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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
A NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH GRASSES 
 
A N T H O X A N T H U M ODOHATUM. 
 
 I 
 
NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 BY 
 
 E. J. LOWE, F.R.S., ETC. 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 WITH SEVENTY-POUR PLATES PRINTED IN COLOURS 
 
 LONDON 
 JOHN C. NJMMO 
 14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND 
 
 MDCCOXCI 
 
MOCKER, jpsq., /^,D., F.R.S., F.L.S,, 
 
 OF THE R^OYAL GARDENS, KEW J 
 
 SO EMINENTLY DISTINGUISHED FOR HIS KNOWLEDGE OF BOTANY, 
 
 AND SO UNIVERSALLY ESTEEMED 
 
 ASSISTANCE HE IS EVER WILLING TO RENDER 
 
 TO HIS FELLOW-LAB 
 
 OUTERS, 
 
 GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 IS WITH PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 0,7^7 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 AND 
 
 LIST OF COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 
 
 Plate. Page. 
 
 Plate. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Agrostis alba 
 
 xvii B 59 
 
 Bromus erectus 
 
 li 
 
 157 
 
 canina 
 
 xvi B 55 
 
 arvensis 
 
 Ivi 
 
 167 
 
 setacea 
 
 xvii A 57 
 
 commutatus 
 
 Iv 
 
 165 
 
 spica-venti 
 
 xviii B 63 
 
 diandrus . 
 
 Ivii B 
 
 171 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 xviii A 61 
 
 maximus 
 
 Iviii 
 
 173 
 
 Aira alpina 
 
 xxi A 69 
 
 niollis 
 
 Ivii A 
 
 169 
 
 caespitosa 
 
 xx 67 
 
 sterilis 
 
 liii 
 
 161 
 
 canescens 
 
 xxiii A 75 
 
 secalinus 
 
 liv 
 
 163 
 
 caryophyllea 
 
 xxi B 71 
 
 Calamagrostis epigejos . 
 
 XV A 
 
 49 
 
 flexuosa . 
 
 xxii 73 
 
 laneeolata 
 
 XV B 
 
 51 
 
 prsecox 
 
 xxiii B 77 
 
 stricta 
 
 xvi A 
 
 53 
 
 Alopecurus agrestis . 
 
 iv 11 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica 
 
 xix 
 
 65 
 
 alpinus 
 
 iii B 9 
 
 Cynodon dactylon . 
 
 Ixxi 
 
 217 
 
 bulbosus 
 
 V A 13 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus . 
 
 xliv A 
 
 139 
 
 fulvus 
 
 V B 15 
 
 echinatus . 
 
 xliv B 
 
 141 
 
 geniculatus 
 
 vi 17 
 
 Dactylis glomerata 
 
 xli B 
 
 133 
 
 pratensis 
 
 iii A 7 
 
 Digitaria humifusa 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 221 
 
 Ammopliila arundinacea 
 
 viii A 23 
 
 sanguinalis 
 
 Ixxii 
 
 219 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum 
 
 i 3 
 
 Festuca elatior 
 
 xlvi 
 
 145 
 
 Arrb.enatb.erum avenaceum 
 
 
 bromoides . 
 
 . 1 A 
 
 153 
 
 xxviii 89 
 
 gigantea 
 
 xlvii 
 
 147 
 
 Avena fatua . 
 
 lix 175 
 
 ovina 
 
 . 1 B 
 
 155 
 
 flavescens 
 
 Ixii A 183 
 
 pratensis 
 
 xlv 
 
 143 
 
 pratensis 
 
 Ix A 177 
 
 sylvatica . 
 
 xlix 
 
 151 
 
 pubescens . 
 
 Ix B 179 
 
 uniglumis . 
 
 xlviii 
 
 149 
 
 strigosa 
 
 Ixi 181 
 
 Gastridium lendigerum 
 
 xi B 
 
 39 
 
 Brachypodium pinnatum 
 
 Ixvi B 201 
 
 Hierochloe borealis 
 
 xxix A 
 
 91 
 
 sylvaticum 
 
 Ixvi A 199 
 
 Holcus lanatus 
 
 xxvii 
 
 87 
 
 Briza media 
 
 xlii 135 
 
 mollis 
 
 xxvi 
 
 85 
 
 minor . 
 
 xliii 137 
 
 Hordeum maritimum 
 
 xliv A 
 
 191 
 
 Bromus asper 
 
 Iii 159 
 
 murinum 
 
 Ixiii B 
 
 189 
 
viii CONTENTS AND LIST OF COLOURED PLATES (Continued^ . 
 
 Hordeum pratense 
 
 sylvaticum , 
 Knappia agrostidea 
 Koeleria cristata 
 Lagurus ovatus . 
 Lepturus incurvatus . 
 Lolium multiflorum 
 
 perenne . 
 
 temulentum 
 Melica nutans . 
 
 uni flora . 
 Milium efFusum 
 Molinia caerulea , 
 
 Nardus stricta 
 Paniciun crus-galli 
 Phalaris arundinacea 
 
 canariensis 
 Phleum alpiimm . 
 
 arenarium 
 
 asperum 
 
 boehrneri 
 
 michelii 
 
 pratense . 
 
 Phragmitis communis 
 Poa aquatica 
 
 alpina 
 
 Plate. Page. 
 
 I'late. I'u ye. 
 
 Ixiii A 187 
 
 Poa annua 
 
 xl B 129 
 
 Ixii B 185 
 
 bulbosa 
 
 . xxxix A 123 
 
 Ixix A 211 
 
 compressa 
 
 xxxvii B 119 
 
 xxix B 93 
 
 distans 
 
 xxxiii 105 
 
 xi A 37 
 
 fluitans . 
 
 xxxiv A 107 
 
 Ixviii B 209 
 
 loliacea 
 
 xxxvii A 117 
 
 Ixvii B 205 
 
 tnaritima 
 
 xxxiv B 109 
 
 Ixvii A 203 
 
 ncmoralis 
 
 xl A 127 
 
 Ixviii A 207 
 
 pratensis 
 
 xxxvi 115 
 
 XXV A 81 
 
 procumbens 
 
 . XXXV A 111 
 
 xxv B 83 
 
 rigida 
 
 XXXV B 113 
 
 xii 41 
 
 trivialis 
 
 xxxviii 121 
 
 xxiv 79 
 
 Polypogon Kttoralis 
 
 xiv B 47 
 
 ii 5 
 
 monspeliensis 
 
 xiv A 45 
 
 xxx B 97 
 
 Sesleria caerulea 
 
 xxx A 95 
 
 vii B 21 
 
 Setaria glauca 
 
 102 
 
 . vii A 19 
 
 verticillata 
 
 xxxi A 90 
 
 ix A 27 
 
 viridis 
 
 xxxi B 101 
 
 . x B 35 
 
 Spartina alterniflora 
 
 Ixx 215 
 
 ix B 29 
 
 stricta 
 
 . Ixix B 213 
 
 . x A 33 
 
 Stipa pennata 
 
 xiii 43 
 
 31 
 
 Triodia decumbens 
 
 xli A 131 
 
 viii B 25 
 
 Triticum caninura 
 
 Ixv B 197 
 
 Ixxiv 223 
 
 junceum 
 
 Ixiv B 193 
 
 xxxii 103 
 
 repens 
 
 Ixv A 195 
 
 xxxix B 125 
 
 
 
BRITISH GRASSES. 
 
 GRAMINE^. 
 
 IpLORETS mostly perfect, yet occasionally imperfect, or even without 
 -L stamens or pistil. One, two, or more imbricated on a common 
 axis or rachis situated within an involucre, called a calyx by Linnaeus, 
 consisting of one or two (rarely none) valves or glumes, the whole 
 constituting a spikelet. 
 
 Perianth, (called corolla by Linnaeus,) glumaceous, the fertile florets 
 generally consisting of two dissimilar glumellas or valvelets. The 
 exterior or lower one simple, mostly keeled or having a midrib, the 
 interior or upper one having two lateral or dorsal nerves : occasionally 
 one or even both are wanting. 
 
 Stamens hypogynous, usually three, but either one, two, three, four, 
 five, six, seldom indefinite. 
 
 Anthers bicelled, attached by their back near the middle, versatile. 
 
 Ovary superior, single-celled with one ovule, having mostly two 
 (more rarely one, or even none) diminutive hypogynous scales, called 
 lodicules or abortive stamens. 
 
 Styles usually two, which are simple or bifid, more rarely one or 
 three. 
 
 Stigmas mostly plumose. 
 
 Pericarp closely incorporated with the seed. 
 
 Embrio lenticular, external, situated at the base of the farinaceous 
 albumen. 
 
 The culms or stems generally fistulose, mostly simple, herbaceous, 
 and knotted. Occasionally branched, seldom shrubby. Hollow mostly, 
 being closed at the joints. 
 
 Leaves, a single one to each node, having a sheath slit longitudinally 
 
GRAMINEJE. 
 
 on one side, and frequently possessing a membranous appendage at 
 the summit, called a ligule. 
 
 The flowers, which are small, are solitary or in spikelets, which are 
 panicled or spiked. 
 
ANTHOXANTHTTM ODORATUM. 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM. 
 
 LINN^US. PARNELL. VAHL. MARTYN. STILLINGFLEET. KOCH. SMITH. 
 
 SINCLAIR. SCHREBER. POITEAU AND TURPIN. HOOKER. 
 GREVILLE. ARNOTT. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW. CURTIS. LEERS. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 The Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. 
 Anthoxanthum A yellow flower, (from the Greek.) Odoratum Sweet. 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM. Linnceus. Having two stamens and two styles. A 
 spiked panicle. The spikelet having one central fertile floret. Two glumes. 
 Four glumellas, the two inner ones perfect florets, and awnless; the two 
 exterior ones neuter florets, larger, and awned. Only one British species. 
 
 pleasant odour that is so very powerful in our hay-fields, whilst 
 -L the grass is drying, owes much of its scent to the present species, 
 a scent very similar to that of the Woodruff, (Asperula odorata.) It 
 springs up early, and is a true permanent pasture grass, and is to be 
 met with almost everywhere both on strong and light soils. 
 
 A common species throughout Europe, and in the more northerly 
 parts of North America. 
 
 Panicle upright, form ovate oblong, with short hairy branches, length 
 an inch and a half. Spikelets in form ovate-lanceolate, large, erect, 
 four or five together, one awned floret. Calyx two remarkably unequal 
 glumes, which are hairy; the larger glume is three-ribbed, the outer 
 smaller glume destitute of lateral ribs. Floret consisting of two paleaD, 
 oblong in shape, hairy, brownish, the paleaa equal in size, being half 
 the length of the larger glume, and having two awns very dissimilar 
 in length. 
 
 Stamens consisting of two, which extend beyond the spikelet. 
 Anthers oblong, and notched at the extremities. Styles brief and 
 smooth. Ovarium oblong. Stigmas long, downy, and extending beyond 
 
4 ANTHOXANTHUM ODOEATUM. 
 
 the summit. Seed solitary, naked, and pointed at each extremity. 
 Stem circular, striated, very smooth, having two or three hairy striated 
 sheaths; the upper sheath extending beyond its leaf. Joints long and 
 distant. Leaves flat, pale green, ribbed, hairy both above and beneath. 
 Inflorescence simple, panicled. Length of the Grass from twelve to 
 eighteen inches. Root perennial, fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of April, and ripens its seeds in the middle 
 of June. 
 
 A valuable agricultural Grass. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, and to 
 Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, for specimens of this species. 
 
 The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen. 
 
NARDUS STRICTA. 
 II 
 
NARDUS STRICT A. 
 
 NARDUS STRICTA. 
 
 HOOKER AND ARNOTT. WILLDENOW. VAHL. LEERS. KOCH. 
 
 PARNHAM. KNAPP. SMITH. CAVANILLES. 
 
 SOWERBY. SINCLAIR. GREVILT.E. LINDLEY. HUDSON. SCHREBER. 
 WITHERING. MARIYN. SCHRADER. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 The Mat Grass. 
 
 Nardus Odoriferous, (from the Greek.) Stricta Upright. 
 
 NARDUS. Linnaus. Spikelets simple, on one side of the rachis only. 
 Glumes wanting. Glumellas two ; the outer one keeled. Stigma elongated, 
 filiform, and papillose. Stamens three in number. Confined to a solitary 
 British species. 
 
 A MOST abundant Grass on moors and sandy wastes. There is 
 a rush-like character in its leaves, which are rigid, harsh, and 
 forming thick tufts which continue all winter. 
 
 It is of no use for agricultural purposes, cattle rejecting it if they 
 can find other food. 
 
 Common throughout Scotland, England, Ireland, Lapland, Norway, 
 Sweden, and Germany: it is also found in the most northerly portions 
 of North America. 
 
 Spike single; spikelets single-flowered, lanceolate in form, deposited 
 in two rows on one side of the rachis only; the opposite side of 
 rachis naked. Without a calyx. Glumes none. Florets consisting of 
 two paleas, the exterior one tipped with a brief rough awn; the 
 inner palea shorter, entire, membranous, and linear-lanceolate in form. 
 Anthers oblong. Ovarium also oblong and slender. Style only one. 
 
 Stigma one, elongated, filiform, papillose. Seed solitary, linear, and 
 pointed at each extremity. Stem erect, mostly smooth, having four 
 or five leaves, with sheaths that are also smooth and striated, the 
 
6 NABDUS STRICT A. 
 
 uppermost sheath extending beyond its leaf, whilst the lower sheaths 
 are considerably shorter than their leaves. Joints placed near the base 
 of the stem. Leaves rolled inwards, edges rough, bristle-shaped, 
 striated, harsh and rigid, and suddenly branching off at a right angle. 
 Inflorescence spiked. Spike upright and close. Length of Grass from 
 five to eight inches. Root perennial, having many stout downy fibres. 
 
 Comes into flower at the beginning of July, and ripens seed at 
 the beginning of August. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for the 
 specimen illustrated. 
 
ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. 
 
 A . O V A T U S . 
 
 Ill 
 
ALOPECURUS PRATEN8I8. 
 
 ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. PARNELL. SCHREBER. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. LEERS. 
 
 GREVILLE. CURTIS. SINCLAIR. LINDLEY. SMITH. KNAPP. 
 HUDSON. SCHRADER. WITHERING. WILLDENOW. MARTYN. GRAVES. 
 
 PLATE III. A. 
 Gramen alopecuroides majus, MORISON. GERARDE. 
 
 The Meadow Fox-tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail, (from the Greek.) Pratensis Meadow. 
 
 ALOPECURUS. Linnaeus. Inflorescence a thick, close-set panicle, which 
 is spiked. The spikelets are laterally compressed, Two almost equal glumes, 
 their base mostly connate ; membranaceous, and of the same length as the 
 floret. A solitary glumella, having a dorsal awn above the base. 
 
 ONE of the most valuable agricultural Grasses; cattle are exceed- 
 ingly fond of it, and being good in quality, and an early species. 
 It flourishes best in meadows which have been drained, on a rich 
 clayey soil. 
 
 Exceedingly common in Great Britain, and is found also in Eussia, 
 Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Lapland, Holland, France, Germany, Italy, 
 and America. In the latter country it is however supposed to have 
 been introduced. 
 
 Panicle upright, varying from an inch to two inches long, nearly 
 cylindrical in form, having small branches arranged all round the rachis. 
 Spikelets ovate in form, erect, imbricated, numerous. Calyx consisting 
 of two equal-length glumes, acute and jointed at the base, pale green 
 lateral ribs and keels, which are fringed. Floret consisting of a solitary 
 ovate-oblong palea, with two green ribs on either side; having a 
 lengthened slender dorsal awn arising almost immediately above the 
 base. Upper portion of the keel hairy. Anthers conspicuous, yellow 
 
8 ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. 
 
 in colour. Styles joined tog-ether. Stigmas divided, slender, and 
 downy. Seed ovate. Stem erect, circular, polished, and striated, 
 carrying four or five leaves, with smooth inflated sheaths. Joints 
 smooth. Leaves flat, acute, both surfaces usually rough. Inflorescence 
 compound, branched. Panicle upright, from one to two inches long; 
 cylindrical-oblong, compact, with short branches placed all round the 
 rachis. Length varying from one to three feet, according to circum- 
 stances. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers through April, May, and June, and ripens its seed in July 
 and August. 
 
 Dr. Parnell gives the following distinctions in his " Grasses of Scot- 
 land/' from other species in the same genus: 
 
 "1st. From A. geniculatus in upper leaf being only half the length 
 of its sheath; awn extending more than half its length beyond the 
 palea; palea conical, with four distinct broad green ribs; glumes more 
 acute, and of a different shape, whereas in A. geniculatus the upper 
 leaf is nearly the same length as its shield; palea obtuse, with four 
 indistinct green ribs, tinged at apex with purple. 
 
 2nd. From A. fulvus in the awn of A. fulvus not extending beyond 
 the palea. 
 
 3rd. From A. agrestis in the stems and sheaths being smooth, in 
 A. agrestis they are rough. 
 
 4th. From A. alpinus in the panicle being longer; in A. alpinus it 
 is not an inch long; also differs in the position of the awn." 
 
 My thanks are due to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and to Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester, for the illustrated specimens. 
 
ALOPE GURUS ALPINU8. 
 
 ALOPECURUS ALPINUS. 
 
 SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. DON. KNAPP. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 PLATE III. B. 
 Alopecurus ova t us, KNAPP. 
 
 The Alpine Fox- tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail. Alpinus Alpine. 
 
 A RARE northern Grass, growing in marshy situations on mountains 
 J_JL- at an elevation of three thousand eight hundred feet above the 
 sea. Sheep will feed upon the lower leaves, rejecting the stem of this 
 Grass. It does not appear to be found below the elevation of two 
 thousand five hundred feet. 
 
 From the circumstance that Alopecurus alpinus will not grow except 
 on high mountains it is useless as an agricultural Grass. 
 
 In Great Britain it is peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland, about 
 Loch-na-Gar, Clova Mountains, Canlochen, Glen Prosen, Ben Lawers, 
 and Loch Lee. Found also in Greenland, in Spitzbergen, and in the 
 north of British America. 
 
 Panicle upright, not an inch long, oblong, soft and silky. Spikelets 
 upright, oval, placed all round the rachis, of one awned floret of the 
 same length as the calyx. Calyx consisting of two acute hairy glumes 
 of the same size, three-ribbed. Floret consisting of one palea, with 
 two ribs on either side, and sometimes furnished with a slender dorsal 
 awn. Filaments three and slender. Anthers protruding, and notched 
 at the extremities. Styles united and short. Stigmas two, lengthy 
 and feathery. Seeds ovate. Stem upright, smooth, circular, bent at 
 the base. Stem carrying four leaves, whose sheaths are smooth and 
 striated, the uppermost sheath extending beyond its leaf. Joints 
 smooth. Leaves flat and broad, the inner surface and margin rough. 
 
 
 
10 ALOPECURUS ALPINUS. 
 
 Inflorescence panicled. Length from nine inches to a foot. Root 
 perennial, creeping", having lengthened fibres. 
 
 Flowers in July, and ripens seed at the end of August. 
 
 The illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of 
 Manchester, having been gathered on the Clova Mountains. 
 
ALOPBCURUS AGRESTIS. 
 IV 
 
ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS. 11 
 
 ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. SMITH. MARTYN. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. 
 LEERS. KNAPP. SCHRADER. SCHREBER. EHRHART. SINCLAIR. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 Alopecurus myosuriodes, HUDSON. CURTIS. 
 
 The Slender Fox-tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail. Agrestis A field. 
 
 A USELESS agricultural Grass, indeed cattle refuse to feed upon 
 -LJL. it; when once it takes possession of a field it is difficult to 
 eradicate, and causes much trouble to farmers when growing amongst 
 wheat. It is perhaps better known under the name of "Black- 
 bent." Where it flourishes it proclaims that the land is in a poor 
 condition, for it grows most luxuriantly when the land is in that 
 state. 
 
 It appears almost confined to England, as it is rare and local in 
 Scotland. Unknown in Ireland. It is common in the south of Europe, 
 but does not extend north of latitude 56. It has not been found in 
 America. 
 
 In England it is found in Devonshire, Somersetshire, Sussex, 
 Surrey, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Ox- 
 ford, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, 
 Cheshire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. 
 
 Fields and way-sides. 
 
 Panicle upright, slender, attenuated, compact, two or three inches 
 long, deposited in short branches all round the rachis. Spikelets oval, 
 consisting of one awned floret of an equal length with the calyx; 
 compressed and numerous. Calyx consisting of two acute membranous 
 glumes of the same length, joined near the base; keels hirsute, and 
 having two green smooth ribs on each side. Floret of one palea, 
 
12 ALOPE GURUS AGRESTIS. 
 
 ovate-oblong, and having two green ribs on each side. Awn lengthy, 
 slender, commencing slightly above the base of the palea, and extend- 
 ing considerably beyond it. 
 
 Filaments three in number, slender. Anthers protruding, each end 
 notched. Styles united and short. Stigmas long, downy, and two in 
 number. Stem circular, upright, slender, rough, bearing three or four 
 leaves, with rough, striated, swollen sheaths, upper sheath carrying at 
 its apex a blunt downy ligule, and being longer than its leaf. Joints 
 smooth. Leaves flat, rough, striated, and acute. Inflorescence simple, 
 panicled. Length from one to two feet. Root small, fibrous, annual. 
 
 This species is easily known by its attenuated panicles, which are 
 often purplish in colour; and by the rough stem and sheaths, and the 
 long dorsal awn. 
 
 Dr. Parnell mentions that it can be recognised from A. pratensis in 
 the slenderness of the panicle, in the spikelets being larger, the ligules 
 considerably longer, the roughness of the stem and sheaths, and in the 
 keels of the calyx being but slightly hairy; whilst in A. pratensis the 
 ligule is short and blunt, keels of calyx and lateral ribs having long 
 hairs, and the stem and sheaths being quite smooth. In A. geniculatus 
 the stem and sheaths are also smooth, the awns shorter, the spikelets 
 less, ligule shorter, calyx less acute and different in shape, and the 
 panicle not so tapering. In A. fulvus the stem and sheaths are 
 smooth, the panicle less tapering, spikelets less, ligule shorter. 
 
 Flowers in the first week in July, and ripens its seeds in October. 
 
 My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, and 
 to Dr. Wilson for good specimens of this Grass. 
 
 The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen. 
 

ALOPECURUS BULBOSUS. 
 
 A. FULVUS. 
 
ALOPECURUS BULBOSUS. 13 
 
 ALOPECURUS BULBOSUS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KNAPP. 
 BABINGTON. LINDLEY. PARNELL. KUNTH. 
 
 PLATE V. A. 
 
 J^he Bulbous fox-tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail. Bulbosus Bulbous. 
 
 A BARE British Grass, growing in wet salt marshes, and of no 
 JLJL use for agricultural purposes. 
 
 In England found in the counties of Somerset, Sussex, Gloucester, 
 Suffolk, and Norfolk, most abundant near Yarmouth and Weymouth. 
 In Wales in Cardiff Marshes. Not in Scotland or Ireland. 
 
 Abroad it is a native of France, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Greece, 
 Italy, Portugal, and the Mediterranean Islands. 
 
 Panicle cylindrical and acuminate. Spikelets numerous, crowded 
 together, consisting of two glumes and one floret. Glumes pointed, 
 equal in length; keels and lateral ribs hairy, Separated to the base. 
 Floret slightly shorter than the glumes, consisting of one palea, trun- 
 cated, on either side with two green ribs. Stigmas long and feathery. 
 Anthers protruding. Styles combined. Stems rising, but bent at the 
 joints, smooth and striated, having three or four leaves with striated 
 smooth sheaths. Joints distant from each other, four in number. 
 Leaves somewhat narrow, smooth underneath, upper surface rough. 
 Inflorescence from an inch to an inch and a half in length. Length 
 from four to fifteen inches. Boot tuberous and perennial. 
 
 Flowers in July, and ripens its seeds at the end of August. 
 
 The present species takes its name from its bulbous root. 
 
 It differs from A. agrestis in having a smooth stem and sheath, in 
 the truncate summit of the floret, and in the awn extending half its 
 length beyond the palea. In A. agrestis the stem and sheaths are 
 rough, floret conical at apex, awn longer. 
 
14 ALOPECURUS BULBOSUS. 
 
 It differs from A. pratensis in having the floret shorter than the 
 glumes, and in being truncate instead of conical at the apex, and in 
 the glumes not being joined at the base. 
 
 A. geniculatus is more blunt in the glumes. 
 
 A. fulvus has a conical floret with a longer awn. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Cheshire by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
ALOPECURUS FULVUS. 15 
 
 ALOPECURUS FULVUS. 
 
 SMITH. KOCH. PARNELL. HOOKER. LINDLEY. 
 
 PLATE V.- B. 
 Alopecurus geniculatus, var. WITHERING. 
 
 The Orange Spiked Fox-tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail. Fulvus Fulvous. 
 
 present species is closely allied to Alopecurus geniculatus, but 
 -I- the spike is more slender and not so long. It is found about 
 ponds and ditches, and frequently floating on the water. 
 
 It is to be met with in Cheshire, Essex, Worcester, Cambridge, 
 and Norfolk. A rare Scotch Grass, having only been found in Fife- 
 shire and Angusshire. It is not found in Ireland, or America, or 
 Southern Europe, but Linnseus noticed it in Lapland. 
 
 Of no use for agricultural purposes. A somewhat rare species. 
 
 Panicle upright, compact, cylindrical, having short branches all round 
 the rachis; one to two inches long. Spikelets small, numerous, upright, 
 oval, consisting of one awned floret of the same length as the calyx. 
 Calyx consisting of two equal-sized sharp membranous glumes, three- 
 ribbed; keel fringed, lateral ribs pale green and hairy. Floret of one 
 palea, having two ribs widely apart on each side, oval, slender, a dorsal 
 awn, which does not extend beyond the palea. Filaments three in 
 number, slender. Anthers roundish, yellowish, short, and notched at 
 either extremity. Styles brief and united. Stigmas slender and feathery. 
 Stem ascending, joints bent, base procumbent, smooth, having four or 
 five leaves with smooth striated sheaths, uppermost sheath of same 
 length as its leaf, inflated, and having an oblong ligule, which is mem- 
 branous. Joints smooth. Leaves acute, flat. Inflorescence panicled. 
 Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root fibrous and perennial. 
 
 Flowers in June. 
 
16 ALOPECURUS FULVU8. 
 
 My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for 
 the specimen figured; it was gathered in Eosthern Mere, Cheshire, a 
 locality in which it is not common. 
 
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS 
 
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS. 17 
 
 ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. KOCH. SMITH. LEERS. HOOKER. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 GREVILLE. CURTIS. MARTYN. SCHRADER. SINCLAIR. EHRHART. 
 
 PLATE vr. 
 Alopecurus paniceus, OEDER. 
 
 The Floating Fox-tail Grass. 
 Alopecurus Fox-tail. Geniculatus Jointed. 
 
 A COMMON Grass, rejected by cattle. Mostly found in moist 
 -L\- situations near pools, often floating in the water, yet occasionally 
 to be met with in dry places, where it is more dwarf in habit. When 
 cultivated as an agricultural Grass, the yield is very small. 
 
 It is found in Germany, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, 
 Italy, and in a few parts of the United States. It is not to be found 
 beyond the elevation of two thousand feet. 
 
 Panicle upright, one to two inches long, cylindrical, compact, having 
 small branches all round the rachis. Spikelets numerous, ovate, upright, 
 one-awned floret of same length as calyx. Calyx consisting of two 
 equal-sized membranous glumes, blunt, joined at base; lateral ribs 
 hairy; apex purplish. Floret of one palea. Awn slender, extending 
 half its own length beyond the palea. Anthers linear, yellowish. 
 Styles short. Stigmas long and feathery. Stem ascending, joints 
 bent, striated, and polished, uppermost sheath inflated, and of same 
 length as its leaf. Sheaths smooth. Stem bearing branches from the 
 lower joints. Joints dark purple, smooth, long, and narrow. Leaves 
 flat, rough, edges serrated, acute. Inflorescence simple, panicled. 
 Length twelve to fifteen inches. Eoot fibrous, perennial. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of June, and ripens seed in the last week 
 in August. 
 
 The awn in A. geniculatus commences slightly above the base, and 
 extends half its length beyond the palea, and the anthers are long; 
 
 D 
 
18 ALOPECURUS GENICULATU8. 
 
 in A. fulvus anthers short, and awn commencing below the centre, 
 and not extending beyond the palea. 
 
 A. geniculatus has a smooth stem, whilst in A. agrestis it is rough. 
 
 In A. alpinus panicle short, whilst in A. geniculatus it is long. 
 
 In A. pratensis upper sheath more than twice the length of its leaf, 
 whilst in A. geniculatus only of same length as its leaf. 
 
 This species is subject to variety. 
 
 My thanks are due to Dr. "Wilson, of Nottingham, and to Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester, for specimens. 
 
 The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen, which was gathered 
 in Cheshire. 
 
PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. P. ARUNDINACEA. 
 
 VII 
 
PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. 
 
 PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. PARNELL. KOCH. 
 
 GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. MARTYN. 
 
 SCHRADER. LEERS. SCHREBER. SINCLAIR. SOWERBY. HUDSON. 
 WITHERING. SIBTHORP. 
 
 PLATE VII. - A. 
 
 The Cultivated Canary Grass. 
 
 Phalaris Shining (from the Greek). Canariensis Canary Island. 
 
 PHALARIS. Linnaeus. Panicle spiked or spreading, with laterally com- 
 pressed spikelets. Two glumes nearly equal in size, upright, membranaceous. 
 Glumellas two, awnless, hairy; outer palea without lateral ribs. Leaves broad 
 and flat. Only two British species. 
 
 Its name is derived from the Greek, in allusion to the polished appearance 
 of its seeds. 
 
 handsome Grass is not strictly a native of Great Britain, yet 
 JL has now become naturalized in many parts of England and 
 Scotland, probably owing to the extensive use of its seeds for feeding 
 Canaries and other small birds. 
 
 It appears to prefer rich ground, and near Beeston it is seldom 
 found except in gardens and orchards. 
 
 Native of the Canary Islands. It has also become naturalized in 
 America. 
 
 Probably it is not of any agricultural value. 
 
 Panicle globular, upright, with brief branches. Spikelets oval, 
 imbricated, flat, handsomely mai-ked with yellowish green and white 
 stripes, having one awnless floret. Calyx of two equal-sized compressed 
 glumes. Floret consisting of two palese, the outer one egg-shaped, 
 acute, hairy, having two membranous lance-shaped acute scales at the 
 base, of half the length of the palea. Palea having the outer one 
 
20 PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. 
 
 longest. Seeds polished. Stem slender, upright, smooth, having five 
 or six leaves with rough inflated sheaths, the upper one being longer 
 than its leaf, and having a white rounded Hgule at its apex. Joints 
 yellowish, naked. Leaves somewhat broad, lanceolate, acute, rather 
 rough. Inflorescence panicled. Length from twelve to twenty-four 
 inches. Eoot fibrous, white, annual. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens seed in last week in 
 August. 
 
 Specimens have been forwarded by Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and 
 Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester, the latter from the road-sides in 
 Cheshire, where it is not common. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered in an orchard at 
 Beeston, near Nottingham, where it grows sparingly. 
 
PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA. 21 
 
 PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA. 
 
 LINN^US. SMITH. HOOKER. KOCH. GREVILLE. PARNELL. HUDSON. 
 PURTON. SCHRADER. OfiDER. LEERS. EHRHART. 
 
 PLATE VII. B. 
 
 Arundo colorata, SOLAND. DRYANDER. SMITH. 
 
 " KNAPP. WILLDENOW. HALLER. 
 
 Phalaris arenaria, SMITH. SOWERBY. HUDSON. 
 
 " phleoides, var. AITON. 
 
 Phleum arenarium, LINN.EUS. WITHERING. 
 
 The Reed Canary Grass. 
 Phalaris Shining (from the Greek). Arundinacea A reed. 
 
 A HANDSOME and abundant coarse-growing species on the banks 
 -j- of rivers and sides of lakes, preferring a strong clayey soil. 
 Cattle are not partial to it, yet it produces a large and early crop, and 
 may be cut three times a year. A variety cultivated in our gardens 
 is exceedingly handsome; it is best known as the "Ribbon Grass/' 
 or "Painted Lady Grass. " The leaves are beautifully striped with 
 green and white, varying considerably in the width of the different 
 bands of colour. 
 
 Common in Scotland, England, Ireland, Germany, and in the South 
 of Europe, but unknown in America, Lapland, Sweden, or Norway. 
 
 Panicle upright, long, and narrow; rachis and branches rough. 
 Spikelets crowded, numerous, of one awnless floret hid within the calyx. 
 Spikelets occasionally tinged with purple, white, yellow, and green. 
 Calyx two nearly equal, acute glumes; keels toothed, sides rough; 
 calyx three-ribbed. Floret of two paleae, the outer one acute, rough; 
 edges hairy, longer than inner palea. Stem upright, circular, smooth, 
 having five or six leaves with sheaths that are smooth and striated; 
 upper sheath considerably longer than its leaf, having a lengthy de- 
 
22 
 
 PHALARIS AEUNDINACEA. 
 
 current membranous ligule at its apex; the other ligules more blunt. 
 Joints smooth and purple. Leaves broad, pale green, acute, flat, 
 ribbed, the central rib bolder than the others, rough, edges toothed 
 minutely. Inflorescence compound panicled. A tall Grass, growing 
 from two to five feet in height. Roots perennial, creeping horizontally. 
 
 Flowers in second week of July, and the seeds become ripe in the 
 middle of August. 
 
 My thanks are due to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and to Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester, for specimens of this species. 
 
 The illustration is from Mr. Sidebotham's specimen. 
 
 Ribbon 'Grass. 
 
AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA PHLBUM FRATENSE. 
 
 VIII 
 
AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA. 23 
 
 AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA. 
 
 HOST. HOOKER. PARNELL. 
 
 PLATE VIII. A. 
 
 Arundo arenaria, SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE. 
 
 " " LlNN^US. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. , 
 
 " " MARTYN. DICKSON. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 Ammophila arenaria, LINDLEY. KOCH. 
 
 Calamagrostis arenaria, ROTH. WITHERING. 
 
 Spartum anglicanum, GERARDE. 
 
 The Sea Reed. 
 
 Ammophila To love the sand (from the Greek). Arundinacea A reed. 
 
 AMMOPHILA. Host. Only one British representative of this genus. 
 Panicle spiked, with laterally compressed spikelets. Nearly equal-sized keeled 
 membranous glumes, longer than the floret. Glumellas two, hairy at the 
 base. Outer palea five-ribbed. Leaves narrow. 
 
 It takes its name from two Greek words alluding to its habitat sand near 
 the sea shore. 
 
 A HANDSOME very coarse Grass, of no agricultural value, as no 
 -L\. cattle will eat it, yet valuable as growing amongst sand near 
 the sea, and thus preventing by its matted creeping roots that inroad 
 of the sea which would otherwise take place. It is known as the 
 Common Sea Grass, the Marum or Matweed. 
 
 The present species is protected by an Act of Parliament, on account 
 of its great use along our coasts in Norfolk, and in Holland it is 
 extensively grown, as also about Lytham, in Lancashire. 
 
 Found on coasts of Northumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Cheshire, 
 Denbigh, Anglesea, Merioneth, Essex, Kent, Norfolk, Somersetshire, 
 Worcester, Devonshire, and Cornwall. Common in Scotland and in 
 
24 AMMOPHILA ARVNDINACEA. 
 
 the Orkney Islands, and is a native of Sweden, Lapland, Norway, 
 North America, United States, and in the Mediterranean Islands. 
 
 Panicle dense, upright, lengthened-oval, short rough branches; panicle 
 three to five inches in length. Spikelets numerous, narrow, long, one 
 floret, which is shorter than the calyx. Calyx consisting of two un- 
 equal-sized acute glumes, devoid of lateral ribs. Floret of two palese, 
 the outer one five-ribbed, the dorsal rib toothed; base slightly hairy. 
 Palea equal in length. Stem upright, smooth, polished, circular, 
 carrying three or four leaves with somewhat rough sheaths, uppermost 
 sheath of about the same length as its leaf, having a lengthened lance- 
 shaped membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. Leaves narrow, 
 smooth, pointed, glaucous, and rigid. Inflorescence panicled. Length 
 from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root creeping and perennial. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July. 
 
 The illustration is from .a specimen procured at Lytham. 
 
PHLEUM PRATEN8E. 25 
 
 PHLEUM PRATENSE. 
 
 LINN^US. KOCH. LEERS. PARNELL. SMITH. HOOKER. WILLDENOW. 
 
 LINDLEY. GREVILLE. KNAPP. 
 
 MARTYN. SCHREBER. SCHRADER. SINCLAIR. SOWERBY. HUDSON. 
 WITHERING. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. RELH. HULL. 
 
 PLATE VIII. B. 
 
 Phleum nodosum, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. LEERS. 
 
 " " OEDER. SINCLAIR. 
 
 Alopecurus bulbosus, DICKSON. 
 
 Gramen typhoides minus, MORISON. 
 
 " typhinum minus, GERARDE. 
 
 The Caf s-tail Grass. 
 Phleum Reed Mace. Pratense Meadow. 
 
 PHLEUM. Linnceus. Stigmas long and slender. Floret consisting of two 
 palese, which are not awned. Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally compressed. 
 Glumes parallel, about equal in size, longer than the floret. There are six 
 British species. 
 
 Name derived from the Greek, formerly applied, it is conjectured, to the 
 Reed Mace. 
 
 A COMMON species, known as Timothy Grass, growing in moist 
 JY. soils, common in Great Britain in meadows and pastures. It 
 has been recommended as a good agricultural Grass, from the nutritive 
 matter in its flower stems, yet cattle are not fond of it, and it appears 
 to be of too slow growth for the aftermath, in order for it to become 
 a remunerative Grass. Mr. Sinclair condemns its being grown alone 
 in fields, but recommends it amongst other species as a valuable 
 addition. 
 
 Found in Lapland, Sweden, Norway, and North America. 
 
 Panicle upright, compact, and cylindrical, green, and white; length 
 
26 PHLEUM PBATENSE. 
 
 varying from two to five inches. Spikelets diminutive, abundant, 
 arranged in pairs all round the rachis on brief foot-stalks, having one 
 slightly-awned floret considerably shorter than the calyx. Calyx con- 
 sisting of two equal-sized glumes, having a broad membranous margin, 
 keels furnished with short stout white hairs. Palea, outer one five- 
 ribbed, egg-shaped, apex jagged, keel hairy. Floret consisting of 
 two palese, which are membranous. Stem circular, smooth, upright, 
 bearing four or five leaves. Sheaths smooth, the uppermost one 
 longer than its leaf, having a membranous ligule. Joints smooth. 
 Leaves rough, flat, broadish, acute. Inflorescence simple, panicled. 
 Length eighteen to twenty-four inches. Eoot creeping, somewhat 
 bulbous, perennial. 
 
 Flowers in the third week in June, and ripens seed at the end of 
 July. 
 
 In A. alpinus the glumes are a third longer than their awns, in 
 P. pratense about twice the length. 
 
 In P. arenarium glumes acute and not awned, in P. pratense blunt 
 and awned. In P. arenarium floret one third of the length of the 
 calyx, whilst in P. pratense about half the length of the calyx. 
 
 P. michelii has longer spikelets, acute glumes, and not awned. P. 
 pratense, var. longiaristatum, Parnell, (The Long-awned Timothy Grass,) 
 found in a damp wood near Edinburgh, differs from the normal form 
 by the awns of the glumes being almost as long as the glumes, and 
 the root being bulbous. It does not flower till August. 
 
 P. pratense, var. longiciliatum, Parnell, (The Bulbous Timothy Grass.) 
 Stem near base prostrate, joints bent, awns of glumes short, root bul- 
 bous. Found in sandy situations. Flowering in the end of July. 
 
 Fine specimens have been forwarded both by Dr. Wilson, of Not- 
 tingham, and Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
 The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen. 
 
PHLEUM ALPINUM. 
 
 IX 
 
 P . A S P E R U M . 
 
PHLEUM ALPINUM. 27 
 
 PHLEUM ALPINUM. 
 
 LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. J. E. SMITH. DICKSON. DON. HOOKER. 
 SCHRADER. OEDER. WITHERING. KOCH. PARNELL. 
 
 PLATE IX. A. 
 
 Phleum commutatum, GAUDICHAUD. 
 
 The Alpine Cat* s-tail Grass. 
 PkleumReed Mace. Alpinum Alpine. 
 
 IpXCLUSIVELY a mountain Grass, flourishing in damp situations, 
 I ^ at elevations varying from two thousand five hundred to three 
 thousand five hundred feet. It is by no means a common species, 
 being unknown either in England or Ireland. Mr. Dickson, the dis- 
 coverer, first recognised Phleum alpinum near Garway Moor, whilst 
 other explorers have found it on Craigneulict, above Killin, Ben 
 Lawers, Clova Mountains, Breadalbane Mountains, Feula Burn, Can- 
 lochen Glen, Glashieburn, Glen Fiadh, and Loch Brandy. 
 
 Abroad it is plentiful in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Switzerland, 
 Germany, and North America. 
 
 As an agricultural Grass it is useless. 
 
 Root slightly creeping, perennial, and somewhat tuberous. Stem 
 upright, except near the base, where it is usually decumbent, smooth, 
 circular in form, with four or five leaves, which are provided with 
 polished striated sheaths. Uppermost sheath slightly inflated, and being 
 longer than its leaf; capped with a short obtuse ligule. Joints smooth. 
 Leaves broad, sharp pointed, smooth both above and below, except 
 along the edges, where rough. Inflorescence simple, panicled. Panicle 
 oval, tinged green and white with dull purple, varying in length from 
 half an inch to an inch and a half. Spikelets close together, diminutive 
 and numerous. Calyx of two equal-length glumes, with wide mem- 
 
28 PHLEUM ALPINUM. 
 
 branous margins; the keels, which are green, are fringed with short 
 white hairs; the glumes end in a rough awn, of rather more than half 
 the length of the glume. Floret consisting of a pair of membranous 
 paleaD, the exterior one being egg-shaped, five-ribbed; keel hirsute; 
 small rough dorsal awn; inner palea somewhat shorter. Length from 
 six to twelve inches. 
 
 Comes into bloom in July, and the seed becomes ripe before Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The present Grass bears some resemblance to Alopecurus alpinus, 
 yet the latter species has the panicle silky, the glumes of the calyx 
 destitute of awns, and the floret possessing only one palea. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for the 
 specimen illustrated, which was gathered on the Clova Mountains. 
 
PHLEUM ASPERUM. 29 
 
 PHLEUM ASPERUM. 
 
 JACQUIN. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. BABINGTON. LINDLEY. 
 SCHRADER. PARNELL. VILLARS. 
 
 PLATE IX. B. 
 
 Phleum paniculatum, HUDSON. SMITH. KNAPP. AITON. 
 
 " viride, ALLIONI. 
 
 Phalaris aspera, RETZIUS. WILLDENOW. HOST. 
 
 " paniculata, AITON. SIBTHORP. 
 
 The Rough Cat* s- tail Grass. 
 Phleum Reed Mace. Asperum Rough. 
 
 A RARE useless agricultural Grass, limited to the western portion 
 -L\- of Great Britain, being confined to the counties of Gloucester, 
 Bedford, Oxford, Cambridge, and Norfolk, chiefly in the two last- 
 mentioned counties. Mr. Hudson procured it near Bristol, and on the 
 heath at Newmarket; Mr. Crowe near Bournbridge. It has also been 
 seen in Badminton Park. In Ireland it has been found near Belfast. 
 
 It is a native of Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Prussia, and 
 France. 
 
 Phleum asperum grows in arid sandy situations. 
 
 Root perennial, consisting of a number of strong fibres. Stem cir- 
 cular, upright, exceedingly smooth, carrying four or five flat, rough, 
 acute leaves, with rough tumid sheaths, the upper one extending beyond 
 its leaf. Ligule bold and pointed. Joints four in number, covered by 
 the sheaths. Inflorescence close, panicled, and from two to five inches 
 in length. Spikelets abundant, compact, composed of two equal length, 
 rough, cuneate glumes, and one floret. The glumes variegated with 
 green and white, the inner edge obtuse at the apex, straight and mem- 
 branous. The floret consisting of two paleae, the exterior one rough, 
 indistinctly five-ribbed, the centre rib being hirsute on the upper 
 
30 PHLEUM ASP E RUM. 
 
 portion. Floret a third shorter in length than the glumes. Filaments 
 capillary, three in number. Anthers cloven at either extremity. Styles 
 bold, two in number. Stigmas feathery. Seed diminutive, loose, 
 cylindrical in form. Length from six to eighteen inches. 
 
 Flowers in July, the seed becoming ripe at the commencement of 
 September. 
 
 The present species is readily distinguishable from the remainder of 
 this family by its cuneate glumes, and rough but not hairy keels. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered near Belfast, and contributed 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PHLEUM MICHELII. 31 
 
 PHLEUM MICHELII. 
 
 ALLIONI. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. PARNELL. SCHRADER. 
 Phalaris alpina, HCENKE. HOST. 
 
 The Michelian Cat* s- tail Grass. 
 Phleum Reed Mace. Michelii After Micheli. 
 
 present species is a south of Europe Grass, which has been 
 -L added to our British flora, from the circumstance that Mr. Don 
 discovered it amongst the rocks on the higher parts of the Clova 
 Mountains, in Scotland. It grows from one to two feet high. 
 
 Phleum, michelii differs from P. arenarium in having perennial roots, 
 in the whole of the keels of the glumes being hirsute, and in the 
 floret being entire at the apex instead of being notched. It is also 
 readily distinguished from P. pratense, in having the glumes of the 
 calyx acute-lanceolate, instead of being obtuse; and from P. boehmeri 
 by the tapering glumes. 
 
 No other botanist has been fortunate enough to discover it. 
 
 It must be considered a doubtful British species. 
 
PHLEUM BOEHMBR1 
 
 P. ARENARIUM. 
 
PHLEUM BOEHMERI. 33 
 
 PHLEUM BOEHMERL 
 
 SCHRADER. KOCH. SMITH. KUNTH. HOOKER. LlNDLEY. WITHERING. 
 
 BABINGTON. PARNELL. 
 
 PLATE X. A. 
 
 Phalaris phhoides, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. SMITH. 
 
 " " OEDER. HOST. EHRHART. 
 
 " " SINCLAIR. 
 
 Chilochoa boehmeri, BEAUVOIS. 
 
 The Purple-stalked Cat' s-tail Grass. 
 Phleum Reed Mace. Boehmeri After Boehmer. 
 
 A RARE British Grass, of no agricultural use; almost confined to 
 ./~\ chalky or dry sandy fields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, in the 
 latter county near Narburgh. It has not been discovered either in 
 Scotland or Ireland. 
 
 On the continent it is included in the flora of Russia, Switzerland, 
 Italy, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 Root fibrous and perennial. Stem upright, smooth, simple, slender, 
 striated; upper portion purple and shining, having four or five leaves, 
 with smooth rather tumid striated sheaths, the uppermost one much 
 longer than its leaf, and having a broad obtuse ligule, which entirely 
 encloses the stem, mostly four-jointed, the joints being all below the 
 centre. Leaves rough on both sides and along the edges, flat, linear- 
 lanceolate in form, except those near the base, which are narrower. 
 Inflorescence compact, dense, panicled, cylindrical. Spikelets diminutive, 
 very numerous, situated all round the panicle, consisting of two equal- 
 sized glumes and one floret; glumes linear, the edges being white and 
 membranous; apex oblique; floret awnless, and only three fourths of 
 the length of the glumes, consisting of two equal-sized paleae, the 
 exterior one being five-ribbed and roughish, the inner one membranous. 
 
34 PHLEUM BOEHMERL 
 
 Ovarium hirsute, scales bold, styles two, stigmas feathery, stamens 
 three. Length from six to eighteen inches. 
 
 Flowers in July, and the seeds become ripe about the middle of 
 August. 
 
 The present species differs from Phleum asperum in not having the 
 glumes cuneate, in not having a long and pointed ligule, and in having 
 the keels fringed. It differs from P. arenarium in having the floret 
 entire instead of jagged at the apex, in the floret being much longer 
 in comparison to the glumes, and in the inner edges of the glumes 
 not being fringed with diminutive hairs as in P. arenarium. From 
 P. michelii in having more linear-shaped glumes, and in having only 
 the upper portions of the keels hirsute, instead of throughout their 
 whole length, as in P. miclielii; whilst from P. pratense it differs in 
 the glumes being pointed and destitute of awns, and the inner edges 
 ending obliquely instead of abruptly. Also in the exterior palea having 
 the apex entire instead of jagged, as in P. pratense. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was procured in Norfolk by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PHLEUM ARENARIUM. 35 
 
 PHLEUM ARENARIUM. 
 
 LINN.EUS. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. KOCH. GREVILLE. PARNELL 
 SCHRADER. OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 PLATE X. B. 
 Phalaris arenaria, KNAPP. HUDSON. WILLDENOW. 
 
 The Sea Cat's- tail Grass. 
 Phleum Reed Mace. Arenarium Sea-shore. 
 
 M^HE Pkleum arenarium is almost exclusively a sea-side Grass, 
 -L growing in loose sand. It is to be met with on the coasts of 
 Devonshire, Somersetshire, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cheshire, 
 Durham, and Northumberland. Also in Denbigh and Fifeshire ; indeed 
 it is by no means uncommon in Scotland, although local in Ireland. 
 On the continent it is met with in various places in southern Europe. 
 Inland it is recorded as growing on Swaffham and Newmarket Heaths. 
 
 The leaves being harsh it is not an agricultural Grass. 
 
 Root annual, consisting of numerous long simple fibres. Stem cir- 
 cular, smooth, and mostly having a purple tinge on the upper portion; 
 joints naked. The stem bears four or five leaves, whose sheaths are 
 slightly tumid, smooth, and striated, the uppermost sheath being above 
 double the length of its leaf. Leaves rough both above and below, 
 brief and broad. Inflorescence simple panicled, the panicle being 
 obovate-cylindrical in form, and upright in habit. Spikelets oval in 
 shape, and numerous, consisting of one floret of one third the length 
 of the calyx, and awnless. Calyx composed of a couple of equal-sized 
 membranous glumes, which are lanceolate in form. Upper portion of 
 the keel and inner edges fringed. Floret consisting of two equal-sized 
 membranous paleaD, notched at the apex, the outer palese five-ribbed, 
 keel hirsute. The length of this Grass varies considerably, according 
 to the support it is enabled to procure from the sandy ground. 
 
36 PHLEUM ARENARIUM. 
 
 Sometimes it does not exceed three inches, at others it is five times 
 this length. 
 
 Phleum arenarium has much smaller spikelets than P. michelli, it 
 is notched at the summit instead of being entire, and the glumes 
 not hirsute on the lower half of their keels. It differs from P. pratense 
 in being smaller, the base of the panicle contracted, and having no 
 awned floret. 
 
 Conies into flower in the middle of July, the seeds becoming ripe 
 in about a month. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Fleetwood, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
 Phlenm arenarium. From a dwarf specimen. 
 
LACURUS OVATUS. 
 
 CASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM. 
 
 XI 
 
LAGURUS OVATUS. 37 
 
 LAGURUS OVATUS. 
 
 LINN.EUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. KUNTH. SMITH. BABINGTON. 
 LINDLEY. KNAPP. WITHERING. PARNELL. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. DlCKSON. ScHRADER. HOOKER. ScHREBER. HULL. 
 
 PLATE XI. A. 
 
 Alopecuros genuina, MORISON. 
 
 spied rotundiore, MORISON. 
 
 The Hare's- tail Grass. 
 Lagurus Hare's-tail (from the Greek). Ovatus Egg-shaped. 
 
 LAGURUS. Linnaus. Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally compressed. 
 Glumes fringed throughout, terminating in a lengthy subulate point. Glu- 
 mellas two in number, membranaceous in texture, the exterior one terminating 
 in two long bristles. Only one British example, and this confined to a 
 portion of Guernsey. The name is derived from the Greek, and signifies 
 a hare's tail, from the downy feel and appearance of the panicle. 
 
 ONE of the rarest and most beautiful of our British Grasses, growing 
 in sandy exposed situations in the north and west of Guernsey, 
 one of the Channel Islands. It was first discovered there by Mr. 
 Gosselin. Miss Guille informs me that it is abundant near the sea- 
 shore. Sir J. B. Smith, in his "British Flora," remarks that Lagurus 
 ovatus serves to decorate flower-pots in winter, like the Stipa pennata, 
 and the foreign Briza maxima; there are, however, a number of other 
 species which, when placed in a vase in a bunch, produce a pleasing 
 effect. 
 
 Root annual, composed of seven or eight woolly fibres. Stem 
 upright, circular, smooth, with three or four joints. Leaves four or 
 five in number, with tumid, very downy sheaths. Ligule bold, obtuse, 
 and encircling the stem. Leaves flat, lanceolate in shape, short, pointed, 
 
38 LAGURUS OVATUS. 
 
 densely covered both above and below with downy hairs. Inflorescence 
 compound panicled. Form ovate, except near the base, where it is 
 more flat. An inch in length. Branches short and crowded; at first 
 upright, but afterwards driven to one side by the power of the wind 
 over them. Spikelets dense, consisting of two equal-sized long glumes, 
 fringed with long, white, downy hairs, and one floret, which is shorter 
 than the glumes, and composed of two equal sized palese, the exterior 
 one being rough and five-ribbed; ending in two bristles, and having 
 a lengthy dorsal awn. Styles two. Filaments three. Stigmas feathery. 
 Anthers cloven at either extremity. Length from three to nine inches. 
 
 Flowers in June, and the seed becomes ripe at the end of July. 
 
 I am indebted to Miss Guille for the specimen illustrated. 
 
G A S TRID1 UM LENDIGEE UM. 
 
 39 
 
 GASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. GAUDICHAUD. LINDLEY. 
 
 LINK. BARINGTON. 
 
 PLATE XI. B. 
 
 Gastridium auslrale, 
 M ilium lendigerum, 
 
 U (( 
 
 Agrostis ventricosa, 
 australis, 
 rubra, 
 
 Alopecurus ventricosus, 
 
 BEAUVOIS. KUNTH. 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW. 
 SCHREBER. HULL. 
 KNAPP. GOUAN. 
 
 LlNN^US. 
 
 HUDSON. 
 HUDSON. 
 
 The Nit Grass. 
 
 Gastridium A swelling. 
 
 Lendigerum Maggot-bearing. 
 
 GASTRIDIUM. Beauvois. A solitary Grass of this genus belongs to Great 
 Britain, the Gastridium lendigerum; having a spiked contracted panicle, with 
 two ventricose, acute, awn less glumes, which are membranaceous, keeled 
 upwards, and considerably longer than the floret. Glumellas two, also 
 membranaceous. Named from the Greek, in allusion to a little swelling which 
 occurs at the base of the spikelet. 
 
 A SOMEWHAT rare species, having a glossy swollen appearance 
 J~\- at the base of the glumes. Found in open fields where water 
 has stagnated, and more especially near the sea. 
 
 Found in Norfolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Devonshire, Dorset- 
 shire, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Denbigh, and Flint. 
 Isle of Wight, abundant. Isle of Sheppy. 
 
 Abroad it is a native of France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, 
 Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Northern Africa, and the Mediterranean 
 Islands. 
 
40 GASTRIDIUH LENDIGERUM. 
 
 It has not been found either in Scotland or Ireland. 
 
 Of no use as an agricultural Grass. 
 
 Root annual and fibrous, having slender branching fibres. Stem 
 upright, circular, polished; carrying four or five flat, acute, rough 
 leaves, with usually smooth sheaths, the upper one being longer than 
 its leaf. Joints mostly three in number, Ligule conspicuous, pointed, 
 and broad. Inflorescence compound panicled, compact; pale green in 
 colour; branches rough. Rachis circular and smooth. Spikelets 
 upright, numerous, composed of two unequal-sized acute glumes, that 
 are tumid at the base; deeply dentate at the upper portion, and with 
 green keels, and one floret, two thirds less in length than the glumes, 
 and consisting of two palese, the exterior one being five-ribbed, with 
 the summit jagged ; inner paleae somewhat shorter, with smooth lateral 
 ribs. Awn rough, yet slender, twice the length of the palese. Styles 
 brief, distant, and two in number. Stigmas feathery. Filaments 
 three, slender. Anthers notched at either extremity. Scales acute. 
 
 Gastridium lendigerum does not flower till August, nor ripen its seeds 
 before the end of September. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered on St. Vincent Rocks, Bristol, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
MILIUM Et'FUSUM. 
 XII 
 
MILIUM EFFUSUM. 41 
 
 MILIUM EFFUSUM. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. 
 
 GREVILLE. KOCH. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. 
 
 ABBOT. CURTIS. KNAPP. LEERS. SCHRADER. SINCLAIR. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 Gramen mtliaceum, RAY. GERARDE. 
 
 " " vulgare, MORISON. 
 
 The Spreading Millet Grass. 
 Milium Millet. Effusum Spreading. 
 
 MILIUM. LinncBus. Confined to one British species, with spreading 
 panicle, having in some degree dorsally compressed awnless spikelets, 
 with two almost equal-sized glumes, and the same number of glumellas. 
 Millet Grass, says Sir W. Hooker, either receives its name from mille a 
 thousand, on account of its fertility, or from mil a stone, because of the 
 hardness of its seeds. 
 
 AN elegant Grass, growing commonly in damp woods and in moist 
 shady situations. Of no agricultural value, but the seeds are a 
 favourite food of small birds. 
 
 Common in many portions of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 Abroad it is found in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, North America, 
 the United States, and in the Mediterranean Islands. 
 
 Root fibrous, perennial, and branching. Stem upright, smooth, 
 slender, shining; and having four or five broad, flat, pale green, 
 shining, smooth, lanceolate-shaped leaves, with sheaths that are smooth 
 and striated, the upper sheath having an oblong membranous ligule. 
 Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled, or spreading, the 
 panicle being glabrous, subverticillate, loose, and of large size, with 
 lengthy slender branches arranged in alternate distant clusters along 
 
 G 
 
42 MILIUM EFFUSUM. 
 
 the rachis. Spikelets abundant, small, ovate in form, on delicate 
 footstalks, and consisting of one awnless floret, hid within the calyx. 
 The calyx composed of two equal sized, rough, three-ribbed, broad, 
 membranous glumes. The floret composed of two equal-sized mem- 
 branous paleae. Styles short. Stigmas feathery. Length from three 
 to four feet. 
 
 Flowers about the middle of June, and ripens its seeds about the 
 middle of August. Colour pale whitish green. 
 
 For specimens from Reddish Woods, Cheshire, I am indebted to 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester; and for others from Falmouth, 
 to Mr. H. C. Bastian, of Falmouth. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered in Reddish Woods, Cheshire, 
 by Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 

 STIPA PINNATA. 
 XIII 
 
STIPA PENNATA. 43 
 
 STIPA PENNATA. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. HUDSON. 
 
 WITHERING. HULL. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. 
 
 KOCH. LTNDLEY. BABINGTON. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 Spartum austriacum, GERARDE. 
 
 Gramen sparteum pennalum, BAUHIN. DILLENIUS. 
 
 The Common Feather- Grass. 
 Stipa Tow or flax (from the Greek). Pennata. Penna A feather. 
 
 STIPA. Linnceus. Panicle upright and ^contracted. Glumes membrana- 
 ceous, two in number, longer than the floret. Floret stipulate. Glumellas 
 cartilaginous; exterior glumella involute, ending in a twisted awn of great 
 length, which is jointed at the base. There is only a solitary representative 
 of this genus in Great Britain, and that one very rare. The name is derived 
 from the Greek, signifying a flaxen appearance, in reference to the present 
 species Stipa pennata. 
 
 AN exceedingly rare Grass, of but little agricultural value. It was 
 first discovered on rocks in Long Sleadale, Westmoreland, by 
 Dr. Richardson and Mr. Lawson, in the time of Dillenius, and from 
 that time there seems to be no re-discovery of it. Lately, however, 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham has forwarded me specimens gathered in corn- 
 fields near Hebden-Bridge, Yorkshire, where he informs me it is found 
 growing wild, although rare. 
 
 From the extreme beauty of this species it is extensively cultivated 
 in our gardens, and its flowers gathered to ornament our drawing-rooms 
 during winter. 
 
 Stipa pennata grows in dry sandy situations. It is found in many 
 parts of Germany. 
 
44 STIPA PENNATA. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, carrying four or five long, splendid, 
 hirsute, rigid, and setaceous leaves, with rather rough sheaths, the 
 uppermost one being longer than its leaf. Joints three or four in 
 number, hid by the sheaths. Ligule of uppermost sheath hirsute, long 
 and pointed. Inflorescence racemed, rising out of the highest sheath. 
 Spikelets consisting of two nearly equal-sized, long, slender, hirsute 
 glumes ; and one floret of only half the length of the glumes, consisting 
 of two paleas, the exterior one sharp-pointed at the base, hirsute, five- 
 ribbed, and ending in a considerable feather-like awn. The awn 
 commences at the apex of the exterior palea, and usually twenty times 
 its length; with the exception of that portion immediately about the 
 base, it is feathery to the apex. Styles prominent, two. Stigmas 
 feathery. Filaments capillary, three in number. Anthers notched at 
 either extremity. Scales acute. Length about two feet. Root perennial 
 and fibrous. 
 
 This species does not flower till August, and its seeds become ripe 
 about the middle of September. 
 
 When gathered to decorate a room, this should be done at the 
 commencement of September, before the seeds are ripe. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Hebden Bridge, 
 Yorkshire, by the late S. Gibson, and forwarded by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS. 
 
 XIV 
 
 P. LITTORALIS, 
 
POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS. 45 
 
 POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS. 
 
 DESFONTAINES. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. 
 PARNELL. SCHRADER. MARSCHALL. 
 
 PLATE XIV. A. 
 
 Agrostis panicea, AITON. WILLDENOW. 
 
 Alopecurus monspeliensis, LINN^US. WITHERING. 
 
 " aristatus, HUDSON. 
 
 Agrostis triaristata, KNAPP. 
 
 Alopecurus maxima angh'ca, RAY. 
 
 " paniceus, LINNAEUS. WITHERING. 
 
 Cynosurus paniceus, LINN.EUS. 
 
 Phleum crinitum, SCHREBER. J. E. SMITH. 
 
 The Annual Beard-Grass. 
 
 Polypogon Many A beard (from the Greek). Mbnspeh'ensi's Belonging to 
 
 Montpelier. 
 
 POLYPOGON. Desfontaines. The Beard-Grass, of which two species occur 
 in Great Britain, has compact panicles, whose spikelets are laterally com- 
 pressed. Glumes two, equal-sized, notched, and awned. Name derived from 
 the Greek, meaning many beards. 
 
 A BEAUTIFUL rare Grass, growing in moist situations near the sea. 
 Found in Hampshire, Kent, Essex, Norfolk, Gloucester, Durham, 
 Fifeshire, and the Island of Guernsey. Also found along the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, rather rough, carrying five or six broad flat 
 acute rough leaves, with striated smooth sheaths, the upper one ex- 
 tending beyond its leaf. Ligule long, rough, and acute. Joints smooth. 
 Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle upright, close, lobed, silky; 
 length from one to two inches. Branches rough, but rachis almost 
 smooth. Spikelet of one awned floret, shorter than the calyx. The 
 
46 POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS. 
 
 calyx of two membranous hairy obtuse linear glumes, having a rough 
 slender awn of great length arising just beneath the apex. Dentate 
 on the lower half of the keels. Destitute of lateral ribs. Floret 
 consisting of two palese, the exterior one ovate in shape, destitute of 
 lateral ribs, half the length of the calyx, and furnished with a small 
 awn, the interior one thin and pellucid, somewhat shorter and with 
 entire margins. Length from nine to fifteen inches. Root creeping 
 and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the first week in July, and ripens its seed the second 
 week of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Plumstead Marsh, 
 Kent, and forwarded by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
POLYPOGON LITTORALIS. 47 
 
 POLYPOGON LITTORALIS. 
 
 SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. PARNELL. KUNTH. KOCH. 
 
 PLATE XIV. B. 
 
 Agrostts littoralis, J. E. SMITH. WITHERING. 
 
 " KNAPP. DICKSON. 
 
 The Perennial Beard- Grass. 
 Polypogon Many A beard (from the Greek). Littoralis Sea-shore. 
 
 A VERY rare species, growing iu salt marshes. 
 
 JL\. Found in Norfolk, near Cley; in Essex, on the coast; 
 Hampshire, near Porchester; and Kent, near the Woolwich powder- 
 magazine; and in Germany. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, carrying seven or eight flat, roughish, 
 acute leaves, with striated yet smooth sheaths, the uppermost one 
 considerably longer than its leaf, and its ligule bold, acute, and about 
 twice as long as it is broad. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound 
 panicled, the rachis and branches being rough with minute teeth. 
 Spikelets numerous, laterally compressed, small, and composed of two 
 equal-sized, linear, obtuse, hirsute glumes, and one floret of a little 
 above half the length of the glumes. Glumes destitute of lateral ribs, 
 dentate on the keel, and having a long rough awn of the same 
 length as the glumes, arising just beneath the apex. Floret consist- 
 ing of two paleaB, the exterior one destitute of lateral ribs, having a 
 slender awn commencing slightly beneath the apex. Inner palea 
 shorter, thin, pellucid, and having entire margins. Stamens two; styles 
 two; scales two. Stigmas feathery. Length from six to twelve inches. 
 Root perennial, and somewhat creeping. 
 
 In Polypogon monspeliensis the awns of the glumes are above twice 
 the length of the glumes. 
 
48 POLTPOGON LITTORALIS. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen found near the powder-magazine, 
 Kent, forwarded by Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
CALAMAGROSTIS BFIGEJOS. 
 
 XV 
 
 C. LANCEOLATA, 
 
CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS. 49 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS. 
 ROTH. LINDLEY. KOCH. HOOKER. PARNELL. 
 
 PLATE XV. A. 
 
 Arundo epigejos, SMITH. LINN^US. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " KNAPP. SCHRADER. EHRHART. ' 
 
 " calamagrostis, HOOKER. LIGHTFOOT. HUDSON. 
 
 Calamagrostis lanceolata, WITHERING, (not of ROTH.) 
 
 The Wood Reed. 
 
 Calamagrostis Palm Grass. Epigejos Upon The earth 
 (from the Greek).* 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS. Adanson. Of Calamagrostis there are three British species, 
 all growing in moist situations. In C. epigejos and C. stricla the panicle is 
 upright and close; in C. lanceolata it is loose. Spikelets laterally compressed, 
 Two almost equal-sized glumes. Two membranaceous glumellas. Name 
 derived from the Greek, signifying the Palm Grass, a very inappropriate 
 name. 
 
 Calamagrostis epigejos is by no means a common Grass, growing 
 -I- in damp woods and shady ditches. 
 It is to be met with in Dalrymple Wood, Ayr; and in Argyle and 
 
 * This should be spelt and pronounced Epigeios with the g hard. The 
 term is intended to characterize the species as one that grows on the land, 
 as distinguished from the sea or from watery places. Linnseus gives as its 
 habitat "Dry hills, banks, and corners of fields." Withering, Hudson, 
 Babington, and other botanists speak of "moist shady places, wet hedges," 
 etc. Two localities in which it was found near Nottingham, by Dr. Howitt 
 and Dr. Wilson, are dry. Doubtless it does grow in moist places, but differs 
 from the other Reed Grasses in not being limited to such places as they 
 are. Hence the propriety of the specific term "Epigeios." 
 
 H 
 
50 CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS. 
 
 Aberdeenshire, Scotland; and near St. Ann's Wells, Nottingham, 
 although rare. The last locality is from the authority of Mr. J. Side- 
 botham. Also in Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Kent Surrey, Middlesex, 
 Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Oxford, Leicester, War- 
 wick, Worcester, Shropshire, Lincoln, York, Cumberland, Durham, 
 Northumberland, and Anglesea. Abroad in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, 
 Norway, and Lapland. 
 
 Stem circular, upright, and somewhat rough, carrying four narrow, 
 acute, taper-pointed leaves, with inner surface and edges rough, but 
 smooth on the back. Sheaths smooth, striated, the uppermost one 
 extending beyond its leaf, and having at its apex a lengthy, lanceolate - 
 shaped, divided ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence brown, compound 
 panicled. Panicle upright, compact, four inches in length. Branches 
 and rachis rough, the branches in alternate clusters. Calyx composed 
 of two narrow, acute, equal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs; 
 containing one awned floret, not so long as the glumes. Floret con- 
 sisting of two paleaa, the exterior one ovate-lanceolate, destitute of 
 lateral ribs, and ending in two bifid points; at the base a number of 
 long straight hairs, colourless, and equal in length to the calyx. Awn 
 long and slender, commencing at the centre of the palea, and rising 
 to the summit of the hairs. Inner palea acute, membranous, linear, and 
 considerably shorter. Length from three to five feet. Root perennial 
 and creeping. 
 , Flowers at the end of July, and seed ripens at the end of August. 
 
 Cattle will seldom eat this Grass. 
 
 Distinguished from C. slricta in the hairs and awn of 0. stricta 
 scarcely extending beyond the floret. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered near St. Ann's Wells, 
 Nottingham. 
 
CALAMAGROSTIS LANCEOLATA. 51 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS LANCEOLATA. 
 
 ROTH. KOCH. KUNTH. PARNELL. BABINGTON. HOOKER. LINDLEY. 
 
 PLATE XV. B. 
 
 Calamagrostis epigejos, WITHERING. 
 
 Arundo calamagrostis t SMITH. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " LINNJEUS. OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 epigejos, HUDSON. 
 
 The Purple- Flowered Small Reed. 
 Calamagrostis Palm Grass. Lanceolata Lanceolate. 
 
 A BEAUTIFUL species, growing in fenny countries in moist shady 
 -<LJL situations. 
 
 A somewhat common Grass in England. Found also in Ireland, 
 France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Lapland, Norway, 
 Sweden, Turkey, Greece, Siberia, British America, and North Africa. 
 
 Of no agricultural value. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, striated, carrying four or five narrow, flat, 
 acute, long, rough leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper one 
 extending beyond its leaf. Ligule of upper leaf bold and obtuse. 
 Joints wide apart. Inflorescence compound panicled, seven to eight 
 inches long, spreading when in flower, branches into clusters, rough, 
 and slender. Spikelets numerous, composed of two narrow acute equal- 
 sized glumes, and one floret shorter than the glumes; of two paleae, 
 the exterior being five-ribbed; apex bifid, awned from slightly below 
 the apex. Base of palea hirsute, extending beyond the floret. Glumes 
 destitute of lateral ribs, dentate for the whole length of their keel, 
 and purple in colour. Awn rough, slender, very short. Inner palea 
 one third shorter than the outer one, thin, transparent, and apex cloven. 
 Styles two. Filaments three. Stigmas long and feathery. Anthers 
 
52 CALAMAGROSTIS LANOEOLATA. 
 
 long, and cloven at either extremity. Scales acute. Length three 
 feet. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in June and July, and ripens seed at the end of August. 
 
 Distinguished from G. epigejos in the awn being very short. 
 
 The G. Lapponica of Ireland is looked upon as a variety of this 
 species, and not the true G. Lapponica of Lapland. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered by Mr. J. Sidebotham, 
 at Rosthern Mere, Cheshire. 
 
CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA. AGRO3TIS CANINA 
 
 XVI 
 
CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA. 53 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA. 
 
 NUTTALL. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. HOOKER. 
 PLATE XVI. A. 
 
 Arundo stricta, SMITH. HOOKER. SCHRADER. 
 
 " neglecia, EHRHART. 
 
 The Small Close Reed. 
 Calamagrostis Palm Grass. Stricta Upright. 
 
 THIS very rare Grass grows on bogs and in marshes. 
 Found about Oakmere, in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and in 
 several places in the county of Antrim. It used to grow in Fifeshire, 
 but has been by drainage of the land destroyed in that county. Found 
 in the most northern portion of Europe, and in North America. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and rough, having two or three narrow 
 acute rough leaves, with smooth striated sheaths and smooth joints. 
 Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle somewhat close and rough, 
 three to five inches in length. Calyx having two almost equal-sized 
 membranous broad glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Floret one-awned, 
 consisting of two palese, ovate in form, apex jagged, and base hirsute; 
 the awn does not extend beyond the apex of the palea. Inner palea 
 considerably shorter, thin, and transparent. Length from eighteen to 
 twenty-four inches. 
 
 It is much less robust than Calamagrostis epigejos, having shorter 
 hairs, and the floret only half the size. Awn commencing lower, and 
 not extending much beyond the palea. 
 
 Comes into flower about the 20th. of June, and ripens its seed in 
 the last week in July. 
 
AGBOSTIS GANINA. 
 
 55 
 
 AGROSTIS CANINA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE. KOCH. PARNELL. 
 WILLDENOW. LEERS. HOFFMANN. 
 
 PLATE XVI. B. 
 
 Agrostis vinealis, 
 
 " stricta, 
 Trichodium caninum, 
 Agrostis tenuifolia, 
 
 " fascicularis, 
 
 WITHERING. 
 SINCLAIR. 
 
 LlNDLEY. SCHRADER. 
 
 CURTIS. 
 SINCLAIR. 
 
 The Brown Bent Grass. 
 
 Agrostis A field (from the Greek). 
 
 Canina Dogs. 
 
 AGROSTIS. Linnaus. Agrostis, or Bent Grass, is derived from the 
 Greek of a field, in reference to the species (of which there are six in 
 Great Britain) growing in open situations. The panicle is loose, with 
 laterally-compressed spikelets. Two acute awnless membranaceous glumes. 
 Sessile floret. Two unequal-sized glumellas. 
 
 A COMMON species, found in boggy situations in England, Scotland, 
 J_\- Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and America. 
 
 Of no agricultural value. 
 
 Stem circular, polished, slender, erect, with the base somewhat de- 
 cumbent, carrying four of five taper-pointed narrow leaves with smooth 
 sheaths, the upper one extending considerably beyond its leaf, and 
 having at its apex a lengthy-pointed membranous ligule. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence yellowish brown, compound panicled. Panicle 
 upright, spreading when in flower. Branches slender, elastic, rough, 
 mostly in clusters of three or five. Spikelets small, acute, numerous, 
 on foot-stalks. Calyx of two glumes, the exterior one being destitute 
 of lateral ribs, dentate the entire length of its keel, and larger than 
 
56 AQBOBTIB CANINA. 
 
 the inner glume. Floret consisting of one palea, ovate, five-ribbed, 
 hairy at the base, dentate at the summit, and having a lengthy dorsal 
 awn commencing from a little above the base, and extending half its 
 length beyond the apex of the palea. Length from one to two feet. 
 Eoot perennial and creeping. 
 
 There is a small alpine variety found on the Scotch mountains, 
 which is only from two to three inches in length. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester, and Dr. Wilson, 
 of Nottingham, for specimens of this Grass. 
 
AGROSTIS SETACF. A. 
 
 A. ALBA. 
 
 XVII 
 
AGR08TI8 8ETAGEA. 57 
 
 AGROSTIS SETACEA. 
 
 CURTIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KNAPP. 
 BABINGTON. LINDLEY. WITHERING. 
 
 PLATE XVII. A. 
 
 * 
 
 Agrostis alpina, WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 " canina, var. HUDSON. 
 
 " mutabilis, SIBTHORP. 
 
 The Bristle- leaved Bent Grass. 
 Agrostis A field. Seiacea Bristle-like. 
 
 AN intei'esting very local species, confined to the dry downs of the 
 south-west of England; being most abundant in Hampshire, 
 Devonshire, and Cornwall, on sandy heaths, where it flourishes and 
 finds food for flocks of sheep. 
 
 It is a native of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Por- 
 tugal, Turkey, and Greece. 
 
 Root perennial, tufted, and fibrous. Stem circular, rough, and 
 striated; carrying four or five very narrow rough leaves, with striated 
 sheaths, the uppermost considerably longer than its leaf. Joints three. 
 Leaves from the root long, setaceous, and crowded. Inflorescence 
 compound panicled, upright and compact until in flower, then spreading. 
 Spikelets small, acute, and numerous, consisting of two almost equal- 
 sized glumes, and one floret shorter than the glumes. The floret 
 consisting of two unequal-sized paleae, the exterior one four-ribbed, 
 base hirsute, summit jagged, having an awn as long again as the palea, 
 arising from slightly above the base, and being rough and slender. 
 Inner palea diminutive. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Filaments 
 three. Anthers cloven at either extremity. Length from eight to 
 fifteen inches. 
 
 Flowers in July, and ripens its seed at the beginning of September. 
 
68 AGROSTIS SETACEA. 
 
 It is readily distinguished from other species. Agrostis vulgaris 
 has stem and sheaths smooth, and inner palea half the length of outer 
 one. A. alba has mostly no awn, and the leaves from the root are 
 not setaceous. A. canina has smooth leaves and sheaths, and no 
 inner palea. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Penzance, by Mr. 
 J. Ralfs. 
 
AGBOSTIS ALBA. 59 
 
 AGROSTIS ALBA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SMITH. 
 
 WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. WELLDENOW. 
 
 CULLUM. SCHRADER. GREVILLE. LlNDLEY. 
 
 PLATE XVII. B. 
 
 Agrostis stolonifera, LINNJEUS. ]. E. SMITH. MARTENS. 
 
 " " WILLDENOW. KNAPP. KOCH. 
 
 ' ' compressa, WILLDENOW. 
 
 " sylvatica, LINNAEUS. HUDSON. 
 
 " polymorpha, HUDSON. 
 
 " mutabilis, KNAPP. 
 
 " palustris, SINCLAIR. 
 
 " capillariSj LEERS. 
 
 " stolonifera latifolia, SINCLAIR. 
 
 The Marsh Bent Grass. 
 Agrostis A field. Alba White. 
 
 A BUNDANT in pastures and on wood sides, preferring a dry 
 .JT\. sandy soil, sometimes found two thousand feet above sea level. 
 
 Of no use to the agriculturist. 
 
 Root perennial, tufted, and creeping. Stem circular, polished, and 
 upright, bearing four or five short, narrow, flat, very rough leaves, 
 with somewhat rough, striated sheaths, the upper one extending beyond 
 its leaf, having at its apex a long, ragged, acute, ribbed ligule. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle upright, somewhat 
 purple, with pale green florets. Branches rough, slender, and spreading 
 when in flower, proceeding from the rachis, generally in fives, placed 
 at equal distances, but unequal in length. Spikelets small, upright, 
 numerous, consisting of one small awnless floret. Calyx consisting of 
 two nearly equal-sized, narrow, acute glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. 
 
60 AGROSTIS ALBA. 
 
 Floret of two unequal-sized paleee, exterior one ovate, hairy at the 
 base, and notched at the apex; inner one only half the length, with 
 cloven apex, entire margins, and semitransparent. 
 
 Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. 
 
 Flowers in the third week of July, and seeds ripen at the end of 
 August. 
 
 This species is subject to variety. 
 
 Dr. Parnell describes two varieties, namely: 
 
 1st. Stolonifera. Growing on damp heavy ground near the sea, 
 and by the side of ditches and other wet situations. It has the 
 branches of the panicles densely tufted. 
 
 2nd. Palustris. With larger spikelets, growing in damp, shady, 
 stagnant situations. 
 
 Sir W. Hooker remarks, "In some there is a short awn at the 
 base of the outer glumella; this constitutes the Agrostis compressa of 
 Willdenow, and occasionally the flowers are viviparous, when it is the 
 A. sylvatica of Linnseus." 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Mr. J. Sidebotham, 
 of Manchester. 
 
AGROSTIS VULGARIS. 
 
 A. SPICA-VENTI. 
 
 XVIII 
 
AGROSTIS VULGARIS. 
 
 AGROSTIS VULGARIS. 
 
 WITHERING. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SMITH. 
 HULL. RELHAN. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. HOFFMANN. LINDLEY. 
 
 GREVILLE. KOCH. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. A. 
 
 Agrostis cantna, WITHERING. 
 
 " pumila, LIGHTFOOT. LINNAEUS. 
 
 " " WILLDENOW. EHRHART. 
 
 " tennis, SIBTHORP. 
 
 " capillaris, ABBOT. ROTH. 
 
 " polymorpha, HUDSON. 
 
 " hispida, WILLDENOW. 
 
 " stolonifera. LEERS. EHRHART. 
 
 The Fine Bent Grass. 
 Agrostis A Field. Vulgaris Common. 
 
 A COMMON English Grass, growing in dry pastures and on heaths. 
 -LA. Of no agricultural value. 
 
 Common in Ireland and Scotland, and is a native of France, Italy, 
 Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, and North America. 
 
 Root perennial, tufted, and creeping. Stem upright, circular, and 
 polished, having five or six short, flat, rough, narrow, acute, dentate 
 leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the uppermost one slightly longer 
 than its leaf, having an abrupt, blunt, membranous ligule at the apex. 
 Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle upright, 
 either brownish purple or light green. Branches spreading zigzag, 
 delicate, rough, proceeding from the rachis at equal distances in threes 
 or fours. Spikelets small, shining, numerous; of one awnless floret. 
 Calyx of two almost equal-sized narrow acute glumes, destitute of 
 lateral ribs. Floret of two unequal-sized palese; exterior one ovate, 
 
62 AGROSTIS VULGARIS. 
 
 with smooth base and notched apex; inner one membranous; margins 
 entire, and only half the length of the outer palea. Length fifteen 
 inches. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens seed in the middle 
 of August. 
 
 Subject to variety. 
 
 The variety pumila is a pretty dwarf plant, growing in dry alpine 
 situations. I found it abundant in Westmoreland and Cumberland 
 on Loughrigg Fell and Helvellyn, growing by the side of Nardus 
 stricta. It does not exceed three inches in height. 
 
 The variety aristata has a long, slender, dorsal awn, arising a little 
 above the base of the outer palea. 
 
 The illustration of this beautiful Grass is from a specimen sent by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
AGR08TI8 SPICA-VENTI. 63 
 
 AGROSTIS SPICA-VENTI. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. HUDSON. LEERS. KOCH. 
 
 OEDER. WITHERING. HULL. 
 RELHAN. ABBOT. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. B. 
 
 Anemagrostis spica-venti, PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 Gramen harundinaceum, GERARDE. 
 
 The Spreading Silky Bent Grass. 
 Agrostis A Field. Spica-venti Wavy spike. 
 
 THIS beautiful Grass is by no means a common species, although 
 it has been procured in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, 
 Hertfordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, 
 Berkshire, Warwickshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Durham, 
 and Northumberland. In Scotland it is one of the rarest Grasses, 
 being only found on the Fifeshire coast. 
 
 Abroad it is procured in the middle and south of Europe. 
 
 Grows in light sandy soil, more particularly in fields that are some- 
 times flooded. 
 
 Root annual and fibrous. Stem upright, smooth, circular, carrying 
 five narrow, acute, spreading, rough, ribbed leaves, with roughish 
 sheaths; the upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having a lengthy, 
 lanceolate, jagged ligule at its apex. Joints naked. Inflorescence 
 compound panicled, spreading, and loose. Panicle of great size, glossy, 
 with slender, rough, sub-divided branches disposed in alternate clusters, 
 the centre one being the longest. Rachis usually smooth. Spikelets 
 numerous, diminutive, of one awned floret of the same length as the 
 calyx. Calyx consisting of two unequal acute glumes, with rough 
 keels, the uppermost one largest. Floret of two palese, exterior one 
 ovate-lanceolate, roughish, and bearing a tuft of hairs at the base. 
 
64 AGE08TI8 SPICA-VENTI. 
 
 Awn long, rough, slender; proceeding from slightly below the summit 
 of the palea, and being above three times its length. Inner palea 
 shorter. Apex bifid. Margins entire, membranous, and linear. Seeds 
 exceedingly smooth. 
 
 Flowers in June and July. 
 
 This Grass is readily recognised by the great length of the awn, in 
 comparison with that of the floret. 
 
 For specimens I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Man- 
 chester. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen procured at Godalming, in the 
 county of Surrey, by Mr. J. D. Salmon. 
 
CATABHOSA AQUATIC A. 
 XIX 
 
CATABROSA AQUATTCA. 65> 
 
 CATABROSA AQUATICA. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 Aira aquatica, LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER. 
 
 " " WITHERING. HULL. SIBTHORP. 
 
 " " RELHAN. HOOKER. ABBOT. 
 
 " " CURTIS. KNAPP. EHRHART. 
 
 " " WlLLDENOW. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 
 " " OEDER. GREVILLE. 
 
 Poa dulcis, SALISBURY. 
 
 The Water Whorl-Grass. 
 Catabrosa A Gnawing. Aquatica Water. 
 
 CATABROSA. Beauvois. Catabrosa or Whorl-Grass, has a spreading panicle 
 with awnless florets. The name is derived from the Greek, and signifies a 
 gnawing, on account of the extremity of the glumes being erose. 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica is the only British species. 
 
 A BOLD handsome species, growing in ditches, banks of rivers, 
 and other wet situations, rendering it a useless agricultural 
 Grass, although cattle are very fond of it. 
 
 A common Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Abroad it is 
 a native of France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Lapland, and 
 in the north of South America. 
 
 Root perennial, extremely long, branched, creeping, or frequently 
 floating on the water, and having lengthy shining white fibres. Stem 
 strong, circular, and smooth, the basal portion procumbent and floating 
 in the water, the upper portion rising from twelve to eighteen inches 
 above the water, bearing three or four broadly-linear leaves, having 
 striated, smooth, lax sheaths, the upper one shorter than its leaf, and 
 
66 CATABROSA AQUATICA. 
 
 having a blunt membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. Inflor- 
 escence compound panicled, the panicle being upright, with spreading 
 unequal branches. Spikelets small, numerous, and weeping, consisting 
 of two awnless florets, considerably longer than the glumes. The calyx 
 consisting of two rough, unequal blunt, membranous glumes, destitute 
 of lateral ribs. The upper glume largest. Florets of two equal-sized 
 palege. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. 
 
 Flowers the second week of July, and ripens seed the second week 
 of August. 
 
 A dwarf variety has been found growing near the sea in damp 
 situations, especially along the west coast of Scotland. This variety 
 is known by the English name of " Small Water Hair Grass," and 
 is the Catabrosa aquatica, variety littoralis, of Parnell. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. J. Sidebotham for specimens. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered in a ditch, near the railway 
 station, Beeston, Nottinghamshire. 
 
AIRA C^SPITOSA. 
 XX 
 
AIRA QM3PIT08A. 67 
 
 AIRA C^SPITOSA. 
 
 LINN^US. PARNELL. SMITH. HOOKER. ARNOTT. GREVILLE. KNAPP. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. EHRHART. 
 OEDER. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. RELHAN. 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 Desckampsia ccesprtosa, LINDLEY. 
 
 Gramen segetale, GERARDE. 
 
 The Tufted Hair-Grass. 
 
 Aim To destroy. Cczspitosa Tufted. 
 
 AIRA. Linnaeus. The Hair-Grass is named from the Greek, and signifies 
 to destroy, but why it received this unwelcome name is apparently uncertain. 
 There are six British species. Having a spreading panicle, of which the 
 spikelets are laterally compressed. There are two florets present in each 
 spikelet, with a third imperfect rudiment between them; the outer palea of 
 each floret is rounded at the back and furnished with an awn. 
 
 A VERY handsome Grass, the flowers of which are well adapted 
 ~/TA_ for decoration, being very graceful. It is a common species in 
 England, Scotland and Ireland, of no agricultural merit, being coarse 
 and rough, and with but little nutritive properties. It will flourish in 
 almost any situation, but prefers damp fields, where it grows into 
 large tufts, and is known to agriculturalists as hassacks, a Grass 
 difficult to destroy. 
 
 It is a native of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, France, Italy, Germany, 
 North America, and the United States. Nowhere does it flourish so 
 luxuriantly as on the banks of a brook. 
 
 The plant forms a large coarse tuft, and, as it is not eaten by cattle 
 except when nothing else can be procured, a field in which it abounds 
 has a singularly unsightly, and to farmers unwelcome appearance. 
 
-68 AIR A C^ SPIT OS A. 
 
 The root is perennial and fibrous. Stem upright, circular, and rough, 
 and supporting four or five narrow, rough, coarsely-ribbed, acute 
 leaves with rough striated sheaths, the uppermost one extending con- 
 siderably beyond its leaf, and having a lengthy, membranous, acute 
 ligule at its apex. Joints smooth and very strong. 
 
 Inflorescence compound pauicled, and exceedingly handsome. Panicle 
 when first expanded drooping, afterwards becoming upright, with the 
 branches spreading in all directions. Branches and rachis rough. The 
 spikelets are small and numerous, consisting of two or three horned 
 florets. The calyx consisting of two equal-sized acute glumes, the 
 upper one three-ribbed and the lower one destitute of lateral ribs. 
 Of the two paleae the exterior one of the lowest floret not equal in 
 length to the glumes, membranous, base hirsute, destitute of lateral 
 ribs, jagged on the summit; a slender awn starts from a little above 
 the base as far as the apex of the palea. The inner palea rather 
 shorter, linear, margin entire, and also membranous. Length from 
 two to five feet. 
 
 Air a, alpina, differs, on account of the awn commencing in that 
 species slightly above the centre of the outer palea; whilst on the 
 other hand Aira flexuosa has the awn of the lower floret protruding 
 above one third its length beyond the glumes. 
 
 There is a viviparous variety of Aira ccespitosa, known under the 
 name of variety vivipara, which has been found on the Clova Mountains. 
 It is an interesting ornamental variety, worthy of extensive cultivation, 
 as a border flower in gardens. Dr. Parnell describes two varieties, 
 namely, "longiaristata" and " brevifolia." The variety longiaristata 
 differs in having the awn of the outer palea extending one quarter of 
 its length beyond the apex of the palea, and in having the spikelets 
 of a rich chocolate colour. Found on the mountains in Perthshire 
 between three and four thousand feet above the sea level. The variety 
 brevifolia is distinguished by the very short radical leaves. It is found 
 growing near the summit of several of our highest Scotch mountains. 
 
 This species usually flowers in the beginning of July, and ripens its 
 eed early in September. 
 
 Door-mats and basses are made of the hay of Aira ccespitosa, and 
 for this the Grass is much in repute by rural cottagers. 
 
 The illustration is from a plant growing on the edge of the lake 
 at Highfield House. 
 
AIR A. ALPINA. 
 
 XXI 
 
 A. CARYOPHYLLEA. 
 
AIRA ALPINA. 69 
 
 AIRA ALPINA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. BABINGTON. LINDLEY. 
 WILLDENOW. WAHLENBERG. 
 
 PLATE XXI. A. 
 
 Aria Icevigata, J. E. SMITH. 
 
 The Smooth Alpine Hair-Grass. 
 Aira To destroy. Alpine Mountain. 
 
 AN uncommon and useless Grass, not seen at a less elevation than 
 three thousand feet. 
 
 Found on Ben Lomond, Ben Arthur, and moist rocks in Angusshire, 
 and said to be found in Wales. 
 
 Native of Lapland, Scotland, and North America. 
 
 Distinguished from Aira flexuosa by the awn rising from above the 
 centre of the palea, and not extending beyond the apex of the palea. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, carrying three or four narrow, 
 acute, mostly involute, strongly-ribbed leaves, rough on inner surface 
 and margins, smooth on back, with smooth striated sheaths. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle upright, silky, 
 brown. Apex drooping. Branches arranged on the smooth rachis in 
 pairs at certain distances. Spikelets numerous, with exceedingly deli- 
 cate footstalks, usually two, though occasionally three, awned florets, 
 the lower one not protruding beyond the calyx. Calyx of two nearly 
 equal membranous smooth glumes. Upper glume three-ribbed, others 
 destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two palese, exterior one of lowest 
 floret shorter than the glumes; oval in shape; base hirsute; apex 
 jagged. Keel somewhat rough, having a brief rough awn rising from 
 a little above the centre, and extending to the apex of the palea. 
 Inner one rather shorter and membranous. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 Length from twelve to eighteen inches. 
 
70 AIRA ALPINA. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of August, and becomes ripe in the 
 middle of September. 
 
 Dr. Parnell figures a viviparous variety called vivipara. 
 
AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA. 71 
 
 AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. BABINGTON. 
 
 REICHENBACH. GREVILLE. LINDLEY. 
 WILLDENOW. KNAPP. CURTIS. STILLINGFLEET. GREAVES. OEDER. 
 
 PLATE XXI. B. 
 
 Avena caryophyllea, KOCH. 
 
 The Silver Hair- Grass. 
 Aira To destroy. Caryophyllea ? 
 
 A NOTHER useless agricultural grass, growing in dry gravelly 
 -LA. situations, and tolerably abundant in England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland. 
 
 It is a very handsome species. 
 
 Found in Germany, France, and Italy. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing three or four 
 short, narrow, rough leaves, with striated rough sheaths, upper leaf 
 much longer than its sheath, and having a prominent acute ligule at 
 the apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicied, silvery 
 grey. Panicle upright, triple-forked, spreading, tinged with purple. 
 Rachis smooth. Spikelets small, with rounded bases and slightly 
 swollen, consisting of two awned florets, not protruding beyond the 
 apex of the glumes. Calyx of two equal-sized membranous glumes, 
 destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized paleao, exterior 
 one of lowest floret bifid, base hairy, furnished with a slender awn 
 rising from slightly beneath the centre, and extending half its length 
 beyond the apex of the palea. Inner one thin and membranous. 
 Root annual and fibrous. Length from six to twelve inches. 
 
 Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed at the end 
 of July. 
 
72 AIRA CARYOPEYLLEA. 
 
 This Grass is common in Sherwood Forest, where the specimen from 
 which the illustration is taken was gathered. 
 
AIR A FLEXUOSA. 
 
AIR A FLEXUOSA. 
 
 AIRA FLEXUOSA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. BABINGTON. 
 
 REICHENBACH. KOCH. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. 
 KNAPP. SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. SCHREBER. OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 Aira montana, HUDSON. DICKSON. 
 
 " " LEERS, (not LINNAEUS.) 
 
 " scabro-setacea, KNAPP. 
 
 " se/acea, HUDSON. 
 
 The Wavy Mountain Hair-Grass. 
 Aira To destroy. Flexuosa Bending. 
 
 A COMMON Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland, on heaths 
 and upon hills, often growing amongst the heather. 
 
 It is eaten by sheep. 
 
 Abroad it is found in North America, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, 
 Lapland, and Germany. 
 
 The spikelets are twice as large as in Aira caryophyllea. 
 
 Stem upright, smooth, striated, rather flat, bearing three or four 
 exceedingly narrow, long, smooth leaves, and numerous radical ones, 
 with roughish striated sheaths, the uppermost one considerably longer 
 than its leaf, and crowned with an acute membranous ligule. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled; colour pale brownish green. 
 Panicle upright, with delicate, rough, triple-forked, spreading branches. 
 Spikelets upright, of two awned florets, which do not protrude beyond 
 the calyx; colour brownish glossy copper. Calyx consisting of two 
 almost equal-sized membranous glumes, with somewhat rough keels, 
 but destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized palese, the 
 exterior one of lowest floret having a bifid apex; base hirsute, with 
 two delicate ribs on either side. Keel roughish, and having a slender 
 
 L 
 
74 AIR A FLEXUOSA. 
 
 awn rising from slightly above the base, and extending far beyond 
 the apex of the palea. Inner palea very thin, membranous; margins 
 minutely fringed. Root perennial and fibrous. Length from twelve 
 to eighteen inches. Colour dark green. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed in the 
 middle of August. 
 
 Dr. Parnell describes a variety known as A. flexuosa, var. montana. 
 Frequently met with on the Highland Moors. It is more slender, and 
 the ligules are more acute. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Mr. Joseph Side- 
 botham, of Manchester. 
 
AIRA CANESCENS. 
 
 XXIII 
 
 A. P R & C O X. 
 
AIRA CANESCENS. 7S> 
 
 AIRA CANESCENS. 
 
 HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. SCHRADER. 
 KNAPP. WILLDENOW. DICKSON. WITHERING. EHRHART. OEDER. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. A. 
 
 Corynephorus canescens, BEAUVOIS. BABINGTON. 
 
 " " REICHENBACH. KOCH. KUNTH. 
 
 Gramen junceum, DALECHAMPS. 
 
 The Grey Hair-Grass. 
 Aira To destroy. Canescens To become grey. 
 
 ONE of the rarest of the British Grasses, and consequently a useless 
 agricultural species. 
 
 Found on the sandy coasts of Norfolk, Suffolk, Dorset, and Jersey.. 
 
 Native of the Islands of the Mediterranean, Greece, Turkey, Spain, 
 Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, 
 Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 Easily distinguished from all other British species in having club- 
 shaped awns, which are fringed in the centre. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five setaceous, 
 very short, rough, and glaucous leaves, with rough striated sheaths, 
 the uppermost leaf shorter than its sheath. Ligule of upper leaf acute 
 and bold. Joints three, the uppermost one naked. Inflorescence 
 compound panicled, close and compact until in flower, then spreading; 
 having a purple tinge. Branches rough, but rachis smooth. Spikelets 
 consisting of two acute, membranous, equal-sized glumes, destitute of 
 lateral ribs; keels minutely dentate, and two florets shorter than the 
 glumes. The florets composed of two equal-sized paleae, the exterior 
 one acute, base hairy, and without lateral ribs, and having a lengthy 
 dorsal awn. Inner palea ^membranaceous and narrow; apex notched. 
 Awn rising from a little above the base of the exterior paleas, and 
 
76 AIRA CANESCEN8. 
 
 extending half its own length beyond; club-shaped above, and having 
 a circular fringe in the centre. Styles short, two. Stigmas long and 
 feathery. Filaments slender, three in number. Anthers dark purple 
 in colour, and short. Root annual or biannual, and fibrous. Length 
 from six to fourteen inches. 
 
 Flowers in July, and ripens its seed in August. 
 
AIRA PRjECOX. 77 
 
 AIRA PR^COX. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. BABINGTON. 
 
 LINDLEY. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. 
 CURTIS. KNAPP. GRAVES. SCHRADER. OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. B. 
 
 The Early Hair- Grass. 
 Aira To destroy. Prcecox Early. 
 
 rT^HIS is a very early Grass, and of but little value; it grows on 
 -L sandy hills and wall tops. 
 
 Tolerably abundant in England and Ireland, less common in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Found in France, Italy, Germany, and North America. 
 
 This species is known from Aira caryophyllea by the close panicle, 
 which does not exceed half an inch in width. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, upright, and carrying four or five narrow 
 roughish leaves, with rough, striated, somewhat inflated sheaths. 
 Uppermost sheath longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a 
 lanceolate membranous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence simple 
 panicled; greenish silvery colour. Panicle upright and close; branches 
 rough; rachis smooth. Spikelets of two awned florets, enclosed within 
 the calyx. Calyx composed of two equal and acute glumes, minutely 
 toothed on the keels, but destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two 
 equal-sized paleae; exterior one of lowest floret bifid, base hairy, 
 obscurely five-ribbed, and having a lengthy, rough, slender awn rising 
 from slightly above the base, and extending half its length above the 
 apex of the palea. Inner one with margin minutely fringed, and 
 membranous. Root annual and fibrous. Length from four to six 
 inches. 
 
 Flowers at the end of May, and is ripe in a month. 
 
78 AIEA PRJECOX. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Dunham Park, by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
MOLINIA jfi RU L E A. 
 XXIV 
 
MOLINIA C2EBULEA. 79 
 
 MOLINIA C^RULEA. 
 
 MCENCH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. LINDLEY. KOCH. STURM. 
 BEAUVOIS. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 Melica alpina, DON. 
 
 Molinia depauperata, LINDLEY. PARNELL. 
 
 Melica cczrulea, LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER. HOST. 
 
 " " GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " CURTIS. KNAPP. 
 
 Aira ccerulea, LINN^US. HUDSON. LEERS. OEDER. 
 
 7 he Purple Molinia. 
 Molinia After Molina, a Naturalist. Caerulea Blue. 
 
 MOLINIA. Mcench. A genus named after Don Giovanni Ignatio Molina, 
 who published a work upon the Natural History of Chili seventy-five years 
 ago. There is only one British example, namely, Molinia ccerulea. 
 
 reed-looking Grass, perhaps better known as the Purple Melic 
 Grass, is abundant throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland, 
 growing on damp heathy moors. It is of but little agricultural value. 
 In the Orkney and Shetland Islands the stems are made by the fisher- 
 men into ropes, whilst in England they are manufactured into cheap 
 brooms. 
 
 It occurs in Lapland, Norway, and Sweden, and to the most southern 
 portions of Europe. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, being bulbous at the base, carrying 
 three lengthy, narrow, linear, taper-pointed, acute, rough leaves, with 
 smooth striated sheaths, the uppermost one shorter than its leaf, bearing 
 at its apex a diminutive ligule. Joints smooth, and close to the base. 
 Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle upright, lengthy, narrow, 
 
80 MOLINIA C^ERULEA. 
 
 and compact; branches slender, rough, and situated on the rachis in 
 bunches at certain intervals. Spikelets numerous, small, chiefly com- 
 posed of two, yet sometimes of three, awnless florets, purplish in colour, 
 and considerably longer than the glumes. Calyx smooth, of two unequal, 
 acute glumes. Florets of two equal-sized palese, exterior one of basal 
 floret smooth, three-ribbed, and acute ; inner one having two bold 
 marginal ribs of a green colour. Root consisting of a multitude of 
 strong fibres, perennial. Length from one to two feet and a half. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of July, and ripens its seed at the close 
 of August. 
 
 There is a variety known as Molinia depauperata, which Lindley and 
 Parnell gives as a distinct species, and known as the Tawny Melic 
 Grass. It differs in being usually less in size, and having the leaves 
 of the stem extending beyond the panicle, in the calyx having only 
 one floret, the outer palea being five-ribbed. It was discovered on 
 the Clova Mountains, (three thousand feet above the sea,) by Mr. 
 Donald Munro. There is another variety more dwarf and compact, 
 known as M. ccerulea, var. breviramosa, distinguished by its dwarf 
 habit and dark purple inflorescence a common Grass on moors. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph Side- 
 botham, of Manchester. 
 
' 
 
 ME LIC A NUT AN 8. 
 
 M. U N I F L O R A. 
 
 XXV 
 
MELICA NUTANS. 81 
 
 MELICA NUTANS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. 
 LlNDLEY. KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CURTIS. MARTYN. KNAPP. 
 
 RELHAN. GRAVES. SCHRADER. BABINGTON. HOST. 
 SCHREBER. LEERS. REICHENBACH. WITHERING. HULL. DICKSON. 
 
 PLATE XXV. A. 
 
 Melica montana, HUDSON. 
 
 Poa nutans, HALLER. 
 
 The Mountain Melic Grass. 
 Melica Honey. Nutans Nodding. 
 
 MELICA, Linnceus. An interesting family, of which there are but two 
 British examples. The name is derived from mel honey. 
 
 A GRASS as yet of no agricultural value, growing in damp shady 
 -Ljk_ woods at an altitude of about five hundred feet above the sea, 
 and not found higher than two thousand feet. It is an early Grass, 
 doing well under cultivation, and therefore may prove of use to the 
 farmer. 
 
 In Scotland it occurs in Aberdeenshire, Forfarshire, Fifeshire, and 
 near Edinburgh. In England, in all the northern counties and Not- 
 tinghamshire, Derbyshire, Worcestershire, Suffolk, and Hertfordshire. 
 In Wales, in Denbigh. Abroad, it is a native of France, Italy, 
 Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Lapland. 
 
 This lovely Grass is very ornamental when growing luxuriantly, and 
 no one can fail being struck with its beauty after seeing it growing, 
 as it does, in a damp wood near Ambleside. The wood seemed as if 
 meant for Fairyland, each raceme of bloom bearing a number of bells, 
 all hanging in one direction. 
 
 Stem upright, slender, roughish, bearing four or five long, narrow, 
 
 M 
 
82 MELIOA NUTANS. 
 
 acute, flaccid, pale green leaves, with rough striated sheaths, the upper 
 one shorter than its leaf, and having at the apex a brief obtuse ligule. 
 Inflorescence racemed. Raceme long, mostly of ten spikelets, placed 
 on short rough footstalks. Spikelets large, ovate, pendulous, and 
 consisting of two perfect and one imperfect floret. Calyx of two 
 broad, reddish brown, smooth, five-ribbed glumes. Florets of two palese. 
 Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Some specimens gathered 
 near Ambleside were above three feet in length. Root perennial and 
 creeping. 
 
 Flowers at the end of May, and becomes ripe in July. 
 
 This Grass is known from Melica uniflora in the inflorescence being 
 racemed instead of simple panicled, and in the calyx containing two 
 perfect florets. The most unaccustomed eye can at once recognise 
 the difference between these two species. 
 
 My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham for specimens gathered 
 near Halifax, and from which the illustration is taken. 
 
MELIGA UNIFLORA. 83 
 
 MELICA UNIFLORA. 
 
 LINN.EUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. 
 
 WITHERING. LINDLEY. KOCH. HULL. RELHAN. ABBOT. 
 
 SIBTHORP. CURTIS. DICKSON. MARTYN. REICHENBACH. BABINGTON. 
 
 RETZIUS. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. GRAVES. SCHRADER. OEDER. 
 
 PLATE XXV. B. 
 
 Melica nutans, HUDSON. RUDBECK. 
 
 " Lobelii, VILLARS. 
 
 The Wood Melic Grass. 
 Melica Honey. Uniflora One-flowered. 
 
 A GRASS of but little agricultural value, flourishing in clayey soil 
 -jL in damp rocky woods. 
 
 A frequent Grass in England, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, France, and 
 Germany. 
 
 This beautiful species is very ornamental, and when dried is well 
 adapted for winter decoration. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and slender, bearing four or five long, flat, 
 thin, acute, flaccid, rough leaves, with rough striated sheaths, whose 
 upper portions are furnished sparingly with slender yet conspicuous 
 white hairs. Upper sheath shorter than its leaf, and having at its 
 apex a short membranous ligule. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle 
 slightly pendulous, with few spikelets on long, slender, rough footstalks, 
 the branches long and slender, rising usually in pairs from the rachis. 
 Spikelets upright, oval in shape, consisting of a perfect and an imper- 
 fect awnless floret hid within the calyx. Calyx of two reddish brown 
 five-ribbed, smooth glumes. Florets of two palese. Length from 
 twelve to eighteen inches. Eoot perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of June, and becomes ripe at the end of 
 July. 
 
84 MELIGA UNIFLORA. 
 
 It is distinguished from Melica nutans in the simple panicle, and 
 in the calyx containing only one perfect floret. 
 
 This species flourishes luxuriantly about Ambleside, and also in a 
 wood near Critch, in Derbyshire; where it grows well it is very 
 beautiful. 
 
 The illustration is from a Derbyshire specimen. 
 
HOL.CUS MOLLIS. 
 XXVI 
 
ffOLCUS MOLLIS. 86 
 
 HOLCUS MOLLIS. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. 
 
 SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. SCHREBER. BABINGTON. HUDSON. ABBOT. 
 WITHERING. RELHAN. HULL. SIBTHORP. DICKSON. 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 The Creeping Soft Grass. 
 Holcus To extract. Mollis Soft. 
 
 HOLCUS. LinncBus. Of the genus Holcus, or "Soft Grass," England can 
 boast of only -two species, both exceedingly interesting plants. The name 
 is derived from the Greek, and signifies to extract; the genus taking this 
 singular name because it was supposed to have the property of drawing out 
 thorns from the flesh. 
 
 A GRASS of no agricultural value, as cattle refuse to eat it, whilst 
 -I-\- its long creeping roots speedily impoverish the soil. Its favourite 
 habitat is sandy, light, barren soil. 
 
 Common in Britain, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, and Italy. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five flat, broad, 
 acute, soft, roughish, pale green leaves, with usually smooth sheaths, 
 upper sheath considerably longer than its leaf. Joints four, hairy. 
 Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright, and slightly pendu- 
 lous at the apex. Spikelets consisting of two florets, the upper one 
 awned. Calyx consisting of two equal-length glumes, membranous, 
 and keels hairy. Upper glume three-ribbed; lower one destitute of 
 lateral ribs. Florets of two palea9. From near the apex of the upper 
 floret arises a long awn, which is rough from the base to the apex. 
 Length from one to three feet. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Dr. Parnell describes two varieties, one biaristatus, which has larger 
 
86 HOLCU8 MOLLIS. 
 
 and fewer spikelets; the other parviflorus, does not exceed twelve 
 inches in length, and having very small spikelets. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was sent by Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham. 
 
HOLCUS LAN AT QS. 
 XXVII 
 
HOLCU8 LANATUS. 87 
 
 HOLCUS LANATUS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. 
 
 KOCH. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. ABBOT. 
 
 SIBTHORP. CURTIS. DICKSON. REICHENBACH. BABINGTON. WILLDENOW. 
 
 KNAPP. SINCLAIR. LEERS. HOST. SCHREBER. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 The Meadow Soft Grass. 
 Hokus To extract. Lanatus Woolly. 
 
 A PRODUCTIVE Grass, easily cultivated, yet cattle do not like it. 
 -L^\- It seems to delight to grow in shady situations, especially in light 
 moist soils. 
 
 Common throughout Great Britain and Scotland, France, Italy, and 
 Germany. 
 
 This very beautiful Grass has an upright circular stem, bearing four 
 or five pale green, flat, broad, acute, soft, hairy leaves, with soft downy 
 sheaths, the upper sheath extending considerably beyond its leaf; 
 inflated and having at its apex an obtuse membranous sheath. Joints 
 four, hairy. Inflorescence compound-panicled, green, red, or pink in 
 colour. Panicle upright, triangular in shape, compact and close when 
 young, and spreading when more mature. Branches hairy. Spikelets 
 pendulous. Two florets, the upper one awned. Calyx consisting of 
 two hairy membranous glumes, the upper one oblong, tipped with a 
 minute bristle. Keel hairy, having a green rib on either side; lower 
 glumes crescent-shaped, and destitute of lateral ribs. Two equal-sized 
 paleae. Upper floret smallest, and elevated on a lengthy naked foot- 
 stalk, having a dorsal awn of about half the length of the palea, 
 commencing a little beneath the apex, and when mature curved in 
 the form of a fish-hook. The apex of the awn is rough, but the lower 
 two thirds is quite smooth. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. 
 Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
88 HOLCUS LANATU8. 
 
 This species is distinguished from Holcus mollis in having two thirds 
 of the awn smooth. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens its seeds in four weeks. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Dr. Wilson, of 
 Nottingham. 
 
ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. 
 XXVIII 
 
ABBHENATHEBUM AVENACEUM. 89- 
 
 ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND GREVILLE. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 Arrhenatherum elatior, KOCH. 
 
 " bulbosum, LINDLEY. DUNAL. 
 
 Avena elatior, LINN.EUS. HUDSON. CURTIS. 
 
 " " MARTYN. CULLUM. SCHREBER, 
 
 " " LEERS. WITHERING. RELHAN. 
 
 " " HULL, ABBOT. 
 
 " nodosa, CULLUM. 
 
 " precatoria, THUILL. 
 
 Holcus avenaceus, SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE. 
 
 " " SCOPOLI. WlGGERS. SlBTHORP. 
 
 " " KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " REICHENBACH. 
 
 Gramen bulbosum nodosum, LOBEL. 
 
 " caninum nodosum, GERARDE. 
 
 The Oat- like Grass. 
 Arrhenatherum Male-awn. Avenaceum Of oats. 
 
 ARRHENATHERUM. Beauvois. There is only a solitary example of this 
 genus in this country, namely, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum It has the 
 habit of the Oat Grass, yet differing in the number and structure of its 
 florets. The name is derived from two Greek words, signifying male and 
 awn. 
 
 A PRODUCTIVE agricultural Grass, especially on clayey soil, yet 
 --LJL. a species but little grown in this country. It will thrive well 
 under trees, and is sometimes a troublesome weed in corn fields. 
 
 A common Grass in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany* 
 Italy, and the United States. 
 
90 ABRHEXATHERVM AVEXACEUM. 
 
 Stew upright, circular, and polished, bearing four or five flat, rough, 
 narrow, acute leaves, with striated smoothish sheaths, the upper one 
 longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a small ragged ligule. 
 Joints smooth, and sometimes hirsute. Inflorescence simple panicled. 
 Panicle inclining to one side, branches short and rough, the lower 
 ones mostly in fives. Calyx consisting of a pair of very unequal acute 
 membranous glumes. The florets consisting of two palea?. The lower 
 floret has a long awn rising from slightly above the base of the outer 
 palea, the second floret has a very short awn commencing beneath 
 the apex. Length from two to three feet and a half. Root perennial, 
 fibrous, and sometimes bulbous. 
 
 There is a variety known as bulbosum, which grows in rich cultivated 
 fields, having bulbous roots. 
 
 Flowers in the third week in June, and becomes ripe in about five 
 weeks. 
 
 The present species, which is readily known from all other Grasses, 
 is a common plant in Nottinghamshire, growing occasionally to the 
 height of three feet and a half, especially in low meadows on the 
 banks of hedges. 
 
 There is only another species known of this family, namely, the 
 A. pollens, a Portuguese plant. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, 
 of Manchester. 
 
HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 KOELERIA CRIST AT A. 
 
HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS. 
 
 91 
 
 HIEROCHLOK BOREALIS. 
 
 ROEMER AND SCHULTES. PARNELL. HOOKER AND GREVILLE. 
 
 J. E. SMITH. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. 
 PLATE XXIX. A. 
 
 Holcus borealis, 
 
 ' ' odora/us, 
 tt <f 
 
 Hierochhe odorala, 
 
 SCHRADER. 
 
 LINN^US. SMITH. WILLDENOW. 
 
 OEDER. SINCLAIR. WAHLENBERG. 
 
 KOCH. 
 
 The Holy Grass. 
 
 Hierochloe Sacred Grass. 
 
 Borealis North. 
 
 HIEROCHLOE. Gmelin. The "Holy Grass" has a wide-spread panicle, 
 and derives its name from two Greek words, signifying Sacred Grass, because 
 according to Gmelin, it is on the sacred festivals in some parts of Prussia, 
 scattered before the doors of churches, being dedicated to the Virgin Mary. 
 Sir W. Hooker remarks that a similar custom still prevails at Norwich, 
 where the Acorus calamus, or "Sweet Sedge," is the favoured plant. 
 
 Great Britain only possesses one species, namely, Hierochloe borealis, which 
 has been found in Scotland. It is an abundant Iceland plant. 
 
 THIS very rare species, although one of our earliest, yet it is not 
 a valuable Grass. 
 
 It is confined -to Scotland, having been found by the late Mr. Gr. 
 Don, in a mountain valley called Kella, near the Spittle of Glen Shee, 
 Forfarshire, and near Thurso, Caithness, in 1854, by Mr. Robert 
 Dick. 
 
 Abroad it is native of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Italy, 
 France, Germany, Prussia, Kamtschatka, and Russian America. 
 
 This \is the Grass used for strewing before the Prussian churches. 
 In Sweden it is hung over beds in the belief that it induces sleep. 
 
92 HIE1WCHLOE BOREALIS. 
 
 In Iceland it is used to scent the clothes and apartments of the 
 inhabitants, and in that island it is a common species. The scent 
 emitted is very similar to that of our Sweet-Scented Vernal Grass, 
 (Anthoxanthum odoratum.) 
 
 The stem stout, upright, circular, and smooth, carrying three or 
 four wide, brief, lanceolate, roughish leaves, with smooth sheaths, the 
 upper one somewhat swollen, considerably longer than its leaf, and 
 having a bold broad ligule at its apex. Joints hid by the sheaths, 
 near the base of the stem, and smooth. Inflorescence compound 
 panicled. Panicle upright, except near the apex. Branches smooth, 
 spreading, proceeding from the rachis in pairs; colour purplish. 
 Spikelets of good size, glossy, green and purple, consisting of three 
 awnless florets hid by the calyx. Calyx of two almost equal-sized, 
 smooth, acute, broad glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two 
 paleee; the exterior one of lowest floret five-ribbed ; edges fringed; 
 keel rough and slightly hairy; interior one shorter, with entire apex. 
 Filaments in perfect floret two, in barren floret three. Anthers 
 conspicuous, pendulous, and notched at either extremity. Ovarium 
 ovate. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Length from twelve to 
 eighteen inches. Root creeping and perennial. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of May, and ripens its seed in 
 June. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Thurso by Mr. B. 
 Dick, and forwarded to me by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
KOELEKIA CRITASTA. 93 
 
 KOELERIA CRISTATA. 
 
 PERSOON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. BABINGTON. 
 PLATE XXIX. B. 
 
 Aira cristala, LINNJEUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER. 
 
 " " GREVILLE. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " HUDSON. REICHENBACH. 
 
 Airochloa cristala, LINK. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 Poa cristata, WILLDENOW. WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 " " RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. 
 
 " " HOST. LEERS. EHRHART. 
 
 The Crested Hair -Grass. 
 Koeleria After the continental botanist, Koeler. Cristata Crested. 
 
 KOELERIA. Persoon. The present genus is named in honour of the author 
 of a work on the Grasses of Germany and France, published fifty-five years 
 ago by George Louis Koeler. The panicle is rounded and spiked. 
 
 England possesses only one species, namely, Koeleria cristata. 
 
 Grass is rejected by cattle. It grows in dry situations near 
 the sea, and on rocks as much as fifteen hundred feet above the 
 sea-level. Frequent, more especially in the north of England, in 
 Scotland, and in Ireland. 
 
 Native also of France, Italy, and Germany. 
 
 Better known as the Aira cristata of Linnaeus. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, pubescent, bearing two or three stiff, rough, 
 pubescent, narrow, acute, leaves, with hairy striated sheaths, the upper 
 one longer than its leaf, having at its apex a short jagged ligule. 
 Joints near the base smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled, compact 
 and silvery in appearance. Panicle upright, oval; sometimes two inches 
 in length, interrupted near the base. Branches arranged in pairs on 
 
94 KOELERIA CRIST AT A. 
 
 pairs on the rachis, close until in flower, then spreading. Spikelets 
 compressed, consisting of two awnless florets, which do not extend 
 beyond the glumes of the calyx. Calyx of two acute unequal-sized 
 glumes, with dentate keels; uppermost glume three-ribbed. Florets 
 of two equal-sized palese. Inner palea cloven at the apex; second 
 floret having a lengthy downy footstalk. Length from three to six 
 inches. Root perennial, forming dense tufts of lengthy downy fibres. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seed at the end 
 of August. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Oastleton, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
SESLBRIA C^ERULEA. PANICUM CRUS-GALLI. 
 
 XXX 
 
SESLERIA CJERULEA. 95 
 
 SESLERIA C^RULEA. 
 
 SCOPOLI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. 
 
 KOCH. SMITH. REICHENBACH. WITHERING. LINDLEY. KNAPP. HOST. 
 SCHRADER. OEDER. ARDUINO. HULL. 
 
 PLATE XXX. A. 
 
 Cynosurus ccenileus, LINNJEUS. WILLDENOW. HUDSON. 
 
 MARTYN. EHRHART. DICKSON. 
 " " JACQUIN. WULFEN. 
 
 Tlie Blue Moor- Grass. 
 Sesleria Named after the Italian botanist Sesler. Ccerulea Blue. 
 
 SESLERIA, Linnceus. The genus Sesleria is named after another botanist, 
 Leonard Sesler, an Italian Physician. Panicle spiked. There is only one 
 British representative, the Sesleria ccerulea, which is confined to the north. 
 
 A MOST beautiful Grass, yet of no agricultural merits. 
 Found in the counties of Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, 
 and Yorkshire, growing on the high hills. More abundant on the 
 Scotch mountains, especially on Ben Lomond, (three thousand feet 
 above the sea.) In Ireland it has been found, although rare, in the 
 county of Sligo. Its favourite habitats are limestone rocks. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and Iceland. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, slender, pale green, carrying three 
 very brief leaves, with smooth sheaths, the upper one eight times the 
 length of its leaf, and having a short membranous ligule. Joints hid. 
 Boot leaves linear, narrow, lengthy, and eleven-ribbed. Margins 
 minutely dentate. Inflorescence racemed. Raceme purplish blue, oval, 
 and about half an inch in length. Spikelets laid one over the other 
 all round the rachis. Calyx of two broad, acute, membranous, equal- 
 sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized paleee, 
 
96 SE8LERIA C^ERULEA. 
 
 exterior one of lowest floret five-ribbed. Apex dentate, and ending 
 in a brief awn. Inner one linear bifid, having two green marginal 
 ribs. Filaments three. Anthers conspicuous, notched k at either extremity. 
 Ovarium minute, hirsute, globose, with a pointed base. Style short. 
 Stigmas conspicuous, long, linear, and pubescent. Length from six 
 to twelve inches. Root creeping, having lengthy fibres, perennial. 
 
 Flowers at the end of April, and the seeds become ripe in the 
 middle of June. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered in Teesdale, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PANIC UM CRUS-QALLL 97 
 
 PANICUM CRUS-GALLL 
 
 LINN.^US. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. 
 
 KOCH. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. CURTIS. GRAVES. ScHRADER. HUDSON. 
 
 LEERS. EHRHART. WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 PLATE XXX. B. 
 
 Panicum vulgare, GERARDE. 
 
 Echinochloa crus-galli, BEAUVOIS. PARNELL. BABINGTON. 
 
 " " REICHENBACH. 
 
 Oplismenus crus-galli, KUNTH. 
 
 The Loose Panick Grass. 
 Panicum Bread. Crus-galli ? 
 
 PANICUM, Linnaeus. The Panick Grass, named after the Latin Pants 
 bread, from the circumstance that the seeds of some of the species are 
 made into bread. Spikelets flat in front, and rounded on the back. There 
 is only one British species, Panicum crus-galli. 
 
 A HANDSOME interesting species, although a strong coarse-growing 
 JL\- plant, growing in damp situations, and of no agricultural use. 
 There seems to be some doubt as to whether it is strictly British. 
 
 Found on waste land near Thetford, Norfolk; in fields near London. 
 In Hampshire and Surrey. 
 
 A native of France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, 
 Norway, Sweden, north of Africa, and the United States of America. 
 
 Stem upright, smooth, and striated, having three or four broad, 
 pointed, ribbed (with marginal dentations) leaves, and smooth striated 
 sheaths; upper sheath of same length as its leaf; no ligule. Joints 
 three. Inflorescence compound-panicled, compact, secund; rachis 
 angular; branches rough. Spikelets almost sessile, in clusters, com- 
 posed of two glumes and two florets, one of the florets neutral. Glumes 
 
 o 
 
98 PENIOUM CRUS-GALLI. 
 
 unequal, inner one considerably the largest, three -ribbed, and hirsute. 
 Lowest floret barren. Styles two. Stigmas short and plumose. 
 Filaments three. Anthers short, and cloven at either extremity. 
 Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 The specimen for illustration was collected in fields at Battersea, by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
SETARIA VERTICILLATA. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 S. VIRIDIS. 
 
SETARIA VERTICILLATA. 
 
 SETARIA VERTICILLATA. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. 
 BABINGTON. KUNTH. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. A. 
 
 Panicum verticillatum, LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. KNAPP. 
 
 " " WILLDENOW. CURTIS. GRAVES. 
 
 " SCHRADER HOST. EHRHART. 
 HULL. HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 " " REICHENBACH. 
 
 Pennisetum verticillatum, BROWN. 
 
 Gramen geniculatum, GERARDE. BAUHIN. 
 
 The Reflex Bristle- Grass. 
 Setaria A bristle. Verticillata Whorled. 
 
 SETARIA, Beauvois. The Bristle-Grass, having a compound almost cylin- 
 drical spike, derives its name from the Latin seta, a bristle. There are 
 three British species, yet perhaps better known under Linnaeus's name of 
 Panicum. 
 
 THE "Rough Panick-Grass" of " Smith's English Botany." Another 
 doubtful British plant and interesting species, found only in cul- 
 tivated fields in the counties of Middlesex and Norfolk, near London 
 and Norwich. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, 
 North Africa, the United States of America, and Asia. 
 
 Stem erect, bearing four or five flat, rough, lanceolate leaves, with 
 smooth striated sheaths, the upper one shorter than its leaf. Ligule 
 short and blunt. Joints four. Inflorescence simple panicled. Branches 
 brief. Rachis rough. Spikelets dorsally compressed, almost sessile, 
 clustered, having involucral bristles longer than the spikelets, and each 
 
100 SET ARIA VERTIGILLATA. 
 
 strongly dentate, the teeth pointing downwards. Glumes very unequal, 
 two. Upper floret of two paleae. Styles two. Stigmas short and 
 plumose. Stamens three. Anthers deep purple in colour. Seeds 
 shining and hard. Length from six to twenty-four inches. Root 
 annual and fibrous. 
 
 The involucral bristles are much larger in Setaria viridis. 
 
 Flowers in July, and seeds ripen toward the close of September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered in Batfcersea Fields, by 
 Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
SET ART A VIRIDIS. 101 
 
 SETARIA VIRIDIS. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. 
 BABINGTON. KUNTH. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. B. 
 
 Panicum viride, LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. KNAPP. 
 
 " " SCHRADER. LEERS. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " CURTIS. GRAVES. EHRHART. 
 
 " " HOST. HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 " " HULL. REICHENBACH. 
 
 " crus-galli, OEDER. 
 
 The Green Bristle- Grass. 
 Setaria A bristle. Viridis Green. 
 
 AGAIN we have another dubious British Grass to describe, which 
 is also an interesting species. 
 
 It is found in fields near London, Thetford, and Norwich. 
 
 Of no agricultural use. Small birds are fond of the abundant small 
 seeds which it produces. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, Spain, 
 Portugal, Norway, Sweden Russia, North Africa, and the United 
 States of America. 
 
 Grows on sandy soil on cultivated land. 
 
 Stem upright, bearing four or five flat, rough, lanceolate leaves, 
 with smooth striated sheaths; upper one shorter than its leaf. Joints 
 four. Inflorescence simple panicled; branches short; rachis hirsute. 
 Spikelets dorsally compressed, crowded, almost sessile, having at the 
 base long, rough, involucral bristles; dentate, teeth pointing upwards, 
 and bristles above twice the length of the spikelet. Each spikelet of 
 two glumes and two florets. Glumes very unequal. Styles two, long 
 and smooth. Stigmas short and plumose. Stamens three. Anthers 
 
102 8ETARIA VIHIDIS. 
 
 deep purple. Seeds smooth and hard. The involucral bristles in 
 Setaria verticillata have the teeth pointing downwards. Length from 
 three to eighteen inches. Root fibrous, annual. 
 
 Flowers in July, and seeds ripen at the end of September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered in Battersea Fields by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
 SETARIA GLAUCA. BEAUVOIS. 
 
 A THIRD species, Setaria glauca, has been discovered by Mr. Borrer, 
 at Weybridge, in Surrey, and also at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, yet 
 it has been considered a spurious British Grass. It has the dentations 
 of the involucre erect, as in S. viridis, but differs from that species in 
 having two glumellas, and in being wavy. 
 
POA AQUATICA. 
 XXXII 
 
TO A AQUATIC A. 103 
 
 POA AQUATICA. 
 
 LINN^US. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. ABBOT. 
 
 GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP. OEDER. LEERS. 
 SCHRADER. HOST. SlBTHORP. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 
 Glyceria aqua/tea, SMITH. R. BROWN. BABINGTON. 
 
 Hydrochloa aquatica, LINDLEY. 
 
 Gramen aquaticum majus, RAY. GERARDE. LOBEL. 
 
 The Reed Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Aquatica Aquatic. 
 
 POA, LinncRus. The Meadow Grass takes its name from the Greek, sig- 
 nifying grass, or to feed, on account of the whole genus being valuable for 
 pasturage. There are fifteen British species. 
 
 A VERY common handsome Grass, growing in wet situations, such 
 ~L\. as undrained meadows, and along the edges of water. It is a 
 valuable agricultural Grass for damp situations, as it can be mown 
 twice a year, yields a heavy crop, and cattle are fond of its sugary 
 flavour. 
 
 In Scotland it is found near Edinburgh, Forfar, Perth, and Dum- 
 barton. In England, in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Kent, Surrey, 
 Sussex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Oxford, Bedford, 
 Worcester, Gloucester, Warwick, Nottingham, Leicester, York, Chester, 
 Durham, Westmoreland, and Northumberland. 
 
 This summer I found it very abundant and large at Ambleside, in 
 Westmoreland, and in many places round Nottingham. 
 
 Rare in Ireland. 
 
 Abroad it is a native of France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Russia, 
 Sweden, and North America. 
 
104 POA AQUATIC A. 
 
 Stem erect, strong, smooth, striated, bearing seven or eight flat, 
 lengthy, broad, rough-pointed leaves, with harsh sheaths, the upper 
 one longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a brief, broad 
 ligule. Joints smooth, six to eight in number. Inflorescence compound 
 panicled. Panicle upright, large, branches rough, situated alternately 
 in half-whorls on the rachis. Spikelets many, upright, having from 
 four to eight florets, the upper ones large and ovate, the others smaller 
 and narrower. Calyx consisting of two membranous, unequal-sized, 
 blunt glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets not webbed, consisting 
 of two awnless paleae. The exterior palea of lowest floret seven-ribbed. 
 Stigmas compound and plumose. Styles larger than the stigmas. 
 Length from three to six feet. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers about the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a month. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Gee- Cross, Cheshire, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PO A DISTANS . 
 XXXIII 
 
POA DISTANS. 105 
 
 POA DISTANS. 
 
 LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. 
 
 ]. E. SMITH. PARNELL. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. WITHERING. SCHRADER. 
 HOST. DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 Sclerochloa distans, BARINGTON. 
 
 Glyceria distans, SMITH. KOCH. RALFS. REICHENBACH, 
 
 Festuca distans, KUNTH. 
 
 Poa retroflexa, CURTIS. 
 
 " salina, POLLICH. 
 
 Aira aquatica, var., HUDSON. 
 
 The Reflexed Meadow- Grass, 
 Poa Grass. Distans Distant. 
 
 A PRETTY Grass, but Worthless to the agriculturist. 
 .i\ Rare in Scotland. In England found in Devonshire, Somer- 
 setshire, Sussex, Cambridge, Bedford, Worcestershire, Leicestershire, 
 Kent, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, York, Durham, and Northumber- 
 land. In Wales in Denbigh and Flintshire; and in Ireland near Dublin. 
 
 Abroad, a native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Prussia, 
 Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, polished, often decumbent at the base, having 
 four flat acute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath 
 longer than its leaf, having an obtuse ligule at the apex. Joints three, 
 smooth. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright. Branches 
 rough and slender, arranged in twos, threes, or fives, the basal ones 
 rigid, and bent downwards. Spikelets linear. Calyx consisting of two 
 blunt, membranous, unequal glumes, three-ribbed; exterior glume half 
 the length of inner glume. Florets of two equal-sized palese; exterior 
 one of lowest floret five-ribbed; base in some degree hirsute; inner 
 
106 POA DISTANS. 
 
 palea with two marginal ribs. Length from twelve to eighteen inches. 
 Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens its seed in a month. 
 
 Known from Poa maritima by the rough rachis and branches; from 
 P. procumbens by the spreading branches of the panicle and the ribs 
 of the glumes not being prominent; from P. trivialis by its smooth 
 sheaths, blunt ligule, linear spikelets, and florets not being webbed; 
 from P. annua in the roughness of the inner surface of the leaves 
 and the branches of the panicle; and from P. pratensis in the linear 
 spikelets, obtuse glumes, and in the florets not being webbed. 
 
 Variety obtusa found at Breeden, Leicestershire, by Mr. Babington, 
 where it was growing in great quantities in the fields. The spikelets 
 are larger, ligules shorter, and outer palea broader and more obtuse. 
 
 Variety minor also gathered at Breeden, by Mr. Babington. It is 
 more dwarf, and the spikelets of fewer florets. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered in the Nottingham 
 Meadows. 
 
PDA FLUITANS. 
 
 P. MA.RITIMI. 
 
 XXXIV 
 
POA FLUJTANS. 
 
 107 
 
 POA FLUITANS. 
 
 SCOPOLI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. 
 SMITH. GREVILLE. KNAPP. SALISBURY. SCHRADER. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. A. 
 
 Festuca fluilans, 
 
 G lye en a fluitans, 
 a ii 
 
 pticata, 
 
 " pedicellata, 
 Gramen fluviatile, 
 
 LlNN^US. WlLLDENOW. HUDSON. CURTIS'. 
 
 MARTYN. OEDEK. HOST. SCHREBER. 
 
 LEERS. HULL. SIBTHOKP. ABBOT. 
 
 SMITH. LINDLEY. RALFS. BROWN. 
 
 SINCLAIR. 
 
 FRIES. 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 GERARDE. 
 
 The Floating Meadow- Grass. 
 
 Poa Grass. 
 
 Fluitans Floating. 
 
 THE present very graceful Grass will yield a good crop in damp 
 meadows, and cattle are fond of its leaves. It usually grows in 
 wet situations, in ditches, ponds, and along the margins of rivers. 
 
 Common throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, 
 Norway, Sweden, New Holland, North America, and Northern Africa. 
 
 Stem, near the base, decumbent, the other portion upright, circular 
 and smooth, bearing six or seven lengthy, linear, rough leaves, with 
 rough striated sheaths, upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having 
 a lengthy, ragged, pointed ligule at its apex. Joints smooth, about 
 seven in number. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle almost up- 
 right, long and slender, having rough branches arranged in pairs on 
 the rachis. Spikelets few, long and linear, striped with green and 
 white, of six to fourteen florets, the apex of basal floret stretching 
 considerably beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx consisting 
 
108 POA FLUITANS. 
 
 of two obtuse, membranous, very unequal-sized glumes, destitute of 
 lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae; exterior palea of basal floret seven 
 ribbed, dorsal rib not reaching to the apex, minutely dentate. Lateral 
 ribs rough. Inner palea shorter, bifid, having two green marginal 
 ribs. 
 
 Unlike all other of the Poas, and even Festuea prate nsis of Hudson, 
 which it most resembles, has only five ribs on outer palea, and the 
 dorsal rib quite smooth. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seeds before the 
 beginning of August. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Ambleside. 
 
POA MABITIMA. 109 
 
 POA MARITIMA. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 
 LINNJEUS. KNAPP. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. DICKSON. SCHRADER. 
 
 ROTH. OEDER. WITHERING. HULL. LIGHTFOOT. 
 
 RELHAN. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. B. 
 
 Sderochloa maritima, LINDLEY. SMITH. KOCH. BABINGTON. 
 
 Festuca thalassia, KUNTH. 
 
 Glyceria maritima, J. E. SMITH. RALFS. REICHEN,BACH. 
 
 Jlie Creeping Sea Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Maritima Maritime. 
 
 B Poa maritima grows in salt- marshes, and is therefore not an 
 agricultural Grass. 
 
 Found along the coast in the counties of Northumberland, Durham, 
 Gloucester, Norfolk, Kent, Sussex, Somerset, and Devonshire. Also 
 around Anglesea; more abundant along the coasts of Ireland and 
 Scotland. 
 
 Abroad it is a native of France, Italy, Germany Norway, Sweden, 
 Lapland, Iceland, and North America. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bent at the base. Each stem 
 has three or four compressed, mostly folded, roughish leaves, with 
 smooth swollen sheaths; upper sheath longer than its leaf, having a 
 blunt decurrent ligule at the apex. Joints smooth, four in number. 
 Inflorescence mostly siniple-panicled, the panicle being upright, compact, 
 and spreading when in flower, unilateral; rachis bare behind. Branches 
 smooth, arranged in twos, threes, or fives, on the rachis. Spikelets 
 linear, of six to ten florets; apex of basal floret stretches considerably 
 beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx consisting of two mem- 
 branous glumes, three-ribbed; inner glume nearly twice the length of 
 
110 POA MARITIMA. 
 
 outer glume. Florets of two equal-sized paleae; exterior one of basal 
 floret sharp-pointed, base slightly hirsute; smooth above, five-ribbed. 
 Inner palege having two green marginal fringed ribs. Length six to 
 twelve inches. Root creeping and perennial. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July, and the seeds become ripe in a 
 month. 
 
 P. maritima differs from P. distans in having its rachis and branches 
 smooth to the touch, its root creeping, and its central rib of outer 
 palea extending to the summit. It also differs from P. procumbens in 
 its smooth rachis and branches, and creeping root. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Bristol, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PO A PROCUM BENS. 
 
 P. RIGIDA, 
 
 XXXV 
 
POA PR OC UMBENS. 1 1 1 
 
 POA PROCUMBENS. 
 
 CURTIS. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. 
 KNAPP. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. A. 
 
 Sclerochloa procumbent, BEAUVOIS. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. 
 
 Glyceria procumbcns, SMITH. RALFS. REICHENBACH. 
 
 Poa rupestris, WITHERING. 
 
 The Procumbent Sea Meadoiv- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Procumbens Procumbent. 
 
 A NOTHER sea-side Grass, growing on waste land, and more or 
 -\- less glaucous in appearance. 
 
 Frequent in Durham, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, Norfolk, 
 Sussex, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire. Rare in Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 Also a native of France and Germany. 
 
 Stem somewhat prostrate, circular, and polished, having three flat, 
 ribbed, sharp-pointed leaves, with smooth striated sheaths. Upper 
 sheath extending considerably beyond its leaf, situated near the panicle, 
 and having an oblong membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth, 
 and three in number. Inflorescence both simple and compound-panicled. 
 Panicle compact, lanceolate in shape, unilateral; rachis behind bare. 
 Branches rough. Spikelets linear, mostly of five florets; apex of basal 
 floret stretching some distance beyond the larger glume of the calyx. 
 Calyx consisting of two unequal-sized, blunt, membranous glumes, with 
 three bold ribs. Florets of two paleae; exterior one of basal floret 
 five-ribbed, slightly hirsute at the base, the centre rib stretching a 
 little beyond the apex of the palea; inner palea somewhat shorter, 
 and having two green marginal fringed ribs. Styles brief. Stigmas 
 branched. Length from three to fifteen inches. Root annual. 
 
 Flowers about the middle of July, and ripens its seeds in a month. 
 
112 POA PROCUMBEN8. 
 
 Distinguished from Poa maritima in its annual fibrous root, in the 
 rough rachis and branches, broad flat leaves, and in the greater length 
 of the central rib of the outer palea. From P. distans in the compact 
 panicle, the unilateral branches, in never being deflexed, and in the 
 dorsal rib of outer palea stretching beyond the summit. 
 
 P. rigida, and also P. loliacea cannot be mistaken for it on account 
 of their having acute glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Blackpool, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
POA EIGIDA. 113 
 
 POA RIGIDA. 
 
 HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. HUDSON. 
 WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. B. 
 
 Schrochloa rigida, BEAUVOIS. LINK. LINDLEY. 
 
 " " BABINGTON. 
 
 Festuca rigida, KUNTH. KOCH. 
 
 Glyceria rigida, SMITH. RALFS. REICHENBACH. 
 
 The Hard Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Rigida Rigid. 
 
 rT^HIS diminutive British Grass grows on walls, rocks, and in barren 
 JL soil, and is therefore of no use to agriculturists. 
 
 A frequent Grass in England, Ireland, and south of Scotland. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Northern Africa. 
 
 Stem near the base decumbent, otherwise upright; circular, polished, 
 and striated, having four or five linear, narrow, pointed, involute leaves, 
 with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath shorter than its leaf, and 
 having at the apex a lengthy pointed ligule. Joints smooth, and three 
 or four in number. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle upright, 
 short, lanceolate, rough, rigid, and unilateral. Spikelets linear, com- 
 pressed, mostly consisting of seven florets; the apex of basal floret 
 stretching slightly beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of 
 two acute unequal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of 
 two palese; exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, the marginal ribs 
 being broad, and having a white line down the centre; intermediate 
 ribs indistinct, dorsal rib dentate on the upper portion. Inner palea 
 somewhat shorter, and having two green marginal ribs. Length from 
 three to five inches. Root annual, fibrous, and woolly. 
 
 Q 
 
114 POA EIGIDA. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a month. 
 
 Poa rigida is unlike all others except P. loliacea; however P. 
 rigida has the apex of upper glume on a level with the base of the 
 third floret, whilst in P. loliacea it is on a level with the base of the 
 fourth floret. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered on Col wick Park Wall, by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
PO A P RATENSIS. 
 XXXVI 
 
POA PRATEN8I8. 
 
 POA PRATENSIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. 
 KOCH. SMITH. GREVILLE. RALFS, ABBOT. SIBTHORP. RELHAN. 
 
 HULL. WITHERING. HUDSON. SCHRADER. WILLDENOW. 
 CURTIS. KNAPP. DICKSON. SINCLAIR. BABINGTON. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 Poa angustifolia, LINNAEUS, (var. subccerulea, of HOOKER.) 
 
 " subsarulea, SMITH. 
 
 The Smooth- Stalked Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Pratemis Of a meadow. 
 
 THE present common species, known from all other Grasses in 
 having the lower florets webbed, is an early Grass, yielding a 
 large crop, and liked by cattle. It is not, however, recommended to 
 agriculturists on account of its creeping roots, which are calculated 
 to impoverish the soil. 
 
 Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Spain, Switzer- 
 land, Portugal, Prussia, Germany, Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
 Iceland, United States, and Northern Asia. 
 
 Grows from the sea-level to three thousand feet altitude. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, polished; bearing three or four linear, flat, 
 acute leaves, (edges rough,) with smooth striated sheaths. Upper 
 sheath considerably longer than its leaf, having at its apex a blunt 
 membranous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence panicled, upright, 
 and spreading, lower branches usually in threes or fives. Spikelets 
 ovate, from three to five florets. Calyx of two almost equal-sized acute 
 glumes; three-ribbed, the upper portion of the dorsal rib dentate. 
 Florets of two awnless paleae, the exterior palea of basal floret five- 
 ribbed. Dorsal and marginal ribs hirsute on lower half, the base of 
 the floret having a copious web suspending the calyx. Outer palea 
 
116 POA PRATEN8T8. 
 
 slightly longer than inner one; the latter sometimes bifid at summit, 
 and having two marginal ribs. Length from twelve to fifteen inches. 
 Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of June, and ripens its seed in a 
 month. 
 
 This plant delights to grow in loose sandy soil; it is very subject 
 to variety, nevertheless the webbed character of the florets, the upper 
 leaf considerably shorter than its sheath, the obtuse ligule, and the 
 hirsute marginal ribs are present in all the varieties. 
 
 Dr. Parnell enumerates the following*: 
 
 1. Planiculmis. Stem stout; leaves short and broad, upper leaf 
 folded. Common. 
 
 2. Umbrosa. Tall and slender; panicle drooping; leaves long and 
 narrow. Common in shady places. 
 
 3. Arida. Stem sheathed nearly to summit; panicle drooping. 
 Found in dry exposed situations. 
 
 4. Retroflexa. Small and slender; lower branches of panicle suddenly 
 bent downwards. Common under trees. 
 
 5. Muralis. Slender and dwarf; panicle erect. Grows on shady 
 walls. 
 
 6. Arenaria. Stout and erect; large angular spikelets; outer palea 
 seven-ribbed; glaucous. Found amongst sand on the sea coast. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen from Highfield House. 
 
POA LOLIACEA. p. COMPRESSA. 
 
 ' XXX VII 
 
POA LOLIACEA. 117 
 
 POA LOLIACEA. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH. RELHAN. 
 PLATE XXXVII. A. 
 
 Triticum loltaceum, SMITH. HOOKER. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " WITHERING. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 
 " " DEAKIN. REICHENBACH. RALFS. 
 
 " unilateral, AITON. HOST. (A r ot of LINN^US.) 
 
 Catapodium unilaterale, LINK. LINDLEY. 
 
 Sclerochloa loliacea, WOODS. BABINGTON. 
 
 The Dwarf Wheat Meadow-Grass . 
 Poa Grass. Loliacea Made of Tares. 
 
 POA LOLIACEA grows on rocks and sandy soils along the sea 
 coast in small tufts, and is a useless agricultural Grass. 
 
 Found in the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Somerset, 
 Hants, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, York, Lancashire, 
 Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland. In Wales, in Flint, Gla- 
 morgan, and the Island of Anglesea. Frequent on the coast of Fife. 
 Occasionally in Ireland. 
 
 Found also in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal. 
 
 Stem ascending, slightly curved, stout, smooth, and striated, bearing 
 three or four linear, smooth leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; 
 upper one equal in length to its leaf, and having an obtuse, ragged 
 ligule at its apex. Lower sheaths shorter than their leaves. Inflo- 
 rescence racemed. Spikelets oblong-ovate, on brief, stout footstalks, 
 arranged alternately on either side of the rough rachis, all in one 
 direction, so as to hide the rachis and front, and to leave it bare behind. 
 From eight to twelve florets. Calyx of two equal, acute glumes, des- 
 titute of lateral ribs. Dorsal rib prominent. Florets of two paleaB, 
 
118 POA LOLIACEA. 
 
 exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, marginal ribs broad, having a 
 white band down the centre. 
 
 It is occasionally difficult to recognise P. loliacea from P. rigida. 
 
 Length from two to five inches. Eoot annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a month. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered in the Island of Anglesea, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
POA COMPRESS A. 119 
 
 POA COMPRESSA. 
 
 LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. LEERS. 
 
 SCHRADER. LlNDLEY. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. HOST. OEDER. 
 
 DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. BABINGTON. RALFS. RELHAN. 
 
 DlLLWYN. SlBTHORP. DlCKSON. WITHERING. HUDSON. 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. B. 
 
 Poa subcompressa, PARNELL. 
 
 " polynoda, PARNELL. 
 
 The Flat-stemmed Meadow-Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Compressa Compressed. 
 
 AN early Grass, growing well on poor soils and in dry stony places, 
 but not productive, and therefore useless to agriculture. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found in France, 
 Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Prussia, Eussia, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, 
 Greenland, and North America. 
 
 Stem upright; base decumbent, much compressed, hence the name; 
 bearing four or five somewhat short, flat, acute leaves, with rough 
 edges and with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath of same length 
 as its leaf, and having a short obtuse ligule at the apex. Joints five, 
 smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle somewhat unilateral, 
 upright, compact, except when in flower, then spreading. Branches 
 short, the basal ones distant. Spikelets ovate, compressed, and of five 
 or seven florets. Calyx of two acute, about equal-sized glumes, fre- 
 quently tinged with purple; three-ribbed, upper portion of central rib 
 dentate. Florets of two palese, exterior one of basal floret three-ribbed; 
 base furnished with a delicate web suspending the calyx. Inner palea 
 having two green marginal ribs. 
 
 Length twelve inches; colour dark green. Root perennial and 
 creeping. 
 
120 POA COMPRESSA. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in the middle 
 of August. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Bristol, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham. 
 
POA TRIVIALIS. 121 
 
 POA TRIVIALIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. 
 
 GREVILLE. KUNTH. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW. CURTIS. 
 
 KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. HOST. DEAKIN. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. 
 
 RALFS. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 Poa dubia, LEERS. 
 
 " scabra, EHRHART. 
 
 " setacea, HUDSON. 
 
 The Roughish Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Trivialis Trivial. 
 
 A VALUABLE agricultural Grass for moist, rich, and sheltered 
 -LJL soils. 
 
 Common throughout England, Scotland and Ireland. Found in 
 France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Denmark, Switzer- 
 land, Sweden, Norway, Lapland, Iceland, Asia, and North America. 
 
 Stem upright; base decumbent, circular and rough, bearing five or 
 six thin, flat, acute, rough leaves, with rough, striated sheaths; upper 
 one much longer than its leaf, and having a lengthy pointed ligule 
 at the apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence panicled; panicle upright; 
 branches spreading, rough, basal ones in threes or fives. S pikelets 
 ovate, compressed, and of two to five awnless florets; apex of basal 
 floret stretching slightly beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx 
 of two equal acute glumes, upper one three-ribbed, lower one destitute 
 of lateral ribs. Dorsal ribs strongly dentate. Florets of two paleae; 
 exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, the base furnished with a 
 delicate web suspending the calyx. Inner palea having two green, 
 marginal, fringed ribs. 
 
122 PGA TRIVIALIS. 
 
 Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Eoot perennial and creep- 
 ing. 
 
 Blooms in the third week in June, and ripens its seed in the 
 middle of July. 
 
 There is a slender variety known as var. parviflora, with small 
 spikelets of one or two florets, common in woods. 
 
 For specimens I am indebted to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham; Miss 
 Millet, of Penzance; and Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
POA BUL3OSA. 
 
 
 P. ALP IN A, 
 
POA BULBOSA. 123 
 
 POA BULBOSA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. BABINGTON. 
 
 KUNTH. KOCH. KNAPP. WITHERING. LINDLEY. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. HUDSON. SCHRADER. DEAKIN. MACREIGHT. DlLLWYN. 
 HOST. REICHENBACH. RALFS. HULL. 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. A. 
 
 The Bulbous Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Bulbosa Bulbous. 
 
 AGE ASS growing on the sandy shores of the south and east of 
 England abundantly, especially in Norfolk and Suffolk. Of inferior 
 agricultural merits. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Siberia, and 
 North Africa. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, hollow, and striated, bearing four or five flat, 
 acute leaves, with smooth, striated sheaths, the upper sheath much 
 longer than its leaf. Joints mostly three. Inflorescence panicled, 
 branches rough. Spikelets ovate, green, or tinged with purple; com- 
 posed of two glumes, and three or four florets. Glumes equal, and 
 three-ribbed, keels above dentate. Florets longer than the glumes 
 copiously webbed at the base, of two paleae, exterior one of basal floret 
 five-ribbed. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Filaments three, and 
 feathery. Anthers notched at either extremity. 
 
 Length from five to nine inches. Root perennial and bulbous; soon 
 after flowering the leaves wither, after which the bulbs lie loose on 
 the sand till autumn, when they again take root. 
 
 Flowers in April and May. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Yarmouth by Mr. 
 T. Coward. 
 
POA ALPINA. 125 
 
 POA ALPINA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. 
 
 KNAPP. WlLLDENOW. LlGHTFOOT. 
 
 SCHRADER. HOST. WAHLENBERG. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. MACREIGHT. 
 KUNTH. BABINGTON. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. B. 
 
 Poa ccesia, SMITH. 
 
 " glomerata, DON. 
 
 The Alpine Meadow-Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Alpina Alpine. 
 
 AN early useless Grass, generally growing at from three to four 
 thousand feet elevation. 
 
 In England, found in Yorkshire; Wales, Caernarvon; Scotland, 
 Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, and Inverness. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Norway, 
 Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Greenland, and North America. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, bearing two or three short flat leaves, 
 with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath much longer than its leaf, 
 and having a lengthy membranous ligule at the apex. Upper leaf 
 folded, compressed, and rounded behind the apex. Joints two, smooth. 
 Inflorescence panicled. Panicle compact and erect. Branches rough; 
 basal ones in pairs. Spikelets broadly-ovate, commonly viviparous. 
 Usually four awnless florets; summit of basal floret extending beyond 
 the calyx. Calyx of two broad equal glumes, three-ribbed. Keels 
 minutely dentate. Florets not webbed, of two palese; basal exterior 
 one three-ribbed. Inner palea membranous, and rather shorter. Length 
 from four to twelve inches. Root perennial, fibrous, and tufted. 
 
 Poa alpina may be distinguished from P. laxa, in having the panicle 
 upright, the root tufted, and the upper leaf folded. 
 
126 POA ALPINA. 
 
 Blooms in the third week in May, and becomes ripe at the end of 
 June. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered on Snowdon, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
POA NEMORALIS. 
 
 XL 
 
 P. ANNUA. 
 
POA NEMORALIS. 127 
 
 POA NEMORALIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. LEERS. 
 
 KOCH. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. EHRHART. 
 
 OEDER. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. LINDLEY. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. RALFS. 
 
 BABINGTON. WITHER TNO. HULI,. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. 
 
 PLATE XL. A. 
 
 Poa glauca, SMITH. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. 
 
 " Parnelli, BABINGTON. PARNELL. 
 
 " montana, PARNELL. 
 
 " Balfourii, PARNELL. 
 
 " angustifolia, HUDSON. 
 
 " pratensis, WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 The Wood Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Nemoralis Of a wood. 
 
 A VALUABLE agricultural Grass usually growing in woods, yet 
 -JL succeeding well when cultivated in a field. 
 
 A common English Grass; abundant in Ireland, yet less frequent in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Found also in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Iceland, France, 
 Italy, Spain, Germany, Prussia, Northern Asia, and the United States. 
 
 Stem upright, slender, and compressed, bearing five or six linear, 
 flat, narrow, acute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper 
 sheath not longer than its leaf, and bearing at its apex a brief obtuse 
 ligule. Joints about five, smooth. Inflorescence compound-panicled. 
 Panicle somewhat pendulous, spreading near the base in twos, threes, 
 or fours. Spikelets ovate, acute, of three or five awnless florets; the 
 apex of basal one stretching slightly beyond the large glume of the 
 calyx. Calyx of almost equal, acute, three-ribbed glumes, the dorsal 
 rib being dentate above. Florets of two paleae; the exterior one of 
 
128 POA NEMORALIS. 
 
 basal floret five-ribbed. The calyx is suspended in a silky web at the 
 base of the floret. Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. 
 Colour light green. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Variety angustifolia. Common. It has the first joint near the 
 panicle, and the spikelets have only two florets. 
 
 Poa nemoralis is distinguished both from P. trivialis and P. pratensis 
 in the upper sheath not extending beyond its leaf, and from P. montana 
 and P. polynoda in the webbed florets. 
 
 Blooms in the third week in June, and ripens its seed at the close 
 of July. 
 
 For specimens I am indebted to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and 
 to Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered in Reddish Vale. 
 
POA ANNUA. 129 
 
 POA ANNUA. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. KOCH. 
 
 WILLDENOW. CURTIS. MARTYN. STILLINGFLEET. KNAPP. 
 SCHRADER. HOST. LEERS. EHRHART. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. LlNDLEY. 
 
 KUNTH. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. DILLWYN. 
 RALFS. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. 
 
 PLATE XL. B. 
 
 The Annual Meadow- Grass. 
 Poa Grass. Annua An annual. 
 
 THE commonest of all Grasses, growing in any conceivable situation, 
 and flowering throughout the summer. Found in all altitudes up 
 to four thousand feet. Not a profitable agricultural Grass. 
 
 Found also in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Portugal, 
 Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, North Africa, North Asia, and 
 in North and South America. 
 
 Stem ascending, most procumbent at the base, smooth, flattish, 
 bearing four or five smooth, flat, flaccid, sword-shaped, vivid green 
 leaves, often crumpled on the margins, with smooth compressed sheaths; 
 upper sheath longer than its leaf, having a thin membranous acute 
 ligule at the apex. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright, 
 outline triangular and spreading. Branches smooth, mostly in pairs. 
 Spikelets ovate-oblong, mostly of five to eight awnless florets, commonly 
 tinged with green, white, and purple; apex of basal floret stretching 
 beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute 
 glumes, three-ribbed, dorsal rib dentate above. Florets of two paleae, 
 not webbed; exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed; ribs smooth. 
 Inner palea membranous, shorter, having two green marginal ribs. 
 Filaments three. Anthers brief, pendulous, and notched at either 
 extremity. Styles two, short and naked. Stigmas feathery. Length 
 
 
130 POA ANNUA. 
 
 from five to fifteen inches. Root creeping, throwing out fibres at the 
 lower joints. 
 
 Poa annua differs from P. pratensis in the florets not being webbed. 
 
 Blooms all summer through. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House. 
 
T R I O D I A DECUMBENS. 
 
 XII 
 
 DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. 
 
TRIODIA DECUMBENS. 131 
 
 TRIODIA DECUMBENS. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH. 
 
 LINDLEY. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. 
 
 SMITH. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE XLI. A. 
 
 Poa decumbens, J. . SMITH. HULL. WITHERING. 
 
 " GREVILLE. HOOKER. KNAPP. 
 
 " " SCHRADER. HOST. 
 
 Festuca decumbens, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. HUDSON. 
 
 " " OEDER. LEERS. EHRHART. 
 
 " DICKSON. RELHAN. ABBOT. 
 
 Danthonia decumbens, DE CANDOLLE. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 Melica decumbens, WEBER. 
 
 The Decumbent Heath Grass. 
 Triodia Three teeth. Decumbens Decumbent. 
 
 TRIODIA. Brown. Known as the Heath Grass. Only a solitary British 
 example, the Triodia decumbens, which is common on our moors and 
 mountains. The name is derived from the Greek. 
 
 A COMMON species, growing both on wet land and dry mountains, 
 -L- to an elevation of one thousand feet. Of but little agricultural 
 interest. 
 
 Found in Scotland, England, Ireland, France, Italy, Switzerland, 
 Turkey, Greece, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, and striated, having three or four narrow 
 linear leaves, with slightly hirsute sheaths, upper one shorter than its 
 leaf, and bearing at its apex a tuft of hairs instead of a ligule. Leaves 
 smooth, except near the apex, where very rough. Joints smooth. 
 Inflorescence simple -panicled. Panicle consisting of few spikelets. 
 
132 TRIODIA DECUMBENS. 
 
 Spikelets of large size, consisting of four awnless florets, which do not 
 extend beyond the calyx. Spikelets upright, having smooth footstalks, 
 which are placed alternately on the rachis. Calyx of two smooth acute 
 glumes, three-ribbed. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of basal 
 floret ovate, five-ribbed, three-toothed at the apex, base hirsute. Inner 
 paleae obtuse, broad, and having two green marginal ribs. Length 
 from five to twelve inches. Root perennial and somewhat creeping. 
 
 Flowers at the end of July, and ripens its seed in the first week in 
 August. 
 
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. 
 
 133 
 
 DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. GREVILLE. MACREIGHT. 
 
 KUNTH. RALFS. WITHERING. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. WILLDENOW. 
 
 RELHAN. MARTYN. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 SCHREBER. HOST. LEERS. OEDER. SlBTHORP. HUDSON. 
 
 PLATE XLI. B. 
 
 Bromus glomeratus, 
 Gramen asperum, 
 
 SCOPOLI. 
 BAUHIN. RAY. 
 
 The Rough Cock! s-foot Grass. 
 Dactylis A finger. Glomerata In heaps. 
 
 DACTYLIS. Linncsus. The Cock's-foot Grass. There is only a solitary 
 British species. It is abundant everywhere. Name derived from the Greek. 
 
 rTlHIS very common species is to be found everywhere. It is a 
 -L rough harsh Grass, not liked by cattle, and where it predominates 
 in a field, the produce, although increased in bulk, is rendered inferior 
 in quality. 
 
 Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Norway, Sweden, 
 Denmark, Germany, Spain, Portugal, France, Eussia, North Africa, 
 and North America, growing to an altitude of one thousand feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, striated, and very rough, bearing five or six 
 linear, flat, acute, widely- spread ing, very rough (edges minutely toothed) 
 leaves, with rough striated sheaths. Joints smooth and polished. In- 
 florescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright, tufted, and dense. 
 Rachis and branches harsh. Spikelets crowded, unilateral, mostly of 
 three florets. Calyx of two unequal glumes; hirsute. Florets of two 
 paleas; exterior one of basal floret longer than the calyx; five-ribbed. 
 
134 DACTYLIS GLOMERATA. 
 
 Keel hirsute. Inner palea membranous. Length two to three feet. 
 Root perennial, fibrous, and tufted. 
 
 Although a coarse Grass, still it must be looked upon as one of 
 our most productive species, and when young, cattle will feed upon 
 it readily. It will grow in almost any situation, from a wood to an 
 open waste. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata continues flowering from June to August. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House. 
 
BRIZA MEDIA. 
 XLII 
 
BRIZA MEDIA. 135 
 
 BRIZA MEDIA. 
 
 LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. 
 
 KUNTH. MACREIGHT. HUDSON. WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. 
 
 DlCKSON. LlNDLEY. GREVILLE. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. DfiAKIN. 
 
 SINCLAIR. WILLDENOW. MARTYN. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 
 LEERS. OEDER. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE XLII. 
 
 The Common Quaking Grass. 
 Briza To droop. Media Ordinary. 
 
 BRIZA. Linnceus. The Quaking Grass. There are two British species, 
 one of which is abundant and the other rare. Name derived from the 
 Greek. 
 
 AN exceedingly pretty Grass, very useful for decorative purposes, 
 yet not a valuable agricultural Grass, owing to its not nourishing 
 except in impoverished poor soil. 
 
 Common in poor land throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 Found in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, 
 Russia, Turkey, Greece, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. 
 
 It is found growing at an elevation of one thousand five hundred 
 feet. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and slender, bearing four flat acute 
 leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, upper one extending considerably 
 beyond its leaf, and having a short obtuse ligule at its summit. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence simple or compound-panicled. Panicle broad, up- 
 right, and triangular. Branches exceedingly slender, spreading, and 
 smooth, arranged in alternate pairs. Spikelets compressed, broadly ovate, 
 purple, brown, and white, pendulous on long thin footstalks, and consisting 
 of about seven awnless florets, extending beyond the calyx. Calyx of 
 two broad obtuse glumes; three-ribbed. Florets of two paleae, exterior 
 
136 BRIZA MEDIA. 
 
 one of basal floret compressed, broad, and obtuse. Base lobed, destitute 
 of lateral ribs. Inner palea membranous, having two green marginal 
 ribs. Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root perennial, fibrous, 
 and tufted. 
 
 Flowers at the end of June, and ripens its seed in July. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered near Nottingham. 
 
BRIZA MINOR. 
 XLIII 
 
BEIZA MINOR. 137 
 
 BRIZA MINOR. 
 
 LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 BABINGTON. WITHERING. KOCH. KUNTH. REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 HUDSON. HULL. DICKSON. MACREIGHT. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE XLIII. 
 
 Briza aspera, KNAPP. 
 
 The Small Quaking Grass. 
 Briza To droop. Minor Less. 
 
 AN exceedingly rare Grass, found near Bath, in Cornwall, and at 
 Clifton, Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Native of Guernsey, Jersey, France, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, 
 Portugal, Germany, Turkey, Greece, and Northern Africa. 
 
 It grows in dry sandy pastures. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth and hollow, carrying five or six flat, acute, 
 roughish leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, upper one extending 
 beyond its leaf. Joints five in number. Inflorescence compound- 
 panicled, with roughish slender branches. Spikelets triangular, 
 compressed, green, white, and purple in colour, consisting of two 
 glumes and five or six florets. Glumes equal, broad, three-ribbed. 
 Florets consisting of two unequal palese; exterior one of basal floret 
 broad, gibbous behind, margin membranous, destitute of lateral ribs; 
 inner palea flat, and having two broad green ribs. Styles two. 
 Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers notched at either 
 extremity. 
 
 Flowers in July, seeds ripen at the end of August. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Penzance, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
CYNOSURUS CRT STATUS. C. ECHIN.ATUS. 
 
 XLIV 
 
CYNOSURUS CRIST ATU8. 139 
 
 CYNOSURUS CRTSTATUS. 
 
 LINN.EUS. J. E SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL MACREIGHT. 
 
 KUNTH. RALFS. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. BABINGTON. 
 REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. RELHAN. WILLDENOW. 
 
 MARTYN. KNAPP. STILLINGFLEET. 
 SCHRADER. HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS. OEDER. WITHERING. 
 
 PLATE XLIV. A. 
 
 Gramen cristatum, BAUHIN. RAY. GERARDE. 
 
 I 
 
 The Crested Dog* s-tail Grass. 
 
 Cynosurus Dog's-tail. Cristatus Crested. 
 
 CYNOSURUS. Linntzus. The Dog's-tail Grass. Two British species; one 
 the Cynosurus cristatus, common; the other C. echmatus, local. Name derived 
 from the Greek. 
 
 A VALUABLE permanent pasture Grass, but too dry and hard for 
 ./~V hay. It flourishes best in clayey soils. Cattle are fond of the 
 young leaves, yet reject the flower stalks, which cause the fields to 
 look unsightly when they become dry. The stems are valuable for 
 the manufacture of plait for Leghorn bonnets. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, 
 Prussia, Norway, and Sweden, extending to an elevation of two 
 thousand feet. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, erect, and striated, having five flat, narrow, 
 acute leaves, with smooth ; sheaths. Joints smooth. Inflorescence 
 simple-panicled. Panicle upright, one inch and a half in length, 
 linear, green when young, eventually brown. Spikelets consisting of 
 three to five florets, having at the base a handsome pectinated 
 involucre, which, together with the spikelets, point to one side of the 
 
140 CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS. 
 
 rachis. Calyx of two narrow membranous glumes, destitute of lateral 
 ribs. Florets of two palese; exterior one of basal floret extending 
 beyond the calyx, form ovate-lanceolate, indistinctly five-ribbed; 
 inner palea membranous, almost transparent. Length twelve to 
 eighteen inches. Root perennial, fibrous, and tufted. 
 
 Flowers at the beginning of July, seeds become ripe in the middle 
 of August. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House. 
 
CYNOSURUS ECHINATUS. Ul 
 
 CYNOSURUS ECHINATUS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. KOTH. 
 
 LINDLEY. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. WILLDENOW. 
 
 SINCLAIR. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. HALL. HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 HULL. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE XLIV. B. 
 
 The Tough Dog s-tail Grass. 
 Cynosurus Dog's tail. Echinatus Covered with prickles; rough. 
 
 A LOCAL, curious, interesting Grass, found in Northumberland, 
 ~L^~- Durham, Lancashire, Kent, and Sussex. 
 
 Native of the Shetland Isles, Jersey, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, 
 and North Africa. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, upright, and minutely striated, carrying five 
 flat, broad, tapering, rough leaves, with roughish sheaths; the upper 
 sheath does not extend beyond its leaf, and is furnished at its apex 
 with a lengthy pointed ligule. Joints smooth. 
 
 Inflorescence simple-panicled, crowded; colour silvery green. Panicle 
 one inch in length, and half an inch wide, having brief rough branches, 
 all inclined to one side. Spikelets of three awned florets, having at 
 the base a pectinated involucre. Calyx of two equal-sized glumes, 
 narrow, membranous, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae; 
 exterior one of basal floret considerably shorter than the calyx, form 
 ovate -lanceolate, five-ribbed, having a lengthy, slender, rough awn. 
 Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root annual and tufted. 
 
 Flowers the last week in June, and seeds ripen in August. 
 
 This species, which is of no agricultural value, is very distinct in 
 appearance from the species last described, as will be seen by the 
 illustration, as well as shewn by description. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Hough-End, near Man- 
 chester, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
FESTUCA PRATENSIS. 
 XLV- 
 
FESTUCA PRATENSIS. 143 
 
 FESTUCA PRATENSIS. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. KOCH. GREVILLE. 
 
 KUNTH. CURTIS. MARTYN. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 RELHAN. ABBOT. BABINGTON. RALFS. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XLV. 
 
 Festuca loliacea, SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE. KOCH. 
 
 " elatior, LINNJEUS. HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS. 
 
 " " EHRHART. WITHERING. 
 
 " fluitans, var., HUDSON. 
 
 Bucetum loliaceum, PARNELL. 
 
 " pratense, PARNELL. 
 
 Schedonorus pratensis, LINDLEY. 
 
 The Meadow Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ? Pratensis Meadow. 
 
 FESTUCA. Linnceus. The derivation of this word is dubious. It is a 
 genus containing seven species according to Sir W. Hooker, but less in 
 number according to Parnell, who separates several species under the name 
 of Bucetum. The Grasses in Festuca have a loose panicle with many flowered 
 spikelets, which are laterally compressed. Some of the species differ con- 
 siderably from each other, as will be seen by reference to the figures and 
 descriptions. 
 
 A VALUABLE Grass for agricultural purposes, growing on almost 
 ~L\- any soil, yielding a rich tender succulent hay, and being much 
 liked by cattle. 
 
 Common throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, France, 
 Switzerland, Italy, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and the United 
 States. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing four or five 
 
144 FESTUCA PRATENSIS. 
 
 lanceolate, acute, flat leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, upper sheath 
 extending considerably beyond its leaf. Joints four. Inflorescence 
 simple-panicled. Spikelets somewhat ovate, and of five or six florets. 
 Calyx of two acute, unequal, smooth glumes, and three-ribbed. Florets 
 of two equal paleee, exterior one of basal floret somewhat longer than 
 the calyx; five-ribbed and membranous. Length from fifteen to twenty- 
 four inches. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the end of May, and seeds ripe at the end of July. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen given to me by Dr. Wilson, of 
 Nottingham. 
 
PESTUCA ELATIOR. 
 XLVI 
 
FESTUCA ELATIOR. 145 
 
 FESTUCA ELATIOR. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. GREVILLE. CURTIS. 
 
 SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. KUNTH. SCHRADER. HULL. 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. RALFS. MACREIGHT- 
 
 PLATE XL VI. 
 
 Festuca arundinacea, SCHREBER. EHRHART. VILLARS. 
 
 " BABINGTON. 
 
 Bucetum elatius, PARNELL. 
 
 Schedonorus elatior, LINDLEY. 
 
 Bromus littoreus, WILLDENOW. HOST. SINCLAIR. 
 
 The Tall Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ? Elatior Lofty, tall. 
 
 A VALUABLE agricultural Grass for moist or damp situations, 
 -L\. being nutritive and very productive. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland; found in France, Italy, 
 Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and North America. 
 
 Stem erect, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing five to six flattish, 
 linear, acute leaves, with striated sheaths; upper sheath extending 
 beyond its leaf, and having a short ligule at the apex. Inflorescence 
 compound-panicled, the first four or five spikelets arising immediately 
 from the rachis on brief stalks, the remainder on simple and com- 
 pound branches. Panicle large and spreading, leaning to one side. 
 Rachis and branches rough. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, consisting of 
 five or six slightly awned florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes, 
 the exterior one destitute of lateral ribs, the interior one three-ribbed. 
 Florets of two equal palese; exterior one of basal floret longer than 
 the glumes, five-ribbed, the dorsal rib ending in a brief rough awn. 
 Length from three to five feet. Root perennial, forming large tufts. 
 
 u 
 
146 FESTUCA ELATIOE, 
 
 Dr. Parnell describes a variety, variegatum, in which the large 
 spikelets are variegated with purple and white. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and seeds ripe in the middle 
 of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Manchester by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
FBSTUCA GIGANTEA. 
 XLVII 
 
FESTUCA GIGANTEA. U7 
 
 FESTUCA GIGANTEA. 
 
 VILLARS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KOCH. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. 
 
 KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE XL VII. 
 
 Bromus giganteus, LINN^US. HOOKER. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " HUDSON. CURTIS. KNAPP. 
 
 " SCHRADER. SCHREBER. LlNDLEY. 
 
 " " DEAKIN. RALFS. ABBOT. 
 
 " " SIBTHORP. HOST. LEERS. 
 
 " " EHRHART. WEIGEL. WITHERING. 
 
 Bucetum giganteum, PARNELL. 
 
 Festuca triflora, SMITH. 
 
 Bromus triflorus, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. OEDER. 
 
 The Tall Bearded Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ? Gigantea Gigantic. 
 
 (~*\ ROWING in damp shady situations, and of but little agricultural 
 VJT value, as although, there is an abundant produce, it is of but little 
 nourishment for cattle. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found also in France, 
 Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing five or six 
 broad, lanceolate, flat, rough leaves, with striated sheaths; upper one 
 longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a brief decurrent ligule. 
 Joints five. Inflorescence simple or compound panicled, the lower ones 
 being branched. Panicle large, loose, and leaning to one side. Spike- 
 lets ovate-lanceolate, mostly of five awned florets. Calyx of two unequal, 
 acute, three-ribbed glumes. Florets of two equal palese; exterior one 
 of basal floret longer than the calyx, and five-ribbed; the inner one 
 
148 FESTUCA GIGANTEA. 
 
 having two green marginal ribs. Root perennial, fibrous, and some- 
 what creeping. Length from three to four feet. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of July, and ripens its seed at the end of 
 August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered by Mr. Wilson. 
 
FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS. 
 XLVIII 
 
FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS. 149 
 
 FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS. 
 
 SOLANDER. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. 
 
 KUNTH. WITHERING. BABINGTON. 
 KNAPP. DICKSON. RALFS. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 Vulpia uniglumis, LINDLEY. DUMORT. 
 
 Lolium bromoides, HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 Stipes membranacea, LINN^US. MANT. 
 
 The Single- glumed Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ........ ? Uniglumis Single-glumed. 
 
 Grass, which has no agricultural merits, grows in arid sandy 
 J- situations, chiefly in the immediate neighbourhood of the sea. 
 
 Found in Ireland and Anglesea. In Suffolk, Sussex, Essex, Dorset, 
 and Devon. Abroad in France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. 
 
 Stem upright and slender, bearing three or four small, narrow, in- 
 volute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath extending 
 considerably beyond its leaf. Joints three. Inflorescence racemed, 
 subsecund. Spikelets of two glumes and five or six florets. Glumes 
 exceedingly unequal; inner one long and narrow; exterior one almost 
 obsolete. Florets of two paleae; exterior one of basal floret of same 
 length as the large glume; five-ribbed, and ending in a lengthened 
 rough awn. Styles two. Filaments three, capillary; stigmas plumose; 
 anthers notched at either extremity. Root annual and fibrous. Length 
 from ten to fifteen inches. 
 
 Flowers in June, and the seed becomes ripe in the middle of July. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Southport, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
FESTUCA SYLVATIQA. 
 XLIX 
 
FESTUCA STLVATICA. 
 
 FESTUCA SYLVATICA. 
 
 VILLARS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SCHRADER. HOST. BABINGTON. 
 KUNZE. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE XLIX. 
 
 Poa sylvattca, POLLICH. PARNELL. 
 
 " trinevata, EHRHART. SCHRADER. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " OEDER. 
 
 Festuca calamaria, SMITH. HOOKER. KNAPP. WADE. 
 
 Schedonorus sylvaticus, LINDLEY. 
 
 The Reed Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ? Sylvatica The wood. 
 
 A SOMEWHAT rare Grass, of which cattle are extremely fond. 
 --*- Found in damp woods. In England procured in Westmoreland, 
 Worcester, and Sussex; occasionally in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 Found in France and Germany. 
 
 Stem somewhat harsh, circular, slender, and erect; carrying three 
 or four broad, flat, rough, ribbed, pale green leaves, with rough 
 striated sheaths; upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having at 
 its apex an obtuse membranous ligule; the other sheaths shorter than 
 their leaves. Joints four, the upper two naked. Inflorescence com- 
 pound-panicled. Panicle spreading, in some degree pendulous. Branches 
 slender, and situated in pairs on the rachis. Spikelets many, small, 
 of three awnless florets. Calyx of two narrow, acute, membranous 
 glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized paleas, 
 exterior one of basal floret rough, acute, three-ribbed, the dorsal rib 
 serrated. Eoot creeping, tufted, and perennial. Length from twenty- 
 four to thirty-six inches. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of July. 
 
152 FE8TVCA SYLVATICA. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Ambleside, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
"A 
 
 FESTUCA BROMOIDES. 
 
 F. OVINA. 
 
FESTUCA BROMOIDES. 153 
 
 FESTUCA BROMOIDES. 
 
 LINNAEUS. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. GREVILLE. 
 BABINGTON. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE L. A. 
 
 Festuca Myurus, SMITH. (Not of LINN^US.) 
 
 " pseudo-myuru, KOCH. 
 
 " sciuroides, KOCH. 
 
 Vulpia bromoides, DUMORT. LINDLEY. 
 
 The Barren Fescue Grass. 
 Festuca ? Bromoides Wild oats. 
 
 A NOT uncommon but useless agricultural Grass. 
 Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, 
 Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and slender, carrying three or four 
 short, very narrow, frequently involute leaves, with smooth striated 
 sheaths, the upper one extending considerably beyond its leaf, and 
 having a very brief ligule at its apex. Joints three, smooth. Inflores- 
 cence simple-panicled, long and slender. Spikelets erect, of five awned 
 florets. Calyx of two exceedingly unequal acute glumes, the basal one 
 destitute of lateral ribs, whilst the uppermost one is three-ribbed. 
 Florets of two paleae, the exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, and 
 of same length as the large glume, ending in a long slender awn. 
 Inner palea lanceolate, having two green marginal ribs. Root annual 
 and fibrous. Length from two to twenty-four inches. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of June, and seeds become ripe in the middle 
 of July. 
 
 Variety nana grows in dry exposed localities, and is very stunted. 
 
 Variety pseudo-myurus somewhat common in corn-fields. 
 
154 
 
 FESTUCA BROMOIDES. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Southsea, by Mr. 
 T. Coward. 
 
 Festuca OTina-- Variety vivipara. 
 
FESTUCA OVINA. 
 
 165 
 
 FESTUCA OVINA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 
 KOCH. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. MARTYN. KNAPP. HOST. 
 
 SCHRADER. LEERS. EHRHART. BABINGTON. KUNTH. 
 
 MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE L. B. 
 
 Festuca mmpara, 
 " hirsuta, 
 " cassia, 
 " tenuifolia, 
 " duriuscula, 
 
 " rubra, 
 t< 
 
 " heterophylla, 
 
 " nemorum, 
 
 " dtimetorum, 
 
 SMITH. KNAPP. DON. SINCLAIR. 
 
 HOST. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 SIBTHORP. SCHRADER. 
 
 LINN^US. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 
 VlLLARS. WiLLDENOW. KNAPP. 
 
 SCHRADER. HOST. LEERS. 
 DEAKIN. FRIES. SINCLAIR. 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. 
 WITHERING. DEAKIN. 
 HCENKE. WILLDENOW. 
 LEYSSER. ROTH. SCHRADER. 
 SMITH. LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. 
 OEDER. SINCLAIR. 
 
 7 he Sheep" 1 s Fescue Grass. 
 
 Festuca . . . ? 
 
 Ovina Sheep. 
 
 present species is very subject to variety, and indeed some 
 -*- authors have divided Festuca ovina and varieties into several dis- 
 tinct species. 
 
 Common throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. Native of 
 Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Iceland, North America, Switzer- 
 land, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Siberia, and Greenland. 
 
 Stem angular and rough; erect, carrying three or four involute 
 
156 FESTUCA OVINA. 
 
 short rigid leaves, with rough sheaths, the upper one much longer than 
 its leaf, and having a brief bilobed ligule at the apex. Joints two or 
 three. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle brief, compact, unilateral, 
 and erect. Spikelets of six florets, having brief awns. Calyx con- 
 sisting of two acute unequal-sized glumes, the upper one three-ribbed, 
 and the lower one destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae, the 
 exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, the interior one bifid, and 
 having two green marginal ribs. Length from three inches to two 
 feet. Eoot perennial and somewhat creeping. 
 
 Of the variety hirsuta, which is common in rocky situations, the 
 glumes and florets are hairy. 
 
 Vivipara. A singular mountain variety, having the inner palea 
 changed into a kind of leaf.* 
 
 Angustifolia. Abundant in the Highlands; slender, long, and narrow 
 leaves. 
 
 Ccesia. Glaucous and altogether larger. 
 
 Duriuscula. Upper leaf flat, and larger in size. 
 
 Filiformis. A way-side Grass; tall, slender, and drooping. 
 
 A.renaria. Sandy situations near the sea; panicle and leaves short. 
 
 Humilis. An alpine variety. Slender, panicle narrow. 
 
 Rubra. The largest variety. Sandy sea-side situations. 
 
 Situation seems to be the chief cause of the great variety of this 
 species. 
 
 A valuable agricultural Grass, especially for sheep; early and pro- 
 ductive, though small in size. 
 
 Comes into flower in the middle of June, and ripens its seed in the 
 middle of July. 
 
 The specimen from which the illustration is taken, was gathered at 
 Langdale, Westmoreland, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, and the variety 
 vivipara, which the engraving at page 154 represents, in Paterdale, 
 Cumberland, by the same gentleman. 
 
 * See page 154 for a wood-cut illustration. 
 
BROMUS ERBCTUS. 
 LI 
 
BROMUS ERECTUS. 157 
 
 BROMUS ERECTUS. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 KOCH. LlNDLEY. DlCKSON. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. OfiDER. 
 KUNTH. BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 Bromus agrestis, ALLIONI. HOST. 
 
 " perennis, VILLARS. 
 
 The Upright Oat- Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Erectus Upright. 
 
 BROMUS. Linnaeus. The Brome-Grass, of which there are a dozen British 
 species, has a lax panicle, with many-flowered laterally-compressed spikelets. 
 The name is derived from the Greek, signifying food; hence the present 
 word, which the Greeks used for one of the Oat-Grasses. 
 
 A LARGE-GROWING species, of but little agricultural value. 
 JLJL In England found in Somerset, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Norfolk, 
 Cambridge, Oxford, Worcester, and Yorkshire. In the Island of Angle- 
 sea, and occasionally in Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 Found in Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, and Italy. 
 
 Stem circular and smooth, habit erect; bearing four or five linear, 
 harsh, hairy, nearly erect leaves, with hairy sheaths, the upper one 
 having at its apex a brief ragged ligule. Joints five. Inflorescence 
 simple-panicled or racemed. Raceme upright and compact. Spikelets 
 upright, consisting of eight or nine awned florets, tinged with brownish 
 purple. Calyx of two equal-sized acute glumes; upper one three-ribbed, 
 basal one destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae, exterior one 
 of basal floret a third longer than the small glume of the calyx; sum- 
 mit bifid and membranous; seven-ribbed; dorsal rib minutely dentate, 
 
158 BBOMUS ERECTUS. 
 
 and ending in a rough awn. Anthers of a deep saffron colour. Length 
 from two to three feet. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of June; seeds ripe in a month. 
 
 Variety hirsutum a hairy variety. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Congleton, by Mr. E. 
 Wilson. 
 
BROMUS ASPER. 
 LII 
 
BROMUS ASPER. 159 
 
 BROMUS ASPER. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. KOCH. 
 
 LlNDLEY. WlLLDENOW. MARTYN. KNAPP. SCHRADER. 
 HOST. EHRHART. BABINGTON. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LII. 
 
 Bromus ramosus, LINNJEUS. 
 
 " nemoralt's, HUDSON. 
 
 " nemorosus, VILLARS. 
 
 " hirsutus, CURTIS. 
 
 " montanus, POLLICH. RETZIUS. 
 
 The Hairy Wood Bromus. 
 Bromus Food. Asper Rough. 
 
 A COMMON, tall-growing, coarse Grass, found in damp shady woods, 
 -L\. and of scarcely any agricultural merits. 
 
 Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, 
 Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and somewhat rough, carrying four or five 
 broad, flat, sharp-pointed, rough leaves, with striated hairy sheaths. 
 Joints five. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle weeping in habit. 
 Spikelets one inch long, linear-lanceolate, of about eight awned glossy 
 brownish purple florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes, the upper 
 one longest and three-ribbed. Florets of two paleaa, exterior one of 
 basal floret longer than the calyx, summit bifid, five-ribbed, the dorsal 
 rib dentate, and ending in a long rough awn. Inner palea having two 
 green marginal ribs. Root annual or biannual, and fibrous. Length 
 from two to three feet. 
 
 Blooms at the end of July, and seeds ripen at the end of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Dr. Wilson, of 
 Nottingham. 
 

 BROMUS STBBILIS. 
 LIU 
 
BBOMUS STERILIS. 161 
 
 BROMUS STERILIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. 
 
 LlNDLEY. HOST. KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CURTIS. MARTYN. 
 
 KNAPP. GERARDE. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. LEERS. EHRHART. KUNTH. 
 
 BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LIII. 
 Bromus grandiflorus, WEIGEL. 
 
 The Barren Brome- Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Sterilis Barren. 
 
 A COMMON, road-side, useless agricultural Grass, growing iu dry 
 1\ shady situations. 
 
 Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, 
 Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and Northern Africa. 
 
 Stem circular, rough, and striated, carrying four or five flat, linear, 
 pubescent, acute leaves, with rough striated sheaths, the upper one 
 of the same length as its leaf, and having a blunt ragged ligule at 
 the apex. Joints five, naked. Inflorescence panicled, pale green in 
 colour, and sometimes tinged with purple. Panicle spreading and 
 drooping, having long, slender, rough branches. Spikelets mostly of 
 eight awned florets, lanceolate and lengthy. Calyx of two unequal 
 acute glumes, the upper one having three rough ribs, the lower one 
 destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae, the exterior one of 
 basal floret longer than the calyx; margins membranous; summit bifid; 
 seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib ending in a rough awn, which is longer 
 than the palea. Inner palea shorter, and having two green marginal 
 ribs. Length from one to two feet. Root annual and creeping. 
 
 Flowers towards the close of June, and the seeds become ripe in a 
 month. 
 
162 BROMUS STERILI8. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Bredbury, in Cheshire, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
BROMUS SBGALINUS. 
 LIV 
 
BROMUS SECALINUS. 163 
 
 BROMUS SECALINUS. 
 
 SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. LINDLEY. PARNELL. 
 
 HULL. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. EHRHART. LEERS. 
 
 RELHAN. ABBOT. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 Serrafalcus secalinus, BABINGTON. 
 
 Brormis velutinus, SMITH. 
 
 " multiflorus, SMITH. 
 
 " polymorphus, HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 vitiosus, WEIGEL. 
 
 The Smooth Rye Brome- Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Secalinus Rye. 
 
 A SOMEWHAT common Grass, growing in corn-fields, and a 
 ~L\. useless somewhat troublesome weed. 
 
 Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Norway, Ger- 
 many, Sweden, and West Asia. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying four or five 
 flat, soft, linear, pointed leaves, with striated sheaths, the upper sheath 
 having an obtuse, ragged, membranous ligule at its apex. Lower 
 sheaths soft and hirsute. Joints five. Inflorescence racemed or simple- 
 panicled. Panicle upright, branches harsh. Spikelets ovate, yellowish 
 green, mostly of seven awned florets, the apex of the large glume 
 being half-way between the apex and base of the second floret. Calyx 
 consisting of two almost equal broad glumes, with membranous margins; 
 upper half of the keel dentate. Inner glume seven-ribbed; outer glume, 
 which is smaller, three-ribbed. Florets of two palese, exterior one of 
 basal floret oval, seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib ending in a rough awn. 
 
 Inner palea linear oblong, having two green marginal ribs fringed 
 with colourless hairs. 
 
164 BEOMUS SECALINUS. 
 
 Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root annual and 
 fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the first week, and becomes ripe in the last week in 
 June. 
 
 There are two well-known varieties. 
 
 Variety velutinus having large spikelets of from ten to fifteen florets. 
 
 Variety vulgaris is frequently more than thirty-six inches in length. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathei-ed in Chorlton fields, near 
 Manchester, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
BROMUS COMMUTATUS. 
 LV 
 
Bit ONUS COMMUTATUS. 165 
 
 BROMUS COMMUTATUS. 
 
 SCHRADER. KOCH. PARNELL. H. WATSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 Serrafalcus commutatus, PARLATORE. BABINGTON. 
 
 The Tumid Field Brome-Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Commutatus Changed. 
 
 A SOMEWHAT common species, growing in corn-fields and on 
 1\. road-sides. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying four or five 
 flat, soft, sharp-pointed leaves, with striated sheaths, the upper sheath 
 having an obtuse ragged ligule at its summit. Joints five. Inflorescence 
 usually simple-panicled. Panicle when young upright, when more mature 
 pendant. Branches rough. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, brownish purple, 
 mostly of ten awned florets. Calyx consisting of two almost equal, 
 broad acute glumes; margin membranous. Upper half of the keela 
 dentate. Outer glume three-ribbed; inner glume seven-ribbed. Florets 
 of two nearly equal-sized palese, the exterior one of basal floret oval, 
 rough, glossy, and somewhat longer than the glumes; seven-ribbed. 
 Inner palea linear-oblong, having two green marginal ribs fringed with 
 white hairs. Stigmas plumose. Length from nineteen to thirty-six 
 inches. Root fibrous and annual. 
 
 Bromus secalinus is more linear and longer. 
 
 It flowers in the middle of June, and ripens its seed at the com- 
 mencement of July. 
 
 The specimen figured was gathered at Yonk, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, 
 of Manchester. 
 
BROMUS ARVBNSIS. 
 LVI 
 
BROMUS ARVEN8I8. 167 
 
 BROMUS ARVENSIS. 
 KOCH. SMITH. LINDLEY. PARNELL. 
 
 PLATE LVI. 
 Serrafalcus arvensis, GODRON. BABINGTON. 
 
 The Taper Field Brome-Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Arvensis Field. 
 
 A RARE, and by some authorities considered a doubtful British 
 
 \ J 
 
 J-\- species. 
 
 Found on the coast of Durham, at Hebden-Bridge, Yorkshire, South- 
 ampton Bay, Box Hill, and about Edinburgh. 
 
 Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Norway, Germany, 
 Sweden, Lapland, and Western Asia. 
 
 An early Grass, and useful for sheep. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, hard, bearing four or five narrow, flat, hairy 
 leaves, with striated sheaths, which are shorter than their leaves. Joints 
 four. Inflorescence simple-panicled; branches rough. Spikelets linear- 
 lanceolate, mostly of seven awned florets, reddish brown in colour. 
 Apex of large glume midway between the base of the glume and the 
 apex of the second floret. Glumes unequal, margins membranous, keels 
 rough. Inner glume largest, and five-ribbed; outer glume three-ribbed. 
 Florets of two palese, exterior one of basal floret longer than the glumes, 
 summit bifid or entire; margins membranous. Inner palea thin, acute, 
 white, membranous, and having two green ribs fringed with colourless 
 hairs. Awns upright and rough. Styles two, and short. Stigmas 
 plumose. Filaments three. Anthers lengthy and notched at either 
 extremity. Length from ten to eighteen inches. Root annual and 
 fibrous. 
 
168 BEOMU8 ARVEXSIS. 
 
 Flowers in June and July, and ripens its seed in the second week 
 of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Hebden-Bridge, by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham. 
 
BROMUS MOLLIS. 
 
 LVII 
 
 B. DI-ANDRUS. 
 
BROMUS MOLLIS. 
 
 169 
 
 BROMUS MOLLIS. 
 
 LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. H. WATSON. PARNELL. CURTIS. 
 
 WILLDENOW. MARTYN. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. 
 SCHRADER. HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS. EHRHART. WEIGEL. LlNDLEY. 
 
 KOCH. GREVILLE. HULL. RELHAN. 
 SIBTHORP. ABBOT. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. RALFS. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LVII. A. 
 
 Serrafalcus moth's, 
 Bromus polymorphus, 
 
 " hordeaceus, 
 
 " nanus, 
 
 PARLATORE. BABINGTON. 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 LINNAEUS. 
 WEIGEL. 
 
 The Soft Brome-Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Mollis Soft. 
 
 A USELESS species, growing on poor land. 
 
 -A_ Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found also in 
 France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, North 
 Africa and North America. 
 
 Stem hairy, upright, and circular, carrying three or four flat, linear- 
 lanceolate, striated, hairy leaves, with striated sheaths, having a small 
 obtuse jagged ligule. Joints four or five, in some degree hirsute. 
 Inflorescence racemed or simple-panicled. Raceme upright; branches 
 rough and hirsute, basal ones mostly in threes. Spikelets upright, 
 ovate in form, deep green in colour, and mostly of ten awned florets. 
 The apex of large glume midway between its base and the apex of 
 the third floret. Calyx of two broad hirsute glumes; upper one seven- 
 ribbed, lower ones five-ribbed, ending in a rough awn, mostly bifid 
 at the summit. 
 
 Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Blooms in the last week of May, and ripens its seed in the middle 
 of June. 
 
BROMUB DIANDRUS. 171 
 
 BROMUS DIANDRUS. 
 
 CURTIS. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. 
 
 KNAPP. GRAVES. SINCLAIR. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. 
 
 RALFS. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LVII. B. 
 
 Bromus Madrittnsts, LINN.^US. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " SCHRADER. HOST. KOCH. 
 
 " WITHERING. MACREIGHT. 
 
 " " KUNTH. 
 
 gynandrus, ROTH. 
 
 " rigidus, ROTH. 
 
 muralis, HUDSON. 
 
 ciliatus, HUDSON. 
 
 Festuca Madritensis, DESFONTAINES. 
 
 The Upright Annual Brome-Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Diandrus ? 
 
 A RARE species, growing chiefly on rocks and walls, and on dry 
 J_JL_ soils. 
 
 In England it occurs in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Gloucester, 
 Hampshire, Surrey, Kent, Worcester, and Durham. In Scotland it 
 has been found on the Fifeshire coast, and near Edinburgh. Abroad 
 it occurs in France, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, having three or four flat, linear, 
 acute, hairy leaves, with striated sheaths. Upper sheath downy, having 
 a short, blunt, ragged ligule; lower sheath hairy, the hairs pointing 
 downwards. Joints four, smooth. Inflorescence racemed. Raceme 
 upright and compact. Spikelets commencing direct from the rachis, 
 on short footstalks, the basal ones mostly in twos or threes; generally 
 of eight awned florets, brownish purple in colour. Calyx of two un- 
 
172 BROMUS DIANDRT7S. 
 
 equal acute glumes. Upper one three-ribbed, lower one destitute of 
 lateral ribs. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of basal floret bifid, 
 membranous, and extending beyond the calyx, seven-ribbed, the two 
 marginal ribs on either side approximate, central rib dentate. Length 
 from six to twelve inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seed at the end of 
 July. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Bristol, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
BROMUS MAX1MUS. 
 LVIII 
 
BROMUS MAXIMUS. 173 
 
 BROMUS MAXIMUS. 
 
 DESFONTAINES. SMITH. 
 HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KUNTH. BABINGTON. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. 
 
 The Great Brome- Grass. 
 Bromus Food. Maximus Great. 
 
 A BARE British species, of no agricultural value. 
 J-JL. Found in Jersey, France, Spain, and Africa. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and hollow, having four or five flat, acute, 
 downy leaves, with rough margins, and with striated sheaths, the upper 
 one extending slightly beyond its leaf, and having a conspicuous ragged 
 ligule. Joints four, usually naked. Inflorescence racemed, and upright 
 in habit. The footstalks and rachis downy. The form of the spikelets 
 lanceolate; length an inch and a quarter, and having awns an inch and 
 a quarter in length; consisting of eight awned florets, and two unequal, 
 lanceolate glumes. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of basal 
 floret exceedingly rough and lanceolate, and having seven conspicuous 
 rough ribs. Awns straight and rough. , Styles two. Stigmas plumose. 
 Filaments three, and anthers notched at either extremity. Length 
 from twelve to twenty-four inches. Boot annual and fibrous. 
 
 It is known from B. sterilis by the soft downy footstalks. 
 
 Comes into flower in the middle of June. 
 
AVENA FATUA. 
 LIX 
 
AVENA FATUA. 175 
 
 AVENA FATUA. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KNAPP. 
 
 WILLDENOW. MARTYN. DON. SCHRADER. 
 HOST. LEERS. EHRHART. SCHREBER. KOCH. LINDLEY. WITHERING. 
 
 HUDSON. KUNTH. HULL. RELHAN. 
 SIBTHORP. ABBOT. WINCH. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. DEAKIN. RALFS. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 The Wild Oat -Grass. 
 Avena Oat. Fatua Wild. 
 
 AVENA. Linnaeus. The Oat-Grass has a lax panicle and laterally com- 
 pressed spikelets. Awns long and twisted. In this family is the Avena 
 sativa, or Cultivated Oat, an introduced species. Amongst our indigenous 
 species are Avena fatua, A. strigosa, A. pratensis, A. pubescens, A. flavescens, 
 and A. planiculmis ; the latter has only been collected by one botanist, Mr. 
 Murray, who discovered it at Glen Sannox, in the Isle of Arran. 
 
 THE Wild Oat-Grass is a common species in England and Ireland, 
 yet much rarer in Scotland. It chiefly grows in corn-fields, and 
 is a troublesome weed. 
 
 The awns, from their extreme sensitiveness to the moisture of the 
 air, are manufactured into Hygrometers. The florets are also occasion- 
 ally used as artificial flies for trout-fishing. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Asia, 
 and Northern Africa. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, having four or five flat, linear, 
 rough, minutely-ribbed leaves, with smooth striated sheaths. Joints 
 smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle spreading, and of large 
 size. Rachis smooth, branches rough. Spikelets ample, pendulous, 
 ovate-lanceolate in form; of two (sometimes three) florets. Calyx of 
 two equal-sized, smooth, membranous, acute glumes, the exterior one 
 
176 AVENA FATUA. 
 
 seven-ribbed, the inner one eleven-ribbed. Florets of two paleas, 
 exterior one of basal floret ovate in shape, acute, eight-ribbed, and 
 considerably shorter than the calyx. Awn above double the length of 
 the floret, twisted and bent, and of a dull reddish colour. Length 
 thirty- six inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and seeds become ripe at 
 the end of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Congleton, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
AVENA PRATENSIS. 
 
 LX 
 
 A. P U 3 E S C E N S. 
 
AVENA PRATEN8I8. 177 
 
 AVENA PRATENSIS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. WILLDENOW. 
 
 KNAPP. HUDSON. HULL. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. 
 
 HOST. LEERS. KOCH. WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. RALFS 
 
 KUNTH. ABBOT. LIGHTFOOT. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. 
 
 LINDLEY. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LX. A. 
 
 Trisetum pratense, PARNELL. 
 
 Avena alpina, SMITH. 
 
 " planiculmis, SMITH. HOOKER. 
 
 " bromoides, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. GOUAN. 
 
 The Narrow-leaved Perennial Oat-Grass. 
 Avena Oat. Pratensis A meadow. 
 
 A COMMON species, of scarcely any agricultural merit. 
 -jL Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, 
 Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, and Lapland. 
 
 Stem upright, almost circular, smooth, and minutely striated, having 
 three or four linear-acute harsh leaves, with striated sheaths, upper 
 sheath twice the length of its leaf, rough, and having a lengthy, narrow, 
 membranous ligule; lower sheaths smooth, and shorter than their leaves. 
 Joints three, smooth. Inflorescence compound-racemed, or simple- 
 panicled. Panicle upright, lengthy, and compact. Rachis and branches 
 rough to the touch. Spikelets large, oval in form, of four or five 
 awned florets, and of the same length as the calyx. Calyx consisting 
 of two acute unequal glumes, three-ribbed, having rough keels, and 
 on the lower portion purplish. Floret of two palese, the basal exterior 
 one frequently bifid, five-ribbed, base hirsute. Inner palea shorter, 
 and having minutely fringed margins. Awns rough, and twisted at 
 
 2 A 
 
178 AVENA PEATENSI8. 
 
 the base. Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root perennial 
 and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of June, and ripens its seed in six 
 weeks. 
 
 There are two varieties. Longifolium, having lengthy, linear, flat 
 leaves; growing in damp shady woods near the sea in the neighbourhood 
 of Edinburgh. Latifolium, with short broad leaves; a tall stout plant. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Tadcaster, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
AVENA PUBESCENS, 179 
 
 AVENA PUBESCENS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. 
 
 SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. OEDER. 
 EHRHART. KOCH. GREVILLE. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. 
 
 KUNTH. SlBTHORP. ABBOT. DEAKIN. 
 LIGHTFOOT. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. RALES. 
 
 PLATE LX. B. 
 
 Trisetum pubescens, PERSOON. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 Avena sesquitertia, LINNAEUS. 
 
 The Downy Oat- Grass. 
 Avena Oat. Pubescens Downy. 
 
 A GRASS deserving the attention of agriculturists, giving a good 
 -LA. yield, and requiring but little nourishment from the soil. 
 
 A frequent Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Native also 
 of France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and smooth, and minutely striated, having 
 about five soft, broad, flat, hairy leaves, with the upper sheath more 
 than three times the length of its leaf, and having a conspicuous 
 membranous ligule; lower sheaths not so long as their leaves. Joints 
 three or four. Inflorescence compound-racemed or simple-panicled. 
 The basal spikelets situated on lateral branches, whilst those near the 
 apex are on brief footstalks. Panicle upright. Calyx of two unequal, 
 membranous, acute glumes, the basal one destitute of lateral ribs, and 
 shorter than the upper one. Florets of two paleee, the exterior one 
 of basal floret membranous on the upper portion; five-ribbed; colour 
 reddish purple; base hirsute. Inner palea much shorter, and exceed- 
 ingly thin. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root perennial 
 and creeping. 
 
180 AVENA PUBESCEN8. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of June, and ripens it seed in the middle 
 of July. 
 
 This species usually grows in dry situations in chalky or limestone 
 districts. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Burton, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
AVENA STRIGOSA. 
 LXI 
 
AVENA STRIGOSA. 181 
 
 AVENA STRIGOSA. 
 
 SCHRERER. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. 
 
 WILLDENOW. KNAPP. DON. SCHRADER. HOST. EHRHART. 
 RETZ. WITHERING. HULL. BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. KUTH. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 
 The Bristle-pointed Oat- Grass. 
 Avena Oat. Strigosa Slender. 
 
 A COMMON species, growing in corn-fields, and differing from 
 --^- Avena fatau and A. sativa in having the florets ending in two 
 long bristles. 
 
 Found in the counties of Notts., York, Durham, Sussex, Cornwall, 
 and Denbigh. In Scotland, in Inverness, Aberdeen, Forfar, and 
 Perthshire. The Island of Anglesea. Central Europe. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, bearing four or five somewhat 
 broad, acute, glaucous, rough leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, 
 the upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having an oblong 
 membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence simple 
 panicled. Panicle inclined to one side, having rough lengthy lateral 
 branches. Spikelets large and oval, of two awned florets. Calyx of 
 two acute, smooth, membranous, somewhat unequal glumes, the basal 
 one smallest and seven-ribbed, the other nine-ribbed. Ribs prominent 
 and green. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of basal floret of 
 same length as large glume, ending in two rough bristles; six-ribbed 
 and rough. Inner palea linear, membranous, and shorter. Awn rough, 
 thick, and bent. Length thirty- six inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed in six 
 weeks. 
 
 A. strigosa much resembles the A. sativa, (the cultivated Oat,) 
 
182 AVENA STRIG08A. 
 
 but is known from it in the florets ending in two lengthy straight 
 bristles. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House, Notting- 
 hamshire. 
 

 AVENA PLAVBSCSNS. 
 
 HORDEUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 LXII 
 
AVEKA FLAVE8ENS. 183 
 
 AVENA FLAVESCENS. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KOCH. GEEVILLE. WILLDENOW. 
 
 CURTIS. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. 
 
 HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS. EHRHART. WITHERING. HUDSON. HULL. 
 RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. REICHENBACH. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE XLII. A. 
 
 Trisetum flavescens, BEAVEAUX. PARNELL. LINDLEY. 
 
 BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. 
 
 The Yellow Oat- Grass. 
 Avena Oat. Flavescens Yellow. 
 
 A FREQUENT species, found in dry meadows and pastures, in 
 -j- England, Scotland, and Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, 
 Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and North Africa. 
 
 Sheep are very fond of this Grass. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, carrying six or seven flat, 
 roughish, acute leaves, with striated sheaths, the upper one double the 
 length of its leaf, and having a brief ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. 
 Inflorescence panicled, the panicle being upright and spreading. The 
 lower branches usually in fives. Spikelets numerous, upright, and 
 diminutive, mostly of three-awned florets, which extend beyond the 
 calyx. Calyx of two acute unequal membranous glumes, the upper 
 glume being the largest and three-ribbed. Florets of two paleae, 
 exterior one of basal floret membranous. Apex bifid; base hirsute; 
 five-ribbed. Inner palese linear, acute, and membranous. Awn twisted 
 at the base, rough, and longer than the palea. Length from twelve 
 to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a month. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House, Notting- 
 hamshire. 
 
HORDEUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 185 
 
 HORDEUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. BABINGTON. PARNELL. KNAPP. 
 MARTYN. ABBOT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LXII. B. 
 
 Elymus Europeus, 
 
 LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER. 
 
 LlNDLEY. KOCH. WlLLDENOW. 
 
 WITHERING. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 EHRHART. HULL. SIBTHORP. 
 KUNTH. REICHENBACH. 
 
 The Wood Barley. 
 
 Hordeum . 
 
 Sylvaticum Wood. 
 
 HORDEUM. Linnaeus. Spikelets in threes from the same joints of the 
 rachis. There are four British examples, all being known by the form of 
 their glumes. The Barley Grasses, under which designation these species 
 are known, are rare in Scotland. The name is of dubious origin. 
 
 COHERING more especially in a chalky soil in woods in the 
 counties of Derby, York, Northumberland, Bucks., Herts., Hunts., 
 Wilts., Bedford, Oxford, and Denbigh. Native of France, Germany, 
 Italy, Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden. 
 Of no agricultural value. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, somewhat smooth, bearing four or five lanceolate, 
 rough, flat, pointed leaves, with rough striated sheaths, upper one ex- 
 tending beyond its leaf. Joints four. Inflorescence spiked, compact, 
 three inches long. Rachis rough, angular and dentate. Spikelets in 
 threes. Glumes three-ribbed, rough, equal, ending in a long rough 
 awn. Floret of two paleae, exterior one awned, rough, and five-ribbed; 
 base hirsute. Inner palea two-ribbed and of same length. Awn of 
 
 2 B 
 
186 HORDEUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 exterior palea rough, and commencing at the apex. Ovarium hirsute. 
 Styles two, brief. Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers lengthy, 
 and cloven at either extremity. Length twenty-four inches. Root 
 perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in June, and ripens its seed the second week in August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Cottril Clough, by 
 Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
HORDEUM PEAT EN SIS. 
 
 H MURINUM. 
 
 LXIII 
 
HORDEUM PRATENSE. 187 
 
 HORDEUM PRATENSE. 
 
 HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KUNTH. 
 
 DEAKIN. PARNELL. LINDLEY. RELHAN. MARTYN. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. 
 
 MACREIGHT. SCHRADER. EHRHART. WITHERING. SIBTHORP. 
 
 BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. 
 
 PLATE LXIII A. 
 
 Hordeum nodosum, KOCH. LINNAEUS. 
 
 " secalinum, WILLDENOW. HOST. 
 
 maritimum, OEDER. 
 
 Gramen secalinum, GERARDE. RAY. 
 
 The Meadow Barley. 
 Hordeum ? Pratense A field. 
 
 inOUND in moist meadows and pastures in the counties of Somerset, 
 -L" Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Oxford, 
 Leicester, Worcester, Warwick, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, 
 Durham, Northumberland, Flint, and Denbigh. In Scotland rare near 
 Edinburgh; occasionally in Ireland. Extending into central Europe. 
 
 An early species, and although common in Norfolk pastures is not 
 considered a profitable agricultural Grass. 
 
 Stem circular, smooth, upright, and polished, carrying four or five 
 linear, flat, somewhat hirsute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; the 
 upper one being longer than its leaf, and having a very brief ligule 
 at its apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence spiked. Spikes dense, and 
 an inch and a half long. Rachis dentate. Spikelets in threes on each 
 tooth of the rachis. Calyx of central spikelet consisting of two equal- 
 sized glumes. Central floret of two palese; exterior one three-ribbed, 
 and ending in a lengthy rough awn; inner palea acute, and only half 
 the length. Length eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root perennial 
 and fibrous. 
 
188 HOBDEUM PBATENSE. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, the seeds becoming ripe in 
 a month. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Bristol, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
HORDEUM MURINUM. 189 
 
 HORDEUM MURINUM. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KUNTH. BABINGTON. 
 
 KOCH. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW. 
 
 REICH ENBACH. RELHAN. CURTIS. MARTYN. KNAPP. HOST SINCLAIR. 
 
 SCHRADER. DlCKSON. SlBTHORP. ABBOT. OEDER. EHRHART. 
 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LXIII. B. 
 
 Hordeum spurium, GERARDE. 
 
 The Wall Barley. 
 Hordeum ? Murinum A wall. 
 
 A VERY common English Grass, growing on waste grounds, on road- 
 -L-JL- sides, and by walls. Common in the south of Europe and in 
 Germany. 
 
 A useless agricultural Grass. 
 
 Stem circular, upright, and smooth, carrying three or four linear, 
 flat, somewhat hirsute roughish leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, 
 the upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having at its apex a brief 
 jagged ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence spiked; the spike two 
 inches long, dense, and compact. Spikelets in threes, and consisting 
 of one awned floret. Calyx of two equal-sized glumes, and ending in 
 a lengthy rough awn. Central floret consisting of two palege, exterior 
 one ovate and three-ribbed, interior one membranous. Length from 
 twelve to thirteen inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed in a 
 month. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered in Nottingham Park. 
 
HORDEUM MARITIMUM. TRIT1CUM JUNCEUM. 
 
 LXIV 
 
HORDEUM MARITIMUM. 191 
 
 HORDEUM MARITIMUM. 
 
 WITHERING. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. DEAKIN. KUNTH. SMITH. 
 
 PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. KNAPP. 
 
 MARTYN. SCHRADER. MACREIGHT. VALL. HOST. POURRET. HULL. 
 RELHAN. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. 
 
 PLATE LXIV. A. 
 
 Hordeum man'num, HUDSON. DICKSON. 
 
 geniculatum, ALLIONI. 
 
 rigidum, ROTH. 
 
 The Sea-side Barley. 
 Hordeum ? Maritimum Sea. 
 
 ROWING near the sea, on light dry sandy ground. 
 
 Occurring in Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Essex, Kent, 
 Suffolk, Norfolk, Gloucester, Glamorgan, York, Durham, and North- 
 umberland; and in Argusshire, where rare. Found also along the 
 Mediterranean Sea, extending to the Baltic. 
 
 An injurious agricultural Grass. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, and polished, (base trailing) bearing four or 
 five brief, narrow, rough, hirsute leaves, with smooth, striated sheaths, 
 having a brief, membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. In- 
 florescence spiked, uniform, and an inch in length. Rachis jointed and 
 dentate. Spikelets in threes on either side of the rachis, and of one 
 awned floret. Calyx of two equal-sized rough glumes. Floret of two 
 paleee, the exterior one ending in a lengthy rough awn; inner one half 
 the length. Floret imperfect. Length from three to nine inches. Root 
 annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of June. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered near Bristol, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
TRITICUM JUNCEUM. 1P3 
 
 TRITICUM JUNCEUM. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. WITHERING. 
 
 SMITH. PARNELL. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. HULL. 
 
 KNAPP. DICKSON. SCHRADER. HOST. OEDER. HUDSON. BABINGTON. 
 
 REICHENBACH. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LXIV. B. 
 
 Agropyrum junceum, LINDLEY. BEAUVAIS. 
 
 The Rusky Sea Wkeat- Grass. 
 Triticum Rubbed. Junceum A rush. 
 
 TRITICUM. Linnaeus. The Wheat-Grass is represented in Great Britain 
 by five species; they have solitary spikelets, and with two nearly equal-sized 
 glumes. The British examples are much more diminutive than the annual 
 foreign species which are cultivated in this country for bread. The name 
 is derived from the Latin tritum, and signifies thrashed or beaten, in allusion 
 to the manner in which the corn is extracted from the ear. 
 
 FOUND on sandy sea-shores, where it is useful in binding the 
 loose sand. It has no agricultural merits. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, 
 Spain, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, West Asia, and North Africa. 
 
 Stem circular, upright, smooth, and having five or six lengthy smooth 
 glaucous leaves, with smooth somewhat striated sheaths, the upper 
 one shorter than its leaf; and having at its apex a brief membranous 
 ligule. Inflorescence spiked, the spikelets oval in form, sessile, and 
 in two alternate rows on a zigzag smooth rachis. Calyx consisting of 
 two obtuse about equal-sized, smooth, six prominent-ribbed, glumes. 
 Florets of two paleae, the exterior one of basal floret smooth, five- 
 ribbed, and of the same length as the calyx; inner palea having two 
 
 2 c 
 
194 TRITICUM JUNCKUM. 
 
 green marginal ribs, and being minutely fringed. Length from fifteen 
 to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and its seeds ripen about 
 the middle of August. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Abergale, North 
 Wales, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
f f 
 
 TRITICUM RE PENS. 
 
 LXV 
 
 T. C A N I N U M. 
 
TRITICUM REPJSN& 
 
 TRITICUM REPENS. 
 
 SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SINCLAIR. 
 
 DEAKIN. KOCH. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. BABINGTON \\~ILLDENOW. 
 
 KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. LEERS. SCHREBER EHRHART. HUDSON. 
 
 WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. MARTYN. 
 
 KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXV. A. 
 
 Triticum littorale^ HOST. 
 
 junceum, RELHAN. 
 
 Agropyrum repens, BEAUVAIS. LINDLEY. 
 
 Elymus arenarius, HUDSON. 
 
 The Creeping Wheat- Grass, or Couch- Grass. 
 Triticum Wheat. Repens Creeping. 
 
 ONE of the most troublesome weeds that the farmer has to 
 encounter, being difficult to eradicate from the soil having long 
 creeping roots, which branch out in every direction. 
 
 It is common everywhere in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Also 
 a native of Iceland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, 
 France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and the United States; yet not 
 found above the altitude of six hundred feet. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying five or six 
 flat acute leaves with smooth striated sheaths; upper one shorter than 
 its leaf, and having a very brief blunt ligule at its apex. Inflorescence 
 spiked. Spike upright; spikelets oval, of four or five awnless florets, 
 and placed alternately on the zigzag rachis in rows. Calyx consisting 
 of two equal, acute glumes. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of 
 basal floret five-ribbed, harsh, and acute. Inner palea, minutely 
 dentated, and having two green marginal ribs. Length from twelve 
 to twenty-tour inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
196 TEITICUM R3PEXS. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed in six 
 weeks. 
 
 There is a common variety known as variety aristatum, which is 
 frequently mistaken for Triticum caninum, but is distinguished in the 
 glumes having five ribs. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Beeston, near Nottingham. 
 
TRIT1GUM CANINUM. 
 
 197 
 
 TRITICUM CANINUM. 
 
 HUDSON. SMITH. HOOKKR AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. 
 
 SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. KOCH. GREVILLE. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. 
 
 KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. OEDER. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. 
 
 ABBOT. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXV. B. 
 
 Triticum biflorum, 
 alpinum, 
 
 Elymus caninus, 
 
 
 Agropyrum caninum, 
 
 MITTEN. 
 
 DON. 
 
 LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. 
 
 LEERS. EHRHART. 
 
 BEAUVAIS. LINDLEY. 
 
 The Fibrous-rooted Wheat- Grass, 
 
 Triticum Wheat. 
 
 Caninum Dog. 
 
 Fibrous-rooted Wheat-Grass, or Bearded Wheat-Grass, is a 
 -L valuable and early Grass. 
 
 Growing usually iu damp shady places, yet thriving when cultivated 
 in fields. 
 
 Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Native of Siberia, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Germany, 
 Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. 
 
 Stern slender, upright, circular, and polished, having four or five 
 broad, lanceolate acute, dark green, shining leaves, with smooth striated 
 sheaths, upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having a very brief 
 blunt ligule at its apex. Inflorescence spiked. Spike lengthy and 
 delicate. Spikelets oval, sessile, placed in two rows on the zigzag 
 rachis, and of four or five awned florets. The calyx composed of two 
 rough, awned, three-ribbed, equal-sized glumes. Florets of two palese, 
 exterior one of basal floret hirsute, five-ribbed, of same length as 
 
198 TBITICUM CANINUM. 
 
 glume, and crowned with a lengthy slender awn. Inner palea. mem- 
 branous, and having two green marginal ribs. Length from twenty- 
 four to forty-eight inches. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed in a 
 mouth. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Congleton, by Mr. Joseph 
 Sidebothain, of Manchester. 
 
BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 LXVI 
 
 B. PINNATUM. 
 
BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM. 199 
 
 BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 BEAUVAIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. DEAKIN. KOCH. 
 
 BABINGTON. 
 
 PLATE LXVI. A. 
 
 Festuca sylvatica, SMITH. SINCLAIR. HUDSON. MARTYN. 
 
 KNAPP. DICKSON. LIGHTFOOT. 
 WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. 
 
 " gracilts, MOZNCH. SCHRADER. 
 
 Bromus sylvatica, POLLICH. SMITH. HULL. HOOKER. 
 
 " SINCLAIR. POURRET. HOST. 
 
 " gracilis, WEIGEL. ROTH. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " " EHRHART. 
 
 Triticum sylvaticum, MCENCH. PARNELL. KUNTH. 
 
 " " MACREIGHT. 
 
 The Slender False Brome- Grass. 
 Brachypodium Short foot. Sylvaticum A wood. 
 
 BRACHYPODIUM. Beauvais. The False Brome-Grass is named from the 
 Greek, and signifies short-footed. This genus is intermediate between Bromus 
 and Triticum There are two British examples. 
 
 OF no agricultural use, growing in damp shady situations; common 
 in England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Russia. 
 Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five broad sharp- 
 pointed polished leaves, with hirsute striated sheaths, upper leaf ex- 
 tending beyond its sheath, and having a blunt hirsute ligule at its 
 apex. Joints hairy, and four in number. Inflorescence racemed. 
 Spikelets lengthy and cylindrical, generally of ten awned florets, placed 
 
200 BRACHYPODTUM SYLVATICUM. 
 
 alternately in two rows on the rachis. Calyx of two somewhat unequal, 
 acute, hirsute, seven-ribbed glumes. Florets of two palese, exterior 
 one of basal floret extending somewhat beyond the calyx; hirsute, 
 seven-ribbed, with a long straight harsh awn. Length from twelve to 
 twenty-four inches. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed at the 
 end of the same month. 
 
 The specimen from which the illustration is taken was gathered at 
 Highfield House. 
 
BEACHYPODIUM PINNATUM. 
 
 201 
 
 BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM. 
 
 BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. DEAKIN. BABINGTON. 
 
 PLATE LXVI. B. 
 
 Festuca pinnata, 
 < 
 
 a (i 
 
 Bromus pinnatus, 
 
 
 
 .< 
 
 < 
 
 Triticum pinnatum, 
 
 HUDSON. SMITH. SINCLAIR. KNAPP. 
 
 DlCKSON. SCHRADER. RELHAN. 
 
 SIBTHORP. ABBOT. 
 
 LINNJEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW. 
 
 RELHAN. SINCLAIR. POLLICH. 
 
 WEIGEL. HOST. LEERS. 
 
 HUDSON. HULL. 
 
 MOSNCH. PARNELL. KUNTH. 
 
 MACREIGHT. 
 
 The Heath False Brome- Grass. 
 
 Brachypodium Short foot. 
 
 Pinnatum Feathered. 
 
 A USELESS agricultural Grass, growing on commons and on heathy 
 --LA_ situations, and preferring a chalk soil. 
 
 Frequent in the counties of Devon, Oxford, Cambridge, Nottingham, 
 Bedford, Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Gloucester, 
 Worcester, Leicester, York, and Cumberland. 
 
 Native of Norway, Sweden, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and 
 Portugal. 
 
 Very subject to variety. 
 
 Stem delicate, upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five 
 lengthy linear rough leaves, with striated sheaths; upper one shorter 
 than its leaf. Ligules brief. Joints hirsute. Inflorescence racemed. 
 Spikelets upright, long, and linear, generally of ten awned florets and 
 two glumes. Glumes smooth, unequal, and seven-ribbed. Floret of 
 two paleae, exterior one of basal floret longer than the large glume. 
 
 2 D 
 
202 BRAGEYPODIVM PINNATUM. 
 
 Inner palea shorter. Awns shorter than their florets. Styles two. 
 Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers notched at either ex- 
 tremity. Length thirty-six inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July. 
 
 Yar. gracile. More slender, and with shorter spikelets. Found in 
 Kent. 
 
 Var. ccespitosum. Spikelets small, leaves very narrow. Found near 
 Bath. 
 
 Var. compositum. Spikelets rising from the rachis in threes. Found 
 in Yorkshire. 
 
 Var. hispidum. Glume and florets hirsute. Found in Yorkshire. 
 
 Var. hirsutum. Glume and florets hirsute, awns short, raceme erect. 
 Found in Yorkshire. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered on Mapperly Plains, near 
 Nottingham. 
 
LOLIUM PERENNE. 
 
 LXVII 
 
 L. MULTIFLORUM. 
 
LOLIT7M PERENNE. 203 
 
 LOLIUM PERENNE. 
 
 LINN^RUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 
 DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. GREVILLE. KOCH. BABINGTON. 
 
 WILLDENOW. RELHAN. KNAPP. MARTYN. GRAVES. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 
 SCHREBER. LEERS. OEDER. EHRHART. HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 SlBTHORP. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXVII. A. 
 
 Lolium tenue, LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. 
 
 " rubrum, GERARDE. 
 
 The Perennial Rye-Grass. 
 Lolium Darnel. Perenne Perennial. 
 
 LOLIUM. Linnaus. This genus is known as Rye-Grass. There are 
 three British examples. 
 
 A USEFUL agricultural Grass, and common throughout the whole 
 -<LA_ of Britain. Native also of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, 
 Russia, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, United States, 
 Northern Africa, and Western Asia. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, polished, and minutely striated, bearing six 
 or seven lanceolate, acute, flat, deep green leaves, with smooth striated 
 sheaths, the upper sheath extending beyond its leaf, and having a brief 
 blunt ligule at its apex. Joints four or five. Inflorescence spiked. 
 Spike upright and compressed. Spikelets sessile, and arranged alter- 
 nately in two rows of six to twelve awnless florets. Calyx of one 
 glume, smooth, five-ribbed, oblong-lanceolate, and shorter than the 
 spikelets. Florets of two equal-sized paleae, exterior one of basal floret 
 five-ribbed, membranous, and shorter than the glume. Filaments 
 slender. Styles brief. Stigmas plumose on the upper side. Anthers 
 
204 LOLIUM PEBENNE. 
 
 cloven at either extremity. Length from fifteen to twenty-four inches. 
 Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in the middle of June, and ripens its seed at the commence- 
 ment of July. 
 
 Var. angustifolium. Tall and slender; leaves narrow and long. 
 
 Var. racemosum. Having the spikelets pedunculated. 
 
 Var. tenue. Dwarf, with spikelets of three or four florets. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House. 
 
LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM. 205 
 
 LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM. 
 
 LOWE. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. 
 PLATE LXVII. B. 
 
 Lolium italicum, BRAUN. BABINGTON. 
 
 " perenne, var. italicum, PARNELL. 
 
 The Bearded Rye- Grass, or Italian Rye-Grass. 
 Lolium Darnel. Multiflorum Many-flowered. 
 
 OUPPOSED to have been introduced into England from Italy. 
 kJ/ Stem upright, rough, and striated, bearing four or five lanceolate, 
 flat, acute leaves, with harsh sheaths, upper one longer than its leaf. 
 Inflorescence spiked. Spike from five to eight inches long. Spikelets 
 from fourteen to twenty in number, composed of one glume, and from 
 seven to eleven awned florets, the terminal one having two glumes. 
 Glume linear-lanceolate. Florets of two equal-sized paleae, five-ribbed. 
 Styles two. Stigmas lengthy and plumose. Filaments three. Anthers 
 lengthy, narrow, and notched at either extremity. Length from twenty- 
 five to sixty inches. Root perennial and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers at the commencement of July. 
 
 A most valuable agricultural Grass, when cultivated on a rich deep 
 soil. 
 
 Var. submuticum. With large spikelets and short awns. 
 
 Var. ramosum. Branched. 
 
 The specimen illustrated was gathered at Beeston, near Nottingham. 
 
LOLIUM TEMULKNTUM. 
 
 LEPTURUS INCURVATUS. 
 
 LXVIII 
 
LOLIUM TEMTTLENTUM. 207 
 
 LOLIUM TEMULENTUM. 
 
 LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. KOCH. BABINGTON. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. KNAP?. SCHREBER. LEERS. 
 
 OEDER. EHRHART. BULL. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. ABBOT. 
 RELHAN. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII. A. 
 
 Lolium arvense, WITHERING. HULL. SMITH. LINDLEY. 
 
 HOOKER. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. 
 " RELHAN. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 " album, GERARDE. RAY. 
 
 " verum, GESNERI. MORISON. 
 
 Darnel or Bearded Rye-Grass. 
 
 Lolium Darnel. Temulentum Drunken, in allusion to the 
 
 poisonous, sleepy property of the seeds. 
 
 NOT only a useless Grass, but a noxious weed, especially in corn- 
 fields. 
 
 The seeds are said to be poisonous. 
 
 Not common in Scotland and Ireland, yet frequent in England, and 
 found in the counties of Devon, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Cambridge, 
 Suffolk, Bedford, Worcester, Nottingham, York, Durham, and North- 
 umberland. In Wales in Carnarvonshire, and the Island of Anglesea. 
 Also a native of France, Italy, Germany, Japan, South America, Norway, 
 Sweden, and North Africa. 
 
 Stem circular, having four flat, lanceolate, acute, rough, minutely- 
 toothed leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper one being 
 shorter than its leaf, and having a brief blunt ligule at its apex. Joints 
 smooth, and four in number. Inflorescence spiked. Spike upright. 
 Spikelets sessile, placed alternately in two rows of four or five awned 
 
208 LOLIUM TEMULENTUM. 
 
 florets. Rachis rough and zigzag. Calyx consisting of one glume, 
 which is lengthy and narrow, and having eight ribs. Florets of two 
 paleae, the exterior one of basal floret seven-ribbed. Apex bifid, and 
 having a white harsh awn, more than half the length of the palea, 
 and commencing behind the bifid apex. Inner palea having two green 
 marginal ribs. The glume longer than the spikelet, and smooth, except 
 on the edges. Length twenty-four inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Dr. Parnell describes a variety which grows amongst and is equally 
 common with the ordinary form, but which is stouter, and the awns 
 of the florets longer. He has named it variety longiaristatum. 
 
 This species flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its 
 seeds in a month. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Hyde, in Cheshire, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
LEPTURUS INCURVATUS. 
 
 209 
 
 LEPTURUS INCURVATUS. 
 
 TRIN. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. MACREIGHT. 
 KUNTH. BABINGTON. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII. B. 
 
 Rottbozllia incurvata, 
 
 filiformis, 
 incurvatus, 
 Lepturus filiformis, 
 Ophiurus incurvatus, 
 /Egilops incurvata, 
 
 LINN.EUS. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 HOOKER. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. 
 
 SCHRADER. HOST. OfiDER. 
 
 CAVANILLES. WITHERING. HULL. 
 RELHAN. DEAKIN. 
 ROTH. DON. 
 var. filiformis, HOOKER. PARNELL. 
 
 TRIN. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. 
 BEAUVOIS. LINDLEY. 
 LINNAEUS. HUDSON. 
 
 The Curved Sea Hard- Grass. 
 
 Lepturus Slender-spiked. 
 
 Incurvatus Bowed down. 
 
 LEPTURUS. Brown, The Hard-Grass derives its name from the Greek, 
 and signifies slender-tailed, on account of the slender spikes. There is only 
 a solitary British example. 
 
 A GRASS growing in salt marshes near the sea, and of no agri- 
 -JL_ cultural use. 
 
 In England it is found in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Sussex, 
 Kent, Essex, Norfolk, Gloucester, Durham, and Northumberland. In 
 Wales in Denbigh, Flint, and the Island of Anglesea. In Scotland 
 along both the east and west coasts. In Ireland common along the 
 coasts. 
 
 Abroad it is met with along the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Stem circular, polished, striated, base decumbent and bent at the 
 
 2 E 
 
210 LEPTURU8 INCURVATUS. 
 
 joints, bearing six or seven narrow, acute, involute leaves, with smooth, 
 striated, inflated sheaths, having a very brief blunt ligule at the apex. 
 Inflorescence spiked. Spike lengthy and cylindrical. Spikelets alternate 
 on the rachis. Calyx of two glumes, which are four-ribbed, lanceolate, 
 acute, compact, and only spreading whilst in flower. Florets of two 
 paleas, somewhat shorter than the glumes, linear, membranous, and 
 ribless. Filaments capillary. Anthers cloven at either extremity, and 
 pendulous. Styles brief. Stigmas plumose. Length from three to 
 six inches. Root annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers towards the close of July, and ripens its seed in the middle 
 of August. 
 
 There is a slender erect-growing variety found near Aberlady, which 
 is known as var. Jiliformis. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, and to 
 Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, for specimens. 
 
 The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Southsea, by Mr. 
 T. Coward. 
 
KNAPPIA AGROSTIDES. SPARTINA STRIGTA. 
 
 LXIX 
 
KNAPPIA AGROSTIDEA. 211 
 
 KNAPPIA AGROSTIDEA. 
 
 SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. WITHERING. BABINGTON. 
 
 PLATE LXIX. A. 
 
 Agrostis minima, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. SMITH. 
 
 HUDSON. STILLINGFLEET. 
 Chamagrostis minima, SCHRADER. LINDLEY. 
 
 BORCKHAUSEN. KOCH. MACREIGHT. 
 
 Sturmia minima, HOPPE. 
 
 Mibora verna, BEAUVOIS. REICHENBACH. 
 
 Gramen minimum, DALECHAMPS. BAUHIN. 
 
 The Early Knappia. 
 
 Knappia Named in honour of an English botanist, Mr. Knapp. 
 Agrostidea ? 
 
 KNAPPIA. A diminutive sea-side Grass, of which only one species is 
 known, the Knappia agrostidea. Named after Mr. Knapp. 
 
 A DIMINUTIVE sea-side Grass, growing in sandy pastures. 
 -/TJL Of no -agricultural use. 
 
 Anglesea and Jersey; a native also of France and central Europe. 
 
 Stem slender, upright, and having two or three narrow, blunt, smooth, 
 channeled leaves, with smooth compressed sheaths, the upper sheath 
 extending beyond its leaf. Inflorescence racemed, unilateral; rachis 
 smooth. Spikelets briefly stalked, and of two glumes and one floret; 
 glumes equal, obtuse, smooth, and destitute of lateral ribs. Floret of 
 one palea, shorter than the glumes, blunt, hirsute, and white; apex 
 ragged. Styles two, brief. Stigmas slender, lengthy, and plumose, 
 Stamens three. Length from two to four inches. Root annual and 
 fibrous. 
 
212 KNAPPIA AOEOSTIDEA. 
 
 Flowers in March and April, and ripens its seed in eight or nine 
 weeks. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Holyhead, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
SPARTINA STRICTA. 213 
 
 SPARTINA STRICTA. 
 
 SMITH. PARNELL V HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KUNTH. KOCH. LINDLEY. 
 BABINGTON. DEAKIN. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXIX. B. 
 
 Dactylis stricta, LINNAEUS. SMITH. KNAPP. 
 
 WITHERING. SOLANDER. WILLDENOW. 
 cynosuroides, HUDSON. LOEFLING. 
 
 The Twin-spiked Cord-Grass. 
 
 Spartina Named from its resemblance to Lygeum spartum. 
 Stricta Close, 
 
 SPARTINA. Erect-growing; spike compound. There are two British 
 examples; name derived from the Greek. 
 
 AN interesting, although useless, erect-growing Grass; found on 
 muddy salt marshes, on the east and south-east coasts of 
 England. 
 
 A native of England, France, and Italy. 
 
 Stem striated, smooth, and sheathed to the apex, bearing numerous 
 involute, rigid, pointed, smooth leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, 
 the upper one extending beyond its leaf. Ligule brief, blunt, and 
 ragged. Inflorescence of two or three spikes. Spikelets alternate, 
 laterally compressed, and consisting of two glumes and one floret; 
 glumes very unequal, hirsute, destitute of lateral ribs; inner glume 
 largest. Floret of two unequal paleae, exterior one shortest, hirsute, 
 and destitute of lateral ribs. Inner palea having two delicate ribs. 
 Stamens three; stigmas plumose; anthers upright and linear; base 
 cloven; apex somewhat pointed; filaments lengthy and plumose. 
 
214 SPARTINA 8TRICTA. 
 
 Length from ten to twenty inches. Root perennial, fibrous, and 
 creeping. 
 
 Flowers in August, and ripens its seed in the second week of 
 September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Camsshore, near Fare- 
 ham, by Mr. W. L. Notcutt. 
 
SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. 
 LXX 
 
SPARTINA ALTEENIFLOEA. 215 
 
 SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. 
 
 LOISEL. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KUNTH. 
 BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXX. 
 
 Spartina glabra, MUHLEMB. 
 
 " Icevigata, LINK. 
 
 Trachynotia alternifolia, DE CANDOLLE. 
 
 The Many-spiked Cord-Grass. 
 
 Spartina Named from its resemblance to Lygeum spartum. 
 Alterniflora Alternate-flowered. 
 
 A ROBUST reed-like Grass, growing on muddy banks of rivers. 
 --\- Cattle are particularly fond of it; also used for thatching. 
 
 Found on the banks of the Itchen and Southampton river, where 
 it is very common, but not found elsewhere. A native also of North 
 America. 
 
 Stem smooth, striated, and sheathed to the apex, bearing numerous, 
 somewhat erect, alternate, strong, flat, (except on edges, where involute,) 
 leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper one extending beyond 
 its leaf. Ligule brief, blunt, and jagged. Joints numerous. Leaves 
 frequently a foot in length, the upper ones extending beyond the apex 
 of the flower spikes. Inflorescence consisting of from four to thirteen 
 spikes, which are close and compact. Spikelets alternate. Rachis 
 ending in a wavy point. Spikelets of two glumes and one floret; 
 glumes exceedingly unequal, the inner one largest, membranous and 
 lanceolate; inner one five-ribbed. Floret consisting of two palese, which 
 are shorter than the glumes, and acute; outer palea three-ribbed. 
 Stamens three. Filaments shorter than the floret and capillary. 
 Anthers linear and erect, cloven at the base, and pointed at the apex. 
 
216 SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. 
 
 Stigmas plumose. Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root 
 perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in August and September, and ripens its seed in October. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Southport, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
CYNODON DACTYLON. 
 LXXI 
 
GYNODON DACTYLON. 
 
 217 
 
 CYNODON DACTYLON. 
 
 PERSOON. R. BROWN. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. 
 
 KOCH. KUNTH. BABINGTON. 
 LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. MACREIGHT. 
 
 PLATE LXXI. 
 
 Panicum dactylon, 
 
 Digitaria stolonifera, 
 Agrostis linearis, 
 
 SMITH. KNAPP. LINNJEUS. 
 
 WlLLDENOW. DlCKSON. 
 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. 
 
 SCHRADER. 
 
 RETZIUS. WILLDENOW. 
 
 The Creeping Finger Grass, or Creeping Dog's Tooth Grass. 
 
 Cynodon Dog's tooth. 
 
 Dactylon- 
 
 CYNODON. Spike compound. Only one British example, the Cynodon 
 dactylon; named from the Greek. 
 
 A PRETTY and singular Grass, common on the south-west coast of 
 -LA_ Cornwall, growing amongst the sand, but not found elsewhere. 
 Of no agricultural use. 
 
 A native of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, the Mediterranean 
 Islands, United States, West Indies, North Africa, and West Asia. 
 
 Stem smooth, base procumbent and then erect, bearing four or five 
 flat, rigid, acute, hirsute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper 
 one extending considerably beyond its leaf, destitute of a ligule, but 
 furnished with a tuft of hairs. Inflorescence digitate, linear, and 
 purplish. Spikelets laterally compressed, of two glumes and one floret; 
 glumes almost equal, acute, destitute of lateral ribs; keel dentate on 
 the upper half. Florets of two paleee, destitute of lateral ribs, dorsal 
 
 2 F 
 
218 CYNODON DACTYLON. 
 
 rib hirsute. Stamens three; pistils two; stigmas plumose. Length 
 from three to six inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in July and August, and ripens its seed at the end of 
 September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Penzance, by Mr. R. 
 T. Millett, of Penzance. 
 
DIGITARIA SANGQINALIS. 
 LXXII 
 
FIGITARIA SANGUINALI8. 219 
 
 DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. 
 
 SCOPOLI. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. BABINGTON. 
 LINDLEY. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. 
 
 PLATE LXXII. 
 
 Panicum sanguinale, SMITH. LINNAEUS. KOCH. 
 
 KUNTH. KNAPP. 
 
 CURTIS. SCHREBER. HULL. 
 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. 
 
 WILLDENOW. MARTYN. 
 
 EHRHART. MACREIGHT. 
 
 Syntherisma vulgare, SCHRADER. SCHREBER. 
 
 Ischamon vulgare, LOBEL. GERARDE. 
 
 The Hairy Finger Grass. 
 Digiiaria From a finger. Sanguinalis Of blood. 
 
 DIGITARIA. Spike compound. Two British examples. Named from the 
 Latin. 
 
 A HANDSOME but useless agricultural Grass, supposed to have 
 -L\_ been introduced. Occasionally met with in England. 
 
 Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, America, North Africa 
 and the West Indies. 
 
 Stem branched; base decumbent, then erect, striated and polished; 
 having four brief, flat, somewhat broad, rough leaves with hirsute 
 sheaths, the upper one extending considerably beyond its leaf. Joints 
 three. Inflorescence digitate; branches lengthy, erect, and linear; from 
 three to nine in number. Spikelets dorsally compressed, oblong- 
 lanceolate, of two very unequal glumes and two florets; basal glume 
 diminutive; upper one downy and three-ribbed; basal floret of one 
 palea, flat and oblong-lanceolate, with five smooth ribs; margins 
 
220 DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. 
 
 pubescent; upper floret of two equal-sized palese. Filaments three; 
 anthers short, violet-coloured, and cloven at either extremity. Styles 
 two, slender. Stigmas brief, plumose, and purplish. Length from six 
 to eighteen inches. Eoot annual and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in August, and ripens its seed at the end of September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered near Bolton, by Mr. 
 Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
DIGITARIA HUMIPUSA. 
 LXXIII 
 
DIGITAEIA HUMIFUSA. 221 
 
 DIGITARIA HUMIFUSA. 
 
 PERSOON. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. BABINGTON. 
 LINDLEY. DEAKIN. 
 
 PLATE LXXIII. 
 
 Syntherisma glabrum, SCHRADER. 
 
 Panicum glabrum, KOCH. GAUDIN. 
 
 MACREIGHT. KUNTH. 
 
 humifusum, KUNTH. 
 
 sanguinale, POLLICH. 
 
 Digitaria filiformis, KOEL. 
 
 The Glabrous Finger Grass. 
 Digitaria From a finger. Humifusa Spreading on the ground. 
 
 A RARE Grass, having no agricultural merits. Found on sandy 
 -j_ soil in Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, and Sussex. 
 
 A native also of France, Italy, Switzerland, Prussia, Holland, and 
 Belgium. 
 
 Stem ascending, polished, striated, having four somewhat broad, 
 brief, flat leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper one extending 
 considerably beyond its leaf. Joints three. Inflorescence digitate, 
 lengthy, linear, and from two to four-branched. Spikelets oval, dorsally 
 compressed, of two glumes and one floret; glumes equal, hirsute, and 
 five-ribbed; inner one deep purple, the others only purplish. Floret 
 of same length as glumes reddish purple, of two almost equal palese, 
 striated and polished. Filaments three; anthers brief, violet-coloured, 
 and cloven at either extremity. Styles two, slender. Stigmas brief, 
 plumose, and purplish. Length from four to nine inches. Root annual 
 and fibrous. 
 
 Flowers in July and August, and ripens its seed in September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was gathered at Weybridge, Surrey, 
 by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. 
 
PHRAGMITES COMMUNI3. 
 LXXIV 
 
PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS. 
 
 223 
 
 PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS. 
 
 TRIN. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. 
 KUNTH. NEES. 
 
 PLATE LXXIV. 
 
 Arundo phragmites, 
 
 vallatoria, 
 
 vulgaris, 
 
 palustris, 
 
 LINN.EUS. SMITH. PARNELL. 
 GREVILLE. LINDLEY. 
 WILLDENOW. KNAPP. HOOKER. 
 SCHRADER. LEERS. EHRHART. 
 HUDSON. WITHERING. RELHAN. 
 SIBTHORP. DEAKIN. 
 RAY. GERARDE. 
 BAUHIN. SCHEUCHZER. 
 MATTHIOLUS. CAMERARIUS. 
 
 The Common Reed. 
 
 Phragmites An enclosure. 
 
 Communis Common. 
 
 PHRAGMITES. Trin. An abundant giant Grass ; growing near water. 
 Panicle large and noble. Name derived from the Greek on account of 
 its use as a material for enclosure. Only one British example, namely, 
 Phragmites communis. 
 
 A COMMON, handsome, giant Grass; of no agricultural use, yet 
 J-JL. useful for thatching, for the foundation of plaster floors, for 
 arrows, and various other purposes. 
 
 Abundant throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland; growing in 
 ditches, and on the margins of water. 
 
 A native also of France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Russia, 
 Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, New Holland, America, and 
 North Africa. 
 
 Stem upright, circular, smooth, and strong, bearing fifteen and upwards 
 of broad, lanceolate, many-ribbed, smooth leaves, with roughish striated 
 
224 PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS. 
 
 sheaths, which extend beyoiid their leaves, and are destitute of ligules. 
 Joints fifteen, smooth and polished. Inflorescence compound-panicled; 
 panicle large, drooping on one side, pale brown in colour. Spikelets 
 numerous, spreading, and of three awnless florets. Calyx of two un- 
 equal, acute, narrow glumes, with a rib on either side; upper one 
 situated on a brief peduncle. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of 
 basal floret lanceolate, three-ribbed, and twice the length of the large 
 glume; inner palea short. The peduncle of the second floret having 
 lengthy, white, silky hairs spreading in every direction, and giving a 
 beautiful silky appearance to the large panicle. Length from sixty to 
 seventy inches. Root perennial and creeping. 
 
 Flowers in August, and ripens its seed in September. 
 
 The specimen for illustration was procured at Highfield House. 
 
225 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 LEERSIA ORYZOIDES. SWARTZ. A rare Grass, growing in 
 ditches and damp places. Henfield and Arundel, Essex; Mole River, 
 Surrey; Boldre River, near Brockenhurst Bridge, Hants. 
 
 AGROSTIS INTERRUPTA. LINNAEUS. Rare. Sandy pastures. 
 Thetford. Closely allied to Agrostis spica-venti. 
 
 POA BORRERI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. Glyceria conferta, Fries; 
 Schlerochloa borreri, Babington. South of Europe, in brackish places. 
 
 POA LAXA. H<ENCK. Rare. Ben Nevis, Loch na Gar, and Clova 
 Mountains. 
 
 BROMUS RACEMOSUS. LINN^US. Sandy situations. South of 
 England. Scarcely different to B. commutatus. 
 
 BROMUS PATULUS. KOCH. Found by Mr. Gibson, near Hebden 
 Bridge, Yorkshire. Closely allied to B. arvensis. 
 
 BROMUS SQUARROSUS. LINNJEUS. Corn-fields. Surrey, Kent, 
 Essex, and Somersetshire. An introduced species. 
 
 AVENA PLANICULMIS. SCHRADBE. Isle of Arran. Introduced. 
 
 2 G 
 
226 ADDENDA. 
 
 ELYMUS ARBNARIUS. LINNJCUS. Sea-shores. 
 
 BLYMUS GENICULATUS. CURTIS. Very rare. Gravesend. 
 
 TRITICUM CRISTATUM. SCHREBER. Rocks at the sea-side 
 between Arbroath and Montrose. Rare. 
 
 TRITICUM LAXUM. FRIES. Sandy sea-shores. A doubtful 
 species. 
 
227 
 
 IN the present Work there are several species not enumerated, some being, of 
 doubtful origin, and others so exceedingly rare as scarcely to be procured: 
 they are mentioned briefly in the addenda. At the conclusion of this Work 
 the author intended to have commenced a Natural History of those Foreign 
 Grasses that were remarkable for their beauty, singularity, or economic values; 
 this latter Work, however, will be deferred, as the author cannot devote the 
 time requisite for this undertaking at the present moment. In order to dis- 
 tinguish the species of British Grasses, the author has appended a 
 
 COMPAKATIVE ANALYSIS, 
 
 ARRANGED BY MR. RALFS. 
 
 ORDER I. MONOGYNIA. One style. 
 
 Stigma one ...... Nardus. 
 
 Stigmas two ...... Some Grasses. 
 
 CLASS II. DIANDRIA. Two styles. 
 
 ORDER II. DIGYNIA. Two styles. 
 
 Calyx single-flowered ..... Anthoxanthum. 
 Calyx two or more flowered . . . Some Grasses. 
 
 DIANDRIA. Digynia. 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM . 
 
 Calyx valves very unequal . . . . Odoratum. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens. 
 
 1. Flowers spiked ..... 
 Flowers panicled . . . . .12 
 
 2. Flowers in unilateral spikes 
 
 Flowrs not unilateral . . .6 
 
228 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 3. Calyx many-flowered ..... Triticum. 
 Calyx one or two-flowered . .4 
 
 4. Styles united half way up . . . Spartina. 
 Styles distinct . . . . . .5 
 
 5. Glumes nearly equal ..... Cynodon. 
 Glumes very unequal .... Digitaria. 
 
 6. Spikelets imbedded in the rachis . . . Rottlolia. 
 Spikelets not imbedded . . . . .7 
 
 7. Spikelets two or more from same point . . .11 
 Spikelets solitary . . . . . .8 
 
 8. Spikelets one-flowered . . . . Knappia. 
 Spikelets more than two-flowered . . . .9 
 
 9. Glume solitary, inclosing the spikelet between it and rachis . Lolium. 
 Glumes two, their edges towards the rachis . . 10 
 
 10. Florets equal .... Brachy podium. 
 Florets smaller upwards .... Triticum. 
 
 11. Spikelets one-flowered .... Hordeum. 
 Spikelets two or more flowered . . . Elymm. 
 
 12. Calyx one-flowered . . . . .13 
 Calyx two or more flowered ... 23 
 
 13. Glumes with feathery awns .... Lagurus. 
 Glumes awnless, or awns not feathery . . 14 
 
 14. Panicle dense, (subspiked,) florets mostly imbricated . 15 
 Panicle loose, florets not imbricated ... 20 
 
 15. Corolla with tuft of hair at base . . . Amophilla. 
 Corolla without hairs at base . . . 16 
 
 16. Corolla with one or two valves of imperfect florets at base . Phalaris. 
 Corolla without valves of imperfect florets at base . 17 
 
 17. Corolla awnless ..... Phleum. 
 Corolla awned . . . . . 18 
 
 18. Corolla of one valve, the awn basal . . . Alopecurus. 
 Corolla of two valves, the awn terminal or dorsal . 19 
 
 19. Glumes awned, awn of corolla terminal . . . Polypogon. 
 Glumes awnless, awns of corolla dorsal . . Gastridium. 
 
 20. Fruit inverted with the hardened corolla; corolla awnless . 21 
 Fruit not inverted with the corolla; corolla often awned 22 
 
 21. Corolla with a small valve at the base . . . Phalaris. 
 Corolla without a valve at the base . . . Mitium. 
 
 22. Corolla with long hairs at base . -. Calamagrostis. 
 Corolla without hairs at base . . . Agrostis. 
 
 23. Florets with a pinnated bractea . . Cynosurus 
 Florets without a, pinnated bractea . . . . 24 
 
 24. Calyx with not more than two perfect florets . . 25 
 Calyx with more than two perfect florets . . 35 
 
 25. Panicle dense, in a simple or compound spike . . 26 
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 229 
 
 Panicle lax, not spiked ... 29 
 
 26. Some of the florets with stamens only . . .27 
 Florets perfect . . . . . 28 
 
 27. Spike compound, florets without bristles . . . Panicum. 
 Spike simple, florets with a bristly involucre . . Setaria. 
 
 28. Calyx valves nearly equal, styles united . . . Sesleria. 
 Calyx valves unequal, styles distinct . . . Airochloa. 
 
 29. Corolla awnless . . . . .30 
 Corolla awned . . . . . 31 
 
 30. Glumes truncate . , . . . Catabrosa. 
 Glumes acute ..... Melica. 
 
 31. Florets perfect . .* . . .32 
 Some of the florets with stamens only ... 33 
 
 32. Corolla invested with seed .... Avena. 
 Corolla not invested with seed . . . Aira. 
 
 33. Florets three, perfect one with two stamens . . . Jfierochlce. 
 Florets two, perfect one with three stamens . . 34 
 
 34. Upper floret barren, lower one perfect . . . Holcus. 
 Lower floret barren, upper one perfect . Arrhenatherum. 
 
 35. Panicle imbricated and simple .... Sesleria. 
 Panicle loose, or, if dense, branched . . . 36 
 
 36. Corolla with long hairs at base . . . . Arundo. 
 Corolla without hairs at base, or nearly so . 37 
 
 37 Spikelets in dense clusters at end of the branches . . Dactylis. 
 
 Spikelets not in dense clusters . . . 38 
 
 38. External valve of corolla with three nearly equal teeth . Triodia. 
 External valve of corolla not three-toothed . . 39 
 
 39. Corolla awned or pointed . . . .40 
 Corolla obtuse, not awned .... 42 
 
 40. Corolla with a twisted dorsal awn, upper florets mostly 
 
 imperfect .... Avena. 
 Corolla pointed, or with an awn terminal, or nearly so, 
 
 florets perfect . . . . . 41 
 
 41. Corolla with a terminal awn, or pointed . . . Festuca- 
 Corolla with an awn just below the bifid extremity . Bromus. 
 
 42. Spikelets cordate, (pendulous,) seed coated by the corolla . Sriza. 
 Spikelets not cordate, seeds free ... 43 
 
 43. Spikelets linear or sub-cylindrical, not webbed . . Glyceria. 
 Spikelets ovate or oblong, often webbed . . . Poa. 
 
 TRIANDKIA. Monogynia. 
 
 N AUDITS. 
 
 Florets spiked, unilateral . . . . . Sir iota. 
 TRIANDRIA. Digynia. 
 
230 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 ALOPECTTBFS. 
 
 1. Glumes not united . 
 
 Glumes united at base .... 
 
 2. Spike ovate, inflated sheath of upper leaf thrice as long as 
 
 the leaf . 
 
 Spike cylindrical, sheath not thrice as long as upper leaf 
 
 3. Culm erect, glumes acute . . . 
 Culm ascending, glumes obtuse 
 
 4. Spike obtuse, awn twice the length of corolla 
 Spike acute, awn more than twice length of corolla 
 
 5. Awn as long as the glumes . 
 
 Awn longer than the glumes . . 
 
 Spike dense, ovate 
 Panicle branched 
 
 Glumes acute 
 
 PHALARIS. 
 
 AMMOPHTLA. 
 
 PHLEUM. 
 
 1 . Glumes awnless, twice as long as the corolla 
 Glumes mostly awned, not twice as long as the corolla 
 
 2. Glumes naked or downy (not ciliated) at the back 
 Glumes ciliated at the back 
 
 3. Culm mostly branched, glumes wedge-shaped 
 Culm simple, glumes lanceolate 
 
 4. Glumes lanceolate, gradually tapering . 
 Glumes truncated 
 
 5. Spike ovate- oblong, awn as long as the glume 
 Spike cylindrical, awn shorter than the glume 
 
 Awns long 
 Florets glabrous 
 
 LAGTOITS. 
 MILIUM. 
 
 GASTBIDIUM. 
 Awns twice as long as the glumes 
 
 POLYPOGON. 
 
 Awns as long as the calyx, root creeping . 
 Awn much longei than the calyx, root fibrous 
 
 CALAMAGEOSTIS. 
 1. Corolla with a terminal awn, panicle loose 
 
 Corolla with a dorsal or basal awn, panicle close 
 
 Bulboms. 
 
 2 
 
 Alpinus. 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 Pratensis. 
 
 . Agrestis. 
 
 Fulvus. 
 
 Geniculatus. 
 
 Canariensis. 
 Arundinacea. 
 
 Arundinacea. 
 
 Arena r/um. 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 Asperum. 
 
 . Bcehmeri. 
 
 Michelii. 
 
 5 
 
 Alpinum. 
 Pratense. 
 
 Ovatus. 
 
 Effumm. 
 
 Lendigerum. 
 
 Littoralis. 
 Monspeliensit. 
 
 Lanceolata. 
 2 
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 231 
 
 Flowers without a rudiment of a second floret 
 
 Flower with a minute pedicel, bearing a tuft of hair (a 
 
 rudiment of a second floret) 
 
 Hairs as long as the corolla, awn near the base . 
 Hairs shorter than the corolla, awn above the middle . 
 
 AGROSTIS. 
 
 Inner valve of corolla wanting, or minute 
 
 Inner valve of corolla not minute . 
 
 Leaves linear, awn dorsal 
 
 Leaves setaceous, awn basal 
 
 Awn very long and terminal, florets with a barren pedicel 
 at base ..... 
 
 Awn none, or short and dorsal, no barren pedicel 
 
 Ligule short and truncate, outer valve of corolla three- 
 nerved ..... 
 
 Ligule oblong, outer valve of corolla five-nerved 
 
 Branches whorled 
 
 Glumes shorter than the florets 
 
 CATABBOSA. 
 AIKOCHLOA. 
 
 AlEA. 
 
 1. Awn clavate .... 
 Awn not clavate .... 
 
 2. Leaves linear, awns not or but little longer than corolla 
 Leaves setaceous, awns longer than corolla . 
 
 3. Awn basal, branches rough 
 Awn dorsal, branches smooth 
 
 4. Florets hairy at base 
 Florets scarcely hairy at base 
 
 5. Panicle close, awn basal 
 Panicle spreading, awn dorsal 
 
 MELICA. 
 
 1. Panicle drooping, florets not longer than the calyx 
 Panicle erect, florets much longer than the calyx 
 
 2. Spikelets with two perfect florets 
 Spikelets with one perfect floret 
 
 3. Leaves much shorter than the purplish panicle 
 Leaves much longer than the pale panicle 
 
 Epigejos. 
 
 Lapponica. 
 Strict a. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Canina. 
 . Setacea. 
 
 Spica-venti. 
 4 
 
 Vulgaris. 
 Alia. 
 
 Aquatica. 
 . Cristata. 
 
 Canescens. 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 (M. caerulea 
 
 HOLCTJS. 
 
 Awn longer than the calyx, joints of culm downy 
 Awn not longer than the calyx, joints not downy 
 
 . Alpina. 
 Flexuosa. 
 
 5 
 
 Pracox. 
 Caryophyllea. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 . Nutans. 
 
 Uniflora. 
 
 . Cterulea. 
 
 Depauperata. 
 
 /?. Hooker.} 
 
 Mollis. 
 Lanatut. 
 
232 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 Spikelets greenish brown 
 Florets awnless 
 Spike bluish, ovate 
 Spikes alternate ". t 
 
 ARRHENATHERTTM. 
 
 HlEROCHL(E. 
 
 SESLERIA. 
 
 PANICUM. 
 
 SETARIA. 
 
 Bristles of involucre with reflexed teeth 
 Bristles of involucre with erect teeth . 
 
 1. 
 
 GLYCERIA, (PoA, Hooker.) 
 
 Florets with seven or more ribs 
 Florets with not more than five ribs 
 
 2. Panicle much branched, plant four feet high 
 
 Panicle slightly branched, plant not more than three feet 
 high .... 
 
 3. Panicle compact, rigid 
 Panicle spreading, not rigid 
 
 4. Root creeping .... 
 Root fibrous 
 
 5. Forets four or five, five-ribbed, plant procumbent . 
 Florets six or seven, nearly ribless, plant erect, or ascending 
 Panicle reflexed in fruit 
 
 6. 
 
 Panicle not reflexed in fruit 
 
 POA. 
 
 1. Florets webbed .... 
 Florets not webbed .... 
 
 2. Stems bulbous at base 
 Stems not bulbous at base 
 
 3. Culm much compressed, spikelets three or more flowered 
 Culm round, or but little compressed, spikelets three or 
 
 four-flowered . . . 
 
 4. Florets obscurely ribbed, panicle somewhat drooping 
 Florets five-ribbed, panicle not drooping 
 
 5. Ligules lanceolate .... 
 Ligules short and truncate . 
 
 6. Culm and sheath smooth, root creeping 
 Culm and sheath rough, root fibrous 
 
 Avenaceum. 
 
 . Borealii. 
 
 Ccerulea. 
 
 Crus-galli. 
 
 Verticillata. 
 Viridis. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Aquatica. 
 
 Fluitans 
 4 
 6 
 Maritima. 
 
 5 
 
 Procumlem 
 
 Rigida. 
 
 Distam. 
 
 Borreri. 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 Bullosa. 
 
 3 
 Compressa. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Laxa. 
 Nemoralis. 
 Pratensis. 
 . Trimalii. 
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 7. Ligules short and truncate, panicle somewhat drooping 
 Upper ligule oblong, acute, panicle not drooping 
 
 8. Stem spreading, procumbent at the base 
 Stem nearly erect 
 
 Ligule, a tuft of hairs 
 
 TEIODIA. 
 
 BRIZA. 
 
 G-lumes longer than the florets, ligule lanceolate 
 G-lumes shorter than the florets, ligule very short 
 
 Panicle secund 
 
 Spike ovate 
 Spike linear 
 
 DACTYLIS. 
 CYNOSTTBUS. 
 
 2. 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 1. 
 
 FESTPCA. 
 
 Glume one . . . 
 
 Glumes two . . . 
 
 Leaves auricled . . 
 
 Leaves not auricled . . ... 
 
 Florets monandrous, shorter than their awns 
 Florets triandrous, awnless, or as long as their awns 
 Culm leafy in its upper part . . 
 
 Culm leafless above 
 
 Raceme spiked .... 
 
 Panicle branched .... 
 Lower leaves setaceous or involute, pedicels naked 
 Leaves linear, pedicels tufts of hair at end 
 Culm square, not a foot high 
 Culm round .... 
 
 Florets awned or pointed, edge of inner valve glabrous 
 Florets awnless, edge of inner valve downy 
 Eoot fibrous ..... 
 Root creeping .... 
 
 Spikelets not more than five-flowered 
 Spikelets more than five-flowered 
 Panicle much branched, root creeping 
 Panicle not much branched, root fibrous 
 
 BROMTJS. 
 
 Stamens two 
 Stamens three 
 
 Nemoralis. 
 
 8 
 
 Annua. 
 . Alpina. 
 
 Decumbens. 
 
 Minor. 
 
 Media. 
 
 Glomerata. 
 
 Eehinatus. 
 Cristaim. 
 
 Uniglumis. 
 
 2 
 
 Bromus yiganteua. 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 . Myurus. 
 Bromoides. 
 Loliacea. 
 6 
 7 
 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 
 Ovina. 
 
 Vivipara. 
 
 Duriuscula. 
 
 Ruhr a, 
 
 Calamaria. 
 
 11 
 
 Diandrus. 
 Pratensis. 
 
 Diandrus. 
 2 
 
 2 H 
 
234 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 2. Leaves auricled, glabrous . . . Giganteus. 
 Leaves not auricled, mostly pubescent . . 3 
 
 3. Awn much longer than florets . . . .4 
 Awn not much longer than florets . . 5 
 
 4. Panicle erect in flower, awn twice as long as the florets Maximus. 
 Panicle drooping, awn not twice as long as the florets . Sterilis. 
 
 5. Florets pubescent . . . . .6 
 Florets glabrous ..... 8 
 
 6. Florets about eight, remote, and longer than the awn . Asper. 
 Florets nine or more, crowded, as long as the awn . 7 
 
 7. Leaves slightly hairy, panicle spreading . . Velutinus. 
 Leaves very pubescent, panicle erect, close . . Mollis. 
 
 8. Panicle drooping in fruit . . . .9 
 Panicle erect . . . . . 11 
 
 9. Spikelets lanceolate, awns straight . . Arven&is. 
 Spikelets ovate, awns not straight . . . 10 
 
 10. Awns remarkably spreading, leaves pubescent . Squarrosum. 
 Awns not spreading, leaves slightly hairy . . Secalinm. 
 
 11. Root leaves much narrower than the cauline . . Erectus. 
 Root leaves not narrower than the cauline . . Racemosus. 
 
 AVENA. 
 
 1. Spikelets drooping, florets not larger than the calyx . . 2 
 Spikelets erect, florets mostly longer than the calyx . 3 
 
 2. Florets terminated by two bristles . . . Strigosa. 
 Florets not terminated by two bristles . . . Fatua. 
 
 3. Glumes very urtequal .' F laves cms. 
 Glumes nearly equal . . . .4 
 
 4. Leaves downy, spikelets two or three-flowered . Pulescens. 
 Leaves not downy, spikelets more than three-flowered . 5 
 
 5. Lower leaves involute .... Pratensu. 
 Leaves flat ..... 6 
 
 6. Sheaths flat, lower part of culm two-edged . . Planiculmis. 
 Sheaths round, culm round .... Alpina. 
 
 AETTNDO. 
 
 Florets purplish, culm five feet high . . . Phragmites. 
 
 ELTMUS. 
 I Leaves flat, florets awned .... Europceus. 
 
 Leaves involute, florets awnless . . . .2 
 
 2. Spike drooping, glumes longer than the florets . Geniculatus. 
 
 Spike erect, glumes not longer than the florets . Arenarius. 
 
 HOBDETJM. 
 
 1. Glumes all setaceous 
 
 Prateme. 
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 235 
 
 Glumes not all setaceous . . . .2 
 
 2. Glumes of lateral florets setaceous, of central floret lanceolate Murinum. 
 Inner glumes of lateral floret not setaceous, the rest 
 
 setaceous ..... Maritimum. 
 
 TfiixicuM. 
 
 1. Spikelets unilateral . 
 Spikelets distichous 
 
 2. Glumes and florets obtuse, leaves involute 
 Glumes and florets awned or pointed, leaves flat 
 
 3. Glumes scarcely ribbed, spikelets crowded 
 Glumes ribbed, spikelets not crowded 
 
 4. Eoot fibrous 
 
 Eoot creeping .... 
 
 BBACHYPODITTM:. 
 
 Spike drooping, awns longer than the florets 
 Spike erect, awns shorter than the florets 
 
 LOLIUM. 
 
 1. Spikelets much longer than the calyx 
 Spikelets not longer than the calyx 
 
 2. Florets with long rigid awns . . 
 Florets with short soft awns 
 
 KOTTBOELLIA. 
 
 Glumes united .... 
 
 KNAPPIA. 
 Root fibrous, florets very hairy 
 
 SPABTINA. 
 
 Florets very hairy .... 
 Florets glabrous 
 
 CYNODON. 
 Florets glabrous, longer than the glumes 
 
 DIGITAEIA. 
 
 Leaves pubescent .... 
 Leaves glabrous 
 
 Dr. Parnell gives the following analysis: 
 
 ALOPECOKTJS. Stem rough 
 Stem smooth 
 
 Lotiaceum. 
 
 2 
 Junceum. 
 
 3 
 Cristatum. 
 
 4 
 
 Caninum. 
 . Repens. 
 
 Sylvaticum. 
 Pinnatum. 
 
 Perenne. 
 
 2 
 
 Temulentum. 
 , Arvense. 
 
 . Incurvata. 
 Agrostidea. 
 
 Stricta. 
 . Alterniflora. 
 
 Dactylon. 
 
 Sanguinalis. 
 Humifusa. 
 
 Agrestis. 
 
 1 
 
236 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 1. Upper leaf much shorter than its sheath 
 Upper leaf about equal in length to its sheath 
 
 2. Awn projecting more than half its length beyond floret 
 Awn projecting not more than a third beyond floret . 
 
 3. Awn projecting half its length beyond floret . 
 Awn not projecting beyond floret ... 
 
 PHLEITM. Glumes awned 
 
 Glumes acute, not awned ... 
 
 1. Awn not half the length of glume . . 
 Awn more than half the length of glume . . 
 
 2. Floret not half length of calyx . . 
 Floret more than half length of calyx . . 
 
 PHALABIS.' Base of floret with two membranous valves 
 
 Base of floret with two hairy valves . . 
 
 Alpinus. 
 
 Pratensis. 
 
 Oeniculatm. 
 
 . Fulwus. 
 
 . 
 
 Pratense. 
 
 Alpinum. 
 
 Arenarium 
 
 Michelii. 
 
 Canariensis. 
 Arundinacea. 
 
 . Glumes of middle spikelet fringed . . Murinum. 
 
 Glumes of middle spikelet not fringed 
 
 1. Inner glume of lateral spikelet very much dilated on one side Maritimum. 
 
 Glumes not dilated . . Pratense 
 
 AGEOSTIS. Ligule of upper sheath very short 
 
 ; Ligule of upper sheath long 
 1. Floret of two palese, sheaths roughish 
 Floret of one palea, sheaths smooth 
 
 CALAMAGBOSTIS. Hairs shorter than floret 
 Hairs longer than floret 
 
 MELICA. Calyx with one floret and rudiment of second 
 Calyx with two florets and rudiment of third . 
 
 MOLINIA. Outer palea five-ribbed 
 
 Outer palea three-ribbed . 
 
 HOLCUS. Awn of floret smooth 
 Awn of floret rough 
 
 AIEA. Awns not protruding beyond the florets . 
 
 Awns protruding considerably beyond the florets 
 
 1. Awn arising from little above base of palea 
 
 Awn arising from little above centre of outer palea 
 
 2. Sheath of leaf rough from above downwards 
 Sheath of leaf rough from below upwards 
 
 3. Panicle spreading 
 
 Panicle close .... 
 
 ATENA. Florets with two long bristles at summit 
 Florets without bristles at summit 
 
 . Vulgaris. 
 1 
 
 Alia. 
 Canina. 
 
 Stricta. 
 Epigejos. 
 
 . TIniflora. 
 Nit tans. 
 
 Depauperata. 
 Ccerulea. 
 
 . Lanatus. 
 Mollis. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Catxpitosa. 
 
 Alp ma. 
 
 . Flexuosa. 
 
 3 
 
 Caryophillea. 
 Praecox. 
 
 Strigosa. 
 Fatua. 
 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 237 
 
 CYNOSTJRUS. Outer palea terminating in a short awn, not half 
 
 length of palea .... Cristatus. 
 Outer palea terminating in a long awn as long as 
 
 the palea . . . EcUnatus. 
 
 POA. Florets webbed ... 1 
 
 Florets not webbed ... 4 
 
 1. Upper leaf much longer than sheath ... 2 
 Upper leaf about as long or longer than sheath . . 3 
 
 2. Ligule of upper sheath short and rounded . . Pratensis. 
 Ligule of upper sheath long and pointed . . Trivialis. 
 
 3. Ligule scarcely perceptible, outer palea five-ribbed . Nemoralis. 
 Ligule prominent, outer palea three-ribbed . . Compressa. 
 
 4. Florets hairy at base .... 5 
 Florets not hairy . . . . .12 
 
 5. Outer palea three-ribbed .... 6' 
 Outer palea five-ribbed . . . . .7 
 
 6. Panicle erect, upper leaf linear, folded . . . Alpina. 
 Panicle drooping, upper leaf lanceolate, flat . . . Laxa. 
 
 7. Upper joint situated above centre of stem . . 8 
 Upper joint situated below centre of stem . . < .9 
 
 8. Second sheath not reaching to first joint . . Polynoda. 
 Second sheath extending beyond first joint . . Montana. 
 
 9 Small glume reaching beyond base of third floret . 10 
 
 Small glume not reaching beyond base of second floret . 11 
 
 10. Rachis and branches rough .... Ccesia. 
 Rachis and branches smooth .... Annua. 
 
 11. Eachis and branches rough to touch .. . Distans. 
 Rachis and branches smooth to touch . f '. Maritima. 
 
 12. Glumes with a prominent lateral rib on each side . Procvmbens. 
 Glumes without lateral ribs . . . : . 13 
 
 13. Lower half of central rib of outer palea smooth . . 14 
 Central rib of outer palea rough the whole length . .15 
 
 14. Summit of upper glume reaching to base of third floret . Rigida. 
 Summit of upper glume reaching to base of fourth floret . Loliacea. 
 
 15. Outer palea three-ribbed .... Sylvatica. 
 Outer palea seven-ribbed . . . .16 
 
 16. Panicle compound, spikelets not a quarter of an inch in 
 
 length ..... Aquatica. 
 
 Panicle simple, spikelets an inch in length . . Fluitans. 
 
 BTTCETUM. Inflorescence racemed, approaching to a spike . Loliaceum. 
 
 Inflorescence panicled . . . . 1 
 
 1. Panicle simple ..... Pratense. 
 Panicle compound . . . . .2 
 
 2. Awn considerably shorter than palea . . . Elatius. 
 Awn considerably longer than palea . . Giganteum. 
 
238 
 
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. 
 
 BEOMUS. Large glume seven-ribbed ... 1 
 
 Large glume three-ribbed . . . .4 
 
 1. Summit of upper glume midway between its base and 
 
 summit of third floret .... 2 
 Summit of upper glume midway between its base and 
 
 summit of second floret . . . .3 
 
 2. Florets and glumes hairy .... Mollis. 
 Florets and glumes not hairy . . . Racemosus. 
 
 3. Twice width of outer palea considerably more than length 
 
 of palea . . - . . Secalinus. 
 
 Twice width of outer palea equal to length of palea . Arvensi*. 
 
 4. Awns of florets much longer than calyx . . 5 
 Awns of florets much shorter than calyx . . .6 
 
 5 Spikelets drooping, awns longer than the florets . . Sterilis. 
 Spikelets erect, awns equal in length to the florets . Diandrm. 
 
 6 Lower floret about one-third longer than the small glume . Erectus. 
 Lower floret about twice the length of the small glume . Asper. 
 
 TKISETTJM. Eadical leaves hairy ... 1 
 
 Eadical leaves not hairy . . . Pratense. 
 
 1. Ligule long and acute . . . . Pulescens. 
 
 Ligule very short and obtuse . . . Flavescens. 
 
 FESTUCA. Awns much longer than the florets . Eromoides. 
 
 Awns much shorter than the florets . . .1 
 
 1. Eoot fibrous, stem under the panicle rough . . Ovina. 
 
 Root creeping, stem under the panicle smooth . Duriuscula. 
 
 TRITICUM. Spikelets long, on short footstalks . . Sylvaticum. 
 
 Spikelets short, without footstalks . . .1 
 
 1. Stem rough ..... Cristatum. 
 Stem smooth . . . . . .2 
 
 2. Awns rather longer than the florets . . . Caninum. 
 Awns very short, or wanting . . . .3 
 
 3. Rachis rough ..... Repem. 
 Rachis smooth .... Junceum. 
 
 LOLITJM. Florets awned, glume longer than the spikelet . Temulentum. 
 
 Florets not awned, glume shorter than the spikelet . Perenne- 
 
239 
 
 INDEX 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAtlK 
 
 Acorus calamus . 
 
 . 91 
 
 Agrostis sylvatica 
 
 59, 60 
 
 .vEgilops incurvata 
 
 209 
 
 tenuifolia 
 
 55 
 
 Agropyrum caninum . 
 
 . 197 
 
 tenuis 
 
 61 
 
 junceum 
 
 193 
 
 triaristata . 
 
 45 
 
 repens 
 
 . 195 
 
 ventricosa 
 
 39 
 
 Agrostis alba. Linnceus 
 
 58, 59 
 
 vinealis 
 
 55 
 
 var. palustris 
 
 60 
 
 vulgaris. Withering 
 
 58, 61 
 
 var. stolonifera . 
 
 60 
 
 var. cristata 
 
 62 
 
 alpina 
 
 . 57 
 
 var. pumila . 
 
 62 
 
 australis 
 
 39 
 
 Aira alpina. Linnceus 
 
 68, 69 
 
 canina. Linnceus 55, 
 
 58, 61 
 
 var. vivipara 
 
 . 70 
 
 var. 
 
 . 57 
 
 aquatic a 
 
 65 
 
 capillaris 
 
 59, 61 
 
 var. 
 
 . 105 
 
 compressa 
 
 59, 60 
 
 canescens. Linnceus 
 
 75 
 
 fascicularis . 
 
 55 
 
 caryophyllea. Linnceus 
 
 71, 73, 
 
 hispida . 
 
 . 61 
 
 
 77 
 
 interrupta . 
 
 225 
 
 caerulea 
 
 79 
 
 linearis . 
 
 . 217 
 
 csespitosa. Linnceus 
 
 67, 68 
 
 littoralis 
 
 47 
 
 var. brevifolia . 
 
 68 
 
 minima . 
 
 . 221 
 
 var. longiaristata . 
 
 68 
 
 mutabilis 
 
 57, 59 
 
 var. vivipara 
 
 68 
 
 palustris . 
 
 . 59 
 
 cristata . 
 
 . 93 
 
 panicea 
 
 45 
 
 flexuosa. Linnceus 68, 
 
 69, 73 
 
 polymorpha 
 
 59, 61 
 
 var. montana 
 
 . 74 
 
 pumila 
 
 61 
 
 laevigata 
 
 69 
 
 rubra 
 
 39 
 
 montana . 
 
 . 73 
 
 setacea. Curtis . 
 
 57 
 
 praecox. Linnceus 
 
 77 
 
 stricta 
 
 55 
 
 scabro- setacea . 
 
 . 73 
 
 spica-venti. Linnceus . 
 
 63 
 
 setacea 
 
 73 
 
 stolonifera 
 
 59, 61 
 
 Airochloa cristata 
 
 . 93 
 
 stolonifera-latifolia 
 
 59 
 
 Alopecuros genuina 
 
 37 
 

 240 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Alopecuros spica-rotundiore . 37 
 
 Alopecurus agrestis. Linnaus 8, 11, 
 
 13, 14 
 
 alpinus. Smith 8, 9, 18, 28 
 bulbosus. Linnceus . 13, 25 
 fulvus. Smith 8, 12, 14, 15, 18 
 geniculatus. Linnceus 8, 12, 14, 
 15, 17, 18 
 
 var. ... .15 
 maxima anglica . . 45 
 
 myosuroides . . . 11 
 ovatus ... 9 
 
 paniceus . . . 17, 45 
 pratensis. Linnceus 7, 12, 14, 
 
 18 
 ventricosus . . 39 
 
 Ammophila evenaria . . .23 
 arundinacea. Host . 23 
 
 Anemagrostis spica-venti . . 63 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum. Linnceus 
 
 3, 92 
 
 Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Beauvois 
 
 89 
 
 var. . . . ' 89 
 
 bulbosum . . .89 
 elatior . . . 89 
 
 pallens .... 90 
 
 A r undo arenaria . . . 23 
 
 aristatus .... 45 
 calamagrostis . . 49, 51 
 colorata . . . 21 
 
 epigejos . . . 49, 51 
 neglecta . . . .53 
 monspeliensis . . 45 
 
 palustris . . . .223 
 phragmitis . . . 223 
 stricta . . , .53 
 vallatoria . . , . 223 
 vulgaris .... 223 
 
 A vena alpiua . . . . 177 
 bromoides . . .177 
 caryophyllea . . 71 
 
 elatior . . . .89 
 fatua. Linnceus . 175, 181 
 flaveacens. Linnceus 175, 183 
 
 Avena nodosa 
 
 pratensis. Linnceus 
 var. latifolium 
 var. longifolium 
 
 PAGE 
 
 89 
 
 175, 177 
 
 . 178 
 
 178 
 
 planiculmis . 175, 177, 225 
 precatoria ... 89 
 
 pubescens. Linnceus 175, 179 
 sativa . . . 181, 182 
 sesquitertia . . .179 
 strigosa. Schreler 175, 181, 
 
 182 
 Brachypodium pinnatum. Beauvois 
 
 201 
 
 var. caespitosum . 202 
 var. eompositum . . 202 
 var. gracile . . 202 
 var. hirsutum . .202 
 var. hispidum . 202 
 
 var. sylvaticum. Beauvois 
 
 199 
 
 Briza aspera . . . .137 
 maxima . . . 37 
 
 media. Linnceus . .135 
 Bromus agrestis . . . 157 
 arvensis. Koch . .167 
 asper. Linnceus . . 159 
 ciliatus . . . .171 
 commutatus. Schrader 1 65 
 diandrus. Curtis . .171 
 erectus. Hudson . . 157 
 var. hirsutus . . 158 
 giganteus . . . 147 
 glomeratus . . .138 
 gracilis . . . 199 
 grandiflorus . . .161 
 gynandrus . . . 171 
 hirsutus . . . .159 
 hordeaceus . . . 169 
 littoreus . . . .145 
 madritensis . . . 171 
 maximus. Desfontaines . 173 
 montanus . . . 159 
 mollis. Linnceus . .169 
 muralis . . . 171 
 multiflorus . 163 
 
INDEX. 
 
 241 
 
 Bromus nemoralis . 
 
 nemorosus 
 
 nanus . 
 
 patulus . 
 
 perennis 
 
 pinnatus . 
 
 polymorplius 
 
 racemosus 
 
 ramosus 
 
 rigidus . 
 
 secalinus. Smith 
 var. velutinua 
 var. vulgaris 
 
 squarrosus 
 
 sylvaticus 
 
 sterilis. Linnceus 
 
 triflorus . 
 
 velutinus 
 
 vitiosus . 
 Bucetum elatius 
 
 giganteum 
 
 loliaceum 
 
 pratense . 
 Calamagrostis arenaria . 
 
 eligegos. Both 49, 
 
 lanceolata. Roth 
 
 lapponica 
 
 stricta. Nuttall 
 Catabrosa aquatica. Beauvois 
 
 var. littoralis 
 Catapodium unilaterale . 
 Chamagrostis minima 
 Chilochoa boehmeri 
 Corynephorus canescens 
 Cynodon dactylon. Persoon 
 Cynosurus cseruleus . 
 
 cristatus. Linnaeus 
 
 echinatus. Linnaus 
 
 paniceus . 
 Dactylis cynosuroides 
 
 glomerata. Linnaeus 
 
 stricta 
 
 Danthonia decumbens 
 Deschampsia caespitosa 
 Digitaria filiformis 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 159 
 
 Digitaria humifusa. P&rsoon 
 
 . 221 
 
 . 159 
 
 sanguinalis. Scopoli 
 
 219 
 
 169 
 
 stolonifera 
 
 . 217 
 
 . 225 
 
 Ecb.inocb.loa crus-galli 
 
 97 
 
 157 
 
 Elymus arenarius 
 
 . 226 
 
 . 120 
 
 caninus 
 
 197 
 
 163, 169 
 
 europeus . 
 
 . 185 
 
 . 225 
 
 geniculatus . 
 
 226 
 
 159 
 
 Fustuca arundinacea . 
 
 . 145 
 
 . 171 
 
 bromoides. Linnaeus 
 
 153 
 
 163 
 
 var. nana 
 
 . 154 
 
 . 164 
 
 var. pseudo-myurus 
 
 154 
 
 164 
 
 calamaria 
 
 . 151 
 
 . 225 
 
 cassia . 
 
 155 
 
 199 
 
 decumbens 
 
 . 133 
 
 161, 173 
 
 distans 
 
 105 
 
 . 147 
 
 dumetorum 
 
 . 155 
 
 163 
 
 elatior. Linnceus 
 
 143, 145 
 
 . 163 
 
 var. variegatum . 
 
 . 146 
 
 145 
 
 fluitans 
 
 107 
 
 . 147 
 
 var. . .;'. 
 
 . 143 
 
 143 
 
 gigantea. Villars 
 
 147 
 
 . 143 
 
 gracilis . 
 
 . 199 
 
 23 
 
 beteropbylla 
 
 155 
 
 51, 52, 53 
 
 hirsuta 
 
 . 155 
 
 . 49, 51 
 
 loliacea 
 
 143 
 
 52 
 
 madritensis 
 
 . 171 
 
 49, 50, 53 
 
 myurus 
 
 153 
 
 is 65 
 
 nemorum 
 
 . 155 
 
 . 66 
 
 ovina. Linnceus . 
 
 155 
 
 117 
 
 var. angustifolia . 
 
 . 156 
 
 . 211 
 
 var. arenaria . 
 
 156 
 
 33 
 
 var. csesia 
 
 . 156 
 
 . 75 
 
 var. duriuscula . 
 
 156 
 
 217 
 
 var. filiformis 
 
 . 156 
 
 95 
 
 var. humilis 
 
 156 
 
 139 
 
 var. hirsuta . 
 
 . 156 
 
 139, 141 
 
 var. rubra 
 
 156 
 
 45 
 
 var. vivipara 
 
 154, 155 
 
 213 
 
 pratensis. Hudson 
 
 108, 143 
 
 133, 134 
 
 pseudo-myurus 
 
 . 153 
 
 . 213 
 
 pinnata . . 
 
 201 
 
 131 
 
 rigida 
 
 . 113 
 
 . 67 
 
 rubra . 
 
 155 
 
 221 
 
 sciuroides 
 
 . 153 
 
 2 I 
 
 
242 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAtiti 
 
 Festuca sylvatica. Villars 151, 199 
 
 thalassia . . .109 
 
 triflora . . . 147 
 
 tenuifolia . . .155 
 
 uniglumis. Solander . 149 
 
 vivipara . . . .155 
 
 Gastridium australe . . 39 
 
 lendigerum. Beauvois 39, 40 
 
 Gram en alopecuroides-majus . 7 
 
 arundinaceum . . 63 
 
 asperum . . . 131 
 
 bulbosum-nodosum . . 89 
 
 caninum-nodosum . 89 
 
 cristatum . . .139 
 
 fluviatile . . . 107 
 
 geniculatum . . .99 
 
 junceurn ... 75 
 
 miliaceum . . .41 
 
 miliaceum- vulgare . 4 1 
 
 minima . . . .211 
 
 segetale . . . _ 67 
 
 secalinum . . .187 
 
 typhinum-minus . . 25 
 
 typhoides-minus . . 25 
 
 Glyceria aquatica . . . 103 
 
 distans . . . .105 
 
 fluitans . . . 107 
 
 maritima . . . .109 
 
 pedicellata . . . 107 
 
 plicata . . . .107 
 
 procumbens . . Ill 
 rigida .... 113 
 
 Hierochlce borealis. JRcemer . 91 
 
 odorata . . . .91 
 
 Holcus avenaceus ... 89 
 
 borealis . . . 9l| 
 
 lanatus. Linnaus , 89 
 
 mollis. Linntzus . 85, 88 
 
 var. biaristatus . 86 
 
 var. parviflorus . . 86 
 
 odoratus . . . 91 
 
 Hordeum geniculatum . .191 
 
 marinum . . . 191 
 
 maritimum. Withering 187, 191 
 
 murinum. Linnceus 189 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hordeum iiodosum . . .187 
 
 pratense. Hudson . 187 
 
 rigidum . . . .191 
 
 spurium . . . 189 
 
 secalinum . . .187 
 
 sylvaticurn. Hudson . 185 
 
 Hydrochloa aquatica . . .103 
 
 Ischcemon vulgare . . . 219 
 
 Koeleria cristata. Per soon . 93 
 
 Knappia agrostidea. Smith . 211 
 
 Lagurus ovatus. LinncEus . . 37 
 
 Leersia oryzoides . . . 225 
 
 Lepturus filiforrais . . .209 
 
 incurvatus. Trinius . 209 
 
 var. filiformia . .210 
 
 Lolium album . . . 207 
 
 arvense .... 207 
 
 bromoides . . . 149 
 
 italicum .... 205 
 
 multiflorum. Lowe . 205 
 
 var. ramosum . . 205 
 
 var. submuticum . 205 
 
 perenne. Linnaeus . . 203 
 
 var. angustifolium . 204 
 
 var. italicum . .205 
 
 var. racemosum . 204 
 
 var. tenue . . . 204 
 
 rubrum . . . 203 
 
 tenue .... 203 
 
 temulentum. Linnceus 203 
 
 var. longiaristatum . 208 
 
 verum .... 207 
 
 Melica alpina . . . .79 
 
 cserulea . . . 79 
 
 decumbens . . .131 
 
 lobelii .... 83 
 
 montana . . . .81 
 
 nutans. Linnaus 81, 83, 84 
 
 uniflora Linnceus . 82, 83 
 
 Milium effusum. Linnaus . 41 
 
 lendigerum . . .39 
 
 Mibora verna . . 211 
 
 Molinia cserulea. Mcench . . 79 
 
 var. breviramosa . 80 
 
 var. depauperata . . 80 
 
INDEX. 
 
 243 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Molinia depauperata . . 79 
 
 Nardus stricta. Linnceus . 5, 62 
 
 Ophiurus incurvatus . . 209 
 
 Oplismenus crus-galli . . 97 
 
 Panicum crus-galli. Linnceus 97, 101 
 
 dactylon . . . .217 
 
 glabrum . . . 221 
 
 humifusum . . .221 
 
 sanguinale . . 219, 221 
 
 verticillatum ... 99 
 
 viride . . . 101 
 
 vulgare . . . .97 
 
 Pennisetum verticillatum . 99 
 
 Phalaris alpina . . . .31 
 
 arenaria . . . 21, 35 
 
 arundinacea. Linnaeus . 21 
 
 aspera . . . 29 
 
 canariensis. Linnceus . 19 
 
 paniculata ... 29 
 
 phleoides ... 33 
 
 var. . . . . 21 
 
 Phi cum alpinum. Linnceus . 27 
 
 arenarium. Linnceus 21, 26, 
 
 31, 34, 35, 36 
 
 asperum. Jacquin . 29, 34 
 boehmeri. Sckrader 31, 33 
 crinituni . . .45 
 
 commutatum . . 27 
 
 michelii. Allioni 26, 31, 34, 
 
 36 
 
 nodosum. ... 25 
 
 paniculatum . . .29 
 pratense. Linmcus 25, 26, 31, 
 34, 36 
 
 var. lougiciliatum. . 26 
 
 var. longiaristatum . 26 
 
 viride . . . .29 
 
 Phragmites communis. Trinius 223 
 
 Poa aquatica. Linnceus . . 103 
 
 annua. Linnceus 106, 129, 130 
 
 alpina. Linnceus 125, 126 
 
 angustifolia . . 115, 127 
 
 bulbosa. Linnceus , .123 
 
 balfourii ... 127 
 
 borreri 225 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Poa cristata . . . . 93 
 
 compressa. Linnceus . 119 
 caesia .... 125 
 distans. Linnceus . .105 
 var. minor . . 106 
 var. obttisa . . 106, 110 
 dulcis .... 65 
 
 dubia .... 121 
 decumbens . . . 131 
 fluitans. Scopoli . .107 
 glauca . . . 127 
 
 glomerata . . .125 
 loliacea. Hudson 114, 117, 118 
 laxa . . .126, 225 
 maritima. Hudson 106, 109, 
 
 110 
 
 montana . . . 127, 128 
 
 nemoralis. Linnceus 127, 128 
 
 var. angustifolia . . 128 
 
 nutans . . . 81 
 
 pratensis. Linnceus 106, 115, 
 
 127, 128, 130 
 
 var. arida . . .116 
 var. arenaria . . 116 
 var. muralis . . .116 
 var. planiculmis . 116 
 var. retroflexa . .116 
 var. umbrosa . . 116 
 proctimbens. Curtis 106, 110, 
 
 UJ 
 
 polynoda .1 . 119, 128 
 
 parnelli . . . . 127 
 retroflexa . . -. 105 
 rigida. Linnceus 113, 114, 11s 
 rupestris , . . . Ill 
 salina . . . .105 
 sylvatica . . . 151 
 subcompressa . . .119 
 scabra . . . 121 
 
 setacea . . . .121 
 subcserulea . . . 115 
 trivialis. Linnceus 106, 121, 
 
 128 
 
 var. parviflora . . 122 
 trinevata . . . .151 
 
244 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Polypogon littoralis. 
 monspeliensis. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Smith . 47 
 
 Desfontaines 
 
 45, 48 
 209 
 145 
 
 Eottbcellia incurvata 
 
 Schedonorus elatior . 
 
 sylvaticus . . . 151 
 
 Sclerochloa distans . . .105 
 
 loliacea . . . - 117 
 
 maritima . . . 109 
 
 procumbens . . . Ill 
 
 rigida . . . . 113 
 
 Serrafalcus arvensis . . 167 
 
 commutatus . . .165 
 
 mollis . . . . 169 
 
 secalinus . . . .163 
 
 Sesleria caerulea. Scopoli . 95 
 
 Setaria glauca. Beauvois . .102 
 verticillata. Beauvois 99, 102 
 
 viridis. Beauvois . 100, 101 
 
 Spartina alterniflora. Loisel 215 
 
 glabra . ' . . . 215 
 
 loevigata . . . 215 
 
 stricta. Smith . .213 
 
 Spartum anglicanum . . 23 
 
 austriacum . . .43 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Stipa pennata. Linnceus . 37, 43 
 
 membranacea . . .149 
 
 Sturmia minima . . . 211 
 
 Syntherisma glabrum . .221 
 
 vulgare . . . 219 
 
 Tracbynotia alternifolia . .215 
 
 Trichodium caninum . . 55 
 
 Triodia decumbens. Beauvois . 131 
 
 Trisetum flavescens . . 183 
 
 Triticum alpinum . . .197 
 
 biflorum . . . 197 
 
 caninum. Hudson 196, 197 
 
 cristatum . . . 226 
 
 junceum. Linnaus 193, 195 
 
 laxum .... 226 
 
 loliaceum . . .117 
 
 pinnatum . . . 201 
 
 littorale . . . .195 
 
 repens. Smith . . 195 
 
 var. aristatum . .196 
 
 sylvaticum . . . 199 
 
 unilaterale . . .117 
 
 Yulpia bromoides . . . 153 
 
 uniglumis . . .14? 
 
245 
 
 LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Abbot. 
 
 Hoenke. 
 
 Pur ton. 
 
 Alton. 
 
 Hoffmann. 
 
 Ealfs. 
 
 Allioni. 
 Arduino. 
 
 Hooker. 
 Hudson. 
 
 Ray. 
 Keichenbach 
 
 Arnott. 
 
 Hull. 
 
 Relhan. 
 
 Babington. 
 Bauhin. 
 
 Jacquin. 
 Jussieu. 
 
 Retzius. 
 Roemer. 
 
 Beauvois. 
 Boehmer. 
 
 Knapp. 
 Koch. 
 
 Roth. 
 Rudbeck. 
 
 Borrer. 
 Brown. 
 
 Koeler. * 
 Kunth. 
 
 Salisbury. 
 Scheuchzer. 
 
 Braun. 
 
 Leers. 
 
 Schrader. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Gamer arius. 
 Cavanilles. 
 Cullum. 
 Curtis. 
 
 Leysser. 
 Lightfoot. 
 Lindley. 
 Link. 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Schreber. 
 Schultes. 
 Scopoli. 
 Sibthorp. 
 Sesler. 
 
 Dalechamps. 
 Davies. 
 
 Loefling. 
 Lobel. 
 
 Sidebotham. 
 Sinclair. 
 
 Deakin. 
 
 Loisel. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 De Candolle. 
 
 Lowe. 
 
 Solander. 
 
 Deering. 
 Desfontaines. 
 Dickson. 
 
 Macreight. 
 Mant. 
 Marschall 
 
 Sowerby. 
 Stillingfleet. 
 Sturm. 
 
 Dillenius. 
 Dillwyn. 
 Don. 
 Dryander. 
 Dunal. 
 
 Martyn. 
 Matthiolus. 
 Mitten. 
 Moench. 
 Morison. 
 
 Thuill. 
 Towns. 
 Turpin. 
 Yahl. 
 Villars. 
 
 Dumort. 
 
 Muhlemb. 
 
 Wade. 
 
 Ehrhart. 
 Fries. 
 
 Nees. 
 Nuttall. 
 
 Wahlenberg. 
 Watson. 
 
 Gaudin. 
 
 Oeder. 
 
 Weber. 
 
 Gaudichaud. 
 Gerarde. 
 Gesner. 
 
 Parlatore. 
 Parnell. 
 Persoon. 
 
 Weigel. 
 Wiggers. 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Godron 
 
 Petiver. 
 
 Wilson. 
 
 Gouan. 
 
 Plukenet. 
 
 Winch. 
 
 Graves. 
 Greville. 
 
 Poiteau. 
 Pollich. 
 
 Withering. 
 Woods. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Pourret. 
 
 Wulfen. 
 
 Holler. 
 
 
 
P. fAwcETT, 
 AVER^ AND PRINTER, 
 
- , - - 
 
 V 
 
 YE 2129;