opening at the top with five lanceolate valves, splitting half way down, and curving backwards, closely in- vested in the lower half by the persistent calyx. Seeds numerous, angular, attached by one end to the central globose loose placenta. Habitat. Watery places, especially in a gravelly soil, both inland and near the sea ; not uncommon. Perennial; flowering in June and July. Brook-weed appears to be found in almost all parts of the world, but does not seem to have been applied to any particular use, except that formerly it was used in some of the incantations and mystic ceremonies of the Druids, and thought a specific in almost all diseases affecting pigs. GENUS XXIX. LOBE 'LI A. LINN. Lobelia. Nat. Ord. LOBE'LUCEJE. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five cleft. Corolla irregular, two lipped, five cleft. Stamens united around the pistil. Stigma blunt, mostly two lobed and hairy. Capsule of two or three cells, opening at 288 LOBELIA. [CLASS v. ORDER i. t'. the apex with two or three valves. Named in honour of Matthias Lobel, a Fleming who settled in England, and published several Botanical Works. 1. L. u'rens, Linn. (Fig. 362.) acrid Lobelia. Stem erect', leaves toothed, the lower obovate, stalked, the upper lanceolate, sessile ; flowers bracteated, in terminal racemes ; calyx rough. English Botany, t. 953. English Flora, vol. i. p. 299. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 115. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 137. Hoot fibrous. Stem about a foot high, erect, branched, angular, sometimes channelled, leafy, smooth, or somewhat rough. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on footstalks of variable lengths, obovate, and deeply toothed in an irregular manner, the upper lanceolate, sessile, with smaller and frequently more distant teeth, nearly smooth, except the margin, which is mostly rough, with minute points. Inflorescence long bracteated racemes, of alternate flowers, with a long pale tube, and beautiful blue limb, each on a short rough stalk, from the axis of a lanceolate or awl-shaped bractea, rough, with rigid points, simple or toothed. Calyx of five deep awl-shaped rough spreading segments, permanently crowning the capsule. Corolla of one piece, irregular, roughish externally ; the tube a palish pink, swelling upwards, and split along its upper side about half way down, between the two upper narrow lanceolated reflexed segments of the limb, forming the upper lip; the lower lip of three lanceolate segments, the middle one the largest. Stamens five, from the middle of the tube of the corolla, and as long as it. The filaments and anthers united together around the pistil. The anthers purple and roughish, the two upper ones rather longer than the others, and curved over the pistil. Style as long as the filaments, mostly curved upwards between the two upper segments of the corolla. Stigma obtuse, cleft into two lobes, and hairy beneath. Capsule oblong, angular, roughish, crowned by the persistent calyx, of two or three cells, opening at the apex with two or three teeth. Seeds small, numerous. Habitat. Heathy ground; very rare. Near Axminster Mr. A J ew- berry ; and Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire Miss Burgess. Perennial ; flowering in August and September. This rare and beautiful little plant exudes from all parts of it, when broken, a milky acrid fluid, a quality possessed by most plants of the genus; and some of them, as L. lonyiflora, are highly poisonous to the animals that eat it; and from its being the cause of frequently destroy- ing horses, it is known by the appellation of horse poison. The L. Tupa is said to be still more baneful than this, forFenillee says that the odour arising from the flowers will cause vomiting ; and if applied either externally to the skin, or taken internally, it produces violent inflammation and pain, uud is often followed by death ; some other ClASS TV ORMfcl.l LOBELIA. 28? species are equally in j urious. The L. inflata is much recommended as a medicine for the relief of spasmodic asthma, difficulty of breathing, and even croup may be relieved by it ; if taken in too large a dose, it acts as an emetic, but is violent in its operation, producing very fre- quently giddiness, pain in the head, and faintness. The flowers of many of the species are very beautiful, of brilliant scarlet and purple colours, flourishing well in open warm borders in a light soil; others require the protection of the greenhouse. The milky juice contains a considerable portion of caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, but apparently much more in some than in other species. L. caoutchouc is so named from the circumstance of its being one of the plants, from which that very useful and valuable substance is procured. It will be remembered by many persons that Indian rubber was a few years since known only as an article useful in erasing the marks of lead pencils, and was im- ported into this country in small quantities; but now so extensively is it applied in the making of many useful articles of wearing apparel, surgical instruments, bandages, &c. &c. that the demand for it is not by pounds' weight, but tons ; and ships laden only with this substance are sent to this country. 2. L. Dort'manna, Linn, (Fig. 363.) Water Lobelia. Scape nearly naked. Flowers racemed. Leaves linear, sub-cylindrical, entire, obtuse, of two parallel tubes. English Botany, t. 140. English Flora, vol. i. p. 298. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 115. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 137. Root of numerous long simple white fibres. Scape round, simple, smooth, hollow, from six to twelve inches long, erect, with one or two small obtuse leaves upon it, the radical leaves numerous, tufted, cylindrical, smooth, somewhat recurved, obtuse, from one to three inches long, formed of two cylindrical longtitudinal cells, with thin walls and slight partition. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, reaching a few inches above the water, of a few alternate pale blue drooping Jlotvers, each arising from the axis of a small obtuse bractea, on a, slender footstalk. Calyx of five lanceolate obtuse spreading segments, quite smooth. Corolla larger than the last, the tube with a longi- tudinal slit between the two small segments, nearly cylindrical, pale, somewhat bearded in the throat, the limb more irregular, the segments- of the upper lip much narrower than the lower. Stamens included within the tube of the corolla, united into a tube round the pistil. The anthers ovate, dark purple, two larger and curved over the stigma, mostly smooth, the three smaller bearded at the apex, with white shining hairs. Stigma obtuse at length, of two lobes, slightly bearded beneath. Capsule oblong, smooth, of five angles, crowned near the summit* with the persistent calyx, opening with five small teeth, erect on its stalk, drooping when in flower. Seeds small, mostly numerous. 290 JASIONE. ICI.AMV. OM>**I. Habitat. Shallow parts of lakes, especially in mountainous dis- tricts, in the Northern parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; common. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This plant generally grows much cro^drrl together, its numerous leaves greatly matted, forming at the hotiom of the lakes a thick layer, the stems seldom reaching more than a few inches above the surface of the water : they have not the power of elongation, as some plants have, of raising themselves, in case of an increase of the waters; but both the leaves and stem are furnished, as is the case with all water plants, with curious air cells. The corolla, and especially the stamens and pistil of this genus, are of remarkable structure ; and the student, after their minute examination, will, we doubt not, be ready to exclaim with Byron, "true Wisdom's world will be Within its own creation, or in thine, Maternal Nature." GENUS XXX. JASI'ONE. LINN. Sheep's-bit. Nat. Ord. CAMPANULA 'CEJE. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, in five deep narrow segments. Anthers united at the base. Stigma club- shaped, bifid. Capsule two celled, opening at theapex. (Flowers collected into a head with a many leaved involucrum). Name " supposed from ov, a violet, from the blue colour of its flowers, applied by Pliny to some esculent plant." 1. J.monla'na, Linn. (Fig. 364.) Sheep' s-bit t or Sheep's Scabious. Leaves linear, waved, hispid. Root annual. English Botany, t. 882. English Flora, vol. i. p. 296. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 114. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 137. Root small, tapering. Stems erect, from one to two feet high, either single, or numerous from the same root, simple, or much branched, roundish, rough, with simple rigid hairs, leafy. Leaves alter- nate, numerous, sometimes crowded, linear, obtuse, with a strong mid-rib, and scattered over with hairs, the lower ones with a tapering footstalk, the upper sessile, darker green above than beneath, the margins slightly recurved, and mostly waved. Inflorescence capitate, surrounded by an involucre of numerous ovate-lanceolate notched or waved imbricated leaves. Flowers bright blue, densely crowded into an hemispherical head, each flower elevated on a short slender foot- stalk, and having a calyx of five narrow awl-shaped segments, seldom 363 Lobelia dortmanna. Jasione montana. Phyteumaorbiculare. Phyteuma apicatura. 367 Campanula rotundifolia. Campanula patula. CLASS V. ORDER I. J PHYTEUMA. 291 of equal lengths, somewhat membranous at the base. Corolla wheel- shaped, with a short tube, the limb of five mostly regular linear obtuse spreading segments. Stamens fire, inserted into the ovariura, about half the length of the corolla. Filaments awl-shaped, free. Anthers oblong, of two cells, mostly united at the base around the style, which is as long again as the stamens, bearing a club-shaped stigma, notched at the extremity, with a furrow on one side of most of them. Capsule of two imperfect cells, with five angles, opening at the apex with a small pore. Seeds numerous, very small, attached to a central placenta. Habitat, Dry heaths, sandy pastures, and tops of old walls ; common. Annual ; flowering in June and July. From the general appearance of this plant, the student might sup- pose that it belonged to the genus Scabiosa; but, upon examination, he will find them very different. It has also a considerable resem- blance to the natural order Composites (class Syngenesia), amongst which it was placed by Linnaeus ; but this has a distinct calyx to each perfect iower, elevated on a footstalk, which is not the case with compositae. The flowers, however, are collected into a head, within a general involucra, and the union of the anthers around the style shows the near affinity it bears to that order, and it will be seen how nearly allied it is to the following genus Phyteumu. GENUS XXXI. PHYTEU'MA. LINN. Rampion. Nat Ord. CAMPANULA 'CE.E. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, in five deep narrow segments. Filaments dilated at the base. Anthers free. Stigma three -cleft. Capsule of two or three cells opening ut the side. (Flowers collected into a dense bracteated head or spike.) Name Qwrtvpa, to generate, from its supposed properties of exciting love. 1. P. orbicula're, Linn. (Fig. 365.) round-headed Rampion. Flowers in a roundish head; root leaves ovate cordate crenated on long footstalks, those of the stem lanceolate serrated as well as the bractea. English Botany, t. 142. English Flora, vol. i. p 296. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 115. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 135. Root long, woody; branched, especially near the surface. Stem VOL. i. 2 Q 292 PHTTEUMA. L CLAS ? v - ORiJEtt I. erect, simple, roundish, striated, smooth, or slightly scattered over with hairs, from one to two feet high, surrounded by a tuft of leaves at the root, and with alternate ones above. Leaves more or less hairy, espe- cially on the margin, paler beneath, with a strong mid-rib, and numerous small branched lateral veins. The root leaves on long slender footstalks, channelled above, ovate oblong heart-shaped or rounded at the base, the margin crenated, these leaves often wither and die away, while those on the stem are in perfection, the leaves on the lower part of the stem with a short broad footstalk, lanceolate, with serrated margins, alternate, mostly distant, becoming smaller towards the top of the stem, and generally more fringed on the margin, with fewer or without serratures. Inflorescence a terminal, dense, roundish head of numerous beautiful blue flowers, surrounded at the base with several ovate-lanceolate bractea, with a mid-rib, and fringed margins, and each flower has at its base a small ovate lanceolate bractea, about as long as the calyx, which is superior, of five broad lanceolate segments, smooth, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, long, narrow, linear, of a fine blue colour, with a short tube. Stamens five, arising from the bottom of the tube, alternating with the segments of the corolla. The filaments slender, awl-shaped, about half as long, or shorter than the corolla. Anthers long, linear, of two cells. Style longer than the corolla, hairy, curved towards the end. Stigma three- cleft, spreading. Capsules ovate, angular, crowned by the persistent calyx, which spreads its segments out in a star-like manner, three celled, opening laterally. Seeds numerous, somewhat angular, attached to a central placenta. Habitat. Pastures, and byroad sides r in a chalky soil; rare. On the downs of Sussex and Hampshire; in Surrey and Kent. Perennial; flowering in August. 2. P. spica'tum, Linn. (Fig. 366.) spiked Rampion. Flowers in an oblong spike ; root leaves oblong cordate, with somewhat compound serratures, on slender footstalks, those of the stem lanceolate, sessile, as are the bractea. English Botany, Suppt. t. 2598. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 115. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 135. Root white, fleshy, spindle-shaped, branched, with a few fibres, and containing a milky juice. Stem roundish, smooth, striated, and often somewhat twisted in the upper part, erect, simple, from one to three feet high, slender. Leaves numerous, smooth, with a strong mid-rib, and slender branched veins, those from the root and bottom of the stem on channeled footstalks of variable lengths oblong broad at the base and heart-shaped, the margin more or less doubly serrated, smooth, rarely simple, leaves on the lower half of the stem lanceolate, sessile, simply serrated or toothed, those on the upper part, few, small, linear. Inflorescence a terminal cylindrical spike, from tuo to four CLASS V. ORDER I.~| CAMPANULA. 293 inches long, of numerous yellowish green flowers, each having at its base a linear bractea shorter than the flowers, and hid amongst them, except a few at the base of the spike, which are long and spreading. Calyx of five awl-shaped spreading segments. Corolla wheel -shaped, with a very short tube, the limb of five deep narrow linear long spread- ing segments, of a yellowish green colour. Stamens five from the bottom of the tube of the corolla, with slender awl-shaped filaments, and long linear two celled anthers. Style much longer than the stamens, somewhat hairy above. Stigma two or three cleft, reflexed. Capsule oblong, angular, crowned by the persistent calyx, of two cells, opening laterally. Seeds small, numerous, angular, attached to a central placenta. Habitat. Woods, thickets, hedges and fields, recently cleared of wood in several stations about Mayn'eld and Waldon, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. First detected in the former place by the Rev. Ralph Price, in 1825. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This Phyteuma is mentioned by Parkinson as growing " in divers places of this land." It was formerly grown as an esculent vegetable, and whether a native or not, is somewhat doubtful; it may have escaped from gardens, and now become naturalized. Its growth is limited to a small circuit, but it has probably as great a claim to rank amongst the plants of our Flora, as some others. It is not uncommon on the continent in woods and mountain pastures. GENUS XXXII. CAMPAN'ULA LINN. Bell-flower. Nat. Ord. CAMPANULA 'CE.33. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, or wheel-shaped, with five larger or smaller segments, the mouth of the tube closed with the dilated base of the filaments. Anthers free. Stigma two to five-cleft. Capsule from two to five celled, opening on the side, rarely at the extremity. Named from the shape of the corolla, Campana, a bell. * Flowers in panicles, or racemes. Capsule opening by lateral pores. 1. C. rotundifo'lia, Linn. (Fig. 367.) round-leaved- Bell-flower, or Hare-bell. Smooth root leaves sub-rotundate heart-shaped at the base, crenated petiolated those of the stem lanceolate and crenated in the lower part, linear and entire above ; flowers drooping ; segments of the calyx subulate, simple. 294 CAMPANULA. English Botany, t. 866. English Flora, vol. i. p. 288. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 116. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Root long, slender, branched, somewhat wiry. Stems mostly nu- merous, erect, or bent at the base, and sometimes sending, out short runners from the bottom, slender, round, smooth, as is the whole plant, either simple or slightly branched , mostly very leafy, from one to two feet high; the root leaves generally very numerous, but soon withering, roundish, or oblong, with a heart-shaped base, the margins crenated and rough, like those of the stem, with a minutely serrated cartilaginous edge, the footstalks long and slender, the leaves of the stem in the lower part on footstalks also, oblong-lanceolate, crenated, becoming lanceolate, above sessile, linear, and entire on the margin, they are very variable in length and numbers, alternate. Inflorescence a terminal scarcely branched panicle, of a few gracefully drooping sky blue flowers', on slender stalks of variable lengths, each having at its base an awl-shaped bractea, and not unfrequently one or two small ones on the stalk. Calyx in five, awl-shaped, entire spreading segments. Corolla about three times as long, bell-shaped, with a short tube, the limb of five broad acute spreading segments. Stamens half as long as the corolla. The filaments broadly dilated at the base with a fringed margin, the upper part slender, smooth, spreading, while the base forms valves which converge together and completely close up the mouth of the tube. Anthers oblong, of two cells, yellow. Style as long as the corolla. Stigma three-cleft, hairy. Capsule roundish, oblong, with ten ribs, crowned by the persistent calyx, of three valves, opening on the side. Seeds small, numerous. Habitat. Dry hills, pastures, banks, walls, &c. ; common. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. @. hirta, De Cand. Leaves 'and stem in the lower part of the plant, hairy. y. lancifolia, De Cand. Leaves in the lower part of the stem, two inches long, and three or four lines wide, above narrower and shorter. These varieties we have occasionally met with. The first on very dry sandy banks, and old walls. It is seldom more than six inches high, while the variety lancifolia grows in a damp shady situation, and is smooth, stout, and mostly two feet high, with but few ovate root leaves, those of the stem very long, and often much crowded. No one who has made the collecting of plants either a part of his amusement or study, will turn over the collection of his herbarium, without almost every specimen reminding him of the circumstances under which it was gathered nay, even the spot where, perhaps, the " Stranger's, whose steps have reached this solitude, Know that this lonely spot was dear to one Devoted with no unrequited zeal To Nature : " CLASS V. ORDER I. | CAMPANULA. 295 and who can have gathered the beauteous Hare-bell gracefully bending on its slender stem, ringing its chimes to the song of the zephyrs, and saluting them as they pass over the dreary moors, or perhaps along the shady glen or bounding on the green clad mead, without having the place of its abode impressed upon the memory. It is so delicate in the colour of its flowers, so elegant in its form, so slender and graceful in its structure, as to be the favourite theme of many a worthy poet's song. In the garden it is frequently cultivated, and some beautiful delicate varieties obtained, the corolla often becoming pure white. 2. C. pa tula, Linn (Fig. 368.) spreading Bell- flower . Stem angu- lar, rough ; leaves crenated, rougbish, those of the root oblong- lanceolate, shortly petiolated ; those of the stem linear, lanceolate, sessile ; flowers erect, paniculated ; segments of the calyx subulate, toothed. English Botany, t. 42. English Flora, vol. i. p. 289. Hooker, British Flora, vol i. p. 116. Lindley, Synopsis, p.' 136. Root white, long, tapering. Stem erect, two feet high, or more, simple, or branched, angular and rough, with rigid deflexed hairs, leafy. Leaves alternate, crenated, and hairy, the lower and root leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, soon withering, on a short decurrent footstalk, the leaves on the lower part of the stem lanceolate, nearly sessile, while those above are long, linear, lanceolate, sessile, and the margins more serrated or toothed than crenated, and mostly less hairy than the others, and more distant. Inflorescence a terminal, branched, erect panicle, of numerous erect flowers, alternate, on a smoothish nearly naked common stalk, each flower on a short slender erect foot- stalk from the axis of a narrow subulate bractea. Calyx of five long awl-shaped erect segments, broadish at the base, with one or two teeth on each side, smooth and shining. Corolla larger than the last, erect, wider, and more broadly spreading at the mouth, with deeper more angular spreading segments, of a fine purplish blue, veiny, the tube very short. Stamens about half as long as the corolla, the filaments broadly dilated at the base and hairy, closing over the mouth of the tube, the upper part broad, smooth, bearing a long linear two celled anther, of a yellow colour. Style about the length of the corolla, with a long hairy three-cleft stigma. Capsule oblong, with five prominent angles, and five smaller alternate ones, somewhat downy between the angles, of three cells, opening near the top on the sides with a small oval opening. Seeds small, oval, numerous. Habitat. Pastures and hedges ; rare. Confined to the middle and south-eastern counties of England, as Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Norfolk, Surrey, and Kent. Biennial ; flowering in July and August. 296 CAMPANULA. | CLASS V. ORDER J. The whole plant varies more or less in hairiness, by which distinction several varieties are mentioned by Continental Botanists, with whom it is much more frequent than with us. It is readily distinguished from C. rotundifolia, by its more branched erect panicle, its larger more spreading not drooping flowers, and its broader crenated leaves. The whole plant, too, is taller, stouter, and more robust. It, like most other of the genus, contains an acrid milky juice, but not so much as to render it disagreeable to cattle. 3. C. Rapun'culus, Linn. (Fig. 369.) Rampion Bell-flower. Stem somewhat angular, rough below ; leaves crenate, roughish ; those of the root ovate, oblong, petiolated, upper ones narrower, sessile, lanceolate ; panicle erect, racemose ; segments of the calyx subulate, simple. English Botany, t. 283. English Flora, vol. i, p. 291. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 116. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Root fleshy, tapering, white, and milky. Stem erect, from two to three feet high, somewhat angular, simple, or sometimes branched, smooth or hairy, especially below, leafy. Leaves smooth, or sometimes hairy, rather paler below than above, the margins crenated, those of the root ovate, oblong, tapering into a footstalk of variable length, the upper narrower, linear, lanceolate, and sessile. Inflorescence a ter- minal, erect, simple, or slightly branched, racemose, panicle of numerous spreading more truly campanulate flowers, of a fine blue colour; the flower stalks and stem round, quite smooth, as are the small lanceolate bractea. Calyx of rather long, narrow, erect, spreading or reflexed, awl-shaped segments, the margins without teeth. Corolla larger than in the last species, of a fine bluish purple colour. Stamens not half as long as the corolla. Filaments dilated at the base into a valre, closing over the tube of the corolla, hairy, especially on the margins. Style half as long again as the stamens, downy above. Stigma three-cleft, spreading, or rolled back. Capsule oblong, with five prominent angles, and five small alternate ones, smooth, or some- times slightly downy, opening near the top with the small oval open- ings. Seeds small, oval, numerous. Habitat. A gravelly soil, in the southern and midland counties; not very common. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The roots of this plant have a sweet, somewhat pungent taste , which in a great measure it looses by cultivation. Formerly this plant was much grown in England as a culinary vegetable, and was known by the name of Ramps ; it is now, however, almost or entirely neglected ; but on the continent it is much used, and especially in Italy, where in the mountainous districts it grows abundantly, and is col- lected and brought to market by the peasantry, with whom it forms a CLASS V. ORDER I.] CAMPANULA. 297 considerable article of consumption during its season, boiled into a kind of soup, with a little vermicelli, or eaten raw with bread. 4. C. persici'folia, Linn. (Fig. 370.) Peach-leaved Bell-flower. Smooth stem, round, few flowered ; root leaves obovate stalked; those of the stern sessile, linear, lanceolate, remotely serrated; raceme few flowered ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, entire ; corolla large, spreading. English Flora, vol. i. p. 291. English Botany, Suppt. t. 2773. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 116. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Hoot somewhat creeping, slender, knotted, and fibrous above. The whole plant destitute of hairs. Stem erect, generally simple, from one to two feet high, shining, somewhat angular. Leaves alternate, mostly distant on the stem, those arising from the base of the stem and root ovate-oblong, somewhat decurrent, on a long footstalk, the margins crenated, or bluntly serrated, shortly withering, the leaves of the stem narrow, linear, lanceolate, those on the lower part on foot- stalks, the upper sessile, all with a strong mid-rib, and numerous minute branched veins, the margins remotely and more or less distinctly serrated. Inflorescence a terminal, few flowered, raceme. Flowers from the axis of a lanceolate bractea on a short footstalk. Calyx of five spreading lanceolate segments. Corolla large, of a fine purplish blue colour, wide spreading, the segments large, broad, acutely pointed. Stamens with a broadly, dilated, obovate, hairy base, closing over the mouth of the short tube of the corolla, slender and smooth above. Anthers long, linear, hairy, of two cells, yellow. Pistil as long as the corolla. Style smooth. Stigma long, hairy, deeply three-cleft, and spreading. Capsule obovate, angular, crowned by the persistent calyx, of three cells, opening near the lop of tlie sides with a circular opening, the valve curiiug upwards. Seeds numerous, ovate. Habitat. Woods, near Cullen, Scotland, apparently indigenous. Mr. G. Don. Perennial ; flowering in July. We have not been able to obtain wild native specimens of this plant ; it is frequent on the continent, and its claim to the rank of one of our indigenous species is very doubtful. It is frequently cultivated as a border flower, and is very ornamental, its flowers mostly becoming double, and often pure white ; and from its resemblance to a small rose, it is called in some parts of the country the " rose without a thorn." 5. C. latifo'lia, Linn. (Fig. 371.) Giant Sell-flower. Stem simple, rounded; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, coarsely and doubly serrated, hairy, raceme of erect stalked axillary flowers ; segments of the calyx smooth, lanceolate, erect. 298 CAMPANULA. I CLASS V. ORDER I. English Botany, t. 302. English Flora, vol. i. p. 291 .Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Root somewhat fleshy, with long branched fibres, exuding when broken an acrid milky fluid like the whole plant. Stem from two to three or four feet high, erect, simple, roundish, or obscurely angular smooth, or scattered over more or less profusely with soft hairs, leafy the leaves alternate, large, lanceolate, with a tapering point, the mar- gins coarsely and doubly or irregularly serrated, the teeth blunt, the lower ones on short footstalks, the upper nearly sessile, roughish, with spreading hairs, especially on the under side along the mid-rib, and lateral branched veins. Inflorescence a long terminal raceme, or occa- sionally a slight branched panicle of numerous large axillary flowers, arising single, or sometimes the lower ones of the raceme double, on a branched slender erect stalk, which is somewhat angular, roughish generally without, but sometimes there is a small lanceolate scale upon it, the floral leaves or bractea in the lower part lanceolate, serrated, becoming narrower upwards, at length linear and entire. Calyx erect, of five lanceolate or somewhat ovate-lanceolate segments, with entire or serrated margins, smooth, or scattered over with hairs, and the margins ciliated. Corolla large, deep blue, erect, or slightly drooping, the segments lanceolate, reflexed. Stamens about one-third the length of the corolla, downy, with a broad dilated valve at the base, closing over the mouth of the short tube of the corolla. Anthers long, linear, very downy. Pistil nearly as long as the corolla, downy, thickening upwards. Stigma deeply three-cleft- Capsule angular, mostly smooth, crowned by the persistent calyx, three celled, opening near the top with oval lateral pores. Seeds numerous. Habitat. Moist woods, and shady places ; not very common. In Norfolk, Suffolk, Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire, and the North of Eng- land ; more frequent in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire ; but in the woods and shady glens of Scotland very frequent ; and in woods by the river Barrow, above New Ross, Ireland. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The Giant Bell-flower is the largest and most ornamental of our species, having a very stately and noble appearance, raising its gay head far above its companions in its native abode : in the close shady woods, as well as by cultivation, the flowers become paler, sometimes white, and of a pinkish tinge. It is well calculated to ornament shady walks, plantations, and groves, but does not flourish so well in an open situation. 6. C. rapunculoi'des, Linn. (Fig. 372.) creeping Bell-flower. Stem slightly branched, obtusely angular; leaves cordate-lanceolate, un- equally crenated, hairy ; raceme of drooping stalked axillary unilateral flowers ; segments of the calyx hairy, lanceolate, spreading. Campanula rapunculus 370 Campanula persicifolia. Campanula latifolia. 372 ' Campanula rapunculoides 373 Campanula trachelium. Campanula glomerata. CLASS V. ORDER I.] CAMPANULA. 299 English Botany, t. 1309. English Flora, vol. i. p. 292. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. *'<;. . major. Whole plant, except the corolla, much larger, and nearly smooth. Root with long creeping underground stems. Stem erect, sometimes slightly branched, but mostly simple, from one to two feet high, or more, obtusely angular, scattered over with reflexed hairs, nearly smooth in the lower part, but hairy above. Leaves alternate, rough, with rigid hairs, especially near and on the margins, coarsely and irre- gularly crenated, or obtusely serrated, the mid-rib strong, and with the branched lateral veins rougher below than above, the lower leaves on footstalks, broadly lanceolate, with a heart-shaped base, the upper ones sessile, ovate lanceolate, gradually diminishing to lanceolate and linear bractea. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, of distant one-sided flowers. Flowers large, drooping, on a short angular hairy stalk, solitary from the axis, of linear or lanceolate bractea, which are crenated below, simple above, rough, and with strongly ciliated margins, Calyx hairy, its segments lanceolate, entire, spreading, or reflexed, Corolla smaller than the last species, of a deep purplish blue, scattered over with long soft hairs, especially on the margin of the spreading acutely lanceolate segments, sometimes the hairs are absent, but within near the bottom seldom wanting. Stamens half as long as the corolla, dilated into an angular base, ciliated on the margin, and hairy within, closing over the short tube of the corolla. The filaments slender, short. Anthers long, linear, of two cells. Pistil about as long as the corolla. Style hairy, thickened upwards, and scattered over with small warty excrescences. Stigma three-cleft, recurved. Capsule ovate, or roundish, angular, hairy, three celled, opening near the base with three large roundish pores. Habitat. Woods and fields ; rare. Oxfordshire. (Buddie's Herb.) On the magnesian limestone between Wentbridge and Darlington, Yorkshire. Mr. J. Backhouse. Blair in Athol, Scotland ; and found plentifully in corn fields two miles N. W. of Kirkcaldy, (where it is considered a troublesome weed by the farmer). Alexander Chambers, Esq. Hooker. Castle Hill, on a sandy soil, Worksop, Nottingham- shire ; and the variety . major in clayey woods, in the vicinity of Lincoln. R. D. Perennial; flowering in July and August. This species is readily distinguished from C. latifolia, by its lower heart-shaped leaves, and its drooping one-sided flowers. The variety a. major rivals in magnitude that of C. latifolia. It has, however, otherwise the same marked characteristic difference in its structure. Some of my specimens of it are a shining green, and almost without any hairs upon them, especially in the lower part of the plant. VOL. i. 2 R 300 CAMPANULA. ^CLASS V. ORDER I. 7. C. Trache'lium, Linn. (Fig. 373.) Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. Stem angular, simple; leaves hispid, coarsely and doubly serrated, cordate lanceolate, petiolated ; raceme of a few stalked axillary flowers ; segments of the calyx ovate lanceolate, erect. English Botany, t. 12. English Flora, vol. i. p. 293. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Root somewhat woody. Stem erect, simple, acutely angular, from two to three feet high, leafy, of a reddish purple colour, rough, with coarse spreading hairs. Leaves alternate, somewhat rugose and rough, with rigid hairs, especially on the mid-rib, and branched veins on the tinder side, the margins coarsely and irregularly crenated, the lower leaves on footstalks of variable lengths, ovate lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base, and tapering at the point, the upper leaves on short foot- stalks, or sessile, ovate lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal leafy raceme, of a few large blue flowers, arising from the axis of the ovate lanceolate crenated bractea, the flower stalk simple, sometimes branched, and bearing two or three flowers, short, angular, rough. Calyx large, of fa've ovate lanceolate erect veiny segments, rough, especially towards the base. Corolla large, spreading, scattered over both on the external and internal surface, with long spreading hairs, the segments lanceo- late, spreading, fringed with slender hairs. Stamens short, hairy. Filaments dilated into angular valves at the base, closing over the short tube of the corolla, slender above. Anthers short, oblong. Pistil nearly as long as the corolla, thickened upwards. Stigma three-cleft, recurved. Capsule ovate, three celled, many seeded. Habitat.^Woods, not unfrequent in England ; old walls. Mug- doch Castle, near Glasgow, Scotland. Mr. Hopkirk. Between Glasnevin and Finglass. Dr. Brinkley. River side below Innis- trogue, County of Kilkenny, Ireland. Mr. Templeton. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The English name of this plant is from the resemblance of the leaves to those of a nettle; its hairs are also almost as pungent, but they are not venomous. Formerly a decoction of its leaves was thought useful in inflammatory affections of the throat and mouth ; hence its specific name of Trachelium. It is, however, we believe, not now used for that purpose; it contains an acrid milky juice, and may have been useful as a stimulating gargle. It is cultivated as a border flower, and is very ornamental, the flowers often becoming very double, and some- times quite white. ** Flowers sessile, spiked, or collected into a terminal head. Capsule opening by lateral pores. 8. C. glomera'ta, Linn. (Fig. 374.) clustered Bell-flower. Stem angular, simple, tairy, or smooth ; leaves oblong lanceolate, rough, CLASS V. ORDER 1. ] CAMPANULA. 301 finely crenated, the lower ones petiolated, the upper sessile; flowers sessile, in axillary and terminal clusters. English Botany, t. 90. English Flora, vol. i. p. 293. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. 0. farinosa. Stem and under-side of the leaves thickly clothed with white woolly hairs. C. glomerata, j3. salvia folia, Wahl. Sched. C. farinosa, Andrez. C. petrea, Schmidt and De Cand. Fl. Franc. C. aggregata, . farinosa, Reicheub 1. c. f. 757 759. j. aggregata. Green lea\es of the stem with a broad petiole, flowers large. C. aggregata, Willd. supplt. Reicheub. ic. 6. f. 760, 761. J. speciosa. Green leaves all ovate, heart-shaped at the base, flowers large. C. speciosa. Hornan. hafer. Reicheub. ic. 6. f. 762. s. elliptica. Leaves all rounded at the base, or attenuated into a footstalk, accuminated at the apex. C. elliptica. Reicheub, ic. 6. f. - 763, 764. . lancifolia. Leaves all lanceolate, the lower ones petiolated, the margins waved and irregularly crenated, slightly downy. n. attenuata. Leaves all lanceolate, with a long attenuated point, minutely downy, the lower ones on a short broad petiole. Root of strong woody fibres. Stem erect, from six to twenty inches high, angular, simple sometimes, but rarely branched, of a purplish colour, and more or less clothed with hairs, sometimes smooth, at others woolly, leafy. The leaves alternate, those arising from the root on long footstalks of variable shapes, usually oblong lanceolate, with a heart-shaped base, the upper oiies mostly sessile, or with short foot- stalks, oblong lanceolate, partly embracing the stem at the base, paler beneath, and generally more hairy than the upper side, the margins finely crenated, the upper ones sometimes entire, the hairiness is extremely variable, the upper side is sometimes quite or nearly smooth, as well as the under, at others the under side alone clothed with hairi- ness, and not unfrequent, both soft, with spreading hairs. Inflorescence a terminal spike, with axillary clusters of sessile flowers from the bottom of the upper leaves, large, erect, of a fine blue colour, each flower having at its base a bractea of greater or less size, mostly broadly ovate, acute. Calyx of five narrow lanceolate segments, erect and downy. Corolla large, erect, with five acute segments, quite smooth, or scattered over with simple pale hairs, longer, and often more numerous on the inside than out. Stamens short, dilated into an ovate valve at the base, hairy, especially within and on the margins, closing over the base of the erect simple downy style, which is not so long as the corolla. Stigma two or three cleft, downy, recurved. Capsule ovate, angular, hairy. Habitat. Dry pastures, especially of a clayey or chalky soil; not 302 CAMPANULA. LCLASS v. OKDER 1. unfrequent in England. " Hilly pastures in Scotland ; but confined, we believe, to the east side between the Firth of Forth and Montrose." Perennial ; flowering in July and August. Few, if any of our native plants, vary so greatly as this. We have enumerated the principal varieties that we have met with ; the leaves vary in their size as to length and breadth, and are either smooth, hairy, downy, or woolly, the flowers are either large or small, only terminating the stem with a simple cluster, or with axillary ones also for some distance down the stem. Of those varieties which we have enumerated, the lancifolia appears to us the most like a distinct species, the leaves are all truly lanceolate, the margins waved, irregu- larly crenated, a fine green above and scarcely hairy, beneath pale and much more hairy, the flowers small, stigma three-cleft, the lower leaves have long winged footstalks, the upper with a broad one, but not embracing the stem. The t. elliptica has rather small elliptic leaves, elevated on a footstalk, the upper or floral leaves alone sessile, all thickly clothed with short soft down, the flowers small, downy. T). attenuate has nearly all its leaves sessile, or with a broad footstalk, ovate lanceolate, with a long tapering point, green above and finely downy, pale beneath, and soft, with spreading hairs. Tt is probable that many of these varieties are, owing to the circumstances of their growth with regard to the soil, and to their being more or less fre- quently eaten down by cattle grazing in the pastures. It is frequently cultivated for the beauty of its flowers, when their colour often becomes paler, sometimes white, and their foliage larger and more luxuriant. Prof. Henslow has observed the petals sometimes turn to a bunch of leaves. *** Flowers solitary. Capsule opening at the extremity with three or five valves, within the caly cine segments. (Wahlenbergia, Schrad). 9. C. hedera'cea, Linn. (Fig. 375.) Ivy-leaved Bell-flower. Stem weak, thread-like, branched; leaves smooth, stalked, sub-rotundate, cordate, with angular toothed lobes. English Botany, t. 73. English Flora, vol. i. p. 293. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 136. Root small, branched, fibrous. Stem trailing, slender, thread-like, much branched, angular, entangled together, and extending itself some distance. Leaves numerous, opposite, or alternate, smooth, shining pale green, on long slender angular footstalks, somewhat rounded, with a heart-shaped base, angularly lobed in a tooth-like manner, acute, Laving three principal ribs, with numerous fine branched lateral veins. Flowers from the axis of the branched stem and leaves, and terminal on long slender angular stalks, at first drooping, becoming erect, solitary. Calyx of five slender awl-shaped segments. Corolla a delicate pale blue, bell-shaped, in five acute sprcadirc: lobes. Stamens 375 Campanula hederacea. 376 Prismatocarpus hybridus. 377 jonicera caprif'clium. 378 Lonicera periclymenum . 37J Lonicera xylosteam. Rhamnua catharticua. CLASS V. ORDER I.] CAMPANULA. 303 about half as long as the corolla. Filaments dilated and bairy at the base, slender, and smooth above. Anthers oblong, of two valves. Pistil nearly as long as the corolla, smooth below, hairy above. Stigma two-cleft, rolled back. Capsule almost globose, smooth, the calyx attached about one-third from the top, opening at the apex be- tween the calyx with either three or five angular teeth. Seeds numerous, small, ovate. Habitat. Moist shady banks and woods. Abundant in Devonshire, Cornwall, the Scilly Isles, and Wales ; in Sussex, (plentiful), Hamp- shire, Oxfordshire, Worcestershire, Essex, Eppiug Forest, nearTheydon Bois. Mr. H. Cole. Near Derwent Hall, Ashopton, Derbyshire. R. D. In Scotland, on the south banks of the Clyde. Dr. Brown. In Ireland, on the Sugar-loaf Mountain County of Wicklow. Dr. Stokes and Mr. John Nuttall. Near Bandon, County of Cork, and in Glencree, between Enniskerry and Lough Bray, near the Copsewood, abundant. Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. This is included by Schrad in his genus Wahlenbergia, which is distinguished by the capsule being half superior, and opening at the apex, and not on the side, as in the genus Campanula; in this particu- lar it agrees, and has a claim to be in that genus, instead of Cam- panula, but its habit is quite different ; and on this account it is retained in the present genus, but doubtingly as to its being its proper place. The Ivy -leaved Bell-flower is extremely elegant and delicate iu its structure and habit, when " Over the font's damp, mossy stones they grew Luxuriantly. These 1 ittle bells of faint and tender blue, Which gracefully Rent their small heads in every breeze which strayed, From lawny sunshine to the woodland's shade." Romance of Nature. We have seen it spread its delicate and tender form over ornamental mossy rock work, and damp banks, in most elegant tufts of greater beauty than we remember to have seen any plant, having the same habit ; it far surpasses in elegance and gracefulness of form and flower, the Ivy-leaved snap dragon: but they may be grown together with great advantage, and clothe those places, which otherwise would be naked and barren, with a varied green tapestry, constantly scattered over with beautiful flowers during the summer months. 304 PRISMATOCARPUS. [CLASS v. ORDER i. GENUS XXXIII. PRISMATO'CARPUS.-L'HERiTiER. Corn "Bell-flower . Nat. Ord. CAMPANDLACE'.*:. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a flat limb. Capsule oblong, prismatic, two or three celled, opening near the top. Name from the shape of the capsule. 1. P. hy'bridus, L'Heritier, (Fig. 376.) Corn Bell-flower. Stem erect, simple, or branched; leaves oblong, waved, and crenated ; flowers solitary; corolla spreading, shorter than the lanceolate segments of the calyx. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 135. Campanula hybrida. Linn. English Botany, t. 375. English Flora, vol. i. p. 294. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 118. Hoot tapering, with long slender branched fibres. Stem erect, from six to twelve inches high, angular and rough, with short rigid hairs, simple, or more or less branched, especially from the base, which are frequently long, spreading, ascending towards the extremity, leafy. Leaves alternate, sessile, the margins waved, and somewhat crenated, rough, especially near the margin, with short rigid hairs, the lower ones obovate, the upper oblong. Flowers terminal, solitary, or some- times three or four terminate the stem and lateral branches. Calyx of five narrow lanceolate spreading rough segments. Corolla wheel - shaped, much shorter than the calyx, of five ovate spreading segments, of a deep blue, paler outside and within at the base. Stamens five, with slender filaments, not dilated at the base, smooth. Anthers oblong, pale yellow. Pistil shorter than the corolla. Style slender, and with the two or three cleft. Stigma somewhat hairy. Capsule oblong, triangular, rough, with minute points, formed of three obtusely angular columns, crowned by the persistent calyx, and opening near the top with oblong valves, which separate beneath, and : curl upwards. Seeds numerous, pale, shining, brown, ovate, attached by the extremity to the central placenta. Habitat. Corn fields, on a chalky or clay soil; not very common, and chiefly in the middle and southern parts of England. Annual ; flowering in July and August. This species is nearly allied to the P. Speculum, or Ventts's Looking- glass, a plant very common on the continent, though not found with us. It has linear calyx segments, shorter than the ovate acute seg- ments of the corolla, more hairy, and mostly a larger stouter plant. The capsule of this genus is remarkable, it is formed of three cylin- CLASS V. ORDER I.] LONICERA. 305 drical cells, with the margins united to a central thread-like placenta, common to all three, to which is attached by their pointed base the numerous pendent seeds. The cells are opened for the escape of the seeds by three valves, of an obovate or rather ligulate form, attached to the base of the calyx ; between the cells these closely cover over the openings into the cells, until the seeds are ripe, when the central broadish rib with which each valve is furnished contracts and curls up the valve, leaving the opening free for the escape of the seeds; the capsule has then a very singular appearance, the calyx and recurved valves supported on three lateral and one central column : the openings in the cells are formed by a portion taken out as it were on each side, leaving the rib of each as a support for the calyx and valves, which form a protecting cover to prevent rain, &c. getting to the seeds in the cells ; and the central column is the placenta attached to the base of the pistil. Here may we truly say that " Dame Nature is the kindest mother still, Though always changing." GENUS XXXIV. LONICE'RA. LINN. Honey-suckle. Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACE'.*:. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx of five small teeth. Corolla tubular, with an irregular five-cleft limb. Stigma capitate. Berry from one to three celled, one or many seeded. Named in honour of Adam Lonicer, a German Botanist. * Flowers in whorled heads. Berry crowned by the persistent calyx. Stem climbing. (Caprifolium, Juss). 1. L. Caprifo' Hum, Linn. (Fig. 377.) pale perfoliate Honey-suckle. Whorls of flowers, in sessile, terminal, and axillary clusters; leaves deciduous, the upper ones united at the base, perfoliate. English Botany, t: 799. English Flora, vol. i. p. 326. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 118. Caprifolium per/o/tatem. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 131. Stem woody, climbing, several feet high, by twisting itself round the stems of other plants, taking a course from right to left, it is round, smooth, and generally a little branched. Leaves obovate, or roundish, sometimes waved on the margin, quite smooth, bright green, and shining above, beneath of a dull pale glaucous hue, with a prominent midrib, and numerous branched slender netted veins, the lower ones mostly opposite, on short footstalks, the upper ones united at the base, 306 LONICERA. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. those terminating the branches cupped at the base. Inflorescence terminal and axillary whorls, of about six sessile flowers in each. Flowers highly fragrant, about two inches long, of a yellowish colour, with a pale pink tube, sometimes almost white. Calyx cup-shaped, the limb of five angular teeth. Corolla irregular, with a long tube dilating upwards, swelling more on one side than the other, the limb of five deep linear obtuse segments, one cut deeper than the others, recurved, two of the segments forming as it were one lip, and three another. Stamens of irregular lengths, the filaments about the top of the tube. Anthers oblong, yellow. Style about as long as the corolla, slender. Stigma capitate. Berry ovate, of a tawny yellowish hue, quite smooth, crowned by the peristent calyx. Habitat. Woods and thickets ; rare. Oxfordshire and Cambridge- shire, in England; Collinton Woods, and Corstorphine Hill, near Edinburgh, and in hedges at Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Shrub ; flowering in June and July. The pale flowered Honey-suckle is frequent in almost all the woods and shady places in Italy, and is not unfrequent in many other parts of the Continent. It was formerly thought to possess wonderful power in the cure of ulcerated legs of aged persons, but it is not now thought to be any remedy for the cure of old age. The specific name of Caprifolium is from the leaves being the favourite food of goats (Capra agagrus.) 2. L. Pericly'menum, Linn, (Fig. 378.) common Honey-suckle, or Woodbine. Whorls of flowers in terminal stalked heads; leaves deciduous, all distinct, petiolated. English Botany, t. 800. English Flora, vol. i. p, 327. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 118. Caprifolium Pei-iclymenum. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 131. Stem woody, climbing, smooth, twisting itself from right to left around the stem and branches of trees, &c. to a considerable length, having numerous opposite branches and leaves. Leaves ovate lanceo- late, on short footstalks, a shining green above, glaucous beneath, with a prominent mid-rib, and five branched lateral veins ; sometimes the leaves, especially on the under side and the extremity of the branches, are more or less scattered over with simple hairs, and on plants grown by the sea they are mostly more glaucous, and become somewhat succulent ; and a variety is mentioned having the leaves sinuated like those of the oak, and variegated. Inflorescence in terminal stalked heads, of numerous whorled flowers. Flowers about an inch and half long, irregular, very fragrant in the evenings, or after a shower. Calyx small, each having at its base a small bractea, and, like the calyx, scattered over with glandular hairs, the limb of five obtuse segments. Corolla with a long tube, dilating upwards, swelling on one side, CLASS V. ORDER I.] LONICERA. 307 externally of a darkish red or yellowish, but varying greatly in its colour, sometimes a pale straw colour, more or less clothed with glan- dular hairs, the limb very unequally divided into two segments, the upper one reflexed upwards, broad and notched at the extremity, in three rounded shallow lobes, the lower segment narrow, linear, obtuse, reflexed downwards, the tube scattered over on the inside with simple hairs, and on the lower part of it with a considerable number of small glands, which secrete the fragrant perfume. Stamens of irregular lengths, rising from the top of the tube, nearly as long as the corolla- Filaments slender, smooth. Style as long as the corolla, slender, smooth. Stigma capitate, notched. Berry globular, of a bright shining red, sometimes roughish, of a bitter nauseous taste. Habitat. Woods and hedges; frequent. Shrub ; flowering from June to October. The Honey-suckle varies considerably in the size of its plants, and in the smoothness and the colour of its flowers ; these circumstances depending upon the more or less open or close situation, and the kind of soil in which it grows. The fragrance of its flowers is most grateful, especially in the morning or evening, or after a refreshing shower; and this is owing to the volatile oil secreted by the glands mentioned above, being rapidly dissipated' by the heat of the sun, and scarcely sensible; but when it is less rapidly evaporated either in the cool of the day, or after a shower, it is then perceived, and its balmy fragrance adds no little to the pleasures of a ramble at such a season for " Look where'er you may, a tranquillising soul ' Breathes forth a life-like pleasure o'er the whole ; The shadows settling on the mountain's breast, Recline, as conscious of the hour of rest ; Stedfast as objects in a peaceful dream, The sleepy trees are bending o'er the stream ; The stream half veiled in snowy vapour flows With sound like silence, motion like repose." The Honey-suckle is cultivated for a variety of useful as well as ornamental purposes ; but never to our minds is it more beautiful or ornamental than when its branches are nicely arranged on the face of a little white-washed cottage, overhung by its thick thatched roof, or the pliant branches interwoven in the lattice work around the labourer's door : the sweet fragrance of its fresh blown flowers is wafted in gentle puffs around the frugal board, and repays in two fold pleasures the care bestowed upon its growth and training. ** Flowers in pairs. Calyx deciduous, not crowning the Berry. Stem erect. 3. L. Xylos'teum, Linn. (Fig. 379.) upright Fly Honey-suckle. VOL. I. 2s 308 KHAMNUS. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. Peduncles bearing two downy flowers ; berries distinct ; leaves ovate accuminate, downy. English Botany, t. 916. English Flora, p. 329. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 119. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 132. An erect, bushy, much branched shrub, four or five feet high, the baric pale, branches opposite, their extremities downy. Leaves nu- merous, opposite on short footstalks, ovate, with an accuminated point, the lower ones obtuse, and the younger ones at the extremity of the branches lanceolate, clothed with a close soft down, especially beneath, where it is of a pale colour, mid-rib distinct, with slender lateral veins. Flowers axillary, in pairs, elevated on a short downy stalk. Braclea two or four small scales, united together, and forming a small cup around the base of the flowers. Calyx small, in five obtuse short segments. Corolla short, the limb of two lips, the upper one of four short obtuse lobes, the lower one narrow, ligulate, cream coloured, sometimes pinkish outside, without fragrance, the tube somewhat funnel-shaped, with the lower part swollen on one side, clothed on the outside with short soft down, nearly smooth within, except in the tube : it is very downy. Stamens shorter than the corolla, its filaments downy, inserted into the top of the tube. Anthers oblong. Pistil as long as the stamens. Style downy. Stigma capitate. Berry bright scarlet, oval. Habitat. Thickets ; near Sewenshele, Northumberland. Wallis. Certainly wild near Houghton Bridge, four miles from Arundel, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Shrub ; flowering in July. This small shrub, not distinguished for its beauty, is called Fly Honey-suckle, from the distant resemblance of its flowers to the figure of a Fly. It is frequently planted in shrubberies and plantations, and it is probable that it has escaped and established itself in the stations above mentioned as a wild plant. It is frequent on most parts of the Continent, especially in the mountain woods of Italy. GENUS XXXV. RHAM\NUS LINN. Buckthorn. Nat. Ord. RHAM'NE^:. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx urceolate, the limb four or five-cleft. Corolla of four or five petals, or wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and with them inserted into the tube of the calyx. Styles from two to four, united or distinct. Fruit fleshy, of two to four cells, each cell containing a single seed. Name from the Greek word ?, a branch, from being numerously branched. CLASS V. ORDER I. -j KHAMNUS. 309 1. R. cathar'ticus, Linn. (Fig. 380.) common Buckthorn. Spines terminal ; leaves ovate, sharply serrated, sub-cordate at the base ; flowers four-cleft, dioecious. English Botany, t. 1629. English Flora, vol. i. p. 328. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 119. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 73. A spreading shrub, with nearly opposite or alternate rigid branches, terminating in a strong spine, the branches round, with a smooth bark. Leaves numerous, opposite, sometimes alternate, on downy channelled footstalks, ovate, or o\ ate-lanceolate, with a more or less heart-shaped base, strongly marked with its mid-rib and four or six lateral parallel reins, pale on the under side, a brightish green above, the margins sharply and finely serrated, more or less thickly scattered over with simple hairs, the younger leaves have each at the base of the footstalk a pair of small lanceolate bractea, which soon fall away. Flowers in numerous crowded fascicles on the last year's branches, of a yellowish green colour, dioecious, each elevatetl on a slender footstalk. Barren flowers bearing stamens only, have the calyx tube somewhat bell- shaped, the segments four, ovate-lanceolate, with a mid-rib and two marginal ones. Petals ovate oblong, shorter than the calyx segments, and alternating with them, inserted at the top of the tube of the calyx, with the stamens before them, rising on four awl -shaped filaments, bearing ovate two celled anthers; at the bottom of the tube of the calyx is a small abortive germen, with its short style and stigma. Fertile flower, with a bell-shape tube contracted at the mouth, its four pale ovate -lanceolate three ribbed segments erect. Petals small, linear, incurved above, inserted with the short abortive stamens before them into the mouth of the calyx tube. Style short, deeply four-cleft. Stigmas small, spreading. Berries bluish black, surrounded at the base with the persistent calyx, somewhat fleshy, of four (or less by abortion) cartilaginous cells, each containing a single erect seed, ovate, marked with a deep longitudinal suture in front, rounded at the back, and terminating in an acute curved cartilaginous point over the foramen, embryo nearly as long as the seed, with flat kidney-shaped cotyledons, with an inferior radicle, surrounded by the albumen. Habitat. Hedges, woods, and thickets; common in England; about Dumfries, Scotland ; Islands in Lough Erne, near. Enniskillen ; on a limestone rock east side of the Lee, two miles above Cork, Ireland. Mr. J. Drummond. Shrub ; flowering in May and June. Buckthorn berries were formerly much used as a cathartic medicine, but their operation is so violent, and produces so much griping pain, that they are now only used to make a syrup to add as auxiliary to purgative enemas ; when, however, taken internally in any form, they are productive of considerable dryness of the mouth and throat, causing great thirst, which unpleasant effects arc not relieved even with copious 310 BHAMNUS. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. diluents. The juice expressed from the unripe berries has a faint un- pleasant odour, a bitterish acrid nauseous taste, and is of a yellowish saffron colour ; it is used as a pigment, and a dye for staining paper, &c. ; the juice of the riper berries is of a deep green, from it, by the addition of a little alum or lime water, and a portion of gum arabic, is formed by evaporation the sap green, used by painters. If the berries are gathered when quite ripe, the juice is purple instead of green, contain- ing a portion of saccharine matter ; it soon ferments, forming acetic acid, and the juice becomes of a reddish colour. The dried berries sold in the shops under the name of French berries, are the unripe fruit of this plant, which is frequently mixed with the useless fruits of other plants, which do not possess the same property; but they are readily known by not having four cells, as the fruit of this plant has. The bark also affords a good yellow dye. 2. R. Fran'gula, Linn. (Fig. 381.) Berry -bearing Alder, or Alder Buckthorn. Without spines; leaves ovate, acute, entire; flowers all perfect. English Botany, t. 250. English Flora, vol. i. p. 329. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 1 19. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 73. An erect shrub, with round, smooth, alternate, unarmed branches, mostly long, slender, leafy, and clothed with a soft down at the ex- tremities, the bark a smooth shining purplish brown. Leaves alternate, ovate, or roundish, with an acute or accuminated point, round at the base, the margin entire, of a smooth shining deep green, paler beneath, with a strong mostly hairy mid-rib, and numerous straight parallel veins, smooth or hairy, footstalk channelled above, downy, each having at the base a pair of awl-shaped downy bractea, which shortly fall away. Flowers perfect, (containing both stamens and pistil), mostly numerous in fascicles from the axis of the leaves, each elevated on a slender, smooth, or downy stalk, with a minute stipule about mid-way. Calyx of five obovate downy erect segments, larger than the five alter- nating petals, which have a waved margin attached into the contracted throat of the calyx, with the short stamens before them, and partly enveloping them. Anthers ovate, of two cells. Stigma nearly sessile, capitate, cloven. Fru.it a dark purple, somewhat fleshy berry of two or three single seeded cells, surrounded at its base with the per- sistent calyx, contracted into a shield-like plate. Habitat. Woods and shady places ; frequent in England. Near Anchincruive, Ayrshire, Scotland. Mr. Smith. On a small island, called the Creagh Bog, in Lough Beg, County of Derry, Ireland. Mr. D. Moore. Shrub ; flowering in May and June. The Black Alder contains in all its parts, but particularly in the bark, a bitter astringent principle, which has been used in the form of Rbaranus trangula. Enonymus europoeus. 383 Impatiens nolimetangire. 384 Viola hirta- Viola odorata. Viola paluscris C1ASS V. ORDER I.] EUONYMUS. 311 infusion and decoction for the cure of ague and dropsy, it is also used as a gargle in inflammatory affections of the throat. If taken in too large a dose it excites vomiting, purges violently, and causes much griping. It is not now used, except by the country people and herbalists, and requires cautious administration. The berries, so far as their medicinal properties are concerned, are similar to the last, but do not give the same useful colour, and are often mixed with them ; a fraud which may be easily detected, from the difference in their shape and number of cells, this having but two, while the fonner has four. It is remarked by Dr. Murry, of Gottingen, that he has found the chopped leaves of this plant, heated over the fire, the best remedy with which he is acquainted to disperse milk in the breasts ; at all events it is a harmless remedy, how useful it may be we cannot say. The berries and bark, both of this and those of R. cathaticus, are esteemed as purgatives in veterinary practice. Half an ounce of the bark boiled in some ale is frequently given to cattle, and acts as a brisk cathartic, or a few seeds answer the same purpose. Both the bark and berries are used by dyers for giving a yellow colour to woollen goods, and by the addition of preparations of iron a black colour is obtained. The wood is esteemed for burning into charcoal, particularly by the manufacturers of gunpowder ; and the flowers, like several other species of this genus, are great favourites with the bees : for Evelyn says that the " honey-breathing blossoms afford a marvel- lous relief to bees." GENUS XXXVI. EUO'NYMUS. LINN. Spindle tree. Nat. Ord. CELASTRI'NE^:. R. BROWN. GEN. CHAR. Calyx flat, , four or five-cleft, with a peltate disk at the bottom. Petals four or five, inserted into the margin of the disk. Stamens four or five, alternating with the petals, and inserted into the disk. Capsules with three or five angles, and as many cells. Seeds one in each cell, with a coloured fleshy arillus, partly or entirely covering it. Name from " Euonyme, mother to the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects produced by the fruit of this plant." E. Europ'ceus, Linn. (Fig. 382.) common Spindle tree or Prick- wood. Flowers mostly four-cleft ; petals acute ; branches smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth, finely serrated ; capsule obtusely angular, smooth. English Botany, t. 362. English Flora, vol.' i. p. 330. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 119. Limllcy, Synopsis, p. 74. 312 EUONYMUS. LCIASS v. ORDER i. An erect shrub, from four to eight feet high, with green smooth bark, and numerous straight branches opposite, divaricating, of four obtuse angles when young, afterwards becoming round. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, quite smooth, shining, the margins finely serrated, on a short footstalk, with a strong mid-rib and slender branched veins. Stipules awl-shaped, very small, and soon falling away. Inflorescence a small cyme of few flowers, on a naked pedun- cle from the axis of the leaves. Flowers small, greenish white, on short slender footstalks, having a fetid odour ; around the base of each footstalk is a thickened glandular ring. Calyx of four or five flat obtuse short segments, having at the bottom a flattish shield-like glandular disk. Petals four or five, alternating with, and much larger than the calyx, ovate oblong, whiteish green, waved and veiny, inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens four or five, from the middle of the disk, filaments short, bearing rather large yellowish anthers, formed of two cells, and attached by their base to the filament. Style short Stigma obtuse, emarginate. Capsule of a fine rose colour, from three to five cells, but mostly four, smooth, obtusely angular, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx and glandular disk, and crowned by the persistent pistil, each cell bursting at the outer angle, and containing a single ovate ascending seed, surrounded either entirely or only in part with a succulent orange-coloured arillus, the albumen fleshy, surrounding a straight embryo, cotyledons flat, large, veiny, having a short inferior radicle. Habitat. Woods and hedges; not unfrequent in England, and the South of Ireland ; King's Park, near St. Anthony's Well, and near Craigmillar Castle, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Shrub ; flowering in May. The wood of the Spindle tree was formerly in great request for making spindles and distaffs ; it is now chiefly used for skewers, tooth-picks, and other small articles, as well as by the musical instrument makers, &c. All parts of the plant have a disagreeable smell, and are said to be poisonous to animals that feed upon it, except the goat ; and when taken by man it acts as a strong purgative, and if in a large dose as an emetic. The seeds, when powdered and sprinkled amongst the hair, have been used and found an effectual remedy for cleansing it of all troublesome intruders, and may be em- ployed with equal advantage in the destruction of other vermin. It is an ornamental shrub in plantations mixed with other trees. Its rather large capsules, which are generally of a fine rose colour, sometimes almost white, look very handsome amongst its shining leaves, and continue for a long time upon the trees. CLASS V. ORDKR I.] IMPATIEIfS. 313 GENUS XXXVII. IMPA.TIENS LINN. Balsam. Nat. Ord. BALSAM'INE/E. A. RICHARD. GEN. CHAR. Calyx of two deciduous segments. Petals four, very unequal, the lower one elongated at the base into a spur. Anthers united, three of which are two celled, and two one celled. Stigma five, united. Capsule long, .tapering, of five elastic valves, burst- ing suddenly at the base, and rolling spirally. Name (impatient) from the circumstance of the valves suddenly flying open when touched. 1. /. Noli-me-tan'gere, Linn. (Fig. 383.) yellow Balsam, or Touch- me-not. Peduncles solitary, axillary, many flowered, shorter than the leaves, and spreading beneath them ; spur of the flower recurred at the apex ; leaves ovate, petiolated, coarsely serrated ; stem swelling at the joint. English Botany, t. 937. English Flora, vol. i. p. 299. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 120. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 60. Root fleshy, with numerous spreading fibres from the joints. Stem erect, from one to three feet high, round, smooth, pellucid, very succulent, swollen at the joints, quite smooth, like all the rest of the plant, of a pale yellowish green, except about the joints, where it is pinkish, branched, opposite, or mostly alternate. Leaves opposite or alternate, on footstalks of variable lengths, ovate or ovate oblong, sometimes tapering at the base, of a bright green, glaucous, and paler beneath, the margin coarsely serrated, some of the lower ones mostly lengthened into cilise, mid-rib strong, lateral ones very slender. Peduncles slender from the axis of the leaves, solitary, branched, shorter than the leaves, bearing from three to six pendulous flowers, each partial flower stalk with one or two small awl-shaped bractea, Flowers large, pale yellow, spotted with scarlet, very handsome. Calyx of two ovate-lanceolate pellucid segments, having a mid-rib, soon falling away after the flower has expanded. Corolla very irre- gular, of four petals, the upper one erect, flat, somewhat three-cleft, with a point in the middle, forming the upper lip, the lower a long tubular spur or nectary, recurved about one-third from the apex, the mouth obliquely cut, terminating beneath in a point, the upper edge attached to the receptacle, the lateral petals much larger than the others, lobed, each accompanied at its base with a small entire oblong petal, all finely veined. Stamens five, on short curved filaments, thickened and somewhat hairy above. Anthers large, united together when ripe, the three lower ones with two perfect cells, the two upper with one cell only, the valves opening lengthwise. Pollen very 3]4 VIOLA. [CLASS V. ORDER I. abundant. Stigma five, sessile, united together into a cone-shape. Fruit a long pointed capsule, of five cells, with thin membranous divisions around the central placenta, having five valves, separating from the base to the apex, curling themselves suddenly when ripe by the least agitation, and throwing the seeds for some distance. Seeds numerous, ovate, suspended in the capsule, without albumen, having a straight embryo, with a superior radicle. Habitat. Moist shady woods ; rare. Fountain's Abbey, and other places in Yorkshire; Westmoreland ; Guildford, Surrey. Rev. J. Jenyns. Abundant in a wet glen at Casllemilk, near Glasgow. Mr. Hopkirk. Annual; flowering in July and August. The whole plant possesses a degree of acridity, from which circum- stance it is by no means a food palatable to most cattle. The structure of its flowers, and particularly its capsules, are worthy of minute examination ; for when they are quite ripe, the least motion of the plant, more especially when the sun is upon them, causes the elastic power which they possess to separate the valves at the base, and suddenly rolling or rather curling up throw the seeds some distance from them, a circumstance which is thus noticed by Darwin in his Botanical Garden, and this is the reason that it bears the common name of Touch-me-not, by which it its known. "With fierce distracted eye Impatiens stands, Swells her pale cheeks and brandishes her hands ; With rage and hate the astonished groves alarms, And hurls her infants from her frantic arms." GENUS XXXVIII. VIO'LA.-LiKN. Violet. Nat Ord. VIOLA'CE.*. DE CAND. GEN. CHAU. Calyx of five sepals, unequal and apendiculated at the base. Petals unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens with dilated filaments. The anthers united around the pistil, the two lower ones with processes at the base. Capsule of one cell, opening with three elastic valves. The derivation of this name is variously stated ; the most probable one appears to be from tov, as it is said to have been first noticed at Ionia. * Stemless, or nearly so. 1 . V. hir'ta, Linn. (Fig. 384.) hairy Violet. Leaves heart-shaped, downy above, beneath and the petioles hairy. Calyx sepals obtuse, lateral petals with a hairy central line. Capsule hairy, upon a prostrate peduncle without runneis. CLASS . ORDER I.] VIOLA. 3 15 English Botany, t. 894. English Flora, vol. i. p. 302. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 120. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 36. Root strong, round. Runners very short, or wanting, but not taking root. Leaves numerous, from the axis of a lanceolate, simple, or toothed stipule, on a long channeled hairy footstalk, oblong, heart- shaped, more or less deeply cut at the base, the margin crenated, downy above, beneath hairy, with a strong mid-rib and lateral branched veins. Flower stalk longer than the leaves, angular, simple, smooth, bearing below its middle a pair of lanceolate smooth bractea. Flower solitary, drooping. The calyx of rive obtuse smooth pieces. Corolla palish blue, with darker veins, of five irregular petals, scentless, the two upper ones narrowest, and mostly entire, as are the two lateral ones, each of which has a central line of short white hairs, the lower petal larger and notched. Anthers surrounding the style, but not united, each tipped with an orange-coloured thin membrane. Style short. Stigma an oblique point. Capsule roundish, hairy, of three cells, and numerous seeds'; its footstalk elongates after flowering, be- comes prostrate on the earth, and mostly buries the capsules beneath the soil. Habitat. Woods, pastures, and banks ; not uncommon in England, especially in a calcareous soil. Rare in Scotland, fand apparently only about Edinburgh. Sand fields in Ireland, on banks by the sea be- tween Clontarf and Kilbarrick Church, near Portmarnock, and else- where about Dublin, and woods at Blarney, near Cork. Perennial; flowering in April and May. It is probable this species is frequently overlooked as V. odorata, from which, upon examination, it will be found to differ, especially in the want of runners, in its hairiness, and its being spreading, the want of odour in the flowers, the situation of the bracteas, and the shape and hairs upon the capsules. 2. V. odor'ata, Linn. (Fig. 385.) sweet Violet. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, nearly smooth, as well as the petioles. Calyx sepals obtuse, lateral petals with an hairy line. Capsule smooth, on a prostrate peduncle. Runners long, creeping. English Botany, t. 619. English Flora, vol. i. p. 302. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 120. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 35. Root with long branched fibres, sending out numerous long runners, and putting out at intervals long fibrous roots, where leaves and flowers spring, and a new plant is established, the whole plant smooth, or scattered over with a few short hairs, which are deflexed. Leaves arising from the axis of simple lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate toothed stipules, on long channeled footstalks, broadly heart-shaped, with a mid-rib, and lateral veins nearly of the same size, the margin more or less deeply crenated. Flowers single, on a round or somewhat angular VOL. i. 2 x 3JG VIOLA, [CLASS V. OKDE1U. footstalk, Laving a pair of simple lanceolate or awl-shaped bractea about llie middle, segments of the calyx obtuse, slightly extended behind the insertion. Corotla. a fine blue, white at the base, and the lower and two lateral petals penciled with dark purple veins, some- times white, with purple veins, as well as the spur; of a rich fragrance, the lower petal largest, with a dark obtuse spur at the base, and notched at the apex, the lateral petals sometimes notched, and having at their base a few short white hairs, either in a line or a tuft, the two upper smallest, entire, ovate, oblong. Stamens nearly sessile, of two longtitudinal cells, bursting half way down from the apex, and ex- tending beyond them is a thin membranous lanceolate appendage, tipped with orange, and extending to the end of the style, the two lower ones having at their base a broad curved green appendage extending into the spur. Style as long as the stamens, recurved at the top and pointed, tipped with the stigma. Capsule ovate oblong, tri- angular, of three valves, smooth, bursting elasticly, and containing numerous pale seeds, its footstalk elongating after flowering, and lying prostrate on the ground when ripe. Habitat. Woods, banks, pastures, and shady lanes; frequent in England; rare in Scotland; banks near Slateford Aqueduct, and Colmton Woods, near Edinburgh ; not unfrequent in Ireland. Perennial ; flowering in March and April. The Violet is a well known garden plant, producing its rich dark purple fragrant flowers early in the Spring. " Ye Violets that first appear, By your pure purple mantles known, Like the proud virgins of the year, As if the Spring were all your own ; What are ye when the Rose is blown ?" Sir H. Wotton. Many beautiful varieties are produced as the white and light blue, and these by cultivation become very double, but we think the deep blue by far the most beautiful ; for, as Byron says, " The sweetness of the Violet's deep blue eyes, Kiss'd by the breath of heaven, seems colour'd by its skies." The petals have a somewhat laxative property and bitterish taste, and enter into the formation of a syrup, which, in combination with oil of almonds, is considered useful in relieving coughs in young children ; and the syrup is also used as a delicate test in chemical investigations, to detect the presence of alkalies or acids : by the former it is changed into green, and by the latter red. The petals of this, and sometimes of other species, arc occasionally found wanting, but the capsules and seeds are perfected. CLASS V. OUUER l.J VIOLA. 317 We never meet with the hcuuliful Violet without admiring the construction of its. flowers, and the admirable adaptation of its various parts to the fulfilment of the offices assigned to them by the wisdom of the Great Parent of all things. In taking the flower in the hand, we are first struck with the lateral petals having at (he base a number of while hairs, which reach over the mouth, and seem to protect it from the intrusion of insects that might disturb the process of the works below, we mean in the stamens and pistils. We next see that the lower petal has at its base an elongated spur-like sack, containing a quantity of fluid, and immersed in this are two curved elongated appen- dages, which are from the base of two of the stamens ; these will be found to terminate in a naked glandular substance, over which the cuticle does not extend, but is the prolongation of the inner substance, composed of a number of tubes, &c., and which appear to absorb the fluid secreted in the spur, and apply it to the increased demand of nutriment to the stamens, and probably also the ovules in the germen during the period of fecundation ; this supposition is strengthened from the fact, that after the discharge of the pollen no more fluid is secreted in the spur. If we next examine the stamens, we find that they sur- round the germeu and pistil, and that each is surmounted by a pointed membrane, which unfolds the upper part of the style, and forms a kind of tube. We find also that the stamen is formed of two long cells, which burst longitudinally at the top, and that each cell has at its apex a broadish bristle. Now this very admirable contrivance appears to be formed for the purpose of conveying the minute grains of the discharged pollen to the stigma, to prevent its dispersion around, and for the greater certainty of securing its application to the stigma, which is curved for its more easy accomplishment; for upon examina- tion of the pistil, we find it also of a very curious construction. As already stated it is thickened upwards, and curved at the ex- tremity, and at the apex there is a small round orifice, which opens into a short hollow space, which contains a fluid, keeping moist the surface of the stigma, which is thus surrounded with a kind of hood; the upper or swollen part of the stigma is filled with the peculiar cellular structure proper to the stigma, but is again hollow in the lower contracted part. From the peculiar formation of the covered stigma, it will be seen what use there is in the peculiar formation of the stamens for the directing of the pollen' to come in contact with the surface of the stigma ; and what at first appears a useless appendage, will be seen to be a very curious and.admirable structure, to accomplish an important purpose in the economy of the plant : but this is only one instance of the beautiful adaptation of one part to another, the same more or less unvaried contrivance for the accomplishment of the same purpose will be found in the whole of the species of this in- teresting genus. But were we to examine the different parts of any 318 VIOLA. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. plant, we should find the same display of wisdom and admirable design, even in the minutest of the varied vegetable forms. There is another curious circumstance connected with the plants of this genus, we mean the capsules, and the bursting open of their valves with a sudden elasticity. If a transverse section of the more or less angular capsule is made, it will be seen to consist of one cell with three valves, and that each valve has at the angle a stout column of cellular matter, thicker in the lower part than above, and its two sides of a thin mem- branous substance, which are united to those of the other valve by a very thin transparent membrane. The inner edge of the central column is the placenta, on which the seeds are attached by a very short slender cord, by \\hich they are nourished until they are matured, at which time, when there is no further demand for the continued flow of fluid in the cellular substance or other ports of the capsule, it gradually dries up; but as the cellular column contracts much more than the membranous sides of the valves by drying^ it is constantly exerting a power to pull back the valves, which is resisted so long as the thin membrane which unites the edges of the valves has power, which, however, at length gives way, and mostly by a sudden tear, by which motion the seeds now loosely attached are thrown to a considerable distance from the plant. This operation is generally performed during the day, while the sun is shining upon them and drying them, when their elastic power is greatest ; for when the humid dew falls upon them a portion of it is absorbed, and consequently the valves become relaxed. We have here endeavoured to describe the structure and use of the parts of a flower of remarkable formation, in the hope that the student of nature will be induced to examine it himself, and not rest satisfied with reading an imperfect account ; and he will then find how difficult it is to read with satisfaction the real book of nature, and as difficult to describe even that which we think we tnow. But let him not rest satisfied with the examination of this plant only, for he will find many others equally familiar to him as the sweet smelling Violet, that will fully compensate him for the trouble bestowed upon its investigation. 3. V. palus'tfis, Limn.. (Fig. 386.) Marsh Violet. Leaves heart or kidney-shaped, quite smooth; calyx segments obtuse; spur very short; lateral petals nearly smooth ; capsule smooth, without runners. English Botany, t. 444. English Flora, vol. i. p. 303. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 35. Root small, branched, and fibrous, without or with very short runners. Leaves mostly few in number, quite smooth, on longish footstalks, from the bosom of small thin membranous stipules, the footstalk is channeled, and frequently slightly winged near the top, the leaf kidney-shaped, with a heart-shaped base, the margin crenated more or less deeply, paler on the under sidc_ and veiny, the veins all CLASS V. ORDER I.] VIOLA. 319 arising from the base, and scarcely branched, sometimes the leaves are longer than broad, with an acute point, which is the variety /3. uliginosa of Fries. Flowers on somewhat angular footstalks, with a pair of lanceolate bractea embracing the stem mostly more than half way up, generally toothed, or with glandular hairs. Calyx of five obtuse seg- ments, slightly extending beyond the insertion. Corolla with a short obtuse spur at the base, inodorous, of a pale blue colour, with purple penciled lines, especially the lower one, and quite smooth, or slightly hairy at the base, but the lateral ones have not a distinct line of hairs, the upper petals rounded, the lower one with an acute point. Stamens nearly sessile, of two longtitudinal cells, opening towards the apex, and with a thin lanceolate membrane extended beyond them, having an orange-coloured point. Stigma obliquely truncated, not pointed and curved, as in the above species. Capsule smooth, bluntly angular. Seeds numerous. Habitat. Bogs and marshy places ; frequent in the North of England and Scotland, less common in the South ; and in Ireland not unfrequent. Perennial ; flowering from April to July. ** Furnished with a Stem. 4. V. Cani'na, Linn. (Fig. 387.) Dog's Violet. Stem procumbent, at length ascending, channeled, smooth, or slightly hairy ; leaves oblong, heart-shaped, acute; calyx segments lanceolate, accumulate; stipules lanceolate, with long ciliated teeth at the base; bractea awl- shaped, entire. English Botany, t. 620. English Flora, vol. i. p. 304. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 35. 0. minor, (Fig. 388 ) V. Jlavicornis, Smith. English Flora, vol. i. p. 305. Forester in English Bot. Supplement, t. 2736. y. lactea. Stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; stipules toothed. V. lactea, Smith. English Botany, t. 445. English Flora, vol. i. p. 306. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 35. V. lancifolia, Thore. and De Candolle makes it a variety of V. montana of Linn. It appears to be the V. lactea of Reichenb. V. persicifolia, Hartm. V. stagnina, Kilaibel in Schult. Root somewhat woody, with long branched fibres. Stems mostly numerous from the same root, and spreading around it, the first flowers mostly blow without any stem, but then shortly appear, and are pros- trate at the base, and gradually curving round, until erect at the extremities, smooth, or scattered with hairs, angular, extending from two to six or eight inches long, branched in the lower part, leafy. Leaves alternate, quite smooth, or scattered over with hairs, the margins crenated, the under side paler than the upper, and somewhat glaucous, with a mid-rib jmd branched slender veins, the lower or radical leaves kidney-shaped, or broadly heart-shaped, becoming 320 VIOLA. [CLASS V. OKDEll 1. oblong, with a broadish point and scarcely heart-shaped base, each on a long channeled footstalk, arising from between a pair of lanceolate stipules, each having a mid-rib, and the margins with long hair-like teeth. JFlotvers solitary, axillary, on long angular stalks. Bractea awl-shapeJ, entire above the middle of the stalk. Calyx of five lineal- lanceolate acutely pointed segments, scarcely extended at the base beyond the insertion, each with a mid-rib and two more or less distinct lateral ones. Corolla mostly large, of a pale blue, white at the base, and with dark purple simple and branched lines, spur obtuse, and mostly of a greenish white, the upper petals mostly entire, with a few hairs at the base, either in a tuft or in lines, the lower one smooth, and generally notched. Anthers nearly sessile, surrounding the pistil, the two lower with curved appendages at their base behind, which extend into the spur, and are scattered over with glands, the cells long, linear, having a thin membranous lanceolate appendage, coloured with orange^ extending beyond them, which seems for the purpose of forming a channel to direct the discharged pollen to the stigma at their extremity. Style curved at the base, thickening upwards. Stigma recurved of two plates, surrounded at the base with a few short white hairs. Capsule oblong, of three obtuse angular valves. Seeds numerous, ovate, of a white shining satin appearance, attached by their extremity to the inner angle of the valves, and thrown some distance from the plant when ripe, by the sudden separation of the valves. Habitat. Woods, banks, thickets, and dry places; frequent. Perennial; flowering from April to August. The Dog's Violet is readily distinguished from the sweet one, by the absence of that fragrance which renders the other so great a favourite, and by this having also stems, which are wanting in F. odorata. These are the two most obvious characters, and at once distinguish them from each other; but there are numerous states of this plant which appear to depend on their situation of growth, that differ in several respects from each other, as being larger or smaller plants, smooth, or hairy ; and the flowers also differ greatly in their size and the intensity of their colour. The most marked of these varieties is the F. flavicornis, which has a small yellowish spur; in other respects, except its smaller size and more rigid habit, it is the same as above described. 5. F. tricolor, Linn. (Fig. 389.) Pansey Violet, or HearCs Ease. Stem ascending, angular, branched; leaves deeply crenated, the lower ovate, heart-shaped, the upper oblong; stipules lyrate, pinnatifid; calyx segments shorter than the corolla. English Botany, t. 1287. English Flora, vol. i. p. 306. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 30. a. rulgaris. Corolla longer than the ca>yx of a violet, blue, purple, CLASS V. ORDER I.] VIOLA. 321 yellow, or white, colour cither simple or mixed, the upper petals mostly coloured. /3. arrensis, (Fig. 390.) Corolla shorter than the calyx, yellow, or white, the upper petals seldom coloured. V. arvensis, Sibth. Forst. in. English Botany Suppt. t. 2712. y . saxatilis, (Fig. 391.) Corolla yellow, longer than the calyx, the plant small. V. saxatilis, Schm. V. Curtisii, Forst. in English Botany, Suppt. t. 2693. An extremely variable plant, both as to the size and colour of the flowers. Root small, and fibrous. Stem erect, "or ascending from two to twelve or more inches high, smooth or hairy, especially in the lower part, branched and leafy, straight or zig-zag, angular, and frequently furrowed. Leaves on long flat footstalks, smooth, or hairy, the margins deeply crenated, the lower ones ovate, with a heart-shaped base, the upper ovate, or oblong lanceolate, and somewhat decurrent at the base. Stipules large, in pairs at the base of each footstalk, lyrato pinnatifid, the segments narrow, tongue-shaped, hairy and ciliated, generally most numerous on the outer side, the terminal segment large, ovate, entire, or crenated. Flowers solitary, on long axillary angular stalks, bearing a pair of small lanceolate bractea, which are simple, or with one or two slender teeth at the base. Calyx of five linear lanceolate acute segments extended at the base from the insertion, in an oblong, rounded, or notched, sometimes waved or lanceolate prolongation, smooth, hairy or ciliated on the margin, and more or less distinctly three ribbed. Corolla longer or shorter than the calyx, and of vari- ous colours, the four upper ones entire, the lower one broadest, heart- shaped, and marked from the base with simple or slightly branched purple lines, the lateral ones having at their base a tuft of obtuse inflated hairs. Stamens somewhat united in their upper part around the style, of two valves, the margins mostly hairy. Stigma surrounded by an inflated hood, opening on one side near the apex with a circular apperture, surrounded with a few short white hairs. Style curved at the base, and marked on the under side from the top with a dark line. Capsule obtusely triangular, of three valves, opening elasticly. Seeds numerous, ovate, attached by one end to the placenta. Habitat. Banks and cultivated fields; frequent. . corn fields, common, y. South of England and Ireland. Annual ; flowering during the Summer months. This is an extremely variable plant as to its size, hairiness, and the colour of its flowers. It is said to be annual, biennial, or perennial, according to the circumstances of its growth and cultivation ; for it is from this species that the many very beautiful and various coloured sorts are obtained by cultivation that adorn our garden borders : and the successful triumphs of the cultivator, in the production of large 322 VIOLA. [CLASS r. ORDEII i. and splendid various coloured sorts are seen at almost ever}- floricul- tural exhibition in the country. As a low border flower, perhaps few surpass it either in the beauty or variety of its colours, and it continues putting out its blooms during the whole of the Summer months. And may we not in the contemplation of these floral gems, with the poet Smart, exclaim " Immense Creator ! whose all powerful hand Framed universal being, and whose eye Saw, like thyself, that all things form'd were good ; Where shall th% timorous bard thy praise begin, Where end the purest sacrifice of song And just thanksgiving? O thrice illustrious ! were it not for thee, Those pansies that, reclining from the bank, View through the immaculate pellucid stream Their portraiture in the inverted heaven, Might as well change their triple boast, the white, The purple and the gold, that far outvie The Eastern monarch's garb, e'en with the dock, E'en with the baneful hemlock's irksome green." It has been recommended either in the form of an extract, or boiled in milk, for the cure of epilepsy, asthma, and in various cutaneous diseases ; and stated by some authors to have been used with success when all other remedies have failed, especially in that kind of diseased skin called crusta lactea, but in the hands of modern practitioners it has failed : formerly too, its decoction was thought to possess the pro- perty of removing from the eye specks and scars, caused by ulcerations, and also to be an excellent remedy for coughs, and a good diuretic. How it obtained the name of Heart's-ease I know not. Herrick says " Frolic virgins once there were, Over loving living here ; Being here their ends deny'd, Ran for sweethearts mad and died. Love in pi tie for their teares, And their loss in blooming years, For their restlesse here spent houres, Gave them Heart's-ease turned to floures.'' These are not, however, the only virtues that they are said to possess ; for the poets say " Are not Pansies emblems meet for thought ? The pure, the chequer'd gay and deep by turns ; A line for every mood the bright things wear In their soft velvet coats." 6. V. lu'tea, Huds. (Fig. 392.) yellow Mountain Violet, or yellow Pansy. Stem ascending, much branched at the base ; leaves crenated, 397 Viola caxrina. 388 Viola canina, var. minor. Viola tricolor. 390 Viola tricolor, var. arvenais 391 Viola tricolor, var. saxatilia 392 Viola lutea CLASS V. ORDER I.] VIOLA. 323 the lower ovate, the upper oblong; stipules lyrate, pinnatified, much divided. English Botany, t. 721. English Flora, vol. i. p. 307. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 122. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 36. V. grandiflora, Hudson, not Linn. a., grandiflora. Flowers large, the plant small. V. grandiflora, Vill. Cat. @. sudetica. Flowers large, petals often deeply crenated. V. sudetica, Willd. y. majus. Leaves broadly ovate, subcoriaceous, flowers deep yellow. Root small, fibrous. Stem from three to six inches high, much branched and curved at the base, sometimes simple, weak and slender, angular, hairy or smooth. Leaves numerous, alternate, on flat foot- stalks, slightly crenated, and more or less hairy, with a mid-rib and slender lateral veins, the lower ones ovate, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper ovate oblong. Stipules large, lyrate, with nu- merous narrow linear segments, the terminal one* lanceolate, ovate, simple, or crenated. Flowers large, solitary, on a long slender angular footstalk, quite smooth, and near the top is a pair of lanceolate, simple, or more generally toothed at the base bracteas, sometimes they are oblong, obtuse. Calyx of fire lanceolate mostly acute segments, having at its base from the point of insertion an obtuse simple or notched pro- longation, smooth, or sometimes slightly hairy, and the margins are often membranous, and each segment has three longitudinal ribs. Corolla large or small, but always longer than the calyx, and is of variable colours, sometimes entire, deep purple or yellow, or these colours more or less blended together, or the two upper petals are purple, and the others yellow, or the four upper ones purple, and the lower yellow, the lower one and almost always the two lateral ones marked with dark simple or slightly branched lines, spur obtuse, scarcely extending beyond the calyx, the lateral petals with a tuft of hairs at their base. Stamens and pistil similar to the last, as well as the capsule and seeds. Habitat. Frequent in mountain pastures in the North of England, Wales, ana Scotland ; and mountains near Castletown, County of Cork, Ireland. Perennial; flowering during the Summer months. The variety y. majus, Sir W. J. Hooker observes, is a very singular one, discovered by Mr. Murry, in Arran, and cultivated for many years in the Glasgow Botanical Garden. It forms a large dense tuft, and with its very numerous broad dark green leaves and bright yellow flowers, makes a handsome appearance. VOL. i. 2 u 324 RISES. ["-ASS V. ORDER I. GENUS XXXIX. Rl'BES. LINN. Currant and Gooseberry. Nat. Ord. GROSSDLARI'EJE. DE CAND. GEN. CHAR. Calyx of four or five segments, regular, and bearing the petals and stamens. Style from two to four-cleft. Fruit a single celled, man)' seeded berry. Name: " Ribes was a word applied by the Arabic physicians to a species of Rhubarb, Rheum Ribes. Our older Botanists believed that it was our Gooseberry; and hence Bauhin called that plant Ribes acidum." Hooker. * Without Thorns. Flowers racemose. Currants. 1. R. rubrunif Linn. (Fig. 393 ) common red Currant. Racemes smooth, pendulous bolh in flower and fruit; calyx cup-shaped, almost flat ; petals small, spatulate, or notched. English Bolany^t. 1289. English Flora, vol. i. p. 331. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 122, Lindley, Synopsis, p. 106. A bushy erect shrub, with a smooth cuticle that cracks and curls up as the plant increases. Leaves alternate, on longish smooth or fringed footstalks, five lobed, and doubly serrated, paler beneath, and with pro- minent ribs and veins, smooth, or slightly hairy, especially beneath. Inflorescence racemes of numerous flowers, pendent from the axis of the leaves. Flowers small, pale green, each on a short partial foot- stalk, arising from the axis of a small ovate bractea, which soon falls away, and frequently beneath the flower there are one or two small ones. Calyx somewhat cup-shaped, but almost flat, the limb of five acute segments. Petals small, alternating with the segments of the calyx, and fixed into its tube, spatulate, obtuse, or slightly notched. Stamens on short filaments, opposite the segments of the calyx. Anthers of two separate lobes, two celled, bursting longtitudinally. Style short. Stigmas two, spreading. Berry globular, smooth, red, and shining, crowned by the withered persistent flower, of one cell. Seeds numerous, attached by one end to the parietal placenta by a slender cord, and suspended amongst the pulp ; the external integu- ment of the seed is gelatinous, the internal membranous. .Em- bryo minute. Habitat. Alpine woods in the North of England and Scotland ; and not unfrequent in hedges in various parts of the country, and Ireland, but not wild in such situations. Shrub ; flowering in May. The red currant is a well known cultivated garden shrub, producing red, pink, and white berries, the two latter being only varieties of the former, and are esteemed more as a dessert fruit than as applied to so many domestic purposes as the red currants, which contain more abun- CLASS V. ORDER I. KIBES. 325 dantly the grateful acidity than the others. They are boiled with nearly an equal weight of sugar, and make an excellent preserve use- ful for a variety of culinary purposes ; and the juice, boiled with ail equal weight of lump sugar into a jelly, is esteemed as a delicious addition to the sauce of roast hare, venison, and a long kept leg of mutton, and also for various kinds of confectionery. The agreeable- ness of the red currant depends upon its peculiar aioma in combination with malic acid and saccharine matter, and it imparts these qualities to wine made from its fermented juice, with the addition of a quantity of water and sugar ; a wine which is superior, in the opinion of many persons, to several grape wines, which are procured at great ex- pense, a circumstance that tends in no inconsiderable number of cases to the increase of their estimation. When the fruit is fresh it is cooling, and mostly very agreeable to the palate of those suffering from fever, and a small quantity of its jelly added to boiling water, and allowed to cool, is a useful drink agreeable for a time to many persons in a feverish state; and is said to lessen an increased secretion of bile, and act as a laxative upon the bowels, but in some cases it occasions considerable flatulency and uneasiness. The currant, like the gooseberry, is a plant flourishing only in a cool climate, and seems there to supply the place of the grape in warmer countries, requiring a longer time for the perfection of its fruit than seems allowed it when planted in a warmer climate. We have repeatedly seen the attempt made to grow them in the South of Italy and Portugal ; but the plants become tall and straggling, quite losing the compact character of the bush in its native country, and the fruit is small, bitterish, and far from being pleasant, and very little is produced : so that the Englishman far from his native land, who still retains in memory the delights of this fruit, and the grateful taste of his mother's preserve, must procure them in perfection from his parent land. " On foreign mountains may the sun refine The grape's soft juice, and mellow it to wine, With citron groves adorn a distant soil, And the fat olive swell with floods of oil : We envy not the warmer clime, that lies In ten degrees of more indulgent skies, Nor at the coarseness of our heaven repine Though o'er our heads the frozen Pleiads shine." Addiion. 2. R. petra'um, Waif. (Fig. 394.) Rock Currant. Racemes with glandular hairs, erect in flower, pendulous in fruit ; calyx smooth, cup- shaped; its segments beneath bluntish, flat; petals small, spatulate; leaves pale and dull. English Botany, t. 705. English Flora, vol. i. p. 332. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 122. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 106. 326 KIBES. [CLASS V. ORDER I, A low much branched shrub, with a smooth cuticle cracking and curling up, as in the last species. Leaves alternate, on channeled hairy footstalks, three or five lobed, smooth, or somewhat scattered over with hairs, a pale glaucous green beneath, with three or live mid-ribs and numerous small lateral veins, the margins doubly serrated. Inflorescence erect axillary racemes, which are recurved and pendant when in fruit, the stalks more or less scattered over with short glandular hairs, partial stalks short, arising from a small ovate membranous edged bractea, which soon falls away, and frequently there are one or two small scales beneath the flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, with five spreading flat obtuse or acute segments, smooth, or sometimes with a slightly ciliated margin, green, or with a pinkish tinge. Corolla of five small spatulate segments fixed into the tube of the calyx between the segments. Stamens five, alternating with the petals on short filaments. The anthers of two oblong cells, bursting longitudinally. Style short. Stigma of two spreading lobes. Berry umall, smooth, with several obscure ribs, globose, bright red, acid, crowned by the persistent withered flower. Seeds numerous, similar to the above species. Habitat. Woods in the North of England and Scotland ; rare. Eggelston, and near Conscliffe, Durham ; Scots Wood Dean, North- umberland ; near Airy Castle, and by the Spey side, at Aviemore, Scotland. Shrub; flowering in May and June. 3. R. spica'tum, Robson. (Fig. 395.) acid Mountain Currant. " Spikes upright in flower and in fruit; flowers nearly sessile; petals oblong ; bracteas shorter than the flowers." English Botany, t. 1290. English Flora, vol. i. p. 332. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 122. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 106. " This has the habit of the two foregoing species, but differs from both in the extreme shortness of the partial flower stalks, rendering the inflorescence a spike rather than a cluster, which, moreover, is erect both in flower and fruit. If these characters be not constant, the present species probably belongs to R. pelraum, which seems scarcely credible." Habitat. Woods near Richmond, Yorkshire ; and formerly near Gainsford, Durham. Mr. G. Robson. Shrub; flowering in May. This plant we are not acquainted with, except from the works above quoted ; the description and remarks are from Smith. 4. 12. alpi'num, Linn. (Fig. 396.) tasteless Mountain Currant. Racemes with glandular hairs, erect both in flower and fruit ; flowers plain, smooth, shorter than the lanceolate bractea ; leaves beneath pale and shining. 393 Ribes rubrum. Ribes petrseum. 39? Ribee spicatum. Ribes alpinum. 397 Ribes nigrutn CLASS V. ORDJER I.] KIBES. 327 English Botany, t. 704. English Flora, vol. i. p. 333. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 121. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 106. A small branched shrub, from two to three feet high, with a pale smooth shining loose cuticle cracking and curling up, much branched and leafy. Leaves alternate, scattered over with hairs, on' channeled hairy footstalks, of three or five lobes, green above, pale and shining beneath, with three or five ribs and a few slender lateral veins, the margins ciliated, coarsely and doubly serrated. Inflorescence axillary. Racemes erect both in flower and in fruit, more or less profusely scattered over with short hairs, terminating in a rather large round dark gland, some of the racemes large, with numerous flowers bearing stamens only in a perfect state, others with a few flowers that are perfect, partial footstalks, short from the axis, of a lanceolate mem- branous bractea, longer than the flower, having a mid-rib, and the margin fringed with glandular hairs. Calyx plain, of five broad obtuse or acute segments, three ribbed petals very short, obtuse, fixed into the tube of the calyx between the segments of the calyx. Stamens with short filaments, and two oblong anthers. Style short, with an obtuse notched stigma. Berry small, red, globose, smooth, crowned by the withered flower, having an insipid taste. Habitat, Woods and fissures of shady rocks; in the North of England and Scotland ; about Bradford and Ripon, Yorkshire ; Bux- tou, Derbyshire; Cadzow Castle, near Hamilton, and Bothwell Castle, Scotland. Shrub ; flowering in May. This is readily distinguished by its shining leaves and long lanceolate bracteas. Upon the cuticle of this, as may also be observed upon other species of Ribes, are minute black spots, which, upon examina- tion with a strong lens, will be found to be a kind of Fungus, the Dothidea ribesia, Pers. 5. R. ni'grum, Linn. (Fig. 397.) black Currant. Racemes downy, pendulous, of few flowers, with a separate one at the base ; flowers bell-shaped ; calyx scattered over with glands; the segments obtuse, recurved; leaves dotted with glands on the under side. English Botany, t. 1291. English Flora, vol. i. p. 333. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 123. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 107. A shrub about three feet high, more spreading, and less branched than H. rubrum. Leaves alternate, large, on channeled footstalks, three or five lobed, coarsely and sometimes doubly serrated, smooth above, paler beneath, and scattered over with glandular dots, which exhale a peculiar odour, the ribs and veins strong and prominent be- neath. Inflorescence a pendulous raceme, of few green flowers, having an odd one at the base, the stalk downy, the partial footstalks long, from the axis of a small lanceolate bractea. Calyx bell-shaped, the 328 RIBES. [CLASS V. ORDER 1. segments oblong, recurved, scattered over with glandular hairs. Petals oblong, acute, fixed into the tube, and alternating with the segments of the calyx. Stamens on slender filaments, bearing roundish oblong anthers. Style short. Stigma obtuse, notched. Berry large, black, globose, crowned by the withered flower, of a pleasant sub-acid taste, with somewhat of the flavour of the leaves. Habitat. Damp woods, and the banks of rivers in various parts of the country ; not unfrequent. Shrub ; flowering in May. The fruit of the black currant is esteemed by many persons much more than the red ; but to others its peculiar fragrance is very ob- jectionable. Made into jelly or jam, with sugar, the fruit is highly approved of as a remedy for the relief of sore throats and ulcerated mouths, either taken alone, made into- lozenges, or boiling water poured upon it, and drinking the infusion. This, as well as an infusion made of the leaves, is said to act powerfully as a diuretic ; and a good draught of it taken hot before getting into bed promotes perspiration; and the wine made from the fermented juice of the berries is thought to have the same medicinal properties. In Siberia the leaves are dried and mixed with souchong, to give it the flavour of green tea; and infused in spirits they give it a colour resembling common brandy. The young wood seems also to possess the same properties as the leaves. * With Thorns. Flowers pedunculated one to three. Gooseberries. 1. R. Grossula'ria, Linn. (Fig 398.) common Gooseberry. Peduncles from one to three flowered, hairy, each flower-stalk bearing one, two, or three bracteas ; fruit more or less hairy; calyx campanulate ; its segments reflexed. English Botany, t. 1292. English Flora, vol. i. p. 334. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 123. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 107. /3 pubescens. Ovarium hairy, becoming smooth as the fruit ad- vances to maturity. R. Uva crispa, Linn. English Botany, t. 2057. on inundatum, Linn. English Botany, t. 227. Sium inundatum, Roth. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 58. Hydrocotyle inundatum, Smith. Flora. Brit. p. 290. Root of long slender branched fibres from the axis of the lower branches. Stem slender, round, smooth, succulent, somewhat striated, varying considerably in length, from a few inches to two feet, branched and leafy. Leaves alternale,on somewhat channeled footstalks, dilated and sheathing at the base, where it is striated, and with a thin pale membranous margin; the lower leaves, when submerged in water, are repeatedly divided into long slender hair-like segments, becoming in the upper part of the stem broader, at length in four or five pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets, deeply cleft into narrow lanceolate segments, the upper leaves with ovate leaflets, toothed and lobed, the terminal one three-cleft. Umbels on short stalks, opposite the leaves; the general of two rays . the partial of about six short ones. Flowers small, white. General involucre wanting, partial of four or five un- equal lanceolate segments. Calyx limb an obtuse margin. Petals ovate, with a somewhat incurved point. Stamens on short f. lamen ts, with small round anthers. Style short, curved. Stigma obtuse. Fruit oblong. Carpels with five prominent obtuse pale ridges. Channels with slender simple vittce. Albumen nearly round, on a transverse section, but slightly flattened in front. 362 SISON. [CLASS V. ORDER II. Habitat.Pools, lakes, ami inundated places that are dried up in the Summer ; not unfrequent. Perennial ; flowering from May to July. This plant is readily known from all other of our umbellate plants by its slender creeping stems, its variable leaves, and small umbels of few flowers. GENUS LTV. SI'SON. LINN. Bastard Stone Parsley. GEN. CHAR. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals roundish, deeply notched and curved with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with short single club- shaped vittee. Albumen convex at the back, plain in front. General and partial involucre of few segments. Name, according to Theis, originating in the Celtic sizun, a running brook ; some of the plants formerly placed in this genus delighting in such situations. 1. S. Amo'mum, Linn. (Fig. 426.) Hedge Bastard Stone Parsley. English Botany, t. 954. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 60. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 129. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 122. Root tapering, fleshy. Stem erect, from three to four feet high, with numerous alternate slender wiry branches, smooth, striated. Leaves pinnate, of a dark green, smooth, leaflets ovate, deeply cut and serrated, the terminal one mostly three lobed, the upper leaves cut into narrow unequally serrated segments, footstalks with a dilated membranous edge, the base half embracing the stem. Umbels mostly numerous ; general of about four unequal rays ; partial of numerous short un- equal ones. Involucre irregular; general of about four lanceolate segments ; partial of about four smaller ones. Flowers white, or straw colour. Calyx an obtuse margin. Petals roundish, or inversely heart-shaped, from being deeply notched at the extremity by the in- flexion of the small point. Stamens alternating with the petals. Filaments slender. Anthers yellow, small, roundish. Styles very short Stigma obtuse, small. Disk large, swollen fleshy. Fruit small, ovate. Carpel sides somewhat compressed, with obtuse ridges, three at the back, the two lateral ones forming the margin. Vittcc small, club-shaped. Albumen on a transverse section, very convex at the back, compressed, or slightly plain in front. Habitat. Chalky and limestone districts, in a moist soil in shady situations; not very frequent in England. Near Coldstream, Scot- land.- Miss E. Bell. Biennial ; flowering in August. CLAM r. ORDER II. J jKQOPODIUM. 363 The seeds, when bruised, have a pungent aromatic smell; but when young, they, like the rest of the plant, have a disagreeable odour, resembling, according to Smith, that of Bug. GENUS LV. jEGOPO'DIUM. LINX. Goutweed. GEN. CHAR. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obovate, notched and curved with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, laterally com- pressed. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels without vittte. Albumen roundish, con- rex, somewhat plain in front. General and partial involucre wanting. Name from aif, ouyo$, a goat ; and TTOU?, a foot, from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to a goat's foot. 1. JE. Podagra 'ria, Linn. (Fig. 427.) Goutweed, or Herb Gerarde. English Botany, t. 941. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 77. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 129. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 123. Root long, creeping, putting up stems at various distances. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, round, smooth, furrowed, branched above, and leafy. Leaves smooth, with a strong mid-rib and numerous lateral branched veins, pale and somewhat glaucous beneath, the radical ones on long footstalks, twice ternate, the leaflets ovate- lanceolate, with an acute point, the lateral ones mostly obliquely cut on the upper side, and the terminal one larger and broader, the upper ones mostly opposite, ternate, narrower, lanceolate, more unequally and acutely serrated than the lower ones, and the footstalks of the leaf broadly dilated and sheathing the stem. Umbels terminal, the general of numerous unequal angular rays, smooth, or sometimes downy, as are the more numerous short unequal rays of the partial umbels. Involucre both general and partial wanting. Flowers white. Calyx an obtuse margin. Petals obovate, slightly notched at the extremity from the inflexed point, which is slender, and about half as long as the petal. Stamens with slender filaments, and small round anthers. Styles long, slender. Stigmas somewhat globose, obtuse. Carpel* with five slender filiform ridges, three on the back, and two lateral ones forming the margins, the channels without vittee. Albumen on a transverse section, convex at the back, plain in front. Habitat. Gardens, under hedges, and wet places; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in May and June. Gout-weed by the ancients was-supposed to possess active properties that were of considerable use in the relief of gout, (hence its English name), used in the form of poultice ; but whatever arthritic virtues'it may have possessed, appear now to have degenerated, and it has fallen into disuse. VOL. i. 3s 3()4 CARUM. [CLASS V. ORDER II. GENUS LVI. CA'RTJM. LINN. Caraway. GEN. CHAR. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obovate, notched and curved with an inflexed point. Fruit oblong, laterally com" pressed. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with single vittee. Albumen roundish, convex, plain in front. General and partial involucre various. Name derived, according to Pliny, from that of the country Caria. 1. C. CaVui, Linn. (Fig. 428.) common Caraway. Leaves doubly pinnate; leaflets cut into linear segments, the lower ones decussate ; stem angular, branched ; general imolucre scarcely any ; partial none. English Botany, t. 1503. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 6. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 129. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 122. Root tapering. Stem from one to two feet tigh, erect, angular, smooth, furrowed, branched, and leafy. Leaves doubly pinnated, footstalk much dilated at- the base into a thin ribbed membranous sheath, enveloping the stem, the lower ones alternate, the upper ones have each opposite the insertion of the footstalk a small sessile leaf of numerous linear segments. Leaflets in pairs, cut into narrow linear, simple or cleft segments ; the lower leaflets cross each other (decussate) in their insertion, the upper ones opposite. Umbels numerous, terminal and lateral. General of numerous angular somewhat unequal rays, the partial dense, unequal. General involucre wanting, or of few narrow segments, the partial always wanting. Flowers white. Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals five, sometimes six, obovate, notched at the extremity with a slender obtuse inflexed point. Stamens on slender filaments, longer than the petals. Anthers small, roundish. Styles short. Stigmas small, globose. Fruit oblong, compressed on the sides. Carpels with five filiform ridges, three on the back, and two forming the margin. Channels smooth, each with a single simple vitta:. Albumen roundish at the back, somewhat flattened in front. Habitat. Meadows and pastures, in damp situations in various parts of England and Scotland. Biennial ; flowering in June. The Caraway is a naturalised plant, probably at first escaped from gardens ; now established in various parts of the country. Its seeds are well known as possessed of an agreeable aromatic quality, residing in the essential oil secreted in the vittse ; they are much used in domestic cookery, confectionery, and as a warm aromatic are admitted into our Pharmacopeias. 2. C. verticilla'tum, Koch. (Fig. 429.) whorled Caraway. Leaflets in short capillary whorled segments. CLASS V. ORDER II.] BUNIDM. 365 Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 129. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 122. Sison verticillatum, Linn. English Botany, t. 295. Sium verticilla- tum. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 59. Root tapering. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, slender, round, smooth, finely striated, slightly branched, and almost naked. Leaves almost all from the base of the stem, footstalk long, round, finely striated, tapering, dilated and sheathing at the base. Leaflets opposite, divided nearly to the base into numerous narrow hair-like segments, which spread, and have the appearance of being whorled. Umbels terminal, general of numerous long slender unequal rays, partial of numerous short unequal ones. General involucre of about six narrow lanceolate segments, partial of about eight, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers while, numerous, crowded. Calyx an obtuse narrow margin. Petals five or six, obovate, slightly notched at the extremity with an inflexed obtuse point. Stamens h've, as long as the petals. Anthers small, roundish. Styles as long as the stamens. Stigmas small, globose. Fruit oblong, with compressed sides. Carpels with five filiform obtuse ridges, three on the back, and two lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with single simple vitUs. Albumen round at the back, fiattish in front. Habitat. Unknown to England ; in the flat part of Wales ; in Ireland, in a marsh near Lane Bridge, Killarney, and other places in Kerry, marshes in the district called Cranmore, near Belfast. Mr. Templeton. Salt marshes below Coleraine, county of Derry. Mr. D. Moore. Very abundant in moist pastures in the West of Scotland, especially near, the sea. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. GENUS LVII. BUNI'UM. KOCH. Earth-nut. GEN. CHAR. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obovate, slightly notched with an inflexed point. .Frut* linear, oblong, laterally compressed, crowned by the conical disk and straight styles. Carpels with five equal obtuse filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with many mttae. Albumen convex at the back, flat in front. General involucre none ; partial of a few segments. Named from^/Souvoj, a hill, the situation in which the plants delight to grow. 1. B.flex^uosum, With. (Fig. 330). common Earth-nut. English Botany, t. 988. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 54. Conopodium denudatum, Koch. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 121. Bunium denudatum, De Cand. B. Bulbocastanum, Pludson. PIMPINELLA. Root a solitary tuber, about the size of a nut. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, round, smooth, finely striated, slender, branched above, and bearing but few leaves, that part of the stem beneath the ground is very slender, tough, and wiry, waved. Leaves very few, pinnated, leaflets much divided into linear segments, quite smooth, dark green, the radical ones on long slender waved striated footstalks, the upper ones with very short dilated sheathing footstalks, and the leaflets with longer narrower segments. Umbels three or four, terminal, the general of numerous long slender angular, nearly equal rays, the partial of very numerous short crowded rays, mostly unequal in flower. General involucre wanting, or sometimes there are one or two narrow segments, partial either wanting or of a few narrow lanceolate segments. Flowers numerous, white. Calyx an obtuse slightly notched margin. Petals obovate, notched at the extremity with an obtuse inflexed point, about half as long as the petal. Stamens on slender filaments, longer than the petals. Anthers small, round. Styles short, straight, or spreading, with a conical disk, and small obtuse stigma. Fruit long, narrow, smooth, and shining, somewhat tapering above, and crowned by the conical disks, the sides slightly compressed. Carpels each with five slender ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with numerous slender simple villa. Albumen rounded at the back, somewhat flattened in front. Habitat. Woods and pastures; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in May and June. The sweet and esculent tuberous roots of the Earth-nut, containing a considerable portion of farinaceous matter, are very nutritive, and are much sought after by pigs ; and it is an amusement for children to trace them to their deep situation in the ground by the slender stem which guides them to it, and in times when there is a scarcity of provisions they have been sought after a human food ; when dried, they are readily powdered into flour, which has much the taste and appearance of arrow root, for which it might be substituted. GENUS LVIII. PIMPIN'ELLA LINN. Bur net Saxifrage. GEN. CHAR. Calyx margin obsolete. Petals obovate, notched, with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed, crowned by the convex disk and long slender style. Carpels with five filiform ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with many villa. Albumen roundish at the back, plain in front. .Involucre wanting. Flowers white. Name altered, according to Linnaeus, from Biprnnvla, twice pinnated. 429 Carum verticillatum. Bunium flexmosum. 431 433 Cicuta virosa. 434 oiuru latii'oiium. LAS T. ORDER II. J PIUPINKLLA. 367 1. P. Saxi'fraija, Linn. (Fig. 431.1 common Burnet Saxifrage. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets of the radical ones roundish ovate, lobed, toothed or serrated, those of the upper ones in liuear segments ; stem round, slender, striated, nearly naked ahove ; fruit ovate smooth. English Botany, t. 407. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 89. Hooker, British Flora, vol. ii. p. 130. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 121. (3. dissectifolia. Leaflets of all the leaves cut into linear segments. P. Saxifrage, disseclifolia. Wallr. P. hircina. Leers. Root tapering, somewhat woody, having a pungent aromatic smell. Stem erect, from a few inches to two feet high, ronnd, slender, finely striated, smooth or clothed like the rest of the plant, with a close soft down, simple or branched, leafy below, almost naked above. Leave* almost all radical, on long slender channeled footstalks, dilated at the base into a broad short membranous sheath. Leaflets opposite, sessile, or on short footstalks, roundish oblong, or ovate, the terminal one mostly three-cleft, the margins more or less deeply cut and coarsely toothed or crenated, the upper leaves or the whole of them as in the variety-/S. dissectifolia. They are twice pinnate, and the leaflets cut into narrow linear simple or cleft decurrent segments, green abovei paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, with a prominent mid-rib and branched lateral veins, and the under side is mostly thicker clothed with a softer down than the upper. Umbels terminal and lateral, the general of numerous slender angular somewhat unequal rays, partial of numerous short unequal ones. General and partial involucre wanting. Flowers white, nearly regular. Calyx a scarcely distin- guishable obtuse somewhat waved margin. Petals obovate, slightly notched, with an obtuse inflexed point, about half as long as the petal. Stamens with long slender filaments and small round anthers. Styles long, slender, somewhat recurved. Stigma small, round, obtuse. Disk large^convex, fleshy crowning the fruit, which is ovate, the sides compressed. Carpels with five ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins, two lateral towards the back, and one forming a ridge on the back. Channels with numerous slender simple vittce. Albumen roundish gibbous at the back, plain in front. Habitat. Dry places and pastures; frequent. Perennial; flowering in July and August. The varieties of this species are very puzzling to the young student, from the varied forms which the leaves assume. It is not unfrequent that on one plant the leaves are both with ovate leaflets more or less cut and toothed, and with leaves having the leaflets much divided into linear segments, and it is not unfrequent to find the variety /9. dissecti- folia with all the leaves cut in the same manner. The student will also frequently meet with the plant of different sizes, and with the leaflets more or less deeply cut, and also variously clothed with pubescence, owing to the greater or less humidity of the situation of 368 PIMPINELLA. ICLASS v. ORDER n. its growth. These are made by some of the Continental Botanists separate varieties ; but as they are probably only varied owing to the local circumstances of their growth, we do not think it necessary. Burnet Saxifrage was formerly placed in the Materia Medica of the Edinburgh Pharmacopeia. The roots, which have a hot, pungent, bitterish taste, were recommended as a stomachic, and a decoction was thought useful as a stimulating gargle in affections of the throat, and to remove freckles from the face ; the root masticated for a lime, is said to relieve the tooth-ache from its stimulating the salivary secretions. 2. P. mag^na, Linn. (Fig. 432.) greater Burnet Saxifrage. Leaves pinnated ; leaflets ovate, serrated, somewhat cut ; stem angular, fur- rowed, leafy ; fruit oblong, ovate, smooth. English Botany, t. 408. English Flora, vol. ii. p 90. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 130. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 121. Root tapering, stout, somewhat woody. Stem erect, stout, angular, and deeply furrowed, from one and a half to three feet high, smooth and much branched above, leafy. Leaves a lively green, smooth above, beneath somewhat shining, strongly ribbed, and clothed more or less thickly with a short close soft pubescence, the lower leaves on long slender furrowed and channeled footstalks. Leaflets about funr pairs, and a terminal one, the lower ones on short footstalks, the upper sessile, ovate oblong, somewhat irregularly coarsely serrated, and the lower ones variously cut andlobed, the terminal leaflet mostly three-cleft and cut irregularly ; the upper leaves of the stem with short dilated sheath- ing footstalks, and narrow lanceolate coarsely serrated leaves. Umbels numerous, terminal and lateral, the general of numerous slender angular unequal rays, partial crowded with short very slender unequal angular ones. General and partial involucre wanting. Flowers crowded, small, white, nearly regular, sometimes rose colour. Calyx a very narrow scarcely distinguishable margin. Petals five, small, obovate, notched with an obtuse incurved point, about half as long as the petal. Stamen with long slender filaments and roundish anthers. Styles long, slender, with small globose stigmas, the disk large, flesh convex, crowning the oblong ovate fruit, which is smooth. Carpels with five slender ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins, the sides com- pressed. Channels with three or more simple slender wtt to rejoice ; and ifuXXov, a leaf; said to be so called from the abundance of tlie leaves. 1. C. temulen' turn, Linn. (Fig. 468.) Jtough Chervil. Stem rough, swollen below the joints, spotted; leaves bi-pinnate; leaflets ovate oblong, lobed ; partial involucre with reflexed ovate-lanceolate ciliated segments. English Botany, t. 1521. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 138. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 125. Myrrhis temula, Spreng. English Flora, vol. ii. p 51. Root tapering, with branched fibres. Stem erect, branched, from two to three feet high, round, rough, with hairs pointed downwards, swollen beneath each joint, solid, a dark green, with purple spots, and the lower part mostly altogether purple, striated, and leafy. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on long channeled footstalks, with a dilated sheathing base, clothed with rough hairs, twice pinnate, with lobed pinnated leaflets, serrated, or crenated on the margin, rough, with hairs, somewhat paler and veiny beneath. Umbels lateral and ter- minal, numerous, the general of numerous long slender unequal rays, more or less hairy, the partial smooth, or nearly so, numerous, unequal. General involucre either wanting, or of from one to five short lanceo- late erect hairy segments, the partial of numerous lanceolate ovate nearly smooth reflexed ones, with membranous ciliated margins, and a mid-rib. Flowers white or yellowish, nearly regular, those in the centre of the umbels mostly barren, the outer ones somewhat rayed. Calyx a very narrow margin. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with a small inflexed point, and mid-rib. Stamens with rather long slender filaments, and small round anthers. Styles short, recurved, with small obtuse stigmas, and a small concave disk. Fruit linear, oblong, with the sides compressed, smooth. Carpels round at the back, flat in front, with five equal very obtuse ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels each with a single slender villa. Albumen round at the back, deeply channeled in front. Habitat. Road sides, hedges, and shady places ; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. 2. C. aure'um, Linn. (Fig. 469.) Tawny-seeded Chervil. Stem swollen, and hairy beneath the joints; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets pinnated, lanceolate, acuminate, cut and serrated; partial involucre of spreading broadly lanceolate segments, with long slender points and ciliated margins. English Botany, t. 2103. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 138. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 125. Myrrhis aurea, Spreng. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 52. Root tapering, with branched fibres. Stem erect, three feet high, much branched upwards, angular, furrowed, and downy, especially CLASS v. ORDER II.] CHjEROPHYLLDM. 409 about the somewhat swollen joints, leafy. Leaves large, thrice pinnate, footstalks striated, channeled, downy at the base, dilated into a long thin striated sheath, the lower ones long, leaflets ovate at the base, lanceolate upwards, with a remarkable long attenuated point, pinnated or cut at the base with serrated segments, but towards the point simply serrated, the serratures fine, sharp, somewhat curved upwards, downy, especially on the ribs on the under side, which is rather paler than the upper. Umbels numerous, lateral and terminal, the general of numerous long slender angular rays, unequal, the partial of numerous short unequal ones. General involucre none, or of one or several linear lanceolate downy segments, the partial of numerous ovate-lanceolate reflexed segments, with very downy margins, and a very slender point of variable length. Flowers numerous, white, or cream coloured, nearly equal, the outer ones somewhat radiant, the central ones mostly barren. Calyx a narrow margin. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an indexed point. Stamens with slender filaments, and small roundish anthers. Styles short, becoming elongated and recurved, the stigmas small, obtuse, the disk dilated, convex, fleshy. Fruit linear, somewhat thickened upwards, smooth, or slightly hairy, of a tawny colour, and short beak. Carpels with the sides compressed, having five very obtuse equal ridges, the lateral ones forming the margins. Channels with single slender vittee. Albumen rounded at the back, furrowed in front. Habitat. Fields between Arbroath and Montrose. Near Corstor- phine, Edinburgh. Mr. G. Don. Perennial ; flowering in June. 3. C. aromat'icum, Linn. (Fig. 470.) Broad Leaved Chervil. Stem swollen beneath the joints ; leaves sub-ternate ; leaflets ovate oblong, acuminate, serrated, undivided; partial involucre of broadly lanceolate segments, with long slender points and ciliated margins. English Botany, t. 2636. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 139. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 125 Myrrhis aromatica, Spreng. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 52. Root tapering, branched. Stem erect, branched, from two to three feet high, rough, with hairs pointing downwards, angular and fur- rowed, somewhat swollen beneath the joints, and marked with purple spots. Leaves two or three times pinnated, footstalks striated, chan- neled, and hairy, the base dilated into a long thin striated sheath, with a pale membranous margin, leaflets ovate oblong, acuminate at the point, the base unequal, rounded, or heart-shaped, the terminal one tapering, either on a short footstalk or sessile, sharply, sometimes doubly ser- rated, about two inches long, smooth above, paler beneath, and some- times hairy. Umbels terminal and lateral, the general of numerous long slender angular slightly unequal rays, the partial of numerous short unequal ones. General involucre wanting, or of a short lanceo- 410 MYHKHIS. [CLASS V. ORDER II. late segment, with a membranous margin and fringed edge, partial of about ten reflexed ones, with a long slender point. Flowers numer- ous, white, one or two only in the centre fertile. Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with a small inflexed point, those of the outer flowers larger than the others. Styles short, spread- ing. Stigmas small, obtuse. Disk conical. Fruit oblong, smooth, with compressed sides. Carpels roundish at the back, with five obtuse or flattish ridges, the two lateral ones forming the margin. Channels with single slender villa. Albumen roundish at the back, furrowed in front. Habitat. Road side near Guthrie, leading to Arbroath, Scotland. Mr. G. Don. Perennial ; flowering in June. GENUS LXXXIII. MY'RRHIS. SCOPOJ.I. Cicely. GEN. CHAR. Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit laterally compressed. Carpels with a deep furrow between them, of five equal acutely winged hollow ridges. Channels deep, without vittte. Albumen closely invested with a second covering of the pericarp, the sides rolled inwards. General . involucre none, partial of numerous segments. Name from Myrrha, Myrrh, from the peculiar odour of the leaves. 1. M. odor'ata, Scop. (Fig. 471.) Sweet Cicely. Leaves villous ; partial involucre numerous, lanceolate, with a long slender point and ciliated margin ; fruit large. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 50. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 139. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 125. Scandix odorata, t. 697. Root tapering, fleshy, sweet and aromatic. Stem erect, from two to four feet high, round, finely striated, smooth or downy, especially about the joints, leafy, branched. Leaves large, thrice pinnated, more or less thickly clothed with soft pubescence, paler beneath, above palish green, frequently about the middle of the leaves spotted, with irregular pale almost white blotches, footstalks long of the lower leaves, shorter above, hollow, striated, and downy, the base much dilated into a large striated sheath, embracing the branches, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pin- natifid, cut and serrated. Umbels mostly terminal, of numerous long downy nearly equal rays, the partial ones slender, short. General involucre none, partial of numerous lanceolate ones, with a long slender point, and more or less fringed margin, pale, thin, ribbed and mem- branous, reflexed. Flowers white, nearly equal, the central ones, and frequently whole umbels abortive. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with a small inflexed point. Stamens oil long slender filamenls, with small Llyrrhis odorata. 473 Pliyscspermumcornuciense. II Conium maculatum Echinaphora "picoss 476 Coriandrum sativum. CLASS V. ORDER II. J PHYSOSPERMUM. 411 heart-shaped anthers. Styles short, elongating, spreading. Stigmas small, globose. Disk small, conical. Fruit large, dark brown, smooth, polished, elliptical, acute at the apex, contracted into a short beak, somewhat serrated, the sides compressed. Carpels with five equal prominent ridges, acute, with two shallow fine furrows near the edge, formed by an internal white fibrous thread, running the whole length of the outer angle of the hollow cavity in the ridges. Channels deep, quite smooth, without vittce. Albumen rounded at the back, the sides rolled inwards, or deeply furrowed in front, closely invested with a secondary covering of the pericarp. Habitat. Pastures, river sides, and shady places ; in the middle and north of England, and lowlands of Scotland, but not very common. Perennial; flowering in May and June. The seeds, as well as the whole plant, have a pleasant aromatic odour. It has long been cultivated, though now much neglected ; it was es- teemed a culinary herb, grateful both to the palate and stomach, being gently aperient and diuretic. The leaves were used in salads, and the roots and stems eaten boiled or candied with sugar into a sweetmeat ; and in Geimany the seeds are used to flavour some kinds of soups : while in the North of England they are used to perfume and polish oaken floors and furniture. TRIBE 9. SMYRNE.E. Koch. Fruit turgid, with. the sides com- pressed or contracted. Carpels with five primary ridges, the lateral ones forming the margin, or placed before it, sometimes the ridges are nearly obliterated. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards, or furrowed in front. GENUS LXXXIV. PHYSOSPER'MUM. CUSSON. Bladder Seed. GfiN. CHAR. Calyx margin of five teeth. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit laterally compressed. Carpels roundish, with five equal ridges, of which the lateral ones are placed within the margin. Channels with single vitta. Albumen with the sides rolled inwards. General and partial involucres of numerous segments. Named from $uum. Stem erect; leaves acute; flowers leafless, in a spicate raceme. C. acutifolium, Smith. English Botany, t. 1481. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 15. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 216. C. polyspermum, Curtis. Root tapering, branched, and fibrous. Stem erect, branched, and spreading, or prostrate on the ground, leafy, roundish, or angular and striated, varying from six to twenty inches in length, a smooth palish green. Leaves alternate, on slender footstalks, smooth, paler beneath than above, with a mid-rib and slender branched veins, ovate, ovate- oblong, acute, almost lanceolate, sometimes obtuse or roundish, but generally with a fine or bristly point Flowers very small, crowded in small clusters, disposed on slender stalks, in more or less spicate or racemose racemes, leafless, or sometimes with one or two small leaves amongst them, one, two, or three racemes arising from the axis of the leaves, and are either erect or spreading. Perianth of five ovate-oblong or acute short segments, green, with pale membranous edges. Stamens with awl-shaped filaments, as long as the segments, and small yellow CLASS v. oRDEtt ir. J CHENOPODITJM. 421 roundish two lobed anthers. Styles very short. Fruit closely invested with a pale brown thin membrane in the centre of the spreading seg- ments of the perianth. Seed shining black, its testa hard, crustaceous, very finely dotted, a roundish kidney shape, the sides flattened. Habitat. Waste places amongst rubbish ; in Cornwall, rare. Annual ; flowering in August and September. *** Leaves plane, toothed, angled, or lobed ; flowers without bracteas- 5. C. Bonus Henri' cus, Linn. (Fig. 481.) Mercury Goosefoot, or good King Henry. Leaves triangular, arrow-shaped, mostly entire-, spikes compound, terminal and axillary, erect, leafless ; perianth of the fruit dry ; seed kidney-shaped, very finely dotted. English Botany, t. 1033. - English Flora, vol. ii. p. 10. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 216. Blilum, Bonus Henricus, Meyer. Root fleshy, branched. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, roundish, furrowed, smooth, or somewhat mealy, especially towards the end of the branches, and the under side of the leaves simple or slightly branched, leafy. Leaves on channeled footstalks, dilated a little at the base with a membranous margin, large, dark green, pale on the under side, triangular, with large spreading lobes at the base. Flowers small, numerous, green, densely crowded in oblong clusters into a compound spike, terminating the stem and branches, leafless, or with one or two on the lower part, which are ovate-lanceolate, the terminal spike mostly large, conical. Perianth of five spreading ovate-oblong segments, green, with a pale thin membranous margin, terminating near the point abruptly. Stamens on slender awl-shaped filaments, about as long as the perianth. Anthers yellow, ovate, of two lobes. Styles filiform, spreading, elongating after flowering. Fruit closely invested with a very thin pale brown membrane, crowned by the per- sistent styles, and surrounded at the base with the dried perianth. Seed roundish, kidney-shaped, dark brown, very finely dotted, smooth, shining. Habitat. Waste places and road sides ; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The whole plant is insipid and inodorous. The young leaves are used in some places instead of Spinach, for which they are a good substitute; formerly it was much more used than it is now. The leaves are considered emollient, and are used to make a decoction for enemas; and the country people account them a good application to flesh wounds and sores, from the idea that they are drawing and healing. 6. C. ur'bicum, Linn. (Fig. 482.) upright Goosefoot. Leaves shining, triangular at the base, slightly lengthened on the petiole, toothed or sinuated ; spikes lung, erect, almost simple, nearly leafless ; seeds smooth, roundish. 422 CHENOrODIUM. [CLASS V. ORDEll 11. . Leaves with short triangular acute teeth. C. urbicum, De Cand. C. melanospermum, Wallr. @. intermedium, (Fig. 483.) Leaves sinuato-deantatis; teeth tri- angular, lanceolate, acuminate. C. intermedium, De Cand. C. urbicum. English Botany, t. 717. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 10. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. Root fibrous. Stem erect, scarcely branched, angular, furrowed, smooth, or somewhat mealy, from one to one and half feet high, green, or often of a reddish hue, leafy. Leaves on channeled footstalks, slightly dilated at the base, triangular, acute, more or less wedge- shaped at the base, and the margins more or less deeply sinuated and toothed in an irregular manner, of a light almost glaucous green, paler beneath, with a mid-rib and lateral veins. Flowers small, in crowded globular clusters, more or less distant, on a common stalk, in a spikate manner. Spikes terminal and axillary, erect, straight, shorter than the leaves, approaching nearer the stem as they advance to maturity, almost leafless, the terminal spike more branched than the others. Perianth of five roundish ovate obtuse or slightly acute segments, pale green, with lighter coloured margins. Stamens with stout filaments, scarcely the length of the perianth and yellow two celled anthers. Stylet short, two or three sometimes wanting. Fruit roundish, closely invested with a pale thin membrane, and crowned by the persistent styles. Seeds dark brown, smooth, or with the appearance of being very finely dotted, shining, almost as big as rape seed, much larger than the following species. Habitat. Waste rubbishy places under walls, &c., about towns and villages. Annual ; flowering in August and September. 7. C. ru'brum, Linn. (Fig. 484.) Red Goosefoot. Leaves rhombo- triangular, toothed and sinuated ; spikes erect, compound, and leafy > seeds very small, smooth, roundish. English Botany, t. 1721. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 11. Hooker, British Flora, vol. ii. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 2]5. Blitum rubrum, Reich. Root fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, branched, and leafy, from one to two feet high, mostly of a reddish colour, sometimes green, and more or less striated or furrowed. Leaves on longish channeled foot- stalks, scarcely dilated at the base, of a shining green, paler beneath, with a stout mid-rib and lateral branched veins, the upper ones occa- sionally slightly mealy, triangular, with a wedge-shaped base and acute point, the margins coarsely toothed and sinuated, generally with one larger tooth than the rest on the lower part on each side, hence some- times hastate or tri-lobate. Flowers small, greenish yellow, in densely crowded oblong clusters, in long leafy very compound terminal and 483 C.urbicum var. iatei"medium. 484 Chenopodiura rubrura. Chenopodium glancum. 486 Clienopodium botryodea. 497 Chenopodium raurale_ Chenopodi CLASS V. ORDER II. J CHENOPODIUM. 423 lateral spikes, intermixed with small lanceolate toothed or simple leaves. Perianth very small, of five ovate scarcely acute segments. Stamens with slender filaments, longer than the perianth, with small two lobed anthers. Fruit very small, like grains of sand, surrounded by the dried perianth. Seed smooth, shining, enveloped in a very thin pale membrane. Habitat. Dunghills, under walls, and waste places ; not uncommon. Annual ; flowering in August and September. In drying, the alkaline salt contained in the juices of the plant crystalizes with a white frosted appearance upon the stem and petioles. The flowers on the lateral parts of the spikes are frequently with seg- ments only having three divisions, and also with only three stamens, while those on the top and upper parts have five segments and stamens. 8. C. glau'cum, Linn. (Fig. 485.) Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, or oblong, with the margin distantly toothed, somewhat hastate, glaucous and mealy beneath; spikes compound, leafless; seeds minutely dotted. English Botany, t. 1454. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 14. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 143. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. Blitum ylaucum, Koch. Root fibrous. Stem from a few inches to two feet lung, mostly prostrate, simple or branched, spreading, stout, furrowed, leafy. Leaves alternate, on short stout channeled footstalks, oblong, with an acute point, or oblong-ovate, obtuse, the margin distantly toothed, with two teeth larger than the others near the base, a glaucous green above, sometimes purplish, white and mealy beneath. Flowers small, in dense close clustered branched spikes, both terminal and lateral, leafless, or with two or three leaves at the base. Perianth of live small smooth obtuse segments. Stamens with short filaments and yellow two lobed anthers. Styles very short. Fruit roundish, flat- ened, covered with a thin membrane, and crowned by the persistent styles. Seeds smooth, shining, purplish black, very minutely dotted. Habitat. Waste ground, especially on a sandy soil ; about London, and apparently not very common elsewhere. Annual ; flowering in August. 9. C. Botry'odes, Sm. (Fig. 486.) Many spiked Goosefoot. Leaves triangular, somewhat toothed, slightly lengthened at the base on the petiole ; spikes erect, compound, and leafy ; seed small, shining. English Botany, t. 2247. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 11. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. Root fibrous. Stem spreading, or prostrate, mostly branched from the base, slightly angular, furrowed, smooth, leafy, of a greenish purple colour. Leaves QD short footstalks, rather small, triangular, with an 424 CHENOPODIUM. [CLASS v. ORDER u. almost entire margin, more or less tapering at the base on the petiole, the upper ones smaller, more blunt, at the angles becoming almost lanceolate, paler on the under side, with a mid-rib, mostly of a purplish colour, and slender branched veins. Flowers small, in crowded oblong clusters, more or less distant on the terminal and axillary somewhat leafy spikes, of a green purplish colour. Perianth of five oblong slightly swelling segments. Stamens on slender filaments, longer than the perianth. Anthers small, yellow. Styles very short, two spread- ing. Fruit roundish, compressed. Seed small, black, and shining, enclosed iu a thin pale membrane, crowned by the persistent styles, and enveloped with the dried perianth. Habitat, Moist sandy places near the sea. Yarmouth, Norfolk. Mr. Wigg. CliflFs by the sea, at Lowestoft. Sir J. E. Smith. Shore at South Shuebury. Mr. E. Forster. Annual ; flowering in August and September. This species is nearly allied to C. rulrum, but is much smaller, of a more fleshy texture, and the margins of the leaves less toothed. It is quite a different plant from the C. Botrys, of Linn., which is clothed with glandular hairs, the leaves oblong, deeply sinuated, and obtusely toothed, and is not a native of this country. 10. C. mura'le, Linn. (Fig. 487.) Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Leaves ovate, approaching rhomboid, shining, acutely toothed ; flowers in leafless much branched cyrnose spikes ; seeds grey, finely dotted, sur- rounded with a carinated margin. English Botany, t. 1722. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 11. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. Hoot fibrous. Stem erect, from one to three feet high, branched from the base upwards with short spreading alternate branches, roundish, smooth, striated, or somewhat furrowed, of a darkish slightly glaucous green, often with a purplish hue, as well as the branches. Leaves numerous, alternate, on rather long channeled foot- stalks, ovate, approaching a rhomboid figure, with sharp irregular hooked teeth, occasionally sinuated, the point generally long and at- tenuated, paler and more glaucous on the under side, with three ribs from the base, which are branched upwards. Floivers in close small clusters, of a palish green colour, arranged irregularly on slender much branched and spreading cymose spikes, which are numerous, terminal and axillary, leafless, each on a slender footstalk. Perianth of five ovate obtuse green segments, with a mid-rib and a pale narrow white membranous margin. Stamens on slender filaments t longer than the perianth, with yellow ovate anthers. Fruit roundish, much com- pressed, partly enveloped in the dried perianth, which closely embraces it. Seed greyish, finely dotted, roundish, much compressed, surrounded with a cariuatcd margin like a ring, aud enclosed in a pale thin membrane. CLASS V. ORDER II. 1 CHEtfOPODIUM . 425 Habitat. Under walls, in waste places, and road sides ; frequent. Annual ; flowering in August and September. This is readily distinguished from the other species, especially by the colour and shape of its curious seeds. The whole plant when bruised has an unpleasant foetid smell. 11. C. hybrid 'um, Linn. (Fig. 488.) Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Leaves heart-shaped, with angular teeth and an acuminated point ; flowers in much spreading branched leafless cymose spikes ; seeds large, black, deeply dotted. English Botany, t. 1919. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 12. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 142. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. Root fibrous. Stem erect, rather slender, mostly with spreading branches, from one to two feet high, round, or angular, smooth, green, with yellowish or purple lines. Leaves alternate, on short channeled footstalks, thickened at the lower part, large, bright green, spreading, heart-shaped, or broadly ovate, with a lengthened point, and about three angular teeth on each side towards the base, the upper ones almost or quite entire, ovate-lanceolate, paler on the under side, with a stout mid-rib and lateral branched veins. Flowers green, scattered on the spreading numerous branches of the terminal and axillary cymose spikes, the flowers are sometimes solitary, but mostly there are two or three together along the branches. Perianth of five spreading ovate segments, palish green, mostly with a narrow pale membranous margin. Stamens on slender filaments, longer than the perianth. Anthers yellow, small. Fruit roundish, much compressed, partly enveloped in the dried perianth. Seed large, shining black, much compressed, marked with irregular large deep pitted dots or furrows, and enclosed in a thin pale membrane. Habitat. Moist waste places; rare. About London, Ipswich, Colchester, Dedham, Ely, and Edinburgh. Annual ; flowering in August. 12. C. alb'um, Linn. (Fig. 489.) White Goosefoot. Leaves ovate, approaching to rhomboid, erosed and toothed, entire at the base, the upper ones oblong, entire; spikes branched, somewhat leafy; seeds smooth and shining. English Botany, t. 1723. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 13. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 143. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 215. a. spicatum. Leaves erosed and toothed ; flowers in crowded spikes. /3. cymigerum, (Fig. 490.) Leaves entire, or sparingly toothed; flowers in elongated branched spreading spikes. C. viride, Linn. Root branched and fibrous. Stem more or less erect, much branched mostly from the base, and spreading, from one and half to three feet high, round, or somewhat angular and furrowed, striated with palish yellow lines, or reddish, covered like the rest of the plant with a whito 426 CHENOPODIUM. [CLASS v. ORDER n. mealiness, having a soft unctuous feel. Leaves numerous, three ribbed from the base, and branched, alternate, on rather long channeled foot- stalks, very variable in size and width, mostly ovate or ovate-oblong, with an acute point, and tapering at the base down the footstalk, and one or two large angular teeth on each side, giving it a rhomboid shape, and above these the margin is more or less irregularly erosed and toothed, the upper ones are ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, entire, and in the variety /3. cymiyerum, they are almost all entire, or only slightly and irregularly toothed, smaller, narrower, and generally more green ; the stem also is more branched from the base, and spread- ing. Flowers very numerous, terminal and axillary, green, in densely crowded oblong clusters, in long branched somewhat leafy spikes, in (3. cymifferum they are much more branched and spreading, less leafy, and on longer stalks, in a somewhat cymose manner. Perianth in five ovate acute segments, with a broad pale margin and green mid-rib. Stamens about the length of the perianth, with roundish ovate anthers. Styles short spreading. Fruit roundish, compressed, enclosed in the dried perianth. Seed roundish, kidney-shape, black, smooth, and shining, appear to be very finely dotted, enclosed in a pale thin membrane. Habitat. Waste places, dunghills, &c. ; very common. Annual ; flowering in August. This is a very common and very variable species, especially in the size and shape of the leaves. With attention, however, to the above descriptions, we do not think much difficulty will be found in recog- nizing it. The whole plant is insipid and inodorous, and has been used as a substitute for the cultivated Spinach. 13. C.ficifo'lium, Smith. (Fig. 491.) Fig-leaved Goosefoot. Leaves ovate-oblong, with ovate-oblong lanceolate obtuse teeth, the lower ones sub-trilobate and toothed, the upper linear, lanceolate, entire ; flowers in nearly leafless cymose spikes ; seed smooth, shining, with pitted dots. English Botany, t. 1724. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 13. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 143. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 214. Root branched, fibrous. Whole plant less glaucous and powdery than the above. Slem erect, branched, and spreading, about two feet high, green, purplish at the base, roundish, or angular and furrowed, with pale yellowish lines, sometimes present. Leaves numerous, al- ternate, on channeled footstalks, purplish at the base, paler beneath, with a mid-rib and branched veins, the lower ones somewhat three lobed in a hastate manner, and with irregular teeth, tapering at the point, and elongated at the base down the footstalk, the upper ones linear lanceolate, quite entire, while the intermediate ones are oblong lanceolate, obtusely toothed, one or two at the base on each side larger than the others. Flowers green, in crowded oblong clusters, in terminal and axillary almost leafless branched spikes. Perianth in five oblong dienopodium album. 4 90 Chenopodium cymigerum. 491 Chenopodium ficifolium. 492 Beta maritiina. Salsola kali. Herniaria ^l CLASS V. ORDER II.] BETA. 427 acute segments, green, with a pale thin membranous margin. Stamens shorter than the perianth, with small oblong yellow anthers. Fruit roundish, compressed, enclosed in the dried perianth. Seed roundish, kidney-shaped, black, shining, with numerous small irregular deep pitted dots. Habitat. Waste places, dunghills, &e. ; not common. About London and Yarmouth. Annual ; flowering in August and September. Readily distinguished from C. album, by its dolled seeds, to which it is nearly allied in the shape of its leaves, and the whole habit of the plant. GENUS XC. BETA. LINN. Beet. Nat. Ord. CHENOPO'DE^E. VENT. GEN. CHAR. Perianth single, half inferior, five-cleft, persistent Stamens inserted into the fleshy top of the germen. Fruit kidney- shaped, enveloped in the capsular base of the calyx. Seed with a coriaceous covering. Flowers two or three, united at the base. Name from the Celtic word belt, according to This, which means red ; others suppose it to come from the Greek word twrXor, lie tola. 1. B. marifima, Linn. (Fig. 492.) Sea Beet. Stem procumbent at at the base ; flowers sessile, solitary, or in pairs in the axis of the leaves of the spike ; segments of the calyx entire ; leaves ovate, obtuse. English Botany, t. 285. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 17. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 143. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 216. Hoot large, thick, tapering, fleshy, black externally, white within. Stem procumbent at the base, from one to two feet high, angular, furrowed, green, with reddish longitudinal lines, branched and leafy. Leaves of a dark green, succulent, entire, with a waved margin, stout mid-rib, and branched veins, those arising from the root and lower part of the stem large, ovate, obtuse, spreading, on channeled foot- stalks, dilated at the base, those of the stem nearly sessile, alternate, waved, and somewhat lanceolate. Flowers small, greenish, sessile, one or two together in the axis of the smatt leaves at the spikes, which are long, numerous, terminal and lateral. Perianth single, of five spreading obtuse segments, inserted about the middle of the germen. Stamens five, on short awl-shaped filaments, about as long as the perianth, inserted into the fleshy ring surrounding the germen. Anthers ovate, of two cells, yellow. Styles tsvo, occasionally three, very short. Fruit kidney-shaped, imbedded in the fleshy capsular base of the calyx. Seed horizontal, covered with a leathery coat, two VOL. I. 3 K 428 SAI.SOLA. tCLASS V. ORDER II. or three in the germen , which mostly becomes granulated, and reddish or purple. Habitat. Sea shore, especially in a muddy soil ; not unfrequent. Perennial ; flowering in August, This species is regarded by some authors as a variety of B. vulffaris, from which it seems to differ only in having two or three flowers together instead of three or four; and Smith observed that according to Linnseus the keel of the calyx is entire, which is not so in B. vuh/aris. Several varieties of Beet are cultivated for various purposes. The common garden Beet is a well known vegetable ; its leaves are eaten in the Spring like Spinach, and the stems and mid-ribs of the leaves are blanched by earthing them up, and make an excellent deli- cate dish used as chard ; the roots are a fine dark colour, and are used in salads, soups, &c., and with vinegar form a good and beautiful pickle, much used in ornamenting side dishes, &c, Another kind is commonly known by the name of Mangel Wurzel, a root of scarcity. This plant is now cultivated in many parts of the country to a consi- derable extent, and is an excellent winter provender for sheep and cattle ; its root, which is the part of the plant for which it is chiefly grown, yields an abundance of nutriment, from the great quantity of saccharine matter which it contains. Jt is surprising to what a large size the roots by being grown in a deep rich soil will attain, their weighing from twenty to thirty pounds is not an uncommon size, but sometimes they have been grown to near sixty pounds. These roots made into poultices are considered a better and a more useful applica- tion to irritable ulcers than those of carrots. The cultivation of the Beet is far more important in France than with us, for from its roots nearly the whole of the sugar which they consume is obtained ; for this purpose the white Sicilian Beet is preferred, from its containing the greatest portion of sacchaiine matter. Although great improve- ments have been made in the preparation of the Beet sugar, it is not considered near so good as that obtained from the cane. The dried roots of Beet, after the juice has been for the most part extracted from them, used in the same way as malt, are said to make a good and wholesome kind of beer ; and the dark red coloured roots are not un- frequently employed to heighten the colour of claret wine. GENUS XCI. SAL'SOLA. LINN. Salt-wort. Nat. Ord. CHENOPO'DEJE. VENT. GEN. CHAR. Perianth single, inferior, five-partite, persistent, the segments after flowering producing from the back a transverse CLASS V. ORDER II.] SALSOLA. 429 appendage. Stamens inserted into the base of the perianth. Fruit a depressed membranous utricle. Seed solitary, with a membranous covering. Embryo spiral. Name from Sal, salt. 1. 5. Kali, Linn. (Fig. 493.) Prickly Salt wort. Stem herbaceous, prostrate, with spreading branches ; leaves rough, awl-shaped, with a spinous point ; flowers axillary, solitary ; perianth of the fruit car- tilaginous. English Botany, t. 634. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 18. Hooker, British Flora, vol. L p. 143. LSndley, Synopsis, p. 214. Root of numerous branched fibres. Stems numerous, prostrate, with spreading branches, from six to twelve inches long, roundish, furrowed or striated, with green and yellow longitudinal lines, rough, with short thick hairs, frequently almost smooth at the base, and sometimes almost entirely so, except the ends of the branches. Leaves alternate, numerous, awl-shaped, fleshy, angular, channeled above, with a mid-rib and obtuse margins, except at the base, where it is somewhat dilated, with pale narrow membranous entire or toothed margins ; the point terminating in a sharp hard rigid cartilaginous spine, pale, smooth, and shining, especially when dry. Flowers solitary, sessile, in the axis of the leaves from the base upwards, of a pale pink or white, and with mostly three leaf-like bracteas as the base of each. Perianth of five deep ovate acuminate segments, converging over the centre of the flower, each three ribbed, and at the back about the middle a transverse prominence, which after flowering dilates into a thin roundish cartilaginous appendage, with a thin pale jagged mem- branous margin, and vein-like ramifications branching into it; this appendage spreads around, while the points of the segments above it closely converge over the fruit. Stamens on slender Jilaments, longer than the perianth, with rather large ovate anthers, yellow. Styles two, sometimes three, short, united at the base. Stigmas spreading. Fruit a thin depressed pale brown membranous utricle, enveloped in the perianth, and crowned by the persistent styles. Seed solitary, roundish, compressed, almost flat, its pericarp membranous, pale brown, finely dotted, without albumen, the embryo of two spiral-lobes. Habitat. Sandy sea shores ; frequent. Annual ; flowering in July. Saltwort is one of the plants grown on the sea coast and small islands in various parts of Europe, especially on the coast of Spain, and various other parts of the Mediterranean, and burned for the soda which it contains, which is known in the unwashed state, combined with the ashes of the plant, under the name of barilla ; but within the last few years, the improvements made by the chemical manufacturers are such as to convert various kinds of their refuse, after being employed in the making of other articles, and especially the Muriate of Soda (common salt), after having being used in the process of making 430 HERNIARIA. [CLASS v> ORDEK n> cblorine gas in the manufactoring of chloride of lime, is readily made into carbonate of soda, and at a much lower price than it can be afforded for by the former process of making it from Salsola and other like plants : consequently its growth is now much less attended to than formerly. GENUS XCI1. HERNIA'RIA. LINN. Rupture-wort. Nat. Ord. PARONY'CHIE.*:. ST. HIL. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-partite, slightly coloured within, persistent. Stamens five, alternating with five filiform entire petals, sometimes wanting. Styles very short, or wanting. Stigmas obtuse. Cap- sule membranous, indehescent, single seeded, covered by the calyx. Named from the supposed use of the plants in the cure of Hernia. 1. H. gla'bra, Linn. (Fig. 494 ) smooth Rupture-wort. Leaves elliptic, oblong, attenuated at the base, smooth ; flowers about ten, in crowded axillary clusters ; calyx smooth. English Botany, t. 206. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 8. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 61. ft. hirsuta. Stem, leaves, and calyx, more or less clothed with hairs. H. hirsuta, Linn. English Botany, t. 1379. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 9. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Lindley, Synopsis, p,61. Root tapering, long, with deep branched fibres. Stems numerous, much branched, laying prostrate upon the ground, round or slightly angular, smooth, sometimes hairy, leafy, slender, occasionally putting out roots from the axis of the leaves. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, attenuated at the base into a very short footstalk, with a mid-rib and two obscure lateral ones, smooth, or more generally the margin is fringed with white transparent hairs, the floral leaves alternate, mostly narrower than the others. Stipules between the leaves, large, ovate, acute, with a ciliated margin, pale, thin, white, membranous. Flowers small, pale green or yellowish, sessile, about ten, in crowded clusters in the axil of the leaves, or opposite to them. Calyx of five ovate acute segments, green, somewhat striated, concave within, and slightly coloured at the base, the margin with a pale narrow border. Petals five, narrow, pale, thin, awl-shaped, alternating with the five stamens on filaments, shorter than the calyx, and with ovate rather large yellow anthers. Both the petals and stamens are inserted into a fleshy disk at the base of the calyx. Styles very short, or wanting. Stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule enveloped in the persistent calyx, oblong, acute, formed of a membranous covering indehescent, single seeded. Seed small, roundish, shining black. CLASS V. ORDEttH.] ULMUS. 431 Habitat. Sandy or gravelly soil ; rare. About the Lizard Point Cornwall. Rev. J. S. Tozer. Near Newmarket. Rev. Mr. Hensted. Perennial ; flowering from June to August. We have sought in vain for some prominent characters between the plants distinguished as H. glabra and hirsuta; in every particular we find them the same, except in that of hairiness ; but this is of so very variable a character as not to be constant in either one or the other. It is true we have plants, both natives, and from the Continent, some of which are quite smooth, and the others with the stem, leaves, and calyx hairy ; but we have also numerous specimens in every inter- mediate stage between the two states, so as to leave it doubtful to which species they belong ; and after having watched with care the plants in different situations in Portugal, where they grow abun- dantly, we cannot longer think they are other than varieties of one species. It is a very different plant from the H. incana, Lam., which is very hairy, with oblong lanceolate leaves, and about three, not ten, flowers in a whorl, and it differs from H. alpina, Vill., which has ovate-oblong leaves, ciliated on the margin, and about one flower in the axis of the upper leaves, and the calyx is hairy. Rupture-wort was formerly supposed to possess the power of reducing hernia ; but happily for us in our times so dangerous a malady is not left to the supposed efficacy of any plant. The whole herb is in- odorous and insipid. GENUS XCIII. UL]\rUS. LINN. Elm. Nat. Ord. ULMA'CE^B. MIBB. GEN. CHAR. Perianth single, superior, bell-shaped, of four or five teeth, persistent. Stamens mostly five, but varying from three to six. Stigmas sessile. Capsule membranous, compressed, winged all round, single seeded. Named, according to Th6is, from the Anglo-Saxon Elm. I. U. campes'tris, Linn. (Fig. 495.) Common small leaved Elm. Narrow leaved English Elm. Leaves rhomboid, ovate, acuminate, wedge-shaped, and oblique at the base, always scabrous above, doubly and irregularly serrated, serratures incurved, downy beneath ; branches wiry, slightly corky when young, bright brown and pubescent ; fruit oblong, deeply cloven, naked. English Botany, t. 1836. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 20. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 226. Trunk mostly crooked, seldom straight, with rough rugged bark, its branches widely spreading, zigzag, brown, leafy, more or less winged, with corky excrescences, and when young more or less downy, slender 432 ULMUS. [CLASS V. ORDER II. and wiry. Leaves alternate, rhomboid, ovate, from one to two inches long, with an acuminated point, unequal at the base, in a wedge- shaped manner, the margins irregularly and doubly serrated, the larger teeth curved upwards, dark green on the upper side, and rough, with short rigid points, paler beneath, and scattered over with hairs, the mid-rib and almost straight lateral veins pale, prominent, and mostly in the axis of the ribs the pubescence is most abundant. Flowers much earlier than the leaves, in dense tufts, bursting through the brown scaly buds, each elevated on a short footstalk, and having at its base a small oblong bractea, mostly fringed on the margin. Perianth of one piece, with a limb of four oblong pale pinkish lobes, with minutely fringed margins. Stamens four, on longish filaments, bear- ing dark purplish ovate two celled anthers. Stigmas a downy line on the upper margin of the pointed curved short styles, which at length become much dilated into a thin palish green membrane, of an oblong wedge-shaped form, forming a winged border to the small oblong pale brown shining single seeded capsule, the point with a deep dilated sinus at the apex. Habitat. Woods and hedges ; most frequent in the South of England, especially in Norfolk and Sussex. Tree ; flowering in March and April. This is considered the most valuable of our Elms for the durability of its wood, being harder, tougher, and less liable to decay when ex- posed in damp situations, qualities rendering it more suitable for various purposes, especially the nave of wheels and instruments of husbandry. It is a large tree, with crooked trunk and branches, not producing flowers until it has attained its almost full size. 2. M. sub'erosa, .Ehrh. (Fig. 496.) Common Cork-barked Him. Leaves nearly orbicular, acute, obliquely cordate at the base, sharply, regularly, and doubly serrated, always scabrous above, downy beneath, especially in the axilla ; branches spreading, bright brown, winged, with corky excrescences, when young very hairy ; fruit nearly round, deeply cloven. English Botany, t. 2161. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 21 Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 226. Trunk mostly straight, with rigid spreading branches, mostly much clothed with thick corky excrescences, split into deep fissures, of a palish brown colour, the young shoots covered with a soft downiness. Leaves much larger than the last species, roundish, oblong, with an acute point, and oblique unequal somewhat heart-shaped base, the margins sharply, mostly regularly and doubly serrated, always rough above, with short rigid points, paler beneath, and hairy, with a strong mid- rib and straight lateral veins, the axis with dense tufts of pale hairs. Floirern much earlier than the leaves, in dense tults, bursting through the brown scaly buds, each flower elevated on a short stalk, CLASS V. ORDER H. J ULMUS. 4,'J3 \viih a small oblong smooth bractea at the base. Perianth of one piece, the limb of four or live roundish oblong reddish green lobes, smooth, or somewhat hairy. Stamens four or five, with \ongjilamenisi and ovate purplish two celled anthers. Stigmas downy. Capsule roundish oblong, yellowish green, deeply notched at the apex to the oblong, brown, shining, single seeded cells. Habitat. Hedges ; frequent. Tree; flowering in March and April. This species, probably not indigenous, is readily distinguished by the shape of its leaves, the form of the tree, and the much winged branches, with corky excrescences, which crack into deep fissures, and fall off as the branches increases in thickness. Numerous varieties are pro- duced by cultivation, in the shape of the leaves, and the more or less winged excrescences of its bark. The wood appears less durable in its quality than the last species. Both are more or less cultivated in almost all parts of Italy, planted on the borders of the fields, inter- mixed with poplar, maple, and other trees. The leading branch is cut off when the trees are young to force it to put out more numerous and stronger lateral branches. On the trunks of these trees the more slender stem of the vine is trained, and its pliant branches festooned in every graceful form of its native elegance give a beautiful charac- ter to the landscape, and are a rich feature in the scene, especially in the Autumnal months, when laden wiih the generous fruit, deeply blushing in its purple hues. 3. U. ma'jor, Smith. (Fig. 497.) Dutch Cork-barked Elm. Leaves ovate, acuminate, very oblique, and subcordate at the base, sharply, doubly, and regularly serrated, always scabrous above, pubescent below, with dense tufts of white hairs in the axilla ; branches spread- ing, bright brown, much winged, with corky excrescences, when young nearly smooth ; fruit ovate, slightly cloven. English Botany, t. 2542. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 22. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 144. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 226. Trunk straight, with rigid spreading or slightly drooping branches, mostly very rugged, and thickly clothed with corky excrescences, of a smooth brown colour, the young shoots scattered over with soft pu- bescence. Leaves larger than the last species, ovate, with an acuminated point, rather long and slender, very oblique at the base, in a somewhat heart-shaped manner, the margin deeply serrated, with sharp, regular, doubly serrated, somewhat curved teeth, always scabrous above, paler and downy on the under side, with dense tufts in the axis of the prominent mid-rib, and nearly straight lateral veins, the footstalk short and thick. Flowers numerous, much earlier than the leaves, in dense tufts, bursting through the brown obtuse scaly buds, each flower on a short footstalk, from the base of a small lanceolate bractea. Perianth of one piece, the limb of four or five short roundish oblong segments, 434 ULMUS. [CLASS V. ORDER II. mostly fringed on the margin with short hairs. Stamens three, four, or five, on slender purple filaments, with ovate two celled purple anthers. Stigmas curved, downy. Capsules large, obovate, pale green, the cleft at the apex not reaching half way down to the single seeded smooth brown ovate cell. Habitat. Hedges in various parts of England. Tree ; flowering in March. This, like the last species, appears a doubtful native. Smith quoting Miller says, " This Elm was brought from Holland in King William's reign, and being recommended for its quick growth, was a fashionable tree for hedges in gardens, but afterwards fell into disuse." He adds, " the wood is good for nothing, so it is almost banished from this country." It is not unfrequent in Italy, but by the Italian Botanist not considered distinct from the last species. 4. U. gla'bra, Miller. (Fig. 498.) Smooth-leaved, or Witch Elm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly and evenly serrated, wedge- shaped, and oblique at the base, becoming quite smooth above, smooth or glandular beneath, with a few hairs in the axilla ; branches bright brown, smooth, slender, drooping; fruit obovate, deeply cloven. English Botany, t. 2248. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 23. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 145. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 226. j3. glaridulosa, Lindley. Leaves very glandular beneath. y. lati'folia, Lindley. Leaves oblong, acute, very broad. A tall tree, with straight trunk, its branches smooth, drooping or spreading, slender, wiry, the young shoots only in their early growth covered over with a slight soft downiness. Leaves ovate-lanceolute or ovate-oblong, with an acuminated point, obliquely wedge-shaped at the base, the margins doubly, evenly, somewhat coarsely serrated, of a firm texture, the upper side smooth, the under at first scattered nver with a few hairs, and somewhat glandular, becoming smooth, except on the ribs and their axilla, paler than the upper, the mid-rib and almost straight lateral veins paler and prominent. Flowers in dense crowded tufts before the leaves appear, almost sessile from the bosom of an oblong downy bractca. Perianth of one piece, downy, the limb of five obtuse short segments. Stamens on long slender purple fila- ments, with small ovate two celled purple anthers. Capsule obovate, pale green, deeply cloven to the apex of the ovate smooth brown single seeded cell. Habitat Hedges, plantations, &c. ; not unfrequent in many parts of England. Tree; flowering in March, fi. near Ludlow. Professor Lindley. y. at West Hatch, in Essex. Mr. Forster. To this species Professor Lindley observes, the Dowton Elm and Scampston Elm of the nurseries probably belong. Dim as campestris. suberosa. TJ]mu3 major. Imus giabra. Ulmus abricta OCO ULmus montana Ct,A.SS V. ORDER II.] ULMUS. 435 5. U. carpini folia, Linn. Horn-beam leaved Elm. Leaves ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, strongly veined, simply crenate, serrate, slightly oblique and cordate at the base, shining, but rather scabrous abovei smooth beneath; branches bright brown, nearly smooth, fruit ? Lindley, Synopsis, p. 226. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 145. Habitat. Four miles from Stratford Avon, on the road to Alcester. Tree. This species we are unacquainted with. The description is that of Professor Lindley, as given in his Synopsis of the British Flora. 6. U. stric'ta, Lindley. (Fig. 499.) Cornish Elm. Leaves obovate, cuspidate, wedge-shaped at the base, evenly and nearly doubly crenate, serrate, strongly veined, coriaceous, very smooth and shining above, smooth beneath, with hairy axillae; branches bright brown, smooth, rigid, erect, very compact, fruit ? /3. parvifolia, Lindley. Leaves much smaller, less oblique at the base, finely and regularly crenate, acuminate rather than cuspidate. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 227. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 145. Habitat. Cornwall and North Devon; /3. the less common. Lindley. Tree. Of this species we know nothing more than from dried specimens : the description is that of Lindley, who appears to have given much attention to this genus, and truly observes, that " nothing can be more imperfect than the state of our knowledge of either our domestic or foreign elms. The whole genus requires to be carefully studied by some one who can observe the species in different states of growth, and also ascertain the quality of their timber ;" and he says, " I have no doubt that all here enumerated (referring to the above and following species) are distinct ; and it is probable that the Wormsley Grange or Byford Elm of Hertfordshise, and the Black Elm of Ireland, are other species to add to our Flora." But, as he further very justly remarks, "let it always be remembered, however, that it is not from dried speci- mens that such a genus as this can be understood." 7. U. mon'tana, Bauh. (Fig. 500.) Broad-leaved Elm, Witchhasel Elm. Leaves obovate, cuspidate, doubly and coarsely serrated, wedge- shaped, and nearly equal at the base, always very scabrous above, downy beneath; branches smooth grey, drooping; fruit roundish ob- long, scarcely cloven. English Botany, t. 1887. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 22. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 145. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 227. A large tall spreading tree of quick growth, with soft inferior wood, the branches spreading, and frequently weeping, slender, clothed with grey bark, smooth, except when in a young state they are downy. Leaves broadly ovate, with a long point, and roundish, wedge-shaped at the base, the margins deeply, acutely, doubly, and coarsely serrated, VOL. i. 3 L 436 ULMUS. [CLASS V. ORDKK II. the upper surface rough, with short rigid points, the under paler, and scattered over with pale hairs, more abundant at the axilla of the mid- rib, and prominent almost straight lateral veins. Flowers in rather loose tufts before the leaves appear, bursting through a numerous scaly bud, each flower on a very short footstalk, smooth, or sometimes slightly hairy. Perianth of one piece, the limb mostly of five ovate segments, of a pinkish colour. Filaments long, with purple ovate two celled anthers. Stigmas short. Capsule roundish oblong, of a pale yellowish green, scarcely notched at the apex, and in the centre is the ovate pale brown smooth single seeded cell. Habitat. Groves and hedges ; frequent. Tree; flowering in March. This species is readily distinguished by its large size, spreading or drooping branches and broad leaves. It is, Professor Henslow remarks , perhaps the only true indigenous species. It is common in Scotland, and seems without doubt to be wild. Many varieties of it are obtained by cultivation ; and, according to Lindley, the Giant Elm and the Chichester Elm of the nurseries are varieties; and he says this species is often confounded by foreign botanists with U. pedunculata, a totally different species, not found in England. It is very nearly related to the U. rulra of North America, from which it can be scarcely distin- guished by the leaves. This is perhaps the most ornamental and most generally used of our species of elm ; it is of more rapid growth, and obtains a more portly size than the others, rendering it better suited for ornamental scenery in parks, the formation of groves, shady walks, &c. ; and how many of our early associations are connected with the pleasures or the sorrows of scenes over-shadowed by the old elm tree ; and what volumes of ever hidden history do their pendant branches sometimes adumbrate; for " Beneath those rugged elms, that yew tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." Gray* But it is not only with griefs and sorrows that the noble elm combines, for " How blithesome were we wont to rove By verdant hill or shady prove, Where fervent bees, with humming voice, Around the honey'd oak rejoice, And aged elms with awful bend, In long cathedral walks extend !" Blackstonc. These, however, are only its ornamental purposes ; but perhaps there are not any other of our native trees, independent of its wood, that have been applied to so many uses. The spongy cuticle of some of the species is similar to that of the Quercus suber, or cork oak, Viburnum lantana. Viburnum opulus. 503 Sambucus ebulus. 604 Sambucus nigra. 605 SambucUR nira vaT. laciniata. Staphylea pinaata CLASS V. ORDER II.J ULMUS. 437 but the quantity produced is not sufficient, or its quality so good, as to be used for the purposes of cork. The inner bark, as well as the leaves, are slightly astringent and mucilaginous, containing extractive matter, with gallic acid, and a small portion of supertartrate of potash. It is the inner bark which has obtained the greatest reputation as a medicine, and was admitted into the Pharmacopeias ; and Klaproth, upon examination, found it to contain a peculiar substance, which he called; ulmine. It differs from every other known body, and must, therefore, constitute a new and peculiar vegetable principle. It exudes spontaneously from the trunk and branches. The sap, too, which frequently exudes from wounds of the trunk and branches in great abundance, was formerly supposed to be useful in the cure of recent ruptures. It is the decoction of the inner bark which has obtained for it the greater reputation, especially in the cure of diseases of the skin ; and from the time of Pliny we find it used with vinegar for the cure of scabbia, infused in cold water, and taken copiously it purged the body and purified it from flemma ; but in all forms, either of the youug buds, the leaves, the bark, or root, it was supposed particularly useful in beautifying and cleansing the skin : hence it is that in latter days it has been extolled in the cure of icthyosis and other cutaneous diseases ; but as to its curative properties, in some of the obstinate and untractable affections, there is but liltle opportunity of experience in this country, and the use of the elm bark seems almost confined to the form of decoction as a mucilaginous drink in affections of the kidney and bladder. In the northern parts of Europe, in times of scarcity, the inner bark of the elm, as well as that of other trees, has been dried and ground into a fine powder, and made into bread. The leaves in many parts of Europe are collected and dried for winter provender for sheep and cattle ; and for this purpose also, especially in some parts of Italy and the South of France, the leaves of the mulberry, vine, plane, and chestnut, are collected and dried for the same use. What is called British herb, or spurious tea, is mostly the prepared leaves of some species of elm, generally, we believe, the U. campestris. This is seldom sold alone, but chiefly used for adulterating the China teas. 438 VIBURNUM. [CLASS V. ORDER 111. ORDER III. TRIGYN'IA. 3 PISTILS. GENUS XCIV. VI BURN 'UM. LINN. Guelder-rose. Nat. Ord. CAPKIFOUA'CE.*:. Jess. ' GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft, superior. Corolla bell-shaped, five lobed. Stigmas sessile. Fruit a succulent berry, from one to three seeded. Name of doubtful origin. 1. V. Lant'ana, Linn. (Fig. 501.) Mealy Guelder-rose, or Way- faring tree. Leaves ovate, acute, heart-shaped at the base, serrato- crenate, veiny and rough, with starry down beneath. English Botany, t. 331. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 107. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 146. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 132. A large much branched shrub, or small tree, with numerous round smooth pliant opposite branches, with reddish brown somewhat shining bark, the young shoots green, and thickly clothed with a 'mealy pubescence. Leaves opposite, deciduous, ovate, with an obtuse or acute point, mostly heart-shaped at the base, sometimes obliquely so, one side longer on the channeled footstalk than the other, the margin crenated, or between crenated and serrated, with a strong mid-rib and numerous branched veins beneath, which, as well as the footstalk, are clothed with a thick mealy downiness, of beautiful star-like tissue, as well as the whole under side of the leaf, which is paler than the upper, where it is less downy, and the down not so much stellated. Inflo- rescence a terminal cyme, on short furrowed footstalks. Flowers numerous, white, crowded, regular. Bracteas several, small, linear, acute, downy. Calyx of five small ovate obtuse segments crowning the fruit. Corolla of one petal, bell or funnel-shaped, with a short tube, and the limb of five obtuse nearly equal spreading lobes. Sta- mens with slender filaments, as long as the corolla, and ovate yellow anthers. Stigmas obtuse, sessile. Fruit a compressed berry, at first red, becoming black, with a little mealy pulp, and mostly one large flat furrowed seed. Habitat. Woods and hedges, especially in a chalky or lime-stone country, but very commou. Dunglass glen, in Scotland. Shrub ; flowering in May. The Wayfaring tree is not a shrub of either much beauty in its appearance, nor is it applied, that we are aware of, to any particular use. The leaves change to a dark red in autumn. From the bark, bird lime may be made, but it is inferior to that of the Holly, (page 206 ;) and Pallas informs us, that in the Crimea the young shoots are CLASS V. ORDER HI.] VZBURNUM. 439 used for the purpose of making tubes for tobacco pipes. This is sup- posed to be the plant mentioned in Virgil, " Quantum leuta solent inter vibuma cupressi." The pubescence upon the leaves is a beautiful object for examination under the microscope, and a good example of stellated down. 2. V. O'pulus, Linn. (Fig. 502.) Common Guelder-rose, or Water Elder. Leaves three or ti ve lobed, smooth, the lobes acuminated, toothed, petioles with glands, the outer flowers radiant, larger, neuter. English Botany, t. 332. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 107. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 146. Lindley, Synopsis, p. J32. A small much branched tree or shrub, with pale smooth shining bark. Branches opposite, round, rather brittle. Leaves opposite, quite smooth above, large pale green, mostly of three, sometimes of five lobes, each lobe with an acuminated point, and a rather large mostly irregularly toothed margin, paler on the under side, with a stout mid- rib and numerous branched veins, smooth, or more or less clothed with pale simple down, especially on the ribs and veins, footstalks channeled above, somewhat dilated at the base, and on the edge towards the top are several cup-shaped glands, and towards the base narrow leafy appendages. Inflorescence large terminal cymes, on short smooth fur- rowed footstalks. Flowers numerous, crowded, white, those of the centre rather small, bell-shaped, with a limb of five rounded segments, those of the circumference radiating, much larger, irregular, plane, of five large unequal lobes, and without either stamens or pistils. Bracteas long, linear. Calyx of five very small teeth, crowning the fruit. Sta- mens with awl-shaped filaments, longer than the corolla, the anthers yellow, ovate. Stigmas obtuse, sessile. Fruit drooping, fine scarlet, ovate, smooth shining berries, very succulent. Seed flat, ovate, mi- nutely dotted. Habitat. Woods, hedges, and coppices ; frequent, in damp places in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Shrub ; flowering in June and July. The leaves in autumn, like the last species, become of a reddish colour. It is an ornamental plant in hedge rows when in flower, and not less so when laden with its drooping bunches of bright scarlet fruit. It is a well known plantation shrub, under the name of Snow- ball tree, when by cultivation the whole of the corollas of the flowers have expanded nearly as large as those of the radiant ones in the wild plant, and the cymes assume a globose figure, hence it has got the name of snow-ball tree, and makes a pretty variety with other shrubs ; but its leaves fall away in winter, which renders it a much less favourite plantation shrub than the Laurestine, another species of this genus, the V. tinus, which is not uncommon in Italy and many other parts of the Continent, and is preferable to the others of this genus, as being evergreen, and in warm places continues in flower almost all the year round. 440 SAMBUCUS. [CLASS V. ORDER III. GENUS XCV. SAMBU'CUS LINN. Elder. Nat. Ord. CAPRI FOLJA'CE-E. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-cleft, superior. Corolla wheel-shaped, of five at length reflexed lobes. Stigmas sessile. Fruit a succulent berry, three or four seeded. Named from o-ju./Suxi, a musical instrument, said formerly to have been made of this plant ; and the Greek word is derived from the Hebrew sebeka, a kind of harp, or a triangular instrument, strung with cords ; in the Book of Daniel, ch. iii., v. 5, 7, 10, 15, it is translated sackbut. 1. S. Ebu'lus, Linn. (Fig. 503.) Dwarf Elder, or Dane-wort. Stem herbaceous ; cymes of three principal branches ; stipules leafy, ovate, serrated. English Botany, t. 475. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 108. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 146. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 132. Root fleshy, long, creeping. Stem herbaceous, from two to three feet high, simple, angular, furrowed unequally, roughish, leafy. Leaves opposite, pinnate, with a long striated common footstalk, roughisb, slightly dilated at the base, with leafy ovate serrated stipules, and with three or four pairs of leaflets, and an odd one, narrow, lanceolate, from one to four inches long, smooth, dark green, paler beneath, and mostly somewhat hairy, with a prominent mid-rib and numerous branched veins, the margin finely serrated, and the base unequal. Inflorescence a terminal cyme, of three principal smooth or hairy branches, much divided above. Flowers numerous, crowded, purplish, equal. Calyx with five ovate acute persistent teeth. Co- rolla wheel-shaped, with five ovate acute spreading lobes, at length reflexed. Stamens with awl-shaped filaments, as long as the corolla and large ovate anthers, of a purple colour. Stigmas sessile. Fruit a small round purplish black berry, with from three to five angular seeds. Habitat. Road sides and waste places ; not very common in England and Scotland, or Ireland. Perennial ; flowering in June. The root and whole plant has a disagreeable foetid smell, is violently purgative, and sometimes emetic. It is not unfrequently used by the country people, but is a violent medicine. It is said to drive away moles, and its leaves sprinkled in barns and other places will keep away mice, but this we have not found to be the case, nor will those of the following species, as is reported of it also. 2. S. ni'gra, Linn. (Fig. 504) Common Elder. Stem woody; cymes of five principal branches ; stipules obsolete. English Botany, t. 476. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 109. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 132. ft. leucocarpa. Fruit white. CLASS V. ORDKa III.] SAMBDCUS. 441 y. laciniata. (Fig. 505.) Leaflets cut and lacinated. S. laciniata Mill. Diet. . viresceni. Fruit green. S. virescens, Desf. A small bushy tree, with opposite branches, of quick growth, fre- quently putting out shoots a yard long during the year, which are full, of a soft spongy pith, and clothed with a smooth pale shining grey bark, mostly abundantly scattered over with small lenticular glands. Leaves opposite, pinnate, with striated channeled footstalks, smooth or hairy, with mostly two pairs of leaflets and an odd one, ovate- lanceolate, with a tapering point and generally oblique base, sessile, or on short partial footstalks, of a deep green, smooth, sometimes hairy, especially on the mid-rib and branched veins of the paler under side ; the margin serrated in the variety ., cut and lacinated. Stipules two fleshy warts at the base of the leaves. Inflorescence terminal, cymes of five principal branches, much divided above. Flowers numerous, regular, cream coloured, with a sweetish faint unpleasant smell. Calyx limb of five spreading teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, limb of five roundish ovate segments. Stamens with awl-shaped stout fila- ments, scarcely as long as the corolla. Anthers oblong, notched, yellow. Stigmas obtuse, sessile. Fruit a dark purplish black small round berry, sometimes, as in the varieties, virescens green, and in leucocarpa white, with three or four seeds. Habitat. Woods, hedges, &c. ; frequent. A Tree ; flowering in June. Perhaps there are none of our native plants applied to so many useful purposes as the elder. The inner bark of the tree was formerly much used, and entered into the list of the Pharmacopaeias ; it has scarcely any smell, and but very little taste, except that of slight sweetness, with a degree of acrimony ; it was prepared by boiling three handsful in a quart of milk and water till reduced to a pint, one half to be taken at night, and the remainder in the morning, and this repeated for several days; it usually acts both as a purgative and emetic. The expressed juice in doses of about half an ounce was also given, medicinally, in many chronic diseases; it is now, how- ever, except in some country places, out of use. The wood is white, and close grained, and is esteemed as one of our most useful woods for the purpose of making knife handles, skewers, small toys, and orna- mental articles. The leaves are strewed about barns to keep away mice, and in the subterranean passages of moles to drive them away, as it is said they have a great objection to them; boiling water, in which the leaves have been infused, sprinkled over delicate plants liable to the attack of small insects, protects them from injury, as few insects will feed upon elder: indeed it seems very objectionable, if not poisonous, to most of them. The undeveloped flower buds, when pickled with vinegar, form one of the best substitutes for capers ; and the expanded flowers, which have an agreeable smell, are, when fresh, used in the form 442 SAMBUCUS. [CLASS v. ORDER HI. of tea, which is gently aperient ; the dried flowers are also used as tea, to make fomentations, and distilled with water, which has the fragrance of the flowers. It is considered a pleasant and good wash for inflamed eyes; made hot, and with the addition of a little sugar it is taken at bed time to produce perspiration, for the relief of colds, coughs, &c. ; they are also made into ointment in the same way as the bark, and considered excellent in dispersing of tumors, the healing of wounds, &c. The dried flowers are also used to flavour vinegar, and the French scatter them amongst their heaps of apples, or pack them up with their fruits, to communicate to them an agreeable flavour. The ripe berries have a sweetish but rather sickly taste, and yield upon pressure a h'ne purple juice ; when boiled with spices and sugar, and fermented, it forms an excellent kind of wine, much esteemed : taken hot before going to bed, with toasted bread, it is a very favourite remedy with the country people, both as a preveutative and cure for colds, and is frequently of great use, as it produces perspiration, and mostly acts as an aperient; it is far from being to most persons an unpleasant remedy. The juice fermented with a small portion of sugar, and treated in the ordinary way of making wine, is by no means despisable ; after it has been kept in bottles for some time it deposits part of its colouring matter, with a portion of salt, and has much the appear- ance of port wine. The berries are also boiled with sugar into a kind of preserve, and thought to be very useful in sore throats, coughs, and colds; but they are said to be deleterious to poultry, especially to turkeys, if they are, we presume they very seldom eat them, for no trees are more common than the elder in farm yards and hedges in almost all parts of the country, and we know not of any circumstance that has led to the belief of their causing any injury to the poultry which are daily picking about them. The elder is not much esteemed as an ornamental shrub ; it is showy both in flower and fruit : and will grow in almost all situations in the close smoky recesses of towns, as well as in the country, but is heavy looking in its foliage. The variety with lacinated leaves, or the parsley leaved elder, as it is called, is far less objectionable, and there are some very pretty kinds occasionally met with having varie- gated leaves, which look very pleasing amongst other plants in plan- tations and shrubberies ; but it is liable to lose its variegated appearance, if planted in too good soil, the whole leaves become green. Paper stained with the purple juice of the berries, is a good test to ascertain the presence of acids in making chemical experiments. CLASS V. ORDER III.] STAPHYLEA. 443 GENUS XCVI. STAPHYLE'A. LINN. Bladder-nut. Nat Ord. CELASTRIN'E^:. R. BROWN. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-parted, inferior, coloured, with an urceolate disk at the base. Petals five. Styles two or three, sometimes united. Fruit a membranous capsule, of two or three cells dehiscing internally. Seeds roundish. Named from (rrtx.vXn, a bunch of grapes ; its flowers being in racemes. 1. Si. pinna' ta, Linn. (Fig. 506.) Common Bladder-nut. Leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, five to seven, smooth, serrated; flowers racemose ; capsule membranous inflated. English Botany, t. 1560. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 110. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Liudley, Synopsis, p. 75. (Ord. Sta- phyleaceae.) A branched spreading shrub, five or six feet high, with smooth greenish pale bark, with numerous leaves, similar in appearance to the ash, gracefully drooping on all sides. Leaves pinnate opposite, quite smooth, of a cheerful green, leaflets five to seven, opposite, with a terminal one ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, with a shortly acuminated point, the margin fine and sharply serrated, paler beneath, with a mid-rib and numerous slender branched veins, common footstalk long, chan- neled above. Stipules pale, thin, membranous, soon falling away both from the leaves and leaflets. Inflorescence terminal drooping racemes, somewhat panicled. Bracteas small, linear at the base of the partial flower stalks, soon falling away. Flowers not very numerous, drooping, of a pale yellowish green. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with a limb of five deep oblong obtuse coloured segments, as long as the corolla, having at its base a coloured large urn shaped disk. Petals five, alternating with the segments of the calyx, narrower, and of a thinner more delicate texture, inserted into the margin of the disk. Stamens as long as the corolla, with awl-shaped filaments, inserted into the disk, and with roundish yellow anthers. Styles rather long, two, erect, with obtuse stigmas. Fruit a large thin membranous inflated bladdery capsule, of two cells, pointed at the top and open, each con- taining one or two seeds, bursting internally, and seldom more than one or two capsules perfected on each raceme. Seed globose, hard, bony, light brown, polished, without albumen and thick cotyledons. Habitat. Hedges and thickets, but rare ; Yorkshire, and about Ashford, in Kent. A very doubtful native, though said by Mr. Hail- stone to be truly indigenous about Pontefract. A shrub; flowering in June. The Bladder-nut is a large ornamental shrub, frequently planted in shrubberies ; its foliage is graceful, and the capsules are curious, remaining on the tree a long time. The seeds are highly polished, VOL. .1. 3 M 444 TAMARIX. and used by the poor people on the Continent, where the plant is more frequent than with us, to make necklaces ; they have a sweetish taste when masticated, succeeded by a somewhat nauseous bitterness, and if many of them are eaten produce sickness and vomiting. The wood is white and brittle. GENUS XCVII. TA'MARIX. LINN. Tamarisk. Nat. Ord. TAMARJSCI'NEJ-:. DBS VACT. GEN. CHAR. Calyx four or five parted, persistent, inferior. Petals four or five. Stamens four or five, or double the number. Stigmas three, long, spreading, glandular, and oblique at the apex. Capsule tapering to a point, of one cell, three valved, and many seeded. Seeds crowned with long simple hairs. Named from the Tamarisci, a people who inhabit the banks of the Tamaris, now Tambra, in Spain, where the amarisk Tabounds. 1. T. Gal'lica, Linn. (Fig. 607.) French Tamarisk. Smooth glaucous leaves, ovate, acuminate, minute ; spikes lateral, numerous ; bracteas with a long tapering point. English Botany, t. 1318. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 111. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 62. Stem slender, nearly erect, with long drooping slender red shining branches. Leaves minute, glaucous green, ovate, with a long acumi- nated point, bluntly spined at the base, and embracing the stem. Inflorescence lateral and terminal, spikes becoming after flower- ing racemose, from the flowers being elevated on short footstalks. Floicers numerous, crowded, pale pink, inodorous, each with a small bractea at its base, somewhat ovate, with membranous margins and a long tapering point. Calyx of five ovate segments, with membranous margins united at the base. Corolla of five ovate oblong petals, three times as long as the calyx. Stamens on long slender filaments, alter- nating with the petals, dilated at the base, and either distinct or united at the base, sometimes there are four, or eight, or ten. Anthers small, pink, ovate. Styles wanting. Stigmas three, long, spreading, some- what feathery, the apex with a rather large oblique gland. Capsule ovate, with a long tapeiing triangular point, of one cell and three valves, with a central placenta at the base of the valves. Seeds nu- merous, small, crowned with a slalked tuft, of a few long white shining simple hairs (comosej. Habitat. Rocks, cliffs, and sandy shores near the sea. Inmost of the coves from the Nore-head to the Land's-end, on St. Michael's Mount, and other places, Cornwall; near Hurst Castle, Hants; and near Hastings ; but no where with suspicion of having been planted. Shrub ; flowering in July. CLASS V. ORDER III.] COKRICIOLA. 445 The tamarisk is frequent in shrubberies, but a very doubtful native plant In Cornwall, where it grows with the appearance of being wild, it is called by the common people Cypress, and forms in many places a beautiful ornamental fence round gardens and fishermen's huts; and it is commonly believed amongst the people that a Monk from the Continent, on landing on the Cornish coast, stuck his staff into the ground, and it grew into a tamarisk shrub. It is frequent hi almost all parts of the Continent. GENUS XCVIII. CORRIGl'OLA. LINN. Slrapwort. Nat. Ord. PARONT'CHIE^;. ST. HII,. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-parted, persistent, inferior. Petals five, in- serted into the base of the calyx, and as long. Stigmas three, sessile. Capsule covered by the calyx, single seeded. Seed suspended by its cord, which arises from the bottom of the capsule. Named from corrigia, a strap or thong, from its long pliant stems. 1. C. littora'lis, Linn. (Fig. 508.) Sand Strapwort. Stem leafy among the corymbose flowers ; leaves of the stem linear, wedge- shaped. English Botany, t. 1318. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 112. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 60. (Ord. lllecebreae.) Root small, tapering, and branched. Stems numerous, much branched, and spreading on the ground in every direction, from six to eighteen inches long, slender, smooth, round, and leafy. Leaves alter- nate, sometimes opposite, a pale glaucous green, quite smooth, linear, with an acute point, and those of the stem tapering at the base in a wedge-shaped manner into a short footstalk, each having at the base a pair of ovate acute very thin membranous stipules. Inflorescence in terminal and lateral corymbose leafy racemes at the end of the branches. Flowers very small, white, on short stalks. Bractea small, lanceolate, membranous. Calyx of five deep obovate segments, nearly as long as the corolla, green. Corolla of five obovate while spreading petals. Stamens with awl-shaped filaments, shorter than the corolla, and small roundish anthers, of a dark purplish colour. Stigmas three, sessile, very small. Capsule eveloped in the calyx, broadly ovate, of one cell, single seeded. Seed suspended from the top by its cord, which arises from the base of the capsule, black and shining. Habitat. South-west coast of England; rare. Slapham sands, and near the Star point, Devonshire; and at Helston and banks of the Loor, Cornwall. Annual ; flowering in July and August. This rare little plant is very common on almost every sand bank in Portugal, where it grows to a much larger size than with us. 446 PAKNASSIA. [CLASS V. ORDER IV. ORDER IV. TETRAGYNIA. 4 PISTILS. GENUS XCIX. PARNAS'SIA. LINN. Grass of Parnassus. GEN. CHAR. Calyx five-parted, spreading. Petals five, veiny, and opposite the base of each is an heart-shaped fleshy scale, fringed with slender bristles, tipped with globular glands. Stic/mas four, sessile. Capsule superior, of one cell, opening at the apex with four valves, each with a linear placenta bearing numerous seeds. Named from Mount Parnassus, though the plant is by no means peculiar to that situation. 1 . P. palus'tris, Linn. (Fig. 509.) Common Grass of Parnassus. Scales with from nine lo thirteen bristles ; root leaves on footstalks, heart-shaped, the solitary one of the stem amplexicaul. English Botany, t. 82. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 114. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 147. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 67. Root of numerous long branched fibres. Stem erect, angular, Striated, twisted, from " one inch" to eight or twelve high, quite smooth, as is the whole plant, with a solitary leaf below the middle, sessile, and embracing it Leaves from the root numerous, on rather long channeled footstalks, heart-shaped, more or less acute at the point, not unfrequently rounded, with a mid-rib and several lateral ones from the base, paler beneath, and more or less profusely scattered over with small oblong glands, of a pinkish colour, sometimes wanting, but best seen in dried specimens, they are also numerous on the footstalks and lower part of the stem. Flower solitary at the top of the stem. Calyx five-partite, the segments ovate, acute, with numerous slender longi- tudinal veins, spreading. Corolla of five broadly ovate obtuse spread- ing concave petals of a beautiful white, with numerous pellucid veins, and sometimes, though rarely, the margin is fringed, the base with a short claw, and opposite to it is a fleshy heart-shaped scale, on a short stalk, having the margin fringed with from nine lo thirteen awl-shaped slender bristles, each tipped with a small round yellow gland. Stamens alternating with them, and about the same length, with awl-shaped filaments and oval anthers, pale cream colour, of two cells, bursting longitudinally. Stigmas four, sessile, obtuse, spreading, crowning the capsule, which is broadly ovate, marked with four longitudinal furrows, nearly superior, of one cell, bursting about half way down from the apex, each with a longitudinal lateral placenta, bearing numerous small brown seeds, curved upwards, with a narrow membranous border all round. 507 Tamarix gallica 508 Corrigiola littoralis. Parnassia palustris. Statice armeria Statice spathulata CLASS V. ORDER V.J STATICE. 447 Habitat. Bogs and wet places; common, especially in the North. Perennial ; flowering from August to Qctober. The grass of Parnassus is one of our most interesting plants, re- markable for the very curious structure of the scales at the base of the corolla, and the stamens are remarkable, from their gradually one by one bending over the stigmas, and discharging the pollen upon them ; when one has performed this office it returns to its former position, and another succeeds it, each stamen going through the same process in like manner ; sometimes, but very seldom, two of them may be observed bending over at the same time. After the whole of the stamens have performed their office, the stigmas which were spreading now close up, the ovules increase in size, the capsule enlarges, the numerous seeds are perfected, and then the capsule bursts its sutures at the top for the escape of its progeny to perpetuate and increase its species. ORDER V. PENTAGYNIA. 5 PISTILS. GENUS C. STATICE. LINN. Thrift. Nat. Ord. PLCMBAGI'NE^:. Juss. GEN. CHAR. Calyx of one piece, funnel-shaped, plaited, dry, mem- branous, persistent. Corolla of five petals, united at the base, and bearing the stamens. Stigmas five. Capsule enveloped in the calyx, with one seed. Named from crranty, to stop ; from its supposed qualities in stopping dysentery. * Flowers collected into a rounded head, inner scales of the involucre tubular at the base. (Armenia. De Cand.) 1. S. Armeria, Linn. (Fig. 510.) Common Thrift, or Sea Gilli- fiower. Leaves linear, single ribbed; scape simple, much longer than the leaves, bearing a round head of flowers; calyx with a striated hairy tube ; the limb membranous, with five ribs, terminating in short bristles. English Botany, t. 226 English Flora, vol. ii. p. 115. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 148. Armeria maritima, Willd.Liudley, Synopsis, p. 170. Root long, woody, branched, dark brown, mostly very scaly and rough at the top, with the fibrous remains of old leaves. Leaves nu- merous, all radical, tufted, narrow, linear, lax, spreading, somewhat fleshy, dark green, slightly channeled above, with a narrow raid-rib, 448 STATICE. [".ASS V. ORDKR V. and sometimes, but rarely, two obscure lateral ones, quite smooth, or sometimes with a few pale slender hairs on the margin and mid-rib. Scape erect, round, smooth, or more or less clothed with a close soft downiness, three or four times longer than the leaves, sheathed at the top with a close brown membrane, with a torn edge. Flowers nu- merous, in a round head, inodorous, rose coloured. Involucre of numerous scales, the outer ones ovate-lanceolate, with a pale brown thin membranous margin, the inner ones broadly ovate, obtuse, almost entirely membranous, united at the base into short tubes, or in a tubular form. Calyx funnel-shaped, the tube striated, with ten ribs, rough, with hairs pointed upwards, the limb longer than the tube, membranous, with five slender ribs, mostly hairy, continued from the tube, and elongated beyond the edge of the membrane in a short bristle, the pedicle of the calyx smooth, about as long as the tube, obliquely attached to the calyx. Corolla of five oblong obtuse petals, attenuated at the base, separate, or shortly united. Stamens attached to the base of the petals, with slender filaments, shorter than the petals. Anthers oblong, yellow. Styles ciliated, with long naked thread-like stigmas, as long as the stamens. Fruit a one celled ovale- oblong membranous capsule, enveloped in the persistent calyx. Seed solitary, pendulous from the apex of the umbilical cord, which arises from the bottom of the capsule. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight. Habitat. Muddy sea shores, and amongst rocks by the sea side ; frequent. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. Thrift is so called from its capability of growing in almost any situation, from the clear pure atmosphere of our mountain tops, and the saline breezes of the sea shore to the smoke-loaded air of our close cities and towns. It flowers freely for a considerable period of the summer months, and its bushy grass-like foliage, with its long hard penetrating roots, render it an admirable plant for making edgings to flower borders, &c., and few gardens, especially in towns, have more suitable borders combining beauty and durability than when made with this plant. 5. plantaginea, a species not unfrequent on the Continent, was found on the west coast of the Island of Jersey, in Augustj 1833, and is admitted into our Flora by Sir W. J. Hooker. We, however, much doubt its claim as a British plant. Its leaves are linear lanceolate, from three to five nerved, with a simple scape, bearing a round head of pale purple flowers, the outer scales of the involucre with a lapering point, the inner very obtuse, the calyx limb with five long bristly teeth, and the petals roundish or truncated. ** Flowers on one side on a paniculated scape. (Taxanthema, Neck.) 2 S. Limo'nium, Linn. (Fig. 511.) Spreading-spihed Thrift, or Sea Lavender. Scape roundish, paniculalcd at the top; leaves ovate- CLASS v. ORDER v.] STATICE. 449 lanceolate, stalked, smooth, with a mid-rib, terminating in a hooked bristle. English Botany, t. 102. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 116 Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 148. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 170. Root long, branched, tough, and woody. Scape erect, from five to ten inches high, round below, angular above, and much branched in a paniculated manner, and more or less rough, with furrows, and with several lanceolate taper pointed membranous scales, and one at the base of each branch of the panicle. Leaves all arising from the root, very variable in size and luxuriance, from two to four inches long or more, ovate-lanceolate, of a somewhat leathery texture, glaucous green, tapering at the base, obtuse at the apex, with a curved bristly point, formed by the continuation of the margin of the leaf and the mid-rib, channeled above, footstalks broad and short, or long, with a broad base continued along the leaf in a mid-rib, and with several small lateral branched veins. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle, alternately branched, spreading, sometimes recurved. Flowers numerous, imbri- cated, all turned to the upper side, each having at its base about four scales, ovate-lanceolate, with an acute or obtuse point, membranous, or with membranous margins. Calyx funnel-shaped, nearly sessile, the tube short, five ribbed, slightly hairy at the lower part, terminating in five angular teeth of the membranous limb, the margin frequently with small intermediate teeth. Corolla a fine deep blue or purplish pale on the outside, ovate-oblong, obtuse, or slightly notched, tapering at the base into a claw. Stamens arising from the base of the claw, and nearly as long. Anthers small, ovate, yellow. " Pollen with three pellucid dots compressed." Pistils long as the stamens, slender, filiform, smooth. Stigmas rough, with minute papillae. " Germen granulated." Capsule oblong, single seeded, enveloped in the calyx. Habitat. Muddy sea shores, and salt marshes; frequent in England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The roots of the Sea Lavender are astringent and tonic, but in a very slight degree. The flowers are inodorous, of a beautiful colour, and resemble in appearance common Lavender (Lavandula spicata.) 3. S. spathula'ta, Desf. (Fig. 512.) Upright-spiked Thrift. Scape round, branched from below the middle ; panicle elongated ; spikes erect ; calyx with blunt teeth ; leaves spatulate, three ribbed at the base, and a short obtuse point below the apex. Sims, in Botanic Magaz. t. 1617. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 149. Lindley, Synopsis, Suppl. p. 327. S. binervosa, Rev. G. E. Smith. In English Botany Suppl. t. 2663. S. Limonium. (3. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 116. Limonium minus. Ray, Synopsis, p. 202. Root woody, tapering, branched, crowned at the top with numerous 450 STATICE. [CLASS V. ORDER T. remains of old withered leaves. Scape erect, somewhat zig-zag, round, branched from below the middle, its terminal branches angular, furrowed, scattered over with small prominent glands, especially above, and with several lanceolate membranous alternate scales below the middle, and one at the base of each division. Leaves all radical, somewhat leathery, of a glaucous green, small, reflexed, spatulate, with the footstalk of variable length, though never very long, with a mid-rib, slightly prominent on the under side, and terminating in a short obtuse point below the apex, and besides this there are two lateral parallel ribs, which extend to the middle or below the middle of the leaf, and sometimes there are four of these short ribs, all of which are pellucid when held between the eye and the light. Inflorescence a branched corymbose panicle, of numerous crowded alternate erect flowers, all turned to the upper side. Flowers mostly two together, sessile, surrounded at the base with several ovate scales, the outer ones green, leafy, with a pale membranous margin, the inner entire, mem- branous, sometimes jagged "at the apex and sides. Corolla of five roundish ovate purplish blue petals, attenuated at the base into a narrow claw. Calyx funnel-shaped, with a long tube, of a reddish green colour, with five prominent ribs, tapering to about the middle of the pale membranous limb, and at the base are five others, intermediate shorter than the tube, smooth or fringed, with pale hairs pointed upwards, the limb about as long as the tube, pale, thin, membranous, with five roundish obtuse or emarginated segments. Stamens with slender awl-shaped filaments, shorver than the petals, and ovate white anthers. " Pollen with four or five pellucid dots, compressed. Germen smooth." Styles long, slender, filiform. " Stigmas covered with a reticulation of vesicles, not prominent, much larger than the papillae of S. Limonium." Capsule ovate, enveloped in the persistent calyx. Seed solitary. Habitat. Sea shores, and amongst rock near the sea. Coast of Kent in several places.- Gerard and Rev. G. E. Smith. Shakspeare Cliff, Dover. Sir W. J. Hooker. Harwich. Ray. Mull of Gal- loway, Scotland. Mr. Goldie. Rocks near Holyhead, and St. Bee's Head, near Whitehaven. Mr. W. Wilson. Several places in North Wales. Dr. Howitt, who furnished me with beautiful specimens. Devon. Mr. Banks. Somerset. Mr. Christy. Near Baldoyle, Portmarnock, South side of the hill of Howth, Killiney-hill, and many other places on the Kerry coast, Ireland. Mr. Machey. North of Ireland. Mr. Drummond. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. The lower branches, both in this species and &. Limonium, are sometimes barren. Small plants with the lower branches barren have generally been mistaken for the following species; they are, however, readily distinguished from each other upon careful examination. 4. S.relicula'ta, Linn. (Fig. 513.) Matted Thrift. Scape round, 513 Statice reticulata. 514 Linum usitatissimum. 515 L. usitatissimum var. lineafolium. Linum perenne 517 Linurc an^ustifolium. 516 Linum catharticum. CLASS V. ORDER V. J STATICE. 451 slender, much branched in a pauiculated manner from near the base ; the branches slender, much divided, and malted together, the lower ones barren ; flowers crowded -, calyx with angular teeth ; leaves spa- tulate, small, without points. English Botany, t. 328. English Flora, vol. i. p. 117. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 149. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 171. Root of several stout branches, tough and woody, crowned with the crowded withered remains of old leaves, and mostly bearing several stems. Scape erect, roughish, with small prominent glands, round, branched from near the base, the branches slender, alternate, much divided, zig-zag, and above matted together, the lower branches always barren. Bracteas small, ovate, acute, pale, thin, membranous, one at the division of each branch, and closely embracing it. Leaves all radical, small, spatulale, tapering at the base into a footstalk of variable length, channeled above, the apex rounded or acute, without a point or bristle, single ribbed. Inflorescence a much branched corymbose panicle, of slender zig-zag matted branches, the lower ones ban-en, and mostly reflexed. Flowers small, a pale blueish purple colour, much crowded, in small erect one sided tufts, each having at its base about four ovate obtuse scales, green, with membranous margins, or entirely membranous. Calyx funnel-shaped, with a short tube, with five stout ribs, of a reddish colour, tapering into about the middle of the segments of the limb, smooth, or with a few pale erect hairs at the lower part, and sometimes there are small short intermediate ribs, the limb pale, membranous, with five angular teeth. Corolla small, of five ovate petals, tapering into a claw. Stamens from the base of the petal, with a slender Jilament, shorter than the petal, and a small roundish anther, yellow. Style and stigmas filiform, as long as the stamens. Capsule small, ovate, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Seed solitary. Habitat. Muddy salt marshes; rare. Chiefly on the coast of Norfolk; between St. Peter's Point and the Washway below Wisbeach, and at Long Sutton Wash. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This is a smaller and more slender spreading plant than either of the above species. Its delicate much branched and entangled inflo- rescence is very remarkable ; this, with numerous of the lower barren branches reflexed, readily distinguish it at first sight from the other species. It is seldom more than three inches high, sometimes, how- ever, it is six. Small spreading branched specimens of S. spatulata have been mistaken for this plant, but they will be found very different in many respects, especially in the leaf and calyx. VOL. i. 452 LINOM. [CLASS V. ORDKK V. GENUS CI. LI'NUiM. LINN. Flax. Nat. Ord. LI'NE^E. DE CAND. GEN. CHAH. Calyx of five persistent pieces. Corolla of five petals. Stamens united at the base into a ring, with intermediate teeth opposite the petals, (abortive stamens). Capsule globose, pointed with the indurated base of the style, ten valved, and ten celled. Seeds ovate, compressed. Named, according to Th&s, from Lin, thread in Celtic. * Leaves alternate. 1. L. usitatis'simum, Linn. (Fig. 514.) Common Flax. Stem erect, mostly solitary, branched upwards ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ; sepals ovate, acute, three ribbed ; petals crenate. English Botany, t. 1357. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 118. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 150. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 53. j9. lineafolium, (Fig. 515.) Leaves narrow, linear, and the whole plant small. Root slender, tapering, branched. Stem erect, from two to three feet high, solitary, sometimes two from the same root, round, smooth, finely striated, leafy, slender, mostly much branched in the upper part, the branches erect, or slightly spreading. Leaves lanceolate, quite smooth, a bright cheerful green, sessile, alternate, with three parallel nearly equal ribs, uniting at the point with numerous slender reticu- lated branches, the lower leaves mostly shorter than the upper, obtuse at the point. Inflorescence a leafy panicle. Flowers solitary, on slender terminal and lateral peduncles, large, fine purplish blue. Calyx of five ovate acute sepals, green, with a pale membranous margin, somewhat ciliated, a mid-rib, and two lateral ones, about half as long as the sepal. Corolla of five broadly ovate petals, tapering at the base into a claw, the margin irregularly crenated, with numerous branched veins. Stamens shorter than the corolla, on slender awl- shaped Jilaments, which are united round the germen in a narrow ring, and between each filament is a small tooth, opposite the petals, which are abortive stamens. Anthers oblong. Styles thread-shaped, erect, as long as the stamens, with blunt somewhat capitate stigmas. Capsule globose, smooth, pointed with the indurated base of the styles, formed of ten valves, and divided with thin membranous partitions into ten cells, each cell containing an ovate compressed seed, smooth, shining, brown. Embryo straight, and the cotyledons flat. Halitat. Corn fields and road sides ; not uufrequent, but probably introduced, though now naturalized. Annual ; flowering in July. Common Flax is one of the most useful of our plants ; it is, in fact, called L. usitatissimum, from the great uses to which its various parts CLASS V. ORDER V.] LINUM. 453 are applied. The stems of several species afford tenacious fibres, but none are so valuable as those of this species. The stems are macerated for some time in water, until the bark and cellular substance become loosened ; it is then dried and beaten until the fibrous part is free, and they are then known by the name of flax, which is applied to many use- ful purposes, being made into linen, &c. The fibrous substance, which is very tenacious and durable, renders it capable of being spun into such extremely fine threads, and wove into the most delicate fabrics. The fibres are a most beautiful substance under the lens of a microscope of great power, when it "will be seen that even the finest filaments are composed of a number of fine tubes; and in- terspersed amongst these will be seen, when it is in a fresh state, minute particles of greenish matter. This, which is called by vege- table anatomists woody fibre, is thought by some to be only a form of cellular substance, which by compression is formed into elongated tubes, having transverse partitions. There appears, however, some reason to suppose that it is a distinct form of tissue, and that it is tubular, without partitions. The anatomical investigation of vegetable substances is one of extreme interest, and opens a wide field, in every step of which new objects of wonder and astonishment are presented requiring our further examination. The seeds of this plant are known by the name of lineseed ; they have an unctuous feel, a mucilaginous sweetish taste, without any remark- able smell. They yield by expression a large quantity of oil, which, when made without the application of heat, has not any particular flavour or taste ; it is sometimes used instead of castor oil, but is not either so pleasant in its operation, or so powerful in its effects. It forms with lime water a thin linament, which is considered one of the best applications to scalds and burns; but of late years this seems to be superseded by the use of cotton, or the application of dried wheaten flour to the injured parts. The seeds of flax also give to boiling water a considerable quantity of bland mucilage, which has but little flavour, and is frequently of great use in coughs, hoarseness, and catarrhal affections, as well as in affections of the urinary passages. The flour of the seeds is much esteemed for making poultices for various exter- nal affections, and the pulp left after the expression of the oil is formed into cakes, commonly called oil-cake, is used as food for cattle, but if too great a quantity is given, it gives the meat a peculiar flavour, which by many persons is not considered pleasant. The oil, both raw and boiled with litharge, is extensively used in the arts and manufactures, painting, &c. 2. L. pe'renne, Linn. (Fig. 516.) Perennial Slue Flax. Stems erect, numerous, branched upwards ; leaves linear, lanceolate, acute, smooth ; sepals obovate, obtuse, obscurely five ribbed, smooth. English Botany, t. 40. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 119. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 150. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 53. 454 1INUM. [CLASS V. ORDER V. Root tapering, slender, branched. Stems several from the same root, slender, erect, or slightly bending in the lower part, branched towards the top, round, smooth, leafy, from one to one and a half feet high. Leaves alternate, rather smaller than in the last species, linear, acute, single ribbed, somewhat glaucous green, especially beneath. Inflorescence rather large panicles, the flowers racemose on the branches, large, rather pale purplish blue, with dark radiating veins. Calyx of five, obovate, obtuse, each with a narrow membranous margin, and the outer ones mostly with a short obtuse point, five ribbed, the lateral ones sometimes obscure. Corolla of five spreading heart-shaped petals, the notch more or less distinct, and the margin generally slightly crenated. Stamens on short slender awl-shaped filaments, with yellow- oblong anthers. Styles slender, longer than the stamens, with obtuse somewhat capitate stigmas. Capsule globose, smooth, pointed, with the hardened base of the style ten valved, ten celled, each cell single seeded. Habitat. Dry hilly situations. Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Westmoreland, Norfolk, Suffolk; near Monkstown, Ireland. Mr.J. Drummnnd. Perennial ; flowering in June and July. This plant is readily distinguished by its obtuse calyx, its smaller leaves, and more numerous stems. It is frequently cultivated in gardens, and is a gay ornamental perennial border flower ; its palish green foliage on its slender stem, and numerous rather large handsome flowers, have an elegant appearance, and successively expand for a considerable time. 3. L. angusti'folium, Huds. (Fig. 517) Narrow-leaved Pale Flax. Stems numerous, erect, branched upwards ; leaves linear, lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, bristle pointed, three ribbed, the inner ones ciliated. English Botany, t. 40. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 119. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 150. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 53. Root somewhat tapering, branched and woody. Stems numerous from the same root, round, smooth, slender, erect, or somewhat bent at the base, slightly branched above, leafy. Leaves narrow, linear lanceo- late, with an acuminated point, three ribbed, a somewhat glaucous green, paler beneath. Inflorescence slightly branched, few flowered, racemose panicles. Flowers smaller than either of the above species, a pale purplish blue colour, with short darker radiating veins. Calyx of five sepals, rather shorter than the capsules, ovate, with an acumi- nated point, terminating in short bristle, the inner sepals more obtuse than the outer, with a shorter point, a broader membranous margin, and ciliated with short hairs. Petals broadly obovate, tapering into a claw, sometimes notched, and has an heart-shaped appearance, and frequently the margin is slightly crenalcd. Stamens like the last, of CLASS V. ORDER V.I LINUM. 455 variable lengths, the filaments slender, awl-shaped, with ovate blue anthers. Styles long, swollen upwards. Stigmas feathery. Capsule globose, smooth, pointed, the hardened base of the style bursting, with ten valves, ten celled, each cell single seeded. Habitat. Sandy and chalky pastures, especially near the sea. Kent, Sussex, Norfolk, Suffolk, near Liverpool; Truro, Falmouth, and other places in Cornwall ; Plymouth. Mr. Banks. Near Valebrook Farm, Hastings. Dr. Bromfield. Perennial ; flowering in July and August. This species is nearly allied to the last, but is readily distinguished by its culyx, smaller flowers and leaves, and the less branched fewer flowered stems ; and the whole plant is mostly smaller than either of the above species. ** Leaves opposite. 4. L. cathar'ticum, Linn. (Fig. 518.) Purging Flax. Stem forked above ; leaves oblong, opposite, smooth ; sepals oblong, acute, ciliated with glandular hairs; petals acute. English Botany, t. 382. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 119. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 150. Liudley, Synopsis, p. 54. Hoot very small, tapering. Stem very slender, solitary, or numerous, erect, or bent at the base, round, smooth, from four to twelve inches high or more, simple below, branched above in a forked manner, with a solitary flower, on a slender footstalk from the angle of each division, and a pair of leaves. Leaves smooth, dark green, frequently just above the root they are numerous, crowded, alternate, and opposite, short, obtuse, those of the stem opposite, oblong, obtuse, single ribbed, those of the branches oblong lanceolate, the margins slight, cartilaginous, and roughish. Flowers solitary, on a slender footstalk. Calyx of five oblong acutely pointed sepals, green, with a stout mid -rib, the margin with a narrow membranous border, ciliated with glandular hairs. Corolla of five white ovate acute petals, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens on short filaments, with small yellow anthers. Styles short, with capitate stigmas. Capsule globose, smooth, as long as the calyx, tipped with the pointed base of the hardened style, opening with ten narrow lanceolate valves, ten celled, and each cell single seeded. Habitat. Road sides and pastures ; abundant. Annual ; flowering in June and July. Purging Flax is a pretty little plant; its slender branches hang gracefully, drooping before its small star-like flowers have expanded, and then becomes erect. It has a bitter disagreeable taste, and acts as a cathartic ; a handful infused in half a ^ pint of boiling water is suffi- cient for a grown up person. It is frequently administered by the country people, and in small doses it is said to give tone to the stomach and bowels. 456 SIBBALDIA. [CLASS V. ORDER V. GENUS CII. SIBBAL'DIA LINN. Sibbaldia. Nat Ord. ROSA'CEJE. Jess. GEN. CHAR. Calgx of ten segments, the alternate ones small. Corolla of five petals, inserted into the calyx. Fruit five small nuts, placed upon a dry receptacle. ( Stamens and nuts van/ from Jive to ten). " Named in honour of Robert Sibbald, who wrote on the natural history of Scotland about the latter end of the 17th century, and who published a figure of our Scottish species of this genus." 1. S. procum'bens, Linn. (Fig. 519.) Procumbent Sibbaldia. Leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, three toothed ; petals lanceolate. English Botany, t. 897. English Flora, vol. ii. p. 120. Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 151. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 98. Root stout, woody, with branched fibres, much branched and tufted at the top, and thickly clothed with the dry brown scaly remains of the old leaves. Stems herbaceous, mostly several, short, scarcely branched, leafy, round, procumbent, rough, with hairs pointed upwards. Leaves ou long slender footstalks, hairy, with a pair of winged, pointed, mem- branous stipules at the base, leaflets three, on short footstalks, wedge- shaped, the apex with three teeth, the middle one the smallest, dark green, frequently tinged with a purplish hue, the mid-rib slender, with slender netted veins, hairy, especially on the under side. Inflorescence a leafy corymbose tuft, of a few yellow jlowers. Calyx of ten seg- ments, hairy, five lanceolate, acute, and the five intermediate ones linear, acute. Corolla of five petals, lanceolate, inserted into the calyx opposite the smaller segments, and about the same length, or shorter. Stamens five, short, inserted into the calyx between the petals. Anthers small, roundish, yellow. Germens five, or occasionally ten, each with a style arising from the side. Stigmas small, obtuse. Fruit five or ten small smooth ovate compressed nuts, placed upon a dry receptacle. Habitat. Near and upon the summit of the Highland Mountains of Scotland ; abundant. Perennial ; flowering in July. This hardy little perennial, growing upon the mountain top, is very common on Ben Lomond and other Highland Mountains, and com- memorates the name of one who loved to ramble over their rugged brows. It has much the habit and is nearly allied to Potentilla, and has the character of the natural order Rosaceae ; but has a definite number of stamens and pistils. It is as frequent in the alpine districts of Switzerland and Italy as with us, and sometimes it is found with leaves nearly smooth above, but very rough below. CLASS V. ORDW VI.] DROSEKA. 457 ORDER VI. HEXAGYNIA. 6 PISTILS. GENUS CIII. DROSE'RA. LINN. Sun-dew. Nat. Ord. DROSBRA'CB^:. DB CAND. GEN. CHAR. Calyx deeply five-cleft. Corolla of five petals. Styles three or five, divided in two. Capsule one -celled, three valved. Seeds numerous. Name from po erecta .. 218 palustre .. 395 Moi.lNIA .. 110 Silaus . . .. 383 coerulea .. Ill PUALARIS .. 78 depauperata .. Ill arenaria .. 85 MONTIA .. 171 arundinacea .. 79 fontana .. 171 asper .. 84 M VOSOTIS .. 231 Canariensis .. 78 alpestris .. 235 phleoides .. 84 arvensis .. 236 Phellandrium aquaticum .. 378 arvensis .. 237 Phylanthropon .. 187 csespitosa .. 234 PHLEUM .. 182 collina .. 237 alpinum .. 83 palustris 12, 232 arenarium 65, 85 repens . . .. 233 asperutn .. 84 rupicola .. 235 Boebmeri .. 84 scorpioid.es .. 236 Michelii .. 85 sylvatica .. 235 nodosvm .. 82 Tersicolor .. 238 paniculatum .. 84 Myosurus .. 459 pratense 69, 82 minimus .. 459 PHYSOSPERMUM .. 411 MYRRHIS .. 410 aquilegifolium .. 412 aromatica .. 409 Cornubiense .. 411 aurea .. .. 408 commutatum .. 412 odorata .. 410 PHYTEUMA .. 291 teniula ., .. 408 orbiculare .. 291 spicatum .. 292 NARDUS .. 61 PlMFlNELLA .. 366 stricta .. 61 dioica .. 358 celtica .. 61 dissectifolia .. 367 italica .. 61 hircina .. .. 367 montana .. 61 magna .. 368 Nympiuea alba .. 215 saxifraga .. 367 PINGUICULA .. 17 Ophiurus incurvatus . . .. 166 alpina .. 19 Oryza saliva 70, 73 prandiflora 17, 18 Lusitanica 19, 20 (ENANTHE .. 373 vulgaris .. 13 apiifolia .. 377 PLANTAGO .. 192 crocata 376 coronopus .. 195 fistulosa .. 373 lanceolata .. 194 peucedani folia .. 375 major .. 192 Phellandrium .. 374 maritima .. 195 pimpinelloides .. 377 media .. 193 Odontites lutea . . .. 352 major .. 195 minor .. 195 PANICUM .. 105 PDA .. Ill arbortscens .. 66 abyssinica .. 71 Crus-galli .. 105 alpina 65, 117 JJactylon .. 168 angustifolia .. 119 frumentacium .. 72 annua 69, 121 satiguinale .. 169 aquatica 65, 112 verticillatum .. 106 bulbo&a 65, 118 viride .. 107 compressa .. 116 Papyrus antiqvorum . . .. 46 decumbens .. 123 PA RIETARIA .. 199 distans .. 114 officinalis .. 200 JJexuosa .. 118 PAKNASSIA .. 446 fluitans .. 113 palustris .. 446 glauca .. 122 PASTINACA .. .. 339 glomerata .. 117 sativa .. 389 laxa .. 118 PETROSELINUM .. 356 maritima .. 114 sativum .. 356 nemoralis .. 122 segitum .. 357 urocumbens ..115 PEUCEDANUM .. 394 ]>ratensis .. 119 ofticinale .. 394 rigida .. .. JIG INDEX. Page. sub-creruka .. 119 petraeum trivialig . . .. 120 pubescent POLEMONIUM .. 260 rubrtitn ceeruleum .. 260 reclinatum POLYCARPON .. 172 spicatum tetraphyllum .. 173 Una crispa POLYPOGON .. 87 ROTTBOLLIA littoralis .. 88 filiformis Monspeliensis .. 87 incurvata Pontederia crassipes . . .. 22 Rum A POTAMOGETON .. 207 peregrina acutifolius .. 209 tinctoria compressus .. 208 RUPPIA crispus . . 210, 214 maritima cuspidatus .. 209 rostellata densus . . .. 207 gramineus .. 209 SAGINA heterophyllus .. 211 apetala . . lanceolatus .. 212 ereeta lucens 210, 212 maritima major .. 208 procumbens natans . . 213, 214 SALICOH.NIA oblongus .. 213 annua obtusifolius .. 209 fruticosa perfoliatus .. 210 herbacea pectinatus .. 208 procumbens praelongus .. 211 radicans proteus .. 211 SALSOLA pusillus .. 208 fruticosa rufescens .. 212 Kali serratus 120, 214 SALVIA zosteraefolius .. 209 pratensis PRIMULA .. 242 Verbenaca elatior .. 244 glutinosa farinosa .. 245 formosa Scotica .. 246 Indica . . veris .. 244 officinalis acaulis .. 243 splendens elatior .. 244 pomifera officinalis .. 244 SAMBUCUS .. vulgaris .. 242 Ebulus . . PRISMATOCARPUS .. 304 nigra hybridus .. 304 Icucocarpa speculum .. 304 laciniata PtfLMONAaiA .. 221 virescens angustifolia maculata .. 222 .. 222 SAMOLUS Valerandi maritima .. 226 SANGUISORBA officinalis .. 222 media officinalis Quercus suber .. 436 SANICULA Europaea RADIOLA .. 219 SCABIOSA millegrana linoides .. 219 .. 219 arvensis columbaria RHAMNUS .. 308 succisa . . catharticus .. 309 SCAND1X Frangula RHYKCHOSPORA .. 310 Anthriscus Cerefolium alba '. 47 infesta , . fusca .. 48 odorata . . RIBES .. 324 Pecten . . alpinum glabrum .. 326 .. 328 SCHCENUS til/nix Grossularia .. 328 compressus nigrum .. 327 fuscus Page. .. 325 .. 328 .. 324 .. 328 .. 326 .. 328 .. 163 .. 166 .. 165 .. 188 .. 188 .. 188 .. 214 .. 214 .. 215 .. 217 .. 217 .. 218 .. 217 .. 217 .. 1 .. 1 .. 2 .. 1 .. I .. 2 .. 428 .. 418 .. 429 .. 23 .. 24 .. 24 .. 25 .. 25 .. 25 .. 25 .. 25 .. 25 .. 440 .. 440 .. 440 .. 440 .. 441 .. 44! .. 286 .. 286 .. 203 .. 204 .. 203 .. 349 .. 349 .. 177 .. 176 .. 177 .. 177 .. 404 .. 407 .. 406 .. 402 .. 410 .. 404 .. 46 .. 47 .. 55 . 47 INDEX. nigricans . rufus . . . Schedonorus sylvaticus pratensis ( elatior . . .' loliacea . . . SCIRFUS . . . acicularis . ccespitosus . caricinus . carinatus Jiuitans , ylaucus . Holoschsenus lacustris . niaritimu? . monostachys . iHulticaulis . palustrik . pauciftorus . rufus . . . Savii setaceus sylvaticus triqueter Schoberia maritime* Sclerochloa maritima . procumbens riffida Secede cornutum Selinum palustre SESELI Libanotis creticum SESLKRIA caerulea SETARIA verticillata viridis SHERARDIA arvensis SlBBALDlA .. procumbens SILAUS pratensis SlSOK Araomum inundation segetum verticillatvm SIUM angustifolium inundatum latifolium nodiflorum repens vertidUatum SMYRNIUM .. Olusatrum SOLANUM Dulcamara nigrum .. Solatium lethalc furiosum maniacum tomentosum Page. . . 46 humile .. 56 luleo-virens .. 129 Sorghum .. 129 Spermodia clavatvs .. 130 STAPHYLEA .. 130 pinnata .. 48 I STATICE .. 54 Armeria .. 53 binervosa .. 55 Limonium .. 51 plantaginea .. 65 reticulata .. 48 spathulata .. 49 STIPA .. 48 pennata .. 50 tenacissima .. 60 Suertia perennis .. 53 SYMPHYTUM .. 52 officinale .. 53 tuberosum .. 56 liohemicum .. 49 patens .. .. 49 .. 51 Tacca pinnatifida 50, 51 TAMARIX .. 419 gallica . . .. 114 Thea germanica .. 115 THESIUM .. 116 linopbyllum .. 163 pratense .. 395 TILUSA . . - .. 381 muscosa . . .. 381 TORDYLIUM . . .. 393 maximum .. 107 nodosum .. 107 officinale .. 106 ToRILUS ..' 106 Anthriscus .. 106 infesta . . .. 189 nodosa . . .. 189 helvetica .. 456 Trichoaium caninum .. 456 setaceum .. 383 TRICHONEHA .. 383 Bulbocodium .. 362 Columnse .. 362 TRINIA .. 361 glaberrima .. 358 TRIODIA .. 365 decumbens .. 372 Trisetum pubescens .. 371 flavescens .. 361 TRITICUM .. 372 caninum .. 359 cristatum .. 360 junceum .. 365 loliaceum .. 413 repens . . .. 413 Turgenia latifolia .. 281 .. 281 ULMUS .. 282 campestris .. 279 campestris .. 279 carpinifolia .. 276 glabra .. 281 glandulosa Page. .. 283 .. 283 .. 70 .. 163 .. 443 .. 443 .. 447 .. 447 .. 449 .. 448 .. 448 .. 450 .. 449 .. 87 .. 87 .. 167 .. 335 .. 226 .. 226 .. 227 .. 227 .. 227 .. 72 .. 444 .. 444 .. 11 .. 334 .. 334 .. 334 .. 218 .. 218 .. 392 .. 392 .. 403 .. 393 .. 401 .. 401 .. 402 .. 403 .. 402 .. 91 .. 92 .. 42 .. 43 .. 43 .. 358 .. 358 .. 122 .. 122 .. 142 .. 143 70, 154 .. 154 .. 156 .. 156 .. 157 .. 155 .. 400 .. 431 .. 431 .. 437 .. 435 .. 434 .. 434 INDEX. Page. major latifolia montana .. 433 .. 434 .. 435 hybrida . . humifosa mas . . pedunculata .. 436 montana rvbra .. 436 officinalis parvifolia .. 435 Persica . . stricta suberosa .. 435 .. 432 polita saxatilis Uredo caries, segetum . . .. 159 scute! la ta URICULARIA .. intermedia .. 20 .. 21 serpyllifolia stigera . . minor .. 21 spicata . . vulgaris . . Falentia Aparine 20, 21 .. 185 tripbyllos verna VALERIANA . . .. 34 VIBURNUM ".. ccltica .. . . .. 61 Lantana dentata .. .. 38 Opulus . . dioica .. 35 Tinus . . officinalis .. 35 VILLA RSIA .. Pyrenaica rubra .. 36 .. 34 nyonphaeoides VINCA Valerianella. Auricula . . .. 38 major carinata.. .. 37 minor dentata .. .. 38 VIOLA olitoria . . .. 36 arvensis . . VERBASCUM . . .. 265 canina . . Blattaria .. 271 Curtisii . . floccosum .. 263 flavicornis Lychnitis .. 267 grandiflora nigrum .. .. 269 hirta nigro- Lychnitis . . nigro pulverulentum .. 270 .. 269 lasted lancifolia ovatum . . .. 270 lutea puUerulentuin .. 269 mnjus pulverulenlum .. 268 minor virgatum .. 270 montana . . thapsiforma .. 267 odorata . . Thapsus .. 265 palustris.. VERONICA .. 5 per sici folia agrestis . . .. 13 stagniita agrestis .. 14, 13, 17 sudetica . . Allionii .. 10, 7 saxutilis alpina .. 6 tricolor . . alpina .. .. 8 vulgaris . . Anagallis .. 8 Vvlpia Myurus arvensis .. 15 bromoides Beccabunga Buxbaumii .. 8 .. 17 uniglumis chamaedrys 11, 13 Whaleergia . . fruticulosa .. 6 filiformis .. 17 Zea Mays hederifolia 14, 15 Fage. 6 .. 6 .. 11 11, 12 9, 10, 12 .. 17 13, 17 .'.' 9 .. 67 .. 9 .. 5 .. 14 .. 15 .. 438 .. 438 .. 439 .. 439 .. 255 .. 256 .. 283 .. 285 .. 282 .. 314 .. 321 .. 319 .. 321 .. 319 .. 323 .. 314 .. 319 .. 319 .. 322 .. 323 .. 319 .. 319 .. 315 .. 318 .. 319 .. 319 .. 323 .. 321 .. 320 .. 320 .. 127 .. 128 .. 128 .. 303 70, 73 INDEX OF TUB POPULAR NAMES, IN VOL. I. CLASSES I. TO V. Page. Page. Alkali 2 Bread corn .. 158 Alkanet .. 230 Bread fruit .. 72 Alkanet, bastard .. 224 Bristle grass .. 107 Alexanders . . .. 413 Brooklime .. 8 Allseed .. 172 Brook weed . . . 286 Angelica, garden .. 386 Broom grass . . . 131 wild .. 388 Broom grass false . . 161 Arrack . 73 Buckbean . 254 Arum . 72 Buckthorn . . . 308 Assafoetida . . . 344 Buck wheat . 71 Ash .27 Buffonia . 204 Ash, weeping. . . 28 Bugloss . 229 A 11 -i^>.i 1 1 .. 246 Alder 310 -iiuriLUKi , Azalea . . ..264 Bull rush . 48 Bunt . 159 Balsam .. 313 Burnet . 203 Bamboo .. 66 Burnet Saxifrage 366 Barilla .. 2 Bur parsley . . . 399 Barley 70, 71 Butterwort . . . 17 Barley 163, 150 Barren wort . . .. 196 Canary grass . 78 Batatas .. 72 Carnations 10 Beaked parsley .. 405 Carraway . 364 Beak rush .. 46 Carrot . 397 Beard grass ) . . Bed straw .. 87 .. 178 Cassava Cat's -tail grass . 158 . 82 Beet .. 427 Celery .. 355 Bell flower . . .. 293 Centaury .. 257 .. 304 Cereus, night blowing . . .. 12 Bent grass Berula .. 91 . 371 Chaffweed Charity .. 196 .. 261 Besser . . . Chickweed, water .. 171 Beuzoic acid . . . 33 Chickweed, jagged .. 172 Bindweed . 261 Chervil .. 407 Bitter sweet . . . 281 Chesnut leaves . 437 Bladderwort .. . 20 Cicely . 410 Bladder seed . . . 411 Clary . 23 nut . 443 Club rush . 48 Blight .. 159 Cockroach . 272 Blinks .. 171 Cock's- foot grass 163, J64 Blysmus .. 55 Cool tankard.. . 229 Bog rush Borage .. 46 .. 228 Comfery Convolvulus . 226 . 263 Bi and, canker, balls, bladder, pep- per, stinking, dust, 159 Cord grass Coreal, or Corn grasses . 167 65, 70 INDEX. Page. | Pace. Coriander ..417 ! Gladwyn 44 Cork tree .. 436 j Glands Lenticular 4 Cornel .. 198 Glasswort 1 Cotton grass .. 56 Gluten 158 Couch grass . . .. 155 Good King Henry 421 Co .v bane .. 369 Gooseberry 324 Cowslip .. 244 Goosefoot 418 Cowslip wine. . .. 245 Goutweed 363 Crocus .. 36 Grain, horned or spurred 163 Currant .. 324 Greek valerian 261 Cyclamen .. 241 Greymill 223 Cyperus .. 44 Grey millet 223 Gromwell 223 Danewort .. 440 Guelder rose 438 Darn .. 255 Darnel .. 162 Hard grass 165 Deadly night shade .. 259 Hare-bell 293 Devil's apple .. 274 Hare's-ear 352 Dodder .. 340 Hare's-tail grass 86 Dog's-tail grass .. 142 Hair grass 96 Dog's-tooth grass .. 168 Hairs, lymphatic and secreting.. 16 Dog wood .. 198 Hartwort 392 Doob grass .. 169 Heath grass 122 Doura .. 72 Hedge parsley . . 401 Drop wort, water .. 373 Hemlock 415 Dry gangrene .. 163 Hemlock, lesser 379 Duckweed .. 29 Hemlock, water 369 Dwale .. 278 Henbane 275 Henbit, small 14 Earth nut .. 365 Herb twopence 253 Elder .. 440 Hog-weed 276 .. 442 Holy grass 108 Elm .. 431 Holly 205 Englishman's foot .. 193 Holly, sea 350 Ergot .. 163 Honewort 358 Eryngo .. 350 Honeysuckle 305 Horebound, water 25 Feather foil .. 247 Horse poison 288 Feather grass .. 87 Hound's tongue 239 Fedia .. 37 Felon-wood .. 282 Indian rubber 289 Felwort .. 335 Iris 43 Fennel .. 380 Isuardia 202 hogs .. 394 Ivy 350 Fescue grass 163, 124 Finger grass . . .. 169 Jacob's ladder 260 Flax . . 452 James town weed 274 Flax seed .. 219 Jerusalem cowslip 222 Flower-de-Luce . . 43 Jerusalem sage 222 Flowk wort . . .. 347 Fluke, or flounder insect . . 348 Knappia 166 Flukes in sheep (fascicda hepa- \ Knautia 176 tica) .. 19 Knot-grass 332 Fly trap .. 216 Fool's parsley . . 378 Lady's mantle 201 Forget-me-not .. 12 Lambs' lettuce 36 Foxtail-grass 163, 74 Lavender, sea 446 French-berries .. 310 Lawrestine 439 Lilac 27 Galingale .. 44 Lobelia 287 Gentian .. 335 Loosestrife 250 Gentianella, least .. 192 Lovage 382 Gerarde herb. . .. 363 Lungwort 221 Germander, wild .. 11 Lyme grass 148 Gilliflower, sea .. 447 Gipsy-wort .. 23 Madder 188 INDEX. Madder, field Madwort, German Page. .. 189 .. 239 Pimpernel Pimpernel, bastard Page. .. 248 .. 196 Maize 163, 70, 71 Pinks .. 10 Manna .. 28 Pisang 72 Manna seeds .. 113 Plane tree 437 Mangel wurzel .. 428 Plantain .'. 192 Manihot . 72 Plantain, besom . . .. 193 Mare's tail . 3 Plantain rose.. .. 193 Marsh pennywort . 347 Polyanthus . . ,. .. 244 Marsh mallow . 227 Pond weed .. 207 Marsh trefoil . 264 Potatoes .. 72 Marsh violet . 19 Prickwood .. 311 Marsh. wort . 359 Primrose .. 242 Master- vi ort . 396 Privet 4 Mat-grass .. 61 Mat-weed, bastard Meadow grass .. 167 . Ill Quaking grass .. 123 Melic-grass .. . 109 Rampion .. 291 Mildew . 159 Reed .. 147 Millet . 70 Reed, small .. .. 80 Millet-grass . 81 Rib grass .. 194 Milk-wort, sea . 332 Ribwort .. 194 Mcenchia . 218 Rice 70, 71 Molinia . Ill Roast beef plant .. 44 Mouse tail . 459 Rose without a thorn . . .. 297 Moneywort . 253 Ruppia .. 214 Moor-grass . 107 Rupture wort .. 430 Mulberry . 437 Rye 163, 70, 71 Mullein . 265 Rye grass .. 162 Needle Chervil .. 404 Saffron crocus .. 39 Night shade Enchanters .. 25 Sago 158, 72 Night shade .. 281 Sage .. 23 Garden .. 282 Salad corn .. 36 Nit grass .. 81 Salep .. 158 Nitron .. 2 Salt wort .. 428 Salt-wort, black .. 332 Oat 163, 70, 71 Samphire . 385 Oat, animal .. 138 Samphire, prickly . 414 Oat grass .. 138 Sanicle . 349 Oat-like grass .. 103 Sanicle, Yorkshire . 19 Olive .. 27 Sap green paint . 310 Oxlip, primrose .. 244 Saxifrage, burnet . 366 > -meadow . 380 Paigle .. 244 pepper . 383 Palms 158, 72 Scabious . 177 Panick-grass . . .. 105 Scorpion grass . 231 Parnassus, grass of .. 446 Sea- reed . 80 Parsley .. 356 Secale . 70 Parsley, fool's Parsley, milk. . .. 378 .. 395 Sheep's bit . . Sheep killing grass .. 290 .. 347 . bur .. 399 Sheep's scabious .. 290 J}fljrrg .. 401 Shepherd's needle .. 404 .. 405 Sherardia . 189 Parsley piert . . .. 202 Sibbaldia . 456 Parsley, stone bastard . . .. 362 Smallage . 355 Parsnip .. 389 Smut . 159 Parsnip, water .. 372 Snap dragon, ivy-leaved . 303 Wine .. 390 Snowball tree . 439 .. 390 Soda 2 Pastoral or fodder grasses .. 65 Sodium .. 2 Pearl wort .. 217 Soft-grass .. 102 Pellitory, wall .. 199 Sorghum .. 72 Pennywort, marsh .. 347 Sow-bread .. 241 Periwinkle .. 283 Speedwell 5 Picotees .. 10 Spignal .. 384 INDEX. Page. Page. Spike-rush . . .. 52 Valerian 34 Spindle tree . . .. 311 Venus' comb 404 Star of the earth .. 194 Venus's cup 174 Stomata .. 16 Venus' looking-glass . . 304 Stone parsley, bastard .. 362 Vernal grass 33 Stramonium . . .. 274 Villarsia, nymphoja-like 255 Strap wort .. 446 Vine leaves 437 Squirrel's tail grass .. 153 Violet 314 Sulphur weed .. 376 Violet, water.. 247 Sundew 122, 457 Viper's bugloss 220 Sweet flag .. 108 Swertia .. 335 Water cup 347 Water elder 439 Tamarisk .. 444 Water lily 215 Taper, high . . .. 265 Water rush 54 Tapioca .. 168 Way bred 193 Tares .. 165 Wayfaring tree 438 Teasel .. 173 Weatherglass, poor man's 248 Thorn apple . . .. 273 Wheat 70 Thorow wax . . .. 353 Wheat grass 154 Thrift .. 447 Whorl grass 96 Tillea .. 218 White rot 347 Timothy grass 163, 82 Woodbine 306 Toad flax, bastard .. 334 Wood ruff . . 189 Touch-me-not .. 313 Tricbonema . . .. 42 Yams . 74 Tulip .. 10 Twig-rush, prickly .. 32 END OF VOL. I. NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY GR003IBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW, -oo'ciXlT oa DE. DEAZIN'8 NEW WOEK. In 1 vol., fcap. 8vo, with Coloured Illustrations, price 7s. 6d., THE FLORA OF THE COLOSSEUM; OK, DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR HUNDRED AND TWENTY PLANTS GROW- ING SPONTANEOUSLY UPON THE RUINS OF THE COLOSSEUM OF SOME. BY RICHARD DEAKIN, M.D., ETC., ETC., Author of " Florigraphia Britannica," "British Ferns and their Allies," " Meteorological Chart of Rome," etc. Flowers are perhaps the most graceful and lovely objects of creation, but are a: no time more delightful than when associated with scenes recalling to the imagination times and places long passed away. They form a link in the memory, arid teach us hopeful and soothing lessons amid the sadness of desolated grandeur. Cold, indeed, must be the heart irresponsive to their silent appeal ; speechless, they tell of that regenerating power which reani- mates the dust of mouldering greatness ; bright and beautiful, they clothe with delicate blossoms and curiously constructed leaves the wrecks of un- sparing Time. Four Hundred and Twenty Plants are found growing spontaneously on the ruins of the Colosseum, and the object of the Author in the present volume is to invite the attention of the lover of the works of creation to this most curious and remarkable fact. To the botanist, residing even though temporarily on the spot, the knowledge of these floral productions, flourishing in triumph upon the ruins of a single building, must prove alike instructive and interesting ; and even to those not yet acquainted with the glories of Ancient Rome the simple history of Nature's children luxuriating in beauty amid the decay of man's vast ambition, may not be without its charm. In one splendid 4to volume, price 2 o*., elegantly bound in half-crimson morocco, BRITISH GAME BIRDS AND WILD FOWL. Illustrated with Sixty highly coloured Engravings from Original Drawings. BY BEVERLEY R. MORRIS, ESQ., M.D. NEW WOEK BY DE. SPENCER THOMSON. In one volume, profusely Illustrated, THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OP THE EYE. Illustrative of the Power, "Wisdom, and Goodness of God. BY SPENCER THOMSON, M.D., Author of " Wanderings among the Wild Flowers," etc., etc. NEW BOOK FOR THE COUNTRY HOUSE. Crown 8vo, elegantly bound, with Illustrations, plain and coloured, price 10s. 6d., RUSTIC ADORNMENTS And Kecreations for Town Folk in the Study and Imitation of Nature. BY SHIRLEY HIBBERD. PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. THE AQUARIUM : Construction and Furnishing Fountain Aquarium Aspect Formation of Rockwork, Corallines, Caves, Arches, and Beaches Collecting Specimens for Stock Notices of Sea-weeds General Management of Marine Aquaria Fresh-water Aquarium Plants suit- able for the Tank Growth of Ferns in Aquaria Selection of Fishes for Fresh-water Aquaria Gold Fish A.mount of Life which may be sus- tained in a tank of twenty-four gallons capacity Winter Management Feeding List of Select Plants List of Ferns for Fresh-water Tanks. THE GARDEN AQUARIUM Value of Water Scenery Plan of a Small Fountain Aquarium Stocking Garden Aquaria Fishes Water Lilies List of Bog and Aquatic Plants Construction of Rockwork Banks Style of Ornaments suited for Water Scenery Fountains. WARDIAN CASE ; Ornamental Value of the Wardian Case Its Usefulness for the Culture of Choice Plants in Towns Construction and Design Window Culture of Ferns Plants adapted Culture of Cacti in Close Cases The Invalid's Plamt-case. ORNAMENTS FOR DWELLING-ROOMS Table Flowers Preservation of Cut Flowers Choice of Pots Miniature Plants Cacti and Ferns Illuminated Trees Transparent Pine Tree Uses of Fetes and Festivals. THE AVIARY: Construction of a Bird-house Fitting-up of Aviaries Uses of Small Conservatories Aviaries as Garden Ornaments How to obtain a Cheap Aviary Inmates of tbe Aviary The Canary, Goldfinch, Linnet, Chaffinch, Greenfinch, Bullfinch, Skylark, Woodlark, Nightingale, Robin, etc., etc. General Management Food, etc. BEES AND BEE- HOUSES : The Apiary as an Ornament Rustic Associa- tion Uses of Suburban Gardens Pleasures of Bee-keeping A Code of Bee Management on Humane Principles Advantages Hives General Management, etc., etc. THE ROCKERY: Ornamental Uses of Rockwork Modes of adapting it to the Embellishment of a Small Garden Structure, Materials, and Situa- tion Rock and Water Scenery Plants best adapted Culture of British Wild Plants on Raised Banks Culture of Alpines List of Plants for Rockeries and Raised Banks. FERNERY : Characteristics of Fern Scenery Growth of Ferns in Towns Superior Beauty of Cultivated Ferns Soil and Composts Shade and Moisture Selection of Ferns Planting Watering Winter Protection Ferns in Pots General Management of the Fernery. GARDEN SCENERY AND ORNAMENTS : -Pleasures of a Garden The Roman Gardens Italian Gardens Ornaments near the Dwelling-house Shrubbery and Rustic Scenes Summer Retreats and Rustic Embel- lishmentsRustic Bowers Rustic Furniture Seats Gates Baskets Arches Wirework Vases Trellis, etc., etc. NEW WORK BY SHIRLEY HIBBERD. Illustrated with numerous Engravings, elegantly bound, price 3*. 6d., THE BOOK OF THE AQUARIUM AND WATER CABINET; Or, Practical Instructions on the Formation, Stocking, and Management in all Seasons, of Collections of Fresh-water and Marine Life. BY SHIRLEY HIBBERD, Author of " Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste," etc., etc. Small post 8vo, price 6s. Qd., SELF AND SELF-SACRIFICE; OB, NELLY'S STORY. BY ANNA LISLE. Crown 8vo, price 6s., NIGHT AND THE SOUL: A DRAMATIC POEM. BY STANYAN BIGG. Vols. 1 to 5 ready, royal 8vo, price 17s. each, A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. With Coloured Illustrations. BY THE REV. F. O. MORRIS, B.A. 8vo, cloth, price 7*., with 240 Illustrations, DRAWING FROM OBJECTS; Lessons on Linear Drawing given at the Home and Colonial Schools. BY HANNAH BOLTON. Fifth Edition, much enlarged, and with 100 Engravings, price 4s., THE BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL; Practical Hints on the Management and Complete Preservation of the Honey Bee. BY HENRY TAYLOR. GRACE AGUILAR'S WORKS. NEW EDITIONS, ILLUSTRATED, FOE PRESENTS, BIRTHDAY AND CHRISTMAS GIFTS. HOME INFLUENCE: A TALE FOR MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS. Fcap. 8vo, Illustrated, price 65. 6d. THE MOTHER'S" 1 RECOMPENSE. A SEQUEL TO "HOME INFLUENCE." Fcap. 8vo, Illustrated, price 7. in WOMAN'S FRIENDSHIP: A STORY OF DOMESTIC LIFE. Fcap. 8vo, Illustrated, price 6s. 6d. THE VALE OF CEDARS: A STORY OF SPAIN IN THE 15TH CENTURY. Fcap. 8vx>, Illustrated, price 65. THE DAYS OF BRUCE : A STORY FROM SCOTTISH HISTORY. Fcap. 8vo, Illustrated, price 7*. 6d. HOME SCENES AND HEART STUDIES. TALES. Fcap. 8vo, Illustrated, price 6s. 6d. VII. THE WOMEN OF ISRAEL. Two vols. fcap. 8vo, price 12s. GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW. 10 9930 X \ * * . \***/\ ** \