. 
 
 *.:- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 C, H. Jones 
 
 AMBROSl A 
 
 MB- 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FLORA 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA 
 
 BY 
 
 NATHANIEL LORD BR1TTON, PH.D. 
 
 Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden 
 Emeritus Prof essor of Botany in Columbia University 
 
 THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 
 1907 
 
HHH 
 
 Copyright, 1901, 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY HOLT & CO. 
 
U 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE object of this Manual is to present descriptions of the wild 
 fern-plants and seed-plants of northeastern North America in the light 
 of our present understanding of them and of their interrelationships, 
 accompanied by citations of their known natural distribution, their 
 habitats, and their periods of flowering. 
 
 The area embraced in this study extends from Newfoundland and 
 Labrador to Manitoba, the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky 
 and Kansas, and the western boundary of Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 The work is based largely on the text of the " Illustrated Flora " 
 prepared jointly by the author and Judge Addison Brown, published 
 by Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1896 to 1898, in three volumes, which 
 contain, in addition to the more lengthy descriptions than are possible 
 in this book, owing to the necessity of issuing it in one volume of 
 convenient size, illustrations of the species described, 4,162 in all. 
 In order to afford ready reference by those using this Manual to figures 
 of the plants, those of the "Illustrated Flora" are here cited by 
 number at the beginning of each description [I. F. fig. 2042]. 
 
 During the time which has elapsed since the publication of " Illus- 
 trated Flora" a number of additional species have been made known 
 within the area included in both works, and descriptions of these have 
 been incorporated into this Manual in so far as they are understood 
 by me. 
 
 In order to meet present requirements in a text book and to bring 
 our botany into closer relationship with procedure in other natural 
 sciences, all measurements are given in the metric system. For the 
 convenience of those not yet wholly familiar with this system the fol- 
 lowing table of approximate equivalents will be useful : 
 
 METRIC. ENGLISH. 
 
 millimetre (mm.) one-half line 
 
 centimetre (cm.) two-fifths inch 
 
 decimetre (dm.) four inches (3.94) 
 
 metre (m. ) 3 feet 3.37 inches 
 
 ENGLISH. METRIC. 
 
 line 2 millimetres 
 
 inch 2.5 centimetres 
 
 foot 3 decimetres 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 The arrangement of orders and families adopted is essentially that 
 of Engler & Prantl's " Natlirlichen Pflanzenfamilien," Berlin, 1890- 
 1901, an arrangement which seeks to bring out something of the de- 
 velopmental relationships of the groups by proceeding from the more 
 simple to the more complex. Order and family are not here regarded 
 as synonymous terms, but are used, as by zoologists, in the sense of the 
 former being composed of the latter ; thus the order Liliales is com- 
 posed in our territory of the families Juncaceae, Melanthaceae, Lilia- 
 ceae, Convallariaceae, Smilaceae, Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, 
 Dioscoreaceae, and Iridaceae. 
 
 In the scientific nomenclature the principles adopted by the botan- 
 ists of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at 
 a meeting held in Rochester, N. Y., in 1892, and in Madison, Wis. , 
 in 1893, supplementary to the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the 
 International Congress of Botanists held in Paris, France, in 1867, 
 have been followed ; these principles are essentially the same as those 
 followed by American zoologists. An English name has also been 
 associated with each species, accepted either from popular usage 
 or chosen in reference to some more or less distinctive feature of the 
 plant. 
 
 Keys formed by the grouping of contrasting features have been 
 prefixed to the descriptions of species, genera and families, and a 
 general key to the orders follows this preface. 
 
 The collections on which the descriptions are based are nearly all 
 at the New York Botanical Garden. 
 
 I take much pleasure in acknowledging important assistance in the 
 preparation of the work by my associates, Prof. L. M. Underwoodj 
 Dr. John K. Sma'l, Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Mr. G. V. Nash, and Mr % 
 E. P. Bicknell. 
 
 N. L. B. 
 
 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 
 
 August 24, 1901. 
 L 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 THE second edition of this Manual has been revised by the correc- 
 tion of the stereotyped plates, where practicable, and by the insertion 
 of descriptions of over one hundred additional species in the Appendix, 
 in order to attempt to present the greater part of the results reached 
 by students of our flora during the past three years. A large number 
 of synonyms have been added in the text, in order to make the book 
 more readily comparable with previously published works of a similar 
 character. To facilitate the more rapid determination of genera and 
 species, artificial keys to the families, prepared by Dr. Karl M. Wie- 
 gand of Cornell University, have been added to the preliminary matter, 
 and an artificial key to the genera of Composites, also written by him, 
 has been inserted immediately before the Appendix. 
 
 In order to bring the species described in the Appendix into con- 
 sideration more readily, the words "See Appendix" have been added 
 after the generic name whenever a species is there described. 
 
 N. L. B. 
 
 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, November, 1904. 
 
 NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 AN Analytical Key to the Genera of the Grasses, prepared by Dr. 
 Karl M. Wiegand, has been added to this edition. 
 
 N. L. B. 
 February, 1907. 
 
Td 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAG* 
 
 GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS vii 
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS xi 
 
 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS CONTAINING 
 
 DIOECIOUS SPECIES xxii 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE FLORA 1-1036 
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE COMPOSITE.... 1037 
 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY GRA- 
 
 MINEjE IO45 
 
 APPENDIX 1055 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS 1095 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS 1103 
 
 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 1107 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES 1115 
 
 vi 
 
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS, 
 
 Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. 
 
 Spores developing into flat or irregular prothallia which bear the repro- 
 ductive organs (antheridia and archegonia); flowers and seeds none. 
 
 Sporanges (spore-cases) borne on the back of a leaf, or in spikes or panicles. 
 
 Order i. FILICALES i 
 
 Sporanges contained in sporocarps. Order 2. SALVINIALES. . . 19 
 
 Sporanges clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike; stems 
 
 jointed, rush-like. Order 3. EQUISETALES. . . 21 
 
 Sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. 
 
 Order 4. LYCOPODIALES.. 23 
 
 Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA 30 
 
 Microspores (pollen-grains) developing into a tubular prothallium (pollen- 
 tube); macrospores (embryo-sac) developing into a minute prothallium, and, 
 together with it, remaining enclosed in the macrosporange (ovule) which 
 ripens into a seed; flowering plants. 
 
 1. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Class i. GYMNOSPERMAE. 30 
 
 2. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE... 38 
 
 * Embryo with i cotyledon ; stem with no distinction into pith, wood and 
 bark ; leaves mostly parallel- veined. Subclass i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. . 38 
 
 f CARPELS i OR MORE DISTINCT (united, at least partially in family Scheuch- 
 zeriaceae of the order Naiadales, in which they are mostly united until matu- 
 rity, and in family Vallisneriaceae, also of the Naiadales, which are aquatic 
 herbs with imperfect flowers); parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number. 
 
 Inflorescence various, not a true spadix. 
 
 Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales ; our species aquatic or marsh 
 plants. 
 
 Endosperm mealy or fleshy; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales; flowers 
 
 monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order i. PANDANALES.. . 38 
 
 Endosperm none, or very little ; perianth corolla-like or herbaceous, or 
 
 none. Order 2, NAIADALES 40 
 
 Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, arranged in spikes or spikelets. 
 
 Orders. GRAMINALES.. 61 
 
 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe; or plants minute, floating 
 free, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. 
 
 Order 6. A RALES 228 
 
 ff CARPELS UNITED INTO A COMPOUND OVARY ; parts of the usually com- 
 plete flowers mostly in 3's Or 6's. 
 
 Seeds with endosperm. . ... 
 
 Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina). 
 
 Endosperm mealy: ovary superior. Order 7. XYRIDALES. . . . 235 
 
 Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior. 
 
 Order 8. LILIALES 244 
 
 Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior. Order 9. SCITAMINALES. 288 
 
 Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute; ovary inferior. 
 
 Order 10. ORCHIDALES. . 288 
 
viii GENERAL KEY TO l^HE ORDERS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ** Embryo normally with 2 cotyledons; stems differentiated into pith, 
 wood and bark; leaves mostly net-veined. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 306 
 
 f PETALS DISTINCT TO THE BASE, OR WANTING (the two lower petals more 
 or less united in family Papilionaceae; two inner petals or all four of them 
 coherent in family Fumariaceae; three petals united with each other in family 
 Polygalaceae ; five petals sometimes slightly united in Oxalis, and in the 
 family Ilicaceae). Series I. Choripetalae. 306 
 
 \ Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyl- 
 laceae, which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with 
 endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts) (Juglans). 
 
 Calyx none (except in the family Juglandaceae, trees with odd-pinnate leaves). 
 Marsh herbs with small perfect flowers, in nodding spikes in our species. 
 
 Order 2. PIPERALES 307 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. 
 Leaves simple. 
 
 Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. 
 
 Order 3. SALICALES 307 
 
 Fruit i-seeded. 
 
 Stigmas 2 ; ovule orthotropous ; endosperm none 
 
 Order 4. MYRICALES 320 
 
 Style stigmatic above ; ovule amphitropous ; endosperm thin. 
 
 Order 5. LEITNERIALES 321 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. 
 
 Order 7. JUGLANDALES 322 
 
 Calyx present. 
 
 Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 8. FAG^LES 326 
 
 Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus) ; but variously clustered, 
 or rarely solitary. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes per feet in Ulmus) ; 
 
 ovary superior, i-celled. Order 9. URTCALES 337 
 
 Flowers dioecious or perfect ; ovary inferior, at least in part. 
 
 Ovary i-celled. Order n. SANTAL^ES 344 
 
 Ovary several-celled (usually 6-celled flowers perfect). 
 
 Order 12. ARISTOLOCHIALES. 346 
 
 Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species c/i Rumex 
 in the family Polygonaceae ; monoecious or dioecious in som^ Chenopo- 
 diaceae and Amaranthaceae) ; ovary superior. 
 
 Embryo straight or nearly so ; fruit an achene. 
 
 Order 13. POLYGONALES 350 
 
 Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not an achene. 
 
 Order 14. CHENOPODIALES. . 367 
 
 |J Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled 
 dissected leaves; in many Ranunculaceae; in Calycocarpum, a- dioecious vine 
 of the Menispermaceae; in Lauraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic trees and 
 shrubs; in Podostemaceae, aquatic herbs with the simple flowers irvolucrate; 
 in Liquidambar, a tree of the Hamamelidaceae with palmately lobed leaves 
 and capitate flowers; in Sanguisorba, pinnate-leaved herbs of the Rosaceae; in 
 Xanthoxylum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae; in Euphorbiaceae; in 
 Callitrichaceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and 
 Rhamnaceae; in Thymeleaceae, Elaeagnaceae and in some species of Lud- 
 wigia in Onagraceae; in Hippuris and Froserpinaca of the Haloragidaceae, 
 and in Nyssa of the Cornaceae). 
 
 A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifja- 
 gaceae, in Hydrangeaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pomaceae, and 
 Loasaceae). 
 
 Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) ; sta- 
 mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly 
 
 distinct. Order 15. RANALES 403 
 
 Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals 
 mostly distinct. 
 
 Plants not insectivorous. Order 16. PAPAVERALES. . . 437 
 
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 13t 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scaposc 
 
 flowers. Order 17. SARRACENIALES. 469 
 
 Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly 
 perigynous or epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave 
 
 receptacle (hypanthium). Order 18. RQSALES. . 471 
 
 Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct (united more or 
 less in some Rhamnaceae). 
 
 Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the petals. 
 
 Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer and opposite them, or more 
 numerous. 
 
 Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. 
 
 Order 19. GERANIALES 573 
 
 Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from tie axis of the ovary, or 
 
 erect, or ascending. Order 20. SAPINDALES 597 
 
 Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the 
 petals when these are present; ovules erect. 
 
 Order 21. RHAMNALES. . . . 611 
 
 Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elati- 
 naceae, Violaceae and Passifloraceae); disc inconspicuous, or none. 
 
 Sepals valvate; placentas united in the axis of the capsule. 
 
 Order 22. MALVALES 616 
 
 Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasa- 
 ceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary; placentae 
 mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. 
 
 Order 23. PARIETALES 623 
 
 B Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, U'holly or in part (except in Lythraceae and 
 our Melastotnaceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae 
 and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees with no corolla). 
 
 Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves very small or none in our 
 genera; calyx-segments and petals very numerous. 
 
 Order 24. OPUNTIALES 642 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments rarely more than 5. 
 
 Petals none in our species; ovary i-ovuled. Order 25. THYMELEALES... 645 
 -Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, small aquatic herbs). 
 
 Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Halo- 
 ragidaceae and Trapaceae, aquatic herbs). 
 
 Order 26. MYRTALES 647 
 
 Ovule i in each cavity of the ovary. Order 27. UMBELLALES 667 
 
 ft PETALS MORE OR LESS UNITED (nearly or quite separate in Clethraceae, 
 Pyrolaceae. some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, 
 Oleaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Galax of the Diapensiaceae). 
 
 Series 2. Gamopetalae... 691 
 
 \ Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is 
 partly or wholly inferior). 
 
 Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of 
 the corolla in Diapensia and Pyxidanthera of the Diapesiaceae), as many as the 
 
 lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Order i. ERICALES 691 
 
 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as 
 many, or more. 
 
 Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES... . 713 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Or.Jer 3. EBENALES 720 
 
 Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with 
 them (in our species of Fraxinus and Adelia of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). 
 Corolla not scarious, nerved. 
 
 Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and 
 Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound with 2 cavities or rarely 
 more, or with i cavity and 2 placenta? ; flowers regular ; stamens mostly 
 adnate to only the lower part of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Order 4. GENTIANALES... 723 
 
 Ovary i, compound (2-divided in Dichondra of the Convolvulaceae ; in 
 Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style): flow- 
 ers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the co- 
 rolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate. 
 
 Order 5. POLEMONIALES.. 749 
 Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. PLANTAGINALES. 856 
 
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. 
 
 \\ Ovary inferior. 
 Anthers distinct. 
 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer 
 in Linnaea of the Caprifoliaceae), or twice as many; ovary compound, 
 with i ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves opposite or verticillate. 
 
 Order 7. RUBIALES 860 
 
 Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes; ovary i-celled with i pen- 
 dulous, ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. 
 
 Order 8. VALERIANALES. 877 
 
 Anthers united (except in Campanula and Specularia of the Campanulaceae, 
 in Ambrosiaceae and in Kuhnia of the Compositae). 
 
 Order 9. CAMPANULALES. 881 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF 
 . ANGIOSPERMS.* 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 DR. KARL M. WIEGAND. 
 
 NOTE. To observe the structure of the ovary, make several thin sections with 
 a sharp instrument, mount in water, and view with a lens by transmitted light, as 
 follows: 
 
 1. Vertical medial section to show inferior or superior ovary and number of 
 ovules. 
 
 2. Cross-section to show number of cells and placenta. 
 
 The older ovaries, being larger, are preferable for the study of cross-sections. 
 The family names in parenthesis are those of Gray's Manual. 
 
 A. Ovary inferior. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 b HERBS (RARELY 'SLIGHTLY WOODY AT THE BASE). 
 c LEAVES OPPOSITE OR VERTICILLATE. 
 
 d Flowers in simple or compound umbels ARALIACEAE 667 
 
 dd Flowers in involucrate heads. 
 
 e Stamens syngenesious COMPOSITAE 913 
 
 ee Stamens distinct. 
 
 f Leaves punctate with resinous dots; heads white or purple 
 
 Kuhnia in COMPOSITAE 924 
 ff Leaves not punctate. 
 g Heads greenish or yellowish, moncecious or dioecious. 
 
 AMBROSIACEAE (in COMPOSITAE) 908 
 
 gg Heads white, purple or blue; flowers perfect DIPSACACEAE 880 
 
 ddd Flowers in neither umbels nor involucrate heads. 
 e Corolla gamopetalous ; limb of calyx often minute. 
 f Stamens twice the number of the corolla lobes. 
 
 ADOXACEAE (in CAPRIFOLIACEAE) 877 
 ff Stamens as many as the corolla lobes. 
 
 g Leaves opposite, without stipules CAPRIFOLIACEAE 869 
 
 gg Leaves opposite, with stipules; or whorled and without stipules. 
 
 RUBIACEAE 860 
 fff Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes. 
 
 g Flowers 1-2 ; creeping plants Linnaea in CAPRIFOLIACEAE 873 
 
 g Flowers many; erect plants VALERIANACEAE 878 
 
 ee Corolla wanting, or not markedly different from the calyx, or of separate 
 petals. 
 
 f Tree parasites LORANTHACEAE 344 
 
 ^Twining plants; leaves broadly ovate, cordate, petioled.DioscOREACEAE 281 
 fff Neither twining nor parasitic. 
 g Floating aquatics. 
 
 * On page xxii will be found a key to the families containing dioecious species for con- 
 venience in determination when only one sex is at hand. 
 
Xll ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 h Perianth-parts 6; leaves whorled, elliptic-linear, sessile. 
 
 VALLISNERIACEAE (HYDROCHARIDACEAE) 59 
 hh Perianth-parts 4; rarely with 2-4 more petals. 
 
 * Ovules many in each cavity ONAGRACEAE 651 
 
 ii Ovule i in each cavity HALORAGIDACEAE 664 
 
 gg Not floating aquatics. 
 
 h Ovary 4-celled ONAGRACEAE 651 
 
 hh Ovary i -celled SAXIFRAGACEAE 476 
 
 cc LEAVES ALTERNATE OR BASAL. 
 
 d Flowers in simple, compound or paniculate umbels; leaves mostly com- 
 pound, rarely simple. 
 
 e Fruit dry, splitting into 2 parts; ovary 2-celled; styles 2 . UMBELLIFERAE 669 
 ee Fruit fleshy; ovary 3-5 -celled (rarely 2-celled); styles 2-5.ARALIACEAE 667 
 dd Flowers in involucrate heads. 
 e Flowers all with ligulate corollas; juice milky. 
 
 ClCHORIACEAE (in COMPOSITAE) 889 
 
 ee Flowers all tubular or the outer ligulate; juice very rarely milky. 
 
 f Stamens distinct or nearly so; flowers greenish, monoecious or dice- 
 
 cious AMBROSIACEAE (in COMPOSITAE) 908 
 
 ff Stamens syngenesious ; flowers green or showy, perfect, monoecious 
 
 or dicecious COMPOSITAE 913 
 
 ddd Flowers not in involucrate heads nor in umbels (or rarely in simple 
 
 umbels, then also the leaves simple). 
 e Corolla of separate petals. 
 
 f Flowers with 5 or more conspicuous staminodia. 
 g Staminodia petal -like; fertile stamen i; monocotyledons. 
 
 MARANTACEAE 288 
 gg Staminodia stamen-like; fertile stamens 5 ; dicotyledons. 
 
 PARNASSIACEAE (in SAXIFRAGACEAE) 475 
 ff Flowers without staminodia. 
 g Stamens more than 12. 
 
 h Ovaries several, simple; ordinary herbs ROSACEAE 490 
 
 hh Ovaries compound, i -celled with several parietal placentae. 
 
 * Plants covered with tuberculate or spinulose-roughened, often 
 
 hooked hairs LOASACEAE 641 
 
 ii Plants very fleshy, often aphyllous or spiny CACTACEAE 643 
 
 gg Stamens 12 or fewer. 
 
 h Vines, usually with tendrils CUCURBIT ACEAE 88 1 
 
 hh Not vines. 
 
 * Ovule i in each cell; aquatic plants or in muddy places. 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE 664 
 
 ii Ovules many in each cell, or if i, then plants neither aquatic nor in 
 mud. 
 
 j Style i ; stamens mostly 4-8 ONAGRACEAE 651 
 
 jj Styles 2 or 3; stamens mostly 510 SAXIFRAGACEAE 476 
 
 ee Corolla gamopetalous. 
 
 / Vines usually with tendrils CUCURBITACEAE 881 
 
 ff Not vines. 
 g Ovary i-celled with central placenta; stamens opposite lobes of corolla. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE 713 
 gg Ovary 2-5 -celled; stamens alternate with lobes of corolla. 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE 883 
 
 eee Corolla wanting or not markedly differing from the calyx. 
 f Flowers irregular. 
 
 g Fertile stamens 1-2; monocotyledonous ORCHID ACEAE 289 
 
 gg Fertile stamens 6-many, dicotyledonous ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 347 
 
 ff Flowers regular. 
 
 g Leaves linear, parallel-veined; monocotyledonous. 
 h Aquatic plants; stamens 3-12; ovary i -celled (6-9-celled). 
 
 VALLISNERIACEAE (HYDROCHARIDACEAE) 59 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. xiii 
 
 PAGB 
 
 hh Terrestrial plants. 
 
 * Stamens 6 ....... AMARYLLIDACEAE 278 
 
 ii Stamens 3. 
 
 j Stamens opposite outer perianth -lobes; flowers showy.. IRIDACEAE 281 
 jj Stamens opposite inner perianth-lobes 
 k Flowers numerous, small, yellowish; plant stout. 
 
 HAEMODORACEAE 278 
 
 kk Flowers 1-3, blue; plant very slender BURMANNIACEAE 289 
 
 gg Leaves, if linear, not parallel-veined and with a midrib. 
 h Ovary i -celled. 
 
 i Flowers borne on a fleshy spike inclosed in a spathe ARACEAE 229 
 
 ii Flowers cymose, umbellate or solitary; no spathe. . .SANTALACEAE 345 
 hh Ovary 3~4-celled. 
 
 i Vines DIOSCOREACEAE 281 
 
 ii Aquatic or amphibious plants HALORAGIDACEAE 664 
 
 hkh Ovary 6-many celled ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 347 
 
 bb WOODY PLANTS. 
 c STAMINATE FLOWERS IN CATKINS, PISTILLATE NOT; MONOECIOUS. 
 
 d Ovary i -celled or incompletely 2-4-celled JUGLANDACEAE 322 
 
 dd Ovary 3-7-celled FAGACEAE (in CUPULIFERAE) 330 
 
 cc BOTH STAMINATE AND PISTILLATE FLOWERS IN CATKINS; MONOECIOUS; 
 
 OVARY 1-2 -CELLED BETULACEAE (in CUPULIFERAE) 326 
 
 ccc FLOWERS NOT IN CATKINS. 
 d Leaves opposite or whorled. 
 
 e Flowers umbellate , ARALIACEAE 667 
 
 ee Flowers not umbellate, though first divisions sometimes clustered. 
 / Corrolla wanting. 
 
 g Parasitic on trees LORANTHACEAE 344 
 
 gg Not parasitic CORNACEAE 689 
 
 ff Corolla present. 
 
 g Leaves stipulate or whorled RUBIACEAE 860 
 
 gg Leaves opposite, without stipules. 
 
 h Petals united CAPRIFOLIACEAE 869 
 
 hh Petals distinct. 
 
 * Stamens 8 or more HYDRANGEACEAE (in SAXIFRAGACEAE) 484 
 
 ii Stamens 4 CORNACEAE 689 
 
 dd Leaves alternate. 
 
 e Flowers umbellate, minute, greenish . , ARALIACEAE 667 
 
 ee Flowers not umbellate. 
 / Corolla absent 
 g Ovary i -celled. 
 
 h Ovules i in each cell; stamens 5-15 CORNACEAE 689 
 
 hh Ovules 2-4 in each cell ; stamens 3-6 SANTALACEAE 345 
 
 gg Ovary 2 -celled, stamens many HAMAMELIDACEAE 488 
 
 ff Corolla present, but calyx-limb often nearly obsolete. 
 g Corolla perigy nous. 
 h Stamens 4-5. 
 i Flowering in early summer .GROSSULARIACEAE (in SAXIFRAGACEAE) 486 
 
 ii Flowering in late fall HAMAMELIDACEAE 488 
 
 hh Stamens many. 
 
 i Ovary 2-io-celled POMACEAE (in ROSACEAE) 514 
 
 ii i-many separate carpels present ROSACEAE 490 
 
 "g Corolla epigynous. 
 
 h Filaments more or less united below , STYRACEAE 722 
 
 hh Filaments distinct. 
 
 * Petals distinct; ovary 1-2 -celled CORNACEAE 689 
 
 U Petals distinct; ovary 4-5 -celled. 
 
 Oxy coccus in VACCINIACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 711 
 Hi Petals united; ovary 2-io-celled. .VACCINIACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 707 
 
XIV ANAL YTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 AA> Ovary superior. 
 
 PAGB 
 b COROLLA ABSENT, OR NOT MARKEDLY DIFFERING FROM 
 
 THE CALYX. 
 c SCARCELY ANY DIFFERENTIATION INTO STEM AND LEAVES; FLOATING 
 
 AQUATICS LEMNACEAE 232 
 
 cc ORDINARY LEAFY PLANTS. 
 
 d Grass-like plants with very small green or brown flowers; perianth 
 when present rigid; bracts rigid. 
 
 e Perianth present, 6-parted JUNCACEAE 244 
 
 ee Perianth absent or of bristles or irregular scales. 
 f Leaves mostly in phyllotaxy, and mostly with open sheaths; culms 
 
 usually hollow GRAMINEAE 61 
 
 ff Leaves mostly in \ phyllotaxy; sheaths closed; culms solid. 
 
 CYPERACEAE 158 
 
 dd Not grass-like, or if so, with petaloid soft perianth. 
 e Aquatic; rooted or floating, only the flowers sometimes raised above 
 
 the surface. 
 / Submersed leaves entire or denticulate. 
 
 g Flowers yellow PONTEDERIACEAE 242 
 
 gg Flowers not pure yellow. 
 h Flowers in several racemose dense monoecious heads. 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE 39 
 
 Mi Flowers not in heads or if so, then perfect. 
 i Flowers axillary, solitary, with a 2-lobed, truncate or retuse ovary. 
 
 CALLITRICHACEAE (in HALORAGEAE) 596 
 ii Flowers spicate, or if axillary, then ovary not as above. 
 
 NAIADACEAE 40 
 
 ff Submersed leaves pinnate or dissected. 
 g Plant attached to stones in running water, 2-25 cm. long. 
 
 PODOSTEMACEAE 472 
 
 gg Stems long, in quiet water; leaves rigid CERATOPHYLLACEAE 408 
 
 ee Not true aquatics; part of the stem, or leaves, raised above the surface. 
 / Herbs. 
 g Perianth none. 
 h Flowers in dense spikes. 
 
 i Spikes (spadix) provided with spafties, short ARACEAE 229 
 
 ii Spikes long-cylindric, nodding, naked. .SAURURACEAE (PIPERACEAE) 307 
 hh Flowers not in spikes but in special, often calyx -like, involucres. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE 585 
 
 gg Perianth-parts several. 
 
 h Perianth-parts bristle-form; flowers in dense spikes TYPHACEAE 38 
 
 hh Perianth-parts not bristle-form. 
 
 i Three parts of the perianth united into a crested organ. POLYGALACEAE 582 
 ii Parts of the perianth not united into a crested organ. 
 j Perianth-parts 6-20. 
 
 k Plants with tendrils; flowers in umbels. .Smilaceae (in LTLIACEAE) 275 
 kk Plants without tendrils. 
 
 / Gray epiphytes, lichen-like, on trees BROMELIACEAE 238 
 
 U Not epiphytes. 
 tn Ovary i -celled: ovule i. 
 n Succulent monocotyledons; flowers on a spadix with a spathe. 
 
 ARACEAE 229 
 nn Not succulent, dicotyledons; flowers not as above; leaves 
 
 with stipular sheaths POLYGONACEAE 350 
 
 mm Ovaries 3~many, separate. 
 
 n Stamens 3-6 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE (in NAIADACEAE) 52 
 
 nn Stamens many RANUNCULACEAE 411 
 
 mmm Ovary single, 2-4-01 any-celled. 
 
 n Rigid-stemmed dicotyledons; leaves netted; ovules 1-2 in 
 each cavity EUPHORBIACEAE 583 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. XV 
 
 PAGE 
 
 nn Mostly succulent monocotyledons; ovules mostly many 
 
 (rarely i or 2). 
 o Flowers in dense spikes, greenish, usually with spathes. 
 
 ARACEAE 229 
 oo Flowers, if in dense spikes, with showy perianth. 
 
 p Fruit a berry. CONVALLARIACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 269 
 
 pp Fruit a capsule 
 q Leaves pinnately parallel-veined; flowers blue or white; 
 
 in water or mud PONTEDERIACEAE 242 
 
 qq Leaves mostly palmately parallel-veined. 
 r Capsule mostly septicidal; plants rarely bulbous. 
 
 MELANTHACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 254 
 
 rr Capsule loculicidal; plants mostly bulbous.. LILIACEAE 260 
 Jf Perianth-parts 2-5, or 2-5 -parted. 
 k Ovaries 2-many, distinct. 
 / Leaves linear, basal; bog plants. 
 
 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE (in NAIAD ACEAE) $2 
 
 // Leaves not both linear and basal 
 
 m Creeping marsh plants SAXIFRAG ACEAE 476 
 
 mm Not creeping marsh plants. 
 
 n Stamens perigynous ROSACEAE 490 
 
 nn Stamens hypogynous RANTTNCULACEAE 411 
 
 kk Ovary i -celled, many-ovuled; plants with milky juice. 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE 437 
 kkk Ovary i -celled, i-ovuled. ^V 
 
 / Flowers in dense fleshy spikes, usually with spathes. .ARACEAE 229 
 // Flowers not in dense fleshy spikes. 
 m Perianth medium-sized, and colored, or small and leaves with 
 
 sheath-like stipules. 
 n Ovary permanently invested by the perianth-tube; fruit not 
 
 an achene; no sheath-like stipules NYCTAGINACEAE 382 
 
 nn Ovary plainly free; fruit an achene; sheath-like stipules 
 
 present POLYGONACEAE 350 
 
 mm Perianth very small greenish, greenish-white or reddish; no 
 
 sheath-like stipules. 
 n Leaves parallel-veined; moncecious monocotyledons. 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE (in TYPHACEAE) 39 
 nn Leaves netted-veined; dicotyledons. 
 
 o Styles or stigmas i URTICACEAE 341 
 
 oo Styles or stigmas 2 (3). 
 
 p Leaves deeply palmately cleft or compound. 
 
 MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 pp Leaves pinnately lobed, serrate or entire. 
 q Inflorescence scarious-bracted; stipules none. 
 
 AMARANT ACEAE 377 
 qq Inflorescence not scarious-bracted; stipules none. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE 368 
 qqq Stipules scarious or none; leaves opposite. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 387 
 kkkk Ovary 2 many-celled. 
 
 / Flowers in involucrate heads ERIOCATJLACEAE 236 
 
 // Flowers not in involucrate heads. 
 
 m Ovary 2-celled, stamens 8-10 .SAXIFRAGACEAE 476 
 
 mm Ovary 3~4-celled, stamens 1-15. 
 
 n Ovules many in each cell Aizo ACEAE (FlCQlDEAE) 383 
 
 nn Ovules 12 in each cell. 
 o Plants procumbent; leaves alternate. 
 
 BUXACEAE (in EUPHORBIACEAE) 598 
 oo Plants erect, or if procumbent, then leaves opposite. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE 585 
 
XVI ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGtOSPERMS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 mmm Ovary 5 -celled; stamens 10. 
 
 PENTHORACEAE (in CRASSULACEAE) 475 
 
 mmmm Ovary lo-celled; stamens 10 PHYTOLACCACEAE 381 
 
 ff Woody plants. 
 g Flowers in aments. 
 
 h Perianth present, 4-5-lobed ...... MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 
 hh Perianth wanting or a glandular disk. 
 
 i Ovary-cells many-ovuled SALICACEAE 307 
 
 ii Ovary-cells i-2-ovuled. 
 j Styles or stigmas 2. 
 
 k Pistillate flowers solitary behind each bract MYRICACEAE 320 
 
 kk Pistillate flowers 23 behind each bract. 
 
 BETULACEAE (in CUPULIFERAE) 326 
 
 jj Style or stigma i LEITNERIACEAE 322 
 
 gg Flowers not in aments. 
 h Recurved or twining brier-like monocotyledons. 
 
 SMILACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 275 
 hh Ordinary shrubs or trees; dicotyledons. 
 i Ovary 2-many-celled. 
 j Styles 1-2. 
 
 k Ovules many in each cell. , CISTACEAE 630 
 
 kk Ovules in each cell i or 2. 
 
 / Fruit a double samara ACERACEAE (in SAPINDACEAE) 607 
 
 II Fruit a single samara or drupe OLEACEAE 723 
 
 Jj Styles 3-4. 
 
 h Ovules many in each cavity CISTACEAE 630 
 
 kk Ovules 1-2 in each cavity. 
 
 / Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous RHAMNACEAE 61 1 
 
 // Flowers monoecious or dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE 585 
 
 ii Ovary i -celled. 
 
 j Leaves and twigs peltate-scaly ELAEAGNACEAE 646 
 
 jj Leaves and twigs not peltate scaly. 
 
 k Ovules many in each cavity , CISTACEAE 630 
 
 kk Ovules 1-2 in each cavity. 
 
 / Calyx-tube cylindric or urn-shaped, large THYMELEACEAE 645 
 
 // Calyx-tube short or none, small. 
 
 m Flowers yellowish, often showy LAURACEAE 435 
 
 mm Flowers green. 
 
 Plants usually with milky juice; flowers in pedunculate spikes 
 
 or heads MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 
 nn No milky juice; flowers in sessile heads or racemes. 
 
 ULMACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 337 
 bb COROLLA POLYPETALOUS. 
 c HERBS. 
 ^Saprophytes, without chlorophyll... MONOTROPACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 695 
 
 dd Epiphytes, on trees; lichen-like. BROMELIACEAE 238 
 
 ddd Ordinary plants. 
 e Stamens perigynous. 
 / Anthers usually long and curved, opening by terminal pores. 
 
 MELASTOMACEAE 650 
 ff Anthers opening longitudinally. 
 g Calyx with a fringed crown in the throat; vines; stamens 5. 
 
 PASSIFLORACEAE 641 
 gg Calyx-throat naked. 
 h Plants fleshy; ovules many; scale at base of each carpel. 
 
 CRASSULACEAE 473 
 hh Plants not fleshy; no scales on the receptacle. 
 
 * Sepals 2 PORTULACACEAE 384 
 
 ii Sepals 5, or calyx 5-lobed. 
 j Ovules many. 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. XV11 
 
 PAGE 
 
 k Ovaries 2, sometimes united at the base SAXIFRAGACEAE 476 
 
 kk Ovary i LYTHRACEAE 648 
 
 y Ovules 1-4, or if many, then carpels more than 2. 
 k Style i. 
 
 / Pistils i -many, separate, i -celled ROSACEAE 490 
 
 // Pistil i, 2-5-celled LYTHRACEAE 648 
 
 kk Stylesa; pistil i .,.. r . CARYOPHYLLACEAE 387 
 
 ee Stamens hypogynous. JJjj&Xl^H^: 
 f Stamens monodelphous or diadelphous, at least below. 
 g Flowers irregular. . 
 
 h Corolla papilionaceous PAPILIONACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 532 
 
 hh Corolla not papilionaceous. 
 
 * Corolla spurred. 
 
 / Ovary i-celled PAPAVERACEAE 437 
 
 jj Ovary 5 -celled BALSAMINACEAE (in GERANIACEAE) 610 
 
 ii Corolla not spurred. 
 
 j Petals fringed; fruit glabrous POLYGALACEAE 582 
 
 jj Petals naked; fruit spiny KRAMERIACEAE 531 
 
 gg Flowers regular 
 h Ovary i-celled; placenta free-central ; stamens opposite the petals. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE 713 
 hh Ovary 4-many-celled; stamens alternate with the petals. 
 
 * Stamens united throughout, forming a central column around the 
 
 pistil MALVACEAE 617 
 
 ii Stamens united only at the base. 
 
 j Stamens 10; leaves 3 foliolate . .OXALIDACEAE (in GERANIACEAE) 575 
 
 jj Stamens 5; leaves simple LINACEAE 578 
 
 ff Stamens separate. 
 g Pistils 2 many, distinct. 
 
 h Leaves conspicuously sheathing; pinnately or palmately parallel- 
 veined; petals and sepals each 3 ALISMACEAE 53 
 
 hh Leaves not conspicuously sheathing; netted- veined; petals rarely 3. 
 
 * Aquatic or in muddy places; leaves peltate or deeply cordate. 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE 406 
 
 ii Rarely aquatic; when so, with dissected leaves.. . RANUNCULACEAE 411 
 gg Pistil solitary. 
 h Ovary i -celled. 
 * Insectivorous plants; leaves covered with glandular tentacles. 
 
 DROSERACEAE 470 
 ii Not insectivorous; no tentacles. 
 j Styles 2-9 or 2-o.-parted. 
 
 k Sepals 2 (3) PORTULACACEAE 384 
 
 kk Sepals 4 or 5, distinct or united. 
 
 / A fleshy cup-shaped glandular disk at base of ovary.-RESEDACEAE 469 
 // No disk. 
 m Ovules many. 
 
 n Placenta parietal; foliage punctate HYPERICACEAE 624 
 
 nn Placenta central; foliage not punctate. ..CARYOPHYLLACEAE 387 
 
 mm Ovule one PLUMBAGINACEAE 719 
 
 M Style i (stigmas 14). 
 
 k Petals 3, moss-like herbs MAYACACEAE 234 
 
 kk Petals 4-12, rarely fewer; not moss-like. 
 / Placentse 2-5 ; stamens alternate with petals. 
 m Calyx deciduous. 
 
 n Sepals 2, or united; falling very early PAPAVERACEAE 437 
 
 nn Sepals 4-8, falling while in flower. 
 
 o Ovary stipitate or stamens 8 or more CAPPARIDACEAE 467 
 
 oo Ovary sessile, stamens 6 CRUCLFERAE 443 
 
 mm Calyx persistent. 
 n Flowers regular. 
 
xviii ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 o No sterile stamens CISTACEAE 630 
 
 oo Sterile stamens present. PARNASSIACEAE (in SAXIFRAGACEAE) 475 
 
 nn Flowers irregular VIOLACEAE 633 
 
 // Placenta i, parietal; stamens alternate with or opposite to the 
 
 petals. 
 > -..' m Anthers opening by uplifting valves, or leaves peltate; stamens 
 
 opposite to the petals BERBERIDACEAE 432 
 
 mm Anthers not opening by uplifting valves; leaves not peltate; 
 stamens alternate with the petals. 
 
 n Fruit an achene or follicle RANUNCULACEAE 411 
 
 nn Fruit a legume. 
 
 o Flowers medium, regular or irregular; stamens mostly in- 
 cluded. 
 p Upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. 
 
 CAESALPINACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 528 
 PP Upper petal inclosing the lateral ones in the bud. 
 
 PAPILIONACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 532 
 oo Flowers small, regular; stamens exserted. 
 
 MIMOSACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 527 
 /// Placenta i, free-central; stamens opposite the petals. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE 713 
 hh Ovary 2 many-celled. 
 
 * Stamens 5-many; mostly aquatic plants with peltate or deeply cor- 
 date leaves NYMPHAEACEAE 406 
 
 ii Stamens many; terrestrial; leaves not as above. 
 
 j Style dilated, umbrella-like; leaves tubular SARRACENIACEAE 470 
 
 jj Style ordinary; leaves not tubular. 
 k Styles 2-7. 
 
 / Foliage punctate HYPERICACEAE 624 
 
 // Foliage not punctate RANUNCULACEAE 411 
 
 kk Style i or o CISTACEAE 630 
 
 Hi Stamens 2-15; plants not as in **. 
 j Anthers opening by terminal pores, inverted. 
 
 jj Anthers opening longitudinally PYROLACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 692 
 
 k Stamens tetradynamous CRUCIFERAE 443 
 
 kk Stamens not tetradynamous. 
 / Styles 2-5, or stigmas 5. 
 
 m Aquatics or mud-creepers; ovules many ELATINACEAE 629 
 
 mm Terrestrial, or if in mud, erect. 
 n Ovules numerous in each cell. 
 
 o Leaves alternate PENTHORACEAE (in CRASSULACEAE) 475 
 
 oo Leaves whorled CONVALLARIACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 269 
 
 nn Ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
 
 o Ovary i-3-celled EUPHORBIACEAE 585 
 
 oo Ovary 4 5 -celled or falsely 8 lo-celled. 
 
 p Ovary 4-5 -celled, deeply 4~5-lobed GERANIACEAE 573 
 
 pp Ovary falsely 8-io-celled, not deeply lobed LINACEAE 578 
 
 tt Style i; stigmas 1-3. 
 
 m Leaves sheathing or clasping; parts in 3*5, rarely 2*s, monocoty- 
 ledons. 
 n Petals deliquescent, blue or white; fertile stamens 3-6. 
 
 COMMELINACEAE 239 
 
 nn Petals not deliquescent; fertile stamens 6, rarely 4. 
 
 CONVALLARIACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 269 
 mm Leaves not sheathing nor clasping; parts in 2*s or 5's. 
 n Leaves simple. 
 
 o Stamens 2; petals 4 CRUCIFERAE 443 
 
 oo Stamens many; petals 3 or 5 CISTACEAE 630 
 
 nn Leaves compound or pinnately divided. 
 o Aquatics TRAPACEAE 664 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. XIX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 oo Vines SAPINDACEAE 609 
 
 ooo Not vines. 
 
 p Petals and sepals 2-3 . . LIMN ANTH ACE AE (in GERANIACEAE) 599 
 
 pp Petals and sepals 5 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 580 
 
 cc WOODY PLANTS. 
 d Stamens 15 or more. 
 e Stamens monadelphous, at least at base. 
 
 f Calyx valvate in the bud. MALVACEAE 617 
 
 ff Calyx imbricated in the bud; stamens united only at base. 
 
 THEACEAE (TERNSTROEMIACEAE) 623 
 ee Stamens distinct. 
 f Pistils several. 
 
 g Stamens perigynous ROSACEAE 490 
 
 gg Stamens hypogynous. 
 
 h Receptacle hollow; leaves opposite CALYCANTHACEAE 435 
 
 hh Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis), 
 i Fruit aggregate; trees; sepals and petals in several series of 3*3. 
 
 MAGNOLIACEAE 409 
 ii Fruit separate. 
 
 j Sepals and petals 5 ; shrubs RANUNCULACEAE 41 1 
 
 jj Sepals 3, petals 6; shrubs and trees ANON ACE AE 410 
 
 ff Pistil i. 
 
 g Stamens perigynous DRUPACEAE (in ROSACEAE) 523 
 
 gg Stamens hypogynous. 
 
 h Leaves compound MIMOSACEAE (in LEGTJMINOSAE) 527 
 
 hh Leaves simple. 
 
 * Trees TILIACEAE 616 
 
 ii Shrubs. 
 
 j Leaves opposite; dehiscence of capsule mostly septicidal. 
 
 HYPERICACEAE 624 
 
 jj Leaves alternate above; dehiscence loculicidal CISTACEAE 630 
 
 dd Stamens fewer than 15. 
 e Stamens perigynous. 
 
 f Calyx-tube almost none; flowers small, greenish RHAMNACEAE 6n 
 
 ff Calyx-tube crowned with a double or triple fringe. . . PASSIFLORACEAE 641 
 
 fff Calyx-tube cylindric, naked LYTHRACEAE 648 
 
 ee Stamens hypogynous. 
 / Flowers very irregular. 
 g Ovary i -celled. 
 h Upper petal inclosed by lower in bud. 
 
 CAESALPINACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 528 
 hh Lower petals inclosed by upper . .PAPILIONACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 532 
 
 gg Ovary 3-celled HIPPOCASTANACEAE (in SAPINDACEAE) 608 
 
 ff Flowers regular or nearly so. 
 g Vines. 
 
 h Pistils 2-many MENISPERMACEAE 434 
 
 hh Pistil i. 
 
 * Leaves crenulate, pointed, lanceolate CELASTRACEAE 605 
 
 ii Leaves sharply dentate, lobed, compound or broad VITACEAE 613 
 
 gg Not vines. 
 h Pistils several. 
 
 * Flowers in pedunculate heads PLATANACEAE 490 
 
 ii Flowers cymose or paniculate RUTACEAE 581 
 
 hh Pistil one. 
 
 * Style i (often several stigmas or branches) or none. 
 
 j Leaves very small, 47 mm. long; evergreen low shrubs. 
 
 EMPETRACEAE 598 
 J/ Leaves larger. 
 
 k Anthers opening by apical valves; leaves or twigs usually some- 
 what spiny BERBERIDACEAE 433 
 
XX ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 kk Anthers ordinary, or opening by terminal valveless pores. 
 / Ovary i -celled. 
 
 m Placentae 2; petals 4; stamens distinct CAPPARIDACEAE 467 
 
 mm Placenta i; petals 4-5; stamens distinct or united. 
 
 n Petals valvate . MIMOSACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 527 
 
 nn Upper petal inclosed by the others. 
 
 CAESALPINACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 528 
 // Ovary 2-5-celled. 
 m Ovules many in each cell. 
 n Leaves tomentose beneath; flowers in umbel-like corymbs. 
 
 ERICACEAE 696 
 nn Leaves not tomentose beneath; flowers racemose. 
 
 CLETHRACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 692 
 mm Ovules 1-3 in each cell. 
 n A disk or ring-like growth between petals and ovary. 
 
 o Foliage glandular punctate ,.RUTACEAE 581 
 
 oo Foliage not glandular punctate. 
 
 p Leaves simple CELASTRACEAE 605 
 
 pp Leaves compound. 
 
 q Leaflets 3, rarely 5 STAPHYLEACEAE (in SAPINDACEAE) 606 
 
 qq Leaflets 7-many. 
 
 r Stamens 2-3; fruit a samara SIMARUBACEAE 582 
 
 rr Stamens 8-10; fruit a berry SAPINDACEAE 609 
 
 nn Disk or ring absent. 
 
 o Stamens 2, rarely 4; sepals and petals 2 or 4 OLEACEAE 723 
 
 oo Stamens, sepals and petals 4 or more. 
 
 p Flowers minute, greenish, axillary ILICACEAE 602 
 
 pp Flowers minute, whitish, in long dense racemes. 
 
 CYRILLACEAE 602 
 ppp Flowers medium or large, showy; racemes few-flowered. 
 
 STYRACACEAE 722 
 ii Styles 2-5. 
 
 j Leaves opposite ACERACEAE (in SAPINDACEAE) 607 
 
 jj Leaves alternate. 
 
 k Ovary i -celled; ovule i; sap resinous or milky .. .AN ACARDIACEAE 599 
 kk Ovary 2 -celled; ovules several in each cell; flower white. 
 
 ITEACEAE (in SAXIFRAGACEAE) 485 
 kkk Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell; flowers greenish. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE 585 
 
 lob COROLLA GAMOPETALOUS. 
 c STAMENS (FERTILE) 2-4. 
 d Herbs. 
 
 e Ovary 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stems 4-angled , LABIATAE 779 
 
 ee Ovary i -celled 
 
 f Flowers scariouS; greenish PLANT AGIN ACEAE 856 
 
 ff Flowers ordinary, petaloid. 
 
 g Parasitic plants without chlorophyll OROBANCHACEAE 848 
 
 gg Not parasitic, with chlorophyll. 
 h Flowers regular or nearly so. 
 
 * Stamens 3; grass-like plants; flowers yellow XYRIDACEAE 235 
 
 ii Stamens 4-12; plants not grass-like; flowers rarely yellow. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE 728 
 hh Flowers conspicuously irregular. 
 
 * Stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE 845 
 
 ii Stamens didynamous. 
 
 j Flowers small; plant puberulent. . PHRYMACEAE (in VERBENACEAE) 855 
 
 jj Flowers large; plant clammy -pubescent. 
 
 MARTYNIACEAE (in PEDALIACEAE) 852 
 eee Ovary 2-4 -celled; not deeply 4-lobed. 
 / Flowers scarious, greenish PLANTAGINACEAE 856 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. XX i 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ff Flowers ordinary, petaloid. 
 
 g Grass-like monocots; flowers in involucrate heads ERIOCAULACEAE 236 
 
 gg Not grass -like; flowers not as above. 
 
 h Stamens 4-5, equal; corolla regular LOGANIACEAE 726 
 
 hh Stamens 4, didynamous or 2 ; corolla often irregular. 
 
 * Ovules i in each of the 4 cavities VERBENACEAE 776 
 
 ii Ovules 2-many in each of the 2 cavities. 
 
 j Capsule with elastic valves ACANTHACEAE 853 
 
 jj Capsule without elastic valves SCROPHULARIACEAE 818 
 
 dd Woody plants; leaves opposite. 
 e Ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
 
 f Stamens 2 OLEACEAE 723 
 
 ff Stamens didynamous (very rarely 2) VERBENACEAE 776 
 
 ee Ovules many in each cell. 
 
 / Placentae parietal BIGNONIACEAE 850 
 
 ff Placentae axial SCROPHULARIACEAE 818 
 
 cc STAMENS 5 (RARELY 6) 
 
 d Ovaries 2, distinct or nearly so; juice usually milky; seeds frequently 
 with hairy appendages. 
 
 e Filaments distinct ^ APOCYNACEAE 737 
 
 ee Filaments monadelphous; corolla with a crown ASCLEPIADACEAE 740 
 
 dd Ovary one; seeds not appendaged. 
 
 e Ovary deeply 4-lobed BORAGINACEAE 766 
 
 ee Ovary not 4-lobed. 
 f Ovary i -celled. 
 g Leaves 3-foliolate, or floating and orbicular. 
 
 MENYANTHACEAE (in GENTIANACEAE) 736 
 
 gg Leaves dentate, cleft, or pinnately compound HYDROPHYLLACEAE 762 
 
 ggg Leaves entire or nearly so, not as above. 
 h Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla; placenta free-axial. 
 
 * Ovule i PLANTAGINACEAE 856 
 
 ii Ovules many PRIMULACEAE 713 
 
 hh Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla; placentae parietal. 
 
 * Leaves opposite; ovules many GENTIANACEAE 728 
 
 ii Leaves alternate; ovules 3-5 CONVOLVULACEAE 749 
 
 ff Ovary 2-5 celled. 
 g Parasitic climbers, without chlorophyll 
 
 CUSCUTACEAE (in CONVOLVULACEAE) 754 
 gg Not parasitic, green. 
 h Leaves alternate. 
 Herbs. 
 
 J Ovary 3-celled; styles or stigmas 3. 
 k Stamens inserted in sinuses of the corolla; or monadelphous. 
 
 DlAPENSIACEAE 712 
 
 kk Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, free . . POLEMONIACEAE 756 
 
 jj Ovary 2 -celled or 4-called, or if 3-celled, plant twining; styles or 
 
 stigmas i or 2. 
 
 k Corolla plicate; stamens often centrally connivent . . SOLANACEAE 8oS 
 kk Corolla not plicate; stamens not conspicuously connivent. 
 / Ovules numerous. 
 
 m Style and stigma i SCROPHULARIACEAE 818 
 
 mm Styles 2 HYDROPHYLLACEAE 762 
 
 // Ovules i or 2 in each cell. 
 
 m Fruit a pod CONVOLVULACEAE 749 
 
 mm Fruit of 2-4 nutlets BORAGINACEAE 766 
 
 ii Woody plants. 
 
 j Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla; ovules i in each cell; 
 
 corolla appendaged within SAPOTACEAE 720 
 
 jy Stamens alternate with the lobes; ovules many. 
 k Stamens on the corolla. 
 
XX11 ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 / Plants small or scapose; corolla not plicate DIAPENSIACEAE 712 
 
 // Plants tall, twining; corolla plicate SOLANACEAE 808 
 
 kk Stamens free from the corolla ERICACEAE 696 
 
 hh Leaves opposite. 
 
 * Style 3-cleft; ovary 3-celled POLEMONIACEAE 756 
 
 ii Style 4-cleft; ovary 2 -celled LOGANIACEAE 726 
 
 Ui Style or stigma i. 
 
 j Corolla plicate; ovary 2 -eel led, very rarely 3-5 -celled. SOLANACEAE 808 
 jj Corolla not plicate; ovary 4-5 -celled, rarely 2-5 -celled. ERICACEAE 696 
 ccc STAMENS O-MANY. 
 d Flowers very irregular. 
 
 e Corolla lip crested; sepals unequal and petaloid POLYGALACEAE 582 
 
 ee Corolla Up naked; sepals equal, united, not petaloid. 
 
 Trifolium in PAPILIONACEAE (in LEGUMINOSAE) 539 
 dd Flowers regular or nearly so. 
 e Plants without chlorophyll; saprophytes. 
 
 MONOTROPACEAE (in ERICACEAE) 695 
 
 ee Plants with chlorophyll. 
 / Herbs. 
 
 g Leafy dicotyledons. 
 h Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla; placentae 2, parietal. 
 
 GENTIANACEAE 728 
 hh Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla; placenta free-axial. 
 
 PRIMULACEAE 713 
 gg Grass-like monocotyledons; flowers minute in heads. 
 
 ERIOCAULACEAE 236 
 ff Woody plants. 
 
 g Styles 2-6; ovules i in each cell EBENACEAE 721 
 
 gg Style i ; ovules i or more in each cell. 
 h Stamens more than 16, mostly numerous. 
 
 SYMPLOCACEAE (STYRACACEAE) 721 
 hh Stamens 6-16. 
 
 * Ovules i in each cell. 
 
 j Corolla not urn-shaped STYRACEAE 72 2 
 
 jj Corolla urn-shaped ERICACEAE 696 
 
 ii Ovules many in each cell ERICACEAE 696 
 
 A KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS 
 CONTAINING DICECIOTJS SPECIES. 
 
 A. Woody plants. 
 
 b LEAVES OPPOSITE. 
 
 c PARASITIC ON WOODY PLANTS LORANTHACEAE 344 
 
 cc Not parasitic. 
 
 d Scurfy plants covered with silvery or brown peltate scales.ELAEAGNACEAE 646 
 dd Not peltate-scurfy. 
 e Leaves compound. 
 f Leaflets 3, rarely 5; stamens 5-10; calyx 5-parted; wing of the fruit 
 
 unsymmetrical ACERACEAE (in SAPINDACEAE) 607 
 
 ff Leaflets 5-11; stamens 2 (4); calyx 4-parted; wing of fruit symmet- 
 rical OLEACEAE 723 
 
 ee Leaves simple. 
 
 / Leaves entire SANTALACEAE 345 
 
 ff Leaves finely denticulate OLEACEAE 723 
 
 bb LEAVES ALTERNATE. 
 c STEM TWINING OR RECURVED AND BRIER-LIKE. 
 
 d Flowers umbellate; monocotyledons SMILACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 275 
 
 dd Flowers paniculate; dicotyledons MENISPERMACEAE 434 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. XX111 
 
 PAGB 
 
 cc STEM NOT TWINING NOR BRIER-LIKE. 
 d Flowers in catkins. 
 
 e Perianth 4-5 -parted MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 
 ee Perianth none, or cup-like and not parted. 
 
 / Perianth cup-like SALICACEAE 307 
 
 ff Perianth none. 
 
 g Bud-scales single SALICACEAE 307 
 
 gg Bud-scales several. 
 
 h Leaves rugose-reticulated beneath, entire LEITNERIACEAE 322 
 
 hh Leaves not as above MYRICACEAE 320 
 
 dd Flowers not in catkins. 
 
 e Leaves minute, 4-7 mm. long EMPETRACEAE 598 
 
 ee Leaves much larger. 
 
 f Leaves pinnately compound SIMARUBACEAE 582 
 
 ff Leaves simple. 
 
 g Leaves serrate-dentate ULMACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 337 
 
 gg Leaves entire or lobed. 
 h Flowers appearing before or with the leaves, or leaves evergreen. 
 
 LAURACEAE 435 
 hh Flowers appearing after the leaves. 
 
 * Branches spiny MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 
 ii Branches not spiny. 
 
 j Flowers racemose, umbellate, or clustered, small and numerous. 
 k Flowers densely spicate or capitate; hypogynous disk absent. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE 368 
 kk Flowers racemose; disk present and lobed, or of separate scales. 
 
 SANTALACEAE 345 
 jj Flowers solitary, or 1-3 together, larger . EBENACEAE 721 
 
 A A. Herbs. 
 
 b FLOWERS IN INVOLUCRATE HEADS. 
 c STAMENS DISTINCT. 
 
 d Plants scapose; leaves grass-like ERIOCAULACEAE 236 
 
 dd Plant not scapose; leaves not grass-like; pistillate involucre woody. 
 
 AMBROSIACEAE (in COMPOSITAE) 908 
 cc STAMENS SYNGENESIOUS; PISTILLATE INVOLUCRE NOT WOODY. 
 
 COMPOSITAE 913 
 
 bb FLOWERS NOT IN INVOLUCRATE HEADS. 
 c Leaves verticillate. 
 d Aquatic plants. 
 
 e Leaves dissected, rigid CERATOPHYLLACEAE 408 
 
 ee Leaves simple, spiny-toothed, flaccid NAIAD ACEAE 40 
 
 dd Terrestrial plants ARALIACEAE 677 
 
 cc Leaves opposite or alternate. 
 
 d Grass-like plants with linear parallel-veined leaves and greenish or 
 brownish flowers. 
 e Leaves usually in the phyllotaxy; mostly with open sheaths; and 
 
 usually with hollow culms GRAMINEAE 61 
 
 ee Leaves usually in the $ phyllotaxy, with closed sheaths; culms solid. 
 
 CYPERACEAE 158 
 dd Not grass-like. 
 
 e Aquatic, not rising above the surface of the water NAIADACEAE 40 
 
 ee Not strictly aquatic- 
 / Flowers with both calyx and corolla. 
 g Petals 3; herbs ALISMACEAE 53 
 
 /g Corolla deeply 5-parted or petals 5; vines CUCURBITACEAE 881 
 Flowers apetalous, or perianth-parts all similar. 
 
XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 g Flowers umbellate SMILACEAE (in LILIACEAE) 275 
 
 gg Flowers not umbellate 
 
 h Flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe ARACEAE 229 
 
 hh Flowers not as above. 
 
 i Leaves ternately compound RANUNCULACEAE 411 
 
 ii Leaves simple or once pinnate. 
 
 j Leaves with united sheathing lacerate stipules POLYGONACEAE 350 
 
 jj Leaves without such stipules. 
 
 k Leaves 3-many-lobed or parted MORACEAE (in URTICACEAE) 339 
 
 kk Leaves not lobed, rarely lacerate-toothed. 
 
 / Parasitic on trees LORANTHACEAE 344 
 
 // Not parasitic. 
 m Inflorescence bracted; bracts and sepals mostly scarious. 
 
 AMARANTHACEAE 377 
 mm Inflorescence not conspicuously scarious-bracted. 
 
 n Vines DIOSCOREACEAE 281 
 
 nn Not vines. 
 o Plants more or less scurfy; leaves sinuate-dentate or entire. 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE 368 
 oo Plants not scurfy; leaves sharply dentate URTICACEAE 341 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. 
 
 Ferns and Fern-Allies* 
 
 Plants containing woody and vascular tissues producing spores asex- 
 ually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green prothallia 
 (gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive organs, the female 
 known as archegones, the male as antherids. From the fertilization of the 
 egg in the archegone by spermatozoids produced in the antherid, the 
 asexual phase (sporpphyte) of the plant is developed ; this phase is rep- 
 resented by an ordinary fern, lycopod or horsetail. Comprising about 
 4000 living species, of which more than three-fourths are confined to 
 tropical regions. 
 
 Order I. FILICALES. 
 
 Spores, all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are 
 borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles. 
 Vernation erect, or inclined ; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse 
 
 slit. Fam. i. Ophioglossacea. 
 
 Vernation coiled ; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). 
 Sporanges opening vertically. 
 
 Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns. 
 
 Fam. 2. Osmundacece* 
 Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle ; leaves filmy, translucent. 
 
 Fam. 3. Hymenophyllacea. 
 Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, with a vertical ring. 
 
 Fam. 4. Schizceacece. 
 
 Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring, borne in sori on the 
 back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiacece. 
 
 Family i. OPHIOGLOSSACEJE PresL 
 Adder's- Tongue Family. 
 
 More or less succulent plants consisting of a stem and leaf growing 
 from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or panicle, the 
 sporanges formed from the interior tissues, naked, opening at maturity 
 by a transverse slit. Spores yellow. Prothalli subterranean, devoid of 
 chlorophyll. Contains five genera, three of which are American. 
 
 Veins reticulate ; sporanges cohering in a distichous spike. i. Ophioglossum. 
 
 Veins free ; sporanges distinct, borne in spikes or panicles. 2. Botrychium. 
 
 i. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. 
 
 Low plants from a small fleshy rootstock, with slender fleshy roots, the bud for 
 the following year formed at the side of the base of the stem. Leaves simple, soli- 
 tary, borne on the stem. Sporophyll terminal, formed of two rows of large coales- 
 
 jl ' * Contributed by Professor LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, 
 
2 FLORA. -~* 
 
 cent sporanges. Veins reticulate. Spores sulphur-yellow. [Name from the 
 Greek, signifying the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of spo- 
 ranges. ] About 30 species of wide geographic distribution, 
 
 Leaf ovate to elliptic, large ; basal veins, 9-13 or more. 
 
 Areolae with few veinlets ; apex obtuse. I. O. vulgatunt. 
 
 Areolae broad, with many veinlets ; apex mucronate. 2. O. Engelmanni. 
 
 Leaf lanceolate, small ; basal veins 5-7. 3. O. arenarium. 
 
 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. ADDER'S-TONGU^. (I. F. i.) Rootstock 
 short, oblique ; stem slender, erect, simple, glabrous, 1-4 dm. high, bearing the 
 sessile thin ovate or elliptic-oblong leaf, 3-12 cm. long, near its middle ; leaf 1-5 
 cm. wide, rather firm in texture, distinctly reticulated, with few veinlets within the 
 areolse ; basal veins 9-13 ; spike solitary, 1-2.5 cm - l n g erect, the axis extending 
 beyond the sporanges into a point. In moist meadows and thickets, Pr. Edw. Isl. 
 to Alaska, south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. (I. F. f. la.) Rootstock cylindric ; 
 stem 8-22 cm. high, bearing an elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic leaf which is 3-9 
 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm - wide, obtuse but sharply apiculate, fleshy but becoming pel- 
 lucid ; basal veins 13 or more, the transverse veinlets oblique, forming broad 
 oblong-hexagonal areolae with numerous included veinlets; spike 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
 apiculate. In moist ground, Va. and Ind. to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. 
 
 3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. (I. F. f. ib.) Rootstock slightly 
 thickened; stem 5-18 cm. high, bearing a lanceolate leaf 2-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. 
 wide, with a long tapering base and an obtuse or rarely somewhat acute apex ; 
 basal veins 5-7, the central nearly parallel with short oblique veinlets, forming 
 long narrow areolae with few faint included veinlets near the middle of the leal 
 and much shorter irregular ones toward the margin; spikes 1-3 cm. long, often 
 twisted, apiculate. Gregarious in a single colony near the seashore, Holly 
 Beach, N. J. 
 
 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. 
 
 Fleshy plants with short erect rootstocks, and clustered fleshy roots, the bud 
 for the succeeding year imbedded in the base of the stem. Leaf pinnately or 
 ternately divided or compound, the sporophyll pinnate or tripinnate with sessile 
 distinct sporanges in rows on either side of its branches, forming large panicles 
 in some species. Veins free. Spores of various shades of yellow. [Greek, in 
 allusion to the grape-like clusters of sporanges.] About 20 species, mostly 
 natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Bud for the following year enclosed in the base of the stem. 
 
 Leaf rising above the middle of the stem, small plants maturing in early summer. 
 Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. 
 
 Leaf entire, or with 1-3 pairs of distant lunate decurrent segments. 
 
 1. B. tenebrosum. 
 Leaf with fan-shaped segments ; sporophyll not bent in vernation. 
 
 2. B. Lunaria. 
 
 Leaf pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid with narrow segments ; both leaf and sporo- 
 
 phylls bent in vernation. 3. B. negtectum, 
 
 Vernation wholly inclined, recurved in the fertile portion ; leai triangular. 
 
 sessile. 4. B. lanceolatum. 
 
 Leaf rising from little above the rootstock. 
 
 Vernation wholly straight ; bud smooth ; leaf entire, or 2-6-lobedL 
 
 5. B. simplex. 
 Vernation inclined ; bud pilose ; leaf ample ternate. 
 
 Leaf segments obliquely ovate or oblong, large, 1-2 cm. long. 
 
 6. B.obliquum. 
 Leaf segments laciniate, narrow, i mm. or less wide. 
 
 7. B. dissectum. 
 Leaf segments small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or ovate. 
 
 8. B. matricaria. 
 
 Bud enclosed in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem ; leaf ternate, decompound, 
 sessile at the middle of the stem. 9- B. Virginianum. 
 
 i. Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton. Plant 3-20 cm. high, averaging 
 IO-I2 cm., one-third of which is below ground ; slender, fleshy, light green o* 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 3 
 
 yellowish after fruiting, transparent when dry ; leaf above the middle of the stem, 
 often immediately under the sporophyll, short-petioled, entire, lobed, or usually 
 with 1-3 pairs of distant alternate lunate decurrent entire segments ; the apex 
 emarginate or with a triangular elongation ; sporophyll usually short-stalked, 
 simple, or rarely with one or two short, somewhat dilated branches, bearing alter- 
 nate or nearly opposite clusters of sporanges ; spores very large, verrucose ; sporo- 
 phyll not bent in vernation. Rich shady situations, usually among maples at the 
 border of swamps; Mass, and N. H. to Cent. N. Y. 
 
 2. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. MOONWORT. (I. F. f. 3.) Plant very 
 fleshy, 5-30 cm. high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or above the middle of the 
 stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate 
 to entire and are either close and imbricated or somewhat distant ; sporophyll 
 2-3-pinnate, often dense, 3-5 cm. long, often about the height of the sterile ; apex 
 only of the leaf bent over the nearly straight sporophyll in vernation. Greenland 
 to Alaska, south to Conn., Cent. N. Y., Mich., Br. Col., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Colo., mostly in fields. Also in N. Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 3. Botrychium neglectum A. Wood. (I. F. f. 4.) Plant 5-30 cm. high, often 
 very fleshy. Sterile portion borne above the middle of the stem, short-stalked, 
 ovate or oblong, i-2-pinnatifid or rarely 2-pinnate, with obtuse divisions and nar- 
 row toothed segments; midveins disappearing by continued branching ; sporophyll 
 2-3-pinnate, often much branched ; spores tuberculate ; apex of both leaf and 
 sporophyll turned downward in vernation. In grassy woods and swamps, N. S. to 
 Md,, west to O. and Wash. (B. tnatricariafolium Dav., not A. Br.). May-June. 
 
 4. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. (I. F. f. 6.) Plant 7-20 
 cm. high, somewhat fleshy. Leaf closely sessile near the summit of the stem, 
 2 cm. or more wide, 3 -lobed or broadly triangular and 2-pinnatifid, the ultimate 
 segments lanceolate, acute, oblique, entire or dentate ; midvein continuous, with 
 forking veinlets ; sporophyll slightly overtopping the leaf, short-stalked, 2-3- 
 pinnate ; sporophyll recurved its whole length with the shorter leaf reclined upon 
 it in vernation. In meadows, woods, and swamps, N. S. to Alaska, south to N. J., 
 O., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 5. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 2.) Plant 5-16 cm. high, 
 slender, very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate, or oblong, entire, lobed, or pinnately 
 parted, borne near the base of the stem ; sporophyll a simple or slightly compound 
 spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges ; spores large fcr the genus, 
 minutely tuberculate ; apex of leaf and sporophyll erect in vernation. In moist 
 woods or meadows, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Md., west to Wyo. and Cal. Also in N. 
 Europe. May-June. 
 
 6. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. (I. F. f. 5, as B. ternatum. ) Plant robust, 
 15 cm.-5 dm. high. Leaf rising from near the base on a stalk 2-10 cm. or more 
 long, ternate with the three divisions nearly equal, bipinnate or somewhat tri- 
 pinnatifid in larger forms, the ultimate segments obliquely ovate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, the terminal of each division elongate, 1-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the 
 margins crenate or serrate ; sporophyll long-stalked, triquadripinnate ; bud densely 
 pilose, both portions bent in vernation. Low woods and open places widely dis- 
 tributed from N. B. to Fla. and Mex. and westward to Minn. 
 
 Botrychium obliquum intermedium (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Plant larger, the leaf 
 on a shorter stalk 2-5 cm. long, the leaf sometimes reaching 15 cm. each way ; lateral 
 divisions smaller than the terminal : ultimate segments similar to the type, but mostly 
 shorter. In low ground, N. N. Y. and N. E. 
 
 7. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (I. F. f. 5a.) Plant 5-10 dm. high with 
 slender fleshy stems. Leaf long-stalked from near the base of the stem, with 
 broadly deltoid basal divisions, decompound ; secondary pinnae lanceolate from a 
 broader base, pinnate with laciniate and deeply cut pinnules, the ultimate divisions 
 divergent, often 2-toothed at their apices, usually less than I mm. wide ; sporophyll 
 long-stalked 2-3-pinnate ; bud pilose, enclosed in the base of the stem, both por- 
 tions bent in vernation. Rare in E. Mass, and common from S. N. E. southward 
 to Va., inland to Ind. and Ky. 
 
 8. Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. Plant 10-15 cm. high, with 
 slander fleshy stems. Leaf moderately short- stalked, ternate, small, 3-5 cm. wide 
 and hi^h, the three divisions similar, bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; ultimate segments 
 
4 FLORA. 
 
 small, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded or somewhat obliquely ovate, the margins undulate 
 or crenate ; sporophylls rather long-stalked for the size of the plant, 2-3-pinnate 
 with large sporanges ; bud pilose. . In old meadows, N. N. E. and N. Y. and 
 northward; also in Europe. 
 
 9. Botrychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. (I. F. f. 7.) Plant 2-6 dm. high, the 
 stem slender but fleshy. Leaf nearly or quite sessile above the middle of the stem, 
 spreading, thin, ternate with the primary divisions pinnate to 2 -pinnate and the 
 segments i-2-pinnatifid ; ultimate segments oblong, more or less toothed near the 
 apex ; epidermal cells flexuous ; sporophyll long-stalked, 2-3-pinnate ; bud for 
 the following year pilose, enclosed in a glabrous cavity at one side of the lower 
 part of the stem ; sporophyll recurved its whole length, the leaf reclined upon it 
 in vernation. In rich woods, N. S. to Fla., west to Br. Col. and Ariz. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 Family 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves which 
 are coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the 
 margins of the pinnules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere 
 traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted 
 pinnae or in clusters (sori) on the lower surfaces of the pinnules. Three 
 genera ; only one American. 
 
 i. OSM^NDA L. 
 
 Tall swamp ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing) 
 portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the mar- 
 gins of their rachis-like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins forked,, 
 regular and prominent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a longitudinal 
 cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex representing the 
 rudimentary transverse ring. Spores green. [From Osmunder, a name for the 
 god Thor. ] Six species, mostly of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves bipinnate, fertile at the apex. i. O. spectabilis* 
 
 Sterile leaves bipinnatifid. 
 
 Pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of tomentum at base ; fertile leaf distinct from 
 
 sterile. 2. O. cinnamomea. 
 
 Pinnae of sterile leaf without a tuft of tomentum at base ; leaves fertile in the 
 middle. 3. O. Claytoniana* 
 
 1. Osmunda spectabilis Willd. ROYAL FERN. (I. F. f. 8.) Rootstock bearing 
 a cluster of severaftall bipinnate leaves, 6 dm.-2 m. high, and 3 dm. or more 
 wide. Pinnae 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the pinnules oblon-g-ovate or 
 lanceolate-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate, especially 
 near the apex and occasionally crenate towards the truncate, oblique or cordate 
 base ; sporophylls linear-cylindric, panicled at the summit, withering and shriv- 
 elling with age, greenish before maturity, but becoming dark brown after the 
 spores have fallen. In swamps and marshes, N. B. to Fla., N. W. Terr., Neb. 
 and Miss. Also in Mexico. Has been confused with O. regalis L. May-July. 
 
 2. Osmunda cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN. (I. F. f. 9.) Rootstock 
 very large, widely creeping, bearing a circular cluster of sterile leaves with one or 
 more fertile ones within. Stipes 3 dm. or more long, clothed with ferruginous 
 tomentum when young, glabrous when old ; sterile leaves 3 dm.-i m. long, 
 glabrous when mature, except a small tuft of tomentum at the base of each pinna ; 
 pinnae linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments ; sporophyll 
 contracted, bipinnate, soon withering ; sporanges cinnamon-colored after the 
 copious green spores have been discharged. In wet places, N. S. to Minn., to 
 Fla. and Mex. Forms occur with leaves variously intermediate between the fertile 
 and sterile ; some being sterile at the apex, others in the middle, others on one 
 side only. May-June. 
 
 3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. CLAYTON'S FERN. (I. F. f. 10.) Rootstock 
 stout, bearing a circle of 2-pinnatifid leaves 6 dm. -2 m. high, 1.5-2.5 dm. wide ; 
 sterile pinnae without tufts of tomentum at the base, linear- lanceolate, deeply 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 5 
 
 cleft into oblong obtuse segments, some of the leaves contracted in the middle and 
 bearing 2-5 pairs of sporophylls with dense, cylindric divisions which are green- 
 ish at first, afterwards dark brown, finally withering ; leaves clothed with tomen- 
 tum when young, glabrous when mature, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and 
 finally widely recurving. In moist places, Newf. to Minn., N. C. and Mo. Also in 
 India. May-July. 
 
 Family 3. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Gaud. 
 
 Membranous, mostly small ferns with filiform or slender creeping root- 
 stocks. Leaves usually much divided. Sporanges sessile on a filiform, 
 usually elongated receptacle, surrounded by a transverse ring which opens 
 vertically. Several genera, comprising some 200 species, very abundant 
 in tropical regions. 
 
 i. TRICHO'MANES L. 
 
 Delicate filmy ferns, the leaves usually much divided. Sporanges flattened, 
 surrounded by a broad entire transverse ring opening vertically, sessile on the 
 lower part of the slender filiform receptacle. Receptacle surrounded by a tubular 
 or funnel-shaped indusium which is truncate or slightly 2 -lipped. [Greek, in al- 
 lusion to the thin hair-like segments of some species. ] About 100 species, mostly 
 of tropical regions. 
 
 i. Trichomanes Boschianum Sturm. BRISTLE FERN. (I. F. f. n.) Rootstock 
 filiform, wiry, tomentose, creeping. Stipes (petioles) ascending, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
 naked or nearly so; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3.3 cm - wide, membranaceous, lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the 
 cuneate base parallel with or appressed to the narrowly winged rachis ; segments 
 toothed or cut into linear divisions ; indusia terminal on short lobes, 1-4 on a pin- 
 nule, the mouth slightly 2-lipped, receptacle more or less exserted. On wet rocks. 
 Ky. to Fla. and Ala. Has been confused with the West Indian 71 radicans Sw. 
 
 Family 4. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges borne 
 in spikes or panicles, ovoid, sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening 
 vertically by a longitudinal slit. Several genera and about 100 species, 
 mainly tropical. 
 
 Spofanges in close 2-ranked spikes ; leaves filiform or linear. i. Schizaea. 
 
 Sporanges in ample panicles ; pinnules palmate. 2. Lygodium. 
 
 i. SCHIZAEA J. E. Smith. 
 
 Small slender ferns with filiform or linear leaves, the fertile distinct from the 
 sterile. Sporanges sessile in close distichous spikes along the single vein of the 
 narrow divisions of the sporophylls, provided with a complete apical ring. [Greek, 
 in allusion to the cleft leaves of some species.] A genus of 19 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution, mostly tropical. 
 
 I. Schizaea pusllla Pursh. CURLY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 12.) Sterile leaves 
 linear, slender and tortuous. . Sporophylls longer, 7-12 cm. high, the fertile portion 
 terminal, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnae, forming a distichous spike; 
 sporanges ovoid or pyriform, sessile in two rows along the single vein of the narrow 
 incurved linear divisions of the fertile leaf, partially concealed by its incurved 
 margins, which are hooded at the apex and ciliate ; ring apical, the sporanges 
 opening by a vertical slit. In wet soil, pine-barrens of N. J. and in N. S. and 
 Newf. Rare and local. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. LYGODIUM Sw. 
 
 Twining or climbing ferns, the lower divisions sterile, variously stalked and 
 lobed, the fertile terminal, panicled. Sporanges ovoid, solitary or in twos in the 
 axils of imbricated scale-like indusia, provided with an apical ring, opening verti- 
 
O FLORA. 
 
 cally. Indusia fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. [Greek, in al- 
 lusion to the flexible stipes. 1 About 20 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 I. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. CLIMBING IERN. HARTFORD FERN. 
 (I. F. f. 13.) Rootstock slender, creeping. Stipes slender, flexible and twining; 
 leaves 4-10 dm. long, their short alternate branches 2-forked, each fork bearing a 
 nearly orbicular 4-7-lobed pinnule which is more or less cordate at the base with 
 a narrow sinus ; surfaces naked ; fertile pinnules contracted, several times forked, 
 forming a terminal panicle ; spo ranges solitary, each covered by a scale-like in- 
 dusium. In moist thickets and open woods, N. H. and Mass, to Penn., Fla. and 
 Tenn. ; rare. Summer. 
 
 Family 5. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. 
 
 j, u Fern Family. 
 
 Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongate, 
 or short and erect, the leaves entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound, 
 coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the lower side 
 or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a ver- 
 tical ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous 
 covering (indusium). Prothallium green. About 200 genera and 3000 
 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Leaves all flat, or their edges only slightly revolute. 
 Sori without indusia. 
 
 Sori roundish or not more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Stipes articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species pinnatifid. 
 
 i. Poly podium. 
 Stipes not articulated to the rootstocks ; leaves in our species 2-3-pinnatifid 
 
 or ternate. 14. Phegopteris. 
 
 Sori linear and marginal. 2. Notholaena. 
 
 Sori with marginal indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. 
 Sporanges at the ends of veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the leaf. 
 
 3. Adiantum. 
 Sporanges borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle which connects the apices 
 
 of the veins. 4. Pteridium. 
 
 Sporanges at or near the ends of unconnected veins. 
 
 Leaves of two forms ; stipes pale. 5. Cryptogramma. 
 
 Leaves uniform ; stipes usually dark-colored. 
 
 Sori mostly forming a continuous indusium around the segment. 
 
 6. Pellaea. 
 
 Sori minute ; indusium usually interrupted, if continuous the seg- 
 ments small and bead-like. 7. Cheilanthes. 
 Sori dorsal or marginal, provided with special indusia. 
 
 Sori linear or oblong ; indusia more than twice as long as broad. 
 Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs or rachises. 
 
 Leaves dimorphous. -\ * 8. Lorinseria. 
 
 Leaves uniform. 8a. Anchistea. 
 
 Sori all oblique to the midrib or rachises ; veins free. 
 
 Sori single on the upper side of a veinlet or rarely crossing it. 
 
 9. Asplenium. 
 Sori confluent in pairs with an apparently double indusium opening in 
 
 the middle ; leaf simple. 10. Phyllitis. 
 
 Sori partly parallel to the midrib, partly oblique ; veins united. 
 
 j i . Camptosorus. 
 
 Sori roundish, indusia less than twice as long as broad. 
 Indusium superior. 
 
 Indusium orbicular, peltate, fixed by the centre. 12. Polystichum. 
 
 Indusium reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus by which it is 
 
 attached to the leaf. 13. Dryopteris. 
 
 Indusium delicate, partly inferior, fixed by a broad base and enclosing the 
 
 sorus like a hood. 15- FMx. 
 
 Indusium wholly inferior. 
 
 Indusium roundish or stellate. 16. Woodsta. 
 
 Indusium cup-shaped or somewhat 2-valved. 17. Dennstaedtia. 
 
 Spore-bearing leaves closely rolled together with necklace-like segments. 
 
 Leaves with free veins ; rootstock stout, erect. 18. Mateuccia. 
 
 Leaves with anastomosing veins ; rootstock creeping with scattered leaves. 
 
 19. Onoclea. 
 
PTERWOPHYTA. f 
 
 X. POLYPODIUM L. 
 
 Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks. Sori 
 hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs. Indusium 
 none. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts trans- 
 versely. Veins free in the northern species. [Greek, in allusion to the branched 
 rootstocks of some species.] About 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly 
 tropical. 
 
 Lower surface of the leaf glabrous ; plant green. i. P. vulgare. 
 
 Lower surface of the leaf densely scaly ; plant grayish. 2. P. polypodioides. 
 
 1. Polypodium vulgare L. POLYPODY. (I. F. f. 71.) Rootstock widely 
 creeping, densely covered with cinnamon-colored scales. Stipes light-colored, gla- 
 brous, 515 cm. long ; leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong in outline, sub- 
 coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous on both surfaces, 7-25 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, 
 cut nearly to the rachis into entire or slightly toothed, obtuse or subacute, linear 
 or linear-oblong segments ; sori large, borne about midway between the midrib 
 and the margins of the segments ; veins free. On rocks or rocky banks, almost 
 throughout N. Am. , Asia and Europe. Forms with the ends of the segments enlarged, 
 somewhat palmately lobed, and the upper crested are known as var. cristatum. 
 Forms with the segments broad and deeply pinnatifid are called var. Cambricum. 
 
 2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. (I. F. f. 72.) Rootstock 
 widely creeping, woody, covered with small brown scales. Stipes densely scaly, 2.5- 
 4.5cm. long ; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 3-15 
 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cut very nearly or quite to the rachis into entire oblong 
 or linear-oblong obtuse segments, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the 
 lower densely covered with gray peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the 
 rachises ; veins indistinct, unconnected, and usually once forked. On trees or 
 rarely on rocks, Pa. to Va. and Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex., and throughout 
 tropical America. {Polypodium incanum Sw.) 
 
 i. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. 
 
 Mostly small rock-loving ferns, with 1-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and 
 marginal roundish or oblong sori, which are at first distinct but soon confluent into 
 a narrow band. Indusium none, but the sporanges are sometimes at first covered 
 by the inflexed margin of the leaf. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided 
 with a vertical transversely bursting ring. Lower surface of the leaf often covered 
 with a white or yellow waxy powder, or in some species with a dense tomentum. 
 [Greek in allusion to the woolly lower surfaces.] About 40 species, of wide dis- 
 tribution, most numerous in America. Besides the following, some 13 others are 
 found in the mountainous portions of the southwestern U. S. 
 
 I. Notholaena dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. (I. F. f. 70.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
 with narrow brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, very slender, shining, dark brown, 
 2.54.5 cm. long ; leaves triangular-ovate in outline, acute, broadest at the base, 
 2.5-10 cm. long, 3-pinnate, the rachis black and shining ; pinnae ovate, the lower 
 slender- stalked ; ultimate pinnules ovate or obovate, obtuse, lobed, crenate or entire, 
 small, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. On calcare- 
 ous rocks, Mo. and Kan. to Ariz, and Tex. 
 
 3. ADIANTUM L. 
 
 Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided leaves 
 and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion 
 of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves 
 very slender or filiform, polished and shining. [Name ancient.] A genus of 80 or 
 90 species, mostly of tropical America. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in outline. i. A. Capillus- Venerts. 
 
 Leaves dichotomously forked with pinnate branches. 2. A. pedatum* 
 
 i. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. VENUS-HAIR FERN. (I. F. f. 59.) Root- 
 stock creeping, rather slender, chaffy with light-brown scales. Stipes very slender, 
 black or nearly so, shining, 7-22 cm. long; leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, bi- 
 
fLORA. 
 
 pinnate below, simply pinnate above, membranous, commonly drooping, 1.5-6 dm. 
 long, 1-3 dm. wide at the base; pinnules and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or 
 rhomboid, rather long-stalked, glabrous, the upper margin rounded and more or 
 less incised, crenate or dentate-serrate, except where it is recurved to form tho in- 
 dusia. In ravines, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., S. Dak. and Cal. Widely distributed. 
 2. Adiantum pedatum L. MAIDEN-HAIR FERN. (I. F. f. 60.) Rootstock 
 slender, creeping, chaffy, rooting along its whole length. Stipes 2-4.5 dm. l n g 
 dark chestnut-brown, polished and shining, dichotomously forked at the summit; 
 leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 2-4.5 dm. broad, the pinnae arising from the 
 upper sides of the two branches of the stipe, somewhat radiately arranged, the 
 larger ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm ' wide; pinnules oblong, triangular- 
 oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, short-stalked, the lower margin entire and 
 slightly curved, the upper margin cleft, lobed or dentate, bearing the linear-oblong, 
 often short sori. In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Ark., Utah and Cal., 
 in Alaska and W. Asia. 
 
 4. PTERIDIUM Scop. 
 
 Large, mostly coarse ferns, growing in open sunny places, with variously di- 
 vided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or fili- 
 form receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium membranous, formed 
 of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Stipes continuous with the rootstock. [Greek 
 name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the wings of birds.] 
 About ico species of wide distribution, mostly of warm and tropical regions. 
 
 I. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. BRAKE. BRACKEN. (I. F. f. $i.) Rootstock 
 stout, woody, horizontal. Stipes 3-6 dm. long, straw-colored or brownish; leaves 
 6-12 dm. long. 3-9 dm. wide, usually glabrous, ternate, the three branches each 
 bipinnate; upper pinnules undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid. In sunny 
 places, distributed over nearly the whole of N. Am. \Pteris aquilina L.j 
 
 P. aquillnum lathisculum (Desv:) Underw. Pinnules linear and entire, or with the 
 segments less crowded and the terminal lobe attenuate, narrow and entire. In sandy 
 soil, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. (P. aquilinum pseudocaudatum Clute.) 
 
 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. ROCK-BRAKK. 
 
 Light green, alpine and arctic ferns with leaves of two kinds, the segments of 
 the sterile much broader than those of the fertile, the sporanges in oblong or 
 roundish sori, which are at length confluent and cover the backs of the fertile pin- 
 nules. Indusium formed of the somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at first 
 reflexed to the midrib, so that the segments appear pod-like, at length opening out 
 flat. Sporanges borne at or near the ends of unconnected veins. [Greek, in allu- 
 sion to the hidden sporanges.] Two species. 
 
 1. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (I. F. f. 62.) Rootstock stout, short, 
 chaffy. Stipes slender, densely tufted, straw-colored, 5-15 cm. long, chaffy below; 
 leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, glabrous, 2-3 -pinnate, the sterile 
 shorter than the fertile, their ultimate segments and pinnules crowded, ovate, 
 oblong or obovate, obtuse, crenate or slightly incised; fertile leaves with linear or 
 linear-oblong segments 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. or less wide, the margins involute to 
 the midrib at first, expanded at maturity and exposing the light brown sporanges. 
 Forming dense patches among rocks, Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to 
 Lakes Huron and Superior, Colo., and Cal. 
 
 2. Cryptogramma Stellcri (Gmel.) Prantl. (I. F. f. 63.) Rootstock slender, 
 creeping, threadlike, somewhat scaly. Stipes scattered, 5-8 cm. long, straw-col- 
 ored or pale brown, slightly chaffy below; leaves thin-membranous, ovate in out- 
 line, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 2-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile 
 taller than the sterile and with narrower pinnules and segments; pinnae lanceolate- 
 deltoid, cut to the rachis into a few blunt or subacute slightly lobed or entire seg- 
 ments; indusium broad, continuous; veins of the fertile leaves mostly only one- 
 forked, everywhere apparent and conspicuous. On rocks, preferring limestone, 
 Lab. to Br. Col., south to Mass., Penn,, Iowa and Colo. Also in Asia. JPellaea 
 Stelleri Watt.] 
 
PTER1DOPHYTA. Q 
 
 6. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF-BRAKB. 
 
 Rock-loving ferns of small or medium size with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and 
 intramarginal sori borne on the ends of unconnected veins, at length confluent and 
 forming a marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of 
 the reflexed margins of fertile segments which are more or less modified and mem- 
 branous. Fertile and sterile leaves similar. Stipes usually dark-colored. [Greek, 
 in allusion to the dark-colored stipes.] About 55 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate with large pinnules. i. P. atropurpurea. 
 
 Leaves small, 3-pinnate, the pinnules narrow. 2. P. densa. 
 
 1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. (I. F. f. 64.) Rootstock short, densely 
 clothed with rusty hair-like scales.. Stipes tufted, 5-15 cm. long, dark purple or 
 nearly black; leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1-3 dm. 
 long, 5-15 cm. wide, simply pinnate or 2-pinnate below; rachis dark-brown or 
 purple, glabrous or pubescent; pinnules and upper pinnae 2.5-5 cm - l n g> glabrous, 
 6 mm. or less wide, short-stalked or sessile; indusium formed of the slightly 
 altered incurved margin of the pinnules; veins obscure, commonly twice forked. 
 On rocks, preferring limestone, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Conn., Ga., Ariz, and 
 N, Hex. 
 
 2. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. (I. F. f. 65.) Rootstock rather slender, 
 chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, wiry, slender, light brown, 7-22 
 cm. long; leaves ovate or triangular-oblong in outline, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, densely 
 3-pinnate, the segments 6-12 mm. long, linear, nearly sessile, acuminate or mucro- 
 nate, those of the fertile leaves tapering at each end, with narrowly recurved 
 margins; apices of the rare sterile leaves sharply serrate, otherwise similar to the 
 fertile ones. Mt. Albert, Gaspe, P. Q. Also from Br. Col. to Wyo, and Cal. 
 
 7. CHEILANTHES Sw. LIP-FERN. 
 
 Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided 
 leaves, the sori terminal on the veins, ultimately more or less confluent. Indusium 
 formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf, roundish and distinct or more or less con- 
 fluent. Sporanges often much concealed in the scales or tomentum which covers 
 the segments in many species. [Greek, in allusion to the lipped indusia of some 
 species.] About 65 species, of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Leaves nearly glabrous, 2-pinnate. i. C. Alabamensis. 
 
 Leaves hirsute and glandular, not tomentose ; indusia not continuous. 
 
 2. C. lanosa. 
 
 Leaves more or less tomentose ; indusia mostly continuous. 
 
 Leaves 5-10 cm. long ; stipes slender, at length nearly glabrous. 3. C. Fi'ei, 
 Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long ; stipes stout, densely brown-tomentose. 4. C. tomentosa, 
 
 1. Cheilanthes Alabamensis (Buckl.) Kunze. (I. F. f. 66.) Rootstock 
 creeping, rather stout and short, with slender brown scales. Stipes black, 7-18 cm. 
 Jong, slender, wiry, villous at least towards the base with rusty wool; leaves lanceo- 
 late in outline, glabrous, 5~ 2 5 cm> l n S> 2-pinnate; pinnae numerous, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, very short- stalked, the lowest usually smaller than those above; 
 pinnules oblong or triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auriculate on the upper side 
 of the base, more or less toothed or incised; indusia pale, membranous, interrupted 
 by the incising of the pinnae. On rocks, Va. to Ala., west to Ark. and Ariz. 
 
 2. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. (I. F. f. 67.) Rootstock short, creep- 
 ing, with pale rusty-brown scales. Stipes tufted, wiry, chestnut-brown, 5-10 cm. 
 long, hirsute; leaves herbaceous, oblong- lanceolate in outline, 10-22 cm. long, 2.5-5 
 cm. wide, gradually attenuate to the apex, 2-pinnate ; pinnules somewhat distant, 
 lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with 
 almost bristly hairs and usually somewhat glandular, obtuse or subacute; sori 
 numerous, covered by the infolded ends of the rounded or oblong lobes. On rocks, 
 West Rock, New Haven, and southern New York to Ga., west to Mo., Ark. and 
 Tex. 
 
 3. Cheilanthes Feei Moore. (I. F. f. 68.) Rootstock short, covered with 
 narrow brown scales lined with black. Stipes densely tufted, slender, about as long 
 as the leaves, at first covered with woolly hairs, at length nearly glabrous; leaves 
 
10 FLORA. 
 
 ovate-lanceolate in outline, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm - wide, 3-pinnate or 2-pinnate 
 with the pinnules pinnatifid, the upper surface slightly tomentose, the lower densely 
 matted with whitish-brown woolly hairs; upper pinnae oblong-ovate, the lower 
 deltoid, the lowest distant; ultimate segments or lobes minute, the terminal ones 
 slightly larger than the others, all roundish or obovate and much crowded; indusium 
 narrow. On rocks, 111., to Br. Col., Tex. and Ariz. (C, gracilis Mett.) 
 
 4. Cheilanthes tomentosa Link. (I. F. f. 69.) Rootstock stout, short, 
 densely chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes tufted, 1-2 dm. long, rather stout, 
 densely brown -tomentose even when mature; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
 3-pinnate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, densely tomentose, especially beneath, with slender 
 brownish- white obscurely articulated hairs; pinnse and pinnules ovate-oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, the ultimate pinnules about I mm. long, the terminal ones some- 
 times twice as large as the others; indusium pale, membranous, continuous. On 
 rocks, Va. to Ga., west to Mo., Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 
 
 8. LORINSERIA Presl. CHAIN-FERN. 
 
 Medium-sized ferns of swamps with dimorphous pinnate leaves, and linear sori 
 sunk in cavities of the leaf, arranged parallel to the midribs. Indusia subcoriaceous, 
 fixed by their outer margins to a veinlet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins 
 copiously reticulated. Only the following species. [Named in honor of Dr. Gus- 
 tav Lorinser, a Bohemian physician and naturalist.] 
 
 i. Lorinseria areolata (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 43.) Rootstock slender, 
 creeping, chaffy. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile taller than the sterile and borne 
 on longer stipes, 3-6 cm. high, their pinnse narrowly linear; sterile leaves deltoid- 
 ovate, membranous, the segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, minutely serru- 
 late or undulate, their bases connected by a rather broad rachis-wing. Tn swamps, 
 Me. to Fla., La. and Ark.; also in Mich. (Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore.) 
 
 8a. ANCHISTEA Presl. CHAIN-FERN. 
 
 Large coarse ferns of swamps or wet woods, with uniform nearly bi pinnate 
 leaves and oblong sori arranged in chain-like rows parallel to the midribs. In- 
 dusia fixed by their outer margins to a veinlet. Veins forming a single row of 
 areolse next the midrib, then free to the margin. Two species of the northern 
 hemisphere, the following and one of eastern Asia. [Greek, referring to its rela- 
 tionship to WoodiuardiaJ\ 
 
 I. Anchistea Virginica (L.) Presl. (I. F. f. 42.) Rootstock stout, sub- 
 terranean, creeping, chaffy. Stipes stout, 3-4.5 dm. long, nearly or quite naked; 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-6 dm. long, 
 1522 cm. wide; pinnae linear-lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate at the apex, sessile, 
 deeply pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments with minutely serrulate margins; 
 sori 4 mm. long. In swamps, N. S. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla., La. and 
 Ark. (Wood-war dia Virginica (L.) J. E. Smith.) 
 
 9. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT. 
 
 Large or small ferns with entire, lobed, pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves mostly 
 uniform. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening towards the midribs 
 when single. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with an elastic ring, bursting ^trans- 
 versely. [Ancient Greek name ; some species were supposed to be remedies for 
 diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 200 species, of very wide geographic 
 distribution. 
 
 Sori -straight or rarely slightly curved, attached to the upper side of a vein; mostly small 
 
 (except in No. 7). 
 Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate below, tapering to a point. 
 
 Stipes blackish below ; lobes rounded or the lowest acuminate. 
 
 i. A. pinnattfidum. 
 Stipes blackish throughout; lobes acute or acuminate. 2. A. ebenoides. 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. II 
 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 
 Pinnae 7 mm.-8 cm. long, mostly blunt. 
 Rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. 
 
 Pinnae auricled at the upper side of the base. 
 
 Pinnae opposite, oblong ; rachis dark brown or black. 
 
 3. A. resiliens* 
 Pinnae partly alternate, lanceolate ; rachis chestnut-brown. 
 
 4. A. platyneuron. 
 Pinnae not auricled, partly alternate, partly opposite. 
 
 5. A. Trichomanes. 
 Rachis green; pinnae not auricled. o. A. viride. 
 
 Pinnae 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate. 7. A. angustifolium. 
 
 Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. 
 
 Stipes green ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; pinnules fan-shaped, veins flabellate. 
 
 8. A. Ruta-muraria. 
 Stipes dark at the base, green above. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest near the base. 9. A. montanum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle. 10. A.fontanum. 
 
 Stipes chestnut- brown throughout, as also the lower part of the rachis. 
 
 ii. A. Bradle\i. 
 Sori usually more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the 
 
 outer or lower side of the veinlet ; large ferns. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnatifid ; segments blunt, scarcely crenate. 12. A. acrostichoides. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate; pinnules acute, toothed or pinnatifid. 13. A. Filix-fcemina. 
 
 1. Asplenium pirmatifidum Nutt. (I. F. f. 46.) Rootstock short, creeping, 
 chaffy. Stipes tufted, polished, blackish below, green above, 5-12 cm. long, 
 somewhat chaffy below, at least when young ; leaves broadly lanceolate in outline. 
 7-25 cm. long, firm, tapering upward to a long narrow tip, pinnatifid. or the 
 lower parts pinnate ; lowest pinnae or occasionally several pairs sometimes taper- 
 ing to a point like that of the apex of the leaf ; lobes or pinnae rounded or the 
 lowest acuminate. On rocks, N. J. and Pa. to 111., south to Ga. and Ark. 
 
 2. Asplenium ebenoides R. R. Scott. (I. F. f. 47.) Rootstock short, chaffy. 
 Stipes blackish tufted, 4-10 cm. long ; leaves lanceolate in outline, variable in 
 size and length, 8-25 em. long, 2.55 cm - w 'de at the base, firm, tapering into 
 a very long narrow acuminate apex, pinnatifid, or commonly pinnate below, the 
 segments or pinnae lanceolate from a broad base, acute or acuminate, irregular in 
 length, the lower sometimes shorter than those just above ; sori several on each 
 segment, straight or slightly curved. On limestone, Vt. to Ind., south to Ala. 
 Local; rare except in the last-named locality. 
 
 3. Asplenium resiliens Kunze. (I. F. f. 48.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
 with black stiff scales. Stipes tufted, blackish and shining, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> leaves 
 rather firm, linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, 
 once pinnate ; pinnae 4-12 mm. long, mostly opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire or 
 crenulate, auricled on the upper side and nearly sessile, the middle ones the long- 
 est, the lower gradually shorter and reflexed ; rachis dark brown or black ; sori 
 oblong, short, borne about midway between the midrib and the margin of the 
 pinnae, nearly or quite straight. On limestone, Va. to Fla., west to Mo., Tex., 
 and N. Mex. 
 
 4. Asp'enium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. (I. F. f. 49.) Rootstock short. 
 Stipes tufted, purplish -brown and shining, 2.5-10 cm. long ; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. 
 long, 1.23.5 cm. wide, firm, once pinnate, the rachis chestnut-brown ; pinnae 
 20-40 pairs, lanceolate, subfalcate, alternate or partly so, sessile, crenate, serrate or 
 incised, auricled on the upper side at the base and occasionally also on the lower ; 
 lower pinnae gradually smaller and oblong or triangular ; sori 8-12 on each side 
 of the midrib of the pinnae, becoming crowded at maturity. On rocks and banks, 
 preferring limestone soil, Me. and Ont. lo Fla., Colo, and Tex. (A. ebeneum Ait.) 
 
 5. Asplenium Trichomanes L. (I. F. f. 50.) Rootstock short, nearly erect, 
 chaffy with blackish scales. Stipes densely tufted, numerous, 2.5-12 cm. long, 
 purplish-brown and shining ; leaves linear in outline, 7-20 cm. long, 12-20 mm. 
 wide, rather rigid, once pinnate, evergreen ; pinnae oval or roundish-oblong, in- 
 equilateral, partly opposite, partly alternate, or nearly all opposite, cuneate at 
 the base, the point of attachment to the dark brown rachis narrow, their margins 
 slightly crenate; sori 3-6 on each side of the forking and evanescent midrib, short, 
 
12 FLORA. 
 
 narrowed at either end. On rocks, preferring limestone, throughout nearly the 
 whole of N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 6. Asplenium viride Huds. (I. F. f. 51.) Rootstock stout, creeping, with 
 brown nerveless scales. Stipes numerous, densely tufted, brownish below, green 
 above ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 5-20 cm. long, 8-20 cm. wide, once pinnate, pale 
 green, soft, herbaceous or almost membranous; rachis green; pinnae 12-20 pairs, 
 ovate or rhomboid, deeply crenate, obtuse, unequal sided, their upper edges nar- 
 rowed suddenly at the base, the lower obliquely truncate ; sori oblong and num- 
 erous or scattered and fewer. On rocks, N. B. and Vt. to Br. Col. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 7. Asplenium angustifolium Michx. (I. F. f. 52.) Rootstock stout, creep- 
 ing, rooting throughout. Stipes growing in a crown, brownish or green above, chaff- 
 less, 2-3 dm. long, sometimes slightly scaly toward the base ; leaves lanceolate in 
 outline, 3-6 dm. long, once pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae 2030 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 
 or those of the sterile leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at 
 the base, 5-12 cm. long flaccid, the margins entire or slightly crenulate ; fertile 
 leaves commonly taller than the sterile, narrower, their pinnae generally much nar- 
 rower, often falcate ; sori 20-30 on each side of the midrib, linear, crowded. In 
 moist woods P. Q. to Wis. south to Va. and Ky. 
 
 8. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. (I. F. f. 53.) Rootstock short, ascending. 
 Stipes tufted, naked, green, 5-7 cm. long ; leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate in outline, 
 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, evergreen, 2-3 -pinnate or pinnatifid above ; pinnae and pin- 
 nules stalked ; pinnules rhombic or obovate, mostly obtuse, dentate or incised, cune- 
 ate at the base ; veins flabellate ; sori few, linear-oblong, confluent when mature and 
 covering nearly the whole pinnule, the indusium membranaceous and delicate. On 
 limestone, Vt. to Mich., Conn., Ala. and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and N. Africa. 
 
 9. Asplenium montanum Willd. (I. F. f. 54.) Rootstock short, chaffy at 
 the summit. Stipes tufted, naked, slender, blackish at the base, 5-7 cm. long ; 
 leaves 5-20 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate in outline, acuminate at the apex, rather 
 firm, 1-2 pinnate ; lower pinnae longest, pinnate or pinnatifid, the lobes or seg- 
 ments ovate or oblong ; upper pinnae less divided, merely toothed or incised ; veins 
 obscure ; sori linear-oblong, short, the lower ones sometimes double, usually abun- 
 dant, often confluent at maturity and concealing the narrow membranous indusia. 
 On rocks, Conn, and N. Y. to Ga., west to O. and Ark. 
 
 10. Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. (I. F. f. 55.) Rootstock short, 
 ascending, with narrow dark scales at the apex. Stipes tufted, 2.5-7 cm. long, 
 somewhat blackish at the base especially on the inner side, usually glabrous ; 
 leaves lanceolate, broadest above the middle, thin, 2-3 pinnate, 7-15 cm. long, 
 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base; pinnae 10-15 P a i rs > 
 the segments deeply dentate with spinulose teeth ; sori only I to 4 on each segment, 
 covered with a membranous subentire indusium, rarely confluent. On rocks, 
 Lycoming Co., Pa., and Springfield, O. Also in Europe. 
 
 11. Asplenium Bradleyi D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 56.) Rootstock short, chaffy 
 with brown scales. Stipes tufted, slender, 5-7 cm. long, chestnut-brown; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate at the apex, not narrowed at the base, 
 pinnate with 8-12 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, oblong-ovate pinnae, the lower 
 again pinnatifid or pinnate with oblong obtuse lobes or pinnules, which are toothed 
 at the apex, the upper pinnatifid with dentate or nearly entire lobes; rachis brown; 
 sori short, borne near the midrib, covered with the narrow indusium until maturity. 
 On rocks, often preferring limestone, N. Y. to Ga. and Ala., west to Ark. 
 Local. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. (I. F. f. 57.) Rootbtock sinuous, creep- 
 ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, straw-colored, somewhat chaffy below at least when 
 young ; leaves lanceolate in outline, 3-9 dm. long, 1.5-3 dm. wide, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae linear- 
 lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblong obtuse or 
 subacute, slightly crenate segments; sori crowded, slightly curved or straight, the 
 lower ones often double; indusium light-colored and somewhat shining when young. 
 In rich moist woods, N. S. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. Also in E. Asia. 
 
 13. Asplenium Filix-fo^mina (L.) Bernh. (I. F. f. 58.) Rootstock creep- 
 ing, rather slender for the RJZQ of the plant. Stipes tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 13 
 
 straw-colored, brownish or reddish; leaver oroadly oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate at the apex, 3-9 dm. long, bipinnate; pinnae, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 short-stalked or the upper ones sessile, 1-2 dm. long; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 
 incised or serrate, their lobes or teeth often again toothed, those toward the ends ol 
 the pinnae confluent by a very narrow margin to the secondary rachis ; sori short, 
 the indusia straight or variously curved, sometimes horseshoe-shaped. In woods, 
 thickets, and by walls and fences, N. S. to Alaska, south to Fla., La., and Ariz. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 10. PHYLLITIS Hill, 1756. {Scolopendrium Adans. 1763.] 
 
 Large ferns with oblong or strap-shaped mostly entire leaves, and linear 
 elongated sori which are almost at right angles to the midrib and contiguous in 
 pairs, one on the upper side of a vein let, the other on the lower side of the next 
 contiguous veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening longitudinally 
 along its middle. Five species, mainly of temperate regions. Only the following 
 is known to occur in N. Am. [Greek name of the Harts-tongue.] 
 
 i. Phyllitis Scolopendnum (L.) Newman. HARTS-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 44 \ 
 Rootstock short, chaffy with light brown scales. Stipes 5-15 cm. long, fibrillose 
 chaffy below or sometimes up to the base of the leaf ; leaves entire, bright green, 
 firm, 2-4.5 dm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, cordate at the base, the margins entire or 
 undulate, the lower surface of the midrib sometimes chaffy; pairs of sori distinct, 
 4-15 mm. long; conspicuous on the lower surface, the sporanges dark brown at 
 maturity; veins free, usually once forked near the midrib. On shaded cliffs of the 
 corniferous limestone, Chittenango Falls and Jamesville, N. Y. ; near South Pitts- 
 burg, Tenn. ; Owen Sound, Ont., N. B. and Mex. Widely distributed in Europe, 
 Asia and Africa. 
 
 ix. CAMPTOSORUS Link. 
 
 Slender ferns with tapering simple entire or undulate leaves, bearing linear or 
 oblong sori several times longer than broad, irregularly scattered on either side of 
 the reticulate veins or sometimes crossing them, partly parallel to the midrib and 
 partly oblique to it, the outer ones more or less approximate in pairs. Indusium 
 membranous. [Greek, referring to the bent or curved sori.] Two species. 
 
 i. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. WALKING-FERN. (I. F. f. 45.) 
 Rootstock short, usually creeping, chaffy. Stipes light green, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
 tufted, spreading ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, simple, long-acuminate at the 
 apex, cordate, hastate or rarely narrowed at the base, 10-25 cm - l n g> sometimes with 
 a more or less elongated pair of basal auricles; tip of the leaf and sometimes the tip 
 of one or both of the basal auricles rooting and forming a new plant by the ultimate 
 withering away of its tissue, but commonly two or sometimes as many as four 
 plants are found connected; sori usually numerous, irregularly scattered on the 
 lower surface. On rocks, preferring limestone, P. Q. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
 N. Car. and Kan. 
 
 la. POLYSTICHUM Roth. 
 
 Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns growing from an erect rootstock, with round 
 sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the sterile and fertile leaves similar in 
 outline. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Stipe continuous, not 
 jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying many rows, without 
 obvious application. ] Some 45 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Leaves once pinnate. 
 
 Stipes short ; lower pinnae much reduced. i. P. Lonchitis. 
 
 Stipes longer ; lower pinnae usually little reduced. 2. P. acrosticlioides. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate. 3. P. Braunii* 
 
 I. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth. HOLLY-FERN. (I. F. f. 26.) Rootstock 
 short, stout densely chaffy. Stipes 2.5-12.5 cm. long, bearing large dark brown 
 scales with some smaller ones ; leases rigid, evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in 
 outline, once pinnate ; pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate, 2.5-5 cm ' l n g? acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, strongly auricled on the upper side at the base and obliquely 
 truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-vkutate, the lowest commonly triangular 
 
14 FLOJZA. 
 
 and shorter ; sori large, at length contiguous, borne nearer the margin than the 
 midrib. On rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to Ont. and Br. Col., and in the 
 Rocky Mts. to Utah. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. CHRISTMAS FERN. (I. F. 
 f. 27.) Rootstock stout, creeping. Stipes 12-16 cm. long, densely chaffy ; leaves 
 lanceolate, 1.5-6 dm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, rigid, evergreen, subcoriaceous, once 
 pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 2.5-7 cm. long, acutish at the 
 apex, half halberd-shaped at the base, bristly with appressed teeth, the lower 
 scarcely smaller ; fertile fronds contracted at the summit, bearing the large con- 
 tiguous sori near the middle, which soon cover the whole lower surface. In woods 
 and rocky places, N. B. and N. S. to Fla., west to Ont., Wis., and Miss. July- 
 Aug. Forms with cut-lobed or incised pinnoe are known as var. Schiueinitzii ; 
 occasional forms are 2-pinnatifid. 
 
 3. Polystichum Braunii (Spenner) Fee. (I. F. f. 28.) Rootstock stout. 
 Stipes 10-12 cm. long, chaffy with both broad and narrow brown scales ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, not coriaceous, 2-pinnate, the rachis chaffy, at least below ; 
 pinnae numerous, close together, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the 
 base, cut to the midvein into ovate or oblong pinnules ; middle pinnae 6-10 cm. 
 long, the lower gradually shorter ; pinnules truncate and nearly rectangular at the 
 base, acute or obtuse, sharply toothed and beset with long soft hairs and scales ; 
 sori small, mostly nearer the midvein than the margin. In rocky woods, Quebec 
 to Alaska, south to Me., the mountains of Penn., Mich, and Br. Col. Aug. 
 
 13. DRYOPTERIS Adans. [ASPIDIUM Sw.] SHIRLD-FKKN. 
 
 Ferns with 2~3-pinn?te or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne on the 
 backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline. Indusium 
 flattish, cordate reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus. Stipe continuous, not 
 jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying oak-fern, in allusion 
 to the forest habitat of most species.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Texture thin-membranous; veins simple or once forked; leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 Lower pinnae very much reduced. i. D. Noveboracensis. 
 
 Lower pinnse little smaller than the middle ones. 
 
 Veins i-2-forked ; sori crowded, 10-12 to a segment. 2. D. Thelypteris. 
 Veins simple; sori larger, distant, 4-10 to a segment. 3. D. simulata. 
 Texture firmer, sometimes subcoriaceous; veins forking freely. 
 Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate; segments not spinulose. 
 
 Leaves small, narrowly lanceolate. 4. D.fragrans. 
 
 Leaves larger, mostly 0.4-1.6 m. high. 
 Indusia large, thinnish and flat. 
 
 Pinnae widest at the base. 5. D. cristata. 
 
 Pinna? widest. *t the middle. 6. D. Goldieana. 
 
 Indusia convex, without marginal glands. 
 
 Sori near the margin. 7, D. marginalis. 
 
 Sori near the midvein. 8. D. Filix-mas. 
 
 Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnatifid ; segments spinulose-toothed. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually not narrowad below ; scales of stipes usually 
 
 with a dark centre. 9. D. spinulosa. 
 
 Leaves elongated-lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base ; scales of the stipes 
 pale brown. 10. D. Boottii. 
 
 1. Dryopteris Noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 29.) Rootstock 
 slender, creeping. Leaves lanceolate, tapering botn ways from the middle, 3-6 dm. 
 long, 10-15 cm. wide, membranous, long-acuminate atthe apex, once pinnate; pinnoe 
 lanceolate, sessile, long-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, ciliate and finely pubescent 
 beneath, 3-7 cm. long, the two or more lower pairs gradually shorter and deflexed, 
 commonly distant ; segments flat, oblong, obtuse, the basal ones often enlarged; 
 veins simple or those of the basal lobes forked ; sori not confluent, borne near the 
 margin; indusium minute, reniform, delicate, glandular. In moist woods, Newf. 
 to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. 
 
 2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Grfiy. (I. F. f. 30.) Rootstock slender, 
 creeping. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely narrower at the base 
 
 atthe middle, 3~8dm long, 10-15 cm * w ^ e ? short-acuminate, membranous, once 
 
P TERID OPH YTA. 1 5 
 
 pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizontal, acuminate 
 at the apex, nearly truncate at the base, 3-7 cm. long, slightly pubescent beneath, 
 deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse or appearing acute from the strongly revo- 
 lute margins; veins regularly once or twice c orked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each 
 segment ; indusia reniform, slightly glandular or glabrous. In marshes, N. B. to 
 Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 3. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. (I. F. f. 31.) Rootstock wide-creeping, 
 brownish; stipes 1.5-5 ^ m - l n g> straw-colored, dark brown at base, with deciduous 
 scales; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 5-16 cm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acu- 
 minate apex (abruptly tapering in the fertile leaf), little or not at all narrowed at 
 the base; pinnse 12-20 pairs, lanceolate, pinnatind, the segments obi iquely oblong, 
 obtuse, entire, slightly revolute in the fertile leaf; surfaces finely pubescent, espe^ 
 daily near the midribs; texture rather thin; veins simple, nearly straight; sori 
 rather large, somewhat distant, 4-10 to each segment; indusia finely glandular at 
 the margins, withering-persistent. In woodland swamps, Me. to Conn, and Md. 
 
 4. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. (I. F. f. 32.) Rootstock stout, with brown 
 shining scales. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, chaffy; leaves lanceolate, firm, glandular, 
 and aromatic, pinnate or nearly bipinnate, acuminate at apex, narrowed to the base, 
 7-30 cm. long; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, numerous, lanceolate, acute, 1.2-3 cm. 
 long ; segments oblong, obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, nearly covered by the 
 large sori; indusium thin, nearly orbicular, persistent long after the sporanges have 
 matured, its margin ragged and sparingly gland-bearing. On rocks, Labrador to 
 Alaska, south to Vt. and Wis. Also in Greenland, Europe, and Asia. 
 
 5. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray. (I. F.f.33.) Roolstock stout, densely 
 chaffy. Stipesof the sterile leaves 5-12 cm. long, those of the fertile 1.5-2.5 dm. long; 
 leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, gradually and slightly narrowed to 
 the base, rather firm, 3-8 dm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, pinnate; pinnse lanceolate or 
 triangular-ovate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or the lower pinnate, the segments 
 6-10 pairs, serrate or incised; sori about midway between the margin and midrib; 
 indusium thin, glabrous. In wet woods and swamps, Newf. to Manitoba, south to 
 Ky. and Ark. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 Dryopteris cristata Clintoni&na (D. C. Eaton) Underw. Leaves 8-12 dm. long, 
 with oblong-lanceolate pinnae which are broadest at the base and 10-15 cm - l n g 5 seg- 
 ments 8-16 pairs, linear-oblong, obscurely serrate ; veins pinnately forking, bearing the 
 sori near the midvein. Me. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Wis. 
 
 6. Dryppteris Goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray. (I. F. f. 34.) Rootstock stout, 
 chaffy. Stipes 2.5-4.5 dm. long, chaffy at least below ; leaves broadly ovate, rather 
 firm, 6-12 dm. long, usually 3 dm. or more wide, glabrous or nearly so, dark green 
 above, pinnate or nearly 2-pinnate ; lower pinnse broadly lanceolate, widest at 
 about the middle, 1.52.5 dm. long, 2.55 cm * wide, parted into about 20 pairs of 
 oblong-linear subfalcate segments which are serrate with appressed teeth ; sori very 
 near the midrib, close together but distinct, large ; indusium orbicular, glabrous, 
 persistent. In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., south to N. Car. and Tenn. 
 
 7. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. (I. F.'f. 35.) Rootstock stout, ascend- 
 ing, chaffy with dark brown shining scales. Stipes 720 cm. long, chaffy below ; 
 leaves borne in a crown, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate in outline, subcoriaceous, 
 1.5-7.5 dm. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed 
 at the base ; pinnae numerous, lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous. 5-12.5 cm. long, 
 the lower broader and shorter than the middle ones, the upper pinnatifid, the lower 
 pinnately parted into oblong, sometimes slightly falcate obtuse entire dentate or pin- 
 nately lobed pinnules ; sori distinct, close to the margin, covered by the glabrous 
 indusium. In rocky woods, Pr. Edw. Isl. to Minn, south to Ga., Ala. and Ark. A 
 hybrid with D. cristata has been described. 
 
 8 Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. MALE FERN. (I. F. f. 36.) Rootstock 
 stout, ascending or erect, chaffy. Stipes 10-15 cm - l n g> very chaffy below ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base, 
 3-9 dm. long, rather firm, half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate ; pinnae 
 lanceolate, broadest at the base, gradually acuminate to the apex, 7-15 cm. long, 
 pinnatifid almost to the rachis or pinnately divided into oblong glabrous lobes or 
 pinnules ; pinnules slightly dentate, incised or nearly entire ; sori large, borne near 
 the midvejn, more numerous on the lower halves of the segments ; indusium firm, 
 
l6 FLORA. 
 
 convex, glabrous. In rocky woods, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Mich, and Br. 
 Col. Also in Greenland, Europe and Asia, and in the Andes of S. Am. 
 
 9. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz) Kuntze. (I. F. f. 37.) Rootstock chaffy. Stipes 
 1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing a few pale brown deciduous scales ; leaves ovate-Ian- 
 ceolate, 2-pinnate, the pinnae oblique to the rachis, elongated-triangular, rather thin, 
 the lower pairs broadly triangular, slightly shorter than the middle ones ; pinnules 
 oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pin- 
 natifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium glabrous. In rich woods, Newf. to 
 Alaska and Wash., south to Ky. and Mich. 
 
 Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Scales of the stipes few, brown 
 with a darker centre ; leaves oblong-ovate, s-3-pinnate, the pinnse oblong-lanceolate, 
 spreading, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, pinnately divided ; 
 indusium delicate, beset with stalked glands. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. Car. and Mo. 
 
 Dryopteris spinulosa dilat&ta (Hoffm.) Underw. Scales of the stipe large, brown 
 with a darker centre ; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, commonly 3-pinnate ; 
 pinnules lanceolate-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glabrous. Newf. 
 to Wash, and Alaska, south along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Tenn. and to O. and 
 Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 10. DryopterisBo6ttii(Tuckerm.) Underw. (I. F. f. 38.) Rootstock, ascend- 
 ing. Stipes 2-3 dm. long, covered, at least below, with thin pale-brown scales ; 
 leaves elongated-oblong or lanceolate in outline, thin, acuminate at the apex, slightly 
 narrowed at the base, nearly or quite 2-pinnate, 3-7.5 dm. long, 7.5-12.5 cm. wide ; 
 pinnae lanceolate, long-acuminate, broadest at the nearly sessile base ; pinnules 
 broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid ; sori distinct, borne about half- 
 way between the midvein and margin ; indusium minutely glandular. In woods, 
 N. S. to Minn., south to Del. and W. Va. Also in N. Eu. and Asia. 
 
 14. PHEGOPTERIS F<5e. 
 
 Medium-sized or small ferns with 2-3 -pinnatifid or ternate leaves and small round 
 sori borne on the backs of the veins below the apex. Stipe not jointed with the 
 rootstock. Indusium wanting. Fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile leaves similar. 
 Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring, bursting transversely. [Greek, 
 signifying beech-fern. ] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Leaves triangular, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae sessile, adnate to the winged rachis. 
 
 Leaves longer than broad, usually dark green. i. P. Phegopteris. 
 
 Leaves as broad as long, or broader, usually light green. 2. P. hexagonoptera. 
 
 Leaves ternate, with the three divisions petioled ; rachis wingless. 
 
 Divisions subequal, often deflexed at right angles to the stipe. 
 
 3. P. Dryopteris. 
 Terminal division largest erect, the leaves thus appearing pinnate. 
 
 4. /I Robertiana. 
 
 1. Phegopteris Phegopteris (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 39.) Rootstock 
 slender, creeping, somewhat chaffy at least when young. Stipes 15-22 cm. long; 
 leaves triangular, thin, mostly longer than wide, 10-25 cm - l n &> 7 I 5 cm - wide, 
 acuminate at the apex, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath; pinnae lanceolate 
 or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, broadest above the base, pin- 
 nately parted very nearly to the rachis into oblong obtuse entire segments, the lower 
 pair deflexed and standing forward ; basal segments, at least those of the upper 
 pinnae, decurrent and adnate to the winged rachis. In moist woods, Newf. to 
 Alaska, south to the mountains of Va., Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Aug. (P. polypodioides Fee.) 
 
 2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. (I. F. f. 40.) Rootstock creep- 
 ing, chaffy, somewhat fleshy. Stipes 2-4.5 dm. long, straw-colored, naked ; leaves 
 triangular, as broad as or broader than long, 2-3 dm. wide, slightly pubescent and 
 often slightly glandular beneath, acuminate at the apex ; uppermost pinnae oblong, 
 obtuse, dentate or entire, small, the middle ones lanceolate, acuminate, the very 
 large lowest pair broadest near the middle, pinnately parted nearly to the mid- 
 vein into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; sori mostly near the margin. In dry 
 woods, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and La, 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. \*J 
 
 3. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee. OAK-FERN. (I. F. f. 41.) Rootstock 
 creeping. Stipes slender, 1-3 dm. long, chaffy at least near the base ; leaves thin, 
 broadly triangular, almost glabrous, 1-2 dm. wide, ternate, the three primary 
 divisions stalked, pinnate or partly bipinnate, the terminal one slightly larger, 
 all spreading more or less at right angles to the stipe ; pinnules lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, sessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or 
 crenate, close together. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, south to 
 Va., Minn., Or., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Phegopteris Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Braun. Stipes 15-25 cm. long, 
 straw-colored when dry ; leaves 8-20 cm. long, mostly erect, 12-18 cm. wide, del- 
 toid-ovate, bipinnate, the lowest pinnae much the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate; 
 upper pinnae smaller, pinnatifid, lobed or entire; sori numerous. Lab. to la. and 
 Idaho. Also in Europe. {Phegopteris Dryopteris Robertiana Davenp.) 
 
 15. pfLIX Adans, 1763. \Cystopteris Bernh. 1806.] 
 
 Delicate rock ferns with slender stipes, 2-4-pinnate leaves, and roundish sori 
 borne on the backs of the veins. Indusium membranous, hood-like, attached by a 
 broad base on its inner side and partly under the sorus, early opening and some- 
 what evanescent. Veins free. Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a transversely 
 bursting vertical ring. [Ancient name of the fern plant.] Five species, natives of 
 the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate. 
 
 Leaves broadest at base, long-tapering, bearing bulblets beneath. i. F* bulbifera. 
 
 Leaves scarcely broader at base, short- pointed ; no bulblets. 2. F.fragilis. 
 
 Leaves deltoid-ovate, 3~4-pinnate. 3. F, montana. 
 
 1. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. (I. F. f. 23.) Rootstock short, rooting. 
 Stipes 10-15 cm. long, light-colored; leaves elongated, lanceolate from a broad base, 
 3-8 dm. long, 2-3 -pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnules crowded, toothed or pinnatifid ; 
 rachis wingless, commonly bearing underneath , in the axils of the pinnae and seg- 
 ments, large fleshy bulblets which fall away and propagate the plant ; indusia short, 
 truncate on the free side, early thrown back and withering. On moist rocks, espe- 
 cially limestone, Quebec to Wis., south to Tenn. and Ark. 
 
 2. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. (L F. f. 24.) Rootstock short. Stipes 10-20 
 cm. long; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, slightly tapering below, 1-3 dm. long, 2-3- 
 pinnatifid or pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid, with a broad 
 central space and bluntly or sharply toothed segments decurrent along the mar- 
 gined or winged rachis, without bulblets ; indusia narrow or acute at the free end, 
 early withering ; texture membranous. On rocks and in moist grassy woods, Newf. 
 to Alaska, south to Ga. and Ariz. Almost cosmopolitan. 
 
 3. Filix montana (Lam.) Underw. (I. F. f. 25.) Rootstock widely creeping. 
 Stipes 15-22 cm. long, slender; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3~4-pinnate, about 15 cm. long 
 and broad,, the lowest pinnae deltoid-lanceolate and much larger than the upper, 
 their inferior pinnules 2.5-3 cm. long ; segments deeply divided into oblong lobes, 
 deeply toothed ; sori numerous ; indusia acute, soon withering. On rocks, Lab. 
 and Quebec to Br. Col., south to the north shore of L. Superior, and Colo. Also 
 in NrEurope and Asia. 
 
 16. WO^DSIA R. Br. 
 
 Small or medium-sized ferns, growing in rocky places, with i-2-pinnate or 
 pinnatifid leaves and round sori borne on the backs of simply forked free veins. 
 Indusia inferior, thin and often evanescent, roundish or stellate, either small and 
 open or early bursting at the top into irregular lobes or segments. Stipes often 
 jointed above the base and separating at the joint. [Name in honor of Joseph 
 Woods, 1776-1864, English architect and botanist.] About 15 species, natives of 
 temperate and cold regions. 
 
 Jndusium minute or evanescent, flat, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into 
 slender hair-like segments, 
 
I 8 FLORA. 
 
 Stipes obscurely jointed near the base; cilia of the indusium inflexed over the 
 
 sporanges. 
 
 Leaves with more or less rusty chaff underneath. i. W. Ilvensis. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Leaf lanceolate, not tapering below; pinnae cordate-ovate, 5 y-lobed. 
 
 2. W. alpina. 
 Leaf linear or linear-oblong, often tapering-both ways ; pinnae deltoid. 
 
 3. W.glabella. 
 Stipes not jointed ; cilia of the indusium very short, hidden by the sporanges. 
 
 Puberulerit ; indusium deeply cleft, ending in hairs with cylindric cells. 
 
 4. W. scopulina. 
 Leaves and stipes glabrous ; indusium divided to centre into beaded hairs. 
 
 5. W. Oregana. 
 Indusium distinct, at first enclosing the sporanges, splitting into jagged lobes. 
 
 6. W. obtusa. 
 
 1. Woodsia Ilvensis (L.) R. Br. (I. F. f. 16.) Rootstock short, caespitose. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, glabrous above, more or less covered with rusty 
 chaff beneath, as are also the slender stipes; pinnae crowded, sessile, pinnately 
 parted, the crowded segments oblong, obscurely crenate; stipes jointed near the 
 base; sori borne near the margins of the segments, somewhat confluent when old; 
 indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, its margin cleft into filiform seg- 
 ments, which are inflexed over the sporanges and inconspicuous, especially when 
 mature. On exposed rocks, Lab. and Greenland to Minn., south to N. Car. and 
 Ky. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. (I. F. f. 17.) Rootstock short, caespi- 
 tose. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, scarcely 
 narrower below ; pinnae cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate ; pinnately 5-y-lobed, 
 glabrous or very nearly soon both surfaces; stipes jointed near the base; sori some- 
 what scattered on the segments; indusium as in the preceding species. On moist 
 rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. B., N. N. Y. and W. Out. 
 
 3. Woodsia glabella R. Br. (I. F. f. 18.) Rootstock small, caespitose. Stipes 
 obscurely jointed at the base; leaves linear or lanceolate, 512 cm. long, 8-15 mm. 
 wide; pinnae deltoid to ovate, the lower remote, obtuse, crenately lobed, often 
 somewhat smaller than the middle ones, glabrous or nearly so; sori scattered on 
 the segments ; indusium minute, membranous, with 6-IO radiating segments, 
 covered by the sporanges, its filamentous segments only inflexed over them when 
 young. On moist rocks, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. H., Vt., N. N. Y. and 
 the north shore of L. Superior. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 19.) Rootstock short, densely 
 chaffy. Stipes 5-10 cm. long, not jointed, puberulent like the rachis and lower 
 surface of the leaf with minute flattened hairs and stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, 
 12-25 cm. long, tapering from about the middle to both ends; pinnae numerous, 
 oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into 10-16 oblong toothed segments; indusium hidden 
 beneath the sporanges, very deeply cleft into short cilia with cylindric cells. In 
 crevices of rocks, N. Minn, and W. Out. to Or., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., 
 and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. Summer. 
 
 5. Woodsia Oregana D. C. Eaton. (I. F. f. 20.) Rootstock short. Stipes 
 and leaves glabrous ; stipes not jointed, brownish below ; leaves 5-25 cm. long, 
 elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile ; pinnae triangular-oblong, 
 obtuse, pinnatifid; lower pinnae reduced in size and somewhat remote from the 
 others ; rachis straw-colored ; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the 
 teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori; indusia minute, concealed 
 by the sporanges, divided almost to the centre into a few beaded hairs. On rocks, 
 N. Mich., Minn, and Manitoba to Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and 
 in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. (I. F. f. 21.) Rootstock short. Stipes not 
 jointed, pale green, 7-15 cm. long ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 15-40 cm. long, 
 minutely glandular-pubescent, nearly 2 -pinnate; pinnae rather remote, triangular- 
 ovate, or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse oblong crenate-dentate segments ; 
 veins forked and bearing the sori on or near the minutely toothed lobes; indusia 
 conspicuous, at first enclosing the sporanges, at length splitting into several jagged 
 lobes, which are mugh wider than those \\\ any of the preceding species, On 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 1Q 
 
 rocks, N. S. to N. N. Y., Wis. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Ala., the Lid. Terr, and 
 Ariz. Ascends to 670 m. in Va. July-Aug. 
 
 17. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. 
 
 Large ferns with 2 3-pinnatifid leaves, and creeping or erect rootstocks. Sori 
 small, globular, marginal or submarginal. Sporanges borne in an elevated globular 
 receptacle, enclosed in the membranous cup-shaped inferior indusium, which is 
 open at the top and on the outer side adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the leaf. 
 Sporanges pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. 
 Veins always free. [Named in honor of August Wiihelm Dennstedt, a student of 
 the Flora of Weimar.] About 30 species of wide distribution. 
 
 I. Dennstaedlia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (I. F. f. 22.) Rootstock 
 creeping, not chaffy. Stipes stout, chaffless, pale green and sweet-scented ; leaves 3- 
 10 dm. long, 12-20 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, frequently long- 
 attenuate, usually 3-pinnatifid, thin and delicate ; rachis and under surface minutely 
 glandular and pubescent ; sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at 
 the upper margin of each lobe ; sporanges few ; indusium cup-shaped with a delicate 
 membranous irregular margin. In various situations, most abundant on open hill- 
 sides, N. B. and Ont. to Ind. and Minn, (according to Upham), south to Ala. and 
 Tenn. Ascends to 1680 m. in Va. Aug. (Dicksonia punctilobula A. Gray.) 
 
 18. MATTEUCCIA Todaro, 1866. \_Struthiopteris Willd, 1809. Not Scop. 1760.] 
 
 Coarse ferns growing in a crown fron an erect rootstock, with the sporophylls 
 closely rolled together into necklace-like segments entirely unlike the broad bi- 
 pinnatifid sterile leaves. Veins free. Three species of the northern hemisphere. 
 i. Matteuccia Struthicpteris (L.) Todaro. OSTRICH FERN. (I. F. f. 15.) 
 Rootstock stout, ascending, bearing a circle of sterile leaves with one or more 
 fertile ones within. Fertile leaves 3-5 dm. high, simply pinnate with necklace- 
 shaped pinnae which are formed of the closely revolute margins ; sori crowded and 
 confluent ; sterile leaves 6 dm. -2 m. high, 1.5-4 dm. wide, broadly lanceolate, bi- 
 pinnatifid, much the broadest above the middle and gradually tapering below, the 
 lower pinnae being gradually much reduced ; veins pinnate, free and simple ; 
 texture firm ; rootstocks stoloniferous. In moist thickets, especially along streams, 
 N. S. to Md., west to 111. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 19. ONOCLEA L. 
 
 Coarse ferns, with leaves growing separately from a wide creeping slender 
 rootstock, with the sporophylls closely rolled up into berry-like segments, and en- 
 tirely unlike the broad pinnatifid foliage leaves. Sori round, borne on the back 
 of the veins. Indusium very thin and membranous, hemispheric or hood-shaped, 
 fixed at the inferior side of tke sorus. Sporophylls unrolling at maturity, allowing 
 the spores to escape, and remaining long after the sterile leaves have been killed 
 by frost Veins forming small areolae. [Name ancient, not originally applied to 
 these plants..] A single species. 
 
 i. Onoclea sensibilis L. SENSITIVE FERN. (I. F. f. 14.) Rootstock rather 
 slender, rooting ; sporophylls 3-7 dm. high, persistent over winter, much contracted, 
 and with short pinnules rolled up into berry-like closed involucres forming a narrow 
 panicle; foliage leaves 3-13 dm. high, broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, the 
 segments lanceolate-oblong, entire, undulate, or the lower pairs sinnuate-pin- 
 natifid ; veins freely anastomosing ; lowest segments tapering both ways from the 
 middle. In moist soil, Newf. and Ont. to Minn, and south to the Gulf. Ascends 
 to 900 m. in Va. Various forms intermediate between sporophylls and foliage 
 leaves occur. Sensitive to early frosts. Aug.-Nov. 
 
 Order 2. SALVINlALES. 
 
 Aquatic or uliginous herbs with entire or 2-lobed, filiform, or 4-f olio- 
 late leaves. Spores of two kinds and sizes (microspores and macrospores) 
 contained in sporocarps. 
 
 Plants rooting in the mud ; leaves 4-f oliolate or filiform. Family i. Marsileaceae. 
 
 Plants floating ; leaves entire, or g-lobed, Family 
 
2O FLORA. 
 
 Family i. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping 
 rootstocks and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation consist- 
 ing of sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near 
 the leaf-stalk or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores 
 and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which 
 bear archegonia, while the microspores grow into prothallia bearing 
 antheridia. Two genera and some 45 species of wide distribution. 
 
 i. MARSILEA L. 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on the surface of shallow 
 water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, arising 
 from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or bean- 
 shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several transverse compartment% 
 (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian botanist, 
 who died about 1804.] About 40 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Sporocarps glabrous and purple when mature. I. M, quadrifolia. 
 
 Sporocarps dense^ covered with hair-like scales. 2. M. vestita* 
 
 1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. EUROPEAN MARSILEA. (I. F. f. 73.) Root- 
 stock slender, buried in the muddy bottoms of shallow lakes or streams. Petioles 
 usually slender, 513 cm. high, or when submerged sometimes elongated to 3-6 
 dm. Leaflets mostly triangular-obovate, variable in outline, 6 16 mm. long, 412 
 mm. wide, glabrous or rarely with scattered hairs when young, the margins 
 entire ; sporocarps 2 or rarely 3 on a branching peduncle, which is attached to the 
 petiole at its base, covered with short yellowish-brown hairs when young, becom- 
 ing glabrous and dark purple when mature ; sori 8 or 9 in each valve. Along the 
 shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Conn., whence it has been introduced into 
 various parts of the country, notably into E Mass. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Marsilea vestita Hook & Grev. (I. F. f. 74.) Rootstock slender. Petioles 
 slender, 5-13 cm. high; leaflets similar to those of the preceding species, entire or 
 toothed ; sporocarps 4-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short 
 and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely 
 covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales, or (in the forms known as M. 
 mucronata] these are short and appressed or almost wanting ; sori 6-1 1 in each 
 valve. In wet sand or in shallow ditches, Kan. to Ariz, and Mex., north to Br. 
 Col. Also found in Fla. 
 
 Family 2. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes 
 branching axis bearing apparently 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, 
 thin-walled, borne 2 or more on a common stalk, i-celled, with a central 
 often branched receptacle, which bears macrosporanges containing a 
 single macrospore or micros poranges containing numerous microspores. 
 The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear archegones, the 
 microspores into prothallia which bear antherids. The family consists 
 of two genera. 
 
 Leaves 12-18 mm. long, 2-ranked, on mostly simple stems. I. Salvinia. 
 
 Leaves minute, closely imbricated on pinnately branching stems. 2. Azolla. 
 
 i. SALVINIA Adans. 
 
 Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked 
 leaves. Sporocarps glotose, depressed, 9-i4-sulcate, membranous, arranged in 
 clusters, i or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macrosporanges, each 
 containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous smaller globose 
 pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores, Leaves rather dark 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 21 
 
 green, finely papillose on the upper surface. [Name in honor of Antonio Maria 
 Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] About 13 species of wide distribution. 
 
 I. Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm. (I. Y. f. 75.) Leaves oblong, rather thick, 
 obtuse or emarginate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, 15-30 
 cm. long, pinnately veined, bright green and papillose above, the lower surface 
 densely matted with brown pellucid hairs; sporocarps 4-8 in a cluster, the upper 
 ones containing about 10 macrosporanges, each containing a few macrospores, the 
 remainder containing numerous microsporanges each with numerous microspores; 
 macrosporcs marked with 3 obtuse lobes which meet at the apex. Bois Brul 
 Bottoms, Perry Co., Mo., and near Minneapolis, Minn. Introduced into ponds 
 in S. E. N. Y. Reported by Pursh in 1814 from Cent. N. Y., but his exact station 
 is unknown. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 a. AZOLLA Lam. 
 
 Minute moss-like reddish or green floating plants, with pinnately branched 
 stems covered with minute imbricated 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rootlets beneath. 
 Sporocarps of two kinds borne in the axils of the leaves, the smaller ovoid or acorn- 
 shaped, containing a single macrospore at the base and a few corpuscles above it 
 whose character is not fully known, the larger globose, producing many pedicelled 
 sporanges, each containing several masses of microspores which are often beset 
 with a series of anchor-like processes of unknown function. [Greek, signifying 
 killed by drought.] About 5 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 I. Azolla Caroltniana Willd. (I. F. f. 76.) Plants greenish or reddish, 2-4 
 mm. each way, deltoid or triangular-ovate, pinnately branching, sometimes covering 
 large surfaces of water. Macrospores minutely granulate, with three accessory 
 corpuscles ; masses of microspores armed with rigid septate processes ; leaves with 
 ovate lobes, their color varying somewhat with the amount of direct sunlight, the 
 lower usually reddish, the upper green with a reddish border. Floating on still 
 water, Ont. and W. N. Y. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Ariz, and Mex. 
 
 Order 3. EQUISETALES. 
 
 Rush-like perennial plants, with mostly hollow jointed simple or 
 often much-branched grooved stems, provided with a double series of 
 cavities and usually with a large central one, the branches verticillate, 
 the nodes provided with diaphragms. Rootstocks subterranean. Leaves 
 reduced to sheaths at the joints, the sheaths toothed. Sporanges i- 
 celled, clustered underneath the scales of terminal cone-like spikes. 
 Spores all of the same size and shape, furnished with 2 narrow strap-like 
 appendages attached at the middle, coiling around the spore when moist 
 and spreading, when dry and mature, in the form of a cross (elaters). 
 Epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. Prothallium on the surface 
 of the ground, green, usually dioecious. 
 
 Family i. EQUISETACEAE Michx. 
 
 Horsetail Family. 
 The family consists of the following genus : 
 
 i. EQUISETUM L. HORSETAILS. SCOURING RUSHES. 
 
 Characters of the order. [Name ancient, signifying horsetail, in allusion to 
 the copious branching of several species.] About 25 species, of very wide geo- 
 graphic distribution. 
 Stems annual ; stomata scattered. 
 
 Stems of two kinds, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. 
 
 Fertile stems simple, soon withering; sheaths of branches of sterile stems 
 
 4-toothed. i. E. arvense. 
 
 Fertile stems branched when old, only the apex withering. 
 
 Branches of the stem simple, their sheaths 3-toothed. 2. E. pratens^ 
 Branches compound 3 . E. sylvattcum. 
 
22 FLORA. 
 
 Sterns all alike ; spores mature in summer ; branches simple or none, 
 j,- ,, u Sheaths rather loose ; branches usually long ; stems bushy below, attenuate 
 upwards. 
 
 Central cavity Very small ; spike long. 4. E. palustre* 
 
 Central cavity about one-half the diameter of stem ; spike short. 
 
 5. E. lit tor ale. 
 
 Sheaths appressed ; branches usually short. 6. E. fluviatile. 
 
 Stems perennial, evergreen ; spikes tipped with a rigid point ; stomata in regular rows. 
 Stems tall, usually many-grooved. 
 
 Stems rough and tuberculate, prominently ridged. 
 
 Ridges with i line of tubercles ; ridges of sheath tricarinate ; stem stout. 
 
 7. E. robustum. 
 Ridges of the stem with 2 indistinct lines of tubercles ; ridges of sheath 
 
 obscurely 4-carinate ; stem slender. 8, E, hvemale. 
 
 Stems not tuberculate ; sheaths enlarged upward. 9, , laevigatum. 
 
 Stems low, slender, tufted, usually 5-io-grooved. 
 
 Central cavity small ; sheaths 5-io-toothed. 10. E. variegatum 
 
 Central cavity none ; sheaths 3-toothed. n. E, scirpoides. 
 
 1. Equisetum arvense L. FIELD HORSETAIL. (I. F. f. 77.) Stems annual, 
 with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile. 
 Fertile stems 1-2.5 dm. n *gh> n t branched, soon withering, light brown, their 
 loose scarious sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate 
 teeth ; sterile stems green, rather slender, 5 cm. -6 dm. high, 6-i9-furrowed, with 
 numerous long mostly simple verticillate 4-angled or rarely 3-angled solid branches, 
 the sheaths of the branches 4-toothed, the stomata in 2 rows in the furrows ; 
 central cavity one-fifth to one -fourth the diameter of the stem. In sandy soil, 
 especially along roadsides and railways, Newf. and Greenland to Alaska, south to 
 Va. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. An occasional form in which the sterile 
 stem bears a terminal spike is known as var. serotinum. 
 
 2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. (I. F. f. 78.) Stems annual, 2-4 dm. high, 
 with scattered stomata, the fertile appearing in spring before the sterile, branched 
 when old, only its apex withering, the two becoming similar ; stems rough, 8-20 
 ridged with narrow furrows and cylindric or cup-shaped sheaths ; branches straight, 
 rather short, simple, densely whorled, 3-angled or rarely 4-5 -angled, solid ; 
 sheaths of the stem with about II short ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 
 3-toothed ; rootstocks solid, acutely angled. In sandy places, N. S. and Rupert 
 R. to Minn., and Alaska, south to N. J. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 3. Equisetum sylvaticum.L. (I. F. f. 79.) Stems annual, with scattered 
 stomata, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile, at first simple, at 
 length much branched and resembling the sterile, only its naked apex withering. 
 Stems 2-5 dm. high, usually 12-furrowed, producing verticillate compound 
 branches, the branchlets curved downward ; sheaths loose, cylindric or cam- 
 panulate, those of the stem with 8-14 bluntish teeth, those of the branches with 4 
 or 5 teeth, those of the branchlets with 3 divergent teeth ; central cavity nearly 
 one-half the diameter of the stem ; branches and branchlets solid. In moist sandy 
 woods and thickets, Newf. and Greenland to Alaska, south to Va. and Mich. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Equisetum palustre L. (I. F. f. 80.) Stems annual, slender, all alike, 
 2.5-4.5 dm. long, deeply 5-9-grooved, the grooves separated by narrow roughish wing- 
 like ridges, the central canal small ; sheaths rather loose, bearing about 8 subulate- 
 lanceolate whitish-margined teeth ; branches simple, few in the whorls, 4-7-angled, 
 always hollow, barely sulcate, more abundant below than above, their sheaths mostlv 
 5 -toothed ; spike rather long ; stomata abundant in the furrows. In wet places, 
 N. S. to Alaska, south to Me., W. N. Y., Minn, and Ariz. Also in Europe. 
 
 5. Equisetum littorale Kuehl. (I. F. f. 81.) Stems annual^ very slender, all 
 alike, 24.5 ^m. n ^S n > slightly roughened, 6 ig-grooved, the ridges rounded, the cen- 
 tral canal one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths dilated above, the uppermost 
 inversely campanulate, their teeth herbaceous, membranous at the margins, narrow, 
 lanceolate ; branches of two kinds, simple, some 4-angled and hollow, some 3-angled 
 and solid, the first joint shorter or a trifle longer than the sheath of the stem ; spike 
 short with abortive-spores, these commonly with no elaters. On sandy river and 
 Jake shores, Me. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn., west to Br. Col. Also in Europe. 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 2$ 
 
 6. Equisetum fluviatile L. (I. F. f. 82.) Stems annual, all alike, 6-12 dm. 
 high, io-3O-furro\ved, very smooth, usually producing upright branches after the 
 spores are formed, the stomata scattered. Sheaths appressed with about 18 dark 
 brown short acute rigid teeth, air cavities wanting under the grooves, small under 
 the ridges ; central cavity very large ; branches hollow, slender, smaller but other- 
 wise much like the stems, short or elongated ; rootstocks hollow. In swamps and 
 along the borders of ponds, N. S. to Alaska, south to Va., Neb. and Wash. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 7. Equisetum robustum A, Br. (I. F. f. 83.) Stems perennial, stout, 
 tall, evergreen, 1-2.5 m - high? sometimes 2 cm. in diameter, 2 0-48 -furrowed, 
 simple or little branched. Ridges roughened with a single series of transversely 
 oblong siliceous tubercles ; sheaths short, cylindric, appressed, marked with black 
 girdles at the base, and at the bases of the dark caducous teeth ; ridges of the 
 sheath 3-carinate ; branches when present occasionally fertile ; spikes tipped with 
 a rigid point. In wet places, O to La. and Mex., west to Br. Col. and Cal. Also 
 in Asia. May-June. 
 
 8. Equisetum hyemale L. SCOURING-RUSH. (I. F. f. 84.) Stems slender, 
 rather stiff, evergreen, 6-12 dm. high, with the stomata arranged in rows, rough, 
 8-34-furrowed, the ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles, the central cavity 
 large, from one-half to two-thirds the diameter ; sheaths rather long, cylindric, 
 marked with one or two black gird'es, their ridges obscurely 4-carinate ; teeth 
 brown, membranous, soon deciduous ; spikes pointed ; stem rarely producing 
 branches which are usually short and occasionally fertile; forms are sometimes 
 found with longer sterile branches. In wet places and on banks, especially along 
 rivers and lakes, throughout nearly the whole of N. Am., Europe and Asia. 
 
 9. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. (L F. f. 85.) Stems 3-15 dm. high, 
 simple or little branched, pale green, persistent, 14-30 furrowed, the ridges almost 
 smooth. Sheaths elongated and enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of 
 the mostly deciduous, white-margined teeth and rarely also at their bases ; ridges 
 of the sheath with a faint central carina and sometimes with faint short lateral 
 ones ; stomata arranged in single series ; central cavity very large, the wall of the 
 stem very thin ; spikes pointed. Along streams and rivers, especially in clay soil, 
 vaLey of the Delaware R. in N. J. and E. Penn. to N. Car. and La., west to Br. 
 Col. and the Mexican border. 
 
 10. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. (I. F. f. 86.) Stems slender, peren- 
 nial, evergreen, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually simple from a branched base, tufted, 
 5-io-furrowed, the .stomata borne in regular rows. Sheaths companulate, dis- 
 tinctly 4-carinate, variegated with black above, the median furrow deep and 
 excurrent to the teeth and downward to the ridges of the stem, the teeth 5-10, each 
 tipped with a deciduous bristle ; central cavity small, rarely wanting. Lab. and 
 Greenland to N. Terr., south to N. H., W. N. Y., Neb. and Nev. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. May-June. 
 
 11. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. (I. F. f. 87.) Stems perennial, ever- 
 green, filiform, 4-15 cm. long, somewhat rough, flexuous and curving, growing in 
 slender tufts, mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near 
 the base. Sheaths 3 -toothed, distinctly 4-carinate, the central furrow broad, the 
 lateral narrow, the bristly teeth rather persistent ; central cavity entirely wanting. 
 On moist or wet wooded banks. Lab. to Alaska, south to Penn., 111. and Br. Col. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 Orders LYCOPODIALES. 
 
 Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale- 
 like or elongated leaves. 
 
 Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. i. Lvcoe4iaceae 
 
 Spores of two sizes. 
 
 Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. 
 
 Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae. 
 Leaves elongated, clustered on a corm-like trunk ; aquatic or mud plants. 
 
 Fam. 3. Isoetaceae* 
 
24 FLORA. 
 
 Family i. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. 
 
 Club-moss Family. 
 
 Somewhat moss-like, erect or trailing terrestrial herbs with numerous 
 small lanceolate or subulate simple leaves, sometimes oblong or roundish, 
 arranged in 2-many ranks, the stems often elongated, usually freely 
 branching. Sporanges i-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves or on 
 their upper surfaces. Spores uniform, minute. Prothallia (as far as 
 known) mostly subterranean, with or without chlorophyll, monoecious. 
 Four genera and about no species. 
 
 i. LYCOPODIUM L. CLUB-MOSSES. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial plants with evergreen i -nerved leaves arranged in 416 ranks. Spo- 
 ranges coriaceous, flattened, reniform, i-celled, situated in the axils of ordinary 
 leaves or in those of the upper modified, bract-like ones, which are imbricated in 
 sessile or peduncled spikes, opening transversely into 2 valves, usually by a line 
 around the margin. Spores all of one kind, copious, sulphur-yellow, readily in- 
 flammable from the abundant oil they contain. [Greek, meaning wolfs foot, per- 
 haps in allusion to the branching roots of some species.] About 100 species of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 Sporanges borne in the axils of leaves which are similar to those of the stem. 
 Sporanges mostly wanting in the axils of the upper, mostly 8-ranked leaves. 
 Stems mostly erect, rigid ; leaves uniform, ascending. i. L. Selago. 
 Stems somewhat lax, spreading ; leaves spreading or deflexed, alternately longer 
 
 and shorter. 2. L. lucidulum* 
 
 Sporanges only in the axils of the upper leaves forming terminal spikes ; leaves 
 
 many-ranked. 
 
 Plant slender ; leaves acute, soft, mostly entire. 3. L. inundatum. 
 
 Plant stout ; leaves narrow, spinulose-pointed, bristle-toothed below the middle. 
 
 4. L. alopecuroides, 
 Sporanges borne in the axils of yellowish ovate or cordate scale-like leaves, which are very 
 
 unlike those of the sterile stems. 
 Stems leafy up to the base of the spike or nearly so. 
 Spikes erect, closely sessile. 
 
 Stems erect, tree-like. 5. L. obscurum. 
 
 Stems creeping with ascending branches. 
 
 Leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked. 6. L. annotinum. 
 
 Leaves of 2 forms, erect-imbricate, 4-ranked. 
 
 7. L. alpinum. 
 Spikes erect, short-peduncled ; leaves small, appressed, 4-ranked. 
 
 8. L. sabinaefolium. 
 Fertile branches with minute leaves so that the spikes appear long-ped uncled. 
 
 Leaves uniform, many-ranked; stems terete. 9. L. clavatum. 
 
 Leaves of 2 forms, few-ranked ; stems flattened. 
 Sterile stems entirely creeping ; spikes solitary. 
 
 10. L Carolinianum. 
 Sterile stems with fan-like ascending branches ; spikes clustered. 
 
 ii. L complanatum. 
 
 1. Lycopodium Selago L. (I. F. f. 88.) Stems 7-15 cm. high, thick, rigid, 
 erect, 2-5 times forked, the branches forming a level-topped cluster. Leaves 
 crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire or spinu- 
 lose-denticulate, nerved be]ow, convex above, the upper mostly 8-ranked, sterile, 
 those below bearing the small sporanges in their axils, those of the lower half of 
 the stem again sterile ; plant propagated also by bud-like organs which have a 
 lower pointed bract and 2 or 3 upper fleshy and obovate ones. On rocks, Lab. 
 and Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains of Me., N. H., Vt. and N. N. Y , 
 on the summits of the higher Alleghenies to N. Car., and to Mich, and Wash. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. . 
 
 2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. (I. F. f. 89.) Stems lax, ascending or 
 spreading, thick, 2-3 times forked, the branches 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves widely 
 spreading or reflexed, dark green, shining, i -nerved, acute, minutely toothed, a 
 series of longer ones alternating with a series of shorter, the latter more frequently 
 bearing the sporanges at a short distance below the summit of the stem ; sporanges 
 
PTERIDOFHYTA. 2$ 
 
 of preceding years often persistent ; plant also propagated like the preceding 
 species by gemmae, which fall to the ground and become new plants. In cold, 
 damp woods, Newf. to Br. Col. south to N. Car. and la. 
 
 3. Lycoppdium inundatum L. (I. F. f. 90.) Plants, 2.5-13 cm. long, with 
 creeping flaccid forking brittle sterile stems closely appressed to the earth. Fertile 
 stems erect, solitary, 2.5-15 cm. high, terminated by a short spike ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or lanceolate- subulate with hyaline margins, those of the spike similar to 
 those below, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the sterile stems curved 
 upward ; spikes rarely two together, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, yellowish ; sporanges 
 transversely oval, splitting nearly to the base ; spores large, reticulated. In 
 sandy bogs, Newf. to W. Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Larger forms with fertile stems' 12-17 cm. high and more pointed serrate leaves 
 have been separated as var. Bigelovii. 
 
 4. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. (I. F. f. 91.) Plant stout, leafy, the sterile 
 branches flaccid, recurved and creeping, sometimes 25 cm. long. Fertile stems 
 stout, rigid, erect, 15-50 cm. high, terminated by a spike 1.8-3.5 cm - l n g> an d, 
 including its leaves, 8-10 mm. thick; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, those of the 
 spike similar to those below, spinulose -pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle- 
 toothed below the middle, those of the spike with long setaceous tips ; sporanges 
 transversely oval, splitting to near the base. In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to 
 Fla. , near the coast, west to Miss. 
 
 5 Lycopodium obscurum L. GROUND PINE. (I. F. f. 92.) Stems erect, 1.5-3 
 dm. high, bushy, the branches fan-like, the rootstocks subterranean, nearly hori- 
 zontal. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 8-ranked on the main stem, those 
 of the branches 6 -ranked, with the two upper and the two lower ranks shorter and 
 appressed, or all alike and equally incurved-spreading, densely clothing the stems 
 up to the bases of the spikes; spikes i-io on each plant, 12-35 cm. long, com- 
 posed of many-ranked ovate scarious-margined bracts (scale-like leaves), each 
 with a transversely oval sporange in its axil. In moist woods, Newf. and Lab. 
 to Alaska, south to N. Car. and Ind. Also in Asia. (L. dendroidettm Michx.) 
 
 6. Lycopodium annotinum L. (I. F. f. 93 ) Stems much branched, slender, 
 creeping, rather stiff, 3-12. dm. long, the branches similar, ascending, 12-20 cm. 
 high, sparingly forked. Leaves uniform, spreading, 5 -ranked, rigid, linear- 
 lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; s-pikes solitary or several at the ends 
 of the branches, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-6 cm. long, composed of ovate or ovate- 
 cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each with a sporange in its axil; 
 spores smooth or spinulose - reticulated on the basal surface. In woods and 
 thickets, commonly in dry soil, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., W. Va., Mich., 
 Colo, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Mountain forms with more rigid 
 pointed leaves have been separated as var. pungens. 
 
 7. Lycopodium alpinum L. (I. F. f. 94.) Stems elongated, creeping, with 
 ascending densely crowded dichotomous branches. Leaves 4-ranked, erect-imbri- 
 cate, adnate-decurrent, of two forms; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, 
 acute, carinate, concave within, those of the intermediate rows scarcely one-third 
 as large, lanceolate-subulate, the upper and lower rows alike; spikes solitary at 
 the apices of slightly elongated branches, erect, closely sessile, the stems leafy to 
 their bases ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate; spores reticulated. Li 
 woods, Lab. to L. Superior, Wash, and Alaska. Sometimes united with L. com- 
 flanalnm. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 8. Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. (I. F. f. 95.) Stems elongated, creep- 
 ing, or subterranean with short erect dichotomous clustered ascending branches, 
 5-8 cm. long. Leaves 4-ranked, small, appressed or slightly curved outward, 
 lanceolate, mucroiiate, entire, apparently terete ; spikes short-peduncled, solitary, 
 cylindric, with cordate acuminate erose-denticulate or entire bracts ; sporanges 
 transversely oval or somewhat reniform, deeply splitting. In cold woods, Lab. to 
 N. J. and Br. Col. 
 
 9. Lycopodium clavatum L. RUNNING PINE. (I. F. f. 96.) Stems creep- 
 ing, 3-20 dm. long, with similar short irregular ascending or decumbent densely 
 leafy branches. Leaves much crowded, many-ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, 
 bristle-tipped, the lower denticulate, the upper nearly entire and slightly decurrent 
 on either side ; spikes 1-4 on long 8-striate peduncles ; bracts membranous, round- 
 
26 FLORA. 
 
 ish, erose-denticulate below, bearing in the axil a transversely oval sporange which 
 splits nearly to the base ; spores narrowly reticulate. In woods, Lab. to Alaska, 
 south to N. Car., Mich and Wash. Also in Europe, Asia and Cent. Am. 
 
 10. Lycopodium Carolinianum L. (I. F. f. 97.) Sterile stems and their few 
 short branches creeping, closely appressed to the earth, 2.5-8 cm. long, emitting 
 numerous roots on the lower side. Leave of fertile stems of two forms, the lateral 
 ones broadly lanceolate, acute, and somewhat oblique, I -nerved, widely spreading, 
 in 2 ranks with a shorter, intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; peduncles 
 simple, slender, 5-15 cm. high, clothed with small bract-like leaves and bearing a 
 single cylindric spike ; bracts cordate, short-acuminate, mostly entire with trans- 
 versely oval sporanges in the upper axils. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and 
 La. near the coast. 
 
 11. Lycopodium complanatum L. (I. F. f. 98.) Stems extensively creeping, 
 with erect or ascending fan-shaped branches several times forked above, with 
 crowded flattened branch lets. Leaves minute, imbricate-appressed, 4-ranked, the 
 lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips, the intermediate smaller, narrower and 
 wholly appressed, forming a flat surface; peduncle slender, 5-15 cm. high, dichotom- 
 ous, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric spikes ; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, the 
 margins pale and erose ; sporanges transversely oval, deeply splitting. In woods 
 and thickets, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Forms with less distinctly dimorphous leaves and narrower, more erect 
 and bushy branches have been separated as var. Chamaecyparissus. 
 
 Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. 
 
 Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching 
 stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4- 
 ranked and of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges i -eel led, 
 solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or 
 less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrospo- 
 ranges), others containing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which 
 develop into small prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing arche- 
 gones, those from the microspores antherids. The family consists of the 
 following genus : 
 
 i. SELAGIN^LLA Beauv. 
 
 Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a Lyeo- 
 podium.~\ About 340 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. 
 
 Stem-leaves all alike, many-ranked. 
 
 Stems compact with rigid leaves ; spikes quadrangular. I. S. rupestris, 
 
 Stems slender ; leaves lax, spreading j spikes enlarged, scarcely quadrangular. 
 
 2, S. selaginoides. 
 
 Stem-leaves of 2 kinds; 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes. 3. S. apus 
 
 1. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. 99.) Stems tufted, with occa- 
 sional sterile runners and sub-pinnate branches, 2.5-8 cm. high, commonly curved 
 when dry. Leaves rigid, appressed-imbricated, 2 mm. or less long, linear or linear- 
 lanceolate, convex on the back, more or less ciliate, many-ranked, tipped with a 
 distinct transparent awn; spikes sessile at the ends of the stem or branches, strongly 
 quadrangular, 12-25 mm - l n g> about 2 mm. thick ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, broader than the leaves of the stem ; macrosporanges and microspo- 
 ranges borne in the same spikes, the former more abundant. On dry rocks, Me. 
 to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Ga., Mo. and Cal. 
 
 2. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link. (I. F. f. 100.) Sterile branches creep- 
 ing, slender, 12-50 cm. long, the fertile erect or ascending, thicker, 2.5-8 cm. high, 
 simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, lax and spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 
 2-4 mm. long ; spikes solitary at the ends of the fertile branches, enlarged, oblong, 
 linear, subacute, 2.5 cm. or less long, 4-5 mm. thick ; bracts of the spike lax, 
 ascending, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly ciliate. On wet rocks, Lab. to 
 Alaska, south to N. H., Mich, and Colo. Also in N. Europe and Asia. 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 2/ 
 
 3. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. (I. F. f. 101.) Annual, light green, stems 
 Creeping, 2.5-10 cm. long, much branched, flaccid, angled on the face. Leaves 
 minute, membranous, of 2 kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes : upper leaves of 
 the lower plane spreading, the lower reflexed, ovate, acute, serrulate, not distinctly 
 ciliate ; leaves of the upper plane ovate, short-cuspidate ; spikes 6-16 mm. long, 
 obscurely quadrangular ; bracts ovate, acute, sometimes serrulate, acutely keeled in 
 the upper half ; macrosporanges more abundant toward the base of the spike. In 
 moist shaded places, often among grass, Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to 
 Fla., La. and Tex. 
 
 Family 3. ISQETACEAE Underw. 
 Quillwort Family. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh plants rooting in the mud, with a short buried 2- 
 lobed or 3-lobed trunk (stem) sending out abundant roots and sending up 
 a compact tuft of rush-like leaves. Sporanges sessile in the axils of the 
 leaves, some containing macrospores (macrosporanges), others micro- 
 spores (microsporanges) ; the former germinate into prothallia bearing 
 only archegones, the latter into prothallia bearing usually only a single 
 antherid. The family consists of the following genus only. 
 
 i. ISOETES L. QUILLWORTS. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Submerged, amphibious or uliginous plants with a cluster of elongated awl- 
 shaped leaves rising from a more or less 2-3-lobed fleshy short stem, the leaves with 
 or without peripheral bast-bundles, with or without stomata, bearing a small 
 membranous organ (ligule) above the base. Sporanges sessile in the excavated bases 
 of the leaves, orbicular or ovoid, the sides more or less covered with a fold of the 
 inner side of the leaf-base (velum). The sporanges of the outer leaves usually con- 
 tain spherical, mostly sculptured macrospores, those of the inner ones contain minute 
 powdery usually oblong microspores. [Name Greek, taken from Pliny, apparently 
 referring to the persistent green leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. 
 Owing to their aquatic habitat and apparently local distribution, these plants are 
 popularly little known. 
 
 Submerged or rarely emersed in very dry seasons ; leaves quadrangular, without peripheral 
 
 bast-bundles. 
 Stomata wanting ; macrospores crested. 
 
 Leaves stout, rigid, scarcely tapering. j. /. lacustris. 
 
 Leaves slender, tapering. 2. /. l^ickermani. 
 
 Stomata present ; macrospores echinate. 3. /. echinospora. 
 
 Amphibious or submerged only in earlier stages ; stomata always present on the quad- 
 rangular leaves. 
 Peripheral bast-bundles wanting. 
 
 Microspores papillose or tuberculate, not reticulate, white. 
 
 Leaves 5-8 cm. long macrospores with minute warts. 4, 7. saccharata. 
 Leaves 10-20 cm. long : macrospores with jagged crests. 5. 7. riparia. 
 Microspores densely reticulate and often slightly papillose, dark brown ; macro- 
 spores with thick- walled reticulations. 6. I.foveolata. 
 Peripheral bast-bundles irregular or wanting ; submersed leaves very long ; macro- 
 spores with convolute labyrinthine ridges. 7. 7. Eatoni. 
 Peripheral bast-bundles present. 
 
 Macrospores sparsely covered with irregular crests. 8. 7. Canadensis. 
 
 Macrospores with honeycomb-like reticulations. 9. 7. Engelmanni. 
 
 Terrestrial ; stomata abundant on the triangular leaves. 
 
 Leaves 15-60, usually black at the base. 10. 7. melanopoda. 
 
 Leaves 8-12, bright green, paler at the base. n. 7. Butleri. 
 
 X. Isoetes lacustris L. (I. F. f. 102.) Submerged or rarely above water; 
 leaves 10-25, rigid, rather thick, scarcely tapering, dark or olive green, obtusely 
 quadrangular, 5-15 cm. long ; stomata none ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; 
 sporange orbicular or broadly elliptic, unspotted ; velum rather narrow ; ligule 
 triangular, short or somewhat elongated ; macrospores 50x5-800 // in diameter, 
 marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests, and bearing three con- 
 
28 FLORA. 
 
 verging ridges ; microspores 35-46 n long, smooth. In water 0.3-1.6 m. deep, 
 Lab. to tlie^N. W. Terr., south to E. Mass, and N. J. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Isoetes Tuckermani A. Br. (I. F. f. 103.) Submerged or rarely partly 
 or wholly emersed in dry seasons ; leaves 10-30, very slender, tapering, olive- 
 green, quadrangular, 5-8 cm. long, without peripheral bast-bundles, the outer 
 recurved ; sporange oblong, mostly white, its upper one-third covered by the velum; 
 macrospores 440-560 /* in diameter, with wavy somewhat parallel and branching 
 ridges on the upper half, separated by the three converging ridges, the lower 
 covered with an irregular network ; microspores 26-32 jit long, nearly smooth. In 
 ponds, Newf. to Middlesex County, Mass., clustered in shallow water. 
 
 3. Isoetes echinospora Braunii (Durieu) Engelm. (1. F. f. 104.) Submerged 
 or rarely emersed ; leaves 12-25, tapering, soft, reddish -green, 7-20 cm. long, with- 
 out peripheral bast-bundles, bearing stomata only toward the tip ; sporange orbicu- 
 lar or broadly elliptic, spotted, one-half to three-fourths covered with the velum ; 
 macrospores 400-500 // in diameter, covered with broad spinules which are often 
 slightly confluent and incised at the tips ; microspores 26-39 ju long, smooth. Lab. 
 and Greenland to Alaska, south to N. J., Penn. and Utah. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora robusta Engelm. Much larger than the preceding, leaves 25-70 
 or even more 12-30 cm. long, with abundant stomata throughout. With the preceding, 
 
 Isoetes echinospora Bo6ttii Engelm. Leaves 12-20, soft, erect, bright green, 
 10-13 cm. long, with a few stomata near their tips ; sporange nearly orbicular, with pale 
 spots, two thirds or more covered by the velum ; macrospores 390-500 /u. in diameter, with 
 longer and more slender simple spinules ; microspores 26-30/01 long. In ponds, Middlesex 
 County, Mass., usually submerged. 
 
 Isoetes echinospora muric^ta (Durieu) Engelm. Leaves 15-20, flaccid, bright green, 
 
 15-30 cm. long, bearing few stomata ; sporange broadly oval, with pale-spots, about one- 
 
 , half covered by the velum ; macrospores 400-580 /u, in diameter, with shorter and more 
 
 confluent, almost crest -like spinules ; microspores 28-32 /u., slightly rough on the edges. 
 
 Submerged in running water in tributaries of Mystic Pond, Middlesex County, Mass. 
 
 4. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. (I. F. f. 105.) Amphibious or uliginous with 
 a flat depressed trunk. Leaves 10-20, olive- green, pale at the base, spreading, 5-8 
 cm. long, quadrangular ; stomata numerous ; sporange oblong, unspotted, with a 
 narrow velum covering only one-fourth or one-third of its surface ; peripheral bast- 
 bundles wanting ; ligule triangular, rather short ; macrospores 400-470 fj, in di- 
 ameter, with very minute distinct or rarely confluent warts as if sprinkled with 
 grains of sugar ; microspores papillose, 2428 ju long. In mud overflowed by the 
 tides, Wicomico and Nanticoke rivers, E. Md. and near Washington, D. C. 
 
 5. iioetes riparia Engelm. (I. F. f. 106.) Amphibious or uliginous, usually 
 emersed ; leaves 15-30, deep green, rather rigid, 10-20 cm. long, quadrangular, 
 bearing numerous stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles wanting ; ligule rather short, 
 triangular ; sporange mostly oblong, distinctly spotted with groups of brown cells, 
 one-fourth or rarely one-half covered with the velum ; macrospores 450-650^ in 
 diameter, marked with distinct or anastomosing jagged crests or somewhat reticu- 
 late on the lower side ; microspores 28-32 // long, more or less turberculate. Bor^ 
 ders of the lower Delaware R. to Me. 
 
 6. Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton. (I. F. f. io6c.) Amphibious from a 
 bilobed or rarely trilobed base ; leaves 15-70, stout 5-15 cm. long, pinkish even 
 when dry or rarely dark green ; stomata scattered found only near the tips ; no 
 peripheral bast-bundles ; monoicous or becoming dioicous ; velum covering one- 
 fourth or one-third of the sporange ; ligule round-ovate ; sporanges thickly sprinkled 
 with dark cells which are often collected in groups ; macrospores 380-560/4 in di- 
 ameter, covered beneath with very thick-walled reticulations, the openings appear- 
 ing like little pits ; reticulations elongate on the upper surface of the spore ; 
 microspores dark brown, 22-35 p. long, densely reticulate and usually slightly 
 papillose. In muddy banks of the Pautuckaway River, Epping and E. Kingston, 
 N. H. 
 
 7. Isoetes iatoni Dodge. (I. F. f. io6b.) Amphibious from a large trunk 
 2.510 cm. in diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 20200, varying in 
 length up to 7 dm., marked with an elevated ridge on the ventral side ; leaves of 
 the emersed plant shorter, 7.5-15 cm. long, stomata abundant ; peripheral bast- 
 bundles irregular in occurrence or often wanting ; velum covering one-fourth of the 
 
PTERIDOPHYTA. 2$ 
 
 sporange ; polygamous; sporanges large, 10 by 4 mm., pale, spotted ; macrospores 
 small, 300-400 // in diameter, marked with convolute labyrinthine ridges and 
 cristate on the angles of the inner face ; microspores 25-30 u in diameter, smooth 
 or slightly papillose. In mud flats. E. Kingston and Epping, N. H. 
 
 8. Isoetes Canadensis (Engelm.) A. Br. Plant amphibious from a 
 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 10-75, 2-4.5 dm Icn g> when submersed, erect or spirally 
 
 ascending when scattered ; emersed leaves 10-15 cm. long, tortuous and often inter- 
 laced, with numerous stomata and usually lour bast- bundles ; velum narrow, cover- 
 ing from one-fifth to one-fourth of the sporange ; sporanges thickly sprinkled with 
 dark brown cells ; macrospores more numerous on submersed plants, globose 
 500-675 LI in diameter, sparsely covered with irregular crests which at maturity 
 separate into irregular groups leaving bare spaces, serrate or spinulose at the top ; 
 microspores more numerous on emersed plants, 22-40 /* in diameter, ashy, papillose. 
 In mud, Me. and Ont. to Mass, and Pa., and in Br. Col. (I. F. f. io6a.) 
 
 9. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. (I. F. f. 107.) Amphibious, usually partly im- 
 mersed when mature. Leaves 25-100, light green, quadrangular, tapering, 22-50 
 cm. long, bearing abundant stomata ; peripheral bast-bundles present ; sporange 
 oblong or linear-oblong, unspotted ; velum narrow ; macrospores 400520 fi in 
 diameter, covered with honeycomb-like reticulations ; microspores 24-28 // long, 
 mostly smooth. In ponds and ditches, rooting in mud, Me. to Del. and Penn., 
 111. and Mo. 
 
 Isoetes Engelmanni vdlida Engelm. Leaves 50-200, keeled on the upper side, 4.5-6 
 dm. long ; sporange linear oblong, 1-2 cm. long, one-third to two-thirds covered by the 
 velum ; microspores 320-480 ju. in diameter ; microspores 24-27 /* long, spinulose. War- 
 riorsmark, Cornwall and Smithville, Pa., and Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Isoetes Engelmanni gracilis Engelm. Leaves 8-12, slender, 22-30 cm. long; bast- 
 bundles often quite small or only two present; spores as in the typical form. S. New 
 Eng. to N. J. 
 
 10. Isoetes melanopoda J. Gay. (I. F. f. 108.) Terrestrial with a subglobose 
 deeply 2-lobed trunk. Leaves 15-60, slender, erect, bright green, with a blackish 
 shining base, 1215 cm. long, triangular, bearing stomata throughout, well developed 
 peripheral bast-bundles, thick dissepiments and small air-cavities within ; ligule 
 triangular, awl-shaped ; sporange mostly oblong, spotted with a narrow velum ; 
 polygamous ; macrospores 250-400 ju in diameter with low more or less confluent 
 tubercles, often united into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores 23- 
 28 fj, long spinulose. In moist prairies and overflowed fields, 111. to la., Mo. and 
 Tex. 
 
 11. Isoetes Butleri Engelm. (I. F. f. 109.) Terrestrial from a subglobose 
 trunk. Leaves 8-15, bright green, paler at the base, triangular, 4.5-18 cm. long, 
 bearing numerous stomata, and with well developed peripheral bast-bundles, thick 
 dissepiments and small air cavities within ; sporange usually oblong, spotted ; 
 velum very narrow or none ; ligule small, triangular ; dioecious ; macrospores 
 500-630 JLI in diameter, with distinct or confluent tubercles ; microspores 28-34 /it 
 long, dark brown, papillose. On rocky hillsides, St. Louis, Mo., and on saline 
 flats, Ind. Terr. 
 
Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. 
 
 Seed-bearing Plants. 
 
 Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or 
 more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a 
 terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes indifferentiated before 
 germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges 
 (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macro- 
 sporanges (ovules) are borne on the face of a flat or inrolled much modi- 
 fied leaf (carpel) and contain one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops 
 the minute female prothallium, an archegone of which is fertilized by 
 means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting 
 from the pollen-grain. 
 
 There are two classes which differ from each other as follows : 
 
 Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. Class i. GvMr* SPERMAE. 
 Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas i or more. 
 
 Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
 
 Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this repre- 
 sented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (microspores) di- 
 viding at maturity into two or more cells, one of which gives rise to the 
 pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fertilizes an archegone of 
 the nutritive endosperm (female prothallium) in the ovule. 
 
 The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian time. They became 
 most numerous in the Triassic age. They are now represented by not more than 450 
 species of trees and shrubs. 
 
 There are three orders, Finales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the first of which is repre- 
 sented in our area by the Pine and Yew Families. 
 
 Family i. PIN ACE AE Lindl. 
 Pine Family. Conifers. 
 
 Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- 
 like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids 
 marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in 
 separate ipiKCJ (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, 
 subtended by a scale ; filaments more or less united ; pollen-sacs (anthers) 
 2-several-celled, variously dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with 
 two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or 
 amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale, 
 which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numer- 
 ous, several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales ; sometimes berry-like. 
 Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo 
 straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 240 
 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 
 
 30 
 
PINACEAE. 31 
 
 Scales of the cone numerous (except in Larix) ; leaf-buds scaly. 
 
 Cone-scales woody ; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. i. Pinus. 
 Cone-scales thin ; leaves linear-filiform, scattered or fascicled, not in sheaths. 
 
 Leaves fascicled on very short branchlets, deciduous. 2. Larix. 
 Leaves scattered, persistent. 
 
 Cones pendulous ; leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. 
 
 Leaves tetragonal, sessile. 3. Picea. 
 
 Leaves flat, short- petioled. 4. Tsuga. 
 
 Cones erect ; sterigmata inconspicuous ox noie. 5. Abies. 
 Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked. 
 
 Cone-scales spiral, thick ; leaves deciduous. 6. Taxodium. 
 Cone-scales opposite ; leaves persistent. 
 
 Cone oblong, its scales not peltate. 7. Thuja. 
 
 Cone globose, its scales peltate. 8. Chamaecyparis. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, berry-like, a modified cone. 9. Jimiperus. 
 
 i. PINUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-like, 
 deciduous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, 
 arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary in some 
 western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united to form a 
 sheath. Staminate aments borne at the bases of shoots of the season, the clusters of 
 stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a minute scale ; filaments very short ; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing aments solitary 
 or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding season, composed of numerous 
 imbricated minute bracts, each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening 
 into a large cone, which matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and 
 becoming "woody. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, winged above, the testa 
 crustaceous. [Name Celtic.] About 75 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Leaves 5 in a sheath ; cone-scales little thickened at the tip. i. P, Strobus. 
 
 leaves 2-3 in a sheath ; cone-scales much thickened at the tip. 
 Cones terminal or subterminal. 
 
 Leaves 2 in a sheath ; cones 3-6 cm. long, their scales pointless. 
 
 2. P. resinosa. 
 Leaves 3 in a sheath ; cones 1-2.5 dm. long, their scales prickle-tipped. 
 
 Cones light, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves 2.5-4 dm. long. 3. P. palustris. 
 Cones very heavy and woody, 1-1.5 dm. l n Sj leaves 1.2-2.5 dm. l n g- 
 
 4. P. ponderosa. 
 Cones lateral. 
 
 Cone-scales with neither spine nor prickle ; leaves in 2 ? s 5. P- divaricata. 
 Cone-scales tipped with a spine or prickle. 
 Leaves some or all of them in 2's. 
 
 Cones 3-7 cm. long, their scales tipped with prickles. 
 
 Leaves stout, 3-6 cm. long. 6. P. Virgtniana. 
 
 Leaves slender, 7-13 cm. long. 7. P, echinata. 
 
 Cones 8-12 cm. long, their scales tipped with very stout short spines. 
 
 8. P. pungens. 
 Leaves in 3*5 (very rarely some in 2's or 4's). 
 
 Leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; old sheaths 1-2.5 cm - l n g > cones oblong-conic. 
 
 9. P. Taeda. 
 Leaves 7-13 cm. long; old sheaths 0.6-1.2 cm. long; cones ovoid. 
 
 10. P. rigida. 
 
 1. Pinus Strobus L. WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. (I. F. f. no.) A large 
 forest tree, the bark nearly smooth except when old, the branches horizontal, 
 verticillate. Leaves 5 in a sheath, very slender, pale green and glaucous, 7-12 cm. 
 long, with a single fibro- vascular bundle, the dorsal side devoid of stomata; sheaths 
 loose, deciduous; ovule-bearing aments terminal, peduncled; cones subterminal, 
 drooping, cylindric, often slightly curved, 10-15 cm - lon g> ab o u t 2 -5 cm - tnick 
 when the scales are closed, resinous; scales slightly thickened at the apex, obtuse 
 and rounded or nearly truncate, without a terminal spine or prickle. In woods, 
 often forming dense forests, Newf. to Man., south along the Allegh. to Ga. and to 
 111. and la. June. 
 
 2. Pinus resinosa Ait. CANADIAN PINE. RED PINE. (I. F. f. in.) A tall 
 forest tree, the bark reddish, rather smooth, flaky when old. Leaves 2 in each 
 sheath, slender, dark green, 10-15 cm - l n g> w * tn 2 fibro- vascular bundles; sheaths 
 
32 FLORA. \ 
 
 12-25 mm< l n wnen young ; staminate aments 12-18 mm. long ; cones sub- 
 terminal, oval-conic, 3-6 cm. long, usually less than 2 cm. thick while the scales 
 are closed ; scales thickened at the apex, obtuse, rounded and devoid of spine or 
 prickle. In woods, Newf. to Man., Mass., Penn., Wise, and Minn. May-June. 
 
 3. Pinus palustris Mill. LONG-LEAVED PINE. GEORGIA PINE, (I. F. f. 112.) 
 A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 30 m., the bark nearly smooth. 
 Leaves in 3*5, slender, dark green, clustered at the ends of the branches, 2.5-4 dm. 
 long, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles; sheaths 1.5-3 cm. long; buds long; staminate 
 aments rose-purple, 5-9 cm. long, very conspicuous ; cones terminal, spreading or 
 erect, conic-cylindric, 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-8 cm. thick before the scales open ; 
 scales thickened at the apex, with a transverse ridge bearing a short central 
 recurved prickle. In sandy, mostly dry soil, Va. to Fla and Tex., mostly near the 
 coast. March-April. 
 
 4. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. WESTERN YELLOW PINE. (I. F. f. 113.) One of 
 the largest trees, attaining a maximum height of nearly 80 m. and a trunk diameter 
 of 5 m. Branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping ; bark light red, scaly ; 
 leaves in 3's (rarely some of them in 2's), rather stout, 1-2.5 dm. long, slightly 
 scabrous; cones subterminal, very dense, heavy, ovoid-conic, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> 3-4-5 
 cm. thick ; scales much thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge prominent, 
 with a triangular subulate short stout recurved prickle. Mont, to Br. Col., Neb., 
 Tex., Mex. and Cal.; the shorter-leaved eastern form which reaches our area has 
 been distinguished from the western type as var. scopulortim. April-May. 
 
 5. Pinus divaricata(Ait.) Gord. LABRADOR PINE. GRAY PINE. (I. F. f. 114.) 
 A slender tree, usually 12-20 m. high, but sometimes reaching 30 m.. and a trunk 
 diameter of I m., the branches spreading, the bark becoming flaky. Leaves in 2*s, 
 stout, stiff, more or less curved, spreading or oblique, crowded along the branches, 
 seldom over 3 cm. long ; fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; cones commonly very numer- 
 ous, lateral, oblong-conic, usually upwardly curved, 2.5-5 cm. long, 18-30 mm. 
 thick when mature; scales thickened at the end, the transverse ridge a mere line with 
 a minute central point in place of spine or prickle at maturity ; young scales spiny- 
 tipped. In sandy soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., 
 N. N. Y., N. 111. and Minn. May-June. (P. Banksiana Lamb.) 
 
 6. Pinus Virginiana Mill. JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. (I. F. f. 115.) A 
 slender tree, usually small, the old bark dark-colored, flaky, the branches spread- 
 ing or drooping. Leaves in 2's, dark green, rather stout and stiff, spreading when 
 old, 3-7 cm. long, with 2 fibro- vascular bundles ; young sheaths rarely more than 
 5 mm. long ; cones commonly few, lateral, recurved when young, spreading when 
 old, oblong-conic, 3-6 cm. long, their scales somewhat thickened at the apex, 
 the low transverse ridge with a short central more or less recurved prickle. In 
 sandy soil, L. I. to S. C., Ala., S. Ind. and Tenn. April-May. (P. inops Ait.) 
 
 7. Pinus echinata Mill. YELLOW PINE. SPRUCE PINE. (I. F. f. 116.) 
 A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 
 1.5 m., the branches spreading, the old bark rough in plates. Leaves some in 2's, 
 some in 3*8, slender, not stiff, dark green, 7 I 3 cm - l n g> spreading when mature; 
 fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths 10-16 mm. long ; cones lateral, oblong- 
 conic, about 5 cm. long, usually less than 2.5 cm. thick when the scales are closed; 
 scales thickened at the apex, marked with a prominent transverse ridge and armed 
 with a slender, nearly straight, deciduous prickle. In sandy soil, S. N. Y. to Fla., 
 111., Kans. and Tex. Produces shoots from stumps. May-June. (P. mitis Michx.) 
 
 8. Pinus pungens Michx.f. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE. 
 (I. F. f. 117.) A tree with a maximum height of about 20 m. and trunk diameter 
 of i m., the branches spreading, the old rough bark in flakes. Leaves mostly in 
 2's, some in 3*3, stout and stiff, light green, 6-10 cm. long, crowded on the twigs ; 
 fibro-vascular bundles 2 ; young sheaths .10-16 mm. long ; cones lateral, usually 
 clustered, long-persistent, ovoid, 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 cm. thick, while the scales 
 are closed, nearly globular when these are expanded ; scales thick, woody, their 
 ends with a large elevated transverse ridge, centrally tipped by a stout reflexed or 
 spreading spine 4-5 mm. long. In woods, sometimes forming forests, W. N. J. and 
 Cent. Pa, to Ga. and Tenn. May. 
 
 9. Pinus Taeda L. LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. (L F. f. 118.) 
 A forest tree, reaching a height of 50 ni. an4 * trunk diameter of 1.6 m., the 
 
FIN ACE AE. 33 
 
 branches spreading, the bark thick and rugged, flaky in age. Leaves in 3's, 
 (rarely some of them in 2's), slender, not stiff, light green, ascending or at length 
 spreading, 15-25 cm. long; fibro- vascular bundles 2 ; sheaths 16-25 mm. long when 
 
 Tex. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 10. Pinus rigida Mill. PITCH-PINE. TORCH-PINE. (I. F. f. nq.) A tree 
 reaching a maximum height of about 27 m., and a trunk diameter of I m., the 
 branches spreading, the old bark rough, furrowed, flaky in strips. Leaves in 3's 
 (very rarely some in 4's), stout, stiff, rather dark green, 7-13 cm. long, spreading; 
 fibro- vascular bundles 2; sheaths 8-13 mm. long when young; cones lateral, ovoid, 
 3.5-7 cm. long, becoming nearly globular when the scales open, commonly numerous 
 and clusterevl ; scales thickened at the apex, the transverse ridge acute, with a 
 stout central triangular recurved-spreading prickle. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
 N. B. to Out., W. Va., Ga. and Tenn. Develops shoots from stumps. April- 
 May. 
 
 2. LARIX Adans. 
 
 Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear de- 
 ciduous leaves, without sheaths, in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branch- 
 lets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious, the staminate from leafless buds ; the 
 ovule-bearing buds commonly leafy at the base and the aments red. Anther-sacs 
 2-celled, the sacs transversely or obliquely dehiscent. Pollen-grains simple. Cones 
 ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persist- 
 ent. Ovules 2 on the base of each scale, ripening into 2 reflexed somewhat winged 
 seeds. [Name ancient, probably Celtic.] About 9 species, natives of the north 
 temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following 2 others occur in the western 
 parts of N. Am. 
 
 i. Larix l^ricina (Du Roi) Ko:h. AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARACK. HACK- 
 MATACK (I. F. f. no.) A slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 35 m. 
 and a trunk diameter of I in., the branches spreading, the bark close or at length 
 slightly scaly. Leaves pale green, numerous in the fascicles, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 
 0.5 mm. wide, deciduous in late autumn; fascicles borne on short lateral branchlets 
 about 4 mm. long; cones short-peduncled at the ends of similar branchlets, ovoid, 
 obtuse, 12-17 mm - l n g' composed of about 12 suborbicular thin scales, their 
 margins entire or slightly lacerate. In swampy woods and about margins of lakes, 
 Newf. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Penn., Ind. and Minn. March-April. 
 (L. Americana Michx.) 
 
 3. PICEA Link. 
 
 Evergreen conic trees, with linear short 4-sided leaves spreading in all direc- 
 tions, jointed at the base to short persistent sterigmata, on which they are sessile, 
 falling away in drying, the bare twigs appearing covered with low truncate pro- 
 jections. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; anthers 2- 
 celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, the connective prolonged into an append- 
 age ; pollen-grains compound; ovule-bearing aments, terminal, ovoid or ob'ong; 
 ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into 2 more or less winged 
 seeds. Cones ovoid or ob!ong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally 
 arrange 1, thin, obtuse, persistent. [Name ancient.] About 14 species, natives of 
 the north te.nperate and 'subarctic zones. Besides the following, 3 others occur in 
 the northwestern parts of N. Am. 
 
 Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, glaucous ; cones oblong-cylindric. I. P. Canadensis. 
 Twigs pubescent, brown ; cones ovoid or oval. 
 
 Leaves not glaucous. 2. /*. Mariana. 
 
 Leaves glaucous. 3. P. brevi/olia. 
 
 I. Picea Canadlnsis (Mill.) B. S. P. WHITE SPRUCE. (I. F. f. 121.) A 
 slender tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. and a trunk diameter of 
 I m., but usually much smaller. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous, pale and glau- 
 cous; leaves light green, slender, 12-16 mm, long, very acute; cones cylindric or 
 
34 FLORA. 
 
 oblong-cylindric, pale, 3.5-5 cm. long, 12-17 mm - thick before the scales open; 
 scales almost membranous, their margins usually quite entire ; bracts incised. 
 Newf. to Huds. Bay and Alaska, south to Me., N. N. Y., Mich., the Black 
 Hills, Mont, and Br. Col. Sometimes with a strong, skunk-like odor. April- 
 May. (P. alba Link.) 
 
 2. Picea Mariana (Mill. ) B. S. P. BLACK SPRUCE. RED SPRUCE. (I. F. f. 
 122 and 123.) A tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk sometimes reaching a 
 diameter of 3.3 m., the branches spreading, the bark smooth or only slightly 
 roughened. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata pubescent or glabrate; leaves thickly 
 covering the twigs, green, stout, straight or curved, rarely more than 16 mm. 
 long, obtuse or acuminate or merely mucronate at the apex; cones oval or ovoid, 
 2-5 cm. long, mostly persistent on the twigs for two or more seasons, their scales 
 with entire, lacerate or erose margins. Newf. to Huds. Bay and the N. W. Terr., 
 south to N. J., N. C., Mich, and Minn. Tree very variable in the size of cones 
 and in the thickness of its leaves; the leaves of the lower branches often very sharp- 
 pointed, while those of the upper are blunt or mucronate. May-June. (/>. nigra.) 
 
 3. Picea brevifolia Peck. SWAMP SPRUCE. (I. F. f. i22a.) A small slender 
 tree, or on mountains reduced to a shrub. Twigs pubescent; sterigmata glabrous, 
 or slightly pubescent; leaves nearly straight, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely 
 mucronate, stout, 4-12 mm. long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 
 1.5-3 cm. long, the scales with eroded margins. In swamps and bogs, Vt. to Ont., 
 N. N. Y. and Mich. June. 
 
 4. TSOGA Carr. j 
 
 Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly 
 linear scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2 -ranked, jointed to 
 very short sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate 
 aments axillary, short or subglobose; anthers 2 -celled, the sacs transversely dehis- 
 cent, the connective slightly produced beyond them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule- 
 bearing aments terminal, the scales about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed 
 ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely 
 woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat winged. [Name Japanese.] About 7 
 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in N. W. N. Am., 2 or 3 Asiatic. 
 
 Cones 1-2 cm. long, their scales remaining appressed. I. T. Canadensis. 
 
 Cones 2.5-3 cm ' l n g) the i r scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana. 
 
 1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 124.) A tall forest 
 tree, sometimes 35 m. high, the trunk reaching 1.6 m. in diameter, the lower 
 branches somewhat drooping, the old bark flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves 
 obtuse, flat, 12-18 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, dark green above, pale beneath, 
 the petiole less than one-half as long as the width of the blade; cones oblong, 
 obtuse, as long as or slightly longer than the leaves, their scales suborbicular, 
 obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. N. S. to 
 Minn., south to Del., along the Alleghenies to Ga. and Ala. and to Mich, and Wis. 
 April-May. 
 
 2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 125.) A 
 forest tree attaining a maximum height of about 27 m. and a trunk diameter of 
 1.3 m., the lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, rather light 
 green above, nearly white beneath, 14-22 mm. long, the petiole nearly as long as 
 the width of the blade; cones 2.5-3 cm. long, the scales firm but scarcely woody, 
 oblong, obtuse, widely spreading at maturity. S. W. Va. to S. Car. and Ga. in the 
 mountains. April. 
 
 5. ABIES Juss. 
 
 Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to 
 appear 2 -ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to steris>mata, and 
 commonly quite persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of 
 their bases. Staminate aments axillary ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 
 
PINACEAE. 35 
 
 dehiscent, the connective prolonged into a short knob or point; pollen-grains com- 
 pound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, 
 reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the thin or papery, mucronate or 
 aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales deciduous from the 
 persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the firs. ] About 
 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous 
 regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 and i in Mex. 
 
 Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales; leaves obtuse. i. A. balsamea. 
 Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales ; leaves mostly emarginate. 
 
 2. A. Fraseri. 
 
 1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR. (I. F. f. 126.) A slender forest 
 tree attaining a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk diameter of I m., 
 usually much smaller and on mountain tops and in high arctic regions reduced to 
 a low shrub. Bark smooth, warty with resin " blisters." Leaves fragrant in dry- 
 ing, less than 2 mm. wide, 12-20 mm. long, obtuse, dark green above, paler 
 beneath or the youngest conspicuously whitened on the lower surface ; cones 
 cylindric, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, upright, arranged in rows on the upper 
 side of the branches, violet or purplish when young ; bracts obovate, serrulate, 
 mucronate, shorter than the broad rounded scales. Newf. and Lab. to Hud. Bay 
 and the N. W. Terr., south to Mass., Penn., along the Alleghenies to Va. and to 
 Mich, and Minn. Canada balsam is derived from the resinous exudations of the 
 trunk. May-June. 
 
 2. Abies Fraseri (Pursh) Lindl. FRASER'S BALSAM FIR. (I. F. f. 127.) A 
 forest tree, similar to the preceding species. Leaves, especially the younger, con- 
 spicuously whitened beneath, 1-2 cm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, emarginate or 
 some of them obtuse at the apex; cones oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 5-8 cm. 
 high, about 2.5 cm. thick, their scales rhomboid, much broader than high, rounded 
 at the apex, much shorter than the papery bracts, which are reflexed, their^summits 
 emarginate, serrulate and aristate. On the high Alleghenies of S. W. Va., N. Car., 
 and Tenn. May. 
 
 6. TAXODIUM L. C. Rich. 
 
 Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches, and alternate spirally arranged 
 sessile linear or scale-like leaves, deciduous in our species, spreading so as to 
 appear 2 -ranked, some of the twigs commonly deciduous in autumn. Leaf-buds 
 naked. Staminate aments very numerous, globose, in long terminal drooping 
 panicled spikes, appearing before the leaves ; anthers 2-5 celled, the sacs 2-valved. 
 Ovule-bearing aments ovoid, in small terminal clusters, their scales few, bractless, 
 each bearing a pair of ovules on its base. Cones globose or nearly so. the scales thick 
 and woody, rhomboid, fitting close together by their margins, each marked with a 
 triangular scar at its base. Seeds large, sharply triangular-pyramidal. [Name 
 Greek, referring to the yew-like leaves.] Three known species, the following of 
 S. E. N. Am., i Mexican, i Chinese. 
 
 i. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. BALD CYPRESS. (I. F. f. 128.) 
 A large forest tree, attaining a maximum height of about 50 m. and a trunk di- 
 ameter of nearly 3 m., the old bark flaky in thin strips. Leaves narrowly linear, 
 flat, thin, 1-2 cm. long, i mm. wide, or less, rather light green, acute, those on 
 some of the flowering branches smaller, scale-like; cones globose or slightly longer 
 than thick, pendent at the ends of the branches, very compact, 2-3 cm. in di- 
 ameter; surfaces of the scales irregularly rugose above the inversely triangular 
 scar; seeds 8-10 mm. long. In swamps and along rivers, Del. to Fla., west to 
 Tex., north in the Miss. Valley region to S. Ind., Mo. and Ark. The roots de- 
 velop upright con ; c " knees" sometimes 1.5 m. high and .4 m. thick. March- 
 April. 
 
 7. THUJA L. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs with frond-like foliage, the leaves small or minute, 
 scale-like, appressed, imbricated, opposite, 4-ranked, those of the ultimate branch- 
 lets mostly obtuse, those of some of the larger twigs acute or subulate. Aments 
 
36 FLORA. 
 
 monoecious, both kinds terminal, the staminate globose; anthers opposite, 2-4 
 celled, the sacs globose, 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments ovoid or oblong, small, 
 their scales opposite, each bearing 2 (rarely 2-5) erect ovules. Cones ovoid or ob- 
 long, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, oprjosite, not 
 peltate, dry, spreading when mature. Seeds oblong, broadly or narrowly winged 
 or wingless. [Name ancient.] About 15 species, natives of North America and 
 eastern Asia. Besides the following, another occurs from Idaho and Or. to Alaska. 
 i. Thuja occidentalis L. WHITE CEDAR. ARBOR VIT^. (I. F. f. 129.) A 
 conical tree, reaching a height of 22 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., the old 
 bark deciduous in ragged strips. Scale-like leaves of the ultimate branches nearly 
 obicular, obtuse, 2-3 mm. broad, the two lateral rows keeled, the two other rows 
 flat, causing the twigs to appear much flattened ; leaves of the older twigs narrower 
 and longer, acute or acuminate, mature cones, 8-10 long, their scales obtuse; seeds 
 broadly winged. In wet soil and along the banks of streams, forming almost im- 
 penetrable forests northward, N. B. to James Bay and Man., south to N. J. y along 
 the Alleghenies to N. C. and to 111. and Minn. May-June. 
 
 8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. 
 
 . Evergreen trees, similar to the Thujas, with minute opposite appressed 4-ranked 
 scale-like leaves, or those of older twigs subulate, and small monoecious terminal 
 aments. Staminate aments as in Thuja, but the filaments broader and shield- 
 shaped. Ovule-bearing aments globose, their scales opposite, peltate, each bear- 
 ing 2-5 erect ovules. Cones globose, the scales thick, peltate, each bearing 2-5 
 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. Seeds winged. 
 [Greek, meaning a low cypress.] About 7 species, the following of the eastern U. 
 S., 2 in western N. Am., 3 or 4 Japanese. 
 
 i. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.)B. S P. SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. (I. F. f. 
 130.) A forest tree, reaching a maximum height of about 30 m. and a trunk di- 
 ameter of 1.5 m. Leaves of the ultimate branchlets ovate, acute, scarcely i mm. 
 wide, those of the lateral rows keeled, those of the vertical rows slightly convex, 
 each with a minute round discoid marking on the centre of the back, those of the 
 o'der twigs narrower and longer, subulate; cones about 6 mm. in diameter, blue, 
 each of their closely fitting scales with a small central point; seeds narrowly 
 winged. In swamps. Mass, and N. H. to N. N. J , Fla. and Miss., mostly near 
 the coast. April-May. (C. spharoidea Spach.) 
 
 9. JUNIPERUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-like, 
 sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious, small 
 globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate aments oblong 
 or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing aments of a few 
 opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in 3*5, each bearing a 
 single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-like by the coalescence of the 
 fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds. [Name Celtic.] About 30 
 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, some of them extending into tropical 
 regions. Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the western parts of North 
 America. 
 
 Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate ; aments axillary. 
 
 Small erect tree or shrub; leaves slender, mostly straight. i. J. communis. 
 
 Low depressed shrub ; leaves stouter, mostly curved. 2. J. nana, 
 
 Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, mostly opposite ; aments terminal. 
 
 Tree ; fruit on short straight branches. 3. J. Virginiana. 
 
 Depressed shrub ; fruit on short recurved branches. 4. J, Sabina. 
 
 I. Juniperus communis L. JUNIPER. (I. F. f. 131.) A low tree or erect 
 shrub, sometimes attaining a height of 8 m. and a trunk diameter of 25 cm., usually 
 smaller, the branches spreading or drooping, the bark shreddy. Leaves subulate, 
 rigid, spreading, or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, prickly pointed, 
 verticillate in 3*3, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, 1-2 cm. long, less 
 than 2 mm. wide, channeled and commonly whitened on the upper surface ; aments 
 
TAXACEAE. 37 
 
 axillary ; berry-like cones sessile or very nearly so, dark blue, 6-8 mm. diameter. 
 On dry hills, N. S to Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn., Mich., Neb. and in the Rocky 
 Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. The fruit is used for flavoring gin. 
 April-May. Fruit ripe Oct. *S<JiiJ{ ^>4<-*~*l 
 
 2. Junioerus nana Willd. Low JtmiflR| A (I. F.'vf. 132.) A depressed rigid 
 shrub, seldom over 0.5 m. high, forming circular patches often 3-4 m. in diameter. 
 Leaves similar to those of the preceding, but stouter, similarly channeled and often 
 whitened above, appressed-ascending, rather rigid, spiny-tipped, 8-12 mm. long, 
 mostly incurved, densely clothing the twigs, verticillate in 3*3; aments axillary; 
 berry-like cones blue, 8-iomm. in diameter. In dry, open places, Lab. to Br. Col., 
 south to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and Utah. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. The characteristic growth in a depressed circular patch gives 
 the plant a very different aspect from the true Juniper. April-May. 
 
 3. Juniperus Virginiana L. RED CEDAR. SAVIN. (I. F. f. 133.) A tree, 
 reaching a maximum height of about 32 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.6 m., conic 
 when young, but the branches spreading in age. Leaves mostly opposite, all those of 
 young plants and commonly some of those on the older twigs of older trees subulate, 
 spiny-tipped, 4-8 mm. long, those of the mature foliage scale-like, acute or subacute, 
 closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangu- 
 lar; aments terminal; berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 6 mm. in di- 
 ameter, on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2 
 seeded. In dry soil, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex., N. Mex. and Ariz. Also in 
 the W. I. Wood used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils. 
 April-May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 4. Juniperus Sabma L. SHRUBBY RED CEDAR. (I. F. f. 134.) A de- 
 pressed shrub, seldom more than 1.3 m. high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- 
 ceding species, those of young plants and the older twigs of older plants subulate, 
 spiny -tipped, those of the mature foliage scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, acute or 
 acuminate; aments terminal; terry-like cones light blue, somewhat glacuous, 8 10 
 mm. in diameter, borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own 
 length, 1-4 seeded. On banks, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Mass , N. N. Y., Minn, 
 and Mont. Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or de- 
 ciduous, linear, or in several exotic genera broad or sometimes fan-shaped, 
 the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or solitary. Perianth 
 wanting. Stamens much as ir the Pinaceae. Ovules with either one or 
 two integuments ; when two, the outer one fleshy ; when only one, its outer 
 part fleshy. Fruit drupe-like or rarely a cone. About 8 genera and 75 
 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous in the southern 
 hemisphere. The Maiden-hair Tree, Ginkgo biloba, of China and Japan, 
 with fan-shaped leaves, is an interesting tree, formerly included in the 
 group, much planted for ornament, now regarded as forming a distinct 
 natural family. 
 
 x. TAXUS L. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs, with spirally arranged short-petioled linear flat 
 mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary, 
 sessile or subsessile very small aments; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly 
 bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle; anthers 4-6-celled. 
 Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy, annular disk which is 
 bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup- 
 shaped, red, and nearly encloses the bony seed. [Name ancient.] About 6 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in Fla., one in Mex. and one on the Pacific coast. 
 
 i. Taxus Canadensis Marsh. AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK. (I. F. 
 t 135.) A low shrub, seldom over 1.5 m. high. Leaves dark green on both sides- 
 narrowly linear, mucronate, narrowed at the base, 12-20 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. 
 wide, persistent on the twigs in drying; staminate aments globose, 2 mm. long, 
 usually numerous; ovules usually few; fruit red and pulpy, resinous, oblong, 
 
3& FLORA. 
 
 nearly 6 mm. hig , the top of the seed not covered by the fleshy integument. In 
 woods, Newf. to Man., N. J., in the Alleghenies to Va., and to la. April-May. 
 
 Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
 
 Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by 
 the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf 
 (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are 
 ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit 
 of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which pene- 
 trates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter 
 (micropyle), and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo- 
 sac, fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the 
 ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. 
 
 There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows : 
 
 Cotyledon one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Cotyledons two ; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous. 
 
 Sub-Class 2. DlCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Sub-class i. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the germinat- 
 ing plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass of soft tissue 
 (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly imbedded ; 
 no distinction into wood, pith and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, 
 mostly alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base 
 and often with no distinction of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3- 
 merous or 6-merous. 
 
 Order I. PANDANALES. 
 
 Our species aquatic or marsh plants, with narrow elongated leaves 
 and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes or heads. 
 Perianth of bristles, or of chaffy scales. Ovary i, 1-2 -celled. Endo- 
 sperm mealy or fleshy. 
 
 The order takes its name from the tropical genus Pandanus, the so- 
 called Screw-Pine. 
 
 Flowers in terminal spikes. Fam. i. Typhaceae. 
 
 Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. 
 
 Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 Cat-tail Family.* 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and 
 glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, 
 sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in termi- 
 nal spikes, which are subtended by' spathaceous, usually fugacious 
 bracts, and divided at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, 
 the staminate spikes uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, 
 the filaments connate. Ovary i, stipitate, i-2-celled. Ovules anatro- 
 pous. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Mingled among the 
 stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers 
 many sterile flowers with clavate tips. Fruit nutlike. Endosperm 
 copious. The family comprises only the following genus : 
 
 i. TYPHA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Name ancient ] About 10 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides those here described, another 
 occurs in Cal. 
 
 * Contributed by -the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
SPARGA NJA CEA E. 39 
 
 Spikes dark brown or black, the pistillate and staminate usually contiguous, the former 
 without bractlets; stigmas spatulate or rhomboid; pollen 4-grained. 
 
 i. 7\ latifolia. 
 
 Spikes light brown, the pistillate and staminate usually distant, the former with bract- 
 lets ; stigmas linear ; pollen in simple grains. 2. 7\ angustifolia. 
 
 1. Typha latifolia L. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (I. F. f. 136.) Stems 
 stout, 1-2.7 m. high. Leaves 6-25 mm. broad; spikes dark brown or black, the 
 staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous, each 7. 5-30 cm. long and often 
 2 cm. or more in diameter, the pistillate without bractlets; stigmas rhomboid or 
 spatulate; pollen-grains in 4's ; fruit furrowed, bursting in water ; seeds with a 
 separable outer coat. In marshes, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Typha angustifolia L. NARROW-LEAVED CAT-TAIL. (I. F. f. 137.) 
 Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high. Leaves mostly narrower than those of the pre- 
 ceding species, 4-12 mm. wide; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistillate 
 portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 0.5 m. long, the pistillate, 
 when mature, 6-16 mm. in diameter, and provided with bractlets; stigmas linear 
 or linear-oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in water; 
 outer coat of the seed not separable. Abundant in marshes along the Atlantic 
 Coast from N. S. to Fla. and Cuba, but also occurring rather rarely inland. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. June-July. Fruit, Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. 1858. 
 Bur -reed Family * 
 
 Marsh or pond plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, 
 erect or floating simple or branched stems, and linear alternate leaves, 
 sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in globose 
 heads at the upper part of the stem and branches, the staminate heads 
 uppermost, sessile or peduncled. Spathes linear, immediately beneath 
 or at a distance below the head. Perianth of a few irregular chaffy 
 scales. Stamens commonly 5, their filaments distinct ; anthers oblong 
 or cuneate. Ovary sessile, mostly i -celled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit 
 mostly i-celled, nutlike. Embryo nearly straight, in copious endo- 
 sperm. The family comprises only the following genus : 
 
 i. SPARGANIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, referring to the ribbon-like leaves.] 
 About 10 species, of temperate and cold regions. Besides the following, one 
 occurs in Cal. 
 
 Fruit sessile. i. S. eurycarpum. 
 
 Fruit stalked. 
 
 Inflorescence branching. 2. S. androcladum. 
 
 Inflorescence simple. 
 
 Staminate heads 4-6, pistillate 2-6, 10-16 mm. in diameter. 3. S. simplex. 
 
 Staminate heads 1-2, pistillate 13, 4-10 mm. in diameter. 4. S. minimum. 
 
 1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. BROAD-FRUITED BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 
 138.) Stems stout, 1-2.8 m. high, branching. Leaves flat, slightly keeled be- 
 neath, the lowest 1-2 m. long; staminate heads numerous; pistillate heads 2-4 on 
 the stem or branch, sessile or peduncled, hard, compact and 2-3 cm. in diameter 
 when mature; style I; stigmas 1-2; nutlets 6-io mm. long, obtusely 4-5-angled, 
 narrowed at the base, the top rounded, flattened or depressed, abruptly tipped 
 with the style; scales as long or nearly as long as the fruit and as many as its 
 angles, often with 2 or 3 other exterior ones, somewhat spatulate, the apex 
 roundea, denticulate or eroded In marshes and along streams, Newf. to Br, 
 Col., south to Va., Mo., Utah and Cal. 
 
 2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. BRANCHING BUR-REED. 
 (1. F. f. 139,) Stem slender, more or less branching, 2.5-6 cm. high. Pistillate 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
40 FLORA. 
 
 heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled, axillary or the peduncles and brandies 
 axillary; style I ; stigma I (rarely 2); fruiting heads 12-25 mm. in diameter; nut- 
 lets fusiform, 4-6 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, often strongly contracted at the middle, 
 tapering into the style ; scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter, the exterior 
 ones narrower ; stalk of fruit 2 mm. long or more. In bogs or shallow water, N. S. 
 to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 Sparganium androcladum fluctuans Morong. Floating in deep water with long 
 slender stems and thin leaves 2-7 mm. wide ; inflorescence usually sparingly branched ; 
 fruiting heads 8-12 mm. in diameter. In cold ponds, N. B. to Penn. 
 
 3. Sparganium simplex Huds. SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 140.) 
 Stem slender, 3-60 cm. high, simple. Leaves more or less triquetrous, 4-8 mm. 
 wide ; inflorescence 220 cm. long ; staminate heads 46 ; pistillate 26, sessile or 
 the lowest peduncled ; fruiting heads 10-16 mm. in diameter ; nutlets fusiform or 
 narrowly oblong, obtusely angled at the apex, more or less contracted in the middle, 
 smaller than those of the preceding species and more tapering at the summit ; scales 
 denticulate, about one-half as long as the nutlets ; stigma linear, as long as the style or 
 shorter, rarely 2 ; stalk of fruit about 2 mm. long. Borders of ponds and streams, 
 Newf. to Br. Col., Penn., Mont, and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 Sparganium simplex angustifblium (Michx.) Engelm. Floating in deep water. 
 Leaves very long, 13 mm. wide, their sheaths often inflated at the base ; staminate and 
 pistillate heads 1-4 ; fruiting heads 6-15 mm. in diameter. In mountain lakes and slow 
 streams, Newf. to Ore., N. Y. and Cal. 
 
 4. Sparganium minimum Fries. SMALL BUR-REED. (I. F. f. 141.) Float- 
 ing, stems very slender, o. i-i m. long. Leaves thin and lax, 1-5 mm. wide ; inflor- 
 escence 2 cm. or more long ; staminate heads 1-2 ; pistillate, 1-3, sessile, axillary, 
 supra-axillary or the lowest on an axillary peduncle ; ripe fruiting heads 4-10 mm. 
 in diameter ; nutlets ovoid, slightly triangular, tapering abruptly into the style, 
 2-4 mm. long, twice as long as the denticulate scales; stigma ov?i, often oblique, 
 about as long as the style; stalk of the nutlet 0.5-1 mm. long, often apparently 
 none. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Man. and Ore., south to N. J., Mich, and 
 Utah. Also in northern Europe. Dwarf forms, growing out of water, sometimes 
 occur with stems 3'-6' high. June-Aug. 
 
 Order 2. NAIADALES. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various in form. Flowers perfect, 
 monoecious or dioecious. Perianth present, or wanting. Parts of the 
 flower mostly unequal in number. Carpels i or more, mostly distinct and 
 separate (united in Vallisneriaceae ; united at least until maturity in 
 Scheuchzeriaceae) .; endosperm none, or very little. 
 
 Perianth, if present, inferior ; carpels mostly distinct. 
 Perianth-segments, when present, herbaceous. 
 
 Carpels distinct ; aquatic herbs. Fam. i. Naiadaceae, 
 
 Carpels united until maturity; bog plants ; flowers racemed or spiked. 
 
 Fam. 2. Scheuchzeriaceae. 
 Perianth of 2 series of segments, the outer green, the inner mostly white. 
 
 Fam. 3. Alismaceae. 
 Perianth superior; carpels united. Fam. 4. Vallisneriaceae, 
 
 Family i. NAIADACEAE Lindl.* 
 
 Immersed aquatic plants with slender, often branching, leafy stems, the 
 leaves flat or filiform, and perfect, monoecious or dioecious, spicate axil- 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
NAIADACEAE. 41 
 
 lary or spadiceous flowers. Perianth of 4 segments, or a hyaline envelope, 
 or wanting. Stamens 1-4 or occasionally more, distinct and hypogynous 
 in the perfect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers ex- 
 trorse, i-2-celled. Ovaries 1-9, mostly distinct, i-celled, mostly i-ovuled. 
 Carpels rarely dehiscent. Seeds straight or curved. Endosperm none. 
 About 10 genera and 100 species of wide geographical distribution, most 
 abundant in temperate regions. The months noted in the descriptions 
 indicate the fruiting period. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Perianth of 4 distinct segments. i. Potamogeton. 
 
 Perianth none ; flowers naked. 2. Ruppia. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
 Leaves entire. 
 
 Leaves i-nerved, 2-8 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wiJe. 3. Zannichellia. 
 
 Leaves many-nerved, 0.3-1.6 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide. 4. Zostera. 
 
 Leaves spiny-too'thed on the margins. 5. Naias. 
 
 i. POTAMOGETON L. 
 
 Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and float- 
 ing, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate, ovate or oval. 
 Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base of the leaf or petiole, 
 enclosing the young buds and usually soon perishing after expanding. Peduncles 
 axillary, usually emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green or red. Perianth-segments 
 4, short-clawed, concave, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the perianth- 
 segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, I -celled, I-ovuled, attenu- 
 ated into a short style, or with a sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp 
 usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an unci- 
 nate embryo thickened at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic 
 habitat.] About 65 well-defined species, natives of temperate regions. Besides the 
 following, 3 others occur in the southern parts of N. Am. 
 
 Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. 
 With floating and submerged leaves. 
 Submerged leaves bladeless. 
 
 Nutlets more or less pitted. I. P. nafans. 
 
 Nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus. 
 
 Submerged leaves with a proper blade. 
 
 Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, lanceolate and oval or oblong. 
 Uppermost broadly oval or elliptic, lowest lanceolate. 
 
 3. P. amplifolius. 
 Uppermost lanceolate and pellucid, lowest oblong and opaque. 
 
 4. P. pulc/ier. 
 Submerged leaves all alike, capillary or linear-setaceous. 
 
 i-nerved or nerveless. 25. P. Vaseyi. 
 
 3-nerved 26. P. lateralis. 
 
 Submerged leaves all alike, linear. 
 
 Nearly the same breadth throughout, obtusely pointed, coarsely cellular- 
 reticulated in the middle. 5. P. Nuttallii, 
 Broader at base, acute, without cellular-reticulation. 
 
 9. P. heterophyllus. 
 Submerged leaves all alike, lanceolate. 
 
 Uppermost leaves petioled, lowest sessile. 6. P. alpinus. 
 
 All the leaves petioled. 
 
 Floating leaves large, broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at 
 base. ii. p, IlHnoensis. 
 
 Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, tapering at base. 
 
 7. P, lone kites. 
 Floating leaves mostly obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base. 
 
 8. P. Faxoni. 
 All the leaves sessile or subsessile. 
 
 Fruit only 2 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled. 
 
 10. P. spathulaeformis* 
 Fruit 3 mm. long, distinctly 3-keeled. 12. P. Zizii. 
 
42 FLORA. 
 
 With submerged leaves only. 
 
 Without propagating buds and without glands. 
 
 Leaves with broad blades, mostly lanceolate or ovate, man) r -nerved. 
 Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, mostly acute or cuspidate. 
 
 13. P, lucens. 
 Leaves semi-amplexicaul, obtuse and cucullate at the apex. . 
 
 14. P. praelongus, 
 Leaves meeting around the stem, very obtuse at the apex, not cucullate. 
 
 15. P. perfoliatus. 
 Leaves with narrow blades, linear or oblong-linear, several-nerved. 
 
 Leaves oblong-linear, 5~7-nerved, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 16. P. Mysticus. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, 3-nerved, acute at the apex. 
 
 21. P.foliosus. 
 Leaves with narrow blades, capillary or setaceous, i-nerved or nerveless. 
 
 17. P. confervoides. 
 With propagating buds or glands, or both. 
 
 With buds, but without glands. 
 
 Leaves serrulate, 3~7-nerved. 18. P. crispus. 
 
 Leaves entire, with 3 principal and many fine nerves. 
 
 19. /'. zosteraefolius. 
 Commonly with glands, but no buds. 
 
 Stems long-branching from the base ; leaves lax, flat, 3-nerved, abruptly 
 
 acute or cuspidate. 20. P. Hillii. 
 
 Stems simple ; leaves strict, revolute, 3~5-nerved, acuminate. 
 
 24. P. rutilus. 
 With both buds and glands. 
 
 Glands large and translucent ; buds rare. 22. P. obtusifolius* 
 
 Glands small, often dull ; buds common. 
 
 Leaves linear, 5~7-nerved. 23. P. Friesii. 
 
 Leaves linear, 3-nerved. 27. P. pusillus. 
 
 Leaves capillary, i-nerved or nerveless. 28. P. gemmiparus. 
 
 Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles. 
 
 With both floating and submerged leaves. 
 
 Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 
 
 29. P. diversifolius. 
 Submerged peduncles none, or at most hardly 2 mm. long. 
 
 30. P. Spirillus. 
 With submerged leaves only. 
 
 Stigma broad and sessile. 31. P. filiform is. 
 Style apparent ; stigma capitate. 
 
 Fruit without keels or obscurely keeled. 32. P. pectinatus. 
 Fruit strongly 3-keeled. 
 
 Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved. 33. P. interruptus. 
 
 Leaves minutely serrulate, finely many-nerved. 34. P. RobbinSii. 
 
 1. Potamogeton natans L. COMMON FLOATING PONDWEKD. (I. F. f. 142.) 
 Stems 0.6-1.3 m. long, simple or sparingly branched. Floating leaves thick, the 
 blade ovate, oval or elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, usually with a ^hort 
 abrupt tip, rounded or subcordate at the base, many-nerved; submerged leaves 
 reduced to phyllocles which commonly perish early; stipules sometimes 10 cm. 
 long, acute, 2-keeled; peduncles as thick as the stem, 5-10 cm. long; spikes very 
 dense, about 5 cm. long; fruit turgid, 4-4.5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. thick, scarcely 
 keeled, narrowly obovoid, slightly curved on the face; style broad; nutlet hard, 
 pitted or impressed on the sides, 2 -grooved on the back ; embryo forming an 
 incomplete circle, the apex pointing toward the base. In ponds and streams, 
 throughout N. Am. except the extreme north, extending into Mex. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. July -Aug. 
 
 2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. OAKES' PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 143.) 
 Stems very slender, often m.uch branched from below. Floating leaves elliptic, 
 mostly obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2-5 cm. long, lo-co mm. wide, 
 i2-:o-nerved; petioles 5-15 cm. long; submerged leaves mere capillary phyllodes, 
 often persistent; peduncles 2-8 cm. long, commonly thicker than the stem; spikes 
 cylindric, 12-25 cm. long; stipules acute, hardly keeled; fruit obovoid, about 
 3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, nearly straight on the face, 3-keeled, the middle keel 
 sharp; style apical or subapical; sides of the nutlet not pitted, but sometimes 
 
NA1ADACEAE. 43 
 
 slightly impressed; embryo circle incomplete, the apex pointing toward the base. 
 In still water, Anticosti to N. Penn. and N. J. Summer. 
 
 3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. 
 F. f. 144.) Stems long, simple or occasionally branched. Floating leaves oval or 
 ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. 
 wide, many-nerved ; submerged leaves mostly petioled, large, the uppermost often 
 elliptic or oval, 7-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, the lowest lanceolate, often 20 cm. 
 long, with about 25 nerves, often with the sides closed and assuming a falcate shape; 
 stipules tapering to a long sharp point, sometimes 10 cm. long ; peduncles thickened 
 upward, 5-20 cm. long; spikes 2-5 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, 
 turgid, the pericarp hard, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled ; face more or less angled ; 
 style subapical ; embryo slightly incurved. In lakes, Ont. to Br. Col., south to 
 Conn., Ky. and Neb. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. SPOTTED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 1^5.) 
 Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, 0.3-0.7 mm. long. Floating leaves usually 
 massed at the top on short lateral branches, alternate, ovate or round-ovate, sub- 
 cordate, 2-8 cm. long, 511 cm. wide, many-nerved ; peduncles about as thick as 
 the stem, 5-10 cm. long, spotted ; submerged leaves of 2 kinds, the uppermost 
 pellucid, lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, J-zo cm. long, 1-3.5 cm< wide, 
 tapering at the base into a short petiole, io-2O-nerved ; the. lowest much thicker, 
 opaque, spatulate, long; stipules 2-carinate ; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, 
 turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled ; face angled 
 near the middle, with a sinus below ; embryo coiled. In ponds and pools, Me. to 
 Ga. and Mo. July. 
 
 5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Sch. NUTTALL'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 146.) Stems slender, compressed, mostly simple, 0.3-2 m. long. Floating leaves 
 opposite, elliptic, to obovate, obtuse, short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, 
 many-nerved; submerged leaves linear, 2-ranked, 5-17 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
 5-nerved, the 2 outer nerves nearly marginal, the space between the 2 inner and 
 the midrib reticulated ; stipules obtuse, hyaline, not keeled ; peduncles 2-13 cm. 
 long; spikes 1-2.5 cm - l n & > fruit round-obovoid 2.5-4 nim. long, 23 mm. thick, 
 3-keeled, the sides flat and indistinctly impressed ; style short, apical ; embryo 
 coiled one and one-third times. In ponds and streams, N. S. to Penn. and S. C. 
 June- Aug. (P. Claytonii Tuckerm.) 
 
 6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. NORTHERN PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 147.) 
 Plant of a ruddy tinge; stems simple or branched, somewhat compressed. Float- 
 ing leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, many-nerved, tapering into petioles 
 2-12 cm. long; submerged leaves semi-pellucid, the lowest sessile, the uppermost 
 petioled, oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or rarely acute, narrowed at the 
 base, 7-30 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, 7-i7-nerved; stipules broad, faintly 2-cari- 
 nate, obtuse or rarely acute; spikes 2-3 cm. long; fruit obovoid, lenticular, reddish, 
 2 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp, the face arched, 
 beaked by the short recurved style; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the 
 basal end. In ponds, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J. and Cal. Also in Europe. 
 July- Aug. (P. rufescens Schrad.) 
 
 7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 148.) Stem terete, much branched, 1-2 m. long. Floating leaves rather thin, 
 elliptic, pointed at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, many - nerved, 
 petioled; submerged leaves pellucid, 10-32 cm. long, 4-24 mm. wide, rounded at 
 the base or tapering into a petiole; stipules acuminate, strongly or faintly 2- 
 carinate; peduncles thickening upward, 5-8 cm. long; spikes cylindric, 2-5 cm. 
 long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, obliquely obovoid, the face nearly 
 straight, the back 3-keeled, the middle keel rounded or often with a projecting 
 wing under the style, not impressed on the sides; embryo slightly incurved, apex 
 pointing slightly inside of the base. In ponds and slow streams, N. Br. to Wash., 
 Fla. and Cal. July-Get. 
 
 F'otimogeton lonchites Noveboracdnsis Morong. Floating leaves thicker, 7-14 cm. 
 long, about 5 cm. wide, 2O-24-nerved, abruptly pointed or obtuse at the apex ; peduncles 
 sometimes 10-12 cm. and spikes 7.5 cm. long. Lakes of Cent. N. Y. 
 
 8. Potamogeton Faxoni Morong. FAXON'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 149.) 
 Floating leaves numerous, mostly obovate or oblanceolate, blunt-pointed or obtuse 
 
44 FLORA, 
 
 at the apex, narrowed at the base, often strikingly like those of P. spath-maeformis, 
 5-9 cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide, I3~i7-nerved, petioled; submerged leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or sometimes obtuse, 7-13 cm. long, 1-25 cm. wide, 5~i3-nerved, 
 often with an irregular areolation on each side of the midrib; petioles 1.2-2.5 cm. 
 in length; peduncles slightly thicker than the stem; spikes dense, 25 cm. long; 
 fruit not collected. Little Otter Creek and Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Vt. 
 
 ?. Potamogeton heterophy'llus Schreb. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED. 
 '. f. 150.) Stems slender, compressed, much branched, sometimes 4 m. long. 
 Floating leaves pointed at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base, 1.5- 
 10 cm. long, 8-30 mm. wide, io-i8-nerved, on petioles 2-10 cm. long ; submerged 
 leaves pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, rather stiff, 2-15 
 cm. long, 2-1 6 mm. wide, 3~9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled ; peduncles 
 often thickened upward, sometimes clustered; stipules spreading, obtuse 1.5-2.5 
 cm. long; spikes 1.8-25 cm. long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. 
 long, 12 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled ; style short, obtuse, apical; apex of the 
 embryo nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it. A very variable 
 species, occurring in different forms throughout almost all N. Am. except the extreme 
 north. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifblius (Fries) Morong. Submerged leaves deli- 
 cate, flaccid, linear, 4-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide With the type. 
 
 Potamogeton heteroph^llus myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong. Stems dichotomously 
 branching, very leafy ; submerged leaves delicate, about 2.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, 3-5- 
 nerved, linear or the upper oblanceolate ; floating leaves elliptic or lanceolate-oblong ; 
 rootstock tuberous. Mass., R. I. and Conn. 
 
 Potamogeton heterophyllus minimus Morong. Stems long and almost capillary, 
 the internodes 7-10 cm. long, densely clustered on short lateral branches, 1-2.5 cm - l n 
 scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, acuminate, i-nerved ; floating leaves 1-3.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. 
 wide, lanceolate, oval or ovate, usually clustered at the summit of the stem. Mass, and 
 N. H. 
 
 10. Potamogeton spathulaeformis (Robbins) Morong. SPATULATE-LEAVED 
 PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 151.) Stems many, branched, 0.6-1 m. long. Floating leaves 
 obovate or elliptic, abruptly acute at the apex, rather thin, 13-23-nerved, 2-6 cm. long, 
 1.5-2 5 cm. wide, borne on slender petioles; submerged leaves pellucid, spatulate- 
 oblong or linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-i8mm. wide, 5~l3-nerved, cuspidate or 
 spinescent, sessile or subsessile, often reduced to' phyllodes with a very narrow blade 
 and along acumination at the base and apex; peduncles often thickening upward, 
 2-5 cm. long ; stipules obtuse, faintly keeled, the apex slightly hooded ; spikes 
 large ; fruit about 2 mm. long, roundish or obliquely ovoid, obscurely 3-keeled, with 
 a curved or slightly angled face ; embryo with the apex pointing slightly inside of 
 the base. In Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 11. Potamogeton Illinoensis Morong. ILLINOIS PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 152.) Stem stout, much branched above. Floating leaves opposite, numerous, 
 thick, 10-14 cm - l n g, 5-9 cm - wide, many-nerved' oval or broadly elliptic, short- 
 pointed, petioled ; submerged leaves numerous, IO-2O cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, 
 13-19-nerved, acuminate or the uppermost acute, mostly tapering at the base into a 
 short, broad, flat petiole, rarely reduced to phyllodes ; stipules 5-8 cm. long, obtuse, 
 strongly 2-carinate ; peduncles 5-10 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. long ; fruit roundish 
 or obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, dorsally 3-keeled ; style short, blunt. In 
 ponds, 111. to la. and Minn. Aug. 
 
 12 Potamogeton Zizii Roth. Ziz's PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 153.) Stems 
 slender, branching. Floating leaves elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, many- 
 nerved ; petioles mostly short ; submerged leaves mostly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
 thin, acute or cuspidate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-30 mm. wide, 7-i7-nerved ; stipules 
 obtuse, 2-keeled ; peduncles thicker than the s'em, 6-15 cm. long ; spikes 2-5 cm. 
 long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, the face dorsally 
 3-keeled ; style short, blunt, facial ; apex of the embryo pointing directly to the 
 base. In lakes and streams, Que. to Mont., Fla. and Wyo. Also in Europe. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton Zizii Methy^nsis (A. Benn.) Morong. Middle leaves narrow ; upper 
 leaves oval ; stipules long; ; fruit small. Methy Lake, Can. 
 
NA2ADACEAE. 45 
 
 13. Potamogeton lucens L. SHINING PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 154.) Stew thick, 
 branching below and often with masses of short leafy branches at the summit. Leaves 
 all submerged, elliptic, lanceolate or the uppermost oval, shining, sessile or short- 
 petioled, 6-20 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, the tips olten serrulate ; stipules 2 -car-mate, 
 sometimes very broad; peduncles 7-15 cm. long; spikes 5-6 cm long, very thick; 
 fruit about 3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. thick, roundish, the face usually with a slight 
 inward curve at the base ; apex of the embryo pointing transversely inward. In 
 ponds, N. S. to Fla., west to Cal. and Mex. Local. Also in Europe. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 Potamogeton lucens Connecticutdnsis Robbins. Stems flexuous ; leaves acuminate ; 
 fruit larger than that of the type (about 4 mm. long), distinctly j-carinate and with a 
 facial style. Salumstall's 1'ond, Conn., and White Plains, N. Y. 
 
 14. Potamogeton praelcngus Wulf. WHITE-STEMMED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 155.) Stems white, flexuous, flattened, much branched, growing in deep water, 
 sometimes 2.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, semi- 
 amplexicaul, bright green, 1-3.5 cm - l n g> 5~3 cm - wide, with 3-5 main nerves; 
 stipules white, scarious, obtuse and commonly closely embracing the stem ; 
 peduncles 7-50 cm. long, erect, straight, about as thick as the stem; spikes 2-5 
 cm. long, thick, cylindYic; fruit dark green, obliquely obovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 
 mm. thick, the back much rounded, often with the upper curve nearly as high as 
 the style; the middle keel sharp ; style short, obtuse, facial. N. S. to Br. Col., 
 N. J., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe. June-July. 
 
 15 Potamogeton perfoliatus L. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 156. ) Stems slender, much branched. Leaves all submerged, orbicular or ovate, 
 so netimes lanceolate, usually obtuse and minutely serrulate at the apex, cordate- 
 psrfoliate at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; peduncles 3.5 cm. long, 
 usually erect or slightly spreading; spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; fruit obliquely 
 obovoid, 2.5-3 mm - long, 2 mm. thick, obscurely 3-carinate on the back, the face 
 s ightly curved outwardly toward the top, the sides with a shallow indentation 
 which runs into the face; style nearly facial; embryo slightly incurved or with its 
 apex pointing directly toward the base. In ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., 
 Fla., and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 Potamogeton perfoliitus Richardsbnii A. Bennett. Leaves 2-12 cm. long, 8-16 
 mm. wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curving inward at the apex, 13-23- 
 nerved. Fruit somewhat larger than that of the type, about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. 
 thick. N. N. E. to Or., Del., Neb., and Cal. 
 
 16. Potamogeton M^sticus Morong. MYSTIC POND PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 157.) Whole plant very slender and delicate, stems irregularly branching above, 
 nearly filiform, terete, 0.3-3.3 m - l n g- Leaves all submerged, scattered oblong- 
 linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and rarely with minute 
 serrulations near the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base and sessile or partly 
 clasping; stipules obtuse, about 12 mm. long, hyaline and with many fine nerves, 
 mostly deciduous, but sometimes persistent and closely sheathing the stem; spikes 
 few, capitate, 4-6-flowered, borne on erect peduncles 2-5 cm. long ; immature fruit 
 obovoid, less than 2 mm. long, about I mm. wide, obscurely 3 -keeled on the back, 
 slightly beaked by the slender, recurved style. Mystic Pond, Medfbrd, and 
 Miacount Pond, Nantucket, Mass. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 17. Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. ALGA-LIKE PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 158.) Stems slender, terete, 15-45 cm. long, the upper branches repeatedly 
 forking. Leaves very delicate, flat, setaceous, 2-6 cm. long, the broadest scarcely 
 0.5 mm. wide, tapering to a long hair-like point, i-3-nerved and often with a few 
 cross- veins; stipules delicate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; peduncles 5-20 cm. long, erect, 
 somewhat thickened upward; spikes 6 -8 mm. long; fruit roundish-obovoid, 2-3 mm. 
 long and about as thick, the back sometimes a little angular or sinuate, 3-keeled, 
 the middle keel sharp, the face notched near the base, the sides impressed with a 
 shallow indentation which runs into the notch of the face ; apex of the embryo 
 nearly touching the base a little to one side. In cold or mountain ponds, Me. and 
 N. H. to N. J. and Perm. Also \.\ Europe. Aug. -Sept. (P., Tuckermani Robbins.) 
 
46 FLORA. 
 
 18. Potamogeton crispus L. CURLED-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 159.) 
 
 Stems branching, compressed. Leaves 2-ranked, linear-oblong or. linear-oblanceo- 
 late, sessile or semi-amplexicaui, obtuse, serrulate, crisped, i-io cm. long, 6-14 
 mm. wide, 3-7 -nerved, the midrib often compound and the outer nerves very near 
 the margin; stipules small, scarious, obtuse, early perishing; peduncles 2-5 cm. 
 long, frequently recurved in fruit, sometimes very numerous; spikes about I cm. 
 long, appearing very bristly with the long-beaked drupelets when in fruit ; fruit 
 ovoid, about 3 mm. long, 2 mm. or more wide, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle 
 keel with a small projecting tooth near the base, the face slightly curved, the style 
 facial and nearly as long as the drupelet; embryo small, its apex pointing directly 
 toward its base. The plant is mainly propagated by peculiar winter buds. In 
 fresh, brackish or even salt water, Mass., Penn., and Va. Also in Europe. Aug. 
 
 19. Potamogeton zosteraefolius Schum. EEL-GAASS PONDWEED. (I. F. 
 f. 1 60.) Stems much flattened, sometimes winged, widely branching. Leaves 
 linear, obtuse and mucronate or sharp-pointed at the apex, 5-30 cm. long, 2-5 mm. 
 wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones; stipules scarious, obtuse, finely 
 nerved, soon perishing ; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spikes cylindric, about I cm. 
 long, 1 2- 1 5 -flowered ; fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 
 mm. thick, 3 -keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather "obscure ; face arched, 
 beaked with a short recurved style; embryo slightly incurved. -The plant is prop- 
 agated by the terminal leaf-buds, which sink to the bottom, and rest during the 
 winter. In still or running water, N. B. to N. J., west to Or. Also in Europe. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 20. Potamogeton Hillii Moron g. HILL'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 161.) Stems 
 slightly compressed, slender, widely branching, 0.3-0.6 m. long. Leaves linear, 
 acute, cuspidate, or often almost aristate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5. -2. 5 mm. wide, 3- 
 nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and nearer the margins than the midrib; stip- 
 ules whitish, many-nerved, obtuse, 6-io mm. long; peduncles about I cm. long, 
 erect or slightly recurved; spikes capitate, 3-6-fruited; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 obtuse at the base, about 4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm - thick, 3-carinate on the back, 
 the middle keel sharp and more or less undulate, flat on the sides, face slightly 
 arched; style nearly facial, short; embryo coiled. In ponds, E. N. Y. to Mich. 
 There are two forms of the species, the one 2-glandular at the base of the leaves, 
 the other glandless. July-Sept. 
 
 21. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. LEAFY PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 162.) Stems 
 flattened, much branched, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
 acute, 3-nerved; stipules white, hyaline, obtuse or sometimes acute, 1-2 cm. long; 
 peduncles more or less clavate, erect; spikes about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular or 
 nearly orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, 3 -keeled on the back, the middle keel 
 winged, sinuate-dentate, often with projecting shoulders or teeth at each end, the 
 face strongly angled or arch?d, sharp, often with a projecting tooth at the base; 
 style apical. In ponds and streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., N. Mex. and Cal. 
 July-Aug. {P. pauciflorus Pursh.) 
 
 Potamogeton foli6sus Niagardnsis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Larger. Stems 0.6-1. 
 m. long, leaves sometimes over 7.5 cm. in length and 2 mm. wide, ^-5-nerved ; 
 stipules larger and occasionally acute; spikes 8-i2-flowered. Niagara Falls to Mich, 
 and Cal. 
 
 22. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. BLUNT-LEAVED PONDWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 163.) Stems usually slender, compressed, widely branching. Leaves 
 linear, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often mucronate, usually 3-nerved 
 with a broad midrib, sometimes 5-7 nerved, 2-glandular at the base, the glands 
 large and translucent; stipules white or scarious, many-nerved, obtuse, 1-2 cm. 
 long, often as long as or longer than the internodes; peduncles numerous, slender, 
 erect; spikes 68 mm. long, ovoid. 5-8-flowereJ; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 3 
 mm. long and 2 mm. thick, 3 -keeled; style short, blunt, nearly facial. In still 
 water, Que. to Penn., Minn., and Wyo. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 23. Potamogeton Friesii Ruprecht. FRIES' PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 164.) 
 Stems compressed, 0.5-1.3 m. long, branching. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, about 2 mm, 
 
NAIADACEAE. 47 
 
 wide, acute, obtuse <jf cuspidate at the apex, mostly 5 -nerved, rarely 7-nerved, 
 2-glandular at the base, the glands small; stipules white, hyaline, finely nerved, 
 obtuse or acute, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles often thicker than the stem and some- 
 times thickening upward; spikes, when developed, interrupted; fruit quite similar 
 to that of P. piisillusj but with a recurved styte, usually with a shallow pit on the 
 sides, and with the apex of the embryo pointing toward the basal end. In still 
 water, N. B. to N. Y., west to I3r. Col. Also in Europe. Propagating buds occa- 
 sional. July-Aug. 
 
 24. Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. SLENDER PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 165.) 
 Stems very slender, 0.2-0.6 m. long, compressed, simple or nearly so. Leaves 
 2-3.5 cm - l n > o -5- r mm - wide, acute or acuminate, strict, nearly erect, 3-5- 
 nerved, revolute, often 2-glandular at base and bright green, the nerves prominent 
 beneath; stipules acute, 1-2 cm. long, often longer than the internodes and hiding 
 the bases of the leaves above, persistent, becoming white and fibrous with age; 
 peduncles 1-3.5 cm - l n S; spikes 6 10 mm. long, usually dense, but sometimes 
 interrupted; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick, obscurely 
 keeled or the back showing only 2 small grooves; apex of the drupelet tapering 
 into a short facial nearly straight recurved style; embryo circle not coirplete. the 
 apex pointing a little inside of the base. Anticosti and James Bay to Mich, and 
 Minn. Also in Europe. 
 
 25. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. VASEY'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 166.) 
 Stems filiform, widely branching below, and with many short lateral branches 
 above, 0.3-0.5 long, the emersed fertile forms in shallow water, and the more com- 
 mon sterile submerged forms in water from 2-3 m. in depth. Floating leaves on 
 the fertile stems only, coriaceous, in 1-4 opposite pairs, oval, oblong or obovate, 
 8-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering 
 at the base into petioles 6-8 mm. long; submerged leaves capillary, 2-4 cm. long; 
 stipules white, delicate, many-nerved, acute or obtuse, 46 mm. long; peduncles 
 6-12 mm. long, thickening in fruit ; spikes 4-6 mm. long, 2-6 fruited ; fruit 
 roundish -obovoid, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel 
 rounded, tipped with a straight or recurved style. E. Mass, to S. Ont. and O. 
 The plant is furnished with propagative buds. July-Aug. 
 
 26. Potamogeton lateralis Morong. OPPOSITE-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. 
 f. 167.) Stems filiform, much branched. Floating leaves on sterile shoots only, 
 coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, 8-io mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 5-7-nerved, the nerves 
 deeply impressed beneath, usually in 1-3 opposite pairs which stand at right 
 angles to the stem on petioles 6-20 mm. long; submerged leaves linear, acute, 2-8 
 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, i-3-nerved, 2-glandular at the base, but the glands 
 small and often obsolete; stipules small, hyaline, many-nerved, obtuse, deciduous; 
 peduncles and floating leaves lateral, widely spreading at maturity, sometimes re- 
 curved, spikes capitate or often interrupted, 3-4-flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 about 2 mm. long, lenticular, the back much curved and 2-grooved, the face arched 
 and surmounted by the nearly sessile stigma ; curve of the embryo oval, its apex 
 nearly touching its base. In lakes and slow streams, E. Mass, to Mich. Prolifer- 
 ous shoots at the summit of the stem and on the upper branches appear late in the 
 season, as the plants are beginning to decay. July-Aug. 
 
 27. Potamogeton pusillus L. SMALL PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 168.) Stems 
 filiform, branching, 0.1-0.6 m. long. Leaves all submerged, linear, obtuse and 
 mucronate or acute at the apex. 2-glandular at the base, 2.8 cm. long, about I mm. 
 wide, i-3-nerved, the lateral nerves often obscure; stipules short, hyaline, obtuse; 
 peduncles usually 6-18 mm., or rarely 7.5 cm. long; spikes 3- 'O- flowered; fruit 
 obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick, curved and 2-grooved on 
 the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, the face slightly arched, beaked by a 
 straight or recurved style; apex of the embryo slightly incurved and pointing ob- 
 liquely downward. Propagative buds occur in greater or less abundance. In 
 ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Va., Tex., and Cal. Also in 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 Potamogeton pusfllus Panormit&nus (Biv.) Morong. Uppermost leaves subcoriace- 
 ons, spatulate, opposite, divaricate, 3~5-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, tapering into a broad 
 puiole as long as the blaxle, Quawa, Qnt. Also in Europe, 
 
4$ FLORA. 
 
 Potamogeton pusfllus polyphyllus Morong. Stem 7-14 cm. long, divaricately 
 branching from the base and very leafy throughout ; leaves very obtuse, 3-nerved. Plant 
 not known to flower, but abundantly provided with propagating buds which are 
 thickened, hardened and closely invested with imbricated leaves. E. Mass. 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus Sturr6ckii A. Bennett. A rare form with delicate bright green 
 pellucid leaves, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse OB often apiculate at the apex, less than 2 mm. wide, 
 sometimes 5-nerved ; fruit much smaller than that of the type, short-beaked. E. Mass. 
 Also in Europe. 
 
 28. Potamogeton gemmiparus (Robbins) Morong. CAPILLARY PONDWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 169.) Stems filiform, terete, branching, 0.1-1.3 m. long. Leaves capil- 
 lary, sometimes not as wide as the stem, often with no perceptible midrib, taper- 
 ing to the finest tip, 2-8 cm. long, 2-glandular at the base; stipules 1-2.5 cm. long, 
 mostly deciduous; spikes interrupted, 3- 6- flowered; peduncles filiform, or some- 
 times slightly thickened, 1-5 cm. long; fruit seldom formed, similar to that of P. 
 pusillus, except that it is flatter and somewhat impressed on the sides. In ponds, 
 E. Mass, and R. I. It is commonly propagated by its abundant buds; the leaves 
 and stems are often alike in thickness, so that the plant seems to consist of threads. 
 Aug. Sept. (/*. pusillus var. (?) gemmiparus Robbins.) 
 
 29 Potamogeton diversifoiius Raf. RAFINESQUE'S PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 170.) Stems flattened or sometimes terete, much branched. Floating leaves coria- 
 ceous, the largest 2.5 cm. long by 1.2 cm. wide, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lan- 
 ceolate-oblong and acute; petioles filiform or dilated; submerged leaves setaceous, 
 seldom over 0.5 mm. wide, 2-8 cm. long; stipules obtuse or truncate, 6-io mm. 
 long, those of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged leaves sometimes 
 adnate; emersed peduncles 6-14 mm. long; submerged peduncles 4-6 mm. long, 
 clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 6-IO mm. long, occasionally inter- 
 rupted; fruit cochleate, rarely over I mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly 
 winged and usually with 7 or 8 knob-like teeth on the margin, the lateral keels 
 sharp or rounded; embryo coiled \Y 2 times. In still water, Me. to Fla., west to 
 Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. (P. hybridis Michx.) 
 
 Pomategon diversiffrlius multidenticul&tus Morong. Differs from the type in the 
 numerous teeth of the fruit, as many as 12 being sometimes found on the middle keel, 
 and each lateral keel with 6-8 more, the teeth often bristle-like and sometimes 2-prongeil. 
 Conn, to E. Penn. and Del. 
 
 Potamogeton diversif&lius trichophy"llus Morong. Plant about 15 cm. long, with- 
 out floating leaves, the submerged leaves as fine as floss silk and entirely nerveless. 
 Lake Marcia, N. J. 
 
 30. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. SPIRAL PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 171.) 
 
 Stems compressed, branched, 15-150 cm. long, the branches often short and re- 
 curved. Floating leaves oval or elliptic, obtuse, the largest about 2.5 cm. long and 
 1.2 cm. wide, with 5-13 nerves deeply impressed beneath, their petioles often 2.5 cm. 
 long; submerged leaves linear, 3-4 mm. long, about I mm. wide, mostly 5-nerved; 
 stipules of the upper floating leaves free; those of the submerged leaves adnate to 
 the blade or petiole; spikes above water 6-10 mm. long, continuous, the lower 
 mostly sessile, capitate and I lo-fruited; fruit cochleate, roundish, less than 2 mm. 
 long, flat and deeply impressed on the sides, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel 
 winged and sometimes 4-5 -toothed ; style deciduous ; embryo spiral, about \\ 
 turns. In ponds and ditches, N. S. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Mo., and 
 Neb. June-Aug. 
 
 3 r . Potamogeton filiformis Pers. FILIFORM PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 172.) 
 Stems from a running rootstock, slender, 1-7 m. long, filiform above, stout and 
 thick toward the base. Leaves numerous, 5-30 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 
 I -nerved with a few cross veins; sheaths about 2 mm. long and the free part of the 
 stipule 12 mm. long, scarious on the ed^es ; flowers on long, often recurved 
 peduncles, 2-12 in each whorl; fruit 2-3 mm. long, slightly less than 2 mm. wide, 
 the sides even, the back not keeled, the face nearly straight or obtusely angled 
 near the top; stigma nearly or quite sessile, remaining on the fruit as a broad 
 truncate projection. In ponds and lakes, Anticosti to W. N, Y. and Mich. August. 
 
NAIAD A CEA E. 49 
 
 Potamogeton fiHf&rmis Macbunii Morong. Leaves 2-7.5 cm - l n g the largest i mm. 
 or more wide, obtuse, stiff, with a strong midrib and raised or slightly revolute margins; 
 fruit rarely more than 2 mm. long; peduncles only 1.5-2 cm. long; plant commonly 
 with a compact bushy habit. In brackish or salt water lakes, prairie region of Can. 
 
 32. Potamo^eton pectinatus L. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED. (I. F. 
 173.) Stems slender, much branched, 0.3-1 mm. long, the branches repeatedly 
 forking. Leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, I -nerved, 2.5-15 cm. long, often 
 capillary and nerveless; stipules half free, 1.2-2.5 cm - l n g> their sheaths scarious 
 on the margins; peduncles filiform; the flowers in verticils; fruit obliquely obovoid, 
 with a hard thick shell, 3-4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm - wide, without a middle keel, but 
 with obscure lateral ridges on the back, plump on the sides and curved or occa- 
 sionally a little angled on the face; style straight or recurved, facial; embryo apex 
 pointing almost directly toward the basal end. In fresh, brackish, or salt water, 
 Cape Breton to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex., and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3 -. Potamogeton interruptus Kitaibel. INTERRUPTED PONDWEED. (I. F. 
 f. 174.) Stems arising from a running rootstock which often springs from a small 
 tuber, 0.6-1.3 m - l n g> the branches spreading like a fan. Leaves linear, 7-15 
 cm. lon^, ^-25 mm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with many transverse veins; narrow, I- 
 nerved leaves occur on some plants and these are acuminate, much like those of 
 P. pectinatus; stipules partially adnate to the leaf-blade, sometimes with narrowly 
 scarious margins, the free part shorter and scarious, obtuse; spikes interrupted; 
 fruit broadly, obliquely obovoid, obtuse at the base, the largest 4 mm. long and 
 nearly as broad, prominently keeled and with rounded lateral ridges on the back, 
 the face nearly or quite straight; style facial, erect. In ponds and streams, Pr. 
 Edvv. Isl. to N. Ind., Mich., and Neb. Also in Europe. Aug. 
 
 34. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. ROBBINS' PONDWEED. (I. F. f. 175.) 
 Stems stout, widely branching, 0.6-1.3 m - l n g> from running rootstocks sometimes 
 0.3 m. long. Leaves linear, 7-13 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, finely many- 
 nerved, ^crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate at the point of attach- 
 ment with the stipule; stipules adnate, the free part 1.2-2.5 cm. long, acute, persist- 
 ent, white, membranous, mostly lacerate; peduncles 2-7 cm. long, the inflorescence 
 frequently much branched and tearing from 5-20 peduncles; spikes interrupted, 
 flowering under water; fruit obovoid, alxjut 4 mm. broad and 3 mm wide,- 3 -keeled 
 on the back, the middle keel sharp, the lateral ones rounded, the face arched, the 
 sides with a shallow depression which runs into the face below the arch; style sub- 
 apical, thick, slightly recurved; apex of the embryo pointing a little inside the 
 basal end. In ponds and lakes, N. B. to Or., south to Del., Penn., and Mich. The 
 plant is freely propagated by fragments of the stems which throw out rootlets from 
 each joint, but this is the rarest of our species to form fruit. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 i. RUPPIA L. 
 
 Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate 
 i -nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths. 
 Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, 
 each with 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle, having be- 
 tween them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the 
 whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, 
 peltate. Fruit a small obliquely-pointed drupe, several in each cluster and pedi- 
 celled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both that and the hypo- 
 cotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist.] 
 In the development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle 
 elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after fertiliza- 
 tion it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water. 
 
 Three or four species, occurring in salt and brackish waters all over the world. 
 The following are the only ones known to occur in N. Am. 
 
 Sheaths 6-8 mm. long ; drupes about 2 mm. long. i. R. maritima. 
 
 Sheaths 12-35 mm, long; drupes 3-4 mm. long. 9. #. occidentalis. 
 
4 5 FLORA. 
 
 I. Ruppia maritima L. MARITIME RUPPIA. (I. F. f. 176.) Stems usually 
 whitish, often I m. long, the internodes irregular, naked. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 
 1.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit 
 sometimes 0.3 m. long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, 1-3.5 cm - l n g; drupes 
 with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often oblique or gibbous 
 at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape; 
 
 f- forms with very short peduncles and pedicels, and with bioad, strongly marked 
 sheaths occur. Common in brackish or salt water along the Atlantic and Pacific 
 Coasts of N. Am. and in the saline districts in the interior. W'idely distributed in 
 -. Old World and in S. Am. July- Aug. 
 
 1 */2. Ruppia occidentalis S.Wats. WESTERN RUPPIA. (I. F. f. 177.) Stems 
 pouter, the branching fan-like. Leaves 7-20 cm. long, with large branches and 
 
 mr leaves often thickly clustered at the nodes, the theaths overlapping each other; 
 drupes larger, ovoid or pyriform, borne on pedicels about 2 mm. long, the peduncles, 
 bright red when fresh and sometimes nearly 0.7111. in length. In saline ponds, 
 Neb. to Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 3. ZANNICHELLIA L. 
 
 Stems, flowers and leaf-buds all at first enclosed in a hyaline envelope, corre- 
 sponding to the stipule in Potamogetcn. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the 
 same axil; the staminate solitary, consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a 
 short pedicel-like filament; the pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-shaped, tapering into 
 a short style; stigma broad, hyaline, somewhat cup- shaped, its margins angled or 
 dentate. Fruit a flattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or sometimes toothed on the back. 
 Embryo bent and coiled at the cotyledonary end. [In honor of J. H. Zannichelli, 
 1662-1729, Italian physician and botanist] Two or three species of very wide 
 geographical distribution in fresh-water ponds and streams. 
 
 i. Zannichellia palustris L. ZANNICHELLIA. (I. F. f. 178.) Stems capillary, 
 sparsely branched, the rhizome creeping; roots fibrous. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, 0.5 
 mm. or less wide, acute, thin, I -nerved with a few delicate cross-veins; spathe-like 
 envelope separate from the leaves and fruits at maturity; fruits 2-6 in a cluster, 
 2-4 mm. long, sometimes sessile, sometimes pedicelled, sometimes the whole cluster 
 peduncled; style persistent, straight or curved, 1-2 mm. long; plant flowering and 
 ripening its fruit under water. In fresh or brackish ponels, pools or ditches, nearly 
 throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, and widely distributed in the Old 
 World. July-Sept. 
 
 4. NAIAS L. 
 
 Slender, branching aquatics, wholly submerged, with fibrous roots. Leaves oppo- 
 site, alternate or verticillate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, 
 axillary, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sterile flower with a double perianth, the 
 exterior one entire or 4-horned at the apex, the interior one hyaline, adhering to 
 the anther; stamen sessile or stalked, i-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit 
 Fertile flowers of a single ovary which tapers into a short style; stigmas 2-4, subu- 
 late. Mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellipsoid, its pericarp crustaceous. Seed con- 
 formed to the pericarp and embryo to the seed, the raphe distinctly marked. 
 [Greek, a water-nymph.] About 10 species, occurring in fresh water all over the 
 world. The following are the only ones known in N. Am. : 
 
 Sheaths broadly rounded, their margins entire or with a few large teeth. 
 
 i. A', marina. 
 Sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded, each margin with 5-10 minute teeth ; leaves 
 
 linear. 
 
 Seeds shining, with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 2. N.flexilis. 
 
 Seeds dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. Guadalupensis. 
 Sheaths auriculate ; leaves delicately filiform. 4. N. grac illima. 
 
 i. Naias marina L. LARGE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 179.) Dioecious; stem stout, 
 compressed, commonly armed with teeth twice as long as their breadth. Leaves 
 opposite or verticillate, 1-2.5 cm< l n g about 2 mm. wide, with 6-io spine-pointed 
 teeth on each margin and frequently several along the back; sheaths with rounded 
 lateral edges j fruit large, 4-", mm. long the pericarp tipped with a long persistent 
 
NAIADACEAE. 51 
 
 style and 3 thread-like stigmas; seed not shining, rugose. In lakes, Cent. N. Y. to 
 Fla., west to Cal. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Naias marina grdcilis Morong. Internodes 2-8 cm. long, with a few teeth on the 
 upper part; leaves scarcely 0.5 mm. wide, with 15-24 large teeth on the margins and a 
 few on the back ; sheaths with 2 or 3 teeth on each margin ; seed sculptured with about 
 -25 rows of nearly square or irregularly oblong reticulations. Cent. N. Y. and Fla. 
 
 Naias marina recurvilta Dudley. Branches and leaves recurved; leaves 6-12 mm. 
 long, narrow, with 2-4 large teeth on each margin and none on the back; internodes 
 short, naked, or with I or 2 teeth; sheaths i-toothed on each side. Cayuga Marshes, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 but 
 
 2. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. SLENDER NAIAS. (I. F. f. 1 80. pa- 
 Stem slender, forking. Leaves linear, pellucid, acuminate or abruptly acute, 1-2.5 
 cm. long. 1-2 mm. wide, numerous and crowded on the upper parts of the branches, 
 with 25-30 minute teeth on each edge ; sheaths obliquely rounded with 5-10 teeth 
 on each margin ; fruit ellipsoid with very thin pericarp, 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. 
 
 in diameter ; style long, persistent ; stigmas short ; seed smooth, shining, straw- 
 colored, sculptured, though sometimes quite faintly, with 30-40 rows of nearly 
 square or hexagonal reticulations which are scarcely seen through the dark peri- 
 carp. In ponds and streams throughout nearly all N. Am. Also in Europe. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Naias flexilis robiista Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, 1-2 m. long ; internodes 
 elongated. Mass, to Mich, and Tex. 
 
 3. Naias Guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. GUADALOUPE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 
 181.) Stems nearly capillary, 0.3-0. 7 m. long, widely branched from the base. Leaves 
 numerous, 12-18 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, 
 frequently recurved, with sheaths and teeth like those of N. flexilis but generally 
 with 40-50 teeth on each margin of the leaf ; fruit about 2 mm. long ; pericarp 
 dark and strongly marked by 16-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangular reticulations 
 which are transversely oblong ; seed straw-colored, not shining. In ponds and 
 lakes, Neb. to Or. and Tex., east to Fla. Also in tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Naias gracillima (A Br.) Morong. THREAD-LIKE NAIAS. (I. F. f. 182.) 
 Dioecious ; stem capillary, 15-40 cm. U.ng, much branched, the branches alternate. 
 Leaves numerous, opposite or often fascicled in 3's 5*5 or more, setaceous, 25 cm. 
 long, usually with about 20 minute teeth on each margin ; sheaths auricled, with 6 
 or 7 teeth on each auricle, the teeth standing upon setaceous divisions of the sheath; 
 stigmas very short ; fruit oblong-cylindric, I mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter, slightly 
 curved inwardly or straight, the pericarp straw-colored or purplish, marked by 
 about 25 rows of irregularly oblong reticulations ; seed not shining. In pools and 
 ponds, E. Mass, to Del. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 5. ZOSTERA L. W 
 
 Marine plants with slender rootstocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves* 
 2-ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed margins. Spadix linear, 
 contained in a spathe. Flowers monoecius, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the 
 spadix. Staminate flower merely an anther attached to the spadix near its apex, 
 I -celled, opening irregularly on the ventral side ; pollen thread-like. Pistillate 
 flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary I ; style elongated ; stigmas 2, 
 capillary ; mature carpels flask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregularly, 
 beaked by the persistent style ; seeds ribbed ; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, refer- 
 ring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 6 species of marine distribution. Besides 
 the following one occurs in Fla. and one on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 I. Zostera mari.ia K. EEL-GRASS. GRASS-WRACK. (I. F. f. 183.) Leaves 
 ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 0.3-2 m. long, 2-8 mm. wide, with 3-7 principal 
 nerves. Spadix 2.5-6 cm. long ; flowers about 6 mm. long, crowded, usually from 
 10-10 of each kind on the spadix ; ovary somewhat vermiform; at anthesis the 
 stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and drop off before the anthers 
 of the same spadix open ; the anthers at anthesis work themselves out of the spathe 
 and discharge the glutinous stringy pollen into the water ; seeds cylindric, strongly 
 
52 FLORA. 
 
 about 2O-ribbed, about 3 mm. long, and I mm. in diameter, truncate at both ends, 
 the ribs showing very clearly on the pericarp. In bays, streams, and ditches along 
 the Atlantic Coast from Greenland to Fla., and on the Pacific from Alaska to Cal. 
 Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Family 2. SCHEUCHZERlACEAE Agardh.* 
 Arrow-grass Family. 
 
 Marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and small spicate or racemose per- 
 fect flowers. Perianth 4-6 parted, its segments in two series, persistent or 
 deciduous. ' Stamens 3-6. Filaments very short or elongated. Anthers 
 mostly 2-celled and extrorse. Carpels 3-6, i-2-ovuled, more or less 
 united until maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. 
 Embryo straight. Four genera and about 10 species of wide geographic 
 distribution. 
 
 Leaves all basal ; flowers numerous on naked scapes, spicate or in spike-like racemes. 
 
 i. Trtglochin. 
 Stem leafy; flowers few in a loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria. 
 
 i. TRIGLOCHIN L. 
 
 Marsh herbs with basal half-rounded ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths. 
 Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments 
 3-6, concave, the 3 inner ones inserted higher up than the outer. Stamens 3-6 ; 
 anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments 
 and attached by their backs. Ovaries 3-6, i-celled, sometimes abortive ; ovules 
 solitary, basal, erect, anatropous. Style short or none. Stigmas as many as the 
 ovaries, plumose. Fruit of 3- -6 cylindraceous oblong or obovoid carpels, which 
 are distinct or connate, coriaceous, costate, when ripe separating from the base 
 upward from a persistent central axis, their tips straight or recurved, dehiscing by 
 a ventral suture. Seeds erect, cylindraceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or an- 
 gular. [Greek, in allusion to the three-pointed fruit of some species.] About 9 
 species, natives of the temperate and subarctic zones of both hemispheres. Only 
 the following are known to occur in N. Am.: 
 
 Carpels 3. 
 
 Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base. i. T. palustrts. 
 
 Fruit nearly globose. 2. 7\ striata. 
 
 Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 3. 7\ maritima. 
 
 1. Triglochin palustris L. MARSH ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 184.) Root- 
 stock short, oblique, with slender fugacious stolons. Leaves linear, shorter than 
 the scapes, 12-30 cm. long, tapering to a sharp tip ; ligule very short ; scapes I or 
 ?, slender, striate, 0.2-0.6 m. high; racemes 12-30 cm. long; pedicels capillary, in 
 fruit erect-appressed and 5-7 mm. long ; perianth-segments 6, greenish-yellow ; 
 anthers 6, sessile ; pistil of 3 united carpels, 3 -celled, 3-ovuled ; stigmas sessile ; 
 fruit 6-7 mm. "long, linear or clavate; ripe carpels separating from the axis and 
 hanging suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged. In bogs, N. B. to Alaska, 
 south to N. Y., Ind. and Mont. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Triglochin striata R. & P. THREE-RIBBED ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 185.) 
 Rootstocks upright or oblique. Scapes I or 2, more or less angular, usually not 
 over 0.3 m. high; leaves slender, slightly fleshy, nearly or quite as long as the 
 scapes, 0.5-2 mm. wide; flowers very small, light yellow or greenish, in narrow 
 racemes; pedicels 12 mm. long, not elongating in fruit; perianth-segments 3, 
 stamens 3; anthers oval, large; pistil of 3 united carpels ; fruit subglobose or 
 somewhat obovoid, about 2 mm. in diameter, appearing 3-winged when dry by the 
 contracting of the carpels ; carpels coriaceous, rounded and 3 -ribbed on the back; 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
ALISMACEAE. 53 
 
 * 
 
 axis broadly 3-winged. In saline marshes, Md. to Fla. and La. Also in tropical 
 America. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Triglochin maritima L. SEASIDE ARROW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 186.) Root- 
 stock without stolons, often subhgneous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the 
 sheaths of old leaves. Scape stout, nearly terete, 0.1-0.7 m. high; leaves half- 
 cylindric, usually about 2 mm. wide; raceme elongated, often 0.4 m. long or more; 
 pedicels decurrent, 2-3 mm. long, slightly longer in fruit; perianth-segments 6, 
 each subtending a large sessile anther; pistil of 6 united carpels; fruit oblong or 
 ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, obtuse at the base, with 6 recurved points at 
 the summit; carpels 3-angled, flat or slightly grooved on the back, or the dorsal 
 edges curving upward and winged, separating at maturity from the hexagonal axis. 
 In salt marshes, along the Atlantic seaboard from Lab. to N. J., and in fresh or 
 saline marshes across the continent to Alaska and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 2 . SCHEUCHZERIA L. 
 
 Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, and erect leafy stems, the 
 leaves elongated, half-rounded below and flat above, striate, furnished with a pore 
 at the apex and a membranous ligulate sheath at the base. Flowers small, race- 
 mose. Perianth 6-parted, regularly 2-serial, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted at 
 the base of the perianth-segments ; filaments elongated ; anthers linear, basifixed, 
 extrorse. Ovaries 3 or rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, I -celled, each 
 cell with i or 2 collateral ovules. Stigmas sessile, papillose or slightly fimbriate. 
 Carpels divergent, inflated, coriaceous, i-2-seeded, follicle-like, laterally dehiscent. 
 S^eds straight or slightly curved, without endosperm. [Name in honor of Johann 
 Jacob Scheuchzer, 1672-1733, Swiss scientist.] A monotypic genus of the north 
 temperate zone. 
 
 I. Scheuchzeria palustris L. (I. F. f. 187.) Leaves 10-40 cm. long, the 
 upper ones reduced to bracts; stems solitary or several, usually clothed at the base 
 with the remains of old leaves, 10-40 cm. tall ; sheaths of the basal leaves often 10 
 cm. long with a ligule 12 mm. long; pedicels spreading in fruit; flowers white, few, 
 in a lax raceme ; perianth-segments membranous, i-nerved, 3 mm. long, the inner 
 ones the narrower ; follicles 4-8 mm. long, slightly if at all united at the base ; 
 seeds oval, brown, with a very hard coat. In bogs, Lab. to Hudson Bay and Br. 
 Col., south to N. J., Penn., Wis. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Family 3. ALISMACEAE DC.* 
 Water- Plantain Family. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose 
 stems and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose 
 or paniculate. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious, pedi- 
 celled, the pedicels verticillate and subtended by bracts. Receptacle flat 
 or convex. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, larger, deciduous, imbricated 
 in the bud. Stamens 6 or more ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse or dehiscing 
 by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous or rarely few, i -celled, usually with a 
 single ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in fruit in our spe- 
 cies. Seeds uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm 
 none. Latex-tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli. 
 About 13 genera and 70 species, of wide distribution in fresh water 
 swamps and streams. 
 
 Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle. i. Alisma. 
 Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex receptacle. 
 Flowers perfect, staminate or polygamous. 
 
 Pedicels not recurved ; calyx spreading. 2. Echinodorus. 
 
 Pedicels recurved in fruit ; calyx appressed to the carpels. 3. Lophotocarpus. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 4. Sagittaria. 
 
 * Contributed by Mr. J. G. SMITH. 
 
54 FLORA. 
 
 i. ALISMA L. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves, the blades several^ 
 ribbed, the ribs connected by transverse veinlets, or seemingly pinnately veined. 
 Scapes short or elongated. Inflorescence paniculate or umbellate-paniculate. 
 Flowers small, numerous on unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels, the petals white or 
 rose tinted. Stamens 6, subperigynous. Ovaries few or many, in one whorl on 
 the receptacle, ripening into flattened achenes which are 2-3-ribbed on the curved 
 back and l-2-ribbed on the sides. [Greek, said to be in reference to the occur- 
 rence of the typical species in saline situations.] About 10 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 x. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. WATER PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 188.) 
 Leaves ovate to linear, acute, cordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, the 
 blades 3-iO-ribbed; petioles 2-25 cm. long; scapes occasionally 2 from the same 
 root, usually solitary, 0.2-1.3 m. high; inflorescence a large loose panicle ; pedicels 
 verticillate in 3's-io's, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts; petals 1-2 mm. 
 long; styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the 
 inner curve of the achene; stigma small, terminal; achenes obliquely obovate, 
 nearly 2 mm. long, arranged in a circle, forming an obtusely triangular truncate 
 head. In shallow water or mud throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 lune-Sept. 
 
 xa. HELIANTHIUM Engelm. 
 
 A low perennial uliginous herb with narrow basal leaves and white flowers 
 umbelled at the summits of slender scapes. Sepals 3, ovate, obtuse; petals 3, 
 obovate, emarginate. Stamens 9, with thick filaments, 3 opposite each sepal ; 
 carpels several or. numerous, spirally arranged in a head; style very short; 
 carpels turgid, glandless, beakless. A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Helianthium tenellum (Mart.) Britton. DWARF WATER PLANTAIN. 
 Plant delicate, stoloniferous, 2-12 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
 late, the blades acute at both ends, 6-30 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; petioles 
 longer or shorter than the blades, narrowly dilated at the base ; scape solitary, 
 often surpassing the leaves, commonly reclined ; umbel 2-8-flowered ; pedkels 
 very unequal, often recurved in fruit; bracts lanceolate, more or less connate at 
 the base. In mud, Mass, to W. Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Mo., Tex., Mex. 
 and in S. A. April- Aug. [Alisma tenellum Mart.; Echinodorus parvulus 
 Engelm.] 
 
 2. ECHINODORUS Rich. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, often 
 cordate or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctuate with dots or lines. 
 Scapes often longer than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the 
 flowers verticillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles; 
 flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, persistent; petals white, deciduous; receptacle 
 large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries numerous; style obliquely api- 
 cal, persistent; stigma simple; fruit achenes, more or less compressed, coriaceous, 
 ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek, in allusion to the spinose 
 heads of fruit.] About 14 species, mostly natives of America. Only the follow- 
 ing are known in N. Am. : 
 
 Scapes reclining or prostrate; style shorter than the ovary; beak of achene short. 
 
 i. E. radicans. 
 Scapes erect; style longer than the ovary; beak of achene long. 2. E. cordifolius, 
 
 i. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. CREEPING BUR-HEAD. (I. F, 
 f. 190.) Leaves coarse, ovate, obtuse, cordate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-18 cm. wide, marked 
 with short pellucid lines, the nerves 5-9, connected by netted cross-veins. Petioles 
 sometimes 0.5 in. long; scapes creeping, 0.6-1. 4m. long, slightly scabrous, often root- 
 ing at the nodes; verticils distant; pedicels 3-12, unequal, slender or filiform; sepals 
 persistent, much shorter than the heads; petals larger, obovate, about 6 mm. long; 
 stamens about ;o; style shorter than the ovary; achenes numerous, about 4 mm. 
 long, 6-io-ribbed, with 2-several oval glands on each side and beaks about one- 
 
ALISMACEAE. $$ 
 
 fourth their length; fruiting heads 8 mm. in diameter. In swamps, III. to N. C. 
 and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. UPRIGHT BUR-HEAD. (I. F. f. 191.) 
 Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 15-20 
 cm. long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate, acute at each 
 end and but 2-5 cm. long; petioles angular, striate; scapes I or more, erect, 12-40 
 cm. tall; flowers 3-6 in the verticils; pedicels erect after flowering; sepals shorter 
 than the heads ; petals 4-6 mm. long; stamens often 12 ; styles longer than the 
 ovary; fruiting heads very bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter ; achenes about 3 mm. 
 long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, about one-hal* 
 the length of the achene. In swamps and ditches, 111. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Also 
 in tropical America. June-July. (. rostratus Engelm.) 
 
 3. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. 
 
 Annual, bog or aquatic herbs with basal leaves, and simple erect or rarely 
 branching scapes bearing flowers in verticils of 2-3 at the top. Sepals 3, distinct, 
 persistent, erect after flowering and enclosing or enwrapping the fruit. Petals 
 white, deciduous. Receptacle strongly convex. Bracts membranous, those of the 
 lower verticils orbicular or ovate and obtuse, connace at the base, those of the stam- 
 inate flowers lanceolate and acute, free, or connate. Stamens 915, hypogynous, 
 inserted at the base of the receptacle. Filaments flattened. Pistils numerous; 
 ovule solitary, erect, anatropous; style elongated, oblique, persistent. Achenes 
 winged or crested. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. [Greek, signifying crested fruit.] 
 About 9 species, the following of E. N. Am., 2 in W. N. Am., the others of tropical 
 America. 
 
 Leaves with sagittate or hastate blades, seldom bladeless. Plants growing in fresh-water 
 
 ponds and marshes. 
 Basal lobes of the leaves widely divergent ; large plants, 2-4 dm. high : petioles 
 
 spongy, thick. i. L. calycimis. 
 
 Basal lobes not widely divergent ; low plants, 1-1.5 dm. high ; petioles slender. 
 
 2. L. depauperatus. 
 Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes. Submersed seashore and tidal-flat aquatics. 
 
 Phyllodes thick, spongy, nodose, 1-3 dm. long. 3. L. spongiosus. 
 
 Phyllodes flat, spatulate, not nodose, 3-7 cm. high. 4. L. spathulattis. 
 
 1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Leaves floating or 
 ascending, entire, hastate, sagittate, or triangular crescent-shaped, the basal lobes 
 spreading, ovate, acute or acuminate, the apex acute or obtuse, the blade varying 
 from 10-20 cm. long, sometimes 30 cm. wide at the base. Scape simple, weak and 
 at length decumbent, shorter than the leaves ; verticils of flowers 2-5 ; fertile pedi- 
 cels very thick, recurved in fruit, equalling or longer than the slender sterile ones ; 
 petals 6-10 mm. long ; filaments papillose, about as long as the anthers ; achene 
 cuneate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on the margins, tipped with a short hori- 
 zontal triangular beak. In swamps, N. B. to Va. and La., Okla. and S. Dak. 
 July-Sept. (Sagittaria calylina Engelm.) 
 
 2. Lophotocarpus depauperatus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sagittaria caly- 
 etna depanperata Engelm. in herb. Low, 10-15 cm - high ; petioles slender, 
 ascending ; blades elliptic, hastate or sagittate, acute, 3-nerved, 1.8-3.3 cm - 
 long, the basal lobes divergent ; scape half as long as the leaves ; fertile pedicels 
 slender, 825 mm. long ; fruiting head depressed -globose, 6.5-8 mm. in diam- 
 eter ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the slender hori- 
 zontal beak one-third the width of the body. Margins of ponds, Wis. to the Ind. 
 Terr. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Sagittaria calydna 
 spongiosa Engelm. Submersed aquatic, with thick, spongy nodose phyllodes and 
 scapes 10-30 cm. high ; blades 5-10 cm. long, spatulate and obtuse, or elliptic 
 and truncate, or hastate or sagittate with narrow, falcately-divergent, acute lobes 
 2-10 mm. wide, often half as long as the blade ; scape simple, terete, spongy, half 
 the length of the petioles, at length decumbent, bearing 2 or 3 verticils of 1-3 
 flowers each ; fertile pedicels 3-6 mm. thick, 10-35 cm. long ; fruiting head 
 
56 FLORA. 
 
 depressed-globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter ; a'chenes 2-2.5 mm - l n g cuneate, with 
 a narrow dorsal wing and a very short ascending or horizontal beak. Margins 
 of brackish ponds and tide-water marches, N. B. to Va. July Aug. 
 
 4. Lophotocarpus spatnulatus J. G. Smith. Low aquatic, 3-7 cm. high ; 
 phyllodes bladeless or sometimes spatulate at the tip, ascending, with the edges 
 vertical through a twist in the base, 3-0 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
 Scape simple, usually shorter than the phyllodes, 3-4 cm long, one- or two-flow- 
 ered, thickened, reflexed after flowering ; bracts scarious, broadly ovate, ob- 
 tuse ; stamens 6-9, the filaments flattened, incurved, broadest at the base, 1.5-2 
 mm. long, glabrous ; anthers I mm. long, oblong ; sepals oblong -orbicular, 3 mm. 
 long, nerveless, thin, scarious on the margins, and papery in fruit ; petals ovate- 
 orbicular, obtuse, shorter than the sepals ; achenes 1-5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, 
 narrowly winged on the back to about the level of the beak and sometimes with a 
 transverse lateral ridge near the tip; beak slender, oblique or horizontal. Sanely 
 beaches above salt-water but within the influence of tides. Newburyport, Mass- 
 Type collected by A. A. Eaton, 1898. 
 
 4 . SAGITTARIA L. 
 
 Perennials, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, basal long-petioled 
 nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect, decumbent or 
 floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious 
 or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils of 3's, pedicelled, 
 the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3 bracted. Sepals persistent, those oil 
 the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our i-pecies. Petals 3, white, decid- 
 uous. Stamens inserted on the convex receptacle ; staminate flowers sometimes 
 with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries, sometimes 
 with imperfect stamens ; ovule solitary ; stigmas small, persistent. Achenes num 
 erous, densely aggregated in globose or subglobose heads, compressed. Seed erect, 
 curved. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] About 30 
 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, som6 
 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Fertile pedicels slender, ascending, not reflexed in fruit. 
 Leaf-blades sagittate; filaments glabrous. 
 
 Basal lobes one-fourth to one-half the length of the blade. 
 Beak of the achene more than one-fourth its length. 
 Beak of the achene erect. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels shorter than the bracts ; leaves broad. 
 
 1. .5". longirostra. 
 Fruiting pedicels longer than the bracts; leaves narrow. 
 
 2. S. Engelmanniana. 
 Beak of the achene horizontal or oblique. 3. S. latifolia. 
 
 Beak of the achene less than one-fourth its length. 
 
 Petioles rather short, curving ; bracts long ; bog species. 
 
 4. S. arifolia* 
 Petioles elongated; bracts short; aquatic species. 
 
 5. S. cuneata, 
 Basal lobes two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the blade. 
 
 6. S. longiloba. 
 Leaf-blades entire, or rarely hastate or cordate. 
 
 Filaments slender, tapering upward; leaves seemingly pinnately veined. 
 Filaments glabrous; bracts connate. 7. S. ambigua. 
 
 Filaments cobwebby -pubescent; bracts mostly distinct. 
 
 8. S. lancifolia. 
 
 Filaments abruptly dilated, pubescent; veins distinct to the base of the blade. 
 Fruiting heads sessile or very nearly so. 9. S. rigida. 
 
 Both staminate and pistillate flowers pedicelled. 
 
 Leaves reduced to terete nodose phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing. 
 
 10. S. teres. 
 Leaves reduced to flat nodeless phyllodes, rarely blade-bearing ; petals 
 
 with a rose-colored spot at base. n. S. Eatoni. 
 
 Leaves rigid; blades elliptic-linear. 12. S. cristata. 
 
 Leaves not rigid ; blades lanceolate or linear-oblong, phyllodes flat, 
 nodose; petals white. 13. S. graminea. 
 
A L IS MA CEAE. 57 
 
 Fertile pedicels stout, reflexed in fruit; filaments dilated. 
 
 Filaments pubescent; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-elliptic. 14. S. platyphylla. 
 
 Filaments glabrous ; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or reduced to phyllodes. 
 
 15. S. subulata. 
 
 1. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. LONG-BEAKED ARROW- 
 HEAD. (I. F. f. 193.) Monoecious, glabrous, scapes erect, rather stout, 0.4-1 m. 
 tall. Leaves broad, sagittate, 10-30 cm. long, abruptly acute at the apex, the 
 basal lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the 
 blade; scape usually longer than the leaves, 6-angled below; bracts triangular- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm - l n g? longer than the fertile pedicels; petals 16-28 
 mm. long; styles curved, twice as long as the ovaries; achene obovate, about 4 mm. 
 long, winged on both margins, the ventral margin entire or undulate, the dorsal 
 eroded, its sides with a short crest, its beak stout, erect, or somewhat recurved. In 
 swamps and along ponds, N. J. and Penn. to Ala. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith. ENGELMANN'S ARROW-HEAD. 
 (I. F. f. 194.) Monoecious, glabrous; scape erect or ascending, slender, 20-50 cm. 
 high. Leaves narrow, 4-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, 
 the basal lobes narrowly linear, acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the 
 blade; scape striate, about as long as the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acute, shorter' 
 than the slender fertile pedicels, 8-12 mm. long; flowers 1.5-?. 5 cm. broad; style 
 about twice as long as the ovaries; achene obovate, 4 mm. long, winged on both 
 margins, and with 1-3 lateral wing-like crests on each face, the beak short, stout, 
 erect, about I mm. long. In shallow water, N. H. and Mass, to Del., near the 
 coast. Aug.-Sept. (S. variabilis var. (?) gracilis Engelm.) 
 
 3. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 195.) 
 Monoecious or sometimes dioecious, glabrous or nearly so ; scape stout or slender, 
 o. 1-1.2 m. tall, simple or branched. Leaves exceedingly variable in form and size, 
 sometimes linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, sometimes wider than long 
 and obtuse; basal lobes from to \ as long as the blade; bracts acute, acuminate 
 or obtuse, the upper ones sometimes united; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide; achene 2-4 
 mm. long, broadly winged on both margins, its sides even or i -ribbed, the beak 
 about one-third its length, horizontal or nearly so. In shallow water, throughout 
 N. Am., except the extreme north, extending- to Mex. July-Sept (S. variabilis 
 Engelm.) 
 
 Sagittaria latifolia pubescens Muhl. Whole plant pubescent, varying from merely 
 puberulent to densely hirsute. Ont. to N. J., Fla. and Ala. 
 
 4. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. ARUM-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 196.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partially submerged; scape weak, ascending, 
 0.2-0.5 m. long. Leaves sagittate, broad, acute at the apex, about as long as the 
 scape, their margins slightly curved, their basal lobes acute or acuminate, one- 
 fourth to one-third the length of the blade; petioles usually curving outwardly; 
 bracts lanceolate, acute, usually equalling or longer than the fertile pedicels, often 
 reflexed; petals 6-10 mm. long; achene cuneate-obovate, about 2 mm. long, winged 
 on both margins, the sides smooth, the beak short, erect. Quebec to Minn, and 
 Br. Col., south to Me., Mich., Kans., N. Mex., and Cal. 
 
 5. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. FLOATING ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 197.) 
 Aquatic, submerged, rooting in sand; scape very slender, simple, terete, 0.3-0.6 
 m. long, bearing the flowers at the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, 
 the blade floating, sagittate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, the basal 
 lobes acuminate, about one-fourth its length; phyllodes of two kinds, one petiole- 
 like and as long as the leaves, the other lanceolate, and clustered at the base of the 
 plant; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, much shorter than the slender 
 fertile pedicels; flowers 1.2-1.6 cm. broad; achene only I mm. long, obovate-cune- 
 ate, its beak very short, erect. In shallow water, Minn, to Wash, and Br. Col. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. LONG-LOBED ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 198.) 
 Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, simple or rarely branched, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. 
 Leaves long-petioled, the apex acute, the basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 about three-fourths the length of the blade; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. 
 long, much shorter than the very slender fertile pedicels which are longer than the 
 
$8 JPLORA. 
 
 sterile ones; stamens numerous, the filaments longer than the anthers; achene 
 about 2 mm. long, quadrate-obovate, somewhat broader above than below, winged 
 on both margins, its beak exceedingly short. In shallow water, Neb. to Colo., south 
 to Tex. and Mex. 
 
 7. Sagittaria ambigua J. G. Smith. KANSAS SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 199.) 
 Monoecious; glabrous; scape erector ascending, 0.3-0.6 m. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 entire, long-petioled, acute or acuminate at both ends, seemingly pinnately veined, 
 really 5-7 -nerved, 12-20 cm. long, equalling or shorter than the scape ; bracts 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.6 cm. long, much shorter than the slender fruiting pedi- 
 cels, connate at the base, papillose; stamens 20-25; filaments glabrous, longer than 
 the anthers; achene about 2 mm. long, oblong, curved, narrowly winged on both 
 margins, its sides smooth and even, its beak short, oblique. In ponds, Kan. and 
 the Ind. Terr. 
 
 8. Sagittaria lancifolia L. LANCED-LEAVED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 200.) 
 Monoecious, glabrous ; scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate, branched 
 or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate at both ends, firm, en tire, the blades 5 9-nerved, 0.2-0.4 m - l n g> gradually 
 narrowed into the long petioles, apparently pinnately veined; flowers numerous, 
 1-2.5 cm - broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually not united at the base, gla- 
 brous or nearly so, equalling or shorter than the fruiting pedicels; stamens numer- 
 ous; filaments cobwebby-pubescent, equalling or longer than the anthers; achene 
 narrowly obovate-cuneate, 2-3 mm. long, winged on both margins, its sides smooth, 
 its beak tapering, oblique. In swamps and shallow water, Del. to Fla. and Tex., 
 near the coast. Widely distributed in tropical America. 
 
 9. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. SESSILE-FRUITED. ARROW-HEAD. (I. F. f. 201.) 
 Monoecious, glabrous; scape simple, weak, curving, ascending or decumbent, 
 shorter than the leaves. Leaves very variable, linear, lanceolate, elliptic or broadly 
 ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, entire or with I or 2 short or slender basal lobes; 
 bracts ovate, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, united at'the base or sometimes distinct; heads of 
 fruit sessile or very nearly so; pedicels of the sterile flowers 1-2.5 cm - l n g! filaments 
 dilated, mostly longer than the anthers, pubescent; achene narrowly obovate, 3-4 
 mm. long, winged on both margins, crested above, tipped with a stout nearly erect, 
 beak of about one-fourth its length. In swamps and shallow water, Quebec to Minn., 
 N. J., Tenn., Mo. and Neb. July-Sept. (S. heterophylla Pursh.) 
 
 10. Sagittaria teres S. Wats. SLENDER SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 202.) 
 Monoecious; glabrous; scape slender, erect, simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, bearing only 
 1-3 verticils of flowers. Leaves usually reduced to elongated terete nodose 
 phyllodes or some of them short and bract-like, one or two of the longer ones occa- 
 sionally bearing a linear blade; bracts ovate, obtuse, about 3 mm. long, much 
 shorter than the filiform fruiting pedicels, which are longer than the sterile ones; 
 flowers 12-16 mm. broad; stamens about 12, their dilated filaments pubescent, 
 shorter than the anthers; achene broadly obovate, 2 mm. long, the ventral margin 
 winged, the dorsal 7-1 1 -crested, the sides bearing several crenate crests, the beak 
 short, erect. In ponds, Mass, to S. Car. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 11. Sagittaria Eatoni J. G. Smith. EATON'S SAGITTARIA. Monoecious, 
 o. 1-0.2 m. high, glabrous; scape simple, slender, ascending, weak, bearing I, 2, 
 or rarely 3 verticils of flowers. Leaves mostly bladeless phyllodes, rarely with 
 linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate blades 1.8-3 cm l n g 2 ~4 mm - wide; the 
 phyllodes flat, nodeless ; lowest verticil with two fertile flowers, and one stam- 
 inate; fertile pedicels 4-8 mm. long, shorter than the sterile ones, very slender; 
 sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 mm. long; petals white, with a rose-colored spot 
 at the base, obovate-cuneiform, emarginate; stamens 12; mature achenes not known ; 
 pistils very minute, 80-100. Ripple-swept, sandy shores, between high and low 
 tide, above the influence of salt water, Newburyport, Mass. 
 
 12 Sagittaria cristata Engelm. CRESTED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 203.) 
 Monoecious; scape slender, erect, 0.3-0.8 m. high, simple, bearing 4 or 5 verticils 
 of flowers at or above the surface of the water. Leaves long-petioled, spongy and 
 rigid, reduced to slender phyllodes or bearing linear-lanceolate or elliptic blades 
 5-10 cm. long, and 6-25 mm. wide; bracts acute, 4-8 mm. long, much shorter than 
 the slender fertile pedicels; flowers 1.6-2 cm. broad; stamens about 24; filaments 
 dilated, pubescent^ at least at the middle, longer than the anthers; achene obliquely 
 
VALLTSNERIACEAE. 59 
 
 obovate, the dorsal margin with a broad crenate wing, the ventral straight-winged, 
 each side bearing 2 crenate crests, the beak short, oblique. In shallow water, la. 
 and Minn. Phyllodes are commonly developed from the nodes of the rootstock. 
 July- Aug. 
 
 13. Sagittaria graminea Michx. GRASS- LEAVED SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 
 204.) Monoecious or dioecious; glabrous; scape simple, erect, 0.1-0.6 m. tall. 
 Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear, lanceolate or elliptic, acute at both ends, 
 5-15 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, 3-5 -nerved, with nerves distinct to the base, or some 
 of them occasionally reduced to flattened phyllodes; bracts ovate, acute, 3-6 mm. 
 long, much shorter than the slender or filiform fruiting pedicels, connate to the 
 middle or beyond; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; stamens about 18; filaments dilated, 
 pubescent, longer than or equalling the anthers; achene obovate, 1-2 mm. long, 
 slightly wing-crested on the margins and ribbed on the sides, the beak very short. 
 In mud or shallow water, Newf. to Ont. and S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. 
 Early leaves often purplish. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Sagittaria platyph^lla (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. OVATE-LEAVED SAGIT- 
 TARIA. (I. F. f. 205.) Monoecious; glabrous; scape erect, simple, rather weak, 
 mostly shorter than the leaves. Leaves rigid, the blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate 
 or ovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, gradually 
 narrowed or rarely cordate or hastate at the base, seemingly pinnately-veined, 5-15 
 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, acute, connate at the base, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 
 1.6-3 cm. broad; fertile pedicels stout, divergent in flower, reflexed in fruit, 1-6 
 cm. long; filaments dilated, pubescent, rather longer than the anthers; achene 
 obliquely obovate, winged on both margins, the dorsal margins somewhat crested, 
 the sides with a sharp wing-like ridge. In swamps and shallow water, S. Mo. to 
 Miss, and Tex. Phyllodes, when present, oblong or oblanceolate. July-Sept. 
 
 15. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau. SUBULATE SAGITTARIA. (I. F. f. 
 206.) Monoecious or rarely dioecious; scape very slender, 5-15 cm. high, few- 
 flowered, about equalling the leaves. Leaves all reduced to rigid phyllodes or 
 sometimes bearing linear or linear- lanceolate blades 2-4 cm. long; bracts united 
 to the apex or becoming partly separated; flowers I 1.6 cm. broad; fertile pedicels 
 reflexed and much longer than the bracts in fruit; stamens about 8; filaments 
 about equalling the anthers, dilated, glabrous; achenes rather less than 2 mm. long, 
 obovate, narrowly winged, with two or three crests on each side, the wings and 
 crests sometimes crenate; beak short. In tide- water mud, S. N. Y. and Penn. to 
 Fla. and Ala. July-Sept. (S. pitsilla Nutt.) 
 
 Sagittaria subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith. Submerged; leaves 0.6-1.3 dm. 
 long, bladeless or bearing small 3-nerved lanceolate blades 2-5 cm. long. 6-8 mm. wide; 
 scape simple, terete or compressed, about as long as the leaves; flowers few, 1.6-2 cm. 
 broad. E. Mass, and R. I. Perhaps a distinct species. Fruit not seen. 
 
 Family 6. VALLISNERIACEAE Dumort. 
 Tape-Grass Family. 
 
 Submerged or. floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers 
 regular, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 
 bracts or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid 
 or the 3 outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary 
 at its base in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, disti ** or monadel- 
 phous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary i-celled with 3 parietal placentae or 
 6-9~celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Ovules anatro- 
 pous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent. Seeds 
 numerous, without endosperm. About 14 genera and 40 species of wide 
 distribution in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, 
 another genus, Halophila, occurs on the coast of Fla. 
 
 Stem branched ; leaves whorled or opposite. i. Philotria. 
 
 Acaulescev.t; stoloniferous ; leaves grass-like, elongated. 2. Vallisneria. 
 
 Stem stolonjferous ; leaves broad, rounded, cordate, petioled. 3. Limnobium. 
 
6b FLORA. 
 
 i. PHILOTRIA Raf. [ELODEA Michx.] 
 
 Stems submerged, elongated, branching, leafy. Leaves opposite or whorled, 
 crowded, I -nerved, pellucid, minutely serrulate or entire. Flowers dioecious or 
 polygamous, arising from an ovoid or tubular 2 -cleft spathe. Perianth 6-parted, 
 at least the 3 inner segments petaloid. Staminate flowers with 9 stamens, the 
 anthers oblong, erect. Ovary I -celled with 3 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3, 
 nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. [Name from the 
 Greek, referring to the leaves, which are often whorled in threes.] About 10 
 species, inhabitants of fresh-water ponds and streams in temperate and tropical 
 America. 
 
 i. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. WATER-WEED. DITCH-MOSS. 
 WATER THYME. Stems o. i-i m. long. Leaves linear or elliptic, acute or 
 abtuse, serrulate or entire, vcrticillate in 3's or 4's or the lower opposite, 4-15 mm. 
 long, 1-4 mm. wide; flowers axillary, white, the staminate minute, sessile, break, 
 ing off at the time of flowering and rising to the surface where they shed their 
 pollen around the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers expanding on the surface, which 
 they reach by means of the slender calyx-tube, which varies in length from 5-25 
 cm., their spathes 10-15 mm. long; stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. 
 Nearly throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized in Europe. 
 It has been maintained that there are four N. Am. species. May-Aug. 
 
 The p^ant of the northern lakes and rivers, with ovate or oval leaves, is appar- 
 ently the type of the species. The plant of the Atlantic States with lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate leaves is the Serpicula vertidllata angustifolia Muhl. (I. F. f. 207); 
 that of the Central States from Minn, to Ky. and Mo., with leaves similar to this, 
 but pellucid, and the stems shorter, is Udora Canadensis minor Engelm. These 
 three appear to be distinct, but for lack of flowers and fruit in the material at my 
 command, I am at present unable to characterize them further. 
 
 2. VALLISNERIA L. 
 
 Aquatic dioecious submerged perennials, with long grass-like floating leaves. 
 Staminate flowers with a 2-3 -parted spathe on a short scape, numerous, nearly 
 sessile on a conic receptacle; perianth 3 parted; stamens generally 2 (1-3). Pis- 
 tillate flowers on a very long flexuous or spiral scape, with a tubular, 2-cleft, 
 I -flowered spathe; perianth-tube adnate to the ovary, 3-lobed and with 3 small 
 petals; ovary l-cel!ed with 3 parietal placentae; stigmas 3, nearly sessile, short, 
 broad, 2 -toothed with a minute process just below each sinus; ovules numerous, 
 borne all over the ovary -wall, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindric, crowned 
 with the perianth. [Named for Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730, Italian naturalist.] 
 A monotypic genus of wide distribution both in the Old World and the New. 
 
 i. Vallisneria spiralis L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 208.) Plant 
 rioting in the mud or sand, stolon iferous. Leaves thin, narrowly linear, 5 -nerved, 
 obtuse, sometimes serrate near the apex, 0.2-2 m. long, 4-18 mm. wide, the 2 
 marginal nerves faint; the staminate bud separates from the scape at the time of 
 flowering and expands upon the surface of the water; pistillate flowers upon a 
 long thread like scape, the spathe 12-25 mm. long, enclosing a single white 
 flower; ov.iry as long as the spathe; after receiving the pollen from the staminate 
 flowers the scape of the pistillate contracts spirally; ripe fruit 5-17 cm. long. In 
 quiet waters, N. B. to Fla., Minn., Iowa and Tex. The "wild celery" of Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and a favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard. 
 
 Aquatic, stoloniferous herbs, the leaves fascicled at the nodes, petioled, broad,, 
 often cordate. Flowers monoecious, white, from sessile or stipitate, 2-leaved, 
 membranous spathes. Perianth 6-parted, the segments petaloid, the 3 outer 
 oblong-oval, the 3 inner oblong-linear. Staminate flowers 2-4 in a spathe, long- 
 peduncled, the stamens united in a column bearing 6-12 anthers at different 
 heights, sometimes producing only 9-12 staminodia, the filaments tipped with 
 abortive anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-ped uncled with 3-6 vestigial 
 stamens; ovafy 6-9-celled with as many central placentae; stigmas as many as the 
 
GRAMINEAE. 6 1 
 
 cells, each 2-parted. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Greek, referring to the aquatic 
 habitat.] Three or four species, natives of America. 
 
 I. Limnobium Spongia (Bosc.) L. C. Richard. FROG'S -BIT. (I. F. f. 209.) 
 Blades of the leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate or reniform, faintly 5-7- 
 nerved and cross-veined, purplish and spongy beneath, 2-5 cm. broad, on petioles 
 2-25 cm. in length. Stolons rooting and sending up flowers and leaves at the 
 nodes; peduncles of the staminate flowers, 7-10 cm. long, those of the pistillate 
 flowers stouter, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> nodding in fruit. In shallow, stagnant water, Lake 
 Ont. to Fla., 111., Mo. andJLa. July-Aug. 
 
 Order 3. GRAMINALES. 
 
 Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, 
 with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually nar- 
 row and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, 
 small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in 
 spikes or spikelets. 
 
 Fruit a caryopsis (grain); culm mostly hollow. Fam. i. Gramineae. 
 
 Fruit an achene ; culm solid. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae. 
 
 Family i. GRAMINEAE Juss.* 
 Grass Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees 
 Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed 
 Leavesjsheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side oppo- 
 site~the blade ; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely 
 wanting, called the Hgule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo- 
 rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed 
 of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the 
 two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these 
 sometimes wanting. One or rriore of the upper scales, except sometimes 
 the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed 
 by a bract-like awnless organ called the paj^t, placed opposite the scale 
 and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of. the spikelet, generally 2- 
 keeled ; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. 
 Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, sub- 
 tended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 
 1-6, usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i-celled* i-ovuled. 
 Styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit 
 a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species 
 widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all 
 kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The 
 species are more numerous in tropical countries, while tho number of 
 individuals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming extended 
 areas of turf. The time of year noted is that of ripening seed. 
 
 KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. f 
 
 A. Spikelets T or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile, lower staminate; 
 rachilla articulated below the scales or the subtending involucre, and not extending 
 beyond the flowers. 
 Spikelets not flattened laterally. 
 
 Flowering scale and palet hyaline ; none of the scales spiny. 
 
 Spikelets monoecious ; staminate and pistillate in the same panicle. 
 
 I. Maydeae. 
 
 Spikelets in pairs, perfect, or the pedicellate one staminate, empty, rudimentary 
 or wanting. II. Andropogoneae. 
 
 * Contributed by Mr. GEO. V. NASH. 
 
 t See p. 104 <: for additional analytical key. 
 
62 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 Flowering scale and palet membranous ; second scale spiny (in ours). 
 
 III. Zoysieae. 
 Flowering scale and palet of the perfect flower coriaceous or chartaceous ; spikelets 
 
 involucrate in Nos. 18 and 19 ; scales 3 or 4. IV. Paniceae. 
 
 Spikelets flattened laterally, i-flowered ; scales 2. V. Oryzeae. 
 
 B. Spikelets i -many-flowered ; rachilla generally articulated above the two lower 
 scales (below them in Nos. 38, 46, 54 and 61) and frequently extending beyond the flower 
 in i-flowered spikelets. 
 Culms herbaceous. 
 
 Spikelets upon pedicels in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes, not in rows. 
 Spikelets with but i perfect flower, which is terminal except in Nos. 42 
 
 and 43. 
 Fifth scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet i-nerved. 
 
 VI. Phalarideae, 
 Third scale enclosing a perfect flower ; palet 2-nerved. 
 
 VII. Agrostideae. 
 
 Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (or one staminate in Nos. 46 and 51). 
 Flowering scales generally shorter than the empty lower ones, usually 
 
 with a bent awn on the back. VIII. Aveneae, 
 
 Flowering scales generally longer than the empty lower ones, unawned 
 
 or with a straight awn from the apex. X. Festuceae. 
 
 Spikelets in two rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme. 
 
 IX. Chlorideae. 
 Spikelets in two opposite rows, forming an equilateral spike (unilateral in 
 
 Nardus). XI. Hordeae. 
 
 Culms woody, at least at the base ; tall reeds. XII. Bambtiseae. 
 
 Tribe I. MAYDEAE. 
 
 Fertile spikelets imbedded in the joints of the thick rachis. I. Tripsacum. 
 
 Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. 
 
 Joints of the rachis not much thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 
 Spikelets alike, perfect. 2. Erianthus. 
 
 Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicelled staminate, empty or wanting. 
 Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. 
 
 Racemes usually in pairs, rarely in 3's~5's and digitate, the rachis internodes 
 and pedicels opaque ; fourth scale of the spikelet with a blade. 
 
 4. Andropogon. 
 
 Racemes panicled, the rachis internodes and pedicels thickened on the mar- 
 gins and with the intervening portion thin and translucent ; fourth scale 
 of the spikelet pedicel-like, without a blade. 5. Amphilophis. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate. 
 
 Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in our species). 6. Sorghastrnm. 
 
 Pedicelled spikelet present and usually staminate. 7. Sorghum, 
 
 Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and excavated for the reception of the spikelets. 
 
 3. Manisuris. 
 
 Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. 
 
 Spikelets in a terminal spike ; second scale spiny. 8. Nazia. 
 
 Tribe IV. PANICEAE. 
 
 Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves. 
 Spikelets all alike. 
 
 Second scale of the spikelet not enlarged nor saccate at the base. 
 Spikelets arranged in one-sided racemes. 
 
 Spikelets with a swollen ring-like callus at the base. 
 
 12. Eriochloa. 
 Spikelets without a callus. 
 
 Racemes alternate or scattered, rarely in a terminal pair, or some- 
 times single and slender, in the latter case the spikelets 
 broadly oval and obtuse. 
 Spikelet of 3 scales. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 63 
 
 Opening in the flowering scale turned away from the 
 rachis of the raceme ; spikelets usually oval or orbicular 
 and obtuse, rarely narrower and acute. 
 
 9. Paspalum. 
 
 Opening in the flowering scale turned toward the rachis of 
 the raceme ; spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute. 
 
 10. Anastrophus. 
 Spikelets of 4 scales. 
 
 Spikelets awnless, the scales glabrous. 
 
 14. Brachiaria. 
 
 Spikelets with the second and third scales hispid on the 
 nerves and usually long-awned, or in one species the third 
 scale only awn-pointed. 15. Echinochloa. 
 
 Racemes long and slender, digitate or whorled, sometimes single or 
 
 in pairs ; spikelets lanceolate and acute. 13. Syntherisma. 
 Spikelets arranged in a true panicle, either open or contracted. 
 
 16. Panicum. 
 Second scale of the spikelet much enlarged, many-nerved, deeply saccate at the 
 
 base. 17. Sacciolepis, 
 
 Spikelets of two kinds, one borne on terminal panicles, the other solitary on sub- 
 terranean peduncles and maturing seed. u. Arnphicarpon. 
 Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of : 
 
 i-many persistent bristles ; spikelets in dense spikes or spike-like panicles, deciduous. 
 
 18. Chaetochloa. 
 
 2 spine-bearing valves forming a bur enclosing the spikelets and deciduous with 
 them. 19. Cenc/trus. 
 
 
 
 Tribe V. ORYZEAE. 
 
 Spikelets monoecious ; tall aquatic grasses. 
 
 Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the apex of each branch of the panicle. 
 
 20. Zizaniopsts. 
 Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of the panicle. 
 
 21. Zizania. 
 Spikelets not monoecious ; grasses of swamps or wet grounds. 22. Homalocenchrus t 
 
 Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE. 
 
 Third and fourth scales 
 
 small and empty or rudimentary, not awned ; stamens 3. 23. Phalaris. 
 
 empty, awned upon the back ; stamens 2. 24. Anthoxanthum, 
 
 subtending staminate flowers with 3 stamens ; fertile flowers with 2 stamens. 
 
 25. Savastana. 
 
 Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE. 
 
 Flowering scale indurated at maturity, of firmer texture than the empty scales, and closely 
 
 enveloping the grain. 
 Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet. 
 
 Flowering scale with a three-branched awn ; stamens mostly 3. 
 
 26. Aristida. 
 Flowering scale with a simple awn. 
 
 Flowering scale narrow ; awn persistent. 
 
 Awn tortuous or twisted, stout ; callus evident. 27. Stipa. 
 Awn straight, very slender ; callus minute, 31. Muhlenbergia. 
 
 Flowering scale broad ; awn slender, straight, deciduous : callus obtuse. 
 Flowering scale glabrous, or pubescent with short hairs. 
 
 28. Oryzopsis. 
 Flowering scale pubescent with copious long silky hairs extending much 
 
 beyond the scale. 29. Plriocoma. 
 
 Flowering scale awnless. 30. Milhim. 
 
 Rachilla with a pedicel-like extension beyond the palet ; stamens 2. 
 
 32. Brachyelvtrum. 
 
 Flowering scale hyaline or membranous at maturity ; empty scales coarser; grain loose, 
 Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle. (Some species of No. 37 may be looked for 
 here.) 
 
64 FLORA. 
 
 Spikelets 6 mm. or less long. 
 
 Spikelets readily deciduous at maturity. 
 
 Empty scales not awned. 35. Alopecurus. 
 
 Empty scales awned, 38. Polypogon. 
 
 Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent. 
 
 Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 
 
 33. Heleochloa. 
 Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones. 
 
 34. Phleum. 
 Spikelets 10-12 mm. long; tall seashore grasses. 43. Ammophila. 
 
 Spikelets variously panicled ; panicle not spike-like, except in a few species of No. 37. 
 Seed loosely enclosed in the pericarp, which opens readily at maturity. 
 Empty scales minute ; low arctip grass. 36. Phippsia. 
 
 Empty scales not minute ; no callus, awns or hairs. 37. Sporobolus. 
 Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 
 Palet i-nerved ; stamen i ; flower plainly stalked : scales not hairy. 
 
 40. Cinna. 
 Palet 2-nerved ; stamens 3 ; flower not plainly stalked. 
 
 Flowering scale bifid, with a delicate awn on its back ; rachilla prolonged 
 
 into a short bristle. 45. Apera. 
 
 Flowering scale entire; rachilla not prolonged into a bristle. 
 
 Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base (except in some species 
 
 of genus 42.) 
 
 Rachilla extended beyond the palet. 42. Calamagrostis. 
 
 Rachilla not extended beyond the palet. 44. Calamovilfa. 
 Callus naked or with very short hairs. 
 
 Empty scales somewhat shorter than the flowering ones ; arctic 
 
 grass. * 39. Arctagrostis. 
 
 Empty scales longer than the flowering ones ; panicle open ; 
 spikelets small. 41. Agrostis. 
 
 Tribe VIII. AVENEAE. 
 
 Spikelets deciduous ; lower flower perfect, upper staminate, awned ; plant velvety. 
 
 46. Holcus, 
 Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent, flowering ones deciduous. 
 
 Spikelets of 2 perfect flowers ; rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper one. 
 
 47. Air a. 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered ; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. 
 
 Awn of flowering scale upon the back, inserted below the teeth. 
 Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or wanting. 
 Spikelets less than 12 mm. long ; grain free, unfurrowed. 
 Flowering scale finely erose-dentate or 2-lobed. 
 
 48. Deschampsia. 
 
 Flowering scale cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes pro- 
 duced into awns. 49. Trisetum. 
 
 Spikelets over 12 mm. long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the 
 
 scales. 50! Avena. 
 
 Upper flower perfect, lower staminate, its scale strongly awned. 
 
 51. Arrhenatherum. 
 Awn from between the lobes or teeth of the flowering scale, generally twisted. 
 
 52. Danthonia. 
 
 Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE. 
 
 Flowers perfect or some of them rudimentary. 
 
 i perfect flower in each spikelet ; sometimes 2 in Nos. 59 and 61. 
 No empty scales above the flower. 
 Spikelets deciduous. 
 
 Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet ; spikelets narrow. 
 
 54. Spartina. 
 Rachis not so produced ; spikelets globose, sometimes 2-flowered. 
 
 61. Beckmannta. 
 
 Spikelets not deciduous ; empty scales persistent ; low slender grasses. 
 Spikes 2-6, slender, digitate, 2.5-5 cm - lon g. 53- Capriola. 
 
 Spikes many along a common axis, 5-10 cm. long. 
 
 58. Schedonnardus* 
 
GRAMINEAE. 65 
 
 One-several empty scales above the flower. 
 
 Lower empty scales 4 ; spike solitary, dense. 55. Campulosus. 
 
 Lower empty scales 2. 
 
 Spikes in false whorls or closely approximate ; scales long-awned. 
 
 56. Chloris. 
 Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate. 
 
 Spikelets scattered or remote on filiform spikes. 
 
 57. Gymnopogon* 
 Spikelets crowded, sometimes 2- flowered. 
 
 Spikes 4 or less ; spikelets numerous, 25 or more. 
 
 59. Bouteloua. 
 Spikes numerous, 12 or more ; spikelets few, 12 or less. 
 
 60. Atkeropogon. 
 8-3 perfect flowers in each spikelet. 
 
 Spikelets densely crowded ; spikes usually digitate. 
 
 Spikes with terminal spikelets. 62. Eleusine. 
 
 Spikes without terminal spikelets, the rachis extending beyond them into a 
 point. 63. Dactyloctenium, 
 
 Spikelets distinctly alternating ; spikes remote. 64. Leptochloa. 
 
 Spikelets dioecious, very unlike; spikes short ; low prairie grass. 65. Bulbilis. 
 
 Tribe X. FESTUCEAE. 
 
 Rachilla with long hairs enveloping the flowering scale ; tall aquatic grass. 
 
 67. Phragmites. 
 Rachilla and flowering scales naked or hairy, hairs much shorter than the scales. 
 
 Stigmas barbellate ; spikelets in clusters of 3-6 in the axils of stiff spinescent leaves. 
 
 66. Munroa. 
 Stigmas plumose ; spikelets not in the axils of leaves ; inflorescence various. 
 
 Spikelets of two forms, the fertile i-3-flowered, surrounded by the sterile, con- 
 sisting of many empty pectinate scales. 86. Cynosurus. 
 Spikelets all alike. 
 
 Flowering scale i-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate 
 
 nerves. 
 Flowering scales membranous ; seed not beaked nor exserted from the 
 
 scales. 
 Lateral nerves of flowering scale pilose. 
 
 Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering 
 scale attached by a long-pointed callus, which is copiously 
 pilose on the outer surface. 70. Triplasis. 
 
 Internodes of the rachilla and the callus of the flowering scale 
 
 short, blunt. 
 
 Panicle simple or compound, contracted or open, the 
 spikelets on pedicels of varying length. 
 
 69. Tricuspis. 
 
 Panicle composed of long branches along which the ap- 
 pressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 
 
 72. Diplachne. 
 Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 
 
 Callus of the flowering scale conspicuously pubescent with long 
 
 hairs. 
 Panicle contracted ; flowering scale broadly oval, rounded 
 
 at the apex. 74. Rhombolytrum. 
 
 Panicle open and diffuse; flowering scales lanceolate and 
 acute. 71. Redfieldia. 
 
 Callus of the flowering scale glabrous. 
 
 Second empty scale similar to the first. 
 
 Panicle narrow, the branches appressed. 
 
 Panicle dull, interrupted ; rachilla articulated. 
 
 73. Molinia. 
 Panicle shining, dense and spike-like ; rachilla 
 
 continuous. 77. Koeleria. 
 
 Panicle open, the branches more or less spreading. 
 
 Rachilla continuous; flowering scales deciduous in 
 fruit, the palet persistent. 
 
 75. Eragrostis. 
 
 Rachilla articulated ; flowering scales and palets 
 both deciduous with the rachilla internodes. 
 78. Catabrosa. 
 
66 FLORA. 
 
 Second empty scale very dissimilar to the fiist, broad and 
 
 rounded at the summit. 76. Eatonia. 
 
 Flowering scales coriaceous in fruit ; seed beaked and exserted from 
 
 the scales. 80. Korycarpus. 
 
 Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. 
 
 Flowering scales 3-toothed at the apex. 68. Sieglingia. 
 
 Flowering scales not 3-toothed at the apex. 
 
 Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper scales empty, broad and 
 
 enfolding each other. 79. Melica. 
 
 Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or narrow and 
 
 abortive. 
 Keel of the palet winged or with a linear appendage. 
 
 81. Pleuropogon. 
 Keel of the palet not appendaged. 
 
 Stigmas placed at or near the apex of the ovary ; flow- 
 ering scales awned only in Nos. 85 and 93. 
 Scales more or less strongly compressed and keeled. 
 Empty basal scales 3-6; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 
 
 82. Uniola. 
 Empty basal scales 2 ; spikelets flattened. 
 
 Panicle contracted ; spikelets dioecious. 
 
 83. Distichlis. 
 Panicle open ; spikelets perfect. 
 
 Flowering scales herbaceous, awn- 
 pointed ; spikelets collected in one- 
 sided clusters. 
 
 85. Dactylis. 
 
 Flowering scales scarious-margined ; 
 rachis glabrous or with webby 
 hairs. 
 Spikelets large, cordate. 
 
 84. Briza, 
 
 Spikelets mostly smaller, not cor- 
 date. 
 
 Empty scales projecting be- 
 yond the uppermost flow- 
 ering ones ; arctic grass. 
 
 88. Dupontia. 
 Uppermost scales exceeding 
 
 the empty ones; flowering 
 scales 2-10, mostly webby 
 at base. 
 
 87. Poa. 
 
 Flowering scales membranous ; rachis 
 hirsute with stiff hairs, extended 
 into a hairy appendage. 
 
 90. GraphepJiorum. 
 Scales rounded on the back, at least below. 
 
 Flowering scales with a basal ring of 
 hairs, toothed at apex ; water grass. 
 
 89. Scolochloa. 
 Flowering scales naked at the base : 
 
 Obtuse or subacute and scarious at 
 
 the apex, usually toothed. 
 Plainly 5~7-nerved ; styles present. 
 
 91. Panicularia. 
 Obscurely 5-nerved ; no style. 
 
 92. Puccinellia. 
 Acute, pointed or awned at apex. 
 
 93. Festuca. 
 Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary J 
 
 scales mostly awned. 94. Bromus. 
 
 Tribe XI. HORDEAE. 
 
 Stfgma I J spite unilateral ; spikelets i-flowered, narrow. 95. Nardtts. 
 
 Stigmas 2; spike symmetrical. 
 
 '-pikelets solitary at the notches of the rachis. 
 
 Flowering scales with their backs turned to the rachis. 96. Lolium* 
 
G KAMI WEAK. 67 
 
 Flowering scales with their sides turned to the rachis. 
 
 Spikelets i-2-flowered in slender articulate spikes. 97. Lepturus. 
 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered in stout inarticulate spikes (articulated in one 
 
 species). 98. Agropyron. 
 
 Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis; scales mostly long-awned. 
 Spikelets i-flowered or with the rudiment of a second flower. 
 
 99. Hordeum. 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 
 
 Rachis of the spike articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 
 
 100. Sitanion. 
 Rachis of the spike continuous, not breaking up into joints. 
 
 Empty scales a little smaller than the flowering ones. 
 
 101. Elymus. 
 Empty scales very small or none. 102. Hystrix. 
 
 Tribe XII. BAMBUSEAE. 
 
 Tall canes with large flat spikelets in panicles or racemes. 103. Arundtnarta, 
 
 x. TRIPSACUM L. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad, flat leaves and monce- 
 cious flowers. Spikelets i-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, 
 elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2's at each node of the upper part of the axis. 
 2-flowereri Insisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two inner thinner, 
 the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations at the lower joints 
 of the spike, I -flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender. Grain partly enclosed in 
 the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the horny exterior lower scale. 
 [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished outer scales.] About 3 species, 
 natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in the southern United States. 
 
 I. Tripsacum dactyloides L. GAMA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 210.) Rootstock 
 1.25-2.5 cm. thick, culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves smooth and glabrous, 
 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide; spikes terminal, and in the upper axils, 
 solitary or 2-3 together, 1-1.25 dm. long; outer scales of the staminate spikelets 
 linear and obtuse, 8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, faintly many-nerved; exterior 
 scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining. In swamps or along streams, Conn, 
 to Kansas, south to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. ERIANTHUS Michx. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tall, generally robust, perennial grasses, with thick creeping rootstocks, long 
 flat leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal panicles. Spikelets generally with a 
 ring of hairs at the base, 2 at each node of the jointed rachis, one sessile, the other 
 with a pedicel, generally I -flowered. Scales 4, the two outer indurated, the inner 
 hyaline, the fourth bearing a terminal straight or contorted awn; palet small, hya- 
 line; stamens 3. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to 
 the woolly spikelets.] About 17 species, natives of the temperate and tropical re- 
 gions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, four others occur in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 Awn spiral. i. E. alopecuroides. 
 
 Awn straight. 
 
 Panicle lax; branches long and spreading; basil hairs longer than the outer scale 
 
 of the spikelet. 2. E. saccharoides. 
 
 Panicle compact or strict; branches short and erect or appressed; basal hairs equal- 
 ling or shorter than the outer scale of the spikelet. 
 
 Outer scale about 5 mm. long. 3. E. compactus. 
 
 Outer scale about 8 mm. long. 4. E. brevibarbis* 
 
 I. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. SPTRAL-AWNED PLUME-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 211.) Culms stout, erect, 1.5-3 m. tall, the summit and the axis of the 
 panicle densely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
 wide; panicle oblong, 1. 5-3 dm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, branches spreading, 7.5-12.5 
 
68 FLOE A. 
 
 cm. long, slender, loose; awn 12-16 mm. long, the portion included in the outer 
 scales tightly spiral, bent at point of exsertion, and thence loosely spiral. In damp 
 soil, N. J. to Ky. and Mo., south to Ga. and Ala. Sept. 
 
 2. Erianthus saccharoides Michx*. PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 212.) Culms 
 robust, erect, 1.4-3 m - ta ^> the summit and the axis of the panicle densely pubescent, 
 with appressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths densely pubescent at the throat; 
 leaves 0.6-2.5 cm - wide; panicle lax. broadly oblong, 1.25-3.75 dm. long, 5-10 cm 
 wide, its branches spreading, 5-10 cm. long, internodes about 4 mm. long; outer 
 scales of the spikelet a little exceeding the pedicel and about one-half as long as the 
 basal hairs; awn 2-2.5 cm - l n g> scabrous. In moist sandy soil, S. E. Va. to Fla. 
 and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Eria^thus compactus Nash. CONTRACTED PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 213.) 
 Culms 1-3 m. tall, the summit and axis of the panicle densely pubescent with ap- 
 pressed long rigid silky hairs. Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent at the top; leaves 
 6-12 mm. wide; panicle narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> about 3.75 cm. wide; 
 branches erect, 2.5-5 cm - l n g'> internodes about 2 mm. long; outer scales of the 
 spikelet exceeding the pedicels and about equalling the basal hairs; awn 1-2 cm. 
 long, scabrous. In moist soil, N. J. to N. C. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. SHORT-BEARDED PLUME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 214.) Culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall, nodes naked or scantily barbed, the summit 
 and axis of the panicle smooth or scabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaves rough, 3- 
 4.5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate; panicle linear-oblong, 2-2.5 dm. in 
 length, 2.5-3.75 cm. wide, branches erect, 5-12.5 cm. long, internodes about 5 mm. 
 long; outer scales of the spikelet about 8 mm. long, twice the length of the pedicel 
 and equalling or twice as long as the basal hairs, lanceolate, long-acuminate; inner 
 scales shorter; awn 1.8-2.5 cm. long, straight, scabrous. In moist soil, Del. to N. 
 C. and La. Autumn. 
 
 3. MANISURIS L. [ROTTBOELLIA L. f.] 
 
 Mostly tall perennials, with running rootstocks, narrow flat leaves and cylindri- 
 cal jointed spikes, terminal and from the upper axils. Spikelets in pairs at each 
 node of the excavated rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and 
 either staminate or empty. Scales of the perfect spikelet 4, the outermost thick 
 and coriaceous, covering, together with the pedicel of the sterile spikelet, the exca- 
 vation in the rachis; second scale chartaceous; third and fourth hyaline, the latter 
 subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens three. Styles distinct. Grain 
 free. [Greek, in allusion to the tail-like spikes.] About 25 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in tropical and temperate countries. 
 
 Culms from a creeping rootstock, round ; sheaths round, narrow. i. M. cylindrical. 
 
 Culms tufted, no rootstocks, much flattened, at least below ; sheaths much compressed, 
 
 broad, keeled. 2. Jkf. rugosa. 
 
 1. Manisuris cylindrica (Mx.) Kuntze. CREEPING MANSURIS. Culms 3-10 
 dm. tall, slender; leaves 3 dm. or less long, 1-3 mm. wide; racemes 1-2 dm. long; 
 sessile spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, about equalling the internodes, the first scale 
 more or less pitted in longitudinal lines, or rarely unpitted, the the pits often con- 
 taining a subulate hair; pedicellate spikelets reduced to I or 2 scales, the pedicel 
 linear, shorter than the sessile spikelet and curved around its margin. In sandy 
 soil, Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; also in Mo., Ark. and Ind. Terr. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. WRINKLED MANISURIS. (I. F. f. 215.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall, compressed, much branched above. Sheaths compressed; 
 leaves flat, 1.5-6 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes partially included in the sheath 
 or more or less exserted, 3-5 cm. long; outermost scale of the spikelets about 4 
 mm. long, strongly trans verse -rugose. In wet soil along the coast, Del. to Fla., 
 west to Tex. June- Sept. 
 
 4. ANDROPOGON L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary 
 racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile 
 and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a 
 
GRAMINEAE. 69 
 
 single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 coriaceous, the 
 second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and 
 subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in 
 allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, widely distributed in tropical 
 and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the south- 
 ern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Racemes singly disposed ; apex of the rachilla internodes with a translucent cup-shaped 
 
 entire or irregularly-toothed appendage. 
 
 Spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; sheaths of the innovations green. i. A. scoparius, 
 
 Spikelets 8-iO mm. long; sheets of the innovations strongly compressed, glaucous. 
 
 2. A. littoralis. 
 
 Racemes disposed in pairs or more ; apex of the rachis internodes unappendaged. 
 Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of i or 2 scales, much smaller than the sessile one. 
 
 Racemes usually protruding from the lateral fissure of the spathe, sometimes 
 
 more or less exserted from the apex, the peduncle never long-exserted. 
 Branches of the inflorescence crowded at the summit of the culm in a dense 
 
 corymbiform panicle. 3. A. corymbosus, 
 
 Branches of the inflorescence scattered along the culm in a long linear 
 
 panicle. 4. A. Virgtnicus. 
 
 Racemes much exserted on long peduncles. 
 
 Stamen i ; upper sheaths much enlarged. 5. A. Elliot tii. 
 
 Stamens 3; sheaths not enlarged. 
 
 First scale of the spikelet nerveless between the keels ; terminal hairs of 
 
 the internodes about twice their length. 6. A. argyraeus. 
 
 First scale of the spikelet with 2 or 3 nerves between the keels ; terminal 
 hairs of the internodes about equalling them. 
 
 7. A. Cabanisii. 
 Pedicellate spikelet as large as or larger than the sessile, of 4 scales and a staminate 
 
 or rarely perfect flower. 
 Fourth scale of sessile spikelet with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral 
 
 at the base. 
 
 Outer two scales of the sessile spikelet more or less hispidulous all over; 
 hairs on the rachis internodes usually 2 mm. or less long. 
 
 8. A. fur cat us. 
 Outer 2 scales of the sessile spikelet smooth or nearly so, except on the 
 
 nerves ; hairs of the rachis internodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 
 
 9. A. chrysocomus. 
 Fourth scale of the sessile spikelet awnless or with a short, straight, untwisted 
 
 awn . 
 
 Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes copious, stiff. 
 
 10. A. Hallii. 
 
 Marginal hairs on the pedicels and rachis internodes scant or almost want- 
 ing, lax, crisped. ir. A. paucipilus. 
 
 1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. BROOM BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 216.) 
 Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes glaucous ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 
 scabrous ; spikes 2. 5-5 cm. long, loose, solitary, on long-exserted slender peduncles ; 
 rachis slender, flexuous, joints and pedicels ciliate with long, spreading hairs; outer- 
 most scale of sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long; awn spiral, 1012 mm. long ; pedi- 
 ce'led spikelet a single awn-pointed scale. In dry sandy fields, N. B. to Alb. south 
 to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Andropogon littoralis Nash. SEASIDE BEARD-GRASS. Culms densely 
 tufted, 8-10 dm. tall, the innovations with the leaves and strongly compressed 
 sheaths glaucous; leaves 2 dm. long or less, rough; racemes 3-4 cm. long, 
 rarely longer; sessile spikelets 8-10 mm. long, the awn of the fourth scale 
 geniculate, spiral, 10-15 mm - lon g ; pedicellate spikelet a single-awned scale. In 
 sand along the seashore, N. Y. and N. J. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. BUSHY BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. 
 f. 221.) Culms 4-10 dm. tall, from a little exceeding to twice as long as the basal 
 leaves; sheaths keeled, those at the base much compressed and equitant, rough, 
 more or less papillose-hirsute; culm leaves rough; spathes very rough, tightly en- 
 rolled around the common peduncle, which is usually as long as the spathe and 
 hispidulous toward the summit; racemes in pairs, more or less exserted, 2-3 cm. 
 
?O FLORA. 
 
 long; sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the awn 1-1.8 cm. long. Wet soil, D. C. to 
 Fla. and Miss. Sept. -Oct. [A. glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. in part.] 
 
 Andropogon corymbosus abbrevi&tus (Hack.) Nash. Differs from the type in 
 having the spathes generally about equalling the racemes, and few if any of them narrow 
 and enrolled on the peduncles. Similar situations, Long Island to Fla. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 4. Andropogon Virginicus L. VIRGINIA BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 220.) 
 Culms tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, many times longer than the basal leaves; sheaths, at 
 least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins; leaves 4 dm. 
 long or less, more or less hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 
 cm. long, broad; racemes generally in pairs, 2-3 cm. long; sessile spikelets 3-4 
 mm. long, the awn 10-15 long; pedicellate spikelet wanting or rarely present as a 
 minute scale. Dry or moist fields, Mass, to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 5. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. ELLIOTT'S BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 222.) 
 Culms tufted, 5-8 dm. tall; lower sheaths and those of the innovations densely ap- 
 pressed-hirsute, those of the inflorescence much enlarged and much crowded at the 
 summit, 8-n cm. long; leaves 2 dm. or less long, rough above and hirsute near 
 the base; racemes in pairs, slender, 3-4 cm. long, those on the longer branch at 
 each node exserted, the rest concealed in the sheaths; sessile spikelets 4.5-5 mm. 
 long, the awn geniculate, 1.5-2.3 cm. long, usually spiral at the base, the column 
 much exserted. Dry sandy soil, Pa. (according to S. Watson), south to Fla. and 
 Miss. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 6. Andropogon argyraeus Schultes. SILVERY BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 217.) 
 Culms 6-1 2 dm. tall, simple at base, generally much branched above. Sheaths some- 
 what compressed; basal leaves 1.5-3 dm. long; upper 5-20 cm. by 2 mm. wide; 
 spikes in pairs, 2.55 cm ' l n g> on exserted slender peduncles ; joints of the rachis and 
 pedicels pubescent with long, silky-white, spreading hairs; outermost scale of sessile 
 spikelet about 5 mm. long, acuminate, hispidulous; awn loosely spiral, 12-18 mm. 
 long, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet a minute deciduous scale. In dry sandy soil, 
 Del. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. [A. argenteus Ell.] 
 
 7. Andropogon Cabanlsii Hack. CABANIS' BEARD-GRASS. Culms 6-10 
 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or a little roughened; leaves 2.5 dm. or less long, 
 smooth beneath, rough above; racemes in pairs, 47 cm. long, grayish; sessile 
 spikelets 6-7 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, the first scale strongly hispidulous and 
 2-3 -nerved between the keels; pedicellate spikelet of a single hispidulous scale 
 3-3.5 mm. long. Dry soil, Pa. (according to Hackel) and Fla. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. FORKED BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 219.) 
 Culms stout, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 long; spikes 2-5, in pairs or approximate, 5-10 cm. long; joints of rachis and 
 pedicels ciliate with short hairs; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long; 
 awn 10-14 mm. long; loosely spiral, geniculate; pedicelled spikelet of 4 scales. In 
 dry or moist soil, Me. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Andropogon chrysocomus Nash. YELLOW-HAIRED BEARD-GRASS. 
 Culms 7-15 dm. tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 
 smooth beneath, a little roughened above; racemes in 2's-4*s, 5-9 cm. long, stout, 
 long-exserted; sessile spikelets about I cm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the 
 nerves, the awn of the fourth scale twisted at the base, geniculate, 10-12 mm. long; 
 pedicellate spikelet avvnless. Dry soil, Kans. to Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Andropogon Hallii Hack. HALL'S BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 218.) Culms 
 robust, 9-18 dm. tall, more or less glaucous. Sheaths somewhat glaucous; leaves 
 3dm. long or less; spikes 2 5, 510 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 
 about 8 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly to copiously silky- 
 pubescent toward the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. long, or sometimes wanting ; 
 pedicelled spikelet consisting of 4 scales, generally larger than the sessile spikelet 
 and enclosing three stamens. Dry sandy soil, Kans. and Mont, to Mex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 zi. Andropogon paucipilus Nash. SCANT-HAIRED BEARD-GRASS. Culms 
 10-12 dm. tall, rather stout. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, as are the leaves 
 which are erect and 3 dm. long or less; racemes in 2's-3's, 5-7 cm. long, exserted; 
 
GRAMINEAE. 7 1 
 
 sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long, the outer 2 scales hispid on the nerves toward the 
 apex, pubescent toward the summit with long loose-crisped hairs; pedicellate spike- 
 let similar to the sessile one, staminate. In dry soil, Mont, and Neb. July. 
 
 5 . AMPHILOPHIS Nash. 
 
 Perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and showy, often silvery-white, pan- 
 icles, the axis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the 
 branches more scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with mani- 
 festly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of 
 the same structure, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spikelets 
 of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second i -keeled, the third and fourth scales 
 hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merg- 
 ing into a usually geniculate, contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. 
 Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller 
 than them. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
 in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.] About 
 30 species, in temperate and tropical countries. 
 
 i. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud.) Nash. TORREY'S BEARD - GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 223.) Culms erect, 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, the nodes naked. Sheaths more 
 or less glaucous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, glaucous; spikes 2.5-3.75 cm. long in 
 a terminal long-exserted panicle 4-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 
 3-4 mm. long, about equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, 
 acute; awn 8-16 mm. long, spiral; pedicelled spikelet rudimentary. In dry soil, 
 Kans. to Ariz, and Mex. Aug. -Sept. (Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.) 
 
 6. SORGHASTRUM Nash. 
 
 Generally tall grasses, ours perennials, with long, narrow, flat leaves and termi- 
 nal panicles. Spikelets in pairs, or 3*3 at the end of the branches, one sessile and 
 perfect, the lateral pedicelled, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect 
 spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the inner 
 hyaline, tlie fourth awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower, or the palet 
 sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. 
 [Named in reference to its resemblance to sorghum.] About 15 species, in tem- 
 perate and tropical countries. (Chrysopogon Benth. Not Trin.) 
 
 i. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash. INDIAN GRASS. (I. F. f. 224.) 
 Culms 9-24 dm. tall. Lower leaves 3 dm. or more in length; panicle 1-3 dm. 
 long, brownish -yellow; branches 5-10 cm. long, erect-spreading ; spikelets erect 
 or somewhat spreading ; first scale of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, pubescent 
 with long hairs; second scale glabrous; awn 1-2 cm. long, the column having but 
 a single bencl ; lateral spikelets wanting. In dry fields, Ont. to Man., south to 
 N. H., Fia. and Ariz. Aug. Sept. {Chrysopogon az'enaceus Benth.) 
 
 7. SORGHUM Pers. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with long, broad, flat leaves and terminal ample 
 panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in 3*3 at the ends of the branches, one 
 sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet 
 consisting of 4' scales, the outer indurated and shining, obscurely-nerved, inner 
 hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet 
 sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. [Name Indian.] 
 About 13 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions. 
 
 x. Sorghum Halepense (L.) Pers. JOHNSON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 225.) Culms 
 9-20 dm. tall; sheaths smooth; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 6-25 mm. wide; panicle 
 from 1.5-4.5 dm. long; outer scales of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long, usually purplish, 
 pubescent with long appressed hairs; awn when present 8-16 mm. long. In fields 
 and waste places, southern Pa. to Mo. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Native 
 of southern Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 8. NAZIA Adans. 
 
 An annual grass, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and I -flowered decid lous 
 spikelefs, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 
 2 or 3, the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with hooked 
 prickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name 
 
72 FLORA. 
 
 unexplained.] A monotypic genus, native of tropical and temperate regions of 
 the Old World. 
 
 i. Nazia racemosa (L.) Kuntze. PRICKLE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 226.) Culms 
 5-35 cm. tall, pubescent above. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rather strongly ciliate; 
 spike 2.5-10 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the somewhat inflated upper 
 sheath; second scale coriaceous, 3 mm. long, 5-nerved; third scale 2 mm. long, 
 I -nerved. Occasional in ballast and waste places about the seaports. July-Sept. 
 
 9. PA3PALUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and I -flowered 
 spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on i-sided spikes, which are single, in 
 pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, convex 
 on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner one indurated and 
 subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek name for some grass, 
 used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide distribution in tropical and 
 temperate regions, most abundant in America. 
 
 Rachis of the racemes very broad, twice the width of the spikelets, or nearly so, which 
 
 are partially concealed by its inrolled margins. 
 Rachis extending beyond the spikelets, long-acuminate; spikelets about i mm. long. 
 
 1. P. mucronatum. 
 Rachis not extending beyond the spikelets, acute ; spikelets 2 mm. long. 
 
 2. P. membranaceum. 
 Rachis of the racemes narrower than the spikelets, not inrolled on the margins. 
 
 Racemes 2, approximately in a pair at the summit of the culm ; rootstocks exten- 
 sively creeping ; culms not tufted. 3. P. distichum. 
 Racemes i-several, alternate ; culms tufted. 
 
 Culms simple, no branches from the upper sheath ; racemes stout. 
 Spikelets obtuse, glabrous. 
 
 Spikelets 3 mm. or less long. 
 
 Leaves very hirsute on both surfaces ; the hairs on the sheaths very 
 
 dense and long. 4. P, plenipilum. 
 
 Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so. 
 
 Spikelets elliptic, hence longer than broad, decidedly convex 
 on the inner side ; sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 5. P. laeve. 
 
 Spikelets orbicular, or nearly so, hence as broad as long, but 
 little convex on the inner side ; sheaths hirsute. 
 
 6. P. circulare. 
 Spikelets 4 mm. or more long. 7. P. glabrattim. 
 
 Spikelets acute, long villous-ciliate on the margins. 
 
 8. P. dilatatum. 
 Culms branched, the upper sheath containing from 1-3 branches; racemes 
 
 slender. 
 Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, or the midnerve sometimes pubescent 
 
 beneath. 
 
 Sheath margins glabrous. 9. P. ciliatifolium, 
 
 Sheath margins pubescent. 
 
 Spikelets orbicular, hence as broad as long, straw-color, 2 mm. in 
 
 diameter. 10. P. stramineum. 
 
 Spikelets broadly obovate to oval, longer than broad, green, 1.5 mm. 
 long. n. P. longipedunculatum. 
 
 Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. 
 
 Pubescence of copious soft short -appressed hairs. 
 
 Culms prostrate, the lower leaves i dm. or less long. 
 
 12. P. prostraturn. 
 Culms erect, the lower leaves 1.5 dm. or more long. 
 
 13. P. Bus /tit. 
 Pubescence of more or less spreading and usually rather long stout hairs. 
 
 Culm densely pilose below the racemes ; lower sheaths usually 
 
 glabrous or nearly so. 14. P. pubescens. 
 
 Culm glabrous ; lower sheaths generally hirsute. 
 
 Spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long. 15. P. setaceunt. 
 
 Spikelets 2-2.25 mm. long. 
 
 Racemes on the main culm i, or sometimes 2 ; spikelets 
 
 glabrous ; leaves rather thin. 16. P. Muhlenbergii. 
 Racemes on the main culm 2 or 3 ; spikelets pubescent; 
 leaves thick. 17. P. dasyphyllum. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 73 
 
 1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. WATER PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 227.) Culms 
 ascending, 1.5-9 dm. long, from a floating or creeping base, branched. Sheaths 
 very loose or inflated, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves 7.5-30 
 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous; spikes 20-100, 1.25-7.5 cm. 
 long, alternate or sometimes approximately whorled, slender ; rachis flat, thin, ex- 
 ceeding the spikelets, long acuminate, scabrous, its margins nearly enclosing the 
 spikelets; spikelets in two rows, about I mm. long, elliptic, pubescent ; outer 
 scales very thin, 2-nerved, the first one usually a little the longer. In water, Va. 
 to southern 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical America. 
 Sept. (P.fluitans Kunth.) 
 
 2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. WALTER'S PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 228.) 
 Culms erect or ascending, much branched, smooth, creeping at the base. Sheaths 
 a little inflated, smooth ; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide ; spikes 3-7, 
 alternate, about 2.5 cm. long, the lower ones usually included in the upper sheath; 
 rachis not exceeding the spikelets, flat, thin, 2-3 mm. wide, acute, smooth, its 
 inrolled margins partly enclosing the spikelets ; spikelets about 2 mm. long, 
 crowded in 2 rows, oval, obtuse, smooth; outer scales 5 -nerved; third scale len- 
 ticular, slightly shorter than the outer ones. Moist or wet grounds, N. J. and Del. 
 to southern Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex. Sept. (P. Walterianum Schultes.) 
 
 3. Paspalum distichum L. JOINT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 229.) Culms erect, 
 1.5-6 dm. tall, extensively creeping at base. Sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate 
 on the margins, or sparsely pubescent; leaves flat, 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, acuminate, smooth; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, in pairs, or occasionally with 
 a third, exserted ; rachis flat, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 
 elliptic, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows ; outer 
 scales 3-5 -nerved, slightly exceeding the acute third one, which is sparingly 
 bearded at the apex. Va. to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in 
 the West Indies, Central and South America. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. Paspalum plenipilum Nash. LONG-HAIRED PASPALUM. Culms 
 tufted, erect, rather slender, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths little compressed, very densely 
 pubescent with long spreading white hairs; leaves erect or nearly so, 2.5 dm. or 
 less long, 4-6 mm. wide, densely pubescent on both surfaces with stiff hairs, those, 
 toward the base on the upper surface very long; racemes 2-4, ascending, 3-6 cm. 
 long; spikelets singly arranged, oval, 2.5-2.75 mm. long and about 2 mm. broad, 
 prominently convex on the inner side, the empty scales glabrous, 3 -nerved. In 
 dry places, N. J. Aug. 
 
 5. Paspalum laeve Michx. FIELD PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 234.) Bright green, 
 culms rather stout, erect or ascending, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths com- 
 pressed, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
 acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above near the base; spikes 2-6, 3.5-7.5 cm. 
 long, more or less spreading, alternate, about 2-5 cm. apart on the single stout 
 peduncle, pilose in the axils; spikelets 2.53 mm> l n g oval, close, crowded v 
 
 2 rows, glabrous. In moist fields, R. I. to Ky. and Mb., south to Fla. and Tex. 
 Ascends to 1700 ft. in N. C. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Paspalum circulate Nash. ROUND-FLOWERED PASPALUM. Culms 
 erect or nearly so, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, at least the lower ones hir- 
 sute; leaves erect or ascending, 3 dm. or less long, 5 8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath, 
 hirsute above toward the base; racemes usually in pairs, sometimes in 3's, rarely 
 in 4's, 4-9 cm. long; spikelets singly arranged, orbicular, about 3 mm. in dia- 
 meter, the inner side but slightly convex, the empty scales glabrous, very thin, 
 bright green, 3-nerved. In moist or dry fields, N. Y. to N. C. ; also in Mo. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 7. Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.) Mohr. ENGELMANN'S PASPALUM. 
 (I. F. f. 235.) Culms stout, erect, 9-18 dm. tall, from a creeping rootstock, gla- 
 brous. Sheaths glabrous, sometimes glaucous; leaves 24 dm. long, 6-14 mm. 
 wide, acuminate, glabrous beneath, hirsute above; spikes 2-5, on the single stout 
 peduncle, 5-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, bearded in the axils; rachis about 
 2 mm. wide, flat on the back, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 4 mm. long, 
 broadly oval, glabrous, glaucous, singly disposed and crowded in 2 rows; outer 
 scales 5-nerved; third scale striate. Moist places, Del. to Ky. and Kans., south to 
 Fla. and Tex. Sept. (Paspalum Floridanum Michx. in, part.) 
 
74 FLORA. 
 
 8. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. TALL PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 230.). Culms 
 erect, 9-18 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, smooth and glabrous; leaves 3 dm. oi 
 more long, 4-10 mm. wide, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at the base; spikes 4-12, 
 5-12.5 cm. long, spreading, alternate; rachis of the spikes narrow, less than 2 mm. 
 wide, somewhat flexuous, scabrous; spikelets about 3 mm. long, in 3 or 4 rows 
 acute; outer scales 5 -nerved, the first villous on the margins, the second glabrous 
 or sparsely pubescent, the third nearly orbicular, minutely punctate-striate. In 
 moist soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. CILIATE-LEAVED PASPALUM. Culms 
 tufted, erect, 4-8 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-25 cm. long, 
 6-15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, the margins conspicuously 
 ciliate with long hairs; racemes single or sometimes in 2's, 5-11 cm. long; spike- 
 lets in pairs, 1. 8-2. 1 mm. long and 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, oval to broadly obovate, 
 the empty scales 3 -nerved, or the midnerve rarely lacking in the second, glabrous. 
 In sandy or rocky soil, D. C. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. June-Sept. 
 
 10. Paspalum stramineum Nash. STRAW-COLORED PASPALUM. Foliage 
 yellowish-green, the spikelets. and sometimes also the sheaths, pale straw,.color. 
 Culms tufted, 2-8 dm. tall; sheaths, all but the lower ones, glabrous except on the 
 margins; leaves erect or nearly so, firm, long-cilia te on the margins, otherwise 
 glabrous, 5-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long, usually in pairs, 
 rarely I or 3; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter, the first scale 3- 
 nerved, pubescent, the second scale 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. In sandy 
 places and fields, Neb., Kans. and Ind. Terr. July-Sept. {Paspalum ciliatifolium 
 Michx. in part.) 
 
 11. Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte. LONG-STALKED PASPALUM. 
 (I. F. f. 233.) Culms reclining or decumbent, 3-4.5 dm. long, smooth, leafy at 
 base. Sheaths glabrous or ciliate on the margins, pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5- 
 8.75 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ciliate on the margins and along the midnerve; pe- 
 duncles 1-2 from the upper sheath; spikes 1-2, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, more or less 
 curved; rachis very narrow, more or less flexuous; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; 
 outer scales 3-nerved, the first one glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent; third 
 scale slightly exceeding the outer ones. Sandy soil, N. C. to Fla., Ky. and Term. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 12. Paspalum prostratum Nash. PROSTRATE PASPALUM. Culms pros- 
 trate, tufted, forming large, dense masses, 5-8 dm. long. Sheaths, as well as both 
 surfaces of the leaves, softly and densely pubescent with short hairs ; leaves erect 
 or nearly so, ciliate on the margins, 3.5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; racemes 5- 
 7.5 cm. long, usually in pairs on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, about 2 mm. 
 long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval, the outer scales densely pubescent, the firt scale 
 3-nerved, the second scale usually 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. 
 In dry sandy soil, southeastern N. Y. to- Del. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 13. Paspalum Bushii Nash. BUSH'S PASPALUM. Culms erect, 8-10 dm. 
 tall, rather stout, lower sheaths pubescent, the others pilose on the margins; 
 leaves erect or ascending, 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. broad, ciliate on the margins, 
 softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces with very short hairs; racemes IO-I2 
 cm. long, in 2's or 3*3 on the main culm; spikelets in pairs, 2-2.2 mm. long and 
 about 1.8 mm. broad, oval, the empty scales densely pubescent, 3-nerved, or 
 the second scale sometimes 2-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry 
 soil, Mo. Aug. 
 
 14. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. PUBESCENT PASPALUM. Culms erect, 4- 
 8 dm. tall, pilose at the summit. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; leaves 4-23 cm. 
 l.;ng, 3-6 mm. wide, rarely broader, densely long-pubescent on both surfaces; 
 rac'emes usually I, rarely 2, 6-12 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, glabrous, about 2 
 mm. long, oval, 1.51.8 mm. wide, the empty scales 3-nerved, or the second 2- 
 nerved by the suppression of the midnerve. In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Kans., 
 south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. (Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. in part.) 
 
 15. Paspalum setaceum Michx. SLENDER PASPALUM. (I. F. f. 231.) 
 Culms mostly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, smooth. Sheaths and leaves generally 
 very pubescent, the latter 7.5-20 cm. long, 26 mm. wide, erect, acuminate; 
 spikes 3.75-8.75 cm. long, more or less curved, generally solitary, occasionally 
 2, on a long-exserted slender peduncle, with usually I or 2 additional shorter pe- 
 
GRAMINEAE. 75 
 
 duncles from the same upper sheath; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, in 2 narrow 
 rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; empty scales 3 -nerved, glabrous or pubescent; 
 third scale obovate, shining. In dry fields, N. H. and Mass, to 111., south to Fla. 
 and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 1 6. Paspa um Muhlenbergii Nash. MUHLENBERG'S PASPALUM. (I. F. 
 f. 232.) Culms tufted, at first erect, at length reclining, 4-8 dm. long. Sheaths 
 usually hirsute all over; leaves 5-20 cm. long, usually 7-1 1 mm. wide, sometimes 
 narrower, ciliate on the margins with generally long hairs, more or less pubescent on 
 both surfaces with similar hairs; racemes solitary or in 2 5 s, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 
 in pairs, glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate, the 
 empty scales 3-nerved, or the second rarely 2-nerved by the suppression of the mid- 
 nerve. In fields or in sandy or stony ground, Mass, to Mo. and Ind. Terr., south 
 to S. Car., Ga. and Miss. Aug. Oct. (Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. i:i part. ) 
 
 17. Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell. HAIRY-LEAVED PASPALUM. Plant yellow- 
 ish green. Culms tufted, 2-6 dm. tall; sheaths, as well as both surfaces of the 
 leaves, densely pubescent with long, yellowish, spreading hairs ; leaves erect ( r 
 ascending, thick, 2 dm. or less long, usually 1-2 cm. broad; racemes on the main 
 culm in 2's or 3's, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets in pairs, 2-2.2 mm. long and about 
 1.8 mm. wide, broadly obovate, the first scale generally pubescent, 3-nerved, the 
 second scale glabrous, usually 2-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved. In dry, usually 
 sandy, places, S. Car. to Fla.; also in Mo. June-Sept. (Paspalum ciliatifolium 
 Michx. in part.) 
 
 10. ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with the culms usually rooting at the lower nodes, with flat 
 leaves and i -flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spikes which 
 (in our species) are disposed in a single pair at the summit of the culm, or some- 
 times with an additional one a short distance below. Spikelets oblong to lan- 
 ceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the outer 2 
 membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward the rachis, 
 subtending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free. [Greek, signifying turned around, referring to the spikelets.] 
 
 Spikelets less than 2 mm. long, oblong;. i. A. compressus. 
 
 Spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate. 2. A. paspaloides, 
 
 1. Anastrophus compressus (Sw.) Schlecht. (I. F. f. 236.) Stolons nu- 
 merous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender, compressed, 
 glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those 
 of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 
 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, 2.5-5 cm< l n g> approximate at the summit of the long 
 and slender stalk ; spikelets not crowded nor secund, about 2 mm. long, acute. 
 Va. to Fla. and west to La. Widely distributed in tropical America. Probably 
 not native in the U. S. Aug. -Sept. (Paspalum compression Nees.) 
 
 2. Anastrophus paspaloides (Michx.) Nash. (I. F. f. 237.) Culms 3-7.5 
 dm. tall, from an extensively creeping base. Sheaths and leaves glabrous or 
 pubescent, the latter 5-22 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes 3.75-8.75 cm. 
 long, in pairs, or sometimes with an additional one; rachis flat, about I mm. wide; 
 spikelets about 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, acute, not crowded ; outer scales 
 5-nerved, glabrous. Moist ground, Md. to Fla., west to Tex. July-Aug. (Pas- 
 Palum paspaloides Scribn. P, Elliottii S. Watson.) 
 
 u. AMPHICARPON Raf. 
 
 Erect perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets of two kinds ; one kind 
 borne in terminal panicles, deciduous without perfecting fruit ; the other solitary, 
 terminating subterranean peduncles, and maturing seed. Scales 3, membranous, 
 the innermost subtending a palet and a perfect flower ; the scales of the subter- 
 ranean spikelets become indurated and enclose the grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 
 plumose. [Greek, in allusion to the two kinds of spikelets.] Species 2, inhabiting 
 the southeastern U. S., one of them restricted to Fla. 
 
?6 FLORA. 
 
 i. Amphicarpon Amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash. (I. F. f. 238.) Culms 3-4.5 
 dm. tall, slender, glabrous. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 
 mm. wide, erect, hirsute and ciliate; panicle linear, 1-1.5 dm. l n g? branches erect; 
 spikelets about 4 mm. long, elliptic; outer scales 5 -nerved, glabrous; subterranean 
 spikelets ovoid in fruit, about 6 mm. long. In moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. 
 near the coast. Aug.-Sept. [A. Purshii Kunth.] 
 
 12. ERIOCHLOA, H. B. K. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and short-pedicelled spikelets 
 borne in secund spikes, which form a terminal panicle. Spikelets with an annular 
 callus at the base and articulated to the pedicel. Scales 3, the two outer mem- 
 branous, acute, the inner one shorter, indurated and subtending a palet and a per- 
 fect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, 
 signifying wool-grass.] 
 
 I. Eriochloa punctata (L.) W. Hamilt. DOTTED MILLET. (I. F. f. 239.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-^5 cm. long ; spikes 
 4-25, 2.5-5 cm - l n g' sessile or nearly so; rachis pubescent; spikelets about 4 mm. 
 long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; outer scales pubescent with appressed silky 
 hairs, the third about 2 mm. long, rounded at the apex and bearing a pubescent 
 awn about I mm. long. Neb. to Tex. and Mex. Widely distributed in trop. Am. 
 
 13. SYNTHERISMA Walt. 
 
 Annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in 3*5, 
 in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. 
 Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of 
 the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of simi- 
 lar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop- 
 making, in allusion to its abundance.] Species about 25, widely distributed in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 Rachis of the racemes with the angles wingless; first scale of the spikelet wanting, or 
 
 sometimes present as an inconspicuous rudiment. 
 Racemes usually short, 2-10 cm. long ; spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 
 
 i. S. filiformis. 
 Racemes usually exceeding 10 cm. long, rarely shorter; spikelets 2.25 mm. or more 
 
 long. 2. S. villosa, 
 
 Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged; first scale of the spikelet 
 
 usually present, generally wanting in Nos. 3 and 4. 
 Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous. 
 
 Sheaths and leaves strongly pubescent; second scale one-half or less as long as 
 
 the spikelet. 3. S. serotina. 
 
 Sheaths and leaves glabrous; second scale nearly as long as the spikelet. 
 
 4. S. linearis. 
 Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous. 
 
 Spikelets usually less than 3 mm. long; third scale with the first and second 
 nerves on each side hispid above the middle. 5. S. sanguinalis. 
 
 Spikelets more than 3 mm. long ; third scale with the nerves smooth. 
 
 6. S.fimbriata. 
 
 1. Synth srisma filiformis (L.) Nash. SLENDER FINGER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 242.) 
 Culms 1.5-7 dm. tall. Sheaths hirsute, at least the lower ones; leaves 3-20 cm. 
 long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets 
 about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs, the first scale want- 
 ing, the second 3-ncrved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown 
 at maturity. Dry sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., south to Del., N. C. and the Ind. 
 Terr. July- Sept. \Panicum fi liformc L.] 
 
 2. Syntherisma villosa Walt. SOUTHERN SLENDER FINGER-GRASS. Culms 
 densely tufted, 6-14 dm. tall. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; leaves 
 0.7-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; racemes 2-8, commonly more than 5, 4-:o cm. 
 long, generally 12-15 cm., erect or ascending; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, about 0.8 
 mm. wi.le, elliptic, acute, usually in 3*3, the first scale wanting, the second scale 
 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown at matur- 
 ity. Sandy soil, principally along the coast, from Ga. and Fla. to Tex.; also in 
 the Ind. Terr, and 111. June-Oct. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 77 
 
 3. Syntherisma serotina Walt. LATE-FLOWERING FINGER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 24-ia.) Culms 2-5 dm. long, tufted, at length much branched and prostrate and 
 rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose- 
 hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 1.5-10 cm. long, usually less than 5 cm., 
 3-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2-6, 2.5-10 cm. 
 long; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, usually in 
 pairs, the first scale wanting, the second 3-nerved, the fourth scale white. Low, 
 open grounds, Del. to Fla. and Miss. June-Oct. 
 
 4. Syntherisma lirearis (Krock.) Nash. SMALL CRAB-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 241.) Culms 2-5 dm. tall, finally prostrate, and forming large mats. Sheaths 
 smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-13 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and 
 gl ibrous on both surfaces; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long, finally widely spreading; 
 spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long and about I mm. wide, elliptic, acutish, 
 usually in pairs, the first scale wanting or sometimes present as a mere rudiment, 
 the second scale 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut- 
 brown when mature. Introduced into waste places and fields and along roadsides. 
 N. S. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Kans. July-Sept. \Panicumglabrum Gaud.] 
 
 5. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. LARGE CRAB-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 240.) Culms I m. or less long, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the 
 lower nodes. Lower sheaths densely papillose- hirsute; leaves 4-20 cm. long. 4-10 
 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both surfaces; racemes 310, 5 -I ^ cm - 
 long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n & an d about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 
 in pairs, the first scale minute, triangular, the second scale 3-nerved, about one-half 
 as long as the spikelet, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale yellowish white, 
 acutely apiculate. Cultivated places, fields, roadsides, etc., throughout N. Am., 
 principally in the north. July-Aug. {Panicttm sanguinale L.] 
 
 6. Synth3risma fimb.'iata (Link) Nash. FIMBRIATE CRAB-GRASS. Culms 
 8 dm. long or less, finally prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. 
 Lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves 2-8 cm. 
 long, 5-10 mm. wide, both surfaces glabrous or more or less pubescent ; racemes 
 2-9, 2-12 c:n. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, 
 very acute, in pairs, the first scale minute, the second scale 3-nerved, more than one- 
 half as long as the spikelet, the third scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale lanceolate, 
 very acute, yellowish-white. Dry sandy soil, D. C. to Fla., west to Tex., also in 
 Kans. June-Sept. 
 
 14. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. 
 
 Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaves and a panicle composed of alternate 
 scattered one-sided racemes with the spikelets borne in 2 rows. Spikelets I -flowered, 
 articulated to the pedicel below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membran- 
 ous; fourth scale chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect 
 flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. Species 
 about loo, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm. long. i. B. digttarioides, 
 
 Spikelets oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid, about 3 mm. long. 2. B. obtusa. 
 
 1. Brachiaria digitarioides (Carpenter) Nash. NARROW PANICUM. (I. F. 
 f. 245.) Glabrous, culms erect from a long and stout creeping rootstock, 9-15 dm. 
 tall, simple, stout, smooth. Sheaths smooth; leaves 1-2.5 dm. l n g> 8-16 mm. wide, 
 long-acuminate; panicle linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
 erect; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute; first scale about one-half as long 
 as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved; second about 2 mm. long, 5-nerved and a little 
 exceeded by the 3-nerved third one; the fourth 3-nerved, slightly shorter than the 
 third. In water, Del. to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. (Panicum digitarioides 
 Carpenter.) 
 
 2. Brachiaria obtusa (H. B. K.) Nash. BLUNT PANICUM. (I. F. f. 246.) 
 Glabrous, culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or branching at base, smooth. Sheaths 
 smooth; leaves 6.25-22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, long-acuminate; 
 panicle linear, 5-15 cm. lonj; branches 1.8-3.7 cm. long, appressed; spikelets 
 about 3 mm? long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid; first scale shorter 
 
?8 FLORA. 
 
 than the rest, obtuse, 5 -nerved; second, third and fourth scales about equal, the 
 second and third 5 -nerved, the fourth chartaceous. Kans. to Ariz., south to Tex. 
 and Mex. July-Sept. (Paniatm obtusum H. B. K.) 
 
 15. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 
 
 Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal in- 
 florescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately arranged. 
 Spikelets I -flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ulti- 
 mate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid 
 on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes 
 merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale indurated, shining, fre- 
 quently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the 
 stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.J Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical 
 countries. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second and third scales more or less awned. 
 
 1. E. Crus-galli. 
 Spikelets 2 mm. long, the second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 
 
 2. E. colona, 
 Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely papillose-hirsute. 3. E. Walteri. 
 
 I. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. BARNYARD-GRASS. COCKSPUR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 243.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and 
 glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous; 
 panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches 
 spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 
 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous 
 or hispid, the third scale more or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly 
 pointed. In cultivated and waste places, throughout N. Am. except the extreme 
 north. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated regions. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Au^.-Oct. (Panicum Crus-galli L. ) 
 
 2. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. JUNGLE RICE. (I. F. f. 243a.) Culms 
 tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decumbent and rooting at the 
 lower nodes Sheaths compressed, usually crowded ; leaves flat, 2.5-17 cm. long, 
 2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18 i-sided more or less spreading dense 
 racemes, 6-30 mm. long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat 
 exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3*3 in 2 rows 
 on one side of the hispidulous, triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale 
 about' one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second and third scales a little 
 more than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5 -nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale 
 cuspidate. Fields and roadsides, Va. to Fia., Tex. and Mex. Common in all 
 tropical countries. March-Sept. (Panicum colonum L.) 
 
 3 Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Nash. SALT-MARSH COCKSPUR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 244.) Culms 9-18 dm. tall, robust, smooth. Sheaths, at least the lower 
 ones, papillose-hispid; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, strongly sca- 
 brous above; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, consisting of 10-40 ascending or spreading 
 branches; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side cf 
 the scabrous and hispid rachis, brownish-purple; second and third scales about 3 
 mm. long, scabrous and hispid, tipped with upwardly barbed awns, sometimes 
 10-20 times their length; fourth scale ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. In marshes 
 and ditches, principally within the influence of salt-water, Ont. to N. H. and R. I., 
 Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. (Panicum Walteri Pursh.) 
 
 16. PANICUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles. Spike- 
 lets i-2-flovvered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 
 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the 
 same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of 
 HTiilar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 79 
 
 [Old Latin name for some grass, probably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its 
 panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 300 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 
 The geographic distribution of many of our species is not well ascertained. The 
 old English name Panic or Panic-grass is often applied to any of the species. 
 
 Palet of the fourth scale much enlarged at maturity, forcing the spikelet open and mak- 
 ing it gape. i. P. hians. 
 Palet of the fourth scale not enlarged, smaller than the scale. 
 
 Spikelets roughened with numerous tubercles, glabrous. 2. P. verrucosum, 
 
 Spikelets not tuberculate, or if so, the tubercles bearing hairs. 
 
 (A) Basal and culm leaves similar, usually elongated ; spikelets lanceolate to 
 
 ovate, commonly the former, acute to acuminate. 
 Lower sheaths round or but little flattened, not keeled. 
 
 Culms branched, at least at maturity ; no scaly rootstocks nor stolons. 
 Sheaths very pubescent. 
 
 Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less. 
 
 Annuals; pedicels not usually more than 2-3 times as long 
 
 as the spikelets. 
 
 Culms stout ; panicle usually included at the base, its 
 many branches repeatedly divided and bearing nu- 
 merous spikelets. 3. P. capillare. 
 Culms slender ; panicle exserted, its few branches 
 but little divided, and bearing comparatively few 
 spikelets. 
 Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. 
 
 4. P. Philadelphicum. 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. 
 
 5. P. flexile. 
 Perennial ; pedicels commonly many times as long as 
 
 the spikelets. 6. P. cognatum. 
 
 Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long. 7. P. miliaceum. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous. 8. P. proliferum. 
 
 Culms simple, from stout, often scaly, rootstocks. 
 
 Culms tufted ; rootstocks scaly. 9. P. virgatum. 
 
 Culms not tufted ; rootstocks not scaly ; leaves glaucous and 
 
 very thick. 10. P. amarum. 
 
 Lower sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. 
 Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. 
 
 Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the apex curved. 13. P. rostratum. 
 Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, the apex not curved, 
 Ligule naked ; culms finally much branched. 
 
 11. P. agrostoides. 
 Ligule ciliate ; culms simple or nearly so. 
 
 12. P. longifolium. 
 Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. 14. P. stipitatum. 
 
 (B) Basal and culm leaves dissimilar, the former generally much shorter and 
 
 broader than the latter ; rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the 
 fall ; spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute 
 in No. 15). 
 
 (A) Middle leaves of the main culm less than 1.5 cm. wide, usually less than 
 i cm. in width, the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, 
 sometimes narrowed toward the base. 
 (a) Leaves elongated, erect, narrow, distinctly narrowed toward the 
 
 base, especially the lower ones. 
 Secondary panicles borne on short basal branches, which are nearly 
 
 concealed in the dense tufts. 
 Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 
 
 16. P. linearifolium. 
 Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. 
 
 15. P. depauperatum. 
 No concealed basal panicles. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous, or merely ciliate on the margins. 
 Leaves linear, less than 5 mm. wide. 
 
 17. P. Wcrneri. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. wide. 
 
 1 8. P. Bicknellii. 
 
 Sheaths densely pubescent. 19. P. laxiflorum. 
 
 () Leaves not elongated, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward 
 the base, 
 
So 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 I. Culms, leaves, and sheaths glabrous or the latter two merely 
 
 ciliate on the margins. 
 Spikelets glabrous. 
 
 Nodes of the culm naked. 
 
 Leaves divaricate ; culms erect, short, the later 
 
 branches bunched. 23. P. dichotomum. 
 
 Leaves erect ; culms accumbent, weak, finally elon- 
 gated, and the later branches scattered. 
 
 24. P. sphagnicola. 
 Nodes of the culm densely barbed. 
 
 25. P. barbulatum. 
 Spikelets pubescent. 
 
 Culms very slender, less than 2 dm. tall, densely tufted, 
 
 simple. 22. P. Brittoni. 
 
 Culms not slender, 3 dm. or more tall, at length branched. 
 Spikelets elliptic ; leaves smooth above or nearly so, 
 
 naked at the base. 
 Panicle dense, the branches erect or nearly so; 
 
 spikelets i. 5 mm. long. 27. P. Eatoni. 
 Panicle loose and open, the branches spreading ; 
 
 spikelets 2 mm. long. 28. P. boreale. 
 Spikelets globose or nearly so ; leaves very rough 
 above, thick, ciliate at the base. 
 
 46. P. spharocarpon. 
 2. Culms, sheaths or leaves, or all of them, pubescent. 
 
 * Spikelets 2.5 mm. or less long. 
 t Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent beneath, the hairs short and soft. 
 
 Primary leaves long and narrow, erect, thick, the numerous 
 secondary leaves very narrow, 1.5 mm. or less wide, usually 
 involute when dry. 
 Spikelets broadly obovoid, barely 2 mm. long. 
 
 20. P. neuranthum. 
 
 Spikelets elliptic, 3 mm. long. 21. P. an gust if o Hum. 
 
 Primary leaves lanceolate, the secondary leaves flat, lanceolate, ex- 
 ceeding 2 mm. broad. 
 
 Culms villous with short hairs, at least below. 
 Leaves minutely villous beneath. 
 
 Culms erect, rigid. 31. P. Columbianum. 
 
 Culms weak, finally decumbent and forming mats. 
 32. P. tsngetorum. 
 Leaves glabrous beneath. 
 
 Spikelets obovoid, 1.5 mm. long. 
 
 30. P. Nashianum. 
 Spikelets elliptic, 2.5 mm. long. 
 
 49. P. Ashei. 
 Culms not villous. 
 
 Culms glabrous; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long. 
 
 29. /. nitidtim. 
 Culms at base densely pubescent with long stiff, ap- 
 
 pressed hairs; spikelets 2-2.5 nim. long. 
 Panicle 3-4 cm. long, oblong, dense ; spikelets 2 
 mm. long ; leaves naked on the margins. 
 
 39. P. Atldisonii. 
 
 Panicle 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovoid, open ; spike- 
 lets 2.5 mm. long ; leaves ciliate at the base. 
 
 40. /'. Commonsianum. 
 ft Leaves pubescent on both surfaces, especially beneath. 
 
 Hairs on the lower surface short, soft, and copious. 
 
 Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves long and stiff ; spike- 
 lets about 1.5 mm. long. 37. P. lanuginosum. 
 Hairs on the upper surface of the leaves short, soft, and 
 
 copious. 
 Spikelets nearly 2 mm. long; panicle dense, oblong; culm*. 
 
 slender, glabrous. 26. P. annnlum. 
 
 Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle open, ovoid ; culms stout, 
 
 densely pubescent. 38. P. viscidum. 
 
 Hairs on the lower, as well as the upper, surface stiff and long, 
 
 sometimes scattered. 
 Spikelets 1.5 mm, long. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 8 1 
 
 Culms slender ; hairs on the upper surface of the leaves 
 
 extremely long and copious. 
 Panicle 2-3 cm. long; culms minutely pubescent 
 
 above. 34. P.filiculme. 
 
 Panicle 4-6 cm. long; culms hirsute above, especially 
 
 in the panicle. 33. P. implicatum. 
 
 Culms rather stout ; hairs on the upper surface of the 
 leaves shorter and more scattered, sometimes nearly 
 wanting. 35. P. fubescens. 
 
 Spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long. 
 
 36. P. Atlanticum. 
 ** Spikelets more than 3 mm. long. 
 
 Leaves glabrous, or sometimes pubescent beneath. 
 
 Panicle narrow, its branches appressed. 44. P. xanthophysum. 
 Panicle open, its branches spreading. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous, except the ciliate margins ; spikelets elliptic. 
 
 45. P. calliphyllum. 
 Sheaths papillose-hirsute ; spikelets broadly ovoid, turgid. 
 
 43. P. Scribnerianum. 
 Leaves pubescent on both surfaces. 
 
 Leaves erect, rigid, thick, 3-4 mm. wide ; spikelets pubescent with 
 
 short hairs. 41. P. Wilcoxianum. 
 
 Leaves often spreading, not thick, 5-10 mm. wide; spikelets long- 
 hirsute. 42. P. Liebergii. 
 (B) Middle leaves of the main culm more than 1.5 cm. wide, often 3 cm. in 
 
 width, the base cordate and clasping. 
 Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less. 
 
 Leaves glabrous on both surfaces. 
 
 Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; panicle oblong and dense; culms 
 
 simple. 47. P- polyanthes. 
 
 Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle ovoid and open ; culms branched. 
 Sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the short terminal ones on 
 
 the branches. 52. P. clandestinum. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous. 48. P. commutatum. 
 
 Leaves densely villous. 38. P. viscidum. 
 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. 
 
 Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed ; spikelets 4-5 mm. Iqng. 
 
 51. P. Porterianum 
 Nodes naked. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous, or merely pubescent on the margins; paniclft 
 
 open, its branches spreading. 50. P. macrocarpon. 
 
 Sheaths hispid ; panicle contracted, its branches appressed. 
 
 44. P. xanthophysum. 
 
 1. Panicum hians Ell. GAPING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 247.) Glabrous; culms 
 erect, 3-7.5 dm. tall, generally simple, sometimes creeping at base, smooth. 
 Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, generally erect; panicle 7.5-20 
 cm. long ; branches few, generally spreading, the longer ones often drooping, the 
 lower naked below the middle; spikelets about 2 mm. long; fourth scale exceeded 
 by the third and its usually empty palet which is much enlarged, generally forc- 
 ing the spikelet wide open. In moist ground, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and 
 Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. WARTY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 278.) Culms 
 erect or decumbent, slender, generally much branched at base. Sheaths glabrous, 
 much shorter than the internodes; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, erect or 
 ascending, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 7.5-30 cm. long, its lower 
 branches 5-15 cm. long, naked below, strict and ascending, or lax and spreading; 
 spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acutish, borne in pairs along the branches, 
 the first scale about one-quarter as long as the warty second and third, the fourth 
 scale apiculate. Moist soil, Mass, to Fla., we^t to La., mostly near the coast. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 3. Panicum capillare L. WITCH-GRASS. TUMBLE WEED. (I. F. f. 274.) 
 Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or sometimes sparingly branched. 
 Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-l6 mm. wide, pubescent; 
 terminal panicle 2-3.5 ^ m * ^ on i>' ^ owe ^ branches 1.5-2.5 dm. long; lateral pani- 
 
82 FLORA. 
 
 cles, when present, smaller; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g> acuminate; first scale one- 
 fourth to one- half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales nearly equal, 
 very acute, the fourth 1.5 mm. long. In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated 
 fields, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Nev. July-Sept. 
 
 Panicum capillare Gattingcri Nash. Culms more slender than in the type; terminal 
 panicle rarely over 1.5 dm. long, the lateral ones very numerous. Moist places, N. j. 
 to Tenn., Mo. and southward. 
 
 4. Panicum Philadelphicum Bernh. WOOD PANICUM. (I. F. f. 277.) Culms 
 erect, or occasionally decumbent, 2-6 dm. long, slender, somewhat branched at 
 base. Sheaths hirsute; leaves 5-10 cm. long. 2-6 mm. wide, erect, more or less 
 pubescent; panicle 10-22.5 cm. long, its lower brandies 7.5-10 cm. long, spread- 
 ing or ascending; spike'ets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute, smooth, borne in 
 pairs at the extremities of the ultimate divisions of the panicle; first scale about 
 one-third as long as the equal acute second and third ones, the fourth somewhat 
 shorter than the third. In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ga., west to Mo. 
 Aug.-Sept. (/". minus (Muhl.) Nash, not P. pubescens minus Poir.) 
 
 5. Panicum flexila (Gattinger) Scribn. WIRY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 275.) 
 Culms erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender, bearded at the nodes. Sheaths papillose- 
 hirsute; leaves 10-22.5 cm< l n S> 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long-acuminate, more or 
 less pubescent; panicle 1-2.25 dm. l n g narrowly ovoid to oblong in outline, its 
 branches ascending, the lower ones 5-8.5 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much 
 shorter than the pedicels, acuminate; first scale about one-fourth as long as the 
 spikelet; second and third scales about equal, 5-7 -nerved; fourth scale elliptic, 
 somewhat shorter than the third. In moist or dry soil, Penn. to Tenn. and Mo. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 6. Panicum cognatum Schultes. DIFFUSE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 276.) Culms 
 erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, generally much branched at the base, slender. 
 Lower sheaths sometimes densely pubescent; leaves 3.75-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
 wide, ascending, acuminate, glabrous; panicle 1.25-3 dm. long, bearded in the 
 axils, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long, finally exserted and widely spreading at 
 maturity; spikelets lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous or pubes- 
 cent, on capillary pedicels of many times their length; first scale minute; second 
 and third equal, acute, glabrous or sometimes villous, the fourth lanceolate, 2.5 mm. 
 long. In dry soil, 111. to Ga. and PUa., west to Minn., Mo. and Ariz. July-Sept. 
 (P. aiitumnale Bosc.) 
 
 7. Panicum miliaceum L. MILLET. (I. F. f. 272.) Culmse rect or decum- 
 bent, rather stout. 3 dm. tall or more, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hir- 
 sute; leaves 1.252.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, more or less pubescent; panicle 
 rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. l n g> branches erector ascending; spikelets 5 mm. long, 
 acuminate; first scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, 5-7- 
 nerved; second scale acuminate, 13-nerved, somewhat exceeding the 7-13-nervcd 
 acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale shorter than the 
 third, becoming indurated, obtuse. In waste places, Me. to Del. and Penn., west 
 to Neb. Adventive from the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Panicum proliferum Lam. SPREADING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 273.) Culms 
 at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent and geniculate, 1-1.5 m. long, 
 branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened ; leaves 
 1.5-6 dm. long, 420 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous on the margins and 
 occasionally on the nerves; panicle pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. 
 long, crowded, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about 
 one-fourth as long as the spikelet, enclosing its base; second and third scales about 
 equal, acute, 5~7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic, shining. In wet soil, Me. to Penn. 
 and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Panicum virgatum L. TALL SMOOTH PANICUM. (I. F. f. 270.) Culms 
 erect from a creeping rootstock, 9-15 dm. tall, glabrous. Sheaths smooth and 
 glabrous; leaves elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, long-acumi- 
 nate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 
 dm. long, the lower branches 1-2.5 drn. long, more or less widely spreading or 
 sometimes nearly erectj spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first scale 
 
GRAMINEAE. 8 3 
 
 acuminate, about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-5 -nerved; second scale gen- 
 erally longer than the others, 5~7-nerved, the third similar and usually subtending 
 a palet and staminate flower. In moist or dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south 
 to Fla., Ivans, and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 10. Panicum amarum Ell. SEA-BEACH PANICUM. (I. F. f. 271.) A 
 tufted tall grass with glaucous foliage and large panicle. Culms 8-12 dm. tall; 
 sheaths overlapping; blades thick and leathery, involute on the margins, generally 
 3-6 dm. long or more, 8-12 mm. wide; panicle large, narrow, much branched, 
 usually 3-7 dm. long, sometimes smaller ; spikelets numerous, 4-5 mm. long, 
 usually rather narrow, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet or a 
 little longer, the second and third scales about equal in length, all the scales very 
 acute or acuminate. In sands, along the coast, Va. to Fla. Aug.-Oct 
 
 i. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. AGROSTIS-LIKE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 249.) 
 Culms erect, 4.5-6 dm. tall, much branched, compressed, smooth. Sheaths ccm- 
 pressed, glabrous, or sometimes hairy at the throat; ligule very short, naked; 
 leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, 1-3 
 dm. long, terminating the culm and branches; primary branches of the panicle 
 spreading, secondary generally appressed; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, acute, straight; 
 first scale 3-nerved, acute; second and third scales 5-nerved, about twice as long 
 as the first and longer than the oval fourth scale. Wet ground, Me. to Minn., 
 south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Panicum longifolium Torr. LONG-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 251.) 
 Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, simple, or occasionally with a single lateral 
 panLle. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate into a long, slender 
 point, rough, glabrous; ligule short, pilose; panicles 1.15-2.25 dm. long; primary 
 branches long and slender, spreading, secondary very short, appressed, generally 
 bearing 1-3 spikelets; spikelets 2 mm. long, acuminate; first scale acute, about 
 one-half as long as the acuminate second one; third scale equalling the second, 
 acuminate, one-third longer than the elliptic obtuse fourth one. Moist soil, Conn, 
 to Penn. and D. C. Aug-Sept. 
 
 13. Panicum rostratum Muhl. BEAKED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 248.) Culms 
 erect from a creeping scaly branched rootstock, 4.5-15 dm tall, much branched. 
 Sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 
 mm. wide, acuminate; panicles pyramidal, 1.5-3 dm. long; axis and ascending 
 branches scabrous; spikelets 3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acuminate; first 
 scale less than one-half as long as the spikelet; second scale curved at the apex, 
 scabrous above on the middle nerve; third scale usually subtending a small empty 
 palet. Moist soil, N. J. to 111. and Kans., south to Fia. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Panicum stipitatum Nash. LONG PANICUM. (I. F. f. 250.) Culms 
 erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, 
 acuminate, scabrous; panicles pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long; primary branches spread- 
 ing or ascending, the secondary usually divaricate; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, 
 crowded, acuminate; first scale acute or acuminate, one-third the length of the 
 equal and acuminate second and third; fourth scale narrowly elliptic, about one- 
 half as long as the third and raised on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. Moist 
 soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Tenn. and N. Car, July-Sept. (P. elongahun^ursh.. 
 Not Salisb. 1796.) 
 
 15. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. STARVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268.) 
 Culms erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple or branched at base. Sheaths glabrous to 
 hirsute; leaves erect, elongated, 1-4 mm. wide, mostly crowded at base and equal- 
 ling cr one-half as long as the culm, the upper culm-leaf often much exceeding the 
 panijle; primary panicle generally much exserted from the upper sheath, 2.57.5 
 cm. long, usually linear, its branches mostly erect; secondary panicles on very 
 short basal brandies and often concealed by the lower leaves; spikelets 3- 4 mm. 
 long, glabrous, acute. In dry places N. S. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 16. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. LINEAR-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f.268a.) 
 Culms tufted, very slender, erect, smooth and glabrous, simple, 1.5-4 dm. tall. 
 Sheaths glabrous or pilose with long white hairs; leaves elongated, glabrous or 
 more or less pilose, especially upon the lower surface, 7.5-25 cm, lc* n g> 2-4 mm. 
 
#4 FLORA. 
 
 wide, the uppermost leaf the longest, and often extending beyond the panicle; pri- 
 mary panicle loose and open, 3.75-10 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 
 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry soil, es- 
 pecially hillsides, N. Y. and N. J. to Mo. (P. Enslini Nash, not Trin.) 
 
 17. Panicum Werneri Scribn. WERNER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268b.) Smooth 
 and glabrous, light green. Culms tufted, erect, slender, simple or later sparingly 
 branched, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall; leaves erect, elongated, linear, acuminate, 5-10 cm. 
 long, 3-5 mm. wide, panicle loose and open, 6.2-8.7 cm. long, its branches as- 
 cending; spikelets about 2 mm. long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely 
 and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular, about one-quarter as Icng 
 as the spikelet, i-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, the fourth scale 
 oval, slightly apiculate. Dry knolls in swamps, N. Y. and Ohio. June- July. 
 
 1 8. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. BICKNELL'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 268c ) 
 Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender, 2-4 dm. tall, the lower internodes 
 puberulent. Sheaths ciliate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; leaves 
 elongated, erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed toward the ciliate base, 
 pr'mary leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; primary panicle 6-7.5 cm - l n g> 
 its branches ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed branches; spike- 
 lets obovate or oval, 2.53 mm. long, pubescent with short, spreading hairs, the first 
 scale i -nerved, the second and third scales g-nerved. Dry wooded hills, N. Y. 
 and Penn. July-Aug. 
 
 19. Panicum laxiflorum Lam. LAX-FLOWERED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 262.) 
 Culms erect, 2-4 dm. tall, simple, pubescent, or glabrate. Sheaths shorter than 
 the internodes, hirsute; leaves 6.2512.5 cm. long, 410 mm. wide, erect, generally 
 narrowed at base, long-acuminate, pubescent or glabrate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, 
 its axis and erect or spreading branches sometimes hirsute; spikelets about 2 mm. 
 long, ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, strongly pubescent; first scale minute, 
 I -nerved; second and third about equal, Q-nerved, very pubescent, as long as the 
 shining, obtuse, minutely apiculate fourth one; third scale usually with an empty 
 palet. Moist soil, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. June-Aug. 
 
 20. Panicum neuratit um Griseb. NERVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. i69a.) 
 Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths gla- 
 brous, or the lower pubescent; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary erect, 
 acuminate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or 
 ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; 
 primary panicle 2.5-10 cm. long, its branches at first erect, at length widely 
 spreading; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about 2 mm. long, densely pubes- 
 cent with short, spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Dry or 
 moist soil along the coast, Va. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. June Oct. 
 
 21. Panicum angustifMium Ell. NARROW-LEAVED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 269.) 
 Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous, at first simple, later profusely branched 
 above. Leaves elongated, 2-6 mm. wide, narrowed to the base, firm, glabrous, 
 those of the culm distant, those of the branches shorter and crowded; primary 
 panicle long-exserted, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, its branches ascending or erect; lateral 
 panicles smaller, shorter than the leaves; spikelets few, about 2.5 mm. long, 
 elliptic to obovoid; first scale one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet; 
 second and third oval, 9-nerved, pubescent; fourth oval, minutely pubescent at 
 the apex. Dry soil, N. Car. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 22. Panicum Brlttoni Nash. BRITTON'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 263a.) Smooth 
 and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, not branched, tufted, slender, erect, rigid, 
 12 dm. tall; leaves longer than the sheaths, those on the culm three in number, 
 the middle one the longest, 1.253.1 cm. long, 1.53 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, 
 5~7-nerved; panicle 1.8-3.1 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spike- 
 lets one-half as long as the pedicels or less, obovoid, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the first 
 scale one-third as long as the spikelet, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely 
 pubescent with spreading hairs. Moist sand in the pine barrens of southern N. J. 
 May-June. 
 
 23. Panicum dichotomum L. FORKED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264.) Smooth 
 and glabrous, or the lower nodes barbed. Culms erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, at first 
 simple, later profusely dichotomously branched at about the middle. Leaves light 
 green, widely spreading, generally much narrowed toward the bfte ? the primary 
 
GRAMINEAE. 85 
 
 ones distant, $-7-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches 2.5 cm. long or 
 less, 1-2 mm. wide, sometimes involute; primary panicle usually long-exserted, 
 2.5-5 cm. long; branches lax, spreading, bearing few spikelets; secondary pani- 
 cles smaller, not exceeding the leaves, their branches with very few spikelets; 
 spikelets about 2 mm. long, ellipsoid, glabrous. In woodlands and thickets, N. Y. 
 to Ky., Mo. and southward. June-July. 
 
 24. Panicum sphagnicola Nash. SPHAGNUM PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264^) 
 Culms slender, 4.5-9 dm. long, at length much elongated, dichotomously much 
 branched and declining. Leaves erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, 
 lanceolate, the primary leaves 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, those on the 
 branches 3.75 cm. or less long; primary panicle loose and open. 3.75-7.5 cm. long, 
 its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets on elongated filiform pedicels, 
 I -7S" 2 -S mm - l n g' ova l t obovoid, the scales glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the 
 first less than one-half as long as the spikelet, I -nerved, the second and third scales 
 7 -nerved. Sphagnum bogs, D. C. and southern N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 25. Panicum barbulatum Michx. BARBED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 265.) Culms 
 at first simple, erect, 6-9 dm. tall, later profusely branched for their whole length, 
 9-12 dm. long, prostrate or leaning, the nodes strongly barbed. Leaves smooth 
 and glabrous, the primary ones 7.5-12.5 cm. long, about 1.25 cm. wide, widely 
 spreading, the lower ones usually reflexed, those of the branches 1.25-5 cm - l n g> 
 2-4 mm. wide; primary panicle 7.5-12.5 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending, 
 rigid; secondary panicles smaller, lax, the branches bearing few spikelets; spike- 
 lets about 1.5 mm. long, ellipsoid, purple, glabrous. Moist soil, Conn, and N. Y. 
 to Tenn., south to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 26. Panicum annul um Ashe. Culms single, sometimes somewhat tufted, 
 slender, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, the nodes densely barbed with long hairs. Sheaths, 
 especially the lower ones, pubescent; leaves softly and densely pubescent on both 
 surfaces, spreading; panicle oblong, dense, 5-11 cm. long; spikelets nearly 2 mm. 
 long, elliptic, pubescent. In dry rocky woods, Md. (according to Ashe) to Ga. 
 June-July. 
 
 27. Panicum Eatoni Nash. EATON'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 2670 ) Smooth 
 and glabrous. Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect, at length dichotomously branched and 
 swollen at the nodes; leaves erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 3.75-10 cm. long, 3-10 
 mm. wide; panicle finally long-exserted, dense and contracted, 7 5-12.5 cm. long, 
 3.2 cm. or less broad, its branches erect-ascending ; spikelets oval, about 1.5 mm. 
 long, acutish, the first scale i-nerved, the second and third scales 7 -nerved, densely 
 pubescent with spreading hairs. Along the coast, in damp or wet places, Me. to 
 N. J. May-Aug. 
 
 28 Panicum boreale Nash. NORTHERN PANICUM. (I. F. f. 261.) Culms at 
 first erect and simple, 3-6 dm. tall, later decumbent and somewhat branched, 
 smooth and glabrous. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, erect, sparsely 
 ciliate at the base, acuminate; panicle 5-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches 2.5-5 
 cm. long, spreading or ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long, about equalling the 
 pedicels, ellipsoid, somewhat pubescent; first scale ovate, obtuse; second and third 
 scales oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, pubescent, equalling the fourth, which is oval, acute, 
 and slightly more than 1.5 mm. long. Moist soil, Newf. and Ont. to N. Y., Vt. 
 and Minn. June-Aug. 
 
 29. Panicum nltidum Lam. SHINING PANICUM. (I. F. f. 263.) Culms at 
 first simple, 3-4.5 dm. tall, later profusely dichotomously branched, 6-9 dm. long. 
 Sheaths glabrous to pubescent; leaves glabrous, the primary ones 2.5-7.5 cm. 
 long, 3-6 mm. wide, erect, those of the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide 
 or less; primary panicle long-exserted, 2.5-5 cm - l n ovoid, those of the branches 
 smaller; spikelets about I mm. long, obovoid, pubescent, usually purple; second 
 and third scales broadly oval or orbicular, 7-nerved. Common in dry sandy soil, 
 N. E. to N. Car. June-Aug. 
 
 30. Panicum Nashianum Scribn. NASH'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 264a.) Culms 
 tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 1.5-3.75 dm. tall, at length much branched. 
 Leaves erect or ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate, at 
 least at the base, 1.8-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, the leaves of the branches smaller; 
 primary panicle 2.5-5 cm. long, the branches widely spreading; spikelets about 2 
 
86 FLORA. 
 
 mm. long, obovate, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with 
 short, spreading hairs. Pine lands, Va. to Fla. March-July. 
 
 31. Panicum Columbianum Scribn. (I. F. f. <6jb.) Culms tufted, erect, 
 softly pubescent, 2-6 dm. tall, at length dichotomously branched, the branches 
 erect. Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous; leaves lanceolate, erect, 
 thickish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more or less pubescent beneath, 
 the primary 3.75-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; pan- 
 icle small, ovate, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets broadly 
 obovoid, a little more than 1.5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with 
 spreading hairs. Fields and open woods, Mass, to N. Car., west to Tenn. and 
 Ala. June-Sept. 
 
 32. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. HEMLOCK PANICUM. (I. F. f. z6-jd.) 
 Culms and sheaths pubescent with short appressed or ascending hairs intermixed to- 
 ward the base with longer ones. Culms tufted, 4.5 dm. or less tall, at length much 
 branched and decumbent or prostrate; leaves erect or ascending, firm, lanceolate, 
 minutely appressed-pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, the primary 
 leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, those on the branches smaller; primary 
 panicles broadly ovoid, 3.75-6.25 cm. long, the branches spreading-ascending; 
 spikelets broadly obovoid, about 1.75 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent, with 
 short spreading hairs. Dry soil in hemlock woods, Conn, and N. Y. to Ohio. 
 
 33. Panicum implicatum Scribn. HAIRY-PANICLED PANICUM. (I. F.f. 267a.) 
 Culms tufted, erect, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall, very slender, more or less pubescent, 
 at length much branched. Sheaths densely papillose-hirsute, at least the 
 lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate, 1.25-5 cm - l n g> 2 ~6 mm. wide, at least 
 the lower ones papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, especially beneath; panicle open, 
 ovate, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, its branches widely spreading; spikelets broadly obovoid, 
 obtuse, purplish, about 1.5 mm. long, the outer 3 scales pubescent with short, 
 spreading hairs, the first scale nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, 
 obtuse. Dry soil, Me. to Conn., N. Y. and N. J. 
 
 34. Panicum filiculme Ashe. Culms densely tufted, slender, finally much 
 branched, 2-3 dm. tall, minutely pubescent above. Sheaths hirsute with strongly 
 very long hairs; leaves erect, the primary ones 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 papillose-pubescent on both surfaces or sometimes glabrous beneath, the hairs on 
 the upper surface exceedingly long and copious; primary panicle long-exserted, 
 2-3 cm. long; spikelets broadly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, pubescent. In dry soil, 
 N. J. to Ga. June-Aug. 
 
 35. Panicum pubescens Lam. HAIRY PANICUM. (I. F. 267.) Culms at 
 first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous 
 or pubescent. Sheaths hirsute, often papillose; leaves more or less hirsute, espe- 
 cially beneath, generally more or less spreading, those of the culm 5-7.5 cm. long, 
 those of the branches much shorter; primary panicles less than 7. 5 cm. long, ovoid, 
 their branches ascending; lateral panicles much smaller; spikelets hardly 2 mm. 
 long, pubescent. In dry soil, common. Me. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to Ga., 
 Ind. Terr, and Aria. June-Aug. 
 
 36. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. ATLANTIC PANICUM. (I. F. f. 267 f.) 
 Papillose-hirsute with long, white, spreading hairs. Culms tufted, at length 
 branched. 3-5 dm. tall, erect 'or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which 
 are barbed with spreading hairs; leaves erect, rigid, thickish, linear-lanceolate, 
 3.75-10 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, middle leaves the longest; panicle 3.75-6.25 
 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide; spikelets numerous, obovoid, a little over 2 mm. long, 
 1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with short spreading 
 hairs. Dry soil, N. Y. to Ohio and Va. June-Aug. 
 
 37. Panicum lunuginosum Ell. WOOLLY PANICUM. (I. F. f. i66a.) Culms, 
 sheaths and leaves villous with spreading hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part 
 of the culm shorter. Culms leafy, tufted, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, at length branched, 
 a smooth ring below each barbed node; leaves erect, lanceolate, 3.75-12.5 cm. 
 long, 4-9 mm. broad; panicle ovoid, 3.75-10 cm. long, the axis pubescent, the 
 branches ascending, the larger 2.5-5 cm - l n gj spikelets numerous, broadly obo- 
 void, about 1.75 mm. long, the first scale orbicular, the second and third scales 
 nearly orbicular, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry sandy soil, south- 
 ern N. J. to Fla. and Ala. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 87 
 
 38. Panicum viscidum Ell. VELVETY PANICUM. (I. F. f. 266.) Culms 
 erect, 6-12 dm. tall, simple, or at length much branched above, villous. Sheaths 
 villous; leaves softly pubescent, those of the culm 10-17.5 cm - l n g) 10-16 mm. 
 wide, distant, those of the branches 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, crowded; 
 primary panicles 7.5-15 cm. long, ovoid, branches ascending; secondary panicles 
 much smaller; spikelets ovoid to oval, about 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; fourth scale 
 oval, apiculate, 2 mm. long. Moist soil, N. J. to Ind. and the Ind. Terr., south 
 to Fla. and Tex. Not viscid. June -Aug. 
 
 39. Panicum Addisonii Nash. RIGID PANICUM. (I. F. f. 2676.) Culms 
 2.5-3.75 dm. tall, rigid, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base, at length much 
 branched, the- branches erect, pubescent with long, nearly appressed hairs. Sheaths 
 appressed-pubescent, at least the lower ones; leaves erect, lanceolate, thickish, 
 smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, acuminate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. 
 wide; panicle ovoid to oblong, 1.8-5.6 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing; spikelets obovoid, 2mm. long; second and third scales densely pubescent with 
 long, spreading hairs. Sandy soil, southern N. J. May -June. 
 
 40. Panicum Commonsianum Ashe, COMMONS' PANICUM. Culms tufted, 
 erect, 2 5-5 dm. tall, densely appressed-hirsute below and puberulent above, or 
 rarely somewhat hirsute. Sheaths, especially the lower ones, appressed-hirsute; 
 leaves erect or nearly so, firm, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate toward the base, 
 4-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle open, 5-7 cm. long, broadly ovate, its 
 branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, obovate, pubescent. On dry, 
 sandy ridges along the coast, Del. to N. Car. June-July. 
 
 41. Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. WILCOX'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 260.) 
 Culms erect, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths papillose-pubescent; 
 leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. long, less than 4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, strongly pubes- 
 cent with long hairs; panicle about 3.75 cm. long, oblong to ovoid, compact; 
 branches less than 2.5 cm. long, ascending, flexuous; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, 
 ellipsoid; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second and third 
 scales about equal, pubescent; fourth scale about as long as the third, obtuse. In 
 dry soil, Neb. (and Kans. ?). July -Aug. 
 
 42. Panicum Liebergii (Vasey) Scribn. LIEBERG'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 2593.) 
 Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, especially near the nodes, 3-6 dm. tall, 
 at length branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves erect 
 or ascending, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, 
 papillose-hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the rough upper surface; 
 panicle oblong, 5-10 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. 
 long, oval, the outer three scales papillose-hirsute with long, spreading hairs. Dry 
 soil, Ohio to Minn, and S. Dak., south to Mo. and Neb. June -July. 
 
 43. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. SCRIBNER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 259.) 
 Culms erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, or late in the season dichotomously branched 
 above, sparingly pubescent. Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; leaves 5-10 cm. 
 long, 612 mm. wide, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath; 
 panicles small, the primary one ovoid, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, the secondary ones much 
 smaller ani more or less included; branches of the primary panicle spreading, 
 1.6-3.7 cm. long, often flexuous; spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long. In 
 dry or moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Va., Kans. and Ariz. June- Aug. 
 
 44. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. SLENDER PANICUM. (I. F. f. 258.) 
 Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple. Sheaths sparingly papillose-hirsute; leaves 
 7.5-15 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, long-acuminate, erect, smooth and glabrous; pan- 
 icle !ong-exserted, linear, 3.75-10 cm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets few, 
 about 3 mm. long, obovoid, pubescent or glabrate ; first scale about one-half as long 
 as the nearly equal obtuse second and third; fourth scale indurated and shining, 
 elliptic or oval. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, south to N. J. and Penn. 
 Plant light green, becoming yellowish in drying. June-Aug. 
 
 45. Panicum calliphyllum Ashe. Plant yellowish-green. Culms single or a 
 little tufted, simple, 4-5 dm. tall, minutely pubescent; sheaths glabrous, excepting 
 the ciliate margins; leaves ascending, 9-11 cm. long, 912 mm. wide, lanceo- 
 late, smooth and glabrous, ciliate at the base; panicle 6-9 cm. long, its ascending 
 scabrous branches 3-4 cm. long; spikelets few, 3 mm. long, elliptic, pubescent. In 
 dry soil, central N. Y. June-Aug. 
 
88 FLORA. 
 
 46. Panicum sphaerpcarpon Ell. ROUND-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 252.) 
 Culms generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at base, 2.5-6 dm. tall, 
 smooth, or the nodes sometimes pubescent. Sheaths usually shorter than the inter- 
 nodes, glabrous, the margins ciliate; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, acu- 
 minate, scabrous above, smooth beneath, the margins cartillaginous and minutely 
 serrulate, ciliate towards the base; panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets less 
 than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical or somewhat longer than thick, obtuse, purple; 
 first scale broadly ovate, obtuse. Dry soil, southern Ont., N. Y. and Mo. to Fla., 
 Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 47. Panicum polyanthes Schult. SMALL-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 253.) 
 Culms generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, smooth. Sheaths smooth, glabrous, 
 longer than the internodes; ligule none; leaves 1.25-2 dm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, 
 long-acuminate, smooth, cordate-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base ; panicle 
 7.5-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong in outline; branches slender, ascending; spikelets 
 1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous; first scale minute, second and 
 third about equal, 7-nerved, puberulent, the fourth white and shining. Woods and 
 along thickets, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Mich., south to Fla., La., Neb. and 
 Tex. July-Sept. (P. microcarpon Muhl.) 
 
 48. Panicum commutatum Schultes. VARIABLE PANICUM. (I. F. f. 255.) 
 Culms erect, 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, simple, finally dichotomously 
 branched above. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent, generally ciliate on the margins; 
 primary leaves 7-11 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, sparingly ciliate at the base, gla- 
 brous, those of the branches generally broader and more crowded than those of 
 the main stem; panicle J-12.$ cm. long, the branches spreading; spikelets 2.5 
 mm. long, elliptic; second and third scales equal, 7-nerved, pubescent. In dry 
 woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 49 Panicum Ashei G. Pearson. ASHE'S PANICUM. Culms tufted, 2-4 dm. 
 tall, finally sparingly branched, minutely pubescent. Sheaths glabrous or minutely 
 pubescent, ciliate on the margins; leaves distant on the main culm, in the branched 
 state crowded at the end of the few branches, spreading or ascending, lanceolate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate at the base, those on the main 
 culm 4-7 cm. long, 6-IO mm. wide, thoseon the branches smaller; panicle 4-6 cm. 
 long, open, its branches ascending; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long and about I mm. 
 broad, elliptic, obtusish, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs. In dry 
 woods, N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. ; also in Mo. July- Sept. 
 
 50. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. LARGE-FRUITED PANICUM. (I. F. f. 
 256.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched above, smooth, the 
 nodes, at least the upper ones, naked. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, ciliate; 
 leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 1.8-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, 
 smooth and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, ciliate; panicles 7.5-15 cm. 
 long, generally long-exserted, rarely included, its branches more or less ascending; 
 spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obovoid; second and third scales broadly 
 oval, obtuse, 9-nerved, pubescent. Usually on dry hillsides, N. H. to N. Car., 
 west to Iowa and K.ans. July-Aug. 
 
 51. Panicum Porterianum Nash. PORTER'S PANICUM. (I. F. f. 254.) 
 Culms erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or somewhat dichotomously branched above, the 
 nodes densely barbed. Sheaths generally softly pubescent; leaves ovate to broadly 
 lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.25-3.7 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acute, gla- 
 brous, at least below; panicle included or somewhat exserted, the branches spread- 
 ing or ascending, bearing few elliptic short-pedicelled appressed spikelets 4-5 mm. 
 long; first scale one-third to one-half as long as the pubescent and equal second 
 and third ones; fourth scale about as long as the third. In woods, Me. and Ont. 
 to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 52. Panicum clandestinum L. HISPID PANICUM. (I. F. f. 257.) Culms 
 erect or ascending, 4.5-12 dm. tall, rather stout, simple at first, much branched 
 later in the season. Sheaths longer than the internodes, much crowded on the 
 branches, papillose-hispid, especially the upper ones ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1.2-3.7 
 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the margins 
 ciliate at base; primary panicle sometimes long-exserted; panicles of the branches 
 included in the sheaths, rarely slightly exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - lon g> 
 soid. In thickets, Quebec to Mich., south to Ga., Mo. and Tex. June-July. 
 
GRAMINEA&. 89 
 
 17- SACCOLEPIS Nash. 
 
 A perennial grass with flat leaves and a terminal contracted panicle. Spikelets 
 numerous, readily deciduous when mature, I -flowered, articulated to the pedicel 
 below the empty scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, the first scale small, 
 the second one much larger than the rest, many-nerved, strongly saccate at the base ; 
 fourth scale much shorter than the third, chartaceous, enclosing a palet of similar 
 texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the large saccate second scale of the spikelet.] 
 Species I, native of the southern U. S. Also in Cuba. 
 
 I. Saccclepis gibba (Ell.) Nash. (I. F. f. 279.) Culms erect from a creep- 
 ing base, 6-18 dm. long, dichotomously branched below. Lower sheaths densely 
 hirsute, the upper generally glabrous; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, 
 usually spreading, more or less pubescent; panicle 7.5-22.5 cm. long, dense and 
 contracted; branches 1.22.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, elliptic, 
 somewhat acute; first scale about one-quarter as long as the spikelet; second scale 
 gibbous at base 1 1 -nerved; third scale about equalling the second, 7-nerved, empty, 
 the fourth one shorter than the second. Swamps, Va. to Tenn., south to Fla. and 
 La. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. (Panicum gib burn Ell.) 
 
 18. CHAETOCHI O.I Scribn. (Setaria Beauv. 1812. Not Ach., 1798.) (See Ap>) 
 
 Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in 
 spike-like clusters. Spikelets I -flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, 
 the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and 
 therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer membranous, the 
 third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower; the inner or fourth scale 
 chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. 
 Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. 
 [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the inflorescence.] Species about 20, in tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed. i. C. verticillata. 
 
 Bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Spike-like inflorescence racemose ; second scale much shorter than the spikelet. 
 
 Annual ; spikelets exceeding 3 mm. long ; upper surface of the lower leaves 
 
 hirsute. 2. C. glauca. 
 
 Perennials ; spikelets less than 3 mm. long ; leaves glabrous. 
 
 Culms tufted ; spikelets nearly 3 mm. long, the second scale usually 5- 
 
 nerved. 3. C. occidentals. 
 
 Culms not tufted ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the second scale usually 3-nerved, 
 
 the fourth scale purple, at least at the tip. 4. C. versicolor. 
 
 Spike-like inflorescence paniculate, sometimes nearly racemose in some forms of 
 
 No. 5 ; second scale as long as the spikelet or nearly so. 
 Flowering scales dull, faintly rugose, obtuse, rather thin in fruit. 
 
 Inflorescence 2.5-8.5 cm. long, 1.25 cm. or less thick; spikelets about 2 mm. 
 
 long ; bristles green. 5. C. viridis. 
 
 Inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, 1.25-5 cm - thick; spikelets about 3 mm. long; 
 
 bristles usually purple. 6. C. Italica. 
 
 Flowering scales shining, perfectly smooth, very acute, hard in fruit. 
 
 7. C. magna. 
 
 1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. FOX-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 280.) 
 Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
 scabrous above; spikes 57.5 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, equalled or 
 exceeded by the downwardly barbed bristles; first scale less than one-half as lonj; 
 as the spikelet, i-nerved; second and third scales 5-7-nerved, equalling the oval 
 fourth one. About dwellings and in waste places. N. S. and Ont. to N. J., Ky. 
 and Neb. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. YELLOW FOX-TAIL. PIGEON GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 281.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
 pilose above near the base; spikes 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, much 
 shorter than the bristles; fir?t scale i-3-nerved, somewhat shorter than the 5-nerved 
 second; third scale 5-nerved, equalling the fourth, which is V-shaped in cross-sec 
 tion, about twice as long as the second. In waste places and cultivated grounds, 
 
90 FLORA. 
 
 throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Often a troublesome weed. Na- 
 turalized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash. WESTERN FOX-TAIL GRASS. Culms 
 tufted, from a branching rootstock, 3-8 dm. tall. Sheaths compressed, keeled, 
 smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, firm', 1.6 dm. or less long, 5-7 mm. wide, gla- 
 brous; spike-like^racemes 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, the bristles green; spike- 
 lets a little less th'an 3 mm. long, the first scale about one-half as long as the spike- 
 let, 3 -nerved, the second scale a little longer, 3-5 -nerved, the fourth scale strongly 
 transverse-rugose, elliptic. In meadows, Kans. and Ind. Terr. July. 
 
 4. Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell. SEACOAST FOX-TAIL GRASS. Perennial. 
 Culms 6-12 dm. long, ascending; sheaths smooth and glabrous, compressed and 
 keeled; leaves long and narrow, 1-3.5 dm. l n g> 2 ~6 mm - wide, pale green or glau- 
 cous, smooth or nearly so-; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender, 2.5-7 
 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick; spikelets usually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 
 1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half as long as the spike- 
 let, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5 -nerved, the fourth scale 
 rather pointed, purple-tipped; bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very 
 slender, 6-IO mm. long. Borders of salt and brackish marshes, Conn, to Fla. 
 
 5. Chaetochloa vfridi? (L.) Scribn. GREEN FOX-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 282.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; 
 spikes compound, 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic, much shorter 
 than the green, or sometimes yellowish, bristles; first scale less than one-half as long 
 as the spikelet, i-3-nerved; second and third scales 5 -nerved; fourth scale equalling 
 or slightly exceeding the second. In waste places and cultivated grounds through- 
 out N. Am., except the extreme north, and often a troublesome weed. Naturalized 
 from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribn. ITALIAN MILLET. HUNGARIAN 
 GRASS. (I. F. f. 283.) Culms 6-18 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth or scabrous ; leaves 
 1.5-3 dm. or more in length, 6-36 mm. wide, generally scabrous; spikes 1-2.25 
 dm. long, 1.25-5 cm - thick, usually very compound ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, el- 
 liptic, equalled or exceeded by the purplish bristles; first scale less than one-half as 
 long as the spikelet, I 3-nerved; second and third 5-7-nerved, fourth scale equal- 
 ling or somewhat exceeding the second. In waste places, escaped from cultivation, 
 Quebec to Minn. , south to Flat and Tex. Native of the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn. GIANT FOX-TAIL GRASS. Culms 
 1.5-5 m - ^11) stout. Sheaths densely hirsute on the margins, otherwise glabrous; 
 leaves 8 dm. or less long, 2-4 cm. wide, very rough on both surfaces; panicle 2-6 
 dm. long, 3-6 cm. thick, nodding above; spikelets 2 mm. long, the first scale about 
 one-half as long as the spikelet, 3 -nerved, the second scale as long as the spikelet. 
 7-nerved, the fourth scale oval, very acute, smooth and shining. In swamps, Del 
 (according to Scribner) to Fla. and Tex. July- Aug. 
 
 19. CENCHRUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike- 
 like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at 
 maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter 
 sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, 
 subtending a palet of similar structure which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 
 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. 
 [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.] About 12 species, in 
 tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
 southern parts of N. Am. 
 
 T. Cenchrus tribuloides L. BUR GRASS. HEDGEHOG GRASS. (I. F. f. 284.) 
 Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths usually 
 loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 6.25-12.5 cm. long; spikes 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 
 sometimes partially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded on the 
 scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, globose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny 
 burs, the spines stout; spikelets about 6 mm. long. On sandy shores and in waste 
 places, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sometimes a noxious 
 weed. Apparently perennial in the Southern States. Aug.-Sept. 
 
GRAMINEAE. Ql 
 
 SO. ZIZANIOPSIS. Doell and Aschers. 
 
 Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaves and paniculate inflor- 
 escence. Spikelets i-flowered, the pistillate borne at the top of the branches, the 
 staminate at the base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the 
 pistillate spikelets broad, acute, and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. 
 Grain nearly globose, the pericarp readily separable. [Name in allusion to the 
 resemblance of this grass to Zizania. ] A monotypic genus, of temperate and trop- 
 ical America. 
 
 I. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell. and Aschers. ZIZANIOPSIS. (I. F. 
 f. 285.) Culms 1-4.5 mm - tall, from a long rootstock. Sheaths loose, glabrous; 
 Hgule 8-14 mm. long, thin-membranous; leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
 wide; panicle 3-4.5 dm. long, narrow; branches erect; staminate spikelets 6-8 
 mm. long, the outer scale 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; pistillate spikelets about 
 6 mm. long, the outer scale bearing an awn 2-6 mm. long, 5-nerved; inner scale 
 3-nerved. Swamps, Ga. to Ohio (according to Riddell), south to Fla. and Tex. 
 June -July. (Zizania miliacea Michx.) 
 
 21. ZIZANIA L. 
 
 A tall, aquatic monoecious grass, with long flat leaves and an ample panicle. 
 Spikelets I -flowered, the pistillate borne on the upper branches of the panicle, the 
 staminate on the lower. Scales 2, membranous, the outer somewhat longer, acute 
 in the staminate, long-awned in the pistillate spikelets. Stamens 6. Styles nearly 
 distinct. Grain linear. [From an ancient Greek name for Darnel.] A monotypic 
 genus of N. Am. and Asia. 
 
 i. Zizania aquatica L. WILD RICE. INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS. REED. 
 (I. F. f. 286.) Culms erect from an annual root, 9-30 dm. tall. Sheaths loose, 
 glabrous; ligule about 6 mm. long, thin-membranous ; leaves 3 dm. or more long; 
 panicle 3-6 dm. long, the upper branches erect, the lower widely spreading; 
 staminate spikelets 6-12 mm. long, outer 5-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; scales of 
 the pistillate spikelets 8-24 mm. long, the outer one 5-nerved, with an awn 2.5-5 
 cm. long, the inner narrower, 3-nerved, awn-pointed; grain 1-3 cm. long. In 
 swamps, N. B. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. June Oct. 
 
 22. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. [LEERSIA Sw.] 
 
 Marsh grasses with flat narrow, generally rough leaves and paniculate inflores- 
 cence. Spikelets I -flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually 
 more or less imbricated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly 
 conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed re- 
 semblance of these grasses to Millet.] About 5 species, natives of temperate and 
 tropical countries. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Spikelets oblong, their width less than one-half their length, somewhat imbricated. 
 
 Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; panicle-branches usually rigid. i. //. Virginicus. 
 
 Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; panicle-branches generally lax. 2. //. oryzoides. 
 
 Spikelets oval, their width more than one-half their length, much imbricated. 
 
 3. H. lenticularis. 
 
 1. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd.) Britton. WHITE GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 287.) Culms 3-9 dm. long, much branched, slender. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
 2-1 6 mm. wide, scabrous; terminal panicle finally open and long-exserted, 7-5-co 
 cm. long; lateral panicles smaller and usually included ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 
 about I mm. wide; outer scale hispid on the keel and margins; stamens I or 2. 
 Swamps or wet woods, Me. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Scpt. 
 
 2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. RICE CUT-GRASS. (I. F. f. ?8> ) 
 Culms 3-12 dm. long, much branched, rather stout. Leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 
 4-10 mm. wide ; terminal panicle 1.25-2.25 dm. long, finally long-exserted, its 
 branches lax, and later widely spreading ; lateral panicles generally included; 
 spikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; scales pubescent, the outer 
 one hispid on the keel and on the margins; stamens 3. In swamps and along 
 streams, often forming dense tangled masses, N. S. to western Ont., south to Fla- 
 and Tex. Also in the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept. 
 
9 2 FLORA. 
 
 3. Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. CATCH FLY GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 289.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, usually simple. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, 8-20 
 mm. wide; panicle 1.12-2.25 dm. l n g> finally exserted, its branches lax, and later 
 spreading ; spikelets much imbricated, 4-5 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm - wide ; scales 
 smooth or sparingly hispid-scabrous, the outer one strongly 3 -nerved, hispid on the 
 keel and margins, the inner much narrower, strongly I -nerved, hispid on the keel; 
 stamens 2. Wet grounds, Va. to Minn, and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 23. PHALARIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like, capi- 
 tate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, I -flowered. Scales 5, the first and 
 second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-keeled; 
 third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments; fifth scale sub- 
 tending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the indurated scales. 
 [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] About 10 species, mostly natives of 
 southern Europe. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the U. S. 
 
 Outer scales not winged ; inflorescence a narrow panicle. i. P. arundinacea. 
 
 Outer scales broadly winded ; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. 
 
 Spikelets narrow ; third and fourth scales much reduced, rigid, subulate, hairy. 
 
 2. P. Caroliniana. 
 
 Spikelets broad ; third and fourth scales thin-membranous, broadly lanceolate, gla- 
 brous or sparingly hairy. 3. P. Canariensts. 
 
 1. Phalaris arundinacea L. REED CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 290.) Gla- 
 brous, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves 8.75-25 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 7.5-20 
 cm. long, dense and contracted; spikelets $6 mm. long; outer scales 3-nerved; 
 third and fourth scales less than one-half as long as the fifth; fifth scale about 
 three-fourths as long as the spikelet, pubescent with long approved silky hairs. In 
 moist or wet soil, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Ky.. Kans. and Nev. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. July- Aug. The Ribbon-grass or Painted-grass of cultivation, 
 the so-called variety picta, has leaves variegated with green and white stripes, is a 
 derivative of this species, and sometimes escapes from gardens. 
 
 2. Phalaris Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 291.) 
 Culms 3-10.5 dm. tall. Leaves 5-15 cm - ' n g? 4-10 mm. wide; spike-like panicle 
 oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm. long, 3-nerved; third and fourth scales 
 less than one-half as long as the fifth; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the 
 spikelet, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed hairs. In moist soil, S. Car. 
 to Mo. and Cal., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Phalaris Canariensis L. CANARY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 292.) Culms 3-9 
 dm. tall. Leaves 5-30 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; spikes 1.25- 
 3.75 cm. long, ovoid; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales whitish with green 
 nerves; third and fourth scales about half the length of the fifth, broadly lanceolate, 
 thin-membranous, sparingly hairy ; fifth scale about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
 let, pubescent with appressed hairs. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Neb. 
 Naturalized from Europe. The grain is the common food of canary birds. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 24. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 
 
 Fragrant annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. 
 Spikelets I -flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Scales 5; the two outer acute 
 or produced into a short awn, the first shorter than the second; third and fourth 
 scales much shorter, 2-lobed, awned on the back; the fifth scale shorter than the 
 o'.hers, obtuse. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, referring to the yellow hue of the spikelets 
 in some species.] A genus of 4 or 5 species, natives of Europe. 
 
 i. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 293.) 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall. L-eaves 1.25-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; 
 panicles 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 8 mm. long, crowded; outer scales glabrous or 
 pubescent; the third and fourth very hairy, the former with an awn nearly twice 
 
GRAMINEAE. 93 
 
 its length inserted about the middle, the fourth scale bearing near the base an awn 
 more than twice its length. In fields and meadows throughout nearly the whole of 
 N. Am. Very fragrant in drying. Naturalized from Europe. June -July. 
 
 25. SAVASTANA Schrank. [HIEROCHLOE Gmel.] 
 
 Aromatic perennial grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets 3 -flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Scales 5; 
 the first and second nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat 
 shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, 
 enclosing a palet and stamens; fifth scale often produced into a short awn, enclos- 
 ing a p ilet and perfect flower. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect 
 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Name 
 unexplained.] About 8 species, natives of temperate and cold regions. 
 
 Third and fourth scales unawned ; 
 Entire ; culms 3-10 dm. tall. 
 
 Panicle i dm. long or less, its branches short, 5 cm. long or less ; leaves short 
 
 and broad. i. S. odor at a. 
 
 Panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, its branches capillary, drooping, 1-2 dm. long ; leaves 
 
 long and narrow. 2. S, A'asJm. 
 
 Erose-truncate ; culms 1.5 dm. tall or less. 3. S. pauciflora. 
 
 Third and fourth scales awned. 4. S. alpina. 
 
 1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. HOLY-GRASS. SENECA GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 294.) Sheaths smooth; lower leaves elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the 
 upper ones 1.25-5 cm. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches 2.5-5 cm - l n g> 
 usually spreading; spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, 4-6 mm. long; first and 
 second scales acute; third and fourth villous and strongly ciliate, a\vn-pointed. 
 Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Wis. and Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 June -July. This and other sweet-scented grasses are strewn before the churches in 
 northern Europe, whence the name Holy-grass. Also known as Vanilla-grass. 
 
 2. Savastaia Nashii Bicknell. NODDING VANILLA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 294a.) 
 Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect, slender, 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths 
 overlapping, striate; leaves erect or ascending, elongated, the culm leaves 5 or 6, 
 5-20 cm. long, 4-6 mm wide, acuminate; panicle long-exserted, loose and opt n, 1.7- 
 4.5 dm. long, its apex nodding, the capillary branches drcoping, the larger 7.5-17.5 
 cm. long, in purs; spikelets 5-8 mm. long, on capillary pedicels; scales 5, the 
 outer 2 abruptly long-acuminate; the third and fourth scales atout 5 mm. long, 
 rough, ciliate on the margins with ascending hairs. Along brackish marshes, N. Y. 
 City. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Sivistana pauciflbra (R. Br.) Scribn. ARCTIC HOLY-GRASS. (I. . f . 
 295.) Glabrous; culms 1.5 dm. high or less, erect, simple, smooth, sheaths mostly at 
 the base of the culm, overlapping; leaves smooth, the basal ones 2.5-5 cm. long, I 
 mm. wide, involute at least when dry; culm leaves 1.25 cm. long or less, 2 ir,m. 
 wide, fl.it; pinicle less than 2.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets few, 3-4 mm. lorg; 
 first and second scales 3-4 mm. long, smooth and glabrous; third and fourth shorter, 
 scabrous. Arctic America. Summer. 
 
 4. Savastaia alpina (Sw.) Scribn. ALPINE HOLY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 296.) 
 Culms 1.5-4.5 din. tall. Lower leaves elongated, 7.5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. 
 wide, the upper much shorter, 1.25-5 cm. lon g> 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 1.8-3.7 cm. 
 long, contracted; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, crowded; third and fourth shorter, cili 
 ate on the margins, the former bearing an awn about 2 mm. long, the latter with a 
 more or less bent awn about 6 mm. long; fifth scale acute, usually awn-pointed. 
 Greenland to Alaska, south to the high mountains of N. E. and N. Y. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 26. ARISTIDA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often in- 
 volute- set iceous. Spikelets narrow, i-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer 
 car mate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at 
 the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2 -nerved. 
 
94 FLORA. 
 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in 
 the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer 
 regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the 
 southern and western parts of N. Am. The English name Three-awned Grass 
 is applied to all the species. 
 
 Awns not articulated to the scale. 
 Central awn coiled at the base. 
 
 First scale usually equalling; or sometimes slightly shorter than the second scale, 
 
 which is generally 7-9 mm. long. i. A, dichotoma. 
 
 First scale much shorter than the second (often but little more than one-half as 
 
 long), which is 10-15 mm. long. 
 
 Lateral awns short, straight and erect, 1-2 mm. long, the central awn 
 usually more than five times their length, its straight portion 5-8 mm. 
 long. 2. A. Curtissii, 
 
 Lateral awns more or less spreading, usually a little spiral at the base, the 
 central awn from one-half again to twice their length, its straight por- 
 tion 10-15 mm. long. 3. A. basiramea. 
 Central awn not coiled at the base. 
 
 Panicle narrow, linear to oblong, the branches short (sometimes long in No. 12), 
 
 erect or ascending. 
 Central awn and sometimes the lateral ones also strongly reflexed, the bend 
 
 semicircular. 4. A, ramosissima. 
 
 Central awn from erect to spreading with no semicircular bend at the base. 
 First scale much shorter than the second, usually about one-half as long. 
 Spikelets crowded, 4-6 on the short branches, which are spikelet- 
 
 bearing to the base or nearly so. 5. A.fasciculata. 
 
 Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3 on branches naked at the base. 
 Second scale of the spikelet 1.5 cm. or less long, usually 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the flowering scale. 
 
 6. A. Fendleriana. 
 
 Second scale of the spikelet 2 cm. or more long, from one-half 
 again as long as to nearly twice the length of the flowering 
 scale. 7. A. longiseta. 
 
 First scale from a little shorter than to exceeding the second. 
 Spikelets exceeding 2 cm. long ; first scale 5~7-nerved. 
 
 8. A. oligantha. 
 Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long; first scale i-3-nerved. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous, or pubescent only at the apex. 
 
 Leaves strongly involute, densely villous at the base 
 
 9. A. strict a, 
 Leaves flat, at least not villous at the base. 
 
 First scale generally shorter than or equalling the 
 
 second. 10. A, gracilis. 
 
 First scale usually exceeding the second. 
 
 11. A. purpurascens.' 
 Sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 
 
 12. A. lanosa. 
 Panicle diffuse and open, the branches very long and widely spreading. 
 
 13. A. divaricata. 
 Awns articulated to the scale, united at the base into a spiral column. 
 
 Column conspicuous, 6 mm. long or more. 14. A. tuberculosa. 
 
 Column inconspicuous, 2 mm. long or less. 15. A. desmantha. 
 
 1. Aristida dichotoma Michx. POVERTY-GRASS. (I. F. f. 297.) Culms 
 1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. 
 wide, involute, usually scabrous; spike-like racemes or panicles 5-12.5 cm. long, 
 slender ; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; outer scales nearly equal, usually awn- 
 pointed ; third scale shorter than the second, the middle awn horizontal, the termi- 
 nal straight portion 4-6 mm. long, the lateral awns 2 mm. long or less, erect. Dry 
 sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Neb. and the Ind. Terr., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 2. Aristida Curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. CURTISS' ARISTIDA. Culms tufted, 
 2-5 dm. tall, branching Leaves 4-16 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 5-9 cm. 
 long, the branches erect; spikelets generally 10-12 mm. long, rarely longer, the 
 first scale much shorter than the second, which usually about equals the flowering 
 scale; the flowering scale 7-11 mm. long; the lateral awns very short, 1-2 mm. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 95 
 
 long, straight and erect. In dry soil, Mo. and Kans. to the Ind. Terr. ; also in Va. 
 Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Aristida basiramea Engelm. FORKED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 299.) Culms 
 tufted, rather slender, 2-6 dm. tall, branching. Leaves 3-15 cm. long, 1.5 mm. 
 wid_- or less; panicle 3-9 cm. long, the branches erect; spikelets 10-15 mm - l n g 
 the first scale much shorter than the second; the flowering scale 7-11 mm. long, 
 considerably shorter than the second scale; the lateral awns more or less spread- 
 ing, usually a little spiral at the base, one-half to two-thirds as long as the central 
 awn, which is strongly spiral at the base. In dry places, Minn, to Neb., south to 
 111. and Kans. 
 
 4. Aristida ramoslssima Engelm. BRANCHED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 300.) 
 Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikelets few, borne in loose spikes, 5-10 cm. 
 in length; first scale awn-pointed; second scale 1.6-2 cm. in length, exceeding the 
 first, terminated with an awn 2-6 mm. long; third scale as long as the second; 
 middle awn about 2.5 cm. long, forming a hook, the lateral awns erect. In dry 
 soil, 111. to Ky. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Aristida fasciculata Torr. BUSHY ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 306.) Culms 3-6 
 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat; panicle 7.5- 
 17.5 cm. long, at first strict, the branches finally more or less spreading; first scale of 
 spikelet I -nerved, shorter than the second scale; third scale equalling or longer 
 than the second; awns divergent, the middle one 8-16 mm. long, the lateral ones 
 shorter. Dry soil, Kans. to Cal., south to Mex. Aug.-Sept. (Arislida dispersa 
 Trin. and Rupr.) 
 
 6. Aristida Fendleriana Steud. FENDLER'S ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 304.) Culms 
 densely tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple. Sheaths smooth, confined to 
 the base of the culm ; leaves involute, at least when dry, often curved, 0.5 mm. in 
 diameter; panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict, its branches short and appressed and 
 usually bearing a single spikelet; spikelets 1.21.5 cm. long, the flowering scale 
 9-12 mm. long, the central awn 2-3.5 cm - l n g> tne lateral ones a little shorter. 
 In dry sandy soil, Black Hills to Neb. and Utah, south to Tex. and N. Mex. 
 (Aristida pur pur ea Nutt. in part.) 
 
 7. Aristida longiseta Steud. LONG-AWNED ARISTIDA. Culms tufted, 2-4 
 dm. tall, simple. Leaves 310 cm. long, involute, at least when dry; panicle 12 
 dm. long, its branches usually bearing but a single spikelet; spikelets --2.5 cm. 
 long, the flowering scale 1.2-1.6 cm. long, from a little over one-half to two-thirds 
 as long as the second scale, the central awn 6-1 1 cm. long, the lateral ones equal- 
 ling it or a little shorter. In dry sandy soil, Neb. to Mont, and Wash., south 
 to Tex. and Mex. (Aristida purpurea Nutt. in part. ) 
 
 8. Aristida oligantha Michx. FEW-FLOWERED ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 303.) 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 1-2 mm. 
 wide, smooth; spikelets few, in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle; first scale 5 - 
 nerved, occasionally 7-nerved at base, equalling or somewhat shorter than the 
 second, which bears an awn 4-8 mm. long; third scale shorter than the first, awns 
 divergent or spreading, the middle one 3.7-6.2 cm. long, the lateral somewhat 
 shorter. Dry soil, N. J. to Neb., south to La. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Aristida stri^ta Michx. ERECT ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 305.) Culms o 12 
 dm. tall. Leaves involute-filiform, the basal 3 dm, or more in length, those of the 
 culm 2-3 dm. long, or the upper shorter; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top some- 
 times nodding, 1.5-6 dm. long; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, the first 
 I -nerved, shorter than the second; third scale equalling the first or a little shorter; 
 middle awn 1-2 cm. long, horizontal when old, the lateral ones shorter, erect o\ 
 divergent. Dry soil, Va. (icrording to S. Watson), south to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Aristida gracilis Lll. SLENDER ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 298.) Culms 
 1,5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, or involute when 
 dry; panicle spike-like, 7.5-17.5 cm. long, slender; spikelets about 6 mm. long; 
 outer scales about equal; third scale about equalling the second, generally mottled, 
 middle awn horizontal, the lateral awns 26 mm. long, erect. Dry soil, N. H. and 
 Mass, to 111. and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. * 
 
 11. Aristida purpura=cens Poir. PURPLISH ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 301.) Culms 
 3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves :-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, or becoming invo- 
 
9 6 
 
 JFLORX. 
 
 lute in drying; spike-like panicles 1.25-4.5 dm. long, strict, or sometimes nodding; 
 outer scales of spikelet awn-pointed, the first longer than the second; third scale 
 from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle awn 1.8-2.4 cm - l n ^> 
 horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or divergent. In dry soil, 
 Mass, to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 12. Aristida lanosaMuhl. WOOLLY ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 302.) Culms 6-12 
 dm. tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long, 
 slender point; panicle 3-6 dm. long, strict; outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, 
 the first 1-1.4 cm - l n g> exceeding the second; third scale slightly shorter than the 
 second, middle awn 1.6-2.4 cm. long, usually horizontal, the lateral awns about 
 two-thirds as long, erect or divergent. Dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. west to Tex. 
 Aug.-Sept. (Aristida lanala Poir.) 
 
 13. Aristida divaricata H. & B. SPREADING ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 3063.) 
 Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; culm leaves, 
 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; the sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as 
 long as the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle comprising one-half of the plant, or 
 more, often included at the base, its branches rigid, at length widely spreading; 
 spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 1.25 cm. long; empty scales acuminate, 
 usually awn-pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter than the empty 
 ones, firm; the lateral awns shorter than the central, which is 1.2-2 cm. long. Dry 
 sandy soil, Kans. to Ariz, and N. Mex., south to Mex. 
 
 14. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. SEA-BEACH ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 307.) Culms 
 1.5-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched. Leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, about 2 mm. 
 wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1.252 dm. long, branches slender, 
 ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, awned, the third scale shorter; 
 awns divergent or reflexed, more or less coiled. Sandy soil, especially on sea- 
 beaches, N. H. to Minn., south to Ga. Also in the interior in 111., Wis., Minn, and 
 Neb. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 15. Aristida desmantha Trin. & Rupr. WESTERN ARISTIDA. (I. F. f. 308.) 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall, branched. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, 
 smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle about 1.5 dm. long, the branches slender, 
 ascending; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, the third one shorter; awns 
 spreading or reflexed, somewhat coiled. In dry soil, Kans. (?), the Ind. Terr, and 
 Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 27. STIPA L. 
 
 Generally tall grasses, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence 
 paniculate. Spikelets I -flowered, narrow. Scales 3; the two outer narrow, acute 
 or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at the base, 
 and bearing a more or less bent awn, which is spiral at the base, and articulated to the 
 scale. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in allusion to 
 the tow-like plumes of some species.] A genus of about 100 species, distributed 
 throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Besides the following, some 20 
 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet 4-12 mm. long : 
 
 Obtuse or blunt-pointed, 4 mm. in length. i. S. Macounii. 
 
 Acute, 8-12 mm. in length. 
 
 Awn less than five times the length of the scale. 2. S. viridula. 
 
 Awn more than seven times the length of the scale. 3. S. avenacea. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more. 
 
 Base of panicle usually included in the upper sheath; third scale 8-12 mm. long; 
 
 awn slender, curled. 4. S. comata. 
 
 Panicle exserted from the upper sheath; third scale 1.4-2.4 cm. long, awn bent. 
 
 5. S. spartea. 
 
 I. Stipa Macounii Scribn. MACOUN'S STIPA. (I. F. f. 309.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute- 
 setaceous in drying, scabrous; panicle 5 12.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.55 
 cm. long; spikelets borne at the ends of the brandies; third scale pubescent with 
 lone, appressed silky hairs, callus obtuse; awn 8-10 mm. long, contorted. N. B. 
 io the N. W. Terr., Me., N. II., Lake Superior, and Mont. July. \S. Richardsoni 
 A. Gray.] . 
 
GRAMINEAE. 97 
 
 2. Stipa viridula Trin. GREEN STIPA. (I. F. f. 310.) Culms 4. 5-9 dm. tall. 
 Leaves smooth or scabrous, the basal ones involute-filiform, one-third to one-half as 
 long as the culm, those of the culm 7.5-22 cm. long, broader; panicle spike-like, 
 strict and erect; outer scales of spikelet 6-8 mm. long, long-acuminate; third scale 
 shorter, more or less pubescent with long appressed silky hairs, callus acute; awn 
 1.8-3.2 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral at base. Minn, to Br. Col., south to Kans., 
 N. Mex. and Cal. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Stipa aveaacea L. BLACK OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 311.) Culms 3-7.5 
 dm. tall. Leaves in volute- filiform, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal 
 one-third to one-half the length of the culm, those of the culm 7.5-12.5 cm. long; 
 panicle 1.25-2 dm. long, loose, the branches lax, finally spreading; outer scales of 
 the spikelet 8-10 mm. long; third scale a little shorter, black, pilose at base, and 
 with a ring of short hairs at the top; callus hard, acute; awn 3.75-6.25 cm. long, 
 bent, loosely spiral below. In dry woods, R. I. to Fla. , mostly near the coast; 
 also in western Ont. and Wis. May-June. 
 
 4 Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. WESTERN STIPA. (I. F. f. 312.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall. Uppermost sheaths very long and inflated, enclosing the base of 
 the panicle; basal leaves involute-filiform, one-quarter to one-half as long as the 
 culm, the culm leaves 7.5-1.5 cm. long, a little broader than the basal ones, involute; 
 panicle 1.5-2.25 dm. long, loose, the branches erect-ascending; outer scales of 
 the spikelet 1.8-2.4 cm. long, acuminate into an awn 4-8 mm. in length; callus 
 acute; awn 1-2 dm. in length, spiral and pubescent below. On prairies, Alberta 
 to Br. Col., south to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. June -July. 
 
 5. Stipa spartea Trin. PORCUPINE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 313.) Culms 6-12 dm. 
 tall. Basal leaves one-third to one-half as long as the culm, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 usually involute, those of the culm 1.5-3 dm. long, about 4mm. wide, generally 
 flat; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, its branches erect ; outer scales of spikelet 2.5- 
 3.6 cm. long, acuminate into a long slender point; callus acute; awn 12 dm. long, 
 stout, usually twice bent, tightly spiral and pubescent below, doubly spiral about 
 the middle. On prairies, Manitoba to Br. Col., south to 111. and Kans. June-July. 
 
 28. ORYZOPSIS Michx. 
 
 Usually tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets I -flowered, broad. Scales 3; the two lower about equal, obtuse or acu- 
 minate; the third scale shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn 
 which is early deciduous, the callus at the base of the scale short and obtuse, or a 
 mere scar. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, 
 tightly enclosed in the convolute scale. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed resem- 
 blance of these grasses to rice.] About 24 species, distributed through temperate 
 and subtropical regions, rarely extending into the tropics. Besides the following, 
 some 7 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 2.5-4 mm. long. 
 
 Awn less than 2 mm. long, much shorter than the scale; outer scales 3-4 mm. in 
 
 length. i. O. juncea. 
 
 Awn 6-8 mm. long, more than twice as long as the scale; outer scales [about 2.3 
 
 mm. in length. 2. O. micrantka. 
 
 Spikelet, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. 
 
 Culms nearly naked, leaves all crowded at the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, its 
 
 branches 2.5 cm. in length or less, erect. 3. O. asperifolia. 
 
 Culms leafy to the top; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long; branches 5-10 cm. in length, more 
 or less spreading. 4. O. melanocarpa. 
 
 1. Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B. S. P. SLENDER MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. f. 
 314.) Culms glabrous, 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths usually crowded at the 
 b.ise of the culm; leaves smooth or scabrous, erect, involute, the basal about one- 
 half the length of the culm, occasionally equalling it, filiform, those of the culm 
 2. 5-10 cm. long; panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. long, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. in length, 
 e.e:t or ascending, the lower half naked; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the third scale 
 pubescent with short appressed silky hairs* the awn less than 2 mm. long. In dry 
 places, Quebec to Br. Col., Mass , Perm, and Wis. May-June. (O. CanadensisTorr.} 
 
 2. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. and Rupr.)Thurb. SMALL-FLOWERED MOUN- 
 TAIN R[CE. (I. F. f. 315.) Culms glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender. 
 
9 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves erect, scabrous, the basal one-half the length of the culm, less than I mm. 
 wide, usually more or less involute, the culm leaves 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad ; 
 panicle 7.5~ I 5 cm - l n g> the branches finally spreading, the lower ones 2.5-5 cm - 
 long, naked for about two-thirds their length; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the third 
 scale glabrous, bearing an awn 6-8 mm. long. S. Dak. to Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. 
 June-July. 
 
 3. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. WHITE-GRAINED MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. 
 f. 316.) Culms 2.5-5 dm - tall > erect, smooth or s.abrous. Sheaths crowded at 
 base ; leaves erect, rough, especially above, the basal ones elongated, often equalling 
 or exceeding the culm, 4-8 mm. wide, the I or 2 culm leaves much reduced, less 
 than 1.25 cm. long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5 cm. in 
 length or less, erect ; spikelets, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long ; third scale whitish, 
 equalling the second or a little shorter, sparingly pubescent, the awn 7-10 mm. long. 
 In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Penn., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. 
 to N. Mex. May June. 
 
 4. Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. BLACK -FRUITED MOUNTAIN RICE. (I. F. 
 f. 317.) Glabrous ; culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, roughish. Sheaths smooth 
 or scabrous, the lower ones usual y longer, the upper slightly shorter than the inter- 
 nodes; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 4 14 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate 
 at apex into a long slender point, scabrous, especially above ; panicle branched or nearly 
 simple, 7.5-30 cm. long, its branches 5-10 cm. long, spreading or ascending, the 
 lower half naked ; outer scales of the spikelet about equal, 6-8 mm. in length, acute ; 
 third scale shorter, acute, dark colored, sparingly pubescent, the awn 1.6-2.4 cm. 
 long. Rocky woods, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., south to Mass., N. J., Ky. and 
 Mo. July-Aug. 
 
 29. ERIOCOMA Nutt. 
 
 Perennial tufted grasses, with usually involute leaves and a contracted or open 
 panicle. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3; outer two membranous, glabrous; third 
 scale firmer, becoming hard in fruit, densely pubescent with long silky hairs, and 
 bearing a terminal readily deciduous awn, the callus at the base of the scale short 
 and obtuse. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
 in the scale. [Greek, referring to the copious silky hairs of the flowering scale.] 
 A small genus of 2 or possibly more species, natives of western N. Am. 
 
 I. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. SILKY ORYZOPSIS. (I. F. f. 318.) Culms 3-6 
 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, less than 2 mm. 
 wide, involute, stiff, smooth or somewhat scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, diffuse, 
 generally partially included in the upper sheath, its branches widely spreading and 
 many times forked, the ultimate divisions flexuous; outer scales of the spikelet 6-8 
 mm. in length, long-acuminate, glabrous; third scale about one-half as long, acute, 
 densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs nearly twice its own length, the awn 
 4-6 mm. long. On prairies, Alberta to Wash., south to Kans., Ariz, and Mex. 
 May-July. (Oryzopsis cuspidata Vasey.) 
 
 30. MILIUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal lax panicles. Spike, 
 lets I -flowered. Scales 3, obtuse, not awned; the outer about equal; the third thin- 
 membranous, at length rigid, glabrous or pubescent; palet scarcely shorter. St.i- 
 mens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free, 
 tightly enclosed in the rigid and shining scale and palet. [Latin name for Millet.] 
 Species 5 or 6, chiefly in Europe and Asia. 
 
 I. Milium effusum L. TALL MILLET-GRASS. (I. F. f. 319.) Glabrous 
 throughout; culms 6-18 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 
 6-1 6 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, smooth or scabrous; panicle 
 7.5-25 cm. in length, lax, its branches 5-7.5 cm. long, slender, somewhat flexuous, 
 naked at base and dividing above the middle, at length widely spreading; spike- 
 lets 2.53 mm. long; outer scales equal, smooth or scabrous, the third scale shorter, 
 smooth, white. In woods, Caps Breton I si. and Quebec to western Ontario, south 
 to Mass., Penn. and Mich. Also in Northern Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 99 
 
 31. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- 
 cence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets I -flowered, very rarely 2-flowered. 
 Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and 
 sometimes awned; third scale 3-5 -nerved, subtending a paletand perfect flower, ob- 
 tuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 
 often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, 
 tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North 
 American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. 
 
 Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. 
 Flowering scales not awned but sometimes awn-pointed. 
 
 Outer scales not awned, about half as long as the flowering scale, acute. 
 
 I. M, sobolifera. 
 Outer scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. 
 
 Outer scales about equal in length to the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, 
 
 about 3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana. 
 
 Outer scales exceeding the flowering scale, generally twice its length, awned, 
 
 about 5 mm. long. 3. M. racemosa. 
 
 Flowering scale long awned; awn usually twice the length of the scale, sometimes 
 
 shorter. 
 Outer scales about equalling the flowering scale. 
 
 Basal hairs not more than one-half the length of the flowering scale. 
 
 Spikelets consisting of 3 scales and i perfect flower. 4, M. sylvatica. 
 Spikelets consisting of 4 scales, the third with a perfect flower, the 
 
 fourth empty and awned. 5. M. ambigua. 
 
 Basal hairs as long as the flowering scale. 6. M. comata. 
 
 Outer scales one-half to two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. 
 
 7. M. tenuiflora. 
 Outer scales less than one-third the length of the flowering scale. 
 
 First scale minute, often wanting; flowering scale with an awn less than 
 
 twice its length. 8. M. diffusa. 
 
 First scale about two-thirds as long as the second. 
 
 Panicle contracted, its branches closely appressed ; awn about three 
 
 times as long as the flowering scale. 9. M. palustris. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches finally spreading; awn four times or more 
 as long as the flowering scale. 10. M. microsperma. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. 
 
 Culms 4.5 dm. tall or more; panicle diffuse; leaves elongated, not rigid. 
 
 ii. M. capillaris. 
 Culms 3 dm. tall or less; leaves 5 cm. long or less, rigid. 
 
 Secondary branches of the panicle single; basal leaves short, numerous, strongly 
 
 recurved. 12. M. gracillima. 
 
 Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves few, not recurved. 
 
 13. M. pungens, 
 
 1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. ROCK MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 320.) Glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, or sparingly branched 
 above, smooth. Leaves rough, those of the culm 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
 those of the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 7 5-15 cm. in 
 length, slender, its branches 1.8-2.5 cm. l n g; outer scales about I mm. long, half 
 to two-thirds the length of the spikelet; the third scale scabrous, obtuse, 3-nerved, 
 the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Rocky woods, N. H. and 
 Mass, to Minn., south to Va., Tenn. and the Ind. Terr. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. MEADOW MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 321.) Glabrous; culms 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often prostrate, much branched, 
 smooth. Leaves scabrous, those of the culm 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the 
 branch leaves smaller; panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted, its branches spike-like, 
 2.5-5 cm - l n g> erector appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; outer scales some- 
 what unequal, exceeding the flowering one, or slightly shorter, acuminate or short- 
 awned, scabrous, especially on the keel ; third scale acuminate, scabrous, particu- 
 larly toward the apex. In swamps and borders of fields, N. B. to western Ont., 
 south to N. Car., Tenn., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2- ?* "'ilenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. MARSH MUHLENBERGIA. (I. 
 F. f. $2...) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually m^ch branched, smooth and 
 
100 FLORA. 
 
 glabrous. Leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-11.25 cm. 
 in length, usually dense and interrupted, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect or 
 appressed, the spikelets much crowded; outer scales of the spikelet acuminate, 4-6 
 mm. long, including the awn, smooth, or scabrous, especially on the keel; third 
 scale one-half to two-thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib 
 excurrent in a short point. In wet places, Newf. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Mo. 
 and N. Mex. Aug. -Sept. (M. gtonu-rata Trin.) 
 
 4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. WOOD MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 323.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched. Leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
 rough; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, somewhat lax, the branches 2.5-7.5 cm. 
 long, erect or ascending; outer scales of the spikelet 2. 5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, 
 scabrous ; third scale equalling or somewhat exceeding the outer ones, strongly 
 scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. In moist woods and 
 along streams, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn., Neb. and thelnd. 
 Terr. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr. MINNESOTA MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 324.) Glabrous; culms 3 dm. tall or lower, erect, branched, smooth. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; 
 panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rigid, its branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, dense, appressed; 
 outer scales of the spikelet awn-pointed, unequal, the longer about 4 mm. in length 
 and exceeding the body of the third scale, which is scabrous, villous, and attenuate 
 into an awn 23 times its length; a fourth narrow awned scale is nearly always 
 present. Along a lake shore in Minn. 
 
 6. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. HAIRY MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 325.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous; leaves 6.2-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, erect, flat, rough; panicle often tinged with purple, 5-10 cm. in length, dense, 
 branches 1.25-3.75 cm. long, erect; outer scales of the spikelet equal, or the sec- 
 ond a little the longer, smooth, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, smooth 
 and glabrous, bearing an awn 23 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect, 
 fully as long as the scale. On prairies, Kans. (?) and Colo, to Cal. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 7. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P. SLENDER MUHLENBERGIA. 
 (I. F. f. 326.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
 smooth. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; leaves 6.25-17.5 cm. long, 
 2-8 mm. wide, narrowed toward the base, acuminate, scabrous; panicle 1.25-2.25 
 dm. long, slender, its branches 2.5-8.75 cm. long, appressed; outer scales of the 
 spikelet unequal, half to two-thirds the length of the third one, awn-pointed, sca- 
 brous; third scale 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length. 
 In rocky woods, Mass, to southern Ont. and Minn., south to Ala. and Tex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. NIMBLE WILL. DROPSEED-GRASS. (I. F. 
 f. 327.) Culms 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, or often prostrate or creeping and as- 
 cending, very slender, diffusely branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, 
 loose; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-20 cm. long, 
 slender, somewhat lax, its branches 2.5-5 cm - l n g> erect, outer scales of the spike- 
 let minute, the lower one often wanting ; the third scale, exclusive of the awn, about 
 2 mm. long, strongly scabrous, particularly upon the nerves; the awn 1-4 mm. in 
 length. On dry hills and in woods, Me. and southern Ont. to Minn., south to 
 Fla., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 9. Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn. SWAMP MUHLENBERGIA. Culms slen- 
 der, weak, 6-io dm. long. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves erect, 3-5 cm. 
 long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath and rough above; panicle slender, con- 
 tracted, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> I* 3 branches appressed; spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 
 2.5-2.8 mm. long, the first scale shorter than the second, which is about one-third 
 as long as the spikelet; the flowering scale 2.3-2.5 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at 
 the apex, bearing an awn between the teeth 5.5-8 mm. long, the callus hairy. In 
 a swamp at Washington, D. C. Sept. 
 
 10. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Trin. SMALL-SEEDED MUHLENBER- 
 GIA. (I. F f . 328.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, finally decumbent or somewhat 
 prostrate at base, slender, diffusely branched. Leaves 1.25-6.25 cm. long, 2 mm. 
 wide or less, scabrous; panicle 5-10 cm. in length, slender, open, the branches 2.5 
 
GRAMTNEAE. lOl 
 
 cm. long or less, ascending or erect; outer scales of the spikelet unequal, obtuse or 
 rounded at apex, about one-third the length of the third scale, which is 2.5-3 mm. 
 long, exclusive of the awn, and strongly scabrous; awn 1.2-2.4 cm. in length. In 
 dry soil, Kans. to Cal., south to Mex. 
 
 11. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. LONG-AWNED HAIR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 329. j Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths 
 smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; leaves 1.5-3 
 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse, 
 the capillary branches 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long 
 hair-like pedicels which are clavate -thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, 
 acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 4 
 mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, scabrous, the awn 6-18 mm. in 
 length. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Mass, to N. J. and Mo., south to Fla. and 
 Tex. Panicle usually light purple. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 12. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. FILIFORM MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 330.) Culms 1-3.5 dm. ta ^> from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, slender, sim- 
 ple, rigid. Leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g> involute-setaceous, smooth or somewhat sca- 
 brous, rigid, the basal numerous, usually strongly recurved, the 1-3 culm leaves 
 erect or ascending; panicle 5-22.5 cm. in length, open, the branches finally widely 
 spreading, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, filiform; spikelets alxmt as long as the filiform pedi- 
 cels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, usually awn- 
 pointed or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than 
 the outer ones, sometimes twice as long, scabrous ; awn 2-4 mm. long. On prairies, 
 Kans. to Colo., south to Tex. and N. Mex. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 13 Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. PRAIRIE MUHLENBERGIA. (I. F. f. 
 331.) Culms 1.5-3.75 dm. tall, from a creeping rootstock, erect from a decumbent 
 branching base, rigid, minutely pubescent. Sheaths crowded at the base of the 
 culm, scabrous; leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g> involute-setaceous, rigid, scabrous; panicle 
 7.5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches 5-6.25 cm. long, single, distant, much di- 
 vided from near the base, the divisions apparently fascicled; spikelets on long ped- 
 icels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales, when mature, equalling 
 or often shorter than the body of the third one, scabrous, especially on the keel; 
 thirdvscale, when mature, 1.5-2 mm. long, scabrous, the awn shorter than its body. 
 On prairies, Neb. to Utah, south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 32. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. 
 
 A tall grass with flat leaves and a narrow panicle. Spikelets I -flowered, nar- 
 row, the rachilla produced beyond the flower, and sometimes bearing a minute scale 
 at the summit. Scales 3; the outer small and inconspicuous, the lower often want- 
 ing; the third much longer, rigid, 5-nerved, acuminate into a long awn; palet 
 scarcely shorter, rigid, sulcate on the back, 2-nerved. Stamens 2. Styles short, 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose, elongated. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and 
 palet. [Greek, in allusion to the minute outer scales. ] A monotypic genus of east- 
 ern N. Am. 
 
 i. Brachyelytnm erectura (Schreb.) Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM. (I. F. f. 332.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, pubescent at and near the nodes. Sheaths more or less villous, 
 especially at the throat; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 6 18 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
 5-15 cm. in length, slender, branches 2.5-7.5 cm. long, erect or appressed; outer 
 scales of the spikelet unequal, the upper less than one-third as long as the flower- 
 ing scale, the lower minute or wanting; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. 
 long, scabrous, especially on the midnerve, the awn erect, 1.8-2.4 cm - l n g- Moist 
 
 ? laces. Newf to western Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. 
 uly-Aug. 
 
 33. HELEOCHLOA Host. 
 
 Perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spicate or paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, membran- 
 ous, acute, ciliate-keeled ; the third scale similar, a little longer ; palet shorter, 
 hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, signifying meadow-grass.] 
 
102 v, FLORA. 
 
 About 8 species, chiefly natives of the Mediterranean region, one or two alsi> 
 widely distributed through middle Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. RUSH CAT-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. t 
 333.) Glabrous. Culms 1-4.5 dm - tall > branched, smooth; sheaths about half the 
 length of the internodes, the upper loose, the one immediately below the spike 
 inflated and usually partially enclosing it ; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 flat, acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the 
 empty scales acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, I -nerved ; third scale equalling or 
 longer than the second, acute, compressed, ciliate-keeled, otherwise glabrous, 
 i -nerved. In waste places, southern N. Y. to Del. Naturalized from Europe. 
 Jaly-Aug. 
 
 34. PHLEUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spike- 
 lets T -flowered. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, 
 the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn ; the third scale 
 much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit ; palet narrow, 
 hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name Greek, taken from 
 Pliny ; originally applied to some very different plant.] About 10 species, inhab- 
 iting the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The following only are natives of 
 N. Am. The English name Cat-tail Grass is applied to all the species. 
 
 Spikes usually elongated, cylindric ; awns less than one-half the length of the outer 
 scales; upper sheath not inflated. i. P. pratense. 
 
 Spikes not elongated, ovoid to oblong and cylindric ; awns about one-half the length of 
 the outer scales ; upper sheath inflated. 2. P. alpinum. 
 
 1. Phleum pratense L. TIMOTHY. HERD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 334.) Glabrous 
 and smooth or very nearly so throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; 
 sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper one long 
 and not inflated, or very slightly so ; leaves 7.522.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 
 smooth or scabrous ; spike usually elongated, cylindric, 3-75-17-5 cm. in length, 
 5-8 mm. in diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2-5 mm. 
 long, ciliate on the keel, the awn less than half their length. In fields and mead- 
 ows nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Widely cultivated for 
 hay. The scales are sometimes modified into small leaves. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Phleum alpinum L. MOUNTAIN PHLEUM. (I. F. f. 335.) Glabrous. 
 Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth; 
 sheaths often much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper one 
 usually much inflated; leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 5-7.5 
 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide ; upper leaf generally very short, less than 2.5 cm. long ; 
 spike short, ovoid to oblong and cylindric, 1.25-5 cm - ni length, 6-12 mm. in 
 diameter ; outer scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 3 mm. long, strongly 
 ciliate on the keel, the awn about one-half their length. Lab. to Alaska, south to 
 the mountains of N. H., Vt., Ariz, and Cal. Also in northern Europe and Asia and 
 in Patagonia. Summer. 
 
 35. ALOPECURUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent culms, usually flat leaves 
 and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets i -flowered, flattened : scales 3, the 2 lower 
 empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, more or less united below, compressed- 
 keeled ; keel ciliate or somewhat winged ; third scale truncate or obtuse, hyaline, 
 3-nerved, awned on the back, subtending a perfect flower and usually a palet ; 
 palet hyaline, acute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or rarely 
 united at the base. Stigmas elongated, hairy. [Greek, signifying Fox-tail Grass, 
 in allusion to the spikes.] About 20 species, principally natives of the north 
 temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-half their length, smooth to hispid on the keel. 
 
 i. A. agrestis. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet united for one-quarter their length or less, long-ciliate on the 
 keel. 
 
GRAMINEAE. IO3 
 
 Scales 2-2.5 mm - i n length. 2. A. geniculatus* 
 
 Scales 4-6 mm. in length. 
 
 Spike 3.75-6.25 cm. long ; outer scales glabrous^or sparingly pubescent on the 
 lateral nerves. 3. A.pratensis. 
 
 Spike 3.75 cm. long or less; outer scales villous. 4. A. alpinus. 
 
 1. Alopecurus agrestis L. SLENDER FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 336.) Smooth 
 or slightly scabrous ; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes ; leaves 3-75-17-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; 
 spike 3.75-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick ; outer scales of the spikelet united at the 
 base for about half their length, narrowly wing-keeled, 4-5 mm. long, the nerves 
 smooth or scabrous, sometimes hispid below, especially on the keel ; third scale 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the outer ones, smooth and glabrous, the awn in- 
 serted near the base, about twice its length, bent. In waste places and ballast, 
 southern N. Y. and N. J. Adventive trom Europe. Native also of Asia. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. MARSH FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 337.) Glabrous 
 or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the 
 base ; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; 
 leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; 2.5-7.5 cm. in 
 length, 4-8 mm. thick; outer scales of the spikelet slightly united at the base, 
 2-2.5 mnl - l n g> obtuse or subacute, smooth, glabrous except on the pubescent lat- 
 eral nerves and strongly ciliate keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse, smooth 
 and glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. 
 In wet soil, Newf. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tenn., Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Alopecurus pratensis L. MEADOW FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 338.) Nearly or 
 quite glabrous. Culms 3-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple; sheaths usually much shorter 
 than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated; leaves 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
 wide, scabrous, at least above; spikes 3.75-6.25 cm. in length, 8-12 mm. thick; 
 outer scales of the spikelet uniting at the base for about one-quarter their length, 
 4-6 mm. long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and the 
 strongly ciliate keel; third scale slightly shorter, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the 
 awn inserted about quarter way up the scale and exceeding it. In meadows, N. S. 
 to southern N. Y. and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 4. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. ALPINE FOXTAIL. (I. F. f. 339.) 
 Culms glabrous and smooth or nearly so, 1.25-6 dm. tall, erect, sometimes decum- 
 bent at the base, simple. Sheaths generally shorter than the internodes, loose, 
 often inflated ; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, slightly 
 scabrous above; spike 3.75 cm. in length or less, 6-12 mm. thick; outer scales of 
 the spikelet united only at the base, 4 mm. long, obtuse, villous and ciliate; third 
 scale about equalling the outer ones, obtuse, glabrous except at the villous apex, 
 the awn inserted about one-third the way up, a little exceeding the scale. Green- 
 land and Lab. to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 36. PHIPPSIA R. Br. 
 
 A low annual tufted grass, with flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spikelets 
 I -flowered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, minute, the first often wanting ; the third 
 scale thin -membranous, keeled. Palet somewhat shorter, 2 -keeled. Stamen I, 
 rarely 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed 
 in the scale and palet, which readily split and allow it to drop out. [In honor of 
 John Constantine Phipps, 1744-1792, arctic navigator.] A monotypic genus of 
 the arctic -regions. 
 
 i. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. PHIPPSIA. (I. F. f. 340.) Smooth and 
 glabrous throughout. Culms 2.5-12.5 cm. 'tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5 cm. in 
 length or less, 0.5-2 mm. wide, obtuse ; panicle 6-35 mm. in length, contracted ; 
 branches 6-18 mm. long, erect or appressed ; spikelets 1-1.5 mm - l n g > outer 
 scales minute, unequal, acutish, the first often wanting ; third scale broad, I -nerved, 
 obtuse, or subtruncate and somewhat erose, the palet about two-thirds as long, 
 broad, 2 -keeled, erose-truncate. Arctic regions of both the Old World and the 
 New. Summer. 
 
104- FLORA. 
 
 37. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or 
 contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, I -flowered, occasionally 2-3- 
 flowered. Scales in the I -flowered spikelets 3, membranous ; the 2 outer empty, 
 the first somewhat shorter ; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; 
 palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the deciduous grain.] 
 About 80 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. 
 Besides the following, 4 or 5 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Panicle contracted, spike-like. 
 
 Spikelets more than 3.5 mm. in length. 
 
 Panicle terminal; upper sheaths 7.5 cm. long or more. 
 Leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 Third scale of the spikelet acuminate, much longer than the second and 
 
 usually greatly exceeded by the palet. i. S. asper. 
 
 Third scale of the spikelet acutish or obtuse, somewhat exceeding the 
 second and equalling or a little shorter than the palet. 
 
 2. S. longtfolius, 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, papillose-hirsute. 3. S. pilosus. 
 
 Panicles terminal and lateral ; sheaths 3.75 cm. long or less. 
 
 4. S. vaginaeflorus. 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. 
 
 Sheaths inflated, the uppermost usually enclosing the base of the panicle. 
 
 5. S. neglectus. 
 Sheaths not inflated ; panicle exserted. 
 
 Branches of the panicle not crowded ; third scale acuminate. 
 
 Outer scales of the spikelet obtuse or abruptly acute, less than half as 
 long as the third scale ; ligule about 2 mm. long, acutish. 
 
 6. S. brevifolius. 
 Outer scales of the spikelet acuminate and awn-pointed, more than half 
 
 as long as the third scale ; ligule less than 0.5 mm. long, erose- 
 truncate. 7. S. cuspidatus. 
 
 Branches of the panicle densely crowded ; third scale acute. 
 
 Culms decumbent and branched at the base, from a stout horizontal 
 
 rootstock ; panicle short. 8. S. Virginicus. 
 
 Culms erect, simple, tufted; panicle usually elongated. 
 
 9. S. Indicus. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches more or less spreading, at least at maturity. 
 First scale one-half as long as the second or less. 
 Branches of the panicle verticillate. 
 
 Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, green. 10. S. argutus. 
 
 Spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g> purple. n. S. gracilis. 
 
 Branches of the panicle alternate or sometimes subverticillate. 
 Spikelets about 2 mm. long; first scale lanceolate. 
 
 Pedicels equalling or shorter than the spikelets ; first scale acute. 
 
 Sheaths naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat ; panicle usually 
 
 exserted. 12. S. airoides. 
 
 Sheaths densely pilose at the throat ; base of the panicle generally 
 
 included. 13. S. cryptandrus. 
 
 Pedicels much longer than the spikelets ; first scale narrow, acuminate. 
 
 17. S. 7'exanus. 
 Spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long ; first scale subulate, usually awned. 
 
 14. S. heterolepis. 
 First scale about equalling the second. 
 
 Perennials ; culms from long rootstocks. 
 
 Culms erect, simple ; leaves elongated. 15. S. Torreyanus. 
 
 Culms decumbent and branched below ; leaves short. 
 
 1 6. S. asperifolius. 
 Annuals ; roots fibrous, no rootstocks. 
 
 Empty scales but little shorter than the flowering scale, usually pubescent. 
 
 18. S. confusus. 
 Empty scales one-half as long as the flowering scale, glabrous. 
 
 19. S, serotinus. 
 
 I. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. ROUGH RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 341.) 
 Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 7.5-35 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, 
 
GRAMINEAE. 1 05 
 
 attenuate into a long slender involute tip, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous 
 above, or somewhat hairy at the base; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, linear, strict, 
 its branches 2.5-5 cm - l n &> appressed ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the outer scales 
 unequal, acute ; third scale pubescent at the base, much longer than the second 
 and greatly exceeded by the long-acuminate almost awned palet. In dry soil, 
 Del. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood. LONG-LEAVED RUSH-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 342.) Culms 4.5-10 dm. tall, erect, occasionally branched. Leaves I- 
 4.5 dm. long, 24 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into a long slender involute tip, 
 smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy at the base above; panicle more 
 or less included in the upper sheath, 7.5-25 cm. in length, linear, strict, the 
 branches 2.5-5 cm - l n g> erect ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; outer scales unequal, 
 acutish, glabrous, the lower shorter; third scale glabrous, acutish or obtuse, exceed- 
 ing the second and equalling or a little shorter than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, 
 Me. to Penn., Neb. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Sporobolus pilosus Vasey. HAIRY RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 343.) Culms 
 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout. leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at base, 
 erect, rigid, attenuate into a slender involute tip, the lower papillose-hirsute on 
 both sides, the upper usually glabrous beneath, scabrous above and somewhat hairy 
 near the base; panicle 5-7.5 cm. in length, included at the base, erect, strict, its 
 branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect; spikelets 5 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, 
 glabrous, obtuse, the lower shorter; third scale obtuse, glabrous, somewhat exceed- 
 ing the second and equalling or a little longer than the obtuse palet. In dry soil, 
 Kans. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood. SHEATHED RUSH-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 344.) Culms 2-4.5 dm. ta U> erect, slender. Sheaths usually inflated; 
 leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near 
 the base above, attenuate into a slender involute point, the lower elongated, the up- 
 per 2.5-7.5 cm - l n g> setaceous; panicles 1.8-5 cm - m length, the terminal one ex - 
 serted or sometimes partially included, strict, the branches 1.25 cm. long or less, 
 erect, the lateral ones enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the outer 
 scales unequal, acuminate, the third scale scabrous, sparingly appressed- pubescent, 
 about as long as the second and equalling or slightly exceeded by the very acute 
 palet. In dry soil, N. H. to N. Y., 111. and Neb., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 5. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. SMALL RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 345.) Culms 
 1.5-3 dm. tall, erect from a usually decumbent base, slender. Sheaths inflated; 
 leaves 2 mm. wide or less at the base, smooth and glabrous beneath, scabrous and 
 hairy near the base above, attenuate into a slender point, the lower elongated, the 
 upper 2.5-7.5 cm. long, setaceous; terminal panicle 2.5-6.25 cm. in length, usually 
 more or less included in the upper sheath, strict; lateral panicles enclosed in the 
 sheaths; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, the third scale acute, 
 glabrous, a little longer than the second and about equalling the acute palet. In 
 dry soil, Mass, to Ky., Neb. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 6. Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Nash. SHORT -LEAVED RUSH -GRASS. 
 I. F. f. 346.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, arising from a hori- 
 zontal rootstock, erect, slender, decumbent and branching at the base. Leaves 
 1.25-5 cm. long, involute-setaceous; panicle 1.25-7.5 cm. in length, usually about 
 3.75 cm., linear, its branches 6-12 mm. long, erect or appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 
 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, less than half as long as the third, obtuse or 
 abruptly acute, scabrous on the keel and at the apex; third scale long-acuminate, 
 sometimes cuspidate, scabrous toward the apex. Anticosti Isl. and Me. to Br. Col., 
 south in the mountains to N. Mex. and Cal. Summer. 
 
 7. Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. PRAIRIE RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 347.) Smooth and glabrous; culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple or somewhat 
 branched. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide at the base, erect, in- 
 volute-setaceous, at least when dry; panicle 3.75-12.5 cm. in length, slender, its 
 branches 6-25 mm. long, appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales half 
 to three-quarters as long, acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; third scale 
 long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous. In dry soil, Manitoba to the N. 
 W. Terr., south to Mo. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 
 
106 FLORA, 
 
 8. Sporobolus Virginicus (L.) Kunth. SEASHORE RUSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 348.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent, from a stout rootstock. 
 Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, 
 smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat; leaves 2.5- 
 20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate into a long point, 
 involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above or some- 
 times sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, dense and spike- 
 like, usually exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - lon g> tne outer scales about equal, acute, 
 smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than 
 the second and about equalling the obtuse palet. On sandy shores, Va. to Fla., 
 west to Tex. and Mex., Also in Cuba. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9 Sporobolus Indicus (L. ) R. Br. INDIA RUSH-GRASS. SMUT-GRASS. 
 (I. F f. 349.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, 
 tufted ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender point, the lower 
 2-3 dm. long, the upper shorter; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, 
 narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, about 
 half as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, 
 and often erose-truncate; third scale acute, somewhat exceeding the obtuse or 
 acutish palet. In meadows and waste places, Va. to Fla , west to Ark. and Cal. 
 Naturalized from tropical regions; very abundant in Cent, and S. Am. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. POINTED DROPSEED-GRASS. (I. F. 
 f. 350.) Culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the base. 
 Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top; 
 leaves 2. 5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, smooth and glabrous be- 
 neath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 3.75-7.5 
 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at first appressed, 
 finally widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales smooth and glab- 
 rous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one; 
 third scale about equalling the second, acute. Kans., the Ind. Terr, and Colo., 
 south to Tex. and Mex. Also in the West Indies. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merr. PURPLE DROPSEED-GRASS. WIRE- 
 GRASS. (I. F. f. 351.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, 
 tufted, erect, slender, simple; leaves filiform or setaceous, the basal 1.5-3 dm. 
 long, numerous, those of the culm few, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in 
 length, open, the branches verticillate, the lower 2. 5-5 cm. long, widely spreading; 
 spikelets 2.5-3 mm - l n g> purple, the outer scales very unequal, the first obtuse or 
 acutish, one-fourth to one-third the length of the acute second one; third scale sub- 
 acute or blunt, equalling the second and the obtuse palet. Dry sandy soil, Va. to 
 Fla., west to Tex. Aug.-Sept. {Sporobolus junceus (Mx.) Kth. ; not Agrostis juncea 
 Lam.; S. ejuncidus Nash.) 
 
 12. Sporobolus airoides Torr. HAIR GRASS DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 352.) 
 Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above and 
 sometimes sparingly hairy near the base, 1-3 mm. wide at the base, attenuate into 
 a long slender involute point, the basal about one-half as long as the culm, the 
 upper culm leaves 5-12.5 cm. in length; panicle 1.25-4 dm. long, usually exserted, 
 the branches alternate or the upper verticillate, at length widely spreading, the 
 lower 7 5-17.5 cm. long; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the scales acute, glabrous, the 
 outer unequal, the lower one about half as long as the upper; third scale equalling 
 the second and the palet. Prairies, Neb. to Cal., south to Tex. and Ariz. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 13. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. SAND DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 
 353.) Culms 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths with a dense pilose ring at the 
 summit, the lower short, crowded and overlapping, the upper much longer, gen- 
 erally enclosing the base of the panicle; leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, 
 glabrous beneath, scabrous above, long-acuminate; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. in length, 
 the branches spreading or ascending, alternate, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long; spike- 
 lets 2-2.5 mm - l n g> tne scales acute, glabrous, the outer scabrous on the keel, the 
 lower one-third as long as the upper; third scale somewhat longer or shorter than 
 the second. In sandy soil, coast of N. E., along all the Great Lakes, west to 
 Dak., south in the interior to Mo., Tex. and Mex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 14. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. NORTHERN DROPSEED. (I. F. f. 354.) 
 
GRAMINEAE. IO7 
 
 Cmlms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Leaves in volute -setaceous, glabrous, the margins and 
 upper part of the midrib very rough, the basal about three-fourths the length of the 
 culm, occasionally equalling it, those of the culm shorter; panicle 7.5-25 cm. in 
 length, its branches erect or ascending, alternate or subverticillate, the lower 3.75- 
 8.75 cm. long; spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long, the scales smooth and glabrous, the outer 
 unequal, acuminate, the lower subulate, about half the length of the broad second 
 one, often awn-pointed; third scale obtuse or acute, shorter than the second or 
 occasionally equalling it. In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, south to Penn., 111., 
 Neb. and Ark. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 1 5. Sporobolus Torreyanus (R. & S.) Nash. FLAT-STEMMED DROPSEED. 
 (I. F. f. 356.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, from a horizontal rootstock, stout, simple, 
 much compressed, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths compressed, overlapping, some- 
 times scabrous at the summit; leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 folded, slightly rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. in length, the branches erect or ascend- 
 ing, the lower 5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 1.75 mm. long; outer scales sub- 
 equal, obtuse or somewhat acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale obtuse and 
 apiculate, strongly scabrous, slightly exceeding the outer ones. In bogs, L. I. and 
 in the pine barrens of N. J. Sept.-Oct. {Sporobolus compressus (Torr.) Kth. 
 Not Agrostis compressa Willd.) 
 
 1 6. Sporobolus asperifolius Nees & Meyen. ROUGH-LEAVED DROPSEED. 
 (I. F. f. 357.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect from a decumbent and branched base. 
 Sheaths short, crowded and overlapping; leaves numerous, 2.5-8.75 cm. long, 
 2-3 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, strict, often erect, flat, glabrous, smooth be- 
 neath, very rough above; panicle 7. 5-20 cm. in length, included at the base, rarely 
 entirely exserted, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. 
 long; spikelets occasionally 2-3-flowered, 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, acute, 
 glabrous, sparingly scabrous; third scale obtuse or acute, glabrous, somewhat ex- 
 ceeding the second. Dry soil, Assiniboia to Br. Col., south to Mo., Neb., Cal. and 
 Mex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 17. Sporobolus Texanus Vasey. TEXAS DROPSEED. Culms 3-6 dm. 
 tall, branching below. Sheaths crowded, the lower ones papillose-hirsute; leaves 
 erect, firm, 4-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, smooth beneath, very rough above; 
 panicle included at the base, the upper branches finally widely spreading, 5-10 cm. 
 long; spikelets a little exceeding 2 mm. long, on long slender pedicels; scales 
 smooth and glabrous, the first scale narrow, acuminate, less than one-half as long 
 as the second, which equals the third scale. Kans. (according to B. B. Smyth) to 
 Tex. and N. Mex. Aug. 
 
 1 8. Sporobolus confusus Vasey. Culms tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, slender, from 
 an aniHial root. Leaves I 4 cm. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide ; panicle open, 3-20011. 
 long, its slender branches spreading or ascending, the longer 1.5-4 cm. long; 
 spikelets 1.25-1.5 mm. long, on capillary pedicels which are abruptly thickened at 
 the apex, the empty scales shorter than the flowering scale, glabrous or pubescent, 
 the flowering scale usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Neb. (according to 
 Rydberg) and Colo, to Tex,, Ariz, and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 19. Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.) A. Gray. LATE-FLOWERING DROPSEED. 
 (I. F. f, 355.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, 
 from an annual root, erect, slender; sheaths short, confined to the lower part 
 of the culm ; leaves I mm. wide or less, slightly scabrous above, flat, the basal 
 one-third to half the length of the culm, those of the culm 510 cm. long ; panicle 
 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches capillary, erect or ascending, the lower 
 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets about 1.25 mm. long, the outer scales subequal, 
 obtuse, smooth or sometimes sparingly scabrous ; third scale twice the length of the 
 outer ones, acuminate. In wet sandy soil, Maine to Mich., south to N. J. 
 Sept.-Oct. 
 
 38. POLYPOGON Desf. 
 
 Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves and 
 spike-like panicles. Spikelets i-flowered ; scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, each ex- 
 tended into an awn ; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from be- 
 l<.w the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower ; palet shorter than the scale. 
 Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in 
 
108 FLORA. 
 
 the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns which resemble a 
 beard.] About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions, rare 
 in the tropics. 
 
 i. Polypogon Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 358.) 
 Culms 6 dm. tall or less, erect from a usually decumbent base. Leaves 3.75-15 
 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; panicle 2.5-10 cm. m length, 
 dense and spike-like, the branches 1.25 cm. in length, ascending; spikelets crowded ; 
 outer scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous, bearing a more or 
 less bent awn 4-6 mm. long; third scale much shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline, 
 bearing a delicate awn about 0.5 mm. long, inserted below the apex. In waste 
 places, N. H. to S. Car., mostly near the coast. Very abundant in western 
 N. Am., from Br. Col. to Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 39. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. 
 
 A perennial grass with flat leaves and contracted panicle. Spikelets i -flow- 
 ered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, somewhat acute, membranous; the 
 third scale exceeding the second, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse; 
 palet obtuse, 2 -nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 [Latin, signifying an arctic Agrostis -\i\ae grass.] A monotypic genus of arctic and 
 subarctic regions. 
 
 i. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. ARCTAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 359.) 
 Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, simple, smooth 
 and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-8 
 mm. wide, usually erect, scabrous; panicle 3.75-20 cm. long, narrow, its branches 
 1.25-5 cm. in length, ascending or erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; outer scales un- 
 equal, acutish, the lower about two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the upper; 
 third scale obtuse, exceeding the second, hispid on the keel. Greenland to Hud- 
 son Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 40. CINNA L. 
 
 Tall grasses with flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets i -flowered. 
 Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute; the third scale similar, but usually short - 
 awned on the back, subtending a palet and a stalked perfect flower; palet a little 
 shorter, I -nerved. Stamen i. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 narrow, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 [Greek, taken from Dioscorides.] Four known species, inhabiting the temperate 
 regions of Europe and N. Am. Besides the following, another occurs in the west- 
 ern U. .S. 
 
 Panicle narrow at maturity, its filiform branches erect or drooping; ; spikelets 4-5 mm. 
 
 long; first scale much shorter than the second. i. C. arundinacea. 
 
 Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping; spikelets 3 mm. long; 
 
 first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 
 
 1. Cinna arundinacea L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 360.) Culms 6-15 
 rim. tall, erect. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g' 4-14 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1. 5-3 dm. 
 in length, usually contracted, sometimes purple, the filiform branches erect or 
 drooping, the lower 3.75-11.25 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. in length, the scale -, 
 acute, scabrous, especially on the keel, the first one shorter than the second; third 
 scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about 0.5 
 mm. long from the 2 -toothed apex. In moist woods and swamps, Newf. to the 
 N. W. Terr., south to N. Car., La., Mo. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. SLENDER WOOD REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 361.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. ' on g 4-12 mm. wide, sca- 
 brous; panicle 1.25-2.5 dm. in length, open, the capillary branches generally 
 spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 3.75-12.5 cm. in length; spike- 
 lets 3 mm. long; scales scabrous, the outer acute, strongly hispid on the keel, .the 
 first about equalling the second; third scale usually exceeded by the second and bear- 
 
GRAMINEAE. 1 09 
 
 ing a rough awn 1-2 mm. long from the 2 -toothed apex. In damp woods, Newf. 
 to Br. Col., south to N. J., in the Alleghanies to N. Car., toWis., and in the Rocky 
 Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Northern Europe. Aug. -Sept. \C. pendula Trin.] 
 
 41. AGROSTIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat or bristle-like leaves and panicu- 
 late inflorescence. Spikelets I -flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membra- 
 nous, keeled, acute; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal 
 awn, subtending a perfect flower; palet shorter than the scale, sometimes minute 
 or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Name Greek, refer- 
 ring to the field habitat of many species.] A genus of about 100 species, widely 
 distributed throughout the world, particularly numerous in temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, some 15 others are found in western N. Am. 
 
 Palet conspicuous, at least one-third as long as the scale. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches long and usually spreading. I. A. alba. 
 
 Panicle dense and contracted, spike-like, its branches short and appressed. 
 
 2. A. coarctata. 
 Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting. 
 
 Branches of the contracted panicle "short, spikelet-bearing to the base ; third scale 
 
 awnless. 3. A. asperifolia. 
 
 Branches of the panicle slender, naked below, spikelet-bearing from about the middle 
 
 to the end. 
 Third scale awned. 
 
 Awn very finely filiform, barbellate, at least twice the length of the spikelet. 
 
 4. A, Elliottiana. 
 Awn stouter, glabrous, rigid, usually bent, less than twice the length of the 
 
 spikelet. 
 
 Branches of the panicle generally ascending ; spikelets 2 mm. long. 
 Culms 1.5 dm. or less *all ; panicle 2.5 cm. or less long; a tufted 
 
 alpine grass. 5. A. rupestris. 
 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall ; panicle exceeding 5 cm. long. 
 
 6. A. canina. 
 Branches of the panicle usually spreading; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 
 
 7. A. rubra. 
 Third scale not awned, or very rarely bearing a short awn. 
 
 Culms weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at base ; leaves lax ; 
 
 spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 8. A. perennans. 
 
 Culms and leaves erect. 
 
 Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, usually dividing above the 
 
 middle, the spikelets crowded at the extremities. 
 Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long ; leaves short. 'g. A. hyemalis, 
 Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; leaves elongated. 
 
 10. A. altissima. 
 Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. 
 
 Spikelets about 2 mm. long ; a grass of low elevations. 
 
 11. A. intermedia. 
 Spikelets 2.5-3 mm l n g 5 a high-mountain grajs. 
 
 12. A, Novae-Anglian, 
 
 1. Agrostis alba L. RED-TOP. FIORIN. HERD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 362.) 
 Culms 2-7.5 dm- tall, erect or decumbent at the base, often stoloniferous, simple, 
 smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle 
 5-22.5 cm. in length, usually open, or sometimes contracted after flowering, green 
 or purplish, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 
 2-2.5 mm - l n g; outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous, except on 
 the hispid or scabrous keel; third scale shorter, obtuse or acute, the palet at least 
 one-third its length. A most variable species, occurring in fields and meadows 
 nearly throughout N. Am., extensively cultivated for fodder. Naturalized from 
 Europe, and perhaps also native northward. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Agrostis coarctata Ehrh. DENSE-FLOWERED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 362a.) Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base and often root- 
 ing at the lower nodes, 3-5 dm. tall, at length branching; leaves erect, rough on 
 
IIO FLORA. 
 
 both surfaces, 3.75-8.75 cm. long, 3 mm. or less wide; panicle dense and con- 
 tracted, 3.75-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, its branches erect, the longer 3.1 cm. 
 longer less; spikelets 2-2.5 mm - l n g; empty scales acute, the flowering scale 
 about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, denticulate at the truncate or rounded 
 apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale. Me. to N. J. Also in Europe. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 3. Agrostis asperifolia Trin. ROUGH-LEAVED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 363.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base. Leaves 
 2. 5-20 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, generally erect, flat, very rough; panicle contracted, 
 6.25-25 cm. in length, often interrupted or glomerate, the branches 3.75-7.5 cm. in 
 length, erect, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets crowded, 2-2.5 mm - l n g> the 
 outer scales scabrous, especially on the keel; third scale about three-fourths the 
 length of the second; palet minute. Manitoba to Wash., south to Wis., Neb., Tex. 
 and Cal. Aug.-Sept. (A. exarata Trin. in part.) 
 
 4. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. ELLIOTT'S BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 364.) 
 Culms 1.25-3.5 dm - tall > erect, slender. Leaves rough, 1.25-5 cm. long, 2 mm. 
 wide or less; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, usually narrow, sometimes open, the 
 branches slender, naked below, erect or ascending, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; 
 spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales subequal, scabrous on the keel, acute; third scale 
 about three-quarters as long as the first, erose-truncate, acute or 2-toothed, bearing 
 a very finely filiform flexuous barbellate a\vn, 2-4 times its length, inserted just 
 below the apex; palet short. In dry soil, S. Car. to Ky. and Kans., south to Fla. 
 and Tex. May-July. 
 
 5. Agrostis rupestris Allioni. ROCK BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 365a.) Culms 
 tufted, 1.5 dm. tailor less, slender, erect, or decumbent at the base. Leaves smooth 
 and glabrous, those on the culm 2.5 cm. or less long, the basal leaves from one-third 
 to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted, 2.5 cm. or less long, its axis and 
 branches smooth, the latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the middle; 
 spikelets about 2 mm. long; flowering scale hyaline, denticulate at the obtuse or 
 truncate apex, bearing about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little over 2 mm. 
 long; palet wanting. Lab. and the high mountains of Nev. Also in Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 6. Agrostis canma L. BROWN BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 365.) Culms 3-6 dm. 
 tall, erect, slender, simple. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 scabrous; panicle 5-17.5 cm. in length, contracted in fruit, the branches slender, 
 naked below, ascending or spreading in flower, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spike- 
 lets 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels, the outer scales subequal, acute, strongly 
 scabrous on the keel; third scale about two-thirds the length of the first, obtuse, 
 smooth and glabrous, bearing a straight or somewhat bent dorsal awn 2-4 mm. long, 
 inserted just above the middle; palet minute or none. In meadows, Newf. to Alaska, 
 south to Penn. and Tenn. Native northward; naturalized from Europe southward. 
 A variable species. July.-Sept. 
 
 7. Agrostis rubra L. RED BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 366.) Smooth or very 
 nearly so, glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or sometimes decumbent at the 
 base, simple ; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle 6.25-12.5 cm. in 
 length, open, the branches generally widely spreading and more or less flexuous, 
 rarely erect, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales 
 acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter than the first, obtuse, bearing a 
 usually bent dorsal awn 4-5 mm. long, inserted below the middle. Summits of the 
 highest mountains of N. E., N. Y. and N. Car. The American plant may be specifi- 
 cally different from the European. Summer. 
 
 8. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. THIN-GRASS. (I. F. f. 367.) 
 Culms 3~7-5 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate base, weak, slender, simple 
 or sparingly branched above, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 
 mm. wide, lax, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, the brandies 2.5-5 cm. 
 long, widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent; spikelets 1.5-2 
 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale about three- 
 quarters the length of the first, smooth and glabrous, not awned; palet small or 
 wanting. In shaded, damp places, Quebec and Ont. to Wis., south to S. Car. and 
 Kans. Panicle usually light grejn, sometimes purplish. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Agrostis hy emails (Walt.) t. S. P. ROUGH HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 368.) 
 
GRAMINEAE. Ill 
 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, slender. Leaves 5-12. 5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually 
 erect, roughish; panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually purplish, the capillary scabrous 
 branches ascending, sometimes widely spreading, or often drooping, the lower 
 7.5-15 cm. long, dividing above the middle, the divisions spikelet-bearing at the 
 extremities; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous toward the 
 apex and on the keel; third scale two-thirds the length of the first or equalling it. 
 obtuse, rarely bearing a short awn; palet usually very small. In dry or moist soil 
 throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. except the extreme north. July- Aug. 
 
 10 Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. TALL BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 369.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves elongated, 1.5-3 dm. in length, 2-3 mm. wide, 
 scabrous; panicle 1.75-2.25 dm. long, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat 
 scabrous, the lower 5-10 cm. in length, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spike- 
 lets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; third scale shorter, 
 obtuse, scabrous, occasionally bearing a short awn; palet small or wanting. In 
 sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. Panicle usually purplish. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 11. Agrostis intermedia Scribn. UPLAND BENT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 370.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth, those at the base of the culm often 
 crowded and overlapping; leaves 1-2.25 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; pan- 
 icle 1-2. 25 dm. in length, the branches 3. 75-7. 5 cm. long, ascending, dividing atthe 
 middle or below, the divisions divergent, the pedicels appressed; spikelets about 2 
 mm. long, the outer scales acute or acuminate, scabrous on the keel; third scale 
 about three-fourths the length of the first, smooth; palet small or wanting. In dry 
 soil, Mass, to N. Y., Tenn. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 12. Agrostis Novae-Angliae Tuckerm. NEW ENGLAND BENT-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 371.) Culms 2-4 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths longer than the internodes, 
 generally overlapping; leaves 2.5 8.75 cm. long, 2 mm. wideorless, erect, usually 
 involute, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, the branches spreading or as- 
 cending, dividing at or below the middle, the divisions divergent, the pedicels often 
 appressed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales acute, strongly scabrous on 
 the keel; third scale somewhat shorter, obtuse. New T f., south to the high mountains 
 ofN. E., N. Y. andN. Car. 
 
 42. CALAMAGROS1IS Adans. 
 
 Generally perennial grasses, various in habit, with flat leaves and paniculate 
 inflorescence. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the 
 flower and pubescent. Scales 3 ; the 2 outer empty, carinate, membranous ; the 
 third scale hyaline, shorter than the outer, obtuse, usually copiously long-hairy at 
 the base, or rarely the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a straight, bent, or twisted 
 dorsal awn ; palet shorter, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. 
 [Greek, signifying Reed-grass.] A genus of about 130 species, widely distributed 
 throughout temperate and mountainous regions, and particularly numerous in the 
 Andes. Besides thefollowiiig, some 20 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 The English name Small-reed is applied to any of the species. 
 
 Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length. 
 
 Awn strongly bent, manifestly exserted, the hairs of the callus much shorter than 
 
 the scale. 
 Sheaths usually naked at the summit, rarely bearded ; panicle tinged with 
 
 purple; empty scales rather thick. i. C. breviseta. 
 
 Sheaths bearded at the summit ; panicle pale ; empty scales thin. 
 
 Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; callus-hairs sparse ; palet equalling the scale or 
 
 nearly so. 2. (J. Porteri. 
 
 Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; callus-hairs rather copious; palet considerably 
 
 shorter than the scale. 3. C. netnoralis. 
 
 Awn straight or nearly so, included, the hairs of the callus equalling or but little 
 
 shorter than the scale. 
 Panicle open, the lower rays widely spreading. 
 
 Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, very acuminate. 4. C. Langsdorfii. 
 
 Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; panicle usually loosely flowered. 
 
 5. C. Canadensis. 
 Spikejets 2-2.5 mm. long ; panicle rather densely flowered. 
 
 6, (7, Macouniana. 
 
112 FLORA. 
 
 Panicle more or less contracted. 
 
 Culms and almost filiform leaves i. ft, not rigid. 7. C. neglecta. 
 
 Culms and wider leaves hard, more or less rigid. 
 
 Panicle elongated, rather loosely flowered; culms not tufted or but 
 
 little so. 8. C. inexpansa. 
 
 Panicle short, dense and spike-like; culms strongly tufted. 
 
 Panicle narrow, much interrupted below ; awn much shorter than 
 
 the scale. . 9. C. Labradorica. 
 
 Panicle thick, continuous or but little interrupted ; awn about 
 
 equalling the scale. 10. C. hyperborea. 
 
 Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit. n. C. cinnoides. 
 
 1. Calamagrostis breviseta (A. Gray) Scribn. PICKERING'S REED-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 376.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous below the pani- 
 cle. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, the lower overlapping, the upper one elongated; 
 leaves 3.75-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 
 7.5-11.25 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm - l n g> 
 spikelets 3-4 mm. long, purple tinged, the outer scales acute, scabrous on the keel; 
 third scale shorter than the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs very short; 
 awn bent, not twisted, equalling or slightly exceeding the scale. In wet places, 
 Cape Breton Isl. to N. H. and Mass. Occurs in the alpine regions of the White 
 Mts. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Calamagrostis breviseta debilis Kearney. Differs from the above in its softer 
 texture, usually lower and more slender culms, thinner leaves, smaller panicles and the 
 narrower and thinner empty scales. Newf. to Mass. 
 
 Calamagrostis breviseta laciistris Kearney. Differs from the species in its stouter 
 rootstock and taller culms, which are usually 5-10 dm. tall, in its often longer panicle, its 
 shorter palet and the copious and longer callus hairs of the flowering scale. Mountains 
 of N. E.; also along the Great Lakes from Ont. to Minn. 
 
 2. Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray. PORTER'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 375.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths slightly sca- 
 brous, with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
 rough; panicle 12 dm. in length, the branches erect, the lower 2.55 cm> ^ on SI 
 spikelets4-6 mm. long, the outer scales strongly scabrous, acute; third scale shorter 
 than or equalling the second, obtuse, scabrous, the basal hairs less than one-hall 
 the length of the scale, sparse; awn bent, about equalling the scale, the lower part 
 much twisted. In dry woods, Penn. and southern N. Y. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearney. WOOD REED-GRASS. Slightly glau- 
 cous. Culms 10-15 dm. tall, rather slender; sheaths loosely embracing the culm, 
 usually tomentose at the apex, glabrous; leaves 3-6 mm. wide, fiat, very rough on 
 both surfaces, the lower ones and those on the innovations 2-3.5 dm. l Qri g; panicle 
 1-1.5 dm. l n g> contracted; spikelets numerous, 3.5-4 mm. long, the empty scales 
 acuminate, the awn of the flowering scale attached about one-fifth above the base, 
 slightly exceeding the scale, stout, bent near the middle, the palet about three- 
 fifths as long as the scale. Woods, Me. and western N. Y. 
 
 4. Calamagrostis Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. LANGSDORF'S" REED-GRASS, 
 (I. F. f. 374.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or roughish. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
 5-15 cm. in length, the branches ascending or sometimes erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm - 
 long, naked at the base; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, the outer scales acuminate, 
 strongly scabrous; the third scale equalling or shorter than the second, scabrous, 
 the stout awn as long as or a little exceeding the copious basal hairs which are 
 usually somewhat shorter than the scale. Newf. to Alaska, south to the mountains 
 of N. E. and N. Y., and to Manitoba and Wash. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
 5. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. BLUE JOINT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 373.) Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Sheaths 
 shorter than the internodes; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 2-8 mm. wide, rough; 
 panicle 1-2 dm. in length, open, usually purplish, the branches spreading or 
 ascending, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 3 mm. long, the 
 outer scales equal or subequal, acute, strongly scabrous; the third scale equalling 
 
GRAMINEAE. 1 1 3 
 
 or slightly shorter than the second, scabrous, the awn delicate and equalling the 
 copious basal hairs which are about as long as the scale or some of them shorter. 
 In swamps and wet soil, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. 
 Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. July-Sept. 
 
 Calamagrostis Canadensis acuminkta Vasey. Differs from the species in its usually 
 smaller panicle, larger (3.5-4 mm. long) spikelets with the empty scales sharply acuminate, 
 and more scabrous and longer awn of the flowering scale. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, 
 south in the Mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. 
 
 6. Calamagrostis Macouniana Vasey. MACOUN'S REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 372.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter 
 than the internodes; leaves 7.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, 
 scabrous; panicle open, 7.5-11.25 cm. in length, the branches ascending, or some- 
 times erect, the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 2 mm. long, 
 the outer scales acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second; third scale 
 equalling the second, the awn a little exceeding it; basal hairs about as long as the 
 scale. Manitoba and Mont, to Wash., south to Mo. Summer. 
 
 7. Calamagrostis negl&cta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. NARROW REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 378.) Glabrous and smooth throughout. Culms 4.5-6.25 dm. tall, erect, simple, 
 slender. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves narrow, involute in drying, 
 the basal one-third as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-12.5 cm. long, erect; 
 panicle contracted, 6.25-10 cm. in length, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; 
 spikelets 4 mm. long, the scales scabrous, the outer acute; third scale obtuse, 
 about three-fourths as long as the second, the awn exceeding the scale. Lab. 
 to Alaska, south to northern Me., Wis., Mont., Colo., and Ore. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Calamagrostis neglecta borealis. Differs from the species in its shorter culms (2-3 
 dm. tall) and leaves, smaller and denser panicle (3-5 cm. long), and the spikelets but 3 
 mm. long. Lab. and Hudson Bay. Also in northern Europe. 
 
 8. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. BOG REED-GRASS. Culms but little 
 tufted, 8-12 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves rough, 2-3 dm. long, 
 4mm. wide or less; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit, its 
 branches rather long, nearly erect; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, numerous, the empty 
 scales scabrous, hispid on the keel, acute, the flowering scale scabrous, the callus- 
 hairs from three-fourths as long to equalling the scale, the awn from shorter to ex- 
 ceeding the scale. Bogs and sandy banks, N. J. and western N. Y. to S. Dak. 
 and Colo. 
 
 9. Calamagrostis Labradorica Kearney. LABRADOR REED-GRASS. Culms 
 3.5-5 dm. tall, rigid. Sheaths tightly embracing the culm; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
 2.5 mm. or less wide, strongly involute, thick, scrabrous above, smooth beneath; 
 panicle spike- like and dense, 6-9 cm. long, strict; spikelets about 4 mm. long, the 
 empty scales acute, nearly glabrous excepting on the hispidulous keels, firm, thick, 
 dark purple, the flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, scabrous, the awn much 
 shorter than the scale, usually slender, the callus-hairs from somewhat shorter to 
 nearly equalling the scale. Among rocks on the seashore, Lab. July. 
 
 10. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. NORTHERN REED-GRASS. Culms 
 densely tufted, rigid, stout, 4-10 dm. tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 
 very rough on both surfaces, flat, or often involute toward the apex, stiff, 1-3 dm. 
 long, 5 mm. or less wide; panicle contracted, 7-14 cm. long, its branches short, 
 usually erect, sometimes ascending; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the empty scales 
 scabrous, acute, the flowering scale with the callus-hairs from a little shorter than 
 to nearly equalling it, the awn shorter than or longer than the scale. Meadows 
 and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, south toPenn., Colo, and Cal. June-Aug. Very 
 variable. The var. ELONGATA Kearney has the panicle very long and rather loose, 
 with usually longer branches, and the spikelets 3-4 mm. long; the var. AMERI- 
 CANA (Vasey) Kearney has the panicle usually very dense and the spikelets about 
 3 mm. long. 
 
 11. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. NUTTALL'S REED-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 379.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths smooth or rough, the lower 
 
114 FLORA. 
 
 sometimes sparingly hirsute, and rarely with a villous ring at the summit; leaves 
 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous, occasionally sparingly hirsute; 
 panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2. 5-5 cm. 
 long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales strongly scabrous, the outer about equal, 
 acuminate and awn-pointed; third scale shorter, obtuse, the basal hairs one-half to 
 two-thirds its length; awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. In moist soil, 
 N. H. and Mass, to Penn., south to Ga. July-Aug. 
 
 43. AMMOPHILA Host. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, convolute above, and dense spike-like 
 panicles. Spikelets i-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower and hairy. 
 Scales 3, rigid, chartaceous, acute, keeled; the 2 outer empty, the lower I -nerved, 
 the upper 3-nerved; third scale 5 -nerved, with a ring of short hairs at the base, 
 subtending a chartaceous 2-nerved palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek, signifying sand-loving, in allusion to the habitat of these grasses.] Two 
 specie?, the following widely distributed along the fresh and salt-water shores of the 
 northern hemisphere, the other European. 
 
 i. Ammoph'la arenaria (L.) Link. SEA SAND-REED. SEA MAT-WEED. 
 MARAM. (I. F. f. 380.) Glabrous; culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, rigid, stout, aris- 
 ing from a long horizontal branching rootstock. Sheaths smooth, the lower short, 
 crowded and overlapping, the upper longer; leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g or more, rigid, 
 attenuate into a long slender involute point, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike- 
 like panicle dense, 1-3 dm. in length, 1.2-1.6 cm. thick, its branches 3.75 cm. long 
 or tess, appressed; spikelets I-I.2 cm. long, the scales scabrous, alx>ut equal in 
 length, the third usually with the rudiment of an awn just below the apex; basal 
 hairs 2-4 mm. long. In sands of the seacoast from N. B. to Va., and inland along 
 the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of northern Europe. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 44. CALAMOVILFA H^ck. 
 
 Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves, which are in- 
 volute at the apex, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets I -flowered, the rachilla 
 not prolonged beyond the flower. Scales 3, I -nerved, acute, the 2 outer unequal, 
 empty; third scale longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at the 
 base; palet strongly 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying a reed-like grass.] 
 Three known species, natives of the temperate and subtropical regions of N. Am. 
 
 Spikelets 45 mm. long, the basal hairs less than half the length of the third scale. 
 
 1. C. brevipilis, 
 Spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the basal hairs more than half the length of the third scale. 
 
 2. C, longifolia. 
 
 1. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. SHORT-HAIRED REED -GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 381.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, 
 simple ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 3 mm. wide or less, attenuate into a long slender 
 involute tip, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle open, 1.252.5 cm. 
 in length, the branches ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; 
 scales acute, scabrous toward the apex, the outer unequal, the first one-half as long 
 as the second; third scale exceeding the second, pubescent on the lower half of the 
 keel; basal hairs one-third the length of the scale; palet nearly equalling the scale, 
 pubescent on the lower half of the keel. In swamps, pine barrens of N. J. Local. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. LONG -LEAVED REED -GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 382.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths crowded and overlapping, glabrous or rarely pilose; leaves 2-3 dm. long 
 or more, panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long or more, pale, the branches erect or as- 
 cending, the lower 1-2.5 dm. l n g: spikelets 6-8 mm. long; scales acute, smooth, 
 the first shorter than the second; the third a little longer or slightly shorter tbarv 
 the second, and nearly twice the length of the copious basal hairs; palet slightly 
 
GRAMINEAE. 
 
 shorter than the third scale. On sandy shores, western Ont. and Manitoba to the 
 Rocky Mts., south to Ind., Kans. and Colo. July-Sept. 
 
 45. APERA Adans. 
 
 Annual grasses, with narrow flat leaves, and ample open or contracted panicles. 
 Spikelets i-flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower into a bristle. 
 Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, unequal, thin, membranous, keeled, acute; the third 
 scale a little shorter, membranous, bearing a long slender awn inserted just below 
 the shortly 2 -toothed" apex; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, in- 
 cluded in the scale. Seed adherent to the pericarp. [Greek, signifying not muti- 
 lated, whole or entire; application uncertain.] Two species, natives of Europe and 
 western Asia. 
 
 i. Apera Spica-venti (L.) Beauv. SILKY BENT-GRASS. WINDLESTRAW. 
 (I. F. f. 383.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths usually longer than the internodes, the upper one generally including the 
 base of the panicle; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 
 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, 3.75-7.5 cm. 
 long; outer scales of the spikelet 2-2.5 mm - l n g' acute, smooth and shining; third 
 sjale hairy or nearly smooth, bearing a dorsal scabrous awn 68 mm. long; rudi- 
 ment at the end of the rachilla less than 0.5 mm. long. In waste places and on 
 ballast, Me. to southern N. Y. and Penn. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 
 
 46. HOLCUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. 
 Spikelets deciduous, 2 -flowered; lower flower perfect, upper staminate. Scales 4; 
 the 2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first i -nerved, the second 3-nervedand 
 often short-awned; flowering scales chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a 
 bent awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
 mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, taken from Pliny.] 
 About 8 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Holcus lanatus L. VELVET-GRASS. MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 384.) 
 Softly and densely pubescent, light green. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, often 
 decumbent at the base, simple ; sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves 
 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long, the empty scales white- 
 villous, the upper awn-pointed; flowering scales 2 mm. long, smooth, glabrous and 
 shining, the lower sparsely ciliateon the keel, somewhat obtuse, the upper 2-toothed 
 and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex. In fields, meadows and waste 
 places, N. S. to Ont. and 111. ; south to N. Car. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific 
 Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 47. A*iRA L. 
 
 Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, 
 thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persistent ; the flowering scales usually cor- 
 tiguous, hyaline, mucronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn 
 inserted below the middle; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-nerved. 
 Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain enclosed in the scale and palet. and often 
 adhering to them. [Greek name for Lolium temulentum.~\ Four or five species, 
 natives of Europe. 
 
 Panicle open ; flowering scales about 2 mm. long ; plants 1.25-2.5 dm. tall. 
 
 1. A. caryophyllea. 
 Panicle contracted ; flowering scales about 3 mm. long ; plants 5-10 cm. tall. 
 
 2. A praecox. 
 
 i. Aira caryophyllea L. SILVERY HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 385.) Smooth 
 and glabrous throughout. Culms 1.25-2.5 dm. tall, erect from an annual root, sim- 
 ple, slender ; sheaths mostly basal; leaves 1.25-5 cm - l n g> involute-setaceous ; 
 panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 
 2.$ cm. long or less ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm- ^ on ?' the empty scales acute ; flowering 
 
FLORA. 
 
 scales very acute. 2-toothed, 2 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long. In fields 
 and waste places, eastern Mass, to Va. Also on the Pacific Coast. Local. Natural- 
 ized from Europe. Panicle silvery, shining. May-July. 
 
 2. Aira praecox L. EARLY HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 386.) Glabrous and 
 smooth throughout. Culms 5-10 cm, tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid; 
 sheaths clothing the whole culm, the upper one often enclosing the base of the 
 panicle ; leaves 2.5 cm. long or less, involute-setaceous ; panicle contracted, strict, 
 .1.25-2.5 cm. in length ; spikelets about 3 mm. long, the empty scales acute ; the 
 flowering scales acuminate, 2-toothed, about 3 mm. long, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. 
 long. In dry fields, southern N. J. and Penn. toVa. Naturalized from Europe. 
 May-Ju'y. 
 
 48. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. 
 
 Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves, and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extended beyond the 
 flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Scales 4 (rarely more), the 2 
 lower empiy, keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persislent ; the flowering scales 
 of about the same texture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, the apex toothed. 
 Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 oblong, free, enclosed in the scale. [In honor of J. C. A. Loiseleur-Deslong- 
 champs, 1774-1849, French physician and botanist. ] About 20 species, inhabiting 
 cold and temperate regions, a few occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. 
 Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Upper flowering scales reaching or extending beyond the apex of the empty scales. 
 Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate ; leaves flat. 
 
 1. D, cues pit osa 
 Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse ; leaves involute. 
 
 2. D.flexiiosa. 
 Empty scales extending much beyond the upper flowering scale. 3. D. atropurpurea, 
 
 1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED HAIR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 387.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves flat, 
 2-3 mm. wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones numerous, 
 one-quarter to one-half as long as the culm, those of the culm 5-15 cm. long ; panicle 
 open, 7.5-22.5 cm. in length, the branches widely spreading or ascending, often 
 somewhat flexuous, naked at the base, the lower 5-12.5 cm. long ; spikelets 3.5- 
 4 mm. long ; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, the 
 awns somewhat shorter or a little longer, the upper scale reaching to or extending 
 beyond the apices of the empty ones. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., 111., Minn, 
 and in the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada to N. Mex. and Cal., mostly in wet soil. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. WAVY HAIR-GRASS. (L F. f. 388.) 
 Glabrous throughout. Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple, smooth ; leaves 
 involute-setaceous, smooth beneath, scabrous above, the basal very numerous, one- 
 fifth the length of the culm or less, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. long; panicle open, 
 5-20 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, sometimes widely speading, 
 naked at the base, flexuous, the lower 3.75-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 4.5-5 mm. 
 long; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex; awns bent 
 and twisted, much exceeding the scale. In dry soil, Greenland and Newf. to Ont. 
 and Mich., south to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. 
 Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. MOUNTAIN HAIR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 389.) Glabrous and smooth or very nearly so. Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, 
 erect, simple, rigid ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, erect, sometimes slightly scabrous 
 above, the basal 6.25-12.5 cm. long, those of the culm shorter; panicle contracted, 
 usually purple or purplish, 2.5-5 cm. in length, the branches erect, or sometimes 
 ascending, the lower 1.25-3.75 cm - l n g> spikelets 5 mm. long; flowering scales 
 about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awus bent and much longer than 
 the scales ; upper scale much exceeded by the very acute outer ones. On alpine 
 
GRAMINEAE. 117 
 
 summits of N. Y.. N. E., Mont., Ore. and Wash., north to Lab. and Alaska. Also 
 in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 49. TRISETUM Pers. 
 
 Mostly perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. 
 Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate; rachilla 
 glabrous or pilose, extended beyond the flowers. Scales 4-6, membranous, the 2 
 lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent; flowering scales usually shorter than the 
 empty ones, deciduous, 2 -toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the 
 lower one sometimes awnless. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Latin, referring 
 to the three bristles (one awn and two sharp teeth) of the flowering scales in some 
 species. ] About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate or mountainous regions. 
 Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Flowering scales all bearing long dorsal awns. 
 
 Panicle contracted, dense ; flowering scales 5 mm. long or less. 
 
 i. T. subspicatum. 
 
 Panicle open, loose; flowering scales 5 mm. long or more. 2. T. flavescens. 
 Lower flowering scale not bearing a long dorsal awn, a rudiment sometimes present. 
 
 3. 7'. Pennsylvam'cum. 
 
 1. Trisetum suspicatum (L.)Beauv. NARROW FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 390.) 
 Softly pubescent or glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 2.5-10 
 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2.5-12.5 cm. in length, often inter- 
 rupted below, its branches 3.75 cm. or less long, erect; spikelets 2-3-flowered, the 
 empty scales hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 5 mm. long, the first 
 shorter; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, scabrous, each bearing a long 
 bent and somewhat twisted awn. In rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, south on the 
 mountains to N. Car., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Trisetum flavescens (L.)R. & S. YELLOW FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 391.) 
 Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths more or less pubes- 
 cent; leaves 3. 75-12. 5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, sometimes sparingly hairy; 
 panicle open, 5-12.5 cm. in length, the branches ascending or erect, somewhat flex- 
 uous, naked below, the lower 2 5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3~4-flowered ; empty scales 
 smooth and glabrous, the second acute, 5 mm. long, the first about half as long, 
 narrower, acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, scabrous, bearing a long bent 
 and twisted awn. Introduced into Mo. and Kans. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 Panicle yellow, turning dull brown. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. MARSH FALSE-OAT. (I. F. f. 
 392.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender and often weak, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes scabrous; leaves 2.5-15 
 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 520 cm. in length, yellowish, narrow, 
 the branches ascending, the lower 2.5-5 cm - l n g> spikelets 2-flowered; outer scales 
 smooth, shining, subequal, the second 4-5 mm. long; flowering scales 4-5 mm. 
 long, scabrous, the lower not long-awned, but a rudimentary awn sometimes pres- 
 ent, the upper with a long bent and twisted awn. In swamps and wet meadows, 
 N. Y. to III., south to Fla. and La. Ascends to 1050 m. in Va. Panicle sometimes 
 loose and nodding. June-July. 
 
 50. A VENA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves and panicled spikelets. 
 Spikelets 2-many-flowered, or rarely i-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper 
 often staminate or imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3); the two lower empty, 
 somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; flowering scales deciduous, rounded on 
 the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet 
 narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or sometimes adher- 
 ent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the oat.] About 50 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old World. Oats (Avena sativa L.) 
 sometimes appear in waste places or in fields where it has been cultivated. 
 
Il8 FLORA. 
 
 Empty scales of the spikelet 1.2 cm. In length or less, shorter than the flowering 1 scales. 
 Flowering scales with a ring of short hairs at the base; awn nearly as long as the 
 scale. . i. A. striata. 
 
 Flowering scales naked at the base; awn not over one-half as long as the scale. 
 
 2. A. Smithii. 
 Empty scales 1.2-1.8 cm. in length, enclosing the flowering scales. 3. A.fatua. 
 
 1. Avena striata Michx. PURPLE OAT. (I. F. f. 393.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, 
 erect, simple, slender, smooth and glabrous. Leaves erect, 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 
 mm. wide, smooth beneath, usually scabrous above; panicle 6. 25-12. 5 cm. in length, 
 lax, the branches erect or ascending, naked below, the lower 2.5-6.25 cm. long; 
 spikelets 3-6-flowered. the empty scales smooth, the second 6-7 mm. in length, 3- 
 nerved, the first two-thirds to three-quarters as long, I -nerved; flowering scales 6-8 
 mm. long, with a ring of short hairs at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous; awns as 
 long as the scales or longer. In woods, N. B. to Br. Col., south to northern Penn. , 
 Minn, and Neb. Spikelets reddish purple. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Avena Smithii Porter. SMITH'S OAT. (I. F. f. 394.) Culms 7.5-15 dm. 
 tall, erect, simple, scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough; leaves 
 1-2 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, the branches 
 finally spreading; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty scales smooth, the second 6-8 mm- 
 in length, 5 -nerved, the first shorter, obscurely 3 -nerved; flowering scales I cm. 
 long, naked at the base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn one-fourth to 
 one-half their length. Northern Mich, and Isle Royal. Summer. 
 
 3. Avena fatua L. WILD OAT. (I. F. f. 395.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, 
 simple, stout, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the summit, 
 sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often overlapping; leaves 7.5-20 cm. long, 
 2-8 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-3 dm. in length, the branches ascending; spikelets 
 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales 1.8-2.5 cm. in length, smooth, enclosing the 
 flowering scales; flowering scales 1.2-1.8 cm. long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs 
 at the base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing a long bent and twisted 
 awn. In fields and waste places, N. Dak. and Minn. ; abundant on the Pacific 
 Coast. Naturalized from Europe or Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 51. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 
 
 Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spike- 
 lets 2-flowered; lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extended beyond 
 the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or 
 awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; flowering scales rigid, 5-7 -nerved, deciduous, the 
 first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn, inserted below the middle, the 
 second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, referring to the awn of the stami- 
 iiate scale.] Six species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 I. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 396.) Gla- 
 brous. Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple; lower sheaths longer than the inter- 
 nodes; leaves 6.25-30 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. in length, 
 contracted, the branches erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm - l n g> empty scales finely rough- 
 ened, the second 8 mm. long, the first shorter; flowering scales about 8 mm. long. 
 In fields and waste places, Me. and Ont. to Ga., Tenn. and Neb. Also on the 
 Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. [A. avenaceum Beauv.] 
 
 52. DANTHONIA DC. 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open 
 panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers all perfect, or the upper stami- 
 nate ; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers. Scales 5 man >' the 2 
 lower empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the 
 uppermost flowering one: flowering scales rounded on the back, 2-toothed, decidu- 
 ous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at 
 base, bent; palet hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Name 
 in honor of Etienne Danthoine, a Marseilles botanist of the last century.] A genus 
 of about 100 species, widely distributed, chiefly in South Africa. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Empty scales i 25 cm. long or less ; sheaths glabrous or sometimes sparingly pubescent 
 
 at the base. 
 Teeth of the flowering scale about i mm. long, acute ; culm leaves short ; panicle 
 
 contracted. i. D. spicata. 
 
 Teeth of the flowering ^scale 2-3 mm. long, awned ; culm leaves elongated ; panicle 
 usually open. 2. D. compressa. 
 
 Empty scales more than 1.25 cm. long. 
 
 Sheaths and flowering scales villpus. 3. D. sericea. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous ; flowering scales pilose on the margins. 4. D. epilis. 
 
 1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. COMMON WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 397.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, nearly terete. Sheaths glabrous or often spar- 
 ingly pubescent below; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, the 
 lower 1-1.5 dm. long, the upper 2.5-5 cm - l n gi inflorescence racemose or panicu- 
 late, 2.5-5 cm - in length, the pedicels and branches erect or ascending; spikelets 
 5-8-flowered; empty scales 8-10 mm. long, glabrous; flowering scales broadly 
 oblong, sparingly pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the teeth about I mm. long, 
 acute or short-pointed, the bent and widely spreading awn closely twisted at the 
 base, loosely so above. In dry soil, Newf. to Quebec and N. Dak., south to N. 
 Car., Kans., and La. Ascends to 900 m. in Va. July -Sept. 
 
 2. Danthonia compressa Austin. FLATTENED WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 398.) Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, flattened. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, rough, 
 lax, the basal from one-third to one-half the length of the culm; lower culm leaves 
 1.5-2 dm. long, the upper 7.5-15 cm.; panicle open, 6.25-10 cm. in length, the 
 lower branches generally spreading; spikelets 5-10 flowered; empty scales 1-1.2 
 cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales oblong, with a ring of short hairs at base, 
 pubescent with appressed silky hairs, the awn erect or somewhat bent, strongly 
 twisted below, slightly so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. In 
 woods, Me. and Vt. to N. Car. and Tenn. Ascends to 1800 m. in N. Car. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. SILKY WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 399.) Culms 
 4.5-9 dm. tall, simple, glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, villous; 
 leaves rough and more or less villous, 2-3 mm. wide, the basal one-quarter to one- 
 half the length of the culm, usually flexuous, those of the culm 2.5-10 cm. long, 
 erect; panicle 6.25-11.25 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect or ascending; 
 spikelets 4-iO-flowered; empty scales 1.41.6 cm. long, glabrous; flowering scales 
 oblong, strongly pubescent with long silky hair?, the awn erect or somewhat bent, 
 closely twisted below, loosely so above, the teeth 2-3 mm. long, acuminate, awned. 
 Iu dry sandy soil, Mass, to N. J., south to Fla. May-July. 
 
 4. Danthonia epilis Scribn. SMOOTH WILD OAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 398a.) Gla- 
 brous. Culms erect, tufted, 4-7 dm. tall, slightly roughened just below the panicle and 
 puberulent below the brown nodes; leaves smooth excepting at the apex, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 1.5 dm. or more long, the culm leaves 5-10 
 cm. long; panicle 5-7.5 cm. long, contracted; spikelets, including awns, 1.8-2 
 cm. long, 5-io-flowered; empty scales acuminate; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long 
 to the base of the teeth, pilose on the margins below and sometimes sparingly so on 
 the midnerve at the base, the teeth, including the awns, 2-3 mm. long, the central 
 awn 9-12 mm. long, more or less spreading. In swamps, southern N. J. to Ga. 
 May-July. 
 
 53. CAPRIOLA Adans. [CYNODON Rich.J 
 
 Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes dig- 
 itate. Spikelets i-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flow- 
 ering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, 
 hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain 
 free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste 
 rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following 
 widely distributed. 
 
 i. Capriola Dactylon(L.)Kuntze. BERMUDA-GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS. DOG'S- 
 TOOTH GRASS. (I. F. f. 400.) Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping 
 and branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat 
 hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolonsj leaves 2.5-5 c ^ n 
 
I2O FLORA. 
 
 long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, rigid, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, 1.25-5 
 cm. in length, digitate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on 
 the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, about two-thirds as long as the 
 broad and strongly compressed third one. In fields and waste places, southern N. 
 Y. to Penn. and Tenn , south to Fla. and Tex. Abundant in the Southern States. 
 Cultivated for pasture. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 54. SPARTlNA Schreb. 
 
 Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute 
 leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spike- 
 lets i -flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with 
 the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3 ; the two outer empty, keeled, 
 very unequal ; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shortei 
 than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles 
 filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. 
 [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely 
 distributed in saline soil, a few in fresh-water marshes. 
 
 First scale awn- pointed, equalling the third; second long-awned. i. S. cynosuroides* 
 First scale acute, shorter than the third, usually one-half as long. 
 First scale strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel. 
 
 Leaves 1.25 cm. wide or more, flat. 2. S. polystachya. 
 
 Leaves 6 mm. wide or less. 
 
 Spikes ascending or erect ; leaves narrow, involute ; coast plant. 
 
 3. S. patens. 
 Spikes appressed ; leaves usually flat at the base ; western species. 
 
 4. S. gracilis. 
 First scale smooth on the keel or occasionally slightly scabrous. 5. S. stricta. 
 
 1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. TALL MARSH-GRASS (I. F. f. 401.) 
 
 Culms 6-1 8 dm., tall, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 6-14 
 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into a 
 long slender tip; spikes 5-30, 5-12.5 cm. long, often on peduncles 1.25-2.5 cm. in 
 length, ascending or erect; rachis rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 
 1.2-1.4 cm. long; outer scales awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on 
 the keel; third scale as long as the first, the scabrous midrib terminating just below 
 the emarginate or 2-toothed apex; palet sometimes exceeding the scale. In swamps 
 and streams of fresh or brackish water, N. S. to Assiniboia, N. J. and Tex. Some- 
 times glaucous. Called also Fresh-water Cord-grass. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. SALT REED-GRASS. (I. F. f. 402.) 
 Culms 1-3 m. tall, erect, stout, simple, smooth. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, 1.25- 
 2.5 cm. wide, flat, scabrous at least on the margins, attenuate into a long slender 
 tip; spikes 20-50, ascending, often long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. in length, the rachis 
 rough on the margins; spikelets much imbricated, 8-10 mm. long, the outer scales 
 acute, strongly scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half the length of the second; 
 third scale scabrous on the upper part of the keel, obtuse, longer than the first and 
 exceeded by the palet. In salt and brackish marshes, Me. toN. J. and Fla. Called 
 also creek-thatch. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. SALT-MEADOW GRASS. (I. F. f. 403.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 
 2-4 mm, broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; 
 spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis 
 slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous-hispid on 
 the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second ; third 
 scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at 
 the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. On salt meadows, Newf. 
 and N. S. to Fla., west to Tex. This andjuncus Gerardi, the "Black-grass," fur- 
 nish most of the salt-meadow hay of the Atlantic Coast. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 4. Spartina gracilis Trin. INLAND CORD-GRASS. (I. F. f. 404.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base of the 
 culm short and crowded; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or involute, 
 attenuate into a long tip; spikes 4-8, 2.5-5 cm< l n g> appressed, more or less pe- 
 
GRAMINEAE. 121 
 
 duncled; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous -hispid on the keel, 
 the first half the length of the second; third scale obtuse, slightly shorter than the 
 second and about equalling the obtuse palet. In saline soil, Assiniboia and Br. Col. 
 to Neb. and Nev. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Spartina stricta (Ait.) Roth. SMOOTH MARSH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 405.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth. Sheaths overlapping, those at the base 
 shorter and looser, much crowded ; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide at the 
 base, involute, at least when dry ; spikes 3-5, erect or nearly so, 2.5-5 cm. long ; 
 spikelets 1.2-1.6 cm. long, loosely imbricated; empty scales acute or acutish, 
 I -nerved, the first shorter than the second, which exceeds or equals the third ; 
 palet longer than the third scale. 
 
 Spartina stricta maritima (Walt.) Scribn. Culms taller, sometimes 3 m. high, 
 and leaves longer ; spikes more numerous, usually appressed. 
 
 Spartina stricta alterniflbra (Lois.) A. Gray. Culms 12-18 dm. tall; spikes 
 slender, appressed, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, the spikelets barely overlapping. 
 
 Very variable. Common in some one of its forms, along the coast from Me. to 
 Fla. and Tex. Also on the coast of Europe. Our plant does not appear to be satis- 
 factorily identified with the European. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 55. CAMPULOSUS Desv. 
 
 Tall pungent-tasted grasses, with flat or convolute narrow leaves and a curved 
 spicate inflorescence. Spikelets borne pectinately in two rows on one side of the flat 
 curved rachis, i -flowered. Lower 4 scales empty, the first very short, hyaline; 
 the second, third, fourth and fifth awned on the back, the latter subtending a per- 
 fect flower and palet, the uppermost scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in 
 allusion to the curved spike.] Seven known species, four of them American, the 
 others in the eastern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Camoulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Scribn. TOOTHACHE-GRASS. (L F. f. 
 406.) Culms 9-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous. Leaves 
 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute, smooth ; spike terminal, solitary, 
 curved, 5-10 cm. long, the rachis extended into a point ; spikelets about 6 mm. 
 long ; second scale thick and rigid, awn-pointed, bearing just above the middle a 
 stout horizontal or recurved awn ; third fourth and fifth scales membranous, sca- 
 brous, awned from below the 2 -toothed apex, the fifth subtending a perfect flower, 
 the others empty. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 56. CHLORIS Sw. 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes 
 few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets i-flowered, arranged in 
 two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 ; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, 
 acute ; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower ; 
 pa let folded and 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish -yellow, referring to the color of the 
 herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Be- 
 sides the following some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Spikes slender, naked at the base ; nerves of the third scale all pilose with short ap- 
 pressed hairs. i. C. verticillata. 
 
 Spikes stout, spikelets crowded to the very base ; lateral nerves of the third scale with a 
 tuft of very long hairs at the summit. 2. C. elegans. 
 
 i. Chloris verticillata Nutt. PRAIRIE CHLORIS. (I. F. f. 407.) Culms 
 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 2.5- 
 7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often apiculate, scabrous ; spikes slemder, 
 usually spreading, 5-11.25 cm. long, in one or two whorls, or the upper ones ap- 
 proximate ; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long, the third scale 
 2 mm. long, obtuse, ciliate on the nerves, especially on the lateral ones, bearing just 
 below the apex a scabrous awn about 5 mm. long ; fourth scale as long as or 
 shorter than the third, awned near ilic usually truncate apex. On prairies, Kans. 
 to Tex. May-July. 
 
122 FLORA. 
 
 2. Chloris elegans II. B. K. Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, finally branched. 
 Sheaths compressed, keeled ; leaves usually less than i dm. long, sometimes 
 longer, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, generally very rough above ; inflorescence 
 silvery-white, often tinged with purple, consisting of 3-12 erect spikes 2-8 cm. 
 long ; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 4 mm. long, visually 2-flowered, the 
 third scale with the midnerve abruptly contracted a short distance below the awn, 
 the awn 5-10 mm. long. Sandy soil, Kans. (according to Hitchcock) to Ariz., 
 south to Mex. 
 
 57. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. 
 
 Perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender 
 alternate spikes. Spikelets I -flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and 
 bearing a small scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, 
 unequal, narrow, acute; third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2 -toothed at the 
 apex, bearing an erect awn; the fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2 -Reeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in 
 the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the prolongation of the rachilla.] 
 Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. 
 
 Spikes bearing spikelets their whole length ; awn longer than flowering scale. 
 
 1. G. ambiguus. 
 Spikes bearing spikelets above the middle ; awn shorter than flowering scale. 
 
 2. G, brevifolius. 
 
 1. Gymrtopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. BROAD-LEAVED GYMNOPOGON. 
 (I. F. f. 408.) Culms 3-4.5 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base, simple or 
 sometimes sparingly branched. Sheaths short, with a villous ring at the summit, 
 crowded at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 412 mm. wide, lanceo- 
 late, acute, cordate at the base, spreading, smooth or a little scabrous above; spikes 
 slender, spikelet-bearing throughout their entire length, at first erect, the lower 1-2 
 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of awns, 4-5 mm. long; 
 first scale shorter than the second; third scale exceeded by the second, the callus 
 at the base hairy, the awn 4-6 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, southern N. J. to 
 Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. [67. racemosus Beauv.] 
 
 2. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. SHORT-LEAVED GYMNOPOGON. (I. F. f. 
 409.) Culms 3-6 dm. long, from a decumbent base, simple, slender. Sheaths 
 sometimes crowded near the middle of the culm; leaves 2.55 cm - l n g> 2 ~8 mm. 
 wide, usually spreading, lanceolate, acute, cordate at the base; spikes very slender, 
 spikelet-bearing above the middle, the lower 1.5 dm. long, at first erect, finally 
 widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, 3 mm. long; first scale shorter 
 than the second; third scale equalling or exceeded by the second, short-awned, 
 sparingly villous or glabrous, the callus hairy. In dry soil, N. J. to Fla., west to 
 Miss. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 58. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. 
 
 An annual grass with branching culms, narrow leaves and slender spikes 
 arranged along a common axis. Spikelets I -flowered, sessile and alternate on the 
 rachis. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, narrow, membranous, acuminate; the flow- 
 ering scale longer, of similar texture; palet narrow, shorter. Stamens 3. Styles 
 distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to the genus Nardus.~\ A 
 monotypic genus of central N. Am. 
 
 i. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. SCHEDONNARDUS. (I. F. 
 f. 410.) Culms 2-4.5 dm- tall, erect, slender, rigid, branching at the base, 
 scabrous. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, compressed, smooth and 
 glabrous; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2 mm, wide or less, flat, usually erect ; spikes 
 numerous, rigid, widely spreading, alternate, the lower 5-10 cm. long, the axis 
 and branches triangular; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, sessile and appressed, alter- 
 nate; scales hispid on the keel, the second longer than the first and exceeded by 
 the acute third one. Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to 111., Tex. and N. Mex. 
 July -Sept. \S. 7 e. \anus Steud.J 
 
GRAM2NEAE. 12$ 
 
 59. BOUTELOUA Lag. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spike- 
 lets in few one-sided spikes. Spikelets i-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on onft 
 side of a flat rachis, the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 
 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; 
 flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed or awned; palet hyaline, 
 entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] About 30 
 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns glabrous; second scale strongly 
 papillose-hispid on the keel. i. B. hirsuta. 
 
 Rachilla bearing the rudimentary scales and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex ; 
 second scale scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 2. B. oligostachya. 
 
 1. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. HAIRY MESQUITE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 411.) Culms 
 1.5-5 dm. t a M erect, simple or sometimes sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths 
 mostly at the base of the culm; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 erect or ascending, flat, scabrous, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base, espe- 
 cially on the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.25-5 cm. long, usually erect or ascending, the 
 rachis extending beyond the spikelets into a conspicuous point; spikelets numerous, 
 5-6 mm. long, pectinately arranged; second scale strongly papillose-hirsute on the 
 keel; third scale pubescent, 3 -cleft to the middle, the nerves terminating in awns; 
 rachilla without a tuft of hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. In dry 
 soil, especially on prairies, III. to Dak., Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torn GRAMA-GRASS. MESQUITE-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 412.) Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, simple. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2 
 mm. wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tip, smooth or scabrous; 
 spikes 1-3, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a short 
 inconspicuous point; spikelets numerous, pectinately arranged, about 6 mm. long; 
 second scale scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the keel, sometimes with a 
 few papillae; third scale pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns; rachilla 
 with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary scales and awns. On prairies, 
 Manitoba to Alberta, south to Wis., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 60. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. 
 
 Perennial grasses with narrow flat leaves and an inflorescence composed of nu- 
 merous short scattered few-flowered one-sided spreading or frequently reflexed 
 spikes. Spikelets I -flowered, crowded in 2 rows, sessile, imbricated, the rachilla 
 articulated above the empty scales and extending beyond the flower, its sumn : t 
 bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or more, the lower 2 empty, unequal, acute, nar- 
 row, keeled, the third scale thicker and broader, enclosing a narrow 2-toothed hya- 
 line palet and a perfect flower, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned; 
 the small upper scales minute, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, in reference to the awns of 
 the flowering scales.] Species about 15, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 i. Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.)\ Fourn. RACEMED BOUTELOUA. 
 (I. F. f. 413.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Leaves 
 5-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, flat or involute, rough, especially above; spikes 
 numerous, 6-16 mm. long, widely spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent 
 from the rachis, 7-12 mm. long; scales scabrous, especially on the keel, the first 
 shorter than or equalling the second; the third 3-toothed, the nerves extended into 
 short awns; rachilla bearing at the summit a small awned scale, or sometimes a 
 larger 3 -nerved scale, the nerves extended into awns; anthers vermillion or cinna- 
 bar-red. In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, south to N. J., Ky., Tex. and Mex. July- 
 Sept. (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.) 
 
 61. BECKMANNIA Host. 
 
 A tall erect grass with flat leaves and erect spikes borne in a terminal panicle. 
 Spikelets i-2-flowered, globose, compressed. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, 
 membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute: the flowering scales narrow, thin- 
 
124 FLORA. 
 
 membranous; palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu- 
 mose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Johann 
 Beckmann, 1739-1811, teacher of Natural History at St. Petersburg.] A mono- 
 typic genus of the north temperate zone. 
 
 I. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. BECKMANNIA. (I. F. f. 414.) 
 Glabrous. Culms 4.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth ; sheaths longer than the 
 internodes, loose; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1-2.5 dm. 
 in length, simple or compound, the spikes about 1.25 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. 
 long, i-2-flowered, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis; scales 
 smooth, the outer saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute ; flowering scales acute, the lower 
 generally awn-pointed, the upper rarely present. In wet places, western Ont. to 
 Br. Col., south to Iowa, Colo, and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 62. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 
 
 Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the 
 spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flow- 
 ered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not 
 extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, 
 keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale 
 and palet. [From the Greek name of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] 
 Species 6, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, two others have been 
 found in ballast fillings about the eastern seaports. 
 
 i. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. WIRE-GRASS. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 415.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base. 
 Sheaths loose, overlapping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, 
 glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; leaves 7.530 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
 smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, whorled or approximate at the 
 summit of the culm or one or two sometimes distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 3-4 mm. 
 long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first I -nerved, the second 3-7- 
 nerved, the others 3-5 -nerved. In fields, dooryards and waste places all over N. 
 Am. except the extreme north. Naturalized from the warmer regions of the Old 
 World. June Sept. 
 
 63. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. 
 
 An annual grass, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or 
 digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one 
 side of the rachis, which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales com- 
 pressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending 
 flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, 
 loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the digitately spreading spikes.] 
 A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World. 
 
 i. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L.) Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS. (L F. f. 
 416.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. long, usually decumbent and extensively creeping at the 
 base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous; leaves 
 1.5 dm. in length or less, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent, 
 ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 1.25-5 cm. long; 
 spikelets 3-5 -flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second awned, 
 the flowering ones broader and pointed. In waste places and cultivated ground, 
 southern N. Y., Penn. and Va. to 111. and Cal., south to Fla. and Mex. Widely 
 distributed in tropical America. Naturalized from Asia or Africa. July-Oct. 
 
 64. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. 
 
 Usually tall annual grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a 
 simple panicle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in two 
 rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 to many; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter 
 than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 
 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] About 12 species, natives of the warmer 
 regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
 southern U. S. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Flowering scales 1.5 mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves long and copious. 
 
 1. L. mucronata. 
 Flowering scales less than i mm. long, the pubescence on the nerves short and scant. 
 
 2. /,. attenuata. 
 
 1. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. NORTHERN LEPTOCHLOA. (I. F. 
 f. 417.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, finally branching. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
 commonly more or less hirsute ; leaves 6-25 cm. long, I cm. or less wide, rough ; 
 inflorescence 1.5-5 dm. l n gj spikes generally elongated, ascending, 5-15 cm. 
 long ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; scales usually 5, the outer empty 2 acute, equal, 
 or the first somewhat shorter than the second, the first scale usually a little shorter 
 than the first flowering scale. In fields, Va. to Fla., west to Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Leptochloa attenuata Nutt. SHARP-SCALED LEPTOCHLOA. Culms 
 tufted, branching at the base, 2-4 dm. tall, rarely taller. Lower sheaths sparingly 
 pilose ; leaves 4-8 cm. long, sometimes longer, 3-5 mm. wide, sparingly pilose be- 
 neath ; inflorescence 1.5-2 dm. long ; spikes numerous, finally spreading, 2-5 cm. 
 long, rarely longer ; spikelets 1.6-2 mm. long ; scales 5 or 6, the outer 2 subulate, 
 acuminate, awn-pointed, usually alxmt equal, or the first shorter than the second, 
 which reaches or extends beyond the apex of the second flowering scale. In sandy 
 river bottoms, 111. to Ind. Terr. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 65. BULBILIS Raf. [BUCHLOE Engelm.] 
 
 A perennial stoloniferous monoecious or apparently dioecious grass with flat 
 leaves and spicate inflorescence. Staminate spikelets borne in two rows on one side 
 of the rachis, the spikes at the summit of the long and exserted culms. Pistillate 
 spikelets in spike-like clusters of 2 or 3, on very short culms, scarcely exserted from 
 the sheath. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, long. Stigmas elongated, short-plumose. 
 Grain ovate, free, enclosed in the scale. [Name apparently from the supposed 
 bulb-like base of old plants.] A monotypic genus of central N. Am. 
 
 i. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Rat. BUFFALO-GRASS. (I. F. f. 418.) 
 Culms bearing staminate flowers 1-3 dm. tall, erect, slender, naked above ; those 
 bearing pistillate flowers 1.25-7.5 cm. long, much exceeded by the leaves ; leaves 
 2 mm. wide or less, more or less papillose, those of the staminate culms 2.5-10 cm. 
 long, erect, those of the stolons and pistillate culms 2.5 cm. long or less, spread- 
 ing ; staminate spikes 2 or 3, approximate ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened, 
 2-3-flowered, the empty scales i -nerved, the flowering 3-nerved ; pistillate spike- 
 lets ovoid, the outer scales indurated. On plains and prairies, Minn, to Dak., south 
 to Ark., Tex. and Mex. A valuable fodder- grass. June-July. 
 
 66. MUNROA Torr. 
 
 A low diffusely branched grass, with flat pungently pointed leaves crowded at 
 the nodes and the ends of the branches. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, nearly sessile 
 in the axils of the floral leaves, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales 
 empty, lanceolate, acute, i-nerved, hyaline ; flowering scales larger, 3-nerved ; 
 I or 2 empty scales sometimes present above the flowering ones ; palet hyaline. 
 Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas barbellate or short- plumose. 
 Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Gen. William Munro, 
 English agrostologist. ] Three known species, the following of the plains of N. 
 Am., the others in S. Am. 
 
 I. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt. ) Torr. MUNRO'S GRASS. (I. F. f. 419.) Culms 
 5-20 dm. long, tufted, erect, decumbent or prostrate, much branched, smooth or 
 rough. Sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and ends of the branches, smooth, 
 pilose at the base and throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins ; leaves 2.5 cm. long 
 or less, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungently pointed ; spikelets 
 2-5 flowered, the flowers perfect ; empty scales I -nerved, shorter than the flower- 
 ing scales, which are about 5 mm. long, 3-toothed, the nerves excurrent as short 
 points or awns, with tufts of hair near the middle ; palets obtuse. On dry plains, 
 S. Dak. to Alberta, south to Neb., Tex. and Ariz. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 67. PHRAGMITES Trin. 
 
 Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles. 
 Spikelets 3-several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; 
 
126 FLOJRA. 
 
 rachilla articulated between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales 
 empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third 
 scale empty or subtending a staminate flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, 
 long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, 
 short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches.] Three known species, 
 the following of the north temperate zone, one in Asia, the third in S. Am. 
 
 I. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. REED. (I. F. f. 420.) Culms 
 1.5-5 m - ta ^> erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. 
 Sheaths overlapping, loose ; leaves 1.5-3 dm - lon g or more, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, 
 smooth, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long or more, ample; spikelets crowded on 
 the ascending branches ; first scale i-nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3- 
 nerved second one ; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, 
 equalling the hairs of the rachilla. In swamps and wet places nearly throughout 
 the U. S., extending north to N. S., Manitoba and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Rarely ripening seed. Aug.-Oct. \P, commnnis Trin.j 
 
 68. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. 
 
 A perennial tufted grass with flat leaves and a narrow simple panicle. Spike- 
 lets few, 3-5-flowered, the rachilla internodes short. Scales 5-7, the lower 2 empty, 
 equalling or nearly as long as the spikelet, the flowering scales very firm, rounded 
 on the back, obscurely 9-nerved, the nerves more prominent at the shortly 3 -toothed 
 summit, pilose near the margins, the callus short and obtuse, pilose; palet 2-keeled, 
 ciliate on the keels. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 free, enclosed in the scale. [Named in honor of Prof. Siegling, German botanist. ] 
 A monotypic genus of the Old World. 
 
 i. Sieglingia decumbens (L.) Kuntze. HEATHER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 423.) 
 Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple, smooth and 
 glabrous. Sheaths villous at the summit; leaves smooth beneath, usually scabrous 
 above, 1-3 mm. wide, the basal 7.5-15 cm. long, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. 
 long; panicle 2.5-5 cm. long, contracted, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; 
 spikelets 3-5-flowered, 6-io mm. long, the joints of the rachilla very short; lower 
 scales equalling the spikelet, acute ; flowering scales broadly oval, ciliate on the 
 margins below, obtusely 3-toothed, with two tufts of hair on the callus. Introduced 
 into Newf. Native of Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 69. TRICUSPIS Beauv. 
 
 Usually perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and an open or contracted 
 sometimes spike-like panicle. Spikelets 3-many -flowered, the flowers perfect or 
 the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and be- 
 tween the flowers. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes firmer, the lower 2 
 empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, sometimes 
 longer, the flowering scales 3-ncrved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent, the 
 midnerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex shortly 2-toothed, 
 rarely entire, the teeth obtuse or acute, the callus short and obtuse; palet shorter 
 than the scale, compressed, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stig- 
 mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Named in reference to the teeth 
 of the flowering scale of most of the species.] Species about 30, natives chiefly of 
 temperate regions. (Sieglingia Bernh. in part.) 
 
 Panicle open, the branches long and more or less spreading, often drooping at the apex. 
 
 1. 7'. seslerioides. 
 Panicle contracted, the branches short and erect or appressed. 
 
 Panicle spike-like, 1-3 dm. long; spikelets numerous; leaves long and flat. 
 Second empty scale i-nerved ; flowering scales 3.5-4 mm. long. 
 
 2. T. stricta. 
 Second empty scale 3~5-nerved ; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long. 
 
 3. T. elongata. 
 Panicle 1-3 cm. long, almost raceme-like; spikelets few ; leaves thick, folded. 
 
 4. '/'. pilosa, 
 
 I. Tricuspis seslerioides (Michx.) Torn TALL RED-TOP. (I. F. f. 421.) 
 Culms 6-15. dm. tall, erect, somewhat flattened, often viscid above. Sheaths some- 
 
GRAMINEAE. I2/ 
 
 times villous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and crowded, the upper 
 longer, equalling or shorter than the internodes; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 6-12 
 mm. wide, flat, attenuate into a long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 
 1.5-4.5 dm. long, the branches finally ascending or spreading, the lower 1-2.5 c ^ m - 
 long, usually dividing above the middle; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 6-8 mm. long, 
 purple; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, generally slightly 2-toothed; flowering 
 scales oval, the nerves pilose, excurrent as short tips. In fields, Conn to Kans., 
 south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. (Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx.) Scribn.) 
 
 2. Tricuspis stricta (Nutt.) A. Gray. NARROW TRICUSPIS. (I. F. f. 422.) 
 Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, a little compressed. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 
 flat, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like panicle 1.25-3 
 dm. in length, the branches appressed, the lower 2.5-5 cm - lon g; spikelets 4-10- 
 flowered, 4-6 mm. long; lower scales usually about two-thirds as long as the spike- 
 let, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales, acute, glabrous; flowering scales 
 ovate, the nerves pilose for more than half their length, the middle and often the 
 lateral excurrent as short tips. Moist soil, Miss, to Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 (Sieglingia stricta (Nutt.) Kuntze.) 
 
 3. Tricuspis elongata (Buckley) Nash. LONG-PANICLED TRICUSPIS. (I. F. 
 f. 422b.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect, rough, the sterile shoots about one- 
 half as long as the culms. Sheaths rough, a ring of hairs at the apex; leaves 
 rough, usually involute when dry, 7.5-2 5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 
 narrow, 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 1.25 cm. wide, its branches erect, 3.75 cm. long or less; 
 spikelets io-12-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the empty scales scabrous, the first I- 
 nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales about 6 mm. long, obtuse at the 
 scabrous apex, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing at or below the apex, the 
 midnerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Prairies, Kans. to Ariz, and Tex. 
 June- Aug. (Sieglingia elongata (Buckley) Nash.) 
 
 4. Tricuspis pilosa (Buckley) Nash. SHARP-SCALED TRICUSPIS. (I. F. f. 
 422C.) Culms tufted, 6.25-30 cm. tall, the sterile shoots I dm. tall or less. Sheaths 
 smooth, a tuft of hairs on each side of the apex, much shorter than the internodes; 
 leaves strict or curved, thick, linear, obtuse, I -nerved, the margins white, serrulate, 
 3.75 cm. long, or less, less than 2 mm. wide, folded, at least when dry, pubescent 
 with long hairs, especially beneath; panicle almost raceme-like, long-exserted, 
 1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-12-flowered; empty scales, acumi- 
 nate, i -nerved; flowering -scales 6-6.5 mm - l n g> acuminate, 3-nerved, the mid- 
 nerve generally excurrent as a short tip, all the nerves pilose (the lateral at the 
 top and bottom, the midnerve below the middle). Dry soil, Kans. to Colo., Tex. and 
 N. Mex. April-Sept. (Sieglingia pilosa (Buckley) Nash.) 
 
 70. TRIPLASIS Beauv. 
 
 Perennial (?) grasses, with narrow flat or involute leaves and contracted or 
 open somewhat branched panicles. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, 2-6-flowered, the 
 glabrous rachilla articulated between the flowers, the internodes very long. Scales 
 4-8, membranous, the lower 2 empty, keeled, the flowering scales dorsally rounded 
 at the base, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves pilose, deeply 2-lobed at the apex, long- 
 awned between the lobes, the callus long and subulate, pubescent on the outer sur- 
 face; palet 2-keeled, the keels long-ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the 3 
 divisions of the flowering scales.] Species 3, natives of the eastern and southern 
 parts of N. Am. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 I. Triplasis purpurea (Walt. ) Chapm. SAND-GRASS. (I. F. f. 424.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent. Leaves 1.25-6.25 cm. long, 2 mm. 
 wide or less, rigid, scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicle 2.5-7*5 cm - l n g> 
 the branches rigid, finally widely spreading, the lower 1.8-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 
 2-5-flowered, 5-8 mm. long, the joints of the rachilla half as long as the flowering 
 scale; flowering scales oblong, 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes erose-trancate, the. 
 nerves strongly ciliate, the middle one excurrent as a short point. In sand, espe- 
 cially on sea-beaches, Me. to Tex. and along the Great Lakes. Also from Neb. to 
 N. Mex. Plant acid. Aug.-Sept 
 
128 FLORA. 
 
 71. REDFIELDIA Vasey. 
 
 A tall perennial grass, with long narrow leaves and an ample panicle. Spike- 
 lets i-3-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Empty scales 2, about equal, shorter 
 than the spikelet, i-nerved; flowering scales membranous, 3-nerved, with a ring of 
 hairs at the base. Palet 2 -nerved, shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles 
 long, distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of John 
 H. Redfield, 1815-1895, American naturalist.] A monotypic genus of the west- 
 ern U. S. 
 
 i. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey. REDFIELDIA. (I. F. f. 425.) 
 Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect from a long horizontal rootstock. Sheaths smooth, the 
 lower short and overlapping, often crowded, the upper much longer; leaves 3-6 
 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, involute; panicle ample and diffuse, 2-5.5 ^ m - m length, 
 the branches finally widely spreading, flexuous, the lower 7.5-20 cm. long; spikelets 
 about 6 mm. long, I 3-flowered, the empty scales acute, glabrous; flowering scales 
 with a ring of hairs at the base, minutely scabrous, twice the length of the empty 
 ones, acute, the middle nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. On prairies, 
 Neb. and Wyo. to Colo, and the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 72. DIPLACHNE Beauv. 
 
 Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an 
 open panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, nar- 
 row, sessile or shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, 
 keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales i-3-nerved, 2-toothed and mucronate or 
 short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] About 15 species, natives of 
 the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Besides the following species, about 6 
 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Awn less than one-third as long as the flowering scale. 
 
 Spikelets 4-8 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or obtuse at the 2-toothed apex, 
 
 lateral nerves often excurrent. i. D. fascicularis. 
 
 Spikelets 10-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acuminate at the usually entire apex, 
 
 the lateral nerves rarely excurrent. 2. D. acuminata. 
 
 Awn one-half as long as the flowering scale or more. 3. D. procumbens. 
 
 1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. SALT-MEADOW DIPLACHNE. 
 (I. F. f. 426.) Culms tufted, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 1-2 
 dm. long, 3 mm. or less wide, involute when dry, rough; racemes 8 or more, erect 
 or ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. long; scales 10-12, 
 the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the midnerve extending 
 into an awn i mm. long or less. Along the coast. Fla. to Tex., and extending up 
 the Miss. Valley to 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Diplachne acuminata Nash. SHARP-SCALED DIPLACHNE. Culms 
 tufted, 3-6 dm. tall, finally branching. Leaves erect, 1-3 dm. long, 4.5 mm. 
 or less wide, usually involute when dry, very rough; racemes numerous, erect 
 or ascending, the larger 7-15 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; scales 8-ii,the 
 flowering scales 6-7 mm. long, acuminate at the entire or occasionally slightly 2- 
 toothed apex, the lateral nerves rarely slightly excurrent, the midnerve extending 
 into an awn 0.75-1.3 mm. long. Wet or moist soil, Ark. to Neb. and Colo. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 3. Diplachne procumbens (Muhl.) Nash. LONG- AWNED DIPLACHNE. Culms 
 tufted, finally branching, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 8-20 cm. long, 4 mm. or less 
 wide, involute when dry; racemes numerous, erect, the larger 5-7 cm. long; spike- 
 lets about I cm. long ; scales 8-IO, the empty ones usually awned or awn-pointed, 
 the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4.5-5 mm. long, acuminate at the 
 slightly 2 toothed apex, the midnerve extending into an awn one-half or moie as 
 long as the scale. Brackish marshes, N. Y. to S. Car. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 73. MOLINIA Schrank. 
 
 A perennial tufted grass, with narrow flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets 2-4-flowered; two lower scales empty, somewhat obtuse, or acute, une- 
 
GRAMINEAE. 1 29 
 
 qual, shorter than the spikelet ; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the 
 back, 3-nerved; palets scarcely shorter than the scales, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 
 3. Styles short. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the 
 scale and palet. [Name in honor of Joh. Ignaz Molina, Chilian missionary and 
 naturalist.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
 I. Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench. MOLINIA. (I. F. f. 427.) Culms 3-10 dm. 
 tall, erect, simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, and confined to the 
 lower part of the culm, smooth and glabrous; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 
 2-6 mm. wide, erect, acuminate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; panicle 
 7.5-25 cm. in length, green or purple, the branches usually erect, 2.5-10 cm. long: 
 spikelets 2-4-flowered, 5-8 mm. long; empty scales acute, unequal; flowering 
 scales about 4 mm. long, 3-nerved, obtuse. Introduced on ballast and into waste 
 places, Me. to N. Y. Adventive from Europe. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 74. RHOMBOLYTRUM Link. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves, and a narrow contracted spike-like 
 panicle. Spikelets numerous. Scales several, the outer two empty ones I -nerved, 
 the flowering scales broad, rounded at the apex, 3-nerved, the nerves glabrous, 
 the lateral ones vanishing below the margin, the miclnerve at the margin or 
 sometimes excurrent as a short tip, the callus pilose; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. 
 Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. 
 [Greek, in reference to the round flowering scales.] Species 4 or 5, natives of 
 warm or tropical countries. (Sieglingia Bernh. in part.) 
 
 i. Rhombolytrum albescens (Vasey) Nash. (I. F. f. 422a.) Culms tufted, 
 3-5 dm. tall, the sterile shoots one-half as long as the culm or more. Leaves 
 smooth beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 6.25-27.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
 panicle dense and contracted, white, 6.25-12.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. broad, its 
 branches erect or ascending, 2.5 cm. or less long; spikelets 7-ii-flowered, 4-5 mm. 
 long, the empty scales white, i-nerved, about equal; flowering scales about 3 mm. 
 long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, the midnerve excurrent 
 in a short scabrous point. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Sept. (Sieglingia albescens 
 (Vasey) Kuntze.) 
 
 75. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet 
 in height, the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many -flowered, 
 more or less flattened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flower- 
 ing ones, keeled, I -nerved, or the second 3-nerved ; flowering scales membranous, 
 keeled, 3-nerved ; palets shorter than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, 
 usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 
 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the 
 scale and palet. [Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low grass, or 
 Love-grass, an occasional English name.] A genus of about 100 species, widely 
 distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries. Besides the following, 
 some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Culms often decumbent at the base and generally much branched, 4.5 dm. tall or less ; 
 
 usually annuals. 
 Spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2-3 mm. long. 
 
 Culms branched only at the very base ; pedicels and branches of the panicle long 
 
 and capillary. i. E. capillaris. 
 
 Culms branched above the base ; pedicels and branches of the panicle short. 
 
 2. E. Frankii. 
 
 Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 3-16 mm. long. 
 Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less. 
 
 Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or 
 
 wanting ; spikelets about i mm. wide. 3. E. pilosa. 
 
 Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very 
 
 prominent; spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. E. Purshii. 
 
 Spikelets 2 mm. wide or more. 
 
 Lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long ; spikelets 2 mm. wide. 
 
 5. E, Eragrostis. 
 Lower flowering scales 2-2.5 mm - long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm - wide. 
 
 6. E. major. 
 
130 FLORA. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending, simple, rirpd, 4.5-16 dm. tall ; usur.lly perennials. 
 Spikelets not clustered. 
 
 Branches of the open panicle widely spreading, at least when old. 
 
 Spikelets closely sessile. 7. E. sessilispica. 
 
 Spikelets more or less pedicelled. 
 
 Pedicels long, commonly at least the length of the Spikelets. 
 
 9. E. pectinacea. 
 Pedicels commonly much shorter than the Spikelets. 
 
 Leaves elongated ; branches of the panicle long and slender ; spike- 
 lets scattered, 6-2 5- flowered. 10. E. refracta. 
 Leaves not elongated ; branches of the panicle short and stout, 
 rigid, spikelets crowded, 5-i2-flowered. 8. E. curtipedicellata. 
 Branches of the elongated panicle erect or ascending, capillary, somewhat 
 
 flexuous. ii. E. trichodes. 
 
 Spikelets clustered on the very short erect or ascending branches. 
 
 12. E. secundiflora. 
 Culms extensively creeping ; flowers dioecious. 13. E. hypnoides. 
 
 1. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. CAPILLARY ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 428.) 
 Culms 2-4.5 dm. tall, erect, slender, sparingly branched at the base. Sheaths 
 glabrous or sparingly hairy, the upper enclosing the base of the panicle; leaves 
 7.5-25 cm. long, 24 mm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above 
 and sparingly hirsute near the base; panicle diffuse, 1-4 dm. in length, the 
 branches capillary, spreading or ascending, 3.75-12.5 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 
 2-4-flowered, little flattened, 2-3 mm. long ; empty scales about equal, acute ; 
 flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 mm. long. In dry places, N. H. and R. I. 
 to N. Y. and Mo., south to Ga. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. FRANK'S ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 429.) Culms 
 1.5-4 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or often decumbent at the base. Sheaths loose, 
 shorter than the internodes; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth 
 beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, 
 the lower 2.5-3.75 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 3-5 -flowered, 2-3 mm. long; empty 
 scales acute, the first shorter than the second; flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 
 mm. long. In moist places, southeastern N. Y. and northern N. J. to Minn., south 
 to Miss., La. and Kans. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. TUFTED ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 430.) 
 Culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched. Sheaths sometimes 
 pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, 
 scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches at first erect, finally 
 widely spreading, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, often hairy in the axils; spikelets 5 12-flow- 
 ered, 3-6 mm. long, about I mm. wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as 
 long as the second; flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 mm. long, thin, usually 
 purplish. Waste places or cultivated ground, southern N. E. to 111. and Kans., 
 south to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. PURSH'S ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 431.) Culms 
 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, tufted, usually decumbent at the base and much branched, smooth. 
 Leaves 3-75-8-75 cm> l n & 2 mm - wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above; pani- 
 cle open, 7.5-20 cm. long, the branches spreading, 2.5-6.25 cm. long, naked in the 
 axils; spikelets 5-15-flowered, dull purple or green, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. 
 wide; empty scales acute, the lower about two-thirds as long as the upper, scabrous 
 on the keel; flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long. In dry 
 places, apparently throughout the U. S., extending into Ont. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L.) Karst. Low ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 432.) 
 Culms seldom over 4 dm. tall, tufted, usually decumbent and much branched. 
 Sheaths sparingly pilose at the throat; leaves 2.5-6.25 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, 
 smooth beneath, rough above and somewhat pilose near the base; panicle 5-11.25 
 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending, 1.8-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 
 8-i8-flowered, 6-IO mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; empty scales acute, the first two- 
 thirds as long as the second; flowering scales obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the lateral 
 nerves prominent. In waste places or cultivated ground, Ont. to N. E., N. Y. and 
 Perm. Locally naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. [E. minor Host.] 
 
 6. Eragrostis major Host. STRONG-SCKNTED ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 433.) 
 Culms 1.5-6 dm, tall, erect, or decumbent at the base., usually branched. Sheaths 
 
GRAMINEAE* \$l 
 
 sparingly pilose at the throat; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth be- 
 neath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascend- 
 ing, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 8-35 -flowered, 5-16 mm. long ? about 3 mm. wide, very 
 flat; empty scales acute, the first slightly shorter than the second; flowering scales 
 obtuse, 2-2.5 mm ' l n g> the lateral nerves prominent. In waste and cultivated 
 places nearly throughout the U. S., and in Ont. Naturalized from Europe. Un- 
 pleasantly scented, handsome. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 7. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckley. PRAIRIE ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 434.) 
 Culms 2-10.5 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths crowded at the base of the culm, 
 pilose at the summit; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, rough above, glabrous 
 or sparingly pilose beneath; panicle 2-4 dm. in length, the branches stout, rigid, 
 widely diverging; spikelets scattered, closely sessile, appressed, 5-12-flowered, 8-14 
 mm. long; empty scales about equal in length, acute; flowering scales very acute, 
 about 4 mm. long, the lateral nerves very prominent. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckley. SHORT - STALKED ERAGROSTIS. 
 (I. F. f. 435.) Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, rigid, simple. Sheaths overlapping, 
 pilose at the summit; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, sca- 
 brous above; panicle 1-3 dm. in length, the branches widely spreading, 3.75-11.25 
 cm. long; spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, on pedicels of less than their own 
 length ; scales acute, the empty ones somewhat unequal, the flowering ones about 
 1.75 mm. long, scabrous on the midnerve, their lateral nerves prominent. Prairies, 
 Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. PURPLE ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 
 436.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect or ascending, rigid, simple. Sheaths overlap- 
 ping, glabrous or villous, the upper one often enclosing the base of the panicle ; 
 leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above and spar- 
 ingly villous at the base; panicle 1.5-6 dm. in length, purple or purplish, the 
 branches 7.525 cm. long, strongly bearded in the axils, widely spreading or the 
 lower often reflexed; spikelets 5~i5-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, on pedicels of at least 
 their own length; scales acute, the empty ones about equal, the flowering ones about 
 1.75 mm. long, their lateral nerves very prominent. In dry soil, N. H. to 111. and 
 S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 10. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. MEADOW ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 
 437.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender, simple. Sheaths overlapping, smooth 
 and glabrous; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above, 
 and villous toward the base; panicle 2-5 dm. long; branches slender, 1-2.5 dm. l n g 
 at length widely spreading, the axils often bearded; spikelets 6-2 5 -flowered, 5-12 
 mm. long, longer than their pedicels; empty scales acute, the first somewhat 
 shorter than the second; flowering scales very acute, 1.5-2 mm. long, the lat- 
 eral nerves prominent. In moist soil, Del. and Md. to Fla., west to Tex. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 11. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. HAIR-LIKE ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 
 438.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths overlapping, pilose at the 
 throat; leaves 1.5-6.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous 
 above, attenuate into a long slender tip ; panicle 2.25-6.5 dm. in length, narrow and 
 elongated, the branches erect or ascending, capillary, subdividing, somewhat flcx- 
 uous, 7.5-17.5 cm. long ; lower axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 
 3-io-flowered, 5 9 mm. long; lower scales very acute, about equal; flowering scales 
 acute, the lower ones 2.5-3 mm - l n ?> their lateral nerves manifest. In dry sandy 
 soil, Ohio and 111. to Neb., south to Ark. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 12. Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. CLUSTERED ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 
 439.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erect, simple; leaves 5-30 
 cm. long, 2 4 mm. wide; panicle 3.75-15 cm. in length, the branches 1-25-3.75 
 cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets crowded or clustered, sessile or nearly so, 
 strongly flattened, 8-4O-flowered, 6-20 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; lower scales 
 acute, about equal; flowering scales 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, usually purple-bord- 
 ered, the lateral nerves prominent. In dry soil, Kans. and Mo., south to Tex. and 
 La. Aug^.-Sept. 
 
 13. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. CREEPING ERAGROSTIS. (I. F. f. 
 440.) Culms 2.5-45 cm. long, extensively creeping, branched, the branches erect 
 
J 32 FLORA. 
 
 or ascending, 2.5-15 cm. high. Sheaths villous at the summit; leaves 5 cm, long 
 or less, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; spikclets dioecious, 10 
 35 -flowered, 4-16 mm. long; lower scales unequal, the first one-half to two-thirds 
 as long as the second; flowering scales about 2.5mm. long, the lateral nerves 
 prominent; scales of the pistillate flowers more acute than those of the staminate. 
 On sandy or gravelly shores, Vt. and Out. to Ore., south to Fla. and Mex. Also 
 in the West Indies. Aug.-Sept. [. rtptans Nees.] 
 
 76. EATONIA Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and usually contracted 
 panicles. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; the rachilla extended beyond the flowers. Two 
 lower scales empty, shorter than the spikelet, the first linear, acute, i -nerved, the 
 second much broader, 3 -nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, 
 the margins scarious; flowering scales narrower, generally obtuse. Palet narrow, 
 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas phnrose. Grain free, 
 loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, 
 American botanist.] A genus of 4 or 5 species, confined to N. Am. 
 
 Empty scales unequal, the first shorter nnd about one-sixth as wide as the second. 
 
 Second scale obovate, often almost truncate. i. E. obtusata. 
 
 Second scale oblanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute. 2. E. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Empty scales equal, the first not less than one-third as wide as the second. 
 
 3. E. nitida. 
 
 1. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. BLUNT-SCALED EATONIA. (I. F. 
 f. 441.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall, erect, simple, often stout. Sheaths usually more or 
 less rough, sometimes pubescent; leaves 2.5-22.5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. wide, scabrous; 
 panicle 5-15 cm. in length, dense and generally spike-like, strict, the branches 
 3.75 cm. long or less, erect; spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm - l n g; empty scales un- 
 equal, often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as wide as 
 the obtuse or almost truncate second one; flowering scales narrow, obtuse, 1.5-2 
 mm. long. In dry soil, Mass, and Ont. to Assiniboia, Fla. and Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Eatonia Pennsylvania (DC.) A. Gray. PENNSYLVANIA EATONIA. 
 (I. F. f. 442.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, slender. Leaves 6.25-17.5 cm. 
 long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough; panicle 7-5- I 7-5 cm - * n length, contracted, often nod- 
 ding, lax, its branches 2.5-6.5 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, usually nu- 
 merous, somewhat crowded and appressed to the branches; empty scales unequal, 
 the first narrow, shorter than and about one-sixth as broad as the obtuse or ab- 
 ruptly acute second one, which is smooth, or somewhat rough on the keel; flower- 
 ing scales narrow, acute, 2.5 mm. long. In hilly woods or moist soil, N. B. toBr. 
 Colo., south to Ga., La. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 Eatonia Pennsylvania mujor Torr. Culms taller ; panicle longer and more com- 
 pound ; leaves longer and broader. Range apparently nearly that of the typical form. 
 
 3. Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash. BLENDER EATONIA. (I. F. f. 443.) 
 Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, very slender. Sheaths pubescent; leaves 1.25-7.5 cm. 
 long, 2 mm. wide or less, often pubescent, the uppermost very short; panicle 515 
 cm. in length, lax, the branches spreading at flowering time, afterwards erect, 2.5- 
 6.25 cm. long; spikelets not crowded, 3 mm. long; empty scales smooth, the first 
 about one-third as wide as and equalling the second, which is obtuse or almost 
 truncate, often apiculate; flowering scales narrow, 2-2.5 mm - l n g> obtuse oracut- 
 ish, smooth. In dry woods, Conn, to southern N. Y., N. J., Ga. and Ala. May- 
 June. 
 
 77. KOELERIA Pers. 
 
 Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat or setaceous leaves and mostly 
 spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2- 5 -flowered. Two lower scales empty, narrow, 
 acute, unequal, keeled, scarious on the margins; the flowering scales 3-5 -nerved. 
 Palet hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, 
 German botanist.] About 15 species of wide geographic distribution. The fol- 
 lowing, which may contain two forms, occurs in N. Am. 
 
CRAMINEAE. 133 
 
 i. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. KOELERIA. (I. F. f. 444.) Culms 3-7.5 
 dm. tall, often pubescent just below the panicle. Leaves 2.5-30 cm. long, 1-3 mm. 
 wide, erect, flat or involute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute; panicle 
 2.5-17.5 cm. in length, pale green, usually contracted or spike-like, the branches 
 erect or rarely ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-6 mm. 
 long, the scales rough, acute, the empty ones unequal; flowering scales 3-4 mm. 
 long, shining. In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ont. to Br. Col., south to 
 Penn., Neb., Tex. and. Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Very variable. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 78. CATABROSA Beauv. 
 
 A perennial grass, with soft flat leaves and an open panicle. Spikelets usually 
 2 -flowered. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, much shorter than the 
 flowering ones, unequal, rounded or obtuse at the apex ; flowering scales membran- 
 ous, erose-truncate. Palet barely shorter than the scale. Stamens 3. Styles dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose, [Greek, in allusion to the erose top of the flowering 
 scales.] A monotypic genus of arctic and mountainous regions of the northern hem- 
 isphere. 
 
 i. Catabrosa aquatica (L. ) Beauv. WATER WHORL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 445.) 
 Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1-6 dm. tall, erect, from a creeping base, brigkt 
 green, flaccid; sheaths usually overlapping, loose; leaves 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 
 2-6 mm. wide, flat, obtuse; panicle 2.5-20 cm. in length, open, the branches 
 whorled, spreading or ascending, very slender, 1.25-5 cm - l n gj spikelets 2.5-3.5 
 mm. long, the empty scales rounded or obtuse, the first about half as long as the 
 .iejond, which is crenulate on the margins ; flowering scales 2-2.5 mm - l n g 
 3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex. In water or wet soil, Lab. and Quebec to 
 Alaska, south to Neb., Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 79. MELICA L. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with usually soft flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets i -several-flowered, often secund, the rachilla extended beyond the flow- 
 ers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded scales, convolute around 
 each other. Two lower scales empty, membranous, 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales 
 larger, rounded on the back, 7-13 -nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins 
 more or less scarious; palets broad, shorter than the scales, two-keeled. Stamens 
 three. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and 
 palet. [Name used by Theophrastus for sorghum; said to be in allusion to the 
 sweet culms of some species.] About 30 species, inhabiting temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the Rocky Mts. and on the Pacific 
 Coast. 
 
 Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. 
 
 Spikelets few ; branches of the panicle spreading or ascending. i. M. diffusa. 
 
 Spikelets usually numerous ; branches of the panicle erect. 2. M. parviflora. 
 
 Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 3. -M. niutica. 
 
 1. Melica diffusa Pursh. TALL MELIC-GRASS. (I. F. f. 446.) Culms 4.5- 
 12 dm. tall. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1.5-2 dm. in 
 length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 3.75-7.5 cm. long; 
 spikelets usually numerous, about 3-flowered, 9-11 mm. long, nodding, on slender, 
 more or less flexuous, pubescent pedicels; empty basal scales very broad, obtuse or 
 acutish, the second generally much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 7-9 
 mm. long, acute or obtuse, scabrous. Penn. to Minn., south to Va., Ky. and Tex. 
 May -June. 
 
 2. Melica parviflora (Porter) Scribn. SMALL MELIC-GRASS. (I. F. f. 447.) 
 Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths more or less rough; leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, 
 2-4 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1.25-1.75 dm. in length, contracted, the branches 
 erect, the lower 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets few, 4-5-flowered, 1-1.3 cm - l n g> nod- 
 ding, on somewhat flexuous strongly pubescent pedicels; lower scales obtuse or 
 acutish, the second much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, 
 acutish, scabrous. Prairies, Kans. and Colo, to Ariz, and Tex. 
 
 3. Melica mutica Walt. NARI OW_MELIC-GRASS. (I. F. f. 448.) Culms 
 
*34 FLORA. 
 
 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually slender. Sheaths rough; leaves rough, 1-2,25 dm. 
 long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle 8-26 cm. in length, narrow, the branches spreading 
 or ascending, 2.5-5 cm - Ion g5 spikelets about 2-flowered, 7-9 mm. long, nodding, 
 on more or less flexuous pubescent pedicels; empty scales very broad, acutish to 
 obtuse, the second nearly as long as the spikelet or sometimes equalling it; flower- 
 ing scales 6-8 mm. long, generally very obtuse, scabrous. In rich soil, Penn. to 
 Wis., south to Fla. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 80. KORYCARPUS Zea. 
 
 Erect grasses, with long flat leaves and narrow paniculate or racemose inflores- 
 cence. Spikelets 3 -5 -flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating between the 
 flowers. Upper scales empty, convolute. Two lower scales empty, the first nar- 
 row, 3-nerved, acute, the second broader, 5-nerved; flowering scales broader than 
 the lower ones, acuminate or mucronate, rounded on the back, finally coriaceous 
 and shining, 3-nerved. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2, rarely i. Styles short, dis- 
 tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain beaked, free. [Greek, in allusion to the beaked 
 grain.] Two known species, the following North American, the other Japanese. 
 
 i. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. AMERICAN KORYCARPUS. (I. F. 
 f. 449.) Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, very rough below the panicle. Sheaths overlap- 
 ping, confined to the lower part of the culm; leaves 2-6 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, 
 long-acuminate at the apex, usually scabrous; panicle often reduced to a raceme, 
 5-18 cm. in length, the branches erect, 2.5-5 cm - long; spikelets 3- 5 -flowered, 1.2- 
 1.6 cm. long, the lower scales unequal, the second much exceeded by the spikelet; 
 flowering scales somewhat abruptly acuminate; palets shorter than the scales and 
 exceeded by the beaked grain. In rich woods, Ohio to Neb., south to Ga., Tenn. 
 and the Ind. Terr. Aug.-Sept. \Diarrhena Americana Beauv.] 
 
 81. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. 
 
 Erect grasses with flat leaves and racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 5-i4-flow- 
 ered; flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, unequal, 
 thin-membranous, i-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved; flowering scales 
 longer, membranous, y-nerved, the middle nerve excurrent as a short point or awn. 
 Palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. 
 Stamens 3. Styles short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale 
 and palet. [Greek, side-beard, from the appendages to the palets.] Three known 
 species, the following arctic, the others Californian. 
 
 T. Pleuropogon Sabinii R. Br. SABINE'S PLEUROPOGON. (I. F. f. 450.) 
 Smooth. Culms 1.5 dm. or less tall ; sheaths one or two; leaves 6-25 mm. long, 
 erect, glabrous; raceme 2.5-5 cm - * n length; spikelets 3-6, 5-8-flowered, about i 
 cm. long, on spreading or reflexed pedicels 2 mm. in length or less; lower scales 
 smooth, the first acute, shorter than the obtuse second; flowering scales oblong, 4-5 
 mm. long, erose-truncate at the scarious summit, scabrous, the midnerve sometimes 
 excurrent as a short point; palet bearing an awn-like appendage on each keel near 
 the middle. Arctic regions of both the Old World and ths New. Summer. 
 
 82. UNIOLA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflores- 
 cence. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper 
 staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute ; the 
 lower 3-6 empty, unequal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the uppermost scales 
 often smaller and empty; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. 
 [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no obvious application.] About 8 species, na- 
 tives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 
 
 Spikelets about 6 mm. in length ; panicle spike-like. i. U. laxa. 
 
 Spikelets exceeding 1.25 cm. in length ; panicle open. 
 
 Panicle lax, the branches pendulous; spikelets on long thread-like pedicels. 
 
 2. U. latifolta. 
 Panicle strict, the branches erect, rigid ; spikelets on short stout pedicels. 
 
 3. U. paniculata. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 135 
 
 1. Uniola laxa (L,) B.S.P. SLENDER SPIKE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 451.) Culms 
 4.5-12 dm. tall ; leaves 1.25-4 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, flat, atten- 
 uate into a long tip, smpoth or slightly rough ; panicle spike-like, 1-3 dm. in 
 length, erect, strict, or nodding at the summit, the branches erect, 2.5-5 cm - l n g ; 
 spikelets short-stalked or nearly sessile, 3~6-flowered, about 6 mm. long; flowering 
 scales 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, spreading in fruit ; palet arched, about two-thirds 
 as long as the scale ; stamen I. Sandy soil, L. I. to Penn. and Ky., south to Fla. 
 and Tex., mostly near the coast. Aug.-Sept. \U. gracilis Michx.] 
 
 2. Uniola latilolia Michx. BROAD-LEAVED SPIKE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 452.) 
 Culms 6-15 dm. tall ; leaves 1-2.25 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, flat, narrowed into 
 a somewhat rounded, often ciliate base, acuminate at the apex, smooth, excepting 
 the margins; panicle lax, 1.25-2.5 dm. in length, its branches filiform and pen- 
 dulous, the lower 5-12.5 cm. long; spikelets many-flowered, oblong to ovate, 1.8-3 
 cm. long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels ; flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, 
 ciliate-hispid on the winged keel ; stamen i. In moist places, Penn. to 111. and 
 Kans., south to Flu. and Tex. Ascends to 600 m. in N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Uniola paniculata L. SEA OATS. (I. F. f. 453.) Culms 9-24 dm. 
 tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 6 mm. wide, involute when dry, attenuate 
 into a long slender tip; panicle 2.25-3 dm. in length or more, the branches erect or 
 ascending, strict, rigid, the lower 6-12.5 cm. long; spikelets many-flowered, short - 
 pedicelled, ovate to oval when mature, 1.252.5 cm. long; flowering scales 8-iomm. 
 long and scabrous on the keels; stamens 3. In sands of the seacoast, Va. to Fla. 
 and west to Tex. Also in the West Indies and S. Am. Spikelets persistent into 
 the winter. Oct. -Nov. 
 
 83. DISTICHLIS Raf. 
 
 Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or 
 convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flattened, more 
 numerous on the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-i6-flowered ; rachilla 
 continuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower 
 scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flowering ones ; flowering 
 scales broader, many -nerved, acute, rigid ; palets 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles 
 thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free, 
 enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-ranked, probably in refer- 
 ence to the spikelets.] Four known species, natives of America, inhabiting the 
 seacoast or alkaline soil; one of them is also found in Australia. 
 
 i. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. MARSH SPIKE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 454.) 
 Culms 7.5-60 cm. tall, erect from a horizontal rootstock, or often decumbent at the 
 base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded ; leaves 1.25-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, flat or involute ; panicle dense and spike-like, 1.8-6 cm. in length, the 
 branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect ; spikelets 6-16 -flowered, 8-18 mm. long, pale 
 green; empty scales acute, the first 1-3 -nerved, two-thirds as long as the 3~5-nerved 
 second one; flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate. On salt meadows 
 along the Atlantic coast from Me. to Fla., in saline soil throughout tne interior, and 
 on the Pacific Coast north to Br. Col. June-Aug. [D. maritima Raf.] 
 
 84. BRIZA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or rarely 
 contracted panicles. Spikelets large, flattened, tumid, many-flowered, nodding, 
 the flowers perfect. Scales thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower empty, 
 3-5 -nerved, somewhat unequal; flowering scales imbricated, broader than the 
 empty ones, 5 -many -nerved; uppermost scales often empty; palets much shorter 
 than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles- distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek 
 name for some grain, perhaps rye.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World 
 and temperate S. Am. 
 
 Perennial; ligule i mm. long or less, truncate; spikelets 5-i2-flowered, 4-5 mm. long. 
 
 i. B. media. 
 Annual ; ligule 2 mm. long or more, acute-; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-3 mm. long. 
 
 2. &, minor. 
 
136 FLORA. 
 
 x. Briza media L. QUAKE-GRASS. QUAKING-GRASS. (I. F. f. 455.) 
 Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, from a perenrial root, simple. Ligule I mm. long or 
 less, truncate; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; -panicle 3.75-12.5 cm. in 
 length, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-6 cm. long; spikelets 
 45 mm. long, orbicular to deltoid -ovate, 5 12-flowered; scales scarious-margined, 
 the lower ones about 2 mm. long; flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, broader than the 
 lower ones, widely spreading. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Mass, and R. I. 
 Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. Briza minor L. LESSER QUAKING-GRASS. (I. F. f. 456.) Culms 1-4 dm. 
 tall, erect from an annual root, simple. Ligule 2-6 mm. long, acute; leaves 
 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in 
 length, open, the capillary branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-6 cm. long; 
 spikelets 3-6-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, truncate at the base; 
 scales scarious-margined, the lower ones about 2 mm. long; flowering scales much 
 broader and deeply saccate, about 1.5 mm. long. In ballast and waste places 
 about Camden, N. J. ; common in Cal., and widely distributed in tropical America. 
 Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 65. DACTYLIS L. 
 
 A tall perennial grass, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 
 3-5 -flowered, short-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, the flowers perfect or the 
 upper staminate. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, keeled, unequal, 
 mucronate; flowering scales larger than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, 
 the midnerve extended into a point or short awn ; palets shorter than the scales } 
 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed 
 in the scale and palet. [Name used by Pliny for some grass with finger-like 
 spikes.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS. (I. F. f. 457.) Culms 6-12 
 dm. tall, tufted. Leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous ; panicle 
 7.5-20 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, 
 the lower 2.5-6 cm. long, spikelet-bearing from above or below the middle ; spike- 
 lets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5 -flowered ; lower scales l-3-nerved, the flowering 
 scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on the keel. In fields 
 and waste places, N. B. to Manitoba, south to S. Car. and Kans. Naturalized 
 from Europe and cultivated for fodder. June-July. 
 
 86. CYNOSURUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaves and dense spike-like inflor- 
 escence. Spikelets of two kinds, in small clusters ; lower spikelets of the clusters 
 consisting of narrow empty scales, with a continuous rachilla, the terminal spikelets 
 of 2-4 broader scales, with an articulated rachilla and subtending perfect flowers. 
 Two lower scales in the fertile spikelets empty, I -nerved, the flowering scales 
 broader, l-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned ; upper scales narrower, usually empty. 
 Scales of the sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, all empty, linear- subulate, 
 i -nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas loosely plumose. Grain 
 finally adherent to the palet. [Greek, signifying dog's-tail, referring to the spike. J 
 About 5 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Cynosu-us cristatus L. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 458.) Culms 
 3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, smooth, glabrous ; 
 spike-like panicle 5-10 cm. in length, 5-12 mm. wide, long-exserted ; spikelets ar- 
 ranged in clusters, the terminal fertile, the lower larger and sterile ; scales of the 
 former about 3 mm. long, pointed or short-awned, the scales of the sterile spikelets 
 very narrow, pointed, strongly scabrous on the keel. In fields and waste places, 
 Quebec and Ont. to southern N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 87. POA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and contracted or open 
 panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers 
 perfect, or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, 1-3- 
 nerved; the flowering scales longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of 
 cobwebby hairs at the base, 5 -nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often 
 
GRAMINEAE. 137 
 
 also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter than the scales, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. 
 Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, or sometimes 
 adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or herbage.] A genus of about 
 150 species, widely distributed in all temperate and cold regions. The English 
 name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of the species. Besides the following, 
 some 75 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. : 
 
 Annuals or biennials; culms low and densely tufted, commonly less than 2 dm. long. 
 Flowering scale distinctly 5-nerved, not webby at the base. i. P. annua. 
 Flowering scale 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at the base. 
 
 2. P. Chapmaniana. 
 
 Perennials; culms tall, usually exceeding 2 dm. long (shorter in Nos. 3 and 4). 
 A. Culms tufted, usually densely so. 
 a. Panicle open, loose. 
 
 i. Rootstocks slender; often stoloniferous. 
 
 Culms less than 2 dm. tall; low arctic or alpine grasses. 
 
 Flowering scales pubescent all over. 3. P. abbreviata* 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous or slightly pubescent. 
 
 4. P. laxa. 
 Culms exceeding 2 dm. in height. 
 
 Basal leaves much shorter than the culms. 
 Flowering scales not webby at the base. 
 
 Panicle with short stiff branches; flowering scales glabrous 
 
 below between the nerves. 8. P.glauca. 
 
 Panicle with long slender flexuous branches; flowering 
 scales pubescent below between the nerves. 
 
 12. P. antumnalis. 
 Flowering scales webby at the base. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous; culms manifestly compressed. 
 
 10. P. debilis. 
 Flowering scales pubescent on one or more of the nerves; 
 
 culms round or but little compressed. 
 Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 
 
 Plant yellowish green ; flowering scales 2.5 mm. 
 
 long. 9. P. trivialis. 
 
 Plant green; flowering scales 3.5 mm. long. 
 
 13. P. alsodes. 
 Lateral nerves of the flowering scales pubescent. 
 
 Lower half of the flowering scale densely villous 
 between the nerves; arctic grass. 
 
 16. P. cenisia. 
 
 Lower half of the flowering scale glabrous be- 
 tween the nerves; sometimes somewhat pu- 
 bescent in No. ii. 
 
 Panicle-branches dividing and spikelet-bearing 
 usually at and above the middle; spike- 
 lets 4 mm. long or less. 
 Intermediate nerves of the flowering scale 
 
 obscure. 
 
 Culms usually rigid and 4 dm. or less 
 tall, the panicle generally less 
 than 1.5 dm. long. 
 
 5. P. nemoralis. 
 
 Culms usually 6-iodm. tall, the pani- 
 cle commonly 2-4 dm. long. 
 
 6. P.flava. 
 Intermediate nerves prominent. 
 
 Spikelets crowded on the spreading 
 or ascending branches ; midnerve 
 of the flowering scale pubescent 
 only below. 7. P. praten sis. 
 
 Spikelets scattered on the spreading 
 often reflexed branches ; midnerve 
 pubescent its whole length. 
 
 11. P. sylvestris. 
 Panicle-branches very long, dividing and 
 
 spikelet-bearing only at the end; spikelets 5 
 mm. long. 14. P. Wolfii. 
 
13 8 FLORA. 
 
 Basal leaves very long:, the early ones frequently as long as the 
 
 culms. 15. p. brevifolia. 
 
 3. Rootstocks short and stout; no stolons. 
 
 Ligule acute, 4 mm. long; flowering scales lanceolate, 3 mm. long. 
 
 17. P. pseudopratensts. 
 Ligule truncate, 2 mm. long; flowering scales ovate, 4 mm. long. 
 
 1 8. P. alpina. 
 b Panicle contracted or spike-like. 
 
 Internerves of the flowering scale very pubescent below with long appressed 
 
 hairs, the remainder appressed-hispidulous. 
 
 Flowering scale erose-truncate at the apex, the nerves strongly silky pu- 
 bescent below. 22. P. arida. 
 Flowering scale obtuse or acute at the apex, the nerves not silky pubes- 
 cent. 
 Innovations short, usually less than 6 cm. long ; culms generally 4 
 
 dm. or less tall. 23. P. Bttckleyana. 
 
 Innovations long, usually exceeding 2 dm. long ; culms commonly 6 
 
 dm. or more tall. 24. P. lucida. 
 
 Internerves of the flowering scale appressed-hispidulous all over. 
 
 25. P. laevigata. 
 B. Culms not tufted ; rootstocks long, creeping. 
 
 Flowering scales naked or with short hairs at the base. 
 
 Culms compressed, slender; plant bluish green; spikelets 3-6 mm. long. 
 
 19. P. compressa. 
 Culms not compressed, stout; spikelets about i cm. long. 
 
 21. P. glumaris, 
 Flowering scales with webby hairs at the base longer than the scale. 
 
 20. P. arachnifera. 
 
 1. Poa annua L. ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS. Low SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 459.) 
 Culms 5-30 cm. tall, from an annual root, erect or decumbent at the base, some- 
 what flattened, smooth. Sheaths loose, usually overlapping; leaves 1.25-10 cm. 
 long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, smooth; panicle 1.25-10 cm. in length, open, branches 
 spreading, 6-35 mm. long, naked at the base; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 3-5 mm. 
 long; lower scales smooth, the first narrow, acute, I -nerved, about two thirds as 
 long as the broad and obtuse 3-nerved second one; flowering scales 2.5-3 mm. 
 long, distinctly 5 -nerved, the nerves pilose below. In waste and cultivated places 
 nearly throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May- 
 Oct. 
 
 2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. CHAPMAN'S SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 460.) 
 Culms 7-5 *5 cm> tall, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid, smooth and gla- 
 brous. Sheaths tight, mostly at the base of the culm; leaves 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 
 2 mm. wide or less, smooth; panicle 2.5-5 cm. in length, the branches usually 
 erect, sometimes spreading or ascending, 1.8 cm. long or less, naked at the base; 
 spikelets 3-7 -flowered, 2.5-3 mm. long; Jower scales about equal, 3-nerved, acute; 
 flowering scales webbed at the base, obtuse, 3-nerved, sometimes with two addi- 
 tional obscure nerves, the prominent ones sometimes pilose for three-fourths their 
 length. In dry soil, Ky. and Tenn. to Fla. and Ala. April-May. 
 
 3. Poa abbrexiata R. Br. Low SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 462.) Culms 1-5 
 dm. tall or less. Sheaths and leaves crowded at the base of the culm ; leaves 1.25- 
 2.5 cm. long, i mm. wide ; panicle contracted, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, branches very 
 short and erect; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5 mm. long; lower scales acute, smooth 
 and glabrous; flowering scales about 3 mm. long, obtuse, strongly pubescent all 
 over, the intermediate nerves very obscure. Arctic America from Greenland and 
 Lab. to the Pacific. Summer. 
 
 4. Poa laxa Haenke. WAVY MEADOW-GRASS. MOUNTAIN SPEAR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 463.) Culms 3 dm. tailor less, erect, simple. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 
 mm. wide, acuminate ; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, the branches usually erect, 
 sometimes ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 3~5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; 
 lower scales usually 3-nerved, acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at its apex; flow- 
 ering scales 3-3.5 mm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair 
 of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above, the lateral 
 ones pilose for one-third their length. Greenland to Alaska, south to the mountains 
 of N. E., to Manitoba and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 139 
 
 5. Poa nemoralis L. WOOD MEADOW-GRASS. NORTHERN SPEAR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 470.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, slender, sometimes rigid. Leaves 2. 5- 
 10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, smooth or rough; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in 
 length, open, the branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, 2.5-5 cm - lon g; 
 spikelets 2-5 flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lower scales acute or acuminate, i-3-nerved; 
 flowering scales obtuse or acute, 2-2.5 mm - lon g' faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webby 
 at base, the midnerve and the marginal nerves silky-pubescent on the lower half. 
 Anticosti Isl. to Br. Col., south to Me., Minn., S. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Poa flava L. FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS. (I. F. .471.) 
 Culms 4.6-15 dm. tall. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth or rough ; 
 panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, open, the branches spreading or ascending, 5-12.5 
 cm. long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle ; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
 3-4 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales acute, the flowering sc.ik.-s 
 obtuse, somewhat webby at the base, 2-3 mm. long, silky-pubescent on the lower 
 half of the marginal nerves and the midnerve, the intermediate nerves obscure or 
 wanting. In swampy places, N. S. and N. B. to Vancouver Isl., south to N. J., 
 111. and Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Poa pratensis L. KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS. JUNE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 466.) 
 Culms 3-12 dm. tall, from long running rootstocks ; leaves smooth or rough, 1-6 
 mm. wide, those of the culm 5-15 cm. in length, the basal much longer ; panicle 
 6-2O cm. in length, usually pyramidal, the branches spreading or ascending, some- 
 times flexuous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle ; 
 spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute; flower- 
 ing scales 3 mm. long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves and mid- 
 nerve silky-pubescent below, the intermediate ones naked. In meadows, fields, 
 and woods, almost throughout N. Am. Widely cultivated for hay and pasture. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. In N. Am. probably indigenous only in the northern 
 and mountainous regions. Variable. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Poa glauca Vahl. GLAUCOUS SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 469.) Culms 1.5-6 
 dm. tall, rigid, somewhat glaucous. Sheaths overlapping, confined to the lower 
 half of the culm ; leaves 2.5-5 cm> l n S> 2 mm - wide or less, smooth beneath, sca- 
 brous above ; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, open, the branches erect or ascending, 
 1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty basal scales acute, 
 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the keel; flowering scales 3-3.5 mm. 
 long, obtuse or acutish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower half of the mid- 
 nerve and marginal nerves silky -pubescent, the intermediate nerves obscure and 
 occasionally sparingly pubescent at the base. White Mts. of N. H. Also in 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 9. Poa trivialis L. ROUGHISH MEADOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 468.) Culms 3-9 
 dm. tall, usually more or less decumbent at the base. Sheaths rough; leaves 
 5-17.5 cm. in length, 2-4 mm. wide, generally very rough; panicle 1-1.5 dm. 
 long, open, the branches usually spreading or ascending, 2.5-5 cm - ^ On g5 spikelets 
 2- or sometimes 3 -flowered, 3 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; scales acute; 
 flowering scales 23 mm. long, webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the midnerve silky- 
 pubescent below, the lateral nerves naked, the intermediate ones prominent. In 
 meadows and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and Va. Naturalized from Europe. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 10. Poa debilis Torr. WEAK SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 472.) Culms 3-7.5 
 dm. tall, slender, flattened. Sheaths compressed; leaves 2.5-11 cm. long, 2 mm. 
 wide or less, erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 515 cm. in length, open, 
 often nodding at the top, the branches erect or ascending, sometimes spreading, 
 3.75-7.5 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, their pedicels longer; 
 flowering scales 3 mm. long, obtuse, sparingly webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the 
 nerves naked. In woods, N. S. and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to R. I., 
 Penn. and Wis. June-Aug. 
 
 IT. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. SYLVAN SPEAR-GRASS. (L F. f. 474.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tail, slender, slightly flattened. Leaves smooth beneath, rough above, 
 26 mm. wide, those of the culm 3.75-15 cm. in length, the basal much longer; 
 panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, the branches spreading or ascending, sometimes 
 reflexed when old, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the extremities; spikelets 
 
140 FLORA. 
 
 2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, webbed at the 
 base, obtuse, often pubescent bslow, 5 -nerved, the midnerve pubescent nearly its 
 entire length and the marginal nerves below the middle. In thickets and meadows, 
 N. Y. to Wis. and Neb., south to N. Car., La. and Kans. June-July. 
 
 12. Poa autumnalis Muhl. FLEXUOUS SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 473.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of 
 the culm 3. 75-15 cm. long, the basal much longer; panicle 7.5-22 cm. in length, 
 the branches long and slender, spikelet-bearing at the extremities, 5-12.5 cm. long; 
 spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; empty basal scales acute, the first I -nerved, 
 narrow, shorter than the broad 3-nerved second; flowering scales rounded orretuse 
 at the apex, 3-4 mm. long, not webbed at the base, pubescent on the lower part, 
 5 -nerved, the midnerve silky-pubescent for three -fourths its length. In woods, 
 N. J. and Penn. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. March-May. 
 
 13. Poa alsodes A. Gray. GROVE MEADOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 475.) Culms 
 2-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves usually rough, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the culm 5-20 cm. 
 in length, the basal longer ; panicle 8-20 cm. in length, the branches spreading or 
 ascending, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 
 about 5 mm. long; flowering scales acute, about 4 mm. long, webbed at the base, the 
 midnerve pubescent near the base, the marginal nerves naked, the intermediate 
 ones very faint. In woods and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. Car. 
 and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 i^. Poa Wolfii Scribn. WOLF'S SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 476.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, rough above, those of 
 the culm 5-10 cm. in length, the basal much longer; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in length, 
 lax, its branches erector ascending, flexuous, 3.75-6 cm. long; spikelets 2-4- 
 flowered, 5-6 mm. long; scales acute; flowering scales about 4mm. long, copiously 
 webbed at the base, 5 -nerved, the marginal and midnerves silky-pubescent for more 
 than half their length, the intermediate nerves prominent, naked. 111., Tenn., Minn., 
 Kans. 
 
 15. Poa brevifolia Muhl. SHORT-LEAVED SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 477.) 
 Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Leaves smooth beneath, rough above, 24 mm. wide, 
 abruptly acute, those of the culm 1.25-10 cm. long, the uppermost sometimes al- 
 most wanting; basal leaves usually equalling or nearly as long as the culm; panicle 
 6-12.5 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, widely spreading or often re- 
 flexed, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, spikelet-bearing at the ends; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 
 mm. long; flowering scales slightly webbed at the base, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, 
 5 -nerved, the keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, the intermediate nerves 
 prominent, naked. In rocky woods, N. J. and Penn. to 111., south to N. Car. and 
 Tenn. April-June. 
 
 16. Poa cenisia All. ARCTIC SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 465.) Smooth and 
 glabrous. Culms 1-4 dm. tall, erect, slender; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. 
 wide; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, open, the branches generally widely spreading 
 and more or less flexuous, 2.5-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 5-7 mm. long ; 
 lower scales acute or acuminate, i-3-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, 
 faintly 5 -nerved, the nerves short-pilose on the lower half, minutely pubescent be- 
 tween the nerves, somewhat webbed at the base. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 17. Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. and Rydb. PRAIRIE MEADOW-GRASS. (I. 
 F. f. 467.) Culms 3 -6.5 dm. tall. Ligule 4 mm. long, acute, decurrent; leaves 2-6 
 mm. wide, smooth beneath, a little rough alx>ve and on the margins, those of the 
 culm 2.5-8 cm. long, the basal 1.5-2.5 dm. in length ; panicle 5-12.5 cm. long, 
 open, the branches spreading or ascending, 2.5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
 6-8 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; lower scales nearly equal, acute, 3-nerved; 
 flowering scales acutish, about 3 mm. long, rough above, 5 -nerved, pubescent be- 
 tween the nerves below, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent about 
 half their length. Manitoba and Assiniboia to Neb. and Colo. 
 
 18. Poa alpina L. ALPINE SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 464.) Smooth and 
 glabrous. Culms 1-4.5 dm. tall ; ligule 2 mm. long, truncate; leaves 2.5-7.5 
 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute; panicle 2.57.5 cm. in length, the 
 branches generally widely spreading, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets 3-5 -flowered, 
 $-6 mm. long; lower scales broad, glabrous, rough on the keel, acute; flowering 
 
GRAMINEAE. 141 
 
 scales about 4 mm. long, obtuse, pilose for half their length, pubescent between the 
 nerves toward the base. Lab. to Alaska, south to Quebec, Lake Superior, and in 
 the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 19. Poa compressa L. WIRE-GRASS. FLAT-STEMMED MEADOW-GRASS. 
 ENGLISH BLUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 461.) Pale bluish green, glabrous. Culms 
 1.5-6 dm. tall, decumbent at the base, from long horizontal rootstocks, much 
 flattened; sheaths loose, flattened, shorter than the internodes; leaves 2.5-10 cm. 
 long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle usually contracted, 
 the branches erect or ascending, 2.5 cm. long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the 
 base; spikelets 3-g-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; lower scales acute, 3 nerved; flower- 
 ing scales 2-2.5 mm - ' on g> obscurely 3 -nerved, the nerves sparingly pubescent 
 toward the base. Waste places and cultivated grounds and woods almost through- 
 out N. Am. Ascends to 630 jn. in Va. Naturalized from Europe. Native also 
 of Asia. Varies from weak and slender to quite stiff. June-Aug. 
 
 20. Poa arachnifera Torr. TEXAS BLUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 47ga.) Culms 
 tufted, 39 dm. tall, from running rootstocks; sterile shoots from one-half as long 
 as the culms to equalling them. Leaves linear, erect, usually folded when dry, 
 smooth beneath, rough above, 3.5-22.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, abruptly acute; 
 panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 7.5-16 cm. long, 
 1.25-3.75 cm. broad, its branches ascending or erect; spikelets numerous, 4-7- 
 flowered, the scales acuminate; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, often pointed, 
 pubescent at the base with copious long cobwebby hairs, 5-nerved, the midnerve 
 and lateral nerves pilose below the middle. Prairies, Kans. to N. Mex., south to 
 La. and Tex. Also introduced in Fla. April-May. 
 
 21. Poa glumaris Trin. LARGE-FLOWERED SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 480.) 
 Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall, erector assurgent. Sheaths loose; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 
 2 8 mm. wide; panicle 1-2.5 dm. i n length, the branches erect or ascending, 
 
 5-5 cm. long; spikelets 3~5-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; flowering scales 6-8 mm. 
 long, usually acutish, scabrous, 5~7-nerved, pubescent at base and on the lower 
 part of the midnerve and lateral nerves, not webbed. Anticosti Isl. and N. S. to 
 Quebec and Alaska. Summer. 
 
 22. Poa arida Vasey. PRAIRIE SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 478). Culms 3-6 
 dm. tall, erect, rigid. Sheaths usually overlapping; ligule 2-4 mm. long, acute; 
 leaves smooth beneath, rough above, 1-2 mm. wide, flat or folded, pungently 
 pointed, those of the culm 1.25-2.5 cm. long, erect, the basal leaves 7.5-15 cm. 
 long; panicle contracted, 5-12.5 cm. in length, the branches erect, spikelet-bearing 
 nearly to the base, 3.75 cm. long or less; spikelets 4-7 -flowered, 5-7 mm. long ; 
 flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, erose-truncate at apex, strongly silky-pubescent on 
 the nerves for half their length, the lower part very pubescent between the nerves; 
 intermediate nerves very obscure. Meadows and low grounds, N. W. Terr, to 
 Kans. and Ariz. April-Aug. 
 
 23. Poa Buckleyana Nash. BUCKLEY'S SPEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 479.) 
 Culms 1.5-4 dm. tall, rarely taller, erect, rigid. Ligule 4-6 mm. long, acute; 
 leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, erect, flat, or becoming involute, smooth 
 or rough; panicle 2.5-10 cm. in length, contracted, the branches erect, 3.75 cm. 
 long or less, spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spikelets 2-5-flowered. 4-6 mm. 
 long; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, appressed-pubescent be- 
 low, with long hairs. Usually in dry soil on mountain slopes or elevated prairies, 
 S. Dak. to Br. Col., Colo, and Cal. May-Sept. 
 
 24. Poa lucida Vasey. Culms 6-8 dm. tall, erect, the innovations 2-3 dm. 
 long; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves of the culm I dm. or less long, those on 
 the innovations much longer; panicle 1-2 dm. long, its larger branches 3-5 cm. 
 long; spikelets 6-10 mm. long, 4-6-flowered, the flowering scales about 4.5 mm. 
 long, appressed-pubescent below with long hairs, obtuse or acutish. Moist hill- 
 sides andmeadcws, Mont, to Neb. and Colo. June-Aug. 
 
 25. Poa laevigata Scribn. Culms densely tufted, 6-8 dm. tall, erect, slender, 
 the innovations 1-2 dm. long; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves I dm. or less 
 long; panicle very slender, 8-14 cm. long, its larger branches 3-5 cm. long; spike- 
 lets 5~7 mm. long, 3 4-flowered, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, hispidulous all 
 over, obtuse to ftcutish. dry hills, Mont, to Neb, and Colo. June-Aug. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 88. DUPONTIA R. Br. 
 
 Low grasses, with flat leaves and generally narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-4. 
 flowered, the flowers all perfect. Two lower scales empty, extending beyond the 
 flowering scales, membranous; flowering scales entire, membranous, with a tuft of 
 hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Name in 
 honor of J. D. Dupont, French botanist.] Two arctic species, both circumboreal. 
 
 i. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br. FISHER'S DUPONTIA. (I. F. f. 481.) Smooth 
 and glabrous. Culms 1.25-3 dm. tall; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 flat; panicle usually contracted, 3.75-8.5 cm. long, the branches less than 3.75 cm. 
 long, erect, or sometimes ascending; spikelets few, about 2-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; 
 empty basal scales thin, generally acute, the first i-nerved, somewhat shorter than 
 the second, which is usually 3-nerved, the lateral nerves often vanishing at about 
 the middle; flowering scales 5-6 mm. long, I -nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; basal 
 hairs about I mm. long. Arctic regions of northeastern America. Also in arctic 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 89. SCOLOCHLOA Link. 
 
 Tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 
 2-4-flowered, the flowers perfect. Two lower scales empty, thin-membranous, 
 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales rigid, with a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded on the 
 back, 5-7-nerved, some of the nerves usually excurrent as short points; palets about 
 equalling the scales, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. 
 Grain hairy at the apex. [Greek, referring to the prickle-like projecting nerves 
 of the flowering scales.] Species 2, in the north temperate zones of both continents. 
 
 I. Scolochloa festncacea (Wiild.) Link. FESCUE SCOLOCHLOA. (I. F. f. 
 482.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall. Sheaths often overlapping ; leaves 2-3 dm. long or 
 more, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous on the margins ; panicle 2-3 dm. in length, 
 usually open, the branches ascending, naked at the base, the lower 7.5-10 cm. 
 long ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long ; empty basal scales acute, the first shorter than the 
 second ; flowering scales scabrous, 7-nerved. Iowa and Neb., north to Manitoba 
 and Assiniboia. July-Aug. {Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray.] 
 
 90. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. 
 
 Slender erect grasses, with flat leaves and a usually contracted nodding panicle. 
 Spikelets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the 
 flowers. Two lower scales empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering scales, 
 thin-membranous, acute, keeled; flowering scales membranous, obscurely nerved, 
 entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. 
 Stigmas plumose. Grain glabrous. [Greek, pencil-bearing, referring to the tuft 
 of hairs at the end of the rachilla.] Three known species, natives of northern N. 
 Am. 
 
 I. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv. GRAPHEPHORUM. (I. F. 
 f. 483.) Culms 3-7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower often villous; 
 leaves 3.75-22.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, rough; panicle 5-15 
 cm. in length, the top usually nodding, the branches erect, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; spike- 
 lets 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; scales scabrous on the keel, the empty ones un- 
 equal, the first I-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; 
 flowering scales 3~5-nerved, acute. In wet soil, Anticosti Isl. to Ont., south to 
 Me. and Mich. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 91. PANICULARIA Fabr. [GLYCERIA R. Br.] 
 
 Mostly perennial grasses, often tall, with flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
 Spikelets few many-flowered, terete or somewhat flattened. Two lower scales empty, 
 obtuse or acute, i~3-nerved ; flowering scales membranous, rounded on the back, 
 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. Palets scarcely shorter 
 than the scales, rarely longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct. Stig- 
 mas plumose. Grain smooth, enclosed in the scale and palet, free, or when dry 
 s'ightly adhering to the latter. [Latin, referring to the panicled spikelets.] About 
 20 species, v/idely distributed in N, Am., a few in Europe and Asia, 
 
GRAMINEAE. 143 
 
 Soikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. 
 
 Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 
 Panicle open, the branches ascending or spreading, often drooping. 
 Spikelets 3-5-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 2 mm. long. 
 
 1. P. laxa. 
 Spikelets 5~i2-flowered ; lowest flowering scale about 3 mm. long. 
 
 2. P. Canadensis. 
 Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa. 
 
 Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly y-nerved. 
 
 Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. Torreyana. 
 
 Panicle not elongated, open, its branches spreading or drooping, rarely erect. 
 Scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
 
 Spikelets 3 mm. long or less ; branches of the panicle often drooping. 
 
 5. P. tier vat a. 
 Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading. 
 
 6. P. Americana. 
 Scales 2.5-3 mm/long, truncate and'denticulate at the apex. 
 
 7. P.pallida. 
 Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 
 
 Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse palet. 
 Flowering scales firm, hispidulous all over, truncate at the apex. 
 
 8. P. fluitans. 
 Flowering scales thin, hispidulous on the nerves only, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 9. P. borealis* 
 Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, shorter than the acuminate palet. 
 
 Flowering scales obtuse, about 6 mm. long, a little exceeded by the palet. 
 
 10. P. brachyphylla. 
 Flowering scales acute, about 8 mm. long, much exceeded by the palet. 
 
 11. P. acutiflora. 
 
 1. Panicularia laxa Scribn. NORTHERN MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 484.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths overlapping, rough ; 
 leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, very rough; panicle 17.5-22.5 cm. in length, the 
 branches spreading or ascending, the lower 7.5-15 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flow- 
 ered, about 4 mm. long; empty scales unequal, scarious, acute, I -nerved, the first 
 one-half to two-thirds the length of the second; flowering scales broad, about 2 mm. 
 long, twice the length of the second scale, obtuse, obscurely 7-nervcd. In water or 
 
 vet soil, Me. to Penn. Aug. 
 
 2. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. RATTLESNAKE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 485.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous. Sheaths shorter than the 
 internodes, those at the base of the culm overlapping; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or 
 more, 48 mm. wide, rough; panicle 1.252.5 dm. in length, the branches spread- 
 ing, ascending or often drooping, 6.25-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 5-1 2 -flowered, 5-8 
 mm. long, flattened, turgid; empty scales unequal, acute, I -nerved; flowering 
 scales broad, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, obscurely 7-nerved. In swamps 
 and marshes, Newf. and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J., Ohio and Kans. 
 The handsomest species of the genus. Ascends to 1500 m. in the Adirondacks. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 3. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze. BLUNT MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 486.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect. Sheaths sometimes rough, strongly striate, the 
 lower overlapping; leaves 1.5-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, usually stiff, erect or 
 ascending, smooth beneath, more or less scabrous above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in 
 length, contracted, dense, the branches erect; spikelets 3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. 
 long; empty scales acute, scarious, i-nerved; flowering scales about 3 mm. long, 
 broad, obtuse, obscurely 7-nerved. In swamps, N. B. to N. Y. and central Penn., 
 south to Del. and Md. Ascends to 690 m. in the Catskill Mts. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Panicularia Torreyana (Spreng.)Merr. LONG MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 487.) Culms 69 dm. tall. Leaves lax, 1.53 dm. l n g 3~6 mm. wide, lon^- 
 acuminate, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle elongated, contracted, narrow, 
 usually nodding at the summit, 1.5-3 f ^ m - ' n length, the branches erect or appressed, 
 2.5-6 cm. long; spikelets 3-4- flowered, 3-4 mm. long; empty scales unequal, acute, 
 I -nerved; flowering scales narrow, about 2 mm. ^ong, obtuse or acutish, distinctly 
 7-nerved. In wet woods, Newf. to Quebec and Minn., south to N. Car. and Ky. 
 Ascends to 1200 m, in the Adirondack?. Aug.-Sept. (/'. elongata Kuntze.) 
 
144 FLORA. 
 
 5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. NERVED MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 488.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall. Sheaths usually more or less rough; leaves 1.5-3 dm. 
 long, 4-10 mm. wide, a-:ute, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 7.5-20 cm. in 
 length, often purple, open, the branches filiform, spreading, ascending or often 
 drooping, rarely erect, 5-12.5 cm. long; spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; 
 empty scales obtuse, I -nerved; flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or 
 rounded, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident furrows between. In wet places, 
 Newf. to Br. Col., south to Fla. and Mex. Ascends to 1200 m. in Va. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Panicularia Americana (Ton.) MacM. REED MEADOW-GRASS. TALL 
 MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 489.) Culms 9-15 dm. tall. Sheaths loose, smooth, or 
 sometimes rough; leaves 2-3 dm. long or more, 6-16 mm. wide, usually smooth 
 beneath, rough above; panicle 2-4 dm. in length, its branches spreading, ascending 
 or rarely erect, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 4-7 -flowered, 4-6 mm. long; empty scales 
 acute, l-nerved; flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 
 sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the nerves evident. In wet 
 soil, N. B. to Alaska, south to Tenn., Colo.' and Nev. Ascends to 630 m. in Penn. 
 June Aug. 
 
 7. Panicularia pallida (Ton.) Kuntze. PALE MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 490.) 
 Pale green. Culms 3-9 dm. long, assurgent; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 3-75-17-5 cm. in length, the branches spread- 
 ing, ascending or rarely erect, often flexuous, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 
 5-7 mm. long; empty scales unequal, the first I -nerved, obtuse, shorter than the y 
 nerved and truncate second ; flowering scales 2.5-3 mrn - l n g> truncate and dentic- 
 ulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with plain furrows between the 
 nerves. In shallow water, N. B. to Ont., south to Va., Tenn. and Ind. Ascends 
 to 600 m. in Penn. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze. FLOATING MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 491.) Culms 10-15 dm. long, flattened, erect or decumbent, usually stout, often 
 rooting from the lower nodes. Sheaths loose, generally overlapping, smooth or 
 rough ; leaves 1.25-3 dm. long or more, 4-12 mm. wide, scabrous, often floating; 
 panicle 2.25-4.5 dm. long, the branches, at least the lower ones, at first appressed, 
 later ascending, and 7.5-15 cm. long; spikelets linear, 7~i3-flowered, 2-2.5 cm< 
 long ; empty scales unequal, l-nerved, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or 
 truncate ; flowering scales 4-4.5 mm. long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the 
 erose apex, scabrous, sharply 7-nerved. In wet places or in water, Newf. to Br. 
 Col., south to N. Car., Ky., Iowa and Cal. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Panicularia borealis Nash. SLENDER MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 49ia.) 
 Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 4.5-15 dm. tall; sheaths overlapping, 
 smooth or roughish, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle ; leaves 
 linear, abruptly acuminate, 1-5 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle slender, the ex- 
 serted portion 1.5-5 dm. l n g> lis branches ap"pressed or nearly so ; spikelets 1-1.8 
 cm. long, 7-13-flowered, appressed; outer two scales l-nerved, unequal; flowering 
 scales thin, 4-5 mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves only scabrous ; palet slightly shorter 
 than the scale. In shallow water, Me. to N. Y., Idaho, Cal., Wash., and north- 
 ward. 
 
 10. Panicularia brachyphflla Nash. SHORT-LEAVED MANNA-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 492a.) Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths gen- 
 erally longer than the internodes, almost closed, the uppermost one enclosing the 
 base of the panicle; leaves linear, acuminate, 6-12.5 cm - l n g> 4~5 mm - wide; 
 panicle slender, the exserted portion 3-4 dm. long, its branches appressed or 
 nearly so; spikelets compressed-cylindric, 2-2.8 cm. long, 7- 12 -flowered; empty 
 scales i-nerved; flowering scales scabrous all over, 7-nerved, about 5 mm. 
 long, the obtuse apex obscurely and irregularly few -toothed; palet about 6 mm. 
 long, acuminate, a little exceeding the scale. In shallow water, Me. to N. Y. 
 June-July. 
 
 11. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. SHARP-SCALED MANNA-GRASS. 
 (L F. f. 492.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, flattened, erect from a decumbent base, simple. 
 Sheaths loose, generally a little exceeding the internodes, smooth and glabrous ; 
 leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mrn. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle 1.5- 
 3 dm. in length, the branches erect or appressed, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets linear, 
 5-12-flowered, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; empty scales acute, smooth; flowering scales 
 
GRAMINEAE. 145 
 
 about 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, exceeded by the long-acuminate 
 palets. In wet places, Me. to southern N. Y., Ohio and Tenn. Local. June- Aug. 
 
 92. PUCCINELLIA Parl. 
 
 Perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. 
 Spikelets 3-several-flo\vered. Lower scales empty, obtuse or acute, unequal; 
 flowering scales obtuse or acute, rounded on the back, 5 -nerved, the nerves very 
 obscure or almost wanting. Palet about equalling the scale. Stamens 3. Styles 
 wanting. Stigmas sessile, simply plumose. Gram compressed, usually adhering 
 to the palet. [Name in honor of Benedetto Puccinelli, Italian botanist.] About 14 
 species, in all temperate regions. 
 
 Panicle open, its branches spreading or ascending, rarely erect. 
 
 Lower flowering scales 3-4 mm. long; plant stoloniferous. i. P. maritima. 
 
 Lower flowering scales 2.5 mm. long or less; plants not stoloniferous. 
 
 Second empty scale less than half the length of the flowering scales, broad, ob- 
 tuse or truncate ; spikelets crowded. 2. P. distans. 
 Second empty scale more than half the length of the flowering scales, narrow, 
 
 obtuse or acute ; spikelets not crowded. 3. P. airoides. 
 
 I anicle contracted, its branches erect, rarely ascending ; northern species. 
 
 4. P. angustata. 
 
 1. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. GOOSE-GRASS. SEA SPEAR-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 493.) Stoloniferous, smooth, glabrous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect, or 
 decumbent at the base; leaves 1.25-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat to in- 
 volute; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending, or rarely erect, 
 2.5-5 cm - I n 8! spikelets 3-iO-flowered, 6-12 mm. long; empty scales unequal, the 
 first usually i-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, broad, 
 obtuse or truncate. In salt marshes and on sea beaches, N. S. to R. I. Also on 
 the Pacific coast, and on the coasts of Europe and Asia. July -Aug. 
 
 2. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. SPREADING MEADOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 494.) Culms 3-6 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent at the base, tufted. 
 Leaves 1.25-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or folded^ usually stiff and erect, 
 smooth beneath; panicle 5-17.5 cm. in length, open, rarely contracted, the 
 branches spreading or ascending, whorled, the lower 2.5-11.5 cm. long, sometimes 
 reflexed; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty scales obtuse or 
 acute, i-nerved, the second exceeding the first and less than half the length of the 
 obscurely nerved and obtuse flowering scales, which are 1-2 mm. long. On salt 
 meadows, sea beaches and in waste places, N. S. to N. J. Probably naturalized 
 from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. SLENDER MEADOW-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 495.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide or 
 less, flat or involute, usually erect, smooth beneath, rough above; panicle open, its 
 branches slender, spreading or ascending, rarely erect, the lower 5-8.5 cm. long 
 and often reflexed ; spikelets scattered, i-7-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; empty scales 
 unequal, the first acute, i-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, more than 
 half the length of the obtuse flowering scales, which are 2-2.5 mm - l n g- I n sa - 
 line 'oil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Wash., Neb. and Nev. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Puccinellia angustata(R. Br.) Scribn. ARCTIC MEADOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 496.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, simple; leaves 1.25-6.5 
 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; panicle 2.5-5 cm - in length, contracted, the branches 
 short and erect or appressed; spikelets 2-7-flowered, 6-8 mm long; empty scales 
 obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first I -nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering 
 scales 2.5-3 mm. long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex. Greenland and 
 Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Me. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 93. FESTUCA L. 
 
 Mostly tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate in- 
 florescence. Spikelets 2-several- flowered. Two lower scales empty, more or less 
 unequal, acute, keeled; flowering scales membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 
 5 -nerved, usually acute, and generally awned at the apex. Palet scarcely shorter 
 than the scale. Semens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct- Stigmas plumose, Grain 
 
146 FLORA. 
 
 glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the scale or palet. [Latin, stalk or straw.] 
 A genus of about 80 species, widely distributed, particularly numerous in temperate 
 regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of Is. Am. 
 
 Empty scales membranous, firm, the second one 3~5-nerved. 
 Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute or folded. 
 Annuals; flowering scales long-awned. 
 
 First scale more than one-half as long as the second; awn not exceeding the 
 
 length of the flowering scale. i. F. octojiora. 
 
 First scale less that one-half as long as the second ; awn much longer than. 
 
 the flowering scale. 2. F. Myuros. 
 
 Perennials; flowering scales awnless or short-awned. 
 
 Culms from a rootstock or with stolons. 3. F, rubra. 
 
 Culms densely tufted, no rootstocks. 
 
 Flowering scales short-awned; leaves setaceous. 
 
 Culms 2-4 dm. tall ; culm-leaves long. 4. F. ovina. 
 
 Culms 1.5 dm. or less tall ; culm-leaves very short, usually about i 
 cm. ; an alpine grass. 5. F. brachyphylla. 
 
 Flowering scales awnless ; leaves filiform. 6. F. capillata. 
 
 Leaves 4 mm. wide or more, flat. 
 
 Flowering scales awnless or short-awned. 
 
 Flowering scales 5-7 mm. long ; spikelets 5-io-flowered. 
 
 7. F. elatior. 
 Flowering scales 4 mm. long or less ; spikelets 3-6-flowered. 
 
 Spikelets very broad ; branches of the panicle spikelet-bearing from the 
 
 middle or below. 8. F, Short it. 
 
 Spikelets lanceolate; branches of the panicle elongated, spikelet-bearing 
 
 at the end. 9. F. nutans. 
 
 Flowering scales long-awned. 10. F. giga-ntea. 
 
 Empty scales broad, scarious, with broad hyaline margins, thin, i-nerved ; base of the 
 
 culms clothed with dry leafless sheaths. 
 Panicle loose and open, usually purple, its branches often widely spreading. 
 
 II. F. scabrella. 
 Panicle narrow, strict, rigid, green, its branches appressed. 12. F. Watsoni. 
 
 1. Festuca octoflora Walt. SLENDER FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 497.) Culms 
 1-4.5 dm. * a ^> erect, from an annual root, slender, rigid. Leaves 3.75-7.5 cm. 
 long, involute, bristle-form; raceme or simple panicle often one-sided, 2.5-15 cm. 
 in length, contracted, its branches erect, or rarely ascending; spikelets 6- 1-3 -flow- 
 ered, 6-10 mm. long; empty scales acute, smooth, the first i-nerved, more than 
 half the length of the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales, exclusive of awn, 
 3-5 mm. long, usually very scabrous, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as the 
 body or shorter, or sometimes awnless; stamens 2. Dry sandy soil, Quebec to 
 Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Cal. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Festuca Myuros L. RAT'S-TAIL FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 498.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall, erect from an annual root; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, subulate, involute, 
 erect; panicle usually one-sided, 1-3 dm. in length, contracted, sometimes curved, 
 its branches appressed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty scales very unequal, acute, 
 smooth, the first i-nerved, less than half as long as the 3-nerved second one; 
 flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 4-6 mm. long, narrow, acuminate into an 
 awn much longer than the body; stamen I. In waste places and fields, N. H. to 
 N. J. and Fla. Also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from Europe. JuneJuly. 
 
 3. Festuca rubra L. RED FESCUE- GRASS. (I. F. f. 499.) Culms 4.5-7.5 dm. 
 tall, from running rootstocks, erect, simple; basal leaves involute- filiform, 7.5-15 
 cm. long; culm leaves shorter, erect, flat, or involute in drying, minutely pubescent 
 above; panicle 5-12.5 cm. in length, sometimes red, open at flowering time, con- 
 tracted in fruit; spikelets 3-io-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; lower scales acute, un- 
 equal, the first i-nerved, shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales about 
 6 mm. long, obscurely 5 -nerved, sometimes scabrous, bearing awns of less than 
 their own length. Lab. to Alaska, south, especially on the mountains, to Va., Tenn. 
 and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Festuca ovina L. SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 500.) Culms 1.5- 
 3.5 dm. tall, erect, tufted, slender, rigid; sheaths usually crowded at the base 
 of the culm; ligule auriculate, short; leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the 
 Culm few, 2.5-7.5 cm- long, erect, the basal ones numerous; panicle 3.75-7.5 
 
GRAMINEA&. 1 47 
 
 cm. long, often one sided, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed; 
 spikelets 3 -5 -flowered; empty scales unequal, acute, the first I -nerved, the second 
 3-nerved; flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, smooth, acute, usually short-awned. In 
 fields and waste places, Lab. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Colo, and Cal. Variable. 
 Probably indigenous r.orthward, but mostly naturalized from Europe. Native also 
 of Asia. The so-called var. vivipara, a state of this grass with the scales wholly 
 or partly transformed into small leaves, is found on the mountains of N. E. and in 
 arctic America. 
 
 Festuca ovina duriuscula (L.) Hack. Culms taller and stouter, the panicle 
 usually more open and the flowering scales about 6 mm. long. Newf. to the Rocky 
 Mts., south to Va. and Colo. Naturalized from Europe. 
 
 5. Festuca brachyphf lla Schultes. SHORT-LEAVED FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 5OOa.) Smooth and glabrous. Culms densely tufted, 2 dm. tall or less, slender, 
 erect, much exceeding the short basal leaves; sheaths coarsely striate; leaves very 
 narrow, involute, at least when dry, those on the culm 1.25 cm. or less long, erect 
 or ascending; panicle 2.5 cm. or less long, nearly simple, its branches appressed; 
 spikelets 2-4-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second 
 3-nerved; flowering scales acute or acuminate, rough toward the apex. 4-5 mm. 
 long, exclusive of the scabrous awn, which is 1-2.5 mm - l n g- Newf. to Br. Col., 
 the higher mountains of Vt. and the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Summer. 
 
 6. Festuca capillata Lam. FILIFORM FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. scob.) 
 Densely tufted. Culms erect from a decumbent base, 1.5-4 dm. tall, slender, 
 smooth and glaucous, shining; sheaths confined to the base of the culm; leaves 
 filiform, smooth or rough, the basal ones from one-third to one-half as long as the 
 culm, the culm leaves 2.5-3.75 cm. long; panicle contracted, 1.25-5 cm. long, its 
 branches erect, 1.25 cm. or less long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4~5-flowered; outer 
 scales empty, unequal, the first acuminate, the second acute; flowering scales about 
 2.5 mm. long, unawned, acute. Fields and roadsides, Me. andN. Y. Also in Miss. 
 Introduced from Europe. June-July. 
 
 7. Festuca elatior L. TALL OR MEADOW FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 502.) 
 Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, simple ; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, 
 smooth beneath, more or less rough al,ove; panicle 1-3.5 dm. ^ n l en gth, often nod- 
 ding at the top, simple to very compound, the branches ascending or erect, 5-20 
 cm. long; spikelets 5-o,-flowered, 9-12 mm. long; empty scales acute, the first 1-3- 
 nerved, the second 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales acute or short-pointed, smooth and 
 glabrous, 5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5-ncrved. In fields and waste places, N. S. 
 to Ont., south to N. Car.. Tenn. and Kans. Naturalized from Europe and culti- 
 vated for hay. Variable. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Festuca Shortii Kunth. SHORT'S FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 503.) Culms 
 6-12 dm. tall, erect. Leaves 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth be- 
 neath, rough above; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, open, the branches spreading 
 or ascending, rarely erect, spikelet-bearing from the middle or below, the lower 
 3- 75-8- 75 cm. long; spikelets broadly obovate when mature, 3-6-flowered, 5-6 mm. 
 long; empty scales acute, unequal, scabrous on the nerves, the first 1-3 -nerved, the 
 second 3-nerved ; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, smooth, obtuse or acutish, 
 faintly nerved. In woods and thickets, Penn. (according to Porter) and 111. to Kans., 
 south to Miss, and Tex. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Festuca nutans Willd. NODDING FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 504.) Culms 
 6-9 dm. tall, slender, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 
 mm. wide, rather dark green, flat, smooth beneath, rough above ; panicle 1-2.25 
 dm. in length, its branches at first erect, the lower 6.25-12.5 cm. long, finally 
 spreading and nodding, spikelet-bearing only at the ends; spikelets lanceolate, 3-5- 
 flowered, 5-6 mm. long, empty scales acute, scabrous on the keel, the first i-nerved, 
 shorter than the 3-nerved second; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, smooth, acute, 
 very faintly nerved. In rocky woods, N. S. to Ont. and Neb., south to Fla. and 
 Tex. Ascends to 690 m. in Va. June-Aug. 
 
 10. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. GREAT FESCUE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 505.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall, erect, simple. Sheaths usually overlapping ; 1.25-3 dm. long 
 or more, bright green, 4-12 mm. wide, flat, rough ; panicle 1.75-3 dm - in length, 
 loose, narrow, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets 
 
148 FLORA. 
 
 3-7-flowered ; empty scales acuminate, smooth and glabrous, the first i-3-nerved, 
 shorter than the 3-5 -nerved second ; flowering scales, exclusive of awn, about 6 
 mm. long, faintly 5 -nerved, slightly scabrous, minutely 2 -toothed at the apex, tear- 
 ing an awn 1.2-1.6 cm. long. In waste places, Me. to southern N. Y. Adventive 
 from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 1 1. Festuca scabrella Torr. ROUGH FESCUE GRASS. (I. F. f. 501.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall, erect, usually rough below the panicle. Sheaths overlapping, 
 smooth ; leaves rough, 2 mm. wide or less, those of the culm 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
 erect, the basal flat, much longer and readily deciduous from the sheaths, involute 
 in drying ; panicle 7.5-10 cm. in length, open, its branches ascending or the 
 lower widely spreading ; spikclets 3-5 -flowered, about 8 mm. long ; empty scales 
 scarious, unequal, smooth, the first I -nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved ; flower- 
 ing scales about 6 mm. long, scabrous, often bearing a short awn 2 mm. long or less. 
 Lab. and Quebec to Manitoba and Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 12. Festuca Watsoni Nash. WATSON'S FESCUE-GRASS. Culms tufted, 
 erect, rigid, the base clothed with dry leafless sheaths. Sheaths smooth and gla- 
 brous ; leaves erect, stiff, smooth beneath, rough above, 2.5 dm. long or less, 24 
 mm. wide, those on the culm much shorter than those of the innovations ; panicle 
 strict, narrow, 10-12 cm. long, its branches erect or appressed ; spikelets usually 
 3-flowered, 7-8 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales strongly scabrous. 
 Meadows, Mont, to Neb. and Colo. June-July. (Festuca Kingii (S. Wats.) Scribn. 
 Not F. Kingiana Endl.) 
 
 94. BRbMUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal panicles, the pedicels 
 thickened at the summit. Sheaths sometimes not split. Spikelets few-many-flow- 
 ered. Two lower scales empty, unequal, acute; flowering scales rounded on the 
 back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, 
 generally bearing an awn just below the summit; palet shorter than the scale, 
 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas sessile, plumose, inserted below a hairy 
 cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palet 
 [Greek name tor a kind of oats.] About 40 species, most numerous in the north 
 temperate zone. Besides the following, some 14 others occur in the western parti 
 of N. Am. 
 
 Lower empty scale i-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. 
 
 Awn shorter than the flowering scale or wanting; perennials 6-12 dm. tall. 
 Flowering scales awnless, or merely awn-pointed. i. B. inermis. 
 
 Flowei ing scales awned. 
 
 Sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent, the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute. 
 Leaves 4-12 mm. wide ; culms stout; branches of the panicle more or 
 
 less spreading or drooping. 2. B. ciliatus. 
 
 Leaves less than 4 mm. wide; culms slender; branches of the panicle 
 
 erect. 3. B. erectus. 
 
 Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. 4. B. asper. 
 
 Awn longer than the flowering scale ; low annuals 3-6 dm. tall. 
 
 Flowering scales appressed-hirsute, 8-12 mm. long. 5. B. tectorum. 
 
 Flowering scales sparsely appressed-hispidulous. 
 
 Spikelets usually single on the long naked spreading branches. 
 
 6. B. sterilis. 
 Spikelets several on the branches which are divided and spikelet-bearing 
 
 above the middle. 7. B. Madriiensis. 
 
 Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5~9-nerved (3-nerved in No. 8). 
 a. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below. 
 i. Flowering scales awned. 
 
 Flowering scales pubescent. 
 
 Pubescence dense, consisting of long silky hairs. 
 
 Second empty scale 3-nerved; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long. 
 
 8. B. Porteri. 
 Second empty scale 5-7-nerved ; flowering scales about 8 mm. long, 
 
 9. B. Kalmii. 
 Pubescence gf short soft appressed hairs, not dense. 
 
 19, B, 
 
GRAM1NEAE. 149 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous or minutely roughened. 
 Awns straight. 
 
 Nerves of the turgid fruiti-ng flowering scales obscure; sheaths gla- 
 brous, ii. B. secalinus. 
 Nerves of the flowering scale prominent ; sheaths softly and 
 densely pubescent with reflexed hairs. 
 
 Spikelets broadly lanceolate, usually i, or sometimes 2, on the 
 
 longer branches. 12. B. racemosus. 
 
 Spikelets lanceolate, several on the longer branches. 
 
 13. B. arvensis. 
 
 Awns strongly bent near the base, divergent. 14. B. squarrosus. 
 2. Flowering scales awnless, nearly as broad as long. 15. B. brizce/ormis. 
 
 b. Flowering scales compressed-keeled. 
 
 Flowering scales pubescent; awn 4-6 mm. long. 16. B. breviaristatus. 
 
 Flowering scales minutely roughened ; awn less than 2 mm. long, or none. 
 
 17. B. unioloides. 
 
 1. Bromus inermis Leyss. HUNGARIAN BROME-GRASS. Culms tufted, 8-12 
 dm. tall; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 
 smooth and glabrous; panicle 1.52.5 dm. long, oblong, the axis scabrous, its sca- 
 brous branches ascending, in clusters; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, 
 oblong, erect, the first scale i -nerved, the second scale 3-nerved, the flowering 
 scales 10-12 mm. long, 5~7-nerved, awnless, or rarely awn-pointed. In fields and 
 waste places, S. Dak. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. June-July. 
 
 2. Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED BROME-GRASS. WOOD CHESS. (I. F. f. 
 506.) Culms 6-12 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths often softly pubes- 
 cent, or the lower sometimes sparingly hirsute ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-12 mm. 
 wide, smooth beneath, scabrous and often pubescent above ; panicle open, 1-2.5 
 dm. in length, its branches widely spreading or often drooping; spikelets 5-10- 
 flowered, 2.5 cm. long or less; first scale i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; 
 flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, obtuse or acute, 5-y-nerved, appressed-pubescent 
 on the margins or over the entire surface; awn 4-8 mm. long. In woods and thick- 
 ets, Newf. to Manitoba and Br. Col., south to Fla. and Tex. Variable. The form 
 known as var. purgans (B. pubescens Muhl.) with the flowering scales pubescent all 
 over, may be distinct. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Bromus erectus Huds. UPRIGHT BROME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 507.) Culms 
 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves sparingly pubescent, 
 2-4 mm. wide, those of the culm 1-2 dm. long, the basal about 3 dm. long, very 
 narrow; panicle 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, the lower 
 2 -5-7-5 cm - ion g; spikelets 1.25-3.75 cm. long, sometimes purplish, 5- lo-flowered; 
 empty scales acuminate, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering 
 scales 1-1.2 cm. long, acuminate, very rough-pubescent, 5 -nerved, the intermediate 
 nerves faint; awn 4-6 mm. long. In waste places about N. Y. Adventive from 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Bromus asperMurr. HAIRY BROME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 508.) Culms 6-18 dm. 
 tall, rough. Sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute, especially the lower; leaves 2-3 dm. 
 long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, rough or often hirsute; panicle 1.5-3 dm. in length, 
 open, the branches usually drooping; spikelets 5-io-flowered, 2.5-3.75 cm. long; 
 empty scales acute, scabrous on the nerves, the first i -nerved, the second longer, 
 3-nerved; flowering scales about 1.2 cm. long, acute, hispid near the margins and 
 on the lower part of the keel; awn 6-8 mm. long. In waste places, N. B. to Mich, 
 and Ky. Naturalized from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 5. Bromus tectorum L. DOWNY BROME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 509.) Culms 
 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect from an annual root. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, softly 
 pubescent; leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, softly pubescent; panicle 5- 
 15 cm. in length, open, the branches slender and drooping, somewhat one-sided; 
 spikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, on capillary recurved slender pedicels; empty 
 scales acuminate, usually rough or hirsute, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 
 3 nerved; flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate. 7-nerved, usually rough or 
 hirsute; awn i. 2-1. 6 cm. long. In fields and waste places, Mass, and R. I. to 
 Ont., south to Md. and Ohio, Naturalized from Europe. Sometimes a trouble- 
 some weed. May-July. 
 
150 FLORA. 
 
 6. Bromus sterilis L. BARREN BROME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 510.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall; sheaths smooth or rough, the lower sometimes pubescent; leaves 
 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually more or less pubescent; panicle 1.25- 
 
 2.5 dm. in length, the branches ascending or often widely spreading, not one-sided, 
 stiff; spikelets few, 5- lO-flowered, spreading or pendulous ; empty scales acuminate, 
 glabrous, the first i-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering scales 1.2- 
 
 1.6 cm. long, acuminate, y-nerved, scabrous on the nerves, the awn 1.4-2.4 cm. 
 long. In waste places and ballast, eastern Mass, to Penn. and Ohio. Locally 
 Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-July. 
 
 7. Bromus Madritensis L. COMPACT CHESS. (I. F. f. soga.) Culms 
 3-6 dm. tall, tufted; sheaths glabrous, or the lower ones pubescent; leaves 6.25- 
 20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rough above, often pubescent on both surfaces ; panicle 
 dense, 7.5-15 cm. long, its rough branches erect or ascending, the longer 5-7.5 cm. 
 long; spikelets numerous. 3.75-5 cm. long, including the awns , scales acuminate, 
 scarious on the margins, the first scale I -nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering 
 scales, exclusive of the awn, 1.2-1.4 cm - l n g> sparsely and minutely appressed- 
 pubescent, 5 -nerved, the apex acuminately 2-toothed, bearing an erect or divergent 
 awn i. 2-1. 8 cm. long. Waste places, Mich, and Va. ; also in Cal. Locally adven- 
 tive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. Bromus Ported (Coulter) Nash. PORTER'S CHESS. (I. F. f. 511.) Culms 
 4.5-9 dm. tall, pubescent below the nodes. Sheaths glabrous or sometimes softly 
 pubescent ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, rough, those of the culm 1-2.25 dm. l n g' tne 
 basal narrow and about one-half the length of the culm; panicle 7.5-15 cm. in 
 length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes of the axis 
 pubescent ; spikelets 5-10- flowered, 1.8-3 cm. long, on slender flexuous pedicels ; 
 empty scales pubescent, 3-nerved; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, obtuse, 5-7- 
 nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; awn 2-4 mm. long. In dry 
 soil, S. Dak. to Mont., south to western Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. KALM'S CHESS. (I. F. f. 512.) Culms 4.5-9 
 dm. tall. Sheaths more or less pubescent ; leaves 6-17.5 cm - lon g> 2 ~8 mm. wide, 
 sparingly pubescent ; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, its branches usually flexu- 
 ous; spikelets 6-iO-flowered, 1.2-2.4 cm. long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty 
 scales pubescent, the first acute, 3-nerved, the second obtuse or mucronate, 5-7- 
 nerved; flowering scales about 8 mm. long, 7~9-nerved, densely silky pubescent, 
 the awn 2-3 mm. in length. In woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to 
 Mass., Penn., 111. and Iowa. July-Aug. 
 
 10. Bromus hordeaceus L. SOFT CHESS. (I. F. f. 513.) Culms 2-9 dm. 
 tall, usually pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths mostly pubescent; leaves 2.5- 
 17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle generally contracted, its branches 
 erect or ascending, 2.5-5 cm - l n gj spikelets appressed-pubescent, on short pedi- 
 cels; empty scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer, 5~7-nerved; flower- 
 ing scales broad, obtuse, 7-9 mm. long, 7-9-nerved, bearing an awn 6 8 mm. in 
 length between the obtuse or acute teeth. In fields and waste places, Conn, and 
 N. Y. to Va. and Neb. Locally adventive from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 11. Bromus secalinus L. CHEAT. CHESS. (I. F. f. 514.) Culms 3-9 dm. 
 tall; sheaths generally glabrous; leaves 5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or 
 rough, sometimes hairy; panicle 5-^0 cm. in length, open, its branches ascending 
 or drooping; spikelets turgid, glabrous, erect or somewhat pendulous, 6-io- 
 flowered; empty scales scabrous toward the apex, the first 3-nerved, acute, the 
 second longer and broader, 7-nerved, obtuse; flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, 
 broad, turgid, obtuse, rough toward the apex, the nerves obscure, awnless or bear- 
 ing a straight awn 8 mm. long or less between the obtuse short teeth. In fields 
 and waste places almost throughout temperate N. Am., often a pernicious weed in 
 grain fields. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Bromus racemosus L. UPRIGHT CHESS. SMOOTH BROME-GRASS. (I. F. f, 
 515.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below the panicle. 
 Sheaths pubescent; leaves 2.5-22.5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 
 2.5-25 cm. in length, the branches erector ascending, the lower sometimes 6 cm. 
 long; spikelets erect, 5-11 -flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-nerved, the sec- 
 ond longer and broader, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales broad, 7-9 mm. long, obtuse, 
 smooth and shining, the nerves prominent; awn straight, 6-8 mm. in length. In 
 
GRAMINEAE. l*>\ 
 
 fields and waste places all over the eastern U. S. and Br. Am. ; also on the Pacific 
 Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 13. Bromus arvensis L. FIELD CHESS OR BROME. (I. F. f. 5i5a.) Culms 
 erect, 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous except at or near the brown nodes. Sheaths softly and 
 densely pubescent with short refiexed hairs ; leaves erect or ascending, more or less 
 hirsute on both surfaces, 7.5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; panicle ample, 1.25-2.25 
 dm. long, its rough branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, the longer 7.5- 
 15 cm. long; spikelets, including the awns, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, lanceolate, the scales 
 minutely and sparsely appressed-pubescent toward the acute apex, papillose along 
 the nerves, the first scale 3 -nerved, the second 5-nerved; flowering scales broadest at 
 the middle, 5-nerved, 7-8 mm. long, bearing an erect awn of about the same length. 
 Fields and waste places, N. Y., N. J. and Mich. Locally adventive from Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 14. Bromus squarrosus L. CORN BROME. (I. F. f. 516.) Culms 2-4.5 
 dm. tall. Sheaths softly pubescent; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 softly pubescent; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, open, the branches ascending or 
 drooping, often flexuous; spikelets nodding, 6-12 -flowered, on slender pedicels ; 
 empty scales obtuse or acutish, the first 5-nerved, the second longer, 7-9-nerved ; 
 flowering scales 9-11 mm. long, obtuse, shining, minutely scabrous; awn inserted 
 below the apex, about as long as the scale, bent at the base and divergent. In bal- 
 last and waste places about the eastern seaports. Fugitive or adventive from 
 Europe. July -Aug. 
 
 15. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. QUAKE-GRASS BROME. (I. F. f. 
 517.) Culms 2-6 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent with soft villous 
 hairs; leaves 2.5-17.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 3. 75-20 cm. in 
 length, open, the branches ascending or often drooping, flexuous; spikelets few, 
 1.252.5 cm. long, laterally much compressed; empty scales very obtuse, often 
 purplish, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the first 3-5 -nerved, the second larger, 
 5-9-nerved; flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, very broad, obtuse, 9-nerved, shining, 
 glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent, awnless. Introduced into Penn. and 
 Del. ; also from Mont, to Cal. Native of northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 16. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. SHORT-AWNED CHESS. (I. F. f. 
 518.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent below the panicle. Sheaths pu- 
 bescent, at least the lower ones; leaves 1.5-3 - m - l n & or wore? 412 mm. wide, 
 rough and often pubescent; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, its branches erector ascend- 
 ing, the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 5-io-flowered; empty scales acute, pubes- 
 cent, the first 3~5-nerved, the second longer, 5-9-nerved; flowering scales com- 
 pressed, keeled, 1.2-1.4 cm - l n g^ acute, 7-9-nerved, appressed-pubescent; awn 
 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and Cal. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 17. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. SCHRADER'S BROME-GRASS. 
 SOUTHERN CHESS. (I. F. f. 519.) Culms 1.5-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or fre- 
 quently pubescent; leaves 7 5-32 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, usually rough, at least 
 above; panicle 5-25 cm. in length, the branches erect or ascending, or the lower 
 branches of the larger panicles widely spreading; spikelets much compressed, 
 6-io-flowered; empty scales acute, the first 3-5 -nerved, the second longer, 5-9- 
 nerved; flowering scales 1. 2-1. 6 cm. long, very acute, minutely scabrous, bearing 
 an awn less than 2 mm. long or awnless. 
 
 Mex. Widely distributed in S. Am. May-July. 
 
 95. NARDUS L. 
 
 A low perennial tufted grass, with setaceous rigid leaves and a terminal one- 
 sided slender spike. Spikelets i-flowered, narrow, sessile and single in each notch 
 of the rachis. Scales 2, the lower empty, adnate to the rachis, or almost wanting, 
 the upper flower-bearing, narrow, with involute and hyaline margins; palet narrow, 
 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Style elongated, undivided. Stigma elongated, short- 
 papillose. Grain linear, glabrous, enclosed in the scale, usually free. [Name 
 Greek, of uncertain application.] A monotypic genus of the Old World. 
 
 i. Nardus stricta L. WIREBENT. MAT-GRASS. NARD. (I. F. f. 520.) 
 Culms 1-4 dm. tall, rigid, roughish. Sheaths usually at the base of the culm; 
 
152 FLORA. 
 
 leaves setaceous, stiff, rough, the i or 2 culm leaves about 2.5 cm. long, erect, the 
 basal ones numerous, 5-12.5 cm. long; spike 2.5-7.5 cm. in length, strict; spike- 
 lets l-flowered, 6-8 mm. long, arranged alternately in 2 rows on one side of the 
 erect slender rachis, often purplish ; lower scale empty, very short, adnate to the 
 rachis, sometimes almost wanting; flowering scale 6-8 mm. long, scabrous, long- 
 acuminate or short-awned. Introduced into Newf. and at Amherst, Mass. Ad- 
 ventive from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 96. LOLIUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 
 several-flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually con- 
 tinuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales) turned to- 
 ward th^ rachis. Scales rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spikelets, and the 
 2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5~7-nerved; 
 palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas 2, plumose. 
 Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.] About 6 species, natives 
 of the Old World. 
 
 Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. 
 
 Flowering scales awnless. i. L. perenne. 
 
 Flowering scales awned. 2. Z. Italicum. 
 
 Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum. 
 
 1. Lolium perfenne L. RAY-GRASS. RYE-GRASS. (I. F. f. 521.) Smooth 
 and glabrous. Culms 1.5-7.5 dm. tall; leaves 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
 spike 7.5-20 cm. in length; spikelets 5- lo-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty scale 
 shorter than the spikelet, strongly nerved; flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, ob- 
 scurely nerved, acuminate, awnless. In waste places and cultivated grounds al- 
 most throughout the northern U. S. and southern Br. Am. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. Erroneously called Darnel, this name belonging 
 to L. temulentum. July Aug. 
 
 2. Lolium Italicum A. Br. AWNED RAY-GRASS. Culms tufted, 6-10 dm. 
 tall. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide; spikes 
 2-3 dm. long; spikelets 20-30, 1.5-2 cm. long, the flowering scales bearing an 
 awn equalling or a little shorter than themselves. In fields and waste places, 
 N. Y., N. J. and Iowa. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Lolium temulentum L. DARNEL. IVRAY. (I. F. f. 522.) Glabrous. Culms 
 6-12 dm. tall; leaves 1-2.5 dm. * n length, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough 
 above; spike 1-3 dm. in length; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-1.8 cm. long, the 
 strongly nerved empty scale equalling or extending beyond the obscurely nerved 
 flowering scales, which are awned or awnless. In waste places and cultivated 
 grounds, locally naturalized or adventive from Europe, N. B. to Mich., Ga. and 
 Kans. Abundant on the Pacific Coast. Locally a troublesome weed. June-Aug. 
 
 97. LEPTURUS R. Br. 
 
 Usually low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and strict or curved elongated 
 slender spikes. Spikelets i-2-flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of 
 the jointed rachis. Empty scales 2, rarely I, narrow, rigid, acute, 5-nerveti; 
 flowering scales much shorter, hyaline, keeled, one side turned to the rachis. 
 Palets hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, or fewer. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas 
 2, plumose. Grain narrow, glabrous, free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, refer- 
 ring to the narrow spikes.]. Species 5 or 6, natives of the Old World. 
 
 I. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. SLENDER HARDGRASS. (I. F. f. 523.) 
 Culms 7.5-30 cm. long, decumbent, much branched. Sheaths loose, shorter than 
 the internodes ; leaves 1.25-5 cm - l n g> 2 mm - wide or less, usually involute, 
 smooth beneath, rough above; spikes 2. 5- 15 cm. in length, slender, strict or curved; 
 spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty scales acute; flowering scales about 3.5 mm. long, 
 I -nerved. In waste places, southern Penn. to Va., near or along the coast. Ad- 
 ventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
GRAMJNEAE. 153 
 
 98. AGROP^RON J. Gaertn. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. 
 Spikelets 3-many- flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the usually 
 continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Two lower 
 scales empty; flowering scales rigid, rounded on the back, fj-y-nerved, usually 
 acute or awned at the apex; palets 2-keeled, the keels often ciliate. Stamens 3. 
 Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain pubescent at the apex, 
 usually adherent to the palet. [Greek, referring to the growth of these grasses in 
 wheat- fields.] About 40 species, in all temperate regions. Besides the follow- 
 ing, some twelve others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Culms tufted, no creeping rootstocks or stolons. 
 
 Basal culm-leaves longer than the upper ; empty scales awnless. 
 Flowering scales long-awned. 
 
 Culms stout, erect ; spikes erect, often one-sided. i. A. Richardsonii. 
 
 Culms geniculate, ascending; spikes nodding. 2. A. caninum. 
 
 Flowering scales with a short awn or awnless. 
 
 Spikes slender, 5-12 cm. long; empty and flowering scales broadest below 
 
 the middle. 3. A. tenerum. 
 
 Spikes 2.5-7 cm - l n g> empty and flowering scales broadest above the mid- 
 dle. 4. A. violaceum. 
 Basal culm-leaves shorter than the upper; empty scales short-awned 
 
 5. A. Gmelini* 
 Culms from creeping rootstocks. 
 
 Rachis articulated, finally breaking up; spikes 4-angled. 6. A. tetrastachys. 
 
 Rachis continuous; spikes more or less flattened. 
 
 Spikelets compressed, lanceolate to ovate, ascending. 7. A. spicatum. 
 
 Spikelets nearly round or but little compressed, linear, erect. 
 
 Flowering scales densely pubescent. 8. A. dasystachyum. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous or merely hispidulous. 
 
 Leaves very rough throughout. g, A. pseudorepens. 
 
 Leaves smooth beneath, more or less hirsute above. 
 
 10. A. repens. 
 
 1. Agropyron Richardsonii Schrad. Culms 6-10 dm. tall; sheaths smooth 
 and glabrous; leaves erect, 8-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, very rough; spike stout, 
 strict, often one-sided, 9-15 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; spikelets crowded, 3-5- 
 flowered, the empty scales firm, rough on the nerves, short-awned, the flowering 
 scales glabrous, with an awn usually 2-3 times as long as themselves. From 
 Minn, to the Saskatchewan, south to Neb. and Colo. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Agropyron caninum (L.) R. & S. AWNED WHEAT-GRASS. FIBROUS- 
 ROOTED WHEAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 528.) Culms 3-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or 
 the lower sometimes pubescent; leaves 7.5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth 
 beneath, rough above; spike 7.5-20 cm. in length, nodding at the top; spikelets 
 3-6-flowered; empty scales 9-12 mm. long, 3~5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed 
 or bearing an awn 2-6 mm. long; flowering scales 8-io mm. long, usually sca- 
 brous toward the apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length.. 
 N. B. to Br. Col., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Native northward; southward locally naturalized from Europe. July Aug. 
 
 3. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. SLENDER WHEAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 527.) 
 Glabrous; culms 6-9 dm. tall. Sheaths glabrous; leaves 7.5-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, flat or involute, rough; spike 7.5-17.5 cm. in length, usually narrow and 
 slender; spikelets 3-5-flowered; empty scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or short- 
 awned, 3~5-nerved, scarious on the margins; flowering scales 1012 mm. long, 
 5 -nerved, awn-pointed or short-awned, scarious on the margins, often rough toward 
 the apex. In dry soil, Lab. to Br. Col., south to N. H., Vt., Kans., Colo, and Cal. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey. PURPLISH WHEAT-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 526.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or 
 involute, rougher sometimes smooth beneath; spike 2.5-10 cm. in length, occa- 
 sionally longer, 4-6 mm. broad; spikelets 3 6- flowered; empty scales broad, 
 usually purplish, scarious on the margins, 5-7-nerved, 8-12 mm. long, acute or 
 acuminate, sometimes awn-pointed, rarely long-awned; flowering scales often 
 purplish, 5-7 -nerve d> scarious on the margins, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or short- 
 
154 FLORA. 
 
 awned, the awn rarely as long as the body. Lab. tc Br. Col. and Alaska, south 
 to the mountains of N. E., N. Y., Penn. and Neb., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Colo. Ascends to 1650 m. in the White Mts. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. Agropyron Gmelini Scribn. &Sm. GMELIN'S WHEAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 528a.) 
 Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, tufted; leaves erect, 1-2.5 dm. l n g> 2 ~6 mm. wide, acumi- 
 nate, smooth beneath, scabrous on the margins and sometimes also sparsely so 
 above; spike slender, long-exserted, 5-20 cm. long; spikelets 6-20, somewhat 
 crowded, appressed to the rachis, more or less compressed, 5~9-flowered ; empty 
 scales 1-1.4 cm - l n g> shorter than the spikelet, acuminate into a shorter awn; 
 flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, acuminate, bearing at or just below the apex a 
 slender scabrous awn 1.4-3 cm< l n g- Bottom lands, Wash, to western Neb. 
 
 6. Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. & Sm. COAST WHEAT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 524C.) Glaucous. Culms rigid, 4.5-9 dm. -tall, from a running rootstock; leaves 
 erect, acuminate, 1.25-20 cm. long, 4 mm. or less wide, smooth beneath, glaucous 
 above, scabrous on the margins; spikes long-exserted, 7.5-12.5 cm. long, 4-sided; 
 spikelets crowded, 1.2-2 cm. long, 6-u -flowered, appressed to the 4 angled articu- 
 lated rachis, the angles hispidulous; empty scales lanceolate, i cm. long, 5-7- 
 nerved; flowering scales lanceolate, keeled, rough toward the apex, acute, awn- 
 pointed or short-awned. Sandy beaches, coast of Me. July- Aug. 
 
 7. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Sm. WESTERN WHEAT-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 5240.) Pale green, glaucous. Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, from a slender 
 creeping rootstock; leaves erect, 5-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate, very 
 scabrous above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry; spike strict, 1-2 
 dm. long; spikelets crowded, divergent from the rachis, compressed, lanceolate 
 when closed, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, 6-i2-flowered; empty scales acuminate, awn- 
 pointed, shorter than the spikelet, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scales 1-1.2 
 cm. long, acute or awn-pointed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Prairies and high 
 plains, Manitoba and Minn, to Ore., south to Mo. and Tex. 
 
 8. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey. NORTHERN WHEAT-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 525.) Glaucous. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, from long running rootstocks; leaves 
 5-22.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, or becoming involute in drying, smooth be- 
 neath, rough above; spike 6.25-17.5 cm. in length; spikelets 4-8-flowered ; empty 
 scales 3-5 -nerved, lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 6-9 mm. long; flowering 
 scales broadly lanceolate, 5 -nerved, 9-12 mm. long, acute, or short-awned, densely 
 villous. Sand-hills and dunes, Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr, and Wyo., and on 
 the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Summer. 
 
 9. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. FALSE COUCH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 524a.) Light green. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, from a running rootstock; leaves erect, 
 prominently nerved, rough on both surfaces, acuminate, the culm leaves 7.520 
 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the basal leaves about one-half as long as the culms; 
 spikes 7.5-20 cm. long, strict; spikelets 1-1.6 cm. long, 3 -7 -flowered, a little com- 
 pressed, appressed to the rachis; empty scales lanceolate, equalling or somewhat 
 shorter than the spikelet, acuminate and often awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves 
 hispidulous; flowering scales 5 -nerved, roughish toward the apex, usually awn- 
 pointed. Rich river-bottoms, Mont, to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and Tex. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 10. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. COUCH-GRASS. QUITCH-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 524.) Culms 3-12 dm. tall, from a long jointed running rootstock. Leaves 7.5- 
 30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, hirsute above; spike 5-20 cm. in 
 length, strict; spikelets 3~7-flowered; empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually 
 acute or awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse; flowering scales smooth and glabrous, 
 acute or short-awned at the apex. In fields and waste places, almost throughout 
 N. Am. except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe, and often a trouble- 
 some weed. Very variable. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 99. HORDEUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes. 
 Spiklets I -flowered, usually in 3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally 
 short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty 
 scales often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spike- 
 
GRAMINEAE. 1 55 
 
 lets. Empty scales rigid; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5 -nerved at the 
 apex, awned; palet scarcely shorter than the scale, 2 -keeled. Stamens 3. Styles 
 very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. 
 [Latin name for barley.] About 20 species, widely distributed in both hemi- 
 spheres. 
 
 Flowering scales, exclusive of awn, 6-8 mm. long. 
 Awn of the flowering scale 1.25 cm. long or less. 
 
 All the empty scales of each cluster bristle-like. i. H. nodosum. 
 
 Four of the empty scales of each cluster dilated above the base. 
 
 2. H. pusillum. 
 
 Awn of the flowering scale 2.5 cm. long or more. 3. H. jubatum. 
 
 Flowering scales, exclusive of awn, about 1.2 cm. long. 4. H. murttium. 
 
 1. Hordeum nodosum L. MEADOW BARLEY. (I. F. f. 529.) Culms 1.5-6 
 dm. tall, erect, or sometimes decumbent; leaves 3.75-12.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
 wide, flat, rough; spike 2.5-8.5 cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3*3, the central 
 one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral enclosing a staminate or rudi- 
 mentary flower, or a palet only; empty scales of each cluster awn-like; flowering 
 scale oi the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long exclusive of the awn, which is 6-12 mm. 
 long, the corresponding scale in the lateral spikelets much smaller and short-stalked. 
 In meadows and waste places, Ind. to Minn., Br. Col. and Alaska, south to Tex. 
 a.nd Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. LITTLE BARLEY. (I. F. f. 530.) Culms 1-4 
 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base; leaves 1.25-7.5 cm - l n g> J ~4 mm - wide, 
 erect, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 2.5-7.5 cm. in length; spikelets usually 
 in 3*3, the central one containing a palet and perfect flower, the lateral imperfect; 
 scales awned, the empty ones scabrous, those of the central spikelet and the lower 
 ones of the lateral spikelets dilated above the base; flowering scales smooth, that of 
 the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, short-awned, the corresponding scale in the 
 lateral spikelets smaller and very short stalked. In dry soil, Ont. to Br. Col., 
 south to Neb., Ark., Tex. and Cal.; also sparingly introduced along the coast from 
 Va. to Fla. June-July. 
 
 3. Hordeum jubatum L. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS. (I. F. f. 531.) Culms 
 2.5-7.5 dm. tall; leaves 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, erect, rough; spike 5-10 
 cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3*3, the central one containing a palet and per- 
 fect flower, the lateral imperfect; empty scales consisting of slender rough awns 
 2.5-6.25 cm. long; flowering scale of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, scabrous 
 at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn 2.5-6.25 cm. long; the corresponding 
 scale in the lateral spikelets short-awned, about 6 mm. long including its pedicel, 
 sometimes reduced to a rudiment. In dry soil, Ont. to Alaska, south to Kans., 
 Colo, and Cal. Naturalized in the east from Lab. and Quebec to N. J. and Penn. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Hordeum murinum L. WALL BARLEY. (I. F. f. 532.) Cuims 1.5-6 
 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at the base; leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, 
 rough; spikes 5-10 cm. in length; spikelets usually in 3's; scales awned, the 
 empty ones awn-like, scabrous, those of the central spikelet broader and ciliate on 
 the margins, bearing awns 1.8-2.4 cm - long, those of the lateral spikelets similar, 
 with the exception of the second scale, which is not ciliate; flowering scales sca- 
 brous at the apex, bearing an awn about 2.5 cm. long, those of the lateral spikelets 
 about 1.2 cm. long, the corresponding scale in the central spikelet somewhat 
 smaller. On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern N. Y. and N. J. to 
 D. C. Also from Ariz, to Cal. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June- 
 July. 
 
 too. SITANION Raf. 
 
 Tufted grasses with flat or involute leaves and a terminal dense spike with the 
 rachis articulated and readily breaking up. Spikelets numerous, in 2's or 3*3 at 
 each joint, 1-5 -flowered; empty scales entire or divided, the divisions extending 
 often to the base, the scales or their divisions bearing long slender awns; palet 2- 
 keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain adherent 
 to the palet. [Greek, the meaning obscure.] Usually considered a monotypic 
 genus, but probably divisible into a number of species. 
 
156 FLORA. 
 
 i. Sitanion elymoides Raf. (I. F. f. 540.) Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall; sheaths 
 sometimes hirsute; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, often stiff and erect, 
 usually rough, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute; spike 5-15 cm. in length; spike- 
 lets i-5-flowered; empty scales entire or divided, often to the base, the divisions 
 awl-shaped and bearing long unequal slender awns 2.5-8.5 cm. in length; flower- 
 ing scales 6-10 mm. long, 5 -nerved, scabrous, at least toward the apex, bearing a 
 long slender divergent awn 2.5-8.5 cm. in length, the apex of the scale sometimes 
 2-toothed, the teeth often produced into short awns. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Ore., 
 south to Kans., Tex., Ariz., and Cal. July-Aug. \Elymus Sitanion Schultes.] 
 
 101. ELYMUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2- 
 several-flowered (rarely i-flowered) sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3'$ or 
 more, in alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales 
 forming an apparent involucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, 
 acute, sometimes awned, entire ; flowering scales shorter, rounded on the 
 back, 5 -nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet a little shorter than the scale, 2- 
 keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain 
 sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, referring 
 to the involute palet.] About 40 species, natives of temperate regions. Besides 
 the following, some 15 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Flowering scales conspicuously awned (rarely awnless in No. 2). 
 Spikelets divergent from the rachis of the broad spike. 
 
 Empty scales narrowly awl-shaped ; spike slender. i. E. striatus. 
 
 Empty scales linear-lanceolate to linear ; spike stout. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Virginicus. 
 
 Flowering scales more or less appressed-pubescent, usually densely so. 
 
 Empty scales linear, thick, firm, bearing generally a much shorter awn. 
 
 3. E. hirsutiglumis. 
 Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, rather thin, bearing commonly an 
 
 awn equalling or exceeding themselves. 
 Spike rather loosely flowered, nodding at the summit, usually long- 
 
 exserted. 4. E. Caiiadensis. 
 
 Spike densely flowered, compact, strict, usually included at the 
 
 base. 5. E. robustus, 
 
 Spikelets appressed to the rachis of the narrow spike. 
 
 Empty scaks narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed. 
 
 6. E. glaucus. 
 Empty scales awl-shaped, bearing an awn equalling or exceeding themselves. 
 
 7. E. Macounii. 
 Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed. 
 
 Flowering scales glabrous. 8. E. condensatus. 
 
 Flowering scales villous. 9. E. arenarius. 
 
 1. Elymus striatus Willd. SLENDER WILD RYE. (I. F. f. 533.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or hirsute; leaves 1.25-2.25 dm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, smooth or slightly rough beneath, pubescent above ; spike 6-12 cm. in length, 
 often nodding, broad, slender, dense; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 1-3- 
 flowered; empty scales awl-shaped, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, including the slender rough 
 awn, l-3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, rough, hispid or hirsute ; 
 flowering scales about 6 mm. long, smooth, scabrous or hispid, bearing a slender 
 rough awn 1.6-3 cm - m length. In woods and on banks, Me. and Out. to Term., 
 Neb. and Kans. June-July. 
 
 2. Elymus Virginicus L. TERRELL-GRASS. VIRGINIA WILD RYE. (L F. f. 
 534.) Culms 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths sometimes pubescent, the uppermost often in- 
 flated and enclosing the peduncle and the base of the spike ; leaves 1.25-3.5 dm. 
 long, 4-16 mm. wide, rough; spike 5-17.5 cm. in length, broad, stout, upright ; 
 spikelets divergent from the rachis, 2-3 -flowered ; empty scales thick and rigid, 
 lanceolate, 1.6-2.4 cm. long, including the short awn, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales 
 6-8 mm. long, glabrous, bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. in length, or rarely awn- 
 less. In moist soil, especially rlong streams, N. S. and N. B. to Manitoba, south 
 to Fla. and Tex. Ascends tc 600 m. in N. Car. July-Aug. 
 
GRAMINEAE. 157 
 
 3. Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. & Sm. STRICT WILD-RYE. (I. F. f. 535a.) 
 Culms erect from a perennial root, 3-9 dm. tall; sheaths longer than the internodes, 
 the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; leaves 2-3 dm. 
 long, 8-18 mm. wide, acuminate, very rough on both surfaces ; spikes 6-15 cm. 
 long, stout, the rachis pubescent; spikelets crowded, in pairs, 2-5 -flowered ; empty 
 scales linear, 1-1.2 cm. long, thick, 3~5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, acuminate into 
 a scabrous awn as long as or shorter than the scale; flowering scales lanceolate, 
 5-nerved, appressed-hirsute, 8-10 mm. long, acuminate into a rough awn 1.2-1.6 
 cm. long. River banks, Me. to Va., west to 111. and Neb. July- Aug. 
 
 4. Elymus Canadensis L. NODDING WILD-RYE. (I. F. f. 535.) Culms 
 6-15 dm. tall; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-20 mm. wide, rough, sometimes 
 glaucous; spike 1-3 dm. in length, rather slender, nodding, its peduncle much ex- 
 serted; spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5 -flowered ; empty scales awl-shaped, 
 rigid, 3-5 -nerved, 1.6-3.2 cm. long, including the long slender rough awns; flow- 
 ering scales 8-14 mm. long, nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous 
 straight or divergent awn 2-5 cm. in length. On river banks, N. S. and N. B. to 
 Alberta, south to Ga., Tex. and N. Mcx. Ascends to 630 m. in Va. July-Aug. 
 
 c. Elymus robustus Scribn. & S:n. STOUT WILD-RYE. (I. F. f. 535b.) 
 Culms erect, stout, 9-12 dm. tall; sheaths smooth or slightly roughened; leaves 
 firm, very rough on both surfaces, 1-4 dm. long, 8-2Omm. wide, acuminate; spike 
 usually partially included at the b:\se, stout, strict, I 2 5 dm. long, compact, the 
 rachis usually glabrous except on the angles; spikelets numerous, crowded, in 2's 
 4's, 3-4-flowered; empty scales subulate, 1-1.2 cm. long, bearing an awn about 
 twice as long; flowering scales lanceolate, 1-1.2 cm. long, 2 -toothed at the apex, 
 from sparsely to densely appressed-pubescent, bearing a straight or curving awn 
 3-4.5 cm. long. River banks, 111. to Mont., south to Kans. 
 
 6. Elymus glaucus Buckl. SMOOTH WILD-RYE. (I. F. f. 536.) Culms 6-15 
 dm- tall; sheaths rarely pubescent; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, smooth 
 beneath, sometimes rough above; spike 7.5-20 cm. in length, narrow, slender; 
 spikelets appressed to the rachis. 3-6-flowered; empty scales narrowly lanceolate, 
 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid. 3-5 -nerved; flowering scales 
 smooth or slightly rough, 1-1.2 cm. long, bearing a slender straight rough awn 
 1. 2-1. 8 cm. in length. In moist soil, Ont. to Br. Col., south to Mich., Ariz, and 
 Cal. June Aug. 
 
 7. Elymus Macounii Vasey. MACOUN'S WILD-RYE. (I.-F. f. 537.) Culms 
 3-9 dm. tall; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, rough, especially above; spike 
 5-12.5 cm. in length, narrow, slender, often somewhat flexuous ; spikelets appressed 
 to the rachis, single at each node, or the lower sometimes in pairs, i-3-flowered; 
 empty scales (occasionally 3) awl-shaped, 3-nerved, rough, 6-8 mm. long, bearing 
 a slender straight rough awn, 6 10 mm. in length; flowering scales 7-10 mm. 
 long, rough toward the apex, bearing a slender straight awn 6-10 mm. long. 
 Prairies, Manitoba and Assiniboia, south to Neb. and N. Mex. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Elymus condensatus Presl. SMOOTH LYME-GRASS. (I. F. f. 538.) 
 Culms 6-30 dm. tall; leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g or m o re ? 6-24 mm. wide, scabrous, at 
 least above; spike 1-4 dm. in length, usually stout, strict, often inteirupted below, 
 sometimes compound at the base ; spikelets 3 6-flowered, 2 several at each node of 
 the rachis; empty scales awl-shaped, 9-12 mm. long, i-nerved, usually rough; 
 flowering scales 8-10 mm. long, generally awn-pointed, usually rough, sometimes 
 smooth. In wet saline situations, Alberta to Br. Col., south to Neb., Ariz, and 
 C al. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Elymus arenarius L. DOWNY LYME-GRASS. SEA LYME-GRASS. (I. f.f. 
 539.) Culms 1-2.5 m. tall, usually softly pubescent at the summit. Sheaths often 
 glaucous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long or more, 3-10 mm. wide, flat, or becoming invo- 
 lute, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 7.5-25 cm. in length, usually strict; 
 spikelets 3-6-flowered, frequently glaucous; empty scales 1.6-2.8 cm. long, 3-5- 
 nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; flowering scales 1.6-2 cm. long, acute or 
 awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, usually very villous. On shores, Greenland and Lab. 
 to the N. W. Terr, and Alaska, south to N. H., Lake Superior and Wash. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
I 58 FLORA. 
 
 102. HYSTRIX Moench. [ASPRELLA Willd.] 
 
 Usually tall grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several. 
 flowered, in pairs, rarely in 3's, at each node of the rachis. Empty scales wanting, 
 or sometimes appearing as mere rudiments; flowering scales narrow, convolute, 
 rigid, rounded on the back, 5 -nerved above, terminating in an awn; palet scarcely 
 shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas 
 plumose. Grain oblong, adhering to the palet when dry. [Greek name of the 
 Porcupine, referring to the long awns.] Four known species, the following and a 
 Californian one occurring in N. Am. 
 
 I. Hystrix Hfstrix (L.) Millsp. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS. (I. F. f. 541.) 
 Culms 6-12 dm. tall; leaves 1-2.5 dm. l n g 6-12 mm. wide, smooth beneath, 
 rough above; spike 7.5-17.5 cm. in length; spikelets at length widely spreading, 
 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awns, readily deciduous, even when young; empty 
 scales awn-like, usually present in the lowest spikelet; flowering scales 8-12 mm. 
 long, acuminate into an awn about 2.5 cm. in length. In rocky woods, N. B. to 
 Ont. and Minn, south to Ga., 111. and Neb. Ascends to 630 m. in Va. June-July. 
 
 103. ARUNDINARIA Michx. 
 
 Arborescent or shrubby grasses, with simple or branched culms and flat short- 
 petioled leaves which are articulated with the sheath. Spikelets borne in panicles 
 or racemes, 2-many-flowered, large, compressed. Empty scales i or 2. the first 
 sometimes wanting ; flowering scales longer, not keeled, many nerved ; palets 
 scarcely shorter than the scales, prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules 3. Stamens 3. 
 Styles 2 or 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain furrowed, free, enclosed in the scale and 
 palet. [From Antndo, the Latin name of the Reed.] About 24 species, natives 
 of Asia and America. Two are found in the southern U. S. 
 
 Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year ; culms 4 m. tall or less. 
 
 i. A. tecta. 
 Spikelets borne on the old stems; culms 5 m. tall or more. 2. A, macrosperma . 
 
 1. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. SCUTCH CANE. SMALL CANE. 
 (I. F. f. 542.) Culms 1-4 m. tall, erect, shrubby, branching at the summit. 
 Sheaths longer than the internodcs, smooth or rough, ciliate on the margins; 
 ligules bristly; leaves lanceolate, 8.5-20 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, flat, more or 
 less pubescent beneath, glabrous above; racemes on short leafless culms; spikelets 
 7 lO-flowered, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, on pedicels 2.5 cm. in length or less, which are 
 sometimes pubescent; empty scales unequal, the first usually very small, sometimes 
 wanting; flowering scales 1.2-2 cm. long, acute or acuminate, smooth, glabrous or 
 
 fubescent. In swamps and moist soil, Md. to Ind. Mo., Fla. and Tex. May- 
 uly. 
 
 2. Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. GIANT CANE. Culms woody, 6-9 m. 
 tall, finally branched above; sheaths ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; 
 leaves lanceolate, smooth or roughish, 3 dm. or less long, the larger 2-3 cm. wide, 
 those on the ultimate divisions smaller and crowded at the summit of the branches; 
 inflorescence on the old wood, the spikelets 3.5-6 cm. long, on slender more or less 
 leafy branches, the flowering scales glabrous or hirsute, acuminate. Forming 
 "cane brakes" along river banks and swamps, Va. to Fla., west to La.; along the 
 Miss. R. and its tributaries as far north as Ky., Tenn. and Mo. May-July. 
 
 Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. HiL 
 
 Sedge Family. 
 
 Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely 
 hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous 
 (many species perennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with 
 closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one 
 (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary 
 
CYPERA CEAE. 1 59 
 
 or clustered, i -many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, 
 persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or 
 interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, 
 rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
 i -celled. Ovule i, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3- cleft or rarely simple 
 or minutely 2 toothed. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous 
 achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. 
 
 About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribu- 
 tion. The dates given below indicate the time of perfecting fruit. 
 
 Flowers of the spikelet all, or at least one of them, perfect ; spikelets all similar. 
 Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 
 
 Perianth none ; spikelets in solitary or umbelled terminal heads. 
 
 Spikelets with 2-many perfect flowers ; scales several to numerous. 
 
 I. Cyperus. 
 
 Spikelets with but I perfect flower ; scales 24. 2. Kyllinga. 
 
 Perianth of 6-9 bristles ; inflorescence axillary. 3. Dulichium. 
 
 Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. 
 Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers. 
 
 Base of the style swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 
 
 Leaves reduced to basal sheaths ; bristles of the perianth usually pres- 
 ent; spikelet solitary. 4. Eleocharis. 
 Culm leafy ; perianth-bristles none ; spikelets i-numerous. 
 
 Spikelets capitate, involucrate. 5. Dichromena. 
 
 Spikelets umbellate or cymose. 
 
 Spikelets in terminal and axillary compound cymes ; most of 
 
 the style persistent. 6. Psilocarya. 
 
 Spikelets in a terminal umbel, base of style persistent. 
 
 7. Stenophyllus. 
 Base of the style enlarged or narrow, deciduous. 
 
 Flowers with no broad sepals nor interior perianth-scales. 
 
 Style swollen at the base ; bristles none. 8. Fimbristylis. 
 
 Style not swollen at the base ; bristles usually present. 
 Spikelets solitary to many ; bristles 1-6, rarely none. 
 
 9. Scirpus. 
 Spikelets solitary or few ; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, very 
 
 long, slender, much exserted. 10. Eriophorum. 
 
 Flowers with a perianth of 3 stalked sepals or of i or 2 interior hyaline 
 
 scales. 
 Perianth of 3 broad stalked sepals, usually alternating with as 
 
 many bristles. n. Fuirena. 
 
 Perianth of i or 2 hyaline scales (sepals ?) ; bristles none. 
 
 Perianth of a single minute posterior scale. 12. Hemicarpha. 
 Perianth of 2 scales, convolute around the ovary. 
 
 13. Lipocarpha. 
 Spikelets i-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect. 
 
 Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 14. Rynchospora. 
 Style wholly deciduous. 15. Cladium. 
 
 Flowers all monoecious or dioecious, usually borne in separate small spikelets. 
 Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 
 
 Spikelets clustered or solitary, not in a terminal spike ; achene bony. 
 
 16. Scleria. 
 Spikelets forming a terminal spike; arctic genera. 
 
 Scales 2-flowered, androgynous. 17. Elyna, 
 
 Scales i-flowered, monoecious. 18. Kobresia. 
 
 Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 
 
 Axis of the pistillate flower conspicuous, subulate, often exserted beyond the 
 perigynium. 19. Uncinia. 
 
 Axis of the pistillate flower rudimentary or none, not exserted. 
 
 20. Carex. 
 
 i. CYPERUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy 
 near the base, and with I or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the 
 jimple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel 
 sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes 
 
l6o FLORA. 
 
 commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales falling away from the 
 rachis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away from 
 the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-32). Scales con- 
 cave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from 
 the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.] About 650 
 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, some 40 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular, not 3-angled ; scales falling from the rachis ; spikelets 
 flat. 
 Achene one-half as long- as the scale ; umbel nearly or quite simple. 
 
 Spikelets yellow ; superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C. flavescens. 
 Spikelets green or brown ; superficial cells of the achenc quadrate. 
 Scales obtuse or obtusish, appressed. 
 
 Scales membranous, dull ; style much exserted. 2. C. diandrus. 
 Scales subcoriaceous, shining ; style scarcely exserted. 
 
 3. C. rivularis. 
 Scales acute, somewhat spreading at maturity. 
 
 Achene narrowly obovate ; spikelets 1-3 cm. long. 4. C. Nuttallii. 
 Achene linear-oblong ; spikelets 0.5-2 cm. long. 5. C. microdontus. 
 Achene nearly as long as the scale ; umbel sometimes much compound. 
 
 6. C. flavtcomus. 
 Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled. 
 
 A. Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. 
 Wings of the rachis, if present, permanently adnate to it. 
 
 Scales tipped with recurved awns ; low annual, 2-15 cm. tall. 
 
 7. C. inflexus. 
 Scales acute or obtuse, not awned. 
 
 Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. 
 
 Stamens 3; spikelets linear-oblong, 8-25 mm. long; scales acute. 
 Annual ; culms smooth, 5-25 cm. long. 8. C. compressus. 
 Perennial; culms rough, 30-85 cm. tall. 9. C. Schweinitzii. 
 Stamen i; spikelets ovate, 4-8 mm. long. 
 
 Tall perennial ; achene linear ; scales acutish. 
 
 10. C. pseudovegetus 
 Low annual ; achene oblong ; scale-tips recurved. 
 
 11. C. aciiminatus. 
 Wings of the rachis evident. 
 
 Low annual, adventive from Europe ; scales brown. 
 
 12. C. fuse us. 
 Tall indigenous perennials (no 13 sometimes annual ?). 
 
 Lower leaves reduced to pointed sheaths. 
 
 13. C. Haspan, 
 Leaves all elongated-linear. 
 
 Scales mucronate, reddish brown or green. 
 
 14. C. dentatus. 
 Scales acute or obtuse, not mucronate. 
 
 Scales wholly or partly purple-brown ; achene linear. 
 Scales tightly appressed. 15. C. rotundus. 
 Tips of the scales free. 16. C. Hallii, 
 
 Scales straw-colored ; achene obovoid. 
 
 17. C. esculentus, 
 Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales ; annuals. 
 
 Spikes loose ; spikelets 6 20 mm. long. 18. C. erythrorJiizos. 
 
 Spikes dense, cylindric ; spikelets 3-5 mm. long. 19. C. Halei. 
 
 B. Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spikes, the lower pair of scales com 
 monly persistent. 
 
 Annuals ; spikelets elongated, nearly terete. 
 
 Scales imbricated ; achene obovoid. 
 
 Scales thin, dull brown ; spikelets very slender. 20. C, speciosus. 
 Scales rigid, yellow-brown ; spikelets stout. 21. C. ferax. 
 
 Scales distant, achene linear-oblong. 22. C. Englemanni* 
 
 Perennial by hard, tuber-like basal corms; spikelets more or less flattened. 
 Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as thick. 
 
 Spikelets flat, several-many-flowered. 23. C strigosus. 
 
 Spikelets subterete, few-flowered. 
 
 Spikelets 12-25 mm, long, loosely spicate ; lower reflexed. 
 
 24. C. refractus. 
 
CYPERACEAE. l6l 
 
 Spikelets 3-12 mm. long, densely capitate or spicate. 
 
 Spikelets all reflexed ; culms rough. 25. C. retrofractus. 
 
 Spikelets spreading or only the lower reflexed ; culms smooth. 
 Heads oblong or cylindric. 
 
 Spikelets 6-10 mm. long, the lower reflexed. 
 
 26. C. Lancastriensis^ 
 Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, the lower spreading. 
 
 27. C. cylindricus. 
 Heads globose. 28. C. o->>ularis. 
 
 Achene oblong or obovoid, about twice as long as thick. 
 Rachis wingless or very narrowly winged. 
 
 Scales pale green, membranous, dull. 29. C. filiculmis. 
 
 Scales chestnut-brown, shining. 30. C. Houghtont. 
 
 Rachis-wings membranous, broad. 
 
 Scales firm, not appressed ; spikelets loosely capitate. 
 
 31. C. Grayi. 
 Scales thin, closely appressed ; spikelets densely capitate. 
 
 32. C. echinatus. 
 
 1. Cyperus flavescens L. YELLOW CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 543.) Annual; culms 
 very slender, tufted, leafy below, 7-30 cm. tall, mostly longer than the leaves. 
 Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, smooth, the longer usually exceeding the inflorescence ; 
 clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays ; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear, 
 subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 8-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; scales 
 ovate, obtuse, I -nerved, appressed. twice as long as the orbicular-obovate black 
 obtuse lenticular shining achene ; stamens 3 ; style deeply 2-cleft ; superficial cells 
 of the achene oblong. In marshy ground, Me. to Mich., Fla. and Mex. Also in 
 the Old World. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 544.) Annual; culms 
 tufted, slender, 5-40 cm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 
 usually 3; clusters sessile and terminal, or at the ends of 1-3 rays; spikelets 8-18 
 mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered ; scales ovate, green, brown, 
 or with brown margins, obtuse, l-nerved, appressed, membranous, dull; stamens 
 2 or 3; style 2-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene lenticular, oblong, gray, 
 not shining, one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate, about as 
 long as wide. In marshy places. N. B. to Minn., S. Car. and Kans. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. SHINING CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 545.) Similar to 
 the preceding species, culms slender, tufted. Umbel usually simple; spikelets 
 linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long; scales green or dark brown, or 
 with brown margins, appressed, firm, subcoriaceous, shining, obtuse; stamens 
 mostly 3; style 2-cleft, scarcely exserted; achene oblong or oblong-obovate, len- 
 ticular, somewhat pointed, dull, its superficial cells quadrate. In wet soil, espe- 
 cially along streams and ponds, Me. to S. Ont., Mich, and Neb., Va., N. C. and 
 Mo. Aug.-Oct 
 
 4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. NUTTALL'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 546.) Annual; 
 culms slender, tufted, equalling or longer than the leaves. Leaves of the involucre 
 3-5, spreading, the larger often 12 cm. long; umbel 3 7-rayed; spikelets rather 
 loosely clustered, linear, very acute, flat, spreading, 13 cm. long, 23 mm. wide; 
 scales yellowish-brown with a green keel, oblong, acute; stamens 2; style 2-cleft, 
 its branches somewhat exserted; achene lenticular, narrowly obovate, obtuse or 
 truncate, dull, light brown, one-third to one-half as long as the scale, its superficial 
 cells quadrate. Salt marshes, Me. to Miss. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 5- Cyperus microdontus Torr. COAST CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 547.) Annual; 
 similar to the preceding species; culms very slender, tufted, sometimes 0.5 m. high. 
 Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre much elongated; umbel commonly 
 simple, sessile, capitate, or I 6-rayed; spikelets linear, acute, 6-18 mm. long, less 
 than 2 mm. wide, yellowish-brown; scales ovate, acute, thin; style 2-cleft, its 
 branches much exserted; achene lenticular, linear-oblong, short-pointed, light 
 blown, one-half as long as the scale, its superficial cells quadrate. In wet soil, on 
 or near the coast, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 6. Cyperus flavicomus Michx. ELEGANT CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 548.) Annual; 
 culms 0.3-1 m. tall, leafy below. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, those of the involucre 
 3-8, the longer ones- much exceeding the inflorescence; umbels few-several-rayed; 
 
162 FLORA. 
 
 often compound; primary rays 1-6 cm. long; spikelets numerous, usually densely 
 clustered, linear, acute, 8-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, many-flowered, spread, 
 ing; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, dull, yellowish -brown; stamens 3; style 2-cleft, 
 little exserted; acnene obovate, lenticular, black, mucronate, not shining, nearly 
 as long as the scales and often persistent on the rachis after these have fallen 
 away. In wet or moist sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 7. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. AWNED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 549.) Annual; 
 culms slender or almost filiform, tufted, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 
 2 mm. wide or less, those of the involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; umbel sessile, 
 capitate, or i-3-rayed; spikelets linear -oblong, 6-10- flowered, 4-6 mm. long; scales 
 light brown, lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several -nerved, tapering into a long, 
 recurved awn, falling from the rachis at maturity; stamen i; style 3-cleft; rachis 
 winged, the wings persistent; achene 3-angled, brown, dull, narrowly obovoid or 
 oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet, sandy soil, Vt. to the N. W. Terr, and Ore., 
 south to Fla., Tex., Cal. and Mex. Fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Cyperus compressus L. FLAT CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 550.) Annual; culms 
 slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves light green, about 
 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceeding the spikelets; umbel 
 capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. 
 long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered; scales light green with a yellow 
 band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, several-nerved, falling away 
 from the narrowly-winged rachis at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull, brown, about one-third as long as the 
 scale. In fields, Md. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. Also in trop. Amer. and the 
 Old World. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 9. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. SCHWEINITZ'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 551.) 
 Perennial by the thickened conn-like bases of the culms; culms rather slender, 
 rough, at least above, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined, 
 those of the involucre 3-7, erect; umb 1 simple, 3-g-rayed, the rays erect, 
 sometimes 10 cm. long; spikelets flat, in rather loose ovoid spikes, linear 
 oblong, 6-i2-flowered, 8-16 mm. long; scales convex, light green, ovate, acute or 
 acuminate, 9~i3-nerved, falling away from the rachis at maturity; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, oblong, brown, acute at each end, nearly as long as 
 the scale. In sandy soil, especially along lakes and streams, W. N. Y. and S. 
 Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Minn., Iowa and Kans. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 10. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. MARSH CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 552.) Per- 
 ennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstocks, culm rather stout, 0.3-1.3 m. 
 high, often equalled by the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth, nodulose, 
 the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 4-6, spreading; umbel several- 
 rayed, compound; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light green, densely capi- 
 tate, 4-6 mm. long; scales keeled, conduplicate, i-nerved, curved, acute, longer 
 than the linear 3-angled slightly stalked achene; stamen I; style 3-cleft. In 
 marshes, Del. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. SHORT-POINTED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 
 553.) Annual; culms very slender, tufted, 7-40 cm. tall. Leaves light green, 
 usually less than 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre much elongated; umbel 1-4- 
 rayed, simple; rays short; spikelets flat, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, many- 
 flowered, densely capitate; scales oblong, pale-green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, 
 conduplicate, with a short sharp more or less recurved tip; stamen I; style 
 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled. gray, oblong, narrowed at each end, about one -half 
 as long as the scale. In moist soil, 111. to La., west to Iowa, Kans., Ore., Tex., 
 and Cal. July-Oct. 
 
 12. Cyperus fuscus L. BROWN CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 554.) Annual; culms 
 tufted, 15-40 cm. high, longer than or equalled by the leaves. Leaves rather dark 
 green, about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-6; umbel several -rayed; spike- 
 lets linear, 4-14 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, many-flowered, acute; scales 
 ovate, subacute, becoming dark brown, faintly about 3-nerved, separating from the 
 narrowly winged rachis as they mature; stamens 2 or 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 3-angled, oblong, pointed at each end, nearly as long as the scale. Revere Beach, 
 Mass., and New London, Conn. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Also m 
 ballast about the eastern seaports. July-Sept, 
 
CYPERACEAE. 163 
 
 13. Cyperus Haspan L. SHEATHED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 555.) Perennial 
 by short rootstocks (sometimes annual?), roots fibrous; culms weak, tufted, 0.3-1 
 m. high. Lower leaves reduced to membranous acuminate sheaths; leaves of the 
 involucre about 2, usually less than 2 mm. wide; umbel simple or compound, the 
 longer rays 2-5 cm. long; spikelets few, capitate, linear, acute, many-flowered, 6- 
 12 mm. long, about I mm. wide; scales oblong or oblong-lanceolate, reddish-brown, 
 acute, mucronulate, keeled, 3-nerved; rachis winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene 3 -angled, broadly obovoid, obtuse, nearly white, much shorter than the 
 scale. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Also in tropical 
 America and in the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, and Australia. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Cyperus dentatus Torr. TOOTHED CYPERUS. (I. F. 556.) Perennial 
 by scaly rootstocks which sometimes bear small tubers; culms rather stiff, 0.2-0.5 
 m. tall. Leaves keeled, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre umbel, somewhat, 
 compound; longer rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets linear, very flat, many-flow- 
 ered, mostly blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide; scales light reddish- 
 brown, ovate-lanceolate, thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate, separating from the 
 rachis when mature, their tips spreading; causing the spikelet to appear toothed; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the branches exserted; achene 3-angled, obtuse, mucro- 
 nate, light brown, much shorter than the scale. In sandy swamps and on river 
 shores, Me. to N. N. Y., south to W. Va. and S. Car. Scales often modified into 
 tufts of small leaves. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 15. Cyperus rotundus L. NUT-GRASS. (I. F. f. 557.) Perennial by scaly 
 tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm rather stout, 0.1-0.5 m. high, usually longer than 
 the leaves. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, those of the involucre 3-5 ; umbel 3-8-rayed, 
 the longer rays 5-11 cm. long; spikelets linear, clustered, few in each cluster, 
 acute, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; scales dark purple-brown or with green 
 margins and centre, ovate, acute, appressed when mature, about 3-nerved on the 
 keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches exserted; achene 3-angled, about one- 
 half as long as the scale. In fields, Va. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. Also in 
 tropical Am., and widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 16. Cyperus Hallii Britton. HALL'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 558.) Perennial 
 by scaly rootstocks; culm rather stout, 0.6-0.9 m. tall, about equalled by the 
 leaves. Basal leaves about 4-6 mm. wide; involucral leaves 3-6, the longer much 
 exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, its longer rays 7-10 cm. long, the 
 raylets sometimes 2.5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, loosely clustered, linear, 7-15- 
 flowered, 10-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; involucels setaceous; scales ovate, acute, 
 strongly 7~9-nerved, dark reddish-brown or with lighter margins, their tips not 
 appressed; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches much exserted; achene linear- 
 oblong, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale. Kans. and the Ind. Terr, to 
 Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 17. Cyperus esculentus L. YELLOW NUT-GRASS. (I.F. f. 559.) Perennial 
 by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm usually stout, 0.3-0.8 m. tall, commonly 
 shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, 4-8 mm. wide, the midvein promi- 
 nent; those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; 
 umbel 4-iO-rayed, often compound; spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color 
 or yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, many- 
 flowered; scales ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5 -nerved; rachis narrowly winged; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. In moist fields, N. B. 
 to Minn, and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast from Cal. to 
 Alaska, in tropical America, and widely distributed in the Old World. Sometimes 
 a troublesome weed. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Cyperus esculentus angustispicitus Britton. Spikelets very slender, 2 mm. wide or 
 less. Mass, to S. Car. and Mo. 
 
 1 8. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. RED-ROOTED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 560.) 
 Annual; culms tufted, stout or slender, 7-50 cm. tall. Leaves 3-8 mm. wide, 
 rough -margined, those of the involucre 3-7, some of them 3-5 times as long as the 
 inflorescence; umbel mostly compound; spikelets linear, subacute, 6-25 mm. long, 
 less than 2 mm. wide, compressed, many-flowered, clustered in oblong, nearly or 
 qui'c s-^' ile spikes; scales bright chestnut brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, 
 apprised, separating from the rachis at maturity, the membranous wings of the 
 
164 FLORA. 
 
 rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, one-half as long as 
 the scale. In wet soil, S. Ont. to Mass, and Fla., west to Neb., Kans., Tex. and 
 Cal. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 19. Cyperus Halei Torr. KALE'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 561.) Annual; culm 
 stout, 0.6-1 m. tall, about equalled by the leaves. Leaves 6-8 mm. wide, very 
 rough-margined, those of the involucre 5-8, much elongated; umbel compound, 
 several-rayed; spikes cylindric, sessile or very nearly so, exceedingly dense, 1-2.5 
 cm. long; spikelets very numerous, linear, 3-5 mm. long, I mm. wide, spreading; 
 scales brown, keeled, indistinctly 5 -nerved, oblong, mucronulate, separating from 
 the rachis at maturity, the wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline 
 scales, as in the preceding species; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, 
 minute. In swamps, S. Mo. to Tenn., La. and Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 20. Cyperus speciosus Vahl. MICHAUX'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 562.) An- 
 nual; culms usually tufted, 10-40 cm. tall, reddish toward the base. Leaves 
 rough-margined, 3-5 mm. wide, the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 
 much exceeding the umbel; umbel 3~7-rayed, the primary rays 2-15 cm. long; in- 
 volucels narrow; spikelets subterete, very narrowly linear, 825 mm. long, less 
 than 2 mm. thick, io 3O-flowered, falling away from the axis at maturity; scales 
 dull brown, thin, appressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly 3~5-nerved on the back; rachis- 
 wings broad, clasping the achene, persistent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, slightly ex- 
 serted; achene pale, 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale. In marshes, E. 
 Mass, and R. I. to Ohio and Minn., Fla., Tex. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 Cyperus specifcsus ferrugine'scens (Boeckl.) Britton. Scales spreading or slightly 
 recurved, reddish. Mo. to Tex. and N. Mex. 
 
 Cyperus specibsus pslrvus (Boeckl.) Britton. Culm 2-7 cm. high ; umbel very simple, 
 generally of but a single cluster of short spikelets. Mo. to N. Mex. 
 
 21. Cyperus ferax Rich. COARSE CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 563.) Annual, closely 
 related to the preceding species, but with smooth-margined, shorter and broader 
 leaves, those of the involucre sometimes but little exceeding the inflorescence. 
 Umbel often compact, the rays mostly short; spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20- 
 fiowered, 16-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, falling away from the axis at ma- 
 turity; scales ovate-oblong, appressed, imbricated, obtuse, rather firm, green and 
 7-9-nerved on the back, yellowish on the sides; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; rachis 
 broadly winged; achene 3-angled, narrowly obovoid, obtuse. In wet soil, Mo. to 
 Cal. and widely distributed in tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 22. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. ENGELMANN'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 564.) 
 Annual; culms slender, 15-75 cm. tall. Leaves elongated, 4-6 mm. wide, flaccid, 
 roughish on the margins, those of the involucre 4-6, the longer exceeding the 
 umbel; umbel often compound, the spikelets often densely crowded, very narrowly 
 linear, subterete, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5~i5-flowered; rachis narrowly winged; scales 
 greenish-brown, oblong, obtuse, thin, faintly 3~5-nerved on the back, distant, the 
 successive ones on each side of the spikelet separated by a space of about one-half 
 their length; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, two-thirds 
 as long as the scale. In wet soil, Mass, to S. Ont. and Wise., south to N. J. and 
 Mo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 23. Cyperus strigosus L. STRAW-COLORED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 565.) 
 Perennial by basal tuber-like corms; culm rather stout, 0.3-0.9 m. tall. Leaves 
 rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide, the longer ones of the involucre much exceeding 
 the umbel; umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays often 10-15 cm. long, 
 their sheaths terminating in 2 bristles; involucels setaceous; heads oblong or 
 ovoid; spikelets flat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15 -flowered, 
 separating from the axis at maturity; scales straw-colored, oblong-lanceolate, sub- 
 acute, strongly several-nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 
 3-angled, acute, about one-third as long as the scale. In moist meadows, swamps 
 or along streams, Me. and Ont. to Minn, and Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.- 
 Oct. 
 
 Cyperus strig6sus capit&tus Boeckl. Umbel simple or nearly so; spikelets 8-14 mm, 
 long, densely capitate in subglobose heads. Range of the type. 
 
CYPERACEAE. l$ 
 
 Cyperua strig6sus compositus Britton. Umbel very compound; heads cylindric; 
 spikelets 6-12 mm. long, 4-6-flowered. S. N. Y. and Penn. to Ala. and Iowa. 
 
 Cyperus strig6sus rotnistior Kunth. Umbel compound; spikelets 16-25 nim. long, 
 io-25-flowered. Range of the type. 
 
 24. Cyperus refractus Engelm. REFLEXED CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 566.) Peren- 
 nial by tuber-like corms; culm stout, smooth, 0.3-0.9 m. tall. Leaves 5-8 mm. 
 wide, rough-margined, elongated; umbel 6 13-rayed, usually compound, the longer 
 rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in I or 2 short teeth ; in- 
 volucels setaceous; raylets filiform; spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, 
 acute, flattish, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> l mm< thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, 
 the lower reflexed ; scales yellowish-green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, closely ap- 
 pressed, g-n-nerved, thin; stamens 3; style 3 -cleft, its branches much exserted ; 
 achene narrowly linear, obtuse, apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and one- 
 half as long as the scale. In dry fields, N. J. to N. Car. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 25. Cyperus retrofractus'(L.) Torr. ROUGH CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 567.) Per- 
 ennial by tuber-like corms; culm rough -puberulent, at least above, mostly longer 
 than the puberulent leaves. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the 
 longer not greatly exceeding the umbel, sometimes shorter ; umbel simple ; rays 
 515 cm. long, their sheaths 2-toothed; heads oblong or obovoid; spikelets linear- 
 subulate, 6-12 mm. long, about I mm. thick, i-2-flowered, all soon strongly re- 
 flexed, separating from the axis at maturity; flowering scales lanceolate, acute, the 
 upper one subulate, all strongly several-nerved ; stamens 3 ; style 3 -cleft ; achene 
 linear, 3 -angled, obtuse, apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale. In dry sandy 
 soil, S. N. J. to Fla., west to Ky., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. LANCASTER CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 568.) 
 Perennial by ovoid or oblong corms; culm slender, smooth, mostly longer than the 
 leaves, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer 
 much exceeding the inflorescence ; umbel simple, 5-g-rayed, the longer rays 5-10 
 cm. long, their sheaths nearly truncate; heads oval, obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long; spike- 
 lets densely clustered, 8-10 mm. long, linear, subterete, 2-4-flowered, the lower 
 reflexed, the middle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at maturity; scales 
 green, strongly several-nerved, the flowering ones lanceolate, subacute; stamens 3; 
 style 3 -clef c; achene linear, obtuse, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, two-thirds 
 as long as the scale. In dry fields, N. J. and Penn. to Va. and Ala. July-Sept. 
 
 27. Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.) Britton. PINE-BARREN CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 
 569.) Perennial by small hard corms ; culms smooth, usually tufted, 1-5 dm. 
 tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, the longer ones of the involucre 
 much exceeding the umbel ; umbel simple, the rays short, or the longer 2-7 cm. 
 long, the sheaths 2-toothed; heads very dense, cylindric, 6-12 mm. long, 4-8 mm. 
 in diameter; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, flattish, i-2-flowered, spreading or the lower 
 reflexed ; scales green, oblong ; rachis winged ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene 
 linear-oblong, 3-angled, apiculate, slightly more than one-half as long as the scale. 
 In sandy pine barrens and on the sea shore, S. N. Y. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly 
 near the coast. July -Sept. 
 
 28. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. GLOBOSE CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 570.) 
 Perennial by hard tuber-like corms ; culm usually strict, smooth, 0.2-0.8 m. tall, 
 longer than the leaves. Leaves smooth, 4-6 mm. wide, the longer ones of the in- 
 volucre much exceeding the umbel ; umbel simple, few-rayed ; sheath of the rays 
 truncate or slightly toothed; heads globose or sometimes a little longer than thick, 
 8-14 mm. in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions ; spike- 
 lets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-flowered, separating from the axis at maturity; rachis 
 winged; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, green, strongly several- 
 nerved; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene linear-oblong, 3-angled, 2-3 times as long 
 as thick. In dry fields and on hills, S. N. Y. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. and Tex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 29. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. SLENDER CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 571.) Perennial 
 by hard oblong corms; culm smooth, slender or almost filiform, ascending or re- 
 clined, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, usually longer than the rough-margined leaves. Leaves 
 2-4 mm. wide, keeled ; spikelets densely clustered in 1-7 globose heads, linear, 
 acute, 5-ii-flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 
1 66 FLORA. 
 
 tardily falling from the axis at maturity ; rachis wingless ; scales ovate, acute or 
 obtuse, pale green, strongly 7-ii-nerved, appressed ; stamens 3; style 3 -cleft ; 
 achene oblong or obovoid, 3 -angled, obtuse, apiculate, dull gray, two-thirds as 
 long as the scale, about twice as long as thick. In dry fields and on hills, N. H. 
 to Ont., Minn, and Neb. south to Fla., Kans., Tex. and No. Mex. June- Aug. 
 
 30. Cyperus Houghtoni Torr. HOUGHTON'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 572.) Per- 
 ennial by tuber-like corms; culms very slender, smooth, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 
 shorter than the culm, 2 mm. wide or less, smooth, those of involucre 3-5, the 
 longer much exceeding the umbel; umbel simple, i-5-rayed, the rays mostly 
 short, their sheaths 2 -toothed; spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, 
 acute, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 11-15 -flowered, falling away from 
 the axis when mature; scales chestnut-brown, firm, shining, oblong, obtuse, trun- 
 cate, or apiculate, strongly about 1 1 -nerved; rachis very narrowly winged; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene broadly oblong, less than twice as long as thick, 
 3 -angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Mass, to 
 Minn., Kans. and Ore. July- Aug. 
 
 31. Cyperus Grayi Torr. GRAY'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 573.) Perennial by 
 thick hard oblong or ovoid corms; culms tufted, ascending or reclined, stiff, smooth, 
 very slender, 15-50 cm. long. Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green, 2 mm. 
 wide or less, those of the involucre 4-8; umbel 4-io-rayed, simple, the 
 longer rays 7-10 cm. long; sheaths of the rays truncate or nearly so; spikelets 
 5-10 mm. long, loosely capitate, compressed, linear, rigid, spreading ; scales 
 green, ovate, obtuse or subacute, strongly 1 3-1 5 -nerved, rather widely spreading 
 wherf old ; joints of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 oblong or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, apiculate, about two-thirds as long as the scale. 
 In sands of the sea shore and in pine barrens, N. H. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 32. Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood. BALDWIN'S CYPERUS. (I. F. f. 574.) 
 Perennial by tuber-like corms; culms slender, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves pale green, 3-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre 5-10, the longer 
 usually much exceeding the umbel; umbel, 6-13-rayed ; the rays filiform, their 
 sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, linear, flat, capitate in globose 
 heads; scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-i3-nerved, 
 with narrow scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly winged ; stamens 3; 
 style 3 -cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about 
 twice as long as thick. In dry soil, N. Car. to Fla., west to Mo, and Tex. July- Aug. 
 
 2. KYLLINGA Rottb. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and 
 with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, 
 simple or compound, dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, 
 falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, 
 the i or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empty or 
 staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or narrowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, 
 keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the sum- 
 mit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In honor of Peter Kylling, a 
 Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.] About 20 species, natives of tropical 
 and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the So. U. S. 
 
 I. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Low KYLLINGA. (I. F. f. 575.) Annual; culms 
 densely tufted, filiform, erect or reclined, 3-40 cm. long, mostly longer than the 
 leaves. Leaves light green, roughish on the margins, usually less than 2 mm. 
 wide, those of the involucre 3-5, elongated, spreading orreflexed; head oblong or 
 ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, simple or commonly with I or 2 smaller ones at the 
 base; spikelets about 3 mm. Jong, flat, i-flowered, the 2 empty lower scales more 
 or less persistent on the rachis after the fall of the rest of the spikelet; scales ovate, 
 acuminate or acute, thin, about J-ntwed; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticu- 
 lar, obtuse. In moist or wet soil, VA. to Fla., west to 111., Mo., Tex. and Mex. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. DULICHIUM L. C. Richard. 
 
 A tall perennial sedge, with terete hollow jointed culms, leafy to the top, the 
 lower leaves reduced to sheaths. Spikes axillary peduncled, simple or compound. 
 
CYPERACEAE. l6? 
 
 Spikelets ^-ranked, flat, linear, falling away from the axis at maturity (?) many- 
 flowered. Scales 2-ranked, oarinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the ioint below. 
 Flowers perfect. Perianth of ^-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 
 2 -cleft at Uie summit, persistent as a beak on the summit of the achene. Achene 
 linear-oblong. [Name said to be from Dulcichimttrn^ a Latin name for some 
 sedge.] A monotypic genus of E. N. Amer. 
 
 I. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. DULICHIUM. (I. F. f. 576.) 
 Culm Ftout, 0.3-1 m. tall, erect. Leaves numerous, flat, 2-8 ~m. long, 4-8 mm. 
 wide, spreading or ascending, the lower sheaths bladeless, brown toward their sum- 
 mits; peduncles 4-25 mm. long; spikelets narrowly linear, spreading, 1-2.5 cm - 
 long, about 2 mm. wide, 6-i2-flowered; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 
 several-nerved, appressed, brownish; bristles of the perianth rigid, longer thav ihe 
 achene; style long-exserted, persistent. In wet places, N. S. to Ont., Minn, and 
 Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. [/}. spathaceum Pers.] 
 
 4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, 
 flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade- 
 bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended 
 by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianths of 
 I 12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. Stamens 23. 
 Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but 
 sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style per- 
 sistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. [Greek, refer- 
 ring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.] About 100 species, 
 widely distributed. Besides the following, some 17 others occur in the southern 
 and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the culm. 
 Culm stout; spikelet many-flowered. 
 
 Culm terete, nodose. i. E. interstincta. 
 
 Culm quadrangular, continuous. 2. E. mutata. 
 
 Culm slender, triangular, continuous ; spikelet few-flowered, subulate. 
 
 3. E. Robbinsii. 
 Spikelet manifestly thicker than the culm. 
 
 Style mostly z-cleft; achene lenticular or biconvex. 
 
 Upper sheath scarious, hyaline ; plants perennial by slender rootstocks. 
 Scales pale green or nearly white; achene 0.5 mm. long. 
 
 4. E. ochreata. 
 Scales dark reddish brown ; achene i mm. long. 5. E, olivacea. 
 
 Upper sheath truncate, oblique, or toothed, not scarious. 
 Annual, with fibrous roots. 
 Achene jet black. 
 
 Culms 2-8 cm. tall; achene 0.5 mm. long; bristles 2-4. 
 
 6. E. afropurpurea, 
 Culms 7-25 cm. tall ; achene i mm. long; bristles 5-8. 
 
 7. E. capitata. 
 Achene pale brown. 
 
 Spikelet ovoid or oblong; tubercle deltoid, acute. 
 
 8. E. ovata, 
 Spikelet oblong-cylindric ; tubercle broad, low. 
 
 9. E. Engelmanni. 
 Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. 10. E. palustris. 
 
 Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled or turgid. 
 Achene reticulated or cancellate. 
 
 Spikelet compressed ; culm filiform. u. E. acicularis. 
 
 Spikelet terete; culm slender. 
 
 Achene transversely cancellate ; bristles none. 12. E. Wolfii, 
 Achene reticulated ; bristles present, stout. 
 
 Tubercle conic, smaller than the achene. 13. E. tortilis. 
 
 Tubercle cap-like, as large as the achene or larger. 
 
 14. E. tuberculosa. 
 Achene smooth or papillose. 
 
 Achene smooth, white; culms capillary. 15. E. Torreyana. 
 
 Achene papillose or smooth, brown, black or yellow. 
 Tubercle depressed or short-conic. 
 
1 68 FLORA. 
 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Tubercle flat, covering the top of the black achene. 
 
 16. E. me 
 Tubercle ovoid-conic, acute, contracted at the base. 
 
 17. E, albida. 
 Achene papillose. 
 
 Achene 3-ribbed on the angles. 18. E. tricostata, 
 
 Achene obtuse-angled, not ribbed. 
 
 Culm filiform ; scales obtuse. 19. E. tenuis. 
 
 Culm flat ; scales acute. 20. E, acuminata, 
 
 Tubercle subulate or narrowly pyramidal. 
 
 Culms filiform, wiry, densely tufted, 1-2.5 dm. long. 
 
 21. E. intermedia. 
 Culms flattened, slender, 3-6 dm. long. 22. E. rostellata. 
 
 1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 577.) Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms terete, hollow, nodose, papillose, 
 0.4-0.9 m. tall, the sterile ones sharp-pointed. Sheaths membranous, the lower 
 sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, many-flowered, sub- 
 acute, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, not thicker than the culm; scales ovate, 
 orbicular or obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowly scarious-margined, 
 faintly many-nerved, persistent; bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long 
 as the body of the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene 
 obovoid, brown, shining, with minute transverse ridges, convex on one side, very 
 obtusely angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long as the conic acute black broad- 
 based tubercle. In water, Mass, to Mich., the W. I. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. QUADRANGULAR SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 578.) Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms sharply 4-angled, stout, not nodose, 
 papillose, 0.6-1.2 m. tall. Sheaths purplish-brown or green, sometimes bearing 
 short blades; spikelet terete, cylindric, 25 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, many- 
 flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales coriaceous, broadly ovate or obovate, 
 obtuse or the upper subacute, scarious-margined, faintly many-nerved, persistent; 
 bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about as long as the achene ; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex or slightly angled on the back, minutely 
 cancellate, alxmt twice as long as the conic' acute tubercle, which is truncate or con- 
 tracted at the base. In ponds, streams and swamps, N. N. J. to S. Ont. Mich, south 
 to Ala., Mo., Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. July-Sept. 
 
 ?. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. ROBBINS' SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 579.) 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms slender, 3-angled, 0.1-5 m - l n g> some- 
 times producing numerous filiform flaccid sterile branches from the base. Sheaths 
 appressed, obliquely-truncate; spikelet subulate, few-flowered, not thicker than 
 the culm, 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 strongly concave, faintly several -nerved, persistently clasping the rachis, narrowly 
 scarious-margined; style 3-cleft; bristles 6, equalling the achene and tubercle, 
 retrorsely barbed; achene obovoid, light brawn, biconvex or obtusely angled on 
 the back, longer than the coric-subulate flattened tubercle, which has a raised ring 
 around its base. In shallow water, N. B. to Mich., south to Fla. Aug-Sept. 
 
 4. Eleocharis ochreata (Nees) Steud. PALE SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 580.) 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms very slender, or filiform, pale green, 
 3-angled, 5-25 cm. tall. Upper sheath with a white, hyaline, scarious limb; 
 spikelet subacute, 2-3 times as thick as the culm, about 4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in 
 diameter, several-flowered; scales pale green, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the 
 upper acute, thin, hyaline with a faint midvein; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, 
 slender, retrorsely barbed, somewhat longer than the achene; 0.5 mm. long, 
 lenticular, obovate, smooth, brown, 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle, 
 which is often constricted at the base. In wet soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Miss. Akc in 
 trop. Amer. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. Eleochads oiivacea Torr. BRIGHT GREEN SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 581.) 
 Perennial by running rootstocks, often tufted and matted ; culms very slender, bright 
 green, erect or reclining, flattened, 2-10 cm. long. Upper sheath with a white 
 hyaline limb; spikelet ovoid, much thicker than the culm, several-many-flowered, 
 about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter ; scales ovate, thin, acute, reddish brown, 
 with a green midvein and narrow, scarious margins; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; bris- 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 1 69 
 
 ties 6-8, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle ; achene 
 obovoid, similar to that of the preceding species but twice as large, 3-4 times the 
 length of the conic acute tubercle. In wet soil, Me. to S. Ont. and Penu., south to 
 S. Car., mostly near the coast. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz) Kunth. PURPLE SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 582.) Annual ; roots fibrous ; culms tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high. Upper 
 sheath I -toothed ; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. 
 in diameter or less ; scales minute, ovate-oblong, persistent, purple-brown with" 
 green midvein and very narrow scarious margins ; stamens 2 or 3 style 2-3 -cleft ; 
 bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long as the 
 achene; achene jet black, shining, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle conic, 
 minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base. In moist soil, Iowa, 
 Neb. and E. Colo, to Cent. Am., east to Fla. ; widely distributed in tropical 
 America. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. CAPITATE SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 583.) 
 Annual; roots fibrous; culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform, 5-25 cm. 
 tall. Upper sheath I -toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker than the culm, 
 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, many-flowered ; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, 
 pale or dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scarious-margined, per- 
 sistent ; stamens mostly 2 ; style 2 -cleft ; bristles 5-8, slender, downwardly hispid, 
 as long as the achene ; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly I mm. 
 long; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted at the base, very much shorter than 
 the achene. In moist soil, Md. to Fla., west to Ind. and Tex. Widely distributed 
 in tropical regions. July- Sept. 
 
 8. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. &S. OVOID SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 584.) An- 
 nual ; roots fibrous; culms tufted, slender- or filiform, rather deep green, nearly 
 terete, mostly erect, 5-40 cm. tall. Upper sheath I -toothed ; spikelet ovoid or 
 oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 410 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter ; scales thin, 
 oblong-orbicular, very obtuse, brown with a green midvein and scarious margins; 
 bristles 6-8 (sometimes fewer or wanting), deciduous, usually longer than the 
 achene ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; achene pale brown, shining, lenticular, 
 obovate-oblong, smooth, I mm. long or more ; tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, 
 scarcely constricted at the base, about one-fourth as long as the achene and nar- 
 rower. In wet soil. N. B. to Ont. and Br. Col. south to Fla., Ore., Neb. and Tex. 
 Also in Europe. Variable. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. ENGELMANN'S SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 585.) Annual, similar to the preceding species, but culms commonly taller, 
 sometimes 0.5 m. high. Upper sheath obliquely truncate or I -toothed ; spikelet 
 oblong-cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, obtuse or subacute, 4-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. 
 in diameter, many-flowered ; scales pale brown with a green midvein and narrow 
 scarious margins, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; style 2-cleft; bristles about 6, not longer 
 than the achene; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, 
 low, covering the top of the achene, less than one-fourth its length. In wet soil, 
 Mass, to Va., west to Ind., Ark., Tex. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 586.) Perennial by horizontal rootstocks; culms stout, terete or somewhat com- 
 pressed, striate, 0.3-1.6 m. tall.' Basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short 
 blade, the upper one obliquely truncate; spikelet ovoid-cylindric, 6-25 mm. long, 
 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the culm ; scales ovate-oblong 
 or ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown with scarious margin and a green midvein, or 
 pale green all over; bristles usually 4, slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the 
 achene and tubercle, or sometimes wanting ; stamens 2-3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; achene 
 lenticular, smooth, yellow, over I mm. long ; tubercle conic-triangular, constricted 
 at the base, flattened, one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene. In ponds, 
 swamps and marshes, Lab. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Tex. and Cal. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Aug. -Sept 
 
 Eleocharis palustris glaucescens (Willd.) A. Gray. Culms slender or nearly fili- 
 form, 0.2-0.5 m. tall ; spikelet oblong, 4-10 mm. long; achene smaller; tubercle narrower. 
 In wet meadows and marshes; range nearly of the type in N. Am. Perhaps a distinct 
 species. 
 
 The so-called variety calva is a form without bristles. 
 
I7O FLORA. 
 
 Eleocharis paliistris Wdtsoni Clarke. Culms stout, 15-25 cm. tall ; spike ovoid ; 
 scales dark purple-brown. Lab. and Pr. Edw. IsL to Hudson Bay. 
 
 ir. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 587.) 
 Perennial by filiform stolons or rootstocks; culms tufted, finely filiform or setaceous, 
 obscurely 4-angled and grooved, weak, erect or reclining, 5-20 cm. long. Sheaths 
 truncate; spikelet compressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, broader than 
 the culm, 3-io-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, i mm. wide; scales oblong, obtuse or the 
 upper subucute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown band on each side 
 of the midvein, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile; bristles 3-4, fragile, 
 fugacious, shorter than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; a chene obo void -oblong, 
 pale, obscurely 3-angled with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower intermediate ribs 
 connected by fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, one-fourth as long as the achene. 
 In wet soil, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Eleocharis Wolfii A. Gray. WOLF'S SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 588.) 
 Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender, erect, flattened ar.d 2-edged, 
 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Upper sheath oblique, scarious, hyaline-tipped; spikelet oblong 
 or ovoid-oblong, terete, acute, thicker than the culm, 4-6 mm. long, nearly 2 mm., 
 in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale green with purplish 
 brown bands, tardily deciduous; bristles none (or perhaps early deciduous); style 
 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally 9-ribbed, the ribs 
 transversely connected by minute ridges; tubercle depressed-conic, much shorter 
 than the achene. In wet meadows, 111., Minn, and Iowa. June-Aug. 
 
 13. Eleocharis tortilis (Link) Schultes. TWISTED SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 589.) 
 Annual; roots fibrous; culms tufted, filiform, sharply 3-angled, pale green, erect or 
 reclining, twisting when old, 0. 3-0.4 m. long. Sheaths obliquely truncate, i-toothed; 
 spikelet ovoid or oblong, subacute, several-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, about 
 2mm. thick, much thicker than the culm; scales firm, pale, ovate, mostly obtuse; 
 bristles 4-6, rigid, retrorsely barbed, about equalling the achene and tubercle; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, obscurely 3-angled, strongly reticulated, 
 longitudinally about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, truncate at the base, 
 one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene. In wet soil, near the coast, N. J. to 
 Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. LARGE-TUBERCLED SPIKE- 
 RUSH. (I. F. f. 590.) Annual ; culms tufted, slightly compressed, very slender, 
 rather stiff, striate, bright green, 0.20.5 m. tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate 
 or I-toothed; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. in 
 diameter; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, pale greenish brown with a darker midvein, 
 broadly scarious-margined, firm, tardily deciduous; bristles 6, rigid, downwardly 
 or rarely upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, pale, trigonous, strongly reticulated, longitudinally 
 about i8-ribbed; tubercle cap-like or conic, nearly or quite as large as the achene. 
 In wet soil, near the coast, Mass, to Penn., Fla. and Tex. July- Sept. 
 
 15. Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl. TORREY'S SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 591.) Annual; culms finely filiform, densely tufted, somewhat 4-sided, erect or 
 reclining, often proliferous by developing secondary culms in the axils of the spike- 
 let, sometimes rooting at the summit, 5-20 cm. long. Upper sheath obliquely trun- 
 cate ; spikelet oblong, subacute, terete or nearly so, much thicker than the culm, 
 many-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; scales ovate, acute, brownish-red with a green 
 midvein and lighter margins, early deciduous except the lowest, which is commonly 
 larger than the others, persistent and bract-like; bristles 3-6, slender, shorter than 
 or equalling the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene white, 3-angled, obovoid, 
 smooth, minute; tubercle conic-pyramidal, much shorter than the achene. In wet 
 sandy soil, S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. June-Aug. The 
 similar E. microcarpa Torr. occurs only in the Gulf States and West Indies. 
 
 16. Eleocharis melanocaipa Torr. BLACK-FRUITED SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 592.) Perennial by short rootstocks; culms flattened, striate, tufted, slender, erect, 
 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Upper sheath truncate, I -toothed; spikelet oblong or cylindric- 
 oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than 
 the culm; scales ovate, obtuse, brown, with a lighter midvein and scarious mar- 
 
CYPERACEAE. IJl 
 
 gins; bristles 3 or 4, "-agile, downwardly hispid, equalling or longer than the 
 achene, fugacious or perhaps sometimes wanting; stamens 3; style 3 -cleft; achene 
 3-angled, obpyramidal, black, smooch; tubercle depressed, covering the summit oi 
 the achene, light brown, pointed in the middle. In wet sandy soil, E. Mass, and 
 R. I. to Fla., near the coast. Also in W. Ind. July-Sept. 
 
 17. Eleocharis albida Torr. WHITE SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 593.) Annual; 
 roots fibrous; culms very slender, tufted, nearly terete, striate, erect, 0.1-0.2 m. 
 tall. Upper sheath very oblique and toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-globose 
 or oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than 
 the culm; scales pale green or nearly white, rather firm, ovate, obtuse, deciduous; 
 bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, persistent, as long as the achene ; stamens 3 ; 
 style 3-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, nearly black when ripe, 3-angled, smooth; 
 tubercle ovoid-conic, contracted or truncate at the base, about one-fourth as long 
 as the achene. In wet soil, Md. to Fla., Tex. and Mex., near the coast. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 18. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. THREE-RIBBED SPIKE-RUSH. (IF. 594.) 
 Perennial by short rootstocks; culms very slender, erect, compressed, striate, 
 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet 
 oblong, becoming oblong-cylindric, obtuse, many-flowered, 10-18 mm. long, 2- 
 3 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, thin, deciduous, obtuse, brown with a green mid- 
 vein and scarious margins; bristles none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 
 3-angled, brown, dull, papillose, strongly ribbed on each of its angles; tubercle 
 conic, acute, light brown, constricted at the base, minute, very much shorter than 
 the achene. In wet soil, S. N. Y. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 19. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. SLENDER SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 595.) Perennial by rootstocks; culms tufted, filiform, mostly erect, 4-angled with 
 concave sides, 0.2-0.4 m - tell- Upper sheath obliquely truncate, toothed on one 
 side; spikelet narrowly oblong, mostly acute, many-flowered, thicker than the 
 culm, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales thin, obovate or ovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, the midvein greenish, the margins scarious; bristles 2-4, 
 shorter than the achene, fugacious or wanting; achene obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, 
 yellowish brown, papillose; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; tubercle conic, short, acute. 
 In wet soil, Cape Breton Isl. to Ont. and Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. The 
 achenes are more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the fall of the 
 scales. May-July. 
 
 20. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. FLAT-STEMMED SPIKE-RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 596.) Perennial by stout rootstocks, similar to the preceding species but 
 stouter; culms flattened, striate, slender but rather stiff, tufted, 0.2-0.5 m. tall. 
 Upper sheath truncate, sometimes slightly I -toothed; spikelet ovoid or oblong, 
 obtuse, thicker than the culm, many-flowered, 612 mm. long; scales oblong or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute or the lower obtusish, purple-brown with a greenish mid- 
 vein and hyaline white margins, deciduous; bristles 1-5, shorter than or equalling 
 the achene, fugacious, or wanting; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene 
 obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown, papillose, much longer than the 
 depressed-conic acute tubercle. In wet soil, Anticosti to Manitoba, south to Ga., 
 La., Mo. and Neb. Achenes persistent on the rachis as in E. tennis* June-Aug. 
 
 21. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. MATTED SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 597.) Annual; roots fibrous; culms filiform, densely tufted, diffusely reclining or 
 ascending, usually matted, grooved, 10-30 cm. long. Upper sheath obliquely 
 truncate, toothed on one side; spikelet ovoid-oblong, acute, 8-20- flowered, thicker 
 than the culm; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper subacute, light purple- 
 brown with a green midvein, tardily deciduous or the lower one persistent; bristles 
 persistent, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; 
 style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, obovoid, light brown, finely reticulated; tubercle 
 conic-subulate, very acute, slightly constricted at the base, one-fourth to one-half 
 as long as the achene. In marshes, Ont. to Minn., south to N. J., Ohio, 111. and 
 Iowa. July-Sept. 
 
 22. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. BEAKED SPIKE-RUSH. (I. F. f. 598.) Per- 
 ennial by a short caudex; culms slender, wiry, the fertile erect or ascending, the 
 sterile reclining and rooting at the summit, grooved, 0.3-1.5 m. long. Upper 
 sheath truncate; spikelet oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker than the culm, 
 
i/ 2 FLORA. 
 
 io-2O-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, obtuse or 
 the upper acute, green with a somewhat darker midvein; bristles 4-8, retrorsely 
 barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 oblong -obo void, obtusely 3-angled, its surface finely reticulated; tubercle conic- 
 subulate, about one-half as long as the achene or shorter, capping its summit, 
 partly or entirely falling away at maturity. In marshes and wet meadows, N. H. 
 to Vt. and W. N. Y., Br. Col., Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal. Also in Cuba. Aug-Sept. 
 
 5. DICHR6MENA Michx. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a 
 terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. 
 Spikelets compressed, several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all 
 around, several of them with imperfect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 
 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, transversely rugose, 
 crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to 
 the two-colored involucral leaves.] About 8 species, natives of America. Besides 
 the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre linear ; tubercle truncate at the base. I. D. color at a. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, long-acuminate ; tubercle decurrent on the edges of 
 
 the achene. 2. D, latifolia. 
 
 1. Dichromena colorata (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. NARROW-LEAVED DICHRO- 
 MENA. (I. F. f. 599.) Glabrous; culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, 
 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves distant, narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, much 
 shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish 
 white at the base ; head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter ; spikelets narrowly oblong, 
 acute; scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, i-nerved, subacute at the 
 apex ; achene obovate, brown, nearly truncate at the summit, compressed, covered 
 by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. In moist sandy soil, pine 
 barrens of N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Dichromena latifolia Bald w. BROAD-LEAVED DICHROMENA (I. F. f. 600.) 
 Similar to the preceding species but the culm stouter, obtusely triangular or nearly 
 terete, the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a long-acumi- 
 nate apex from a broad base, 3-8 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the culm, but 
 the lowest much shorter, those of the involucre 7-10, strongly reflexed when old. 
 Head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter ; spikelets oblong, subacute; scales ovate- 
 lanceolate, nearly white, rather obtuse; achene nearly orbicular in outline, pale 
 brown, faintly wrinkled transversely and longitudinally, so as to appear reticu- 
 lated; the tubercle decurrent on its margins. In wet pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and 
 Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 6. PSILOCARYA Torr. 
 
 Annual sedges, with fibrous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, 
 many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mostly compound umbels, 
 the rays and raylets bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbri- 
 cated all around, all fertile, deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 
 I or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at the base. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth 
 or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or 
 nearly the whole style persistent as a beak. [Greek, referring to the absence of 
 perianth-bristles.] About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in the southeastern United States. 
 Achene strongly wrinkled, much longer than the subacute tubercle i. P. nitens 
 
 Achene smooth or but little wrinkled ; tubercle subulate. 2. P. scirpoides. 
 
 I. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. SHORT-BEAKED BALD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 601.) Glabrous; culms tufted, slightly angled, 7-36 cm. tall. Leaves narrowly 
 linear, about 2 mm wide, smooth, sometimes overtopping the culm, sheathing at 
 the base the midvem prominent; umbels mostly loose; spikelets ovoid; 4-6 mm. 
 long, rather less than 2 mm. in diameter; scales brown, broadly ovate, thin, 
 i -nerved, obtuse, acute or apiculate ; achene lenticular, nearly orbicular, light 
 brown, strongly wrinkled transversely; tubercle shorter than the achene, subacute, 
 2-lobed at the base. In wet soil L. I. and Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. 
 July-Oct 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 
 
 2. Psilocarya scirpoides (Torr.) LONG-BEAKED BALD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 602.) 
 Similar to the preceding species. Umbels commonly more numerous ; spikelets 
 oblong or ovoid-oblong ; achene uv'rrly orbicular in outline, biconvex, not as flat 
 as that of P. nitens, dark brown, foh.Jy transversely wrinkled or smooth, sometimes 
 longitudinally striate, slightly contracted at the base into a short stipe ; tubercle 
 subulate, as long as the achene or sometimes longer, its base decurrent on the 
 edges. In wet soil. E. Mass, and R. I. July-Sept 
 
 7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. 
 
 Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves nar- 
 rowly linear or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets umbellate, 
 capitate or solitary, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally 
 imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much swollen and persistent as 
 a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3 -angled, turgid or lenticular. 
 [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] A genus of some 20 species, natives of 
 temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern 
 United States. 
 
 I. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.)Britton. HAIR-LIKE STENOPHYLLUS. (I. F. 
 f. 603.) Annual; roots fibrous; culms filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, 
 smooth, 5-25 cm. tall. Leaves roughish, much shorter than the culm, their 
 sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs; involucral leaves 1-3, setaceous; 
 spikelets narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, 
 several in a terminal umbel, or in depauperate forms solitary; scales oblong, 
 obtuse or emarginate, puberulent, dark brown with a green keel; stamens 2; style 
 3-cleft; achene yellow-brown, narrowed at the base, very obtuse or truncate at the 
 summit, 0.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled; tubercle minute, depressed. In 
 dry or moist soil, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in tropical 
 America. July-Sept \FtmMstylis capillaris A. Gray.] 
 
 8 FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 
 
 Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capi- 
 tate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a i-many-leaved involucre, 
 their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth 
 none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much en- 
 larged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. Achene lenticu- 
 lar, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or longitudinally ribbed or stri- 
 ate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of some species.] A 
 large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Be- 
 sides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern and western parts of North 
 America. 
 
 Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular or biconvex. 
 
 Culms 0.2-0.9 m. tall ; spikelets umbellate ; style mostly pubescent. 
 Perennial ; leaves involute. 
 
 Scales coriaceous, shining, glabrous. I. F. spadtcea. 
 
 Scales membranous, dull, puberulent. 2. F. castanea. 
 
 Annual ; roots fibrous ; leaves flat. 3. F. laxa. 
 
 Culms 2-10 cm. tall, very slender ; spikelets capitate ; style glabrous below. 
 
 4. F. Vahlti. 
 Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled. 
 
 Umbel mostly compound ; spikelets narrow, acute, mostly peduncled ; achene nearly 
 or quite smooth. 5. F. autumnalfs. 
 
 Umbel mostly simple ; spikelets plump, obtuse, mostly capitate and sessile ; achene 
 distinctly reticulated. 6. F. Frankii. 
 
 i. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. STIFF FIMBRISTYLIS. (I. F. f. 604.) 
 Perennial by a thickened base, glabrous; culms slender, 3-anglcd, wiry, 3-9 dm. 
 tall, usually longer than the strongly involute rigid leaves. Leaves about 2 mm. 
 wide when unrolled, their sheaths dark brown; leaves of the involucre 3-6, erect; 
 umbel several-rayed, the rays nearly erect, 5-15 cm. long; central spikelets of 
 the umbels and umbellets sessile, the others? pcdicelled; spikelets ovoid or ovoid- 
 
174 FLORA. 
 
 cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; scales oval obovate, or 
 orbicular, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, dark brown with a 
 green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, brown. In 
 marshes and shallow water, Va. to Fla., near the coast. Widely distributer! 
 in tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl. MARSH FIMBRISTYLIS. (i. F. f. 
 605.) Perennial by a thick base; culms slender, 3-angled, 0.2-0.5 m - * a ^' usualN- 
 exceeding the leaves. Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. wide, their sheatns green 
 and more or less pubescent; leaves of the involucre 2-4, short; umbel simple or 
 compound, the rays 1-5 cm. long; central spikelets sessile; spikelets oblong, 6-10 
 mm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter; scales thin, brown with a lighter midvein, 
 broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, dull, puberulent, obtuse or mucronate; stamens 
 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate or oblong, biconvex, pale brown. On salt 
 meadows, southern N. Y. to Fla. and La. Also in wet soil in the interior from 
 Ont., Mich, and 111. to Kans. and Tex., and in tropical America. The achene in 
 the prairie plant is shorter and less tapering to the base than in the coast form. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 3. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. WEAK FIMBRISTYLIS. (I. F. f. 606.) Annual; 
 roots fibrous ; culms slender, flattened, striate, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 
 5-40 cm. long, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves flat, about I mm. wide, 
 glabrous or sparingly ciliate, pale green, those of the involucre 3-5 ; umbel simple 
 or slightly compound, the central spikelet sessile ; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 
 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter ; scales ovate, thin, pale greenish brown, 
 subacute or mucronulate ; stamen I ; style 2-cleft, pubescent ; achene biconvex, 
 obovoid, light brown, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs tubercled and connected by 
 very fine cross-lines. In moist soil, S. Penn. to Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex. 
 Also in trop. Am. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. VAHL'S FIMBRISTYLIS. (I. F. f. 607.) 
 Annual ; culms very slender, densely tufted, compressed, striate, 2-10 cm. high, 
 longer than or equalling the leaves. Leaves setaceous or almost filiform, rough, 
 those of the involucre 3-5, erect, much exceeding the simple capitate cluster of 3-8 
 spikelets ; spikelets oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, about I mm. thick, 
 many-flowered; scales lanceolate, pale greenish-brown, acuminate; stamen I; style 
 2-cleft, glabrous below; achene minute, biconvex, yellowish-white, cancellate. In 
 moist soil, Mo. to Tex., east to N. Car. and Fla. July-Oct. 
 
 5. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. SLENDER FIMBRISTYLIS. (I. F. f. 
 608.) Annual ; roots fibrous ; culms very slender, densely tufted, flat, 7-40 cm. 
 long, usually much exceeding the leaves. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, 1-2 mm. 
 wide, glabrous, those of the involucre 2-3, usually all shorter than the umbel ; 
 umbel compound or decompound, the primary rays 4-10 mm. long, the secondary 
 filiform; spikelets linear-oblong, acute, 6-40 mm. long, I mm. thick or less; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate, subacute, strongly mucronate, greenish-brown, the midvein prom- 
 inent; stamens 1-3; style 3 - cleft ; achene obovoid, nearly white, 3-angled with a 
 ridge on each angle, smooth or indistinctly reticulated, sometimes roughened. In 
 moist soil, Me. to Mich., south to Fla. and La. Also in trop. Am. Depauperate 
 forms occur with culms not over 2 cm. high bearing solitary spikelets. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Fimbristylis Frankii Steud. Annual, lower than the preceding species, 
 the leaves often shorter. Umbel mostly simple, the spikelets, or most of them, 
 capitate and sessile, ovoid or oval, blunt, the heads sometimes appearing almost ses- 
 sile at the base; achenes rather larger, distinctly reticulated. In mud or wet sand, 
 N. II. to Mo., Tenu. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 9. SCI'RPUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the 
 leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, 
 capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a i-several-leaved involucre or the in- 
 volucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually 
 all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, 
 slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none 
 in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-^-ckft, not swollen at the base, wholly 
 
CYPEKACEAE. 175 
 
 deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene tri- 
 angular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to be from 
 sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] About 200 species of very wide geographic dis- 
 tribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western 
 parts of North America. 
 
 Spikelet solitary, terminal, bractless or subtended by a single bract or short leaf. 
 No involucral bract. 
 
 Culms 2-5 cm. high ; achene smooth ; plant of saline soil. i. S. nanus. 
 Culms 7-25 cm. high ; achene reticulated ; plant of fresh-water marshes. 
 
 2. S. paiiciflorus. 
 Involucral bract present, erect. 
 
 Bract shorter than or but little exceeding the spikelet ; plants not aquatic. 
 Culm terete ; leaf of upper sheath subulate ; bristles smooth. 
 
 3. S. caespitosus. 
 Culms triangular; leaf of upper sheath linear; bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the culm ; scales acute. 4. S. Clintoni. 
 
 Leaves about as long as the culm ; scales cuspidate. 
 
 5. S. planifolius. 
 Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet ; plant aquatic. 
 
 6. S. siibierminalis. 
 Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appearing lateral; 
 
 involucral bract only i. 
 Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. 
 
 Culms not sharply 3-angled ; achene plano-convex ; annuals. 
 
 Achene strongly transversely rugose. 7. S. ffallii. 
 
 Achene smooth or v"ery slightly roughened. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed, about equalling the achene. 
 
 8. S. debilis. 
 
 Bristles minute or wanting. 9. S. Smithii, 
 
 Culms sharply 3-angled ; plants perennial by rootstocks. 
 
 Achene plano-convex , bristles shorter than or equalling the achene. 
 
 Spikelets acute, much overtopped by the slender involucral leaf ; scales 
 
 awned. 10. S. Americanus. 
 
 Spikelets obtuse ; involucral leaf short, stout; scales mucronulate. 
 
 11. S. Olneyi, 
 Achene 3-angled, ridged on the back. 
 
 Bristles longer than the achene; involucral leaf erect. 
 
 12. S. Torreyi. 
 Bristles as long as the achene ; involucral leaf abruptly bent. 
 
 13. S. mticronatuSt 
 Spikelets several or numerous, umbelled ; tall sedges. 
 
 Culm sharply triangular, equalled by the long leaves. 14. S. cylindricus. 
 Culm terete ; leaves reduced to shea'ths. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed ; achene gray, abruptly mucronate. 
 
 15. S. validus. 
 Bristles short-plumose below ; achene nearly white, narrowed above. 
 
 1 6. S. Calif ornicus. 
 Spikelets several, spicate. 17. S. r it/us. 
 
 Spikelets several, capitate or umbellate, large ; involucral leaves 2 or more. 
 Achene lenticular or plano-convex ; spikelets capitate. 
 
 Capitate cluster simple ; achene obovate-oblong, pale brown. 
 
 1 8. S. interior. 
 Capitate cluster often compound ; achene orbicular-obovate, dark brown. 
 
 19. S. robust us. 
 Achene sharply 3-angled ; spikelets umbellate. 20. S. fl uviatilis. 
 
 Spikelets oblong-cylindric, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bristles 6. 
 
 Spikelets narrowly cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; bristles 2-4. 21. S, Xor'ae-Angliae. 
 Spikelets very numerous in compound umbels or umbelled heads, small ; involucral leaves 
 
 several ; tall sedges. 
 Bristles downwardly barbed ; spikelets in umbelled heads. 
 
 Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 3-5 mm. long. 
 
 * Bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achene ; leaves 6-16 mm. wide. 
 "' Style 3-cleft ; achene 3-angled ; bristles 6. 
 
 Spikelets 3-8 in each head ; bristles barbed throughout ; scales 
 
 obtuse. 22. S. sy-lvaiicus. 
 
 Spikelets 820 in each head; bristles not barbed below; scales acute. 
 
 23. S. atrovirens. 
 Style 2-cleft ; achene plano-convex ' ? bristles 4. 24. S, microcarfus. 
 
1 7 FLORA. 
 
 Bristles flexuous, twice as long as the aJiene ; leaves 4-6 mm. wide. 
 
 25. S. polyphyllus. 
 
 Spikelets cylindric, 6-10 mm. long. 26. S. Peckii. 
 
 Bristles smooth or slightly pubescent ; umbel mostly decompound. 
 Bristles shorter than or scarcely exceeding the scales. 
 
 Bristles about as long as the achene ; scales subacute. 
 
 27. S. divaricatus. 
 Bristles much longer than the achene ; scales mucronate. 
 
 28. S. lineatus. 
 Bristles much exserted beyond the scales when mature. 29. S. cy per inns, 
 
 1. Scirpus nanus Spreng. DWARF CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 609.) Annual; 
 roots fibrous; culms filiform, flattened, grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. 
 high, bearing a scarious bladeless sheath near the base. Spikelet solitary, terminal, 
 ovoid-oblong, rather acute, 3-8 flowered, 2-3 mm. long, not subtended by a bract; 
 scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper subacute; bristles 
 about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene oblong, 3 -angled, pale, pointed at each end, smooth. Muddy places in 
 salt marshes, Cape Breton Id. to Fla. and Tex., and about salt springs in N. Y. and 
 Mich. Also on the Pacific Coast of N. Am. and on the coasts of Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. FEW-FLOWERED CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 610.) 
 Perennial by filiform rootstocks; culms very slender, little tufted, 3-angled, grooved, 
 leafless, 7-25 cm. tall, the upper sheath truncate. Spikelet terminal, solitary, not 
 subtended by an involucral bract, oblong, compressed, 4-10 flowered, 4-6 mm. long, 
 nearly 2 mm. wide; scales brown with lighter margins and midvein, lanceolate, 
 acuminate; bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely 
 reticulated. In wet soil, Anticosti and Ont to Me., W. N. Y., Minn, and Br. Col., 
 south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in northern Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 3. Scirpus caespitosus L. TUFTED CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 611.) Perennial; 
 culms smooth, terete, densely tufted, light green, erect or ascending, almost filiform, 
 wiry, 10-40 cm. long. Basal sheaths numerous, membranous, imbricated, acumi-' 
 nate, the upper one bearing a short very narrow blade; spikelet solitary, terminal, 
 few-flowered, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. long, subtended by a subulate involucral 
 leaf of about its own length; scales yellowish-brown, ovate, obtuse or subacute, 
 deciduous; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; 
 achene oblong, smooth, 3-angled, brown, acute. In bogs and on moist rocks, 
 Greenl. to Alaska, south to the mountains of N. E., the Adirondacks, W. N. Y., 111., 
 Minn, and Br. Col., in the Rocky Mountains to Colo., and on the higher summits of 
 the southern Alleghenies. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Scirpus Clintoni A. Gray. CLINTON'S CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 612). 
 Perennial; culms tufted, triangular, very slender, erect, 10-40 cm. tall, rouglmh 
 on the angles. Lower sheaths imbricated, one or more of them bearing short subu- 
 late blades, the upper one bearing a flat, narrowly linear blade shorter than the 
 culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, ovoid, few- flowered, 3-4 mm. long, subtended by 
 a subulate involucral bract; scales ovate, pale brown, acute; bristles 3-6, filiform, 
 upwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 
 brown, sharply 3-angled, smooth, obtuse. In dry fields and thickets, N. B. to W. 
 N. Y. and Mich., south to N. C. Local. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. WOOD CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 613.) Perennial; 
 culms triangular, slender, tufted, rather weak, roughish on the angles, 15-40 cm. 
 tall. Lower sheaths bearing short subulate blades, the upper with a flat narrowly 
 linear rough-margined leaf about as long as the culm; spikelet solitary, terminal, 
 ovoid-oblong, acute, several-flowered, subtended by a short involucral bract; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate, yellowish-brown with a green midvein, which is extended beyond 
 the acute apex into a sharp cusp; bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, about equalling 
 the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, pubescent; achene oblong, 3-angled, smooth, 
 light brown, rather obtuse. In woods and thickets, Mass, to Del., W. N. Y. and Mo. 
 May-July. 
 
 6. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. WATER CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 614.) 
 Perennial (?), aquatic, culms slender, terete, nodulose, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves 
 slender, channeled, 15-50 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide; spikelet solitary, terminal, 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 177 
 
 oblong cylindric, narrowed at each end, several-flowered, 6-IO mm. long, subtended 
 by a subulate erect involucral leaf 1-3 cm. long, thus appearing lateral; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, light brown with a green mid vein; bristles 
 about 6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or shorter; stamens 3; style 
 3-cleft to about the middle; achene obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth, rather 
 more than 2 mm. long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of the style. In 
 ponds and streams or sometimes on their borders, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and 
 Wash., south to N. J., Penn. and Mich. The so called variety terrestris is an 
 emersed form with erect culms and shorter spikelets. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Scirpus Hallii A. Gray. HALL'S CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 615.) Annual; 
 culms very slender, smooth, tufted, obtusely triangular, erect, striate, 1-3 dm. talL 
 Lower sheaths oblique, and acuminate or mucronate, the upper one commonly 
 bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long; spikelets capitate in clusters of 1-7, oblong- 
 cylindric, obtuse, many -flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, appearing 
 lateral by the extension of the solitary involucral leaf; scales ovate -lanceolate, light 
 greenish brown, acuminate, keeled, cuspidate; bristles wanting; stamens mostly 2; 
 achene obovate -orbicular or slightly broader than high, black, plano-convex, 
 mucronulate, wrinkled transversely, about I mm. in diameter. In wet soil, Mass, 
 to Fla., west to 111., Col., Tex. and Mex. The lowest sheaths occasionally subtend 
 a flower with very long styles. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Scirpus debilis Pursh. WEAK-STALKED CLUB-RUSH. (I. F.f. 616.) An- 
 nual, smooth; culms slender, terete or nearly so, tufted, 1.5-5 dm - ni gh- Sheaths 
 obliquely truncate, the upper one rarely bearing a short subulate blade; spikelets 
 capitate in clusters of I-I2, ovoid-oblong, subacute, many-flowered, appearing 
 lateral, the involucral leaf narrowly linear, 3-10 cm. long, erect or divergent; scales 
 light yellowish brown with a green midvein, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute; bristles 
 4-6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft 
 or rarely 3-cleft; achene plano-convex, broadly obovate or orbicular, smooth or 
 slightly roughened, dark brown, shining, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet soil, Me. to 
 Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ala. and Neb. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. SMITH'S CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 617.) Annual, 
 similar to the preceding species; culms usually lower and more slender or nearly 
 hliform ; sheaths oblique and acuminate or the upper one bearing a subulate blade. 
 Spikelets 1-4, ovoid, acute, 4-6 mm. long, the involucral leaf narrow, elongated, 
 erect; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, pale brown with a green midvein; 
 bristles usually wanting, sometimes 1-3, and very much shorter than the achene; 
 style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex, obovate or orbicular, brown, rather dull, smooth 
 or minutely roughened, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet muddy places, Vt. to Ont. 
 and Minn., Del., Penn. and Mich. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Scirpus Americanus Pers. THREE-SQUARE. CHAIR-MAKER'S RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 618.) Perennial by long rootstocks; culms sharply triangular, erect, stiff, 
 0.3-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled, shorter than the culm; 
 spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, 8-12 mm. long, capitate in clusters of 1-7, appearing 
 as if lateral; involucral leaf slender, 3-10 cm. long; scales broadly ovate, brown, 
 often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft at the apex, the midvein extended into a subu- 
 late awn sometimes 2 mm. long, the margins scarious; bristles 26, downwardly 
 barbed, shorter than or equalling the achene; stamens 3; achene obovate, plano- 
 convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. In fresh water and brackish swamps 
 throughout N. Am. Also in Chile. June-Sept. [S. pungens Vahl.J 
 
 Scirpus Americknus longispicktus Britton. Spikelets linear-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. 
 long; bristles as long as the broadly obovate achene. S. shore of Lake Ont., Col. and 
 N. Mex. 
 
 xi. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. OLNEY'S BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 619.) Similar to 
 the preceding species; culms stout, sharply 3-angled with concave sides, 0.5-2 m. 
 tall. Leaves 1-3, 2-13 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate 
 in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long, the involu- 
 cral leaf short, stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long; 'scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with 
 a green midvein, emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly 
 shorter than or equalling the achene, downwardly barbed; stamens 2-3; style 
 2 cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, brown, mucronate. In salt marshes, Mass. 
 
I 7 8 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 to Fla., Tex., Mex. and Cal., extending north along the Pacific Coast to Ore. Also 
 in Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 12. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. TORREY'S BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 620.) Perennial 
 by rootstocks; culms sharply 3-angled, rather slender, nodulose, 0.5-1.1 m. tall. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, elongated, nodulose, light green; spikelets 1-4, in an ap- 
 parently lateral capitate cluster, oblong, narrowed at each end, 10-16 mm. long; 
 involucral leaf 5-15 cm. long, erect; scales ovate or lanceolate, shining, chestnut- 
 brown, glabrous, mucronulate; bristles about 6, downwardly barbed, longer than 
 the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, smooth, shining, light brown, 
 3-angled, one of its sides broader and flatter than the others. In swamps, Vt. tc 
 R. I. and Penn., west to Minn, and Manitoba. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Scirpus mucronatus L. BOG BULRUSH. (I. F. f.' 621.) Perennial: 
 culms stout, tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 0.3-1 m. tall. Spikelets 5-12 in a capitate 
 cluster, oblong, obtuse, 8-18 mm. long, rather more than 2 mm. in diameter, sub- 
 tended by a linear abruptly spreading involucral leaf ; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, 
 light brown with a narrow green midvein, mucronate ; bristles 6, stout, rigid, down- 
 wardly barbed, as long as the achene ; stamens 3 ; style 3-cleft ; achene obovoid, 
 smooth, shining, dark brown, 3-angled, two of the sides narrower and more convex 
 than the third. In a swamp in Del. Co., Penn. Probably adventive or fugitive 
 from Europe. Widely distributed in the Old World. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Scirpus cylindricus(Torr.) Britton. CANBY'S BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 622.) 
 Perennial by stout rootstocks ; culm stout, 3-angled above, 1-2 m. high, the linear 
 nodulose keeled dark green leaves nearly or quite as long. Involucral leaf 1-2.5 
 dm. long, erect ; spikelets in an apparently lateral umbel, drooping, oblong-cylin- 
 dric, acutish, 12 cm. long, primary rays of the umbel bracted by I or more subu- 
 late-linear leaves ; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate; pale brown, acute, mucronulate ; 
 bristles 6, stout, rigid, about as long as the achene, serrate ; stamens 3 ; style 
 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled, light brown, smooth, abruptly subulate-pointed. 
 In ponds and swamps, Md. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. [S. Canbyi A. Gray.] 
 
 15. Scirpus validus Vahl. GREAT BULRUSH. MAT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 623.) 
 Perennial by rootstocks ; culm stout, terete, smooth, erect, 13 m. tall, sometimes 
 2 cm. in diameter, sheathed below. Involucral leaf solitary, erect, shorter than 
 the umbel ; umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays 2-IO cm. long ; 
 bracts linear-lanceolate ; spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, sessile or some of them 
 peduncled, in capitate clusters of 1-5, 5-16 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter ; scales 
 ovate or oblong, with a strong midvein which is sometimes excurrent ; bristles, 4-6, 
 downwardly barbed, equalling or longer than the achene ; stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; 
 achene plano-convex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucronate, dull. In ponds and 
 swamps throughout N. Am. June-Sept. 
 
 1 6. Scirpus Californicus (C. A. Meyer) Britton. CALIFORNIA BULRUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 624.) Perennial, similar to the preceding species, the leaves reduced to 
 basal sheaths. Involucral leaf short, stoutly subulate; umbel compound ; spikelets 
 6-10 mm. long, acute, peduncled or some of them sessile; scales brown, ovate, awn- 
 pointed; bristles shorter than or equalling the achene, short plumose below; stamens 
 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, nearly white, narrowed above into 
 a short point, contracted at the base. In swamps, Fla. to La., N. Mex. and Cal., 
 and widely distributed in tropical America. Not certainly known within our area. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 17. Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. RED CLUB-RUSH. (I. F. f. 625.) Per. 
 ennial; culms smooth, slender, somewhat compressed, 7~4 cm - tall. Leaves half 
 terete, smooth, shorter than the culm, channeled, 1-8 cm. long, less than 2 mm 
 wide, the lowest reduced to sheaths; spikelets red-brown, few-flowered, narrowly 
 ovoid-oblong, subacute, about 6 mm. long, in a terminal 2-ranked spike; involu, 
 cral leaf solitary, erect, equalling or longer than the spike; scales lanceolate, acute, 
 I -nerved; bristles 3-6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene, deciduous; 
 stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene oblong, pointed at both ends, light brown, piano- 
 convex or slightly angled r 3-4 mm. long. In marshes, N. B. and Oue. to the N. \V. 
 Terr. Also in northern Europe. Summe'r. 
 
 1 8. Scirpus interior Britton. PRAIRIE BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 626.) Per- 
 ennial, culm smooth, sharply triangular, 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves usually pale 
 green, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide ? those of the involucre 3 or 3, the longer much exceeding 
 
C YPERA CEAE. 1 79 
 
 the inflorescence; spikelets 3-10 in a dense terminal simple head, oblong cylindric, 
 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter; scales ovate, pale brown, 2-toothed at the 
 apex, the midvein excurrent into an ascending or spreading awn; bristles 
 13, much shorter than the achene or none; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, 
 obovate or oblong-ov? te, mucronula-te, ye How -brown, its surface strongly cellular- 
 reticulated. On wet prairies and plains, Man. and Minn, to Neb., Kans. and 
 Mex., west to Nev. May-Aug. (S. campestris Britton, not Willd. ) 
 
 19 Scirpus robustus Pursh. SALT MARSH BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 627.) 
 Ferenni-al by rootstocks; culm stout, stiff, 3-angled with flat sides, smooth, 0.5-1.4 
 m. tall. Leaves dark green, smooth, 5-10 mm. wide; involucral leaves 2-4, elon- 
 gated, similar; spikelets ovoid-oblong, stout, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in 
 diameter, 6-20 together in a dense terminal cluster; scales ovate, brown, puberu- 
 lent, thin, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, reflexed awn 3-5 inrn. long; 
 bristles 1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene, or none; style 3-cleft; achene com- 
 pressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, 
 dark brown, shining, 3 mm. long. In salt marshes, N. S. to Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 20. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. RIVER BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 628.) 
 Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, smooth, triangular with nearly flat sides, 0.9-2 
 m. tall. Leaves 8-16 mm. wide, smooth, attenuate to a very long tip; those of the 
 involucre 3-5, erect or spreading, often 20 cm. long; spikelets in a terminal umbel, 
 solitary or 2-3 together at the ends of its long spreading or drooping rays, or the 
 central spikelets sessile, oblong-cylindric, acute, 1.6-2.5 cm. long, about 7 mm. in 
 diameter; scales ovate, scarious, puberulent, the midvein excurrent into a curved 
 awn 3-4 mm. long; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene; 
 style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, rather dull, short-pointed. 4 mm. 
 long. In shallow water, Que. to Minn., N. J., Neb. and Kans. June-Sept. 
 
 21. Scirpus Novae-Angliae Britton. NEW ENGLAND COAST SEDGE. 
 (I. F. f. 627a.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, 1-2 m. tall, sharply 
 3-angled. Leaves long, 8-J2 mm. wide, roughish on the margins when dry. the 
 lowest reduced to pointed sheaths, those of the involucre 2-5, the longer of them 
 much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly cylindric, acute, 1.8-5 cm. 
 long, less than 8 mm. thick, solitary or 2-5 together at the ends of the rays; rays 
 2-IO cm. long; scales awned; bristles 2-4, shorter than the grayish-white dull 
 obovate achene, which is distinctly 3-angled; style 3-cleft. In fresh water and 
 brackish marshes, Conn, and S. N. Y. 
 
 22. Scirpus sylvaticus L. WOOD BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 629.) Perennial by 
 long rootstocks; culm triangular, stout, smooth, 1-2 m. tall, often overtopped by 
 the upper leaves. Leaves 1-1.6 cm. wide, rough on the margins, those of the 
 involucre 58, the larger often 0.3 m. long or more; umbel terminal, very large, 
 sometimes 2 dm. broad, about 3 times compound, the spikelets ovoid or ovoid- 
 oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of the raylets; bractlets of 
 the involucels small, linear or lanceolate; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown with a 
 green centre; bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the achene; sta- 
 mens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong, 3-angled, obtuse, nearly white, mucronulate. 
 In swamps, N. H. .to N. Car. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 23. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. DARK-GREEN BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 630.) 
 Perennial by rootstocks; culms triangular, rather slender, leafy, 0.51.2 m. high. 
 Leaves elongated, nodulose, dark green, 6-12 mm. wide, one or two of them 
 usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, densely capi- 
 tate at the ends of the rays or raylets; involucels short; scales greenish-brown, 
 oblong, acute, the midvein excurrent; bristles usually 6, downwardly barbed above, 
 naked below, about as long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obiong- 
 obovoid, 3-angled, pale brown, dull. In swamps, N. S. to Manitoba, Ga. and La- 
 June-Aug. 
 
 Scirpus atr6virens pdllidus Britton. Whole plant pale green ; scales awned; spikelets 
 oblong-cylindric, very numerous in the capitate clusters. Minn, to the N. W. Terr, and Colo. 
 
 24. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. SMALL-FRUITED BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 631.) 
 Perennial; culms 0.9-1.6 m. tall, often stout, overtopped by the leaves. Longer 
 leaves of the involucre usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid-oblong, 
 acute, 3-4 mm. long, in capitate clusters at the end.s of the visually spreading ray. 
 
ISO FLORA. 
 
 lets; scales brown with a green midvein, bristles 4, barbed downwardly nearly or 
 quite to the base, somewhat longer than the achene; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; 
 achene oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, 
 pointed. In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Quebec and Alaska, Mass., N. Y., 
 Minn, and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 25. Scirpus polyph^llus Vahl. LEAFY BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 632.) Peren- 
 nial by rootstocks; culms slender, sharply triangular, 0.3-1.1 m. tall, very leafy, 
 the leaves 4-6 mm. wide, 3 -ranked, rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-6, 
 the longer commonly somewhat exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, about 
 3 mm. long, capitate at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate, bright brown, mostly 
 obtuse, mucronulate; bristles 6, downwardly barbed above the middle, twice as 
 long as the achene; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, 3-angled with a 
 broad face and narrower sides, short-pointed, dull. In swamps, wet woods and 
 meadows, Mass, to Minn., Ala. and Ark. Some of the scales of the spikelets 
 occasionally develop into linear leaves. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Scirpus Peckii Britton. PECK'S BULRUSH. (I.F. f. 633.) Perennial by 
 rootstocks; culms slender, triangular, 0.4-1 m. tall, leafy. Leaves elongated, 
 4-10 mm. wide, rough -margined, the upper overtopping the culm, those of the 
 involucre 3-5, the longer exceeding the inflorescence; umbel compound, large; 
 spikelets cylindric, obtusish, 6-io mm. long, in capitate clusters at the ends of the 
 raylets or some of them peduncled; scales dark brown, keeled, mucronate, falling 
 early; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed from below the middle to the summit, longer 
 than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene 3-angled, 0.5 mm. long, oblong, narrowed 
 at each end, slender-beaked. In swamps, Conn, and N. Y. July-Sept. 
 
 27. Scirpus divaricatus Ell. SPREADING BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 634.) Roots 
 fibrous; culms obtusely triangular, smooth, rather slender, 0.6-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 
 4-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, not exceeding the inflorescence; umbel decom- 
 pound, the primary rays very slender, sometimes 1.5 dm. long, spreading or 
 drooping; involucels setaceous, spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of the raylets, 
 linear-oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, I mm. thick; scales ovate, greenish-brown, 
 subacute or obtuse, bristles 6, flexuous, longer than the achene, somewhat 
 pubescent, not barbed, shorter t'lan the scales; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 3-angled, oblong, narrowed at both ends, apiculate, nearly white, not .shining. In 
 swamps, Va. and Ky. to Mo., Fla. and La. The spikelets sometimes partially 
 develop into tufts of leaves. June- Aug. 
 
 28. Scirpus lineatus Michx. REDDISH BULRUSH. (I. F. f. 635.) Perennial 
 by stout rootstooks; culms triangular, erect, 0.3-1 m. high, leafy. Leaves 4-8 mm. 
 wide, not exceeding the inflorescence; light green, flat, rough-margined; umbels 
 decompound, the rays very ^lender, becoming pendulous; spikelets mostly solitary 
 at the ends of the raylets, oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter; 
 scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with a green midvein; bristles 6, weak, 
 smooth, entangled, much longer than the achene, equalling the scales or longer; 
 stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong or oblong-obovoid, pale brown, narrowed 
 at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked. In swamps and wet meadows, N. H. to 
 Ont, Ore., Ga. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 29. Scirpus cyperinus(L.)Kunth. WOOL-GRASS. (I. F. f. 636.) Perennial; 
 cu'ms smooth, obtusely triangular or nearly terete, stiff, leafy, o.6-2m. tall. 
 Leaves elongated, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined, those of the involucre 3-6, the 
 longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel terminal, compound, the rays at 
 length some what drooping; spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate 
 clusters of 3-15 at the ends of the raylets; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or 
 subacute; bristles 6, entangled, smooth, much longer than the achene, muchexserted 
 beyond the scales and grayish brown at maturity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene 
 3-angled, oblong, slender-beaked, nearly white. In swamps, Newf. to Ont., Va. 
 and Ky. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Scirpus cypdrinus Eri6phorum (Michx.) Britton. Spikelets mostly peduncled. 
 Range of the type, but extending to Fla. and La. 
 
 10. ERIOPHORUM L. 
 
 Bog sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the culms erect, triangular or nearly terete, 
 the leaves linear, or I or 2 of the upper ones reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spike. 
 
CYPERACEAE. l8f 
 
 lets terminal, solitary, capitate or umbelled, subtended by a l-several-leaved 
 involucre, or naked. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile. Flowers 
 perfect. Perianth of 6 or numerous filiform smooth soft bristles, which are white 
 or brown, straight or crisped, and exserted much beyond the scales at maturity. 
 Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. 
 [Greek, signifying wool-bearing, referring to the soft bristles.] About IO species, 
 in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, one occurs in Alaska. 
 
 Spikelet solitary ; involucral leaf short or none. 
 
 Bristles only 6, white, crisped, very long. I. E. alpinum. 
 
 Bristles numerous, straight or slightly crisped. 
 Bristles bright white. 
 
 Culm with 2 inflated bladeless sheaths; achene obovoid, obtuse. 
 
 2. E. vaginatum. 
 Only the upper sheath bladeless, or all blade-bearing; achene linear-oblong, 
 
 acute. 3. E. Scheuchzeri. 
 
 Bristles reddish-brown 4. E. russeolum. 
 
 Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate ; involucre i-4-leaved. 
 
 Achene obovoid, obtuse; spikelets umbellate. 5. E. polystachyon. 
 
 Achene linear-oblong, acute ; spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled. 
 
 Leaves channeled or 3-sided ; bristles 4-6 times as long as the scale, bright 
 white. 
 
 Upper part of culm and the peduncles rough ; bristles 2-2.5 cm - l n - 
 
 6. E. paucinervium. 
 Plant smooth or nearly so throughout ; bristles 1-1.5 cm - long. 
 
 7. E. gracile. 
 Leaves flat ; bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown (rarely white). 
 
 8. E. Virginicum. 
 
 1. Eriophorum alpinum L. ALPINE COTTON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 637.) Peren. 
 nial by short rootstocks, sending up numerous filiform triangular roughish culms, 
 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves subulate, 6-20 mm. long, triangular, channeled, borne 
 near the base of the culm, the lower sheaths often bladeless; spikelet terminal, 
 small, erect; involucral bract subulate, mostly shorter than the spikelet, sometimes 
 wanting; scales oblong-lanceolate, yellowish brown, firm, the midvein slender; 
 bristles 6, white, crisped, 4-7 times as long as the scale; achene narrowly obovoid- 
 oblong, brown, apiculate, dull. In bogs and on high mountains, Newf. to Hudson 
 Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Vt., N. N. Y. and Minn. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Eriophorum vaginatum L. SHEATHED COTTON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 638.) 
 Culms stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth, slender, 2-4 dm. tall, bearing two distant 
 inflated sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle. Leaves stiff, filiform, 
 triangular, channeled, shorter than or sometimes overtopping the culm; involucral 
 leaf wanting; spikelet solitary; scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, 
 acuminate, purple-brown, thin; bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy, 4-5 
 times as long as the scale; anthers linear; achene obovoid, obtuse, brown, dull, 
 minutely apiculate. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Perm, and Minn. Also in 
 N. Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 
 
 3. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. SCHEUCHZER'S COTTON-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 639.) Similar to the preceding, but the sheaths all blade-bearing or only 
 the upper one bladeless; culms slender, smooth, nearly terete. Leaves usually 
 much shorter than the culm; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple- 
 brown; bristles white or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight; "anthers cor- 
 date-ovate;" achene narrowly oblong, acute, brown, dull, subulate-beaked. In bogs, 
 Newf. and Lab. to Manitoba, Alaska and Ore. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Eriophorum russeolum Fries. RUSSET COTTON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 640.) 
 Culms triangular, erect, smooth, longer than the leaves. Upper sheath inflated, 
 bladeless, mucronate, or rarely with a short subulate blade usually borne below the 
 middle of the culm; leaves filiform, triangular-channeled, mucronate, 2-10 cm long; 
 spikelet erect; involucre none; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, purplish 
 brown with nearly white margins; bristles numerous, "bright reddish brown, 3-5 
 times as long as the scale; achene oblong, narrowed at each end, apiculate. 
 Scarcely differs from the preceding species except in the color of the bristles and 
 the shorter-pointed achene. In bogs, Newf. to Quebec. June-Aug. 
 
'l82 FLORA. 
 
 5. Eriophorum polystachyon L. TALL COTTON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 641.) 
 Culm stiff, smooth, obtusely triangular above, o. 4-0.9 m. tall, all the sheaths blade- 
 bearing. Leaves flat, 38 mm. wide, tapering to a channeled rigid tip, those of 
 the involucre 2-4, the longer commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence ; 
 spikelets 3-12, drooping, in a terminal umbel ; rays filiform, smooth or rough ; 
 scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown ; bristles numer- 
 ous, bright white, about 2.5 cm. long, 4-5 times as long as the scale ; achene 
 obovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Ga. and 
 Neb. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Eriophorum paucinervium (Engelm.) A.A.Eaton. FEW-NERVED COT 
 TON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 642, as E.gracile.) Culm slender, obtusely triangular, rough 
 above on the angles, 0.4-1 m. tall, the sheaths all blade-bearing. Leaves narrowly 
 linear, 2-4 mm. wide, triangular-channeled, rough -margined ; involucral leaf 
 commonly only I, stiff, erect ; spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer- 
 peduncled ones drooping ; peduncles scabrous ; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse or 
 subacute, yellowish brown, the midvein rather strong, often with a weaker nerve 
 on each side ; bristles numerous, bright white, 2-2.5 cm - l n g> 4-" times as long as 
 the scale ; achene linear-oblong, acute, pointed. In bogs, N. B. to N. J. and 111. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 7. Eriophorum gracile Koch. SLENDER COTTON-GRASS. Culms slender, 
 3-7 dm. tall, terete or nearly so, smooth, with i or 2 triquetrous leaves 1.5-2.5 
 cm. long. Involucral leaves I or 2, short ; spikelets usually 3 or 4, sessile, or on 
 smooth peduncles ; scales ovate, or the inner lanceolate, obtuse, dark lead- 
 colored; bristles numerous, 1-1.5 cm. long. In bogs, Newf. to Wash., south to 
 S. N. Y., Pa., Neb. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Eriophorum Virginicum L. VIRGINIA COTTON-GRASS. (I. F. f. 643.) 
 Culm stiff", obtusely triangular above, smooth, 0.4-1. 1 m. tall, rather leafy. Leaves 
 narrowly linear, flat, 2-5 mm. wide, channeled toward the apex, those of the 
 involucre 2-4, spreading or deflexed, 5-15 cm. long ; spikelets several or numer- 
 ous in a dense terminal capitate cluster, erect or the outer spreading ; scales 
 ovate, acute, brown with a green centre, about 5 -nerved ; bristles numerous, 
 dingy brown, about 3 times as long as the scale ; achene linear-oblong, acute, 
 apiculate, light brown. In bogs, Newf. to Manitoba, Fla. and Neb. June-Sept. 
 
 Eriophorum Virgfnicum dlbum A. Gray. Bristles white. N. N. Y. 
 
 xi. FUIRENA Rottb. 
 
 Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a southern species the leaves 
 reduced to inflated sheaths), and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and 
 axillary clusters, or rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated, awned, the I or 
 2 lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblong or cor- 
 date-ovate, stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many down- 
 wardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3 -cleft, not swollen at the base, decid- 
 uous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, 
 smooth. (In honor- of Georg Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.) About 20 
 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, I 
 or 2 others occur in the southern United States. 
 
 Sepals awned from the apex or awnless. x. F. squarrosa. 
 
 Sepals awned on the back below the apex. 2. F. simplex. 
 
 I. Fuirena squarrosa Michx. SQUARROSE FUIRENA. (I. F. f. 644.) Root- 
 stock short, sometimes tuber-tearing; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly so, 5~5 
 cm. tall. Leaves flat, nearly or quite glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent; 
 spikelets sessile and i-io together, capitate clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. 
 long, about 5 mm. in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, brown, pubescent, mostly 
 obtuse, 3-nerved, tipped with a stout spreading or recurved awn of nearly their own 
 length ; sepals oblong, long-stalked, usually narrowed at both ends, the awn down- 
 wardly barbed or sometimes smooth; bristles mostly longer than the achene. ^ In wet 
 meadows and marshes, Mass. to-Fla. and La. near the coast. Also in Mich, and 
 Neb. July-Sept. 
 
CYPERAtEAE. 183 
 
 Fuirena squarr6sa hfspida (Ell.) Chapm. Sheaths and leaves hirsute $ sepals ovate, 
 cordate at the base or abruptly narrowed into the stalk, awnless or very short-awned at 
 the apex ; bristles usually shorter than or equalling the achene ; plant usually taller. N. 
 Y. to Fla., Ala. and Tex. 
 
 2. Fuirena simplex Vahl. WESTERN FUIRENA. (I. F. f. 645.) Similar to 
 the preceding species; culms 1-5 dm. tall, glabrous. Leaves flat, glabrous or 
 ciliate; scales tipped with a spreading or reflexed awn; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse 
 and usually notched at the apex, obtuse, truncate or subcordate at the base; awned 
 on the back from below the apex, the awn smooth or downwardly barbed; bristles 
 retrorsely hispid, equalling or exceeding the sessile or short-stalked achene. In 
 moist soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. 
 
 Low tufted mostly annual sedges, with erect or spreading, almost filiform culms 
 and leaves, and terete small terminal capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a 
 i-3-leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated, deciduous, all subtending perfect 
 flowers. Perianth of a single hyaline sepal (bract ?) between the flower and the 
 rachis of the spikelet; bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not 
 swollen at the base. Achene oblong, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, in allusion to 
 the single sepal.] About 3 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. HEMICARPHA. (I. F. f. 646. 
 Annual; glabrous; culms compressed, grooved, 2-IO cm. long, mostly longer than 
 the setaceous smooth leaves. Spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, obtuse, about 2 mm. 
 long; involucral leaves usually much exceeding the spikelets; scales brown, 
 obovate, with a short blunt spreading or recurved tip; stamen I; achene obovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, little compressed, light brown. In moist, sandy soil, 
 R. I to Penn., Neb , Fla., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. [//. subsquarrosa Nees.] 
 
 Hemicarpha micrdntha aristul&ta Coville. Scales pale, cuneate-obovate, tapering 
 into squarrose awns about their own length. Kans. to Tex. 
 
 13. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. 
 
 Low annual sedges, with slender tufted culms leafy at the base, and terete 
 many-flowered spikelets in a terminal head, subtended by a i-several-leaved in- 
 volucre. Scales firm, spirally imbricated, all fertile or several of the lower ones 
 empty, at length deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of two small sepals 
 (bracts?) one on each side of the flower; bristles none. Stamens 1-2. Style 
 2-3-cleft, deciduous, its base not swollen. Achene plano-convex or 3-angled. 
 (Greek, alluding to the thick sepals in some species.) About 7 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in warm and tropical regions. 
 
 I. Lipocarpha maculata (Michx.) Torr. AMERICAN LIPOCA'RPHA. (I. F. f. 
 647.) Glabrous ; culms grooved, compressed, smooth, longer than the narrowly 
 linear somewhat channeled leaves, 7-25 cm. tall. Leaves of the involucre 2-4; 
 spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, in a ..terminal 
 capitate cluster; scales rhombic or lanceolate, acute, curved^ the sides nearly white, 
 or flecked with reddish-brown spots; exterior sepal convolute "around th'e achene, 
 nerved, hyaline; stamen i; achene oblong, yellowish, contracted at the base.- In 
 wet or moist soil, E. Va. to Fla. Also near Philadelphia, where it is probably 
 adventive. July-Sept. 
 
 14. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. (Se- Appendix.) , 
 
 Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete 
 culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clus- 
 tered spikelets. Scales thin, I -nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate 
 by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower 
 perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or. downwardly barbed or scabrous 
 bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Stamens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 
 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-angled, smooth or 
 transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or in 
 
184 FLORA. 
 
 some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak-like tubercle.] 
 About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in warm re- 
 gions. Besides the following, some . 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Style entire or 2-toothed, persistent as a long-exserted subulate beak. 
 
 i. R. corniculata. 
 Style deeply 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle. 
 
 Bristles minute or wanting. 2. R. pallida. 
 
 Bristles plumose. 3. R. oligantha. 
 
 Bristles downwardly barbed or rarely smooth. 
 
 Scales white or nearly so ; bristles 9-15. 4. R, alba. 
 
 Scales brown ; bristles 6. 
 
 Leaves filiform ; achene oblong. 5. R. capillacea. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, flat ; achene obovate. 
 
 Bristles equalling the achene ; tubercle one-half as long or less. 
 
 6. R. Knieskernii. 
 Bristles reaching or exceeding the end of the tubercle, which is as long 
 
 as the achene. 
 Spikelets few-several in numerous rather loose clusters. 
 
 7. R. glomerata. 
 Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 
 
 8. R. axillaris. 
 Bristles upwardly barbed. 
 
 Spikelets very numerous in 2-6 very dense globose heads. 8. R. axillaris. 
 Spikelets few-several in rather loose clusters. 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Leaves setaceous ; achene obovate, shining. 9. R.fusca. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, flat ; achene broadly oval, dull. 
 
 jo. R. gracilenta. 
 Achene transversely wrinkled. 
 
 Spikelets ovoid, in erect cymose clusters ; achene longer than the 
 
 bristles. 
 
 Leaves flat ; spikelets nearly or quite sessile. n. R. cymosa. 
 Leaves involute ; spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 
 
 12. R. Torreyana. 
 
 Spikelets spindle-shaped, in drooping panicles; achene shorter than the 
 bristles. 13. R. inexpansa. 
 
 1. Rynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. HORNED RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 648.) Culm triangular, smooth, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves flat, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6- 
 16 mm. wide, rough -margined; umbels sometimes 2.5 dm. broad; spikelets spindle- 
 shaped, 8-12 mm. long in flower, capitate at the ends of the rays and raylets; 
 primary rays sometimes 15 cm. long; scales lanceolate, thin, acute, light brown; 
 bristles about 6, rigid, upwardly scabrous; style subulate, entire or minutely 
 2-toothed at the apex, 2-4 times longer than the achene, upwardly scabrous, 
 1-2.5 cm - l n g' mucn exserted beyond the scales when mature; achene obovate, flat, 
 4 mm. long, dark brown, smooth. In swamps, Del. to Fla., Ohio, Mo. and Tex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Rynchospora cornicul&ta macrostichya (Torr.) Britton. Bristles about twice as 
 long as the achene. Range of the type, but extending north to Mass. 
 
 2. Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. PALE BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 649.) 
 Rootstocks slender ; culms triangular, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, 
 nearly smooth, the lowest reduced to scales ; spikelets numerous, spindle-shaped, 
 4-6 mm. long, aggregated in a compound terminal head, or occasionally also in a 
 cluster from the upper axil; uppermost leaves subulate; scales pale greenish brown, 
 lanceolate, acuminate ; bristles minute and early deciduous, or wanting; style 2- 
 cleft ; achene lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, brown, shining, I mm. long, 
 tipped by a short tubercle. In pine-barren bogs, N. J. to N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Rynchospora oligantha A. Gray. FEW-FLOWERED BEAKED-RUSH. (I. 
 F. f. 650.) Rootstocks short ; culms almost thread-like, leafy toward the base, 
 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves filiform ; spikelets 1-4, terminal, narrowly oblong, acute, 
 6-8 mm. long, subtended by I or 2 filiform bracts; scales ovate, pale brown, acute, 
 cuspidate ; bristles usually 6, densely plumose below the middle ; style 2-cleft ; 
 achene obovoid-oblong, obtuse, pale brown, dull, transversely wrinkled ; tubercle 
 
CYPERACEAE. 185 
 
 with a flat depressed border and a flattened conic acute projection. In wet sandy 
 soil, Del. to Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 4. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. WHITE BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 651.) 
 Pale green ; rootstocks short; culms slender or filiform, glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. ta ^- 
 Leaves bristle-like, 0.5-1 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; spikelets in 1-4 dense 
 corymbose clusters, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, 4-6 mm. long ; scales 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, 
 about as long as the achene and tubercle ; style 2 -cleft ; achene obovate-oblong, 
 smooth, pale brown, lenticular ; tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, one-half as long 
 as the achene. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, south to Fla., Ky., Minn, and Ore. Also 
 in N. Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. CAPILLARY BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 652.) 
 Culms filiform, glabrous. 1.55 ^ m> tall. Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide, 
 much shorter than the culm ; spikelets few, in 1-3 loose cluster? oblong, acute at 
 both ends, 4-6 mm. long ; scales ovate-oblong, chestnut-brown, keeled, mucronate; 
 bristles 6, slender, downwardly barbed ; achene narrowly oblong, short-stalked, 
 light brown, minutely wrinkled, lenticular ; style 2-cleft ; tubercle compressed, tri- 
 angular-subulate, dark brown, about one-half as long as the achene. In bogs, Me. 
 to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J., Penn. and Mich. July-Aug. 
 
 Rynchospora capillacea laeviseta E. J. Hill. Bristles smooth. N. Ind. and Mich. 
 
 6. Rynchospora Knieskernii Carey. KNIESKERN'S BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 653.) Culms slender, smooth, 2-3.5 dm - tal1 - Leaves narrowly linear, flat, about 
 i mm. wide, much shorter than the culm ; spikelets numerous, in several distant 
 compact clusters, oblong, acute, about 2 mm. long ; scales chestnut-brown, ovate ; 
 bristles 6, downwardly barbed, equalling the achene ; achene obovate, lenticular, 
 brown, minutely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle triangular-subulate, pale, one-half 
 as long as the achene or less. Pine barrens, N. J. to Va. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. CLUSTERED BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. 
 f. 654.) Rootstocks slender; culms smooth, triangular, 0.31 m. high. Leaves 
 flat, 2-4 mm. wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culm ; spikelets, in 3-7 
 corymbose-capitate axillary clusters, oblong, narrowed at both ends, 3-4 mm. long; 
 scales lanceolate, dark brown; bristles 6, downwardly barbed; achene obovate, len- 
 ticular, smooth, dark brown ; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. In 
 moist soil, Me. to Out., Mich., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata panicuiata (A. Gray) Chapm. Culm stouter, sometimes 
 i-i.i m. tall; leaves usually wider ; spikelets numerous in compound clusters. Md. to 
 Fla. and La. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata minor Britton. Culms very slender, 1.2-2.5 dm. tall ; leaves 
 0.5 mm. wide or less ; clusters 2 or 3, small, with 3-10 spikelets. Mass, and N. H. 
 
 Rynchospora glomerata discutiens Clarke. Bristles smooth, or barbed at the apex 
 only. N. J. to N. Car. 
 
 8. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton. CAPITATE BEAKED-RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 655.) Culms stout, 3-angled, 0.5-1 m. tall. Leaves flat, keeled, 2-3 mm. 
 wide; spikelets spindle-shaped, 5-6 mm. long, numerous, in several short-peduncled 
 axillary and terminal dense globose heads sometimes 2 cm. in diameter; scales 
 dark brown, ovate-oblong, acute; bristles usually 6, downwardly or upwardly 
 barbed; achene broadly obovate, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle subulate, about 
 as long as the achene. In swamps, L. I. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 Rynchospora axillaris microcdphala Britton. Heads 8-10 mm. in diameter ; spike- 
 lets 3 mm. long ; achene one-half as large as that of the type. N. J. to Fla. and La. 
 
 9. Rynchospora fusca (L.) R. & S. BROWN BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 656.) 
 Rootstocks short; culms 3-angled, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves setaceous, 
 channeled, scarcely i mm. wide, much shorter than the culm; spikelets spindle- 
 shaped, acute, about 5 mm. long, in 1-4 loose clusters; scales oblong-lanceolate, 
 brown, shining, concave; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, often unequal; achene 
 narrowly obovate, turgid-lenticular, smooth, shining; tubercle triangular-subulate, 
 nearly as long as the achene. In bogs, N. B. to Del., west to Mich. Also in 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
1 36 
 
 10. Rynchospora graciienta A. Gray. SLENDER BEAKED- RUSH. (T. F. f. 
 657.) Culms slender or filiform, smooth. 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves flat or becoming 
 involute in drying, rather less than 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; spikelets 
 nairowly ovoid, acute, 4 mm. long, few, in 1-4 loose clusters, the lower clusters 
 filiform stalked; scales ovate, brown, nmcronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, 
 equalling the achene and tubercle; achene broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark 
 brown, lenticular, dull, smooth, tubercle narrowly subulate, flat, widened at the 
 base, pale, about as long as the achene. In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. and 
 Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 11. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. GRASS-LIKE BEAKED- RUSH. (1. F. f. 658.) 
 Light green; culms tufted, 3-angled, smooth, 0.3-0.5 m tall. Leaves flat, nar- 
 rowly linear, grass-like, 3-4 mm. wide or the basal ones broader; spikelets ovoid- 
 oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or nearly so, capitate in 2's~7's on the ultimate 
 branches of the axillary and terminal clusters; bracts setaceous; scales dark brown, 
 broadly ovate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter than the achene; achene 
 broadly obovate or oblong, lenticular, transversely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle 
 conic, one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene. In moist soil, N. J. to Ky., 
 Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Rynchospora Torreyana A. Gray. TORREY'S BEAKED-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 659.) Culms terete or obscurely 3-angled, smooth, slender, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. 
 Leaves involute, the lower 3-4 mm. wide at the base, elongated, the upper bristle- 
 like, distant; spikelets ovoid, 3 mm. long, peduncled, numerous in 1-4 loose dis- 
 t.uit clusters; scales brown, ovate, mucronate; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter 
 than the oblong-obovate transversely wrinkled lenticular achene; style 2-cleft; 
 tubercle flat, conic, one-fourth to one-third as long as the achene. In wet pine 
 barrens, N. J. to S. Car. July-Aug. 
 
 13. Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. NODDING BEAKED-RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 660.) Rootstocks slender; culms smooth, slender. 3-angled, 0.5-0.9 m. 
 tall. Leaves smooth, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, the lower elongated, the upper 
 bristle-like, remote; spikelets spindle-shaped, acute at both ends, about 6 mm. 
 long, numerous in 1-4 narrow finally drooping panicles; scales brown, lanceolate, 
 acuminate; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, very slender, about twice as long as the 
 achene; achene narrowly oblong, transversely wrinkled; style 2-cleft; tubercle 
 flat, triangular-subulate, one-half as long as the achene. In moist soil, Va. to La. 
 juue-Aug. 
 
 IS. CLADIUM P. Br. 
 
 Perennial leafy sedges, similar to the Rynchosporas the spikelets oblong or 
 fusiform, few- flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the 
 lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper 
 usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, de- 
 ciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches sometimes 2 3-parted. 
 Achene ovoid to glol>ose. smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, 
 referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.] Alxnit 30 species, na- 
 tives of tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, another occurs in 
 California. 
 
 Leaves about 2 mm. wide; umbels small ; achene truncate at the base. 
 
 1. C. mariscoides. 
 Leaves 6-20 mm. wide; umbels large, panicled; achene narrowed to the base. 
 
 2. C. effusttm, 
 
 i. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. TWIG-RUSH. (I. F. f. 661.) Culm 
 slender, rather stiff, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, 0.3-0.9 m. tall. Leaves about 2 
 mm. wide, concave, with a long compressed tip, nearly smooth; umbels 2 or 3, 
 compound, small; spikelets oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute, 5 mm. long, 
 capitate on the ray lets; scales chestnut-brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; 
 upper scale subtending 1 a perfect flower with 2 stamens and a filiform 3-cleft style, 
 the next lower one with 2 stamens and an abortive ovary; achene ovoid, acute, finely 
 longitudinally striate, about 2 mm. long. In marshes, N. S. to Onto and Minn., 
 south to Fla. and Ky. July-Sept. 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 1 8/ 
 
 2. Cladium effusum (Sw.) Torn SAW-GRASS. Culm stout, 1.5-3 m. high, 
 obtusely 3-angled. Leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm. wide, the margins 
 spinulose-serrulate; umbels several or numerous, decompound, forming a large 
 panicle; spikelets mostly 2-5 together at the ends of the ray lets, narrowly ovoid, 
 acute, 45 mm. long; uppermost scale subtending a perfect flower; stamens 2; 
 achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, narrowed to the base, 2 mm. long. 
 In fresh water, southern Va. to Fla. and Tex. Also in the W. I. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 16. SCLERIA Berg. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Leafy sedges, mostly perennial, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or 
 terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers 
 monoecious. Fertile spikelets I -flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. 
 Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile 
 spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at 
 the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this wanting. 
 Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in our 
 species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] About 100 species, natives of 
 tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
 southern U. S. 
 
 Spikelets in terminal, or terminal and lateral clusters ; achene supported on a hypo- 
 gynium. 
 
 Achene smooth. 
 
 Hypogynium supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the achene. 
 
 i. S. oligantha. 
 
 Hypogynium covered with a rough white crust. 2. S. triglomerata. 
 
 Achene reticulated or irregularly rugose. 
 
 Culms erect or ascending ; achene reticulated ; leaves 2-3 mm. wide. 
 
 3. S. reticularis. 
 Culms spreading ; achene irregularly rugose ; leaves 4-8 mm. wide. 
 
 4. S. Torreyana. 
 Achene papillose. 5. S. paticiflora. 
 
 Spikelets interruptedly glomerate-spicate ; no hypogynium. 6. S. verticillata. 
 
 1. Scleria oligantha Michx. FEW-FLOWERED NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 662.) 
 Rootstocks thick, hard, clustered. Culms slender, erect, sharply 3-angled, nearly 
 smooth, 0.4-0.6 m. tall. Leaves smooth or slightly rough at the apex, 4-6 mm. 
 wide, the lower short, acute, the upper elongated; clusters terminal, usually also 
 I or 2 axillary and filiform-stalked; bracts slightly ciliate or glabrous; achene 
 ovoid, obtuse but sometimes pointed, bright white, smooth, shining; hypogynium 
 a narrow obtusely triangular border supporting 8 or 9 small tubercles under the 
 achene. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Scleria triglomerata Michx. TALL NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 663.) Root- 
 stocks hard, clustered; culms 3-angled, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves flat, glabrous or 
 nearly so, 35 mm. wide, the upper tapering to a long tip, rarely exceeding the 
 culm; flower-clusters terminal, and usually also I or 2 smaller ones from the axils; 
 achene ovoid or ovoid-globose, obtuse, bony, obscurely 3-angled, smooth, bright 
 white, shining, about 2 mm. high, supported on a low obtusely triangular, papil- 
 lose-crustaceous hypogynium. In meadows and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Fla. and 
 Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Scleria triglomerata minor Britton. Culms very slender, 0.2-0.3 m, long; flower- 
 clusters smaller; achene ovoid, subacute, one-half as large as that of the type. S. N. J. 
 
 3. Scleria reticularis Michx. RETICULATED NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 664.) 
 Rootstocks small; culms slender, erect, 3-angled, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves nar- 
 rowly linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide, not overtopping the culm; 
 spikelets in a terminal cluster and 1-3 remote axillary rather loose ones; bracts 
 glabrous; achene globose, crustaceous, dull white when mature, reticulated, i mm. 
 in diameter, glabrous; hypogynium 3-lobed, its lobes appressed to the base of the 
 achene. In moist meadows, E. Mass, to Fla., west to Mo. Also in Cuba. July- 
 Sept. 
 
188 FLORA. 
 
 Scleria reticularis pubdscens Britton. Reticulations on the achene pubescent; 
 lateral clusters usually longer stalked. Conn, to Fla. and Cuba. 
 
 Scleria reticularis obsciira Britton. Reticulations very obscure, the top of the 
 achene almost smooth. R. I. to N. Car. 
 
 4. Scleria Torreyana Walp. TORREY'S NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 665.) Culms 
 weak, spreading or diffuse, 3-angled, nearly or quite smooth, 0.3-0.6 m. long. 
 Leaves linear, nearly flat, glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm; spike- 
 lets in a loose terminal cluster, and 1-3 filiform-stalked axillary ones; bracts 
 glabrous; achene globose, somewhat pointed, nearly 2 mm. in diameter, irregularly 
 rugose with low ridges, the ridge^ usually pubescent, and connected by shorter 
 longitudinal ones; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes appressed to the base of the 
 achene. In moist soil, S. N. J. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. PAPILLOSE NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 666.) Root- 
 stocks hard, clustered ; culms slender, erect, usually tufted, 3-angled ; 2-5 dm. tall. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. wide, the upper elongated and often 
 overtopping the culm, their sheaths often densely puberulent ; spikelets in a small 
 terminal cluster and sometimes also in I or 2 axillary ones ; achene oblong or 
 globular, I mm. in diameter or rather more, crustaceous, papillose, the lower 
 papillae elongated and reflexed; hypogynium a narrow obtusely triangular border 
 supporting 6 small tubercles. In dry soil, N. H. to Ohio, Mo., Fla. and Tex. 
 Also in Cuba. June -Sept. 
 
 6. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low NUT-RUSH. (I. F. f. 667.) Roots fibrous ; 
 culms very slender or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall. 
 Leaves very narrowly linear, o. 5-1 mm. wide, erect, shorter than the culm ; spike- 
 lets in several separated clusters ; bracts bristle-like ; scales glabrous ; achene 
 globose, i mm. in diameter, crustaceous, marked by sharp distinct transverse ridges, 
 
 , or somewhat reticulated ; hypogynium none. In moist meadows, E. Mass, to Ont. 
 and Mich., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., and in the W. I. Plant, especially the 
 roots, fragrant in drying. July-Sept. 
 
 17. ELYNA Schrad. 
 
 Low tufted arttic and mountain sedges, with erect slender mostly leafless 
 culms, the narrowly linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 2-flowered spike- 
 lets in a narrow terminal cylindric spike. Scales of the spikelet 3 or 4, distinct, 
 usually only one of them flower-bearing ; the staminate flower of 3 stamens, the 
 pistillate of a single pistil. Bristles or perianth wanting. Style slender, 3-cleft, 
 not jointed to the oblong ovary. Achene obtusely 3-angled, sessile. [Greek, sig- 
 nifying covering, perhaps in allusion to the overlapping scales.] Four or five 
 species ol the arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Elyna Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. (I. F. f. 668.) Culms very slender, 
 1-4.5 dm. ta ^> longer than the very narrow leaves. Old sheaths fibrillose, brown; 
 margins of the leaves more or less revolute; spike subtented by a short bract, or 
 bractless, densely flowered or sometimes interrupted below, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
 in diameter; aclienes rather less than 2 mm. long, i mm. thick, appressed. In 
 arctic America from Greenl. to Bering Sea, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
 Also Li Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 18. KOBRESIA VVilld. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Slender arctic and mountain sedges, with erect culms leafy below, and few-several- 
 flowered spikelets clustered in a terminal spike. Scales of the spikelets i-flowered. 
 the lower usually pistillate, and the upper staminate. Stamens 2-3. Perianth- 
 bristles or perigynium wanting. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a short style; stigmas 
 2-3 linear. Achene obtusely angled, sessile. [In honor of Von Kobres, a 
 naturalist of Augsburg.] Three or four species, widely distributed in arctic and 
 mountainous regions. 
 
 I. Kobresia bipartita (All.) Britton. (I. F. f. 669.) Culms solitary or tufted, 
 smooth or very nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves about i mm. wide, infolded at 
 least in drying, the old sheaths becoming fibrillose; spike 3 cm. long or less, com- 
 posed of several or numerous linear appressed or ascending spikelets; scales some- 
 what serrulate on the keel, rather more than i mm. long; mature achenes slightly 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 1 89 
 
 longer than the scales. Greenland to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in 
 Europe and Asia, Summer. \K. caricina Willd.] 
 
 19. UNCINIA Pers. 
 
 Culms erect, leafy, or the leaves all basal. Spike simple, erect, terminal, the 
 scales imbricated, I- flowered, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate. Scales 
 ovate or oblong, concave, not keeled, obtuse or the lower acute. Stamens 3, rarely 
 I or 2. Pistil enclosed in a utricle (perigynium), borne at the base of a slender 
 axis, which is usually exserted beyond the orifice of the perigynium, at least in 
 fruit, and sometimes hooked. Stigmas mostly 3. Achene 3-angled. [Latin, 
 referring to the hooked axis of the southern species.] About 30 species, all but the 
 following natives of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Uncinia microglochin (Wahl.) Spreng. NORTHERN UNCINIA. (I. F. f. 
 670.) Perennial by short stolons; culms very slender, weak, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves 
 1-2 mm. wide, much shorter than the culm; spike 8-16 mm. long, usually pistil- 
 late for more than one-half its length; scales oblong-lanceolate, i-nerved, decidu- 
 ous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, less than I mm. thick, reflexed 
 in fruit; achene oblong, obtusely 3-angled, much shorter than the perigynium; 
 axis of the pistillate flower bristle-like, long-exserted beyond the orifice of the peri- 
 gynium. Greenland to James Bay and Br. Col. Also in the arctic and mountain- 
 ous parts of Europe and Asia and at the Strait of Magellan. Summer. 
 
 20. CAREX L. (See Appendix ) 
 
 Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 3- 
 ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of 
 flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of 
 bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both 
 staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Staminate flowers 
 of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style 
 and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or 
 second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. 
 Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. A vast genus, of more than 1000 
 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate zones. Besides the 
 following about an equal number occur in the western and southern parts of N. A. 
 Specimens can only be satisfactorily determined when nearly or quite mature. 
 
 I. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are some- 
 times pistillate at the base or summit; or the spike solitary and the staminate flowers 
 uppermost or basal, rarely dioecious; stigmas mostly 3 and the achene 3-angled or 
 swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or compressed in nos. 12-16; 49-59; 
 67-72); pistillate spikes stalked or sessile, the lower commonly stalked. Nos. 1-142. 
 EUCAREX. 
 
 A. Perigynia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usually 
 as long as the body or longer (short-beaked in Nos. 11-16, 34 and 35); pistillate spikes 
 mostly large (small in nos. i, 13 and 14), globose, ovoid, oblong or cylindric. Nos. 
 1-35- 
 
 Perigynia membranous or papery. Nos. 1-31. 
 
 Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia strongly reflexed, subulate, 
 
 PAUCIFLORAE. [p. 190.] i. C. pauciflora, 
 
 Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost ; if solitary, staminate at the base. 
 (See no. 30.) Nos. 2-31. 
 
 Perigynia ovoid, conic with a narrowed base, or subulate, tapering into the 
 
 beak. Nos. 2-28. 
 Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, not stiff nor awned. 
 
 Nos. 2-24. 
 Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. Nos. 2-10. LUPU- 
 
 LINAE. [p. 191.] 
 Teeth of the perigynium-beak shprt or almost wanting (long in No. 17) nos. 
 
 11-24. VESICARIAE. [p. 192.] 
 Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff, setaceous or awned. Nos. 25-28. 
 
 PSEUDOCYPERAE. [p. 195.] 
 
 Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak; spikes exceedingly 
 
 dense, Nos. 29-31. SQUARROSAE. [p. 196.] 
 Perigynia firm, hard or leathery < Nos. 32-35. PALUDOSAE. [p. 196.] 
 
190 FLORA. 
 
 B. Perigynia short -beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm. long, the 
 beak commonly not more than one-half as long as the body (long-beaked in Nos. 43, 82, 
 83, 96); spikes small and oblong or globose; or elongated, linear or narrowly cylindric. 
 Nos. 36-142. 
 
 Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly pistillate. (No. 
 
 140 may be looked for here.) Nos. 36-132. 
 
 Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2.5 cm. long or more (or shorter in 
 Nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65, 73, 75, 76, 85, 89-92), linear, narrowly cylindric 
 or oblong. Nos. 36-92. 
 
 Perigynia with a straight short beak (long-beaked in No. 43 ; nearly beakless in 
 No. 36), firm or leathery in texture ; pistillate spikes erect (or nodding in No. 
 37) ; stigmas 3. Nos. 36-43. [p. 197.] 
 
 Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see No. 36), and with orifices nearly or 
 
 quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely investing the achene; 
 
 pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often brown or purple; stigmas often 2. 
 
 Nos. 44-72. 
 
 Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading (drooping when mature in No. 
 
 45). Nos. 44-58. [p. 199.] 
 Pistillate spikes drooping, mostly on slender or filiform stalks (erect in Nos. 
 
 66 and 71). Nos. 59^-72. [p. 201.] 
 
 Perigynia tapering to a distinct beak (nearly or quite beakless in Nos. 73-77), 
 membranous in texture (firm in No. 88), inflated or loosely investing the 
 achene; pistillate spikes mostly drooping, often narrowly linear. Nos. 
 73-92. 
 
 Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above; beak of the perigynium 
 short or none. Nos. 73-81. 
 
 Spikes all erect or nearly so. Nos. 73-76. VIRESCENTES. [p. 204.] 
 Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in 
 
 No. 78). Nos. 77-81. GRACILLIMAE. [p. 205.] 
 Terminal spike entirely staminate, or sometimes pistillate at the base. Nos. 
 
 82-92. [p. 206.] (See No. 140.) 
 
 Pistillate spikes small, fevv-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 mm. long (sometimes longer 
 in Nos. 103, 104, 116). Nos. 93-132. (See also Nos. 44, 48, 53-55, 61, 63-65, 
 68, 73, 75, 80, 84, 85 and 89-92.) 
 Perigynia glabrous. Nos. 93-120. [p. 208.] (See No. 123.) 
 
 Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usually dense. Nos. 93-99. 
 Pistillate spikes few-several-flowered, often loose. Nos. 100-120; 136-138. 
 Perigynia more or less pubescent (becoming glabrous in No. 123). Nos. 121- 
 
 132. [p. 213.] 
 Spike solitary (except in No. 140), sometimes direcious. Nos. 133-142. [p. 215.] 
 
 II. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spil.es, or 
 sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pistillate: stigmas 
 always 2; achene lenticular, compressed, ellipsoid or plano-convex. Nos. 143-205. 
 VIGNEA. 
 
 Staminate flowers at the summits of the spikes. Nos. 143-173. 
 
 Spike solitary, terminal, mostly brown, plants often dicecious. Nos. 143-146. 
 
 DIOICAE. [p. 217.] 
 
 Spikes several or many, clustered, separated or sometimes panicled. Nos. 147-151. 
 Spikes densely aggregated into a globose or ovoid head, often appearing like a 
 
 solitary terminalspike. Nos. 147-151 [p. 218.] 
 Clusters of spikes looser, often compound or the spikes distinctly separated (more 
 
 or less aggregated in Nos. 170-173). Nos. 152-173. 
 
 Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, often in compound or panicled clus- 
 ters. Nos. 152-163. [p. 2i8.J 
 Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in simple 
 
 clusters. Nos. 164-173. MUHLENBERGIANAE. [p. 220.] 
 Staminate flowers variously mingled with the pistillate in the spikes or occasionally 
 
 forming whole spikes. (See Nos. 143-146.) 
 
 Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed. 174. C. sterilis. 
 
 Perigynia erect or appressed. 
 
 Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 187. C. bromoides. 
 
 Perigynia winged, the inner face concave. 190. (7. siccata. 
 
 Staminate flowers at the bases of the spikes. Nos. 174-205, 
 
 Perigynia without a marginal wing. Nos. 174-187. ELONGATAE. [p. 222.] 
 Perigynia with a narrow or broad marginal wing. Nos. 188-205. OVALES. [p. 225.] 
 
 I. Carex pauciflora Lightf. FEW-FLOWERED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 671.) Glabrous; 
 culms slender, 0.7-5 ^ m> high- Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ( spike 
 
CYPERA CEAE. 1 9 1 
 
 androgynous, the staminate and pistillate flowers each 2-5; perigynium green, 
 narrow^ scarcely inflated, 6-8 mm. long, about I mm. in diameter, several-nerved, 
 tapering into a slender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed and readily detach- 
 able when mature, 2-3 times longer than the deciduous lanceolate or ovate scale: 
 stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Mass,, Penn., Mich, and Wash. June-Aug. 
 
 Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, few-many-flowered. 
 
 Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 2. C. Collinsii. 
 
 Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed. 
 
 Plants yellow or yellowish ; perigynia little inflated. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; staminate spikes sessile. 3. C. abacta. 
 
 Leaves 4-12 mm. wide ; staminate spike mostly stalked. 4. C.folliculata. 
 Plants green ; perigynia much inflated ; staminate spike stalked. 
 
 Leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; heads loosely flowered. 5. C. intiimescens. 
 
 Leaves 6-10 mm. wide ; heads globose, dense. 6. C. Asa-Grayi. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. 
 Pistillate spikes oblong ; achene longer than thick. 
 
 Perigynia several-nerved, shining; leaves 2-4 mm. wide. 7. C. Lowisianica. 
 Perigynia many-nerved, dull ; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 8. C. lupulina. 
 
 Pistillate spikes cylindric ; achene not longer than thick. 
 
 vPerigynia yellowish, tapering into a beak twice as long as the body. 
 
 9. C. lupuliformis. 
 
 Perigynia greenish-brown, abruptly narrowed into a beak 2-3 times as long as 
 the body. 10. C. grandis. 
 
 2. Carex Collinsii Nutt. COLLINS' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 672.) Glabrous; culms 
 slender, erect or reclining, 1.5-5 ^ m - l n g- Leaves narrow, the broadest about 5 mm. 
 wide; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, 2-8-flowered; bracts 
 similar to the leaves; perigynia light green, scarcely inflated, subulate. 1-1.4 cm. 
 long, tapering into an almost filiform beak, faintly many-nerved, strongly reflexed 
 when mature, about 3 times as long as the lanceolate-acuminate persistent scale; 
 stigmas 3. In bogs, R. I. to E. Penn. and Ga. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Carex abacta Bailey. YELLOWISH SEDGE. (I. F. f. 673.) Glabrous, 
 yellowish; culm rather stiff, slender, 0.2-0.5 m - high. Leaves narrow, the broadest 
 about 4 mm. wide, the uppermost often exceeding the culm; staminate spike sessile; 
 pistillate spikes 2 or 3, several-flowered, the upper sessile or very nearly so; bracts 
 similar to the leaves; perigynia slender, narrow, scarcely inflated, tapering into a 
 subulate 2-toothed beak, 1-1.5 cm - l n g ^ ess than 2 mm. thick, strongly many- 
 nerved, about twice as long as the acute or acuminate scale. In bogs and wet 
 meadows, N:wf. to N. H., N. Y. and Mich. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Carex folliculata L. LONG SEDGE. (I. F. f. 674.) Glabrous; light 
 green or yellowish; culm erect or reclining, 0.4-1 m. long. Leaves elongated, 
 often 12 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, usually distant, all except the uppermost 
 slender-stalked, the lower often nodding; bracts commonly overtopping the spikes; 
 perigynia ovoid, somewhat inflated, green, rather prominently many-veined, 12- 
 16 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter near the base, tapering from below the 
 middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer than the awned scarious-margined 
 persistent scale; teeth of the perigynium nearly erect; stigmas 3. In swamps and 
 wet woods, Newf. to Md., Mich, and W. Va. Probably extends further south, but 
 th2re mostly represented by the var. AUSTRALIS Bailey. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Carex intumescens Rudge. BLADDER SEDGE.* (I. F. f. 675.) Gla- 
 brous; culms slender, commonly tufted, 0.4-0.9 m. high. Leaves elongated, dark 
 green, roughish, 36 mm. wide; bracts similar, overtopping the culm; staminate 
 spike mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-stalked, globose or 
 ovoid; perigynia 1-30, spreading or the upper erect, 12-20 mm. long, much in- 
 flated, about 6 mm. in diameter above the base, many-nerved, tapering into a 
 subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading; scales narrowly. lanceolate, 
 acuminate or aristatc, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. In 
 swamps, bogs and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. May-Oct. 
 
 Carex intumescens Ferndldi Bailey. Perigynia narrower, 1-5 in each spike, all 
 erect or slightly spreading. Me. to N. V. and Mass. 
 
 6. Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey. GRAY'S SEDGE. (T. F. f. 676.) Glabrous; 
 culms stout, 0.5-0.9 m. tall. Leaves elongated, dark green, 6-9 mm. wide; bracts 
 
192 FLOJtA. 
 
 similar to the upper leaves, usually much overtopping the culm ; staminate spike 
 mostly long-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter; 
 perigynia 10-30, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, much inflated, many-nerved, about 
 8 mm. in diameter, tapering to a sharp 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or lanceolate, 
 acuminate or cuspidate, scarious, about one-third as long as the perigynia; stig- 
 mas 3. In swamps and wet meadows, Vt. to Mich., Ga. and Mo. June-Sept. 
 
 7. Carex Louisianica Bailey. LOUISIANA SEDGE. (I. F. f. 677.) Culms 
 slender, smooth or nearly so, 0.2-0.5 m - ta ^- Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, roughish, 
 the upper overtopping the spikes; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, about 2.5 cm. long, 
 1.5-2 cm. thick, erect, the lower slender-stalked, the upper nearly sessile; stami- 
 nate spike long-stalked; perigynia ovoid, much inflated, smooth, strongly several- 
 nerved, shining, 10-12 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter at the rounded base, 
 tapering into the long 2-toothed l>eak, the small teeth slightly spreading; scales 
 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. 
 Swamps, Mo. to Tex. and Fla. June- Aug. 
 
 8. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hoi' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 678.) Glabrous; culms stout, 
 0,3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 5-12 mm. wide, the upper ones and 
 the similar bracts much overtopping the culm; staminate spike solitary or rarely 
 several; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many-flowered, oblong, 2.5 cm. long^ often 
 3-6 cm. in diameter; perigynia often short-stalked, much inflated, many-nerved, 
 12-15 mm - l n g> about 3 mm. in diameter above the base, tapering from below the 
 middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene longer than thick; scales acuminate 
 or aristate, one-third as long as the perigynia; stigmas 3. In swamps and ditches, 
 Hudson Bay to W. Ont, Iowa, Fla. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 Carex lupulina Bdlla villa (Dewey) Bailey. Culm slender; pistillate spikes remote, 
 slender-stalked, sometimes staminate at the summit, the perigynia widely spreading, the 
 staminate spike sometimes branched and with i or 2 perigynia at its base. E. N. Y. to 
 S. Ont. 
 
 A hybrid with C. retrorsa is described. 
 
 9. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. HOP-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 679.) Glabrous; 
 culm stout, erect, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves and bracts similar to those of the preced- 
 ing species; staminate spike stalked or nearly sessile, sometimes 10 cm. long; 
 pistillate spikes 3-6, densely many-flowered, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, 
 often staminate at the top; perigynia yellowish, sessile, much inflated, several- 
 nerved, 1-1.6 cui. long, about 4 mm. in diameter above the base, tapering from 
 below the middle to a subulate 2-toothed beak; achene as long as thick, its angles 
 mamillate; scales lanceolate, awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia. 
 Swamps, Mass, to Del., Ont. and Minn. June- Aug. 
 
 K . Carex grandis Bailey. LARGE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 680.) Glabrous; culms 
 slender, 0.5-0.9 m. high. Leaves rather dark green, elongated, 8-12 mm. wide; 
 bracts similar to the leaves, much overtopping the culm ; staminate spike some- 
 times bearing perigynia at its base; pistillate spikes 3-5, all stalked or the upper 
 sessile, cylindric, 2-7.5 cm - l n g perigynia much swollen at the base, about 4 mm. 
 in diameter, 10-12 mm. long, many-nerved, spreading at maturity, 3-4 times as 
 long as the scarious lanceolate acuminate or aristate scale, abruptly contracted into 
 a subulate 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the inflated portion; stigmas 3. In 
 swamps, Del. to Ky. and Mo., Fla., La. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 Spikes small, 2.5 cm. long or less, oblong or subglobose ; stigmas often 2. 
 Spikes green or greenish yellow. 
 
 Leaves involute ; perigynia ovoid; pistillate spikes few-several-flowered. 
 
 11. C. oligosperma. 
 Leaves flat; perigynia oblong-elliptic; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 
 
 12. C, Mainensis. 
 Spikes dark brown or purple; arctic species. 
 
 Leaves flat. 
 
 Perigynia little inflated, papery. 
 
 Beak of perigynium nearly or quite entire. 13. C. miliaris. 
 
 Beak of perigynium sharply and minutely 2-toothed. 
 
 14. C. saxatilis. 
 
 Perigynia much inflated, very fragile. 15. C. membranopacta. 
 
 Leaves involute when dry. 16. C. ambusta. 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 193 
 
 Spikes large, 2-15 cm. long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric; stigmas 3. 
 
 Scales acute, acuminate or smooth-awned, or the lower slightly roughened. 
 Perigynia ascending or spreading, not reflexed. 
 
 Spikes narrowly cylindric, 2-15 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick. 
 
 Leaves 4-12 mm. wide; culm stout. 17. C. utriculata. 
 
 Leaves 2-5 mm. wide; culm slender. 18. C. mantle. 
 
 Spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 12 mm. thick. 
 
 Scales smooth-awned. 19. C. Tuckermani. 
 
 Scales acute, acuminate or the upper obtuse. 20. C. bullata. 
 Perigynia, at least the lower ones, reflexed when mature. 
 
 Spikes all clustered at the summit or the lower i or 2 separated ; perigynia 
 
 all reflexed when old. 21. C. retrorsa. 
 
 Spikes scattered ; only the lower perigynia reflexed. 22. C. Hartii. 
 Scales tapering into rough awns, or subulate and scabrous. 
 
 Spikes cylindric, about 12 mm. thick; perigynia tapering into the beak. 
 
 23. C. lurida. 
 
 Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick ; perigynia abruptly narrowed into the 
 beak. 24. C. Baileyi. 
 
 xi. Carex oligosperma Michx. FEW SEEDED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 681.) Gla- 
 brous; culms slender, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves about 3 mm. wide, involute when 
 old; bracts similar, overtopping the culm; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 
 I or 2, 1-2 cm. long, sessile or the lower short-stalked, the upper sometimes 
 reduced to I or 2 perigynia and with a staminate summit; perigynia ovoid, erect, 
 inflated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, 4-5 mm. long, tapering into a 
 minutely 2 -toot lied beak; scales acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Mass., Penn. and Mich. June-Sept. 
 
 12. Carex Mainensis Porter. MAINE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 682.) Culm stouter 
 than that of C. miliaris, rough above, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, 
 shorter than the culm, the lower bracts narrower, staminate spikes 1-4, slender- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, cylindric or oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, sessile or 
 the lower short-stalked; perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish green, few-nerved, 
 acute, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 yellowish or brownish margined, slightly shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2 
 or 3. On lake and river shores, Me. to Lab. Summer. (C. Raeanaoi 111. Fl. 
 riot of Boott.) Perhaps a hybrid of the following with C. monile. 
 
 13. Carex miliaris Michx. NORTHEASTERN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 683.) Glabrous; 
 culm slender, roughish above. 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Leaves, flat, about 2 mm. wide, 
 elongated, nodulose; bracts similar to the leaves, often overtopping the culm; stami- 
 nate spikes I or 2, stalked, narrowly linear; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or linear- 
 oblong, many-flowered. 8-25 mm. long, the upper sessile, the lowest, when three, 
 stalked ; perigynia ovoid, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, dark brown or brown- 
 tipped, tapering into a short, nearly entire beak, slightly longer than the wholly or 
 partly brown scale; stigmas 2. Borders of lakes and streams, Lab. to Me. Re- 
 ported from N. Minn. Summer. 
 
 The var. major Bailey is perhaps distinct. 
 
 14. Carex saxatilis L. RUSSET SEDGE. (I. F. f. 684.) Glabrous; culms 
 slender, 7-25 cm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. broad; bracts short; staminate spike 
 short-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, all stalked or the upper nearly or quite sessile, 
 oblong, denstly many-flowered; perigynia dark purple-brown, ovoid, nerveless or 
 faintly few-nerved, tipped with a short minutely 2-toothed beak; scales oblong, 
 subacute, greenish purple, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas usually 2. 
 Greenland to James Bay and Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 15. Carex membranopacta Bailey. FR AGILE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 685.) Similar 
 to C. saxatilis but stouter and taller, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves flat, not exceeding 
 the culm, 3 mm. wide; bracts short; staminate spikes 1-3, short- stalked; pistillate 
 spikes commonly 2, sessile or the lower short-peduncled, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 
 about 2.5 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter; perigynia spreading, brown-purple, 
 ovoid, fragile, much inflated, about 3 mm. long, tipped with a short nearly entire 
 beak, about as long as the ovate-oblong greenish -purple or white-margined scales. 
 Greenland, through arctic America to Kamptchatka. Summer. 
 
 16. Carex ambusta Boott. BLACKENED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 686.) Similar to 
 C. saxatilis; culms 2-4.5 dm. ta ^ Leaves mostly less than 2 mm. wide, involute 
 
194 FLORA. 
 
 in drying; bracts similar to the upper leaves; staminate spike stalked; pistillate 
 spikes I or 2, erect, obtuse, 12-18 mm. long, about 7 mm. in diameter; perigynia 
 oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm. long, biconvex, smooth, firm, not inflated, dull, few-nerved 
 at the base, green below, dark brown at the summit, tapering into a short minutely 
 2-toothed beak; stigmas 2. Lab., Br. Col. to Alaska. Summer. 
 
 17. Carex utriculata Boott. BOTTLE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 687.) Glabrous; 
 culms erect, 0.4-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, nodulose, 4-12 mm. wide; bracts 
 overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 2-4, linear, stalked; pistillate spikes 
 3 or 4, nearly erect, cylindric, usually densely many-flowered, 5-15 cm. 
 long, the lower short-stalked, the upper sessile; perigynia ovoid, light green, some- 
 what inflated, few-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, narrowed into a sharp 2-toothed beak; 
 scales lanceolate, the lower awned and slightly longer than the perigynia. Marshes, 
 Anticosti to Br. Col., Del., Ohio, Minn., Nev. and Cal. June-Sept% 
 
 1 8. Carex monile Tuckerm. NECKLACE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 688.) Glabrous; 
 culm slender, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, rather light green, 3-5 mm. wide, 
 little or not at all nodulose; stamjnate spikes 1-4, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes 
 1-3, erect-spreading, cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in 'diameter, rather 
 loose at maturity, the upper sessile, the lower one, when 3, slender-stalked ; peri- 
 gynia yellowish green, ovoid, inflated, about 5 mm. long, rather strongly 8-IO- 
 nerved, tapering into a sharp 2 -toothed beak; scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, 
 shorter than the perigynia. In marshes and wet meadows, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J., 
 Mo., Colo, and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 19. Carex Tuckermani Dewey. TUCKERMAN'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 689.) 
 Glabrous: culm slender, usually roughish above, erect or reclining, 0.5-1 m. long. 
 Leaves and bracts much elongated, 3-5 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3; pis- 
 tillate spikes cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. in diameter; the upper sessile 
 or nearly so, the lower stalked; perigynia very much inflated, yellowish green, 
 ovoid, few-nerved, abruptly contracted into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceo- 
 late, awned, about half as long as the perigynia. In bogs and meadows, N. B. to 
 Ont., Minn., N. J. and Iowa. June-Aug. 
 
 20. Carex bullata Schk. BUTTON SEDGE. (I. F. f. 690.) Glabrous; 
 stoloniferous ; culms slender, 0.3-0.6 m. high, roughish. Leaves and bracts very 
 narrow and elongated, rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough -margined; staminate 
 spikes mostly 2, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, light green, oblong or oblong- 
 cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. in diameter; perigynia much inflated, ovoid, 
 5-6 mm. long, tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak, shining, strongly 
 nerved, 2-3 times longer than the scale. In swamps, Me. to N. C. June-Aug. 
 
 21. Carex retrorsa Schwein. RETRORSE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 691.) Glabrous; 
 culm stout, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, thin, rough-margined, 5-7 mm. wide, 
 the upper commonly exceeding the culm, the bracts similar; staminate spikes 13, 
 short-stalked; pistillate spikes 3-6, all close together at the summit and sessile or 
 very nearly so or the lowest distant and stalked, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; perigynia 
 ovoid, membranous, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, about 6 mm. long, 
 reflexed at maturity, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, 
 acute, one-third to one-half as long as the perigynia. In swamps and wet 
 meadows, Newf. to Manitoba, Idaho, Wash., Mass., Penn., Mich, and Iowa. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 22. Carex Hartii Dewey. HART WRIGHT'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 692.) Gla- 
 brous; culms nearly smooth, 0.3-0.8 m. long. Leaves elongated, rough on the 
 margins and midvein, 4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes I or 2, the lower sometimes 
 pistillate at the b.ise, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, rather loosely many- 
 flowered, the upper sessile, the lower slender-stalked, 2-5 cm. long, all erect or 
 ascending; perigynia inflated, ovoid-conic, spreading or the lower slightly reuVxed, 
 few-nerved, about 6 mm. long, gradually tapering into the long 2-toothed beak, 2-3 
 times as long as the scale. In marshes, Ont. and N. H. to Mich. June-Aug. 
 
 23. Carex hirida Wahl. SALLOW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 693.) Glabrous ; culm 
 slender, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, rough, rarely more than 4 mm. wide ; 
 staminate spike short-stalked ; pistillate spikes, 1-4, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, the 
 upper sessile, the lower ped uncled; perigynia inflated, ovoid, tapering into a long 
 subulate beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 8 mm. long, thin, yellowish green, 
 rather conspicuously nerved, longer than the rough-awned scale. In swamps and 
 
CYPERACEAE. 195 
 
 wet meadows, N. S. to Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex. June -Oct. C. tentaculata 
 altior Boott is a hybrid with C. lupulina. 
 
 Carex lurida fldctida Bailey. Pistillate spikes 1-2.5 cm - l n > brown, all sessile or 
 very nearly so, clustered at the summit, rather more loosely flowered. Me., N. H. and 
 N. Y. to N. Car. and Tenn. 
 
 Carex lurida parvula. (Paine) Bailey. Culm 1-3.5 dm. high; pistillate spikes only i 
 or 2, scarcely more than i cm. long, globose or oblong, sessile or very nearly so; peri- 
 gynia 6 mm. long. N. H. to Penn. and Iowa. 
 
 Carex lurida exundans Bailey. Culms long and spreading; pistillate spikes 3-6 cm. 
 long, on very long stalks; scales subulate, the lower often much longer than the peri- 
 gynia. Occasional with the typical form. 
 
 24. Carex Baileyi Britton. BAILEY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 694.) Glabrous; 
 culms erect or reclining, slender, minutely scabrous above, 0.2-0.5 m. long. Leaves 
 roughish, elongated, 3-4 mm. wide; staminate spike short-peduncled; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, very densely erect or ascending, 1.52.5 cm. long, 
 about 8 mm. in diameter; perigynia inflated, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, ascending, ab- 
 ruptly contracted into the subulate 2 -toothed beak, prominently several-nerved. 
 Bogs, Vt. to Va. and Tenn . June-Aug. 
 
 Spikes all erect or ascending. 25 C. Schweinitzii. 
 
 Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-stalked and drooping. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1.2-5 cm lon g ; perigynia ascending. 
 
 26. C. hystricina. 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 2.5-6 cm. long ; perigynia reflexed. 
 
 Teeth of the beak erect or little spreading. 27. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 
 
 Teeth of the beak recurved-spreading. 28. C. comosa. ' 
 
 25. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. SCHWEIXITZ'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 695.) 
 Glabrous; light green; culm roughish above, 0.3^0.8 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
 5-8 mm. wide, those of the culm mostly short; staminate spike solitary or some- 
 times 2, often pistillate at the base or in the middle; pistillate spikes 3-5, ascend- 
 ing, linear-cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, alxmt 8 mm. thick, the upper usually sessile, 
 the lower stalked; perigynia thin, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic or oblong, taper- 
 ing into the subulate, 2-toothed beak, about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, 
 ascending, few-nerved, equalling, or the upper L^ger than the lanceolate or linear 
 scale; stigmas 3. In swamps and bogs, Mass, to Ont., Mich., N. J. and Mo. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 26. Carex hystricina Muhl. PORCUPINE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 696.) Glabrous, 
 light green; culms 0.3-0.5 m. tall. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; staminate-spike slen- 
 der-stalked; pistillate spikes, 1-4, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-3 cm. long, alxmt 9 
 mm. in diameter, the lower slender- stalked and drooping; perigynia ascending, 
 somewhat inflated, ovoid -conic, 5-6 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, tapering 
 into the subulate 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer than the narrow 
 rough scales; stigmas 3. In swamps and low meadows, N. S. to N. \V. Terr., 
 Ga. and Neb. June-Aug. Said to hybridize with C. coinosa. 
 
 Carex hystricma Diidleyi Bailey. Culms often reclining, 0.5-0.9 m. long ; leaves 
 5-8 mm. wide ; staminate spike long-stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-6 cm. long, i cm. in di- 
 ameter, filiform-stalked. Me. to Conn., Penn. and Mich. 
 
 27. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. CYPERUS-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 697.) 
 Glabrous; culms stout, rough on the angles, at least above, 0.5-1 m. high. Leaves 
 nodulose, 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, 
 linear-cylindric, dense, slender-stalked, spreading or drooping, 2-7 cm. long, 6-8 
 mm. in diameter; perigynia light green, slightly inflated, conic, prominently 
 many-ribbed, somewhat flattened, at length reflexed, tapering into a short 2-toothed 
 beak, the short teeth slightly spreading; scales linear with a broad base, ciliate- 
 scabrous, about equalling the perigynia; stigmas 3. In bogs, N. S. to Man- 
 itoba, Me., N. Y., and Mich. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 28. Carex coinosa Boott. BRISTLY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 698.) Similar to the 
 preceding species ; culms commonly stouter, the leaves sometimes 12 mm. wide. 
 Staminate spike sometimes pistillate at the summit ; pistillate spikes 2-6, all 
 spreading or drooping, stouter and bristly, about 12 mm. in diameter ; perigynia 
 
1 96 FLORA. 
 
 more slender, little inflated, strongly reflexed when mature, tapering into a slender 
 prominently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading ; scales 
 mostly shorter than the perigynia, very rough ; stigmas 3. In swamps, N. S. to 
 Ont. and Wash., south to Ga., La. and Cal. May-Oct. 
 
 Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 29. C. Frankii. 
 
 Scales lanceolate, about one-half as long as the perigynia. 
 
 Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below ; achene linear-oblong. 
 
 30. C. squarrosa. 
 Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends ; achene ovoid. 
 
 31. C. typhinoides* 
 
 29. Carex Frankii Kunth. FRANK'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 699.) Glabrous; tufted; 
 culms stout, smooth, leafy, 0.3-0.7 m. tall. Leaves elongated, roughish, 5-8 mm. 
 wide; staminate spike stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, 
 erect, 1-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the 
 lower slender-stalked; perigynia green, slightly inflated, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
 few-nerved, obovoid with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2- 
 toothed beak ; scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia ; stigmas 3. In 
 swamps and wet meadows, E. Penn. to Va. and Ga., Mo., La. and Tex. June- 
 Sept. [C stenolepis Torr., not Less.] 
 
 30. Carex squarrosa L. SQUARROSE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 700.) Glabrous ; 
 culms slender, rough above on the angles, 0.6-0.9 m - tall. Leaves elongated, rarely 
 more than 4 mm. wide, rough-margined ; spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oblong or 
 globose, exceedingly dense, rarely over 2.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the 
 upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for one-half its length 
 or more ; perigynia yellowish green, becoming tawny, the lowest reflexed, some- 
 what inflated but firm, obovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, abruptly nar- 
 rowed into the subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the lanceolate 
 acuminate or awn-tipped scale; achene linear-oblong, tapering into the stout style; 
 stigmas 3. In swamps and bogs, Conn, to Mich, and Neb., south to Ga., La. and 
 Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 31. Carex typhinoides Schwein. CAT-TAIL SEDGE. (I. F. f. 701.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but darker green; leaves often 8-10 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, cylin- 
 dric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-14 mm. in diameter, often staminate at both ends, the 
 terminal one commonly tapering to a conic summit; basal staminate flowers much 
 less numerous; perigynia dull straw color, ascending or the lowest spreading or 
 reflexed, inflated, abruptly contracted into the slender 2-toothed beak, which is 
 often upwardly bent; scales oblong-lanceolate, obtusish; achene ovoid-elliptic, 
 sharply 3-angled, tipped with the subulate style. In swamps, Quebec to Iowa, 
 Va., La. and Mo. July- Aug. 
 
 Leaves bright green, not glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, conspicuous. 
 
 Scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; leaves glabrous. 32. C. trichocarpa. 
 
 Scales ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned ; leaves often pubescent. 33. C. artstata. 
 Leaves pale green, glaucous; teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 
 
 Pistillate spikes about 8 mm. thick, teeth of the perigynium-beak manifest. 
 
 34. C. riparia. 
 Pistillate spikes about 4 mm. thick, teeth of the perigynium-beak minute. 
 
 35. C. acutiformis. 
 
 32. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. HAIRY-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 702.) 
 Culm usually stout and tall, smooth below, very rough abov^. Leaves elongated, 
 glabrous, rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-6, long-stalked; 
 pistillate spikes cylindric, densely flowered except at the base, 2-10 cm. long, 
 I -i. 6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender- 
 stalked; perigynia ovoid-conic, pubescent or glabrous, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. 
 long, tapering into the stout conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat 
 spreading ; scale hyaline, acute or acuminate. In marshes and wet meadows, Que- 
 bec to Mich., Iowa, Ga. and Kans. June- Aug. 
 
 33. Carex aristata R, Br. AVVNED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 703.) Culms erect, 
 smooth or roughish above, sharp-angled, 0.5-1.2 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
 5-10 mm. wide, often pubescent beneath and on the sheaths; staminate spikes as 
 in the preceding; pistillate spikes 3-5, remote, cylindric, sessile or the lower short- 
 
C YPERA CEA . 
 
 stalked^ 2-10 cm. long, perigynia ascending, conic, glabrous, many-ribbed, 
 8-12 mm. long, tapering into the conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; 
 scales oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, one-half to two-thirds as long as the peri- 
 gynia. In bogs, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Iowa, Utah and Ore. June-Aug. 
 
 34. Carex riparia Curtis. RIVER-BANK SEDGE. (I. F. f. 704.) Glabrous, 
 pale green; culms smooth, or roughish above, 0.5-1 m. tall. Leaves elongated, 
 6-12 mm. wide, about equalling the culm; staminate spikes 1-5; pistillate spikes 
 2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or 
 nearly so, the lower stalked; perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, 
 ascending, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth divergent; scales lanceo- 
 late or oblanceolate, long-aristate or acute, the lower longer, the upper equalling 
 or shorter than the perigynia. In swamps, Newf. to James' Bay and Manitoba, 
 south to Fla., La., Tex. and Idaho. Also in Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 35. Carex acutiformis Ehrh. SWAMP SEDGE. (I. F. f. 705.) Culms stout, 
 sharp-angled, 0.5-0.9 m. tall, often rough above. Leaves 5-12 mm. wide, flat, pale 
 green; lower bracts similar to the leaves, the upper short and narrow; staminate 
 spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, linear-cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, 4-5 mm. 
 thick, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the others slender-stalked, spread- 
 ing or drooping; perigynia ovoid, 3 mm. long, not inflated, many-nerved, tapering 
 into a short and minutely 2-toothed beak; scales awn-tipped, longer than the peri- 
 gynia or the upper equalling them. In swamps and wet meadows, E. Mass. Nat- 
 uralized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle. SHORTIANAE. 
 
 36. C. Shortiana. 
 Upper one or more spikes entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the base. 
 
 Perigynia papillose; beak very short, nearly or quite entire. ANOMALAE. 
 
 37. C. scabrata. 
 Perigynia pubescent (sometimes glabrous in no. 39), the beak sharply 2-toothed. 
 
 HIRTAE. 
 
 Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 38. C. vest it a. 
 
 Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. 
 Leaves glabrous; native species. 
 
 Leaves flat or their margins slightly revolute. 
 
 Scales only half as long as the perigynia; southern coast species. 
 
 39. C. Walteriana. 
 Scales equalling or but slightly shorter than the perigynia; northern 
 
 species. 
 
 Leaves 4-7 mm. wide; perigynia 3 mm. thick, the nerves 
 prominent. 40. C. Houghtonii. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; perigynia 2 mm. thick, the nerves ob- 
 scured by the dense pubescence. 41. C. lanuginosa. 
 Leaves strongly involute, 2 mm. wide or less. 42. C.filiformis. 
 Leaves or their sheaths pubescent; introduced species; beak long. 
 
 43. C. hirta* 
 
 36. Carex Shortiana Dewey. SHORT'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 706.) Glabrous; 
 culms slender, rough above, 0.3-1 m. tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves. 
 Leaves elongated, roughish, 4-5 mm. wide; bracts short, narrow, rarely much 
 exceeding the spikes; spikes 3-7, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 1-3 
 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, erect, the lower sjalked; perigynia dark brown, 
 compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovate, nerveless, abruptly minutely beaked, 
 equalling or shorter than the scales, which are hyaline, scarious-margined, ovate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, persistent; orifice of the perigynium entire or very nearly so; 
 stigmas 3. In moist meadows and thickets, Penn. to Va. and Tenn., west to Iowa 
 and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 
 
 37. Carex scabrata Schwein. ROUGH SEDGE. (I. F. f. 707.) Glabrous; 
 culms rough above, leafy, 0.3-0.9 m. long. Leaves rough, much elongated, 5-7 mm. 
 wide, the bracts similar but narrower ; staminate spike short-stalked ; pistillate 
 spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or droop- 
 ing, all linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter; 
 perigynia greenish brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, strongly nerved, papillose, 
 tipped with a short minutely 2-toothed or entire beak ; scales lanceolate, acute or 
 
FLORA. 
 
 short-awned, prominently I -nerved, shorter than the perigynia. In moist wood* 
 and thickets, Me. to Ont., Mich., S. Car. and Tenn. May-Aug. 
 
 38. Carex vestita Willd. VELVET SEDGE. (I. F. f. 708.) Culms strict and 
 slender, 0.4-0.8 m. tall, rough above. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, not overtopping the 
 culm; bracts similar, but narrower, short, rough-ciliate ; staminate spike solitary, 
 rarely 2, almost sessile ; pistillate spikes 1-5, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in 
 diameter, erect, commonly staminate at the summit, sessile or the lower short- 
 stalked; perigynia ovoid, densely pubescent, less than 2 mm. in diameter, promi- 
 nently few-ribbed, tapering gradually into a short conic 2-toothed whitish beak, 
 slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate acute membranous scales. In sandy 
 woods, N. H. to Penn., south to Ga. June-July. 
 
 39. Carex Walteriana Bailey. WALTER'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 709.) Culms 
 slender, strict, usually rough above, 0.3-0.8 m. tall. Leaves narrow, elongated, 
 2-4 mm. wide, nodulose, not overtopping the culm; lowest bract similar, the upper 
 smaller, often almost filiform; staminate spikes 2-5, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 
 I or 2, when 2 the lower remote from the upper, sessile or short-stalked, oblong- 
 cylindric, erect, 2-4 cm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, rather loosely, many- 
 flowered; perigynia ovoid, purple-brown, many-nerved, slightly inflated, glabrous, 
 or pubescent, 3 mm. in diameter, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 acute, short- arista te or obtuse, membranous, one-half the length of the perigynia. 
 In pine-barren bogs, southern N. J. to Fla. May-July. 
 
 40. Carex Houghtonii Torr. HOUGHTON'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 710.) Culms 
 rough above, erect, 0.3-0.8 m. tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves and lowest bract 
 4-7 mm. wide, rough, their margins revolute; upper bracts much shorter; stami- 
 nate spikes 1-3, stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 
 oblong-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, erect, rather loosely flowered, 
 the upper sessile, the lower stalked; perigynia broadly ovoid, 3 mm. in diameter, 
 light green, densely pubescent, many-ribbed, narrowed into a short conspicuously 
 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate, short-awned, hyaline-margined, strongly i- 
 nerved, somewhat shorter than the perigynia. In sandy or rocky soil, N. S. to the 
 N. W. Terr., Me., Mich, and Minn. June-Sept. 
 
 41. Carex lanuginosa Michx. WOOLLY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 711.) Culm slen- 
 der, but usually rather stouter than that of C. filiformis, sharp-angled and rough 
 above. Leaves and lower bracts elongated, not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes 
 overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at 
 the base; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, 
 cylindric; 5-6 mm. in diameter; scales acuminate or aristate. In swamps and wet 
 meadows, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. J., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. June -Aug. 
 
 Carex Ianugin6sa Kans&na Britton. Plant pale; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, very rough; 
 perigynia i mm. in diameter, the ribs conspicuous. Mo. and Kans. 
 
 42. Carex filiformis L. SLENDER SEDGE. (I. F. f. 712.) Culms very slen- 
 der, erect or reclining, smooth, obtusely angled, 0.5-0.9 m. long. Leaves very 
 narrow, involute, about 2 mm. wide, rough-margined, not overtopping the culm; 
 lower bract similar, upper bracts filiform; staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, 
 erect, sessile, or the lower distant and short-peduncled; perigynia green, ascending, 
 oval, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, tapering into a 
 short 2-toothed beak; scales ovafe, membranous, acute or short-awned, shorter than 
 or equalling the perigynia. In wet meadows and swamps, Newf. to Br. Col., N. J., 
 Penn., Mich, and Iowa. Occasionally dioecious. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 43. Carex hirta L. HAIRY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 713.) Rootstocks creeping; 
 culms rather slender, nearly smooth, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves flat, pubescent, 
 especially on the sheaths, 3-5 mm. Made, the basal ones much elongated, the upper 
 and the similar bracts shorter; staminate spikes 2 or 3, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 
 ( r 3, remote, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter; peri- 
 gynia ovoid-oblong, green, densely pubescent, 2 mm. in diameter, 4 mm. long, few- 
 ribbed, tapering into a prominently 2-toothed beak; teeth often as long as the 
 beak; scales lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, shorter than the perigynia. In fields 
 and waste places, Mass, to E. N. Y. and Penn. Nat. or adv. from Europe. 
 June-Sept. 
 
C YPERA CEA . 1 99 
 
 Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above (rarely all staminate in No. 47) ; stigmas 
 
 3. ATRATAE. 
 
 Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia; arctic and alpine species. 
 Orifice of the perigynium minutely 2-toothed ; scales obtuse or acutish. 
 Pistillate spikes 4-10 mm. long, erect. 44. C. alptna. 
 
 Pistillate spikes 8-25 mm. long, drooping when old. 45. C. atratiformis. 
 Orifice of the perigynium entire ; scales acute or awned. 
 
 Perigynium ovate, the style usually protruding. 46. C. stylosa. 
 
 Perigynium obovate, the style not protruding. 47. C, Parryana. 
 
 Scales manifestly longer than the perigynia; bog species. 48. C. Buxbaumii. 
 
 Terminal spike staminate throughout (occasionally pistillate at the top in No. 53); 
 
 stigmas 2, rarely 3 in No. 55. RIGIDAE. 
 
 Lower sheaths becoming very fibrillose ; tufted bog species. 49. C. stricta. 
 Lower sheaths not at all fibrillose, or slightly so. 
 
 Scales shorter than or equalling the perigynia (or longer in No. 50). 
 Culms 0.3-0.6 m. tall; scales acute or acuminate. 
 
 Pistillate spikes linear-cylindric. 50. C. Haydeni. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric. 51. C. Nebraskensis. 
 
 Culms 0.2-1. i m. tall ; scales obtuse or the lower acute. 
 Scales green. 
 
 Leaves 4-6 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 4-6 mm. thick; perigynia 
 
 nerveless. 52. C. aquatilis. 
 
 Leaves 2 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes 2-4 mm. thick ; perigynia 
 
 faintly few-nerved. 53. C. lenticularis. 
 
 Scales purple or brown. 
 
 Scales shorter than the perigynia ; marsh and meadow species. 
 
 54. C. Goodenovii. 
 Scales equalling or longer than the perigynia; arctic and alpine 
 
 species, 55. C. Bigelovii. 
 
 Culms only 2-17 cm. tall; arctic species. 56. C. subspathacea. 
 
 Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia; northern salt marsh species. 
 Basal leaves 2 mm. wide or less ; scales little longer than the perigynia, 
 
 57. C. sah'na. 
 Basal leaves 2-6 mm. wide ; scales much longer than the perigynia. 
 
 58. C. cuspidata. 
 
 44. Carex alpina Sw. ALPINE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 714.) Culms slender, 
 rough above, leafy below the middle, 1.55 ^m. tall. Leaves roughish, 1-3 mm. 
 wide, shorter than or equalling the culm; spikes 2-4. clustered, the terminal I or 
 2 staminate below, oblong or globose, 4-10 mm. long, sessile, or the lower pedun- 
 cled; perigynia oval, orbicular or obovoid, light green, about 2 mm. long, tipped 
 with a very short and minutely 2-toothed beak, nerveless or with a few faint 
 nerves, equalling or slightly shorter than the ovate black or purple-brown scales. 
 In rocky places, Quebec to James' Bay and Athabasca, western Ont. and Isle 
 Royale, Lake Superior, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 45. Carex atratiformis Britton. BLACK SEDGE. (I. F. f. 715.) Glabrous; 
 culms slender, sharp-angled, rough above, 2-5 dm. tall, usually leafy only below. 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, rarely over 1.5 dm. long, much shorter than the culm; spikes 
 2-5, dense, oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, about 5 mm. in diameter, the terminal 
 one usually staminate at the base and sessile, or nearly so, the others slendtr- 
 stalked; lower bracts 1-3.5 cm - l n g Ver 7 narrow, the upper subulate; perigynia 
 flattened, ovate or nearly orbicular, puncticulate, about 2 mm. long, tipped with a 
 short, 2-toothed beak; scales black or reddish-brown, oblong, slightly narrower 
 than the perigynia and about equalling them. Newf. to the mountains of N. E., 
 west to the N. W. Terr. Summer. 
 
 46. Carex stylosa C. A. Meyer. VARIEGATED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 716.) 
 Culms slender, 3-4 dm. tall, rough and leafless above. Leaves 3 mm. wide; 
 staminate spike solitary, nearly sessile, often pistillate for one-half its length or 
 more; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong-cylindric, erect, 8-12 mm. long, about 3 mm. 
 in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and subtended by a subulate bract; peri- 
 gynia ovate, slightly inflated, brown, minutely granulate, less than 2 mm. long, 
 nerveless, beakless, the orifice entire and closed by the usually protruding style; 
 scales black with white veins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia. Lab. and 
 Greenland to Alaska. Summer. 
 
200 FLORA. 
 
 47. Carex Parryana Dewey. PARRY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 717.) Glabrous, 
 culms very slender, smooth, stift, 2-5 dm. tall, leafless above. Leaves about 2 mm. 
 wide, much shorter than the culm, their margins somewhat involute; spikes 1-4, 
 dense, erect, linear-cylindric, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the upper 
 sessile, staminate below or throughout, the lower stalked and subtended by an 
 almost filiform bract; perigynia plano-convex, obovate, pale, less than 2 mm. long, 
 minutely papillose, faintly few-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales 
 ovate, acute or mucronulate, dark brown with lighter margins, about tas long as 
 the perigynia. Hudson Bay to N. W. Terr., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 
 Summer. 
 
 48. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. BROWN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 718.) Glabrous; culms 
 slender, stiff, sharp-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves rough, erect, 2-4 
 mm. wide; spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect, all sessile and close together, or 
 \he lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 8-37 mm. long, about 8 mm. in 
 diameter, the terminal one staminate at the base or rarely throughout; pericrania 
 elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 2 mm. long, light green, faintly few-nervtcl. 
 beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed; scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark 
 brown with a green midvein, longer than the perigynia. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, 
 Ga., Ky., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe. (C.fusca Bailey, not All.) 
 
 49. Carex stricta Lam. TUSSOCK SEDGE. (I. F. f. 719.) Glabrous, rather 
 dark green; culms slender, stiff, usually in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, rough 
 atove, 0.3-1-. I m. tall. Leaves rarely overtopping the culm, very rough margined, 
 2-4 mm. wide, their sheaths becoming fibrillose ; lower bract similar ; staminate 
 spikes solitary or sometimes 2. stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, 
 often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 
 about 4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked ; perigynia ovate-elliptic, acute, 
 faintly few-nerved, 2 mm. long or less, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly 
 so ; scales brown-purple with green margins and midvein, oblong or lanceolate, 
 appressed; stigmas 2. In swamps, Newt, to Ont., Neb., Ga. and Tex. Hybridizes 
 with C. filiformis. July-Sept. 
 
 Carex stricta angust&ta (Boott) Bailey. Pistillate spikes longer, 5-10 cm. long, erect; 
 scales lanceolate, acute, often longer than the perigynia. Range apparently nearly that 
 of the type. 
 
 Carex stricta xeroc&rpa (S. H. Wright, Britton). Pistillate spikes almost filiform, 
 about 2 mm. in diameter, erect. N. Y. to 111. 
 
 50. Carex Haydeni Dewey. HAYDEN'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 720.) Glabrous, 
 similar to C. stricla but smaller; culm slender, seldom over 0.5 m. high. Leaves 
 2-3 mm. wide, their sheaths slightly fibrillose or not at all; lower bract foliaceous, 
 about equalling the culm; pistillate spikes 1-3 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, 
 erect or somewhat spreading, sessile or nearly so ; perigynia orbicular, obtuse, 
 about I mm. broad, faintly 2-4-nerved, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales 
 lanceolate, purplish, spreading, very acute, alxmt twice as long as the perigynia ; 
 stigmas 2. Swamps, N. B. to R. I., Iowa and Neb. 
 
 51. Carex Nebraskensis Dewey. NEBRASKA SEDGE. (I. F. f. 721.) 
 Glabrous; culms stout, sharp-angled, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves pale green, 3-5 mm, 
 wide, rough -margined, their sheaths more or less nodulose; lower bract sometimes 
 equalling the culm, the upper much shorter and narrower; staminate spikes com- 
 monly 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, dense, oblong-cylindric, erect, 2-3 cm. long, 
 about 6 mm. in diameter, sessile or the lower short-stalked; perigynia elliptic or 
 obovate, prominently several-ribbed, short-beaked, the beak 2 -toothed ; scales 
 ovate or lanceolate, acute or mucronate, brown with a green midvein or green all 
 over, the upper shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. Neb. to Ore. and N. Mex. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 52. Carex aquatilis Wahl. WATER SEDGE. (I. F. f. 722.) Glabrous, 
 glaucous, pale green; culms sharp-angled above, smooth or nearly so, 0.5-1.1 m. 
 tall. Leaves elongated, 4-7 mm. wide, their sheaths nodulose; bracts similar, the 
 lower much overtopping the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 
 linear-cylindric, often staminate at the summit, 2-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 
 sessile and dense, or the lower loosely flowered at the base and short-stalked ; peri- 
 gynia elliptic, green, nerveless, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales oblong, 
 
C YPEKA CEAE. 2OI 
 
 shorter than or equalling the perigynia and much narrower, stigmas 2. In swamps 
 and along streams, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Penn., Ohio, Minn, and Br. Col. Also 
 in Europe. Hybridizes with C. stricta. June-Aug. 
 
 53. Carex lenticularis Michx. LENTICULAR SEDGE. (I. F. f. 723.) Gla- 
 brous, pale green; culms slender, sharp-angled, roughish above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. 
 Leaves elongated, rarely over 2 mm. wide, slightly rough-margined, their sheaths 
 not fibrillose; lower bracts similar, usually much overtopping the spikes; staminate 
 spike solitary or rarely 2, sessile or short-stalked, often pistillate above; pistillate 
 spikes 2-5, clustered or the lower distant, sessile or the lower short -stalked, erect, 
 linear-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter; perigynia ovate or elliptic, 
 acute, minutely granulate, faintly few-nerved, tipped with a minute entire beak; 
 scales green, appressed, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. On shores, Lab. 
 to the N. W. Terr., Me., Vt., Ont. and Minn. June-Aug. 
 
 54. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. GOODENOUGH'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 724.) 
 Glabrous; culms stiff, sharp-angled, sometimes rough above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. 
 Leaves elongated, smooth, glaucous, 2-4 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm, their 
 sheaths not fibrillose; lower bracts usually foliaceous; staminate spike sessile or 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or nearly so, erect, many-flowered, narrowly 
 cylindric, 4-5 mm. in diameter, 1-2.5 cm - ^ on gJ perigynia flattened, broadly oval 
 or ovate, faintly few-nerved, green, less than 2 mm. long, minutely beaked, the ori- 
 fice nearly entire; scales purple-brown to black with a green midvein, very obtuse, 
 shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In wet grounds, Newf. to Mass, and Penn. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 55. Carex Bigelovii Torr. BIGELOW'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 725.) Glabrous 
 and smooth throughout or nearly so; culms sharp-angled, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 
 3-4 mm. wide, not exceeding the culm, the lower bracts similar, but shorter; 
 sheaths slightly or not fibrillose; staminate spike stalked, sometimes pistillate at 
 the base, pistillate spikes 2-4, linear-cylindric, loosely flowered at the base, dense 
 above, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, the upper sessile, the lower often slender- 
 stalked; perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, faintly nerved, scarcely beaked, the 
 orifice entire; scales purple -brown with a narrow green midvein, often with green 
 margins, obtuse or the lower acute, equalling or a little exceeding the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2, rarely 3. Greenland and Lab. to the mountains of New England and 
 N. Y. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 56. Carex subspathacea Wormrk. HOPPNER'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 726.) 
 Glabrous; culm smooth, 2-13 cm. tall. Leaves rigid, smooth, about 2 mm. wide; 
 lower bracts foliaceous; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile 
 or very short-stalked, 6-12 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter; perigynia oval or 
 ovoid, very short beaked, pale green, faintly few-nerved, about 2 mm. long; scales 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, shorter than or equalling the perigynia; stigmas 2. Green- 
 land to Hudson Bay. Summer. 
 
 57. Carex salina Wahl. SALT-MARSH SEDGE. (L F. f. 727.) Glabrous; 
 culm smooth, 1.55 dm. tall. Leaves narrowly Linear, 12 mm. wide, the lower 
 bract similar; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked 
 or the upper sessile, erect, loocely fe /-reveral-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
 thick ; perigynia ovate-elliptic, ale, f.intly iew-nerved, ascending, 3 mm. long, 
 tapering into a short entire be;.k; s ales ovate, brown with a green midvein, acute 
 or cuspidate, somewhat longer than the perigynia ; stigmas 2. In salt marshes, 
 Greenland to Hudson Bay. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. 
 
 58 Carex cuspidata Wahl. CUSPIDATE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 728.) Glabrous; 
 culms erect, 3-7 dm. tall. Basal 1 :aves often equalling the culm, 3 -6 mm. wide, 
 smooth; leaves of the culm similar to the lower bracts, which usually overtop the 
 spikes; staminate spikes 13, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate 
 at the summit, erect, the lower stalked; perigynia ^lliptic, green, 2-4-nerved, with a 
 short entire beak; scales lanceolate, pale, acuminate or contracted into a serrate 
 awn, much longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In marshes, Newf. and Lab. 
 to Mass. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Culms slender; pistillate spikes 0.6-6.5 cm - l n & stigmas 3 (2 in No. 59). 
 Pistillate spikes linear; scales shorter than the perigynia. PRASINAE. 
 
 Perigynia twisted toward the top; scales purple-brown. 59. C. tor fa. 
 Perigynia straight ; scales green. 60. C. prasina* 
 
202 FLORA. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong, globose or cylindric; scales equalling the perigynia or 
 
 longer. 
 
 Bracts manifestly sheathing; arctic species. FERRUGINEAE. 61. C. misandra. 
 Bracts sheathless; scales mostly dark. PENDULINAE. 
 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric; southern coast species. 
 
 62. C. littoralis. 
 Pistillate spikes oblong or globose; northern species. 
 
 Scales not longer than the perigynia. 
 
 Pistillate spikes 6-12 mm. long, few-flowered; scales obtuse. 
 
 63. C. rariflora. 
 Pistillate spikes 1-2 cm. long, several-flowered; scales acute. 
 
 64. C. limosa. 
 Scales distinctly longer than the perigynia. 
 
 Perigynia oval or suborbicular. 65. C. Magellanica. 
 
 Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. 66. C. podocarpa. 
 
 Culms tall, usually stout; pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long; scales 1-8 times as long as the 
 
 perigynia; stigmas 2 (or 3 in Nos. 70 and 71). CRYPTOCARPAE. 
 Perigynia smooth. 
 
 Scales purple-brown ; arctic species. 67. C. cryptocarpa* 
 
 Scales green; plants not arctic. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, much shorter than the scales. 
 
 Perigynia nearly orbicular, biconvex. 68. C, tnaritima. 
 
 Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 69. C. crinita. 
 
 Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute.. 70. C. gynandra. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved, about equalling the scales. 
 
 Spikes erect ; leaves very rough-margined. 71. C. macrokolea. 
 
 Spikes drooping, filiform stalked. jia.C. verrucosa. 
 
 Perigynia granular or papillose. 72. C. glauca. 
 
 59. Carex torta Boott. TWISTED SEDGE, (I. F. f. 729.) Glabrous ; culm 
 slender, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 0.4-1 m. long. Leaves about 4 mm. 
 wide, those of the culm very short; sheaths not fibrillose; lower bract commonly 
 foliaceous; staminate spikes 1-3, stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, all but the upper 
 spreading or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm * l n g? about 4 mm. in diameter; often 
 loosely flowered toward the base; perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerve- 
 less, narrowed and more or less twisted above, 2-3 mm. long; scales ovate, purple- 
 brown with a green midvein, shorter and mostly narrower than the perigynia; 
 stigmas 2. In marshes and wet thickets, Me. and Vt. to N. Car. and Mo. 
 June-July. 
 
 60. Carex prasina Wahl. DROOPING SEDGE. (I. F. f. 730.) 'Glabrous; 
 rather light green; culm slender, smooth or nearly so, reclining, 3-angled, 0.3- 
 0.7 m. long. Leaves flaccid, roughish, 3-5 mm. wide; lower bract similar, com- 
 monly overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short- stalked, often pistillate at the 
 summit; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, linear-cylindric, drooping, the lower filiform- 
 stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered; perigynia 
 light green, lanceolate, obscurely nerved, tapering into a slender minutely 2 -toothed 
 beak; scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned, pale green, shorter than the 
 perigynia; stigmas 3. In meadows and moist thickets, Me. to Ont., N. J. and 
 Penn., south in the Alleghanies to Ga. May -July. 
 
 6 1. Carex misandra R. Br. SHORT-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 731.) Gla- 
 brous; culms 2-40 cm. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, clustered, seldom over 6 cm. 
 long; bracts narrowly linear, sheathing, not overtopping the spikes; terminal spike 
 slender- stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, filiform-stalked, 6-15 mm. long, about 
 4 mm. thick, rather few-flowered, drooping; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, narrowed at the base, 3 mm. long, dark brown, denticulate above; scales ob- 
 tuse, purple-black with white margins, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; stig- 
 mas 2 or 3. Throughout arctic America, extending south in the Rocky Mts. to the 
 higher summits of Colo. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 62. Carex littoralis Schwein. BARRATT'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 732.) Glabrous, 
 pale green, somewhat glaucous; culms smooth, 0.2-0.5 m - ta ^> leafless above. 
 Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth, the lower sheaths fibrillose; bracts not sheathing, 
 the lower usually short and narrow; staminate spikes 1-3, usually rather long- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping or the upper ascending, slender-stalked, 
 linear-cylindric, 1-5 cm. long, 6 mm. in diameter, mostly staminate at the summit; 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 20$ 
 
 perigynia oblong, green, faintly few-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, tipped with a minute 
 entire beak; scales brown-purple with lighter margins, obtuse, equalling or shorter 
 than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In pine-barren swamps, Conn, and N. J. to E. 
 Penn. and N. Car. May-July. 
 
 63. Carex rariflora J. E. Smith. LOOSE-FLOWERED ALPINE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 733-) Glabrous, culms very slender, rather stiff, erect, 13 dm. tall, smooth, or 
 roughish above. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, the lower very short; bracts subulate, 
 purple at the base; staminate spike solitary, long-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2. 
 narrowly oblong, few-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, nodding on fili- 
 form stalks; perigynia pale, oblong, acute at each end, 3 mm. long, I mm. wide, 
 minutely beaked, few-nerved, the orifice entire; scales oval, purple-brown with a 
 greenish midvein, obtuse or mucronate, equalling or a little longer than the peri- 
 gynia ; stigmas 3. In wet places, Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay, south to Me. 
 and to northern Minn. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 64. Carex limosa L. MUD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 734.) Glabrous; culms rough 
 above, 2.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than the culm; bracts 
 linear- filiform ; staminate spike long-stalked ; pistillate spikes I or 2, filiform- 
 stalked, drooping, 1-2 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick; perigynia pale, oval, narrowed 
 at both ends, 3 mm. long, with a minute entire beak, several-nerved, about as long 
 as the oval cuspidate or acute scale; stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 south to Me., N. J., Iowa and Idaho. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 65. Carex Magellan! ca Lam. MAGELLAN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 735.) Glabrous; 
 culms smooth or nearly so, 1.5-5 dm. * a ^- Leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide, commonly 
 shorter than the culm, the lower bract similar; staminate spike solitary, rarely 2; 
 pistillate spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked, drooping, 8-16 mm. long, about 6 mm. in 
 diameter; perigynia biconvex, oval, pale, granulate -papillose, few-nerved, 2-3 mm. 
 long, with a very minute entire beak; scales long-acuminate or awned, dark green 
 or purplish brown, longer than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In bogs, Newf. to Mani- 
 toba, Me., Penn. and Mich. Also in Utah, Europe, and in southern S. Am. 
 Summer. 
 
 66. Carex podocarpa R. Br. LONG- AWNED ARCTIC SEDGE. (I. F. f. 736.) 
 Glabrous ; culms slender, rough above, 2.5-5 dm. long. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, 
 the lowest reduced to sheaths; lower bract similar to the upper leaves; staminate 
 spikes i or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, dense, 1-3.5 cm - l n g> 6 mm. 
 in diameter, the lower often nodding ; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, flat, about 
 5 mm. long, acute, faintly nerved, the orifice entire ; scales purple-black, ovate, 
 acuminate, longer than the perigynia, long-awned ; stigmas 2 or 3. Arctic America. 
 Summer. 
 
 67. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer. HIDDEN-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 737.) Glabrous; culm stout, 3-angled, rough above, 0.4-0.9 m. tall. Leaves smooth, 
 4-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4, stalked; pistillate spike 2-5, filiform-stalked 
 and drooping. 2-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter; perigynia oblong or oval, 
 green, several-nerved, 3 mm. long, with a very short entire beak; scales purple- 
 brown, lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 times longer than the perigynia; stigmas 2. 
 Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska. Summer. 
 
 Carex cryptocarpa varieg&ta (Derjer) Britton. Seldom over 3 dm. tall ; pistillate 
 spikes about 2, 1-2 cm. long ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, little longer than the peri- 
 gynia. Range of the species. 
 
 68. Carex maritima Muller. SEASIDE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 738.) Glabrous, 
 light green; culms 3-angled, smooth, or roughish above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 
 4-6 mm. wide, the lower bracts similar; staminate spikes 1-3, slender-stalked; pis- 
 tillate spikes 2-4, cylindric, often staminate at the summit, 2-8 cm. long, 8-12 mm. 
 thick, drooping on filiform stalks; perigynia oval to orbicular, pale, biconvex, less 
 than 2 mm. long, nerveless or with a few faint nerves, with a very short and 
 nearly entire beak; scales green, linear-subulate, ciliate, scabrous, 3-8 times as long 
 as the perigynia ; stigmas 2. In salt meadows, Newf. and Lab. to Mass. Also in 
 Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 69. Carex crinita Lam. FRINGED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 739.) Glabrous-, 
 culms 3-angled, 0.5-1.3 m. tall. Leaves rough-margined, 6-10 mm. wide, the 
 lowest very short and sheathing; staminate spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 
 
204 FLORA. 
 
 3-5, narrowly cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping; 
 perigynia obovoid, obtuse, about 2 mm. long and nearly as thick, nerveless, 
 abruptly tipped by the short entire beak; scales green, subulate, ciliate-scabrous, 
 spreading, 2-6 times as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2. In swamps and wet 
 woods, N. S. and Ont. to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. A hybrid with C. torta is 
 described. 
 
 Carex crinlta minor Boott. Culms slender, lower; leaves 3-5 mm. wide; pistillate 
 spikes 2-3 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, spreading or slightly drooping ; perigynia little more 
 than i mm. in diameter. Me. to S. N. Y. 
 
 70. Carex gynandra Schwein. NODDING SEDGE. (I. F. f. 740.) Similar to 
 the preceding species. Leaves 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous or their sheaths often 
 finely pubescent; pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric; perigynia 
 oblong or elliptic, faintly iow-nerved or nerveless, compressed, slightly inflated, 
 3-4 mm. long, and about one-aalf as broad, tapering to an acute entire orifice; 
 scales subulate, rough, ascending, 2-4 times as long as the perigynia. In swamps, 
 Newf. to northern N. Y., Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex gyndndra P6rten (Olney) Britton. Smaller, bearing the same relation to the 
 species that minor does to C. crini'a. Me. 
 
 71. Care:: macrokolea Steud. SOUTHERN GLAUCOUS SEDGE., (I. F. f. 741.) 
 Glabrous, light ^reon, glaucous; culms stout, 0.5-1.1 m. tall. Leaves rough, 3-6 
 mm. wide, tapcri.'j to a very long narrow tip; lower bracts similar; staminate 
 spikes i or :;, chort- stalked; pistillate spikes 2-8, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, erect, 
 sessile or the lower s; Iked; perigynia dark brown, 3 -angled, 3 mm. long, sev- 
 eral-nerved, r.bruptly contracted into a short sharp beak; scales oblong, rough- 
 awned, as 1 g as the perigynia or longer. In swamps, Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 7ia. Carex ve.Tucosa Muhl. WARTY SEDGE. Glabrous and usually 
 glaucous; cuims ?lend^r, I m. tall or less. Leaves smooth or very nearly so, 2-6 
 mm. wide, L..g-atte:m:ite; staminate spike I, stalked; pistillate spikes 1-6, cylin- 
 dric, 3-5 cm. I-/.;;, filiform-stalked and nodding, or the upper erect; perigynia 
 3-angled, somewhat swollen, abruptly sharp-beaked, 3-4 mm. long, about as long as 
 the ovate awn:d ccahs. In wet soil, S. E; Va. to Fla., Mo. and Miss. June-Aug. 
 
 72. Care::: glailca Scop. GLAUCOUS SEDGE. (I. F. f. 742.) Glabrous, pale 
 green, glaucrus; culms 0.2-0.5 m - * a ^' Leaves smooth or nearly so, about 4 mm- 
 wide; lower bn,ct similar, narrower; staminate spikes mostly 2, stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 2 or 3, at length drooping, slender-stalked, linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 
 6 mm. thick; perigynia brown, ellipsoid, few-nerved, or nerveless, granulate or 
 papillose, nearly 2 mm. long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate or 
 lanceolate, brown with a green midvein, about as long as the perigynia; stigmas 
 2. In meadows, N. S. and Ont. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 Perigynium densely pubescent. 
 
 Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-20 mm. long; perigynia oval or ovoid, few- 
 nerved. 73. C. virescens. 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 12-30 mm. long; perigynia oblong, strongly 
 
 several-nerved. 74. C. costellata. 
 
 Perigynium nearly glabrous, at least '.hen mature. 
 
 Spikes 5-7 mm. thick ; perigynia imbricated, flattened ; top of the achene not bent. 
 
 75. C. triceps. 
 
 Spikes 4 mm. thick ; p rigynia not imbricated, swollen ; top of the achene bent, or 
 tipped with a bent styl . 76. C. Caroliniana. 
 
 73. Carex virescens Muhl. DOWNY GREEN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 743.) Culms 
 slender, rough above. 1.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves light green, pubescent, especially on 
 the sheaths: spikes 2-5, short- stalked, erect or nearly so, 8-20 mm. long, about 
 3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below; perigynia 3-sided, rather 
 less than 2 mm. long, green, beakless, the orifice entire; scales oblong-ovate, cus- 
 pidate, slightly shorter than the perigynia. In dry woods and thickets, Me. and 
 Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Mo. June-July. 
 
 74. Carex costellata Britton. RIBBED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 744.) Similar to 
 the preceding, but taller and more spreading. Leaves pubescent; spikes 2-5, 
 
CYPERACEAE. 2O$ 
 
 rather loose, 3 mm. in diamete . , the terminal one staminate below, the lower one 
 commonly filiform-stalked; perigynia narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, rather 
 more than i mm. thick; scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, Me. 
 and Ont. to N. Car. June-Aug. 
 
 .75. Carex triceps Michx. HIRSUTE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 745.) Light green; 
 culms rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, pubescent; spikes 
 2-5, dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 6-16 mm. long, usually clustered, the 
 terminal one staminate at the base; perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not in- 
 flated, green or greenish-brown, few-nerved, usually pubescent when young, when 
 mature 1-2 mm. long, the orifice minutely notched or entire; scales ovate, cuspi- 
 date or short-awned; achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit not bent. In woods, fields 
 and swamps, Mass, to southern Ont. and Mich., Fla. and Tex. April-Aug. 
 
 76. Carex Caroliniana Schwein. CAROLINA SEDGE. (I. F. f. 746.) Culms 
 slender, rough above, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, rather dark green, 
 
 flabrous except on the sheaths; spikes 2-4, oblong, dense, sessile or nearly so, 
 -12 mm. long; clustered; the upper one staminate at the base; perigynia subglo- 
 bose or obovoid, swollen, about I mm. in diameter, nerveless or faintly nerved, 
 brown, beakless; scales brown, ovate, mucronate; achene pyriform, l)ent at the 
 summit or tipped with the bent style. In meadows, N. J. and Penn, to N. Car. 
 and Ark. May-July. 
 
 Perigynia 2-4 mm. long, slightly swollen; spikes linear or linear-cylindric. 
 
 Plant glabrous ; perigynia obtuse. 77. C. gracillima. 
 
 Sheaths pubescent; perigynia pointed at both ends. 
 
 Perigynia 2 mm. long; spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 78. C. aestivalis. 
 Perigynia 4 mm. long; spikes drooping, at least when old. 79. C. oxylepis. 
 Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen ; spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric. 
 
 Perigynia faintly few-nerved ; scales ovate, acute or short-awned. 80. C.formosa. 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved; scales lanceolate, long-awned. 81. C. Davisii. 
 
 77. Carex gracillima Schwein. GRACEFUL SEDGE. (I. F. f. 747.) Glabrous; 
 culms roughish above, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves dark green, 3-6 mm. wide, shorter 
 than the culm; lower bract foliaceous; spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 4 mm. 
 thick or sometimes much smaller, filiform-stalked and drooping, the upper one 
 partly or wholly staminate; perigynia ovoicl -oblong, obtuse, few-nerved, glabrous, 
 2 mm. long; scales ovate-oblong, pale, one-half as long as the perigynia. In 
 moist woods and meadows, Newt, to Manitoba, N. Car., Ohio and Mich. May- 
 July. 
 
 Professor Bailey has described a hybrid with C. hirsuta. Carex Sullivdntii Boott, is 
 a hybrid of C, gracillima with C. pubescens. 
 
 78. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. SUMMER SEDGE. (I. F. f. 748.) Culms 
 slender or filiform, 0.2-0.5 m. tall. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide, elongated, 
 their sheaths usually pubescent; spikes 3-5, narrowly linear, erect or somewhat 
 spreading, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. thick, the terminal staminate at the base 
 or also at the summit; perigynia oblong, 3-sided, few-nerved, 2 mm. long, beakless, 
 the orifice entire; scales ovate-oblong, the lower cuspidate or short-awned. In 
 mountain woods, Mass, and N. Y. to Ga. June-Aug. 
 
 79. Carex oxflepis Torn & Hook. SHARP-SCALED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 749.) 
 Culms slender, smooth, 0.2-0.5 m - tal1 - Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, pubescent, espe- 
 cially on the sheaths; spikes 4 or 5, linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. 
 in diameter, filiform-stalked, the terminal one staminate at the base or sometimes 
 wholly staminate; perigynia oblong, 3 -angled, pointed at both ends, less than 2 
 mm. thick, several-nerved, the orifice entire; scales ovate-lanceolate; short-awned, 
 shorter than the perigynia. Mo. to Tenn., S. Car., Tex. and Fla. April-May. 
 
 80. Carex formosa Dewey. HANDSOME SEDGE. (I. F. f. 750.) Culms slender, 
 smooth, 0.2-0.6 m. tall. Leaves pubescent, especially on the sheaths, the basal 
 4-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-5, dense, 1-3 cm. long, nearly 6 mm. in diameter, filiform- 
 stalked, the upper one staminate at the base; perigynia ovoid, glabrous, swollen, 
 4 mm. long, 2 mm thick, with a short slightly notched beak; scales lanceolate or 
 ovate, green, acute, or the lower short-awned. In dry woods and thickets, Ma, 
 and Vt, to Qnt., N.T, and Mich, June-July, 
 
206 FLORA. 
 
 81. Carex Davisii Schwein. &Torr. DAVIS' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 751.) Similar 
 to the preceding, stouter. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, pubescent; lower bract foli- 
 aceous; spikes clustered, or the lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, at length 
 spreading or drooping, the terminal one staminate at the base; perigynia much 
 swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, with a short but conspicuousl} 
 2-toothed beak; scales lanceolate or oval, long-awned, equalling or longer than the 
 perigynia. In moist thickets and meadows, Mass, to N. Y., Minn., Ga., Ky., 
 Kans. and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 
 
 Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless ; pistillate spikes drooping, at least 
 when old. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, 1-2 times as long as the body. SYL> 
 
 VATICAE. 
 
 Perigynia broadly oval, smooth, spreading. 82. C. longirostris. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly conic, tuberculate-hispid, appressed. 83. C. Assiniboinensis t 
 Beak of the perigynium not more than one-half as long as the body. 
 
 Leaves pubescent. FLEXILKS. 84. C, castanea. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. 
 
 Pistillate spikes narrowly oblong, 4-12 mm. long ; perigynium 2 mm. 
 
 long ; arctic and alpine species. CAPILLARES. 85. C. capillaris. 
 Pistillate spikes linear, 2-8 cm. long ; perigynium 4-6 mm. long. DEBILES. 
 Perigynia membranous, few.nerved ; pistillate spikes slender. 
 
 Leaves 5-10 mm. wide ; scales two thirds as long as the perigynia. 
 
 86. C. arctata. 
 Leaves 2-5 mm. wide ; scales one-half as long as the perigynia. 
 
 87. C. tenuis. 
 Perigynia coriaceous, strongly many-nerved ; pistillate spikes thicker. 
 
 88. C. oblita. 
 Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate ; spikes erect or nearly so. 
 
 GRISEAE. 
 
 Leaves slightly glaucous or not at all. 
 
 Perigynia little longer or shorter than the scales. 
 
 Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered ; leaves 4-6 mm. wide, 
 
 spreading, soft. 89. C. grisea. 
 Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, mostly erect 
 
 and rigid. 90. C. amphibola. 
 
 Perigynia 2-3 times longer than the scales. 91. C. flaccosperma. 
 
 Plant very glaucous all over. 92. C. glaucodea. 
 
 82. Carex longirostris Torr. LONG-BEAKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 752.) Gla- 
 brous, light green; culms slender, roughish above, 0.2-1 m. long. Leaves flat, 
 2-3 mm. wide, usually not exceeding the culm, the bracts similar; staminate spikes 
 1-3, slender-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, loosely flowered, 1-5 
 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, all filiform-stalked and nodding or the upper one 
 nearly sessile; perigynia slightly inflated, pale, strongly I -nerved on each side, 
 the body about 2 mm. long, contracted into a very slender beak; scales lanceolate, 
 spreading, acuminate, scarious-margined, 68 mm. long. On banks and in moist 
 thickets, N. B. to Ont. and the N. W. Terr., Mass., Penn., Mich, and Neb. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 83. Carex Assiniboinensis W. Boott. ASSINIBOIA SEDGE. (L F. f. 753.) 
 Glabrous; culms filiform, reclining, 0.5-0.6 m. long, longer than the leaver. 
 Leaves and bracts 2 mm. wide or less, the lower reduced to short purplish sheaths; 
 staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, loosely few-flowered, 
 1.5-3 cm. long, drooping on filiform stalks; the flowers alternate; perigynia ob- 
 tusely 3 -angled, subulate-beaked, above 6 mm. long and 2 mm. thick above the 
 base; scales lanceolate, awned, about the length of the perigynia. In wet soil, 
 northern Minn, and Manitoba. Summer. 
 
 84. Carex castanea Wahl. CHESTNUT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 754.) Culms 
 slender or filiform, rough above, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, shorter than 
 the culm; bracts linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate 
 spikes 1-4, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick, droop- 
 ing on filiform stalks; perigynia glabrous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3 -angled, 
 few-nerved, tapering into a 2-toothed beak one-half as long as the body, scales 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, rather shorter than the perigynia. In 
 dry thickets and on banks, Newf. to Conn., Minn, and Kans. June-July. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 2O? 
 
 85. Carex capillaris L. HAIR-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 755.) Glabrous; 
 culms slender or filiform, 5-35 cm. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, much shorter than 
 the culm, roughish; lower bract similar, tho upper much narrower; spikes filiform- 
 stalked, the terminal one staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3, 4-12 mm. long, 2 mm. 
 thick, nodding, 2-12-flowered; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, almost nerveless, about 
 
 2 mm. long, the slender beak about one-third as long as the body; scales oval, 
 scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia. Greenland to Alaska, Me., N. H., 
 N. Y., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 86. Carex arctata Boott. DROOPING WOOD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 756.) Gla- 
 brous, culms 3-6 dm. long. Leaves roughish-margined, much shorter than the 
 culm, 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 
 
 3 mm. thick, many-flowered, ascending, or at length drooping and filiform-stalked; 
 perigynia oblong, rather strongly few-nerved, about 4 mm. long, less than 2 mm. 
 thick, 3-angled, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, cuspidate or 
 short-awned, shorter than the perigynia. In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to 
 Minn., Penn. and Mich. May -June. 
 
 Carex arcUta Fdxoni Bailey. Spikes nearly erect, 2-4 of. them clustered near the 
 summit, usually shorter, the staminate one very short; perigynia 4-5 mm. long. Quebec 
 to N. H., Minn, and Mich. 
 
 Carex Kni^skerni Dewey is probably a hybrid of C. arctata with C. castanea or C. 
 formosa. 
 
 87. Carex tenuis Rudge. SLENDER-STALKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 757.) Culms 
 rough above, 1-9 dm. long. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; lower bracts similar; stami- 
 nate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, linear, 3 mm. thick, filiform-stalked 
 and spreading or drooping; perigynia spindle-shaped, glabrous or puberulent, 
 faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 6 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, tapering 
 into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or oblong, one- half as long as the peri- 
 gynia. In woods, Newf. to Mich., N. Car. and Ky. May- Aug. A hybrid with 
 C. mrescens occurs at Revere, Mass. 
 
 Carex te'nuis interje"cta (Bailey) Britton. Pistillate spikes very slender, often com- 
 pound at the base, erect or nearly so, filiform -stalked, loosely flowered, the perigynia 
 alternate, only about 4 mm. long. N. Y. and Penn. 
 
 Carex tenuis ere"ctior Britton. Mostly taller and stouter than the type, and erect : 
 leaves about 4 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes erect or but slightly spreading ; perigynia 
 5 mm. long, one-third longer than the scales. White Mts. 
 
 88. Carex oblita Steud. DARK-GREEN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 758.) Glabrous; 
 culms sharply 3-angled, smooth or nearly so, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves 4-5 mm. 
 wide, shorter than the culm; lower bract similar; staminate spike solitary, filiform - 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, loosely flowered, 
 slender-stalked,- the lower distant, drooping; perigynia 3-angled, glabrous, 6mm. 
 long, less than 2 mm. thick, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales obtuse, 
 about one -third the length of the perigynia. In bogs, central N. Y. and Penn. to 
 N. J. and N. Car. June-Aug. 
 
 89. Carex grisea Wahl. GRAY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 759.) Glabrous; culms 
 smooth or nearly so, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves light green, sometimes slightly glau- 
 cous; bracts similar, much overtopping the spikes; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm, long, about 4 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked and 
 distant; perigynia 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; beakless; scales cuspidate or awned. 
 In woods and thickets, Me. to Ont. and Minn., N. Car. and Kans. May-July. 
 
 90. Carex amphibola Steud. NARROW-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 760.) 
 Glabrous; culms slender, 3-5 dm. long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; bracts similar, 
 erect, not over 2 mm. wide, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short; pistil- 
 late spikes 2-4, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> l ess than 4 mm. thick, loosely several-flowered, th0 
 lower on filiform stalks; perigynia oblong or obovoid, firm, pointed, beakless, 
 3-angled, 4 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; scales awned, spreading. In dry soil, 
 N. J. and Penn. to Iowa, Fla. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 91. Carex flaccosperma Dewey. THIN-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 761.) 
 Similar to Carex grisea and C. glaucodea, slightly glaucous ; culms 3-6 dm. tall. 
 I^eives thin, the basal ones 6-12 mm. wide, the bracts leafy; staminate spike ses- 
 sile or nearly so ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, the lower slender-stalked ; 
 
208 FLORA, 
 
 perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 5 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, green, 2-3 times 
 shorter than the perigynia. S. Mo. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. June-July. 
 
 92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. GLAUCESCENT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 762.) Sim- 
 ilar in habit to Carex grisea, but pale and very glaucous ; culms 1.5-5 -m. l n g ! 
 Leaves 4-8 mm. wide ; bracts foliaceous ; staminate spike sessile ; pistillate spikes 
 3-5, erect, densely flowered, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, 3-4 mm. 
 long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. In open fields and meadows, 
 Mass, to Penn., 111., Va. and Ark. May -July. 
 
 Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones close together and 
 nearly sessile. GRANULARES. 
 
 Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes ; perigynia strongly many-nerved. 
 Basal leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; perigynia 2-3 mm. long. 93. C. gramilaris. 
 
 Basal leaves 5-16 mm. wide ; perigynia-i.5 mm. long. 93a. C. Shriveri. 
 
 Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes ; perigynia obscurely few-nerved. 
 
 94. C. Crawei. 
 Pistillate spikes close together and nearly sessile at the summit of the culm, or the lowest 
 
 distant and stalked. 
 
 Beak of the perigyriium stout, 2-toothed ; plants glabrous. EXTENSAE. 
 
 Leaves strongly involute ; perigynia brown, the beak shorter than the body. 
 
 95. C. extensa. 
 Leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide ; perigynia yellow when mature, 4-6 mm. long, the 
 
 beak about as long as the body. 96. C.flava. 
 
 Leaves flat, 2 mm. wide or less ; perigynia dark green, 2 mm. long, the beak 
 
 one-half as long as the body. 97. C. viridula. 
 Beak of the perigynium short, entire or none ; leaves, or their sheaths, more or less 
 pubescent. PALLKSCENTKS. 
 
 Perigynia faintly few-nerved, beakless. 98. C. pallescens. 
 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved, cylindric-beaked. 99. C. abbreviata. 
 
 ' 93. Carex granularis Muhl. MEADOW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 763.) Glabrous, 
 slightly glaucous ; culms slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 
 3-6 mm. wide, the basal shorter than the culm ; bracts similar ; staminate spike 
 sessile or short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm, 
 long, 4 mm. thick, many-flowered, stalked or the upper sessile perigynia ovoid, 
 strongly many-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, with a short, bent or nearly straight beak; 
 scales ovate, acute or cuspidate. In moist meadows, N. B. to Out., Manitoba, Fla. 
 and La. May July. 
 
 93a. Carex Shriveri Britton. Basal leaves broader, 5-16 mm. wide, glau- 
 cous; spikes smaller and narrower; perigynia 1-1.5 mm< l n g> narrower, the beak 
 slightly bent. N. Y. and Penn. to Wis. and Va. (C. granularis Shriveri Britton, 
 I. F. I: 322.) 
 
 94. Carex Crawei Dewey. CRAWE'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 764.) Glabrous; 
 culms stiff, 7-40 cm. tall. Leaves rather stiff, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the 
 culm; the bracts similar; staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, 
 cylindric, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the lowest often borne near the 
 base; perigynia ovoid, usually resinous dotted, 23 mm. long, tapering into a short 
 entire beak; scales obovate or oval, acute or cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia. 
 In meadows and on banks, Quebec to Man., Penn., Tenn. and Neb. May-July. 
 
 95. Carex extensa Gooden. LONG-BR ACTED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 765.; Gla- 
 brous; culms stiff, 2.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, involute, erect, shorter 
 than the culm; lower bract similar, much exceeding the spikes; staminate spike 
 sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, oblong, densely many-flowered, 10-16 mm. 
 long, about 6mm. thick; perigynia ovoid or ovoid-oblong, brown, 3 mm. long, 
 many-ribbed, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute, shorter 
 than the perigynia,. Borders of salt meadows, Coney Island, N. Y., and near 
 Norfolk, Va. Naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 96. Carex flava L. YELLOW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 766.) Glabrous, yellow- 
 green; culms slender but stiff, smooth or nearly so, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2-5 mm. 
 wide, flat; lower bract elongated, spreading or ascending; staminate spike ; pistil- 
 late spikes 14, oblong, erect, densely flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 6 mm. thick; 
 perigynia yellow, spreading or deflexed when mature, 4-6 mm. long, several- 
 nerved, the subulate 2-toothed beak about as long as the body ; scales acute or sub- 
 acute, shorter and narrower than the perigynia. In swamps and wet meadows, 
 
C YPEKA CEA E. 
 
 Newf. to the N. W. Terr., R. I., N. J., Ohio and Mont. Also in Europe. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 97. Carex viridula Michx. GREEN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 767.) Glabrous, 
 bright green; culms slender, smooth, 1-4 dm. tall, often exceeded by the basal 
 leaves. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, the similar bracts much overtopping the spikes; 
 staminate spike sessile; pistillate spikes 2-5, oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 4 mm. in di- 
 ameter or less; perigynia ovoid-oblong, 2 mm. long or less, few-nerved, narrowed at 
 the base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about one-half as long as the body; scales 
 ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs and on wet rocks, Newf. to Hudson Bay 
 and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., Penn., Minn., Utah and Wash. Summer. 
 
 98 Carex pallescens L. PALE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 768.) Light green; culms 
 slender, rough above, 1-5 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide, pubescent at least 
 on the sheaths; lower bract similar; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, 
 oblong, slender-stalked or the upper one sessile, densely many-flowered, 8-18 mm. 
 long, 4-5 mm. in diameter; perigynia short-oblong, pale, 2 mm. long, obtuse, few- 
 nerved, beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned. In 
 fields and meadows, Newf. to Out., R. I., Penn., 111. and Wis. Also in Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 99. Carex abbreviata Prescott. TOKREY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 769.) Pale 
 green; culms rather stiff, 2.5-5 dm. ta ^? finely ciliate-pubescent. Leaves about 
 2 mm. wide, elongated, usually densely pubescent; lower bract spreading or as- 
 cending; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes 13, short-oblong, 6 10 
 mm. long, sessile or the lower one short-stalked, clustered ; perigynia broadly ob- 
 long or obovoid, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, many-nerved, obtuse, abruptly tipped 
 by a short cylindric beak; scales cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia. In dry 
 soil, N. Y. to the N. W. Terr., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 
 
 Scales of the spike normal, not elongated and leaf-like. Nos. 100-120. 
 Leaves 2-36 mm. wide; bracts leafy, usually large. Nos. 100-119. 
 Periginia green (yellow or purple in no. 116). Nos. 100-117. 
 Perigynia finely many-striate. OLlGOCARPAE. 
 Sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 100. C. conoidea. 
 Perigynia with a short entire beak. 101. C. oligocarpa. 
 
 Sheaths pubescent. 102. C. Hifchcockiana. 
 
 Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. LAXIFLORAE. 
 Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. 
 Beak of the peregyniunl straight, slender. 
 
 Culms slender, spreading; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, stalked, 
 
 spreading. 103. C. altocaulis. 
 
 Culms stout, erect ; pistillate spikes i or 2, erect. 
 
 104. C. polymorpha. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium bent, short or none. 
 Leaves mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide. 
 Scales, at least the upper, obtuse. 
 
 Bracts elongated ; spikes loosely flowered ; culms 
 
 slender. 105. C. tetanica. 
 
 Bracts short ; spikes densely flowered ; culms stout, 
 
 106. C. Meadii. 
 Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned. 
 
 Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. 
 
 Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm - long. 
 
 107. C. laxiflora. 
 Perigynia oblong, narrow, about 4 mm. long. 
 
 108. C. styloflexa. 
 Perigynia sharply 3-angled. 
 
 Spikes drooping or spreading; leaves 2-4 mi^ 
 wide, or wider in the variety. 
 
 109. C. digitalis. 
 Spikes erect; leaves 6-12 mm. wide. 
 
 no. C. Careyana. 
 Leaves broad, 12-36 mm. wide. 
 
 Bracts leafy, the upper usually overtopping the spikes. 
 
 in. C. Albursina. 
 Bracts mostly reduce^ to purple leafless sheaths. 
 
 JJ2, C. 
 
210 FLORA. 
 
 Plants distinctly glaucous. 
 
 Pistillate spikes drooping on hair-like stalks. 
 
 113. C. laxi'culmis. 
 Pistillate spikes erect. 
 
 Basal leaves much longer than the culm. 
 
 114. C. ptychocarpa. 
 Basal leaves shorter than the culm or equalling it. 
 
 Leaves 12-25 mm. wide. 115. C. platyphylla, 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide. 
 
 Scales acute; perigynia yellow, purple or mottled. 
 
 116. C. panicea. 
 Scales obtuse, or the lower acute j perigynia pale green. 
 
 117. C, livida, 
 Perigynia white, yellow or becoming brown. BICOLORES. 
 
 Perigynia beakless. 118. C. aurea, 
 
 Perigynia with a short cylindric beak ; arctic species. 119. C. bicolor, 
 
 Leaves and culms almost capillary ; bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths. DIGITATAE. 
 
 1 20. C. set if olio.. 
 Scales of the spikes leaf-like, elongated. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
 
 Lower scales 2 mm. wide or less, not concealing the perigynia. 
 
 Body of the perigynium oblong ; beak flattened. 136. C. Willdenovii. 
 
 Body of the perigynium globose ; beak subulate. 137. C.Jamesit. 
 
 Lower scales 2-4 mm. wide, concealing the perigynia. 138. C. durifolia. 
 
 100. Carex conoidea Schk. FIELD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 770.) Glabrous; culms 
 rather stiff, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; lower bracts similar; staminate 
 spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 
 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked; perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, acute, 
 beakless. 2-3 mm. long, about I mm. thick, the orifice entire; scales broadly ovate, 
 contracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter 
 than or equalling them. In meadows, N. S. to Ont., south to R. I., N. J., Ohio 
 and Iowa. May-June. 
 
 101. Carex oligocarpa Schk. FEW-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. 771.) Glabrous; 
 culms very slender or almost fili^rm, roughish, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves about 2 
 mm. wide, soft, the bracts similar r-,taminr.L spike long-stalked or nearly sessile; 
 pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or :. "ily , distant, loosely few-flowered, 8-16 mm. 
 long, less than 4 mm. thick, the 1 e : Triform-stalked; perigynia oblong, pale, 2- 
 2.5 mm. long, narrowed into a sh rt y n.ir~ beak; scales ovate, with a rough spread- 
 ing awn. In dry woods and thickets Vt and Ont to Mich., Iowa, N. J., W. Va. 
 Mo., and Kans. May-July. 
 
 102. Carex Hitchcockiana Dew^y. HITCHCOCK'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 772.) 
 Culms slender, 3-6 dm. tall ; leaves 3-6 mm. wide, the similar bracts overtopping 
 the spikes, their sheaths pubescent, their blades somewhat so; pistillate spikes 2-4, 
 loosely few-flowered, perigynia ovoid, 'btuseiy 3-angled, 3 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. 
 thick, with a short oblique entire beak; : cale: ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rough- 
 awned. In woods and thickets, Vt. and Gnu to Mich., Iowa, N. J., W. Va. and 
 Mo. May-July. 
 
 103. Carex altocaulis (Dewey) Britton. SHEATHED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 773.) 
 Glabrous; culms slender, weak, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, shorter 
 than the culm, the upper ones and the bracts usually very short; staminate spii-ie 
 long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, slender-stalked, less than 2.5 cm. 
 long, loosely several-flowered, their stalks partly enclosed by the long sheaths; 
 perigynia oblong, 3-angled, few-nerved, 4 mm. long, with a beak about one-fourth 
 the length of the body,^the orifice 2-tooth, oblique; scales oval or ovate- lanceolate. 
 In swamps, Quebec and Vt. to Ont. , N. Y. and Minn. Summer. 
 
 104. Carex polymorpha Muhl. VARIABLE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 774.) Gla- 
 brous, rather dark green; culms stiff, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, nearly 
 erect; bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike; staminate spikes I or 2, 
 long-stalked; pistillate spikes commonly solitary, erect, short-stalked or sessile, 
 2-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, fully 
 4 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, the beak more than one-half as long as the 
 body, the orifice oblique; scales red-brown, somewhat shorter than the perigynia. 
 In swamps or wet meadows, Me. to N. J., Penn. and N. Car. June-Aug. 
 
 105. Carex tetanica Schk, WWP'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 775.) Light green 
 
C YPERA CEAE, 211 
 
 and glabrous; culms slender, rough above, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; 
 bracts narrow, elongated; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, 
 distant, 2.5 cm. long or less, or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia 
 oblong, many -nerved, about 3 mm. long, the summit curved outwardly and taper- 
 ing to an entire orifice, beakless; scales ovate-oblong. In meadows and wet woods, 
 Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, N. Car. and La. June-July. 
 
 106. Carex Meadii Dewey. MEAD'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 776.) Similar to the 
 preceding; culm stouter, very rough above, 3-4 dm. tall. Bracts short, not over- 
 topping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong- 
 cylindric, dense, 1-2.5 cm - l n g? about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the 
 upper one sessile; perigynia broadly oblong, many-nerved, 3 mm. long, tipped 
 with a minute slightly bent beak; scales ovate, green with purple-brown margins. 
 In swamps and wet meadows, R. I. to Penn. and Ga., west to Mich., Assiniboia, 
 Neb. and Ind. Terr. The lowest spike is sometimes borne on a very long stalk 
 arising from the axil of one of the basal leaves. May-July. 
 
 107. Carex laxiflora Lam. LOOSE- FLOWERED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 777.) Gla- 
 brous; culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, soft; 
 staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, Hnear-cylindric, 
 3-4 mm. thick, all slender-stalked and spreading or drooping or the upper one 
 erect and sessile; perigynia obovoid, mor e or less oblique, 2.5-3 mm - l n gi strongly 
 many-nerved, tapering into a short outwardly bent entire beak; scales ovate with 
 broad white scarious margins acute, cuspidate or awned. In meadows and thick- 
 ets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Ala. and the Ind. Terr. May-July. 
 
 Carex laxiflora blinda (Dewey) Boott. Pistillate spikes cylindric, mostly densely 
 flowered, the upper sessile or nearly so, erect, contiguous to the usually sessile staminate 
 one, the lower slender-stalked. Range of the type. Perhaps specifically distinct. 
 
 Carex Iaxifl6ra v^rians Bailey. Stouter and taller than the preceding : leaves 5- 
 7 mm. wide ; pistillate spike sometimes 3 cm. long and 5 mm. thick, dense, often com- 
 pound at the base, the upper sessile or short-stalked and contiguous to the sessile stami- 
 nate one, the lower long-stalked. N. H. to N. Y., Mich., Mo. and Neb. 
 
 Carex Iaxifl6ra patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. Glaucous or pale green ; basal leaves 
 5-9 mm. wide; staminate spike usually stalked; pistillate spikes 2.5 cm. long or more, 
 loosely flowered, scattered ; perigynia oblong or ellipsoid, the beak nearly straight. 
 Halifax, N. S. (according to Macoun) ; Mass, to Mich., Ala. and Tenn. 
 
 Carex laxiflbra divaricata Bailey. Perigynia larger than in the other forms, con- 
 tracted into a stipe one-half as long as the body. Washington, D. C. 
 
 1 08. Carex styloflexa Buckley. BENT SEDGE. ' (I. F. f. 778.) Glabrous; 
 culms slender, smooth, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the 
 culm; bracts short; staminate spike usually long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, 
 distant, loosely flowered, less than 16 mm. long, the lower drooping on filiform 
 stalks; perigynia oblong, triangular, many -nerved, about 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 
 somewhat oblique, slender-beaked; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspi- 
 date or short-awned, shorter than the perigynia. In woods and thickets, N. Y. 
 and Penn. to Fla., La. and Tex. May-July. . 
 
 109. Carex digitalis Willd. SLENDER WOOD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 779.) Gla- 
 brous, bright green; culms slender or alrrost filiform, usually reclining, 1-4.5 dm. 
 long. Leaves 2 4mm. wide; staminate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 24, linear; 
 loosely alternately flowered, 1-2.5 cm - l u g> tne lower filiform-stalked, spreading 
 or drooping; pengyria oblong, sharply triangular, many- nerved, 2 mm. long, more 
 than I mm. thick, the short beak slightly oblique; scales acute, acuminate or 
 short-awned. In woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. May- 
 July. 
 
 Carex digitalis copulata Bailey. Larger in every way, culms sometimes 5 dm. long, 
 reclining; leaves 5-8 mm. wide; pistillate spikes shorter and denser; perigynia larger. 
 Mich., S. Ont. and Iowa. 
 
 1 10. Carex Carey ana Torr. CAREY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 780.) Glabrous, 
 bright green ; culms 2-6 dm. tall. Basal leaves, 6-12 mm. wide, short; bracts linear- 
 lanceolate with very long sheaths, the blades 2-7.5 cm - lon g; staminate spike 
 usually large, long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3. less than 2.5 cm. long, the lower on a 
 long filiform stalk; perigynia ovoid -oblong, sharply 3 -angled, many-nerved, fully 
 
212 FLORA. 
 
 4 mm. long, the short beak slightly oblique, entire; scales ovate with white hyaline 
 margins, cuspidate or awned, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, N. E. (accord- 
 ing to Bailey); N. Y. to Mich, and Va. May-June. 
 
 in. Carex Albursina Sheldon. WHITE BEAR SEDGE. (I. F. f. 781). Gla- 
 brous, rather deep green; culms flattened, usually spreading, 2-5 dm. long. Basal 
 leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the culm, 1-3 cm. 
 wide; bracts similar to the narrower culm leaves; stamina te spike sessile or nearly 
 so; pistillate spikes 2-4, 1-2.5 cm. long, very loosely flowered; perigynia obovoid, 
 obtusely 3-angled, many-nerved, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, with a short bent entire 
 beak; scales ovate-oblong, scarious-margined, shorter than the perigynia. In woods, 
 Quebec to Mass., N. Y., Minn., Va. and Iowa. June- Aug. 
 
 112. Carex plantaginea Lam. PLANTAIN-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 782.) 
 Glabrous, rather dark green; culms 1.5-5 dm. long. Leaves 1-2.5 cm - wide, per- 
 sistent through the winter; bracts short, usually with purplish clasping sheaths; 
 staminate spike long-stalked, purple; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, slender-stalked, 2.5 
 cm. long or kss; perigynia oblong, outwardly curved, many-nerved, 3 mm. long; 
 scales ovate, cuspidate. In woods, N. B. and Ont. to Manitoba, Va. and Wis. May- 
 July. 
 
 113. Carex laxiculmis Schwein. SPREADING SEDGE. (I. F. f. 783.) Gla- 
 brous; blue-green and glaucous; culms filiform, ascending or diffuse 1.5-6 dm. 
 long. Basal leaves elongated, 6-iomm. wide; bracts usually short; staminate spike 
 long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, 
 drooping on long hair-like stalks or the upper short-stalked; perigynia ovoid- 
 oblong, 3-angled, many-nerved, about 2 mm. long, scarcely beaked, longer than 
 the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales. In woods and thickets, Me. and 
 N. H. to Out., Mich., R. I. and Va. May-June. 
 
 114. Carex ptychocarpa Steud. THICKET SEDGE. (I. F. f. 784.) Glabrous; 
 pale green and glaucous; culms very slender, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall ; basal leaves 
 4-8 mm. wide ; bracts foliaceous ; staminate spike small, sessile ; pistillate 
 spikes 2 or 3, the lower one often slender-stalked and nearly basal, all erect, 8-16 
 mm. long; perigynia oblong, pale, 3-angled, many-nerved, 2 mm. long, pointed at 
 both ends, minutely straight-beaked, the orifice entire; scales ovate, obtuse, about 
 one-half as long as the perigynia. In moist woods and thickets, Mass, and N. J. 
 to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 115. Carex platyptiylla Carey. BROAD-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 785.) 
 Glabrous, pale green and glaucous; culms spreading or reclining, 1-4 dm. long. 
 Leaves flat, 1-2,5 cm - ^ e bracts linear- lanceolate with clasping sheaths; stam- 
 inate spike stalked; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, erect, slender-stalked or the upper 
 one nearly sessile, several-flowered, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 
 many-nerved, slightly bent at the summit, 2-3 mm. long; scales acute, cuspidate 
 or short-awned. In woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Mich. N H., Va. 
 and III. May-June. 
 
 116. Carex panicea L. GRASS-LIKE SEDGE. CARNATION-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 786.) Glabrous, pale bluish green and glaucous; culms smooth, stiff, 2.5-6 dm. 
 tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, the bracts much shorter and narrower; staminate 
 spikes I or 2, stalked; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, distant, filiform-stalked or the upper 
 nearly sessile, about 5 mm. thick; perigynia oval, about 3 mm. long, obscurely 
 3-angled, yellow, purple, or mottled, faintly few-nerved, with a short entire some- 
 what oblique beak; scales ovat^, acute, purple or purple-margined. In fields and 
 meadows, N. S. to Me. and R. I. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 
 
 117. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. LIVID SEDGE. (L F. f. 787.) Glabrous, 
 pale green and very glaucous; culms erect, smooth, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 
 mm. wide, involute in drying; bracts narrow, usually short; staminate spike short- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, clustered at the 
 summit, cylindric, the third, when present, distant, stalked; perigynia oblong, 
 very pale, nearly 4 mm. long, finely nerved, straight, beakless, narrowed to an 
 entire orifice; scales ovate, obtuse or the lower subacute, rather shorter than the 
 perigynia. In bogs, Lab. and Hudson B.iy to Alaska, south to Conn., the pine 
 barrens of N. J. , central N. Y. and Mich. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 118. Carex aurea Nutt. GOLDEN-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 788.) Glabrous, 
 light green; culms erect or reclining, 5-40 cm. lonjg. Leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide; 
 
CYPERACEAE. 
 
 bracts similar; terminal spike short-stalked, staminate or androgynous; pistillate 
 spikes 2-4, oblong, clustered near the summit or the lower one distant, filiform- 
 stalked, few-flowered, 4-20 mm. long; perigynia obovoid or subglobose, becoming 
 fleshy, yellow or brown and about 2 mm. in diameter when mature, many-nerved, 
 beakless, the orifice entire; scales ovate; stigmas mostly 2. In wet meadows, 
 springs and on wet rocks, Newf. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Mass., 
 Penn., Mich., Utah and Wash. Summer. 
 
 119. Carex bicolor All. PARTI-COLORED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 789.) Similar 
 to tni preceding, but with somewhat glaucous culms. Basal leaves 2-4 mm. wide; 
 spikes 2-4, mostly clustered at the summit; perigynia oblong, white, compressed, 
 few-nerved, less than 2 mm. long, not fleshy at maturity, abruptly tipped with a 
 short entire nearly cylindric beak; scales brown-purple with white midvein and 
 margins, oval, shorter than the perigynia. Greenland and Lab. (according to 
 Boott). Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 1 20. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 790.) Glabrous, pale green; culms filiform, smooth, weak, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves 
 filiform, shorter than the culm, less than 0.5 mm. wide; bracts reduced to blade- 
 less sheaths; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-4, slender- 
 stalked, 4-8 mm. long, loosely few-flowered, the upper commonly overtopping the 
 staminate; perigynia oblong, 3-angled, 2mm. long, polished and nearly olack when 
 mature, faintly few-nerved, tapering into a short entire beak; scales ovate, hya- 
 line, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In dry sandy or rocky soil, prefer- 
 ring limestone, N. B. to the N. W. Terr , Penn. , Ky. and Neb. May-July. 
 
 Culm-leaves present, often short ; bracts mainly reduced to bladetess purplish sheaths. 
 PEDUNCULATAE. 
 Staminate spike short-stalked or sessile. 
 
 Perigynia about twice as long as the scales. 121. C. concinna. 
 
 Perigynia not longer than the scales. 122. C. Richardsoni. 
 
 Staminate spike long-stalked, commonly with some pistillate flowers at its base. 
 
 123. C. pedunculata. 
 Leaves all basal ; bracts short or long, not sheathing. 
 
 Neither the culm nor the leaves pubescent; perigynia rounded. MONTANAE. 
 Plant not stoloniferous. 124. C, pedicellata* 
 
 Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. 
 Culms, or some of them, longer than the leaves. 
 Scales smooth or very nearly so. 
 
 Staminate spike conspicuous, 6-18 mm. long. 
 Staminate spike stout, 1-3 mm. thick. 
 
 Plant dark green ; staminate spike very prominent ; peri- 
 gynia broadly oval. 125. C. Pennsylvania. 
 Plant light green; staminate spike shorter ; perigynia ob- 
 long. 126. C. varia. 
 Staminate spike very slender, not over i mm. thick. 
 
 127. C. Novae- Angliae. 
 Staminate spike inconspicuous, rarely over 4 mm. long (longer in 
 
 the variety). 128. C. deflexa. 
 
 Scales, at least the lower, rough-awned. 129. C. praecox. 
 
 Culms, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Scales light green with purple margins ; perigynia oblong. 
 
 130. C. nigromarginata. 
 Scales green with lighter scarious margins ; perigynia oval. 
 
 131. C. umbellata. 
 Plant pubescent all over; perigynia sharply 3-angled. TRIQUETRAE. 
 
 132. C. pubescens. 
 
 121. Carex concinna R. Br. Low NORTHERN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 791.) 
 Culms filiform, smooth, 5-15 cm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, pale green, much 
 shorter than the culm; bracts reduced to green bladeless sheaths, or the lower one 
 with an erect subulate blade 6-12 mm. long; staminate spike sessile; pistillate 
 spikes 1-3, erect, 4-8 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick, compactly few-flowered; peri- 
 gynia oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, pubescent, short-beaked, few-nerved, about twice as 
 long as the ovate green or purplish scales. In rocky places, Quebec and Ont. 
 to Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 122. Carex Richardsoni R. Br. RICHARDSON'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 792.) 
 Culms slender, rough, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the culm 
 
214 FLORA. 
 
 vei/ snort; bracts bladeless, sheathing, 6-25 mm. long, usually browr- -purple with 
 a white hyaline tip; staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate spikes I or 2, erect, 
 short-stalked, 8-18 mm. long, compact, their stalks partly or wholly enclosed in 
 the sheaths; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, minutely beaked- 
 scales mostly longer than the perigynia, purple, conspicuously white-margined! 
 In dry soil, Out. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to western N. Y., 111., 
 Iowa and S. Dak. Summer. 
 
 123. Carex pedunculata Muhl. LONG-STALKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 793.) 
 Densely matted; culms slender, roughish above, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves flat, 2- 
 
 3 mm. wide; sheaths green, the upper almost bladeless; staminate spike long- 
 stalked; pistillate spikes 2-6, 6-12 mm. long, few-flowered, filiform-stalked and 
 spreading or drooping, some of them appearing basal; perigynia obovoid, 3-angled, 
 
 4 mm. long, nerveless, narrowed into a stipe, tipped with a minute and somewhat 
 oblique entire beak; scales ovate, abruptly cuspidate or the lower subulate-awned. 
 In dry woods, Anticostito Manitoba, Va., Penn. and Iowa. May-July. 
 
 124. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. FIBROUS- ROOTED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 794.) Light green, not stoloniferous ; culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-5 dm. 
 long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culms; lower bract 0.6-5 cm - lon g: 
 staminate spike short-stalked, 8-25 mm. long ; pistillate spikes 2-4, short-oblong, 
 few-flowered; perigynia oval or oblong, rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubes- 
 cent, with a subulate 2-toothed beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales 
 green, ovate, acute. In dry soil, N. S. to Minn. Ga., Ohio and Neb. May-July. 
 
 Carex pedicellilta WheMeri (Bailey) Britton. Usually lower than, the species and 
 the leaves much shorter than the culm ; staminate spike only 4-6 mm. long; pistillate 
 spikes closer together. N. S. to Conn, and Mich. 
 
 125. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE. (I. F. f. 795.) 
 Dark or dull green, stoloniferous ; culms slender, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves 1-3 mm. 
 wide, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose ; lower bract rarely over I cm. long ; 
 staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, 1-2.5 cm - l n g \ pistillate spikes 1-3, 
 short-oblong, few-flowered, sessile ; perigynia oval, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 
 I -ribbed on each side, with a 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the 
 body ; scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspidate. In dry soil, N. B. to Mani- 
 toba and the N. W. Terr., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. May-June. 
 
 126. Carex varia Muhl. EMMONS' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 796.) Stoloniferous; 
 culms filiform, erect or somewhat spreading, 1.5-5 dm. l n g- Leaves 1-2.5 mm - 
 wide, nearly always shorter than the culms; lower bract scale-like or subulate, 
 rarely 2 cm. long; staminate spike 4-8 mm. long, sessile, usually rather prominent; 
 pistillate spikes 2-4, 4-6 mm. long; perigynia oblong, pubescent, about 2 mm. 
 long, narrowed at the base, with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly 
 one-half the length of the body; scales ovate, green or purplish -brown, acute. In 
 dry soil, N. S. to Out., Manitoba, Ga. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 127. Carex Novae- Angliae Schwein. NEW ENGLAND SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 797.) Stoloniferous; culms filiform, erect or reclining, 1-2 dm. long. Leaves 
 about i mm. wide, soft, elongated, often exceeding the culms; staminate spike 
 short-stalked, very narrow, 6-16 mm. long; pistillate spikes 14, distant, sub- 
 globose; lower bract filiform, sometimes overtopping the spikes; perigynia 2 mm. 
 long, pubescent, tipped by a subulate 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of 
 the body; s:ales ovate, greenish-brown, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 2 or 3. In 
 wet shaded places. Newf. to Me., Mass, and N..N. Y. Summer. 
 
 128. Carex deflexa Hornem. NORTHERN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 798.) Culms 
 filiform, diffuse, 2-30 cm. long. Bracts 1-5 cm. long; staminate spike sessile, 
 2-6 mm. long, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, 4-8 mm. long, the upper 
 sessile, the lower slender-stalked; commonly also I or 2 nearly basal filiform- 
 stalked spikes from the lowest sheaths; perigynia oblong, pubescent, 2 mm. long 
 or less, with a flat 2-toothed beak about one-fourth the length of the body; scales 
 green, acute or cuspidate; stigmas 3 or 2. In open places, N. S. to Ont., Me., Vt. 
 and Penn. Summer. 
 
 Carex defldxa Farw&lii Britton. Densely tufted; culms stiff, erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, 
 commonly much longer than the leaves; staminate spike conspicuous, 6-10 mm. long; 
 pistillate spikes 2 or 3, scattered, the lower slender-stalked and subtended by a foil- 
 
CYPERACEAE. 21$ 
 
 aceous bract which often overtops the culm; perigynia 2-3 mm. long;. N. Mich, to 
 Br, Col. and Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 
 
 I28a. Carex albicans Willd. WHITISH SEDGE. Stolon iferous, pale green; 
 culms 0.7-5 dm. teM- Leaves usually shorter than the culm, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; 
 bracts very short; staminate spike lesb than 6 mm. long, sessile; pistillate spikes 2 
 or 3, clustered, ovoid, about as long as the staminate; perigynia ellipsoid, 
 3-angled, pubescent, the short beak 2-toothed; scales acute or cuspidate, shorter 
 than the perigynia. In dry soil, N. E. and N. Y. May-June. 
 
 129. Carex praecox Jacq. VERNAL SEDGE. (I. F. f. 799.) Dark green, 
 stoloniferous; culms slender, smooth, 7-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, 
 almost always much shorter than the culm; lower bract 6-25 mm. long; staminate 
 spike usually large and conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, all close together, 
 oblong, 6-12 mm. long; perigynia oblong or obovoid, sharply 3-angled, pubescent, 
 brown, about 2 mm. long; tipped with a minute beak; scales ovate, purple-brown 
 with a lighter midvein, acute, cuspidate or the lower rough-awned, about equalling 
 the perigynia. E. Mass, to N. Y. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
 May-June. 
 
 130. Carex nigro-marginata Schwein. BLACK-EDGED SEDGE. (I. F. , 
 800.) Bright green, stoloniferous; culms filiform, 5-20 cm. long. Leaves 2-4 
 mm. wide, much longer than the culms, rather stiff; bracts short and subulate or 
 wanting; staminate spike sessile, 4-6 mm. long; pistillate spikes 13, sessile, about 
 6 mm. long; perigynia oblong, narrowed at the base into a short stipe, pubescent 
 or nearly glabrous, 2-3 mm. long, with a cylindric-subulate 2-toothed beak one- 
 third to one-half as long the body; scales acute or cuspidate, green with purple 
 margins or variegated, rather longer than the perigynia. Dry soil, N. Y. to N. 
 Car. May-July. 
 
 131. Carex umbellata Schk. UMBEL-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 801.) Rather 
 ight green, tufted and matted, stoloniferous; culrns filiform, 5-15 cm. long. 
 Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, usually much exceeding the culms, the old sheaths fibrillose; 
 Jtaminate spike commonly conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked from 
 ihe basal sheaths or I or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the 
 staminate, ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long; perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the 
 body rather less than 2 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly 
 its length; scales acuminate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia. Dry 
 soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., the Ind. Terr, and Ore. May-July. 
 
 132. Carex pubescens Muhl. PUBESCENT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 802.) Pubescent 
 all over, bright green, stoloniferous; culms 3-6 dm. long. Leaves flat, soft, elon- 
 gated, 4-7 mm. wide ; lower bracts 2-8 cm. long; staminate spike sessile or nearly 
 so ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, 8-20 mm. long, the upper sessile ; 
 perigynia 3-angled, obovoid, narrowed to a stipe-like base, densely pubescent, and, 
 including the subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, about 4 mm. long ; scales ovate, 
 rough-awned or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, 
 N. S. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Mo. June- Aug. 
 
 Leaves 2-5 cm. wide, thick, spreading. PHYSOCEPHALAE. 133. C. Fraseri. 
 
 Leaves 0.5-6 mm. wide. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate spikes on different culms. SCIRPINAE. 
 
 Leaves longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid; southern species. 
 
 134. C.picta. 
 Leaves shorter than the culm ; perigynia oval ; northern species. 
 
 135. C. scirpoidea. 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 
 
 Scales of the spike leaf-like, elongated. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
 
 Lower scales 2 mm. wide or less, not enclosing the perigynia. 
 
 Body of the perigynium oblong, its beak flattened. 136. C. Willdenovu. 
 Body of the perigynium globose, its beak subulate. 137. C. Jamesii. 
 Lower scales 2-5 mm. wide enclosing the perigynia. 138. C. durifolia. 
 Scales of the spike short, normal. 
 
 Leaves 1-2 mm. wide; arctic and western species. RUPESTRES. 
 Spike solitary, androgynous ; perigynium-beak stout, long. 
 
 139. C. r^pestris. 
 Spikes 2-4, the staminate uppermost ; perigynium-beak short. 
 
 140. C. suj>ina. 
 
2l6 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves 0.5 mm. wide or less. 
 
 Perigynia obtuse, beakless ; swamp species. LEPTOCEPHALAE. 
 
 141. C. leptalea. 
 Perigynia obovoid-oval, beaked ; prairie species. FILIFOLIAE. 
 
 142. C. filifolia. 
 
 133. Carex Fraseri Andr. FRASER'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 803.) Glabrous; culms 
 smooth, slender, reclining, 2.5-5 dm. long. Basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, flat, firm, 
 spreading, finely many-nerved, their margins usually finely crumpled in drying; 
 culm leaves reduced to clasping basal sheaths ; spike solitary, bractless, terminal, 
 androgynous, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> the pistillate portion dense, about 1.2 cm. in diam- 
 eter in fruit ; perigynia ovoid, pale green, faintly many -nerved, fully 4 mm. long, 
 with a short nearly truncate beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the 
 perigynia. In rich woods, Va., W. Va., Tenn. and N. Car. Our largest-leaved 
 species. May-July. 
 
 134 Carex picta Steud. BOOTT'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 804.) Dioecious; foliage 
 glabrous, light green ; culm slender, smooth, 1.5-3 dm. long. Leaves 3-6 mm. 
 wide ; spike usually solitary, densely many-flowered, the staminate about 2.5 cm. 
 long, the pistillate narrowed at the base, 2-6 cm. long, subtended by a short 
 purple sheath ; perigynia strongly many-nerved, pubescent at least toward the 
 obtuse summit, about 3 mm. long ; scales purple, shining, obovate, acute or 
 cuspidate, longer and wider than the perigynia. In woods, Ind. to Ala. and La. 
 Summer. 
 
 13'-. Carex scirpoidea Michx. SCIRPUS-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 805.) 
 Dioecious; foliage glabrous, rather bright green; culms erect, stiff, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide; spike usually solitary, linear-cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. 
 long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, subtended by a short or subulate bract ; 
 perigynia few-nerved, densely pubescent, 2 mm. long, with a very short beak ; 
 scales ovate-oval, dark purple, acute, about as long as the perigynia. In rocky 
 soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to the higher mountains of N. Eng. and Lake 
 Huron. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 136. Carex Willdenovii Schk. WILLDENOW'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 806.) 
 Glabrous and pale green; culms 2-10 cm. high. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, often 3 dm. 
 long, much overtopping the spikes, the lowest reduced to sheaths ; spikes 1-5, 
 androgynous, staminate above, pistillate below, or sometimes completely staminate., 
 about 1.2 cm. long, appearing nearly basal, one of them or more on long filiform 
 stalks; body of the perigynium oblong, smooth, 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into a 
 2 -edged rough beak of about its own length ; scales lanceolate, acute, acuminate or 
 awned, finely several-nerved, the lower I or 2 commonly bract-like. In dry woods 
 and thickets, Me. to Ohio, Mich., Manitoba, Fla., Ky. and Tex. April-July. 
 
 137. Carex Jamesii Schwein. JAMES' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 807.) Similar to 
 the preceding species, but the leaves rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending. 
 Spikes androgynous, the terminal staminate portion slender, the pistillate flowers 
 only 1-4 and slightly separated j body of the perigynium subglobose, 2 mm. 
 in diameter, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length ; 
 lower scales bract-like, foliaceous, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding 
 the perigynia. In dry woods and thickets, S. Ont. and N. Y. to Ind., Iowa, D. C., 
 W. Va. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 138. Carex durifolia Bailey. BACK'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 808.) Glabrous; 
 culms scarcely 2.5 cm. high. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, much over- 
 topping the spikes ; spikes 1-3, nearly basal, androgynous, I or 2 of them very 
 slender-stalked, the staminate flowers few, terminal, the pistillate 2-6, subtended 
 by leafy bract-like elongated scales which nearly enclose the inflorescence ; peri- 
 gynia oval, smooth, tapering into a stout subulate beak nearly or quite as long as 
 the body. In woods and thickets, Ont. to Manitoba., Mass., N. Y., Ohio and Neb. 
 Also in Colo, (according to Bailey). May-June. \C. Backii Boott.] 
 
 139. Carex rupfestris All. ROCK SEDGE. (I. F. f. 809.) Culms rather 
 stout, obtusely 3-angled, erect, 2-15 cm. tall. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, involute in 
 drying, often curved; bract subulate, erect, shorter than the terminal androgynous 
 spike or wanting ; spike 1-2.5 cm. long, the pistillate flowers few, basal ; peri- 
 gynia smooth, obovoid or elliptic, firm, faintly few-nerved, about 4 mm. long, the. 
 beak stout, cylindric, about one-half as long as the body ; scales purple-brown. 
 
CYPERACEAE. 21 7 
 
 Lab. and Greenland to Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 140. Carex supina Willd. WEAK ARCTIC SEDGE. (I. F. f. 810.) Glabrous, 
 tufted ; culms nearly filiform, sharply 3-angled, 1-2.5 dm. tall. Leaves about 
 I mm. wide, rough-margined, flat, shorter than the culm ; lower bract short, subu- 
 late ; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, 6-12 mm. long ; pistillate spikes 1-3, 
 sessile near the summit, subglobose or oblong, 4-6 mm. long ; perigynia ovoid, 
 smooth, hard, nerveless, about 2 mm. long, 3-angled, with a very short beak ; 
 scales ovate, brown-purple or lighter-margined. N. Minn, (according to Bailey) 
 and Manitoba to arctic America and Greenland. Also in northern Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
 141. Carex leptaleaWahl. BRISTLE-STALKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 811.) Light 
 green and glabrous ; culms filiform, smooth, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves not over 
 0.5 mm. wide; spike solitary, terminal, androgynous, linear, 4-14 mm. long; 
 perigynia few, linear-oblong, light green, many-nerved, obtuse and beakless, about 
 3 mm. long; scales membranous, the lowest sometimes attenuated into a subulate 
 awn nearly as longas the spike; stigmas 2 or 3. In bogs and swamps, Newf. to Br. 
 Col., Fla., La., Tex., Colo, and Ore. June-Aug. 
 
 142. Carex filifolia Nutt. THREAD-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F.f. 812.) v Densely 
 tufted, pale green and glabrous; culms slender, smooth, erect, 0.7-3.5 ^ m - toll. 
 Leaves filiform, rather stiff, about 0.5 mm. wide, their sheaths ultimately fibrillose; 
 spike erect, bractless, 0.6-3 cm - ' on g> the pistillate part about 4 mm. in diameter; 
 perigynia obovoid-oval, triangular, few-nerved or nearly nerveless, rough or some- 
 what pubescent at the summit, 2 mm. long, abruptly tipped by a short cylindric 
 entire beak; scales broadly oval, about as long as the perigynia but much broader. 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans., Colo, and Cal. May-July. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless, or faintly few-nerved. 
 
 Perigynia with a short nearly entire beak. 143. C. capitata. 
 
 Perigynia beakless, the orifice 2-toothed. 144. C. nardina. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several- nerved on the outer face. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium very short. 145. C. Redowskyana. 
 
 Beak slender, rough, about half as long as the body of the perigynium. 
 
 146. C. exilis. 
 
 143. Carex capitata L. CAPITATE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 813.) Culms very 
 slender, stiff, 0.5-4.5 dm. tall, smooth or nearly so. Leaves filiform, involute, 
 erect, shorter than the culm; spike ovoid, bractless, 4-8 mm. -high; perigynia 
 oblong-elliptic, 2 mm. long, I mm. thick, with a nearly entire dark brown beak 
 about one-fourth as long as the body; scales broadly ovate, brown, shorter and 
 rather broader than the perigynia. Greenland and Lab. to the N. W. Terr, and on 
 the White Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 144. Carex nardina Fries. NARD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 814.) Culms filiform, 
 smooth, 4-12 cm. tall, densely tufted. Leaves filiform, erect, about as long as the 
 culms; spike terminal, ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, bractless; perigynia oblong- 
 elliptic, yellowish brown, nerveless, nearly 4 mm. long, somewhat hispid above, 
 beakless, the orifice 2-toothed; scales ovate, brown, rather longer than the per- 
 igynia. Lab. and Hudson Bay to Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 145. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. REDOWSKY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 815.) Culms slender, stiff, 0.7-2 dm. tall. Leaves almost bristle-form, erect; 
 spike oblong, 4-16 mm. long, the pistillate part 4-6 mm. thick, sometimes wholly 
 staminate or pistillate; perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, stipitate, 2-3 mm. long, spread- 
 ing or reflexed when mature, strongly several-nerved, little compressed, rough above, 
 narrowed into a very short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, acute .or cuspidate, 
 shorter than or equalling the perigynia. In bogs, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Me., 
 Vt., Penn., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 146. Carex exilis Dewey. COAST SEDGE. (I. F. f. 816.) Culms very 
 olender, stiff, nearly or quite smooth, 2.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves in volute -filiform; 
 spike bractless, 0.6-3.6 cm. long, occasionally quite dioecious; perigynia ovoid- 
 ellipsoid, about 3 mm. long, rather strongly several-nerved on the outer face, 
 faintly few-nerved on the inner, spreading or reflexed at maturity, narrowed into a 
 slender rough 2-toothed beak, about one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, 
 
21 8 FLORA. 
 
 acute. In bogs, Newf. and Lab. to S. N. J., mostly near the coast. Reported 
 from Minn. May-July. 
 
 Scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not awned. FOETIDAE. 
 
 Perigynia strongly many-nerved. 147. C. chordorhiza. 
 
 Perigynia faintly several-nerved. 
 
 Culms and leaves usually curved ; scales shorter than the perigynia. 
 
 148. C. incurva. 
 Culms mostly straight, erect ; scales equalling the perigynia. 
 
 149. C. stenophylla. 
 Scales lanceolate, awned, or long-acuminate. ARF.NARIAE. 
 
 Scales 2-4 times longer than the perigynia ; western species. 150. C. Douglasii. 
 Scales about equalling the perigynia ; introduced sea-coast species. 
 
 151. C. arenaria. 
 
 147. Carex chordorhiza L. f. CREEPING SEDGE. (I. F. f. 817.) Rootstocks 
 slender ; culms slender, 2-4.5 dm. ta ^- Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, shorter than the 
 culm, somewhat involute in drying, the lower ones reduced to sheaths ; spikes 2-4, 
 aggregated into a head 8-12 mm. long ; perigynia ellipsoid, slightly more than 
 2 mm. long, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer, strongly many-nerved, 
 abruptly* tipped by a short entire beak. In bogs and shallow water, Anticosti to 
 Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr., south to Me., N. Y., Penn., 111. and Iowa. Also 
 in Europe. Summer. 
 
 148. Carex incurva Lightf. CURVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 818.) Densely 
 tufted ; culms smooth, often curved, 2-15 cm. long. Leaves less than 2 mm. wide, 
 usually curved ; spikes 2-5, sessile and aggregated into a dense head 10-16 mm. 
 in diameter ; staminate flowers few, borne at the tops of the spikes ; perigynia 
 ovate, slightly swollen, compressed, 3 mm. long, narrowed above into a short conic 
 entire beak, faintly several-many-nerved, scales ovate, brown or brownish, acute 
 or subacute, shorter*than the perigynia. Greenland and Hudson Bay to Br. Col., 
 south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 149. Carex stenophylla Wahl. IN VOLUTE- LEAVED SEDGE. (L F. f. 819.) 
 Densely tufted and strongly stolon iferous, pale green; culms smooth, stiff, 7-20 cm. 
 high. Leaves involute, about I mm. wide; inflorescense much as in the preceding 
 species; perigynia about 2 mm. long, faintly several-nerved, flat on the inner face, 
 low convex on the outer, narrowed into a short entire beak; scales ovate, brownish, 
 acute or acuminate, about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Man. to Br. Col., 
 Iowa, Kans. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 150. Carex Douglasii Boott. DOUGLAS' SEDGE. (I. F. f. 820.) Light green ; 
 rootstock extensively creeping ; culms smooth or nearly so, 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves 
 2 mm. wide or less, somewhat involute in drying; spikes oblong, acute, 8-12 mm. 
 long, in a dense oblong or ovoid cluster 2-5 cm. long ; staminate flowers terminal 
 or variously distributed ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, faintly 
 several-nerved, the slender beak more than one-half as long as the body ; scales 
 pale greenish brown, lanceolate, scarious, smooth-awned, 24 times longer than the 
 perigynia. In dry soil. Manitoba to Neb., N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. June Aug. 
 
 151. Carex arenaria L. SAND SEDGE. SAND-STAR. (I. F. f. 821.) Root- 
 stock extensively creeping; culms 1-4 dm. high. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less; lower 
 bract subulate ; spikes oblong, 6-10 mm. long, in a terminal ovoid cluster 2-5 cm. 
 long ; perigynia lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on both sides, the 
 flat strongly 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body; scales lanceolate, long-acumi- 
 nate or awned, about equalling the perigynia. On sea beaches near Norfolk, Va. 
 Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. Nos. 152-154. VUL- 
 
 PINAE. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body. 152. C. conjuncta. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium equalling or longer than the body. 
 
 Spikes crowded in an oblong cluster ; beak 1-2 lengths of the body. 
 
 153. C. stipata. 
 Spikes in a large branching cluster ; beak 3-4 lengths of the body. 
 
 154. C. Crus-Corvi. 
 Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved. Nos. 155-163. MULTIFLORAE. 
 
 Spikes very numerous in a branched decompound cluster, small. 155. C. decomposita. 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 
 
 Spikes several or many in an oblong; or narrow, simple or somewhat compound 
 cluster. 
 
 Leaves 2 mm. wide or less. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium shorter than the body ; western species. 
 
 156. C. marcida. 
 
 Beak as long as the body ; northern marsh species. 157. C. teretiuscula. 
 Leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 
 
 Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. 
 Perigynia 35 mm. long. 
 
 Perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the beak about as long as the 
 
 body. 158. C. alopecoidea. 
 
 Perigynia broadly ovate or obicular, the beak about one-third as 
 
 long as the body. 159. C. gravida. 
 
 Perigynia 3 mm. long or less. 
 
 Leaves as long as the culm or longer. 160. C. vulpinoidea. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the culm, 
 
 Perigynia ovate-elliptic, the base narrowed. 
 
 161. C. xanthocarpa. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate, the base truncate. 162. C. setacea. 
 Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 163. C. Sartwellii. 
 
 152. Carex conjuncta Boott. SOFT Fox SEDGE. (I. F. f. 822.) Light 
 green ; culms sharply 3-angled when fresh, soft, 4-9 dm. tall. Leaves soft, rough- 
 margined, 5-7 mm. wide ; bracts small and bristle-like, or wanting ; spikes in a 
 terminal elongated cluster, or the lower separated ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate, 3 mm. long, tapering into a roughish 2-toothed beak ; scales oblong- 
 lanceolate, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long as the perigynia. In moist 
 meadows and thickets, N. J. (according to Bailey), Penn. to Ky., Iowa and Minn. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 153. Carex stipata Muhl. AWL-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 823.) Culms 
 smooth, sharply 3-angled, 2-10 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 4-8 mm. wide; bracts bristle- 
 form or wanting; spikes numerous, yellowish brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 
 3-10 cm. long, the staminate flowers few, always terminal; perigynia lanceolate, 
 4-5 mm. long, tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as 
 the body; scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia. In 
 swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to Ont. and Br. Col., south to Fla., Tenn., Mo., 
 N. Mex. and Cal. May-July. 
 
 154. Carex Crus-Corvi Shuttlw. RAVEN'S-FOOT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 824.) 
 Pale green and glaucous; culms 3-angled, rough above, 0.5-1.1 m. tall. Leaves 
 flat, 5-12 mm. wide, rough-margined; usually shorter; spikes yellowish brown, 
 very numerous in a large compound branching cluster 1-3 dm. long ; perigynia 
 elongated -lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, with a short hard base and a subulate 
 rough 2-toothed beak; scales ovate or lanceolate, thin, much shorter than the peri- 
 gynia. In swamps, Ind. to Minn., Fla., La. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 155. Carex decomposita Muhl. LARGE-PANICLED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 825.) 
 Dark green; culms smooth, obtusely angled, or terete below, 4-9 dm. tall. Leaves 
 4-8 mm. wide, rough, longer than the culm; spikes yellowish brown, very numer- 
 ous in a decompound cluster 5-13 cm. long, the lower branches 2-5 cm. long; 
 bracts subulate, ciliate, or wanting ; perigynia short-obovate, less than 2 mm. long, 
 hard, abruptly tipped with a short slightly 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, about 
 equalling the perigynia. In swamps, N. Y. to Ohio, Mich., Fla. and La. May- 
 Aug. 
 
 156. Carex marcida Boott. CLUSTERED FIELD SEDGE. (I. F. f. 826.) 
 Light green; culms 3-angled, rough, at least above, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. 
 wide or less, much shorter than the culm; bracts short, subulate, or wanting; spikes 
 several, staminate at the summit or some of them wholly staminate, in an oblong 
 head about 3 cm. long; perigynia ovate, dark brown, about 2 mm. long, faintly 
 nerved, tapering into a flat serrate beak; scales brownish, acute or cuspidate, 
 about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans., N. Mex. 
 and Nev. June-Sept. 
 
 157. Carex teretiuscula GooJtn. LESSER PANICLED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 827.) 
 Rather light green; culms very rough, at least above, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves 
 mostly less than 2 mm. wide; bracts small or none; spikes several or numerous, in 
 a narrowly oblong cluster 2-5 cm. long; perigvnia ovate-oval, smooth, dark brown. 
 
220 FLORA. 
 
 hard, shining, the body slightly more than I mm. long, truncate or rounded at the 
 head, short-stalked, tapering into a flat conic beak about its own length; scales thin, 
 ovate, brownish, acute or short-awned, about equalling the perigynia. In swamps 
 and wet meadows, N. S. to Hudson Bay, Br. Col., R. I., Penn. and Neb. Also in 
 Europe. May- July. 
 
 Carex teretiiiscula prilirea (Dewey) Britton. Cluster of spikes compound, branched, 
 the top commonly nodding. Ont. to Br. Col., Mass., Tenn., Ky., Iowa and Ore. 
 
 158. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. FOXTAIL SEDGE. (I. F. f. 828.) Light 
 green; culms soft, sharply 3-angled, 5-9 dm. long, roughish above. Leaves flat, 
 3-6 mm. wide; bracts almost filiform, commonly short; spikes several or numerous, 
 in a cluster 2-5 cm. long; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-stipitate, 3- 
 4 mm. long, pale brown, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the 
 body ; scales ovate or oval, light brown, cuspidate or short-awned, about as long 
 as the perigynia. In meadows, Vt. to N. Y., Penn., Mich, and Manitoba. 
 
 Carex alopecoidea sparsispic&ta Dewey. Spikes distinctly separated. S. E. Mich. 
 
 159. Carex gravida Bailey. HEAVY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 829.) Light green; 
 culms 4-9 dm. tall, 3-angled, rough above. Leaves flat, 3-6 mm. wide ; bracts 
 usually very short ; spikes several, in a dense heavy head 2-3.5 cm - l n g> pale, 
 subglobose ; perigynia flat, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, rounded 
 at the base, narrowed into a 2-toothed beak about one-third as long as the body, 
 several-nerved on the outer face or nerveless ; scales, acute, cuspidate or short- 
 awned, about as long as the perigynia. 111. to S. Dak., Neb. and Ind. Terr. 
 May-July. 
 
 1 60. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox SEDGE. (I. F. f. 830.) Culms stiff, 
 3-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, often exceeding the 
 culm ; bracts bristle-like; spikes ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a 
 cluster 3-13 cm. long ; perigynia ovate, less than 2 mm. long, greenish brown, 
 flat, several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless or i-3-nerved on the inner, tipped 
 with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, 
 acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower. In swamps 
 and wet meadows, N. B. to Manitoba, Fla., La., Neb. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 161. Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. YELLOW-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 831.) 
 Culms rather stout, rough above, 0.3-1.4 m. tall, much longer than the leaves, 
 leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; head usually dense; spikes numerous, ovoid, short ; bracts 
 mostly short and inconspicuous ; perigynia bright yellow, plano-convex, ovate- 
 elliptic, about 3 mm. long, with a narrowed or cuneate base, and a short minutely 
 2-toothed beak, nerveless, or obscurely few-nerved on the outer face; scales acumi- 
 nate, short-awned. In fields, Mass, to N. Y. and Iowa. June-Aug. 
 
 Carex xanthocarpa annectens Bicknell. Lower and slender ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; 
 head not over 3.5 cm. long ; bracts usually numerous and longer than the globose spikes; 
 perigynia ovate or suborbicular. Abundant in the vicinity of N. Y. 
 
 162. Carex setacea Dewey. BRISTLY-SPIKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 832.) 
 Culms 0.4-1.2 m. tall, rough above. Leaves 3-6 dm. Jong, 2-6 mm. wide, shorter 
 than the culm; head narrowly oblong, 3-6 cm. long; bracts bristle-like; spikes 
 ovoid or ovoid-oblong, $-& mm. long, usually close together; perigynia lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from a more or less truncate base to a narrow rough 
 2-toothed beak, few-nerved, 2.5-3 mm> l n g* N. Y. and Mass. June-Aug. 
 
 163. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. SARTWELL'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 833.) Culms 
 stiff, rough above, 3-angled, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; bracts se- 
 taceous, usually small; spikes ovoid or oblong, 4-8 mm. long, usually densely aggre- 
 gated in a narrow cluster; perigynia lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, strongly 
 several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate, 
 pale brown, about equalling the perigynia. In swamps, Ont. to Br. Col., N. Y., 
 111., Mich., Ark. and Utah. May-July. 
 
 Perigynia ellipsoid, nearly terete; spikes i-5-flowered, widely separated, or the uppei 
 close together. 164. C. tenella. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate, ovate or roundish, compressed or plano-convex; spikes several- 
 many-flowered. 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 221 
 
 Spikes separated or the upper close together ; perigynia mostly radiating, or reflexed. 
 Leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 
 
 Beak of the perigynium one-fourth to one-half as long as the body; native 
 woodland species. 
 
 Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long. 
 
 Perigynia stellately radiating. 165. C, rosea. 
 
 Perigynia reflexed when mature. 166. C. retroflexa. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. 167. C. Texensis. 
 Beak of the perigynium more than half as long as the body; introduced 
 
 field species. 168. C. muricata. 
 
 Leaves 5-9 mm. wide. 169. C. sparganiotdes. 
 
 Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated; perigynia spreading or ascending. 
 Leaves thin, lax, 4-8 mm. wide; perigynia about 4 mm. long: 
 
 170. C. cephaloidea. 
 Leaves stiffer, 1-4 mm. wide. 
 
 Perigynia 2 mm. long or less, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm wide; perigynia ovate 171. C. cephalophora. 
 
 Leaves 1-2 mm. wide; perigynia orbicular-ovate; southern. 
 
 172. C. Leavenworthii. 
 Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly-nerved (except in var. Xalapensis). 
 
 173. C. Muhlenbergii. 
 
 164. Carex tenella Schk. SOFT-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 834.) Light 
 green; rootstocks slender; culms almost filiform, rough, 1.5-5 dm. l n g- Leaves 
 soft, about i mm. wide, spreading; spikes only 1-5 -flowered; perigynia ovoid- 
 ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, finely many-nerved, about 2 mm. long, with a 
 very minute entire beak; scales ovate, hyaline, acute. In bogs, Newf. to Br. Col., 
 N. J., Penn., Mich., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe. June-July. 
 
 Carex Ele6charis Bailey. A very slender erect species, with 2 or 3 small brown 
 i-3-flowered spikes aggregated in a terminal head, 3-4 mm. long, ovoid, slightly swollen 
 marginless plano-convex short-beaked perigynia. Collected by Prof. Macoun on the 
 Saskatchewan Plains; probably occurs within the northwestern limits of our area. 
 
 i6^. Carex rosea Schk. STELLATE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 835.) Culms slender 
 or filiform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves flat, soft, 2 mm. wide or less, 
 shorter than the culm; lower bract 1-6 cm. long; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-6 mm. 
 in diameter, 5- 15 -flowered; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flat, bright green, stellately 
 diverging, nerveless, shining, 2-3 mm. long, tapering into a stout 2-toothed beak, 
 about one-fourth the length of the body; scales ovate-oblong, white, half as long as 
 the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Ont., Manitoba, N. Car., Mo. 
 and Neb. May-July. 
 
 Carex r6sea radi&ta Dewey. Culms filiform, spreading ; leaves about I mm. wide ; 
 spikes only 2-6-flowered, scattered ; perigynia ascending, lanceolate, about i mm. wide. 
 Me. and Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Ky. 
 
 1 66. Carex retroflexa Muhl. REFLEXED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 836.) Culms 
 very slender, 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves about I mm. in width, mostly shorter than the 
 culm; lower bract bristle-form; spikes 4-8, subglobose, 4-9-flowered, the upper all 
 close together; staminate flowers terminal or rarely variously intermixed with the 
 pistillate; perigynia oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, radiating or reflexed at 
 maturity, about 3 mm. long, smooth, compressed, but not as flat as those of the 
 preceding species, somewhat corky-thickened at the base, tapering upwardly into 
 a 2-toothed beak about one-third the length of the body ; scales ovate, about half 
 as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Mass, to Ont., Mich., Ark., Fla. 
 and Tex. May-July. 
 
 167. Carex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey. TEXAS SEDGE. (I. F. f. 837.) 
 Similar to the preceding; culms very slender. Leaves soft, about I mm. wide, 
 shorter than the culm; lower bract commonly filiform; spikes 4-7, 4-10 flowered; 
 all close together in a narrow head, or the lower separated; perigynia narrowly 
 lanceolate, green, nerveless, smooth, radiating or widely spreading, 3-4 mm. 
 long, the tapering beak about one-half as long as -the body; scales lanceolate or 
 ovate, acute or acuminate, less than one-half as long as the perigynia. S. 111. 
 (according to Bailey), Ala. to Tex. Apiil-May. 
 
222 FLORA. 
 
 1 68. Carex muricata L. LESSER PRICKLY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 838.) Bright 
 green ; culms slender, roughish, at least above, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves 2-3 mm. 
 wide, shorter than the culm ; bract short, subulate ; spikes 5-10, 4-io-flowered, 
 clustered into an oblong head, or the lower I or 2 distant ; perigynia ovate or 
 ovate- lanceolate, 4 mm. long, smooth, shining, nerveless, spreading or radiating 
 when mature, not reflexed, tapering into a rough-edged 2-toothed beak as long as 
 the body ; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, shorter than the perigynia. In 
 meadows and fields, Mass, to N. Y., Ohio and Va. Naturalized from Europe. 
 June- Aug. 
 
 169. Carex sparganioides Muhl. BUR-REED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 839.) 
 Rather dark green with nearly white sheaths ; culms rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall. 
 Leaves flat, 5-9 mm. wide, the lower very short ; spikes 6-12, oblong or subglo- 
 bose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the lower 2-4 commonly 
 separated ; perigynia flat, ovate, 3 mm. long, spreading or radiating, pale, 
 narrowly wing-margined, usually few-nerved on the outer face, the rough 2-toothed 
 beak one-fourth to one-third the length of the body ; scales ovate, acute or cuspi- 
 date, about one-half as long as the perigynia. In woods and thickets, Mass, to 
 Ont., Mich., Va., Ky., Iowa and Mo. June- Aug. 
 
 170. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. THIN-LEAVED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 840.) 
 Similar to the preceding ; culms rough above. Leaves flat, 4-8 mm. wide, thin 
 and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm ; bracts usually short ; spikes 4-8, sub- 
 globose, in an oblong cluster ; perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, greenish 
 brown, nearly 4 mm. long, ascending, nerveless or faintly few-nerved, tapering into 
 a rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-third as long as the body ; scales ovate, 
 white, short-cuspidate or awned, about one-half as long as the perigynia. In dry 
 fields and on hills, Mass, to Penn., 111., Mich, and Wyo. May-July. 
 
 171. Carex cephalophora Muhl. OVAL-HEADED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 841.) 
 Pale green ; culms slender, rough above, 2.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide; 
 bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form; spikes few, subglobose, clustered in a short- 
 oblong head 8-16 mm. long ; perigynia broadly ovate, 2 mm. long or less, pale, 
 nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, tipped with a 2-toothed beak about one-fourth 
 the length of the body ; scales ovate, rough-cuspidate or awned, equalling or a 
 little shorter than the perigynia. In dry fields and on hills, Me. and Ont. to Man., 
 Fla., Mo. and Tex. May July. 
 
 172. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. LEAVENWORTH'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 842.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but smaller ; culms almost filiform, roughish, 1.5-4 dm. 
 tall. Leaves narrower, 1-3 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the culm ; bracts of the 
 lower spikes bristle-form or wanting ; spikes 4-7, densely crowded ; perigynia 
 orbicular-ovate, rather less than 2 mm. long and about as wide, tipped with a very 
 short 2-toothed beak ; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, shorter and narrower than 
 the perigynia. In meadows, Iowa to Miss., Ark. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 173. Carex Muhlenbfergii Schk. MUHLENBERG'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 843.) 
 Light green ; culms slender, erect, 3-angled, rough, at least above, 3-6 dm. tall. 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, usually shorter than the culm, somewhat involute in drying; 
 bracts bristle-form, usually short ; spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, close together 
 in an oblong head ; perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, strongly nerved 
 on both faces, ascending, with a short 2-toothed beak; scales ovate -lanceolate, 
 rough -cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and mostly longer than the perigynia. 
 In dry fields and on hills, Me. and N. H. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. 
 May-July. 
 
 Carex Muhlenb^rgii Xalapdnsis (Kunth) Britton. Perigynia nearly or qqite nerve- 
 less ; leaves broader and longer. S. N. Y. to Mo., Tex. and Mex. 
 
 Perigynia radiately spreading, or reflexed when old. 
 
 Perigynia distinctly nerved on both faces, the beak rough. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate ; beak more than half as long as the body. 
 
 174. C. sterilis. 
 Perigynia ovate; beak about one-third as long as the body, abrupt. 
 
 175. C. Atlantica. 
 Perigynia faintly nerved on the outer face, nerveless or nearly so on the inner; beak 
 
 smoothish. 176. C. interior. 
 
CYPERA CEAE. 22$ 
 
 Perigynia ascending, appressed or somewhat spreading when old, not radiating. 
 Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic. 
 
 Bracts short, scale-like or none, the lowest occasionally longer than its spike. 
 Spikes distinctly separated or the upper close together. 
 
 Heads silvery green or nearly white. 177. C. canescens. 
 
 Heads brown or brownish. 
 
 Spikes few-flowered, 46 mm. long; perigynia less than 2mm. long, 
 
 the beak manifest. 178. C. brunnescens. 
 
 Spikes dense, many-flowered ; perigynia about 2 mm. long, the 
 
 beak very short. 179. C. Norvegica. 
 
 Spikes densely clustered at the top of the culm, or the lower separated. 
 Spikes green or greenish brown. 
 
 Spikes several in an ovoid cluster ; perigynia ovate, rough-beaked. 
 
 180. C. arcta. 
 
 Spikes only 2-4; perigynia elliptic, beakless. 181. C. tenuiflora. 
 Spikes dark brown; arctic species. 
 Culms slender, stiff, erect. 
 
 Leaves involute ; scales about equalling the perigynia. 
 
 182 C. Heleonastes. 
 Leaves flat ; scales shorter than the perigynn. 
 
 183. C. lagopina. 
 
 Culms weak, spreading or reclining. 184. C. glareosa. 
 
 Bracts brittle-form, much elongated, much exceeding the 2-4 oblong nerved 
 
 perigynia. 185. C. trisperma. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless; spikes oblong or subglobose. *66. C. Deweyana. 
 
 Perigynia strongly several-nerved ; spikes narrowly oblong-cylindric. 
 
 187. C. bromoides. 
 
 174. Carex sterilis Willd. LITTLE PRICKLY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 844.) Culms 
 slender, 2-4.5 dm. ta ^ rough, at least above. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than 
 the culm; spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, about 5 mm. thick; staminate 
 flowers usually numerous at the bottom of the upper spike, or whole spikes occa- 
 sionally staminate, or plants rarely quite dioecious; perigynia pale, lanceolate, com- 
 pressed, spreading or reflexed when old, 3 mm. long, I mm. wide, several-nerved 
 on both faces, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than one- 
 half as long as the body; scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia. In moist soil, 
 Newf. to Br. Col., Fla., La., Colo, and Cal. Variable. May-July. 
 
 Carex sterilis cephalantha Bailey. Stouter, sometimes 5 dm. tall. Spikes 4-8, 
 contiguous or separated; flowers more numerous; perigynia rather larger; spikes very 
 bristly. Range nearly that of the species; perhaps merely a stout form. 
 
 175. Carex Atlantica Bailey. EASTERN SEDGE. (I. F. f. 845.) Similar to 
 large forms of the preceding, but stouter; culms rough above, 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves 
 23 mm. wide, stiff, flat, or in drying somewhat involute; spikes 47, subglobose or 
 short-cylindric, nearly 6 mm. in diameter; perigynia broadly ovate, flat, sharp- 
 margined, 2-3 mm. long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, few-nerved on 
 the inner, spreading or reflexed at maturity, abruptly tipped with a stout rough 
 2-toothed beak about one-third as long as the body; scales shorter than the peri- 
 gynia. In swamps, Newf. to Fla. June-July. 
 
 176. Carex interior Bailey. INLAND SEDGE. (I. F. f. 846.) Similar to 
 C. sterilis ; culms slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves about I mm. wide, shorter 
 than the culm; spikes 2-4. nearly globular, 4 mm. in diameter; perigynia ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly 
 nerveless on the inner, thickened, spreading or reflexed when old, tapering into a 
 nearly smooth 2-toothed beak one-third to one-half as long as the body; scales ovate, 
 shorter than the perigynia. Wet soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. May-July. 
 
 Carex interior cap-'ll&cea Bailey. Leaves about 0.5 mm. wide ; perigynia ovate, 
 cordate, strongly nerved. Mass, to N. J. and Penn. 
 
 177. Carex canescens L. SILVERY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 847.) Pale green and 
 somewhat glaucous ; culms slender, 2.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 
 shorter than the culm ; spikes 4-9, short-oblong or subglobose, sessile, 5-10 mm. 
 long ; perigynia oval or ovate-oval, silvery green or nearly white, faintly few- 
 nerved, blunt-edge.d, rather less than 2 mm. long, rough above, with a minute 
 
224 FLORA. 
 
 entire beak ; scales ovate. In swamps and bogs, Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Mich., 
 Colo, and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. May July. 
 
 178. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. BROWNISH SEDGE. (I. F. f. 848.) 
 Rather dark green, not glaucous ; culms stiff, roughish above, 2-4.5 dm. tall. 
 Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than the culm ; spikes 4-8, subglobose or short- 
 oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 5 mm. long; perigynia brown, smaller than those 
 of the preceding, less than 2 mm. long, with a manifest beak about one- fourth as 
 long as the body ; scales ovate, membranous, brownish. In wet places mostly at 
 high altitudes, Lab. to Br. Col., N. Y. and N. E., on the southern Alleghenies, and 
 the Rocky Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 Carex brunnescens gracflior Brit ton. Culms nearly filiform, weak, often spreading; 
 spikes 4-8-flowered ; perigynia spreading, longer-beaked. Range of type, mostly at 
 lower altitudes. 
 
 179. Carex Norvegica Willd. NORWAY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 849.) Bright 
 green; culms slender but stiff, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, shorter 
 than the culm ; bracts very short or wanting ; spikes 3-6, brown, oblong or sub- 
 globose, 6-12 mm. long; perigynia about 2 mm. long, elliptic, blunt-edged, nar- 
 rowed at both ends, brownish, finely many-nerved, with a very short rough beak; 
 scales ovate or oval, brown, obtuse, rather shorter than the perigynia. Along salt 
 meadows, Me. to Anticosti. Reported from Minn. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 1 80. Carex arcta Boott. NORTHERN CLUSTERED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 850.) 
 Rather light green, not glaucous ; culms slender, 3-7 dm. tall, rough above; leaves 
 flat, about 2 mm. wide. Spikes oblong, 6-8 mm. long, aggregated into a cluster 
 about 2.5 cm. long ; perigynia pale, ovate, many-nerved, mostly spreading, taper- 
 ing into a rough beak about one-half as long as the body ; scales pale brown, 
 usually acute, shorter than the perigynia. In swamps and wet woods, Me. and 
 N. B. to Manitoba., Minn, and Br. Col. June July. 
 
 181. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. SPARSE-FLOWERED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 851.) 
 Light green ; culms very slender, rough above, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves I mm. wide 
 or rather more, flat, usually much shorter than the culm ; spikes only 2-4, clustered, 
 subglobose, few-flowered, about 5 mm. in diameter ; perigynia pale, elliptic, 
 very obscurely few-nerved, narrowed at both ends, 2-2.5 mm - l n g' beakless, 
 spreading ; scales nearly white, about equalling the perigynia. In bogs, N. B. to 
 Manitoba, south to Me., Vt. and Mich. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 182. Carex Heleonastes Ehrh. HUDSON BAY SEDGE. (I. F. f. 852.) Culms 
 slender, very rough above, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves rigid, erect, becoming 
 involute, less than 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; bracts very slurt or none ; 
 spikes 3-5, subglobose, brown, about 5 mm. in diameter, clustered ; perigynia 
 broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, blunt-edged, faintly several-nerved, about 2 mm. 
 long, with a short sharp beak ; scales ovate, brown with broad hyaline margins, 
 about as long as the perigynia. Hudson Bay to Manitoba and the Canadian 
 Rocky Mts. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 183. Carex lagopina Wahl. ARCTIC HARE'S-FOOT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 853.) 
 Culms rough, stiff, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2 mm. wide or less, shorter than 
 t! e culm ; bracts very short or wanting ; spikes 3-6, oblong, dark brown, narrowed 
 at the base, 6-8 mm. long ; perigynia elliptic or obovate, rather less than 2 mm. 
 long, firm, several-nerved, narrowed at the base, rather abruptly tipped by the 
 beak ; scales ovate, brown, hyaline-margined, acute, shorter than the perigynia. 
 Lab. and Greenland to Alaska ; south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 184. Carex glareosa Wahl. WEAK CLUSTERED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 854.) 
 Closely resembles the preceding, but has weak spreading or reclining culms 
 0.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves narrower, flat, about I mm. wide, spikes 2 or 3, 
 oblong or subglobose, several-flowered, 4-8 mm. long, brown, subtended by very 
 small scale-like bracts ; perigynia oblong-oval, strongly several-nerved, less than 
 2 mm. long, short-beaked ; scales ovate, rich brown, about as long as the perigynia. 
 Greenland and Hudson Bay to Quebec, west through arctic America to Alaska; 
 Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Carex glare6sa ursina (Dewey) Bailey. Lower ; densely tufted ; spikes smaller. 
 Arctic America. 
 
C YPERA CEA E. 22$ 
 
 185. Carex trisperma Dewey. THREE-FRUITED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 855.) 
 
 Bright green ; culms filiform, weak, usually reclining or spreading, 3-7 dm. long. 
 Leaves flaccid, flat, about I mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2 or 3, 
 only 2-4-flowercd, widely separated, the lowest subtended by a bristle-form bract 
 1-8 cm. long ; perigynia oblong, green, 3-4 mm. long, very finely many-nerved, 
 narrowed at both ends and tipped with a very short nearly entire beak ; scales 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the perigynia. In swamps 
 and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Md., Ohio, Mich, and Neb. June- Aug. 
 
 1 86. Carex Deweyana Schwein. DEWEY'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 856.) Pale 
 green ; culms slender, spreading, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, soft, 
 shorter than the culm ; bracts bristle-form, the lower commonly elongated ; spikes 
 3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered, about 5 mm. in diameter, sessile, separated 
 or the upper contiguous ; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, nerveless, 
 4-5 mm. long, the inner face flat, the tapering rough strongly 2-toothed beak at 
 least one-half as long as the body; scales nearly white, cuspidate or acute, equalling 
 the perigynia, or shorter. In dry woods, N. S. to Manitoba, Ore., Conn., Penn., 
 Iowa, N. Mex. and Utah. May-July. 
 
 187. Carex bromoides Schk. BROME-LIKE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 857.) Bright 
 green ; culms slender, roughish above, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 2 mm. wide or less, 
 flat, soft; bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest commonly elongated; spikes 3-7, 
 narrowly oblong-cylindric, 8-16 mm. long, erect or ascending, mostly close 
 together, the staminate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or forming whole 
 spikes, the plant occasionally quite dioecious ; perigynia linear-lanceolate, pale, 
 strongly several-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the inner face flat, the tapering rough 
 2-toothed beak at least one-half as long as the body; scales oblong-lanceolate, green, 
 acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs and swamps, N. S. to 
 Ont., Mich., Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. 
 
 Top of the culm nodding ; arctic and northwestern species. iSS. C. pratensis. 
 Culms strictly erect, mostly stiff. 
 
 Perigynia nerveless, broadly winged ; northwestern species. 
 
 189. C, xerantica. 
 Perigynia several-nerved on both faces. 
 
 Perigynia broadly winged ; staminate flowers intermixed with the pistillate. 
 
 190. C. siccata. 
 Perigynia narrowly winged ; staminate flowers all basal. 
 
 Spikes 1-2.5 cm> l n perigynia about 8 mm. long. 
 
 191. C. Muskingumensis. 
 Spikes 0.4-1.6 cm. long; perigynia 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 Spikes oblong or oval ; perigynia ascending or erect. 
 
 Spikes green -brown, blunt. 192. C. tribuloides. 
 
 Spikes bright brown, pointed ; perigynia lanceolate. 
 
 193. C. scoparia. 
 Spikes rather dark brown, blunt ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate 
 
 194. C. leportna. 
 Spikes subglobose; perigynia spreading, at least when old. 
 
 195. C. cristatclla. 
 Perigynia ovate, not more than twice as long as wide (longer in some forms of no. i$fy. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly winged above; heads greenish brown. 196. C\ adttsta. 
 Perigynia broadly wing-margined. 
 
 Perigynia spreading or ascending. 
 
 Spikes silvery green. 197. C. foenea. 
 
 Spikes yellowish brown or greenish. 198. C. straminea. 
 
 Perigynia erect orappressed. 
 
 Heads silvery green or nearly white; sea beach species. 
 
 199. C. stliceci. 
 
 Heads brown-green; meadow or marsh species. 200. C. tenera. 
 
 Perigynia orbicular, very broadly ovate or somewhat obovate, sometimes wider than long. 
 Heads green-brown. 
 
 Perigynia spreading or ascending; achene sessile. 201. C. festucacea. 
 Perigynia erect, 4-5 mm. broad; achene short-stalked. 202. C. alata. 
 Heads silvery green, yellowish or whitish. 
 
 Perigynium-wing firm; achene sessile. 203. C. albolutescens. 
 
 Perigynium-wing membranous; achene stalked. 204. C. Bicknellh. 
 
 Perigynia narrowly linear-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate beak 2-3 times as long as 
 the body. CYPEROIDEAE. 205. C. syclmocephala. 
 
226 FLORA. 
 
 1 88. Carex praticola Rydb. NORTHERN MEADOW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 858.) 
 Light green ; culms erect when young, the summit later nodding, nearly smooth, 
 3-4 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; lower bracts 
 bristle-form; spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, silvery -brown and shining, 6-10 mm. 
 long, about 5 mm. in diameter ; perigynia lanceolate, pale, nerveless on the inner 
 face, few-nerved on the outer, 5 mm. long, wing-margined, tapering into a beak 
 nearly as long as the body ; scales membranous, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 
 Lab. to Ont, Mich., Manitoba and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
 Summer. (C, pratensis Drej. not Hose.) 
 
 189. Carex xerantica Bailey. WHITE-SCALED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 859.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but the culms stout, stiff and strictly erect, even when 
 mature. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, involute in drying, shorter than the culm; 
 spikes about 5, oblong, close together, 8-12 mm. long; perigynia lanceolate, pale, 
 5 mm. long, nerveless, conspicuously wing-margined, the inner face concave, the 
 rough tapering beak about as long as the body; scales silvery white, lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate. W. Manitoba and adjacent N. W. Terr. May-July. 
 
 190. Carex siccata Dewey. DRY-SPIKED SEDGE. HILLSIDE SEDGE. (I. F. 
 f. 860.) Rootstocks long and stout; culms slender, rough above, 26 dm. tall. 
 Leaves erect, about 2 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, 58 mm. long, 
 brownish or brown, the staminate flowers basal, or variously situated, or whole 
 spikes staminate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, firm, about 5 mm. long, wing-mar- 
 gined, strongly several-nerved on both sides, the inner face concave by the in- 
 curved margins, the tapering rough beak nearly as long as the body; scales ovate- 
 lanceolate, membranous, acute or acuminate. In dry fields and on hills, Ont. and 
 Manitoba to Br. Col., R. I., N. Y., Mich., Ariz, and Cal. May- July. 
 
 191. Carex Muskingumensis Schwein. MUSKINGUM SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 861.) Culm stout, stiff, very rough above, 5-9 dm. tall. Leaves flat, long- 
 pointed, 3-5 mm. wide, shorter than the fertile culms, those of sterile culms 
 crowded near the summit; bracts short and scale-like; spikes 6-12, oblong- 
 cylindric, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, erect, close together, pale brown; perigynia narrowly 
 lanceolate, about 8 mm. long and rather less than I mm. wide, strongly several- 
 nerved, flat, narrowed to both ends, scarious-margined, rough-ciliate, the tapering 
 2-toothed beak art least as long as the body; scales lanceolate, acuminate, one- 
 third to one-half as long as the perigynia. In moist woods and thickets, Ohio to 
 Mich., Manitoba and Mo. June-Aug. 
 
 192. Carex tribuloides Wahl. BLUNT BROOM SEDGE. (I. F. f. 862.) 
 Bright green; culms erect, roughish above, 2-9 dm. tall. Leaves flat, 2-6 mm. 
 wide; lower bract bristle-form; spikes 6-20, oblong or top-shaped, blunt, 6-12 mm. 
 long; perigynia lanceolate, greenish brown, flat, 4-5 mm. long, 1-2. mm. wide, 
 several-nerved on each face, with a sharply 2-toothed, rough wing-margined beak; 
 scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about half as long as the perigynia. In meadows, 
 N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Ariz. July-Sept. 
 
 Carex tribuloides Bebbii Bailey. More slender, spikes fewer, smaller, about 6 mm. 
 long, commonly bractless, mostly clustered in a dense head; perigynia broader and 
 shorter. Range of the type. 
 
 Carex tribuloides monilif6rmis (Tuckerm.) Britton. Slender, the culm much ex- 
 ceeding the leaves; spikes all or all but the uppermost separated, 5-8 mm. long, the 
 rachis somewhat zigzag. Me. and N. B. to N. Y., Iowa and N. Dak. 
 
 193. Carex scoparia Schk. POINTED BROOM SEDGE. (I. F. f. 863.) Culms 
 slender, erect, roughish above, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves less than 3 mm. wide; 
 spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright brown, 6-16 mm. long, 
 usually aggregated into an ovoid head; perigynia lanceolate, 46 mm. long, rather 
 less than 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, 
 tapering into the ciliate 2-toothed beak; scales thin, brown, acuminate or cuspi- 
 date, shorter than the perigynia. In moist soil, N. S. to Manitoba, Fla. and Colo. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 194. Carex leporina L. HARE'S-FOOT SEDGE. (I. F. f. 864.) Culms 
 slender, roughish above, 3-4 dm. tall. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, flat, shorter 
 than the culm; bracts very short and scale-like or wanting; spikes 4-7, oblong, 
 blunt, 8-12 mm. long, dark brown, shining, clustered in a terminal oblong head; 
 
CYPERA CEAE. 22? 
 
 perigynia ascending or appressed, ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, rather narrowly 
 wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, the rough tapering 2-toothed beak 
 nearly as long as the body; scales lanceolate, brown, acute, narrower and shorter 
 than the perigynia. Newf. to Mass. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 195. Carex cristatella Britton. CRESTED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 865.) Culms 3-7 dm. 
 tall, stiff, roughish above, longer than the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide ; lower 
 bracts bristle-form, 0.6-3 cm - l n g > heads 6-15, globose or subglobose, 4-6 mm. 
 in diameter, densely aggregated into an oblong head or the lower slightly 
 separated ; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, squarrose when mature, green 
 or greenish brown, 3-4 mm. long, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both 
 faces, tapering into a ciliate 2-toothed beak ; scales lanceolate, nearly white, much 
 shorter than the perigynia. In meadows and thickets, N. B. to Manitoba, Mass., 
 Penn., 111. and Neb. July-Sept. [C cristata Schwein., not Clairv.] 
 
 196. Carex adusta Boott. BROWNED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 866.) Culms stout, 
 entirely smooth, 3-8 dm. tall, growing in dense tufts. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, 
 shorter than the culm ; bracts subulate, tapering from a broad nerved base, 
 the lower I or 2 often exceeding the spikes ; spikes 5-12, subglobose or short- 
 oval, several-flowered, apparently confluent, or slightly separated, bright 
 greenish brown ; perigynia broadly ovate, firm, very narrowly wing-margined or 
 wingless, rough above, plano-convex, 4-5 mm. long, tapering into a 2-toothed beak, 
 several-nerved on the outer face, nerveless on the inner; scales lanceolate, acute or 
 cuspidate, about equalling the perigynia. In dry soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 N. Y. and Mich. June-July. 
 
 197. Carex foenea Willd. HAY SEDGE. (I. F. 867.) Rather light green ; 
 culm smooth, erect or the summit nodding, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves flat, soft, 
 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; bracts very short or wanting, or the lowest 
 occasionally manifest ; spikes 4-10, subglobose or short-oblong, narrowed at the 
 base, 5-6 mm. in diameter, silvery green, all separated on a sometimes zigzag 
 rachis, or the upper contiguous ; perigynia ovate, about 3 mm. long, broadly wing- 
 margined, -strongly several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short rough 
 2-toothed beak ; scales lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the perigynia. In 
 dry woods, often on rocks, N. B. to Penn., Iowa, Minn, and Br. Col. June -July. 
 
 Carex foenea perp!6xa Bailey. Culms stouter, spikes commonly aggregated and 
 larger, less contracted at the base, the summit of the culm erect or nearly so ; perigynia 
 thicker. Me. to Va., Iowa and Minn. 
 
 198. Carex straminea Willd. STRAW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 868.) Culms 
 slender, roughish above, 3-7.5 dm. long, the top commonly nodding. Leaves 2 mm. 
 wide or less, long-pointed, shorter than the culm ; bracts short or the lower 
 bristle-form and exceeding its spike ; spikes 3-8, subglobose or slightly obovoid, 
 4-5 mm. thick, yellowish brown or greenish ; perigynia ovate, brown, about 3 mm. 
 long, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, fewer-nerved on the inner, wing- 
 margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak about as long as the body ; scales 
 lanceolate, acute, about equalling the perigynia, but narrower. In dry fields, 
 N. B. to Manitoba, Penn., Mich, and Iowa. June-July. 
 
 Carex straminea mirdbilis (Dewey) Tuckerm. Larger ; culm slender, 0.5-1.3 m. 
 long; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; spikes larger, 6-8 mm. thick, rather greener; perigynia 
 spreading, narrowed, longer than the scales. Range of the type, extending south to 
 N. Car., Mo. and Neb. Perhaps better regarded as a distinct species. 
 
 199. Carex silicea Olney. SEA-BEACH SEDGE. (I. F. f. 869.) Culms slender, 
 rather stiff, roughish above, 3-8 dm. tall, the summit recurved or nodding. Leaves 
 2 mm. wide or rather less, involute in drying, shorter than the culm ; bracts very 
 short ; spikes 5-8, ovoid-conie or ovoid-oblong, silvery-green, nearly white or 
 becoming brownish, erect, conspicuously contracted at the base, 8-12 mm. long, 
 about 5 mm. thick, separated or the uppermost close together ; perigynia ovate- 
 oval, short-beaked, finely nerved on both faces, wing-margined, appressed, about 
 4 mm. long, longer and broader than the lanceolate scales. In sands of the sea 
 coast, Nova Scotia to New Jersey. June-Aug. 
 
 P *. Carex tenera Dewey. MARSH STRAW SEDGE. (I. F. f. 870.) Culm 
 shndcr, erect or the summit nodding, roughish above, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 
228 FLORA. 
 
 shorter than the culm, usually less than 2 mm. wide, tapering to a very long tip ; 
 spikes 4-6, oval, obtuse, greenish brown, 8-10 mm. long, commonly much con- 
 tracted at the base ; perigynia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, strongly several-nerved 
 on both faces, wing-margined, the tapering rough beak more than half as long as 
 the body ; scales lanceolate, about as long as the perigynia, but much narrower. 
 In wet soil, common along brackish marshes, Me. and Ont. to Va. and La. 
 Reported from Iowa. May-June. 
 
 Carex t&iera invlsa (W. Boott) Britton. Spikes smaller, subglobose or short-oblong, 
 not more than 6 mm. thick, the lower one usually subtended by a filiform bract 1-8 cm. 
 long. Me. to Del. 
 
 201. Carex festucacea Willd. FESCUE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 871.) Culms nearly 
 or quite smooth, erect, 0.3-1.2 m. tall. Leaves erect, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than 
 the culm; spikes 3-8, green-brown, oblong or nearly globular, clustered, 4-8 mm. 
 in diameter ; perigynia orbicular or very broadly ovate, broadly wing-margined, 
 about 3 mm. in diameter, several-nerved on both faces, the roughish beak about 
 one-third the length of the body; scales acute or obtusish. In dry or moist soil, 
 N. B. to Assiniboia, Neb., Fla. and Kans. May-July. 
 
 202. Carex alata Torr. BROAD-WINGED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 872.) Culms 
 erect, roughish above, 0.3-1 m. tall. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the 
 culm ; spikes oblong or oblong-conic, green-brown, 10-16 mm. long, 8-10 mm. 
 thick, usually little separated, bractless, or the lower one subtended by a short 
 bract ; perigynia orbicular or obovate-orbicular, very broadly winged, 4-5 mm. in 
 diameter, faintly few-nerved or almost nerveless, the short beak not more than one- 
 fourth as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely over 0.5 mm. 
 wide ; achene distinctly stipitate. In moist soil, N. H. to Penn. and Fla., mostly 
 near the coast. Reported from Iowa. May June. 
 
 23?. Carex albolutescens Schwein. GREENISH-WHITE SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 873.) Similar to the preceding; culms 0.3-0.5 m. tall, stout. Leaves 2-4 mm. 
 wide, shorter than the culm; bracts filiform or wanting; spikes 3-8, oblong, usually 
 narrowed at both ends, silvery green when young, becoming brownish, 8-12 mm. 
 long, clustered; perigynia broadly ovate, not twice as long as wide, broadly winged, 
 strongly nerved on both faces, about 4 mm. long, the roughish beak about one-third 
 as long as the body ; scales lanceolate, acuminate ; achene nearly or quite sessile. 
 In wet soil, abundant along salt meadows, N. B. to Penn. and Fla. May-July. 
 
 204. Carex Bicknellii Britton. BICKNELL'S SEDGE. (I. F. f. 874.) Culms 
 0.5-1 m. high, rough above, much longer than the leaves. Leaves mostly nearly 
 basal, 3-5 mm. wide ; bracts usually very short ; spikes 3-7, ovoid, subglobose, or 
 somewhat obovoid, 8-12 mm. long, silvery green or becoming yellowish; perigynia 
 very broadly ovate, thin, several-nerved on the outer face, 4-6 mm. long, the broad 
 membranous wing I mm. wide, the rough 2-toothed beak one-fourth to one-half as 
 long as the body ; achene stalked. In dry soil, N. Y. to Minn., Mo. and Kans. 
 June-July. 
 
 205. Carex sychnocephala Carey. DENSE LONG-BEAKED SEDGE. (I. F. f. 
 875.) Culms quite smooth, 0.7-5 dm. ft *gh- Leaves about 2 mm. wide ; lower 
 bracts similar, much elongated, 0.7-3 dm. l n gi nearly erect; spikes 4-10, oblong, 
 densely many-flowered, aggregated and confluent into an oblong or ovoid head 
 3 cm. long or less ; perigynia linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, about I mm. wide at 
 the base, tapering into a subulate rough 2-toothed beak 2-3 times as long as the 
 few-nerved body ; scales linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, shorter and rather 
 narrower than the perigynia. In meadows and thickets, Ont. and N. Y. to Mani- 
 toba, Iowa and Br. Col. July-Aug. 
 
 Order 4, PRINCIPES, including only the family Palmaceae, 
 Palms, and Order 5, SYNANTHAE, including only the family 
 Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory. 
 
ARACEAE. 229 
 
 Order 6. ARALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae 
 a fleshy spadix, subtended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnacecu are 
 minute floating thalloid plants, with few or solitary flowers on the 
 margin or back of the thallus. 
 
 Family i. ARACEAE Neck. 
 Arum Family. 
 
 Herbs mostly with basal long-petioled leaves, and spathaceous inflores- 
 cence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous 
 or a corm. Spadix densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the 
 pistillate below, or the plants wholly dioecious, or with perfect flowers in 
 some species. Perianth-wanting, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens 
 4-10 in our species; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, commonly 
 with a thick truncate connective, the sacs opening, by dorsal pores or 
 slits. Ovary i -several-celled ; -ovules i-several in each cavity ; style short 
 or wanting; stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a berry 
 or utricle. Seeds various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none. About 
 105 genera and 900 species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the tem- 
 perate zones. 
 
 Flowers without a perianth. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne at the base of the spadix. i. Ar'saema. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, covering the whole spadix. 2. Peltandra. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 3. Calla. 
 Flowers with a perianth. 
 
 Spadix enclosed in a shell-like fleshy spathe. 4. Spathyema* 
 
 Spadix naked, terminating the scape. 5. Orontium. 
 
 Spadix naked, borne at the base of a leaf-like spathe. 6. Acorus, 
 
 i. ARISAEMA Mart. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs with acrid corms, simple scapes and I to 3 slender-petioled di- 
 vided leaves unfolding with the flowers. Spadix bearing the flowers near its base. 
 Spathe convolute, open or contracted at the throat. Flowers dioecious or monoe- 
 cious, the staminate of 4 almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, which open by confluent 
 slits at the apex, the pistillate with a I -celled ovary containing i to many ortho- 
 tropous ovules; style very short or none, tipped with a peltate-capitate stigma. 
 Fruit a globose red berry, the clusters usually large and conspicuous when ripe. 
 Seeds with copious endosperm and an axial embryo. [Greek, in reference to the 
 red -blotched leaves of some species.] About 50 species, mostly natives of temperate 
 and subtropical Asia. Besides the following another occurs in the S. U. S. 
 
 Spathe hooded, open at the throat, enclosing the spadix. 
 
 Hood of spathe striped ; spadix stout, club-shaped. i. A. triphyllum. 
 
 Hood of spathe deep brown to black ; spadix slender, cylindric. 2. A. pusillum. 
 
 Spathe convolute ; summit of the spadix exserted. 3. A. Dracontium. 
 
 1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. INDIAN TURNIP. 
 (I. F. f. 876.) Leaves nearly erect, 2.5-9 dm. high, usually exceeding the scape, 
 3-foliolate, the segments ovate, sometimes lobed, 4-8 cm. wide, sessile or very 
 short-stalked; flowers commonly dioecious, yellow; spadix 4-8 cm. long, its naked 
 summit blunt, colored; spathe green, and purple-striped, curving in a broad striped 
 flap over the top of the spadix. acuminate; ovules 5 or 6; berries shining, about 
 I cm. in diameter, forming a dense ovoid head 2-8 cm. long. In moist woods and 
 thickets, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Kans. and La. April-June. 
 
 2. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. Similar to the preceding, but smaller 
 and more slender, seldom over 3.5 dm. high. Leaf-segments narrowed at the base; 
 spathe striped below, the hood deep brown or nearly black; spadix slender, 
 cylindric. In open sunny bogs, N, Y., flowering about a month later than A. 
 triphyllum where the two grow in the same region. (A. triphyllum pusillum 
 Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 51 ; 297). 
 
230 FLORA. 
 
 3. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT. 
 (I. F. f. 877.) Corms clustered. Leaves 2-11 dm. long, pedately divided into 5- 
 17 segments, much longer than the scape; segments obovate or oblong, 210 cm. 
 wide, abruptly acute at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or nearly sessile base, en- 
 tire or the lateral ones somewhat lobed; spathe greenish or whitish, acuminate, 2- 
 5 cm. long; spadix ovary turbinate, with 6-8 bottle-shaped ovules; berries reddish- 
 orange in large ovoid heads. Mostly in wet woods and aleng streams, Me. to Ont, 
 and Minn., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 2. PELTANDRA Raf. 
 
 Bog herbs, with sagittate or hastate leaves, the petioles sheathing the shorter 
 scape. Spathe elongated, convolute, or expanded above. Flowers monoecious, 
 covering the spadix. Perianth none. Staminate flowers uppermost, consisting at 
 first of irregularly 4-sided oblong flat-topped shields, from the edges of which 
 appear 6-10 imbedded anthers opening by apical pores, the shields shrivelling and 
 leaving the anthers nearly free. Ovaries ovoid, surrounded at base by 4 or 5 
 white fleshy scale-like staminodia, I -celled; ovules solitary or few, amphitropous; 
 style erect, thick, tipped with a small stigma. Fruit a green or red berry. 1-3- 
 seeded, when ripe forming large globose heads and enclosed in the persistent 
 leathery base of the spathe. Seeds surrounded by a tenacious jelly; endosperm 
 none. [Greek, referring to the shield-shaped staminate disks.] The genus con- 
 sists of the two. following species : 
 
 Spathe narrow, convolute its whole length, green. x. P. Virginica. 
 
 Spathe with a whitish dilated summit. 2. P. sagittaefolia. 
 
 1. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. GREEN ARROW-ARUM. (I. F. f. 878.) 
 Leaves bright green, somewhat hastate-sagittate, 1-8 dm. long, acute or acuminate, 
 firm, strongly veined. Root a tuft of thick fibres; scape recurving and immersing 
 the fruiting spadix at maturity; spathe green, 1-2 dm. long, long-conic, closely in- 
 vesting the spadix throughout, the strongly involute margins undulate; spadix 
 shorter than the spathe, the pistillate flowers covering about one-fourth of its 
 length, the rest occupied by staminate flowers; ovaries globose-ovoid; style nearly 
 2 mm. long; berries green when ripe. In swamps or shallow water, Me. and Ont. 
 to Mich., Fla. and La. May-June. 
 
 2. Peltandra sagittaefolia (Michx.) Morong. WHITE ARROW-ARUM. (I. F. 
 f. 879.) Leaves sagittate, sometimes wider than those of the preceding, the basal 
 lobes diverging; petioles 2-5 dm. long; spathe 7-10 cm. long, with a whitish ex- 
 panded acuminate apex; spadix scarcely more than one-half as long as the spathe; 
 ovaries ovcid; style scarcely any; stigma broad, depressed, lobed; ripe berries red. 
 In marshes and springs, southern Va. (according to Gray) to Fla. May-July. 
 
 3. CALLA L. 
 
 A bog herb with slender acrid rootstocks, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular cor- 
 date leaves, and a large white persistent spathe. Spathe ovate-lanceolate or 
 elliptic, acuminate, open. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely 
 covered with flowers. Flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate; perianth 
 none. Stamens about 6; filaments linear; anther-sacs divaricate, opening by slits. 
 Ovary ovoid, i-celled; style very short; stigma small, flat, circular. Ovules 6-9, 
 anatrapous. Berries obconic, depressed. Seeds hard, smooth, oblong, striate 
 toward the micropyle and pitted at the other end. Endosperm copious. [An 
 ancient name, taken from Pliny.] A monotypic genus of the cooler portions of the 
 north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Calla palustris L. WATER ARUM, (I. F. f. 880.) Petioles 1-2 dm, long. 
 Blades thick, entire, 3-10 cm. wide, cuspidate or abruptly acute; scape as long as 
 the petioles, sheathed at the base; rootstocks covered with sheathing scales and 
 with fibrous roots at the nodes; spathe 2.5-6 cm. long and about 2-5 cm. wide; 
 berries red, distinct, few-seeded, forming a large head when mature. In b->gs, 
 N. S. to Minn., Va., Wis. and Iowa. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. PVuit 
 ripe July-Aug. 
 
LEMNA CEA E. 2 3 1 
 
 4. SPATHYEMA Raf. [SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb.] 
 
 A fetid herb, with large ovate cordate leaves, thick straight rootstocks and a 
 short erect partly underground scape. Spathe swollen, shell-like, thick, pointed, 
 completely enclosing the spadix. Spadix globose or oblong, short-stalked, covered 
 by the perfect flowers. Perianth of 4 hooded sepals. Filaments slightly dilated; 
 anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse, opening longitudinally. Ovary nearly buried in 
 the tissue of the spadix, I -celled with a solitary suspended anatropous ovule. Style 
 pyramidal, 4-sided, thick, elongated; stigma minute. Berries immersed in the 
 spongy axis of the spadix, becoming adnate to the succulent perianth in ripening, 
 i-seeded, forming large heads. Seeds large. Embryo large, fleshy; endosperm 
 none. [Greek, referring to the spathe.] A monotypic genus of E. North America 
 and N. E. Asia. 
 
 i. Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf. SKUNK CABBAGE. (I. F. f. 881.) Leaves 
 numerous, in large crowns, 3-9 dm. long, often 3 dm. wide, strongly nerved, 
 abruptly acute at the apex, thin, entire, their petioles deeply channeled. Root- 
 stock thick, terminating in whorls of fleshy fibers; spathe preceding the leaves, 
 erect, 7-15 cm. high, 2-8 cm. in diameter at the base, convolute, firm, purple- 
 jrown to greenish yellow, often mottled; spadix about 2.5 cm. in diameter in 
 flower, enlarging and sometimes 15 cm. in diameter in fruit. In swamps and wet 
 soil, N. S. to Ont., Minn. ? Fla. and Iowa. Feb. -April. 
 
 5, ORONTIUM L. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with thick rootstocks, oblong-elliptic nerved leaves without a dis- 
 tinct midvein, and slender terete scapes terminated by a cylindric spadix. Spathe 
 enclosing the spadix when very young, soon parting and remaining as a sheathing 
 bract at its base, or falling away. ' Flowers perfect, bright yellow, covering the 
 whole spadix. Sepals 4-6, scale-like, imbricated upon the ovary; stamens as many 
 as the sepals; filaments linear; abruptly narrowed above; anthers small, with two 
 diverging sacs opening by oblique slits. Ovary partly imbedded in the axis of the 
 spadix, depressed, obtusely angled, i-celled; ovule solitary, half-anatropous ; 
 stigma sessile. Fruit a green utricle. Endosperm none; embryo long-stalked. 
 [Ancient name of some water plant.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. America. 
 
 I. Orontium aquaticum L. GOLDEN-CLUB. (I. F. f. 882.) Leaves deep 
 dull green above, pale beneath, the blade 1-3 dm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, entire, 
 acute or cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a petiole. Scape 1.5- 
 6 dm. long, flattened near the spadix; spadix 2-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 
 much thickened in fruit; spathe bract-like, 5-10 cm. long, 2 -keeled on the back, 
 usually falling away early; utricle roughened on top with 9 or 10 tubercles. In 
 swamps and ponds, Mass, to Penn., Fla. and La., mostly near the coast. April- 
 May. 
 
 6. ACORUS L. 
 
 Erect herbs, with long branched rootstocks, sword-shaped leaves, and 3-angled 
 scapes keeled on the back and channeled in front, and a seemingly lateral cylindric 
 spadix, the scape appearing as if extending long beyond it, but this upper part is 
 morphologically a spathe. Flowers perfect, densely covering the spadix. Peri- 
 anth of 6 membranous concave sepals. Stamens 6; filaments flattened; anthers 
 reniform or sagittate, 2-celled, the cells confluent at maturity. Ovary oblong. 3-4- 
 celled with 2-8 anatropous ovules in each cavity; itigma sessile, depressed-capitate. 
 Fruit a 2-3 -celled gelatinous berry, few-seeded. Endosperm copious. [Name 
 ancient.] Two known species, the following widely distributed in the north tem- 
 perate zone, the other Japanese. 
 
 I. Acorus Calamus L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS-ROOT. (I. F. f. 883.) 
 Leaves linear, erect, 5-15 dm. tall and 2-5 cm. wide or less, sharp-pointed and 
 sharp-edged, with a ridged midvein, 2 -ranked, closely sheathing each other and 
 the scape. Spathe projecting 2-8 dm. beyond the spadix; spadix spike-like, 
 5-9 cm. long, about I cm. in diameter; flowers minute, greenish-yellow. IP swamps 
 and along streams, N. S. to Ont., Minn., La. and Kerns. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. May-July. 
 
232 FLORA. 
 
 Family 2. LEMNACEAE Dumort 
 
 Duckweed Family. 
 
 Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only 
 very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, elon- 
 gated or irregular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl- 
 lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is 
 by lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by 
 slender stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or 
 more naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on 
 the edge or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists 
 of but a single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is 
 provided with two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely 
 barbellate grains. The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like 
 stigmatic apex, and produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is 
 a 1-6 seeded utricle. The family comprises the smallest of the flowering 
 plants and contains 4 genera and about 30 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Thallus with one root or several. 
 
 Roots several. I. Spirodela. 
 
 Root solitary. a. Lemna. 
 Thallus rootless. 
 
 Thallus thick, globose to subcylindric. 3. Wolffia. 
 
 Thallus thin, ligulate. 4. Wolffiell*, 
 
 i. SPIRODELA Schleid. 
 
 Thallus disk-shaped, 7~i2-nerved. The lateral branches subtended by a single 
 bipartite basilar rudimentary leaf. The thinly 'capped rootlets as well as the nerves 
 are provided with a single bundle of vascular tissue. Spathe sac-like. The ovary 
 produces two anatropous ovules. Fruit unknown. [Greek, in allusion to the cluster 
 of rootlets. Two species, the following, and S. oligorhiza, a native of the southern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 I. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. GREATER DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 884.) 
 Thallus 2-10 mm. long, thick, flat and dark green above, slightly convex and 
 purple beneath, palmately 5-15-nerved, bearing a central cluster of from 4-16 
 elongated roots. Rootcap pointed. In still water, N. S. to Br. Col., S. Car., Tex., 
 northern Mex. and Nev. Widely distributed in the Old World and in tropical 
 America. 
 
 2. LEMNA L. 
 
 Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or without 
 two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which is devoid 
 of vascular tissue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or pointed rootcap. 
 The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Fruit ovoid, more or less ribbed. 
 Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to the growth of these small 
 plants in swamps.] About 10 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 ThalH long-stipitate. I. L. trisulca. 
 
 Thalli short-stipitate or sessile. 
 Spathe open. 
 
 Thalli i-nerved or nerveless. 
 
 Thalli thin, without papules; rootcap strongly curved, tapering. 
 
 2. L. cyclostasa. 
 Thalli thick with a row of papules along the nerve; rootcap little curved, 
 
 cylindric. 3. L. minima. 
 
 Thalli j-nerved ; rootcap cylindric. 4. L. perpusilla. 
 
 Spathe sac-like. 
 
 Thalli green or purplish beneath ; fruit not winged. 5. L. minor. 
 
 Thalli pale beneath, usually strongly gibbous; fruit winged. 6. L, gibba. 
 
 I. Lemna trisulca L. IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 885.) Thallus 
 lanceolate, submerged and devoid of stomata in the primary aquatic form, ovate to 
 oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 mm. long, floating and provided with stomata in the later 
 flowering stage. The later and more common form is narrowed at the base to a 
 
LEMNACEAE. 233 
 
 slendei stipe, thin, denticulate, with or without rootlets, and slightly 3 -nerved; 
 several individuals often remain connected, so as to form a chain-like series; root- 
 cap pointed; fruit symmetrical; seed deeply 12-15-ribbed. In water, N. S. to 
 N. J., N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, Afrrea and Australia. 
 July-August. 
 
 2. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. VALDIVIA DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 886.) 
 Thallus oblong-elliptic, 2-4.5 mm * l n g> thin, subfalcate and shortly stalked 
 at the base, provided with numerous stomata, except on the borders, nerveless; 
 rootcap blunt; spathe reniform; fruit ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical ; seed prom- 
 inently 12-29-ribbed. In pools and rivers, Mass, to Fla., 111., Wyo. and Cal. 
 Also in South America. June-July. (L. Valdiviana Phil.) 
 
 3. Lemna minima Philippi. LEAST DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 886a.) Thallus 
 oblong to elliptic, 2-4 mm. long, obscurely I -nerved, or nerveless, with a row of 
 papules along the nerve, the lower surface flat, or slightly convex; the apex 
 rounded, rootcap usually short, a little curved, rarely perfectly straight, cylindric, 
 blunt; spathe open; pistil short-clavate; stigma concave; ovule solitary, obliquely 
 orthotropous ; seed oblong, pointed, about i6-ribbed, with many transverse stri- 
 ations. Ga. and Fla. to Kans., Wyo. and Cal. 
 
 4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. MINUTE DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 887.) Thallus 
 small, 2-3.5 mm. long, obovate, often purplish tinged beneath, unsymmetrical and 
 abruptly narrowed to a very short stalk, provided throughout with numerous 
 stomata, obscurely 3-nerved; rootcap straight, pointed; fruit ovoid; seed 12-20- 
 ribbed. In ponds, rivers, springs and lakes, Mass, to N. Y., Fla., Minn., Neb. 
 and Kan. June-July. 
 
 Lemna perpusflla trinfervis Aust. Thallus oblong to oblong-obvate, less unsym- 
 metrical, thin, prominently 3-nerved. N. J. to Mo., La. and the Ind. Terr. 
 
 5 Lemna minor L. LESSER DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 888. ) Thallus obovate 
 or subcircular, 1.5-5 mm. long, thickish, rarely reddish or purplish tinged, short- 
 stalked when young, provided throughout with stomata, nearly symmetrical, 
 obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 4~5-nerved. Rootcap obtuse or subtruncate; fruit 
 symmetrical, subturbinate; seed with a prominent protruding hilum, deeply and 
 unequally 12-15-ribbed; ovule I. In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters, through- 
 out N. Am., except the extreme north. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa and 
 Australia. Summer. 
 
 6. Lemna gibba L. GIBBOUS DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. 889.) Thallus un- 
 symmetrical, obovate or short-obovate, 2-6 mm. long, thickish or more or less 
 strongly gibbous beneath, short-stalked when young, soon separating, provided 
 with stomata which are sparse beneath, obscurely 3-5 -nerved; rootcap mostly 
 short-pointed, cylindric, rarely long-pointed or obtuse; fruit symmetrical; seed 
 thick, deeply and unequally ribbed. In ponds and rivers, Neb. to Tex., Wyo., 
 Ariz, and Cal. Also in Mexico, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. June-July. 
 
 3. WOLFFIA Horkel. 
 
 Thallus small, globose, ovoid-oblong, subcylindric or irregular, rootless, nerve- 
 less and leafless. The vegetative growth is from a cleft near one end of the plant, 
 the branch being mostly sessile and soon detached. The ovary contains one or- 
 thotropous ovule. Fruit spherical or short ovate, smooth. Endosperm in a single 
 layer. [Name in honor of Nath. Matth. v. Wolff, 1724-1784, Polish physician 
 and naturalist.] A genus of about 12 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical 
 regions. 
 
 Thallus globose to ellipsoid, not punctate. I. W. Columbiana. 
 Thallus flattened above, at least on the margin, brown-punctate. 
 
 Apex of thallus acute. 2. W. punctata. 
 
 A large conic papule on the upper surface. 3. W. papulifera. 
 
 I. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. COLUMBIA WOLFFIA. (I. F. f. 890.) 
 Thallus spherical or subellipsoidal, 0.5-1 mm. long, with a limited number of sto- 
 mata (i to 6), loosely cellular and clear green throughout, not punctate nor 
 gibbous. Floating as minute alga-like grains just beneath the surface of the 
 water in stagnant ponds, pools and shallow lakes, Mass, to Ont., N. J., S. Car., 
 Minn., Mo. and La. Also in Mexico and South America. June-July. 
 
234 FLORA. 
 
 2. Wolffia punctata Griseb. PUNCTATE WOLFFIA. (I. F. f. 891.) Thallus 
 oblong, smaller than the last, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, flattish, densely cellular, with 
 numerous stomata and dark green above, gibbous, more loosely cellular, with 
 fewer stomata and paler beneath; brown-dotted throughout with minute pigment 
 cells. Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, Ont. to Mich, and Penn. June- 
 July. (W. Brasiliensis Engelm., not Wedd.) 
 
 3. Wolffia papuhfera Thompson. POINTED DUCKWEED. (I. F. f. Sgia.) 
 Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obliquely broadly ovate, about I ntfki. broad, the 
 apex rounded, the upper surface flat at the margin, gradually ascending into a 
 prominent conic papule on the median line, brown-punctate, the under surface 
 strongly gibbous, less punctate; stomata numerous on the upper surface; flower 
 and fruit unknown. Floating, with the entire upper surface exposed to the air. 
 
 ' Kennett and Columbia, Mo. 
 
 4. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm. 
 
 Thallus thin, unsymmetrical, rootless, curved in the form of a segment of a "band, 
 punctate on both surfaces with numerous brown pigment-cells. Pouch opening as 
 a cleft in the basal margin of the thallus, a stipe attached to its margins. Flowers 
 and fruit unknown. [Diminutive of IVolffia.] About 7 species, mostly of tropical 
 regions. Besides the following, 2 others are known from western North America. 
 
 i. Wolffiella Floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. FLORIDA WOLFFIELLA. 
 (I. F. f. SSga.) Thallus solitary, or commonly coherent for several generations, 
 forming densely interwoven masses, strap-shaped, scythe-shaped, or doubly curved, 
 tapering from the rounded oblique base to a long-attenuate apex, 5-10 mm. long, 
 1421 times as long as wide; basal portion of the long stipe persistent, the poach 
 elongated-triangular, or the upper angle rounded. Ga. and Fla. to Mo., Ark. and 
 Tex. 
 
 Order 7. XYRIDALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually 
 complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla regular or nearly 
 so (except in Commelina). Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of 
 the seed mealy. 
 
 a. Ovary i -celled. 
 
 Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam. i. Mayacaceae. 
 
 Erect scapose rush-like herbs ; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. 
 
 Fam. 2. Xyridaceac. 
 Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes {Heteranthera in Ponte- 
 
 deriaceae). 
 6. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae). 
 
 Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. 
 
 Fam. 3. Eriocaulaceae. 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Epiphytes ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 4. Bromeliaceae. 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; leaves not scurfy. 
 
 Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals 
 
 colored. Fam. 5. Commelinaceae.l 
 
 Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 6. Pontederiaceae. 
 
 Family i. MAYACACEAE Walp. 
 
 Mayaca Family. 
 
 Slender branching aquatic moss-like herbs, with linear sessile i-nerved 
 entire soft leaves, notched at the apex. Flowers solitary, peduncled, 
 white, perfect, and regular, the peduncles bracted at the base. Perianth 
 persistent, consisting of 3 lanceolate green herbaceous sepals and 3 obo- 
 vate white spreading petals. Stamens 3, hypogynous, alternate with the 
 petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, somewhat 4-sided, 2-celled. 
 Ovary superior, sessile, i -celled with 3 parietal placentae ; ovules several 
 or numerous, orthotropous ; style filiform; stigmas terminal, entire or 
 with 3 short lobes. Capsule i -celled, 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose, 
 
XYR1DACEAE. 235 
 
 the testa reticulated ; embryo at the apex of the mealy endosperm. The 
 family consists of the following genus : 
 
 i. MAYACA Aubl. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Aboriginal name of these plants in Guiana.] Abou* 
 7 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Only the following occurs in the 
 United States : 
 
 i. Mayaca Aubl&ti Michx. MAYACA. (I. F.f. 892.) Stems tufted, 7-55 
 cm. long, little branched. Leaves densely clothing the stem and widely spreading, 
 linear-lanceolate, translucent, 4-6 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; peduncles 4-1.^ 
 mm. long, very slender, recurved in fruit ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, lateral, rarely 
 more than one on each branch ; capsule oblong-oval, about as long as the sepals, 
 tipped until dehiscence by the subulate style. In fresh water pools and streams, 
 Va. to Ha. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Family 2. XYRIDACEAE Lindi. 
 
 Yellow-eyed Grass Family. 
 
 Tufted herbs, with basal narrow equitant commonly 2-ranked leaves, 
 and erect simple leafless scapes. Flowers perfect, mostly yellow, nearly 
 or quite regular, solitary and sessile in the axils of coriaceous imbricated 
 bracts (scales), forming terminal heads. Sepals 3, the two lateral ones 
 small, keeled, persistent, the other one larger, membranous (wanting in 
 the South American genus Abolboda). Corolla inferior, with a narrow 
 tube and 3 spreading lobes. Stamens 3, inserted on the corolla, usually 
 alternating with as many plumose or bearded staminodia. Ovary sessile, 
 i -celled or incompletely 3-celled ; ovules on 3 parietal placentae, "ortho- 
 tropous ; style terminal (unappendaged in Xyris, in Abolboda appendaged 
 at the base), 3-branched above ; stigmas apical. Fruit an oblong 3-valved 
 capsule. Seed-coat longitudinally striate. Embryo apical. Endosperm 
 mealy or somewhat fleshy. Two genera, comprising some 60 species, 
 mostly of tropical distribution in both the Old World and the New. 
 
 i. XYRIS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Characters of the family as given above. [Greek name for some plant with 
 2-edged leaves.] 
 
 Besides the following species there are some 9 others in the southern United States. 
 Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs. i. X.flexuosa. 
 
 Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate. 
 
 Scapes not bulbous-thickened at the base ; leaves flat or but slightly twisted. 
 Lateral sepals about as long as the bracts, their keels lacerate. 
 
 Head oblong, 3-6 mm. long ; northern. 2. X, montana. 
 
 Head oval or ovoid, 6-16 mm. long ; southern. 
 
 Keel of lateral sepals lacerate to below the middle. 3. X. macrocephala. 
 Keel of lateral sepals lacerate only above the middle. 
 
 4. X. Caroliniana. 
 Lateral sepals longer than the bracts, their keels long-fimbriate. 
 
 5. X.fimbriata. 
 Scapes conspicuously bulbous-thickened at the base ; leaves spirally twisted. 
 
 6. X. arenicola. 
 
 1. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. SLENDER YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. f. 893,) 
 Scapes slender, straight or sometimes slightly twisted, 1-4.5 dm. tall, 2-edged 
 above, bulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves flat or becoming twisted when old, 
 2-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; head globose, or short-oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. 
 high ; bracts broadly oval or slightly obovate, entire, or somewhat lacerate at the 
 apex ; lateral sepals linear, about as long as the bracts, curved, fringed with short 
 hairs on the wingless keel ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad. In bogs, Me. to Minn., Ga. 
 and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 2, Xyris montana H. Ries. NORTHERN YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. 
 894.) Scapes very slender, straight or slightly twisted, 2-edged above, 5-30011. 
 
2$6 FLORA. 
 
 tall, not bulbous-tuiJxened at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-1 5 cm. king, 
 1-2 mm. wide, not twisted or but slightly so ; head oblong or ovoid, subacute, 
 3-6 mm. long ; bracts rounded and finely lacerate at the apex; lateral sepals linear, 
 irregularly serrate-fimbriate on the winged keel above the middle, about as long 
 as the bracts. In bogs, N. S. to Ont., Mich., Penn. and N. J. July- Aug. 
 
 3. Xyris macrocephala Vahl. SOUTHERN YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 895.) Scapes slender, slightly twisted, 2-edged above, I -edged below, not thick- 
 ened at the base, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 7-25 cm. 
 long, 2-8 mm. wide; head ovoid, or subglobose, blunt or subacute, 1-1.5 cm - l n g; 
 scales ovate or oval, mostly entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, the winged keel 
 fimbriate from the apex to below the middle ; corolla-lobes obovate, 4-6 mm. long. 
 In bogs, Md. to Fla. and La. Widely distributed in tropical America. June-Aug. 
 (Jf. conununis Kunth.) 
 
 4. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 896.) Scapes mostly slender, straight or somewhat twisted, 2-edged above, 2-5 
 dm. tall, not thickened at the base. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, 1-4 
 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; head globose, ovoid or broadly oval, blunt, 8-16 mm. 
 long; scales oval or slightly obovate, entire or bomewhat lacerate; lateral sepals 
 linear, about as long as the bracts, the narrowly winged keel lacerate or incised- 
 serrate only above the middle. In swamps and bogs, Mass, to Penn., Fla. and La., 
 mostly near the coast. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Xyris fimbriata Ell. FRINGED YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. f. 897.) 
 Scapes rather stout, roughish, straight or somewhat twisted, strongly 2-edged 
 above, 0.5-1.2 m. high. Leaves flat, 6-12 mm. wide; head oblong-cylindric, or some- 
 times globose-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm - * n diameter; scales obovate, their margins entire or 
 the apex lacerate; lateral sepals longer than the bracts, exserted, long-fringed on 
 the winged keel above the middle. In wet pine barrens, S. N. J. to Fla. and 
 Miss., mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Xyris arenicola Small. TWISTED YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (I. F. f. 898.) 
 Scapes stout, much spirally twisted, i -edged below, or 2-edged at the summit, 
 smooth or nearly so, the base conspicuously bulbous-thickened and with the 
 sheathing leaves sometimes 2.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves narrowly linear from a 
 broad shining nearly black base, rigid, rather shorter than the scapes, spiral!}: 
 twisted; head oblong or oblong-cylindric, acute or subacute, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
 bracts oblong-obovate, minutely lacerate-serrulate at the apex or entire; lateral 
 sepals linear, exserted, the winged keel fringed with rather short processes above 
 the middle. In dry pine barrens, S. N. J. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly near the 
 coast, extending north to Ark. (X. torta Kunth, not J. E. Smith.) May-Aug. 
 
 Family 3. ERIOCAULACEAE LindL* 
 Pipewort Family. 
 
 Bog or aquatic herbs, perennial or perhaps sometimes annual, with 
 fibrous mostly knotted or spongy roots, tufted grass-like basal leaves, 
 and monoecious (androgynous) or occasionally dioecious very small 
 flowers, in terminal solitary heads, on long slender scapes. Head of 
 flowers involucrate by bracts, each flower borne in the axil of a scarious 
 scale. Perianth of 2 series of segments or rarely of one series. Stamens 
 in the staminate flowers as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovary 
 2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, locu- 
 licidally dehiscent. Seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; endosperm fari- 
 naceous. Six genera and about 340 species, widely distributed in warm 
 and tropical regions, a few extending into the temperate zones. 
 
 Perianth of 2 series of segments ; sepals and petals 2 or 3 ; stamens distinct; anthers 2- 
 celled. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the inner perianth-segments (petals), i. Et^fifAuhn. 
 Stamens as many as the inner perianth-segments. 2. Dupatya. 
 
 Perianth simple, of 3 segments (sepals) ; stamens 3, monadelphous below ; anthers 
 i-celled. 3. Lachnocaulon. 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev. Thomas Morong. 
 
ERIOCA ULA CEAE. 
 
 I. ERIOCAULON L. (See Appends .) 
 
 Acaulescent or very short stemmed herbs, the scapes erect, or when immersed 
 delicate, angular with a long sheathing bract at the base. Leaves mostly short, 
 spreading, acuminate, parallel-nerved. Head of flowers woolly, white, lead- 
 colored or nearly black. Staminate flowers: outer perianth-segments 2 or 3, dis- 
 tinct or sometimes connate, the inner united below into a tube, alternate with the 
 outer ones, each with a minute spot or gland near its middle or apex ; stamens 
 mostly 4-6, one opposite each perianth-segment, the filaments of those opposite the 
 inner segments the longer; pistil small, rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers: 
 outer perianth-segments as in the staminate flowers, the inner indistinct, narrow; 
 stamens wanting; ovary sessile or stalked; style columnar or filiform, stigmas 2 or 
 3, filiform. Fruit a thin-walled capsule. Seeds oval, covered with minute pro- 
 cesses. [Greek, in allusion to the wool at the base of the scape in some species.] 
 About no species, of very wide geographic distribution in tropical and warm 
 regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern U. S. and 3 in 
 Mexico. 
 
 Leaf-blades as long as the sheaths, coarsely 3-8-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes y-angled ; 
 
 heads 4-6 mm. in diameter. i. E. septangulare. 
 
 Leaf-blades shorter than the sheaths, finely 6-2o-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes io-i2-angled; 
 
 heads 6-12 mm. in diameter. 2. E. compressum. 
 
 Leaf-blades much longer than the sheaths, finely io~5O-nerved ; scapes io-i4-angled ; 
 
 heads 8-16 mm. in diameter. 3. E, decangulare. 
 
 1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. SEVEN- ANGLED PIPEWORT. (I. F. f. 
 899.) Stem a mere. crown. Leaf-blades pellucid, 3-8-fenestrate-nerved, 1-8 cm. 
 long; scapes weak, twisted, about 7-angled, smooth, 2-20 cm. tall, or when sub- 
 mersed sometimes 1-3.5 m - l n gl involucral bracts glabrous, or the innermost 
 bearded at the apex, oblong, usually shorter than the flowers; marginal flowers 
 usually staminate; scales of the receptacle spatulate or obovate, abruptly pointed, 
 brown above; staminate flowers about 2.5 mm. high; pistillate flowers scarcely 
 more than half as large; perianth-segments of both kinds of flowers white-bearded. 
 In still water or on shores, Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also in western 
 Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. FLATTENED PIPEWORT. (I. F. f. 900.) 
 Leaf-blades 6-2O-fenestrate-nerved, tapering to a long sharp tip, rigid, or when 
 submerged thin and pellucid. Stem a mere crown ; scapes 1.5-9 dm. tall ; smooth, 
 flattened when dry, IO 12-angled ; involucral bracts rounded, obtuse, scarious, 
 shining, smooth, imbricated in 3 or 4 series ; heads frequently dioecious ; recep- 
 tacle glabrous ; flowers 3-4 mm. high, otherwise similar to those of the preceding. 
 In still shallow water, S. N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. At flowering 
 time the styles and stigmas are much exserted, standing above the heads like pro- 
 jecting threads. May-Oct. 
 
 3. Eriocaulon decangulare L. TEN-ANGLED PIPEWORT. (I. F. f. 901.) 
 Stems short and thick, 25 cm. long. Leaf-blades finely many-nerved, tapering to 
 a blunt tip, i-5~5 ^m. ^ on S> 416 mm. wide ; scapes stout, rigid, glabrous, 
 io-14-angled, 0.3-1 m. tall; heads 8-16 mm. in diameter; involucral bracts 
 ovate, often eroded, denticulate at the apex and pubescent below, imbricated in 
 4 or 5 series ; receptacle pubescent with many-celled hairs ; flowers 4 mm. high, 
 densely woolly at the base ; scales longer than the flowers, acute, white-bearded ; 
 as are the spatulate perianth-segments. In swamps, S. N. J. and Penn. to Fla. 
 and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Oct. 
 
 2. DUPATYA Veil. [PAEPALANTHUS Mart.] 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs, our species with the habit of Eriocaulon. 
 Stems very short. Leaves awl-shaped, tufted. Scapes slender, several-? ngled, 
 erect, twisted in growth, sheathed at the base by a long acute bract. Flowers 
 androgynous, in globular or hemispheric heads, each in the axil of a scale, or the 
 scales sometimes obsolete. Involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series. 
 Perianth of 2 series, each of 2 or 3 segments in the staminate flowers, the outer 
 segments distinct, the inner connate : stamens 2 or 3, inserted on the inner perianth 
 and opposite its lobes, Pistillate flowers with the outer segments distinct, 
 
233 FLORA. 
 
 the inner often connate above the 2-celled, 2-3-ovuled ovary ; style cleft into 
 2 or 3 entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded capsule, loculici- 
 dally dehiscent. [Name in honor of Dnpaty.~\ About 215 species, mostly natives of 
 tropical America. Only the following is known in the U. S. : 
 
 I. Dupatya flavidula (Michx.) Kuntze. DUPATYA. (I. F. f. 902.) Leaves 
 3-5 -nerved, 2-5 cm. long, awl-shaped, woolly at the base, glabrous or sparingly 
 pubescent above. Scapes usually numerous, 5 -angled, pubescent, 1-3 dm. high ; 
 sheaths longer than the leaves, slightly inflated above, pubescent ; involucral 
 bracts straw-colored, glabrous, obtuse, oval, shining, somewhat pubescent at the base; 
 scales very thin, scarious- white, linear, slightly pubescent, about as long as the 
 flowers ; flowers about 2.5 mm. high ; perianth 6-parted ; outer perianth of the 
 staminate flowers stalked, woolly, the inner a campanulate tube with 3 stamens ; 
 pistillate flowers with both sets of perianth-segments distinct, the inner much 
 narrower than the outer ; style 3 -parted ; stigmas 3. In moist pine barrens, 
 S. Va. to Fla. March-July. 
 
 3. LACHNOCAULON Kunth. 
 
 Tufted herbs with the habit of Eriocatdon, the leaves linear. Scape several- 
 angled, sheathed at the base by an entire bract about as long as the leaves ; heads 
 globose. Receptacle pilose. Flowers androgynous. Perianth of 3 segments. 
 Staminate flowers with 3 stamens united below into a thickened tube which is coa- 
 lescent with a body, variously regarded as a corolla or as a rudimentary pistil, 
 bearing at its apex 3 fimbriate or entire lobes alternate with the filamenls ; 
 anthers i -celled, minute. Pistillate flowers with a sessile 3-celied, 3-ovuled ovary 
 surrounded by copious woolly hairs at the base ; styles united below, spreading 
 above into 3 divisions which are 2 -parted, there being thus 6 stigmas. [Greek, 
 referring to the woolly scapes of some species.] Four known species, natives of 
 the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. HAIRY PIPEWORT. (I. F. f. 
 903). Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2-8 cm. long, tapering to an 
 obtuse callous tip. Scapes slender, 0.55 dm. tall, 2 4-angled, clothed with long 
 soft appressed upwardly pointed hairs ; sheaths equalling or shorter than the 
 Icives ; heads globose, 2-6 mm. in diameter ; involucral bracts ovate or oblong, 
 shorter than the flowers, usually brown ; flowers about 2 mm. high ; scales brown, 
 spatulate, white-bearded at the apex ; perianth of the staminate flowers short- 
 stalked, pubescent at the base, woolly and fimbriate at the summit ; segments of 
 the pistillate perianth white, glabrous, obtuse ; ovary densely villous around the 
 base ; seeds strongly ribbed. In most pine barrens, Va. to Fla. March- June. 
 
 Family 4. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Pine-Apple Family. 
 
 Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with 
 elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, 
 or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth 
 of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or 
 united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. 
 Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled ; ovules numerous in each cavity, 
 anatropous ; style short or elongated ; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in 
 our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small, 
 situated at the base of the copious endosperm: About 35 genera and 900 
 species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America. 
 
 x. TILLANDSIA L. 
 
 Epiphytic plants with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple flowers. 
 Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypo- 
 gynous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; 
 anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary superior ; style subulate ; stigmas short. 
 Capsule seoticidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus 
 which splits up into fine threads. [Dedicated to Elias Tillands, Swedish (?) botanist 
 
COMMEL1NACEAE. 2$$ 
 
 of the seventeenth century.] Afxmt 350 species, natives of warm and tropical 
 America. Besides the following some 9 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Tillandsia usneoidis L. LONG Moss. FLORIDA Moss. (I. F. f. 904.) 
 Stems very slender, thread-like, flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the 
 branches of trees, 1-8 m. long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery- 
 scurfy all over. Leaves scattered, 2-8 cm. long, scarcely I mm. thick, their bases 
 somewhat dilated ; flowers sessile and solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils cf 
 the leaves ; sepals about 6 mm. long, pale green ; petals yellow; stamens about as 
 long as the calyx ; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long, at length splitting into 3 linear 
 valves. E. Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Very widely distributed in tropical 
 America. 
 
 Family 5. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Spiderwort Family. 
 
 Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and 
 often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy 
 bracts. Perianth of 2 series ; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a 
 corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. 
 Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 
 or 3 of them different from the others and sterile ; filaments filiform or 
 somewhat flattened ; anjtjjers^3*celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so, 2-3-celled ; ovules i or several 
 in each cell, anatropous or half anatropous ; style simple ; stigmas termi- 
 nal, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitary or several in each cell 
 of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo 
 small. Endosperm copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly 
 natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2 ; petals unequal ; bracts spathe-like. i. Commelina. 
 
 Perfect stamens 6, rarely 5 ; petals all alike ; bracts leaf-like. 2. Tradescanlia. 
 
 i. COMMELINA L. 
 
 Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-petioled or sessile leaves, and 
 irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like bracts. 
 Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals unequal, 2 of 
 them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of them incurved 
 and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller, their anthers 
 various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3 -celled. Seeds i or 2 in each cavity, 
 the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 
 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of wide distribution in warm and 
 temperate regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Spathes not united at the base. 
 
 Spathes acuminate ; capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. i. C. nudiflora. 
 
 Spathes acute; capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 2. C. communis. 
 
 Spathes with united bases. 
 
 All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules. 
 
 Sheaths, at least the lower ones, glabrous or nearly so; pubescence, if present, not 
 
 hirsute. 3. C. crispa. 
 
 Sheaths more or less hirsute. 
 
 Capsules 2-valved, dorsal cavity indehiscent. 4. C. Virginica. 
 
 Capsules 3-valved, all cavities dehiscent. 5. C. erecta. 
 
 Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with i ovule. 
 
 6. C. hirtella. 
 
 I. Commelina nudiflora L. CREEPING DAY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 905.) Glabrous 
 or very nearly so; stems procumbent or creeping, 3-8 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, their sheaths 
 sometimes ciliate ; spathe acuminate, 2-4 cm. long,- peduncled, the 2 bracts not 
 united by their margins ; flowers few in each spathe, 6-12 mm. broad ; ventral 
 cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal i-ovuled ; capsule commonly 5-seedd 
 
240 FLORA. 
 
 (2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, i in the clorsal) ; seeds oblong, reticulated, 
 about 2 mm. long. Along streams and in waste places, N. J. to Ind. and Mo., south 
 to Fla., Tex. and through tropical America to Paraguay. Widely distributed in 
 Asia and Africa. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Commelina communis L. ASIATIC DAY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 907.) Glabrous 
 or nearly so ; stems ascending or decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 
 3-9 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth ; sheath white-membranous 
 with green veins, sometimes ciliate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spathes few, peduncled, their 
 2 bracts acute, nearly 2.5 cm. long, glabrous or sometimes pubescent, distinct; 
 flowers deep blue, 12 mm. broad or more ; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, 
 the dorsal i-ovuled ; capsule 2-celled, each cavity 2-seeded ; seeds dark brown, 
 roughened. In waste places, S. N. Y. and E. Penn., south to Ga. and Ky. Ad- 
 ventive or naturalized from Asia. July- Oct. . 
 
 3. Commeiina crispa Wooton. CURLEY-LEAVED DAY-FLOWER. Finely 
 villous or glabrate below ; stems commonly branched at the base, the branches 
 2-9. dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 3-8 cm. long, acuminate, 
 crisped, slightly contracted at the base ; sheaths pale, 12-15 mm. long, ciliate ; 
 spathes 2-2.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubescent, united at the base ; sepals 
 orbicular-elliptic ; petals various, the 2 upper light blue, with slender claws and 
 broadly reniform blades 1-1.5 cm. broad, the third white, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. 
 long ; capsules 4-5 mm. long, 3-celled, 2 cavities dehiscent, third cavity indehis- 
 cent ; seeds smooth. In sandy and rocky soil, Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex. Summer 
 and fall. 
 
 4. Commelina Virginica L. VIRGINIA DAY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 909.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems diffusely 
 branched, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 
 acuminate at the apex ; sheaths inflated, often pubescent, the orifice sometimes 
 fringed ; spathes several, usually peduncled, the 2 bracts acute or acuminate, 
 15-25 mm. long, distinct ; corollas 2.5 cm. broad or less, showy ; capsule 
 3-celled, each cavity I -seeded, the dorsal one indehiscent and roughened. In 
 moist soil, S. N. Y. to 111. and Mich., south to Fla., Neb., Tex. and through 
 tropical America to Paraguay. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Commelina erecta L. SLENDER DAY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 908.) Somewhat 
 pubescent, or glabrous ; stems commonly tufted, erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. tall, 
 the roots thickened. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base ; sheaths 12-25 mm - l n g often hirsute ; spathes 
 peduncled or sessile, acute or acuminate, distinct, 2-4 cm. long ; corollas 12 mm. 
 broad or more; ovary 3-celled, each cavity i-ovuled ; capsule papery, all its cavities 
 dehiscent, each I -seeded ; seeds ash-colored, nearly or quite smooth, puberulent. 
 In moist soil, S. Penn. (according to Watson), south to Fla., Tex. and in tropical 
 America. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 6. Commelina hirtella Vahl. BEARDED DAY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 906.) Stem 
 stout, erect or ascending, 5-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, 
 10-18 cm. long, their sheaths 12-25 mm. long, fringed with rather stiff and long 
 brownish hairs and sometimes pubescent ; spathes sessile or short-peduncled, often 
 clustered at the summits of the stem and branches; bracts acute, united at the base, 
 rather strongly cross-veined ; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the other 
 i-ovuled ; capsule 5 -seeded; seeds brown, somewhat more than 2 mm. long, smooth, 
 minutely puberulent. In moist soil, S. N. J. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA L. 
 
 Somewhat mucilaginous herbs, with simple or branched stems, mostly narrow 
 and elongated leaves, and showy regular flowers in terminal, or terminal and axil- 
 lary, umbel-like cymes subtended by leaf-like or scarious bracts. Sepals 3, dis- 
 tinct, herbaceous. Petals 3, sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile ; or those 
 opposite the petals shorter. Filaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the 
 cavities usually 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3~i2-seeded. 
 [In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I, died 1638-] About 35 species, 
 
COAfMELINA CEA E. 241 
 
 natives of tropical and temperate America. Besides the following; some 8 others 
 occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Umbel-like cymes peduncled, subtended by small bracts. I. T. rosea. 
 
 Umbel-like cymes sessile, subtended by leaf-like bracts. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than broad. 
 
 Stems i to rarely 8 cm. long; bracts longer than the leaves. 2'. T. brevicaulis, 
 Stems elongated, i-io dm. long ; bracts mostly shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Foliage bright green ; pedicels, like the sepals, pilose or villous ; sepals be- 
 coming membranous. 
 
 Pedicels and sepals pilose with gland-tipped hairs. 
 
 Stems 1-3 dm. tall ; bracts lanceolate, the bases sac-like, whitish, 
 
 broader than the leaves. 3. T. bracteata. 
 
 Stems 3-8 dm. tall ; bracts linear, the bases not sac-like, green s 
 narrower than the leaves. 4. 7", occidentalis. 
 
 Pedicels and sepals villous with non-glandular hairs. 
 
 5. T. Virginiana. 
 Foliage glaucous ; pedicels glabrous ; sepals with a tuft of hairs at the apex, 
 
 6. 7'. reflexa. 
 Leaves lanceolate, 2-10 times longer than broad. 
 
 Slender ; stems strict ; cymes solitary and terminal or on corymbed branches ; 
 
 species Alleghenian. 7. 7\ montana. 
 
 Stout ; stems zigzag ; cymes terminal and sessile in the upper axils; species cam- 
 
 pestrian. 8. 7\ pilosa. 
 
 1. Tradescantia rosea Vent. ROSEATE SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 914.) Gla- 
 brous; stern slender, erect, mostly tufted, 12-30 cm. tall. Leaves narrowly 
 linear, grass-like, nearly erect, channeled, 10-18 cm. long, clasping at the base; 
 bracts very short and scarious; cymes terminal, long-peduncled, few-flowered, sub- 
 tended by small pointed bracts; pedicels slender; sepals lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. 
 long, shorter than the petals; corolla rose-color, 12-16 mm. broad; filaments hairy; 
 style slender, long-exserted. In dry woods, Md. to Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. 
 April-Aug. 
 
 2. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf. SHORT-STEMMED SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 912.) Villous with long hairs; stems only 1-8 cm. high, the plant often appearing 
 nearly stemless; leaves mostly basal, 1.5-3 dm. l n g grass-like, linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, ciliate, at least at the base, glabrous, or villous toward the apex; bracts 
 similar to the leaves, but usually more elongated; cymes 4- 1 2 -flowered; pedicels 
 slender, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> villous; sepals oblong; corolla about 2.5 cm. broad, blue or 
 rose-purple. In dry soil, 111., Ky. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 3. Tradescantia bracteata Small. LONG-BRACTED SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 9ioa.) Deep green, glabrous to the inflorescence or nearly so; stems erect, 1-3 
 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. 
 long, long-acuminate; sheaths paler than the leaf- blades, conspicuously ribbed, 
 the upper often ciliate; bracts of the involucre 2, broader than the leaves, saccate 
 at the base, ciliate, often villous on the back; cymes few-flowered; pedicels 1.22.5 
 cm. long, glandular-pubescent like the sepals; sepals ovate-lanceolate or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, involute; corolla blue or reddish, about 2.5 cm. broad. In sandy soil, 
 Minn, to S. Dak., south to Kans. Spring and summer. 
 
 4. Tradescantia occidentalis Britton. WESTERN SPIDERWORT. Mostly 
 glabrous to the inflorescence, bright green. Stems solitary, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, 
 simple; leaves linear, 2-3 dm. long, involutely folded, curved; sheaths 1-4 cm. 
 long, conspicuously ribbed, rarely with a few cilia; bracts of the involucre 2, linear, 
 slightly unequal; pedicels rather slender, 1-2 cm. long; sepals oblong or elliptic, 
 apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, 8-io mm. long, glandular-pilose; 
 petals blue or reddish, almost I cm. long, orbicular-ovate; capsules obovoid or ob- 
 long. 5-6 mm. long, puberulent at the apex; seeds 3 mm. long, pitted and ridged. 
 On sand-hills, Iowa to Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. Summer. (T. Virginiana 
 occidentalis Britton . ) 
 
 j. Tradescantia Virginiana L. SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 910.) Glabrous 
 lightly pubescent, bright green; stems stout, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves nearly flat, 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, often more than 3 dm. long; bracts leaf- 
 like, commonly nearly as wide as the leaves; cymes solitary and terminal, or rarely 
 
 or slit 
 
24* FLORA. 
 
 2-4, loosely several-many-flowered; pedicels villous, slender; corolla blue or 
 purplish, rarely white, 2-4 cm. broad, very showy; sepals elliptic, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or obtuse, villous, 12-18 mm. long, much longer than the capsule. 
 In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, S. N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak., south to 
 Va., Ky. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in N. E. May-Aug. 
 
 6 Tradescantia reflexa Raf. REFLEXED SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 91 ia.) 
 Glabrous to the sepals, glaucous; stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, mostly branched, rather 
 strict; leaves linear, 2-5 dm. long, rather rigid, long-attenuate; sheaths large, i- 
 3 cm. long; bracts of the involucres 2, unequal, reflexed; cymes usually densely 
 fruited; pedicels slender, 2-3 cm. long, recurved; sepals oblong or elliptic, appar- 
 ently lanceolate by the involute edges, 8-10 mm. long, hooded with a tuft of hairs 
 at the apex; corollas blue or red, 2-3 cm. broad; petals suborbicular; capsule 
 ovoid or oblong, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous. In sandy or loamy soil, Minn, to Fla. 
 and Tex. Spring and summer. 
 
 7. Tradescantia montana Shuttlw. MOUNTAIN SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 911.) Dark green and glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, simple or sparingly 
 branched, 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, 
 mostly distant, their sheaths enlarged; bracts similar to the leaves but shorter; 
 cymes mostly solitary and terminal, sessile in the bracts, rather densely flowered; 
 pedicels and calyx glabrous or pubescent; corolla less than 2.5 cm. broad; sepals 
 apparently lanceolate by the involute edges, acute, hooded, 5-6 mm. long. In 
 woods and thickets, mountains of southwestern Va. to Ky. and Ga. June- Aug. 
 
 8. Tradescantia pilosa Lehm. ZIGZAG SPIDERWORT. (I. F. f. 913.) More 
 or less puberulent or short-pilose; stem stout, 3-9 dm. high, commonly flexuous, 
 often branched. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly nar- 
 rowed at the base, 15-25 cm. long, dark green alx>ve, paler beneath ; bracts usually 
 narrower and shorter than the leaves; cymes 3-8, terminal and axillary or on short 
 axillary branches, densely many-flowered; pedicels and calyx pubescent and more 
 or less glandular, rarely nearly glabrous; corollas lilac-blue, 18-30 mm. broad. In 
 thickets and on shaded hillsides, southern Penn. to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 Family 6. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort.* 
 
 Pickerel-weed Family. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or bog plants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades, 
 or long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary 
 or spiked, subtended by leaf-like spathcs. Perianth free from the 
 ovary, corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube 
 or the base of the perianth ; filaments filiform, dilated at the base or 
 thickened at the middle ; anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong or rarely 
 ovate. Ovary 3-celled with axile placentae, or i -celled with 3 parietal 
 placentae ; style filiform or columnar ; stigma terminal, entire or minutely 
 toothed ; ovules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only i of them perfect- 
 ing. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, or a i-celled, i -seeded utricle. 
 Endosperm of the seed copious, mealy ; embryo central, cylindric. About 
 5 genera and 25 species, inhabiting fresh water in the warm and temperate 
 regions of America, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Flowers 2-lipped, stamens 6 ; fruit a i-seeded utricle. i. Pontederia. 
 
 Flowers regular ; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 2. Heteranthera. 
 
 i. PONTEDERIA L. 
 
 Leaves thick with many parallel veins, the petioles long, sheathing, arising from 
 a horizontal rootstock. Stem erect, i -leaved, with several sheathing bract-like 
 leaves at the base. Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, spiked, the spike 
 (or spadix) peduncled and subtended by a thin bract-li'ke spathe. Perianth 
 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 ovate lobes, the middle lobe longest, the lower lip of 
 3 linear-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens 6, borne at unequal distances upon the 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev, Thomas Morong. 
 
PONTEDERIACEAE. 243 
 
 perianth-tube, 3 of them opposite the lower lip, the others opposite the upper lip ; 
 anthers oblong, subversatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive and 
 empty. Fruit enclosed in the thickened tuberculate-ribbed base of the perianth. 
 [In honor of Giulio Pontedera, 1688-1757, professor of botany in Padua.] Seven 
 or eight species, natives of America. 
 
 i. Pontederia cordata L. PICKEREL-WEED. (I. F. f. 915.) Stem rather 
 stout, 0.3-1.1 m. tall. Leaves ovate, cordate-sagittate, 1-2 dm. long, 5-15 cm. 
 wide at the base, the apex and basal lobes obtuse ; basal lobes often with long 
 narrow appendages on the sheathing petiole ; spadix and inflorescence glandular- 
 pubescent ; perianth about 8 mm. long, it and the filaments, anthers, and style 
 bright blue, its tube curved, slightly longer than the lobes; middle lobe of the upper 
 lip with 2 yellow spots? at the base within ; ovary oblong, tapering into the style ; 
 stigma minutely 3-6 toothed. Borders of ponds and streams, N. S. to Minn., 
 Fla. and Tex. The flowers are trimorphous. June-Oct. 
 
 Pontederia cordata lancifolia (Muhl.) Morong. Leaves lanceolate, rounded or 
 narrowed at the base, 5-25 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide. Ont. to N. J., Cuba and Tex. 
 
 2. HETERANTHERA R.& P. 
 
 Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, the leaves petioled, with 
 cordate, ovate, oval or reniform blades, or grass-like. Spathes I -flowered or 
 several-flowered. Flowers small, white, blue or yellow. Lobes of the perianth 
 nearly or quite equal, linear. Stamens 3, equal or unequal, inserted on the throat 
 of the perianth. Ovary fusiform, entirely or incompletely 3-celled by the intrusion 
 of the placentae ; ovules numerous ; stigmas 3-lobed. Fruit enclosed in the 
 withered perianth tube. Seeds ovoid, many-ribbed. [Greek, referring to the 
 unequal anthers of some species.] About 9 species, 2 in tropical Africa, the others 
 American ; only the following in the U. S. 
 
 Leaves mostly reniform, sometimes cordate-ovate. I. H. reniformis. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval, sometimes slightly cordate. 2. H. timosa. 
 
 Leaves linear, grass-like, floating. 3. H. dubia. 
 
 1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. MUD-PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 916.) 
 Stems creeping in the mud, rooting at the nodes. Leaves cordate or reniform- 
 rarely cordate-ovate and acute, the blades 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; peti, 
 oles sheathing, 2-io cm. long; spathe 2-5-flowered; tube of the perianth slender, 
 about 8 mm. long, its lobes shorter; flowers white or pale blue; anthers basifixed, 
 the 2 upper oval, the other on a longer filament and linear. In mud or shallow 
 water, Conn, to N. J., Neb. and Kans., south to La. Also in South and Central 
 America. 
 
 2. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. SMALLER MUD PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 
 917.) Stems commonly much branched from the base, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves 
 obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2.5 cm. long or less; petioles 5-13 cm. 
 long; spathes I -flowered, often on peduncles 2 cm. long or more; flowers white or 
 blue, usually larger than those of the preceding ; filaments equal or nearly so ; anthers 
 linear, often sagittate. In mud or shallow water, Va. to Ky., Neb., Fla., La., 
 Kans. and throughout tropical America. 
 
 3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. WATER STAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 918.) 
 Aquatic; stem slender, forked, often rooting at the nodes, 6-10 dm. long. Leaves 
 flat, elongated, acutish, their sheaths thin, with small acute stipule-like append- 
 ages; flowers light yellow, the perianth-segments narrow; stamens nearly equal ; 
 tube of the perianth 2-3.5 cm - l n g; spathe i-2-flowered; filaments dilated below ; 
 anthers linear, 4 mm. long, sagittate; stigma several-lobed ; capsule i-celled with 
 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded. Li still water, Ont to Ore., Fla. and Mex. 
 Also in Cuba. July-0ct \H. graminea Vahl.] 
 
244 FLORA. 
 
 Order 8. LILlALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the 
 flowers usually regular and complete, and their parts in 3*5 or 6's. Ovary 
 superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny. 
 
 Ovary superior (except in Aletris of the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus in the 
 
 Melanthaceae). 
 Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like 
 
 leaves and small flowers. Fam. i. Juncaeeae. 
 
 Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like. 
 
 Fruit a capsule (except in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy and indehis- 
 
 cent). 
 
 Capsule mostly septicidal ; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 2. Melanthaceae, 
 Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Calochorttis) ; plants mostly bulbous. 
 
 Fam. 3. Liliaceae. 
 Fruit a fleshy berry. 
 
 Erect herbs ; tendrils none ; flowers perfect. Fam. 4. Convallariaceae. 
 
 Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect ; flowers dioecious, in axillary 
 umbels. Fam. 5. Smt/aceae. 
 
 Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. - ^ 
 
 Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 6. Haemodoraceae. 
 
 Stamens 6 in our species. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 7. Amaryllidaceae. 
 
 Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 8. Dioscoreaceae. 
 
 Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 9. Jrtdaceae. 
 
 Family 17. JUNCACEAE Vent.* 
 
 Rush Family. 
 
 Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, com- 
 monly growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or 
 decompound, paniculate, corymbose, cymose, or umbelloid, rarely re- 
 duced to a single flower, bearing its flowers singly, or loosely clustered, 
 or aggregated into spikes or heads. Flowers small, regular, with or with- 
 out bracelets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous. 
 Stamens 3 or 6, rarely 4 or $, the anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, 
 dehiscing by a slit. Pistil superior, tricarpous, i -celled or 3-celled, with 
 3-many ascending anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a 
 loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3-many, small, cylindric to subglobose, with 
 loose or close seed-coat, with or without caruncular or tail-like append- 
 ages. Seven genera and about 200 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Leaf-sheaths open ; capsule i- or 3-celled, many-seeded ; placentae parietal or axial. 
 
 i. June us. 
 Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule i-celled, 3-seeded, its placenta basal. 2. Juncoidts. 
 
 I. JUNCUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous herbage: 
 stems leaf-bearing or scapose, leaf-sheaths with free margins, and leaf blades terete, 
 gladiate, grass-like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, often 
 unilateral, sometimes congested, bearing its flowers either singly and with 2 bract- 
 lets (prophylla), or in heads and without bractlets, but each in the axil of a bract ; 
 bractlets almost always entire; stamens 6 to 3; ovary i -celled or by the intrusion 
 of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae correspondingly parietal or axial; seeds 
 several-many, usually distinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed. About l^o 
 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. The species bloom in sum- 
 mer. [Latin, frortijungo, to bind, in allusion, to the use of these plants for w?,thes 
 
 * Contributed by Mr. FREDERICK V. COVILLB, 
 
JUNCACEAE. 245 
 
 A. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence terete, not conspicuously channeled, ere.t. 
 appearing like a continuation of the stem, the inflorescence therefore appearing lat- 
 eral ; stem leaves none. 
 
 1. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence. GENUINI. 
 
 Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored. 
 
 Perianth-parts equalling or exceeding the capsule, all acute. 
 
 Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. 
 Capsule without a distinct apical papilla. i. J. effusus. 
 
 Capsule with a distinct apical papilla. 2. J. conglomeratus. 
 
 Stamens 6; leaf of inflorescence about equalling the stem, or longer. 
 
 3. J. filiformis. 
 Perianth-parts reaching only the middle of the capsule, inner obtuse. 
 
 4. J. gymnocarpus. 
 Perianth-parts with a chestnut-brown stripe down either side of the midrib. 
 
 5. /. Baltic us. 
 
 2. Flowers not bracteolate, inserted in heads on the branches of the inflorescence. THA- 
 
 LASSICI. 
 
 Perianth-parts pale brown ; seed tailless. 6. J. Roemerianus. 
 
 Perianth-parts green, or in age straw-colored ; seed tailed. 7. J. maritimus. 
 
 B. Lowest leaf of the infloresence not appearing like a continuation of the stem, 
 or if so, conspicuously channeled along the upper side, the inflorescence usually ap- 
 pearing terminal. 
 
 1. LEAF-BLADE TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED (INSERTED WITH ITS FLAT SURFACE 
 FACING THE STEM), OR TERETE AND CHANNELED, NOT PROVIDED WITH SEPTA. 
 
 * Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes 
 
 clustered or congested, but never in true heads. POIOPHYLLI. 
 Annual; inflorescence, exclusive of its leaves, more than one-third the height of the 
 
 plant. 8. J. bufonius. 
 
 Perennial; inflorescence, excluding leaves, not one-third the height of the plant. 
 Leaf-blade flat, but sometimes involute in drying. 
 
 Inflorescence i-3-flowered; leaves with fimbriate auricles. 
 
 9. J. trifidus. 
 Inflorescence, except in depauperate specimens, several-many-flowered ; 
 
 leaves with entire auricles. 
 
 Cauline leaves i or 2, rarely wanting ; perianth-parts obtuse. 
 
 10. /. Gerardi. 
 Cauline leaves none; perianth parts acute or acuminate. 
 
 Inflorescence usually much exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers 
 seldom plainly secund ; perianth 3.5-5.5 mm. long, usually ex- 
 ceeding the capsule ; capsule obovoid, broadly rounded at the 
 apex, the placentae intruded half way to the axis. 
 
 11. J. tennis. 
 Inflorescence rarely exceeded by its lowest leaf; flowers plainly 
 
 secund on the branches; perianth 2.5-4 rnm. long, equalling the 
 capsule ; capsule oblong, 3-sided, truncate at the apex ; placentae 
 meeting at the axis. 12. J. secundus. 
 
 Leaf-blade terete, channeled along the upper side. 
 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence not four lengths of the panicle; capsule oblong 
 to obovoid. 
 
 Seed tailed. 13. J. Vaseyi. 
 
 Seed not tailed. 
 
 Perianth 2.5-3 mm - lon g> plainly exceeded by the capsule. 
 
 14. J. Greenei. 
 Perianth 3.5-4 mm. long, not exceeded by the capsule. 
 
 15. J. dichotomus. 
 Lowest leaf of the inflorescence rarely less than four times as long as the 
 
 panicle; capsule globose-ovoid. 16. J. setaceus. 
 
 ** Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on branches of the inflorescence. GRA- 
 
 MINIFOLII. 
 
 Stem erect ; capsule oblong or obovoid, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 Stamens 3, with red-brown anthers ; capsule not mucronate. 
 
 17. J. marginatus. 
 
 Stamens 6, with yellow anthers ; capsule mucronate. 18. J. longistylis. 
 Stem creeping-, floating, or ascending; capsule subulate. 19. J. repens. 
 
246 FLORA. 
 
 2. LEAF-BLADE NOT TRANSVERSELY FLATTENED, COMMONLY TERETE, HOLLOW, 
 PROVIDED WITH SEPTA. 
 
 * Leaf -blade usually channeled along the upper side ; septa usually imperfect, not exter- 
 nally evident ; inflorescence of 1-4 heads ; plants of arctic or alpine range. ALPINI. 
 Body of the seed i mm. in length or more. 
 
 Leaf-sheath not auriculate. 20. J. castaneus. 
 
 Leaf-sheath auriculate. 21. J. stygius. 
 
 Body of the seed less than i mm. in length. 
 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence foliose, erect ; capsule deeply retuse at apex. 
 
 22. J. biglumis. 
 Lowest leaf of inflorescence membranous, spreading ; capsule obtuse and mucro- 
 
 nate at the apex. 23. J. triglumis. 
 
 ** Leaf-blade not channeled along the upper side (except in_/. bulbosns), the septa per- 
 fect (except in_/. polycephalus), and usually externally evident; inflorescence, ex- 
 cept in depauperate specimens, of several to many heads; plants not of arctic- 
 alpine range. SEPTATI. 
 
 \ Stamens 6, one opposite each perianth-part. 
 
 Heads reduced to one, or rarely two flowers. 24. J. pelocarpus. 
 
 Heads 2-many-flowered. 
 
 Epidermis not roughened. 
 
 Plants with two kinds of leaves, one normal, the other basal, submersed, and 
 capillary. 
 
 Plant low, less than 2.5 dm. high. 25. J. bulbosus. 
 
 Plant tall, more than 2.5 dm. high. 26. J. militaris. 
 
 Plants without submerged capillary leaves. 
 
 Capsule oblong, either abruptly acuminate or bluntly acute. 
 
 Branches widely spreading; capsule sharply acute, tapering into a con- 
 spicuous tip. 27. J. articulatus. 
 Branches usually strict ; capsule broadly acute, or obtuse, with a short 
 
 tip. 28. j. Richardsonianus. 
 
 Capsule subulate. 
 
 Leaf-blades erect; inner-perianth-parts longer than the outer. 
 
 29. J. nod os us. 
 Leaf-blades abruptly divergent from the stem; outer perianth-parts 
 
 longer than the inner. 30. J. Torreyi. 
 
 Epidermis of the leaves roughened with minute tubercles. 31. J. Caesariensis. 
 
 ft Stamens 3, none opposite the inner perianth-parts. 
 
 Capsule less than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 32. J. brachycarpus 
 
 Capsule more than three-fourths as long as the perianth. 
 
 Capsule tapering evenly into a prominent subulate beak. 
 
 Leaf-blade vertically flattened and with incomplete septa, only rarely compressed 
 
 and with complete septa. 33. J. polycephalus. 
 
 Leaf-blade terete or nearly so, the septa complete. 
 
 Uppermost cauline leaf with a well-developed blade. 
 
 34. J. scirpoides. 
 Uppermost cauline leaf with a rudimentary blade rarely exceeding 3 dm. in 
 
 length. 35. J. megacephalus. 
 
 Capsule obtuse to acute at the apex, sometimes mucronate, but not prolonged into 
 a beak. 
 
 Seed 0.6-2 mm. long. 
 
 Perianth about 2 mm. long, the fruiting head not more than 4 mm. high. 
 
 36. J. brachyceplialus. 
 Perianth 3-4 mm. long, or if shorter, the fruiting head 4 mm. high or more. 
 
 37. J. Canadensis. 
 Seed 0.4-0.5 mm. long. 
 
 Perianth and mature capsule 2-4 mm. long. 
 
 Perianth 2.5-4 mm. long, or if less the whole plant not 5 dm. high. 
 
 38. J. acumitanus. 
 Perianth 2-2.5 rnm. long, the whole plant more than 5 drr>. high. 
 
 39. J. robustus. 
 Perianth and mature capsules 4-6 mm. long. 40. _/. diffusissimiis. 
 
 I. Juncus effusus L. COMMON RUSH. Boo RUSH. SOFT RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 919.) Plant 0.4-1.2 m. high, tufted, erect. Rootstock branching, proliferous; 
 stem soft, merely striate beneath the inflorescence; basal leaf-blades reduced to 
 filiform rudiments; inflorescence many-flowered, 2-10 cm. high, in one form con- 
 gested; lowest bract of the inflorescence, 5-25 cm. long; perianth 2-3 mm. long, its 
 parts green, lanceolate, acuminate; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule olx>- 
 Vvn'd, 3-celled, muticous, regularly dehiscent; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. in length, reticulate 
 
JUNCACEAE. 247 
 
 in about 16 longitudinal rows. In swamps and moist places, nearly throughout 
 N. A., except the arid and high northern portions. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Juncus conglomerate L. GLOMERATE RUSH. (I. F. f. 920.) Plant 
 3-6 dm. high, tufted, erect. Rootstock stout, with proliferous branches ; stem 
 distinctly ribbed just beneath the inflorescence ; leaf-blades wanting, or minute 
 filiiorm rudiments ; inflorescence congested, seldom more than 2 cm. high ; lowest 
 bract of the inflorescence 5-15 cm. long ; perianth 2.5-4 mm. long, its parts 
 green, lanceolate, acuminate ; anthers shorter than the filaments; capsule obovoid, 
 obtuse or retuse at apex, tipped with the base of the style ; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. in 
 length, acute or abruptly apiculate at both ends, reticulate in about 1 6 longitudinal 
 rows. In the sphagnum bogs of Newf. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 3. Juncus filiformis L. THREAD RUSH. (I. F. f. 921.) Stems 1-6 dm. tall, 
 erect, from a creeping rootstock ; basal leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths ; 
 inflorescence commonly with less than 8 flowers and le? s than 2 cm. high ; perianth 
 2.5-3.5 mm. long, its parts narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the inner obtuse ; 
 stamens 6, about half as long as the perianth ; style very short ; capsule obovoid, 
 green, barely pointed, about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-celled ; seed 
 about 0.5 mm. long, pointed at either end, with an irregularly wrinkled coat, seldom 
 developing reticulations. Lab. to Br. Col., Perm., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and A^ia. 
 
 4. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. PENNSYLVANIA RUSH. (I. F. f. 922.) 
 Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, about 2 mm. thick, from a creeping proliferous root- 
 stock ; basal leaves reduced 10 bladeless clasping sheaths ; panicle commonly 
 1.5-3 cm. high, spreading, its subtending leaf usually 1-2.5 dm. l n g i perianth 
 2 mm. in length or a little less, its parts with a green midrib, equal, lanceolate, the 
 outer acute, the inner obtuse ; capsule almost twice as long as the perianth, 
 broadly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, brown and shining-, barely dehiscent, 
 3-celled ; seed about 0.6 mm. long, none with perfect markings seen. In swamps, 
 mountains of Schuylkill and Lebanon counties, Penn. 
 
 5. Juncus Balticus Willd. BALTIC RUSH. (I. F. f. 923.) Stems 2-9 dm. high, 
 arising at intervals from a stout creeping rootstock; basal leaves reduced to bladeless 
 sheaths; panicle commonly 2-6 cm. high; perianth 3-4.5 mm. long, its parts nearly 
 equal, brown with a green midrib and hyaline margins; style 1-2 mm. long; stigmas 
 a little shorter; stamens 6, about two-thirds the length of the perianth; anthers much 
 longer than the filaments ; capsule about as long as the perianth, pale to dark 
 brown, narrowly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate, 3-celled ; seeds usually with 
 a loose coat, nearly I mm. long, about 4O-striate. On shores, Lab. to Alaska, 
 S. N. Y., Ohio and Neb., and far south in the western mountains. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Variable. 
 
 6. Juncus Roemerianus Scheele. ROEMER'S RUSH. (L F. f. 924.) Stems 
 0.5-1.2' m. tall, from a tough scaly rootstock 5-10 mm. thick ; inner sheaths bear- 
 ing erect blades of about the same length as the stem ; inflorescence 1-2.5 cm - 
 high, diffuse, its leaf 6-15 cm. long ; heads 2-6-flowered ; perianth pale brown, 
 2-3.5 mm> l n g tne parts linear-oblong, the outer acuminate, the inner shorter and 
 bluntly acute; flowers imperfectly dioecious; stamens 6, on fertile plants reduced 
 to sterile staminodia ; capsule brown, about as long as the perianth, narrowly 
 obovoid, obtuse or truncate, mucronate, 3-celled ; seed dark brown, abruptly 
 apiculate, indistinctly reticulate or distinctly 2O-26-ribbed and the intervening 
 spaces imperfectly cross-lined. In brackish marshes, N. J. to Tex. 
 
 7. Juncus maritimus Lam. SEA RUSH. (I. F. f. 925.) Stems 0.5-1 m. 
 high, from a stout horizontal rootstock. Outer basal leaves reduced to bladeless 
 sheaths, the innermost foliosc, with a long terete stout blade about equalling the 
 stem ; leaf of the inflorescence erect, sometimes 3 dm. long; panicle 0.7-2 dm. high, 
 its branches, stiff, erect ; heads 2-6-flowered ; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts 
 green, lanceolate, with hyaline margins; flowers perfect ; stamens 6, two-thirds as- 
 long as the perianth ; filaments about as long as the anthers ; capsule 3-3.5 mm. 
 long, narrowly ovoid, acute, mucronate, brown above, 3 -celled; seed brown, the 
 body narrowly and obliquely oblong, 2O-3O-ribbed, indistinctly reticulate, tailed at 
 either end. Coney Island, N. Y. Common on the coasts of Europe. 
 
 8. Juncus bufonius L. TOAD RUSH. (I. F. f. 926.) Plant branching from 
 the base, annual, erect, seldom exceeding 2 dm. in height; leaf-blade flat, 0.5-1 mm. 
 
248 FLORA. 
 
 wide, in low plants often much narrower; inflorescence with blade-bearing leaves 
 at the lower nodes; flowers inserted singly on its branches; perianth -parts 4-7 mm. 
 long, lanceolate, acuminate, equal; stamens usually 6, sometimes 3; anthers shorter 
 than the filaments; capsule about two-thirds as long as the perianth, narrowly ob- 
 long, obtuse, mucronate, 3-celled; seed broadly oblong, with straight tips, minutely 
 reticulate in 30-40 longitudinal rows. A cosmopolitan species, occurring through- 
 out N. Am v except the extreme north. 
 
 9. Juncus trifidus L. HIGHLAND RUSH. (I. F. f. 927.) Tufted, 1-3 dm. 
 high; stems about 0.5 mm. thick; basal leaves almost bladeless sheaths, the upper- 
 most with a rudimentary blade and fimbriate auricles; stem leaf i, near the inflo- 
 rescence, with a narrower blade; inflorescence a cluster of 1-3 flowers, the lowest 
 subtending bract similar to the stem leaf; perianth dark brown, 2.5-3.5 mm - l n g 
 stamens 6; capsule equalling the perianth, coriaceous, 3-celled, obovoid, mucro- 
 nate-aristate; seeds few, narrowly obovoid, acute at the base, irregularly angled, 
 minutely striate both longitudinally and transversely. Greenland and Lab., south 
 on the higher mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 10. Juncus Gerardi Lois. BLACK-GRASS. (I. F. f. 928.) Tufted, 2-7.5 dr . 
 high, with creeping rootstocks. Basal leaves with rather loosely clasping auricu- 
 late sheaths; cauline leaves usually I or 2, similar to the basal; inflorescence pan- 
 iculate; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, its parts oblong, obtuse, with green midrib and 
 dark brown margins, straw-colored in age; stamens 6, barely exceeded by the 
 perianth; anthers much longer than the filaments; capsule longer than the perianth, 
 obovoid, mucronate, shining, 3-celled ; seed dark brown, obovate, acute at base, 
 obtuse and often depressed at the summit, marked by 12-16 conspicuous ribs, the 
 intervening spaces cross-lined. On salt meadows, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Fla.; 
 rare in W. N. Y. and the vicinity of the Great Lakes. Occurs also on the north- 
 west coast, and in Europe. 
 
 11. Juncus tenuis Willd. SLENDER RUSH. YARD RUSH. (I. F. f. 929.) 
 Tufted, 2-7.5 dm. high; basal leaves with blades 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, sometimes 
 involute in drying; stem leaves none; inflorescence usually much exceeded by its 
 lowest leaf, i dm. high or less; perianth 3.5-5 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, widely divergent, touching the capsule for about half their length; stamens 
 6, about half as long as the perianth; capsule oblong to obovoid, rounded at the 
 top, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 0.4-0.5 mm. long, narrowly oblong to obovoid, with 
 oblique ends, reticulated in about 16 rows. In dry or moist soil, almost through- 
 out N. Am., now migrating to all parts of the world. Variable. 
 
 12. Juncus secundus Beauv. SECUND RUSH. (I. F. f. 930.) Tufted, 1.5- 
 4dm. high; leaves usually less than one-third the height of the plant; inflores- 
 cence 2-10 cm. high, the flowers secund on the branches; perianth-parts 2.5 
 3.5 mm. long, equalling or barely exceeding the capsule and appressed to it for 
 about two-thirds their length; stamens 6, about one-half as long as the perianth; 
 capsule narrowly ovoid, 3 -sided above the middle with straight sides and a trun- 
 cate apex, completely 3-celled, the placentae meeting in the axis; seed 0.3-0.4 mm. 
 long, narrowly oblong to ovoid, obliquely tipped, with 12-16 longitudinal rows of 
 areolse. In dry soil, Me. (according to Fernald), N. J., Penn. to N. Car., and 
 occasional in the middle Miss. Valley. 
 
 13. Juncus Vaseyi Engelm. VASEY'S RUSH. (I. F. f. 931.) Tufted, 3- 
 6 dm. high; basal leaves with minutely auriculate sheaths, the uppermost bearing 
 a terete channeled blade; stem leaves none; inflorescence 4 cm. in height or less, 
 4~4O-flowered ; perianth 3-4 mm. long, the parts subulate-lanceolate, with hyaline 
 margins; stamens 6; anthers shorter than the filaments; style almost wanting; 
 stigmas short; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth, narrowly oblong, obtuse or 
 truncate, with a short tip, 3-celled; seed long-tailed, with a linear-oblong oblique 
 body about 0.5 mm. long, 2O-24-ribbed. Me. and Ont. to Mich.. 111. and Iowa. 
 
 14. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. GREENE'S RUSH. (I. F. f. 932.) 
 Tufted, 2-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with terete channeled blades one-half to two- 
 thirds the length of the stem; panicle 2-4 cm. high, rather compact, much exceeded 
 by its lowest bract; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, its parts stiff", lanceolate, sharply 
 acute, with brownish red stripes and apex, the inner shorter; stamens 6; anthers 
 about as long as the filaments; capsule one-fourth to one-half longer than the peri- 
 anth, ovate-lanceolate, truncate, 3-celled; seed obliquely oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, 
 
IUNCA CEAE. 249 
 
 slightly reticulated in about 20-24 rows, the areolae nearly square. N. B. to N. J., 
 near the coast; Mich., Wis., Minn, and Ont. 
 
 15. Juncus dichotomus Ell. FORKED RUSH. (I. F. f. 933.) Tufted, 3-10 
 dm. high; leaves all basal except those of the inflorescence; blades terete, channeled 
 along the upper side, about one-half the height of the stem ; inflorescence panicu- 
 late, subsecund ; perianth about 4 mm. long, its parts subulate-lanceolate, straw- 
 colored when old ; stamens 6 ; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, oblong, 
 obtuse, mucronate, i-celled; seed oblong, dark brown, obliquely apiculate, less than 
 0.5 mm. long, reticulate in about 14 longitudinal rows, the smooth areolse about as 
 long as broad. In dry soil, Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. 
 
 16. Juncus setaceus Rostk. AWL-LEAVED RUSH. (I. F. /. 934.) Densely 
 tufted. Stems terete, spreading, 4-10 dm. long ; leaves all basal except those of 
 the inflorescence, the uppermost sheath usually bearing a long terete blade similar 
 to the stem, but channeled; the other sheaths with filiform blades; involucral leaf 
 appearing like a continuation of the stem, 1-3 dm. long ; inflorescence appearing 
 lateral, 5 cm. long or less ; perianth 2-5 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acuminate, 
 rigid, widely divergent in fruit ; stamens 6 ; capsule globose, shining, mucronate, 
 i-celled, barely dehiscent; seed subglobose, 0.5-0.6 mm. long, reticulate in about 
 12 longitudinal rows. In marshes, Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast, extending 
 north in the Miss. Valley to Mo. 
 
 17. Juncus marginatus Rostk. GRASS-LEAVED RUSH. (I. F. f. 935.) 
 Tufted, 1.5-7.5 dm. high from branching rootstocks. Leaf-sheaths auriculate ; 
 blades 1-3 mm. Iroad, 2-4 conspicuous veins in addition to the midrib ; inflores- 
 cence I dm. high or less, the panicle composed of 2-20 turbinate to subspherical 
 5-io-flowered heads; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm - l n g the outer parts ovate, acute, the 
 inner slightly longer, obtuse, with hyaline margins ; stamens 3 ; anthers ovate, much 
 shorter than the filaments; capsule equalling the perianth, obovoid, truncate or 
 retuse, almost 3-celled, the placentae deeply intruded ; seed oblong, 0.4-0.5 mm. 
 long, pointed at either end, i2-i6-ribbed. Grassy places, Me. to Ont., Fla. and 
 Neb. 
 
 Juncus marginatus aristulatus (Michx.) Coville. Taller, sometimes i.i m. high ; leaf- 
 blades 2-5 mm. broad ; heads usually 20-100, mostly 2-5-flowered. N.Y. to Fla. and Mex., 
 mostly near the coast; Miss. Valley to Kans. and Mich. 
 
 Juncus marginatus setosus Coville. Inner perianth-parts ovate or lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate ; seeds smaller. Kans. to Mex. 
 
 1 8. Juncus longistylis Torr. LONG-STYLED RUSH. (I. F. f. 936.) Stems 
 erect, loosely tufted, 2-7.5 dm - high, slender, compressed, i~3-leaved. Leaf-blades 
 1.5-3 mm. wide, the midrib well defined; inflorescence 5 cm. high or less, usually 
 of 2-10 irregular 3-8-flowered heads, or reduced to a single larger one; perianth 
 5-6 mm. long, the parts equal, brown, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6, the yellow 
 linear anthers longer than the filaments ; style about I mm. long ; stigmas 2-3 mm. 
 long; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, angled above, obtuse or 
 depressed at the summit, mucronate, 3-celled; seed oblong, white-tipped, about 0.5 
 mm. long, i4-2O-ribbed. Neb. and the Rocky Mountain region. 
 
 19. Juncus repens Michx. CREEPING RUSH. (I. F. f. 937.) Perennial by 
 prostrate rooting branches; stems compressed, ascending, floating or prostrate, 0.5-5 
 dm. long. Leaves with compressed sheaths, auriculate, the blades 2-8 cm. long, 
 1-2 mm. broad, filiform-acuminate; inflorescence of 1-8 heads, one or more heads 
 often occurring also at the lower nodes; heads 5-io-flowered; flowers 6- 10 mm. 
 long; perianth-parts subulate-lanceolate, the outer keeled, about one-third shorter 
 than the inner; stamens 3; filaments longer than the yellow anthers; capsule subu- 
 late, beakless, about as long as the outer perianth-parts, 3-celled ; seed oblong, acute 
 at either end, finely reticulate. In swamps and streams, Del. to Fla., Cuba and 
 Tex., and in Lower Cal. 
 
 20. Juncus castaneus Smith. CHESTNUT RUSH. (I. F. f. 938.) Stems 
 erect, 1-5 dm. high, terete, leafless, or with a single leaf, arising singly from a 
 slender rootstock. Basal leaves 3-5, the outer sheaths short, loose, the inner clasp- 
 ing, their blades tapering to a slender channeled acutish apex; inflorescence strict, 
 usually exceeded by its lowest bract; heads 1-3, 3-12-flowered; pedicels 1-2.5 mm - 
 long; perianth brown or black, 4-7 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, acute; anthers 
 
250 FLORA. 
 
 about I mm. long; capsule brown, U-2 times as long as the perianth, narrowly 
 oblong, tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 2.5-4 mm. long, 
 contracted into long slender tails. Newf. to Alaska, south along the Rocky Mts. 
 to Colo. In Europe and Asia. 
 
 21. Juncus st^gius L. MOOR RUSH. (I. F. f. 939.) Rootstock none ; stems 
 0.7-3 dm. high? single, or few together, erect, l-3-leaved below; leaf-sheaths 
 1-2 cm. long, clasping, auriculate; blades 2-IO cm. long, slightly compressed, 
 channeled on the upper side, tapering to a blunt point; inflorescence of 1-4 heads; 
 heads i-4-flowered; perianth 3-5 mm. long, pale, its parts lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
 equal; anthers oblong, shorter than the filaments; capsule 6-8 mm. long, pale 
 brown, spindle-shaped, mucronate, 3-celled below, few-seeded; seed spindle shaped, 
 2.5-3 mm. long, with a loose coat, narrowed into thick tails. Newf. to Me., N. 
 N. Y., Mich, and Minn.; also in Br. Col. and Europe. 
 
 22. Juncus biglumis L. TWO-FLOWERED RUSH. (I. F. f. 940.) Stems 
 0.2-2 dm. high, loosely tufted on a branched rootstock, nearly terete. Leaves 1-5, 
 all basal, the outermost sheath usually 8 mm. long or less, the innermost sometimes 
 much longer, the blades nearly terete; inflorescence a capitate cluster of 1-4 
 flowers, its lowest bract erect, foliose; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, dark brown, its 
 parts oblong, obtuse, nearly equal; anthers linear-oblong; capsule longer than the 
 perianth, cylindric-oblong, 3-sided, retuse at the summit; purplish black, or with 
 purple-margined valves, imperfectly 3-celled; seed 0.5-0.6 mm. long, fusiform, 
 narrowed into short stout tails. Baffin Bay to Alaska and Br. Col. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 23. Juncus triglumis L. THREE-FLOWERED RUSH. (I. F. f. 941.) Stems 
 7-17 cm. high, loosely tufted on the branched rootstock, erect, terete. Leaves 1-5, 
 all basal, with sheaths clasping and conspicuously auriculate, the blades subterete, 
 blunt; inflorescence a capitate cluster of 1-5 (usually 3) flowers; the lowest 2 cr 3 
 bracts usually brown, obtuse and membranous; perianth 3-4 mm. long, its parts 
 oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; anthers linear, short; capsule about equalling the peri- 
 anth, oblong, obtuse, mucronate. 3 -angled, imperfectly 3-celled; seed about 2 mm. 
 long, oblong, abruptly contracted into slender tails. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, 
 south in the Rocky Mountains to Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 24. Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. BROWNISH-FRUITED RUSH. (L F. f. 942.) 
 Rootstock slender; stems 0.7-5 ^ m - high; i-5-leaved; basal leaves 2-4, mostly with 
 slender terete blades seldom exceeding 12 cm. in length; inflorescence I cm. in 
 height or less; panicle loose, with distant heads of I or sometimes 2 flowers; peri- 
 anth 1.5-3 mm - l n g' th e parts linear-oblong, obtuse or the inner sometimes acute; 
 stamens 6; anthers slightly exceeding the filaments; style commonly I mm. long; 
 capsule subulate-linear, I -eel led, its slender beak exceeding the perianth; seed 
 oblong to obovoid, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, reticulate in about 24 rows. Newf. to N. J. 
 and Minn. 
 
 Juncus peloc&rpus subtllis (E. Meyer) Engelm. Much smaller, depressed, i-few- 
 flowered. N. Me. and adjacent Can. 
 
 25. Juncus bulbosus L. BULBOUS RUSH. (I. F. f. 943.) Tufted, 5-20 cm. 
 high ; usually bulbous. Leaves of two kinds, the basal mostly submersed, filiform, 
 the cauline stouter, all with auriculate sheaths, panicle of i-io heads; heads 4-15- 
 flowered, some of the flowers often transformed into tufts of small leaves ; perianth 
 2.5-3 mm. long, its parts nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, or with a 
 green midrib; stamens 3; capsule narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, slightly 
 exceeding the perianth, brown above, i-celled; seed narrowly oblong, about 0.5 mm. 
 long, acute at base, obtuse and apiculate above, 25-3O-ribbed. Lab. and Newf. 
 Common in Europe. 
 
 26. Tuncus militaris Bigel. BAYONET RUSH. (I. F. f. 944.) Stems 0.5- 
 1.2 m. nigh, erect, stout, 3-6 mm. thick below, arising from a stout roctstock. 
 Leaves of two kinds, the submersed borne in fascicles on the rootstock and develop- 
 ing filiform blades sometimes 5 dm. long; basal leaves reduced to loose bladeless 
 sheaths; stem leaves I or 2, the lower with a long stout terete blade, the upper, 
 when present, reduced to a bladeless sheath; inflorescence 7-15 cm. high; heads 
 6-i2-flowered; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts narrowly linear-subulate, the 
 inner longer than the outer; stamens 6; capsule ovoid, acuminate, beaked, i-cslled, 
 
JUNCACEAE. 251 
 
 few-seeded, about equalling the perianth; seed obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, retic- 
 ulated in about 24 rows. Shallow margins of lakes, ponds or streams, N. S. to 
 N. N. Y. and Md. 
 
 27. Juncus articulatus L. JOINTED RUSH. (I. F. f. 945.) Rootstock branch- 
 ing; stems erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high, tufted, somewhat compressed, 2-4- 
 leaved, basal blade-bearing leaves I or 2, usually dying early; stem leaves with 
 conspicuously septate blades; inflorescence rarely exceeding I dm. in height, its 
 branches spreading; heads 6-12-flowered; perianth 2-3 mm. long, the parts nearly 
 equal, lanceolate, acuminate, reddish brown with a green midrib or green through- 
 out; stamens 6; capsule longer than the perianth, brown, 3-angled, tapering into a 
 conspiciuous tip, i-celled; seed oblong-obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, reticulate in 
 about 16-20 rows. Lab. to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
 28. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. RICHARDSON'S RUSH. (I. F. f. 946.) 
 Stems erect, 1.5-5 dm. high in loose tufts, from creeping rootstocks, i-2-leaved; 
 panicle 6-20 cm. high, sparse, its branches strict or slightly spreading; heads 3-12- 
 flowered; perianth 2-2.5 mm - l n g> ^ e i rmer parts shorter than the outer, obtuse, 
 the outer paler; stamens 6; anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule ovoid- 
 oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth, with a short tip; seed about 0.5 mm. in 
 length, narrowly obovoid to oblong, apiculate, acute or acuminate at the base, 
 lightly reticulate in about 20 rows. N. S. to Br. Col., Penn., Neb. and Wash. 
 
 29. Juncus nodosus L. KNOTTED RUSH. (I. F. f. 947.) Stems 1.5-6 dm. 
 high, erect, arising singly frrm thickenings of a slender rootstock; stem leaves 2-4, 
 and like the basal ones with long erect blades; panicle seldom exceeding* 6 cm., 
 bearing 130 heads; heads several-many-flowered, 712 mm. in diameter; perianth 
 2.43.5 mm - l n gi its parts lanceolate-subulate, the inner longer than the outer; 
 stamens 6; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-sided, i-celled, exceeding the perianth; 
 seed oblong, acute below, apiculate above, rarely more than 0.4 mm. long, reticu- 
 late in. 20-30 rows. N. S. to Va., Neb. and Br. Col. Also in Nev. 
 
 30. Juncus Torreyi Coville. TORREY'S RUSH. (I. F. f. 948.) Stems 2-10 
 dm. high; rootstock slender, with tuberiform thickenings; leaf-blades stout, terete, 
 abruptly divergent from the stem; inflorescence congested, consisting of 120 heads; 
 heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; perianth 4-5 mm. long, its parts subulate, the outer 
 longer than the inner; stamens 6; capsule subulate, 3-sided, i-celled, beaked; seed 
 0.4-0.5 mm. in length, oblong, acute at both ends, reticulate in about 20 longitudi- 
 nal rows. W. N. Y. to Tex. and the Pacific coast. 
 
 31. Juncus Caesariensis Coville. NEW JERSEY RUSH. (I. F. f. 949.) Stems 
 0.5-1 m. high, stout, erect, slightly roughened; basal leaves few, the iippermost, 
 like the cauline, with long erect terete roughened blades; inflorescence 2-10 cm. 
 high, with spreading branches, its lowest bract with a small blade; heads 2-5 -flow- 
 ered; perianth 4-5 mm. long, the parts lanceolate-acuminate, stiff, green, striate, 
 the inner longer than the outer; stamens 6; capsule lanceolate-oblong, 3-sided, 
 mucronate-acuminate, incompletely 3-celled; seed tailed at both ends, altogether 
 about 2 mm. long. Sandy swamps of S. N. J. [/. asper Engelm., not Sauzd.J 
 
 32. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. SHORT-FRUITED RUSH. (I. F. f. 950.) 
 Stems erect, 2-9 dm. high, terete, i-4-leaved; blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less; 
 inflorescence sometimes I dm. high and with 20 spherical heads; perianth 3-4 mm. 
 long, its parts subulate, the inner about three-fourths as long as the outer; stamens 
 3; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the perianth, oblong, mucronate, I-celled; 
 seed oblong, acute at both ends, about 0.4 mm. long, reticulate in about 18 longitu- 
 dinal rows. S. Ont., through the Miss. Valley to Okla., Tex. and Miss. ; also from 
 N. Car. to Md. 
 
 33. Juncus polycephalus Michx. MANY-HEADED RUSH. (I. F. f. 951.) Stems 
 stout, about I m. high, compressed, 2 4-leaved. Leaves 0.5 m. in length or less, 
 the upper shorter; blades vertically flattened, 3-8 mm. broad; inflorescence 1-3.5 
 dm. high; heads globose, 7-10 mm. in diameter; perianth 3-4 mm. long, its parts 
 subulate; stamens 3; capsule subulate, I-celled, exceeding the perianth; seed nar- 
 rowly oblong, about 0.5 mm. long, acute at each end, with nearly straight tips, 
 reticulate in about 12 rows. In swamps, Va. (?) to Fla. and Tex. 
 
 34. Juncus scirpoides Lam. SCIRPUS-LIKE RUSH. (I. F. f. 952.) Stems 
 2-9 dm. high, erect, terete, in clusters. Stem leaves 1-3; blades terete, 2 mm. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 thick or less, usually less than I dm. long, the septa perfect; basal leaves similar, 
 but with longer blades; inflorescence strict or slightly spreading, sometimes 1.5 dm. 
 in length; heads 2-30, globose, 6-12 mm. in diameter; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm - lon g> 
 its parts subulate, the inner somewhat shorter; capsule subulate, I -celled, its long 
 beak exceeding the perianth; seed oblong, abruptly apiculate at either end, reticu- 
 late in 14-20 longitudinal rows. Me. (according to Fernald), N. Y. to Fla. and La. 
 
 35. Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis. CAROLINA RUSH. (I. F. f. 953.) 
 Stems 3-9 dm. high, tufted from a branching rootstock, stout, 2-3-leaved. Leaves 
 with auricled sheaths, the blades of the basal 2 dm. long or less; the uppermost 
 rarely 2 cm. in length; inflorescence 1.5 cm. high or less, its lowest leaf almost 
 bladeless, the others scarious; panicle of 1-40 heads; heads spherical, 8-12 mm. 
 in diameter; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long, its parts subulate, the outer longer than 
 the inner; stamens 3; capsule subulate, beaked, equalling the perianth, 3-sided, 
 i-celled; seed oblong, acute at either end, reticulate in 12-14 rows. Va. (?), N. Car. 
 to Fla. 
 
 36. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. SMALL -HEADED RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 954.) Stems 3-6 dm. high, tufted, 2-4-leaved; leaves all with well 
 developed blades, the lower commonly 1-2 dm. long; inflorescence commonly 6-15 
 cm. high, with spreading branches; heads top-shaped, 2-5-flowered; perianth 
 2-2.5 mm - l n g i ts P ai "ts lanceolate, the outer shorter than the inner; stamens 3; 
 capsule reddish brown, about one-half longer than the perianth, ovoid-oblong, 
 tipped, 3-sided, i-celled; seed with narrowly oblong body, short-tailed at either 
 end, 20-30-ribbed. Me. to Penn., 111. and Wis. 
 
 37. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. CANADA RUSH. (I. F. f. 955.) Stems 
 0.3-1.2 m. high, erect, stout, 2-4-leaved, few in a tuft. Basal leaves usually 
 decayed at flowering-time; stem leaves with large loose auriculate sheaths, and a 
 stout erect blade usually 1-2.5 dm. l n g; panicle 0.7-2.5 dm. in height; heads 
 usually crowded, 5-4O-flowered; perianth 3-4 mm. long, the parts narrowly 
 lanceolate, acute, the inner longer than the outer; stamens 3; capsule lanceolate, 
 acute, mucronate, 3-sided, i-celled, reddish brown, exceeding the perianth; seed 
 1-2 mm. long, tailed at either end, the body with a smooth shining coat, about 
 4O-striate. N. B. to Minn., Ga. and La. 
 
 Juncus Canadensis subcaud&tus Engelm. Stems 4-7. 5 dm. high, slender, frequently 
 w?ik and reclining; heads few, scattered; seed with very short tails. R. I. to Penn. 
 and Ga. 
 
 Juncus Canadensis brevicaudktus Engelm. Stems erect, 2-7.5 dm. tall, slender, 
 closely tufted ; panicle contracted ; heads 2-6-flowered ; seed long-tailed N. S. to Minn, 
 and N. J. 
 
 38. Juncus acuminatus Michx. SHARP-FRUITED RUSH. (I. F. f. 956.) 
 
 Plant 2.5-9 dm. high; rootstock short. Stems few or several in a tuft, erect, 
 i-3-leaved; blades of the lower leaves 1-2 dm. long; inflorescence 0.5-1.5 dm. 
 high, and with 5-50 heads, rarely larger, or reduced even to a single head, its 
 branches usually spreading; heads 3-2O-flowered ; perianth 2.53.5 mm - l n R> its 
 parts lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal; stamens 3; capsule ovate-lanceolate, 
 broadly acute, mucronate, I -celled, equalling the perianth, light brown; seed 
 oblong, about 0.5 mm. in length, tipped at either end, reticulate in 16-20 longitudinal 
 rows. Me. to S. Ont., Minn., Ga. and Mex. Also on the northwest coast. Heads 
 often proliferous. 
 
 Juncus acuminktus dt^bilis (A. Gray) Engelm. Smaller, densely tufted, 2.5-5 dm. 
 high, the stems often weak and procumbent; perianth shorter, 2-2.5 mm. long; capsule 
 linear oblong, obtuse, about one-third longer than the perianth, short-tipped. N. J. to 
 S. Car. 
 
 39. Juncus robustus (Engelm. ) CovMle. STOUT RUSH. (I. F. f. 957.) Plant 
 about 9 dm. high. Stems single or few in a tuft, stout, nearly terete, i-2-leaved; 
 blades erect, terete, conspicuously many-septate, 2-6 dm. long, usually reaching 
 or exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence 1-2.5 dm. high, with innumerable 
 (commonly 300-500) heads; heads 2-io-flowered; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long, its 
 parts nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate; stamens 3; capsule equalling or one-third 
 exceeding the perianth, straw-colored, oblong, obtuse with a short tip, 3-sided 
 
JUNCA CEAE. 253 
 
 when dry, i-celled; seed nearly as in J. acuminatus. S. 111. to Kans., Okla., La. 
 and Tex. 
 
 40. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley, DIFFUSE RUSH. (I. F. f. 958.) Plant 
 3-6 dm. high. Stems few in a tuft, erect, slender, terete or slightly compressed, 
 2 -4- leaved; blades 1-2 dm. long; inflorescence diffusely branched, 1-2 dm. high 
 and broad; heads 3-12-flowered; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long, its parts subulate, 
 equal; capsule linear-lanceolate in outline, 4-5.5 mm. long, with a short tip, 3- 
 sided, light brown, i-celled; seed oblong to obovoid, acute at the base, abruptly 
 tipped, reticulate in about 16 rows. S. Kans. to Miss, and Tex 
 
 a. JUNCOIDES Adans. [LUZULA DC.] (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial plants, with herbage either glabrous or sparingly webbed, stems leaf- 
 bearing, leaf-sheaths with united margins, and leaf-blades grass-like. Inflorescence 
 umbelloid, paniculate, or corymbose, often congested; flowers always bracteolate, 
 the bractlets usually lacerate or denticulate; stamens 6 in our species; ovary 
 i-celled, its 3 ovules with basal insertion; seeds 3, indistinctly reticulate, sometimes 
 carunculate, not distinctly tailed. [Greek, meaning like JUHCUS.~\ About 40 
 species, widely distributed, mostly flowering in spring. 
 
 Inflorescence umbelloid, i or 2 flowers on each of its branches. i. J. pilosum. 
 
 Inflorescence theoretically paniculate, the flowers often cro\vded in spike-like clusters. 
 Outer perianth-parts shorter than the inner ; introduced species. 2. J. nemorosum. 
 Perianth-parts equal or nearly so ; native species. 
 
 Flowers 1-3 together, on the branches of an open panicle. 3. J. parvijlorutn, 
 Flowers crowded into one or more thick spikes or spike-like clusters. 
 
 Inflorescence nodding. 4. J. spicatum. 
 
 Inflorescence erect or spreading, or its individual branches rarely nodding. 
 Inflorescence of 1-3 spike-like or capitate flower-clusters, or the leaf- 
 blades sharp-pointed. 
 Inflorescence crowded into a single cluster ; leaves flat, usually with 
 
 a blunt apex. 5. J. nivale. 
 
 Inflorescence in 1-4 clusters; leaves narrowed above, involute- 
 channeled, apex very sharp. 6. J. hyperboreum. 
 Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters ; leaf-blades with 
 blunt points. 7. J. campestre. 
 
 1. Juncoides. pilosum (L.) Kuntze. HAIRY WOOD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 959.) 
 Tufted, often stoloniferous. Steins erect, 2-4-leaved, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 
 3-8 mm. wide, flat, slightly webbed, acuminate into a blunt tip; inflorescence an 
 umbelloid flower-cluster, the filiform pedicels equal or nearly so, I -flowered or 
 sometimes 2-flowered; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, its parts triangular-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, brown with hyaline margins, about twice as long as the toothed bractlets; 
 capsule about one-fourth exceeding the perianth, its valves ovate, acuminate; seed 
 provided at the summit with a conspicuous hooked caruncle. N. B. to Alaska, 
 N. Y., Mich, and Ore., and in the Alleghanies to N. Car. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 2. Juncoides nemorosum (Poll.} Kuntze. FOREST WOOD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 
 960.) Loosely tufted or somewhat stoloniferous. Stems slender, 3-7 dm. high, 
 i-6-leaved; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, ciliate, flat; inflorescence diffusely panicu- 
 l.ite or corymbose, the few lower bracts foliose; flowers in clusters of 3-8, the 
 bractlets ovate, entire or sparingly denticulate above; perianth about 2.5 mm. in 
 length, its parts ovate- lanceolate, acute, the outer about one-fifth shorter than the 
 inner; capsule ovoid, acuminate, barely equalling the perianth; seed obliquely 
 ovoid, about 1.2 mm. long. A European species, naturalized at Riverdale, ]N. Y. 
 
 3. Juncoides parvifl6rum(Ehrh.) Coville. SMALL-FLOWERED WOOD-RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 961.) Stems single or few in a tuft, stoloniferous, 2.5-7.5 dm. high, 2-5- 
 leaved; leaves glabrous, their blades 3-10 mm. wide; inflorescence a nodding 
 decompound panicle, its lowest bract foliose; flowers borne singly, or sometimes 2 
 or 3 together, on slender pedicels; bractlets ovate, entire or rarely somewhat 
 lacerate; perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. in length, its parts ovate, acuminate, slightly ex- 
 ceeded by the ovoid capsule; seed narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 mm. in length. Lab. 
 to Br. Col , N. H., N. Y. and Minn.; in the mountains to Ariz, and Cal. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. . 
 
254 FLORA. 
 
 4. Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. SPIKED WOOD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 962.) 
 Closely tufted, without rootstocks. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. high, distantly 1-3- 
 leaved; leaf- blades 1-3 mm. broad, often involute, especially above, sparingly webby, 
 especially at the base; inflorescence a nodding, spike-like, often interrupted panicle, 
 commonly 1-2.5 cm. in length; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly 
 lacerate; perianth brown, 2-3 mm. long, its parts lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; 
 
 % capsule broadly ovoid, bluntly acute, about two-thirds as long as the perianth; 
 seed narrowly and obliquely obovoid, about 3 mm. long. Lab. to Alaska, moun- 
 tains of N. Eng., N. N. Y., Colo, and Cal. Also in Europe arid Asia. 
 
 5. Juncoides nivale (Laest.) Coville. ARCTIC WOOD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 963.) 
 Stems tufted, 5-10 cm. high, I- or 2-leaved. Leaves with sheaths glabrous at the 
 mouth, their blades 2-4 mm. broad, flat and tapering to a usually blunt and cal- 
 lous tip; inflorescence an erect oblong to ovate, spike-like cluster, 1.3 cm. in height 
 or less; bractlet and perianth dark purple, the former ovate and sparingly lacerate 
 at the hyaline apex; perianth-parts 1.5-2 mm. in length, narrowly oblong; capsule 
 subspheric, exceeding the perianth; seed narrowly oblong, about I mm. long. 
 Baffin Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
 
 6. Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon. NORTHERN WOOD-RUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 964.) Stems tufted, commonly 1-2 dm. high, erect, I -2-leaved. Leaves 
 with sheaths sparingly ciliate at the mouth, the blades erect, 1-3 mm. wide at the 
 base, usually involute in age; tapering into a very sharp tip; inflorescence erect, 
 consisting of a single oblong cluster, or its one or two lower divisions on peduncles 
 13 cm. long; bracts and bractlets membranous, fimbriate; perianth-parts brown, 
 paler above, about 2.5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or slightly 
 lacerate at the apex; capsule about three-fourths as long as the perianth, ovoid, 
 obtuse; seed rather narrowly oblong. Arctic America, Lab. and the higher moun- 
 tains of N. Eng. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 7. Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. COMMON WOOD-RUSH. (I. F. f. 965.) 
 Stems tufted, 1-5 dm. high, 2-4-leaved. Leaf-blades flat, 2-7 mm. broad, taper- 
 ing to a blunt tip, sparingly webbed when young; inflorescence umbelloid; lower 
 bracts foliose; floral bracts ovate, acuminate; bractlets similar but smaller, fimbri- 
 ate at the apex; perianth 2-3 mm. long, brown, its parts lanceolate-ovate, acumi- 
 nate; capsule obovoid or broadly oblong; seed with an oblong body about I mm. 
 in length, supported on a narrower white, loosely cellular, strophiole-like base about 
 one-half as long. In woodlands, almost throughout the U. S. and. Br. Am. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. Variable. One of our earliest flowering plants. 
 
 Family 2. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Bunch-flower Family. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed herbs (some exotic genera scapose), with rootstocks or 
 rarely with bulbs, the leaves parallel- veined. Flowers regular, racemose, 
 panicled or solitary. Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate, usually 
 persistent segments. Stamens 6, borne on the bases of the perianth- 
 segments. Anthers small, 2-celled, or confluently i -celled and cordate or 
 reniform, mostly versatile and extrorscly dehiscent (introrse in Tofieldia 
 and Abama). Ovary 3-celled, superior or rarely partly inferior; ovules 
 anatropous or amphitropous. Styles 3, distinct, or more or less united. 
 Fruit a capsule with septicidal dehiscence (loculicidal in Abama and 
 Uvtilarid). Seeds commonly tailed or appendaged. Embryo small, in 
 usually copious endosperm. About 36 genera and 140 species, widely 
 distributed. 
 
 Flowers numerous in terminal erect racemes or panicles. 
 Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. 
 Anthers introrsely dehiscent. 
 
 Capsule septicidal; flowers involucrate by 3 bractlets. i. Tofieldia. 
 Capsule loculicidal ; flowers not involucrate. 2. Abama. 
 
MELANTHACEAE* 255 
 
 Anthers extrorsely dehiscent. 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Stem very leafy; leaves linear; seeds few. 3. Xerophyllum* 
 
 Leaves basal, oblanceolate; seeds numerous. 4. Helonias. 
 
 Flowers dioecious; stem leafy. 5. Chamaelirium. 
 
 Anthers cordate or reniform, confidently i-celled. 
 
 Plants glabrous. 
 
 Perianth-segments not gland-bearing. 
 
 Flowers perfect; perianth-segments obtuse. 6. Chrospermc 
 
 Flowers polygamous; perianth-segments acuminate. 7. Stenanthium. 
 Perianth-segments bearing i or 2 glands, or a spot. 8. Zygadenus. 
 
 Stem and inflorescence pubescent. 
 
 Perianth-segments clawed, free from the ovary. 9. Melanthium. 
 
 Perianth-segments not clawed, adnate to the base of the ovary. 
 
 10. Veratrum. 
 Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, drooping. n. Uvularia. 
 
 i. TOFIELDIA Huds. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with short erect or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, slender 
 erect stems leafless above or nearly so, linear leaves clustered at the base, and small 
 perfect white or green flowers in a terminal raceme. Pedicels bracted at the base, 
 solitary or clustered. Flowers usually involucrate by 3 scarious somewhat united 
 bractlets. Perianth-segments oblong or obovate, subequal, persistent, glandless. 
 Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, sometimes cordate, introrse. Ovary 
 sessile, 3-lobed at the summit; styles 3, short, recurved. Capsule 3-lobed, 3- 
 beaked, septicidally dehiscent to the base, many-seeded. Seeds tailed or append- 
 aged in most species. [Dedicated to Tofield, an English correspondent of Hud- 
 son.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, i or 2 in the Andes 
 of South America. Besides the following another occurs in the southeastern States 
 and two in northwestern America. 
 
 Stem glabrous; seeds unappendaged. i. T. palustris. 
 Stem viscid-pubescent; seeds appendaged. 
 
 Capsule oblong, 6mm. high; perianth-segments thin. 2. T. glutinosa. 
 
 Capsule ovoid, 3-4 mm. high; perianth-segments rigid in fruit. 3. T. racemosa, 
 
 1. Tofieldia palustris Huds. SCOTTISH ASPHODEL. (I. F. f. 966.) Stems 
 slender, leafless or bearing a few leaves near the base, 5-25 cm. tall. Leaves 
 14 mm. wide; raceme oblong or subglobose in flower, dense, elongating to an inch 
 or less in fruit, the lower flowers first expanding; pedicels usually solitary, minutely 
 involucrate, 1-2 mm. long in fruit; flowers greenish white, 2 mm. broad; perianth- 
 segments obovate, obtuse, much shorter than the oblong-globose minutely beaked 
 capsule. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, Lake Superior, and the Canadian 
 Rocky Mts. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. GLUTINOUS TOFIELDIA. (I. F. f. 967.) 
 Stem viscid-pubescent with black glands, 1.5-5 dm. ta ^> bearing 2-4 leaves near 
 the base. Basal leaves 2-6 mm. wide; raceme oblong and 1-3 cm. long in flower, 
 longer in fruit, the upper flowers first expanding; pedicels commonly clustered in 
 3's (i's-4's), becoming 412 mm. long in fruit; involucral bracts minute, united 
 nearly or quite to their apices, flowers 6-8 mm. broad; perianth- segments oblong, 
 mostly obtuse; capsule oblong, about 6 mm. high, twice as long as the perianth; 
 seeds tailed at each end. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Me., Ohio, Mich., Wyo. and 
 Ore., and in the southern Alleghenies. May-June. 
 
 ?. Tofieldia racemosa (Walt.) B. S. P. VISCID TOFIELDIA. (I. F. f. 968.) 
 Similar to the preceding but rather stouter and taller; the glutinous pubescence 
 rougher. Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; raceme 2-10 cm. long in 
 flower, often loose, the uppermost flowers first expanding; pedicels mostly clustered 
 in 3's, ascending; involucral bractlets alx;>ut I mm. long, united to above the 
 middle; perianth-segments narrowly obovate, obtuse, rigid; capsule ovoid, 3 mm. 
 long, little longer than the calyx; seeds tailed at each end. In swamps, S. N. J. 
 to Fla. and Ala. June-Sept. 
 
 2. ABAMA Adans. [NARTHECIUM Juss.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect 
 simple stems and linear grass-like basal leaves, those of the stem short and distant. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Flowers small, greenish-yellow, perfect, borne in a terminal raceme. Pedicels 
 bracted at base and usually bearing a small bractlet. Perianth-segments persistent, 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, obscurely 3-5 -nerved, glandless. Stamens 6; filaments 
 subulate, woolly; anthers linear-oblong, erect, introrse. Ovary sessile; style very 
 short or none; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, 
 many-seeded, the linear seeds tailed at each end. [Greek, signifying without step, 
 the plants reputed to cause lameness in cattle.] Four known species, natives of 
 the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern 
 America. 
 
 i. Abama Americana (Ker) Morong. AMERICAN BOG- ASPHODEL. (I. F. f. 
 969.) Glabrous; stems wiry, stiff, 2.5-4.5 dm. tall. Basal leaves 2 mm. wide or 
 less; lower stem leaves 1-5 cm. long; raceme 2-5 cm. long, dense; perianth- 
 segments 4-6 mm. long, slightly exceeding the stamens; pedicels ascending, 6-8 
 mm. long in fruit; capsule about I cm. long, tapering to a subulate beak. In pine 
 barren swamps, S. N. J. June-Sept. 
 
 3. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. 
 
 Tall herbs, with thick short woody rootstocks, simple erect leafy stems, the 
 leaves narrowly linear, rough-margined. Flowers very numerous, white, in a large 
 dense terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth withering- 
 persistent, its segments oblong or ovate, 5-7-nerved, spreading, glandless. Stamens 
 6, rather shorter than the perianth-segments; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers 
 oblong. Ovary sessile, 3-grooved; styles 3, filiform, reflexed or recurved; ovules 
 only 2-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-grooved, loculicidally and sometimes also 
 septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 5, oblong, not at all appendaged, or only minutely 
 so. [Greek, signifying a dry leaf.] Three species, the following of the southeastern 
 U. S., the others of western America. 
 
 i. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. TURKEY-BEARD. (I. F. f. 970.) 
 Stem 0.6-1.4 m - tall, densely leafy below, sparsely leafy above. Leaves slightly 
 dilated at the base, the lower 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, except at the 
 broader base; flowering raceme 5-8 cm. in diameter, its summit conic; flowering 
 pedicels spreading, filiform, 1.8-3.5 cm. long, in fruit erect; perianth -segments 
 obtuse, about 6 mm. long; capsule ellipsoid, obtuse, 4 mm. long. In dry pine 
 barrens, S. N. J. to E. Tenn. and Ga. May-July. 
 
 4. HELONIAS L. 
 
 A perennial glabrous bog herb, with a stout rootstock, thick fibrous roots, basal 
 oblanceolate persistent leaves and rather large perfect purple flowers, racemed at 
 the summit of an erect hollow bracted scape. Perianth-segments spreading, 
 spatulate, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogynous, longer than the perianth-segments; 
 filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Ovary ovoid, 3-grooved, 3-celled, slightly 
 3-lobed, many-ovuled; styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side, deciduous. Capsule 
 obovoid, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes divergent, ventrally dehiscent above. Seeds 
 numerous, linear, white-appendaged at each end. [Name from the Greek, in 
 allusion to its growth in swamps.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Helonias bullata L. SWAMP PINK. (I. F. f. 971.) Leaves dark green, 
 thin, clustered, 1.54 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide. Scape stout, its bracts lanceo- 
 late, acute or acuminate; raceme dense, becoming 1-2 dm. long in fruit; perianth - 
 segments about 6 mm. long; capsules about 6 mm. long, the valves papery; seeds 
 3-4 mm. long. In bogs, N. N. J., S. N. Y., and E. Penn. (?) to Va. Local. 
 April-May. 
 
 5 CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. 
 
 Glabrous, slightly fleshy herbs with bitter tuberous rootstocks. Basal leaves 
 spatulate. Flowers small, white, dioecious, in a long bractless spike-like raceme. 
 Perianth of 6 i-nerved segments. Staminate flowers with 6 stamens, the anthers 
 subglobose, 2-celled; pistillate flowers with a 3-celled oblong ovary, 3 short styles, 
 stigmatic along the inner side, and usually with 6 staminodia. Capsule oblong, 
 slightly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 6-12 in each cavity, broadly winged 
 at both ends, narrowly winged on the sides. [Greek, signifying a low lily*] Only 
 the following species, natives of eastern N> Am. 
 
MEL A NTH A CEA & 
 
 Capsule oblong, pedicels slender, barely club-shaped. I. C. luteum. 
 
 Capsule obovoid, pedicels stout, club-shaped. 2. C. obovale. 
 
 1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray. BLAZING-STAR. (I. F. f. 97?.) 
 Staminate plant 3-7 dm. tall, the pistillate often taller and more leaf}-. Basal 
 leaves $--O cm. long, tapering into a long petiole; stem leaves lanceolate, the linear 
 acute or acuminate; staminate raceme finally erect, 7-22 cm. long, the pedicels 
 spreading; pistillate raceme erect; flowers nearly 6 mm. broad; capsules oblong, 
 7-10 mm. long. In moist meadows and thickets, Mass, to Ont, Mich., Fia. and 
 Ark. Spring. 
 
 2. Chamaelirium obovale Small. Similar to the preceding. Pistillate 
 flowers slightly larger; capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 mm. long, the 
 stout club-shaped pedicels about the same length. In open woods, N. Y. to W. Va. 
 ar.d N. C. Spring. 
 
 6. CHROSPERMA Raf. [AMIANTHIUM A. Gray.] 
 
 An erect glabrous herb, with an ovoid-oblong coated bulb, and numerous long 
 blunt bas^al leaves, a few short ones on the stem. Flowers perfect, white, in a dense 
 terminal raceme, the lower ones first expanding. Perianth of 6 distinct glandless 
 persistent obtuse segments. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; anthers 
 small, reniform. Ovary ovoid, 3-lobed, 3-cellecl. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscent 
 above the middle, the cavities i-2-seeded, its 3 divergent lobes tipped with the 
 subulate styles. Seeds ovoid, reddish brown. [Greek, referring to the colored 
 seeds.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 I. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. FLY-POISON. (I. Y. f. 
 973.) Bulb nearly 2.5 cm. in diameter. Stem 4-12 dm. tall. Basal leaves shorter 
 than the stem, the upper bract-like; raceme becoming cylindric, 5-13 cm. long; 
 pedicels ascending, 8-20 mm. long; bractlets ovate; sepals obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; 
 filaments filiform; capsule 4-6 mm. in diameter, scarcely as long. In dry sandy 
 woods, L. I. to E. Penn., Fla., Tenn. and Ark. May-July. 
 
 7. STENANTHIUM Kunth. 
 
 Erect glabrous bulbous herbs, with small white or greenish, polygamous 
 flowers in an ample terminal panicle. Leaves linear, keeled. Perianth-segments 
 lanceolate, acuminate, glandless, spreading, persistent, adnate to the base of the 
 ovarv. Stamens shorter than the perianth-segments; anthers cordate or reniform. 
 Ovary ovoid. Capsule ovoid-oblong. 3-lobed, finally dehiscent to the base, the 
 lobes with short beaks. Seeds about 4 in each cavity, oblong. [Greek, in allusion 
 to the narrow perianth-segments.] The genus comprises only the two following 
 species: 
 
 Leaves 4-6 mm. wide; capsule reflexed. i. S. gramineum. 
 
 Leaves 6-20 mm. wide ; capsule erect. _ 2. S. robustum. 
 
 1. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker)Morong. GRASS-LEAVED STENANTHIUM. 
 (I. F. f. 974.) Stem 9-12 dm. tall. Leaves grass-like, often 3 dm. long; the upper 
 reduced to small linear-lanceolate bracts; panicle open, simple or somewhat com- 
 
 nnd, 3-6 dm. long, its branches nearly filiform, spreading or drooping; flowers 
 2 mm. broad; capsule ovoid-oblong, with a top-shaped base, 6-8 mm. long. 
 In dry soil, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Stenanthium robustum S. Wats. STOUT STENANTHIUM. (I. F. f. 675.) 
 Stem stout, 9-15 dm. tall, usually leafy. Leaves often 3 dm. long or more; pan- 
 icle denser than that of the preceding, commonly longer, usually compound, its 
 branches spreading or ascending; flowers greenish or white, 12-16 mm. broad ; 
 capsule ovoid-oblong, 8 12 mm. long, erect, the very short beaks re curved -spread- 
 ing. In moist soil, S. Penn. and Ohio to S. Car. and Tenn. July- Sept. 
 
 8. ZYGADENUS Michx. 
 
 Glabrous erect perennial herbs, from bulbs- or rootstocks, with leafy stems. 
 Leaves linear. Flowers greenish, yellowish or white, in a terminal panicle or 
 raceme. Perianth withering-persistent, its segments separate or united below, 
 bearing I or 2 glands or a spot just above the narrowed base. Stamens free from 
 the perianth segments ; anthers cordate or reniform. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 
 
258 FLORA. 
 
 the cavities not diverging, dehiscent to the base. Seeds oblong or linear, angled. 
 [Greek, referring to the two glands of some species.] About 10 species, natives ol 
 North America and Mexico, I in Siberia. 
 
 Plant with a thick rootstock ; glands of the perianth segments 2, orbicular. 
 
 i. Z. glaberrimus. 
 Plants bulbous ; gland only i, sometimes faint or a mere spot. 
 
 Gland distinctly obcordate; perianth-segments 8-10 mm. long. 2. Z. elegans. 
 Gland not obcordate ; perianth-segments 4-8 mm. long. 
 
 Gland with a poorly defined or irregular margin ; perianth free from the ovary \ 
 western species. 
 
 Leaves 6-16 mm. wide ; flowers mostly perfect. 3. Z, Nuttallii. 
 
 Leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; flowers polygamous. 4. Z. 'venenosus. 
 
 Gland a mere yellow spot ; perianth adnate to the ovary ; eastern coast species. 
 
 5. Z. leimanthoides. 
 
 1. Zygadenus glaberrimus Michx. LARGE-FLOWERED ZYGADENUS. (I. F. 
 f. 976.) Slightly glaucous; stem stout, 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves 6-12 mm. wide, 
 channeled, often 3 dm. long or more, the upper appressed, passing into the bracts 
 of the panicle ; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches ascending ; pedicels longer 
 than the bractlets ; flowers white, mostly perfect, 2.5-3.5 cm - broad; perianth-seg- 
 ments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a short claw ; styles subulate; 
 capsule shorter than the perianth. In swamps, Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Zygadenus elegans Pursh. GLAUCOUS ZYGADENUS. (I. F. f. 977.) 
 Very glaucous ; bulb about 2.5 cm. long. Stem slender, 1.5-9 dm. tall ; leaves 
 4-14 mm. wide, keeled, the lower 1-3 dm. long ; bracts green or purplish ; inflo- 
 rescence sometimes 3dm. long, open, its branches ascending; flowers greenish, 1.6- 
 2 cm. broad ; perianth-segments oval or obovate, obtuse, united below and adnate 
 to the base of the ovary ; capsule oblong, exceeding the perianth. In moist places, 
 N. B. to Alaska, Vt., N. Y., Mo., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. June- Aug. 
 
 3. Zygadenus Nuttallii (A. Gray) S. Wats. NUTTALL'S ZYGADENUS. (I. F. 
 f. 978.) Light green, scarcely glaucous ; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 6-16 mm. 
 wide, shorter than the stem, strongly conduplicate; inflorescence racemose or panic- 
 ulate ; bracts shorter than the slender pedicels ; flowers mostly perfect, about 12 
 mm. broad ; perianth-segments oval or ovate, obtuse, free from the ovary, thin, 
 short-clawed ; capsule 8-12 mm. long. On prairies, Kans. and Colo, to Tex. 
 May-June. 
 
 4 Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats. POISONOUS ZYGADENUS. (I. F. f. 979.) 
 Pale green ; stem slender, 1.5-6 dm. tall, from- a small coated bulb. Leaves con- 
 duplicate, roughish, 4-6 mm. wide, shorter than the stem ; inflorescence a raceme. 
 5-10 cm. long in flower, elongating in fruit, the pedicels longer than the bracts ; 
 flowers yellow or yellowish, polygamous, about 8 mm. wide ; periamh-segments 
 ovate or elliptic, short-clawed, free from the ovary, bearing a roundish gland with 
 an irregular margin ; fruiting pedicels erect ; capsule longer than the perianth. 
 S. Dak. and Mont, to Br. Col., Neb., Utah and Cal. May-June. 
 
 5. Zygadenus leimanthoides (A. Gray) S. Wats. PINE-BARREN ZYGADE- 
 NUS. (I. F. f. 980.) Stem slender, 3-12 dm. high, from a fibrous-coated bulb. 
 Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, green on both sides, blunt, or the upper acuminate; panicle 
 1-3 dm. long, its branches densely many-flowered, spreading or ascending; bract- 
 lets much shorter than the pedicels; flowers mostly perfect, white or greenish, alxjut 
 8 mm. broad; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, not clawed, adnate to the base of 
 the ovary, bearing a basal yellowish spot; capsule ovoid, much longer than the 
 perianth. In swamps or wet soil, S. L. I. to Ga. July-Aug. 
 
 9. MELANTHIUM L. 
 
 Tall leafy herbs, perennial by thick rootstocks, the stem, at least its upper part, 
 pubescent. Leaves oval, oblanceolate or linear. Flowers greenish, white or 
 cream -colored, darker in withering, monoecious or polygamous, in a large terminal 
 panicle. Perianth of 6 separate persistent clawed segments, free from the ovary. 
 Stamens shorter than the segments and adnate to them ; anthers cordate or reniform, 
 their sacs confluent. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, subulate. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled. the 
 cavities several-seeded. Seeds flat and winged, several in each cavity. [Greek, signi- 
 fying black flower.] The genus comprises the following species and one in Florida : 
 
MELA NTH A CEAE. 259 
 
 Perianth-segments with 2 glands at the base of the blade. 
 
 Blade of the perianth-segments oblong, entire; leaves linear. i. M. Virginicum. 
 
 Blade of the perianth-segments nearly orbicular, undulate; leaves oblanceolate. 
 
 2. Al. latifolium. 
 Perianth-segments oblanceolate, glandless; leaves oval. 3. M. parviflorum* 
 
 1. Melanthium Virginicum L. BUNCH-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 981.) Stems 
 7-15 dm. high. Leaves linear, often 3 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, the lower sheath- 
 ing, the upper smaller, sessile; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, its branches ascending; 
 pedicels much longer than the bracts; flowers 1.2-2 cm. broad, greenish yellow, turn- 
 ing brown; perianth-segments obtuse, the blade oblong, flat, entire, sometimes ob- 
 cordate, twice as long as the claw; capsule 1-1.5 cm. long, the persistent styles 
 erect; seeds 8-io in each cavity. In meadows, wet woods and marshes, R. I. to 
 N. Y., Minn., Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. CRISPED BUNCH-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 982.) 
 Stem 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, 2.5 cm. wide, the lower clasping; 
 panicle usually 3 dm. long or more, its branches ascending or spreading; pedicels 
 6- 16 mm. long; flowers 1216 mm. broad; greenish white, turning darker; blade 
 of the perianth -segments orbicular or ovate, undulate and crisped, bearing 2 glands 
 at the base; capsule 12-16 mm. long, its cavities 4-8-seeded; flowers fragrant. 
 In dry woods and on hills, Conn, to Penn. and S. Car. July-Aug. 
 
 Melanthium latifolium longipedicell&tum A. Brown. Lower leaves 1-2 cm. wide, 
 and upper pedicels 2.5 cm. long. W. Va. 
 
 3. Melanthium parviflorum (Michx.) S. Wats. SMALL-FLOWERED MELAN- 
 THIUM. (I. F. f. 983.) Stem slender, 3-15 dm. tall. Lower leaves broadly oval 
 or oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, with narrow sheathing 
 bases, the upper narrowly linear-lanceolate; panicle 3-6 dm. long, open, its slender 
 branches divergent or ascending; pedicels filiform, much longer than the bracts, 
 somewhat longer than the perianth-segments; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, greenish ; 
 perianth -segments oblanceolate, glandless, short-clawed or sessile; capsule IO- 
 12 mm. long. In dry woods, mountains of Va. to S. Car. June-Aug. 
 
 to. VERATRUM L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with short poisonous rootstocks, the leaves mostly broad, 
 clasping, strongly veined and plaited, the stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flow- 
 ers greenish, yellowish or purple, polygamous or monoecious, on short pedicels in , 
 large terminal panicles. Perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so, not clawed, 
 adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free 
 from them, short, mostly curved. Anthers cordate, their sacs confluent. Ovary 
 ovoid; styles 3, persistent. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, the cavities several-seeded. 
 Seeds flat, broadly winged. [Ancient name of the Hellebore.] About 10 species, 
 natives of north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the 
 southern U. S. and two on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Flowers yellowish green; perianth-segments pubescent, ciliate. i. V. virtde. 
 
 Flowers purple; perianth-segments glabrous or nearly so. 2. V. IVoodii* 
 
 1. Veratrum vlri'de Ait. AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE. 
 (I. F. f. 984.) Rootstock erect, 5-8 cm. long, 2-5 cm. thick. Stem stout, 0.6- 
 2.8 m. tall, very leafy; leaves acute, the lower broadly oval or elliptic, 1.5-3 dm. 
 long, 0.7-1.5 dm. wide, short-petioled or sessile, sheathing, the upper successively 
 narrower; panicle 2-6 dm. long, densely many-flowered, its lower branches spread- 
 ing or drooping; pedicels mostly shorter than the bracts; flowers 1.5-2 5 cm. 
 broad; perianth -segments oblong or oblanceolate, twice as long as the stamens; 
 ovary glabrous; capsule 22.5 cm> ^ on S- ^ n swamps and wet woods, Quebec to 
 Alaska, Ga., Tenn., Minn, and Br. Col. May-July. 
 
 2. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. WOOD'S FALSE HELLEBORE. (I. F. f. 985.) 
 Rootstock short, erect. Stem slender, 0.6-1.5 m - tall; leaves mostly basal, oblong 
 or oblanceolate, 510 cm. wide, narrowed into sheathing petioles; upper leaves 
 small and linear-lanceolate; panicle open, 3-6 dm. long, its branches ascending; 
 pedicels shorter than the perianth; flowers 12-16 rmn. broad, purple; perianth. 
 
 rr^iits oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, little longer than the stamens; ovary pubes* 
 
2 60 FLORA. 
 
 cent when young; capsule 12-16 mm. long. In dry woods and on hills, S. Ind. to 
 Mo, June-July. 
 
 ix. UVULARIA L. 
 
 Erect forked herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stem leafy above, scale-bearing 
 below, the leaves alternate, sessile or perfoliate. Flowers large, solitary at the 
 ends of the branches or rarely 2 together, peduncled, drooping. Perianth bell- 
 shaped or narrower; segments distinct, deciduous, each bearing a nectary at the 
 base. Stamens 6, free, or adnate to the very bases of the perianth-segments ; fila- 
 ments filiform; anthers linear, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-lobed, 
 3-celled, short-stalked or sessile; styles united to about the middle, stigmatic along 
 the inner side above; ovules several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or obovoid, 
 3-angled or 3-winged, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, 1-3 in each cavity. 
 [Name Latin, from uvula, a palate, in allusion to the hanging flowers.] Five or six 
 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate or rounded ; leaves perfoliate. 
 
 Glabrous, glaucous ; perianth-segments papillose within. i. U. perfoliata. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath ; perianth-segments smooth. 2. U. grandiflora.. 
 
 Capsule acutely 3-angled or 3-winged, acute at each end; leaves sessile. 
 
 Leaves thin, slightly rough-margined, narrowed at both ends. 3. U. sessilifolia. 
 
 Leaves firm, manifestly rough-margined, sometimes subcordate. 4. U. puberula. 
 
 1. Uvularia perfoliata L. PERFOLIATE BELLWORT. (I. F. f. 986.) Gla- 
 brous and glaucous or pale green. Stems 1.5-5 dm. high, slender, usually with 
 1-3 leaves below the fork; leaves oval, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at the 
 apex, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, smooth -margined, 510 cm. long 
 when mature; flowers 2-2.6 cm. long, pale yellow; perianth-segments granular- 
 papillose within; stamens shorter than the styles or equalling them, the connective 
 sharp-tipped; capsule obovoid, truncate, thicker than long, 8-10 mm. long, ob- 
 tusely 3-angled, with concave sides and grooved angles. In moist woods and 
 thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Fla. and Miss. Flowers fragrant. May-June. 
 
 2. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT. (I. F. f. 
 ' 987.) Stems rather stouter than that of the preceding, naked or with I or 2 leaves 
 
 below the fork. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent beneath, at 
 least when young; flowers lemon-yellow, 2.5-3.4 cm. long; perianth-segments 
 smooth on both sides or slightly granular within; stamens exceeding the styles, the 
 connective blunt; capsule obtusely 3-angled, truncate. In rich woods, Quebec to 
 Minn., Ga., Tenn. and Iowa. April-June. 
 
 3. Uvularia sessilifolia L. SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT. (I. F. f. 988.) 
 Glabrous ; stem slender, naked or bearing I or 2 leaves below the fork. Leaves 
 oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long when mature, thin, sessile, acute at each 
 end, roughish-margined, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, 1.6- 
 3 cm. long; perianth-segments smooth; styles exceeding stamens; anthers blunt; 
 capsule sharply 3-angled, narrowed at both ends, short-stipitate, about 2.5 cm. 
 long. In moist woods and thickets, N. B. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. 
 May-June. 
 
 Uvularia sessilifblia nftida (Britton) Morong. Leaves smaller, bright green on both 
 sides; flowers light yellow; capsule scarcely stipitate. I'ine barrens of N. J. 
 
 4. Uvularia puberula Michx. MOUNTAIN BELLWORT. (I. F. f. 989.) Stem 
 sparingly rough-pubescent with short hairs. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, rough- 
 margined, firm, sessile, acute at the apex, obtuse, subcordate or sometimes nar- 
 rowed at the base, shining, green on bo'h sides, the midvein sometimes pubescent; 
 lowers light yellow, about 2.5 cm. long; styles exceeding the stamens; capsule 
 sharply 3-angled, acute at both ends, sessile or very nearly so on the short pedun- 
 cle. In mountain woods, Va. and W. Va. to S. Car. May-June. 
 
 Family 3. LILlACEAE Adans. 
 
 Ltly Family. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corms, or rarely with 
 rootstocks or a woody caudex ( Yucca\ the leaves various. Flowers soli- 
 
LILIACEAE. 26l 
 
 tary or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct 
 or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube in- 
 ferior or partly superior (Aletrts). Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the 
 perianth or at the bases of its segments ; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse, 
 sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few or numerous in each 
 cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; styles united ; stigma 3-lobed or 
 capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (septicidal in Calochortus), or in 
 Yucca sometimes fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds various, winged or wing- 
 less. Embryo in copious endosperm. About 125 genera and 1300 species, 
 widely distributed. 
 
 * Plants bulbous, or with rootstocks, or fibrous-fleshy roots. 
 Ovary superior, not adnate to the perianth. 
 
 Roots fibrous-fleshy ; scape tall : flowers orange or yellow. i. Hemerocallis. 
 
 Low fleshy herb with a short rootstock ; flowers white. 2. Leucocn'num. 
 
 Plants with bulbs or ccrixi.< 
 Flowers umbelled. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted. 
 
 Odor characteristically onion-like ; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. 
 
 3. Allium. 
 
 Odor not onion-like ; ovules several in each cavity. 4. Nothoscordum. 
 Perianth funnelform, the tube about as long as the lobes. 5. Androstephium. 
 Flowers solitary, racemed, corymbed or panicled. 
 Anthers not introrse. 
 
 Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so ; capsule loculicidal. 
 Anthers versatile ; tall herbs. 6. Lilium. 
 
 Anthers not versatile ; low herbs. 
 
 Stem leafy ; flowers leafy-bracted. 7. Fritillaria. 
 
 Leaves only 2, appearing basal ; flowers bractless. 
 
 8. Erythronium. 
 Outer segments narrower than the inner ; capsule septicidal. 
 
 9. Calochortus. 
 Anthers introrse. 
 
 Perianth of 6 separate segments. 
 
 Filaments filiform. 10. Quamasia. 
 
 Filaments flattened. n. Ornithogalum. 
 
 Perianth globose, oblong or urn-shaped. 12. Muscari. 
 
 Orary half inferior ; roots fibrous ; flowers racemed. 13. Aletris* 
 
 ** Stem a woody caudex ; leaves rigid, mostly bearing marginal fibres. 
 
 14. Yucca. 
 
 i. HEMEROCALLIS L. 
 
 Tall glabrous herbs, with fibrous fleshy roots, basal linear leaves and large 
 flowers clustered at the ends of leafless scapes. Perianth funnelform, its lobes ob- 
 long or spatulate, much longer than the cylindric tube. Stamens 6, inserted at the 
 summit of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes, declined ; filaments filiform ; 
 anthers linear-oblong, the sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovules 
 numerous in each cavity; style slender, declined, tipped with a small capitate 
 stigma. Capsule oblong or ovoid, thick-walled, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled, 
 loculicidally 3-valved. [Greek, signifying beautiful for a day. ] About 5 species, 
 natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 1. Hemerocallis fulva L. DAY LILY. (I. F. f. 990.) Scapes 9-18 dm. 
 high, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves 8- T 2 mm. wide, channeled; flowers 
 6-15, short-pedicelled, tawny orange, I-I.2 dm. long, opening for a day; tube of 
 the perianth 2.5-4 cm. long, the lobes oblong, netted- veined. In meadows and 
 along streams, N. B. and Ont. to Va. and Tenn. Escaped from cultivation. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. June Aug. 
 
 Hemerocallis fUva L., the Yellow Day Lily, with bright yellow flowers, their lobes 
 parallel-veined, is occasionally found near old gardens. 
 
 2. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. 
 
 A low acaulescent herb, from a short rootstock, the roots thick, fibrous. Outer 
 leaves membranous, acute, short; -inner leaves linear, elongated, tne innermost 
 reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, umbellate from the subterranean axils. 
 
262 FLORA. 
 
 Pedicels f.liform. Perianth with a very narrow tube and a salverform limb, 
 persistent, the 6 linear-oblong lobes spreading, nerved, shorter than the tube. 
 Stamens borne near the top of the perianth-tube, shorter than the lobes; filaments 
 filiform; anthers linear, their sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; 
 style filiform; stigma small. Capsule oval or obovoid, 3-angled, sessile, obtuse, 
 loculicidal. Seeds several in each cavity, angled. [Greek, meaning white lily.] 
 A monotypic genus of northwestern N. Am. 
 
 i. Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. LEUCOCRINUM. (I. F. f. 991.) Inner 
 leaves 5-25 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; ilowers 3-8; perianth-limb about 1.2 cm. 
 broad, the lobes acute; perianth-tube 2-5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. in diameter; 
 anthers coiled, at least when dry; capsule 6-0 mm. long, erect, leathery. In 
 sandy soil, S. Dak. and western Nel;. to ^ J.. April J;me. 
 
 r.. ALLIUM L (See Appendix.) 
 
 Bulbous herbs, characteristic:"/ odorous 'alliaceous), the bulbs solitary, or 
 clustered on short rootstocks.. Leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or 
 oblong, sheathing, basal, or sometimes also on the stem. Stem (usually a scape) 
 simple, erect. Flowers white, purple, pink or green, in a terminal simple umbel, 
 subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or united bracts. Pedicels slender, not 
 jointed. Perianth persistent, the 6 segments separate, or united by their very 
 bases. Stamens inserted on the bases ;:f the perianth-segments; filiments filiform 
 or dilated, sometimes toothed; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile or 
 nearly so, completely or incompletely 3-celled; style filiform, jointed, usually 
 deciduous; stigmas small; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Capsule loculicidal. [Latin 
 for garlic.] About 275 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 
 40 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, absent at flowering time. T. A. tricoccum. 
 
 Leaves linear, present at flowering- time. 
 
 Bulb-coats membranous, not fibrous-reticulated. 
 
 Umbel capitate ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. 2. A. Sibiricum. 
 
 Umbel loose ; pedicels much longer than the flowers. 
 Flowering umbel nodding. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, white or pink ; outer segments acute. 
 
 3. A. cernuum. 
 Perianth urn-shaped, purple ; outer segments obtuse or notched. 
 
 4. A, Allegheniense. 
 Flowering umbel erect. 
 
 Leaves flat or channeled, all nearly basal. 5. A. stellatum. 
 
 Leaves terete, hollow, several on the stem ; flowers often replaced by 
 
 bulblets. 6. A. vineale 
 
 Bulb-coats fibrous-reticulated. 
 Capsule not crested. 
 
 Flowers mostly replaced by bulblets ; scape 3-6 dm. tall. 7. A, Canadense, 
 Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets. 
 
 Scape 3-6 dm, tall ; pedicels 16-24 mm. long ; perianth segments thin. 
 
 8. A. mutabile, 
 Scape 1-2 dm. tall ; pedicels 8-12 mm. long ; perianth-segments rigid 
 
 in fruit. 9. A. Nuttallii. 
 
 Capsule-valves with 2 short crests. 10. A. reticulatum. 
 
 1. Allium tricoccum Ait. WILD LEEK. (I. F. f. 992.) Bulbs ovoid, clus- 
 tered, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, appear- 
 ing early in the spring, but withering before flowering time, 1.53 dm. long, 
 2-5 cm. wide, tapering into a long petiole; scape 1-4 dm. tall; bracts of the umbel 
 usually 2, membranous, acuminate, deciduous; umbel many-flowered, erect; pedi- 
 cels 1-2 cm. long; flowers white; perianth-segments obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; ovule 
 i in each cavity of the ovary; capsule deeply 3-lobed, about 6 mm. broad; seeds 
 globose, black, smooth. In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. 
 June-July. 
 
 2. Allium Sibiricum L. (L F. f. 993.) Bulbs narrowly ovoid, their coats 
 not fibrous-reticulated. Scape 3-7 dm. high, bearing I or 2 elongated terete hollow 
 leaves-, basal leaf i; bracts of the umbel 2, ovate; umbel many-flowered, capitate, 
 
L1L1ACEAE. 263 
 
 the pedicels 2-6 mm. long: (lowers rose-color, longer than the pedicels; perianth 
 narrowly campanulate, its segments 8-12 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 
 much shorter than the perianth; ovules 2 in each cavity; capsule obtusely 3-lobed. 
 In moist soil, N. B. to Alaska, Me., N. N. Y., Mich.. Wyo. and Wash. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June-July. (A. Schoenoprasum III. Fl., not L.) 
 
 A. Schoenoprasum, the Chives of the gardens, a smaller plant, with several narrow 
 basal leaves and openly campanulate perianth, occasionally escapes from cultivation. 
 
 3. Allium cernuum Roth. NODDING WILD ONION. (I. F. f. 994.) Bulbs 
 narrowly ovoid, with a long neck. Scape slightly ridged, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 
 2-4 mm. wide; umbel many-flowered, nodding in flower; pedicels filiform, 1.5-3 
 dm. long; flowers white, rose or purple; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
 long; stamens longer than the perianth; ovules 2 in each cavity; capsule 3-lobed, 
 rather shorter than the perianth, each valve bearing 2 short processes near the 
 summit. On banks and hillsides, N. Y. to Minn, and Br. Col., W. Va., Ky., S. 
 Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Variable. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Allium Allegheniense Small. ALLEGHENY ONION. Bulbs ovoid. Leaves 
 few, with narrowly linear blades 23 dm. long; scapes 35 dm. tall, 2-edged at 
 least at maturity; umbel nodding, !2-4O-flowered ; pedicels 15-26 mm. long, 
 filiform, becoming thicker in age; perianth purple, mostly urn-shaped, 4-5 mm. 
 high, the segments oval, the outer obtuse or notched, shorter than the inner; 
 capsule 4-5 mm. high, with 2 large processes on each valve. On cliffs or in rocky 
 soil, Va. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. Summer and fall. 
 
 5. Allium stellatum Ker. PRAIRIE WILD ONION. (L F. f. 995.) Bulbs 
 narrowly ovoid, 2-5 cm. long. Scape slender, 2-4.5 -m. tall; leaves 1.52.5 mm. 
 wide, nearly flat; umbel erect, subtended by 2 lanceolate or ovate bracts; pedicels 
 filiform, 1-2 cm. long; flowers rose-color; perianth-segments ovate-oblong, acute, 
 4-6 mm. long; filaments slightly widened at the base; capsule shorter than the 
 perianth, 3-lobed, about 6-seeded, each valve bearing 2 erect processes below the 
 apex. On rocky banks, 111. and Minn, to Mo. and Kans. July Aug. 
 
 6. Allium vineale L. WILD GARLIC. FIELD GARLIC. CROW GARLIC. 
 (I. F. f. 996.) Bulb ovoid, 2.5 cm. high or less. Stem 3-9 dm. tall, bearing 2-4 
 terete hollow leaves below the middle at flowering time, the early basal leaves 
 similar; bracts 2, lanceolate, deciduous; umbel erect, the flowers often wholly or in 
 part replaced by small bulblets which are tipped with a long capillary appendage; 
 pedicels 6-25 mm. long, filiform; flowers green or purple, about 4 mm. long; 
 filaments flattened, broad, the 3 interior ones bearing a tooth on each side just 
 below the anther; capsule 3-lobed. In fields and meadows, Conn, to Ohio, Mo. 
 and Va. Naturalized from Europe. Junc-Jxily. 
 
 7. Aliium Canadense L. MEADOW GARLIC. (I. F. f. 997.) Bulb ovoid, 
 the outer coats fibrous-reticulated. Scape terete, 2-6 dm. tall; leaves basal or 
 nearly so, narrowly linear, slightly convex beneath, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts white, 
 ovate, acuminate; flowers often replaced by ovoid bulblets; flowers pink or white, 
 the perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute. In meadows and thickets, Me. to 
 Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. May-June. 
 
 8. Allium mutabile Michx. WILD ONION. (I. F. f. 998.) Bulbs ovoid, their 
 coats prominently fibrous-reticulated. a Scape terete, 3-6 dm. tall; leaves basal, 
 channeled, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts long-acuminate; umbel rarely bulblet-bearing; 
 pedicels 16-24 nim. long; flowers pink, rose or white, 58 mm. long; perianth- 
 segments thin, longer than the stamens; capsule rather shorter than the perianth. 
 In moist soil, N. Car. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. April- June. 
 
 9. Allium Nuttallii S. Wats. NUTTALL'S WILD ONION. (I. F. f. 999.) Bulbs 
 ovoid, their coats fibrous-reticulated. Culm slender, 1-2 dm. tall; leaves basal, 
 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 3 or 2, acute or acuminate; pedicels slender, 8-12 mm. 
 long; flowers rose or white, about 6 mm. long; perianth-segments acute or acumi- 
 nate, becoming rigid in fruit; capsule shorter than the perianth. On prairies, 
 Neb. and Col. to Tex. and Ariz. April-June. 
 
 10. Allium reticulatum Don. ERASER'S WILD ONION. (I. F. f. looc.) 
 Similar to the preceding, the bulb rather larger. Scape slender; leaves usually 
 less than 2 mm. wide; bracts mostly 2, acuminate; pedicels slender, 6-12 mm. 
 
264 FLORA. 
 
 long; flowers white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; perianth-segments thin; capsule shorter 
 than the perianth, each of its valves hearing 2 short crests just below the summit. 
 Assiniboia and S. Dak. to N. Mex. and Ariz. May-July. 
 
 4. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth. 
 
 Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but without alliaceous odor, with mem- 
 branous-coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or yellowish 
 green flowers in an erect 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted, withering-persistent, 
 its segments i-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; 
 anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3 -celled; ovules several in each 
 cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but commonly persistent; stigma small, 
 capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds angled or flattish, black. [Greek, 
 signifying false garlic.] About 10 species, the following in the southern U. S. and 
 Mex., 8 or 9 in tropical and S. Am., i Chinese. 
 
 i. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. YELLOW FALSE GARLIC. (I. F. f. 
 1001.) Bulb globose. Leaves 1-5 mm. wide, flat; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
 persistent; umbel 6- 12 -flowered; pedicels filiform, 2-5 cm. long in fruit; flowers 
 IO-I2 mm. long; perianth-segments thin, oblong-lanceolate, longer than the sta- 
 mens; capsule obovoid or somewhat depressed, 4-6 mm. high, the style as long or 
 slightly longer. In sandy soil, Va. to Tenn. and Neb., Fla., Tex. and Mex. 
 March-July. 
 
 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. 
 
 Scapose herbs from a small membranous-coated corm. Leaves basal, narrowly 
 linear. Flowers rather large, blue, in a terminal several-bracted umbel. Perianth 
 funnelform, withering-persistent, the tube about as long as the 6 oblong lobes. 
 Stamens 6, inserted on the throat of the perianth; filaments dilated, united to the 
 middle or above into an erect crown-like tube with toothed lobes alternating with 
 the linear-oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; 
 style filiform; stigma 3-grooved. Capsule membranous, 3-angled, loculicidal. 
 Seeds few, large, oval, black. [Greek, referring to the crown.] Two species, 
 natives of the southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) Greene. ANDROSTEPHIUM. (I. F. f. 
 1002.) Corm subglobose. Scape 0.5-2 dm. tall; leaves 2-4 mm. wide, half 
 terete; bracts 2-4, scarious, acuminate, persistent; umbel 2-7-flowered; pedicels 
 0.6-3 cm - l n g; perianth 2-3 cm. long, the lobes about as long as the tube; 
 filament-tube about I cm. long; style about as long; capsule 8-12 mm. high; 
 seeds thin, narrowly winged. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. March-April. 
 
 6. LILIUM L. 
 
 Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems, and large erect or drooping 
 showy flowers. Perianth funnelform or campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate 
 spreading or recurved segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base 
 within. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers linear, 
 versatile, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; 
 style long, somewhat club-shaped above; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, packed in 2 rows in each cavity. 
 [Latin, from the Greek name of the Lily, said to be from the Celtic /z, white.] 
 About 45 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 
 8 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Flower or flowers erect; perianth-segments narrowed into long claws. 
 Perianth-segments merely acute. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, nearly all verticillate. i. /-. Philadelphicutn* 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, nearly all alternate. . 2. L. umbellatum. 
 
 P.erianth-segments long-acuminate; leaves all alternate, appressed. 
 
 3. L. Catesbaei. 
 
 Flowers drooping or spreading ; perianth-segments not clawed. 
 Leaves or most of them verticillate, their axils not bulbiferous ; native species. 
 Leaves finely roughened on the veins beneath. 
 
 Perianth-segments recurved or spreading. 4. L. Canadense. 
 
 Perianth-segments not recurved ; mountain species. 5. L. Grayi. 
 
LI LI ACE A E. 265 
 
 Leaves perfectly smooth ; perianth-segments recurved. 
 Leaves lanceolate ; stem 0.9-3.2 m. tall ; flowers 1-40. 
 
 6. L. superbum. 
 Leaves oblanceolate ; stem 6-9 dm. tall ; flowers 13. 
 
 7. L. Carolinianum. 
 Leaves all alternate, crowded, the upper axils bulb-bearing; escaped from gardens. 
 
 8. L., tigrinum. 
 
 1. Lilium Philadelphicum L. RED LILY. WOOD LILY. PHILADELPHIA 
 LILY. (I. F. f. 1003.) Bulb composed of jointed fleshy scales. Stem 3-9 dm. 
 tall, leafy above; leaves acute at both ends or the lower sometimes obtuse, 2-10 
 cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide; thin, the margins finely roughened; flowers 1-5, erect, 
 6-10 cm. high; perianth reddish orange, its segments spatulate, somewhat spreading, 
 purple spotted below; capsule obovoid-oval, 45 cm. high. In dry woods and 
 thickets, Me. to Ont., N. Car. and W. Va. June-July. 
 
 2. Lilium umbellatum Pursh. WESTERN RED LILY. (I. F. f. 1004.) Simi- 
 lar to the preceding species ; stem usually more slender. Leaves linear, blunt, or 
 the upper acute, ascending, or sometimes appressed, 2-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, 
 all alternate or the uppermost verticillate; flowers 1-3, erect, 5-8 cm. high; peri- 
 ianth-segments red, orange or yellow, spotted below, the claw shorter than the 
 blade; capsule oblong, 7-10 cm. long. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn, and the N. W. 
 Terr., Mo., Ark. and Colo. June-July. 
 
 3. Lilium Catesbaei Walt. SOUTHERN RED LILY. (I. F. f. 1005.) Bulb 
 composed of leaf-bearing scales, their leaves linear, 5-10 cm. long, often falling 
 away before the plant flowers. Stem leaves alternate, acute or acuminate, erect or 
 appressed, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; flower erect; perianth-segment scarlet 
 with a yellow purple-spotted base and a slender claw, spreading or somewhat re- 
 curved, 7-13 cm. long, long-acuminate, wavy-margined; capsule 2.5 cm. high. In 
 pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and Ala. Reported from Ky. and Mo. July-Aug, 
 
 4. Lilium Canadense L. WILD YELLOW LILY. CANADA LILY. (I. F. f. 
 1000.) Bulbs subglobose, composed of numerous thick white scales. Stem 
 6-15 dm. tall; leaves lanceolate, verticillate in 4's-io's or some of them alternate, 
 acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, roughened on the margins and on the veins beneath; 
 flowers I- 1 6, nodding on long peduncles; perianth-segments 5-8 cm. long, yellow 
 or red, spotted below, recurved or spreading; capsule erect. In swamps, mead- 
 ows and fields, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Mo. Red-flowered fifirms with 
 slightly spreading perianth-segments resemble the following species, and forms with 
 strongly recurved segments, L. superbum. June-July. 
 
 5. Lilium Grayi S. Wats. ASA GRAY'S LILY. (I. F. f. 1007.) Rootstock 
 bearing small bulbs with thick scales. Stem slender, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, verticillate in 
 3's-8's or the lowest commonly smaller and scattered, all roughened on the veins 
 beneath; flowers 1-3, long-peduncled, spreading or slightly drooping, 5-8 cm. long, 
 red or tinged with yellow at the base; perianth-segments oblong-spatulate, not 
 clawed, acute, spotted; capsule fig-shaped. Peaks of Otter, Va., and on the 
 higher mountain summits in N. Car. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Li ium superbum L. TURK'S-CAP LILY. (I. F. f. 1008.) Bulbs globose 
 on short rootstocks, their scales white, ovate. Stem 0.9-2.5 m. high; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or linear-lanceolate, smooth, acuminate at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, verticil- 
 late in 3's-8's or the upper alternate; flowers orange, orange-yellow or rarely red, 
 3-40, nodding, long-peduncled, forming, when numerous, a large panicle; peri- 
 anth-segments 6-io cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, purple-spotted, at length 
 usually strongly recurved from below the middle; capsule obovoid. In meadows 
 and marshes, Me. to Ont., Minn., N. Car. and Tenn. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Lilium Carolinianum Michx. CAROLINA LILY. (I. F. f. 1009.) Bulbs 
 borne on short rootstocks, globose, composed of fleshy scales. Stem 69 dm. high; 
 leaves oblanceolate or obovate, smooth, verticillate, or the upper and lower -alter- 
 nate, narrowed at the base, the veinlets prominently anastomosing; flowers 1-3, 
 orange-red, 7-10 cm. long, long-peduncled, nodding; perianth-segments lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, purple- spotted below, strongly arched backward with their tips 
 sometimes connivent. In dry woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Aug. 
 
 8. LiUum tigrinum Andr. TIGER LILY. (I. F. f. 1010.) Bulb globose, 
 
266 FLORA. 
 
 composed of numerous scales. Stem stout, purple, or nearly black, white-pubes. 
 cent above, 6-15 dm. tall; leaves lanceolate, all alternate, 1-1.5 ^ m - l n R 1-2 cm. 
 wide, the upper bearing blackish bulblets in their axils; flowers 5 25, orange-red, 
 nodding, 7-n cm. long; perianth-segments lanceolate, papillose, recurved, pui pie- 
 spotted. Escaped from gardens, Me. and Mass. Native of China and Japan. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. FRITILLARIA L. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with simple stems, and nodding, leafy-bracted flowers. Perianth 
 mostly campanulate, deciduous, of 6 separate and nearly equal segments, each with 
 a nectar-pit or spot at the base. Stamens 6, hypogyrious; anthers linear or oblong. 
 Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slen- 
 der or filiform, 3-lobed or 3-cleft ; capsule obovoid or globose, 6-angled, loculici- 
 dally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, margined or winged. [Latin, iromfritilhis, 
 a dice-box or chess-board, in allusion to the form or to the checkered markings of 
 the perianth in some species.] About 50 species, natives of the north temperate 
 zone. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 i. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. PURPLE P'RITILLARIA. (I. F. f. ion.) 
 Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, slender, leafless below; leaves linear, alternate, sessile, 
 3-10 cm. long; flowers 1-6, purple or purplish green and mottled; perianth-seg- 
 ments narrowly oblong, obtusish, 1.2-2 cm. long; stamens shorter than the peri- 
 anth; style 3-cleft; capsule erect, acutely angled, 10-12 mm. high. N. Dak. to 
 Neb., Wyo. and Cal. June-July. 
 
 8. ERYTHRONIUM L. 
 
 Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms, sometimes propagated by off- 
 shoots, the stem simple, bearing a pair of unequal leaves, usually below the middle, 
 the leaves thus appearing basal. Flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary, or 
 several in some western species. Perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or 
 oblanceolate, deciduous, with nectariferous groove, and sometimes 2 short pro- 
 cesses at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers not 
 versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or 
 oblong, somewhat 3 -angled, loculicidal. [Greek, in allusion to the red flowers of 
 some species.] About 12 species, all but one North American. The species are 
 erroneously called Dog's-tooth Violet. 
 
 Stem with no offshoot; flowers 2-5 cm. long. 
 
 Offshoots produced at the base of the corm ; perianth-segments recurved. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; stigmas very short. i. E. Americanum, 
 
 Flowers white, blue or purple ; stigmas 2-3 mm. long, recurved. 
 
 2. E. albidum. 
 No offshoots, propagating by basal corms ; perianth-segments not recurved. 
 
 3. E. mesochoreum. 
 Stem with a fleshy offshoot below the leaves; flowers rose, about 1.2 cm. long. 
 
 4. E. propullans. 
 
 1. Erythronium Americanum Ker. YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE. (T. F. f. 
 IOI2.) Corm ovoid, 12 cm. high, producing offshoots from its base. Stem 
 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 72 cm - l n g> flat> usually 
 mottled with brown, narrowed into clasping petioles; peduncle about as long as the 
 leaves; flower yellow, or rarely purplish tinged; perianth-segments oblong, 2-5 cm. 
 long, recurved, dotted within, the 3 inner auricled at the base; style club-shaped; 
 capsule obovoid; seeds curved, pointed at both ends. In moist woods and thickets, 
 N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and Ark. March-May. 
 
 2. Erythronium albidum Nutt. WHITE ADDER'S-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 1013.) 
 Similar to the preceding, the leaves sometimes rather narrower. Flower white, 
 blue or purple; perianth-segments oblong, recurved, none of them auricled at the 
 base; style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas linear, finally recurving, 2-3 mm. 
 long; capsule obovoid or oblong. In moist woods and thickets, Out. to Minn.. 
 Ga., Tenn. and Tex. March-May. 
 
 3. Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr. MIDLAND ADDER'S-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 10x4.) Corm ovoid, not developing offshoots; new corms formed at or within the 
 
LIU ACE A E. 267 
 
 base of the old one. Leaves narrowly oblong, not mottled, 1-2.5 cm. long, some- 
 what folded; flower lavender tinted, 2-5 cm. long; perianth-segments not recurved; 
 style slender; stigmas recurved; capsule obovoid, 1-3 cm. high. On prairies, 
 Iowa to Mo., Neb. and Kans. 
 
 4. Erythronium propullans A. Gray. MINNESOTA ADDER'S-TONGUE. 
 (I. F. f. 1015.) Corm ovoid, not developing offshoots. Stem 1.5-2 dm. long, bear- 
 ing a fleshy curved offshoot 2-5 cm. long from a slit near the base of the petiole- 
 sheath; leaves oblong, acute, 0.5-1 dm. long, slightly mottled or green; flower 
 rose or pink, about 1.2 cm. long, on a filiform peduncle shorter than the leaves; 
 perianth-segments with a yellow base, apparently not recurved, none of them auri- 
 cled; stigmas mere ridges. In rich woods, Minn. Also in S. Ont. (according to 
 Macoun) and reported from New York. May. 
 
 9. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. 
 
 Herbs, with coated corms, linear leaves and large peduncled flowers. Perianth- 
 segments spreading or connivent, yellow, blue, purple, white or variegated; the 3 
 outer sepal-like, narrow; the 3 inner petaloid, gland-bearing, and barbed or spotted 
 within. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; 
 ovules numerous; style very shorter none; stigmas 3, recurved. Capsule 3-angled, 
 mostly septicidal, the valves sometimes 2 -cleft. Seeds flat. [Greek, signifying 
 beautiful herb.] About 35 species, natives of western N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Anthers obtuse; gland of inner perianth-segments orbicular or oval. I. C* Nuttallii. 
 Anthers acute; gland transverse, curved or reniform. 2. C. Gunniscni. 
 
 1. Calochortus Nuttallii T. & G. NUTTALL'S MARIPOSA LILY. (I. F. f. 
 1016.) Corm 1-2 cm. high. Stem few-leaved, 0.7-4 dm. tall; leaves 2-8 cm. 
 long, 2-5 mm. wide, the lowest commonly bearing a bulb in its axil; outer perianth- 
 segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, shorter than the inner; 
 inner perianth-segments obovate-cuneate, 1-2.5 cm * wide, white, lilac or yellowish, 
 with a yellow base and a purple or purplish spot, the gland orbicular or oval; fila- 
 ments 6-8 mm. long; about equalling the oblong sagittate anthers; capsule 6-8 mm. 
 thick, acuminate. S. Dak. to Neb. and Cal. June-July. 
 
 2. Calochortus Gunnisoni S. Wats. GUNNISON'S MARIPOSA LILY. (I. F. f. 
 1017.) Stem 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide, involute, at 
 least when dry; outer perianth -segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, scarious- 
 margined, acuminate; inner perianth-segments similar to those of the preceding, 
 lilac, yellowish below the middle, purple-lined and banded, the gland transverse, 
 oblong, curved or reniform, pubescent; anthers acute; capsule narrowly oblong, 
 narrowed at both ends. S. Dak. and Neb. to Ariz, and N. Mex. June-July. 
 
 10. QU AM ASIA Raf. [CAMASSIA Lmdl.] 
 
 Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs, linear basal leaves, and 
 rather large, blue, purple or white bracted flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth 
 of 6 separate equal persistent 3~7-nerved segments. Pedicels jointed at the base 
 of the flower. Stamens inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments 
 filiform; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, ses- 
 sile; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform, its base persistent; stigma 
 3-lobed. Capsule oval, 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds black, shining. [From 
 quamash, the Indian name. ] About 4 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 i Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. WILD HYACINTH. (I. F. f. 
 1018.) Bulb ovoid, its outer coat usually nearly black. Scape slender, 3-6 dm. 
 tall; basal leaves acuminate, shorter than the scape, 3-8 mm. wide; raceme open; 
 flowers several or many; pedicels filiform, about as long as the bracts and the peri- 
 anth; bracts long-acuminate; perianth-segments narrowly oblong, 3~5-nerved, blue 
 or nearly white, longer than the stamens; capsule about 8 mm. high, the valves 
 transversely veined. In meadows and along streams, Penn. to Minn., Ala. and 
 Tex. April-May. 
 
 li. ORNITHOGALUM L, 
 
 Scapcse herbs, with coated bulbs, narrow basal fleshy leaves, and large white 
 or yellow flowers* in a terminal bracted corymb or raceme. Perianth-segments 
 
268 FLORA. 
 
 equal or nearly so, separate, white, or sometimes green without, persistent. Stamens 
 hypogynous; filaments flattened, often broad; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 
 3-celled, sessile; ovules several or numerous in each cavity; stigma capitate, 
 3-lobed or 3-ridged. Capsule subglobose, 3-sided or 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds 
 black. [Greek, signifying bird's milk, said to be in allusion to the egg-white color 
 of the flowers in some species.] About 75 species, natives of Europe, Asia and 
 Africa. 
 
 Flowers corymbose, erect; pedicels long, slender. I. O. 
 
 Flowers racemose, drooping; pedicels very short, stout. 2. O. nutans. 
 
 1. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (I. F. f. 1019.) 
 
 Tufted; bulbs ovoid. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, dark 
 green with a light midvein, blunt; flowers corymbose, opening in sunshine; bracts 
 linear-lanceolate, mostly snorter than the pedicels ; pedicels erect or ascending ; 
 perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, white above, green with white margins 
 beneath, 1-2 cm. long, about twice as long as the stamens ; filaments not toothed. 
 In fields and meadows, N. H. to Penn. and Va. Naturalized from Europe. May- 
 June. 
 
 2. Ornithogalum nntans L. DROOPING STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (I. F. f. 
 1020.) Bulb ovoid, 2-5 cm. long. Scape stout, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves blunt, 
 4-8 mm. wide; flowers racemose, nodding; raceme loose; pedicels stout, 4-12 mm. 
 long; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, much longer than the pedicels; perianth- 
 segments oblong- lanceolate, about 2.5 cm. long, nearly twice as long as the stamens; 
 filaments 2 -toothed at the apex. Escaped from gardens, Penn. to D. C. Native of 
 Europe. April-May. 
 
 12. MUSCARI Mill. 
 
 Low bulbous scapose herbs, with basal linear fleshy leaves, and nodding bracted 
 racemose flowers, deep blue (rarely white) in the following species. Perianth glo- 
 bose, urn- shaped, or oblong, with 6 teeth or short lobes. Stamens 6, inserted on 
 the perianth-tube, included; anthers ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 
 sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-sided or 
 3-winged, loculicidal. Seeds black, angled. [From the musk-like odor of the 
 flowers of some species.] About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Perianth globose, 2-3 mm. in diameter; leaves erect. I. M. botryoides. 
 
 Perianth oblong, urn-shaped, 4-6 mm. long; leaves recurved. 2. M. racemosum. 
 
 1. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. GRAPE-HYACINTH. (I. F. f. 1021.) 
 Scape 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves about as long as the scape, 2-8 mm. wide, chan- 
 nelled; raceme oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, dense, or becoming longer and 
 looser in fruit; pedicels shorter than the faintly odorous flowers; valves of the cap- 
 sule obovate. In meadows and thickets and along roadsides, escaped from gar- 
 dens, N. H. to Ohio and Va. Naturalized or adventive from southern Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. April-June. 
 
 2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. STARCH GRAPE-HYACINTH. (I. F. f. 
 1022.) Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, recurved or spreading, channelled above; raceme 
 oblong or ovoid, many-flowered, dense; pedicels shorter than the starchy-scented 
 flowers or sometimes equalling them, slender; perianth constricted at the throat, 
 with 6 deltoid recurved white teeth; capsule-valves suborbicular, retuse. Escaped 
 from gardens S. N. Y. to Penn. and Md. Native of southern Europe. April- 
 May. 
 
 13. ALETRIS L. 
 
 Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal lanceolate leaves, and 
 small, white or yellow, bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme. 
 Perianth oblong or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower part adnate 
 to the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, in- 
 cluded ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous ; style 
 3-cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed by the persist- 
 ent perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong, ribbed. Embryo 
 small. Endosperm fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind corn, apparently in allu 
 
CON VALLA RIA CEAE. 269 
 
 sion to the rough, mealy flowers.] About 8 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Perianth white, oblong or cylindi^. I. A.farinosa. 
 
 Perianth yellow, bell-shaped or ovoid-globose. 2. A. aurea. 
 
 1. Aletris farinosa L. STAR-GRASS. COLIC-ROOT. (I F. f. 1023.) Roots 
 tough; scape 4-9 dm. tall, slender, terete, striate. Basal leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, spreading, pale, yellowish 
 green, 5-15 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide; raceme 1-3 dm. long in flower, or longer in 
 fruit, dense, erect; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; bracts subulate ; perianth white, or 
 the oblong lobes yellowish, 6-8 mm. long; style subulate, capsule ovoid, about 
 4 mm. long, loculicidal above. In dry, mostly sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., 
 Fla. and Tenn. May July. 
 
 2. Aletris aurea Walt. YELLOW COLIC-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1024.) Basal leaves 
 shorter than those of the preceding, acuminate, narrowed into short petioles. 
 Scape 3-8 dm. tall; raceme 2-6 dm. long, usually loose; pedicels 2 mm. long 
 or less, shorter than the bracts; perianth bell-shaped or ovoid-globose, 4-6 mm. long, 
 its lobes oval ; style short; capsule ovoid, about as long as the perianth. S. N. J. 
 (according to Gray and to Rusby) ; Y a - to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 14. YUCCA L. 
 
 Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody and 
 leafy stem, or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid and sharp- 
 pointed, bearing long marginal thread-like fibres in our species. Flowers large, 
 nodding in a terminal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate, or nearly globu- 
 lar, white in our species, of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate united segments. Stamens 
 hypogynous, shorter than the perianth ; filaments thickened above; anthers small, 
 versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled; ovules numerous; style 
 columnar, short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule, or fleshy, or spongy and 
 indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, horizontal. [The Haytieii name.] About 
 16 species, natives of North and Central America. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, drooping. i. ' Y. baccata. 
 
 Fruit an erect capsule. 
 
 Leaves 4-10 mm. wide; scape short, bearing a long raceme. 2. Y. glauca. 
 
 Leaves 2-5 cm. wide; scape 0.6-3 m. high, bearing a large panicle. 
 
 3. Y. filamentosa. 
 
 X. Yucca baccata Torr. SPANISH BAYONET. (I. F. f. 1025.) Caudex very 
 short, or sometimes 2.5 m. tall, covered with the reflexed dead leaves. Leaves 
 4-9 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, with a much wider base, and a stout brown tip, 
 concave, the marginal fibres 5-12 cm. long; panicle peduncled; pedicels stout; 
 flowers 1-1.2 dm. broad; perianth-segments 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; style slender; fruit 
 oval, dark purple, indehiscent, edible, drooping 5-8 cm. long, with a 6-grooved 
 beak. W. Kans. (?), S. Colo, to Tex., Cal. and Mex. April-June. 
 
 2. Yucca glajlca Nutt. BEAR-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1026.) Caudex very short; 
 leaves basal, narrowly linear, smooth, very stiff, sharp-pointed, 4-10 mm. wide, 
 with a broader base, concave, at least when dry, the marginal fibres filiform; scape 
 short; flowers 3-7 cm. broad, racemose; perianth-segments ovate, 2.5-4 cm. long; 
 style short; pedicels stout, erect ; capsule oblong, about 2.5 cm. thick, 6-sided. In 
 dry soil, Iowa to S. Dak., Wyo., Mo., Tex. and Ariz. May-June. 
 
 3. Yucca filamentosa L. ADAM'S NEEDLE. (I. F. f. 1027.) Caudex short. 
 Leaves lanceolate, narrowed above the broad base, acuminate and sharp-pointed, 
 flat, roughish, 3-8 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm - wide; scape 0.6-3 m. high; panicle large, 
 its branches divergent or ascending; flowers numerous; perianth-segments 3-6 cm. 
 long, ovate; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. thick. In sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tenn. 
 and La. Escaped from gardens in Penn. May-July. 
 
 Family 4. CONVALLARIACEAE. Link. 
 
 Lily-of-tJie- Valley Faintly. 
 
 Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched roolstocks. 
 Flowers solitary, rac^eijipse, panicKd or umbelled, regular and perfect. 
 
FLORA, 
 
 Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets, in 
 Asparagus and its allies reduced to scales bearing filiform or flattened 
 branchlets in their axils. Perianth inferior, 4-6-parted with separate 
 segments, or oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed or 6-toothed. 
 Stamens 6, rarelv 4. hypogynous or borne on the perianth ; anthers in- 
 trorsely extrorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2 3-celled, superior ; 
 ovules anatropous or amphitropous : style slender or short : stigma 
 mostly 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo 
 small. Endosperm copious. About 23 genera and 215 species, widely 
 distributed. 
 
 Leaves reduced to scales ; leaf-like branchlets filiform. x. Asparagus. 
 
 Leaves broad; stems simple or somewhat branched. 
 Leaves alternate or basal. 
 
 Leaves basal ; flowers umbelled or solitary. 2, Clintonia. 
 
 Leaves alternate (solitary in flowerless plants of no. 4). 
 Perianth-segments separate. 
 
 Flowers racemed, umbelled, par.icled or solitary, terminal. 
 Flowers racemed or panicled. 
 
 Perianth-segments 6.. 3. Vagnera. 
 
 Perianth segments 4. 4. Unifolium. 
 
 Flowers umbelled or solitary. 5. Disporum. 
 
 Flowers solitary or two together, axillary. 6. Streptopus. 
 
 Perianth cylindric or oblong, 6-toothed. 7. Salomonia. 
 
 Leaves nearly basal ; flowers racemed; perianth 6-toothed. 8. Convallaria. 
 Leaves in i or 2 whorls below the flower or flowers. 
 
 Leaves in 2 whorls; flowers umbelled. 9. Medeola, 
 
 Leaves in I whorl; flowers solitary. 10. 7'rtlZium. 
 
 I. ASPARAGUS L. 
 
 Stem at first simple, fleshy, scaly, at length much branched; the branchlets fili- 
 form and mostly clustered in the axils of the scales in the following species, flattened 
 and linear. Flowers small, solitary, umbelled or racemed. Perianth-segments 
 alike, separate, or slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted at the bases of 
 the perianth-segments; anthers introrse Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity; style short; stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry globose. Seeds few, rounded. 
 [Ancient Greek name.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Asparagus officinalis L. ASPARAGUS. (I. F. f. 1028.) Rootstock much 
 branched. Young stems edible, stout, later branching, and becoming 1-2 m. tall, 
 the filiform branchlets 6-18 mm. long. Flowers mostly solitary at the nodes, green, 
 drooping on filiform jointed peduncles; perianth campa'nulate, about 6 mm. long, 
 the segments linear ; stamens shorter than the perianth ; berry red, about 8 mm. 
 in diameter. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, especially along salt 
 marshes, N. B. to Va. and locally in waste places in the interior. Native of 
 Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. CLINTONIA Raf. 
 
 Somewhat pubescent scapose herbs, with slender rootstocks, erect simple scapes, 
 and few broad petioled sheathing basal leaves, the bractless flowers umbelled at the 
 summit of the scape in our species. Perianth-segments equal or nearly so. Sta- 
 mens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth segments; filaments filiform ; anthers 
 laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2-several in each cavity; stigma 
 obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globose or oval. [Name in honor of De Witt Clinton, 
 1769-1828, American naturalist, Governor of the State of New York.] Six species, 
 the following of eastern North America, two Asiatic. 
 
 Flowers greenish yellow, drooping, 1.6-2 cm. long; berry blue. i C. borealis. 
 
 Flowers white, not drooping, 8-10 mm. long; Lerry black. 2. C. uinbellulata, 
 
 i. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. YELLOW CLINTONIA. (I. F. f. 1029.) 
 Scape 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves 2-5. oval, oblong or obovate, thin, ciliate, short- 
 acuminate or cuspidate ; umbel 3-6-flowered ; pedicels 6-30 mm. long, slender, 
 erect or ascending in fruit; stamens about as long as the perianth ; ovary 2-celJed; 
 
CONVALLARIACEAE. 
 
 ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender, somewhat thickened 
 aoove; berry oval, several-seeded, about 8 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and 
 thickets .Newf. to Ont. and Minn., N. Car. and Wis. May-June. 
 
 2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torr. WHITE CLINTONIA. (I. F. f. 1030.) 
 S:ape 2-4.5 c ^ m - high. Leaves 2-5, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, acute or cus- 
 pidate, ciliate, umbel several-many-flowered; pedicels ascending or erect, slender, 
 pubescent, becoming 1-3 cm. long in fruit ; flowers white, odorous, often purplish 
 dotted; perianth-segments obtusish; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
 slender; berry globose, few-seeded. In woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. and Tenn. 
 May-June. 
 
 3. VAGNERA Adans. [SMILACINA Desf.] 
 
 Stem scaly below, leafy above, the leaves alternate, short-petioled or sessile. 
 Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle. Flowers white or greenish white, small. 
 Perianth of 6 spreading equal segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the 
 perianth-segments; filaments filiform or slightly flattened; anthers introrse. Ovary 
 3-celled, sessile; ovules 2 in each cavity: style columnar; stigma 3-grooved or 3- 
 lobed. Berry globular. Seeds usually I or 2, subglobose. [Named in honor of 
 Wagner.] About 25 species, natives of North America, Central America, and 
 Asia. Besides the following, one or two others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Flowers numerous, panicled. i. V. racemosa. 
 Flowers few-several, racemose. 
 
 Plant 2.5-4.5 dm. high : leaves numerous. 2. V. stellata. 
 
 Plant 0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves 2-4. 3. V. trifolia. 
 
 1. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. WILD SPIKENARD. (I. F. f. 1031.) 
 Rootstock fleshy. Stem somewhat angled, leafy, finely pubescent above, or nearly 
 glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or the lower 
 short-petioled, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, acuminate, finely pubescent beneath, their margins 
 minutely ciliate; panicle densely many- flowered, 2-10 cm. long, peduncled; flow- 
 ers about 4 mm. broad; perianth-segments oblong; berry red, aromatic, speckled 
 with purple, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., 
 Ga., Mo. and Ariz. May-July. 
 
 2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON'S SEAL. (I. F. 
 f. 1032.) Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem glabrous, 25 dm. tail, leafy. Leaves 
 ob'.ong lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile and somewhat clasping, minutely pubescent 
 beneath, 5-13 cm. long, flator somewhat concave ; raceme 2-5 long cm. long, several- 
 flowered; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse; style about as 
 long as the ovary; berry green with 6 black stripes, or black. 6-io mm. in diameter. 
 In moist soil, Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Ky., Kans. and Cal. Also in northern 
 Europe. May -June. 
 
 3. Vagnera tri folia (L.) Morong. THREE-LEAVED SOLOMON'S SEAL. (I. F. 
 f. 1033.) Glabrous; rootstock slender. Stem slender, 0.5-4 dm. high, r-4-leaved 
 (usually 3-leavedj; leaves oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sheathing, 5-13 
 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; raceme few-flow- 
 ered, peduncled ; perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtu?e, finally 
 somewhat reflexed; berry dark red, 5^6 mm. in diameter. In bogs and wet woods, 
 Newf. to Br. Col., N. J., Penn. and Mich. Also in northern Asia?. May-June. 
 
 4. UNIFOLIUM Adans. [MAIANTHEMUM Wigg.J- 
 
 Low herbs, with slender rootstocks, simple few- leaved stems, and small white 
 flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels commonly 23 together. Perianth of 4 
 separate spreading segments. Stamens 4, inserted at the bases of the segments; 
 filaments filiform; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cav- 
 ity; style about as long as the ovary, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Berry globular, 1-2- 
 seeded. [Many plants bear only a solitary long petioled leaf, arising from the 
 rootstock, whence the Latin name.] Two known species, the following of east- 
 ern N. Am., the other of Europe, Ada and N. W. America. 
 
 i. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. T\vo- 
 LEAYEP SOLOMON'S SEAL. (I. F. f. 1034.) Stem slender, i-3-leaved (usually 2- 
 
272 FLORA. 
 
 leaved), 5-18 cm. high; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, cordate, with 
 a narrow or closed sinus, sessile, short-petioled ; solitary leaves of the stemless 
 plants on petioles 2- 10 cm. long; raceme many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long; perianth- 
 segments becoming reflexed, about 2 mm. long; berry pale red, speckled, about 
 4 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Newf. to the N. W. Terr.j N. 
 Car., Iowa and S. Dak. May-July. 
 
 5. DISPORUM Salisb. 
 
 Herbs with slender rootstocks, branching stems, leafy above, and alternate ses- 
 sile or clasping leaves, the flowers terminal, drooping, whitish or greenish yellow, 
 solitary or in simple umbels. Perianths of 6 narrow deciduous segments. Stamens 
 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers extrorse. Ovary 
 3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each cavity; style slender; stigma3-cleft 
 or entire. Berry ovoid or oval. [Greek, referring to the 2 ovules in each cavity 
 of the ovary, in most species. J About 15 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. 
 Besides the following, some 5 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Stamens shorter than the perianth; fruit smooth, 2-6-seeded. i. D. lanuginosum. 
 
 Stamens as long as the perianth; fruit roughened, 4~i8-seeded. 2. D. trachycarpum* 
 
 1. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nicholson. HAIRY DISPORUM. (I. F. f. 
 1035.) Finely and rather densely pubescent, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-1 1 cm. long, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded at 
 the base, 7-i5-nerved; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, greenish, 12-18 mm. 
 long; pedicels filiform; perianth narrowly campanulate, its segments linear-lance- 
 olate, acuminate, glabrous; ovary oblong; style slender, 3-cleft; berry oval, red, 
 10-14 m m. long. In woods, Ont. to W. N. Y. and Tenn. May -June. 
 
 2. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H. ROUGH-FRUITED Dis- 
 FORUM. (I. F. f. 1036.) Puberulent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, 
 lanceolate, 3-9 dm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcor- 
 date at the base, 5-n-nerved; flowers yellowish white, 8-14 mm. long; perianth 
 narrowly campanulate, its segments acute, little spreading; style slender, 3-lobed; 
 berry depressed-globose or somewhat obovoid, 8-io mm. in diameter, 4-i8-seeded. 
 Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Wash, and Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 6. STREPTOPUS. Michx. 
 
 Branching herbs, with thin sessile or clasping alternate leaves. Flowers solitary 
 or 2 together, extra-axillary, slender-peduncled, greenish, rose or purplish, small, 
 nodding. Peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle. Perianth campanulate, 
 its 6 segments recurved or spreading, deciduous, the outer flat, the inner keeled. 
 Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments short, flattened; anthers sagittate, extrorse. 
 Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cavity; style slender. Berry 
 globose or oval, red, many-seeded. [Greek, twisted stalk, in reference to the bent 
 or twisted peduncles.] About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Be- 
 sides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Leaves glaucous beneath, clasping; flowers greenish- white. i. S. amplexifolius. 
 
 Leaves green on^both sides, sessile; flowers purple or rose. 2. S. roseus, 
 
 1. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED-STALK. 
 {I. F. f. 1037.) Rootstock short, stout. Plant 4-9 dm. high; stem usually branch- 
 ing below the middle; leaves 5-13 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasp- 
 ing at the base, glabrous; peduncles i-2-flowered; flowers 8-12 mm. long; peri- 
 anth-segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; anthers subulate-pointed; stigma 
 simple, obtuse or truncate; berry oval, 10-16 mm. long. In moist woods, Lab. to 
 Alaska, N. Car., Ohio, Mich, and N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 2. Streptopus roseus Michx. SESSILE-LEAVED TWISTED-STALK. (I. F. f. 
 1038.) Plant 3-8 dm. high. Brandies sparingly pubescent ; leaves 5-11 cm. 
 long, acuminate at the apex, sessile, rounded, or slightly clasping at the base, their 
 margins finely ciliate ; peduncles usually pubescent ; flowers purple or rose, 8-12 
 mm. long ; perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate ; anthers 2 -horned ; style 
 3-cleft, the spreading branches s*igmatic along the inner side; berry globose or 
 
CON VALLA RIA CEA E. 
 
 oval, 10-12 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Mich, and 
 Ore. May-July. 
 
 7. SALOMONIA Heist. 
 
 Herbs, with th'L,< jointed and scarred rootstocks, simple stems, scaly below, 
 leafy above, the leaves sessile and alternate in our species. Flowers greenish or 
 pinkish, axillary, drooping, peduncled, solitary or 2-10 in an umbel, the pedicels 
 jointed at the base of the flower. Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 6, included ; -fila- 
 ments adnate to the perianth for half their length or more; anthers sagittate, in- 
 trorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2-6 in each cavity ;. style slender ; stigma small, 
 capitate or slightly 3-lobed. Berry globular, dark blue or nearly black, with a 
 bloom, in our species. [Named in honor of Salomon.] About 20 species, natives 
 of the north temperate zone. (Polygonatum Adans.) 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath ; filaments filiform, roughened. i. P. biflorum. 
 
 Plant glabrous throughout ; filaments smooth, somewhat flattened. 2. P. commutatum. 
 
 1. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. HAIRY SOLOMON'S SEAL. (I. F. f. 
 1039.) Stem slender, glabrous, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves 4-10 cm. long, 1.2-5 cm. 
 wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, sometimes obtuse at the base, pubescent 
 especially on the veins and pale beneath, glabrous above; peduncles i-4-flowered 
 (often 2-flowered); perianth 8-12 mm. long; filaments filiform, adnate to the peri- 
 anth for about three fourths its length, papillose-roughened ; berry 6-8 mm. in 
 diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and W. Va. April- 
 July. (P. biflonun Ell.) 
 
 2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. SMOOTH SOLOMON'S SEAL. 
 (I. F. f. 1040.) Glabrous throughout; stem 0.3-2.5 m. high. Leaves 3-15 cm. 
 long, 7-10 cm. wide, narrowed, rounded or somewhat clasping at the base ; pe- 
 duncles i-8-flowered ; glabrous ; perianth 1220 mm. long ; filaments somewhat 
 flattened, smooth, adnate to the perianth for half its length or more; berry 8-12 
 mm. in diameter. In moist woods and along streams, rarely in dry soil, R. I. to 
 Ont., Manitoba, Ga., La., Utah and N. Mex. May-July. (P. commutatum Dietr.) 
 
 8. CONVALLARIA L. 
 
 A low glabrous herb, with horizontal rootstocks and 2 or sometimes 3 erect 
 leaves, narrowed into sheathing petioles, the lower part of the stem bearing sheath- 
 ing scales. Flowers white (rarely pink), fragrant, nodding. Raceme i-sided. Peri- 
 anth globose-campanulate, 6-lobed, deciduous, the short lobes recurved. Stamens 
 6, included ; filaments short, adnate to the lower part of the perianth ; anthers in- 
 trorse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; style slender, 3 grooved; 
 stigma small, capitate, slightly 3-lobed. Berry globose. [Latin from convallis, 
 valley, and the Greek for lily.] A monotypic genus of Europe, Asia and the 
 higher Alleghenies. 
 
 i. Convallaria majalis L. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. (I. F. f. 1041.) Stem 
 1-2.3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, or oval, appearing nearly basal, acute at both 
 ends, 1.2-3 dm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; basal scales large, one of them subtending an 
 erect angled scape snorter than the leaves; raceme 2-10 cm. long, loosely several- 
 flowered; pedicels filiform, recurved, 6-12 mm. long; perianth 6-8 mm. long; fila- 
 ments shorter than the anthers; berry about 6 mm. in diameter. On the higher 
 mountains of Va., N. Car. and S. Car. Common in cultivation. May-June. 
 
 g. MEDEOLA L. 
 
 A slender erect unbranched herb, loosely provided with deciduous wool. Root- 
 stock thick, white, tuber-like, with somewhat the odor and taste of cucumbers. 
 Leaves of flowering plants in 2 (rarely 3) whorls; lower whorl of 4-10 oblong- 
 lanceolate or obovate leaves; upper whorl of 3-5 ovate or oval leaves, subtending 
 the sessile umbel of small greenish yellow declined flowers. Perianth of 6 separate 
 equal recurved segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments slender, longer than 
 the oblong extrorse anthers. Ovary 3-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 
 3, recurved. Berry globose. [Name from Medea, a sorceress, referring to the 
 supposed healing properties.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
2/4 FLORA. 
 
 i. Medeola Virginiana L. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. (I. F.'f. 1042.) Root- 
 stock 2-8 cm. long. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, bearing the lower whorl ot leaves above 
 the middle, or in flowerless plants at the summit; leaves of the lower whorl sessiie, 
 5-13 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 3-5 -nerved and reticulate-veined; 
 leaves of the upper whorl 2-5 cm. long; umbel 2-9-flowered; pedicels filiform, 2-5 
 cm. long or less, declined in flower, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth-segments 
 6-10 mm. long, obtuse; berry dark purple, 8-15 mm. in diameter. In moist woods 
 and thickets, N. S. to Out, Minn., Fla. and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 10. TRl'LLIUM L. (See Appendix,) 
 
 Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short scarred rootstocks, and 3 lea/es 
 whorled at the summi^of the stem, subtending the bractless flower. Solitary long- 
 petioled leaves are sometimes borne on the rootstock. Perianth of 2 series of seg- 
 ments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, persistent, the inner 3 (petals) white, pink, purple 
 or sometimes greenish, deciduous or withering. Stamens 6, hypogynous; fila- 
 ments short; anthers linear ; ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3 -celled; ovules 
 several or numerous in each cavity; styles 3. Berry many-seeded. Seeds hori- 
 zontal. [Latin, in allusion to the 3 -parted flowers and the 3 leaves.] About 20 
 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in 
 the southern and western parts of N. Am. Phyllody, i. e., the reversion of petals 
 or sepals to leaves, is occasional in the genus, and the floral parts are sometimes in 
 4's instead of 3*3. 
 
 Flower sessile. 
 
 Leaves sessile ; sepals not reflexed. 
 
 Flowers purple; petal-blades lanceolate. I. T. sessile. 
 
 Flowers green ; petal-blades linear. 2. T. viride. 
 
 Leaves petioled ; sepals reflexed. 3, 7\ recurvatum. 
 
 Flower peduncled. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, 2-5 cm. long. 4. T. nivale. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate or rhombic, acuminate, 5-17 cm. long. 
 Leave? sessile, or narrowed at the base and short-petioled. 
 
 Petals obovate or oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long. 5. 7\ grandiflorum. 
 
 Petals ovate or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long. 
 
 Peduncle 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined; petals spreading. 
 i 6. T, erectum. 
 
 Peduncle 3 cm. long or less, recurved beneath the leaves; petals re- 
 curved. 7. T. cernuum. 
 Leaves distinctly petioled, obtuse or rounded at the base. 8. T. undulatum. 
 
 1. Trillium sessile L. SESSILE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. (L F. f. 1043.) 
 Stem 1-3 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or oval, cuspidate at the apex, 4-15 cm. long, 
 often blotched; sepals lanceolate, spreading, 1-5 cm. long; petals lanceolate, some- 
 what longer than the sepals, erect-spreading, purple; anthers longer than the fila- 
 ments, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs; berry globose, 6-angled, about 
 1.2 cm. in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Penn. to Ohio, Minn., Fla. and 
 Ark. April-May. 
 
 2. Trillium viride Beck. GREEN WAKE-ROBIN. (I. F. f. iO43a.) Light 
 green. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous in age; leaves 
 oblong to ovate, 5-10 cm. long, usually blotched, more or less pubescent on the 
 nerves beneath; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, bright green; petals clawed, the 
 blades linear or nearly so, surpassing the sepals, light green or purplish green; 
 filaments flattened. In woods and glades, Mo. and Tenn. to Miss, and Ark. 
 
 3. Trillium recurvatum Beck. PRAIRIE WAKE-ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1044.) 
 Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, acute, 
 narrowed into petioles, sometimes blotched; flower erect; sepals lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, 1.2-3 cm. long, reflexed; petals spatulate or oblong, nearly erect, clawed, 
 acute or acuminate, equalling the sepals or somewhat longer; anthers 814 mm. 
 long, much longer than the filaments, the connective prolonged beyond the sacs ; 
 berry ovoid, 6-winged above, about 1.8 cm. long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to 
 Minn., Miss, and Ark. April-June. 
 
 4. Trillium nivale Riddell. EARLY WAKE-ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1045.) Stem 
 5-I2c.m. high. Leaves 2-$ cm. long, obtuse; petioles 4-12 mm. long; peduncle 
 
SMILACEAE. 2?$ 
 
 erect, bent, or recurved; sepals narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; 
 petals white, oblong or oval, obtuse, longer than the sepals, erect-spreading; an- 
 thers about as long as the filaments, the connective not prolonged beyond the sacs; 
 styles slender; berry globose, 3-lobed. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Ohio, 
 Minn., Ky. and Neb. March-May. 
 
 5. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. 
 (I. F. f. 1046.) Stems usually stout, 2-4.5 dm. high; Leaves rhombic-ovate or 
 rhombic-oval. 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed to the sessile or nearly sessile 
 base; peduncle 3-8 cm. long; sepals acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, spreading; petals 
 erect-spreading, obtuse or cuspidate, strongly veined, white or pink, thin, longer 
 than the sepals ; anthers longer than the filaments;^ styles slender, berry globose, 
 black, slightly 6-lobed, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter. In woods, Quebec to Ont . Minn., 
 Fla. and Mo. May -June. 
 
 6. Trillium erectum L. ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1047.) Stem 
 stout, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves broadly rhombic, 7-18 cm. long, often as wide 
 or wider, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base ; peduncle erect inclined or 
 declined beneath the leaves ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spreading; petals acute 
 or acutish, spreading, equalling the sepals or longer, dark purple, pink, yellow, 
 greenish or white ; anthers longer than the filaments ; styles short ;" berry ovoid, 
 somewhat 6-lobed, reddish, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. In woods, N. S. to Jamrs Bay, 
 Manitoba, N. Car., Tenn. and Mo. Flowers unpleasantly scented. April June. 
 
 7. Trillium cernuum L. NODDING WAKE-ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1048.) Stem 
 2-5 dm. high. Leaves broadly rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, sessile, or with the petioles 2-4 mm. long; peduncle recurved beneath the 
 leaves, the flower drooping; sepals ac'uminate; petals white or pink, rolled back- 
 ward, wavy-margined, equalling the sepals, or a little longer; anthers about as long 
 as the filaments; berry ovoid, red-purple. In rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., 
 Ga. and Mo. April-June. 
 
 8. Trillium undulatum Willd. PAINTED WAKE- ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1049.) Stem 
 2-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 0.7-2 dm. long, petioled, long-acuminate at the 
 apex, obtuse or rounded at the base; flower peduncled, erect or somewhat 
 inclined, 2-6 cm. long; sepals acuminate, 1.8-3 crn - l n g! petals ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate or acute, white, with purple veins or stripes, thin, longer 
 than the sepals, wavy-margined; styles slender; berry ovoid, obtuse, bluntly 
 3-angled, bright red, shining, 1.2-2 cm. in diameter. In woods, N. S. to Ont. and 
 Wis., Ga. and Mo. May-June. [T. erythrocarpwn Michx.] 
 
 Family 5. SMILACEAE Vent 
 Smilax Family. 
 
 Mostly vines with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves 
 alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, 
 hearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade 
 falling away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels, 
 Perianth-segments 6. StameTTs mostly 6, distinct ; filaments ligulate ; 
 anthers basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3 celled, the cavities opposite 
 the inner perianth-segments; ovules I or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous ; 
 style very short or none ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 
 1-^6 brownish seeds. Endosperm horny, copious ; embryo small, oblong, 
 remote from the hilum. Genera 3, only the following in N. A.; species 
 about 200, in warm and temperate regions. 
 
 i. SMiLAX L. 
 
 Rootstocks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing by 
 means of the coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to scales. 
 Flowers regular. Perianth- segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels borne on a 
 globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among minute 
 
FLORA. 
 
 lets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments. Staminate flowers 
 without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the s^aminate, usually 
 with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple (rarely white), with 3 
 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer part of the pulp, connected 
 at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. 
 [Ancient Greek name, perhaps not originally applied to these plants.] About 195 
 species of wide distribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Besides 
 the following, about five others occur in the southern U. S., and one in Cal. and Ore, 
 
 Stem annual, herbaceous, unarmed. 
 
 Petioles tendril-bearing; stems climbing. 
 . Leaves usually ovate, thin. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. I. S.hertycea. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath. z.^r^ulverulenta^ 
 
 Leaves usually hastate, coriaceous. 3. S. tamnrfolia. 
 
 Petioles without tendrils or nearly so ; stems erect. 4. S. ecirrhata. 
 
 Stem perennial, woody, usually armed with prickles. 
 Berries black or bluish-black. 
 Fruit ripening the first year. 
 
 Leaves glaucous. ' 5. S. glauca. 
 
 Leaves green on both sides. 
 
 Leaves rounded or lanceolate, 5-nerved. 6. S. rotundifolia. 
 
 Leaves ovate, y-nerved. 7. .5". hispida. 
 
 Leaves round-ovate, often narrowed at the middle, 7-o.-nerved. 
 
 8. S. Pseudo-China. 
 Leaves deltoid or deltoid-hastate, 5-y-nerved, often with i or 2 additional 
 
 nerves on each side. 9. S. Bona-nox. 
 
 Fruit ripening the second year ; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, evergreen. 
 
 10. S. lanrifolia. 
 Berries red. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base rounded ; berries bright red. 
 
 11. S, Walteri. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base ; berries dull red. 12. 6". lanceolata. 
 
 1. Smilax herbacea L. CARRION-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1050.) Tubers short, 
 thick, numerous. Stem herbaceous, glabrous, unarmed. Leaves ovate, rounded, 
 or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or cordate at the 
 base, thin, y-g-nerved, 3-13 cm. long; peduncles usually 6-10 times as long as the 
 petioles, flattened; umbels i5-8o-flowered; pedicels 6-16 mm. long; flowers 
 carrion-scented; filaments 2-3 times as long as the anthers; berries bluish black, 
 2-4-seeded, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., Dak., 
 Fla., La. and Neb. April-June. 
 
 2. Smilax pulverulenta Michx. HAIRY CARRION-FLOWER. Similar to the 
 preceding; stems elongated, climbing; leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, 
 short-acuminate, usually g-nerved, pubescent beneath, cordate at the base; petioles 
 often as long as the blades; peduncles as long as the petioles or longer: pedicels 
 5 -12 mm. long; berries subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In alluvial soil, Ont. 
 to Wis., N. Car. and Mo. Spring. 
 
 3. Smilax tamnilolia Michx. HALBERD-LEAVED SMILAX. (I. F. f. 1051.) 
 Glabrous, herbaceous; stem and branches unarmed. Leaves coriaceous, mostly 
 ovate-hastate, with broad obtuse lobes at the base, slightly narrowed at about the 
 middle, truncate or subcordate at the base, green on both sides, 2.5-8 cm. long, 
 5-7-nerved; peduncles 1-3 from the same axil, 2-10 cm. long, usually much longer 
 than the leaves; umbels io-3O-flowered ; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; filaments 1-2 
 times as long as the anthers; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 1-3 -seeded. In 
 dry soil, S. N. J. and Penn. to S. Car. and Tenn. May-July. 
 
 4. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S.Wats. UPRIGHT SMILAX. (I. F. f. 1052.) 
 Stem herbaceous, glabrous, simple, erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves often whorled at 
 the summit of the stem, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, thin, 5~9-nerved, 
 more or less pubescent beneath and erose-denticulate on the margins; petioles 23.6 
 cm. long; peduncles long, often pubescent; pedicels 4- 10 mm. long. In dry soil, 
 Va. to Minn, and Fla. May-June. 
 
 5. Smilax glauca Walt. GLAUCOUS-LEAVED GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1053.) 
 Rootstock deep, knotted and tuberous. Stem terete; branches and twigs angled, 
 
SMILACEAE. 277 
 
 armed with rather stout prickles, or sometimes unarmed; petioles 6-12 mm. long, 
 tendril-bearing; leaves ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes cordate at 
 the base, entire, mostly 5-nerved, 3-15 cm. -long; peduncles flattened; umbels 
 6-12-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; berries bluish black, about 6 mm. in 
 diameter. 2-3-seeded. In dry sandy soil, E. Mass, to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
 May-June. 
 
 6. Smilax rotundifolia L. GREENBRIER. CATBRIER. HORSEBRIER. 
 (I. F. f. 1054.) Rootstocks long, sparingly tuberous. Stem woody, terete, the 
 branches often 4-angled, glabrous; prickles .scattered, sometimes none; petioles 
 6-12 mm. long; leaves thick and shining when mature, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, obtuse or cordate at the base, entire or the margins erose-denticulate, 
 5-nerved, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles flattened; umbels 6-25 -flowered; pedicels 2-8 
 mm. long; perianth-segments pubescent at the tip; filaments 2-3 times as long as 
 the anthers; berries black, i-3-seeded, about 6 mm. in diameter. In woods and 
 thickets, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 7. Smilax hispida Muhl. HISPID GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1055.) Glabrous; 
 stem commonly thickly hispid with numerous slender prickles, the branches more 
 or less angled; petioles 8-18 mm. long, tendril-bearing; leaves thin, ovate, abruptly 
 acute and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 7-nerved, 5-13 
 cm. long; peduncles flattened; umbels io-26-flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; 
 filaments a little longer than the anthers; berries bluish black. In thickets, Ont. 
 to Minn., Neb., Va. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 8. Smilax Pseudo-China L. LONG-STALKED GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1056.) 
 Glabrous; rootstock often bearing large tubers; stem terete, the branches angled. 
 Lower part of the stem beset with straight prickles, the branches mostly unarmed; 
 petioles 6-25 mm. long; leaves firm, ovate, often narrowed at about the middle or 
 lobed at base, acute or cuspidate at the apex, y-g-nerved, 6-13 cm. long; pedun- 
 cles flattened, 2-8 cm. long, umbels 1 2-4O-flowered ; pedicels 6-8 mm. long ; sta- 
 mens 6 -10; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In dry or sandy thickets, Md. to 
 Neb., Fla. and Tex. March- Aug. 
 
 9. Smilax B6na-n6x L. BRISTLY GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1057.) Root- 
 stocks bearing large tubers ; stem terete or slightly angled, the branches often 
 4-angled. Prickles often wanting on the branches; petioles 6-12 mm. long; leaves 
 thick, ovate or commonly deltoid-hastate, glabrous, green on both sides, often spiny 
 on the margins and the veins beneath, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, 
 obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5~9-nerved, 3-11 cm. long ; peduncles 
 slender, flattened, 1.4-3 cm - l n g: umbels 15 -45 -flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; 
 stigmas 13; berries 4-6 mm. in diameter, mostly I -seeded. In thickets, Mass, to 
 Kans., Fla. and Tex. April-July. 
 
 10. Smilax laurifolia L. LAUREL-LEAVED GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1058.) 
 Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 1.5 dm. thick; stem high-climbing, terete, 
 armed with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, mostly unarmed. Petioles 
 stout, 6-16 mm. long; leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire, 3 -nerved, or 
 sometimes with an additional pair of nerves near the margins, 5-11 cm. long; pe- 
 duncles stout, angled, 4-20 mm. long; umbels 6~3O-flowered ; pedicels 4-6 mm. 
 long; anthers usually about one-third shorter than the filaments; stigma I, some- 
 times 2 ; berries black, ovoid, 4-6 mm. thick. In moist woods and thickets, S. N. J. 
 to Fla. and Tex., north in the Miss. Valley to Ark. March-Sept. 
 
 11. Smilax Walteri Pursh. WALTER'S GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1059.) 
 Glabrous; stem angled, prickly below; branches commonly unarmed. Petioles 4-12 
 mm. long, angled; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely lobed at the base, cor- 
 date or subcordate, entire, 5-7-nerved, 5-13 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide; peduncles 
 4-10 mm. long, flattened ; umbels 6-15 -flowered ; pedicels very slender, 4-6 mm. 
 long; berries globose, coral-red (rarely white), 6-8 mm. in diameter, 2-3-seeded. 
 In wet soil, pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., Tenn. and La. April-June. 
 
 12. Smilax lanceolata L. LANCE-LEAVED GREENBRIER. (I. F. f. 1060.) 
 Glabrous, stem terete, usually prickly, the branches slender, long, mostly unarmed. 
 Petioles 2-4 mm. long ; leaves rather thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, entire, shining above, 5-7-nerved, 5-10 cm. long; pe- 
 duncles thick, angled, 6-16 mm. long; umbels 8-40- flowered; pedicels 4-14 mm. 
 
278 FLORA. 
 
 long ; filaments longer than the anthers ; berries dark red, globose, 4-6 mm. in 
 diameter, usually 2 -seeded. In thickets, Va. to Ark., Fla. arid Tex. March-Aug. 
 
 Family 6. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Bloodwort Family, 
 
 Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly linear leaves, and regular 
 or somewhat irregular small perfect flowers in terminal cymose panicles. 
 Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, adnate to the ovary, persistent. Stamens 
 3, opposite the 3 inner perianth-segments. Ovary wholly or partly in- 
 ferior, 3-celled or rarely i -celled ; ovules usually few in each cavity, half- 
 anatropous ; style mostly slender ; stigma small, entire or 3-grooved. 
 Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds few or rarely numerous ; 
 embryo small, in fleshy endosperm. About 9 genera and 35 species, 
 mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical America ; 
 only the following genus in the north temperate zone. 
 
 1. GYROTHECA Salisb. 
 
 A rather stout herb, with a short rootstock, red fibrous roots and equitant leaves, 
 the basal ones longer than those of the stem. Flowers numerous, yellowish, small, 
 in a dense woolly tymose panicle. Perianth 6-parted to the summit of the ovary, 
 the outer segments smaller than the inner. Filaments filiform, longer than the 
 perianth ; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3-cclled ; ovules few in each 
 cavity, borne on fleshy placentae ; style very slender, declined. Capsule enclosed 
 by the withering-persistent perianth, nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds about 6 in 
 each cavity, flattened, nearly orbicular, peltate. (Greek, referring to the round 
 fruit.) A monotypic genus of southeastern N. Am. and the W. I. 
 
 I. Gyrotheca tinctoria (Walt. ) Salisb. RED-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1061.) Stem 
 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous below, pubescent or woolly above. Leaves 4-10 mm. wide, 
 acuminate, the basal ones shorter than the stem, the upper reduced to bracts; 
 panicle 5-13 cm. broad, almost capitate when young, white-woolly; flowers 
 8 -10 mm. broad, bracteolate, the perianth yellow and glabrous within; style about 
 as long as the stamens; pedicels stout, about as long as the capsule; capsule about 
 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, E. Mass, to N. J. and Fla., mostly in pine barrens 
 near the coast. Also in Cuba. July-Sept. (Gyrotheca capitata Morong.) 
 
 Family 7. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Amaryllis Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), 
 with bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually 
 narrow and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 
 6-parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into 
 a tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the 
 lower part of the ovary in Lophiola). Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted 
 on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth 
 opposite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-celled, the sacs 
 usually longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 
 3-celled. Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the 
 summit. Ovules usually numerous, rarely only i or 2 in each cavity of 
 the ovary, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, 
 the embryo small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 
 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the 
 tern oerate zone 
 
A MAR YLLIDA CEAE. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes. 
 
 Flower solitary (in our species); perianth with a crown. I. Narcissus. 
 
 Flower solitary; perianth without a crown. 
 
 Anthers versatile ; tube of the perianth not greatly elongated. 
 
 2. Atamosco. 
 Anthers erect ; tube o' the perianth several times the length of its lobes. 
 
 3. Cooperia. 
 Flowers clustered ; perianth with a membranous crown connecting the lower parts of 
 
 the filaments. 4- Hymenocallis. 
 
 Bulbless herbs, with rootstocks or corms. 
 
 Perianth adnate to the whole surface of the ovary ; leaves mostly basal. 
 Tall, fleshy-leaved; anthers versatile. 5. Agave. 
 
 Low, linear-leaved ; anthers not versatile. 6. Hypoxis. 
 
 Perianth adnate only to the lower part of the ovary; stem leafy; flowers woolly. 
 
 7. Lophiola. 
 
 i. NARCISSUS L. 
 
 Bulbous herbs, the flowers solitary or several on leafless scapes, the leaves linear, 
 basal. Flowers subtended by a deciduous spathe; perianth 6-parted, bearing a 
 cup-like funnelform or cylindric crown in the throat. Stamens inserted on the 
 tube of the perianth; ovary 3-celled. About 20 species, natives of the Old "World. 
 
 i. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. DAFFODIL. Scape about 3 dm. high, 
 2-edged. Leaves narrowly linear, about as long as the scape; flower bright 
 yellow, 5-8 cm. broad; crown crenate, rather longer than the perianth-tube. 
 Escaped from cultivation, Penn. and N. J. April-May. Flowers often double. 
 
 2. ATAMOSCO Adans. 
 
 Glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, narrow leaves, and erect scapes, the flower 
 large, erect, pink, white or purple. Perianth funnelform, naked in the throat, 
 with 6 membranous equal erect-spreading lobes united below into a tube, subtended 
 by an entire or 2-cleft bract. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth, equal 
 or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform, 3-cleft at the summit; ovules 
 numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule subglobose or depressed, 3-lobed, 
 loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds mostly flattened, black or nearly so. [Greek, signify- 
 ing wind-flower.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 
 4 others occur in the southern U. S. (Zephyr -ant hes Herb.) 
 
 i. Atamosco Atamasco (L.) Greene. ATAMASCO LILY. (I. F. f. 1062.) 
 Bulb ovoid, about 2.5 cm. long. Leaves fleshy, shining, 1.5-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. 
 wide, blunt, usually shorter than the scape; scape terete, erect; bract 2-cleft into 
 acuminate lobes, longer than the ovary; flowers 5-9 cm. high, white with a pur- 
 plish tinge or sometimes light purple ; perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 shorter than the tube; stamens shorter than the tube; style longer than the stamens; 
 capsule depressed, about 1.2 cm. high. In moist places, S. Penn. (?), E. Va. to 
 Fla. and Ala. Perianth rarely 8-lobed. March-June. (Zephyranthes Atamasco 
 Herb.) 
 
 4. COOPERIA Herb. 
 
 Low herbs with coated bulbs, grass-like leaves and i-flowered scapes, the flower 
 large, long, erect, subtended by a spathe-like bract. Perianth salverform, with 6 
 spreading lobes. Stamens inserted on the throat of the perianth; filaments short; 
 anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 3-lobed; ovules 
 numerous, in 2 rows of each cavity of the ovary. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed, 
 loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, horizontal, black. [In honor of Daniel 
 Cooper, i8i7?-i842, Curator, Botanical Society of London.] Two known species, 
 natives of the southwestern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Cooperia Drummondii Herb. DRUMMOND'S COOPERIA. (I. F. f. 1063.) 
 Bulb globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. l n g 4-6" mm. wide, 
 erect; scape slender, hollow, about as long as the leaves; spathe-like bract 2-5 cm. 
 long, 2-cleft above into acuminate lobes; flower 7-13 cm. high, white or pinkish; 
 tube of the perianth very slender, about 3 mm. in diameter, slightly expanded just 
 below the limb; segments oblong, nearly 2.5 cm. long; ovary sessile; capsule some- 
 what obovoid, about i cm. in diameter, deeply lobed. On prairies, Kans. to La., 
 Tex,, Mex. and N. Mex. April-July. 
 
28O FLORA. 
 
 4. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. 
 
 Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves, and 
 large white umbelled flowers on solid scapes, each flower subtended by 2 mem- 
 branous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved narrow equal elongated lobes, 
 united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens inserted in the top of the perianth- 
 tube, the lower parts of the long filaments connected by a membranous crown; anthers 
 linear, versatile. Ovary 3-ceiled; ovules only I or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, 
 long-exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule rather fleshy. Seeds 
 usually only I or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring 
 to the crown.] About 30 species, all American. Besides the following, 10 others 
 occur in the Southern States. 
 
 i. HymenocaLis occ:dentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. HYMENOCALLIS. (I. F. f. 
 1064.) Bulb large. Leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, fleshy, glaucous, 
 3-6 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm - wide ; scape equalling or longer than the leaves ; bracts 
 linear-lanceolate ; umbel several-flowered ; perianth-tube 3-4 mm. in diameter, 
 7-13 cm. long, the linear lobes nearly as long; crown funnelform, narrowed below, 
 2.5-3 cm. long, its margins entire, erose or 2-toothed between the filaments ; free 
 part of the filaments about 2.5 cm. long, white ; anthers I mm. wide, yellow; style 
 extending for 5-8 cm. beyond the crown, green ; fruit 1.2-2 cm. in diameter. In 
 moist soil, Ga. to S. 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 5. AGAVE L. 
 
 Fleshy herbs, some tropical species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect 
 rootstock (caudex) and tall bracted scapes, the leaves large, thick, sometimes spiny- 
 toothed, basal, or clustered at the top of the caudex, and large bracted flowers in 
 terminal spikes or compound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, withering- 
 persistent, of 6 equal or nearly equal lobes, united below into a tube. Stamens in- 
 serted on the perianth at the bases of the lobes, exserted. Ovary 3-celled ; style 
 slender, exserted, 3-lobed ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. 
 Capsule 3-lobed, thick-walled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, somewhat cuneate, 
 black. [Greek, signifying noble.] About 140 species, all American. Besides 
 the following, some 12 others occur in the southwestern States. 
 
 i. Agave Virginica L. FALSE ALOE. (I. F. f. 1065.) Glabrous through- 
 out ; rootstock a short crown. Scape 6-12 dm. tall, sometimes nearly 1.2 cm. in 
 diameter at the base, its bracts distant, long-acuminate ; leaves narrowly oblong, 
 1.5-6 dm. long, acuminate, their margins entire or denticulate ; spike 3-6 dm. 
 long, loose ; flowers greenish yellow, odorous, solitary in the axils of short bracts; 
 perianth slightly expanded above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the tube about twice as long 
 as the erect lobes ; capsule 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, abruptly contracted into a short 
 stalk. In dry soil, Md. to Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Summer. 
 
 6. HYPOXIS L. 
 
 Low, mostly villous herbs, with a corm or short rootstock, grass-dike leaves and 
 slender few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather' small. Perfanth 6-parted, its 
 segments equal or nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, withering- 
 persistent, the 3 outer ones greenish on the lower side in our species. Stamens in- 
 serted on the bases of the perianth-segments ; filaments short ; anthers erect, sagit- 
 tate or entire. Ovary 3-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3, erect ; ovules numerous, 
 in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule thin-walled, not dehiscent by valves. Seeds 
 globular, black, laterally short-beaked by their stalks. [Greek, originally given 
 to some plant with sour leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed. Besides 
 the following, two others occur in the southern States. 
 
 I. Hypoxis hirsuta(L.)Coville. STARGRASS. (I. F. f. 1066.) Corm 6-12 mm. 
 in diameter. Leaves basal, narrowly linear, 2-5 mm. wide, more or less villous, 
 mostly longer than the scapes ; scapes slender, erect, villous above, 5-15 cm. high; 
 flowers 1-6, umbellate ; bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels ; perianth- 
 segments narrowly oblong, spreading, mostly obtuse, bright yellow within, villous 
 without, 6-10 mm. long; stamens somewhat unequal; style 3-angled, the stigmas 
 decurrent on the angles ; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter. In dry soil, Me. and 
 Ont. to Assiniboia. Fla. and Tex. May-Oct. 
 
DIOSCOREA CEAEIRIDA CEA E. 28 1 
 
 7. LOPH!OLA Ker. 
 
 An erect perennial herb with slender rootstocks, erect sparingly leafy stems, 
 the leaves narrowly linear and mostly basal, and numerous small yellowish flowers 
 in a terminal woolly cymose panicle. Perianth campanulate, persistent, of 6 nearly 
 equal woolly segments, slightly united at the base. Stamens inserted on the bases 
 of the perianth-segments ; filaments filiform, short ; anthers basifixed. Ovary 
 3-celled ; style subulate, at length 3-cleft ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each 
 cavity. Capsule ovoid, finally loculicidally 3-valved at the summit. Seeds oblong, 
 numerous, ribbed. [Greek, referring to the tufts of wool on the perianth.] A 
 monotypic genus of southeastern N. A. 
 
 i. Lophiola Americana (Pursh) A. Wood. LOPHIOLA. (I. F. f. 1067. ) Stem 
 stiff, terete, glabrous below, white-woolly above, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves equitant, 
 glabrous, much shorter than the stem, the upper ones reduced to scales ; panicle 
 densely white-woolly, composed of numerous few-several-flowered cymes ; pedicels 
 short, rather stout ; perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, longer 
 than the stamens and with a tuft of wool at the base within ; capsule about as long 
 as the persistent style. Pine barren bogs, N. J. to Fla. June-Aug. \L. aurea Ker.J 
 
 Family 8. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. 
 Yam Family. 
 
 Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody 
 rootstocks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and 
 reticulate-veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monce- 
 cious.(in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes or 
 panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. 
 Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary 
 ovary. Pistillate flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 
 terminal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 
 (rarely i) in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphit- 
 ropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule in the following genus. 
 Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing the small 
 embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a 
 few in the Old World. 
 
 x. DIOSCOREA L. 
 
 Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek nat- 
 turalist Dioscorides.] About 1 60 species, most numerous in tropical regions, a few 
 in the temperate zones. 
 
 i. DioscoreavillosaL. WILD YAM-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1068.) Rootstock knotted- 
 horizontal, woody, 1.5-3 dm. thick. Stem 2-5 m. long, glabrous; leaves ovate, en- 
 tire, slender-petioled, alternate or the lower opposite or in 4*5, acuminate, cordate at 
 the base, 5-15 cm. long, 9-13-nerved, thin, pale and more or less pubescent beneath; 
 flowers greenwish yellow, nearly sessile, the staminate 2-3 mm. broad in drooping 
 panicles, the pistillate about 6 mm. long in drooping spicate racemes; capsules 
 membranous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, strongly 3-winged. In moist thickets, R. I. to 
 Out., Minn., Fla. and Tex. June-July. Fruit ripe Sept., persistent on the vines 
 into the winter. 
 
 Family 9. IRIDACEAE Lindl. 
 Iris Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect, 
 mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments 
 or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two 
 series, convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted 
 on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes ; filaments 
 
282 FLORA. 
 
 filiform, distinct or united ; anthers 2-ceiled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, 
 mostly 3-celled ; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous ; style 
 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 
 dehiscent, 3-angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. En- 
 dosperm fleshy or horny; embryo straight, small. About 57 genera and 
 1000 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Style-branches opposite the anthers, very broad, petal-like. i. Iris. 
 Style-branches alternate with the anthers, slender or filiform. 
 
 Style-branches, 2-cleft ; plants bulbous. 2. Nemastylis. 
 Style-branches undivided; plants not bulbous. 
 
 Filaments all distinct ; seeds fleshy. 3. Gemmingta. 
 
 Filaments united ; seeds dry. 4. Sisyrinchium. 
 
 i. "iRIS L. O'ee Appendix.} 
 
 Herbs, with creeping or horizontal, often woody rootstocks, erect stems, erect or 
 ascending equitant leaves, and large regular terminal sometimes panicled flowers. 
 Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the three outer dilated, 
 spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner narrower, smaller, usually erect, or in some 
 species about as large as the outer. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer peri- 
 anth-segments; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style 
 petal-like, arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under their 
 mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the perianth-tube. Capsule oblong or oval, 
 3-6-angled or lobed. Seeds numerous, vertically compressed, in i or 2 rows in 
 each cavity. [Greek, rainbow, referring to the variegated flowers.] About 100 
 species, mostly in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 8 others 
 occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Stems tall, usually several-flowered, leafy; outer perianth-segments larger than the inner. 
 Flowers blue, variegated with yellow, white or green (rarely all white). 
 None of the perianth-segments crested; native species. 
 Leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide. 
 
 Leaves somewhat glaucous. i. /. versicolor. 
 
 Leaves bright green, not glaucous. 
 
 Outer perianth-segments 7-10 cm. long; flowers sessile. 
 
 2. /. liexagona. 
 Outer perianth-segments 6-7 cm. long; flowers pedicelled. 
 
 3. /. Caroliniana. 
 Leaves much narrower, 4-8 mm. wide. 
 
 Capsule obtusely angled, 3-6-lobed. 
 
 Capsule 3-lobed; northern. 4. /. Hookeri. 
 
 Capsule 6-lobed; western. 5. /. Missouriensis. 
 
 Capsule sharply 3-angled. 6. /. prismatica. 
 
 Outer perianth-segments strongly crested; introduced. 7. 7. Germanica. 
 
 Flowers reddish or red-brown. 8. I.fulva. 
 
 Flowers bright yellow; introduced species. 9. /. Pseudacorus. 
 
 Stems low, seldom over 1.5 dm. tall, i-3-flowered ; outer and inner perianth-segments 
 
 nearly equal. 
 Outer perianth-segments crested ; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 Perianth-tube very slender, exceeding the bracts. 10. /. cristata. 
 
 Perianth-tube expanded above, not exceeding the bracts. u. /. lacustris 
 Outer perianth-segments crested, claws slightly pubescent; leaves linear. 
 
 12. 7. verna. 
 
 1. Iris versicolor L. LARGER BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1069.) Rootstock 
 fleshy. Stem terete or nearly so, 6-10 dm. tall, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than 
 the stem, somewhat glaucous, 12-25 mm - wide; bracts commonly longer than the ped- 
 icels; flowers violet-blue, variegated with yellow, green and white; perianth-seg- 
 ments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones spatulate, 5-8 cm. long, longer and wider 
 than the inner; perianth-tube shorter than the ovary; capsule oblong, obscurely 
 3-lobed, about 3 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter; seeds 4-6 mm. broad, in 2 
 rows in each cavity. In marshes, thickets, and wet meadows, Newf. to Manitoba, 
 Fla. and Ark. May-July. 
 
 2. Iris hexagona Walt. SOUTHERN BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1070.) Roct- 
 stock stout, thick. Stems terete, usually simple, leafy, 3-9 dm. tall; leaves 1-3 
 
1RIDACEAE. 283 
 
 cm. wide, green, not glaucous, the lower often 6-9 dm. long; flowers solitary in 
 the upper axils, sessile, similar to those of/, versicolor, but larger, the broader outer 
 crestless perianth segments often I dm. long and over 2.5 cm. wide, much wider 
 than the erect inner ones; perianth-tube rather longer than the ovary; capsule 
 oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, about 5 cm. long; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. In 
 swamps, S. Car. and Fla. to Ky., Mo. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 3. Iris Caroliniana S. Wats. CAROLINA BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1071.) 
 Rootstock stout, fleshy. Stem 6-10 dm. tall ; leaves bright green, 1.5-3 cm. wick ; 
 flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, lilac, variegated with yellow, purple and brown, 
 pedicelled ; outer perianth-segments broadly spatulate, 6-8 cm. long, with narrow 
 claws, the inner narrower and nearly erect ; perianth -tube about 1.2 cm. long 
 above the ovary ; capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled, 3-5 cm. long ; seeds in I row 
 in each cavity, 8-10 mm. broad. In swamps, S. Va. and E. N. Car. May-June. 
 . 4. Iris Hookeri Penny. HOOKER'S BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1072.) Rootstock 
 rather slender. Stems slender, terete, 2.5-5 dm. tall. Leaves mostly basal, nar- 
 rowly linear, bright green, 4-8 mm. wide ; flowers solitary or 2 together, pedi- 
 celled, the pedicels shorter than the bracts ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, 
 the inner ones oblanceolate, much shorter and smaller than the outer ; capsule 
 short-oblong, 23 cm. long, thin- walled, transversely veined, obtusely 3-lobed ; 
 seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, about 3 mm. broad. On river shores, Newf. to 
 Quebec and Me. Summer. 
 
 5. Iris Missouriensis Nutt. WESTERN BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1073.) Root- 
 stock stout. Stem rather slender, terete, 1.5-6 dm. tall, i-2-flowered ; leaves 
 mostly basal, green, sometimes purplish below, 4-8 mm. wide ; flowers pale blue 
 and variegated, pedicelled ; pedicels slender, 1-5 cm. long, usually shorter than 
 the scarious bracts ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 5-6 cm. 
 long, the inner somewhat shorter, the tube 6-8 mm. long above the ovary; capsule 
 oblong, 2.5-3 cm - l n g> obtusely 6-angled, faintly veined. In wet soil, S. Dak. to 
 Mont., Nev., Colo, and Ariz. May -July. 
 
 6. Iris prismatica Pursh. SLENDER BLUE FLAG. (I. F. f. 1074.) Root- 
 stock rather slender, tuberous -thickened. Stems slender, often flexuous, 39 dm. 
 tall, usually simple, bearing 2 or 3 leaves; leaves almost grass-like, 3-5 mm. wide; 
 flowers solitary or 2 together, blue, veined with yellow, slender-pedicelled; pedicels 
 commonly longer than the bracts ; outer perianth-segments 3-5 cm. long, glabrous 
 and crestless, the inner smaller and narrower, the tube 4-6 mm. long above the 
 ovary ; capsule narrowly oblong, acute at each end, sharply 3-angled, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
 long, 6-8 mm. thick ; seeds about 2 mm. broad, thick, borne in I row in each 
 cavity. In wet grounds, N. B. to Penn. and N. Car. May-June. 
 
 7. Iris Germanica L. FLEUR-DE-LIS. (I. F. f. 1075.) Rootstock thick. 
 Stems stout, usually branched and several-flowered, 4-9 dm. tall, bearing several 
 leaves. Leaves glaucous, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, the basal ones mostly shorter than 
 the stem ; bracts scarious ; flowers nearly sessile, large and showy, deep violet- 
 blue veined with yellow and brown or sometimes white ; outer perianth-segments 
 broadly obovate, 7-10 cm. long, their claws strongly crested ; inner perianth- 
 segments narrower, arching. Escaped from gardens to roadsides in Va. Native 
 of Europe. May-June. 
 
 8. Iris fulva Ker. RED-BROWN FLAG. (I. F. f. 1076.) Rootstock stout, 
 fleshy. Stems slender, 6-9 dm. tall, several-flowered and bearing 2-4 leaves; 
 leaves pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6-16 mm. wide ; pedicels 1-2.5 cm. 
 long, shorter than the bracts ; flowers reddish brown, variegated with blue and 
 green ; perianth-segments glabrous, crestless, the outer ones 3-5 cm. long, the 
 inner smaller, spreading ; style-branches 4-6 mm. wide. In swamps, S. 111. to Ga., 
 La., Mo., Ark. 'and Tex. May -June. 
 
 9. Iris Pseudacorus L. YELLOW FLAG. (I. F. f. 1077.) Rootstock thick. 
 Stems 3-9 dm. high, usually several-flowered ; leaves pale green and glaucous, 
 stiff, 8-16 mm. wide.; flowers bright yellow, short-pedicelled; perianth-segments 
 glabrous and crest!es.<-, the outer broadly obovate, 5-6 cm. long, the inner oblong, 
 nearly erect, scarcely longer than the claws of the outer ones; capsule oblong, 5-8 
 cm. long. In marshes, Mass, to N. Y. (Ohio?) and N. J. Nat. or adv. from Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 10. Iris cristata Ait. CRESTED DWARF IRIS. (I. F. f. 1078.) Rootstock 
 
284 FLORA. 
 
 slender, branched, creeping, tt jerous-thickened. Stems only 2-8 cm. high, 1-2- 
 flowered; leaves lanceolate, bright green, 1-2 dm. long, 6 1 8 mm. wide, much ex- 
 ceeding the stems ; stem flattened; flowers blue, pedicelled ; perianth-segments 
 obovate, 2.5-3.3 cm. long, the outer crested, little longer than the naked inner ones, 
 the tube very slender, 3-6 cm. long above the ovary, longer than the bracts; cap- 
 sule oval, sharply triangular, narrowed at each end, 1.2-2 cm. high. 'On hillsides 
 and along streams, Md. to S. Ohio, Ind., Ga., Tenn. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 ir. Tris lacustris Nutt. DWARF LAKE IRIS. (I. F. f. 1079.) Similar to 
 the preceding in size and foliage, or the leaves rather narrower, sometimes wavy- 
 margined. Flowers blue ; perianth-tube only 1-2.5 cm. long, shorter than the 
 bracts and the sometimes yellowish perianth-segments, somewhat expanded up- 
 ward; capsule ovoid, about 1.5 cm. high, borne on a pedicel of about its own 
 length. Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Local. May. 
 
 12. Iris verna L. DWARF IRIS. (I. F. f. 1080.) Rootstock slender. Stems 
 2-8 cm. high, usually i-flowered. Leaves narrowly linear, 0.7-2 dm. high, 4-10 
 mm. wide; flowers violet-blue or rarely white, pedicelled; perianth-segments crest- 
 less, the outer about 3 cm. long, obovate, narrowed into slightly pubescent slender 
 yellow claws, the inner somewhat smaller, glabrous; capsule obtusely triangular, 
 short. On shaded hillsides and in woods, S. Penn., Va., Ky. and Ga. April- 
 May. 
 
 2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt. 
 
 Bulbous herbs, with erect slender terete usually branched stems, and elongated 
 linear folded leaves. Flowers rather large, in our species blue or purple, solitary 
 or several together, fugacious, subtended by 2 herbaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 
 spreading nearly equal obovate segments, distinct nearly or quite to the summit of 
 the ovary. Filaments more or less united; anthers short; style short, its branches 
 slenderly 2-parted; stigmas small, terminal. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent at the 
 summit. [Greek, referring to the thread-like style-branches.] About 10 species, 
 natives of America. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in the southern 
 U. S. 
 
 i. Nemastylis acuta (Bart.) Herb. NORTHERN NEMASTYLIS. (I. F. f. 
 1081.) I3ulb dark colored, ovoid, scaly, 2.5 cm. long or less. Stem 3-6 dm. 
 tall, bearing 3 or 4 leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, each 
 pair subtending I or 2 flowers; flowers light blue or purple, 2-5 cm. broad, slender- 
 pedicelled; pedicels rather shorter than the bracts; perianth-segments obtuse; style- 
 branches exserted between the free parts of the filaments, their filiform divisions 
 4-6 mm. long ; capsule obovoid, 10-12 mm. high. On prairies, Tenn. to.Kans., 
 Ark., La. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 3. GEMMI'NGIA Fabr. [PARDANTHUS Ker.] 
 
 An erect perennial herb, with stout rootstocks and Iris-like leaves. Flowers in 
 terminal bracted clusters, rather large, crimson and purple-mottled. Perianth of 6 
 oblong spreading nearly equal withering-persistent segments, distinct very nearly 
 to the summit of the ovary. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments; anthers 
 linear-oblong. Style very slender, enlarged above, the 3 slender undivided branches 
 alternate with the anthers. Capsule fig-shaped, obovoid, thin-walled, loculicidally 
 3-vaived, the valves recurving, finally falling away, exposing the mass of black 
 fleshy seeds, borne on a central axis. A monotypic genus of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Gemmingia Chinensis (L.) Kuntze. BLACKBERRY LILY. (I. F. f. 1082.) 
 Stem stout, 0.4-1.2 m. tall, leafy. Leaves equitant, 2-2.5 dm. l n g' 1.6-2.5 cm. 
 wide, the two sides united above the middle; upper bracts scarious; flowers several 
 or numerous, 3-5 cm. broad; perianth-segments obtuse, mottled with crimson and 
 purple, persistent; capsule about 2.5 cm. high, the persistent mass of globose 
 black seeds resembling a blackberry. On hills and along roadsides, S. N. Y. to 
 Ga., Ind. and Mo. Nat. from Asia. June-July. 
 
 4 . SISYRI'NCHIUM L.* 
 
 Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted root- 
 stocks, simple or branched 2 -winged or 2 -edged stems, and linear grass-like leaves. 
 
 * Contributed by Mr. E. P. BICKNELL. 
 
IRIDACEAE. 285 
 
 Flowers from terminal spathes consisting of mostly one pair of opposite condupli- 
 catc herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth blue, violet, or white 
 with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or obovate segments spreading and 
 aristulate; filaments monadelphous ; anthers linear or oblong, the sacs distinct at 
 base; style threadform, the branches filiform or obsolete ; ovary 3-celled; capsule 
 globose, oval or obovoid, usually trigonous, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds globose to 
 obovoid, often angled, pitted or smooth. Flowers fugacious, opening successively 
 in sunlight, each usually lasting but a day. Probably not less than 125 species, 
 nearly all American. Besides the following many others occur in the Southern 
 and Western States. 
 
 Filaments free above, anthers over 3.5 mm. long ; spathes twin, sessile, terminating the 
 
 subterete wingless stem. i. S. hast He, 
 
 Filaments monadelphous to the top ; anthers under 2.5 mm. long. 
 
 Spathes twin, sessile, terminating the winged stem. 2. S. albidum. 
 
 Spathes single. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; primary bract long and foliaceous, stem simple. 
 
 4. S. flaviflorum. 
 Flowers blue, violet or white. 
 
 Stems mostly simple with a sessile terminal spathe. 
 
 Capsules 4-6 mm. 'righ, lecvos 2-6 mm. wide. 6. S. anguztifolium. 
 
 Capsules 2-4 mm. high, leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide. 
 
 Bracts glabrous, the outer one united-clasping below, flowers deep 
 
 violet blue, rarely white. 5. S. miicronatitm. 
 
 Brapts scabrous, puberulent, sometimes glabrous, the outer one not 
 
 united-clasping at base or scarcely so ; flowers pale blue or white. 
 
 3. S. campestre. 
 Stems both simple and branched, broadly winged; spathes mostly purplish. 
 
 7. S. intermedium. 
 Stems mostly branched above, bearing two or more pedunculate spathes. 
 
 Tufts fibrose-coated at base. 
 
 Plant turning dark when dry ; capsules dark and thick-walled ; pe- 
 duncles mostly over i mm. wide ; coastwise. 
 
 8. S. arenicola, 
 Plant not turning dark when dry ; capsules pale and thin-walled ; 
 
 peduncles mostly under 0.5 mm. wide. 9. S. Farwellii. 
 
 Tufts not fibrose-coated at base. 
 
 Plant usually turning dark in drying ; stem broadly winged ; 
 
 pedicels spreading or recurved. 10. S. gramtnoides. 
 
 Plant not turning dark when dry; pedicels not recurved; spreading. 
 Capsules dark and thick-walled, 
 
 Spathes 13-20 mm. long; capsules longer than broad, not 
 
 apiculate; inner bract obtuse. u. S. Atlanticum. 
 
 Spathes 10-13 mm. long; capsules broader than long, 
 
 apiculate. 12. 6". apiculatum. 
 
 Capsules pale and thin-walled; peduncles closely erect; inner 
 bract acute. 13. S. strictum. 
 
 1. Sisyrinchium hastile Bicknell. SPEAR-LIKE SISYRINCHIUM. Very slen- 
 der and stiffly erect, dull green, 3-4 dm. high. Stems I mm. wide cr less, 
 compressed-subterete and bluntly two-edged, not at all winged, closely striate, 
 minutely granulose-roughened ; leaves similar to the stems, usually shorter, thick- 
 edged, obtusely slender-pointed, the conduplicate broadened base smooth and 
 membranous ; spathes usually two in a close pair at the top of the stem, each 
 usually 4-bracted, the bracts lanceolate-attenuate, the inner ones 2-2.5 cm - lon g; 
 primary bract slenderly much prolonged ; interior scales ample, sometimes slightly 
 exserted ; flowers few, on pedicels not longer than the inner bracts. Fruit and 
 color of flower unknown. Sandy shores of Belle Isle in the Detroit River, Mich. 
 Early June. 
 
 2. Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. WHITE BLUE-EYED GRASS. Green and glau- 
 cescent, the spathes often purplish, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves half the height of 
 the stems or longer, 1-3.5 mm - wide, very acute, mostly smooth -edged ; stems 
 usually broadly winged, 1-3 mm. wide, the edges serrulate to smooth ; spathes 
 sessile in a close terminal pair, the prominent outer bract 2.5-7 cm. long, its edges 
 free to the base; inner bracts acuminate, often ciliolate on the keel, mostly 15-20 
 mm. long ; flowers white to pale blue; perianth 8-12 mm. long; capsules pale, 
 depressed-subglobose, 2-3 mm. hien, on erect-spreading- Dedicels usuallv shorter 
 
286 FLORA. 
 
 than the inner bracts ; seeds globose, I mm. or less in diameter, umbilicate. dis- 
 tinctly pitted. Mo. to Mich., La., Ala. and N. Car. April-June. 
 
 3. Sisyrinchium campestre Bicknell. PRAIRIE BLUE-EYED GRASS. Similar 
 to S. mucronatum Michx., but often stiffer and more glaucous, with always smooth- 
 edged stems and leaves, usually broader, more gibbous spathes, and pale blue or 
 frequently white flowers. Stem usually less than I mm. wide, the leaves rather 
 broader; spathes green to dull pink- purple, the bracts commonly scabrous-puberu- 
 lent all over, but sometimes glabrous, the outer one usually less slenderly prolonged 
 than in S. imicronatum, and not united-clasping at base, or but slightly so, 2.5-4.5 
 cm. long, rarely more than twice longer than the inner bract, which emerges more 
 abruptly from the base of the spathe than in S. mucronatum, and has more broadly 
 hyaline edges ; capsules pale, trigonous -subglobose, 2-4 mm. high. Wis. to N. 
 Dak., La. and N. Mex., mostly on prairies. May-June. 
 
 Sisyrinchium campestre Kansanum Bicknell. Becoming stouter and broader-leaved 
 than the type with larger, longer-bracted spathes and coarser roots ; pale green and 
 glaucous, usually without any purplish tinge, the flowers apparently always white. Stems 
 rather broadly winged, 1-2 mm. wide, the stiff often falcate leaves becoming 2.5 mm. 
 wide; bracts mostly smooth, sometimes obscurely roughened, the margins conspicuously 
 white-hyaline, the outer one slenderly prolonged often for more than twice the length of 
 the inner one, sometimes 6.5 cm. long; capsules apparently not larger than in the type. 
 Kans. and Oklohoma. 
 
 4. Sisyrinchium flavifldrum Bicknell. YELLOW-FLPWERED SISYRINCHIUM. 
 About 2. 5 dm. high, dull green, glaucescent. Leaves sometimes equalling the stems, 
 smooth-edged or nearly so, acute, the larger ones broadened upward, 1-2.5 mm - 
 wide ; stems rather prominently winged, 1-3 mm. wide, broader at the base of the 
 spathe, smooth-edged ; bracts of the spathe membranous, smooth, the outer one 
 much prolonged and foliaceous, mostly about 6 cm. long and surpassing the inner 
 bract 3-4 cm., the narrowly hyaline margins free to the base ; flowers lemon- 
 yellow, on pedicels 10-15 mm. long, sometimes only half the length of the inner 
 bract; perianth about 12 mm. long. Fruit not known. Missouri. June. 
 
 5. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. MICHAUX'S BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 More caespitose than S. angustifolium and decidedly more slender and delicate, 
 with smaller spathes and capsules, sometimes scarcely glaucescent and the spathes 
 often bright red-purple. Stem and leaves from capillaceous to 1.5 mm. wide, 
 rarely wider, the edges very smooth to denticulate scabrous, the stems narrowly 
 winged or merely margined, sometimes not longer than the leaves; spathes often 
 slightly bent, the bracts thin, glabrous, hyaline-margined, the outer one slenderly 
 prolonged, 1.5-6 cm. long, united-clasping for 1-6 mm. at base; inner bract scarious, 
 obtuse to attenuate, 10-20 mm. long, gradually emerging from the outer one, 
 flowers deep violet blue, rarely white; perianth 6-14 mm. long; capsules pale 
 and thin-walled, subglobose to obovate-oblong, trigonous, 2-4 mm. high, on slender 
 subspreading exserted pedicels. In meadows and fields, southeastern Mich, to N. J. 
 and Va. May-June. 
 
 6. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. NORTHERN BLUE-EYED GRASS. (I. F. 
 f. 1085.) Stiff and erect, pale and glaucous, 8-55 cm. high. Leaves half the height 
 of the stem or longer, 1-3.5 mm - wide, acute, the edges minutely serrulate ; stem 
 simple or rarely branched, 1-3 mm. wide, winged, the edges minutely serrulate; 
 spathes green or slightly purplish, the outer bract rarely less than twice the length 
 of the inner one, 2-6.5 cm - l n g> obscurely hyaline-margined, united-clasping tor 
 2-6 mm. at base; inner bract attenuate, 15-30 mm. long ; flowers deep violet- 
 blue ; the perianth IO-I2 mm. long ; capsules broadly oval to globose, 4-6 mm. 
 high, pale, often purplish-tinged, on erect pedicels usually shorter than the inner 
 bract. Fields and hillsides, Newf. to N. J. and on the mountains to Va., west 
 to Saskatchewan and Colo. May June. 
 
 7. Sisyrinchium intermedium Bicknell. INTERMEDIATE BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 Dull green and glaucescent, drying dark, the spathes usually purple. Tufts not 
 fibrose at base, 10-40 cm. high ; steins either simple or branched above into two 
 peduncles ; leaves very thin and weak-nerved, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, often smooth- 
 edged ; steins erect but frail, mostly 1.5 mm. wide, very flat, the thin wings serru- 
 late ; peduncles usually shorter than the subtending xeaf, 5-8 cm. long, the outer one 
 
IRIDACEAE. 287 
 
 divergent; bracts of the spathe thin, cuspidate-acute; the outer one attenuately 
 prolonged, 2-6 cm. long, on simple stems sometimes three times the length of the 
 inner one; flowers few, 3-6, pale blue; perianth 8-12 mm. long; capsules dark, 
 subglobose, about 4 mm. high, on slenderly exserted finally spreading pedicels. 
 S. N. J. to N. Car. May-June. Intermediate in appearance between S. angusti- 
 folium, or S. mucronatum, and S. graminoides, 
 
 8. Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell. SAND BLUE-EYED GRASS. Deep green 
 or glaucescent, often purplish-tinged, the base of the tufts coarsely fibrous. Leaves 
 stiff, attenuate, cuspidate-acute, "1-3 mm. wide, closely striate; usually serrulate; 
 stem erect, often curved, 20-40 cm. high, 1.5-3 mm. wide, stiff, the firm wings 
 striate, mostly serrulate ; node commonly only one, its erect leaf conspicuous, 
 attenuate-acute, the compressed broadened base strongly striate; peduncles 2-4, 
 curved, subequal and approximate, 3-12 cm. long, mostly I mm. wide or more; 
 spathes erect, the acute bracts firm and strongly striate, slightly unequal; flowers 
 sometimes as many as 12, deep violet-blue; perianth 8-10 mm. long; capsules dark 
 and thick walled on erect slightly exserted pedicels, broadly oval or obovoid, 3-5 mm. 
 high. L. L, Staten I. and N. j., in sandy soil on or near the coast. June-July. 
 
 9. Sisyrinchium Farwellii Bicknell. FARWELL'S BLUE-EYED GRASS. Dull 
 green and glaucescent, not turning dark when dry, the thin tufts fibrous-coated at 
 base. Leaves much shorter than the stems, 1-3 mm. wide, firm, membranous, at- 
 tenuate-acute, the edges serrulate to smooth. Stems flexuous-erect, 20-30 cm. 
 high, 1-2 mm. wide, winged, the edges usually serrulate; nodes one or two, their 
 leaves shorter than the two or three peduncles, slenderly attenuate; peduncles very 
 slender, 4-11 cm. long, mostly less than 0.5 mm. wide; spathes pale, narrow. 17-20 
 mm. long, the bracts subequal, papery, sometimes only obscurely nerved, slender- 
 pointed or subaristulate. Flowers very small, pale blue. Capsules pale and thin- 
 walled, subglobose, 2-3 mm. high on slender, flexuously erect, much exserted pedi- 
 cels. Southeastern Mich. 
 
 10. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell. COMMON BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 1083.) Sometimes not at all tufted, bright green, often glaucescent, drying 
 dark. Stem and leaves thin and grass-like, 2-6 mm. wide, the edges minutely 
 serrulate ; leaves usually half the height of the stem ; stem broadly winged, 
 forking into two winged peduncles 5-20 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous 
 erect acuminate leaf ; nodes sometimes two ; spathes mostly green, erect, the 
 bracts subequal or sometimes the outer one foliaceously prolonged, the inner 
 one acute or attenuate, 15-20 mm. long; flowers 3-6, blue, the perianth 8-10 mm. 
 long ; capsules dark and thin-walled, subglobose, 4-5 mm. high, on slender 
 exserted flexuously spreading or finally recurved pedicels. Mass, and N. H. to 
 Minn., Fla. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 11. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum Bicknell. EASTERN BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 1084.) Very pale and glaucous, not drying dark, the narrow stems and 
 leaves firm and very smooth, mostly 1-2 mm. wide, rarely 3 mm. Leaves attenu- 
 ate, commonly about half the height of the stern ; stem margined or narrowly 
 winged, often somewhat geniculate at the one or two nodes; peduncles 1-3, slender, 
 usually short ; spathes often bent sideways, usually slightly purplish, the thin 
 bracts subequal. the outer one usually acute, the inr.er one scarious-obtuse, mostly 
 12-15 mm. long ; flowers 3-10, violet-blue; perianth 6-12 mm. long ; capsules 
 dark and thick-walled, more or less oblong, 2-4.5 mm - high, contiguous on erect 
 little-exserted pedicels. Mass, and Vt., along and near the coast to Fla., usually 
 in or near brackish marshes. May-June. 
 
 12. Sisyrinchium apiculatum Bicknell. APICULATE BLUE-EYED GRASS. 
 Pale green and glaucescent, keeping its color when dry, about 40 cm. high, not 
 fibrous at base. Leaves about half the height of the stems, becoming over 2 mm. 
 wide, acute, firm, withering-persistent, the edges very smooth ; stem 1-2 mm. 
 wide, narrowly winged, the edges smooth; nodes mostly two, supporting 1-3 slen- 
 der peduncles 3-8 cm. long; leaf of upper node very short; spathes green, often 
 deflected, short and rather broad, 10-13 mm - l n g> the subequal bracts convex, 
 strongly striate, acute or the inner one obtuse, the margins rather broadly white - 
 hyaline ; flowers small, violet-blue ; capsules dark, broadly subglobose, distinctly 
 upiculate, 2.5-3.5 mm. high, sparsely puberulent, on loosely erect well-exserted 
 margined pedicels. Muskegon Co., Mich. June. 
 
288 FLORA. 
 
 13. Sisyrinchium strictum Bicknell. STRICT BLUE-EYED GRASS. About 
 30 cm. high in erect tufts not fibrose at base, pale light green and glaucous, not 
 changing color when dry. Stems and leaves 1-2 mm. wide, mostly serrulate, the 
 leaves thin, tapering-acute, over half the height of the stems; node only one, its 
 erect leaf closely united-clasping below, subequal with the two short approximate 
 peduncles, 4-7 cm. long; spathes sometimes much tinged with red-purple, erect, 
 narrow, 1620 mm. long, the bracts subequal, sharp-pointed, the outer one rather 
 abruptly narrowed above ; flowers rather small, deep violet blue ; capsules pale 
 and thin-walled, somewhat obovoid, about 4 mm. high, on suberect, slightly 
 exserted margined pedicels. In sandy soil, Montcalm Co., Mich. June. 
 
 Order 9. SCITAMINALES. 
 
 Large monocotyledonous herbs with very irregular flowers. Ovary 
 inferior, composed of several united carpels. Seeds with endosperm. 
 
 Family i. MARANTACEAE Lindl. 
 Arrowroot Faintly. 
 
 Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, 
 with scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing 
 leaves, often swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. 
 Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamous, in panicles, racemes or spikes. 
 Perianth superior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary, or 
 united into a tube, normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually dif- 
 ferent from the inner (petals). Perfect stamen I ; anthers i-2-celled. 
 Staminodia mostly 5, often petal-like, very irregular. Ovary i-3-celled, 
 inferior; ovule i in each cavity, anatropous ; style slender, curved, ter- 
 minal ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular or berry-like. Seed solitary in each 
 cavity. Embryo central, in copious endosperm. About 12 genera and 
 1 60 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 i. THALIA L. 
 
 Annual (or perennial?) herbs, with long-petioled basal leaves, erect scapes and 
 terminal panicled spikes of bracted flowers. Sepals 3, membranous, separate, 
 equal. Petals 3, separate or somewhat coherent at the base. Staminodia slightly 
 united below, one of them (labellum) broad, crested. Anther I -celled. Ovary 
 i -celled or with 2 additional small empty cavities. Base of the style adnate to the 
 base of the stamen-tube. Stigma 2-lipped, dorsalty appendaged. Capsule glo- 
 bose or ovoid. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo strongly curved. [In honor of Jo- 
 hann Thalius, German naturalist of the sixteenth century.] About 7 species, all 
 American. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Thalia dealbata Roscoe. POWDERY THALIA. (I. F. f. 1086.) Plant 
 white-powdery nearly all over. Scapes terete, 9-18 dm. tall ; petioles 3-8 dm. 
 long ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1.5-3 dm. long; panicle 2-4.5 
 dm. long, its spikes numerous; bracts narrow, deciduous, not longer than the 
 spikes ; bractlets ovate, unequal, coriaceous, about 12 mm. long; flowers purple, 
 longer than the bractlets; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. in diameter. In ponds and 
 swamps, S. Car. to La., Mo. and Tex. 
 
 Order 10. ORCHIDALES. 
 
 Monocotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers 
 very irregular, or in Burmanniaceae regular, mostly complete and per- 
 fect, their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very 
 nv.merous and minute, without endosperm. 
 
 Flowers regular ; stem leaves reduced to scales. Fam. i. Burmanniaceae* 
 
 Flowers very irregular. Fam. 2. Orchidaceae. 
 
OX CHID A CEA E. 2 89 
 
 Family i. BURMANNIACEAE Blume. 
 Burm a n n ia Fa m ily. 
 
 Low annual herbs, with filiform stems and fibrous roots. Leaves basal 
 or reduced to cauline scales or bracts. Flowers regular, perfect, the peri- 
 anth with 6 small thick lobes, its tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3 
 or 6, included, inserted on the tube of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, 
 the sacs transversely dehiscent. Style slender ; stigmas 3, dilated ; 
 ovary inferior, with 3 central or parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. 
 Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, oblong; endosperm none. Ten 
 genera and about 60 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. The 
 family is represented in N. Am. by the following genus and Apteria of 
 the Gulf States. 
 
 i. BURMANNIA L. 
 
 Erect herbs, with simple stems and small alternate scale-like or bract-like 
 leaves. Tube of the perianth strongly 3-angled or 3-winged, the 3 outer lobes 
 longer than the inner. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-lobes. Filaments 
 very short; connective of the anthers prolonged beyond the sacs into a 2-cleft crest. 
 Ovary 3-celled, with 3 thick 2-lobed central placentae; stigmas globose or 2-lobed. 
 Capsule crowned by the persistent perianth, opening by irregular lateral ruptures. 
 [In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 
 20 species, natives of warm regions. Besides the following another occurs in the 
 southeastern States. 
 
 i. Burmannia biflora L. NORTHERN BURMANNIA. (I. F. f. 1087.) Stems 
 very slender, 5-15 cm. high, simple or forked above. Flowers i or several, 
 terminal; angles of the perianth-tube conspicuously winged, the outer lobes ovate, 
 acute, the inner linear and incurved ; seeds very numerous, oblong-linear, spar- 
 ingly stria te. In swamps and bogs, Va. to Fla. and La. Sept.-Nov. 
 
 Family 2. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl.* 
 Orchid Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire 
 leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, 
 solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 
 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, 
 alike ; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually 
 larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or ped- 
 icel. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical 
 column ; anther I or in Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, 
 usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses 
 waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style 
 often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or be- 
 tween its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostel- 
 lum, or in a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, 
 usually long and twisted, 3-angled, i-celled; ovules numerous, anatro- 
 pous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, 
 minute, mostly spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated ; endo- 
 sperm none ; embryo fleshy. About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide 
 distribution, most abundant in the tropics, many of those of warm regions 
 epiphytes. 
 
 Anthers 2 ; lip a large inflated sac. i. Cypripedium. 
 
 Anther solitary. 
 
 Pollinia with a caudicle, which is attached at the base to a viscid disk or gland. 
 Glands enclosed in a pouch. 
 
 Sepals free ; lip 3-lobed. 2, Orchis. 
 
 Sepals united above into a hood ; lip entire. 3. Galeorchis. 
 
 * .Revised by Dr. P. A, RYDBERG. 
 
2QO FLORA. 
 
 Glands not enclosed in a pouch. 
 
 Lip not fringed nor cut-toothed. 
 
 Stem leafy ; anther-sacs mostly parallel. 
 
 Valves of the anthers dilated at the base enclosing the glands below, 
 
 4. Perularia. 
 Valves not dilated at the base. 
 
 Glands surrounded by a thin membrane. 5. Cceloglossum. 
 Glands naked. 
 
 Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. 
 
 6. Gytnnandeniopsts. 
 
 Beak of the stigma not appendaged. 7. Limnorchis. 
 Stem scapiform ; leaves 1-2 basal ; anther-sacs divergent. 
 Basal leaves 2 ; ovary straight. 8. Lysias. 
 
 Basal leaf i ; ovary arcuate. 9. Lysiella. 
 
 Lip fringed or parted and cut-toothed. 10. BlepJiariglottis. 
 
 Pollinia not produced into a caudicle (except apparently in No. 23). 
 Pollinia granulose or powdery. 
 
 Flowers comparatively large, solitary or few ; anthers incumbent on a long 
 
 column. 
 
 Leaves not grass-like ; lip free. 
 Flowers terminal; lip crestedo 
 
 Leaves alternate. n. Pogonia* 
 
 Stem -leaves whorled. 12. Isotna. 
 
 Flowers axillary; lip not crested. 13. l^riphora. 
 
 Leaves grass-like. 
 
 Flowers solitary, terminal ; lip adherent to the base of the column. 
 
 14. Arethusa. 
 
 Flowers racemose ; lip free. 15. Limodonan. 
 
 Flowers small, numerous, in spikes or racemes; anthers erect, jointed to a 
 
 short column. 
 
 Anther operculate ; leaves broad, alternate. 16. Epipactis. 
 Anther not operculate. 
 
 Leaves green, borne on the stem. 
 
 Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 17. Gyrostachys. 
 Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 18. Listera. 
 Leaves white-reticulated, basal. 19. Peramium. 
 
 Pollinia smooth and waxy. 
 
 Plants with corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots ; leaves basal 
 
 or cauline. 
 Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. 
 
 Leaf cauline ; lip ovate, or auricled at the base. 
 
 20. Achroanthes* 
 Leaf or leaves basal. 
 
 Leaves 2; lip flat ; flowers racemed. 21. Leptorchis. 
 Leaf i ; lip saccate ; flower solitary. 22. Calypso. 
 Leaf i, basal, unfolding after the flowering time. 
 
 Flowers long-spurred ; lip 3-lobed. 23. Tipularia. 
 
 Flowers not spurred ; lip 3-ridged. 24. Aplectrum. 
 
 Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless ; the leaves reduced to scales. 
 Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs ; flowers gibbous or spurred. 
 
 25. Corallorhiza. 
 Pollinia 8, united ; flowers not gibbous nor spurred. 
 
 26. Hexalectris. 
 i. CYPRIPEDIUM L. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent herbs, with leafy stems or scapes, and tufted roots of thick 
 fibres. Leaves large, broad, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or several, drooping 
 large, showy. Sepals spreading, separate, or 2 of them united under the lip. L-'p 
 a large" inflated sac. Column declined, bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each 
 side and a dilated petaloid sterile stamen above, which covers the summit of the 
 style. Pollinia granular, without a caudicle or glands. Stigma terminal, broad, 
 obscurely 3-lobed. [Name Greek, Venus' sock or buskin.] Alxrnt 40 species, 
 natives of temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 5 others 
 occur in western North America. 
 
 Sepals separate ; stem leafy, i-flowered. i. C. arietinum. 
 
 Lateral sepals more or less united. 
 
 Plant 2-leaved ; scape i -flowered. 2. C. acanle. 
 
 Stem leafy to the top, i-several-flowered. 
 
 Sepals and petals not longer than the lip, 3. C. reginae. 
 
OR CHID A CEA E. 29 1 
 
 Sepals and petals longer than the lip. 
 
 Sterile stamen lanceolate; lip white. 4. C. candidum. 
 
 Sterile stamen triangular; lip yellow. 
 
 Lip 3-5 cm. long, vertically flattened, pale yellow. 5. C. hirsutum, 
 Lip 1.5-3 cm - Ion Si laterally flattened, bright yellow. 6. C. parviflorum. 
 
 1. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. RAM'S-HEAD LADIES' SLIPPER. (I. F. f. 
 1088.) Stem 2-3 dm. high, i-flowered. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate. 5-10 
 cm. long, 1-7 cm. wide; sepals separate, lanceolate, longer than the lip; petals linear, 
 greenish brown, about as long as the sepals ; lip 14-16 mm. long, red and white, 
 veiny, prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, somewhat distorted at the upper 
 end which resembles a ram's head. In cold and damp woods, Quebec to Ont., 
 N. Y. and Minn. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Cypripedium acaule Ait. MOCCASIN FLOWER. NOAH'S ARK. STEM- 
 LESS LADIES' SLIPPER. (I. F. f. 1089.) Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, i-flowered. Leaves 
 2, basal, elliptic, 15-20 cm. long, thick ; occasionally a smaller leaf is borne on 
 the scape ; sepals greenish purple, spreading, 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate ; petals 
 narrower and somewhat longer than the sepals ; lip often over 5 cm. long, pink 
 with darker veins or sometimes white, the upper part of its interior surface crested 
 with long white hairs; sterile stamen triangular, acuminate, keeled inside. In 
 sandy or rocky woods, Newf. -to Ont., N. Car., Ky. and Minn. Flower fragrant. 
 May-June. 
 
 3. Cypripedium reginae Walt. SHOWY LADIES' SLIPPER. (I. F. f. 1090.) 
 Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves elliptic, acute. 7-18 cm. long; 
 flowers 1-3; sepals round-ovate, white, not longer than the lip, the lateral ones 
 united for their whole length; petals somewhat narrower than the stpals, white; 
 lip much inflated, over 2.5 cm. long, variegated with purple and white stripes; 
 stamen cordate-ovate. In swamps and woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
 Ga. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Cypripedium candidum Willd. SMALL WHITE LADIES' SLIPPER. (I. F. f. 
 1091.) Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, 7-12 cm. long; bracts 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate; flower solitary; sepals 
 lanceolate, longer than the lip, greenish, purple-spotted; petals somewhat longer 
 and narrower than the sepals, wavy, twisted, greenish; lip white, striped with 
 purple inside, about 2 cm. long; sterile stamen lanceolate. In bogs and meadows, 
 N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb. and Mo. May -July. 
 
 5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. LARGE YELLOW LADIES' SLIPPER. (I. F. f. 
 1092.) Stems leafy, 36 dm. high. Leaves oval or elliptic, 7-12 cm. long, acute 
 or acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer than the lip, yellowish or 
 greenish, striped with purple; petals narrower, usually twisted; lip much inflated, 
 2-5 cm. long, pale yellow with purple lines; sterile stamen triangular. In woods 
 and thickets, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Ala. and Neb. May-July. 
 
 6. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. SMALL YELLOW LADIES' SLIPPER. 
 (I. F. f. 1093.) Stems 3-6 dm. high, slender, leafy. Leaves oval, elliptic or 
 lanceolate, 5-15 crn. long; sepals and petals longer than the lip; petals usually 
 twisted; lip 14-30 mm. long, bright yellow, more or less marked with purple 
 stripes, spots or blotches; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple spotted like 
 the lip. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Br. Col., Wash., Ga. and Mo. May- 
 July. 
 
 2. ORCHIS L. 
 
 Plants with biennial fleshy tubers, or in our species with a rootstock and numer- 
 ous fleshy roots; stem in our species scape-like, I -leaved at the base. Flowers in 
 short terminal spikes. Sepals separate, subequal, spreading. Petals similar to the 
 sepals. Lip connate with the base of the column, 3-lobed, produced below into a 
 spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the lip. Anther 
 2-celled, the sacs contiguous and slightly divergent; pollinia granulose, I large 
 mass in each sac, produced into a slender caudicle, the end of which is attached to 
 a small gland. Stigma a hollowed surface between the anther-sacs, the rostellum a 
 knob-like projection under the anther. Glands enclosed in a pouch. Capsule ob- 
 long, erect, without a beak. [Name ancient.] About 80 species, natives of the 
 nor.h temperate zone, only two known in N. Am. In habit the following differs 
 somewhat from the typical Old World species. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 i. Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 
 1095.) Stem 2-2.5 dm. high. Leaf varying from nearly orbicular to oval. 3-7 cm. 
 long, with i or 2 sheathing scales below it; spike 2-6-flowered ; flowers 12-16 mm. 
 long, subtended by small bracts ; sepals and petals oval, rose-color ; lip white, pur- 
 ple spotted, longer than the petals, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated, 2-lobed 
 or notched at the apex ; spur slender, shorter than the lip. In damp woods, Green- 
 land to the Rocky Mts., Me., N. Y. and Minn. June-July. 
 
 3. GALE6RCHIS Rydb. 
 
 Rootstock very short ; root of numerous fleshy fibres. Stem scape-like, with 2 
 large rounded leaves at the base. Flowers in a short loose spike with large leaf- 
 like bracts surpassing them. Sepals united above, forming a kind of galea, or 
 hood. Petals connivent, somewhat adnate to the sepals. Lip entire, wavy, pro- 
 duced below into a spur. Column short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the 
 lip. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent ; pollinia granulose, i large mass in each 
 sac, produced into a slender caudicle. Glands enclosed in a pouch. [Compound 
 word of which the first part refers to the hood-like united sepals.] 
 
 A monotypic genus, native of North America. It was established by Rafinesque 
 in 1836, under the name Galearis, which is antedated by Galearia Presl, of 1830. 
 
 i. Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. SHOWY ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1094.) 
 Stem 23 dm. high, thick, fleshy, 5 -angled. Leaves with i or 2 scales below 
 them, obovate, sometimes 2 dm. long and I dm. wide, but usually smaller, clammy 
 to the touch ; spike 3-6 flowered; flowers about 2-5 cm. long, violet-purple mixed 
 with lighter purple and white; bracts foliaceous, sheathing the ovaries; lip whitish, 
 divergent, entire, about as long as the petals; spur obtuse, about 1.6 cm. long ; 
 column violet on the back ; capsule about 2-5 cm. long, strongly angled. In rich 
 woods, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to Ga., Ky. and Neb. April-June. \Orchis 
 spectabilis L.] 
 
 4. PERULARIA Lindl. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed plants, from a cluster of thick fibrous roots. Flowers small, 
 greenish, in a long open spike with long bracts. Sepals and petals broad, spread- 
 ing. Lip lanceolate, with a tooth on each side at the base, and a central tubercle 
 at the middle of the base. Spur slender, straight, longer than the lip. but shorter 
 than the ovary. Valves of the anthers horizontal, opening upward, dilated at the 
 base so as to form an oblong cavity, enclosing the orbicular incurved gland. Pol- 
 inia granulose, produced at the base into a caudicle. A genus of 2 or 3 boreal, 
 nearly related species, often included in Habenaria. [Latin, a little wallet.] 
 
 i. Perularia flava (L.) Rydb. TUBERCLED ORCHIS. SMALL PALE-GREEN 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1105.) Stem rather stour, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves lanceo- 
 late or elliptic, acute or obtuse, 1-3 dm. long ; bracts acuminate, longer than the 
 ovaries ; petals greenish ; sepals and petals ovate or roundish, about 6 mm. long ; 
 sepals greenish yellow ; lip a little longer than the petals ; capsule about 8 mm. 
 long. In moist soil, N. H. to Minn., south to Fla., La. and Mo. June-July. 
 \_Habenaria flava (L.) Gray.] 
 
 5. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. 
 
 Leafy plants, with biennial 2-cleft tubers. Flowers greenish in a long leafy- 
 bracted spike. Sepals free, somewhat arcuate, bent together and forming a hood. 
 Petals narrow. Lip oblong, obtuse, 2-3-toothed at the apex. Spur much shorter 
 than the lip, blunt, sac- like. Column short. Pollinia with long caudicles. 
 Glands small, scarcely wider than the caudicle, surrounded by a thin membrane. 
 A boreal genus of 2 or 3 species, often included in Habenaria or Platanthera. 
 [Name Latin, compound, heaven-tongue.] 
 
 i. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. LONG-BRACTED ORCHIS. 
 (I. F. f 1103.) Stem leafy, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oval, or 
 the lowest sometimes obovate, 5-12 cm. long, the upper much smaller ; bracts 
 longer than the ovaries, the lower ones 2 or 3 times as long ; spike 7-12 cm. long, 
 loosely flowered ; flowers green or greenish ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated or 
 somewhat gibbous at the base, about 6 mm. long ; petals very narrow, sometimes 
 thread-like ; lip 6-8 mm. long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed or lobed at the apex, 
 
ORCHID A CEA E. 293 
 
 more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur; anther-sacs divergent at the 
 base. In woods and meadows, N. B. to Br. Col., south to N. Car. and Neb. 
 Also' in Europe. May-Sept. \Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.] 
 
 6. GYMNADENIOPSIS 
 Leafy plants, with fleshy fibrous or somewhat tuberous roots, and a short spike 
 of small flowers. Sepals free and spreading. Lip entire or 3-toothed at the apex, 
 much exceeded by the long filiform or clavate spur. Beak of the stigma with 
 2-3 oblong or clavate appendages. Anther-sacs parallel and approximate, their 
 glands naked and contiguous. Pollinia granular, with short caudicles. A North 
 American genus, hitherto included in Habenaria. It is closely related to the 
 European genus Gymnadenia, from which it differs in the appendages of the 
 stigma; hence the name. 
 
 Spur filiform; lip entire; stem leafy. 
 
 Ovary not twisted; spur longer than the ovary; flowers white. i. G. m'vea. 
 
 Ovary twisted; spur shorter than the ovary, flowers orange. 2. G. Integra. 
 
 Spur clavate; lip 3-toothed ; stem i-2-leaved. 3. G. clavellata. 
 
 I. Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nutt.) Rydb. SOUTHERN SMALL WHITE 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1099.) Stem slender, angled, 3-3.5 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, the upper much shorter and passing into the 
 bracts of the spike; spike 5-10 cm. long, loosely many- flowered; flowers small, 
 white; lateral sepals broadly oblong, dilated or slightly eared at the base, spread- 
 ing, about 6 mm. long; petals and upper sepal smaller; stigma appendaged by 2 
 small horns affixed to the back of the anther; ovary straight. In pine barren bogs, 
 Del. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. [Habenaria nivea (Nutt.) Spreng.] 
 
 2. Gymnadeniopsis Integra (Nutt.) Rydb. SMALL SOUTHERN YELLOW 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1102.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, angled, with 1-3 linear-lanceolate 
 leaves below, and numerous bract-like ones above. Lower leaves 5-20 cm. long, 
 acute; spike 2-7 cm. long, densely flowered; flowers orange-yellow; upper sepal 
 and petals connivent; lateral sepals longer, oval or obovate, spreading; lip ob- 
 long, mostly crenulate or erose, sometimes entire; stigma with 2 lateral fleshy 
 appendages and a narrow beak. In wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. 
 The upper surface of the leaves is often reticulated with hexagonal cells. July. 
 \_IIabenaria inte-^ra (Nutt.) Spreng. ] 
 
 3. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. SMALL GREEN WOOD 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1104.) Stem 2-5 dm. high, angled, i-leaved near the base, 
 often with several small bract-like leaves above, or one of these larger. Basal leaf 
 oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long; bracts shorter than the ovaries; spike 1-2.5 cm. long, 
 loosely flowered; flowers small, greenish or whitish; sepals and petals ovate; lip 
 dilated and 3-toothed at the apex; the teeth often small and inconspicuous; spur 
 longer than the ovary, incurved, clavate; stigma with 3 club-shaped appendages; 
 capsule ovoid, nearly erect. In wet or moist woods, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. 
 and La. July-Aug. [Habenaria clavellala (Michx.) Spreng.] 
 
 7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Leafy plants with thick fleshy roots and small greenish or whitish flowers in a 
 long spike. Sepals and petals free and spreading. Lip entire. Beak of the stigma 
 without appendages. Anther-sacs nearly parallel, wholly adnate. Glands naked. 
 Pollinia granular. A North American genus of about a dozen species, differing 
 from Lysias in the general habit and the almost parallel anther-sacs. [Greek, 
 Marsh-orchis.] 
 
 Lip lanceolate, slightly if at all dilated at the base ; flowers greenish or purplish. 
 
 Spur shorter than the lip, much thickened at the end, obtuse. i. L. hyperborea. 
 Spur slightly exceeding the lip, slightly if at all thickened at the end. 
 Plant stout ; flowers comparatively large ; sepals 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 2. L. media. 
 
 Plant slender; flowers smaller; sepals 2.5-4 mm. long. 3. L. Huronensis. 
 
 Lip decidedly rhomboid-dilated at the base ; flowers white. 
 
 Flowers not very fragrant ; sepals 2-3 mm. wide, not strongly striate. 
 
 4. L. dilatata. 
 Flowers very fragrant ; sepals 1.5-2 mm. wide, strongly striate. 5. L. fragrans. 
 
294 FLORA. 
 
 1. Limnorchis hyperbdrea (L.) Rydb. TALL LEAFY GREEN ORCHIS. (I. F. 
 f. noo.) Stem rather stout, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, 5-30 
 cm. long; spike narrow, 7-20 cm. long; flowers small, divaricate, greenish or green- 
 ish yellow; sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; upper sepal crenulate 
 at the apex; lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 7 mm. long; spur seldom equal- 
 ling the lip, blunt, slightly incurved, decidedly clavate ; glands small; ovary more 
 or less twisted ; pod I cm. long, 5 mm. wide. Labrador and Newfoundland. 
 {Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.] 
 
 2. Limnorchis media Rydb. INTERMEDIATE BOG ORCHIS. Stem stout, 
 4-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long ; spike long, densely 
 flowered ; bracts rather large and with scabrous margins ; flowers divaricate, 
 greenish or purplish; sepals ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long; petals lanceolate, obtuse; 
 lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, slightly dilated at the base, 5-7 mm. long ; spur 
 slightly exceeding the lip, curved, obtuse, scarcely at all thickened at the apex; 
 ovary somewhat twisted ; pod about I cm. long and 5 mm. in diameter. It has 
 been confused with /,. hyperborea and L. dilatata. In bogs, Can. and N. Y., west 
 to Minn. Type specimen from Quebec. June- Aug. 
 
 3. Limnorchis Huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb. HURON ORCHIS. Stem slen- 
 der, 2-3 dm. high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse; upper lanceolate and acute; 
 spike long, rather lax; bracts lanceolate, the lower often twice as long as the flowers; 
 flowers almost erect, light green ; sepals oblong, 1.52 mm. long ; lip linear-lan- 
 ceolate, entire; spur generally exceeding the lip, scarcely clavate, curved, often 
 acutish ; pod about I cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. It resembles a slender L. 
 hyperborea, differing in the smaller erect flowers, longer and narrower spur and pod. 
 In swamps, Can. to N. Y. ; apparently also in the Black Hills of S. Dak. June- 
 July. \Orchis Huronensis Nutt.] 
 
 4. Limnorchis dilatata (Puish) Rydb. TALL WHITE BOG ORCHIS. (I. F. 
 f. 1101.) Stem slender, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 
 obtuse or acute; spike 5~ 2 5 cm - l n gl bracts acute, the lower longer than the ovary, 
 the upper shorter; flowers small, white ; sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 6 mm. long 
 ",nd 2-3 mm. wide; lip entire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at the base, obtuse at the 
 apex, shorter than the blunt incurved slightly clavate spur; glands close together, 
 strap-shaped, nearly as long as the pollinia and caudicle; stigma with a trowel- 
 shaped beak between the bases of the anther-sacs. In bogs and wet woods, N. S. 
 to Sask., south to Me., N. Y. and Neb. June-Sept. [Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) 
 Hook.] 
 
 5. Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. FRAGRANT ORCHIS. Stem very slender, 
 leafy above, 2-3 dm. high. Leaves linear, about I dm. long and 8-10 mm. wide, 
 acute; spike slender and lax ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower longer than 
 the flowers ; flowers small, pure white, very fragrant ; sepals lanceolate, often 
 acutish, 1.5-2 mm. wide and strongly striate ; lip about 5 mm. long, narrowly 
 linear, dilated at the base, obtuse, shorter than the curved filiform spur ; otherwise 
 as the preceding. In bogs, Willoughby Mountains, Vt. July. 
 
 8. LYSIAS Salisb. 
 
 Plants with tubers or fleshy roots; stem scapose. Leaves 2, basal. Flowers 
 greenish or white ; sepals free, large and spreading ; petals small and narrow ; 
 lip entire, linear or nearly so ; spur long and slender, generally longer than the 
 elongated, straight ovary. - Beak of the stigma without appendages. Anther-sacs 
 widely diverging, their narrow beak-like bases projecting forward ; stalk of the 
 pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, whose face is 
 turned inward. Pod cylindric-clavate, distinctly stipitate. A circumboreal genus 
 of about half a dozen species, separated independently by Salisbury in 1812 as 
 Lysias and by Richard in 1818 under the name Platanthera. 
 
 Scape bracted. i. L. orbicnlata. 
 
 Scape naked. 2. L. Hookeriana. 
 
 i. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS. (I. F. 
 f. 1096.) Scape stout, bracted, 3-6 dm. high, occasionally bearing a small leaf. 
 Leaves orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining green above, silvery be- 
 
OX CHID A CEA E. 295 
 
 neath, 10 17 cm. in diameter; raceme loosely many-flowered; pedicels about I cm. 
 long, the fruiting ones erect ; flowers greenish white ; lateral sepals falcate-ovate, 
 obtuse, 8-10 mm. long; lip about 12 mm. long ; spur much longer than the ovary, 
 often 3.5 cm. long ; anther-sacs prominent, converging above ; glands small, orbic- 
 ular, nearly 5 mm. apart, their faces turned toward the axis. In rich woods, Newf. 
 to Br. Col., N. Car. and Minn. July- Aug. [Habtinaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.] 
 2. Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. HOOKER'S ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1097.) 
 Scape 2-4 dm. high, not bracted. Leaves fleshy, shining, spreading or ascending, 
 oval, orbicular or obovate, 0.7-1.4 dm. long; raceme rather loosely many-flowered, 
 1-2 dm. long ; bracts acute, about as long as the yellowish green flowers ; lateral 
 sepals greenish, lanceolate, acute, spreading, about 8 mm. long ; petals narrowly 
 linear or awl-shaped; lip linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-iomm. long; anther-sacs widely 
 diverging below ; glands small, their faces turned inward ; spur slender, acute, 16 
 mm. long or more, as long as the ovary or considerably longer. In woods, N. S. 
 to Minn., N. J., Penn. and Iowa. June-Sept, [Habenaria Hookeriana, A. Gray.] 
 
 9. LYSIELLA Rydb. 
 
 Small plant with a short rootstock and thick root-fibers. Stem scapose, naked, 
 with a single 6bovate leaf at the base ; flowers greenish yellow. Upper sepal 
 round-ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column ; lateral sepals reflexed, 
 spreading ; petals lanceolate smaller ; lip entire linear-lanceolate, deflexed ; 
 spur slightly curved, shorter than the arcuate ovary. Beak of stigma not appen- 
 daged. Anther-sacs widely diverging, wholly adnate, arcuate; glands small, their 
 faces turned inward. Pod obovoid. A monotypic genus, mostly of North America. 
 
 [Name diminutive of Lysias.^ 
 
 I. Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. SMALL NORTHERN BOG ORCHIS. (I. 
 F. f. 1098.) Scape slender, naked, 8-20 cm. high, 4-angled. Leaf solitary, basal, 
 obovate, 4-10 cm. long, 10-24 mm. wide ; spike 2-5 cm. long, loose ; flowers 
 greenish yellow, about 6 mm. long; upper sepal erect, round-ovate, green with 
 whitish margins ; lateral sepals spreading-reflexed, oblong, obtuse or acute ; petals 
 shorter, dilated or obtusely 2 -lobed at the base, connate with the base of the column; 
 lip entire, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, deflexed, about 6 mm. long; spur about as long 
 as the lip, slender, curved, blunt. In bogs, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Me., N. Y. 
 and Colo. Also in northern Norway. July-Sept. [Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) 
 Richards.] 
 
 9. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Raf. 
 
 Plants with tall and leafy stems and fleshy or tuberous roots. Flowers 
 several or numerous in an open spike with foliaceous bracts ; corolla white. 
 yellow or purplish ; sepals broad and spreading or reflexed ; lip variously 
 fringed or 3 -parted and cut-toothed ; spur longer than the lip. Anther-sacs 
 widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases supported by 
 the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward and upward ; gland naked ; 
 pollinia granular. A North American genus of perhaps a dozen species. [Name 
 Greek, meaning fringed throat.] 
 Lip not 3-parted, pectinately fringed. 
 
 Spur half as long as the ovary; flowers yellow. I. B. cristata. 
 
 Spur longer than the ovary. 
 
 Flowers bright yellow. 2. B. ciliaris. 
 
 Flowers white. 3. B. blephariglottis. 
 
 Lip 3-parted. 
 
 Segments of the lip deeply fringed. 
 
 Segments narrow; fringe of a few threads. 4 B. lacera. 
 
 Segments broadly fan-shaped; fringe copious. 
 
 Segments fringed to the middle or deeper; flowers white. 
 
 5. B. leucophaea. 
 Segments not fringed beyond the middle ; flowers lilac, rarely white. 
 
 Raceme 4-5 cm. thick ; lip 1-2 cm. broad. 6. B. grandiflora. 
 
 Raceme 1-3 cm. thick; lip 8-12 mm. broad. 7. B. psycodes. 
 
 Segments of the lip cut-toothed ; flowers violet-purple. 8. B. peramoena. 
 
 x. Blephariglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf. CRESTED YELLOW ORCHIS. (L 
 F. f. 1106.) Stem slender, angled, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
 5-20 cm. long, the upper much smaller, similar to the bracts; bracts as long as the 
 
296 FLORA. 
 
 flowers; spike 5-10 cm. long, dense; flowers orange ; sepals roundish ovate, about 
 3 mm. long; petals narrower, pectinate-fringed; lip slightly longer than the sepals, 
 deeply fringed to the middle or beyond ; spur 4-6 mm. long, about half as long as 
 the ovary. In bogs, N. J. to Fla. and La. July-Aug. \Habenaria cristata 
 (Michx.) R. Br.] 
 
 2. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 
 1107.) Stem slender, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, the 
 upper smaller; spike closely many-flowered, 7-15 cm. long, sometimes 7 cm. thick; 
 flowers orange or yellow, large, showy; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique 
 at the base, 4-8 mm. long; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually toothed; 
 lip oblong, 10-14 mm. long, copiously fringed more than half-way to the middle ; 
 spur 25-35 mnl - l n g> Ver 7 slender. In meadows, Vt. (?) and Ont. to Mich., south 
 to Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. [Habenaria ciliaris (L. ) R. Br.] 
 
 3. Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1108.) Stems and leaves similar to those of the preceding species. Spikes 
 densely or rather loosely many-flowered; flowers pure white, usually a little smaller 
 than those of H. ciliaris; lip narrower, oblong; petals toothed or somewhat fringed 
 at the apex ; fringe of the lip copious or sparse. In bogs and swamps, Newf. to 
 Minn, and N. J. Intermediate forms \B. bicolor Raf.] between this and the pre- 
 ceding species, with light yellow flowers, are probably hybrids. Blooms a few 
 days earlier than ciliaris where the two grow together. July-Aug. [//. blephari- 
 glottis (Willd) Torr.] 
 
 Blephariglottis blepharig!6ttis holoptStala (Lindl.) Rydb. One or both of the 
 petals entire ; lip often sparingly fringed. With the type. Probably a mere form. 
 
 4. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Rydb. RAGGED ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1109.) 
 Stem rather slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, 12-20 cm. long, the 
 upper gradually smaller; spike 5-15 cm. long, loose; flowers greenish yellow; sepals 
 ovate, obtuse, about 6 mm. long, the upper one a little broader than the others; 
 petals linear, entire, obtuse, about as long as the sepals; segments of the lip narrow, 
 deeply fringed, the fringe of a few threads, about I cm. long ; spur 14-16 mm. 
 long, curved, shorter than the ovary, clavate at the apex ; glands oblong-linear, 
 hyaline, as long as the caudicle. In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., south 
 to Ga. and Mo. June-July. \H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br.] 
 
 5. Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Rydb. PRAIRIE WHITE-FRINGED 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. mo.) Stem stout, angled, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 1-2 dm. long ; spike 7-12 cm. long, very thick, loosely flowered ; flowers large, 
 white, fragrant, sometimes tinged with green; sepals broadly ovate; petals obovate, 
 minutely cut-toothed, about 6 mm. long; lip 12-14 mm - l n g> the segments broadly 
 wedge-shaped and copiously fringed ; spur 25-35 mm. long, longer than the ovary; 
 caudicles long and slender ; glands transversely oval ; ovary often recurved. On 
 moist prairies, western N. Y. to Minn., Ky., Ark. and Neb. July. [//. leucophaea 
 (Nutt.) Gray.] 
 
 6. Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel.) Rydb. LARGE PURPLE-FRINGED 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. mi.) Stem 3-15 dm. high. Leaves oval or lanceolate, 1-2.5 
 dm. long, obtuse, or the upper smaller and acute; raceme 7-35 cm. long, sometimes 
 6 cm. thick, densely flowered ; flowers lilac or purplish, sometimes whitish, fra- 
 grant; upper sepal and petals erect, connivent; petals oblong or oblanceolate, more 
 or less toothed, I cm. long ; lip 1-2.5 cm - broad, about I cm. long, the segments 
 broadly fan-shaped, copiously fringed nearly to the middle; glands orbicular, turned 
 inward; spur filiform, clavate, 25-35 mm. long. In rich woods and meadows, N. B. 
 to Ont. and Mich., south to N. Car. June-Aug. [If. grandiflora (Bigel.) Torr.] 
 
 7. Blephariglottis psycddes (L.) Rydb. SMALLER PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1 1 12.) Stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, elliptic or lan- 
 ceolate, 5-25 cm. long, the upper smaller ; raceme 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, 
 loosely or densely several many-flowered; flowers lilac, rarely white, fragrant; lower 
 sepals ovate, obtuse, about 8 mm. long, the upper one a little narrower ; petals 
 oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin; lip 8-12 mm. broad, the seg- 
 ments fan-shaped and copiously fringed ; spur somewhat clavate at the apex, about 
 16 mm. long, longer than the ovary. In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newf. 
 to Minn., south to N. Car. and Ind. July-Aug. [//. psycodes (L.) A. Gray.] 
 
ORCHID A CEAE. 
 
 8. Blephariglottis peramoena (A. Gray) Rydb. FRINGELESS PURPLE 
 ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1113.) Stem 3-7 dm. high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, 1-2 
 dm. long, the upper gradually smaller ; spike 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-3.5. cm. thick, 
 densely or rather loosely many flowered; flowers large, showy, violet purple; lateral 
 sepals round-ovate, 6-8 mm. long, the upper one smaller ; petals smaller, round- 
 obovate, clawed, entire, or slightly erose ; lip 14-20 mm. long, the segments fan- 
 shaped, cut-toothed, not fringed, the middle one 2-lobed ; spur about as long as the 
 ovary, curved, clavate; glands orbicular, oblique. In moist meadows, N. J. to 111., 
 Va. and Ky. July- Aug. \H. peramoena Gray.] 
 
 ii. POGONIA Juss. 
 
 Mostly low herbs with slender rootstocks and fibrous roots, the flowers terminal, 
 solitary, the leaves alternate. Sepals and petals separate, erect or ascending. Lip 
 erect from the base of the column, spurless, crested. Column elongated, club-shaped 
 at the summit. Anther terminal, stalked, attached to the back of the column, its 
 sacs parallel ; pollinia 2, I in each sac, powdery -granular, without a caudicle. 
 Stigma a flattened disk below the anth r. Capsule oblong or ovoid, erect. [Greek, 
 bearded, from the bearded lip of the type species.] Only the following North 
 American species are known : 
 
 Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike; lip bearded. i. P. ophioglossoides. 
 
 Sepals longer and narrower than the petals; lip not bearded. 2. P. divaricata. 
 
 1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. ROSE POGONIA. SNAKE-MOUTH. 
 (I. F. f. 1114.) Stem 2-3.8 dm. high, I -3 -leaved, 'not rarely with a long-petioled 
 basal leaf. Stem leaf or leaves 1-4 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, bluntly 
 acute ; flowers fragrant, pale rose-color, slightly nodding, large, solitary or occa- 
 sionally in pairs, subtended by a foliaceous bract ; sepals and petals about equal, 
 elliptic or oval, 12-20 mm. long ; lip spatulate, free or somewhat appressed to the 
 column below, fringed. Propagates by running rootstocks. In meadows and 
 swamps, Newf. to Ont., Fla. and Kans. June-July. 
 
 2. Pogonia divaricata (L.) R. Br. SPREADING POGONIA. (I. F. f. 1116.) 
 Stem 2-6 dm. high, bearing a leaf near the middle, and a foliaceous bract near the 
 flower. Leaf lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, clasping, 5-10 cm. long ; 
 flower terminal, solitary; sepals linear, longer and narrower than the petals, diverg- 
 ing, dark - colored ; petals flesh-color, lanceolate, narrowed at the apex ; lip as long 
 as the petals, 3-lobed, crenulate or wavy-margined, greenish, veined with purple, 
 not bearded, the upper lobe long. In swamps, southern N. T. to Fla. and Ala. 
 Reported from Wisconsin. July. 
 
 12. ISOTRIA Raf. 
 
 Low herbs with a rootstock and fibrous roots. Flowers terminal. Leaves 5 in 
 whorl near the top of the plant. Sepals and petals separate, ascending, the former 
 generally longer than the latter. Lip erect from the base of the column, crested, 
 spurless, sessile. Anthers and pollinia as in Pogonia, Capsule oblong, erect. [Greek, 
 in equal threes.] Only the following species are known : 
 
 Lip crested along a narrow line down the face ; peduncle as long as the capsule or longer. 
 
 1. 7. verticillata. 
 Lip crested over the whole face and lobes ; peduncle shorter than the capsule. 
 
 2. 7. ajfinis. 
 
 1. Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. WHORLED POGONIA. (I. F. f. 1117.) 
 Stem 2.5-3 dm. high, from long fleshy roots. Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at 
 the apex, sessile, 2-4 cm. long; flower solitary, erect or declined; peduncle 12-16 
 mm. long, in fruit usually equalling or exceeding the capsule; sepals linear, 3-5 
 cm. long, spreading, dark purple; petals linear, erect, obtuse, greenish yellow, 
 about 20 mm. long; lip 3-lobed, crested along a narrow band, the upper part ex- 
 panded, undulate; capsule erect, 2.5 cm. long or more. In moist woods, E. Mass, 
 to Ont., Wis., Ind. and Fla. May-June. [Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt] 
 
 2. Isotria affmis (Austin) Rydb. SMALLER WHORLED POGONIA. (I. F. f. 
 1118.) Smaller than the preceding species, stem 2-2.5 dm. high- Leaves 2-5 
 cm. long; flowers 2 or solitary, greenish yellow; peduncle 5-10 cm. long, much 
 
298 FLORA. 
 
 shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals equalling the petals, or but little longer y 
 somewhat narrowed at the base; lip crested over nearly the whole face and lobes; 
 capsule erect, about 2 cm. long. In moist woods, Conn, to S. N. Y., Penn., and N. J. 
 Rare and local. June. [Pogonia affinis Austin.] 
 
 13. TRIPHORA Nutt. 
 
 Low herbs with fleshy tubers and axillary flowers. Sepals and petals separate, 
 ascending, subequal. Lip erect, slightly clawed, and more or less 3-lobed, not 
 crested, spurless. Column elongated, club-shaped at the summit. Anther terminal, 
 stalked, attached to the back of the column, its sacs parallel; pollinia 2, i in each 
 sac, powdery-granular,- without caudicles. Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. 
 Capsule oval, drooping. [Greek, bearing three, in allusion to the visual 3 flowers.] 
 A genus of 8 species of North and tropical America, only the following found in 
 the United States. 
 
 i. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. NODDING POGONIA. (I. F. f. 1115.) 
 Stems glabrous, 7-20 cm. high, from a tuberous root, often clustered. Leaves 2-8, 
 alternate, ovate, 6-18 mm. long, clasping; flowers 1-7, axillary, peduncled, pale 
 purple, at first nearly erect, soon drooping; perianth 12-16 mm. long; sepals and 
 petals about equal, connivent, elliptic, obtuse; lip clawed, somewhat 3-lobed, 
 roughish or crisped above, about as long as the petals; capsule oval, drooping, 
 about 12 mm. long. In rich woods, Can. ( ? ), Vt. to Fla., Wis. and Kans. Aug.- 
 Sept. \_Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) B. S. P.] 
 
 14. ARETHUSA L. 
 
 Low herbs, with small bulbs and mostly solitary flowers on slender scapes, the 
 solitary leaf linear, hidden at first in the upper scale, protruding after flowering. 
 Sepals and petals about equal, connivent and hooded above, coherent below. Lip 
 dilated and recurved-spreading at the apex, crested on the face with straight some- 
 what fleshy hairs, slightly gibbous at the base. Column adherent to the lip below, 
 linear, narrowly winged and dilated at the summit. Anther operculate, of 2 ap- 
 proximate sacs incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4, 2 in each sac, powdery- 
 granular. Capsule erect, ellipsoid, strongly angled. [Dedicated to the nymph 
 Arethusa.] Two known species, the following occurring in North America, the 
 other in Japan. 
 
 I. Arethusa bulbosa L. ARETHUSA. (I. F. f. 1119.) Scape glabrous, 12- 
 25 cm. high, bearing 1-3 loose sheathing bracts. Leaf linear, many-nerved, becom- 
 ing 10-15 cm. long; flower solitary (rarely 2), arising from between a pair of small 
 unequal scales, rose-purple, 2-5 cm. high; sepals and petals linear to elliptic, 
 obtuse, arched over the column; lip usually drooping beneath the sepals and petals, 
 the apex broad, rounded, variegated with purplish blotches; capsule ellipsoid, 
 strongly 6-ribbed, rarely maturing. In bogs, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to 
 N. Car. and Ind. May-June. 
 
 15. LIMODORUM L. [CALOPOGON R. Br.] 
 
 Scapose herbs, with round solid bulbs which arise from the bulb of the previous 
 year, a leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the following year by the scape. 
 Flowers several in a loose terminal spike or raceme. Sepals and petals nearly 
 alike, separate, spreading. Column elongated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, 
 operculate, sessile; pollinia solitary, i in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spread- 
 ing, raised on a narrow stalk, dilated at the apex, bearded on the upper side with 
 long club-shaped hairs. [Greek, a meadow-gift.] 
 
 i. Limodorum tuberosum L. GRASS-PINK. CALOPOGON. (I. F. f. 1145.) 
 Scape slender, naked. 3-5 dm. high. Leaf linear-lanceolate, 2-3 dm. long, 6-20 
 mm. wide, sheathing, with several scales below it; spike 1-4 dm. long, 3-15 -flow- 
 ered; flowers about 2 cm. long, purplish pink, svibtended by small acute bracts; 
 sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 cm. long; petals similar; column 
 incurved; lip as long as the column, broadly triangular at the apex, crested along 
 the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs; capsule oblong, nearly erect. 
 In bogs and meadows, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. June-July. 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 16. EPIPACTIS R. Br. 
 
 Tall stout herbs with fibrous roots and simple leafy stems. Leaves ovate or 
 lanceolate, plicate, clasping. Flowers leafy-bracted, in terminal racemes. Sepals 
 and petals all separate. Spur none. Lip free, sessile, broad, concave below, con- 
 stricted near the middle, the upper portion dilated and petal-like. Column short, 
 erect. Anther operculate, borne on the margin of the clinandrium, erect, ovate or 
 semiglobose, its sacs contiguous. Pollinia 2 -parted, granulose, becoming attached 
 to the glandular beak of the stigma. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek name for 
 Helleborine. ] About 10 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, 
 another occurs in the western United States. 
 
 I. Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Reichb. HELLEBORINE. (I. F. f. 1120.) 
 Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 
 obtuse or acute, 4-7 cm. long; flowers greenish yellow to purple; pedicels 4-6 mm. 
 long; sepals 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate; petals narrower; lip expanded into a 
 slightly undulate apex, tapering to a point; bracts lanceolate, longer than the 
 flowers. Ont. , Mass, and N. Y. ; also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 17. GYROSTACHYS Pers. [SPIRANTHES Rich.] (See Appendix ) 
 
 Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, 
 leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, i-3-rowed, the 
 spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or le^s coherent, or sometimes 
 united with petals into a galea. Lip sessile or clawed, concave, erect, embracing 
 the column and often adherent to it, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or 
 toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, 
 obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther without a lid, borne on the 
 back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate beak, at 
 length bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, I in 
 each sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [Greek, referring to the 
 twisted spikes.] About 80 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate 
 regions. Besides the following, two occur in the Southern States and three or four 
 on the Pacific Coast. The flowers are often fragrant. 
 
 Flowers 3-ranked ; stems not twisted, or but slightly so. 
 
 Sepals and petals more or less connivent into a hood. i. G. stricta. 
 
 Lateral sepals separate, free. 
 
 Spike short, about 5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick ; callosities none, or mere thicken- 
 ings of the basal margins of the lip. 2. G. plantaginea. 
 Spike 10-15 cm - l n &> 12-20 mm. thick; callosities nipple-shaped. 
 Spike 12-14 mm. thick; callosities hairy, straight. 
 
 Flowers yellowish ; spike acute; lower bracts longer than the flowers. 
 
 3. G. ochroleuca. 
 Flowers white; spike obtuse; lower bracts shorter than the flowers. 
 
 4. G. cernua. 
 Spike 16-20 mm. thick ; callosities glabrous, incurved. 5. G. odorata. 
 
 Flowers merely alternate, appearing secund from the spiral twisting of the stem. 
 
 Stem leafy; lower leaves elongated, mostly persistent through the flowering season. 
 Outer sepals lanceolate ; bracts lanceolate to ovate, scarcely scarious-margined. 
 
 6. G. praecox. 
 
 Outer sepals linear; bracts broadly ovate, scarious-margined. 7. G. linearis. 
 Stem a scaly scape ; leaves basal, mostly withering before the flowering season. 
 Root a single tuber ; spike about 2.5 cm. long. 8. G. Grayi. 
 
 Root a cluster of tubers ; spike 2-7 cm. long. 9. G. gracilis. 
 
 i. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. HOODED LADIES' TRESSES. (I. F. f. 
 
 1 12 1.) Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, glabrous, leafy below, bracted above, the inflorescence 
 rarely puberulent. Lower leaves 7-20 cm. long, linear or linear-oblanceolate; spike 
 5-10 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick; bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers white or 
 greenish, ringent, 6-8 mm. long, spreading horizontally, very fragrant; upper sepal 
 broad, obtuse or merely acutish at the apex ; lip oblong, broad at the base, con- 
 tracted below the dilated crisped apex, thin, transparent, veined ; callosities mere 
 thickenings of the basal margins of the lip, or none. It has hitherto been confused 
 with the Alaskan G. Romanzoffiana, which has a very short spike 1-2 cm. long, 
 upper portion of the scape densely glandular, the sepals united to near the apex, 
 
300 FLORA 
 
 and acuminate. G, stricta may be the tine Ophrys Cernua L. from the character 
 kl -petalis superioribus confluentibus." In bogs, Newt, to Idaho, south to Me., Penn., 
 Minn, and Colo. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. WIDE-LEAVED LADIES' TRESSES. 
 (I. F. f. 1 122.) Stem 1-2.5 dm. high? glabrous or pubescent, bracted above, bear- 
 ing 4 or 5 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves below. Leaves 3-12 cm. long ; spike 
 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, dense ; floral bracts mostly much shorter than the 
 flowers ; flowers spreading, about 6 mm. long ; petals and sepals white ; lip pale 
 yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted at the middle, the wavy apex rounded, 
 crisped or fringed, the base short-clawed ; callosities none, or mere thickenings of 
 the lip margins. Moist banks and woods, N. B. to Minn., south to Va. and Mich. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 3. Gyrostachys ochroletica Rydb. YELLOW LADIES' TRESSES. Stem 
 3-5 dm. high, densely pubescent above. Basal leaves linear, tapering to both ends, 
 distinctly petioled, 1-2 dm. long ; lower stem leaves similar but often sessile ; upper 
 stem leaves bract-like, lanceolate ; spike 5-15 cm. long, 15-20 mm. in diameter, 
 densely flowered, generally acute ; flowers ochroleucous or greenish yellow, strongly 
 fragrant, about I cm. long ; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the 
 lower generally longer than the flowers. Otherwise as in G. cernua. Hillsides, 
 N H. to N. Car., and Penn. Type from Mt. Washington, Mass. Aug. -Sept, 
 
 4. Gyrostachys cernua (L.) Kuntze. NODDING LADIES' TRESSES. (I. F. f. 
 1123.) Stem 2-6 dm. high (rarely taller), usually pubescent above, mostly bearing 
 2-6 acuminate bract-like stem leaves. Basal leaves from linear-oblanceolate to 
 linear, 7-35 cm. long, the blade narrow; spike 10-12 cm. long, 12-14 mm. thick; 
 bracts ovate, acute, generally not longer than the flowers ; flowers white, fragrant, 
 nodding or spreading, about 10 mm. long; lip oblong, or sometimes ovate, the broad 
 apex rounded, crenulate or crisped; callosities nipple-shaped, straight, hairy. In 
 meadows and swamps, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 5. Gyrostachys odorata (Nutt.) Kuntze. FRAGRANT LADIES' TRESSES. (I. 
 F. f. 1124.) Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, strongly pubescent above. Lower and 
 basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 15-50 mm. wide, tapering into sheathing petioles, the 
 upper reduced to bracts; spike 1215 cm - ^ on S? 16-20 mm. thick; floral bracts often 
 exceeding the flowers, long-acuminate; flowers yellowish white, fragrant, 10 mm. 
 long; lip as long as the petals, oblong, broad at the base, contracted above thp 
 middle, the dilated apex crisped or toothed; callosities nipple-shaped, incurved, 
 glabrous. On river banks, often in water, Va. to Ky., Fla. and La. Sept.-Oct, 
 
 6. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. GRASS-LEAVED LADIES' TRESSES. 
 (I. F. f. 1125.) Stem slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above, leafy. 
 Leaves linear, 1-3 dm. long, with narrow grass-like blades and long sheathing 
 petioles, mostly persistent through the flowering season, the upper smaller; spikt 
 usually much twisted, 5-20 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick; bracts ovate, about as long 
 as the ovaries; flowers white or yellowish, about 8 mm. long, spreading; lip abou 
 6 mm. long, short-clawed, oblong, contracted above, the dilated apex obtuse, cren 
 ulate, often dark-striped in the middle; callosities small, glabrous. In grass 
 places, S. N. Y. to Fla. and La. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Gyrostachys linearis Rydb. LINEAR-LEAVED LADIES' TRESSEI 
 Stem slender, 4-5 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above, leafy. Leaves narrowl < 
 linear, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly persistent, the upper small and brad* 
 like; spike 4-10 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; bracts broadly ovate, scarious-margineo, 
 abruptly contracted into a cusp; flowers yellowish, about 8 mm. long, spreading; 
 lateral sepals free, linear, placed so as to leave an open space between them and tl * 
 upper one, the latter connivent with the petals; lip as in the preceding, but gene 
 ally less curved. In meadows, N. Y. to Va Type from Closter, N. J. July-Aup. 
 
 8. Gyrostachys Grayi (Ames) Britton. LITTLE LADIES' TRESSES. (> , 
 F. f. 1126.) Stems very slender, 12-25 cm - high, with small deciduous brae 
 above. Leaves basal, ovate or oblong, short, abruptly narrowed into a petiol 1 , 
 mostly disappearing at or before the flowering time; spike slender, about 2-3 el .. 
 long and 6 mm. thick, glabrous, little twisted; flowers white, 2-3 mm. long; li^ . 
 thin, striped, obovate-oblong, crisped at the summit, short-clawed; callosities nippl -., 
 shaped, slender; root a solitary spindle-shaped tuber. In dry sandy soil, Mass, o 
 Md., E. Ky. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. (Spirant hes simplex A. Gray, not Griseb.) 
 
ORCHID A CEAE. 3O I 
 
 9. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. SLENDER LADIES' TRESSES. (I. F. 
 f. 1127.) Stem slender, 2-6 dm. high, from a cluster of spindle-shaped tuberous 
 roots, glabrous, or rarely pubescent above, bearing small deciduous bracts. Leaves 
 basal, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, the blades 1-5 cm. long, 8-20 mm. 
 wide, mostly perishing before the flowering season; spike 2-6 cm. long, 8-12 mm. 
 thick, loose, usually much twisted; flowers white, fragrant, 4-5 mm. long; sepals a 
 little longer than the lip; lip alxxit 4 mm. long, oblong, dilated and crenulate or 
 wavy -crisped at the apex, usually thick and green in the middle, white and hyaline 
 on the margins; callosities small, nipple-shaped. In dry fields and open woods, 
 N. S. to Minn., Fla., La. and Kans. Aug.- Oct. 
 
 18. Ll'STERA R. Br. 
 
 Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather tie shy -fibrous roots, bearing a pair 
 of opposite green leaves near the middle, and i or 2 small scales at the base of the 
 stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurless. Sepals and petals nearly alike, 
 spreading or reflexed, free. Anther without a lid, erect, jointed to the column. 
 Pollinia 2, powdery, united to a minute gland. Capsule ovoid or obovoid. [Name 
 in honor of Martin Lister, 1638 (P)-I7I2, a correspondent of Ray.] About 12 spe- 
 cies, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, an- 
 other occurs in northwestern North America. 
 
 Lip broadly wedge-shaped, retuse or 2-lobed at the apex. 
 
 Leaves oval ; pedicels and ovaries glandular. I. L. convallarioides. 
 
 Leaves reniform ; pedicels and ovaries glabrous. 2. L. Smallii. 
 
 Lip oblong or linear. 
 
 Lip broad, 2-cIeft V-\& its length ; base auricled. 3. L. auriculata. 
 
 Lip 2-cleft about J^ its length. 
 
 Lip twice as long as the petals, with lateral teeth. 4. L. cordata. 
 
 Lip 4-8 times as long as the petals, with auricles at the base. 
 
 5. L. australis. 
 
 1. Listera convailarioides (Sw.) Torr. BROAD-LIPPED TWAYBLADE. (I. F. 
 1 1128.) Stem 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above the leaves. Leaves 
 smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or apiculate at the apex, sometimes slightly 
 rounded at the base, 3-9-nerved. Raceme 3-7 cm. long, loosely 3-12-flowered; 
 flowers greenish yellow; pedicels filiform, glandular, bracted, 6-8 mm. long; petals 
 a ad sepals linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the lip; lip wedge-shaped, retuse at 
 the dilated apex, generally with a tooth on each side at base; column elongated, 
 but shorter than the lip, a little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above the 
 anther. In woods, N. S. to Alaska, south to Vt., Mich., and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Listera Smallii Wiegand. SMALL'S TWAYBLADE. (I. F. f. 11280.) Stem 
 slender, 15-20 cm. high, glandular above the leaves. Leaves at or below the mid- 
 dle of the stem, ovate-reniform, apiculate or short-acuminate; raceme open, rachis 
 glandular, but pedicels and ovaries glabrous or nearly so; sepals and petals lan- 
 ceolate, longer than the ovary; lip large, 9 mm. long, broadly obovate or wedge- 
 shaped, broadly 2-lobed at the apex and with prominent lateral teeth near the base; 
 column rather short and thick. In damp woods, in the mountains from Penn. to 
 N. Car. June-Aug. [Listera reniformis, Small, not G. Don.] 
 
 3. Listera auriculata Wiegand. AURICLED TWAYBLADE. Stem slender, 10- 
 rS cm. high, glabrous below, glandular above the leaves. Leaves large, 3.5-5 
 cm. long, oval or elliptic-ovate, borne above the middle of the stem; raceme 
 many-flowered; rachis pubescent, pedicels and ovaries glabrous; sepals lance-ovate; 
 petals oblong-linear, longer than the ovary, spreading, obtuse; lip slightly ciliate, 
 oblong, broadest at the auricled base, cleft -$ its length; column rather stout, 2.5 
 mm. long. In cedar swamps of Quebec, N. H. and Me. July. 
 
 4. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. HEART- LEAVED TWAYBLADE. (I. F. f. 1129.) 
 Stem very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 7-25 cm. high. Leaves sessile, cordate 
 or broadly ovate, mucronate, 1-2.5 cm - long; raceme rather loose, 1-5 cm. long, 
 4-20- flowered; flowers purplish, minute; pedicels glabrous, bracted, about 2 mm. 
 long; sepals ovate and petals oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long; Up narrow, often with 
 a subulate tooth on each side of the base, twice as long as the petals, 2-cleft, the 
 segments linear or getaceous and cjljolate; column very small, the clinandrium just 
 
3O2 FLOXA. 
 
 appearing above the anther. In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, N. J, and Ore. 
 Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Listera australis Lindl. SOUTHERN TWAYBLADE. (I. F. f. 1130.) Stern 
 slender, 1-2.5 dm. high, more or less pubescent above. Leaves ovate, acutish, 
 mucronate, glabrous, shining, 14-25 mm. long, 3-7-nerved; raceme 5-7 cm. long, 
 loosely 8-15 -flowered; flowers yellowish green with purplish stripes; sepals and 
 petals minute; lip 6-10 mm. long, 2-parted, split halfway to the base or deeper, 4-8 
 times as long as the petals, its segments linear-setaceous; column very small. In 
 bogs, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., and Ala. and La. Feb. -June. A third leaf is rarely 
 borne below the flowers. 
 
 19. PERAMIUM Salisb. [GOODYERA R. Br.] 
 
 Herbs with bracted erect scapes, the leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with 
 white, the roots thick fleshy fibres. P'lowers in bracted spikes. Lateral sepals 
 free, the upper one united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, round- 
 ish ovate, concave or saccate, without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther with- 
 out a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to the column by a short stalk; pollinia I 
 in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres with the top of the stigma, com- 
 posed of angular grains. About 25 species, widely distributed in temperate and 
 tropical regions. 
 
 Lip evidently saccate. 
 
 Spike loosely flowered ; lip with recurved margins. 
 
 Spike i-sided ; beak shorter than the stigma proper. 
 
 Blotches white, mostly along the cross veins ; galea stronglv recurved. 
 
 1. P. ophioides. 
 Blotches pale, mostly along the ribs ; galea not strongly recurved. 
 
 2. P. repens. 
 Spike spiral ; beak as long as the stigma proper or longer. 3. P. tessellatum. 
 
 Spike dense, not i-sided ; margins of the lip not recurved. 4. P. pubescens. 
 
 Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 5. P. Menzicsii. 
 
 1. Peramium ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. WHITE-BLOTCHED RATTLESNAKE 
 PLAINTAIN. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Leaf-blade 1-2 cm. 
 long, broadly ovate, abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, dark green, 
 generally with the white blotches most conspicuous along the cross-veins; flowers 
 greenish white, 4-5 mm. long; galea concave with a short strongly recurved tip; 
 lip deeply saccate, with recurved margins and tip; anthers blunt. In cold, mossy 
 woods from Prince Edward Island to Man. and N. Car. July-Sept. \Goodyera 
 repens ophioides Fernald.] 
 
 2. Peramium repens (L.) Salisb. NORTHERN RATTLESNAKE PLAINTAIN. 
 (I. F. f. 1131.) Scape 1-2.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate, the blade 1-3 cm. long, 
 somewhat reticulated with pale blotches, tapering into a sheathing petiole; spike 
 short, I-sided; flowers greenish white, 5-6 mm. long; galea concave, ovate, with a 
 short spreading or slightly recurved tip; lip saccate, with a narrow recurved or 
 spreading apex; column very short; anther 2-celled, blunt. In woods, N. S. to 
 Alaska (?), south to Mass, and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Peramium tessellatum (Lodd.) Rydb. CHECKERED RATTLESNAKE PLAN- 
 TAIN. Scape 2 dm. high or more. Leaves from 2 to 7 mm. long, ovate to oblong- 
 lanceolate, dark green with pale blotches, or sometimes not blotched; spike about" 6 
 cm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long; galea with a slightly recurved tip; lip less saccate 
 than in the preceding and with the tip less recurved; anthers acuminate; beak as 
 long as the body of the stigma or longer. In woods, seldom in bogs, from Newf. 
 to Lake Superior, south to N. Y. Aug. [ Goodyera tessellata Lodd.] 
 
 4. Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. DOWNY RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. 
 (I. F. f. 1132.) Usually larger than the preceding species, scape 15-60 cm. high, 
 densely glandular-pubescent, bearing 5-10 lanceolate scales. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 
 i"-25 mm. wide, strongly white-reticulated, oval or ovate; spike not i-sided; 
 flowers 6-8 mm. high, greenish white; lateral sepals ovate; galea ovate, its short 
 tip usually not recurved; lip strongly saccate with a short broad obtuse recurved 
 or spreading tip. In dry woods, Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla. and Tenn. 
 July-Aug. 
 
ORCHIDACEAE. 303 
 
 5. Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. MENZIES' RATTLESNAKE 
 TAIN. (I. F. f. 1133.) Scape stout, 2-4 dm. high, glandular-pubescent. Leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, 1 5-30 mm. wide, the blade acute at both ends, often 
 without white blotches or reticulations ; spike not i-sided ; flowers 7-9 mm. long ; 
 gaiea concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long, usually recurved; lip swollen at the 
 base ; anther ovate, pointed, on the base of the column, which is prolonged above 
 the stigma into a gland-bearing awl-shaped beak. In woods, Quebec to Br. Col., 
 N. H., N. Y., Minn., Ariz., and Cal. Aug. 
 
 20. ACHROANTHES Raf. [MICROSTYLIS Nutt.] 
 
 Low herbs, from a solid bulb, our species I -leaved, and with i-several scales 
 at the base of the stem. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. 
 Sepals spreading, separate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or 
 linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared at the base, embracing the column. 
 Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled ; pollinia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in 
 each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or glands. Cap- 
 sule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless. [Greek, in allusion to the green 
 flowers?] About 40 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, about 4 
 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 Leaf sheathing the base of the stem. i. A. monophylla. 
 
 Leaf clasping the stem near the middle. 2. A. unifolia. 
 
 1. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. WHITE ADDER'S-MOUTII. (I. F. f. 
 
 1134.) Stem slender, 10-15 cm. high, smooth, glabrous, striate. Leaf sheathing 
 the stem at its base, the blade 2-5 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide ; raceme 2-7 cm long, 
 narrow, 6-io mm. thick ; flowers whitish, about 2 mm. long ; pedicels nearly 
 erect, bracted, 2-4 mm. long ; sepals acute ; lip triangular or ovate, acuminate, 
 the lateral lobes obtuse ; capsule oval, about 6 mm. long. In woods, Quebec to Minn., 
 Penn., and Neb. July. 
 
 2. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. GREEN ADDER'S-MOUTH. (I. F. f. 
 1135.) Stem glabrous, striate, 10-25 cm. high. Leaf clasping the stem near the 
 middle, oval or nearly orbicular, 2-5 cm. long ; raceme 2-7 cm. long, sometimes 
 2 cm. thick ; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. long, the pedicels very slender, 
 spreading, 6-10 mm. long ; sepals oblong ; lip broad, 2-lobed at the apex, with a 
 small tooth in the sinus ; capsule oval or subglobose. In woods and thickets, 
 Newf. to Ont. and Minn., south to Fla., Ala. and Mo. July. 
 
 21. LEPTORCHIS Thouars. [LIPARIS Rich.] 
 
 Low herbs, with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and 
 2 broad shining leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals nearly 
 equal, linear, spreading, petals usually very narrow. Column elongated, incurved, 
 thickened and margined above. Pollinia 2 in each sac of the anther, smooth and 
 waxy, the pairs slightly united, without stalk, threads or glands. Lip nearly flat, 
 often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. [Greek, signifying a slender orchid.] 
 About loo species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; only the 
 following known to occur in North America: 
 
 Raceme many-flowered ; lip as long as the petals. i. L, liliifolia. 
 
 Raceme few-flowered ; lip shorter than the petals. 2. L. Loeselii. 
 
 1. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. LARGE TWAYBLADE. (I. F. f. 1136.) 
 Scape 1-2.5 dm. hig n > 5-10- striate. Leaves ovate or oval, 5-12 cm. long, obtuse, 
 keeled below, the sheaths large and loose. Raceme sometimes 15 cm. long; flowers 
 numerous, showy; petals very narrow or thread-like; lip erect, large, 10-12 mm. 
 long, about as long as the petals, wedge-obovate; column 3 mm. long, incurved, 
 dilated at the summit; capsule somewhat club-shaped, about 12 mm. long, the 
 pedicel thickened in fruit. In moist woods and thickets, Me. to Minn., Ga. and 
 Mo. May-July. 
 
 2. Leptorchis Loeselii (L.) MacM. FEN ORCHIS. LOESEL'S TWAYBLADE. 
 (T. F. f. 1137.) Scape 5-20 cm. high, strongly 5-7-ribbed. Leaves elliptic or 
 
304 FLORA. 
 
 elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse; raceme few-flowered; flowers greenish, 
 smaller than those of the preceding species, 4-6 mm. long; sepals narrowly lance- 
 olate, spreading; petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed, its tip in- 
 curved; column half as long as the lip or less; capsule about 10 mm. long, wing- 
 angled, on a. thickened pedicel. In wet thickets and on springy banks, N. S. to the 
 N. W. Terr., south to Md. and Mo. Also in Europe. May-July. 
 
 22. CALYPSO Salisb. 
 
 Bog herb, with a solid bulb and coralloid roots, the low I -flowered scape 
 sheathed by 2 or 3 loose scales and a solitary petioled leaf at the base. Flower 
 large, showy, terminal, bracted. Sepals and petals similar, nearly equal. Lip 
 large, saccate and swollen, 2-parted below. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing 
 the lid-like anther just below the summit. Pollinia 2, waxy, each 2-parted, with- 
 out caudicles, sessile on a thick gland, the stigma at the base. [Dedicated to the 
 goddess Calypso.] A monotypic genus of the cooler portions of the north tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 I. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes. CALYPSO. (I. F. f. 1138.) Bulb i cm. in 
 diameter or less. Scape 7-15 cm. high; leaf round-ovate, 2-3.5 cm> l n S nearly 
 as wide, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; flowers 
 variegated, purple, pink and yellow, the peduncle jointed; petals and sepals linear, 
 erect or spreading, 10-14 mm. long, with 3 longitudinal purple lines; lip large, 
 saccate, 2-divided below, spreading and drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly 
 hairs near the point of division; capsule about I cm. long, many-nerved. Labra- 
 dor to Alaska, south to Me., Mich., Cal. and Ariz. Also in Europe. Flower some- 
 what resembling that of a small Cypripediunt. May-June. \C. borealts Salisb,] 
 
 23. TIPULARIA Nutt. 
 
 Slender scapose herbs, with solid bulbs, several generations connected by off- 
 sets, the flowers in a long loose terminal raceme. Leaf solitary, basal, unfolding 
 long after the flowering season (in autumn), usually after the scape has perished. 
 Scape with several thin sheathing scales at the base. Flowers green, nodding, bract- 
 less. Sepals and petals similar, spreading. Lip 3-lobed, produced backwardly 
 into a very long spur. Column erect, wingless or very narrowly winged. Anther 
 terminal, operculate, 2-celled. Pollinia 4, ovoid, waxy, 2 in each anther-sac, 
 separate, affixed to a short stipe, which is glandular at the base. [Latin, similar to 
 Tipula, a genus of insects, in allusion to the form of the flower.] Two known spe- 
 cies, the following of eastern North America, the other Himalayan. 
 
 i. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B. S. P. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS. (I. F. f. 1144.) 
 Scape glabrous, 4-5 dm. high, from a bard, often irregular solid bulb or corm. 
 Leaf arising in autumn from a fresh lateral corm, ovate, 5-7 cm. long, dark green, 
 frequently surviving through the winter ; raceme 12-25 cm - l i:i g> verv loose; 
 flowers green, tinged with purple* sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long, narrow; lip 
 mostly shorter than the petals, the middle lobe narrow, prolonged, dilated at the 
 apex, the lateral lobes short,, triangular; spur often twice as long as the flower; 
 column shorter than the petals, tlie beak minutely pubescent; capsule ellipsoid, 
 6 -ribbed. In woods, Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and La. Local and rare. July- 
 Aug. [T. discolor Nutt.] 
 
 U4. APLECTRUM Nutt. 
 
 Scapose herbs, from a corm, produced from the one of the previous season by 
 an offset and sometimes with coralloid fibres; the scape clothed with several sheath- 
 ing scales. Leaf solitary, basal, developed in autumn or late summer, broad, 
 petioled. Flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by small bracts. 
 Petals and sepals similar, narrow. Lip clawed, somewhat 3-ridged, spur none. 
 Column free, the anther borne a little below its summit. Pollinia 4, lens-shaped, 
 oblique. [Greek, meaning without a spur.] A North American genus of 2 or 3 
 species. 
 
 Petals and sepals linear-oblanceolate, less than 3 mm. wide, acutish. i. A. hyemale. 
 Petals and sepals broadly oblanceolate, 3-4 mm, wide, obtuse, 2. A- 
 
OR CHID A CEA E. 35 
 
 1. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torn ADAM-AND-EVE. PUTTY-ROOT. (I. 
 F. f. H47-) Scape glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, bearing about 3 sheathing scales. Leaf 
 arising from the corm, at the side of the scape, elliptic or oval, 10-15 cm. long, 1-5 
 cm. wide, usually lasting over winter; raceme 5-10 cm. long, loosely several-flow- 
 ered: bracts lanceolate, 2-6 mm. long; flowers dull yellowish brown mixed with 
 purpie, aoout 2.5 cm. long, short-pedicelled; sepals and petals linear-oblanceolate, 
 about i cm. long, 2-2.5 mm ' wide, acute or rarely obtuse; lip shorter than the 
 petals, obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed and undulate; column slightly curved, shorter 
 than the lip; capsule oblong-ovoid, angled, about 2 cm. long. In woods and swamps, 
 Vt. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga. Several old corms usually re- 
 main attached to the latest one. Specimens with yellowish green, unspotted flow- 
 ~rs have been collected by Prof. Underwood at Jamesville, N. Y. May-June. 
 
 2. Aplectrum Shortii Rydb. SHORT'S PUTTY-ROOT. Like the pre- 
 ceding, but stems stouter, the sheaths of the scales of the stem loose, inflated; leaves 
 broadly oval or obovate, often 7 cm. wide; sepals and petals much broader, very 
 obtuse, 3-4 mm. wide, and lip more gibbous at the base; bracts ovate, 1-3 mm. 
 long. ' The only specimens seen were collected by Dr. C. W. Short in Ky. 
 
 25. CORALLORHlZA R. Br. 
 
 Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites, with large masses of coralloid 
 branching roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal 
 racemes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the 
 column, forming a short spur or gibbous protuberance, the other one free, the spur 
 adnate to the summit of the ovary. Petals about as long as the sepals, i-3-nerved. 
 Lip i-3-ridged. Column nearly free, slightly incurved, somewhat 2-winged. 
 Anther terminal, operculate. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy. 
 [Greek, from the coral-like roots.] About 15 species, widely distributed in the 
 north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern 
 and western parts of North America. 
 
 Spur small or sac-like, adnate to the top of the ovary. 
 Lip not deeply 3-lobed. 
 
 Lip 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base. i. C.Corallorf-iza. 
 
 Lip entire, or merely denticulate. 
 
 Flowers about 6-8 mm. long; lip not notched; column narrowly winged. 
 
 2. C. odontorhiza. 
 Flowers 14 mm. long; lip notched; column manifestly winged. 
 
 3. C Wisteriana. 
 Lip deeply 3-lobed; flowers 12-18 mm. long. 4. C. multtflora. 
 
 No spur or sac. 5. C. striata. 
 
 1. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. EARLY CORAL-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 1139.) Scape glabrous, 1-4 dm. high, clothed with 2-5 closely sheathing scales. 
 Raceme 2-7 cm. long, 3- 12 -flowered; flowers dull purple, about I cm. long; sepals 
 and petals narrow, about 6 mm. long; lip shorter than the petals, oblong, whitish, 
 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base; spur, a sac or small protuberance adnate to 
 the summit of the ovary; capsule 8-12 mm. long, oblong or somewhat obovoid. 
 In woods, N. S. to Alaska, south to N. J., in the mountains to Ga., and to Neb. and 
 Wash. Also in Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED CORAL- 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 1140.) Scape slender, purplish, 1.5-3.5 dm. high. Raceme 5-10 cm. 
 long, 6-2O-flowered; flowers 6-8 mm. long, purplish; sepals and petals lanceolate, 
 4 mm. long or less, marked with purple lines; lip as long as the petals, broadly 
 oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, narrowed at the base, not notched, whitish; 
 spur, a small sac adnate to the top of the ovary; wings of the column very narrow. 
 In woods, Mass, to Mich., Fla. and Mo. July -Sept. 
 
 3. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad. WISTER'S CORAL-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1141.) 
 Stem stouter than that of the preceding species, 2-4 dm. high, bearing several 
 sheathing scales. Raceme 5-12 cm. long, loose, 6-15 -flowered; flowers about 14 
 mm. long, slender- pedicelled; lip broadly oval or obovate, 8 IO mm. long and 
 wide, abruptly clawed, white with crimson spots, crenulate, notched at the apex; 
 spur, a somewhat conspicuous protuberance adnate to the top of the ovary; column 
 
306 FLORA. 
 
 strongly 2-winged toward the base; capsule about 10 mm. long. In woods, Mass. 
 to Ohio, Fla. and Tex. Feb. -May. 
 
 4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. LARGE CORAL-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1142.) 
 Scape 2-5 dm. high, purplish, clothed with several appressed scales. Raceme 
 5-20 cm. long, io~3O-flowered; flowers 12-18 mm. long, brownish purple, short- 
 pedicelled; sepals and petals somewhat connivent at the base, linear-lanceolate, 
 about 6 mm. long; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval or ovate in out 
 line, deeply 3-lobed, crcnulate, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, its 
 apex curved; spur manifest, yellowish; capsule ovoid or oblong, 10-16 mm. long. 
 In woods, N. S. to Br. Col., south to Fla., Mo. and Cal. July-Sept. . 
 
 Corallorhiza multiflora fldvida Peck. Whole plant light yellow; lip white, un- 
 spotted. Perhaps distinct. N. Y. to Neb. and Aid. 
 
 5. Corallorhiza striata Lindl. STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1143.) 
 Scape stout, purplish, 2-5 dm. high. Raceme 5-15 cm. long, 10-25 -flowered. 
 Flowers dark purple; sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, striped with deeper 
 purple lines, 12-14 rnm. long, spreading; lip oval or obovate, entire or a little 
 undulate, somewhat narrowed at the base, about as long as the petals; spur none, 
 but the perianth has a gibbous saccate base ; capsule ellipsoid, reflexed, 16-20 mm. 
 long. In woods ) Ont. and N. N. Y. to Mich., Ore. and Cal. July. 
 
 26. HEXALECTRIS Raf. 
 
 Scapose herbs, from thick scaly rootstocks and fleshy coralloid roots, the leaves 
 reduced to purplish scales, sheathing the scape. Flowers bracted in a loose ter- 
 minal raceme. Perianth not gibbous or spurred at the base, the petals and sepals 
 similar, nerved, spreading. Lip obovate, with several crested ridges down the 
 middle, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle lobe a little concave. Column free, thick, 
 slightly incurved. Pollinia 8, united in a cluster. Capsule ellipsoid, the fruiting 
 pedicels thick. [Greek, signifying six crests.] A monotypic genus of the south- 
 eastern United States and Mexico. 
 
 I. Hexalect? is spicata (Walt.) Barn. CRESTED CORAL-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1146.) 
 Scape stout, 2-5 dm. high, its upper scales lanceolate, the lower sheathing and 
 truncate or acute. Raceme 10-18 cm. long, 8-12-flowered; flowers large, brownish 
 purple, 25 mm. high or more; pedicels short, stout; sepals and petals narrowly 
 elliptic, obtuse or acutish, spreading, striped with purple veins, 12-18 mm. long, 
 longer than the broad lip; middle lobe of the lip rounded or crenulate, the lateral 
 ones shorter, rounded; column slightly spreading at the summit, shorter than the 
 lip; capsule ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long. In rich woods, N. Car. to Ky. and Mo., 
 south to Fla. and Northern Mexico. Aug. (If. aphyllns Raf.) 
 
 Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only, as 
 in Cyclamen, Pinguicula and some species of Capnoides), the first leaves 
 of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood 
 and bark (endogenous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or 
 more layers surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and cov- 
 ered by the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the 
 veinlets forming a network. Parts of the flower rarely in 3*3 or 6's. 
 
 Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute 
 between two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora. 
 
 Series I. Chori petal ae. 
 
 Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. 
 
 The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the fami- 
 lies formerly grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with sepa- 
 rate petals). Exceptions to the typical feature of separate petals are found in the 
 
SA UR URA CEA ESA LICA CEA E. 307 
 
 Papilionaceae, in which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the 
 Fomariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are sometimes coher- 
 ent; the Polygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and 
 with the stamens; Oxalis in. Geraniaceae; and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are some- 
 times joined at the ba ;^. 
 
 Order i. CASUARINALES, 
 
 comprising only the family Casuarinaccae, is confined to tropical sea- 
 coasts. 
 
 Order 2. PIPERALES. 
 
 Dicotyledonous herbs, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate 
 flowers bracteol?te. 
 
 Family i. SAURURACEAE Lindl. 
 Lizard' s-t ail Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled leaves, and small 
 perfect incomplete bracteolate flowers, in peduncled spikes. Perianth 
 none. Stamens 6-8, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, 
 the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled, the carpels dis- 
 tinct or united, i-2-ovulcd ; ovules orthotropous. Fruit capsular or 
 berry-like, composed of 3 or 4 mostly indehiscent carpels. Seeds globose 
 or ovoid, the testa membranaceous. Endosperm copious, mealy. Embryo 
 minute, cordate, borne in a small sac near the -end of the endosperm. 
 Three genera and 4 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. 
 
 i. SAURURUS L. 
 
 Marsh herbs, with slender rootstocks, jointed stems and cordate leaves, their 
 petioles sheathing the stem at the nodes, and small white flowers, in I or 2 dense 
 elongated spikes opposite the leaves. Bractlets adnate to the flowers or to their 
 minute pedicels. Stamens 6-8 ; filaments fililorm, distinct. Carpels united at 
 the base. Styles as many as the carpels, recurved, stigmatic along the inner side. 
 Fruit rugose, depressed-globose, separating into 3 or 4 one-seeded carpels. [Name 
 Greek, meaning the tail of a lizard, in allusion to the long slender spike.] Two 
 species, the following of eastern N. Am., the other of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Saururus cernuus L. LIZARD'S-TAIL. (I. F. f. 1148.) Somewhat pu- 
 bescent when young, becoming glabrous; stem erect, sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. 
 high. Leaves ovate, thin, palmately 5-g-ribbed and with a pair of strong ribs 
 above, dark green, acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide; petioles stout, shorter 
 than the blades; spikes few, very dense, longer than their peduncles, 10-15 cm * 
 long, the apex drooping in flower; flowers fragrant; stamens white, spreading, 
 about 4 mm. long; fruit 3 mm. in diameter, strongly wrinkled when dry. In 
 swamps and shallow water, Conn. toFla., S. Ont, Minn, and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 Orders. SALICALES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with imperfect small flowers in aments. Sepals and 
 petals none. Leaves simple. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Seeds with 
 a tuft of hairs at one end. 
 
 Family i. SALICACEAE Lindl.* 
 Willow Family. 
 
 Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, 
 and alternate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. 
 
 * Revised by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG. 
 
308 FLORA. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers consisting 
 of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended 
 by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- 
 nally dehiscent. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like ; pistillate 
 flowers of a i-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk ; placentae 2-4, 
 parietal; ovules usually numerous, anatropous ; stigmas 2-4, simple or 2-4- 
 cleft. Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly 
 white, silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle 
 short. The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 
 species or more, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 
 
 Practs fimbriate or incised ; stamens numerous. i. Populus. 
 
 Bracts entire ; stamens 2-10. 2. Salix. 
 
 i. POPULUS L. 
 
 Trees with scaly resinous buds, and usually long-petioled leaves, the stipules 
 minute, fugacious. Disk cup-shaped, oblique. Staminate aments dense, pendu- 
 lous. Staminate flowers with from 4 to 60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate 
 aments sometimes raceme-like through the elongation of the pedicels. Ovary ses- 
 sile; style short; stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-valved. Coma of 
 the seeds often very long and conspicuous. [Name ancient, used for these trees by 
 Pliny.] About 25 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the follow- 
 ing, some 3 others occur in the western part of N. Am. 
 
 Petioles terete or chanelled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally. 
 
 Leaves persistently and densely white-tomentose beneath, lobed or coarsely sinuate- 
 
 dentate. i. P. alba, 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so when mature, crenate. 
 
 Foliage densely tomentose when young; capsule slender-pedicelled. 
 
 2. P. heterophylla. 
 Foliage not tomentose; capsule short-pedicelled. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base; petioles and nerves 
 
 usually puberulent. 3. P. candicans. 
 
 Leaves oviite to lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the base; petioles glabrous. 
 Leaves ovate- or broadly lanceolate; petiole fully half as long as the blade. 
 Leaves green on both sides, abruptly acuminate. 
 
 6. P. acuminata. 
 Leaves pale beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate. 
 
 4. P. balsamifera. 
 Leaves lanceolate; petiole about ohe-third the length of the blade or less. 
 
 5. P. angustifolia. 
 Petioles strongly flattened laterally. 
 
 Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate. 
 
 Young leaves pubescent; capsule nearly sessile. 7. P. nigra. 
 
 Young leaves not pubescent; capsule slender-pedicelled. 8. P. deltoides. 
 Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular. 
 
 Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate. 9. P. grandidentata. 
 
 Leaves crenulate-denticulate. 10. P. tremuloides. 
 
 1. Populus alba L. ABELE. WHITE OR SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. (I. F. f. 1164.) 
 A large tree, with smooth light gray bark, attaining a maximum height of about 35 
 m. and a trunk diameter of 1.5 m. Young foliage densely white-tomentose, the 
 leaves becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in 
 outline, apex acute, base truncate or subcordate, 3-5 -lobed or irregularly dentate, 
 6-10 cm. long; petiole shorter than the blade; Staminate aments 3-5 cm. long. In 
 yards and along roadsides, springing up from suckers cf older trees, N. B. to Va. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. March-May. 
 
 2. Populus heterophylla L. SWAMP OR DOWNY POPLAR. (I. F. f. 1168.) 
 An irregularly branching tree, sometimes 25 m. high and with a trunk I m. in 
 diameter, the bark rough. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute 
 at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenulate-denticulate, 12- 
 15 cm. long, or those of young plants much larger, glabrous or somewhat floccose 
 beneath when mature; bracts glabrous or nearly so; Staminate aments stout, 7-10 
 Cm, long, 18-2$ mm, in d.iameter ? drooping; stamens numerous; pistillate 
 
SALICACEAE. 309 
 
 faceme-like, peduncled ; capsules ovoid, acute, 2-valved, 8-12 mm. long, shorter 
 than or equalling their pedicels. In swamps, S. Conn, and N. Y. to Ga., west to 
 La., north in the Miss. Valley to Ind. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 3. Populus candicans Ait. BALM OF GILEAD. A large tree, reaching a height 
 of 30 m. and a trunk diameter of 2 m., with spreading branches; the buds large 
 and very resinous. Leaves broadly cordate, dark green above, pale beneath, 
 acuminate, more coarsely crenate than in the next with gland-tipped teeth, 6-15 
 cm. long, 3-12 cm. wide, pubescent when young, generally glabrous in age, with 
 the exception of the ciliate margins and pubescent veins and petioles; otherwise 
 like the following. N. B. to N. J. west to Minn., but mostly escaped from culti- 
 vation. (P. balsamifera candicans A'. Gray.) 
 
 4. Populus balsamifera L. TACAMAHAC. BALSAM POPLAR. (I. F. f. 1165.) 
 A large tree, with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height of about 
 25 m. and a trunk diameter of 2 m., the branches stout, ascending, the large buds 
 very resinous, the foliage glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate, dark green and shining 
 above, pale l>eneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, 
 crenulate, 7-12 cm. long; aments and bracts somewhat pubescent; stamens 18-30; 
 lobes of the stigmas broad; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, short-pedicelled. In moist or 
 dry soil, especially along streams and lakes, Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, 
 south to N. Y., Neb. and Nev. April. 
 
 5. Populus angustifolia James. NARROW-LEAVED OR BLACK COTTONWOOD. 
 (I. F. f. 1166. ) A slender tree, maximum height about IQ m., trunk diameter 6 dm. ; 
 crown narrowly pyramidal, branches ascending; foliage glabrous. Twigs terete, 
 gray; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, spreading, drying brownish, 
 gradually acuminate or acute at the apex or some of them obtuse, narrowed, 
 rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, finely cren- 
 ulate from base to apex; petioles plano-convex, not flattened laterally, 612 mm. 
 long; lateral veins 8-15 on each side of the blade; staminate aments oblong-cvlin- 
 dric, 2-6 cm. long; lobes of the stigmas broad; capsules ovoid, short-pedicelled. 
 In moist soil, especially along streams, N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex., and Ariz. 
 April-May. 
 
 6. Populus acuminata Rydberg. RYDBERG'S COTTONWOOD. (I. F. f. 1167.) 
 A slender tree, with terete twigs, reaching approximately the dimensions of P. 
 angustifolia, the crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches, the foliage 
 glabrous. Leaves rhomboid- lanceolate, spreading or drooping, drying green, 
 abruptly or gradually long-acuminate at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or rounded at 
 the base, 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, crenulate or the base entire; petioles slen- 
 der, 26 cm. long; staminate aments about 3 cm. long; pistillate aments slender, 
 drooping, 7-12 cm. long; capsules ovoid, obtuse, distinctly pedicelled. Black Hills, 
 S. Dak. to Utah, south to N. Mex. April-May. 
 
 7. Populus nigra L. BLACK POPLAR. (I. F. f. 1171.) A large tree, some- 
 times 30 m. tall and the trunk 12 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller. Twigs 
 terete; young foliage somewhat pubescent, the mature leaves firm, nearly or quite 
 glabrous; petioles slender, flattened laterally; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly 
 acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or obtuse at the base, crenate, 5-10 cm. 
 long; staminate aments 3-5 cm. long; stamens about 20; pistillate aments 5-12 
 cm. long in fruit, spreading; capsules oblong, very obtuse, borne on pedicels of 
 much less than their own length. Valleys of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, 
 naturalized from Europe. April-May. 
 
 The Lombardy Poplar, Populus Italica, commonly planted for ornament, occa- 
 sionally spreads by sending up shoots from its subterranean parts. 
 
 8. Populus deltoides Marsh. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. (I. F. f. 
 1172.) A large tree, the greatest of the poplars, attaining a maximum height of 
 45 m. and a trunk diameter of 2.2 m., the bark grayish-green, somewhat rough 
 when old. Foliage glabrous; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at 
 the apex, crenulate, truncate at the base, 10-17 cm - lon g; petiole flattened later- 
 ally, stout, about as long as the blade; bracts glabrous, deeply fimbriate; staminate 
 aments drooping, 7-12 cm. long, 10-12 mm. in diameter; pistillate aments loosely 
 
3 *O FLORA. 
 
 flowered, becoming 15-25 cm. long in fruit; capsules ovoid, acute, 8-10 mm. long, 
 2-4-valved, shorter than or equalling their pedicels. In moist soil, especially along 
 streams and lakes, Quebec to Man., south to Fla. and Tenn. April-May. Alst> 
 called Carolina Poplar. 
 
 Populus deltoides occidentals Rydb. Leaves with longer acumination, broader 
 base and coarser teeth; young branches light yellow and shining. Sask. to Alb., south 
 to Kan., and N. Mex. 
 
 9. Populus grandidentata Michx. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. (I. F. f. 
 1169.) A forest tree with smooth, greenish- gray bark, maximum height about 
 20 m., and trunk diameter 7 dm. Leaves of very young plants densely white- 
 tomentose beneath, sometimes 3 dm. long, with irregularly denticulate margins, 
 those of older trees tomentose when young, glabrous when mature, short-acuminate, 
 obtuse or truncate at the base, 6-io cm. long; petioles slender; bracts silky, irreg- 
 ularly 4-7 cleft; staminate aments 4-10 cm. long, about I cm. in diameter, drooping; 
 pistillate aments somewhat pxibescent, dense, 7-12 cm. long in fruit, also drooping; 
 stigma-lobes narrow; capsule conic, acute, 2-valved, about 6 mm. long, papillose. 
 In rich woods, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. J. and in the Alleghanies to 
 N. Car. and Tenn. April. 
 
 10. Populus tremuloides Michx. AMERICAN ASPEN. (I. F. f. 1170.) A 
 slender tree, with smooth, light green bark, reaching a maximum height of about 
 30 m. and a trunk diameter of I m., the young foliage glabrous, excepting the 
 ciliate margins of the leaves. Petioles very slender, causing the leaves to quiver in 
 the slightest breeze; leaves usually short-acuminate at the apex, finely crenulate 
 all around, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, 2-6 cm. broad, or those of 
 very young plants much larger; bracts silky, deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes; 
 aments drooping, the staminate 4-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, the pistillate 
 longer, dense; stigma-lobes linear; capsule like that of the preceding species, but 
 somewhat smaller. In dry or moist soil, Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, souta 
 to N. J., Ky., Neb., in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and to Lower California. 
 March-May. 
 
 2. SALIX L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent membrane 
 within, mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous 
 broad or minute stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland-like, small or 
 minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers 
 with I 10, mostly 2, stamens, their filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistil- 
 late aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style 
 short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved. [Name 
 ancient.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north 
 temperate and arctic zones, a few in the southern hemisphere. Besides the 
 following, many others occur in the northern and western parts of North America. 
 Numerous hybrids between the species have been recorded. 
 
 * Capsule glabrous, or slightly silky when young in Nos. 20-22. 
 I. Trees or larger shrubs with serrate, acute or acuminate leaves. 
 
 Stamens 3-7 ; filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, light yellow. 
 Pedicels slender, 3-5 times as long as the gland. 
 Petioles and stipules withoul glands. 
 Leaves green or pale beneath. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; petioles very short. 
 
 i. S. nigra. 
 Leaves broadly lanceolate ; petioles slender. 
 
 3. S. amygdaloides. 
 
 Leaves whitish beneath. 2. S. longipes. 
 
 Petioles and stipules with prominent glands. 4. S. lucida. 
 Pedicels about twice as long as the gland. 5. S.fragilis. 
 
 Stamens 2. 
 
 Filaments hairy at the base; bracts caducous, yellow. 
 Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. long. 
 
 Stigma sessile ; leaves linear or lance-linear. 
 
 Leaves finely and almost permanently silky. 
 
 20. S. luteosericea. 
 
SALICACEAE. 311 
 
 Leases coarsely silky when young, glabrate in age. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate ; bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. 
 
 21. S, fl uviatilis. 
 Leaves narrowly linear, bracts lanceolate, acute. 
 
 22. S. linearifolia. 
 Style evident, but short ; leaves lanceolate. 5. S.fragiKs. 
 
 Pedicels in fruit less than i mm. long ; stigma sessile. 
 
 Branches not drooping ; leaves lanceolate. 6. S. alba. 
 Branches drooping ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 7. S. Babylonica. 
 Filaments glabrous ; bracts persistent. 
 Mature leaves glabrous. 
 
 Pedicels in fruit 1-3 mm. long; capsule 5-9 mm. long. 
 Length of leaf-blade less than three times it breadth. 
 
 Mature leaves thin, dull. 8. S. balsamifera. 
 
 Mature leaves thick, firm, dark green and shining above. 
 
 9. S. glaucophylla. 
 Length of leaf-blade three times its breadth or more. 
 
 Leaves dark green above ; young branches not light yellow. 
 Pedicels 2-4 times as long as the fuscous bracts; mature 
 
 leaves slightly serrate. 10. S. Mackenziana. 
 
 Pedicels not longer than the bracts ; mature leaves 
 strongly serrate. 
 
 Bracts pale; leaves not whitish beneath. 
 
 11. S. cor data. 
 Bracts fuscous; leaves whitish beneath. 
 
 12. S. Missouriensis. 
 Leaves yellowish green ; young branches light yellow. 
 
 13. S. lutea. 
 Pedicels in fruit less than i mm. long; capsule 3-5 mm. long. 
 
 14. S. acutidens. 
 Mature leaves densely silky-pubescent ; capsule subsessile. 
 
 15. S. adenophylla. 
 
 2. Very low shrubs with serrate or crenate, obtuse leaves ; filaments glabrous. 
 
 Leaves oblong, obovate or cuneate. 
 
 Low shrub with erect branches and closely serrate or crenate leaves. 
 
 1 6. S. myrtillifolia. 
 Depressed shrub with distantly crenate or subentire leaves. 
 
 17. S. Uva-ursi. 
 Leaves nearly orbicular. 18. S. herbacea. 
 
 3. Low shrub with entire-margined leaves ; filaments glabrous. 19. S. myrtilloides* 
 
 **Capsule silky or tomentose. 
 I. Filaments distinct. 
 
 A. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, rostrate; style none or short. 
 a. Mature leav^ not densely hairy beneath. 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 
 
 Filan ents hairy; capsule slightly silky when young, in age glabrate. 
 Leaves finely and almost permanently silky. 
 
 20. S. hiteosericea. 
 Leaves coarsely silky when young, glabrate in age. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate; bracts ovate or obovate, obtuse. 
 
 21. S. interior. 
 Leaves narrowly linear; bracts lanceolate, acute. 
 
 22. S. linearifolia. 
 Filaments glabrous; capsule permanently hairy. 
 
 23. S. petiolaris. 
 Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate, long-hairy. 
 
 Mature leaves rather thin, obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly 
 or indistinctly toothed ; young branches glabrous or slightly 
 puberulent. 24. S. discolor. 
 
 Mature leaves oblong, firm, dentate. 
 
 Young branches densely hairy ; aments short and dense. 
 
 25. S. eriocephala. 
 Young branches glabrous ; aments long, laxer. 
 
 26. S. prinoides. 
 Bracts yellow, linear oblong or lanceolate. 
 
 Pedicel scarcely longer than the elongated gland. 
 
 27. S. latiuscula, 
 Pedicel much longer than the gland. 
 
3 12 FLORA. 
 
 Bracts longer than the pedicels ; aments erect. 
 
 28. S. squamata. 
 
 Bracts much shorter than the pedicels ; aments drooping. 
 Mature leaves thin, glabrous. 29. S. perrostrata, 
 Mature leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 
 
 30. S. Bebbiana. 
 b. Mature leaves densely white-hairy beneath. 
 
 Leaves white-tomentose beneath. 
 
 Style, if any, less than i mm. long. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled. 30. S. Bebbiana. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled. 
 
 Leaves 5-10 cm. long; fruiting aments 2-3 cm. long. 
 
 31. S. humilis. 
 Leaves 2-5 cm. long ; fruiting aments about i cm. long. 
 
 32. 6'. tristis. 
 Style over i mm. long ; leaves linear or lanceolate. 33. S, Candida. 
 
 Leaves silvery silky beneath. 
 
 Style shorter than the stigma ; leaves serrulate. 34. S. sericea. 
 Style longer than the stigma ; leaves entire-margined. 
 
 35. S. argyrocarpa. 
 B. Capsule subsessile. 
 Style long. 
 
 Tree with linear-lanceolate acuminate silvery leaves. 36. S. viminalis. 
 Low shiubs. 
 
 Leaves glabrous, or when young covered with long white hairs parallel to 
 the midrib. 
 
 Bracts fuscous, obovate, densely white-silky. 
 
 Aments naked, from lateral buds. 37. S. chlorophylla. 
 
 Aments ending short leafy branches. 
 
 Leaves and young twigs darkening in drying. 
 
 Leaf-blade 10-20 mm. long; aments 10-20 mm. 
 
 38. S. Groenlandica. 
 Leaf-blade 25-50 mm. long ; aments 25-80 mm. 
 
 Leaves broadly obovate or obcordate, obtuse. 
 
 39. S. arctica. 
 Leaves narrowly obovate or obovate-lanceolate, often 
 
 acute. 40. S. anglorum. 
 
 Leaves and yellowish or light brown twigs not darkening in 
 drying. 
 
 Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute. 
 
 41. S. vacciniformis. 
 
 Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse. 42. S. callicarpaea. 
 Bracts yellow, oblong, white-silky. 
 
 Capsule conic, 7-8 mm. long, grayish pubescent. 
 
 43. S. glauca. 
 Capsule ovoid-conic, 5 mm. long, densely white-villous. 
 
 Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse, not turning black in drying. 
 
 44. S, Waghornei. 
 Leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute, turning black in drying. 
 
 45. S. atra, 
 Leaves permanently hairy. 
 
 Leaves silky-pubescent, oblanceolate or lanceolate. 
 
 46. S. stricta. 
 Leaves with scattered villous hairs spreading in all directions, broadly 
 
 ovate. 47. S. Labradorica. 
 
 Style very short, or generally none. 
 
 Mature leaves covered with long silky hairs beneath. 48. S. vest it a. 
 Leaves, at least in age, not silky beneath. 
 
 Bracts broadly obovate, fuscous, the upper portion at least glabrous. 
 
 49. S. orbicularis. 
 
 Bracts oblong, yellow, densely hairy. 50. S. reticulata. 
 
 2. Filaments united ; pedicel and style none. 51. -S 1 . purpurea. 
 
 I. Salix mgra Marsh. BLACK WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1173.) A tree, with 
 rough flaky dark brown bark, attaining a height of 40 m. and a trunk diameter of 
 I m. Leaves narrowed at the base, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young, 
 glabrous and green above, somewhat paler, and sometimes pubescent on the veins 
 beneath. 6-12 cm. long. 4-18 mm. wide ; aments expanding with the leaves, on 
 short lateral branches, the staminate 3-5 cm. long, the pistillate 4-8 cm, long and 
 
SALICACEAE. 3*3 
 
 spreading in fruit; stamens 3-7, distinct, their filaments pubescent below; stigmas 
 nearly sessile; capsule ovoid, acute, about twice as long as its pedicel. Along 
 streams and lakes, N. B. to W. Ont, Fla. and Cal. Hybridizes with S. alba, 
 April-May. 
 
 Salix nigra falc^ta (Pursh) Torr. Leaves narrower, 4-6 mm. wide, falcate, green on 
 both sides. Mass, to Ohio and Fla. 
 
 2. Salix longipes Anders. WARD'S WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1174.) A tree, 
 sometimes 10 m. high, the trunk reaching 2 dm. in diameter, the branches spread- 
 ing or drooping, the bark dark reddish brown, covered with small scales. Leaves 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, subcordate, or narrowed at the base, 6-18 
 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, somewhat pubescent beneath; stipules often large, some- 
 times persistent; aments expanding with the leaves, terminal, the staminate 5-10 
 cm. long, the pistillate as long or shorter; capsule conic. Along streams and 
 lakes, Md. to Mo., south to Fla, and Tex. Wood dark brown. March-May. 
 (S. Wardii Bebb.) 
 
 3. Salix amygdaloides Anders. PEACH- LEAVED WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1175.) 
 A small tree, sometimes 20 m. high and the trunk 6 dm. in diameter, the brown 
 bark scaly. Leaves pubescent when young, glabrous when old, dark green above, 
 paler and slightly glaucous beneath, narrowed at the base, 8-12 cm. long, about 2 
 cm. wide, sharply serrulate; petioles 6-15 mm. long, glandless; stipules commonly 
 fugacious; aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral branches, the 
 staminate 3-5 cm. long, the pistillate loose, spreading and 6-10 cm. long in fruit; 
 stigmas nearly sessile ; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length about as 
 long as its filiform pedicel. On lake and river shores, Quebec to Br. Col., N. Y., 
 Mo. and N. Mex. April-May. 
 
 4. Salix lucida Muhl. SHINING WILLOW. GLOSSY WILLOW. (I F. f. 1176.) 
 A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree 6 m. high, the bark smooth or slightly scaly, the 
 twigs yellowish brown, shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 
 mostly long acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply serrulate all 
 around, green and glossy on both sides or bearing a few scattered hairs when very 
 young, 7-12 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide when mature; stipules small, semi-cordate or 
 oblong, very glandular, commonly persistent; petioles stout, 6-12 mm. long, glandu- 
 lar at the base of the blade; aments on short lateral leafy branches, the staminate 
 stout, 2-5 cm. long, the pistillate dense, 5-7 cm. long in fruit, often long-persistent; 
 stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, much longer than 
 its pedicel. In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 N. J., Ky. and Neb. A most beautiful willow. April -May. 
 
 5. Salix fragilis L. CRACK WILLOW. BRITTLE WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1177.) 
 A tall, slender tree, with roughish gray bark, attaining a height of about 25 m. and 
 a trunk diameter of 2 m. ; twigs reddish green, very brittle at the base. Leaves 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous on 
 both sides, rather dark green above, paler beneath, 8-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 
 glandular at the base of the blade; petioles 6 16 mm. long, glandular above; stip- 
 ules semicordate, fugacious; staminate aments 2-5 cm. long; stamens 2, or some- 
 times 3 or 4; pistillate aments 7-12 cm. long in fruit, rather loose; stigmas nearly 
 sessile; capsule long-conic. Escaped from cultivation, Mass, to N. J. and Penn. 
 Native of Europe. Hybridizes with the following species. The twigs break away 
 and grow into new plants. April-May. 
 
 Salix fragilis decfpiens (Hoffm.) Anders., with yellowish or red twigs and smaller, 
 brighter green leaves, appears to be known only in cultivation within our area. 
 
 6. Salix alba L. WHITE WILLOW. HUNTINGDON WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1178.) 
 A large tree, sometimes 30 m. tall and a trunk diameter of 2.5 m. ; bark gray, 
 rough; twigs brittle at the base. Leaves narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky- 
 pubescent on both sides when young, less so and pale or glaucous beneath when 
 mature, 5-13 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; peti- 
 oles 4-8 mm. long, glandless or sparingly glandular; aments on short lateral leafy 
 branches; pistillate aments linear-cylindric, 3-6 cm. long; stigmas nearly sessile; 
 capsule ovoid, acute. In moist soil, especially along streams, N. B. and Ont. to 
 Penn., sparingly escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. April-May. 
 
3T4 FLORA. 
 
 Salix dlba coerulea (J. E. Smith) Koch. Mature leaves bluish green, glabrous, glau 
 cous beneath. Occasional in the Eastern States. 
 
 Salix dlba vitelllna (L.) Koch. Mature leaves glabrous above ; twigs yellowish green. 
 The commonest form in North America. 
 
 7. Salix Babylonica L. WEEPING WILLOW. RING WILLOW. (I. F. f. 
 1179.) A large tree, with rough gray bark, sometimes attaining a height of 20 m. 
 and a trunk diameter of 18 dm., the twigs slender, green, elongated, drooping. 
 Leaves serrulate all around, narrowed at the base, sparsely pubescent when young, 
 glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath, 10-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, 
 sometimes curling into rings; petioles 6-12 mm. long, glandular above; aments 
 appearing on short lateral leafy branches; bracts ovate-lanceolate; style almost 
 none; capsule ovoid-conic. Widely cultivated and sometimes spreading by the dis- 
 tribution of its twigs. Native of Asia. April-May. 
 
 8. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. BALSAM WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1201.) 
 A shrub, 12-30 dm. high, the twigs glabrous, shining, the youngest foliage pubes- 
 cent. Mature leaves elliptic, ovate-oval or obovate, thin, glabrous, acute or some 
 of them obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green above, 
 glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, 
 slightly crenulate-serrulate, the minute teeth glandular; stipules minute or none; 
 petioles slender, 6-12 mm. long; aments expanding with the leaves, leafy -bracted 
 at the base, cylindric, the staminate dense, about 2 cm. long, the pistillate rather 
 loose, 5-7 cm. long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; style very short; capsules 
 very narrow, acute, 4-5 mm. long. In swamps, Lab. to Man., south to Me. and 
 Minn. May. 
 
 9. Salix glaucoph^lla Bebb. BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1199.) A 
 shrub, 1-3 m. high; foliage glabrous or when young sparingly pubescent. Mature 
 leaves ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, white-glaucous beneath, short-acuminate, 
 the base rounded or acute, serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
 wide; stipules large, persistent; petioles stout, 6-12 mm. long; aments expanding 
 before the leaves, leafy -bracted at the base, the staminate 3-5 cm. long, the pistil- 
 late 4-7 cm. long in fruit; bracts densely white- villous, persistent; style filiform; 
 capsule beaked from an ovoid base, acute. On sand dunes, Lake Michigan, N. 111. 
 and Wis. April. 
 
 10. Salix Mackenziana Barratt. MACKENZIE'S WILLOW. A small tree, with 
 smooth pale yellowish or grayish bark. Young branches glabrous or slightly 
 puberulent, yellow or often tinged with bright red; mature leave? oblanceolate or 
 lanceolate, cuneate at the base, finely crenulate-serrate or entire; stipules large, 
 oblique, reniform and somewhat persistent; aments on short leafy-bracted branches, 
 the pistillate 4-6 cm. long in fruit; style very short; capsule ovoid, acute, 6-8 mm. 
 long. In damp soil from Man. to N. W. Terr, and N. Cal. April. 
 
 11. Salix cordata Muhl. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1198.) A 
 shrub, 15-35 dm. high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous; young leaves pubescent; 
 mature leaves oblong-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler beneath, acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply serrulate with glan- 
 dular teeth; stipules oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent; petioles 8-18 
 mm. long; aments bracted at the base, expanding before the leaves, the staminate 
 about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 4-6 cm. in fruit; style short; capsules narrowly 
 ovoid, acute. In wet soil, N. B. to Br. Col., south to Va., Mo., Colo, and Cal. Hy- 
 bridizes with S. sericea and other species. April-May. 
 
 Salix cord&ta angust^ta (Pursh) Anders. Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate. Range 
 of the type. 
 
 Salix cord&ta rfgida (Muhl.) Carey. Leaves broad, sharper serrate especially at the 
 cordate base, strongly veined ; pedicels little if at all longer than the bracts ; stigmas sub- 
 sessile. N. B. to Penn. 
 
 12. Salix Missouriensis Bebb. MISSOURI WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1200 } A 
 tree, often 15 m. high, the trunk sometimes 4.5 dm. in diameter, the thin gray 
 bark with small appressed scales. Twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent; 
 leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with minute gland- 
 tipped teeth, rounaed or narrowed at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous or 
 nearly so when mature, green above, pale and usually glaucous beneath, 7-15 cm. 
 
SALICACEAE. 315 
 
 long, 1-3 cm. wide; petioles I cm. long or less; stipules often I cm. long, per- 
 sistent or deciduous; aments unfolding long before the leaves, the staminate about 
 3 cm. long, the pistillate 7-10 cm. long; style very short; capsule narrowly ovoid. 
 On river banks, Mo. and Neb. Wood dark brown. March-April. 
 
 13. Salix lutea Nutt. YELLOW WILLOW. A shrub, 2-5 m. high, with light 
 gray rough bark; twigs very light yellow, slender and shining, perfectly glabrous; 
 leaves lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide, long- acuminate at the apex, cu- 
 neate at the base, finely serrate, yellowish green and shining above, glaucous 
 beneath, rather thin; stipules small and generally deciduous; aments on short lat- 
 eral branches, short; the pistillate 2-3 cm. long in fruit; style very short; capsule 
 ovoid. On river banks and springy grounds from Neb. to Assiniboia and Mont. 
 
 14. Salix acutidens Rydb. SHARP-TOOTHED WILLOW. Shrub, 2-3 m. high, 
 bark green or on the younger branches often purplish; leaves rather thin, 6-12 
 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, oblong, long-acuminate, rounded or acute at the base, 
 shining above, more or less glaucous beneath, very sharply dentate, the teeth tipped 
 with a small gland; stipules obliquely ovate, large, toothed and persistent; aments 
 leafy-bracted below; fertile ones slender, in fruit 3-4 cm. long; bracts yellow, 
 obovate, hairy; style about I mm. long; capsule ovoid. The form of the leaves is 
 intermediate between that of S. cordata and S, eriocephala with the texture of that 
 of S. balsamifera; but the small glabrous short-pedicelled capsule distinguishes 
 the species. Swamps of Conn., N. Y. and Penn. (S. myricoldes Torr. Fl. N. Y. 
 2: 207; not Muhl.) 
 
 15. Salix adenoph^lla Hook. FURRY WILLOW. (I. F. 1203.) A straggling 
 shrub, 1-2.5 m< high> the twigs, petioles, stipules and leaves densely silky -tomen- 
 tose, the silky hairs falling away from the leaves when old. Leaves ovate, acute 
 or short-acuminate, or the lower obtuse at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, 
 finely serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, 2-5 cm. long, 15-30 mm. wide; petioles 
 stout, 3-6 mm. long, dilated at the base; stipules ovate -cord ate, obtuse, serrulate, 
 persistent; aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, expanding with the leaves, the 
 staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 3-10 cm. long in fruit; style filiform; 
 capsule ovoid-conic, acute, 3-4 mm. long. On lake and river shores, Lab. to Ont., 
 Penn. and 111. Hybridizes with S. cordata. April-May. 
 
 16. Salix myrtillifolia Anders. BILBERRY WILLOW. A shrub generally less 
 than i m. high, with erect branches, much resembling Vaccinium Myrtillus in 
 general habit and form of the leaves. Leaves obovate or oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 
 light green, rather thin, obtuse, seldom acute, closely and finely crenate; stipules 
 small, deciduous; aments on short leafy branches; the staminate 1-2 cm. long, 
 the pistillate 2-3 cm. long in fruit; bracts obovate, fuscous, slightly hairy; capsule 
 subsessile, ovate, tapering into a short style. From Lab. to Lower Mackenzie 
 River and Alberta. 
 
 17. Salix Uva-ursi Pursh. BEARBERRY WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1205.) A de- 
 pressed or prostrate glabrous shrub, the terete brown branches 1530 cm. long, 
 diffuse from a deep central root. Leaves obovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate-denticulate or entire, 8-20 mm. long, 4-10 
 mm. wide, prominently veined, deep green and shining above, pale beneath; peti- 
 oles 2-4 mm. long; aments leafy-bracted at the base, dense, about I cm. long in 
 flower, the pistillate 2-5 cm. long in fruit; bracts obovate, obtuse, densely silky; 
 stamens usually solitary, rarely 2; style short; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, gla- 
 brous, very short-pedicelled. Lab. and Hudson Bay, south to the summits of the 
 mountains of N. Y. and N. Eng. May-June. 
 
 1 8. Salix herbacea L. DWARF WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1206.) A depressed 
 matted shrub, with very slender angled twigs 2-15 cm. long, the youngest foliage 
 somewhat pubescent. Mature leaves glabrous, suborbicular, rounded or retuse at 
 the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin, crenulate-denticulate all around, 
 finely reticulate-veined, bright green and shining on both sides, 1-2 cm. in diam- 
 eter; petioles very slender, 4-8 mm. long; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, 
 4-iO-flowered, 4-8 mm. long; bracts obovate, obtuse, persistent, glabrous or nearly 
 so; stamens 2; style rather longer than the 2-cleft stigmas; capsule narrowly 
 conic, glabrous, nearly sessile. Lab. and Quebec, through Arctic America, and 
 on the White Mountains of N. H. and Mt. Katahdin, Me. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 19. Salix myrtilloides L. BOG WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1204.) An erect slender 
 glabrous shrub, 3-10 dm. high, the twigs light brown, terete. Leaves oblong, 
 elliptic or somewhat obovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, mostly narrowed 
 at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, short-petioled, bright green above, pale 
 or glaucous beneath, their margins slightly revolute; aments expanding with the 
 leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, rather dense, 2 cm. long or less, or the pistillate 
 longer in fruit; bracts persistent, obtuse, slightly villous; style shorter than or 
 equalling the stigmas; capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, 5 mm. long, 2-3 
 times as long as the filiform pedicel which slightly exceeds the bract. In bogs, 
 N. B. and Quebec to Br. Col., south to N. J. and Iowa. Also in northern Europe. 
 April-May. 
 
 Salix myrtilloides pedicellkris Anders. Leaves narrower, oblong-linear or oblanceo- 
 late; pedicels sometimes longer. Range of the type. 
 
 20. Salix luteosericea Rydb. SILVERY SANDBAR WILLOW. A shrub, 
 with grayish bark, 1-6 m. high, occasionally monoecious; leaves linear-lanceolate 
 or linear, entire, or slightly and remotely denticulate, acute, 2-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
 wide, permanently yellowish silky; aments at the ends of leafy branches, the stam- 
 inate 2-3 cm. long, pistillate 3-5 cm.; bract of staminate flowers obovate; of the 
 pistillate ones broadly lanceolate; capsule elongated -ovoid, slightly silky when 
 young, soon glabrate, 4-5 mm. long. On sandbars, Saskatch. and Br. Col. to 
 Neb., Ind. Terr., and Ariz. Type from Nebraska. 
 
 21. Salix interior Rowlee. SANDBAR WILLOW. RIVER -BANK WILLOW. 
 (I. F. f. 1181.) A much-branched shrub, 1-4 m. high, forming thickets, or some- 
 times a slender tree, 6-9 m. tall, and with a trunk 3 dm. in diameter; branches 
 brown or grayish. Leaves 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, acuminate, remotely 
 denticulate with somewhat spreading teeth, short-petioled, bright green; petioles 
 not glandular: stipules minute or none; aments on short leafy branches, the stam- 
 inate dense, 2-4 cm. long, the pistillate looser, about 5 cm. long in fruit; capsule 
 ovoid-conic, finely silky when young, glabrate in age, about 5 mm. long. Along 
 streams and lakes, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky. and Tex. April- 
 May. \S. flrnnatilis A. Gray, not Nutt.] 
 
 22. Salix linearifolia Rydb. LINEAR-LEAVED WILLOW. A low shrub, 
 very soon glabrous, with red branches; leaves 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, remotely 
 dentate, narrowly linear; stipules minute, deciduous; aments loosely flowered at 
 the ends of leafy branches, the staminate about 3 cm., the pistillate 3-4 cm. long; 
 capsule almost glabrous from the beginning, conic, 3-4 mm. long; bract nearly 
 as long as the pistil, almost glabrous. Sandbars, from Minn, and Saskatch. to Ind. 
 Terr, and Colo. (S. rubra Richards.; not Smith.) 
 
 23. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. SLENDER WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1189.) A 
 shrub, similar to S. sericea, but the young leaves only slightly silky, the branches 
 slender, upright or ascending. Mature leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
 serrulate with blunt cartilaginous teeth, remaining green in drying, 8-i6mm. wide; 
 petioles 4-10 mm. long; stipules deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves, 
 the pistillate short-peduncled, usually rather loose, about 2 cm. long in fruit; stig- 
 mas nearly sessile; capsule tapering from an ovoid or oblong base, 4-6 mm. long, 
 about twice as long as the filiform pedicel. In swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., 
 south to Tenn. and Wis. May. 
 
 Salix petiolkris grdcilis Anders. Pedicels nearly as long as the capsules ; leaves rather 
 narrower. Range of the type. 
 
 24. Salix discolor Muhl. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1187.) A shrub or 
 low tree, maximum height 7 m., trunk diameter 3 dm.; young leaves sometimes 
 pubescent. Mature leaves rather thin, usually glabrous, bright green above, glau- 
 cous and nearly white beneath, oblong-oblanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly 
 serrulate or nearly entire, slender-petioled, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide; petioles 
 6-24 mm. long; stipules obliquely lanceolate or semicordate, commonly deciduous; 
 aments unfolding much before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 4-7 cm. long in fruit; 
 capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a slender beak, 5-8 mm. long. In swamps or 
 on moist hillsides, N. S. to Man., Del. and Mo. March-April. 
 
SALICACEAE. 3*7 
 
 25. Salix eriocephala Michx. PUSSY WILLOW. A shrub or low tree, much 
 resembling the preceding. Mature leaves rather firm, green and shining above, 
 glaucous and generally hairy beneath, especially on the veins, quite often fer- 
 ruginous, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide ; stipules semicordate, often deciduous; 
 aments unfolding before the leaves, dense and short, the staminate 1-2 cm. long, 
 yellowish silky-hairy, the pistillate ones 3-4 cm. in fruit; capsule as in the pre- 
 ceding, often 10 mm. long. In wet places from N. Eng. to Penn. and 111. This 
 has been confused with S. discolor, as intermediate forms apparently occur. 
 
 Salix eriocephala amplif61ia Rydb. Leaves broadly oval, 4-5 cm. wide. Conn, and 
 N. Y. 
 
 26. Salix prinoides Pursh. CHESTNUT-OAK WILLOW. Shrub resembling 
 the preceding, but branches slender, glabrous; mature leaves lighter colored above 
 and less glaucous beneath, narrower and more tapering at both ends, serrate; aments 
 longer, 4 cm. long or more, rather lax, sparingly silky; capsule conic, finely silky, 
 with a more evident style. N. Y. to Va. 
 
 27. Salix latiuscula Anders. NEWFOUNDLAND WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1202.) 
 A low shrub, with dark brown glabrous twigs, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves 
 oval or obovate, subcordate at the base, short-pointed at the apex, serrulate, when 
 mature bright green above, pale beneath, about 4 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; stipules 
 ovate-cordate, acute; aments unfolding with the leaves, borne at the ends of short 
 branches, dense, spreading or erect, the staminate 2 cm. long, the pistillate 5-8 cm. 
 long in fruit; bracts yellow, obtuse, persistent, slightly villous; capsule ovoid-conic, 
 sparsely tomentose, acute, 6 mm. long; style very short. Summer. Newf. (accord- 
 ing to Andersson). [S. Barkleyi latiuscula Anders.] 
 
 28. Salix squamata Rydb. LONG-BRACTED WILLOW. A shrub or low 
 tree, resembling closely S. eriocephala, but young branches only slightly pubescent, 
 Mature leaves firm, green and shining above, glaucous and glabrous beneath, 6 10 
 cm. long, distinctly dentate -serrate, acute at both ends; aments on more or less 
 leafy branches, erect, the fertile ones in fruit 3-7 cm. long, rather loose; bracts 
 yellowish or reddish, lanceolate, acute, three-fourths as long as the pistil; capsule 
 conic; style short; stigmas short and almost entire. N. J. and Penn. Summer. 
 Type from Sparta Junction, N. J. 
 
 29. Salix perrostrata Rydb. LONG-BEAKED WILLOW. A shrub, 1-4111. 
 high with grayibh, rough and scaly bark; branches yellow or the youngest tinged 
 with red, at first finely pubescent; leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, when 
 young finely silky, in age glabrate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm> wide, acute at both 
 ends, and with undulate margins, light green above and paler beneath; petioles 2-6 
 mm.; stipules minute, deciduous; aments somewhat leafy-bracted, almost sessile; 
 the staminate 1-1.5 cm - long, the pistillate in fruit 2-3 cm. ; capsule conic, long- 
 rostrate; stigma subsessile. Black Hills of S. Dak., Pine Ridge, Neb. and Wyoming. 
 May-June. (S. Bebbiana Rydb. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 523, mainly, not Sarg.) 
 
 30 Salix Bebbiana Sarg. BEBB'S WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1184.) A shrub, 2-6 
 m. tall, or sometimes a tree 8 m. high, the twigs pubescent or puberulent, terete. 
 Leaves elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them 
 blunt at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sparingly serrate or entire, dull 
 green and puberulent above, pale, reticulate-veined and tomentose beneath or nearly 
 glabrous on both sides when very old; petioles 4-12 mm. long, stipules semi- 
 cordate, acute, deciduous; aments sessile, expanding with or before the leaves, 
 dense, the staminate 2-3 cm. long, the pistillate 5 cm. long in fruit; capsule very 
 narrowly long-conic, twice as long as the filiform pedicel. In dry soil and along 
 streams, Anticosti to Hudson Bay and Br. Col., south toN. J., Penn., Neb. and 
 Utah. April-May. 
 
 31. Salix humilis Marsh. PRAIRIE WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1185.) A shrub, i- 
 2.5 m. long, the twigs tomentose or pubescent, terete. Leaves oblanceolate, petioled, 
 5-10 cm; long, 8-1 6 mm. wide, acute at both ends or the lower broader and obtuse 
 at the apex, sparingly denticulate, the margins slightly revolute, the upper surface 
 dark green, dull, puberulent or glabrous; petioles 4-6 mm. long; stipules obliquely 
 lanceolate or ovate, acute, commonly persistent; aments unfolding much before the 
 leaves, sessile, ovoid-oblong, short, dense; stigmas nearly sessile; capsule narrowly 
 conic. In dry soil,.N. S. to western Ont., south to N. Car., Tenn. and Neb. Hy- 
 bridizes with S. disr.nlnr. April-May. 
 
318 FLORA. 
 
 32. Salix tristis Ait. DWARF GRAY WILLOW. SAGE WILLOW. (I. F. f. 
 1186.) A tufted, slender shrub, 3-6 dm. tall, the twigs terete, puberulent, the 
 roots long and thick. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, some- 
 what undulate, green and puberulent or glabrous above, crowded, 2-5 cm. long, 
 their margins revolute; petioles about 2 mm. long; stipules minute, deciduous; 
 aments expanding much before the leaves, dense, very small, sessile; bracts per- 
 sistent; stigmas sessile or nearly so; capsule ovoid with a long, slender beak, tomen- 
 tulose, about 6 mm. long. In dry soil, N. S. (?), Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and 
 Tenn. March-April. 
 
 33. Salix Candida Fluegge. HOARY WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1193.) An erect 
 shrub, 6-15 dm. tall, the older twigs red or purple and terete, the younger densely 
 white-tomentose. Leaves green and loosely tomentose or becoming glabrate above 
 when mature, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or 
 entire, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. 
 wide, their margins slightly revolute; petioles 3-4 mm. long; stipules lanceolate- 
 subulate, about equalling the petioles, deciduous; aments expanding before the 
 leaves, dense, cylindric, the staminate about 2.5 cm. long, the pistillate 3-5 cm. 
 long in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule ovoid-conic, acute, 5-6 mm. long. 
 In bogs, Lab. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Iowa and Mont. Hybridizes with S. 
 petiolaris and S. cor data. May. 
 
 34. Salix sericea Marsh. SILKY WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1188.) A shrub, 2-4 m. 
 tall, with slender purplish puberulent twigs, the young leaves densely silky-pubes- 
 cent. Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed or 
 obtuse at the base, serrulate all around with gland-tipped teeth, dark green above, 
 paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, turning brown or black in drying, 6-10 cm. 
 long, 1-2 cm. wide; stipules narrow, deciduous; petioles 4-14 mm. long, sometimes 
 glandular; aments expanding before the leaves, sessile, usually with a few leafy 
 bracts at the base, dense, the staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 2-4 cm. long 
 in fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, about 4 
 mm. long. In swamps and along streams, Me. to Mich, and Va. May. 
 
 Salix sericea subserlcea (Anders.) Rydb. Leaves less silky, more sharply serrate ; 
 capsule smaller. N. Y. to Mich. (S. petiolaris subsericea Anders.). 
 
 35. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. SILVER WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1190.) An erect 
 or diffuse shrub, 1.5-6 dm. high, the twigs dark green, nearly terete, shining. 
 Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at each end or the lower obtuse, short-petioled, 
 entire or crenulate, bright green and glabrous alx>ve, persistently silvery-silky 
 beneath, 3-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, the margins slightly revolute; aments un- 
 folding with the leaves, leafy-bracted at the base, dense, 2.5 cm. or less long; scales 
 persistent, villous; capsule oblong-conic, acute, 2-3 mm. long, about twice as long 
 as its pedicel. Lab. and Quebec to the White Mountains of N. H. Hybridizes 
 with S. chlorophylla. June-July. 
 
 36. Salix viminalis L. OSIER WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1194.) A small slender 
 tree or shrub, with terete green twigs. Leaves sparingly repand-crenulate or 
 entire, reyolute-margined, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, persist- 
 ently silvery-silky beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide; stipules narrow, 
 deciduous; aments expanding before the leaves, dense, the pistillate 5-7 cm. long 
 and I cm. in diameter in fruit ; capsule narrowly ovoid-conic, acute, about 6 mm. 
 long. Cultivated for wickerware and occasionally escaped into wet places in the 
 Eastern and Middle States. Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 37. Salix chlorophylla Anders. TEA- LEAVED WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1195.) 
 A shrub, 3-30 dm. high, much branched, the twigs glabrous, dark purple-green, 
 sometimes glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, acute . or obtuse at the 
 apex, minutely repand-crenulate or entire, narrowed at the base, bright green and 
 shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; petioles 
 6-16 mm. long; stipules minute, fugacious, or wanting; aments sessile, dense, 
 oblong-cylindric, the staminate 2 cm. or less long, the pistillate 2-5 cm. long in 
 fruit; bracts villous, persistent; capsule conic, acute, 5 mm. long. Swamps, Lab. 
 to Br. Col., and the White Mountains of N. H., and Colo. Summer. [S. phylli- 
 cifolia Bebb, not L.] 
 
 38. Salix Groenlandica (Anders.) Lundst. GREENLAND WILLOW. A low 
 
SALICACEAE. 319 
 
 cespitose shrub, 1-2 dm. high, much branched, with short stout branches and 
 dark brown or purplish bark. Leaves crowded, obovate, when young covered with 
 long white hairs, soon glabrate above, more tardily so below, entire, obtuse, bright 
 green; petioles short, 2-5 mm. long; aments short and very dense, oblong-obovoid; 
 capsule ovoid, densely white-villous. Geeenland, Baffin Bay region, and Labrador. 
 
 39. Salix arctica Pall. ARCTIC WILLOW. GROUND WILLOW. (I. F. f. 
 1197.) A low branching shrub, 1-3 dm., seldom 1-2 m., high, the twigs terete or 
 nearly so. Leaves glabrous, elliptic or broadly obovate, entire, obtuse and usually 
 rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, long-petioled, pale and 
 glaucous beneath; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long; aments dense, oblong; capsule 
 conic, villous. Arctic America and Asia. Summer. 
 
 40. Salix anglorum Cham. ROBERT BROWN'S WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1196.) 
 A low, branched shrub with prostrate branches, the twigs 4-angled, slender. Leaves 
 glabrous, slightly silky when young, acute or the lower obtuse at the apex, entire 
 or wavy, narrowed at the base, the lower surface pale or glaucous, the margins not 
 revolute; petioles only 10-15 mm. long ; stipules narrow, deciduous ; capsule ovoid - 
 conic, tomentose, acute, about 5-8 mm. long. Labrador, Greenland and Anticosti 
 to Alaska. Summer. (S. Broumii Bebb.) 
 
 41. Salix vacciniformis Rydb. BLUEBERRY WILLOW. A small shrub, with 
 numerous ascending, light brown branches, which are glabrous, or very soon glabrate ; 
 leaves small, resembling those of Vacdnium uliginosum, about 2 cm. long, dark 
 and shining above, paler beneath; aments 2-3 cm. long, rather loose; capsule 7-8 
 mm., loosely villous, ovoid. Anticosti, Hudson Bay and Labrador. (S. Macounii 
 Rydb. ; not S. Richardsonii Macoimiana Bebb. ) 
 
 42. Salix callicarpaea Trautv. TRAUTVETTER'S WILLOW. A very low de- 
 pressed shrub with the habit of S. Uva-ursi, with light yellow glabrous twigs; leaves 
 small, about 1.5 cm. long and I cm. wide, bright green above, a little glaucous 
 beneath, strongly reticulated; petioles 1-5 mm. long; aments about 2 cm. long, 
 dense; capsule 4-6 mm., grayish tomentose, ovate. Mt. Gaspe, Quebec and Lab- 
 rador. 
 
 43. Salix glaiica L. NORTHERN WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1192.) A low arctic 
 shrub, with terete brown twigs, the young shoots and leaves densely silky, becom- 
 ing glabrate when old, turning black in drying. Leaves elliptic or obovate, entire, 
 obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; 
 petioles i-io mm. long; stipules deciduous; the staminate aments dense, about 
 2 cm. long, the pistillate 4-7 cm. long in fruit, rather loose. Arctic America from 
 Labrador to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and and Asia. Summer. 
 
 44. Salix Waghornei Rydb. WAGHORNE'S WILLOW. A low shrub, 1-3 
 dm. high, with brown shining bark; branches at first slightly silky, soon glabrate; 
 leaves 2-3 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm. wide, at first somewhat silky, soon glabrate, 
 obtuse or rounded at the base, rounded at the apex, light green above, slightly 
 glaucous beneath, thin, entire; petioles 1-5 mm. long; aments dense, short; the 
 staminate ones 1-2 cm. long; pistillate in fruit 2-2.5 cm. Labrador. August. 
 
 45. Salix atra Rydb. BLACKENING WILLOW. A low shrub, with ascending 
 dark brown branches, which are more or less villous when young; leaves small, 
 1.5-2.5 cm. long, when young covered with long white appressed hairs, dark green 
 above, pale beneath, blackening in drying; aments 1.5-3 cm. long, rather dense; 
 capsule ovoid. Labrador and Hudson Bay. 
 
 46. Salix stricta (Anders.) Rydb. DRUMMOND'S WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1191.) 
 A shrub, 2-5 dm. high, with purplish -green or yellowish twigs. Leaves oblong or 
 oblanceolate, acute at the apex and cuneate at the base or the lower obtuse at 
 both ends, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, tomentose on both sides or glabrate 
 above when old, 15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stipules fugacious; aments expand- 
 ing with the leaves, dense, 1-2 cm. or less long, leafy-bracted at the base; capsule 
 ovoid-conic, acute, densely tomentose, about 5 mm. long. Anticosti and Quebec 
 to western arctic America, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colo. Summer. 
 (S. desert or um Bebb; not Richards.) 
 
 47. Salix Labradorica Rydb. LABRADOR WILLOW. A low shrub; older 
 bark dark brown and shining; young shoots more or less densely villous; leaves 
 broadly ovate, often obtuse or subcordate at the base, firm, dark and glossy above, 
 more or less glaucous beneath, on both surfaces invested with villous hairs, blacken- 
 
320 FLORA, 
 
 ing in drying; aments densely many-flowered, about 3 cm. long; bracts oblong, 
 brown, villous; capsule 6-8 mm. long, ovoid-conic, densely white-villous. Lab. 
 Summer. 
 
 48. Salix vestita Pursh. HAIRY WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1183.) A low shrub, 
 1-2 dm. seldom 5 dm. high, the twigs 4-sided, green. Leaves obovate, thick, 
 mostly retuse or emarginate at the apex, slightly crenulate, narrowed or rounded at 
 the base, dark green and glabrous above, persistently tomentose-silky beneath, short- 
 petioled, 2-5 cm. long; petioles 4-8 mm. long, channeled, not glandular; aments 
 slender, stalked; pistillate 3-5 cm. long in fruit; capsules narrowly ovoid-conic, 
 sessile, densely silky-tomentose, about 6 mm. long. Lab. and Quebec to the N. W. 
 Terr, and Ore. June. 
 
 49. Salix orbicularis Anders. ROUND-LEAVED NET-VEINED WILLOW. A low 
 shrub, closely resembling S. reticulata, but stems more purplish; leaves generally 
 more rounded, often subcordate at the base, purple or brown-veined, but most 
 easily distinguished by the broadly obovate bracts. Lab. to Alaska and Br. Col. 
 (S. reticulata of American authors, mostly.) 
 
 50. Salix reticula"ta L. NET-VEINED WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1182.) Aprocum- 
 bent shrub, 5-3 dm. high, often sending out roots from the twigs, the young 
 shoots 4-sided, purple-green. Leaves elliptic or obovate, thick, obtuse, narrowed 
 or rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate or entire, slender- petioled, glabrous or 
 somewhat silky-pubescent when young, dark green above, not shining, glaucous 
 and strongly reticulate-veined beneath, 2-4 cm. long; petioles 8-20 mm. long, 
 channeled; stipules oblong, obtuse; aments terminal, long-stalked, dense; filaments 
 pubescent at the base; capsule ovoid-conic, tomentose, about 6 mm. long. Lab. 
 Very rare. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June. 
 
 51. Salix purpurea L. PURPLE WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1180.) A slender shrub 
 or small tree, with purplish flexible twigs, maximum height about 3.5 m. ; branches 
 often trailing; bark smooth and very bitter. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 
 acute, serrulate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous, green above, paler 
 and somewhat glaucous beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; stipules minute; peti- 
 oles 2-4 mm. long, not glandular; aments appearing before the leaves, dense, 
 leafy-bracted at the base, the staminate about 2 cm. long, the pistillate 3-5 cm. 
 long, sessile or nearly so; filaments and sometimes also the anthers united, pubes- 
 cent; bracts purple, persistent; capsules ovoid-conic, obtuse, tomentose, 5 mm. 
 long. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. 
 Also called Bitter, Rose and Whipcord Willow. April-May. 
 
 Order 4. MYRICALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious 
 flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary i -celled ; style short; stig- 
 mas 2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family. 
 
 Family i. MYRICACEAE Dumort. 
 
 ._ 
 
 Bay berry Family. 
 
 Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in 
 the axils of the bracts Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens 
 inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the 
 sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets ; stigmas 
 linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. 
 Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle very short. Two genera and 35 
 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets; leaves serrate or entire, estipulate. i. Myrtca. 
 
 Ovary subtended by 8 linear persistent bractlets; leaves pinnatifid, stipulate. 
 
 2. Comptonia. 
 
/. El TNERIALES 3 2 1 
 
 i. MYRICA L. 
 
 Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted. Staminate aments oblong 
 or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate 
 aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, mostly short, bracelets. 
 Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] 
 Besides the following species, another occurs in the Southern States and 2 on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 Bractlets of pistillate aments persistent, clasping the drupes; low bog shrub. 
 
 1. M. Gale. 
 Rractlets of pistillate aments deciduous, the ripe drupes separated. 
 
 Slender tree; leaves mostly acute, narrow; drupe less than 2 mm. in diameter. 
 
 2. M. cerifera. 
 Shrub; leaves mostly obtuse, broader; drupe 2-3 mm. in diameter. 
 
 3. M. Carolinensis. 
 
 1. Myrica Gale L. SWEET GALE. (I. F. f. 1159.) A shrub, the twigs dark 
 brown. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse and dentate at the apex, narrowed to a 
 cuneate entire base, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and puber- 
 ulent or glabrous beneath, 2-6 cm. long, unfolding after the aments; staminate 
 aments linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, crowded; pistillate aments ovoid-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, alxmt 8 mm. long, their bracts imbricated; drupe resinous-waxy, not longer 
 than the 2 ovate persistent bractlets. In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, S. N. Y., 
 Va., Mich, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 2. Myrica cerifera L. WAX MYRTLE. (I. F. f. 1160.) A slender dioecious 
 tree, the bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 mostly acute, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at the base, fragrant, short- 
 petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath, golden-resin- 
 ous, 2-8 cm. long, unfolding with or before the aments; staminate aments cylindric; 
 pistillate aments short, oblong ; ripe drupes globose, bluish white, waxy, tipped 
 with the base of the style, long-persistent. In sandy swamps or wet woods, Md. 
 to Fla., Tex., north to Ark. March-April. 
 
 3. My; ica Caroline ;sis Mill. WAXBERRY. BAYBERRY. (I. F. f. 1161.) A 
 shrub, 0.5-2.5 m. high, with smooth gray bark, the twigs often pubescent. Leaves 
 oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous above, often pubescent beneath, resinous, 5-10 
 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, serrate with a few low teeth above the middle, or entire, 
 obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; stam- 
 inate aments cylindric or oblong, 6-18 mm. long; pistillate aments short, oblong ; 
 ripe drupes globose, bluish white, very waxy, long- persistent. In dry or moist 
 sandy soil, N. S. to Fla. and Ala. and on the shores of Lake Erie. Occurs also in 
 bogs in N. N. J. and Penn. April- May. 
 
 2. COMPTONIA Banks. 
 
 A low, branching shrub with terete brown branches and narrow, deeply pin- 
 natifid leaves, the young foliage pubescent. Aments expanding with the leaves, 
 the staminate ones and their fluwers as in Myrica. Fertile aments globose-ovoid, 
 on monoecious plants appearing below the staminate, several-flowered. Ovary sub- 
 tended by 8 linear- subulate persistent bractlets, which form an involucre to the 
 ovoid-oblong bony nut. Fruit bur-like. [Name in honor of R- v. Henry Comp- 
 ton, 1632-17:3, bishop of Oxford.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. SWEET FERN. (I. F. f. 1162.) 
 Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, short-petioled, obtuse 
 or subacute at the apex, deeply pinnatifid into numerous oblique lobes, fragrant ; 
 stipules semi-cordate, mostly deciduous ; staminate aments clustered at the ends of 
 the branches, 2.5 cm. long or less, their bracts reniform, acute ; pistillate aments 
 bur-like in fruit, the subulate bractlets longer than the light brown, shining, striate, 
 obtuse nut. In dry soil, especially on hillsides, N. S. to Man., N. Car., Ind. and 
 Mich. April-May. 
 
 Order 5. LEITNERIALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with dioecious small flowers in aments, and simple 
 entire petioled alternate leaves. Staminate flowers with no perianth. 
 
322 FLORA. 
 
 Pistillate flowers subtended by 3 or 4 bractlets (perianth?). Ovary 
 i-celled; style slender, stigmatic above ; ovule laterally affixed, amphit- 
 ropous. Endosperm thin. Only one family. 
 
 Family i. LEITNERIACEAE Drude. 
 
 Cork-wood Family. 
 
 Aments expanding before the leaves. Staminate flowers with 3-12 
 stamens inserted on the receptacle ; filaments distinct ; anthers, oblong 
 erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style terminal, grooved 
 and flattened, recurved, caducous. Fruit an oblong drupe with thin 
 exocarp and hard endocarp. Testa thin. Cotyledons flat, cordate at the 
 base ; radicle short, superior. Comprising only the following genus of 
 the southern U. S. 
 
 i. LEITNERIA Chapm. 
 
 Characters of the family. One species, or perhaps two. [In honor of Dr. E. F. 
 Leitner, a German naturalist, killed in Florida during the Seminole war.] 
 
 i. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. LEITNERIA. CORK-WOOD. (I. F. f. 1163.) 
 Bark gray and rather smooth ; young twigs, leaves and aments densely pubescent. 
 Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, bright green, firm, 
 0.7-1.5 dm. long, finely pubescent, at least on the veins, and rugose-reticulated 
 beneath; staminate aments ascending, 2-5 cm. long, their bracts triangular-ovate, 
 acute, tomentose; pistillate aments shorter, borne toward the ends of the twigs; 
 drupe slightly compressed, about 2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, rugose-reticulated. 
 In swamps, S. Mo. to Tex., and in Fla. Wood lighter than cork and probably 
 the lightest wood known, weighing only about 12^ Ibs. per cubic foot. March. 
 
 Order 6. BALANOPSIDALES, 
 
 includes only the family Balanopsidaceae, comprising the genus Balanops 
 of Australasia. 
 
 Order 7. JUGLANDALES/ 
 
 Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious 
 bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate 
 solitary or several together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous 
 stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the 
 bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, 
 the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 
 bracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3~5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) 
 calyx or with both calyx and petals, and an inferior i -celled or incom- 
 pletely 2-4-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropotis ; styles 2, 
 stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit in our genera a drupe with inde- 
 hiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; 
 also regarded as an involucre), enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which 
 is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. 
 Cotyledons corrugated, very oily. Radicle minute, superior. Only one 
 family. 
 
 Family i. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Walnut Family. 
 
 Characters of the order. Six genera and about 35 species, mostly 
 of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. The young leaves 
 in the bud are stipulate in at least two species of Hicoria. 
 
 Husk indehiscent; nut rugose or sculptured. i. Juglans. 
 
 Husk at length splitting into segments; nut smooth or angled* 2. Hicoria. 
 
JUGLANDACEAE. 323 
 
 x. JUGLANS L. 
 
 Trees, with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd- 
 pinnate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes 
 early perishing. Staminate flowers in drooping cylindric aments, borne on the 
 twigs of the previous year; perianth 3-6-lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. 
 Pistillate flowers on a terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the 
 calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the sinuses ; styles fim- 
 briate, very short. Drupe large, globose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, 
 fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp bony, rugose or sculptured, 2-4-celled at the 
 base, indehiscent, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name a contraction of 
 the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.] About 8 species, natives of the north 
 temperate zone, i in the W. I., I or 2 in the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following 
 I or 2 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Fruit globose, obtuse, not viscid ; petioles puberulent. I. J. nigra. 
 
 Fruit oblong, pointed, viscid ; petioles pubescent. 2. J. cinerea. 
 
 1. Juglans nigra L. BLACK WALNUT. (I. F. f. 1149.) A large forest tree 
 with rough brown bark, the twigs of the season and petioles puberulent, the older 
 twigs glabrous or very nearly so. Leaflets 13-23, ovate-lanceolate, more or less 
 inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, serrate, 
 pubescent beneath, 7-13 cm. long; staminate aments 7-14 cm. long; drupes usually 
 solitary or 2 together, globose or a little longer than thick, 3-8 cm. in diameter, 
 papillose; nut corrugated, slightly compressed, 4-celled at the base. In rich 
 woods, Mass, to S. Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe 
 Oct.-Nov. 
 
 2. Juglans cinerea L. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. OIL-NUT. (I. F. f. 
 1150.) A forest tree, resembling the Black Walnut, the bark gray, smoother, the 
 twigs, petioles and leaflets viscid-pubescent, at least when young. Leaflets 11-19, 
 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely inequilateral, obtuse, rounded or truncate at 
 the base, serrate ; drupes racemed, 5-8 cm. long and about one-half as thick, pointed ; 
 nut 4-ribbed, deeply sculptured, and with sharp longitudinal ridges, firmly adherent 
 to the husk, 2 -celled at the base. In rich or rocky woods, N. B. and Ont. to N. 
 Dak., Neb., Del., Ga., Miss, and Ark. April-May. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 2. HICORIA Raf. [CARYA Nutt.] 
 
 Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves and serrate or serrulate leaflets. Staminate 
 flowers in slender drooping aments, borne in 3*5 on a common peduncle at the base 
 of the shoots of the season, or clustered and sessile or nearly so in the axils of leaf- 
 scars at the summit of twigs of the preceding year; calyx adnate to the bract, 
 2-3-lobed or 2-3-cleft; stamens 3-10; filaments short. Pistillate flowers 2-6, 
 together on a terminal peduncle; bract fugacious or none; calyx 4-toothed; petals 
 none; styles 2 or 4, papillose or fimbriate, short. Fruit subglobose, oblong or 
 obovoid, the husk separating more or less completely into 4 valves ; nut bony, in- 
 completely 2-4-celled. [From the aboriginal name Hicori.] About 15 species, 
 natives of eastern North America, one in Mexico. 
 
 Bud-scales valvate ; lateral leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, falcate. 
 Nut not compressed or angled ; seed sweet. i. H. Pecan. 
 
 Nut somewhat compressed or angled ; seed intensely bitter. 
 
 Leaflets 7-9 ; nut smooth. 2. H. minima. 
 
 Leaflets 9-13 ; nut angled. 3. H. aquatica. 
 
 Bud-scales imbricate; lateral leaflets not falcate. 
 
 Husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base ; middle lobe of the staminate calyx 
 narrow, often at least twice as long as the lateral ones. 
 Bark shaggy, separating in long plates. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 (rarely 7) ; nut rounded at the base, 1-2 cm. long. 
 Leaflets oblong- lanceolate to obovate ; twigs puberulent. 
 
 4. H. ovata. 
 Leaflets narrowly lanceolate ; twigs glaucous. 
 
 5. H. Carolinae-septentrionalis. 
 Leafcts 7-9; nut usually pointed at both ends, 2.5-3 cm - 
 
 6. H. laciniosa. 
 
324 FLORA. 
 
 Bark close, rough ; leaflets 7-9. 
 
 Foliage persistently stellate-pubescent ; staminate aments stellate-woolly. 
 
 7. H. alba. 
 Mature leaves glabrous, or nearly so ; staminate aments slightly pubescent. 
 
 8. H.pallida. 
 Husk of fruit thin, not freely splitting to the base ; lobes of the staminate calyx 
 
 mostly nearly equal. 
 
 Fruit nearly globular; nut thin-shelled; bark, at least that of old trees, separat- 
 ing in strips. 
 
 Fruit little flattened ; middle lobe of staminate calyx short. 
 
 9. //. microcarpa. 
 Fruit much flattened; middle lobe of staminate calyx long. 
 
 10. H. borealis. 
 Fruit obovoid; nut thick-shelled ; bark close. 
 
 Foliage nearly or quite glabrous. n. H. glabra. 
 
 Foliage with silvery peltate glands. 12. //. villosa. 
 
 1. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton. PECAN. (I. F. f. 1151.) A large tree, 
 with rough bark. Young twigs and leaves pubescent; mature foliage nearly gla- 
 brous; bud-scales few, small; leaflets 11-15, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, 
 inequilateral, acuminate, 1-1.8 dm. long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so, 
 1.2-1.5 dm. l n g> middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, much longer than the 
 oblong lateral ones; fruit oblong-cylindric, 3-6 cm. long; husk thin, 4-valved; nut 
 smooth, oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, 2-celted at base, dissepiments thin, very 
 astringent; seed delicious. In moist soil, especially along streams, Ind. to Iowa, 
 Mo., Ky. and Tex. April -May. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. [C. olivaeformis Nutt.j 
 
 2. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton. BITTER-NUT. SWAMP HICKORY. (IF. 
 f. 1152.) A slender tree, the bark close, rough. Bud-scales 6-8, small, caducous; 
 young foliage puberulent; leaflets 7-9, sessile, long-acuminate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, 
 1-3 cm. wide, the lateral ones falcate; staminate aments slightly pubescent; lobes 
 of the staminate calyx about equal, the middle one narrower; fruit subglobose, nar- 
 rowly 6-ridged, 2-3.5 cm - ^ n diameter; husk thin, tardily and irregularly 4-valved; 
 nut short-pointed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, thin-shelled. In moist woods and swamps, 
 Quebec to Out., Minn., Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 3. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britton. WATER HICKORY. (I. F. f. 1153.) 
 A swamp tree, the bark close, the young foliage pubescent, becoming nearly gl i- 
 brous when mature. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, or the terminal one oblong, long- 
 acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 0.7-1.3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the 
 lateral strongly falcate; staminate aments and calyx as in the preceding species; 
 fruit oblong, ridged, 2-3.5 cm - l n g> pointed; husk thin, tardily splitting; nut oblong, 
 thin-shelled, angular. In river swamps, Va. to Fla., 111., Ark. and Tex. March- 
 April. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 4. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. SHAG-BARK. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. (I. F. 
 f. 1154.) A large tree; bark shaggy in narrow plates; young twigs and leaves 
 puberulent. Leaflets 5, or sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or the upper 
 obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1-1.5 dm. long, those 
 of young plants much larger; bud-scales 8-10, the inner becoming very large; fruit 
 subglobose, 2.5-5.5 cm - l n g: husk thick, soon splitting; nut white, somewhat com- 
 pressed, 4-celled at the base, 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) above, pointed, slightly 
 angled, thin-shelled. In rich soil, Quebec to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
 May. Fruit ripe Sept -Nov. \Carya alba Nutt., not Juglans alba L.] 
 
 5. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. SOUTHERN SHAG BARK. (I. F. 
 f. H54a.) A tree, with gray bark hanging in loose strips. Bud-scales 8-10, the 
 inner greatly enlarging in leafing; terminal bud ovoid-lanceolate, truncate: twigs 
 slender, glaucous, smooth, purplish brown; staminate aments glabrous; young 
 foliage blackening in drying, glabrous, ciliate, with few resinous globules; leaflets 
 3-5; fruit subglobose, 1.5-3 cm - l n g; husk soon falling into 4 pieces; nut white or 
 brownish, much compressed, angled, cordate or subcordate at top, thin-shelled. 
 Sandy or rocky woods, Del. to Ga. and Tenn. 
 
 6. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg. BIG SHAG-BARK. KING-NUT. (I. F. 
 f. 1155.) A large tree, the bark separating in long narrow plates, the young foliage 
 densely puberulent, the mature leaves somewhat so beneath. Leaflets 7-9 (rarely 
 5), acute or acuminate, sometimes 2 dm. long; middle lobe of the staminate calyx 
 
JUGLANDACEAE. $2$ 
 
 linear, twice as long as the lateral ones; fruit oblong, 5-8 cm. long; husk thick, 
 soon splitting to the base; nut oblong, somewhat compressed, thick-shelled, pointed 
 at both ends, yellowish white. In rich soil, N. Y. and Penn. to Ind., Iowa, Tenn., 
 Kans. and the Ind. Terr. May. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. \Carya sulcata Nutt] 
 
 7 Hicoria alba (L.) Britton. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. MOCKER-NUT. (I. F. 
 f. 1156.) A large tree, the foliage and twigs persistently tomentose-stellate- 
 pubescent, fragrant when crushed ; bark close; bud-scales large; leaflets 7-9, oblong- 
 lanceolate or the upper oblanceolate or obovate, long-acuminate; middle lobe of the 
 staminate calyx linear, much longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or oblong- 
 globose, 3-9 cm. long; husk thick; nut grayish-white, angled, pointed at the sum- 
 mit, little compressed, thick-shelled, 4-celled at the base. In rich soil, Mass, to 
 Out., 111., Neb , Fla. and Tex. May-June. Frui tripe Oct. -Nov. [C. foment osa Nutt.] 
 
 8. Hicoria pallida Ashe. PALE-LEAVED HICKORY. A forest tree with very 
 rough gray bark and purple-brown twigs, the buds sharp-pointed, their scales 5-9. 
 Leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous or nearly so 
 when old, pale and with numerous silvery scales beneath, the rachis stellate- pubes- 
 cent, at least when young; middle lobe of the staminate calyx linear, somewhat 
 longer than the lateral ones; fruit usually subglobose, sometimes oval or pyriform, 
 the husk rather thin, sometimes tardily splitting; nut laterally flattened, 4-celled at 
 the base. In dry soil, S. Va. to Tenn., Ga. and Ala. April-May. (H. villosa 
 pallida Ashe.) 
 
 9. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. (I. F. f. 
 1157.) A forest tree, the older bark separating in narrow plates, the foliage gla- 
 brous. Bud -scales 6-8; leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the 
 apex, 9-13 cm. long ; staminate aments glabrous; middle lobe of the staminate 
 calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones; fruit globose or globose- 
 oblong, less than 2.5 cm. long, the husk thin, tardily and incompletely splitting to 
 the base; nut subglobose, slightly compressed, thin-shelled, pointed ; seed sweet. In 
 rich woods. Mass, to Mich., Va., 111. and Mo. May-June. P>uit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 10. Hicoria bo^ealis Ashe. NORTHERN HICKORY. (I. F. f. ii56b.) A 
 small tree, with rough furrowed bark when young, becoming shaggy in narrow 
 strips with age. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner bright-colored and seri- 
 ceous; terminal bud ovoid-lanceolate; twigs slender, glabrous, bright brownish 
 red; middle lobe of staminate calyx much prolonged; young leaves blackening in 
 drying, ciliate, with few resinous globules on lower surface; leaflets 5, occasionally 
 3, lanceolate, the upper 9-15 cm. long; fruit ovoid, much flattened. 1.5 cm. long 
 or more; husk very thin, rugose, coriaceous, usually not splitting; shell thin and 
 elastic; seed large, sweet and edible. A small tree of dry uplands, growing with 
 oaks and H. microcarpa. Mich., Detroit river. Probably also in S. Ont. 
 
 ix. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. PIG-NUT HICKORY. (I. F. f. 1158.) 
 A tree, the bark close, rough; foliage glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Bud- 
 scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner ones enlarging; leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, oblong, 
 oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at the apex, mostly 
 narrowed at the base, 7 I 5 cm * l n g> ^ n young plants much larger; staminate 
 aments glabrous, peduncled in 3*5; lobes of the staminate calyx about equal in 
 length, the middle one narrower; fruit obovoid or obovoid-oblong, 3.5-5 cm. long; 
 husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent; nut brown, angled, pointed, very 
 thick-shelled; seed astringent and bitter, not edible. In dry or moist woods, Me. 
 to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. Fruit ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 Hicoria gl&bra hirsuta Ashe. Similar to type, but leaves larger, pubescent beneath, 
 thinner, generally destitute of resinous globules on the lower surface; fruit larger. Va. 
 to Ga. 
 
 X2. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. SCURFY HICKORY. WOOLLY PIG-NUT. 
 I. F. f. H56a.) A small or medium sized tree, with deeply furrowed dark gray 
 bark. Buds of 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer usually thickly dotted with resinous 
 globules; lateral buds mostly short-stiped ; staminate aments pubescent, and gland 
 and scurf covered ; twigs usually glabrous, bright purple-brown; petiole pubescent; 
 leaflets 5-9, at first thickly covered beneath with silvery peltate glands, mixed with 
 resinous globules, generally pubescent; fruit about 2.5 cm. long, obovoid, the husk 
 partly splitting; nut brown, thick-shelled, angled; seed small, but sweet. Mo. 
 
326 FLORA. 
 
 Order 8. FAGALES. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with small monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers 
 in aments, or the pistillate ones subtended by an involucre, which be- 
 comes a bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla none. 
 Endosperm none. 
 
 Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. i. Betulaceae. 
 
 Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit. 
 
 Fam. 2. Fagaceae. 
 
 Family i. BETULACEAE Agardh. 
 Birch Family. 
 
 Monoecious or rarely dioecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled 
 simple leaves, and small flowers in aments. Stipules mostly fugacious. 
 Staminate aments pendulous. Staminate flowers 1-3 together in the axil 
 of each bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or none, and 
 2-10 stamens inserted on the receptacle, their filaments distinct, their 
 anthers 2-celled, the anther-sacs sometimes distinct and borne on the 
 forks of the 2-cleft filaments. Pistillate aments spike-like or capitate. 
 Pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the solitary i-2-celled 
 ovary ; style 2-cleft or 2-divided ; ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary, 
 anatropous, pendulous. Fruit a small, mostly i-celled and i-seeded nut 
 or samara. Testa membranous. Endosperm none. Cotyledons fleshy. 
 Radicle short. Six genera and about 75 species, mostly natives of the 
 northern hemisphere. 
 
 Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, destitute of a calyx ; pistillate flowers 
 with a calyx. 
 
 Staminate flowers with no bractlets ; pistillate aments spike-like ; nut small, sub- 
 tended by or enclosed in a large bractlet. 
 
 Fruiting bractlet flat, 3 cleft and incised. i. Carpinus. 
 
 Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, closed, membranous. 2. Ostrya. 
 
 Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets ; pistillate flowers 2-4, capitate ; nut large, enclosed 
 
 by a leafy involucre. 3. Corylus. 
 
 Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx ; pistillate flowers 
 without a calyx. 
 
 Stamens 2 ; filaments 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac ; fruiting bracts 3-lobed 
 
 or entire, deciduous. 4. Betula. 
 
 Stamens 4; anther-sacs adnate; fruiting bracts woody, eroseor 5-toothed, persistent. 
 
 5. Ainu s, 
 
 i. CARPINUS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with smooth gray bark, furrowed and ridged stems, and 
 straight- veined leaves, the primary veins terminating in the larger teeth. Aments 
 expanding before the leaves. Staminate aments linear-cylindric, sessile at the 
 ends of short lateral branches of the preceding season, their flowers consisting of 
 3-12 stamens; filaments short, 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate 
 flowers in small terminal aments, 2 to each bract, consisting of a 2-celled ovary 
 adnate to a calyx and subtended by a flat persistent bractlet, which becomes 
 much enlarged, foliiceous and lobed or incised in fruit, the bracts deciduous; stigmas 
 2, subulate. Nut small, ovoid, acute, borne at the base of the large bractlet. [The 
 ancient name.] About I2 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the 
 following American. 
 
 i. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. 
 WATER BEECH. (I. F. f. 1207.) A small tree, with slender terete gray twigs. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, rounded or 
 subcordate at the base, somewhat inequilateral, 0.6-1 dm. long, slightly pubes- 
 cent on the veins beneath; petioles very slender; staminate aments 2-3 cm. long, 
 their bracts triangular-ovate, puberulent; bractlet of the pistillate flowers 3-lobed 
 
BE T ULA CEA E. 3 2 7 
 
 at the base, strongly veined and about 2.5 cm. long when mature, its middle lobe 
 lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as the lateral ones, incised-dentate on one side, often 
 nearly entire on the other ; nut 4 mm. long. In moist wdods and along streams, 
 N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 2. OSTRYA Scop. 
 
 Trees similar to the Hornbeams, the aments expanding with or before the leaves. 
 Staminate aments sessile at the ends of branchlets of the preceding season; fila- 
 ments 2-cleft. Pistillate aipnts small, terminal, erect, the flowers 2 to each bract, 
 subtended by a tubular, pffsistent bractlet which enlarges into a nerved, bladder- 
 like sac in fruit. Style slender; stigmas 2, subulate. Nut ovoid-oblong, com- 
 pressed, smooth, sessile in the base of the inflated sac. Mature pistillate ament 
 hop-like. [The ancient name.] Four species, the following, I in the Southwest, I 
 in Europe and Asia, I Japanese. 
 
 I. Ostrya Virginidria(MilL) Willd. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. (I. F. f. 
 1208.) Bark scaly. Twigs pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
 the base rounded or inequilateral, sharply and doubly serrate, sparingly pubescent 
 above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, 6-15 cm. long; petioles rarely more than 
 4 mm. long; staminate aments 3-7.5 cm. long, their bracts triangular-ovate, acumi- 
 nate; bractlet of each fertile flower forming a sac 12-16 mm. long in fruit, cuspi- 
 date, pubescent, villous near and at the base with bristly hairs, finely reticulated; 
 nut 5 mm. long, shining; ripe fertile aments 4-7 cm. long. In dry woods, Cape 
 Breton I. toS Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe July. -Aug. 
 
 3. CORYLUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with broad thin serrulate or incised leaves. Staminate 
 aments sessile at the ends of twigs of the previous season, expanding much before 
 the leaves, the flowers with about 4 stamens and 2 bractlets; filaments 2-cleft or 2- 
 divided, each fork bearing an anther-sac, which is villous at the summit. Calyx 
 none. Pistillate flowers from scaly buds, clustered at the ends of short branches of 
 the season, each in the axil of a bract, consisting of an incompletely 2-celled ovary 
 adnate to a calyx, a short style and 2 slender stigmas ; bractlets 2, enlarged in fruit, 
 forming a leaf-like involucre to the nut. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony. [Name Greek, 
 from the helmet-like involucre.] Species 7, in the northern hemisphere. Besides 
 the following, another occurs in California. 
 
 Involucre of 2 broad laciniate bractlets. i. C. Americana. 
 
 Involucral bractlets united, prolonged into a tubular bristly beak. 2. C. rostrata. 
 
 1. Corylus Americana Walt. HAZEL-NUT. (I. F. f. 1209.) A shrub, 0.8- 
 2.5 m. tall, the young shoots russet-brown, densely hispid-pubescent with pinkish 
 hairs. Leaves ovate or broadly oval, acute or acuminate, serrulate all around, cor- 
 date or obtuse at the base, finely tomentose beneath, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; petioles 4-8 
 mm. long; staminate aments mostly solitary, 7-10 cm. long; involucre of the nut 
 compressed, the 2 finely pubescent leaf-like bractlets laciniate on their margins, 
 commonly broader than high; nut compressed, light brown, striate, 1-1.5 cm - ni g ft - 
 In thickets, Me. and Ont. to Man., Fla. and Kans. March- April. Nuts ripe July- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Corylus rostrata Ait. BEAKED HAZEL-NUT. (I. F. f. 1210.) A shrub, 
 similar to the preceding. Leaves ovate or narrowly oval, incised-serrate and serru- 
 late, glabrous, or with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly pubescent 
 at least on the veins beneath; 2-6 cm. wide ; involucral bractlets bristly-hairy, united 
 to the summit and prolonged into a tubular beak about twice the length of the nut, 
 laciniate at the summit; not ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate. In thickets, N. S. 
 to Br. Col., Ga., Tenn., Kans. and Ore. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. ETULA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Aromatic trees or shrubs, with dentate or serrate leaves, scaly buds and flowers 
 of both kinds in aments expanding before or with the leaves. Staminate flowers, 
 consisting of a membranous, usually 4-toothed perianth, 2 stamens, and subtended 
 by 2 bractlets; filaments short, deeply 2-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-sac. 
 Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 (rarely I) in the axil of each bract, the bracts deciduous 
 
FLORA. 
 
 with the fruits; perianth none; ovary sessile, 2-celled; styles 2, stigmatic at the 
 apex, mostly persistent. Nut small, compressed, membranous-winged on each side 
 (a samara), shorter than the bracts. [The ancient name.] About 35 species, 
 natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 
 
 * Trees. 
 Fruiting aments peduncled ; bark chalky-white. 
 
 Leaves deltoid, acuminate; lateral lobes of fruiting bracts "short, divergent. 
 
 1. B. populifolia. 
 Leaves ovate or suborbicular ; lateral lobes of the fruiti^ bracts ascending. 
 
 2. B. papyri/era. 
 Fruiting aments peduncled ; bark greenish-brown or brown. 
 
 Western ; leaves ovate, often obtuse at the base. 3. B. fontinalis. 
 
 Eastern ; leaves rhombic, acute at both ends. 4. B. nigra. 
 
 Fruiting aments sessile, at the ends of short branches ; bark brown or yellowish. 
 Fruiting bracts 4 mm. long, lobed at the apex ; leaves shining above. 
 
 5. B. lenta. 
 Fruiting bracts 8 mm. long, lobed to about the middle ; leaves dull above. 
 
 6. B. lutea. 
 ** Shrubs. 
 
 Twigs glandular-warty ; leaves glabrous. 7. B. glandulosa. 
 Twigs not glandular-warty, glabrous or pubescent. 
 
 Leaves glabrous ; upper fruiting bracts mostly entire. 8. B. nana. 
 
 Young foliage densely pubescent ; bracts 3-lobed. 9. B. pumila. 
 
 1. Betula populifolia Marsh. AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. (I. F. f. 1211.) A 
 slender tree, with white smooth bark, tardily separating in thin sheets; twigs russet, 
 warty. Leaves deltoid, pubescent on the veins when young, nearly glabrous when 
 old, minutely glandular, long-acuminate, sharply dentate and commonly somewhat 
 lobed, obtuse or truncate .at the base, 3-6 cm. long, slerider-petioled; staminate 
 aments 5-8 cm. long; pistillate aments cylindric, in fruit 1.5-3.6 cm. long, slender- 
 peduncled; fruiting bracts puberulent, 2-4 mm. long, their lateral lobes larger than 
 the middle one; nut narrower than its wings. In moist or dry soil, N. B. to S. 
 Ont. and Del. Leaves tremulous like those of the Aspens. May. 
 
 2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. PAPER OR CANOE BIRCH. (I. F. f. 1212.) A 
 large forest tree. Bark chalky white, peeling in thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute 
 or acuminate, dentate and denticulate, glabrous above, glandular and pubescent 
 on the veins beneath, slender-petioled, 3-11 cm. long; petioles 1-3 dm. long; stam- 
 inate aments 5-10 cm. long; pistillate aments cylindric, slender-peduncled, 2-5 
 cm. long; fruiting bracts 4-6 mm. long, puberulent r ciliate; nut narrower than 
 its wings. Newf. to Alaska, Penn., Mich., Neb. and Wash. April-May. 
 
 Betula papyrifera rrlnor Tuckerm. A low bushy form, occurring on the higher 
 mountains of N. E. and N. N. Y. 
 
 3. Betula fontinalis Sargent. WESTERN RED BIRCH. (I. F. f.' 1213.) A 
 tree, the bark smooth, dark bronze, the twigs gray -brown, w.irty. Leaves broadly 
 ovate or nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, glabrous on both sides 
 or sparingly pubescent beneath, 2-5 cm. long; pistillate aments peduncled, cylin- 
 dric, 2-3 cm. long, about I cm. in diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts ciliolate, about 
 6 mm. long, their lateral lobes ascending; nut much narrower than its wings. 
 W. Neb. to Br. Col., Cal. and N. Mex. April-May. 
 
 4. Betula nigra L. RIVER BIRCH. RED BIRCH. (I. F. f. 1214.) A slen- 
 der tree; bark reddish or greenish-brown, peeling in very thin layers; twigs red- 
 dish. Young shoots, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves tomentose; leaves 
 rhombic-ovate, irregularly serrate or somewhat lobed, base cuneate, when mature 
 dark green above, pale beneath, 3-8 cm. long; petioles 6-16 mm. long; staminate 
 aments mostly clustered in 2's or 3's, 6-9 cm. long; pistillate aments oblong 
 cylindric, spreading, peduncled, 2-5 cm. long. 10-12 mm. in diameter in fruit; 
 fruiting bracts tomentose, about equally 3-lobed; nut broadly obovate, wider than 
 its wings. Along streams and lakes, Mass, and N. H. to Iowa, Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
 April-May. 
 
 5. Betula lenta L. CHERRY, BLACK OR SWEET BIRCH. (I. F. f. 1215.) 
 A large forest tree, with dark brown close smooth bark, becoming furrowed, not 
 
BETULACEAE. $2$ 
 
 separating in layers; twigs smooth, warty; young leaves silky. Mature leaves 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, the base cordate or rounded, sharply 
 serrulate, bright green, and shining above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 6-10 
 cm. long; petioles 612 mm. long; staminate aments clustered, 6-10 cm. long; 
 pistillate' aments sessile, dense, oblong, about 2.5 cm. long in fruit, nearly erect; 
 bracts appressed, about 4 mm. long, nearly equally 3-lobed, the lateral lobes some- 
 what divergent; nut oblong, broader than its wings. Newf. to Ont., Fla. and 
 Tenn. April-May. 
 
 6. Betula lutea Michx. f. YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. (I. F. .1216.) 
 A large forest tree, similar to the preceding, the bark yellowish or gray, sepa- 
 rating in thin layers or close, the twigs gray-brown. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
 mostly acuminate at the apex, rounded, obtuse or rarely subcordate at the base, 
 sharply serrulate, dark green and dull above, pubescent on the veins beneath; 
 staminate aments usually 2-4 together; pistillate aments sessile, oblong or oblong - 
 cylindric, rather loose; bracts nearly equally 3-lobed to the middle, ciliolate, the 
 lateral lobes ascending. Newf. to Manitoba, N. Car., Ga. and Tenn. April-May. 
 
 7. Betula glandulosa Michx. GLANDULAR OR SCRUB BIRCH. (I. F. f. 
 1217.) A shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the twigs brown, glandular-warty, not pubescent. 
 Leaves orbicular, oval or obovate, glabrous, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, 
 bright green above, pale and glandular-dotted beneath, short- petioled, 0.6-2.5 cm - 
 long; petioles 2-6 mm. long; staminate aments commonly solitary, 1-1.5 cm - l n g> 
 pistillate aments cylindric, erect, peduncled, 1-2.5 cm - ^ on g anc ^ about 4 mm - i 11 
 diameter in fruit; fruiting bracts glabrous, the lateral lobes divergent, rather 
 shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, usually narrower than its wings. Newf. 
 to Alaska, the higher mountains of Me. and N. N. Y., Mich., Minn., and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in Asia. June-July. 
 
 8. Betula nana L. DWARF BIRCH. (I. F. 1218.) A low diffuse shrub, 
 similar to the preceding, but the twigs glanclless. Leaves orbicular, obovate, or 
 reniform, bright green, firm, deeply and incisely crenulate, rounded at the apex, 
 6-20 mm. long; petioles rarely more than 2 mm. long; staminate aments 12.5 
 cm. long; pistillate aments oblong, 6-10 mm. long; fruiting bracts glabrous, the 
 lower usually 3-lobed, the upper ovate or lanceolate, mostly entire; nut oblong, 
 wingless or narrowly winged. Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 Betula nana flabellifolia Hook. Leaves with a'cuneate base and more deeply 
 incised-crenulate. Lab. and Newf. 
 
 9. Betula pumila L. Low BIRCH. (I. F. f. 1219.) A bog shrub, 0.5-5 m - 
 tall, the twigs brown, becoming glabrous, the young foliage densely brownish 
 tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded at both ends or 
 some of them cuneate-narrowed at the base, rather coarsely dentate, when mature 
 glabrous above, pale, persistently tomentose or becoming glabrous beneath and 
 reticulate-veined, 1-3 cm. lon.t;; petioles 3-6 mm. long; fruiting aments oblong- 
 cylindric, erect, peduncled, 2.5 cm. long or less; bracts puberulent or ciliolate, the 
 lateral lobes spreading at right angles, shorter than the middle one; nut oblong, 
 mostly rather broader than its wings. Newf. to Ont., theN. W. Terr., N. J., Ohio 
 and Minn. May -June. 
 
 5. ALNUS Gaertn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with dentate or serrulate leaves, few-scaled buds, and flowers 
 of both kinds in aments, expanding before, with or after the leaves, making their 
 first appearance during the preceding season, the staminate pendulous, the pistil- 
 late erect, clustered. Staminate flowers 3 or sometimes 6 in the axil of each bract, 
 consisting of a mostly 4-parted perianth, 4 stamens and subtended by I or 2 bract- 
 lets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs adnate. Pistillate flowers 2-3 in the axil 
 of each bract, without a perianth, but subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary 
 sessile, 2-celled; stvjles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5 -toothed 'or erose. Nut small, 
 compressed. [Ancient Latin name derived from the Celtic, in allusion to the 
 growth of these trees along streams.] About 14 species, natives of the northern 
 hemisphere and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
 hi the western parts of N. Am. 
 
330 FLORA. 
 
 Nut bordered by a membranous wing on each side. i. A. Alnobetula. 
 
 Nut acute-margined, wingless. 
 
 Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; aments expanding long before 
 the leaves. 
 
 Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. 2. A. incana. 
 
 Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. 
 
 Leaves finely serrulate; foliage not glutinous; native. 3. A. rugosa. 
 Leaves dentate serrate; twigs glutinous; introduced tree. 4. A. glutinosa. 
 Leaves oblong, bright green and shining above; aments expanding in autumn. 
 
 5. A. maritima, 
 
 1. Alnus Alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. GREEN OR MOUNTAIN ALDER, 
 (I. F. f. 1220.) A shrub, 0.5-3.5 m. high, the young foliage glutinous and more 
 or less pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, sharply and irregularly serrulate or 
 incised-serrulate, when mature dark green and glabrous above, usually pubescent 
 on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; petioles 8-25 mm. long; aments expanding 
 with the leaves, the staminate slender, naked, 3-6 cm. long, the pistillate from 
 scaly buds, oblong or ovoid-oblong, slender-peduncled, becoming 12-14 mm. lorg 
 in fruit, their bracts irregularly 5 -toothed; nut oblong, the thin wing about as 
 broad as the body. Lab. to Hudson Bay, south to the higher mountains of N. E. 
 and N. Y. Also in Europe and Asia. June. \A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh.] 
 
 2. Alnus incana (L.)Willd. SPECKLED OR HOARY ALDER. (I. F. f. 1221.) 
 A shrub, or rarely a small tree, the young shoots pubescent. Leaves oval or ovate, 
 usually acute, finely serrulate or dentate, dark green above, pale or glaucous and 
 pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, the veins prominent on the 
 lower surface; petioles 8-25 mm. long; aments appearing from naked buds, the 
 staminate 3-8 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid, 1-1.5 cm - " ori S in fruit, their bracts 
 5 -toothed; nut orbicular, coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, Newf., N. W. Terr., 
 S. N. Y., Penn. and ISeb. Also in Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 3. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch. SMOOTH ALDER. (I. F. f. 1222.) A 
 shrub, or sometimes a small tree, the bark smooth, the younger shoots somewhat 
 pubescent. Leaves green on both sides, obovate or oval, mostly obtuse and 
 rounded, sharply and minutely serrulate, when mature glabrous above, usually 
 pubescent on the veins beneath, 7-13 cm. long; aments appearing from naked 
 buds, the staminate 5-10 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid, 1-2 cm. long in fruit; nut 
 ovate, narrowly coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, or on hillsides, Me. to Ohio, 
 Minn., Fla. and Tex. March-April. [A. serrnlata Willd.] 
 
 4. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Medic. EUROPEAN ALDER. (I. F. f. 1223.) A tree, 
 the bark smooth, the foliage glutinous. Leaves broadly oval, orbicular or obovate, 
 thick, dark green, dull, often obtuse at both ends, dentate and the teeth denticulate, 
 glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; aments, the stam- 
 inate 7-1 cm. long, the pistillate ovoid-oblong, 12 cm. long in fruit; nut wing- 
 less, coriaceous-margined. In wet places, S. N. Y. and N. J., escaped from cultiva- 
 tion. Native of Europe. April. 
 
 5. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. SEASIDE ALDER. (I. F. f. 1224.) A 
 small tree, glabrous or nearly so throughout. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or ob- 
 ovate, firm, acute at both ends, bright green and shining above, pale green and dull 
 beneath, sharply serrulate, 510 cm. long; aments unfolding long after the leaves, 
 the staminate 2.5-6 cm. long, the pistillate oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; nut oblong- 
 obovate, wingless, coriaceous-margined. In wet soil, S. Del. and E. Md. ; also in 
 the Ind. Terr. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Family 2. FAGACEAE Drude. 
 Beech Faintly. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined, the 
 stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious, the staminate in 
 aments, or capitate, the pistillate subtended by an involucre of partly or 
 wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup. Petals none. Stam- 
 inate flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens ; filaments 
 slender, distinct, simple; anther-sacs adnate, longitudinally dehiscent. 
 
FAG ACE A E. 331 
 
 Pistillate flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate 
 to the 3~7-celled ovary; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, only i in each ovary 
 ripening, pendulous, anatropous ; styles as many as the cavities of the 
 ovary, linear. Fruit a i-seeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony 
 exocarp. Testa thin. Endosperm none ; cotyledons large, fleshy, often 
 rugose ; radicle short. About 5 genera and 375 species, of very wide geo- 
 graphic distribution. 
 
 Staminate flowers capitate ; nut sharply triangular. i. Fagus. 
 
 Staminate flowers in slender aments; nut rounded or plano-convex. 
 
 Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre ; involucre becoming globose and very prickly 
 
 in fruit, enclosing the nuts. 2. Castanea. 
 
 Pistillate flower, t in each involucre; involucre of numerous scales forming a cup in 
 
 fruit and subtending the acorn. 3. Quercus. 
 
 i. FAGUS L. 
 
 Trees, with smooth light gray bark, and serrate straight-veined leaves. Flowers 
 appearing with the leaves, the staminate in slender-peduncled pendulous heads, the 
 pistillate about 2 together in short-peduncled subutate-bracted involucres in the 
 upper axils. Staminate flowers yellowish-green, subtended by deciduous bracts, 
 consisting of a campamilate 4-8-lobed calyx, and 8-16 stamens with filiform fila- 
 ments. Pistillate flowers with a 6-lobed perianth adnate to a 3 -celled ovary; 
 ovules 2 in each cavity, usually I only of each ovary maturing; styles 3, filiform. 
 Nut coriaceous, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 4-valved bur. [Name irom tne 
 Greek, to eat, referring to the esculent nuts.] About 4 species, natives of the north- 
 ern hemisphere, only the following native in N. Am. 
 
 I. Fagus Americana Sweet. AMERICAN BEECH. (I. F. f. 1225.) A large 
 forest tree, the lower branches spreading. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 
 acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, densely silky when young, glabrous or nearly so when 
 mature, green on both sides, not ehining; petioles 4-12 mm. long; heads of stam- 
 inate flowers 12-18 mm. in diameter, hanging on long peduncles; bur 1-2 cm. high, 
 densely tomentose, its soft pricklets recurved or spreading; nut brown; seed sweet. 
 In rich soil, N. S. to Ont. and Wis., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Nut ripe Sept.- 
 Oct. 
 
 2. CASTANEA Adans. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with serrate straight-veined leaves, their teeth sharply acumi- 
 nate. Flowers appearing after the leaves, the staminate in narrowly cylindric 
 interrupted axillary yellowish aments, several in the axil of each bract, the bracts 
 fugacious, the pistillate in prickly involucres at the bases of the staminate aments 
 or in separate axils. Staminate flowers 2-bracteolate, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed 
 campanulate perianth and numerous stamens, sometimes also with an abortive 
 ovary; filaments filiform, long-exserted. Pistillate flowers 2-5 (commonly 3) in 
 each involucre, consisting of an urn-shaped 6-lobed perianth adnate to the mosily 
 6-celled ovary, and usually with 4-12 abortive stamens; ovules 2 in each cavity, I 
 ovule only of each ovary usually maturing ; styles as many as the cavities of the 
 ovary, slender, exserted; stigmas minute. Pistillate involucre enlarging and becom- 
 ing a globose mostly 4-valved very prickly bur in fruit, enclosing i-several nuts. 
 Nut rounded or plano-convex, I -seeded, the shell coriaceous. Seed large, sweet. 
 Style mostly persistent. [Name Greek, from a city in Thessaly.] Four or five 
 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in the southeastern United States. 
 
 Leaves green on both sides ; nuts usually 2-5 in each involucre ; large tree. 
 
 1. C. dentata. 
 Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath ; nut usually solitary ; shrub or small tree. 
 
 2. C. pumila. 
 
 x. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. AMERICAN CHESTNUT. (I. F. f. 
 1226.) A large tree, with gray bark rough in longitudinal plates. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, glabrous, firm, acuminate, coarsely serrate, with very sharp-pointed 
 ascending teeth, rather dark green above, lighter beneath, 1-3 dm. long, petioles 
 stout, 1-2.5 cm. long; staminate aments erect, numerous, 1.5-3 dm. l n gr 8-10 mm. 
 
33 2 FLORA. 
 
 in diameter; burs 3-10 cm. in diameter, enclosing 1-5 nuts; nuts puberulent, 
 dark brown, plano-convex or angled on the face, or when solitary ovoid. In rich 
 soil, Me. and Ont. to Mich., Ga. and Ala. Involucre sometimes suppressed and 
 the nuts naked. June-July. Nuts ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 2. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. CHINQUAPIN. (I. F. f. 1227.) A shrub or 
 small tree, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 
 sharply serrate with ascending or divergent teeth, dark green and glabrous above, 
 densely white-tomentulose beneath, 0.7-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; staminate 
 aments erect or somewhat spreading, 7-12 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter; burs 
 3 cm. in diameter or less, commonly spicate, enclosing a solitary ovoid brown nut 
 (rarely 2); seed very sweet. In dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ind., Fla. and Tex. 
 June. Nuts ripe Sept. 
 
 3 QUERCUS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with pinnatifid lobed, dentate, crenate or entire leaves, decidu- 
 ous, or in some species persistent. Flowers very small, green or yellowish, 
 appearing with or before the leaves, the staminate numerous in slender, mostly 
 drooping aments, the pistillate solitary in many-bracted involucres. Staminate 
 flowers subtended by caducous bracts, consisting of a mostly 6-lobed campanulate 
 perianth and 6-12 stamens with filiform filaments, sometimes also with an abortive 
 pilose ovary. Pistillate flowers with an urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a 
 mostly 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, rarely more than I in 
 each ovary maturing; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, short. Fruit consisting 
 of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the involucre (cup), subtending 
 or nearly enclosing the ovoid, oblong or subglobose, i-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn). 
 [The ancient Latin name, probably of Celtic derivation, signifying "beautiful 
 tree."] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the 
 following, some 30 others occur in the western and southern section; of N. Am. 
 
 * Leaves or (heir lobes bristle-tipped, deciduotis / acorns maturing in autumn of 
 
 second year. 
 
 t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
 
 Leaves green on both sides. 
 
 Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped, much broader than high. 
 
 Cup 16-25 mm. broad; acorn ovoid; leaves dull. i. Q. rubra. 
 
 Cup 8-16 mm. broad; leaves shining. 
 
 Acorn subglobose or short-ovoid; northern. 2. Q. palustris. 
 
 Acorn ovoid; southern. 3. Q. Schneckii. 
 
 Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric. 
 
 Inner bark gray to reddish ; leaves deeply lobed. 
 
 Leaves shining both sides, lobed to near the midrib. 
 
 Acorn ovoid; cup 15-25 mm. wide. 4. Q. coccinea. 
 
 Acorn narrow' / ellipsoid; cup 10-15 nim. wide 5. Q. ellipsoidalis. 
 Leaves dull and paler beneath ; acorn ovoid. 6. Q. borealis. 
 
 Inner bark orange. 7. Q. velutina. 
 
 Leaves white or gray-tomentulose beneath. 
 
 Large trees; leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long. 
 
 Leaves rounded 'or obtuse at base, 3-5-lobed; lobes linear or lanceolate, often 
 
 falcate. 8. Q. digitata. 
 
 Leaves cuneate and acute at base, 5-n-lobed; lobes triangular. 
 
 9. Q. pagodaefolia, 
 Shrub or low tree; leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short. 10. Q. nana. 
 
 1 1 Leaves 3-5-lobed above the middle or entire, obovate or spatnlate in outline. 
 
 Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath. n. Q. Marylandica. 
 
 Leaves spatulate, glabrous both sides. 12. Q. nigra. 
 
 1 1 1 Leaves entire, oblong, lanceolate or linear-oblong (sometimes lobed in no. 14). 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides. 13. Q. Phellos. 
 
 Leaves oblong, glabrous, dark green and shining above. 14. Q. laurifoha. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, brown-tomentulose beneath. 15. Q. imbricaria. 
 
FAG ACE A E. 333 
 
 * * Leaves or their lobes not bristle-tipped, deciduous; acorns maturing in autumn 
 
 of first year. 
 
 t Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
 Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous beneath ; cup shallow. 
 
 16. Q. alba. 
 Mature leaves tomentulose beneath ; cup one-third to fully as long as the acorn. 
 
 Upper scales of the cup not awned. 
 
 Leaves yellowish-brown tomentulose beneath ; acorn ovoid. 
 
 17. Q. minor. 
 Leaves white-tomentulose beneath ; acorn depressed-globose. 
 
 1 8. Q. lyrata. 
 Upper scales awned, forming a fringe around the acorn; 19. Q. macrocarpa. 
 
 1 1 Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 
 Fruit peduncled. 
 
 Peduncle much longer than petioles; leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 
 
 20. Q. platanotdes. 
 
 Peduncle equalling or shorter than the petioles; leaves gray-tomentulose beneath. 
 Bark white, flaky. 21. Q. Michauxii. 
 
 Hark close. 22. Q. Prinus. 
 
 Fruit sessile or nearly so. 
 Tall trees. 
 
 Leaves mostly oblong to lanceolate ; cup deep; bark close. 23. Q. acuminata. 
 Leaves obovate ; cup shallow ; bark more or less flaky. 24. Q. Alexanderi. 
 
 Shrub or low tree ; leaves oval or obovate. 25. Q. prinoides. 
 
 * * * Leaves entire (rarely -with afe~>.v bristle-tipped lobes\ evergreen. 
 
 26. Q. Virginiana. 
 
 1. Quercus rxibra L. RED OAK. (I. F. f. 1228.) A large forest tree, the 
 bark dark gray, slightly roughened. Leaves oval or somewhat obovate, when 
 mature glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, 1-2 dm. long, dull 
 green above, paler beneath, sinuses rounded, lobes triangular-lanceolate, tapering 
 from a broad base to an acuminate apex; styles spreading; cup saucer-shaped, its 
 base flat or slightly convex, 16-25 mm. broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 appressed; acorn ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 times as long as the cup. N. S. to 
 Ont, Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-June. 'Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 Quercus rubra runcin^ta A. DC. Leaf-lobes nearly entire; acorn 1.2 cm. high. 
 Near St. Louis. Perhaps a hybrid with Q, digitata. 
 
 2. Quercus palustris DuRoi. SWAMP OAK. PIN OAK. (I. F. f. 1229.) A 
 forest tree, the lower branches deflexed; bark brown, rough when old. Leaves 
 broadly oblong or obovate, deeply pinnatifid, bright green, glabrous and shining 
 above, duller, glabrous or with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins bmeath, 0.7- 
 1.3 dm. long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, divergent; styles 
 slender; cup saucer shaped, 8-12 mm. broad, base flat, bracte triangular-ovate, 
 appressed; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 8-14 mm. high, often striate, 2-3 times as 
 long as the cup. In moist ground, Mass, to Wis., Del. and Ark. May-June. 
 Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Quercus Schneckii Britton. SCHNECK'S RED OAK. (L F. f. 1230.) A 
 forest tree, similar to the preceding species. Bark reddish-brown, with broad 
 ridges broken into plates ; leaves mostly obovate, bright green and shining above, 
 paler and with tufts of wool in the axils beneath, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, truncate or 
 broadly wedge-shaped at the base, deeply pinnatifid into 59 oblong or triangular 
 lobes; styles short ; cup saucer-shaped, 10-16 mm. broad, its scales appressed ; 
 acorn ovoid, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> 2 ~3 times as high as the cup. Ohio and S. Ind. to 
 Iowa, Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. (Q. Texana 
 Sargent, in part, not Buckley.) 
 
 4. Quercus coccinea Wang. SCARLET OAK. (I. F. f. 1231; acorns.) A forest 
 tree, inner bark pale reddish or gray ; foliage turning scarlet in autumn. Leaves 
 deeply pinnatifid, glabrous, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, 1-2 
 dm. long, rather thin, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, divergent or ascending, few- 
 toothed ; styles slender, recurved-spreading ; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, its 
 bracts triangular-lanceolate, mostly glabrous ; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, about 
 twice as long as the cup. In dry soil, Me, and Ont, to Minn., Fla. and Mo. May- 
 June. ACOIT.S ripe S pt -() t. 
 
334 FLORA. 
 
 5. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. HILL'S OAK. A tall tree, the lowest 
 branches drooping, the bark close, fissured, gray, the innermost layer yellowish. 
 Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular in outline, when mature 6-15 cm. long, deeply 
 5-y-lobed, the sinuses rounded, shining above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, the 
 base broadly cuneate to truncate ; petioles 2.55 cm - ^ on S > styles spreading or re- 
 curved, flattish ; cup turbinate, short-peduncled, its bracts pubescent, appressed ; 
 acorn ellipsoid to subglobose, 1-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm - thick, 1-2 times as long as 
 the cup. 111., Mich, and Minn. 
 
 6. Quercus borealis Michx. f. GRAY OAK. A large tree, the leaves 
 similar to those of Q. rubra, the acorns similar to those of Q. coccinea. Leaves 
 7~i3-lobed to the middle or somewhat beyond, rather lustrous and deep 
 green above, dull and paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath; cup turbinate, 
 peduncled, its bracts appressed ; acoin ovoid, 1-2 times as long as the cup, about 
 2.5 cm. long. Quebec to Ont., N. V. and Penn. (Q. ambigua Michx. f., net 
 H. & B.) 
 
 7. Quercus velutina Lam. BLACK OAK. QUERCITRON. (I. F. f. 1232.) 
 A large forest tree similar to Q. coccinca ; outer bark very dark brown, rough in 
 ridges, the inner bright orange. Leaves sometimes lobed to beyond the middle, 
 firm, brown-pubescent or sometimes stellate-pubescent when young, when mature 
 glabrous and dark dull green abjve, pa'e green and usually pubescent on the veins 
 beneath, and with tufts of wool in the axils, the broad oblong or triangular-lan- 
 ceolate lobes and their teeth bristle-tipped ; cup hemispheric or top-shaped, 
 commonly narrowed into a short stalk, its bracis mostly pubescent, the upper 
 somewhat squarrose ; acor:i ovoid, 1-2.5 c:n. high, more or less longer than the 
 cup. Me. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Neb. and Tex. May-June. [Q tindoria Bartr 1 
 
 8. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. SPANISH OAK. (I. F. f. 1233.) Leaves 
 dark green and glabrous above, gray-tomentulose beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 
 3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes, often falcate, acuminate ; teiminul lube commonly 
 elongated ; styles slender ; cup saucer-shaped with a turbinate base, 10-14 mm. 
 broad, its bracts ovate, obtuse, appressed ; acorn subglobose or depressed, about 
 twice as high as the cup. In dry soil, L. I., N. J. to Fla., Mo., Neb. and Tex. 
 May-June. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. [Q. falcata Michx.] 
 
 9. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. A tree sometimes 32 m. high, the 
 branches spreading, the bark dark gray, rough. Leaves oval to oblong in outline, 
 cuneate to truncate at the base, 2-3 dm. long, deeply 5-ii-lobed, persistently white- 
 tomentulose beneath, dark green above, the lobes narrowly triangular, spreading 
 or somewhat ascending, usually entire ; twigs tomentose ; petioles 3-6 cm. long; 
 cup sessile, shallow, its bracts appressed ; acorn globose, about I cm. in diameter, 
 about one-half enclosed in the cup. In wet or moist soil, E. Va. and N. Car. to 
 Ga., Ind. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 10. Quercu$ nana (Marsh.) Sarg. BEAR OR SHRUB OAK. (I. F. f. 1234.) 
 A shrub or rarely a small tree, often forming dense thickets ; bark gray, nearly 
 smooth. Leaves mostly obovate, 5-13 cm. long, short-petioled, dark green and 
 glabrous above, grayish-wluie tomentulose beneath, 3~7-lobed ; lobes triangular- 
 ovate, acute; styles recurved; cup saucer-shaped, 8-12 mm. broad, with a turbinate 
 or rounded base, its bracts lanceolate, appressed ; acorn globose-ovoid, longer than 
 the cup. In sandy or rocky soil, Me. to Ohio, Del., and the mountains of N. C. and 
 Ky. May. Acorns ripe Oct. -Nov. A hybrid of this, presumably with Q. cocci - 
 nea, was found by Dr. Robbins of Uxbridge, Mass. [Q. ilicifolia Wang.] 
 
 11. Quercus Marylandica Muench. BLACK-JACK OR BARREN-OAK. (I. F. 
 f. 1235.) Bark nearly black, very rough in ridges. Leaves obovate, stellate- 
 pubescent above and brown -tomentose beneath when young, 3-5 -lobed toward the 
 broad usually nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short ; mature leaves 
 dark green, glabrous above, paler and more or less floccose beneath, 0.7-1.7 dm. 
 long, styles recurved ; cup deep, 10-1-6 mm. broad, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
 appressed, pubescent ; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. In dry soil, 
 L. I. to Ohio, Neb., Fla. and Tex. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 Quercus Rudkini Britton, a hybrid of this with Q. Phellos, occurs from Staten I. to 
 N. Car. 
 
 Quercus Brfttoni W. T, Davis is a hybrid with Q. nana, Staten I, 
 
FAGACEAE. 335 
 
 12. Quercus mgra L. WATER OAK. (I. F. f. 1236.) Bark gray, rough in 
 ridges. Leaves spatulateor obovate, i-3-lobed at the apex, or some of them entire 
 and rounded, coriaceous, short-petioled, rather bright green and shining, finel} 
 reticulate-veined, glabrous when mature except tufts of hairs in the axils of the 
 veins beneath, 3-8 cm. long, the lobes low, usually obtuse and bristle-tipped; styles 
 recurved; cup saucer-shaped with a rounded base, 10-14 mm. broad, its bracts 
 appressed; acorn globose-ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup. Along streams and 
 swamps or sometimes on the upland, Del. to Ky., Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
 Acorns ripe Sept-Oct. [Q. aquatica Walt.] 
 
 13. Quercus Phellos L. WILLOW OAK. (I. F. f. 1237.) A tree, with 
 slightly roughened reddish brown bark. Leaves narrowly oblong or cblong- 
 lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, very short-petioled, bristle-tipped, glabrous 
 or very slightly pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath when mature, 5-10 cm. 
 long, 8-25 mm. wide ; styles slender, recurved-spreading; cup saucer- shaped, 
 nearly flat on the base, 8-12 mm. broad; acorn subglobose, 8-12 mm. high. In 
 moist woods, L. I. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept-Oct. 
 
 Quercus heterophylla Michx., the Bartram Oak, probably a hybrid of Q. Phellos 
 With Q. rubra, but perhaps a distinct species, intermediate in leaf and fruit characters 
 between the two, occurs from Staten Island to N. Car. and in Mo. Q. Phellos hybrid- 
 izes also with Q. nana. 
 
 14. Quercus laurifolia Michx. LAUREL OAK. (I. F. f. 1238.) Bark 
 nearly black, with flat ridges. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, often somewhat 
 falcate, green and shining above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 0.3-1.5 
 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, entire, or those of young shoots undulate-lobed, the 
 apex bristle tipped; styles rather short, recurving; cup saucer-shaped, 8-12 mm. 
 wide, its base somewhat rounded, its scales ovate, rounded, appressed; acorn 3-4 
 times as long as the cup. Along streams and swamps, Va. to Fla. and La., mostly 
 near the coast. 
 
 15. Quercus imbricaria Michx. SHINGLE OAK. (I. F. f. 1239.) A forest 
 tree. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, acute at both ends, short- 
 petioled, bristle tipped, dark green above, persistently gray-tomentulose beneath, 
 0.7-1.7 dm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; styles recurved; cup hemispheric or turbinate, 
 10-14 mm - broad, its bracts appressed; acorn subglobose, 10-14 mm. high. Cen- 
 tral Penn. to Mich., Neb., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 Quercus Leiina Nutt. is a hybrid of this and Q. velutina, with intermediate char- 
 acters. Ohio to Mo. and D. C. 
 
 Quercus tridentita Engelm. is a hybrid with Q. Marylandica. 111. and Penn. 
 Also hybridizes with Q. palustris and Q. rubra in Mo. 
 
 16. Quercus alba L. WHITE OAK. (I. F. f. 1240.) A large forest tree, with 
 light gray bark scaling off in thin plates. Leaves obovate, green above, pale and 
 more or less glaucous beneath, pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when old, 
 thin, pinnatifid into 3-9 oblong obtuse -toothed or entire lobes, 1-2 dm. long; styles 
 short, erect; fruit peduncled; cvip. depressed-hemispheric, 1.4-2 cm. broad, its 
 bracts thick, warty, obtuse, woolly or at length glabrate, appressed; acorn ovoid- 
 oblong, 2.5 cm. high or less, 3-4 times as high as the cup. Me. to Out., Minn., 
 FLa. and Tex. May-June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 Hybrids with Q. macrocarpa have been observed in 111., with Q. minor, from 111. to 
 Va. and S. Car., with Q. Prinus, near Washington, D. C., and N. Y., and with Q. acu- 
 minata in Mo. 
 
 17. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. POST OR IRON OAK. (L F. f. 1241.) 
 A tree, with rough gray bark, or sometimes a shrub. Leaves broadly obovate, 
 deeply lyrate-pinnatifid into 3-7 broad rounded often deeply undulate or toothed 
 lobes, when mature firm, glabrous, dark green and shining above, brown-tomentu- 
 lose beneath, 1-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 dm. wide or smaller;, petioles stout; fruit nearly 
 or quite sessile; styles short; cup hemispheric, 12-16 mm. broad, base narrowed, 
 i's bracts lanceolate, subacute, slightly squarrose; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, 2-3 times 
 is long as the cup. In dry soil, Mass, to S. N. Y.. Mich., Fla. and Tex. May- 
 June. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. [Q. obtysiloba Mighx.J 
 
33^ FLORA. 
 
 18. Quercus lyrata Walt. SWAMP, OVERCUP or POST OAK. (I. F. f. 1242.) 
 
 A large tree; bark gray or reddish, in thin plates. Leaves obovate, 1.5-2 dm. 
 long, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, thin, when mature bright 
 green and shining above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, the lobes entire or 
 toothed, the upper pair the larger and usually divergent; fruit peduricled; styles 
 short, cup depressed-globose, 2.5-3.5 cm - in diameter, its bracts broad, thin, cus- 
 pidate; acorn depressed- globose, nearly or quite immersed in the cup. In swamps 
 or along streams, N. J. to Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 19. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. MOSSY-CUP or BUR OAK. (I. F. f. 1243.) 
 A large tree, with gray flaky bark. Leaves obovate or oblong -obovate, rather 
 thin, irregularly lobed, pirinatifid, or some coarsely crenate; when mature bright 
 green and shining above, grayish-white tomentulose beneath, 1-2 dm. long, the 
 lobes toothed or entire, rounded; fruit short-peduncled or sessile; styles short; cup 
 hemispheric or subglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, its bracts floccose, thick, hard, 
 ovate or lanceolate, the lower acute, the upper subulate-tipped, the tips forming a 
 fringe around the acorn; acorn 1.5-3.5 cm - l n g> ovoid, 1-2 times as high as the 
 cup. In rich soil, N. S. to Manitoba, Mass., Penn., Kans. and Tex. May -June. 
 Hybridizes with Q. acuminata in Kans. and Mo. 
 
 20. Quercus platanoid^s (Lam.) Sudw. SWAMP WHITE OAK. (I. F. f. 
 1244. ) A large tree, with flaky gray bark. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, 
 coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to the middle, firm, when mature 
 1-2 dm. long, dark green, dull and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose 
 beneath; peduncles 2-5 times as long as the petioles; cup hemispheric, its bract 
 pubescent, lanceolate, appressed, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate^ 
 acorn oblong-ovoid, about 2.5 cm. high; cup about 1.2 cm. high; seed rather 
 sweet. In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Ark. May-June. 
 Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. [Q. bicolor Willd.] 
 
 21. Quercus Michauxii Nutt. Cow OAK. BASKET OAK. (I. F. f. 1245.) 
 A large tree, with white flaky bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong, when ma- 
 ture bright green, feebly shining above, pale and gray -tomentulose beneath, cre- 
 nately toothed, 1-2 dm. long, the teeth often mucronulate; fruit short-peduncled or 
 sessile; styles very short; cup depressed-hemispheric, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, its bracts 
 thick, ovate or lanceolate, appressed; acorns ovoid, about 3 times as high as the 
 cup. In moist soil, Del. to Ind., Mo., Ark., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Acorns 
 ripe Sept. -Oct., sweet and edible. 
 
 22. Quercus Pritms L. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. (I. F. f. 1246.) A large 
 tree; bark brown, ridged, close or slightly flaky. Leaves coarsely crenate, oblong, 
 oblong-lanceolate or obovate, when mature dark green, glabrous and feebly shining 
 above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, 1.2-2 dm. long; petioles slender; peduncles 
 equalling or shorter than the petioles; styles very short; cup hemispheric, 1-3 cm. 
 broad, its bracts tomentose, triangular -ovate, acute or cuspidate, appressed; acorn 
 ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup; seed edible, but not very sweet. In dry soil, 
 Me. to Out.. Ala. and Tenn. May-June. Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov. 
 
 23. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houda. CHESTNUT or YELLOW OAK. 
 (I. F. f. 1247.) A tree with gray close bark. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or some- 
 times obovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely toothed, with acute teeth, when mature 
 dark green and shining above, pale, gray-tomentulose and prominently veined 
 beneath, I 1.5 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide; fruit sessile or very short peduricled; 
 cup hemispheric, 1-1.6 cm. broad, its bracts floccose, ovate, thick, acute or cuspi- 
 date, appressed; acorn ovoid, 1-2 cm. high, about twice as high as the cup. In 
 dry soil, preferring limestone ridges, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Tex. May-June. 
 Acorns ripe Oct.-Nov., edible. [Q. Muhlcnbergii Engelm.] 
 
 24. Quercus Alexander* Britton. ALEXANDER'S OAK. (I. F. f. 
 1245; leaves.) A tree similar to the preceding species, but the leaves broadest 
 above the middle, obovate or oblong-obovate; cup cupulate, short- stalked or sessile, 
 shallow; acorn ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, 2-3 times as high as the cup ; bark, es- 
 pecially that of old trees, flaky. Vt. to Mich., Ohio and Ind. Type specimens 
 from Birmingham, Mich. 
 
 25. Quercus prinoides Willd. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK. (I. F. f. 1248.) A 
 shrub, 0.6-5 m. tall, sometimes tree-like, the bark gray. Leaves obovate, coarsely 
 toothed, when mature bright green and somewhat shining above, gray 
 
ULMACEAE. 337 
 
 beneath, 6-13 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, mostly acute or short-acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base, the teeth short, triangular ; petioles slender, 6-18 mm. long; 
 fruit sessile ; cup hemispheric, thin, about 1.2 cm. broad and one-half as high, its 
 bracts floccose, triangular-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, appressed ; acorn ovoid, 
 obtuse, 2-3 times as long as the cup; seed sweet. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Me. 
 to Minn., Ala. and Tex. April-May. Acorns ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 26. Quercus Virginiana Mill. LIVE OAK. (I. F. f. 1249.) A tree, with 
 rough brown bark; often shrubby, the young shoots puberulent. Leaves evergreen, 
 coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or with a few bristle- 
 tipped teeth, bright green and glabrous above, pale green and puberulent or becom- 
 ing glabrous beneath, 2-8 cm. long; petioles stout, 26 mm. long; fruit peduncled; 
 cup nearly hemispheric, 1-1.6 cm. broad, its bracts closely appressed, ovate or 
 lanceolate ; acorn ovoid oblong, about twice as high as the cup ; seed not edible. 
 In dry, soil, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex., mostly near the coast. Also in Cuba. 
 March-April. Acorns ripe Sept.-Oct. [Q. virens Ait.] 
 
 Order 9. URTICALES. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla, 
 small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous ; ovary 
 i -celled, superior. 
 
 Fruit not an achene (except in Humulus and Cannabis of the Moraceae) : trees, shrubs 
 or herbs; ovule pendulous. 
 
 Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. i. Ulmaceae. 
 
 Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap ; or opposite-leaved herbs or herbaceous 
 
 vines. Fam. 2. Moraceae. 
 
 Fruit an achene; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers; ovule erect or ascending. 
 
 Fam. 3. Urticaceae. 
 
 Family I. ULMACEAE Mirbel. 
 
 Elm Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined 
 stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoe- 
 cious, dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary. 
 Perianth 3~9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in 
 our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them ; 
 filaments straight ; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 i-celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior ; ovule solitary, pendulous, anat- 
 ropous or atnphitropous ; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or 
 nut. Endosperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved ; 
 cotyledons mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distrib- 
 uted in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Flowers borne in clusters on twigs of the preceding season ; fruit a samara or nut-like. 
 Flowers expanding before the leaves; calyx 4-9-cleft; fruit a samara. i. Ulmm 
 Flowers expanding with the leaves; calyx 4-s-cleft ; fruit nut-like. 2. Planers 
 
 Flowers borne on twigs of the season, the pistillate mostly solitary; fruit a drupe. 
 
 3. Celtis. 
 
 x. ULMUS L. 
 
 Trees, with 2-ranked straight-veined inequilateral leaves. Flowers perfect or 
 polygamous, fascicled or racemose, usually unfolding before the leaves, borne 
 axillary on the twigs of the preceding season. Calyx campanulate, 4-9 lobed, per- 
 sistent, its lobes imbricated. Filaments erect, slender, exserted. Ovary sessile or 
 stalked, compressed. Styles 2, divergent, stigmatic along the inner margin. Fruit a 
 i-seeded flat orbicular or oval samara, its membranous wings continuous all around 
 except at the apex, commonly as. broad as or broader than the body. Embryo 
 straight. [The ancient Latin name ot the elm; Celtic elm.] About 18 species, 
 
33$ FLORA. 
 
 natives of the northern Hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
 southern U. S. and one in Mex. 
 
 Leaves smooth or slightly rough above; samara densely ciliate. 
 
 None of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces glabrous. x. U. Americana. 
 
 Some or all of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces pubescent. 
 
 Leaves 5-13 cm. long; flowers racemose; northern. 2. U. racemosa. 
 
 Leaves 2-8 cm. long; flowers fascicled; southern. 3. U. alala. 
 
 Leaves very rough above; samara not ciliate; twigs not corky-winged. 4. U.fulva. 
 
 1. Ulmus Americana L. AMERICAN WHITE OR WATER ELM. (I. F. f. 1250.) 
 A large tree, with gray flaky bark, and glabrous or sparingly pubescent twigs and 
 buds, the branches terete. Leaves oval or obovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base 
 obtuse or obtusish, and very inequilateral, sharply and usually doubly serrate, 
 slightly rough above, 5-13 cm. long; flowers fascicled ; pedicels filiform, drooping, 
 jointed ; calyx y-g-lobed, oblique, its lobes oblong, rounded ; samara ovate -oval, 
 reticulate-veined, 10-12 mm. long, its faces glabrous; styles strongly incurved. In 
 moist soil, especially along streams, Newf. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. CORK OR ROCK ELM. (I. F. f. 1251.) A 
 large tree, the young twigs puberulent; bud-scales ciliate and somewhat pubescent; 
 branches, or some of them, winged by narrow plates of cork. Leaves similar to 
 those of the preceding, but less sharply serrate, smooth above ; flowers racemose ; 
 pedicels filiform, drooping, jointed ; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded ; samara oval, 
 12-i6 mm. long, its margins densely ciliate; persistent styles strongly incurved and 
 overlapping. In rich soil, Quebec to (Jnt., Mich., N. J., Tenn. and Neb. April. 
 
 Ulmus campestris L., from Europe, distinguished by its nearly or quite glabrous,* 
 not ciliate samaras, and wingless branches, rarely escapes from cultivation. 
 
 3. Ulmus alata Michx. WINGED ELM. WAHOO. (I. F. f. 1252.) A small 
 tree, the branches, or most of them, with corky wing- like ridges. Twigs and buds 
 glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, 
 doubly serrate, base obtuse, inequilateral and sometimes subcordate, roughish above, 
 pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, 2-8 cm. long; flowers fascicled; pedicels 
 filiform; calyx lobes obovate, rounded; samara oblong, 8-io mm. long, pubescent 
 on the faces; styles very slender. In dry or moist soil, S. Va. to Fla., 111., Ark. 
 and Tex. March. 
 
 4. Ulmus fulva Michx. SLIPPERY, RED or MOOSE ELM. (I. F. f. 1253.) 
 A tree, with rough gray fragrant bark, twigs rough -pubescent; bud-scales densely 
 brown tomentose. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, very rough with short papillse 
 above, pubescent beneath, sharply doubly serrate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse, 
 inequilateral and commonly cordate at the base, 1-2 dm. long; flowers fascicled; 
 pedicels 4-6 mm. long, spreading, jointed near the base; calyx- lobes lanceolate, 
 subacute, samara oval orbicular, 12-18 mm. long, pubescent over the seed. In 
 woods, on hills and along streams, Quebec to N. Dak., Fla. and Tex. March- 
 April. 
 
 2. PLANERA J. F. Grael. 
 
 Trees, similar to the elms, the flowers moncecious or polygamous, unfolding 
 with the leaves. Staminate flowers fascicled on twigs of the preceding season, the 
 pistillate or perfect ones in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx 4-5 cleft, cam- 
 panulate, persistent, the lobes imbricated. Filaments filiform, straight, exserted. 
 Ovary stalked, ovoid, slightly compressed, I -eel led. Styles 2, spreading, stigmatic 
 along the inner side. Fruit coriaceous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the 
 back, covered with short fleshy processes. Embryo straight. [Name in honor of 
 Johann Jakob Planer, 1743-1789, Professor of Botany in Erfurt.] A monotypic 
 genus of southeastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. PLANER-TREE. WATER ELM. 
 (I. F. f. 1254.) A small tree, the foliage nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate or 
 oblong -lanceolate, acute at the apex, obtuse or cordate and usually somewhat 
 inequilateral at the base, serrate, 3-4 mm. long; petioles 2-5 cm. long, stipules 
 lanceolate, about as long as the petioles, deciduous; staminate flowers fascicled 
 and. somewhat racenipse from scaly buds; perfect or pistillate flowers on j,hort 
 
MOXACEAE. 339 
 
 branches; fruit 4-6 mm. long, about equalling its stalk, its soft processes I mm. 
 long. In swamps, Mo. to Ind., Ky., N. Car., La. and Fla. April-May. 
 
 3. CELTIS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Trees or shrubs, wi <i serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species 3-5- 
 nerved leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers, borne in 
 the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 
 together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments erect, exserted. 
 Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, recurved or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit 
 an ovoid or globose drupe, with a row of bars at the base, the exocarp pulpy, the 
 endocarp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used 
 by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.] About 60 species, natives of temperate and 
 tropical regions. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and 
 southwestern parts of N. Am. 
 
 Leaves sharply serrate, thin ; ripe drupe 8-10 mm. in diameter. 
 
 Leaves smooth above. i. C. occidentalis. 
 
 Leaves scabrous above. 2. C. crassifolia. 
 
 Leaves entire or nearly so, thick ; drupe 4-6 mm. in diameter. 3. C. Mississippiensis. 
 
 1. Celtis occidentalis L. AMERICAN NETTLE-TREE. SUGAR-BERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1255.) A tree or shrub, the bark dark and rough, the twigs glabrous. Leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, mostly thin, usually abruptly acuminate, 
 inequilateral, pinnately veined, 0.3-1 dm. long, smooth above, pubescent or 
 glabrate beneath; calyx-segments linear-oblong, deciduous; drupe globose and 
 purple, or nearly black when mature, or orange, 8-io mm. in diameter. In dr} 
 soil, Quebec to Manitoba, La., N. Car., Mo. and Kans. April-May. Fruit rip' 
 Sept. Variable. 
 
 2. Celtis crassifolia Lam. HACKBERRY. A tree or shrub, the young 
 shoots puberulent. Leaves ovate, firm, inequilateral, acute or short-acuminate at 
 the apex, often cordate at base, scabrous above and often so beneath, more or less 
 pubescent, usually serrate quite to the tip, rarely entire, 3-12 cm. long; fruiting 
 pedicels mostly about twice as long as the petioles or more, sometimes short; drupe 
 purple, red or nearly black when mature, globose to oval, 8-10 mm. in diameter 
 N. Y. to S. Car., Ohio, 111., Mo. and Tenn. 
 
 3 Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc. SOUTHERN HACKBERRY. (I. F. f. 1256.) 
 A tree, similar to the two preceding, the bark light gray, rough and warty. Leaves 
 lanceolate, firm, entire or with a few low sharp teeth, 3 -nerved and prominently 
 pinnately veined, glabrous, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilateral, 2-8 cm. 
 long, drupe purple-black, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In dry soil, N. Car. to 111., Mo., 
 Kans., Fla. and Tex. April. Fruit ripe July -Aug. 
 
 Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Mulberry Faintly. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milkv sap, petioled stipulate 
 leaves, and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or 
 the pistillate flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4-5- 
 parted. Petals none. Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, 
 the stamens iis many as the calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, 
 spicate or cymose. Ovary superior, i-celled in our genera. Ovule soli- 
 tary, pendulous, anatropous. Styles i or 2. About 55 genera and 92? 
 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; stipules fugacious. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers spiked ; leaves dentate or lobed. i. Morus. 
 btaminate flowers racemose or spiked ; pistillate capitate. 
 
 Pistillate perianth deeply 4-cleft ; leaves entire. 2 . Toxylon. 
 
 Pistillate perianth 3-4-toothed ; leaves various. 3 . Broussonetia. 
 
 Erect or twining herbs ; stipules persistent. 
 
 Twining vines ;. pistillate flowers in ament-like clusters. 4. Humiiltts 
 
 Erect herb; pistillate flowers spicate, Cwnafa's 
 
340 FLORA. 
 
 i. MORUS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with milky sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3-nerved 
 leaves, fugacious stipules, the pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent aggregate 
 fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, its segments somewhat imbri- 
 cated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and exserted 
 in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted persistent perianth, which becomes 
 fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear spreading stigmas. Fruiting perianth 
 enclosing the ripened ovary, the exocarp succulent, the endocarp crustaceous. 
 Albumen scanty; embryo curved. [The ancient name of the mulberry; Celtic 
 mo' .] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following 
 trees, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath; fruit purple; spikes 2-6 cm. long. i. M. rubra. 
 Leaves smooth and glabrous, or very nearly so, on both sides; fruit nearly white; spikes 
 1-1.5 cm. long. 2 . M. alba. 
 
 1. Morus rnbra L. RED MULBERRY. (I. F. f. 1257.) Bark brown and 
 rough. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, or 
 when young almost tomentose, acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate 
 at the base, serrate-dentate or 3-7-lobed, 7-13 cm. long ; staminate spikes droop- 
 ing ; pistillate spikes spreading or pendulous in fruit, 8-io mm. in diameter, 
 slender peduncled, dark purple-red, delicious. In rich soil, Vt. and Out. to Mich., 
 S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe in June. 
 
 2. Morus alba L. WHITE MULBERRY. (I. F. f. 1258.) Bark light gray, 
 rough, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate, thin, smooth, glabrous and some- 
 what shining on both sides, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
 truncate or cordate at the base, varying from serrate to variously lobed, 5-15 cm. 
 long ; staminate spikes slender, dro >ping ; pistillate spikes oblong or subglobose, 
 drooping, 6 mm. in diameter and white or pinkish when mature, not as succulent as 
 those of the preceding. Sparingly escaped from cultivation. Me. and Ont. to Fla. 
 Introduced from the Old Wor.d for feeding silkworms. May. Fruit ripeJuly-Aug. 
 
 2. TOXYLON Raf. [MACLURA Nutt.J 
 
 A tree, with milky sap, thick alternate petioled pinnately veined leaves, stout 
 axillary spines, caducous stipules and dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate 
 racemose, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a 4 parted calyx, its seg- 
 ments valvate, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud, straightening and 
 somewhat exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing 
 the sessile ovary, and a filiform long-exserted style, the calices becoming fleshy 
 and enlarged in fruit, densely aggregated into a large globular head. Endosperm 
 none; embryo curved. [Greek, signifying bow- wood.] A monotypic genus of the 
 south -centra I U. S. 
 
 i. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. OSAGE ORANGE. (I. F. f. 1259.) Foliage 
 puberulent when young, glabrous when mature. Leaves ovate, ovate lanceolate or 
 ovate -oblong, glossy, entire, 7-15 cm. long, apex acuminate, base obtuse, truncate 
 or subcordate; axillary spines sometimes 8 cm. long; staminate racemes 1-2.5 cm - 
 long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; head of pistillate flowers peduncled, pendulous, 
 ripening into a hard yellowish tubercled syncarp 5-15 cm. in diameter. In rich 
 soil, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. Much planted for hedges and occasionally spontane- 
 ous in the East. May -June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 
 
 3. BROUSSONETIA L'Her. 
 
 Trees, with milky sap, the leaves alternate, petioled. entire, serrate, or 3-5. 
 lobed, 3-nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious, the staminate in cylindric ament- 
 like spikes, the pistillate capitate. Staminate flowers with a deeply 4-cleft peri- 
 anth. 4 stamens, and a minute rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an 
 ovoid or tubular perianth, a stalked ovary and a 2-cleft style. Head of fruit glob- 
 ular, the drupes red. exserted beyond the persistent perianth. [In honor of Brous- 
 ronet, French naturalist.] About 4 sprcies, natives of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. PAPER MULBERRY. (I. F. f. 1260.) 
 Young shoots hirsute-toroentose. Leaves mostly ovate, thin, long-petioled, serrate, 
 
URTICACEAE. 341 
 
 often deeply 3-lobed, sometimes with a lobe on one sid ; only, as in Sassafras, 
 rarely 5-lobed, rough above, tomentose beneath, I--2 dm. long; spikes of staminate 
 flowers peduncled; heads of pistillate flowers 1-2.5 cm - * n diameter. Escaped 
 from cultivation, N. Y. to Ga. and Mo. May-June. 
 
 4. HUMULUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbaceous perennial rough vines, with broad opposite thin petioled palmately 
 veined leaves, lanceolate membranous stipules, and dioecious axillary flowers, the 
 staminate panicled, the pistillate in ament-like drooping clustered spikes. Stam- 
 inate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the segments distinct and imbricated, and 5 
 short erect stamens. Pistillate flowers in 2's in the axil of each bract of the ament. 
 consisting of a membranous entire perianth, clasping the ovary, and 2 filiform 
 caducous stigmas. Fruiting aments cone-like, the persistent bracts subtending the 
 compressed ovate achenes. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo spirally coiled. [Name 
 said to be the diminutive of the Latin hunws, earth.] Two species, the following 
 widely distributed through the north temperate zone, the other native of north- 
 eastern Asia. 
 
 I. Humulus Lupulus L. HOP. (I. F. f. 1261.) A vine, often 8 m. long, 
 very rough with stiff" reflexed hairs. Leaves orbicular or ovate in outline, slender- 
 p< doled, deeply 3-7-cleft or some of the upper ones ovate, acute and merely ser- 
 rate; stipules reflexed, acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; ripe pistillate clusters (hops) 
 2.5-6 cm. long; fruiting bracts broadly ovate, concave, thin, glabrous or nearly 
 so, obtuse, much longer than the achenes; fruiting calyx and achene strongly 
 resinous-aromatic. In thickets and on river-banks, N. S. to Manitoba, N. Y., 
 Penn., in the Alleghanies to Ga., to Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and 
 N. Mex. Extensively escaped from cultivation. Native also of Europe and Asia. 
 July-Aug. Fruit ripe Sept. -Oct. 
 
 5. CANNABIS L. 
 
 A stout, rough and puberulent herb, with petioled digitately 5-11 -divided thin 
 leaves, subulate stipules, and greenish dioecious axillary flowers, the staminate 
 panicled, the pistillate spicate. Staminate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the 
 sepals distinct and imbricated, and 5 short stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary in 
 the axils of foliaceous bracts, consisting of a thin entire calyx clasping the sessile 
 ovary, and 2 filiform caducous stigmas. Fruit a compressed achene. Endosperm 
 fleshy; embryo curved. [The classic name of hemp.] A monotypic genus of 
 central Asia. 
 
 I. Cannabis sativa L. HEMP. (I. F. f. 1262.) Annual, branching, 1-3 m. 
 tall, the inner fibrous bark very tough. Leaves divided to the base, the segments 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply and coarsely ser- 
 rate, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; staminate panicles narrow, loose, peduncled; pedicels 
 filiform, bracteolate, 2-6 mm. long; pistillate spikes erect, leafy-bracted; achene 
 crustaceous, ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. high. In waste places, N. B. to Ont., 
 Minn., N. Car., Tenn. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 3. URTICACEAE Reichenb. 
 Nettle Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, 
 mostly stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoe- 
 cious or polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, 
 or of distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers 
 as many as the lobes or segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite 
 them, the filaments indexed and anthers reversed in the bud, straighten- 
 ing at anthesis. Ovary superior, i -celled ; style simple ; ovule solitary, 
 erect or ascending, orthotropous, or in some genera partly amphitro- 
 f ous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily, usually not copious ; embryo 
 straight. About 40 genera and 475 species of wide geographic dis- 
 tribution. 
 
342 FLORA. 
 
 Herbs with stinging hairs. 
 
 Leaves opposite ; both kinds of flowers 4-parted ; achene straight, i. Urtfca. 
 
 Leaves alternate; staminate flowers 5-parted ; achene oblique. 2. Urticascrum, 
 Herbs without stinging hairs. 
 
 Flower-clusters panicleci or spiked, not involucrate ; leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Pistillate calyx 3 parted or of 3 sepals. 3. Adicea. 
 
 Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire. 4. Boehtneria. 
 
 Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts; leaves alternate. 5. Parietaria. 
 
 i. URTICA L. 
 
 Herbs, with stinging hairs, 3-y-nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves, and 
 distinct or connate stipules. Flowers small and numerous, axillary, cymose- 
 paniculate, or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or androgynous. Staminate flowers 
 with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4-parted, the seg- 
 ments unequal; ovary straight; stigma sessile or nearly so; ovule erect, orthot- 
 ropous. Achene compressed, enclosed by the persistent calyx. Seed-coat thin; 
 endosperm little; cotyledons broad. [The ancient Latin name.] About 30 species 
 of wide distribution. 
 
 Perennials, 0.6-2.2 m. tall ; flower-clusters large, compound. 
 
 Leaves ovate, cordate at base. i. U. dioica. 
 
 Leaves laciniate, rarely cordate. 2. U. gracilis. 
 Annuals, 1.5-7 dm. tall ; flower-clusters small, mostly glomerate. 
 
 Leaves oval, laciniate-dentate; plant leafy at the top. 3. U. urens. 
 
 Leaves ovate or lanceolate, crenate ; upper leaves very small. 
 
 4. U . chamaedryoides, 
 
 1. Urtica dioica L. STINGING OR GREAT NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1263.) Densely 
 beset with stinging hairs; stem 0.6-1.2 m. tall, puberulent above. Leaves thin, 
 ovate, long- petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, sharply 
 serrate with acute teeth, pubescent beneath, 3-5 -nerved, 7-13 cm. long; stipules 
 lanceolate; flower-clusters large, cymose -paniculate; flowers dioecious or andro- 
 gynous. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., S. Car. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Urtica gracilis Ait. SLENDER NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1264.) Sparingly 
 armed with stinging hairs; stem usually slender, 0.6-2.2 m. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed or 
 sometimes rounded at the base (rarely subcordate), sharply serrate, 3-5 -nerved, 
 sparingly pubescent, 7-15 cm. long; petioles usually bristly; stipules lanceolate; 
 flower-clusters compound, smaller than those of the preceding, but commonly 
 longer than the petioles; flowers dioecious or androgynous. In dry soil, N. S. to 
 Br. Col., N. Car., La. and Kans. June-Oct. 
 
 3. Urtica urens L. SMALL NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1265.) Stem 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high, stinging-bristly. Leaves thin, glabrous or very nearly so, elliptic, oval or 
 ovate, deeply incised or sometimes doubly serrate. 3 5 -nerved, 2-8 cm. long, 
 slender-petioled ; stipules short ; flower-clusters oblong, rather dense. In waste 
 places, Newf. to N. Y., N. J. and Fla. Also on the^Pacific Coast. Nat. from 
 Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh. WEAK NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1266.) Sparingly 
 stinging-bristly; stem slender, weak, ascending, 1.5-10 dm. long. Leaves slender- 
 petioled, thin, crenate-dentate, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse at the 
 apex and usually cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. wide, the upper ovate or lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, the uppermost very small ; stipules lanceolate- 
 subulate; flower-clusters small, glomerate. In thickets, Ky. to Ark., Ga. and Tex. 
 April-Aug. 
 
 2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. [LAPORTEA Gaud.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs, the leaves broad, alternate, serrate, 
 petioled, the flowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile in loose axillary compound 
 cymes. Staminate flowers in our species with 5 imbricated sepals, 5 stamens and 
 a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the outer i or 2 
 minute, an oblique or nearly straight compressed ovary and a subulate slender per- 
 sistent style ; ovule erect. Achene very oblique, flat, reflexed. Seed-coat mem- 
 
UR TIC A CEAE. 343 
 
 branous. Endosperm scanty or wanting. [Latin, star nettle.] About 25 species, 
 mostly of tropical distribution, only the following North-American. 
 
 i. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. \Vooo NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1267.) 
 Stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves thin, ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute at the 
 apex, sharply serrate. 3 nerved and pinnately veined, glabrous or with some 
 stinging hairs, 5-13 cm. wide; petioles 3-13 cm. long ; stipule solitary, small, lan- 
 ceolate, 2-cleft, commonly deciduous; flower-clusters often longer than the petioles, 
 the lower staminate, the upper pistillate, divergent, 5-15 cm. broad in fruit ; ulti- 
 mate branches of the fruiting clusters flat, cuneate, emarginate ; achene twice as 
 long as the calyx, glabrous. In rich woods, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Kans. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 q ADICEA Raf. [PILEA Lindl.] 
 
 Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and 
 small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminale flowers 
 mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary. Pistil- 
 late flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtending a 
 staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma sessile, penicil- 
 late. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty or none. [Name 
 unexplained.] Alxmt 150 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical 
 America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Adicea pumila (L. ) Raf. CLEARWEED. RICHWEED. (I. F. f. 1268.) 
 Annual, stems pellucid, usually branched, glabrous, succulent, 1.5-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves membranous, ovate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute, 3-nerved, coarsely 
 dentate, 2-13 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs; petioles much longer 
 than the pistillate flower-clusters ; sepals of the pistillate flowers lanceolate, nearly 
 equal; achene ovate, acute, i mm. long. In swampy, shaded situations, often on 
 old logs. N. B. to Ont., Minn., Fla., La. and Kans. Also in Japan. July-Sept. 
 
 4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. 
 
 Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with 
 petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe- 
 cious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads. Staminate flowers mostly 
 4-parted, or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually with a rudimentary ovary. 
 Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, enclosing the ovary ; stigma subulate. 
 Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [In honor of Georg Rudolph Boehmer, 
 1723-1803, Professor in Wittenberg.] About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical 
 regions, the following of eastern N. A. 
 
 i. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. FALSE NETTLE. (I. F. f. 1269.) A 
 perennial rough erect branching herb, 3-10 dm. tall. Stem stiff; leaves ova'e, 
 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender petio'ed, opposite, or some alter- 
 nate, coarsely dentate, 1-3 cm. wide; petioles shorter than the blades; stipules 
 distinct; flowers dioecious or androgynous; staminate spikes usually interrupted, 
 the pistillate mostly continuous, 0.6-3 cm - l n g: achene ovate-oval, acute, rather 
 less than 2 mm. long. In moist soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Neb. and 
 Kans. July -Sept. 
 
 Boehmeria cylindrica scabra Porter. Leaves firm, rough above, tomentose be- 
 neath, short- petioled or nearly sessile, usually reflexed ; fruiting spikes much longer 
 than the petioles. Penn., N. J. and S. N. Y. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
 
 5. PARIETARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petioled leaves, no stipules, and axillary 
 glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy bracts. Calyx of the stami- 
 nate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile flowers with a 
 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender style, and a penicillate 
 stigma. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [Ancient Latin, referring to 
 the growth of some species on walls.] About 7 species, widely distributed; be- 
 sides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Parietaria Pennsylvania Muhl. PENNSYLVANIA PELLITORY. (I. F. f. 
 1270.) Annual, pubescent; stem weak, ascending or reclining, slender, 1-4 dm. 
 long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, dotted, acuminate at 
 
344 FLORA. 
 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved and with 1-3 pairs of weaker veins 
 above, slender-petjoled, 6-12 mm. wide; petioles almost filiform; flowers glomerate 
 in all except the lowest axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts of the 
 involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers; style almost none; achene about 
 I mm. long. On dry rocks and banks, Ont. to Br. Col., Fla., Colo, and Mex. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 Order 10. PROTEALES, 
 
 includes only the Family Proteaceae, with nearly 1000 species, all natives 
 of the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Order n. SANTALALES. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, mostly parasitic, the flowers with a calyx, but 
 without a corolla, perfect or imperfect, clustered or solitary. Ovary i, 
 inferior, at least in part i -celled. 
 
 Fam. i. Loranthaceae. 
 i drupe, or nut. 
 Fam. 2. Santalaceae. 
 
 Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruit a berry. Fam. i 
 
 Root-parasites, or shrubs; leaves alternate in our genera; fruit a drupe, 
 
 Family i. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. 
 Mistletoe Family. 
 
 Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophyll, growing on 
 woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized 
 roots called haustoria (a few tropical species terrestrial). Leaves in the 
 following genera opposite, in Razoumofskya reduced to opposite scales. 
 Flowers regular, terminal or axillary, dioecious or monoecious, and peri- 
 anth simple, or in some exotic genera perfect, and with perianth of 
 both calyx and corolla. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 2-6. 
 Ovary solitary, erect ; style simple or none ; stigma terminal, undivided, 
 obtuse. Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, its testa indistinguishable from 
 the endosperm, which is usually copious and fleshy ; embryo terete 
 or angled. About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed ; most 
 abundant in tropical regions. 
 
 Leaves scale-like, united at the base; anthers i-celled; berry peduncled. 
 
 i. Razoumofskya. 
 Leaves thick, flat; anthers 2-celIed; berry sessile. 2. Phoradendron. 
 
 i. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm. [ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb.] 
 
 Small or minute fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the. branches of coniferous 
 trees, their branches 4-angled, and leaves reduced to connate scales. Flowers 
 dioecious, not bracted, in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a 25- 
 parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the anthers sessile on the 
 segments. Pistillate flowers with the ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx, 
 the calyx-limb 2-parted. Disk present in both kinds of flowers. Berry fleshy, 
 ovoid, more or less flattened, borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. 
 Embryo enclosed in the copious endosperm. [In honor of Alexis Razoumofski, 
 Russian botanist.] About 10 species. Besides the following, 7 or 8 others occur 
 in western N. Am. and Mex., 2 in Europe and Asia. 
 
 I Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. SMALL MISTLETOE. (I. F. f. 
 1271.) Plant inconspicuous; stems 4-20 mm. long, nearly terete when fresh, 
 somewhat 4-angled when dry. Scales suborbicular, appressed, obtuse, about 
 I mm. wide; flowers dioecious, solitary in most of the axils, longer than the scales; 
 
SA N TA LA CEA E. 34 S 
 
 berry ovoid-oblong, acute, about 2 mm. long, nodding on a slightly exserted 
 peduncle; seeds enclosed in a viscid mucus. On twigs of spruces and larch, Me. to 
 Conn., N. Y. and Penn. June. 
 
 2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. 
 
 Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with opposite coriaceous flat faintly nerved leaves, 
 terete twigs, and dioecious axillary spicate bracted small flowers, solitary or sev- 
 eral in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) 
 calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. 
 Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the ovoid inferior ovary. Style 
 short, obtuse or capitate. Fruit a sessile fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. 
 [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.] About 80 species, all American. 
 Besides the following, 5 or 6 others occur in the Western States. 
 
 i. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. AMERICAN MISTLETOE. (I. F. f. 
 1272.) A branching glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, the twigs terete, brittle 
 at the base. Leaves oblong or obovate, rounded at the apex, narrowed into short 
 petioles, 3-5 -nerved, entire, 1-2 cm. wide, dark green; spikes solitary, or 2 or 3 
 together in the axils, linear, shorter than the leaves; berry globose, white, about 
 4 mm. in diameter. Parasitic on deciduous leaved trees, notably on the Tupelo 
 and Red Maple, N. J. to Ohio, Ind., Mo., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Family 2. SANTALACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Sandalivood Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with entire estipulate 
 leaves. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. 
 Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the 
 lobes valvate. Petals none. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and 
 inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon the disk. Ovary i- 
 celled ; ovules 2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta ; 
 style cylindric, conic or sometimes none ; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe 
 or nut. Seed I. Testa none ; endosperm copious, fleshy ; embryo small, 
 apical. About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical distribution, 
 a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Perennial herbs; flowers perfect, cymose or solitary. i. Comandra. 
 Shrubs ; flowers imperfect, mostly dioecious. 
 
 Flowers racemose. 2. Pyrularia. 
 
 Staminate flowers umbellate, the pistillate solitary. 3. Nestronia. 
 
 i. COMANDRA Nutt. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, some (or all ?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves 
 alternate, entire, pinnately veined. Flowers perfect, terminal or axillary, rarely 
 solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its tube adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted at the 
 bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle 
 of the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, crowned 
 by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairy attachments of the anthers.] 
 Four known species, the following N. Am., one European. 
 
 Cymes mostly corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; 
 
 style slender. 
 
 Leaves oblong, pale green; fruit globose-urn-shaped. i. C. umbellata, 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida. 
 
 Peduncles few, axillary; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled; style short. 3. C. livida. 
 
 i. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 1273.) 
 Stem slender, leafy, 1.5-5 dm. ta ^- Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale 
 green, acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, ascending, 1-3 cm. long, the lower 
 smaller; cymes several-flowered, corymbose at the summit of the plant or also 
 axillary; peduncles filiform; pedicels very short; calyx greenish white or purplish, 
 
346 FLORA, 
 
 about 4 mm. high; drupe globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In dry fields and 
 thickets, Cape Breton I. to Ont., Br. Col., Ga., Ariz, and Cal. April-July. 
 
 2. Coinandra pallida A. DC. PALE COMANDRA. (I. F. f. 1274.) Similar 
 to the preceding but paler and glaucous, the leaves narrower, linear or linear- 
 lanceolate, acute or the lowest and those of the stem oblong -elliptic; cymes few- 
 several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the summit ; peduncles usually short ; 
 calyx purplish, about 4 mm. high; fruit ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. high. In dry 
 soil, Man. to Br. Col., Minn., Kans., Tex. and Cal. April-July. 
 
 3. Comandra livida Richards. NORTHERN COMANDRA. (I. F. f. 1275.) 
 Stem slender, usually quite simple, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oval, thin, obtuse or 
 rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 1-2.5 cm - ^ on g 6-12 
 mm. wide ; petioles 2-4 mm. long ; cymes axillary, few (often only I to each 
 plant), i-5-flowered; peduncle shorter than its subtending leaf, filiform; flowers 
 sessile ; drupe globose-oblong, about 6 mm. in diameter, red, edible. In moist soil, 
 Newt, to Hudson Bay, the N. W. Terr., Vt., Ont., Mich., and Br. Col. June-July. 
 
 2. PYRULARIA Michx. 
 
 A branching shrub (the Asiatic species trees), with thin alternate pinnately 
 veined entire short-petioled deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous small 
 greenish racemose flowers. Staminate flowers with a campanulate 3-5 -cleft calyx, 
 the lobes valvate, pubescent at the base within; disk of 3-5 distinct glands or scales; 
 stamens 4 or 5, inserted between the glands and opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments 
 short ; anthers ovate. Pistillate and perfect flowers with a top-shaped calyx 
 adnate to- the obovoid ovary ; style short, stout; stigma capitate, depressed. Fruit 
 a pear-shaped or oval drupe, the endocarp thin and endosperm of the seed very 
 oily. [Name from Pyms, the pear, from the similar shape of the fruit.] Three 
 species, the following and two Asiatic. 
 
 i. Pyrularia pubera Michx. OIL NUT. BUFFALO-NUT. (I. F. f. 1276.) 
 A much branched shrub, 1-5 m. tall, with terete twigs, the young foliage pubes- 
 cent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or somewhat obovate, nearly glabrous 
 when mature, acute or acuminate at both ends, 1.5-3 cm. wide; racemes termi- 
 nating short branches, the staminate many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, the pistillate 
 few-flowered and shorter; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx 3-5 -cleft; drupe about 
 2.5 cm. long, crowned by the ovate acute calyx -lobes. In rich woods, Penn. to 
 Ga. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. NESTRONIA Raf. 
 
 A low glabrous dioecious shrub, with opposite short-petioled, oblong to ovate 
 entire leaves. Staminate flowers small, in axillary peduncled umbels; calyx top- 
 shaped, 4-5 -cleft, the lobes spreading, each with a tuft of wool; stamens as many 
 as the calyx-segments and opposite them; disk crenate. Pistillate flowers solitary 
 in the axils, short-peduncled ; calyx narrowly top-shaped, 4 lobed ; stamens 4 ; 
 style short, 4-lobed; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fruit an oval I -seeded drupe. 
 [From the Greek name of Daphne.} A monotypic genus of the southeastern U. S. 
 
 i. Nestronia umbellula Raf. NESTRONIA. (I. F. f. i276a.) Shrub 3-10 
 dm. high, branching. Leaves thin, 2-5 cm. long, pinnately veined, bright green 
 above; petioles 2-6 mm. long; peduncles of the staminate 3-g-flowered umbels 
 filiform, the pedicels about 4 mm. long, equalling the green calyx; stamens shorter 
 than the oblong-ovate calyx -segments, pistillate calyx glaucescent, about 6 mm. 
 long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe about 1.2 cm. in diameter. In 
 woods and along streams, Va. to Ga. and Ala. April-May. 
 
 Order 12. ARISTOLOCHlALES. 
 
 Herbs or vines, mostly with cordate or reniform leaves and perfect 
 flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovary, 
 Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following 
 family. 
 
A KIS TOL O CHI A CEA E. 347 
 
 Family i. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume.* 
 Bir thwart Family. 
 
 Acaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate, 
 often basal, exstipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clus- 
 tered. Calyx-limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to 
 the pistil ; anthers 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules 
 numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a 
 many-seeded 6-celled capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crus- 
 taceous testa and usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe ; endosperm 
 fleshy, copious ; embryo minute. Six genera and about 200 species of 
 wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. 
 
 Acaulescent herbs; perianth regular, persistent ; filaments distinct. 
 
 Calyx-tube mainly free from the ovary ; filaments shorter than the anthers ; styles 
 
 distinct. i. Hexastylis. 
 
 Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary ; filaments longer than the anthers : styles 
 
 united. 2. Asarum. 
 
 Vines or erect leafy-stemmed herbs ; perianth irregular, deciduous ; anthers sessile. 
 
 3. Arislolochia. 
 
 x. HEXASTYLIS Raf. 
 
 Perennial evergreen acaulescent herbs with glabrous or nearly glabrous foliage. 
 Rootstocks dichotomously branched ; roots fleshy. Leaves usually i every year, 
 the blades leathery, often mottled, petioled. Flowers solitary, on a pedicel aris- 
 ing from a membranous bract. Calyx glabrous without, the tube terete, some- 
 times inflated, the 3 segments shorter than the tube, valvate. Corolla none. Sta- 
 mens 12; filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. Ovary mainly free from 
 the calyx-tube. Styles distinct, prolonged beyond the extrorse stigmas into cleft 
 appendages. Capsule free, sometimes distending the calyx-tube. Seeds flattened. 
 [Greek, referring to the six styles.] 
 
 Leaf-blades mostly of an ovate or suborbicular type. 
 
 Calyx-tube turbinate during anthesis. i. H. heterophylla. 
 
 Calyx-tube campanulate, cylindric-campanulate, sometimes constricted at the throat. 
 Calyx 2.5-5 cm - lon g:, much longer than thick. 2. H. Shuttleworthii. 
 
 Calyx 1-2 cm. long, slightly longer than thick. 
 
 Calyx campanulate at maturity, its segments about one-half as long as the 
 
 tube. 3. H. Virginica. 
 
 Calyx urn-shaped at maturity, its segments barely one-third as long as the 
 
 tube. . 4. H. Memmingeri. 
 
 Leaf-blades mostly of a hastate type. 
 
 Calyx not constricted at the throat ; segments erect. 5. H. Ruthii. 
 
 Calyx constricted at the throat ; segments spreading. 6. H. arifolia. 
 
 1. Hexastylis heterophylla (Ashe) Small. ASHE'S HEXASTYLIS. Leaf- 
 blades ovate to orbicular-reniform or triangular-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute or some- 
 times rounded or retuse at the apex, with a slightly open sinus; petioles as long as 
 the blades or twice as long; calyx 1-1.5 cm - lon ' tne tubes turbinate at least dur- 
 ing anthesis, the segments 8-12 mm. broad, often nearly as long as the tube, 
 crisped, orange, purple or brown-purple without, brighter within ; prolongations of 
 the styles very stout, barely notched ; capsules hardly distending the calyx at 
 maturity ; seeds oval. In mountain woods, Va. to Ga. and Ala. March to May. 
 (Asarum heterophyllum Ashe.) 
 
 2. Hexastylis Shuttleworthii (J. Britten) Small. LARGE FLOWERED HEX A. 
 STYLTS. (I. F. f. 1279.) Leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular or rhombic-orbicular, 
 5-8 cm. long, apiculate or obtuse ; petioles as long as the blades or longer ; calyx 
 2.5-5 cm - l n g ' tne tube cylindric-campanulate, the segments 1.5-2 cm. broad, 
 often abruptly acute, mottled within ; pedicels shorter than the diameter of the 
 calyx -tube ; prolongations of the styles stout, barely notched ; capsule hardly dis- 
 tending the calyx ; seeds triangular in outline. In high-mountain woods, Va. to 
 
 * Contributed by DR. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
348 FLORA. 
 
 N. C. and Tenn. May to July. [Asarum macrantkum (Shuttlw.) Small; not 
 Hook. A. Shuttleworthii}. Britten.] 
 
 3. Hexastylis Virginica (L.) Small. VIRGINIA HEXASTYLIS. (I. F. f. 
 1278.) Leaf-blades ovate or rarely orbicular-ovate, 4-9 cm. long, mostly obtuse or 
 retuse, usually with an open sinus; petioles as long as the blades or twice as long; 
 calyx 1.5-2 cm. long, the tube campanulate; the segments less than I cm. broad, 
 rarely half as long as the tube, spreading, usually purplish and sometimes mottled 
 within; pedicel about as long as the calyx; prolongations of the styles stout, barely 
 notched; capsule only slightly distending the calyx; seeds oblong. In woods, Va. 
 and W. Va., south to S. Car. and Tenn. May-June. (Asarum Virginicum L.) 
 
 4. Hexastylis Memmingeri (Ashe) Small. MEMMINGER'S HEXASTYLIS. 
 Slender. Leaf-blades suborbicular or ovate, 4-7 cm. long, mostly obtuse or retuse, 
 sometimes mottled, with a slightly open sinus; petioles about as long as the blades 
 or much longer; calyx 1-1.5 cm - l n g> urn-shaped, the tube more or less con- 
 stricted at the throat; the segments rarely over 3 mm. long, obtuse; pedicel as long 
 as the calyx or shorter; prolongations of the styles slender, usually deeply cleft; 
 capsule conspicuously distending the calyx; seed sharply triangular. In sandy 
 woods, Va. and W. Va., south to Ga. May and June. (Asarum Memmingeri Ashe.) 
 
 5. Hexastylis Ruthii (Ashe) Small. RUTH'S HEXASTYLIS. Stout. Leaf- 
 blades hastate to triangular, occasionally slightly rhombic, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, 
 retuse or abruptly pointed, with a rather narrow sinus ; petioles longer than the 
 blades; calyx 2-3 cm. long; the tube narrowed to the mouth but not constricted, 
 usually over 10 mm. in diameter at the throat, the segments erect, mostly longer 
 than broad, dull purplish green within; pedicel as long as the calyx or much 
 longer; prolongations of the styles notched to the stigma; capsule barely distending 
 the calyx-tube. In sandy woods, S. W. Va. to Tenn. and Ala. April to July. 
 (Asarum Ruthii Ashe. ) 
 
 6. Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small. HALBERD-LEAVED HEXASTYLIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1280.) Stout. Leaf- blades hastate, triangular or ovate-hastate, 6-12 cm. 
 long, mostly obtuse or retuse, entire, sometimes with a wide-open sinus; petioles 
 usually much longer than the blades; calyx 2-3 cm. long, urn-shaped; the tube 
 less than 8 mm. in diameter at the constricted throat; the segments triangular or 
 rounded, broader than long, spreading, purple-brown within; prolongations of the 
 styles cleft to the top of the stigmas; capsule only slightly distending the calyx-tube. 
 In sandy soil, Va. to Ga. and Ala. May to July. (Asarwn arifoliutn Michx.) 
 
 2. ASARUM L. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs, with usually manifestly pubescent foliage. Root- 
 stocks elongated; roots fibrous. Leaves in pairs, deciduous, the blades membra- 
 nous, mostly broader than long, cordate at the base, petioled. Flowers on pedicels 
 arising from between the petioles. Calyx pubescent without, the tube angled, the 
 3 segments as long as the tube or longer, inflexed in the bud. Corolla none. 
 Stamens 12 ; filaments longer than the anthers. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube. 
 Styles united; stigmas terminal. Capsules inferior, angled. Seeds plump. [The 
 ancient name, meaning obscure.] 
 
 Calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube, not reflexed. 
 
 Calyx-segments slightly longer than the tube, the tubular portion 4-8 mm. long; 
 
 species mainly Alleghenian. i. A, Canadense. 
 
 Calyx-segments much longer than the tube, the tubular portion 10-20 mm. long; 
 species campestrian. 2. A. acuminatum. 
 
 Calyx-segments triangular, merely acute, about as long as the tube, reflexed. 
 
 3. A reflexum. 
 
 1. Asarum Canadense L. WILD GINGER. (T. F. f. 1277.) Foliage finely 
 pubescent. Petioles 1.5-3 dm. long ; blades reniform, 1-1.8 dm. broad, often 
 short-pointed, with a usually closed basal sinus ; calyx slender, pedicelled, pubes- 
 cent without, 2-3.8 cm. broad, mainly brownish purple, its tube angled, its seg- 
 ments lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, with tubular tips 4-8 mm. lonq% 
 curving upward ; style-column 6 lobed ; capsule 12-15 mm. in diameter. In rich 
 woods, N. B. to Quebec, Ont. and N. C. April-May. 
 
 2. Asarnm acuminatum (Ashe 1 ! Bicknell. LONG-TIPPED WILD GINGER. 
 (I. F. f. 1277^.) Quite similar to A. Canadense, but more pubescent, at least 
 
A R2S TOL CHI A CEA E. 349 
 
 when young. Leaf-blades very thin, reniform-cordate, and acutely short-pointed 
 or broadly reniform and blunt, densely cinereous -tomentulose beneath, less closely 
 so in age, the larger nerves often somewhat bristly, thus giving the lower surfaces 
 a white-reticulated aspect; calyx-segments much longer than those of A. Canadense 
 and of a duller brownish purple color, caudate-acuminate or flagellate, the tubular 
 terminations 10-20 mm. long, recurved-spreading. In rich woods, Minn, and 
 Wis. to Manitoba, Ind. and Ohio. May-June. 
 
 3. Asarum reflexum Bicknell. SHORT- LOBED WILD GINGER. (I. F. f. 
 1277*5.) Similar to the two preceding species in habit, but more loosely pubescent 
 and with* more elongated and slender rootstocks; leaf-blades reniform, much 
 broader than long, blunt-tipped, the upper surface and the petioles nearly glabrous 
 in age; calyx much smaller, the tube white within, the segments early reflexed, 
 triangular, purplish brown, about as long as the tube, with a straight obtuse tip 
 2-4 mm. long. In rich woods, along streams and in river valleys, Conn, to Iowa, 
 N. C., Mo. and Kan. April-May. 
 
 Asarum reflexum ambiguum Bicknell. Leaf-blades short and conspicuously broad, 
 with a wide and often rectangular sinus ; calyx-segments narrower and longer, 12-19 
 mm. long, the straight tip 4-8 mm. long, sometimes extending back to the base of the 
 ovary. Mich., 111. and Mo. 
 
 3. ARISTOLOCHIA L.^ 
 
 Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled and entire 
 (some exotic species 3-7-lobed), cordate, palmately nerved. Flowers irregular. 
 Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube usually inflated around the 
 style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6, 
 lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers adnate to the short style or 
 stigma, 2 celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mostly 6 celled with 
 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. 
 Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed. [Named for its supposed medicinal 
 properties.] Alx>ut 180 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate 
 regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and western 
 United States. 
 
 Erect herbs. 
 
 Calyx-tube bent ; flowers solitary, on basal scaly branches. 
 
 Leaves hastate at the base ; capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter, i. A. Nashit. 
 Leaves merely cordate at the base ; capsules about 10 mm. in diameter. 
 
 2. A. Serpentaria. 
 
 Calyx-tube straight ; flowers axillary, clustered. 3. A. Clematitis. 
 
 Tall twining vines ; flowers axillary ; calyx-tube bent. 
 
 Leaves minutely pubescent ; calyx-limb flat, spreading. 4. A. macrophylla. 
 
 Leaves tomentose ; calyx-limb rugose, reflexed. 5. A. tomentosa. 
 
 1. Aristolochia Nashii Kearney. NASH'S SNAKEROOT. Stems erect or re- 
 clining, 1-3 dm. long, zigzag, simple or branched below; leaves thin, linear or 
 linear-lanceolate above the hastate base, 2-10 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate, short - 
 petioled; peduncles slender; bracts 2-4 mm. long; calyx S-shaped, brownish purple, 
 IO-I2 mm. long, the limb slightly 3-lobed, about I cm. broad; capsules subglobose, 
 5-6 mm. in diameter, sharply angled. In damp woods, Va. to Fla. and La. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT. SERPENTARY. 
 (I. F. f. 1281.) Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall, sometimes branched below, more or less 
 zigzag; leaves rather thin, oblong-lanceolate to ovate or oval-lanceolate, 4-15 cm. 
 long, acuminate, undulate, cordate, short-petioled ; peduncles scaly, solitary or 
 clustered; bracts 2-3 mm. long; calyx S-shaped, about I cm. long, the limb slightly 
 3-lobed; capsules subglobose, about 10 mm. in diameter, somewhat ribbed; flowers 
 sometimes cleistogamous. In dry woods, Conn, and N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. 
 and La. Summer. 
 
 3. Aristolochia Clematitis L. BIRTHWORT. (I. F. f. 1282.) Stem erect, 
 glabrous, zigzag, 36 dm. tall; leaves dark green, reniform, glabrous, or their 
 margins minutely spinulose-ciliate, strongly reticulate-veined, 5-13 cm. wide; peti- 
 oles shorter than the blades; flowers fascicled in the axils, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; tube 
 
35 FLORA. 
 
 of the calyx yellowish green, straight, enlarged around the ovary, the lobes appen- 
 daged; anthers equidistant. Near Ithaca and Flushing, N. Y., and E. Penn. Es- 
 caped from cultivation. Native of southern Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Aristolochia macroph^lla Lam. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. (I. F. f. 1283.) A 
 twining vine, the stem sometimes 2.5 cm. in diameter and 10 m. long; leaves thin, 
 broadly reniform or suborbicular, densely pubescent beneath when young, glabrous 
 or nearly so, and 1.5-3.6 dm. broad when mature; petioles 2. 5-10 cm. long; pedun- 
 cles solitary or 2 or 3 together, about as long as the petioles, each with a suborbic- 
 ular clasping bract at about the middle 12-25 mm - * n diameter; calyx-tube strongly 
 curved, 2.5 cm. long or more, contracted at the throat, yellowish green, veiny, the 
 limb flat, spreading, purple-brown, somewhat 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs 
 under the 3 lobes of the stigma; capsule oblong -cylindric, 5-7.5 cm. long. In rich 
 woods, S. Penn. to Minn., Ga., Tenn. and Kans. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. 
 
 5. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. WOOLLY PIPE-VINE. (I. F. f. 1284.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but the twigs, petioles, leaves and peduncles persistently 
 tomentose. Leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, 0.7-1.5 dm. broad when mature; 
 petioles rather stout; peduncles mostly solitary, bractless; calyx-tube sharply 
 curved, yellowish green, about 3 cm. long, its throat nearly closed, the limb dark 
 purple, 3-lobed; capsule oblong-cylindric. In woods, Mo., Kans., and S. 111. to 
 N. Car., Ala. and Fla. May-June. 
 
 Order 13. POLYGONALES. 
 
 Characters of the only family, Polygonaceae, as given below. 
 
 Family i. POLYGONACEAE Lindl.* 
 Buckwheat Family. 
 
 Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate, or sometimes 
 opposite or whorled, simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and 
 usually sheathing united stipules (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, per- 
 fect, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 
 2-6-cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, 
 sometimes petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, 
 inserted near the base of the calyx ; filaments filiform or subulate, often 
 dilated at the base, distinct or united into a ring ; anthers 2-celled, the 
 sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, i-celled ; ovule solitary, 
 orthotropous, erect or pendulous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, some- 
 times very short ; stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft ; fruit a lentic- 
 ular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent 
 calyx ; endosperm mealy ; cotyledons accumbent or incumbent ; embryo 
 straight or nearly so. About 30 genera and 800 species, of wide geo- 
 graphic distribution. 
 
 Flowers subtended by involucres. 
 
 Ocreae present ; calyx 2-4-parted ; stamens 3 or fewer. i. Macounastrum. 
 
 Ocreae none; calyx 6-cleft or 6 parted ; stamens 9. 2. Eriogonum. 
 
 Flowers not involucrate ; stamens 4-8. 
 Ocreae present ; stigmas tufted. 
 
 Calyx 6-parted ; style 3-parted ; achene 3-angled. 3. Kumex. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted ; style 2-parted ; achene lenticular. 4. Oxyria. 
 
 Ocreae present ; stigmas capitate. 
 
 Pedicels mostly several together; achene much surpassing the calyx. 
 
 5. Pagopyrum. 
 Pedicels usually fascicled ; achene mostly enclosed by the enlarged calyx. 
 
 6. Polygonttm, 
 Pedicels solitary ; leaves jointed at the base. 7. Potygonella. 
 
 Ocreae obscure or wanting ; stigmas 2-cleft. 8. Brunnichia. 
 
 * Contributed by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
POL YG ON A CEA E. 3 5 l 
 
 I. MACOUNASTRUM Small. 
 
 Low glabrous annual herbs, with fibrous roots, erect or spreading simple or 
 forked stems, alternate or opposite leaves, funnelform membranous ocreae, and 
 minute perfect terminal clustered flowers, subtended by a several-leaved involucre. 
 Calyx 2-4-parted (usually 3-parted), greenish-white, the segments valvate, equal ; 
 pedicels subtended by transparent bracts; stamens 2 or 4, alternate with and often 
 protruding between the calyx-segments; filaments stout; style 2-3-parted; stigmas 
 capitate; achene ovoid, exceeding the persistent calyx; embryo eccentric, accum- 
 bent. Two or three species, the following circumboreal, the others of the higher 
 Himalayas. 
 
 i. Macounastrum Islandicum (L.) Small. MACOUNASTRUM. (I. F. f. 1285.) 
 Stems very slender, 2.5-10 cm. long, sometimes tufted. Leaves obovate, oblong 
 or almost orbicular, 2-10 mm. long, fleshy, obtuse, sessile or short-petioled; ocreae 
 about I mm. long; involucre consisting of 3-6 obovate or orbicular bracts; flowers 
 fascicled in the involucres, short-pedicelled; calyx I mm. long, the segments ovate- 
 lanceolate, rather obtuse; style- branches short; achene less than 2 mm. long, 
 brown, striate, its faces convex. Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and 
 Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. ERIOGONUM Michx. 
 
 Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs, some species very 
 woody at the base, often with tufted stems, and entire alternate opposite or whorled 
 leaves. Flowers small, fascicled, cymose, umbellate or capitate, subtended by 
 5-8-toothed or cleft involucres. Calyx 6 cleft or 6-parted, usually colored, the 
 segments equal or the outer ones larger. Stamens 9 ; filaments filiform, often 
 villous. Style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene pyramidal, 3-angled, more or 
 less swollen near the base, invested by the calyx-segments, or winged. Embryo 
 axial or somewhat eccentric. [Greek, referring to the woolly and jointed stems.] 
 About 160 species, natives of America, mostly of the western U. S. 
 
 Achenes 3-winged. i. E. alatum. 
 
 Achenes merely angled, never winged. 
 
 Calyx contracted into a stipe-like base. 
 
 Caulescent ; stems topped by compound cymes. 
 
 Stem leaves alternate. 2. E. longifolium, 
 
 Stem leaves opposite or whorled. 
 
 Calyx yellow; basal leaves rounded at the base ; Alleghenian. 
 
 3. E. Allenii. 
 Calyx white or pink ; basal leaves narrowed at the base ; campestrian. 
 
 4. E. Jamesii. 
 Scapose ; stems topped by simple umbels. 5. E. flavum. 
 
 Calyx jointed to the pedicel without a stipe-like base. 
 Scapes or peduncles topped by capitate clusters. 
 
 Calyx glabrous ; achenes over 2 mm. long. 6. E. pauciflorum. 
 
 Calyx villous ; achenes less than 2 mm. long. 7. E, multiceps. 
 
 Scapes or peduncles topped by more or less compound cymes. 
 Involucres erect or at least never drooping. 
 
 Ovaries and achenes completely clothed with wool ; leaf-blades silky 
 
 above with silvery hairs. 8. E. lachnogynum. 
 
 Ovaries and achenes glabrous or villous at the top ; leaf-blades more or 
 
 less floccose. 
 Annual ; herbaceous throughout and usually simple at the base. 
 
 9. E. annutim. 
 Perennial ; shrubby and much branched at the base. 
 
 Calyx yellow. 10. E. campanulatum. 
 
 Calyx white, pink or reddish. 
 
 Leaf- blades copiously pubescent on both sides. 
 
 11. E. corymbosum. 
 Leaf-blades densely pubescent beneath, inconspicuously so 
 
 above. 
 Inflorescence 2-3 times compound; branches spreading. 
 
 12. E, microthecum. 
 Inflorescence 5-7 times compound ; branches erect or 
 
 nearly so. 13. E. effiisum. 
 
 Involucres on drooping on deflexed peduncles, 14. E. cernuum. 
 
352 FLORA. 
 
 1. Eriogonum alatum Torr. WINGED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1286.) 
 Perennial, strigose. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, paniculately branched ; leaves 
 mostly basal, spatulate to oblanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, or those on the stem 
 nearly linear, obtuse or rather acute, ciliate, with prominent midrib beneath ; 
 panicle open ; involucres in cymtiles, campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, the 5 teeth 
 obtuse, spreading or retlexed ; calyx yellowish, 2 mm. long; filaments glabrous ; 
 achenes 5-7 mm. long, glabrous, 3 -winged its whole length. On plains and 
 prairies, Neb. to Colo., south to Tex. and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. LONG-LEAVED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 
 1287.) Perennial from a stout root, caulescent. Foliage strigose or somewhat 
 tomentose; stems erect, 6-13 dm. tall, paniculately or corymbosely branched above; 
 leaves alternate, the blades narrowly oblong or linear-oblong, 5-22 cm. long, the 
 lower ones with broad sheathing petioles, the upper sessile; bracts lanceolate to 
 subulate ; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, silky ; calyx herba- 
 ceous, 4-5 jnm. long; achenes pubescent especially above, 4-5 mm. long including 
 the beak. In dry soil, S. Mo. to Tex. June-Nov. 
 
 3. Eriogonum Allenii S. Wats. ALLEN'S ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1288.) 
 Perennial, floccose-tomentose; stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, dichotomously branched 
 above; leaves basal and in whorls of 3*3 to 5's at the nodes, the blades oblong or 
 ovate-oblong, 6-8 cm. long, obtuse at both ends or cordate at the base, rather 
 green above, the basal slender- petioled; involucres in clustered cymes, turbinate, 
 3-6 mm. high, with 5 obtuse teeth; calyx bright yellow, 6-7 mm. long, pubes- 
 cent, the segments spatulate or obovate-spatulate, rounded, concave; stamens and 
 style-branches exserted; achenes. On dry mountain slopes, Va. and W. Va. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4 Eriogonum Jamesii Benth. JAMES' ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1289.) Per- 
 ennial by woody rootstocks, tomentose with white or whitish hairs; stems short; 
 leaves approximate, the blades oblong to oblong-spatulate, 3-8 cm. long, narrowed 
 into slender petioles which often exceed the blade in length, rarely glabrate above; 
 peduncles erect, or assurgent, sometimes tufted, 1-3 dm. tall, dichotomous and 
 corymbose above; bracts broadened upward or oblong; involucres campanulate, 
 about 5 mm. high, sessile or short-stalked, with rounded teeth ; calyx white or 
 pink, 4 mm. becoming 6-7 mm. long, the tube attenuate into a stipe-like base, the 
 inner segments longer and slightly larger than the outer; filaments villous at the 
 base; achene 4 mm. long, pubescent above the swollen base. On plains and 
 prairies, Kans. and Colo, south to N. Mex. and Ariz. June-Nov. 
 
 5. Eriogonum flavum Nutt. YELLOW ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1299.) Per- 
 ennial from a stout scaly base, scapose, tomentose throughout with white hairs; 
 leaves crowded, linear-oblong to oblong-spatulate, 2.5-8 cm. long, flat or nearly 
 so, narrowed into short petioles with dilated bases; scapes erect, 5-30 cm. long, 
 mostly solitary; involucres in terminal umbels, turbinate 4-5 mm. high, shorter 
 than their stalks, with blunt teeth; bracts subtending the umbel similar to the leaves 
 but smaller ; calyx yellow, about 6 mm. long, copiously pubescent, narrowed into 
 a stipe-like base; filaments villous at the base; achenes about 4 mm. lont*, villous 
 near the top. On dry plains and prairies, N. W. Terr, south to Neb., Kans. and 
 Ariz. Summer. 
 
 6. Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh. FEW-FLOWERED ERIOGONUM. (I. F./. 
 1294.) Perennial, sparingly pubescent; stems very short, covered with the per- 
 sistent leaf-bases; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, glabrous or 
 nearly so above, tomentose or cottony beneath, becoming strongly revolute, slender- 
 petioled; peduncles slender, erect. 5-15 cm. high, simple, sparingly tomentose; 
 involucres 4-10, capitate, about 3 mm. high, turbinate-campanulate, with 5 obtuse 
 teeth ; calyx white, about 3 mm. long, glabrous; achenes 2.5 mm. long, the faces 
 swollen about the middle, inconspicuously striate-reticulated. On dry plains, 
 Neb. and Colo. Summer. 
 
 7. Eriogonum multiceps Nees. BRANCHED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1293.) 
 Perennial from a more or less matted base, tomentose with white hairs. Leaves 
 spatulate, 1.5-5 cm - l n g> numerous, obtuse; peduncles simple, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
 rather slender; involucres 3-12, in a head terminating the peduncles, about 3 mm. 
 high, with 5-6 acute teeth ; bracts spatulate ; calyx white or rose, 3 mm. becom- 
 ing 5 mm.- high, somewhat vJlous, the begments cuneate, obtuse or notched at the 
 
POL YG ON A CEA E. 353 
 
 apex; filaments sparingly villous near the base; achenes I mm. long. On dry 
 plains or hillsides, Neb. and Colo. Summer. 
 
 8. Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr. LONG-ROOTED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 
 1296.) Scapose perennial. Stems short, often tufted, clothed with the dilated 
 petiole-bases; leaves numerous, crowded, lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 1.5-3 cm. 
 long, silky above, white tomentose beneath, somewhat revolute; scapes erect, 1-3 
 dm. tall, tomentose, branching into a dichotomous cyme above; involucres broad y 
 campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 3-4 mm. high, commonly sessile, 5 -toothed; 
 bracts scale-like ; calyx 3 mm. long, densely silky-villous ; filament villous at the 
 base; achenes about 2 mm. long, covered by a mass of cottony hairs. On dry plains 
 and prairies, Kans. to Colo, and Ariz. Spring to fall. 
 
 9. Eriogonum annuum Nutt. ANNUAL ERIOGONUM. (I. F. {. 1290.) 
 Annual, caulescent white floccose-tomentose. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall; leaves 
 narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, sometimes revolute or crisped; ped- 
 uncles shorter than the stems, topped by dichotomous cymes; involucres turbinate 
 or turbinate-campanulate, 2-3 mm. high, secund, short-stalked ; calyx white or 
 pink, 1-2 mm. long, glabrous, the outer segments obovate, the inner narrower, all 
 truncate or retuse; achenes 1.5 mm. long, with a globular base and smooth -angled 
 beak about as long as the base. On dry plains and prairies, Neb. to Tex., N. Mex. 
 and Mex. July to Sept. 
 
 10. Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. 
 f. 1297.) Perennial from a woody base. Stems branched, more or less tomentose; 
 leaves crowded on short branches, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 2-8 cm. long, 
 obtuse, sometimes revolute, narrowed into petioles; peduncles erect or nearly so, 
 1-3 dm. tall, glabrous, topped by often trichotomous cymes; involucres oblong- 
 turbinate, 2-3 mm. high, with five obtuse teeth ; bracts scale-like ; calyx yellow, 
 1.5-2 mm. long, the segments often becoming fiddle- shaped, retuse or emarginate; 
 filaments villous below the middle; achenes 3 mm. long, pitted, enlarged at the 
 base. In dry soil, Neb. to Ore., south to Utah and N. Mex. Summer and fall. 
 
 11. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. CRISP-LEAVED ERIOGONUM. (I. F. 
 f. 1292.) Perennial, caulescent, densely floccose-tomentose. Stem erect, branched, 
 3-6 dm. tall; leaves oblong or oval, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, more or less crisped, 
 narrowed at the base; peduncles terminating leafy branches, i-io cm. long, topped 
 by a trichotomous cyme; involucres campanulate, sessile, 2-4 mm. long, 5-toothed; 
 calyx 2-4 mm. long, white or pinkish, glabrous, the outer segments broadened 
 upward, rounded or notched at the apex, broader and longer than the inner; 
 filaments woolly below; achenes about 2 mm. long, with a rounded base and rough 
 angles especially on the beak. In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. to Utah, south to 
 N. Mex. and Ariz. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 12. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. SLENDER ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1291.) 
 Shrubby, more or less floccose-tomentose, 1-3 dm. tall. Stems diffusely branched 
 below, the branches spreading or ascending; leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or nar- 
 rowly oblong, 1-2 cm. long, flat or revolute, with short petioles ; peduncles erect, 
 3-10 cm. long, topped by small twice or thrice compound corymbose cymes; bracts 
 scale-like; involucres narrowly campanulate, 2 mm. high ; the teeth acutish; 
 calyx glabrous, white or pink, sometimes tinged with red, 2.5-3 mm - l n g tne 
 outer segments obovate or oval-obovate, the inner smaller, inclined to be oblong; 
 filaments villous; achenes 2-2.5 mm - l n g> swollen at the base. On dry plains 
 or prairies, S. Dak. to Wash., south to Tex. and Calif. Summer and fall. 
 
 13. Eriogonum effusum Nutt. EFFUSE ERIOGONUM. Shrubby, 2-4 dm. 
 tall, white floccose-tomentose. Stems stout, diffusely branched; leaves linear or 
 narrowly oblong, 1-4 cm. long, revolute; peduncles 2-10 cm. long, topped by 5-7 
 times compound stiff corymbose cymes ; bracts scale-like ; involucres narrowly 
 campanulate, 2-2.5 mm - high> the tube slightly angled, the teeth rather obtuse; 
 calyx 2 mm. high, white, glabrous, the outer segments cuneate obovate, rounded 
 at the apex, the inner notched; filaments villous, especially below the middle ; 
 achenes 3-angled. On dry plains or prairies, S. Dak. and Neb. to Wyo., south to 
 N. Mex. Summer. 
 
 14. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. NODDING ERIOGONUM. (I. F. f. 1298.) 
 Annual, nearly acaulescent, often diffuse. Leaves basal, the blades suborbicular 
 to oval ; 1-2 cm. long, obtuse or slightly apiculate, floccose-tomentose; the petioles 
 
354 FLORA. 
 
 as long as the blades or shorter; scapes erect, 1-4 dm. tall, sometimes branched at 
 the bast, topped by trichotomous compound cymes; involucres turbinate-campanu- 
 late, 1-2 mm. high, solitary on de-flexed peduncles, the teetli obtuse ; calyx white 
 or pinklsli. 1-1.5 mm. long, the outer segments broadly obovate, often becoming 
 fiddle-shaped, the inner smaller; fil iments glabrous; achenes about I mm. long, 
 with a globose base and rough angles. In dry soil, Neb. to Wyo. and Ore., south 
 to N. Mex. and Ariz. Summer and fall. 
 
 3. RUMEX L. 
 
 Perennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the 
 reaves in some mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading ov 
 creeping. Leaves flat or crisped, the ocreae brittle and fugacious, the inflorescence 
 of. simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect, dioecious, 
 or polvgamo-moncecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx 
 6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostly developed 
 into wings, one or all three of which usually bear a callosity (tubercle); wings 
 entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, filaments glabrous. 
 Style 3-parted ; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled. the angles usually mar- 
 gined. Embryo borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin 
 name.] About 130 specie:?, of wide geo :raphic distribution. Besides the following 
 some 6 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 " Leaves hastate; flowers dicxious. foliage acid; low species. 
 
 Inner sepals not developing wings in fruit ; achene granular, i. R. Aceto>ttc* 
 Fruiting inner sepals developing wings; achene smooth. 
 
 Basal leaves numerous ; wings orbicular-cordate. 2. K. hastatitlus. 
 
 Basal leaves few; wings broadly oblong-cordate. 3. R. Acetosa. 
 
 Leaves not hastate ; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; foliage scare V y c. *iet 
 'J: all acid; tali species. 
 
 Leaves flat, bright or light green, or giaucescent. 
 
 Wings, 12-35 mm. broad, reddish; no tubercles. 4. R. venost* 
 
 Wings small, not red, bearing tubercles. 
 Tubercles usually 3. 
 
 Pedicels little longer than the wings. 5. R. salicifolius. 
 
 Pedicels several times longer thun the wings. 6. R. verticillot"* 
 Tubercle usually i ; pedicels equalling the wings. 7. R. altissin, 
 
 J j-ivos wavy- margined or crisped, dark green, not giaucescent. 
 'Vings entire, more or less undulate. 
 
 Lower leaves narrowed or acuminate at the base. 
 
 Tubercle i. 8. A". Patients. 
 
 Tubercles 3. 9. R. Britanmca. 
 
 Lowei leaves cordate or rounded at tne base. 
 
 Tubercles wanting. 10. R. occidentals. 
 
 Tubercles mostly 3. 
 
 Inflorescence not leafy; pedicels long. ir. R, crispus. 
 
 Inflorescence leafy: pedicels long. 12. R. conglomerates. 
 
 Tubercle i ; inflorescence not leafy; pedicels short. 
 
 13. R. sanguineus, 
 Wings toothed or fringed. 
 
 Lower leaves cordate. 
 
 Wings ovate or oblong-ovate ; tubercles mostly 2. 
 
 14. R. pulcher. 
 Wings hastate or ovate-hastate ; tubercle i. 15. R. obtnsifol. .. 
 
 Lower leaves mostly narrowed at base ; wings with 4 spreading bristle-like 
 teeth. 1 6. K. persicanoides. 
 
 ... Rumex Acetosella L. FIELD OR SHEEP SORREL. (I. F. f. 1299.) 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous, dioecious; stem slender, erect or nearly so, the 
 rootstock woody, horizontal or creeping. Leaves narrowly hastate. 5-16 cm. long, 
 obtuse or acute at the apex, usually widest above the middle, petioled, the basal 
 auricles entire or i 2 toothed, or the uppermost leaves nearly lineai and not 
 auricled, all papillose; ocreae silvery, 2 p irted. soon lacerate; flowers in erect 
 panicled racemes; raceme;; interrupted; ca'.: x green, i man. long, pedicelled; 
 
POL YG ON A CEA E. 355 
 
 stamens exserted; achene less than 2 mm. long, Very granular, exceeding the 
 persistent calyx, its angles not margined. In dry fields and on hillsides through 
 out N. Am. except the extreme north. In large part naturalized from Europe. 
 Sometimes a troublesome weed. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Rumex hastatulus Muhl. EINGELMANN'S SORREL. (I. F. f. 1300.) Per- 
 ennial from a woody base, glabrous, dioecious; stem rather strict, erect, 10-40 cm. 
 tall. Leaves hastate, oblong or oblanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, the basal numerous, 
 auricled at the base, subacute, petioled, those of the stem linear, all papillose; 
 ocreae silvery, 2 -parted, at length lacerate; racemes ascending, at length inter- 
 rupted; calyx green, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or longer than the wings; 
 wings mostly broader than high, cordate, 2-4 mm. long; stamens slightly exserted; 
 achene reddish, smooth, shining, less than 2 mm. long, invested by the calyx- 
 wings, its angles margined. On the seacoast, S. N. Y. to Fla. and on the plains 
 from Kans. to Tex. March-Aug. 
 
 3. Rumex Acetosa L. SORREL. SOUR DOCK. (I. F. f. 1301.) Perennial, 
 glabrous, dioecious; stem erect, simple, grooved, 30-90 cm. tall. Leaves oblong- 
 hastate or ovate-sagittate, 2-12 cm. long, acute, crisped on the margins, the basal 
 few, long-petioled, the upper subsessile, the acute auricles entire or I -toothed and 
 more or less reflexed; ocreae lacerate; racemes nearly erect, crowded, at length 
 interrupted; calyx green, 2 mm. long, winged in fruit; pedicels equalling or shorter 
 than the wings, jointed; wings cordate, 4-5 mm. long; achene rather more than 
 2 mm. long, pointed, smooth, shining, blackish, invested by the calyx-wings. 
 Lab. to Alaska. Naturalized from Europe in Vt., N. Y. and Penn. Summer. 
 
 4. Rumex venosus Pursh. VEINED DOCK. (I. F. f. 1302.) Perennial by a 
 woody rootstock, glabrous, stem rather stout, erect, somewhat flexuous, 15-40 cm. 
 tall, grooved, branched. Leaves ovate to oblong, 2-12 cm. long, acute at both 
 ends, petioled, rather coriaceous; ocreae funnelform, thin, brittle; racemes mostly 
 erect, soon interrupted; calyx red, pedicelled, conspicuously winged in fruit; pedi- 
 cels at maturity rather stout, slightly shorter than the wings, jointed at about the 
 middle; wings broad, suborbicular, with a deep sinus at the base, veiny, reddish; 
 achene 6 mm. long, smooth, shining, its faces concave, its angles margined. N. W.. 
 Terr, to Ore. and Wash., South to Mo. and Nev. May- Aug. 
 
 5. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. WHITE, PALE or WILLOW-LEAVED DOCK. 
 [. F. f. 1303.) Perennial, glabrous, pal 
 spreading, flexuous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or the lower 
 
 (I. F. f. 1303.) Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem erect, ascending, or sometimes 
 
 oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or rarely obtuse at the apex, petioled; 
 racemes erect, divergent or reflexed, dense, in fruit interrupted below, 2 mm. long, 
 pedicelled; pediceU slightly longer than the wings, jointed near the base; wings 
 triangular-ovate, 3 mm. long, undulate or subdentate. each bearing a large ovoid 
 tubercle; achene 2 mm. long, dark red, its faces concave, its angles slightly mar- 
 gined. In swamps, Lab. to S. N. Y., Fla., Neb., Tex. and L. Calif. Also in Europe. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 6. Rumex verticillatus L. SWAMP DOCK. (I. F. f. 1304.) Perennial, gla- 
 brous, rather bright green; stem erect, ascending or decumbent, 6-15 dm. long, 
 more or less flexuous when old. Leaves narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate, 5.30 cm. long, narrowed at both ends or obtusish at the apex, slightly 
 papillose, long-petioled; racemes interrupted below, spreading in fruit; calyx 
 green, 2 mm. long; pedicels stout, thickened above, jointed near the base, 3-5 times 
 as long as the wings, or rarely shorter; wings broadly deltoid, 4 mm. long, more 
 or less decurrent on the pedicel, each bearing a narrowly ovoid tubercle; acher.e 
 2.5 mm. long, reddish, pointed, its faces concave. In swamps, Quebec to Ont. 
 and Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 7. Rumex altissimus Wood. TALL or PEACH-LEAVED DOCK. (I. F. f. 
 1305.) Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green; stem erect, simple or sparingly 
 branched above, 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate (sometimes oblanceolate), 5-25 cm. long, acute at both ends, papillose; 
 panicle rather open; racemes slightly interrupted in fruit; flower.s .densely 
 whorled, 2 mm. long; pedicels slender, jointed near the base, as long as the wings; 
 wings triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, usually one oi them only bearing an ovoid 
 tubercle; achene 3 mm. long, dark red, its faces concave. Along streams and in 
 swamps. Mass, to Neb., Md. and Tex. April-June. 
 
35 6 FLORA. 
 
 8. Rumex Patientia L. PATIENCE DOCK. (I. F. f. 1306.) Perennial, 
 glabrous; stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6-15 dm. tall. Lower leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, 1040 cm. long, the upper oblong-lanceolate or 
 oblong-elliptic, acute or obtusish, the uppermost lanceolate; fruiting panicle dense; 
 racemes erect, somewhat interrupted in fruit; flowers densely whorled; pedicels 
 slender, 2-4 times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed below the middle; wings 
 orbicular-cordate, 4-6 mm. long, one of them bearing a prominent ovoid callosity; 
 achene 3 mm. long, light brown, its faces concave, its angles obscurely margined. 
 In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Wis., south to Conn., Penn. and Kans. Also in 
 the Far West. Naturalized from Europe. May-June. 
 
 9. Rumex Britannica L. GREAT WATER-DOCK. (I. F. f. 1307.) Peren- 
 nial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, erect, more or less branched, 9-18 dm. 
 tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, the lower 3-6 dm. long, long-petioled, 
 the upper 5-15 cm. long, short- petioled; fruiting panicle dense; racemes nearly 
 erect, more or less interrupted; flowers densely whorled; pedicels slender, con- 
 spicuously jointed above the base, j^-2 times as long as the calyx wings; wings 
 broadly cordate, 6 mm. long, irregularly denticulate, each bearing a large callos- 
 ity; achene ovoid-oblong, or oblong, 4 mm. long, pointed at both ends, brown, 
 its faces concave, its angles slightly margined. In swamps and wet soil, N. B. 
 and Ont. to Minn., N. J., Penn., 111. and Neb. July- Aug. 
 
 10. Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. WESTERN DOCK. (I. F. f. 1308.) Per- 
 ennial, glabrous; stem strict, erect or nearly so, strongly grooved, 6-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bluish-green, somewhat crisped and wavy- 
 margined, papillose, the lower 2030 cm. long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, 
 more or less cordate at the base, long-petioled, the upper smaller and usually 
 lanceolate; panicle rather dense, leafless or nearly so, erect; racemes usually not 
 interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; calyx 2 mm. long; pedicels obscurely jointed 
 below the middle, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-wings; wings triangular-ovate, 
 5-8 mm. long, somewhat dentate or undulate, bearing no tubercles; achene oblong, 
 4-5 mm. long, short-pointed, chestnut-brown. In wet places, Lab. to Alaska, Ont., 
 Rocky Mountains to Tex., and to Calif. May- Aug. 
 
 11. Rumex crispus L. CURLED DOCK. (I. F. f. 1309.) Perennial, gla- 
 brous, dark green; stem rather slender, erect, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves crisped and 
 wavy-margined, the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate. 15-30 cm. long, long- 
 petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, short-petioled, 
 all cordate or obtuse at the base, more or less papillose; panicle rather open; 
 racemes simple or compound, by the elongation of the pedicels apparently contin- 
 uous in fruit; flowers rather loosely whorled; fruiting pedicels 1^-2 times as long 
 as the calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate 
 or notched at base, erose-dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle; achene 
 2 mm. long, dark brown. In fields and waste places nearly throughout the U. S. 
 and southern British America. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. Hybridizes with A', obtusifolius. 
 
 12. Rumex conglomerates Murr. CLUSTERED OR SMALLER GREEN DOCK. 
 (I. F. f. 1310.) Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stem slender, erect, 3-9 dm. tall. 
 Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-14 cm. long, some of them slightly fiddle- 
 shaped, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, crenulate and slightly crisped, peti- 
 oled; panicle loose and open in fruit; racemes leafy, slender, ascending, much 
 interrupted; flowers loosely whorled; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx- 
 wings, jointed near the base; wings ovate, fiddle-shaped, 3 mm. long, toothed 
 near the base, each bearing a large oblong callosity; achene less than 2 mm. long, 
 pointed, red. its faces convex. In waste places, Va. to S. Car. Also in Calif. 
 Naturalized from Europe. May-July. 
 
 13. Rumex sanguineus L. BLOODY OR RED- VEINED DOCK. (I. F. f. 1311.) 
 Perennial, glabrous; stem slender, erect, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblong- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, the lower long-petioled, cordate at the 
 base, acute or obtuse at the apex, usually red-veined, the upper short-petioled; 
 panicle loose; racemes slender, spreading, not leafy, interrupted; flowers loosely 
 whorled; pedicels slender, i-ij^ times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed at the 
 base; wings oblong, 3 mm. long, one of them bearing a spherical-oblong callosity; 
 achene less than 2 mm. long, sharp-pointed, dark red, its faces convex. In waste 
 
POL YG ON A CEA E. 357 
 
 places and ballast, S. N. Y. to Va. and La. Uncommon. Naturalized or adven- 
 ive from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 14. Rumex pulcher L. FIDDLE DOCK. (I. F. f. 1312.) Perennial, dark 
 green; stem slender, erect or procumbent, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. long, the 
 branches spreading. Leaves oblong, or some of the lower fiddle-shaped, 2.5- 
 15 cm. long, long-petioled, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base; upper oblong 
 or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, usually narrowed at both ends; petioles 
 more or less pubescent; panicle loose; racemes long, divergent, sometimes reflexed, 
 much interrupted, rather leafy; flowers few in the whorls; pedicels equalling the 
 calyx-wings, jointed at or below the middle; wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 4 mm. 
 long, truncate at the base, one larger than the others or all three of different sizes, 
 fringed with spine-like teeth, usually two, sometimes one or all three bearing 
 tubercles; achene 2 mm. long, pointed, reddish, its faces concave. In waste 
 places, Va. to Fla. and La. Also on the Pacific Coast and in ballast about the 
 northern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 15. Rumex obtusifolius L. BROAD- LEAVED OR BITTER DOCK. (I. F. f. 
 1313.) Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem stout, erect, more or less scurfy 
 above, 6-12 dm. tall. Lower leaves oblong- lanceolate, 15-35 cm. long, long-petioled, 
 all cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, the upper lanceo- 
 late or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, somewhat undulate or 
 crisped; panicle rather open; racemes nearly erect, continuous or interrupted be- 
 low; flowers loosely whorled; pedicels slender, somewhat longer than the calyx- 
 wings, jointed below the middle; wings hastate, 4-5 mm. long, fringed with a few 
 spreading spiny teeth, one of them bearing an oblong tubercle; achene 2 mm. 
 long, pointed, dark red, its faces concave, its angles slightly margined. In waste 
 places, N. S. and N. B. to Ore., south to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Eu- 
 rope. Native also of Asia. June -Aug. 
 
 16. Rumex persicarioides L. GOLDEN DOCK. (I. F. 1314.) Annual, 
 pubescent, pale green; stem rather stout, erect and simple, or diffusely branched, 
 3-9 dm. high, sometimes spreading or creeping, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, or 
 oblong, 2.5-30 cm. long, narrowed at the base, or sometimes cordate, or sagittate, 
 acute at the apex, undulate; panicle simple or compound ; racemes erect, leafy - 
 bracted, mostly interrupted; flowers densely whorled; pedicels slender, i-i| times 
 as long as the calyx-wings, jointed at the base ; wings oblong, 2 mm. long, with 1-3 
 bristles on each margin, each tearing an ovoid or oblong callosity; achene less 
 than 2 mm. long, pointed, reddish, its faces convex, its angles slightly margined. 
 On sandy shores, N. B. to Va., extending across the continent through British 
 America, south in the interior to Kan. and N. Mex. and on the Pacific Coast to 
 Calif. Has been confounded with R. maritimus L. of the Old World. July-Oct. 
 
 4. OXYRIA Hill. 
 
 Low fleshy glabrous perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves mostly basal, 
 long-petioled, reniform or orbicular, cordate, palmately nerved, with cylindric 
 ocreae. Flowers perfect, green, in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx 4-parted, 
 the outer segments smaller than the inner; stamens 6, included; filaments short, 
 subulate, glabrous. Ovary l-celled; ovule solitary; style 2-parted; stigmas fim- 
 briate, persistent on the large wings of the fruiting calyx. Achene lenticular. 
 Embryo straight, borne in the centre of the endosperm. [Greek, sour, from the 
 acid leaves.] Two known species, the following, and one in the Himalayas. 
 
 I. Oxyria digyna (L.) Camptdera. MOUNTAIN SORREL. (I. F. f. 1315.) 
 Rootstock large, chaffy; stems scape-like, simple or sparingly branched, leafless or 
 nearly so, 5-30 cm. tall. Leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, 1-3.5 crru wide, 
 undulate, sometimes emarginate at the apex, the basal long-petioled; ocreae ob- 
 lique, loose, racemes many-flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled; segments oblong, 
 the inner erect, the outer reflexed in fruit; achene ovoid, smooth, surrounded by a 
 broad membranous wing. Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, south to the White Mts. 
 of N. H. and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 5. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn. 
 
 Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect, 
 striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with ob- 
 
FLORA. 
 
 lique, cylindric or furmelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in terminal 
 or axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or several together 
 from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5 -parted, persistent 
 and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than the achene. Stamens 
 8; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary I -celled, i-ovuled; style 3-parted; stigmas 
 capitate. Achene 3 -angled. Embryo central, dividing the mealy endosperm 
 into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat, from the similarity of the 
 grain.] About 6 species, native of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Racemes panicled or corymbose; angles of the achene not crested. i. F. Fagopyrum, 
 Racemes mostly simple; angles of the achene crested, undulate. 2. F. Tataricum. 
 
 1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. BUCKWHEAT. (I. F. f. 1316.) 
 Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves hastate, 
 2.5-7.5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed above the middle, acuminate, the nerves on 
 the lower surface slightly scurfy; ocreae brittle and fugacious; racemes mostly 
 panicled, sometimes corymbose, many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi- 
 cels as long as the calyx; calyx-segments white or whitish; stamens included; 
 style-branches deflexed in fruit; achene acute, 5 mm. long, about twice as long ay 
 the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when mature, the angles acute, not crested. 
 In waste places, and persistent in fields after cultivation. Reported from almost 
 all parts of the northern U. S. and southern British America. Native of eastern 
 Europe or western Asia. June- Sept. [F. esculentum Moench.] 
 
 2. Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn. TARTARY BUCKWHEAT. (I. F. f. 
 1317.) Annual, similar to the preceding species, but the leaves deltoid-hastate, or 
 oblong hastate, often broader than long, 2.5-10 cm. wide, acute or short-acuminate 
 at the apex; racemes terminal and axillary, mostly solitary, simple and few- 
 flowered, long-pedur,cled; flowers whitish, short-pedicelled; achene subacute, 5 
 mm. long, its angles crested with three prominent lobes above the middle, its faces 
 pinnately sulcate from a conspicuous groove. In waste places, eastern Canada 
 and New England. Adventive from Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. POLYGONUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species woody, with erect, 
 prostrate, climbing or floating stems, alternate entire leaves, continuous with, or 
 jointed to the cylindric funnelform or two-lobed, often lacerate or fringed ocreae, 
 Flowers normally perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered, the 
 clusters terminal or axillary. Pedicels jointed, subtended by ocreae or ocreolae; 
 calyx 4-5-parted or 4-5 -cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat larger than the 
 inner, stamens 5-9, included or exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, 
 glabrous; style 2-3-parted or 2-3-cleft, its branches included or exserted; stigmas 
 capitate: achene lenticular or 3-angled (rarely 4 angled), invested by or exceeding 
 the calyx. Embryo near the end of the seed, in one of its angles. [Greek, many- 
 knees from the swollen joints of some species. ] About 200 species, of wide geographic 
 distribution. Besides the following, some 33 others occur in the western and 
 southern parts of North America. 
 
 i. Flowers in terminal spike like racemes; calyx s-cleft ors-parted; stem not twining. 
 Raceme solitary ; alpine species ; perennial, not aquatic. i. P. viviparum. 
 
 Racemes solitary or 2 ; aquatic or swamp species; perennials. 
 
 Leaves oblong, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, not acuminate. 2. P. amphibium. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, or oblong- lanceolate, not acuminate. 
 
 3. P. Hartwrightii. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acuminate. 
 
 4. P. emersum. 
 Racemes several or numerous ; annuals or perennials, mostly terrestrial. 
 
 Ocreae naked or ciliolate, their limbs not spreading. 
 Racemes drooping. 
 
 Achene ovoid; style 2-parted to near the base. 6. P. incarnatum. 
 
 Achene broadly oblong-ovoid; style 2-cleft to-below the middle. 
 
 7. P. lapathi/olium. 
 
POL YG ON A CEA E. 359 
 
 Racemes erect. 
 
 Style-branches scarcely or slightly exserted. 
 
 Achene broadly oblong, biconvex. 5. P. Portoricense. 
 
 Achene orbicular, flat. 8. P. Pennsylvanicum. 
 
 Style-branches long-exserted ; achene ovoid, somewhat gibbous. 
 
 9. P. longistylum* 
 Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs not spreading. 
 
 Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene lenticular or 3-angled. 
 Ocreae conspicuously fringed; achene broadly ovoid. 
 
 10. P. Persicaria. 
 Ocreae inconspicuously fringed; achene narrowly ovoid. 
 
 11. P. persicarioides. 
 Racemes not interrupted, erect; achene always 3-angled. 
 
 Ocreolae conspicuously fringed. 14. P, Opelousanum. 
 
 Ocreolae inconspicuously fringed. 
 
 Leaves mostly glabrous above; achene pointed at the top. 
 
 15. P. hydropiperoidesi 
 Leaves strigose above; achene pointed at both ends. 
 
 13. P. setaceum. 
 
 Racemes not interrupted, drooping. 12. P. Careyi. 
 
 Racemes interrupted, erect or drooping. 
 
 Achene granular and dull: racemes drooping. 16. P. Hydropiper. 
 
 Achene smooth, shining; racemes erect. 17. P. punctatum. 
 
 Ocreae fringed with bristles, their limbs normally spreading. 
 
 18. P. orient ale. 
 
 a. Flowers in long naked much interrupted spike-like racemes; calyx 4-parted. 
 
 19. P. Virginian urn. 
 3. Flowers in axillary clusters; stems more or less wiry, not twining. 
 
 Plants prostrate; achene invested by the calyx. 
 
 Achene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base. 
 
 Leaves mostly acute; style 3-parted to below the middle. 
 
 20. P. aviculare. 
 Leaves mostly obtuse-, style 3-parted to the base. 21. P. lit tor ale. 
 
 Achene pointed at both ends. 22. P. Bellardi. 
 
 Plants prostrate; achene protruding beyond the calyx. 
 
 Leaves mostly longer than the internodes; sea beach species. 
 
 23. P. maritimum. 
 
 Leaves shorter than the internodes; plant of waste places. 24. P. Rayi. 
 Plants erect or ascending, rather stout. 
 Achene invested by the calyx. 
 
 Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, persistent. 25. P. ertctum. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong, persistent. 27. P. ramosissimum. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, fugacious. 
 
 28. P. camporum. 
 
 Achene much exserted beyond the calyx. 26. P. exsertum. 
 
 Plants strictly erect and very slender. 
 
 Leaves with a lateral impression on either side of the midvein ; fruiting pedicels 
 
 stout, erect. 29. P. tenue. 
 
 Leaves without lateral impression; fruiting pedicels slender, deflexed. 
 
 30. P. Douglasii. 
 
 4. Flowers in axillary and terminal clusters, racemes or panicled racemes; stems 
 
 mostly twining. 
 
 Stems twining; herbaceous vines. 
 
 Outer segments of the calyx unchanged, or keeled in fruit. 
 
 Achene granular and dull; ocreae not bristly. 31. P. Convolvulus. 
 
 Achene smooth and shining; ocreae bristly. 32. P. cilinode. 
 
 Outer segments of the calyx conspicuously winged in fruit. 
 Carlyx-wings not incised. 
 
 Fruiting calyx 10-12 mm. long, the wings crisped. 33. P. scandens. 
 Fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, the wings rather flat. 34. P. dumetorum. 
 Calyx-wings incised. 35. /*. cristatum. 
 
 Stems stout, erect, tall; outer calyx-segments winged in fruit. 36. P. Zuccarinii. 
 
 5. Flowers in capitate clusters or racemes; stem climbing by recurved prickles. 
 Leaves sagittate; achene 3-angled. 37. P. sagittatum. 
 
 Leaves halberd-shaped; achene lenticular. 38. P. arifolium. 
 
 I. Polygonum viviparum L. ALPINE BISTORT. (I. F. f. 1318.) Perennial 
 by a conn-like rootstock, mostly glabrous and, somewhat glaucous, stems solitary 
 
30 FLORA. 
 
 or clustered, erect, simple, 5-25 cm. tall. Basal leaves oblong o t .anceoiaie, 2.5-20 
 cm. long, rather acute at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, long-petioled; 
 stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the lower petioled, the 
 upper sessile, their margins often revolute; ocreae clasping below, open above; 
 raceme solitary, terminal, narrow, rather dense, bearing a number of rather dark- 
 colored bulblets about its base; calyx 5 -parted, pale rose-color or white; stamens 8, 
 exserted; style 3-parted, achene oblong, 3-angled. Greenland and Labrador to 
 Alaska, south to the high summits of the mountains of New England, and in the 
 Rocky Mountains to Colo. Also in Arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Polygonum amphibium L. WATER PERSIC ART A. (I. F. f. 1319.) 
 Aquatic, perennial, glabrous when mature; stem floating or submersed, 1-6 m. 
 long. Leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, petioled, obtuse 
 or subacute at the a.pex, slightly inequilateral, rounded or narrowed at the base, 
 sometimes ciliate; ocreae cylindric, those of the branches often longer than the 
 internodes, their limbs sometimes spreading, usually glabrous; raceme terminal, 
 usually solitary, 12-2^ mm. long, dense, erect, oblong or ovoid; calyx rose-color, 
 5 -parted; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene orbicular-oblong, 
 lenticular, 3 mm. long, biconvex, black, smooth and shining, or granular. In 
 ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, south to northern N. J., Ky., Colo, and Cal. 
 Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. HART WRIGHT'S PERSICARIA. 
 (I. F. f. 1320.) Perennial by rootstocks, more or less hispid; stem ascending, 
 decumbent or erect, 1.5-6 dm. long, many -jointed, usually rather stout. Leaves 
 lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 7-15 cm. long, obtuse or subacute the 
 apex, short-petioled or sessile; ocreae cylindric, varying from one-half as long to 
 as long as the internodes, the limb abruptly spreading, fringed with short bristles; 
 racemes usually solitary, dense, 1-2.5 cm - ' ori g, oblong ; calyx rose-colored, 
 5-parted; stamens 5, exserted; style exserted, 2-cleft to beyond the middle; achene 
 oblong, biconvex, lenticular, black, smooth, shining. In swamps or moist soil, 
 Hudson Bay to Ore., south to Me., S. Penn., Kans., Nev. ard L. Calif. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 4. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton. SWAMP PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1321.) Perennial by long creeping or horizontal rootstocks, glabrous or strigose- 
 pubescent; stem erect or assurgent, commonly simple, enlarged at the nodes, 
 3-9 dm. or sometimes 6 m. long. 'Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 or the upper sometimes narrowly lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, acute or usually 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled, the lateral nerves 
 prominent, sometimes forking; ocreae cylindric, not ciliate; racemes I or 2, 
 erect, 2.5-8 cm. long, linear-oblong, ^ense; calyx dark rose-color, 5-parted; 
 stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; achene broadly obovate or orbicular, 
 3 mm. long, very convex, lenticular, black and slightly granular, but shining. 
 In swamps and moist soil, Me., Ont. to N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Va., 
 La. and Mex. July-Sept. [P. Muhlenbergii S. Wats.] 
 
 5. Polygonum Portoricense Bertero. DENSE-FLOWERED PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1322.) Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decumbent or floating, 1-1.5 m - 
 long or longer, branched, enlarged at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, 4-30 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short- 
 petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes bristly when 
 young, naked when mature, sometimes hispid; racemes narrow, paniculate, often 
 in pairs, 2.5-13 cm. long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5. parted to near 
 the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2~3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene 
 lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong, 
 orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining, or minutely 
 granular. In wet soil, Mo. to Fla., Tex., the W. I. and S. Am. May -Nov. 
 
 6. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. SLENDER PINK PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1323.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so ; stem erect, more or less swollen at the 
 nodes, 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 7-22 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, 
 short-petioled, sparingly punctate and ciliate; ocreae cylindric, loose, brittle, 
 sometimes ciliolate when young, glabrous when mature; racemes panicled, droop- 
 ing, 3.5-10 cm. long, linear, many-flowered; calyx white or pink, small, 5 -parted; 
 
POL YGOiVA CEAE. 361 
 
 stamens 6; style 2-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-oblong, lenticular, about 
 
 2 mm. long, flat or biconcave, smooth, shining. In wet soil, Vt. to 111. and Neb., 
 south to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 7. Polygonum lapathifolium L. DOCK-LEAVED OR PALE PERSICARIA. 
 (I. F. f. 1324.) Annual, stem erect or ascending, swollen at the nodes, 3-9 dm. 
 high, the peduncles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
 lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long, usually broader than those of the preceding, attenuate 
 to the apex, acuminate at the base, short-petioled, ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; 
 ocreae cylindric, ribbed or striate; racemes panicled, 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping, 
 narrow, rather dense; calyx pink, greenish or white, 5-parted; stamens 6; style 
 2-parted to below the middle; achene broadly oblong or ovoid, lenticular, 2 mm. 
 long, brownish or black, slightly reticulated but shining, its faces concave. In 
 waste places, throughout temperate N. Am. Nat. from Europe. Sometimes a 
 troublesome weed. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium nod6sum (Pers.) Small. Generally robust and glabrous ; 
 stem stout, reddish, purple spotted and with a purple ring below each ocrea, much 
 thickened at the nodes ; leaves conspicuously punctate ; racemes 2.5-7.5 cm - lon &> less 
 drooping, often erect ; achene slightly larger. Occasional in the range of the type. 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium incinum (Schmidt) Koch. Low; stem slender, erect, 
 5-30 cm. high, slightly scurfy ; leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, usually narrowed at 
 the base, white-tomentose beneath, glabrous above; racemes 1-4 cm. long. In waste 
 places, N. S. to Ont., N. Y., and Br. Col. 
 
 8. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. PENNSYLVANIA PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1325.) Annual, glabrous below; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall, the upper parts, the 
 peduncles and pedicels glandular. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, 
 petioled, ciliate, 5-30 cm. long, the upper sometimes glandular beneath; ocreae 
 cylindric, naked, glabrous; racemes panicled, erect, thick, oblong or cylindric, 
 dense, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; calyx dark pink or rose-color, 5-parted; stamens 8 or fewer; 
 style 2-cleft to about the middle; achene orbicular or mostly broader than high, 
 
 3 mm. long, short-pointed, lenticular, smooth, shining. In moist soil, N. S. to 
 Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Polygonum longistylum Small. LONG-STYLED PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1326.) Annual or perennial, glabrous except the glandular upper branches and 
 peduncles; stem erect, rather slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, their margins 
 undulate, slightly crisped, more or less ciliolate; ocreae cylindric, entire, brittle; 
 racemes panicled, sometimes geminate, 2.5-8 cm. long, rather dense, erect; calyx 
 lilac, 5-parted to below the middle, the lobes petaloid; stamens 6-8, included; 
 style 2-parted, slender, conspicuously exserted; stigmas black; achene broadly 
 ovoid, lenticular, slightly gibbous on both sides, long-pointed, black, granular, 
 but somewhat shining, 2.5 mm. long. In moist soil, S. 111. and Mo. to La. and 
 N. Mex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 10. Polygonum Persicaria L. LADY'S THUMB. (I. F. f. 1327.) Annual, 
 glabrous or puberulent ; stem erect or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, conspicuously 
 punctate, usually with a dark triangular or lunar blotch near the centre, their 
 margins entire or slightly eroded, often ciliate; ocreae cylindric, nearly glabrous, 
 fringed with short bristles; racemes solitary or panicled, 1-5 cm. long, ovoid or 
 oblong, dense, erect; calyx pink or dark purple; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3- 
 parted to below the middle; achene broadly ovate and lenticular, often gibbous or 
 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm - l n g> smooth and shining. In waste places, throughout N. Am. 
 except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. Often an abundant weed. June- 
 Oct. 
 
 11. Polygonum persicarioides H. B. K. SOUTHWESTERN PERSICARIA. 
 (I. F. f. 1328.) Perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem erect, decumbent 
 or creeping, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at 
 both ends, punctate, 4-25 cm. long ; ocreae cylindric, glabrous, or sparingly 
 strigillose, fringed with short bristles ; racemes more or less panicled, erect, 
 2 -5-7-5 cm - lon g> narrowly oblong or linear, loosely flowered; calyx rose-color 
 tinged with green, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer; style 2-3- 
 
362 FLORA. 
 
 parted to near the base; achene lenticular and biconvex, or 3 -angled, more or less 
 gibbous, 2 mm. long, ovoid or broadly oblong, short- pointed, black, minutely 
 granular, but shining. Neb. to Mex. ; widdy distributed in tropical Am. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. CAREY'S PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 1329.) 
 Annual, rough-glandular throughout ; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves oblong, 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the uppermost nearly linear, 5-27 cm. long, short- 
 petioled or nearly sessile, acuminate at both ends, hispid on the midrib, ciliate, 
 sparingly punctate; ocreae cylindric, sparsely hispid, fringed with long bristles; 
 racemes several, narrow, loosely flowered, drooping, 2-7 cm. long; calyx purplish; 
 stamens 5 or sometimes 8; style 2-parted to below the middle; achene lenticular, 
 broadly ovoid or obovoid, 2.5-3 cm. long, short- pointed, thick, smooth and shining. 
 In marshes, Me. and Ont. to Mich., south to R. I., N. J. and Penn. July- Sept. 
 
 13. Polygonum setaceum Baldw. BRISTLY PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 1330.) 
 Perennial, strigose; stem 6-12 dm. high, erect, simple or sparingly branched; 
 leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-23 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, 
 ciliate, inconspicuously punctate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed with very long 
 bristles ; racemes few, terminal, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, erect, narrow, sometimes 
 geminate, rather loosely flowered; calyx white or pink; stamens 8; style 3-parted 
 to below the middle; achene 3-angled, oblong or obovoid, thick-pointed, 1-2 mm. 
 long, minutely reticulated and rather dull, or smooth and shining. In swamps, 
 southern Mo. to La., east to N. Car. and Fla- June-Sept. 
 
 14. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell. OPELOUSAS PERSICARIA. (I. F. f. 
 1331.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem slender, erect or ascending, spar- 
 ingly or considerably branched, 3-9 -dm. tall, becoming woody below. Leaves 
 linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, ciliate; ocreae cylindric, strigose, fringed 
 with long bristles; spike-like racemes panicled, erect, often geminate, 1.2-5 cm. long, 
 not densely flowered; calyx white, 5-parted to below the middle; stamens 8 or fewer; 
 style deeply 3-parted ; achene 3-angled or rarely 4-angled, broadly ovoid or 
 obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. Mo. to La., Tex. and Mex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 15. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. MILD WATER PEPPER. (I. F. f. 
 1332.) Perennial, strigillose; stem erect, decumbent or prostrate, slender, 3-9 dm. 
 long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate, 
 5-15 cm. long, short petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with appressed 
 hairs on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylindric, loose, strigose, fringed with long 
 bristles; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less interrupted, 3-7.5 
 cm. long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 8; style 3-parted to below the middle; 
 achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 mm - l n g smooth, shining. In swamps 
 and wet soil, N. B. to Minn, and Calif., south to Fla. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum hydropiperoJdes Macoiini Small. More robust than the type; stem 
 3-12 dm. long;, clothed with stout appressed hairs ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; ocreolae 
 more or less ciliate ; calyx white or whitish, often conspicuous. Quebec to W. Va. and 
 Ind. Also in Calif. 
 
 16. Polygonum Hydropiper L. SMART-WEED. WATER PEPPER. (I. F. f. 
 T 333-) Annual, glabrous, stem erect, often red or reddish, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; 2.5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, acute or acuminate 
 at the apex, undulate or slightly crisped, punctate, ciliate, very acrid ; ocreae cylin- 
 dric, fringed with short bristles, sometimes slightly pubescent, usually swollen at 
 the base by the development of several flowers within; racemes panicled, 2.5-7.5 
 cm. long, narrow, drooping, interrupted; calyx green, 3-5-parted (usually 4-parted), 
 conspicuously punctate; stamens 4 or sometimes 6: style short, 2-3-parted; achene 
 lenticular or 3-angled, broadly oblong or ovoid, slightly gibbous, 2.5-3 mm - I n 
 granular, dull. In moist waste places, almost throughout N. Am. Naturalized 
 from Europe in our area, perhaps indigenous in the far Northwest. July-Sept. 
 
 17. Polygouum punctatum Ell. DOTTED OR WATER SMART- WEED. (I. F. f. 
 1334.) Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so; stem erect or ascending, 
 rarely prostrate, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate, conspicuously 
 punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cylindric, 
 
POL YGO.VA CEAE. 363 
 
 falling away at maturity, fringed with long bristles; racemes narrow, erect or 
 slightly drooping, loosely -flowered, 2-8 cm. long; calyx greenish; stamens 8; style 
 2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, thick, lenticular or 3-angled, 2.5 mm. long, 
 smooth, shining. In swamps and wet places, throughout N. Am. except the extreme 
 north. June-Get. [P. acre H. B. K., not Lam.] 
 
 Polygonum punctitum leptostichyum (Meisn.) Small. Rather smaller ; stem slen- 
 der, 3-6 dm. long; leaves narrower; racemes very slender and much interrupted, clus- 
 tered at the summit; achene about 2 mm. long, oblong, shining. Vt. to Calif., south to 
 Fla. and Mex. 
 
 Polygonum punctktum robiistior Small. Larger and stouter than the type, leafy ; 
 stem 6-12 dm. tall, conspicuously enlarged at the nodes ; leaves 5-20 cm. long; racemes 
 thicker, 2.5-10 cm. long, interrupted below; achene 3 mm. long, slightly granular, some- 
 what obovoid; calyx-segments white. Mass, to Fla., near the coast. 
 
 18. Polygonum orientale L. PRINCE'S FEATHER. (I. F. f. 1335.) Annual, 
 more or less hispid; stem erect, 3-25 dm. tall, branched. Leaves ovate or broadly 
 oblong, 7-30 cm. long, petioled, acuminate at the apex, ciliate; petioles slightly 
 winged; ocreae cylindric, loose, mostly with a spreading border, ciliate; racemes 
 panicled, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-10 cm. long, dense, drooping; flowers large for the 
 genus; calyx dark rose-color or crimson; stamens 7, exserted; style 2-cleft to above 
 the middle; achene orbicular or broader than long, lenticular, flat, 3 mm. in diam- 
 eter, finely reticulated and rather dull. In waste places, escaped irom gardens 
 throughout eastern N. Am. Native of India. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 19. Polygonum Virginianum L. VIRGINIA KNOT\VEED. (I. F. f. 1336.) 
 Annual, nearly glabrous, or strigose; stem erect or arching, simple, or branched 
 above, 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, elliptic- ovate or cvate-lanceolate. short- 
 petioled, acuminate at the apex, 5-15 cm. long, sparingly ciliate; ocreae cylindric, 
 strigose, fringed with short bristles; racemes spike-like, naked, greatly elongated 
 and interrupted, sometimes 4-5 dm. long; calyx curved, greenish or rose-color, 
 4-cleft; stamens 5; style long, exserted, 2-parted to the base, its branches at length 
 curled; achene 4 mm. long, ovate-oblong, lenticular, strongly biconvex, dark 
 brown or cream- colored, shining. In wocds, N. S. to Minn., south to Fla. and 
 Tex. July-Nov. 
 
 20. Polygonum aviculare L. KNOTGRASS. DOOR-WEED. (I. F. f. 1337.) 
 Annual or commonly perennial, slender, glabrous, dull green or bluish green; stem 
 prostrate or ascending, 1-7 dm. long. Leaves oblong, linear or oblanceolate, 0.5-2 
 cm. long, jointed to the ocreae, narrowed at the base, usually acute at the apex, 
 not conspicuously veined; ocreae oblique, silvery, 2-parted or at length lacerate; 
 clusters axillary, i-5-flowered; calyx green, 5 -parted, the lobes with a white or pink 
 border; stamens 5-8; style short, 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled, 
 ovoid, 2 mm. long, acute, reticulated. A weed in cultivated and waste grounds, 
 common almost throughout N. Am., Asia and Europe. June-Oct 
 
 21. Polygonum littorale Link. SHORE KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1338. ) Annual 
 or perennial, stout, glabrous, bright green or slightly glaucous; stem 3-12 dm. 
 long, prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched from a woody base, striate. 
 Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or sub- 
 acute at the apex, mostly acuminate at the base, prominently veined, often crisped, 
 jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, at length lacerate; flowers axillary, 2-6 in 
 each cluster ; calyx green, its lobes whitish-margined or carmine; stamens 8; style 
 short, 3-parted to the base; achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, more or 
 less pinched at the apex. On shores and in waste places, N. B. to Minn, and 
 Cal., south to Va., 111. and Kans. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 22. Polygonum Bellardi All. BELLARD'S KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1339.) 
 Annual, dingy green; stem slender, prostrate or spreading, 39 dm. long, often 
 diffusely branched, striate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short- 
 petioled, 0.5-4 cm. long, acute at the apex, acuminate at the base, distant, promi- 
 nently veined beneath, jointed to the ocreae; ocreae oblique, silvery, slightly 
 lacerate when young, becoming much incised when old ; flowers 1-3 together in 
 the axils; calyx green, its lobes white-margined ; stamens 8; style 3-parted to the 
 base, very short; achene ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3-angled, rather pointed at both 
 ends. 2-2.5 mm. long, reticulated and rather dull. In waste grounds, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. Adventive from eastern Europe and western Asia. 
 
"FLORA. 
 
 23. Polygonum maritimum L. SEASIDE KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1340.) 
 Perennial or sometimes annual, glaucous, glabrous; root usually deep, woody; stem 
 prostrate or ascending, branched, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly 
 equalling or longer than the internodes, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, fleshy, veined beneath, 
 somewhat rugose above, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae, the margins often 
 revolute; ocreae large, silvery, at length lacerate, becoming brown at the base; 
 flowers 1-3 together in the axils; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 8; style short, 
 3-parted; achene 3-angled, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute or acumi- 
 nate, shining, longer than the calyx. In sands of the seashore, Me. to Fla. Also 
 on the coast of Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 24. Polygonum Rayi Babingt. RAY'S KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1341.) 
 Perennial or annual, glabrous, slightly glaucous ; stem 1-6 dm. long, prostrate, 
 usually much branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 0.5-3 cm. long, acute 
 or obtusish at the apex, veined beneath, inconspicuously so above, shorter than the 
 internodes, inconspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae becoming lacerate, silvery, 
 brown and glaucous at the base when old; flowers 2-4 together in the axils; 
 stamens 5 or 6; style short, 3-parted to the base; achene ovoid, 3-angled, 4-6 mm. 
 long, slightly granular but shining, much exceeding the calyx. In waste places, 
 N. B. and Prince Edward's I. to Br. Col., south along the Atlantic coast to Va. 
 Apparently naturalized from Europe. Ma-y-Sept. 
 
 25. Polygonum erectum L. ERECT KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1342.) Annual, 
 glabrous; stem erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. high, terete, nearly simple or much 
 branched. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, subsessile or short-petioled, 0.5-4 cm. 
 long, obtuse or subacute at the apex, conspicuously jointed to the ocreae; ocreae 
 oblique, funnelform, soon lacerate, silvery when young; flowers I or 2 together in the 
 axils; calyx greenish, enlarged in fruit; stamens 6 (sometimes 5); style very short, 
 3-parted to near the base; achene ovoid-pyramidal, 3-angled, 3 mm. long, reticu- 
 lated and dull, invested by the calyx, or the apex slightly protruding. In moist or 
 dry soil, Me. to On*., the N. W. Terr., Tenn. and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
 26. Polygonum exsrtum Small. LONG-FRUITED KNOTWEED. (I. F 1. 
 1343.) Annual, glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous; stem slender, brownish, 
 erect or nearly, so, conspicuously striate, branched, 5-10 dm. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, rarely oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acute or cuspidate at the apex, acuminate 
 at the base, nearly sessile; ocreae soon lacerate, silvery, becoming brownish; calyx 
 greenish or white, 6-parted to near the base; stamens 5 or 6; style 3-cleft or 3- 
 parted, very short; achene 3-angled, narrowly pyramidal, 5-6 mm. long, more or 
 less constricted above the middle, chestnut brown, smooth, shining, 2-3 times as 
 lon^r as the calyx, at length twisted. N. W. Terr., south to 111., Mo. and Neb., 
 and 0:1 the Atlantic coast, in brackish marshes, from Me. to N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 27. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. BUSHY KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1344.) 
 Annual, bright green or yellowish green, glabrous ; stem erect or ascending, 
 usually very much branched, slender, usually rigid, 1-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceo- 
 l.ite or linear oblong, 0.5-4 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, persistent, conspicu- 
 ous!/ jointed to the ocreae ; ocreae oblique, funnelform, few-nerved, becoming 
 deeply lacerate ; flowers several together in the axillary clusters ; calyx 5-6 . 
 parted, greenish-white ; stamens 6 or fewer ; style very short, 3-parted to the 
 base ; achene 3-angled, acute, sometimes slightly protruding beyond the calyx, 
 nearly 3 mm. long, black, reticulated, dull. In saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. 
 Terr., N. Mex. and Cal., and on the Atlantic coast from Me. to N. J. July-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum ramosfssimum prolfficum Small. Bushy, much branched ; stem nearly 
 erect, its internodes short, its nodes giving; off 2 or more branches; leaves narrower; 
 flowers and achenes more numerous. Neb. and Kan., also on the coast of Me. 
 
 28. Polygonum campdrum Meisn. PRAIRIE KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1345.) 
 Annual or perennial, glabrous ; stem mostly erect, slightly striate, much branched, 
 sometimes slightly glaucous, 6-9 dm. tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, 
 soon falling away, subsessile, rather obtuse at the apex, veined beneath, 0.5-2.5 
 cm. long ; ocreae funnelform, early lacerate and fugacious, dark brown ; flowers 
 several together in the axillary clusters ; pedicels short ; stamens 8 ; style short, 
 3-parted ; achene pyramidal-ovoid, 3-angled, black, nearly 3 mm. long, shining. 
 On prairies, Neb. to La., and N. Mex. Also in S. Am. July-Sept. 
 
POL YGONA CEAE. 365 
 
 29. Polygonum tenue Michx. SLENDER KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1346.) Annual, 
 glabrous, somewhat rough about the nodes; stem very slender or filiform, erect, 
 somewhat 4-angled, 1-4 dm. tall. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, 
 acuminate at the apex, o 5-2.5 cm. long, articulated to the ocreae, I -ribbed with a 
 lateral impression on each side of the rib, the margins minutely scabrous or serru- 
 late ; ocreae funnelibrm, soon lacerate ; flowers several in the axillary clusters, 
 green, su^essile ; calyx-lobes whitish ; stamens 8 ; style 3-parted nearly to the 
 base, its branches diverging ; fruit erect ; achene 3 angled, black, 2-2.5 mm - l n g? 
 reticulated on the angles, the centre of its faces smooth. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. 
 to Minn., Neb., Ga. and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
 30. Polygonum Douglasii Greene. DOUGLAS' KNOTWEED. (I. F. f. 1347.) 
 Animal, similar to the preceding species, glabrous, somewhat rough at the nodes, 
 sometimes slightly glaucous ; stem erect, 2-5 dm. tall, simple or usually much 
 branched. Leaves oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, subsessile, rather 
 thin, flat or revolute, with no lateral impressions parallel to the midrib ; ocreae 
 oblique, short, soon lacerate ; clusters axillary, several -flowered ; the flowers and 
 fruit deflexed ; calyx green with white or rose-colored margin ; stamens 8 ; style 
 3-parted ; achene 3-angled, 2.5-4 mm. long, oblong or ovoid-oblong, black, smooth 
 and shining. N. \V. Terr, and Br. Col. to N. Mex., Neb. and Ind. Terr., east 
 through Ont. to northern N. Y. and Vt. June- Sept. 
 
 31. Polygonum Convolvulus L. BLACK BINDWEED. (1. F. f. 1348.) Annual, 
 glabrous, scurfy; stem twining or trailing, 1.5-10 dm. long, mostly branched. 
 Leaves ovate-sagittate or the uppermost lanceolate-sagittate, long-petioled, acumi- 
 nate at the apex, slightly ciliate, 1-7.5 cm - ' on g; ocreae oblique, short, rough on 
 the margin ; axillary clusters or racemes loosely flowered; flowers greenish, pen- 
 dulous on slender pedicels ; calyx 5-parted or rarely 6-parted, closely investing the 
 achene, the outer lobes slightly or not at all keeled ; stamens 8 ; style nearly 
 entire ; stigmas 3 ; achene 3 angled, obovoid pyramidal, 3 mm. long, thick- 
 pointed, black, granular, rather dull. In waste and cultivated grounds, nearly 
 throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Native 
 of Asia. Sometimes a troublesome weed. July-Sept. 
 
 32. Polygonum cilinode Michx. FRINGED BLACK BINDWEED. (I. F. f. 1349.) 
 Perennial, sparingly pubescent; stem red or reddish, twining or prostrate, 0.3-3 m> 
 long. Leaves broadly ovate or somewhat hastate, acuminate at the apex, cordate 
 at the base, rather long-petioled, undulate, finely ciliate, 2.5-10 cm. long, or the 
 upper smaller ; ocreae small, armed with reflexed bristles near the base ; racemes 
 mostly panicled, axillary and terminal, interrupted ; calyx whitish ; style short, 
 3 parted to the base ; achene 3 angled, oblong- pyramidal or ovoid, nearly 3 mm. 
 long, very smooth and shining. In rocky places, N. S. to Ont., Minn, and Penn., 
 south in the Alleghanies to N. Car. June-Sept. 
 
 Polygonum cilinode brevis Peck. Stems erect, about 3dm. tall; inflorescence mostly 
 terminal. Adirondack Mountains, N. Y. 
 
 33. Polygonum scandens L. CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT. (I. F. f. 1351.) 
 Perennial, glabrous; stem climbing, 0.5-6 m. long, rather stout, branched, rough 
 on the ridges. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, 2.5-15 cm. long or 
 the upper smaller, the larger long-petioled, finely punctate, the margins scabrous; 
 ocreae oblique, smooth and glabrous; racemes usually numerous and panicled, 
 interrupted, leafy, 5-20 cm. long; flowers yellowish -green, long-pediceled; calyx 
 5-parted, the three outer segments very strongly winged and decurrent on the 
 pedicels, especially in fruit; style almost none; stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 10-12 
 mm. long, the wings crisped, not incised; achene 4-5 mm. long, 3-angled, rather 
 blunt at both ends, smooth, shining. In woods and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and the 
 Rocky Mts., south to Fla., Neb. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 34. Polygonum dumetorum L. COPSE OR HEDGE BUCKWHEAT. (I. F. f. 
 1350.) Perennial, glabrous, similar to the preceding species; stem extensively 
 twining, 0.5-3 m - l n g much branched. Leaves ovate or somewhat hastate, and 
 sometimes inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 2.5-7 cm. 
 long, long-petioled, or the upper smaller or nearly sessile; ocreae oblique, smooth; 
 racemes numerous, much interrupted, lenfy bracted, 5-13 cm. long; flowers yellow- 
 ish green, pendulous; calyx 5-parted, the three outer segments winged or keeled 
 
FLORA. 
 
 and much enlarged in fruit; style short, 3-parted; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, the 
 wings nearly flat, not incised; achene oblong, 3-angled, 4 mm. long, inclined to be 
 pointed at both ends, black, smooth, shining. Prairies of 111. and about St. 
 Louis, Mo. Also in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn. Naturalized from Europe( ?). 
 July-Sept. 
 
 35- Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray. CRESTED FALSE BUCKWHEAT. 
 (I. F. f. 1352.) Perennial, scurfy; stem slender, twining, 0.7-2.5 m. long, more 
 or less branched. Leaves triangular or ovate, 2.5-13 cm. long, acuminate at the 
 apex, undulate, truncate or cordate at the base, rather long-petioled; ocreae cylin- 
 dric-funnelform; flowers in simple or compound often naked racemes 2.5-13 cm. 
 long; pedicels about 5 mm. long, jointed near the middle; calyx greenish-white 
 4-5 mm. long, ^-parted, the three outer segments keeled and at maturity winged; 
 stigmas 3; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, its wings incised; achene 3-angled, 
 oblong, black, smooth, shining, about 3 mm. long. Sandy woods and rocky banks, 
 Conn, to Ga., the Ind. Terr, and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 36. Polygonum Zuzzarinii Small. JAPANESE KNOTWEED. (I. E f. 1353.) 
 Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem stout, erect, Woody below, much branched, 
 1-2.5 m - ta -U- Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate -lanceolate, petioled, 5-15 cm. long, 
 acuminate- cuspidate at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the base, reticulate- 
 veined on both surfaces, undulate; ocreae oblique, smooth, fugacious; racemes 
 mostly terminal, panicied, 5-10 cm long, or axillary, many-flowered, more or 
 less pubescent; flowers greenish-white, long-pedicelled; outer segments of the 
 5-parted calyx very broadly winged in fruit; style 3-parted; achene 3-angled, 
 narrowly oblong or oblong-pyramidal, 2.5-3 mm - l n g> black, smooth, shining. 
 Escaped from cultivation in Me., near Philadelphia, Pa., Schenectady, N. Y., N. J., 
 and in Ohio. Native of Japan. July-Oct. 
 
 37. Polygonum sagittatum L. ARROW-LEAVED TEAR -THUMB. (I. F. f 
 1354.) Annual, light green; stem slender, weak, decumbent, or climbing over 
 other plants by the abudant recurved prickles which arm its four prominent angles. 
 Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or oblong-sagittate, 1.2-7.5 cm. long, obtuse or acutf at 
 the apex, slightly rough on the margins, the lower petioled, the upper subsessile; 
 petioles and lower surface of the midribs prickly; ocreae oblique, not ciliate 
 fringed at the base by a few bristle-like prickles; flowers in rather dense terminal 
 heads or racemes; calyx greenish or rose- colored ; style 3-parted to below the 
 middle; achene 3-angled, oblong-pyramidal, thick -pointed, 3 mm. long, dark red, 
 smooth, shining. I:, wet soil, Newf. and N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla. 
 and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 38- Polygonum arifjlium L. HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB. (I. F. f. 
 1355.) Perennial ; stem ridged, reclining, 3-18 dm. long, the ridges armed with 
 recurved prickles. Peduncles and pedicels glandular or pubescent; leaves broadly 
 hastate, long-petioled, 2.5-25 cm. long, pubescent or glabrous beneath, the apex 
 and basal lobes acuminate; petioles and stronger nerves prickly; ocreae oblique, 
 fringed at the summit with short bristles and at the base with slender prickles; 
 flowers in terminal and axillary heads or racemes; calyx rose-color or greenish. 
 4-parted; style 2-parted; achene lenticular, broadly obovate, 4 mm. long, strongly 
 biconvex, dark brown, smooth, shining. In moist or wet soil, N. B. and Out. to 
 Minn., south to S. Car. July-Sept. 
 
 7. POLYGONELLA Michx. 
 
 Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with branched, 
 usually conspicuously jointed stems, alternate narrow leaves jointed to the mostly 
 naked ocreae, and small white, pink or greenish flowers in slender panicied ra- 
 cemes. Calyx unequally 5-parted, persistent, its segments petalloid, loosely invest- 
 ing the achene or its base in fruit, the three inner calyx-segments often winged. 
 Stamens 8, included; filaments filiform, or much dilated or auricled at the base. 
 Style 3-parted, short or almost wanting stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled, 
 smooth. Embryo slender, nearly straight in one of the angles of the seed. [Dimin- 
 utive of Polygonum.] Five or six species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 Annual: inner sepals not winged in fiuf':' pedicels reflexed. i. P. articulata. 
 
 Perennial; inner sepals winged in fruit; pedicels divergent, 2, Pi American** 
 
CHENOPODIALES. 367 
 
 1. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. COAST JOINTWEED. (I. F. f. 1356.) 
 Annual, glaucous; stem wiry, erect or sometimes diffusely spreading, simple or 
 branched, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves linear or linear-subulate (apparently filiform 
 from the revolute margins), 1-4 cm. long, cylindric, slightly expanded at the sum- 
 mit; racemes numerous, erect, many-flowered, 2.5-5 cm< l n g; ocreolae crowded 
 or imbricated; pedicels reflexed; calyx-segments white with a dark mid-rib, loosely 
 investing the achene, not winged in fruit; achene narrowly ovoid-pyramidal, pointed, 
 2 mm. long, brown. In sands of the seashore and sandy soil along the coast, Me., 
 N. H. to Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Get. 
 
 2. Polygonella Americana (F. & M.) Small. SOUTHERN JOINTWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1357.) Perennial, slightly glaucous; stem erect or ascending, wiry, somewhat 
 flexuous, 5-12 dm. high, simple or slightly branched, covered with a ridged more 
 or less scaly bark. Leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, often fas- 
 cicled on short branches, rather fleshy, obtuse and revolute at the apex; ocreae 
 scarious-margined, split on one side; racemes 2.5-7.5 cm. long, dense, divergent; 
 calyx white or pink, its three inner segments developing orbicular cordate wings, 
 the two outer reflexed in fruit; pedicels divergent; achene elliptic-oblong, 2-5 mm. 
 long, chestnut-brown, pointed at both ends. Jn dry soil, Mo. to Tex., east to Ga. 
 and Ala. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 8. BRUNN1CHIA Banks. 
 
 Perennial glabrous herbs with elongated grooved much branched stems climb- 
 ing by tendrils at the ends of the branches, and alternate entire petioled leaves, the 
 ocreae obscure or wanting, and small perfect flowers in panicled terminal and 
 axillary racemes. Pedicels slender, fascicled in the axils of lanceolate-subulate 
 bracts. Calyx 5-parted, much enlarged, coriaceous and winged on one side in 
 fruit, closely investing the achene, the segments spreading when fresh, converging 
 when dry. Stamens 7-10, mostly 8. filaments filiform, much dilated at the base. 
 Style 3 parted, the stigmas 2-cleft at the summit; ovary imperfectly 2-celled; ovule 
 pendulous. Achene 3.-angled. Seed irregularly 6-grooved, the embryo in one of 
 its angles. [Name in honor of M. T. Brunnich, Norwegian naturalist.] Two 
 known species, the following of southeastern N. Am., the other of tropical Africa. 
 
 I. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. BRUNNICHIA. (I. F. f. 1358.) Stem 2-6 
 m. long, somewhat woody, rather tough. Tendrils numerous, filiform; leaves 
 ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2.5-15 cm. long, truncate or sub- 
 cordate at the- base, petioled; ocreae represented by a ring of short bristles, ra- 
 cemes 5-15 cm. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long, greenish, 5-parted, its base strongly 
 winged along one side; achene oblong-ovoid, 6 mm. long, brown, smooth, closely 
 invested by the calyx which becomes 2.5 cm. or more in length. On banks of 
 streams, S. 111. to Ark., S. Car. and Fla. May -June. 
 
 Order 14. CHENOPODIALES. 
 
 Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if present, 
 polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular. Fruit 
 not an achene. 
 
 Fruit a utricle (see also last genera of Caryophyllaceae). 
 
 Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious; sepals green, or greenish. 
 
 Fam. i. Chenopodiaceae. 
 Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals, mostly scarious. 
 
 Fam. 2. Amaranthaceae* 
 
 Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels ; a berry. Fam. 3. Phytalaccaceae. 
 
 Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing" a utricle. 
 
 Fam. 4. Xyctaginaceae. 
 
 Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth (utricular in Anychia, Paronychia and 
 Sclerantkus of the Caryophyllaceae). 
 
 Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals none. Fam. 5. Aizoaceae. 
 
 Capsule i -celled; petals mostly present. 
 
 Sepals 2. Fam. 6. Portulacaceae. 
 
 Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united, Fam. 7. Caryophyllaceae, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Family i. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. 
 Goosefoot Family. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete 
 stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, exstipulate, simple, en- 
 tire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere 
 ridges). Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, 
 variously clustered, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. 
 Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, 
 wanting in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as 
 the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them ; filaments 
 slender; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. 
 Ovary i-celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3; stigmas capi- 
 tate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous 
 pericarp. Seed vertical or horizontal ; endosperm mealy, fleshy or want- 
 ing. About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographical distribution. 
 
 * Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled ; endosperm copious (except in 
 
 Salicornia). 
 Leaty herbs ; endosperm copious. 
 
 Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets. 
 
 Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate ; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. 
 Calyx 2-5-lobed or 2-5-parted ; stamens 1-5. 
 
 Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled. 
 
 Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit ; flowers in panicled 
 
 spikes. I. Chenopodium. 
 
 Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated ; leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 2. Roubieva. 
 Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit ; flowers densely capitate. 
 
 3. Blitum. 
 Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. 4. Cycloloma. 
 
 Calyx of i sepal ; stamen i. 5. Monolepts. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; calyx of pistillate flowers none ; fruit enclosed 
 by 2 bractlets. 
 
 Bractlets flat or convex, not silky. 6. Atnplex, 
 
 Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. 7. Eurotia. 
 
 Flowers perfect ; calyx membranous; leaves filiform-linear. 
 
 8. Kochia. 
 
 Fruit much exserted beyond the calyx. 9. Corisperrmtm. 
 
 Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches ; endosperm none. 10. Salicornia. 
 
 * * Embryo spirally coiled ; endosperm little or none. 
 
 Shrub ; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. u. Sarcobatus. 
 
 Herbs ; flowers perfect, bracteolate. 
 
 Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 12. Dondia. 
 
 Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing : leaves very spiny. 
 
 13. Salsola. 
 
 x. CHENOPODIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, 
 green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, em- 
 bracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged. 
 Stamens 1-5 ; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3 ; seed horizontal or 
 vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same species ; endo- 
 sperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-foot, 
 from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic 
 distribution. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of 
 N. Am. 
 
 * Embryo a complete ring. 
 
 Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface. 
 
 Leaves or some of them sinuate-toothed or lobed. 
 Sepals strongly keeled in fruit. 
 
 Pericarp firmly attached to the seed ; stem erect, tall. 
 
 i, C, album, 
 
CHENOPODIACEAE. 369 
 
 Pericarp readily detached from the seed ; stem low. 
 
 6. C. Fremontii incanum. 
 
 Sepals not keeled in fruit ; stem decumbent. 2. C. glaucum. 
 
 Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear or oblong. 3. C. leptophyllum. 
 
 Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature. 
 
 Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 4. C. polysperntum. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. 
 Stamens 5 ; calyx not fleshy. 
 
 Pericarp readily separable from the seed. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 
 
 5. C. Boscianum. 
 
 Leaves triangular-hastate ; calyx lobes keeled. 6. C. Fremcntii. 
 Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. 
 
 Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves. 
 
 Leaves oblong, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at the base. 
 Leaves obtuse or merely acute. i. C. album viride. 
 
 Leaves or some of them cuspidate or brittle tipped. 
 
 7. C. Berlandieri. 
 Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. 
 
 8. C. urbicum. 
 Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves. 
 
 9. C. mttrale. 
 Stamens only i or 2 ; calyx slightly fleshy, red. n. C. rubrum. 
 
 Leaves very coarsely toothed. 10. C. hybridum. 
 
 Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 12. C. Bonus- Henricus. 
 
 ** Embryo an incomplete ring. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed ; flowers in long loose panicles. 
 
 13. C. Botrys. 
 Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes. 
 
 Spikes borne in the axils of the numerous small upper leaves. 14. C. antbroswides. 
 Spikes in large commonly leafless terminal panicles. 15. C. anthelminticum. 
 
 1. Chenopodium album L. LAMB'S QUARTERS. WHITE GOOSEFOOT. PIG 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 1359.) Annual; stem usually slender, erect, commonly mucl 
 branched, 0.3-3 m - ta ^- Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, narrowed 
 at the base, 3-nerved, dentate, sinuate or lobed, or the upper entire, 2-IO cm. long; 
 spikes terminal and axillary, simple or compound, often panicled; calyx about I mm. 
 broad in fruit,, its segments usually completely enclosing the utricle ; seed hori- 
 zontal, black, shining, firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places. A ccm- 
 mon weed throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 Chenopodium ilbum viride (L.) Moq. Plant brighter green; leaves green on both 
 sides or but slightly mealy beneath. Range of the type. 
 
 2. Chenopodium glaucum L. OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 1360.) 
 Annual, succulent; stem usually much branched, decumbent or prostrate. Leaves 
 oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrt.wed at the base, dark green 
 above, 2-5 cm. long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate or lobed ; flowers in 
 axillary often branched spikes, or the upper panicled ; calyx about I mm. broad, 
 its segments obtuse, neither fleshy nor keeled in fruit; utricle brown, depressed, its 
 summit not completely covered by the calyx; seed of lateral flowers vertical, that 
 of terminal flowers commonly horizontal. A weed in waste places throughout 
 N. Am. except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 1361.) Annual, scarcely succulent; stem slender, usually erect, striate or 
 grooved, at least when dry, branched, 1.5-8 dm. tall, mealy above. Leaves 
 linear to oblong, acute or acuminate, or the lower obtuse, entire or the lower rarely 
 toothed, short-petioled, 2-6 mm. wide, i-3-nerved; flowers axillary and terminal 
 simple or branched spikes; calyx about I mm., broad, its segments strongly keeled 
 and nearly covering the fruit; seed horizontal, readily detached from the pericarp. 
 In dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Mo.. N. Mex. and Ariz. Also on the 
 shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, Conn, to N. J. July-Sept. 
 
 Chenopodium leptophyllum subgl&brum S. Wats. Leaves scarcely mealy or quite 
 green; flowers loosely clustered. W, Neb, a.nd Colo, 
 
37 FLORA. 
 
 4. Chenopodium polyspermum L. MANY-SEEDED GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1362.) Animal, glabrous, not mealy ; stem commonly much branched, striate, 
 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, 
 obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; calyx less than 
 2 mm. wide, its segments oblong, not keeled, not completely covering the fruit ; 
 seed firmly attached to the pericarp, horizontal. In waste places and ballast, 
 Mass, to N. J. Adv. from Europe. July -Sept. 
 
 5. Cheaop odium Boscinum Moq. Bosc's GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 1363.) 
 Annual, light green; stem slender, 3-10 dm. tall, the branches very slender. Leaves 
 thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, slender-petioled, 2-6 cm. long, the lower sinuate-dentate or nearly all of 
 them entire ; flowers in slender spikes ; calyx-segments broadly oblong, obtuse ; 
 herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; seed horizontal, readily separating from 
 the pericarp, black, shining. In woods and thickets, N. V. and N. J. to Ind., 
 Minn., N. Car. and Tex. July -Sept. 
 
 6. Chsnopodium Fremontii S. Wats. FREMONT'S GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1364.) Annual, light green ; stem erect, grooved, branched, 3-10 dm. tall. 
 Leaves thin, broadly triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper entire, mostly 
 obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, 
 2-10 cm. long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very small, oblong or 
 lanceolate and acute ; spikes slender ; calyx I mm. wide, its segments nearly 
 enclosing the utricle; pericarp easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, 
 shining. In woods and thickets, S. Dak. to Mont., Nev. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 Chenopodium Frem6ntii incknum S. Wats. Low; stems stout and much branched, 
 the branches and lower surfaces of the leaves densely white-mealy ; leaves 6-25 mm. 
 lon^. Range of the type. Probably a distinct species. 
 
 7. Chenopodiun Berlandiari Moq. BERLANDIER'S GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1365.) Annual; ste.n erect, commonly much branched, 4-10 dm. tall, the branches 
 ascending. L^.ives lanceolate, oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, slender-petioled, 
 thin, so.ne or all of the.n cuspidate-acuminate at the apex or bristle- tipped, nar- 
 rowed at the base, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in rather loose panicled spikes; calyx nearly 
 2 mm. broad, its segments keeled, enclosing the utricle; pericarp firmly attached 
 to the horizontal seed. In dry soil, southern Mo. to Tex. and in Fla. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Chenopoiiun urbicu.n L. UPRIGHT OR CITY GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1366.) Annual; stem commonly stout, erect, channeled, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves 
 hastate or triangular ovate, acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly nar- 
 rowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and irregularly dentate or the uppermost 
 entire, the larger 7-13 cm. long; spikes in erect panicles, the upper longer than the 
 leaves; calyx I mm. broad, its segments obloag, obtuse, not entirely enclosing the 
 fruit; seed horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded. In 
 waste places, N. S. and Ont. to S. N. Y. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 ?. Chenopodium murals L. NETTLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. SOWBANE. 
 . f. 1367.) Annual, somewhat scurfy above; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy to the 
 summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, acute or acuminate, sharply 
 and coarsely sinuite dentate, cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender-petioled, 
 5-10 cm. long; flowers in loose axillary panicles, often not longer than the petioles; 
 calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle ; seed sharp-edged, horizontal, 
 firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places, Me. to Mich., Br. Col, Fla. and 
 Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 10. Chenopodium h^bridum L. MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1368.) Annual, sometimes more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, 6-13 dm. tall. 
 Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate rounded or 
 subcordate at the base, thin, slender-petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large acute 
 teeth on each side, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower 1-2 dm. long; 
 flowers in large panicles; calyx about 2 mm. broad, its segments oblong, slightly 
 keeled, incompletely covering the fruit; seed horizontal, sharp edged, firmly at 
 tached to the peric.irp. In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, Quebec 
 to the Northwest Terr., Br. Col., N. Y., Ky. and N. Mex. Also in Europe. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 11. Chenopodium rubrum L. REP GOOSEFOOT. (1. F. f. 1369.) Annual, ' 
 
CHENOPODIA CEAE. 37 1 
 
 glabrous; stem leafy, 3-8 dm. tall, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves thick, 
 3-10 cm. long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, petioled, narrowed at the 
 base, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound 
 leafy- bracted spikes; calyx 3-5 -parted, its segments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, 
 obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens I or 2; stigmas short; seed hori- 
 zontal, shining, separating from the pericarp. On the seacoast, Newf. to N. J., 
 and in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south to central N. Y., Neb. 
 and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. GOOD KING HENRY. (I. F. f. 
 1370.) Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous; stem erect, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves 
 broadly trangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire or undulate, rarely wilh I or 2 
 small teeth, the lower long- petioled, the upper much smaller; flowers simple or 
 panicled, commonly dense spikes sometimes 7-10 cm. long ; calyx 4-5-parted; 
 stigmas elongated; seed ver.ical, or that of terminal flowers horizontal, black, 
 shining, blunt edged. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mass, and southern N. Y. 
 Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 13. Chenopodium Botrys L. FEATHER GERANIUM. JERUSALEM OAK. 
 (I. F. f. 1371.) Annual, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong-scented; stem 
 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, deeply pinnately lobed, petioled, 1-5 cm. 
 long, or the uppermost much smaller, the lobes mostly obtuse and dentate; flowers 
 very small, in numerous loose axillary cymose panicles; calyx 3~5-parted, the 
 segments lanceolate, acute, thin, rather longer than the utricle; seed horizontal or 
 vertical, firmly attached to the pericarp. In waste places, N. S. to Minn., Ore., 
 N. Y., Ky. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. MEXICAN TEA. (I. F. f. 1372.) An- 
 nual, glabrous or slightly glandular- pubescent, strong-scented; stem leafy, 6-iodm. 
 high, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to a 
 short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 2-9 cm. long, the upper 
 numerous and much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary spikes; calyx usually 
 3-parted, completely enclosing the fruit; pericarp readily separable from the seed; 
 seed horizontal or vertical, shining. Li waste places, Me. and Ont. to Fla., west 
 to Cal. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 15. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. WORMSEED. (I. F. f. 1373.) An- 
 nual or sometimes perennial, similar to the preceding species and perhaps inter- 
 grading with it; stem somewhat stouter. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 usually acuminate at the apex and narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, coarsely 
 dentate or incised, 5-13 cm. long, the lower 2 cm. or more wide, the upper gradu- 
 ally smaller; flowers in linear usually bractless panicled spikes, or the lower spikes 
 leafy-bracted. In waste places, Mass, to Ont., Wis., Fla. and Mex. Naturalized 
 from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. ROUBIEVA Moq. 
 
 A perennial herb, glandular- pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely 
 branched, with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers 
 small, green, perfect, or pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx 
 urn- shaped, 3 5-toothed, narrowed at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly 
 reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, 
 glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. 
 [Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.] A monotypic genus of S. Am. 
 
 i. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. CUT-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. ROUBIEVA. 
 (I. F. f. 1374.) Very leafy, prostrate, or the branches ascending, 1.5-3.5 dm. 
 long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong in outline, 1-3 cm. 
 long ; flowers 1-5 together in the axils, sessile, less than I mm. broad, some per- 
 fect, some pistillate ; fruiting calyx, 3-nerved and strongly veined, I mm. thick ; 
 utricle compressed. In waste places and ballast, S. N. Y. to Va. Naturalized or 
 adventive from tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
 3. BLITUM L. 
 
 Annual succulent branching herbs, with alternate hastate petioled leaves. 
 Flowers small, aggregated in globose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads 
 forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2- 5 -lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red 
 
37 2 FLORA. 
 
 in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the seed. Seed vertical, shining. 
 Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [The classical name of orache.J 
 One or perhaps two species, natives of N. Am. and Europe. 
 
 i. Blitum capitatum L. STRAWBERRY ELITE. (I. F. 1. 1375.) Stem 1.5-6 dm. 
 long, the branches ascending. Leaves usually longer than wide, 3-8 cm. long, 
 sinuate-dentate, or the upper or sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, 
 lower petioles often longer than the blades ; heads becoming bright red and 
 10- 1 6 mm. in diameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling strawberries ; seed 
 compressed, ovate. In dry soil, N. S. to Alaska, N. J., 111., Minn., in the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colo, and Utah and to Nev. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 
 
 An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby -pubescent herb, with alter- 
 nate petioled irregularly toothed leaves, and small sessile bractless flowers in 
 panicled interrupted spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin 
 horizontal irregularly dentate wing developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. 
 Styles 2-3. Eruit (except its summit) enclosed by the calyx, depressed. Seed 
 horizontal ; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Greek, circle 
 border, alluding to the calyx-wing. J A monotypic genus of north central North 
 America. 
 
 i. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. CYCLOLOMA. (I. F. f. 1376.) 
 Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy-branched 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, mostly acuminate, narrowed into slender petioles, sinuate-dentate with 
 acute teeth, 2-8 cm. long or the upper much smaller ; spikes numerous, loosely 
 flowered ; slender ; fruit, including the winged calyx, 4 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes 
 not completely covering the summit of the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed 
 area. Along streams and on sand hills arid banks, Manitoba to Ind., 111., the N. 
 W. Terr., Neb., arid Ariz. Summer. 
 
 5. MONOLEPIS Schrad. 
 
 Low annual branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or 
 lobed leaves, and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx 
 of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen I. Styles 2, slender. Utricle 
 flat, the pericarp adherent to the smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly 
 complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its radicle turned downward. [Greek, 
 single- scale, from the solitary sepal. J Three known species, natives of western 
 N. Am., the following one reaching our limits. 
 
 i. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. MONOLEPIS. (I. F. f. 1377.) 
 Slightly mealy when young, glabrous or nearly so when old ; stem 7-30 cm. high ; 
 branches many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, 
 I 6 cm. long, narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe linear or linear- 
 oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the lateral ones; flowers clustered 
 in the axils ; sepal oblanceolate or splatulate ; pericarp minutely pitted, about 
 I mm. broad ; margins of the seed acute. In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and 
 the N. W. Terr, to Minn., Neb., N. Mex. and S. Cal. June-Sept. 
 
 6. ATRIPLEX L. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs, often scrufy canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, or 
 some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled 
 spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of 
 a 3~5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens ; filaments separate or united 
 by their bases ; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers sub- 
 tended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, some- 
 times quite to their summits ; perianth none ; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or 
 partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal ; 
 embryo annular ; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 
 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 45 
 others occur in the western parts of North America. 
 Annual herbs ; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending-. 
 
 Leaves hastate, ovate, rhombic-lanceolate or linear lanceolate. 
 
 Plants green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery ; leaves slender-petioled. 
 Leaves lanceolate, several times longer than wide, Jt, A, patula, 
 
CHENOPODIA CEAE. 373 
 
 Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower only 1-2 times as long as wide. 
 
 2. A. hastata. 
 
 Plant very scurfy; leaves rhombic-ovate, short-petioled. 3. A. rosea. 
 
 Plants densely silvery ; leaves hastate, entire or little toothed. 
 
 Staminate spikes dense, short; leaves petioled. 4. A. argetitea. 
 
 Staminate spikes elongated, interrupted ; upper leaves sessile. 
 
 5. A. expansa. 
 
 Leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire ; plant of sea beaches. 6. A, arenaria. 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs ; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire ; plants of the western 
 plains. 
 
 Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tubercled. 
 
 7. A. Nuttalln. 
 Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 
 
 8. A. canescens. 
 
 1. Atriplex patula L. SPREADING OR ACHE. (I. F. f. 1378.) Annual, dark 
 green ; stem much branched, diffuse, ascending or sometimes erect, 3-10 dm. long. 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the uppermost nearly sessile, entire, spar- 
 ingly toothed, or 3-lobed below the middle, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or 
 cuneat at the base, 4-35 mm. wide; flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly 
 leafless spikes, and usually also capitate in the upper axils; fruiting bractlets 
 united only at the base, fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 6-8 mm. wide, their sides 
 often tubercled ; radicle ascending. In waste places and ballast, N. S. and Ont. to 
 S. N. Y. and N. J. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Atriplex hastata L. HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE. (I. F. f. 1379.) An- 
 nual, pale green, or purple, somewhat scurfy, at least when young; stem branched, 
 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves slender- petiole J, acuminate, the lower broadly triangular- 
 hastate, entire or sparingly toothed, 2-10 cm. long, the basal lobes divergent, acute 
 or acuminate; upper leaves sometimes triangular-lanceolate; inflorescence as in 
 the preceding; the fruiting bractlets sometimes broader. In salt meadows and 
 waste places mostly near the coast, N. B. to S. C., and in saline soil, Manitoba 
 to Br. Col., Neb. and Utah. Also in Europe. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. Atriplex rosea L. RED ORACHE. (I. F. f. 1380.) Annual, pale green, 
 very scurfy; stem usually much branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate or rhombic- 
 ovate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, i-g cm. long; 
 flowers mostly in axillary capitate clusters, or some in terminal spikes; fruiting 
 bractlets broadly ovate or triangular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, dry, 
 about 6 mm. broad, united only at their bases, their margins toothed or lacerate 
 and sides tubercled. In waste places and ballast, N. S. to N. N. Y. and N. J. 
 Adventive from Europe. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 4. Atriplex argentea Nutt. SILVERY ORACHE. (I. F. f. 1381.) Annual, 
 pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becoming smooth; stem bushy-branched, 1.5-5 dm. 
 high, angular. leaves firm, triangular-hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at 
 the apex, petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly dentate, 1-5 cm. long, 
 the basal lobes short; flowers in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in short 
 dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicular, rhombic or broader than high, 4-8 
 mm. wide, united nearly to their summits, the margins sharply toothed, the sides 
 sometimes tubercled or crested. In dry or saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
 Mont., Neb., Coio. and Utah. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Atriplex expansa S. Wats. SESSILE-LEAVED ORACHE. (I. F. f. 1382.) 
 Similar to the preceding but stouter, the stem erect, widely branched, sometimes 
 2 m. tall. Leaves thin, sessile or the lower very short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long and 
 nearly as wide at the base; fruiting bractlets broad, united nearly to their summits, 
 tubercled, their margins strongly toothed. W. Kans. (according to A. S. Hitch- 
 cock) to Chihuahua and N. Mex., west to Cal. July- Oct. 
 
 6. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. SEA-BEACH ATRIPLEX. (I. F. f. 1383.) Annual, 
 pale, densely silvery -scurfy; stem bushy-branched, 1-4.5 dm. high, the branch us 
 ascending or decumbent, angular; leaves oblong, entire, short-petioled or sessile, 
 1-4 cm. long, the lateral veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clusters much 
 shorter than the leaves; fruiting bractlets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 
 4-6 mm. wide, united nearly to the several-toothed summits, their margins entire, 
 their sides reticulated, or sometimes crested or tubercled. On sandy sea beaches, 
 N. S. (?), Mass, to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
374 FLORA. 
 
 7. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. NUTTALL'S ATRIPLEX. (I. F. f. 1384.) / 
 scurfy pale green shrub, 3-7 dm. tall, the branches rather stiff, leafy, the ba ' 
 nearly white. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
 sessile, entire, 4-10 mm. wide ; flowers in terminal spikes and clustered in the 
 axils, often strictly dioecious ; fruiting bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to 
 above the middle, 3-5 mm. broad, the margins toothed, the sides crested, tubercled 
 or spiny. In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to the M. W. Terr., Neb., Colo, and 
 Nev. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. BUSHY ATRIPLEX. (I. F. f. 1385 
 A pale densely scurfy shrub, resembling the preceding species and with simi 
 foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes and in axillary clusters; bractlets ov 
 in flower, united nearly to their summits; in fruit appendaged by 4 broad cli.. 
 distinct wings, which are 4-8 mm. broad at the middle and usually about twice a. 
 high, strongly reticulate-veined, not tubercled nor crested. In dry or saline soil, 
 S. Dak. and Neb. to N. Mex., Mex., Nev. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 7. EUROTIA Adans. 
 
 Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate ent!re narrow leave 
 and monoecious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate 
 flowers not bracteolate, consisting of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted 
 stamens. Pistillate flowers 2 -bracteolate, the bractlets united nearly or quite to 
 their summits, densely covered with long silky hairs, 2 -horned; calyx none; ovary 
 ovoid, sessile, pubescent; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical; embryo nearly annular 
 in the mealy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the Greek for 
 hoariness or mould.] Two known species, the following of western N. Am., the 
 other of western Asia and eastern Europe. 
 
 i. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. AMERICAN EUROTIA. WHITE SAGE. (I. F. f. 
 1386.) A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub 3-9 dm. high, the hairs 
 long, white when young, becoming reddish brown, the branches very leafy. 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, 4-9 mm. wide, their margins revolute, the mid-vein 
 prominent; bractlets lanceolate, 4-8 mm. long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of 
 spreading hairs; utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed. 
 In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex., Nev. and Cal. June-Sept. 
 
 8. KOCHIA Roth. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and perfect or 
 pistillate flowers in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, wingless, or sometimes developing a 
 horizontal wing, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary 
 ovoid; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not 
 adherent to the seed. Seed inverted, the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm 
 little or none. [Name in honor of W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the 
 Botanical Garden at Erlangen.] About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old 
 World, the following introduced from Europe. An indigenous species, K. Ameri- 
 cana, occurs in the western U. S. 
 
 i. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth. KOCHIA. (I. F. f. 1387.) Annual, pubes- 
 cent or becoming glabrate; stem erect, slender, leafy, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate or linear, ciliate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the upper 
 gradually smaller; flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, forming short 
 dense bracted spikes; fruiting calyx-segments each with a short triangular horizon- 
 tal wing. In waste places, Ont., Vt. and N. N. Y. Adventive from Europe. Na, 
 live also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 9. CORISPERMUM L. 
 
 Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i -nerved leaves, and perfect bract, 
 less small green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leaf} 
 spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary 
 thin broad sep.il, or rarely 2. Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. 
 Ovary ovoid; styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly 
 adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular in the 
 somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [Greek, bug-seed.] 
 
CHE NO POD I A CEA E. J 7 5 
 
 About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Only the 
 following is known to occur in N. Am. 
 
 Upper leaves imbricated; fruit 3.5-5 mm. long. j. C. hyssopifolhtm. 
 
 Upper leaves not imbricated; fruit 2 mm. long. 2. C, nitidum. 
 
 1. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. BUG-SEED. (I. F. f. 1388.) Rather 
 pale green, somewhat pubescent when young, fleshy ; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall, 
 the branches slender, ascending or divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 
 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, cuspidate, the upper ovate or lanceolate, imbricated, 
 appressed-ascending, or at length spreading, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long, 
 scarious-margined ; utricle 3.5-5 mm. long, winged. In sandy soil, shores of the 
 Great Lakes to the N. W. Terr., Arctic America and Br. Col., south to Kans., 
 Tex. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Corispermum nitidum Kit. SMALL-FRUITED BUG-SEED. Like the pre- 
 ceding, but taller, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, with ascending branches, narrower 
 leaves and lax spikes, the leaves of which are not imbricated, 3-4 mm. long and 
 generally narrower than the small-winged utricle, which is 2 mm. long. In poor 
 soil, Neb. and Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 \C. hyssopifolium var. microcarpwn Wats.] 
 
 10. SALICORNIA L. 
 
 Fleshy glabrous herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to 
 mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones, 
 forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx ob- 
 pyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3~4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit 
 deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short 
 anthers oblong, large; ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by th 
 spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed ; embryo 
 conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, 
 and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely dis- 
 tributed in both the Old World and the New. Only the following are known tc 
 inhabit N. Am. 
 
 Annuals ; stem erect. 
 
 Scales very short, acute or blunt ; spikes 2-3 mm. in diameter. i. S. hetbacea. 
 
 Scales mucronate-tipped ; spikes 4-6 mm. in diameter. 2. S. Bigelovii. 
 
 Perennial by a woody rootstock ; stems trailing or decumbent. 3. S. ambigua. 
 
 1. Salicornia herbacea L. SLENDER GLASSWORT. (I. F. f. 1389.) Annual, 
 1.5-6 dm. tall; stem much branched, the branches slender, ascending or nearly up- 
 right; their joints 24 times as long as thick. Scales 2 mm. long or less, broadly 
 ovate or wider than long; fruiting spikes 2-8 cm. long; middle flower of the 3 at 
 each joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching nearly to the top of the joint; 
 utricle pubescent. In salt marshes, Anticosti to Ga. ; about salt springs in central 
 N. Y. ; in saline soil from Manitoba to Br. Col., Kans. and Utah. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. The plant often turns bright red in autumn, forming vividly colored 
 areas in the salt marshes, hence called Marsh Samphire. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. BIGELOW'S GLASSWORT. (I. F. f. 1390.) 
 Annual, stout, erect or nearly so, 5-30 cm. tall. Scales ovate or triangular-ovate, 
 sharply mucronate, 2-3 mm. long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 1-6 cm. 
 long, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the 
 lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of. the joint; utricle pubescent. In salt 
 marshes, N. S. to Fla. and Tex. Plant bright red in autumn. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Salicornia ambigua Michx. WOODY GLASSWORT. (I. F. f. 1391.) Per- 
 ennial by a woody rootstock; stem trailing or decumbent, 1.5-6 dm. long, the 
 branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed. 
 Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, appressed or slightly divergent; fruiting 
 spikes 1-4 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick ; flowers all about equally 
 high and about equalling the joints. On sea beaches and salt meadows, Mass, to 
 Fla. and Tex., and on the Pacific Coast. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 ii. SARCOBATUS Nees. 
 
 An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches and alternate linear fleshy 
 entire sessile leaves. Flowers moncecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal 
 
FLORA. 
 
 ament-like spikes, the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. 
 Staminate flowers without a calyx; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic- 
 ovate acute spirally arranged scales; filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or 
 very nearly so; calyx compressed, ovoid or oblong, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the 
 bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, appendaged by a narrow border 
 which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. Seed vertical, the 
 testa translucent, double; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green; endosperm none. 
 [Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.] A monotypic 
 genus of western N. Am. 
 
 i. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. GREASE WOOD. (I. F. f. 1392.) 
 Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pubescent, 0.6-3 m - high, the branches 
 nearly white. Stem 2-8 cm. in diameter; wood yellow, very hard; leaves obtuse 
 or subacute, 1-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; spikes of staminate flowers 6-25 mm. 
 long, cylindric, short- ped uncled or sessile; wing of the calyx 8-12 mm. broad when 
 mature, conspicuously veined. In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Neb. and 
 Mont, to Nev. and N. Mex. June-July. 
 
 12. DONDIA Adans. [SUAEDA Forsk.] 
 
 Fleshy herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly 
 terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary 
 or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5 -parted or 5-cleft, the segments in fruit 
 enclosing the utricle. S'amens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating 
 from the seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very 
 little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.] 
 About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 
 others occur in the western and southern parts of N. Am. 
 
 Calyx-lobes not appendaged; Atlantic coast species. 
 
 Dark green, not glaucous ; sepals acutely keeled ; seed black. i. D. Americana. 
 
 Light green, glaucous : sepals scarcely keeled ; seed dark red. 2. D. marttima, 
 
 One or more of the calyx-lobes crested or winged; western species. 3. D. depressa. 
 
 1. Dondia Americana (Pers.) Britton. TALL SEA-BLITE. (I. F. f. 1393.) 
 Stem erect, strict, 3-10 dm. tall, pale green or nearly white, the branches slender, 
 very leafy, erect-ascending or sometimes recurved. Leaves of the stem linear- 
 subulate, 1-4 cm. long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, 
 lanceolate-subulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; sepals glau- 
 cous, acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, black, shining, I mm. broad 
 On salt marshes and along salt-water ditches, N. S. to N. J. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Low SEA-BLITE. (I. F. f. 1394.) Pale 
 green and somewhat glaucous; stem bushy-branched, 1-4 dm. high, becoming 
 brownish, the branches ascending. Leaves 10-25 mm. long, those of the branches 
 not conspicuously shorter than the upper ones of the stem, 3-angled, broadest at 
 the base; sepals pale 'green, rounded or obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; 
 seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, about 2 mm. in diameter. On sea 
 beaches, stony and muddy shores, and in salt marshes, Me. to S. N. Y. Also on 
 the coasts of Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. WESTERN ELITE. (I. F. f. 1395.) 
 Branched, 1.5-6 dm. tall, the branches usually very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, 
 1-2.5 cm< l n g> broadest at or just above the base, or the upper lanceolate or ovate - 
 lanceolate and commonly much shorter; sepals acute, one or more of them strongly 
 keeled or crested in fruit ; seed about I mm. in diameter, rather dull, minutely 
 reticulated. In saline soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 'south to Kans., Colo, and 
 Nev. June-Aug. 
 
 13. SALSOLA L. 
 
 Bushy -branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, and sessile 
 perfect 2-bracteolate flowers in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged 
 by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclosing the utricle. Sta- 
 mens 5. Ovary depressed; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal; embryo 
 coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive of salsus, 
 
AMARANTHACEAE. 377 
 
 salty.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in 
 saline districts, occasionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds. 
 
 Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined ; plant maritime. i. S. Kali. 
 
 Calyx membranous, very strongly veined ; plant an inland weed. 2. S. Tragus. 
 
 1. Salsola Kali L. SALTWORT. (I. F. f. 1396.) Annual, loosely much 
 branched, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending or spreading, mostly stout. Leaves 
 dull green or grayish, 6-2O mm. long, succulent, lanceolate- subulate, swollen at 
 the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout yellowish green prickle ; flowers 
 solitary in the axils ; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbicular, lobed, becoming 
 lacerate, not conspicuously veined, 4-8 mm. in diameter ; calyx coriaceous, not 
 conspicuously veined, its wing not longer than the ascending lobe. On sea beaches, 
 Cape Breton Island to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Salsola Tragus L. RUSSIAN THISTLE. (I. F. f. 1397.) Similar to the 
 preceding, but bushy branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves and outer 
 branches usually bright red at maturity ; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, 
 linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy ; calyx membranous, conspicuously veiny, its 
 wing longer than the ascending lobe. In cultivated fields and waste places, N. J. 
 to Ont, the N. W. Terr, and Kans. A very troublesome weed in many parts of 
 the Central and Western States. Naturalized from northern Europe or Asia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Amaranth Fa m ily . 
 
 Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with simple mostly entire thin 
 leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered, 
 usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her- 
 baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at 
 the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly 
 opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, united at 
 the base, or into a tube. Ovary i -celled ; ovule solitary in the following 
 genera, amphitropous (several in some tropical genera) ; stigmas 1-3. 
 Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 
 i-seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth; embryo annular; en- 
 dosperm mealy, usually copious. About 40 genera and 425 species, 
 widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. 
 
 Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. i. Amaranthus. 
 
 Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida. 
 
 Anthers i-celled ; leaves opposite. 
 
 Flowers in small axilliary clusters. 3. Cladothrix. 
 
 Flowers variously spicate or paniculate. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft ; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted ; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine. 
 
 i. AMARANTHUS L. 
 
 Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, with 
 petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious 
 green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary 
 clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5 ; anthers longitudinally 
 dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, 2-3-beaked 
 by the persistent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, from the 
 dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. 
 Besides the following some 22 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid. 
 
 Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. 
 Axils not spine-bearing. 
 
 Spikes stout, 8-14 mm. thick. i. A. retroflexu$ 
 
 Spikes slender, 4-6 mm. thick. 2. A. hybridus. 
 
 A pair of stout spines in each axil. 3. A. sptnosus. 
 
3/8 fLORA. 
 
 Flowers all in small axilliary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Plant prostrate ; sepals 4 or 5. 4. A. blitoides. 
 
 Plant erect, bushy branched ; sepals 3. 5. A. graecizans* 
 
 Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. 
 
 Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. 
 
 Sepals 5, clawed ; flowers dioecious ; southwestern species. 
 
 Bracts cuspidate-tipped, short. 6. A. Torreyi. 
 
 Bracts subulate, long and sharp. 7. A. Palmeri. 
 
 Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate ; flowers monoecious or polygamous ; in waste 
 places. 
 
 Utricle smooth, dry, scarious. 8. A. lividus. 
 
 Utricle fleshy, 3~5-nerved. 9. A, deflexus* 
 
 Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Plant not fleshy ; stem prostrate ; leaves crisped. jo. A. crispus. 
 
 Seacoast fleshy plant ; stem short, erect ; leaves not crisped. 
 
 ii. A. pumilus. 
 
 1. Amaranthus retroflexus L. ROUGH PIGWEED. (T. F. f. 1398.) Roughish- 
 puberulent, rather light green; stem stout, 0.3-3 m - ta M- Leaves ovate, rhombic- 
 ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate 
 at the base, the larger 7-15 cm. long, their margins undulate or entire; flowers 
 green, densely aggregated in spikes, which are sessile, stout, ovoid -cylindric, 1-6 
 cm. long; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 scarious mucronate-tipped and 
 often emarginate sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, rather shorter than 
 the sepals. A weed, throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in Eu- 
 rope. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Amaranthus h^bridus L. SLENDER PIGWEED. (I. F. f. 1399.) Similar 
 to the preceding but darker green, or purple; stem usually slender, erect, 0.3-2.5 m. 
 tall. Leaves usually smaller; spikes linear- cylindric, axillary and forming dense 
 terminal panicles, ascending, somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts subulate, 
 twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 5; utricle scarcely 
 wrinkled. A weed, in waste grounds, range of the preceding species, but locally 
 rare or absent. Naturalized from tropical America. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Amaranthus h5?bridus paniculitus (L.) Uline & Bray. Flowers and foliage more or 
 less deeply tinged with red or purple; leaves sometimes lanceolate and bracts shorter. 
 Range of the type, but less abundant. 
 
 3. Amaranthus spinosus L. SPINY AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1400.) Stem stout, 
 ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 
 rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2-8 cm. long, with a pair 
 of rigid stipular spines at each node, the midvein excurrent; flowers in numerous 
 capitate axillary clusters, and in dense terminal spreading or drooping spikes 2-15 
 cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate about as long as the 5 scarious oblong mucro- 
 nate-tipped i -nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly circumscissile utricle; stamens 
 5. In waste and cultivated soil, Mass, to Penn., Ohio, Kans., Fla. and Mex. Nat- 
 uralized from tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. PROSTRATE AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1401.) 
 Stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading on the ground, 1.5-6 dm. long, 
 often forming mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, 6-25 mm. long, narrowed into 
 slender petioles; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate-subulate, little 
 longer than the 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 3; utricle 
 nearly smooth, equalling or slightly longer than the sepals. In waste places, espe- 
 cially along the principal routes of travel, Me. to S. Ont., Minn., N. J., Mo. and 
 Kans. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mts., where it appears to be indigenous 
 from Utah and Colo, to Mex. June-Oct. 
 
 5. Amaranthus graecizans L. TUMBLE-WEED. (I. F. f. 1402.) Glabrous, pale 
 green; stem erect, bushy-branched, whitish, 1.5-7 dm. tall, the branches slender, 
 ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, 1-4 cm. long, papillose, the mid- 
 vein excurrent; flowers polygamous, several together in small axillary clusters; 
 bracts subulate, pungent-pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 membranous 
 sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled, longer than the sepals. In waste and cultivated 
 soil throughout N. Am. Naturalized from tropical America. The leaves fall away 
 in autumn, and on the western plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted and 
 blown before the wind, whence the popular name. June-Sept. [A. albus L.J 
 
AMARANTHACEAE. 379 
 
 6. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. TORREY'S AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 
 1403.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem erect, grooved, 6-10 dm. tall. Leaves lance- 
 olate or rhombic-lanceolate, thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly 
 cuneate at the base, 4-10 cm. long, slender-petioled; flowers dioecious, in terminal 
 slender spikes and in axillary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equalling the 5 
 sepals, cuspidate; sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or broadly spatulate, 
 clawed, obtuse or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers narrower and subacute. 
 In dry soil, W. Neb. to Nev., south to Mex. Plant with the aspect of Acnida. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 7. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. PALMER'S AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1404.) 
 Somewhat similar to the preceding; stem slender, branched, 6-10 dm. tall, usually 
 pubescent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, blunt, nar- 
 rowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers dioecious, in elongated spikes often 
 2 cm. long or more, and some of them commonly in clusters in the upper axils; 
 bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as long as the sepals; sepals 5, 
 spatulate, clawed. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. and Mex., west to Cal. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Amaranthus lividus L. PURPLISH AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1405.) Glabrous, 
 rather succulent, purplish-green; stem slender, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, entire, 
 2-8 cm. long, strongly emarginate, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled; flowers 
 monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal spikes and in capitate axillary clusters; 
 bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle smooth, longer than 
 the sepals. In waste places, E. Mass, to S. N. Y. Adventive from tropical America. 
 July Sept. 
 
 9. Amaranthus deflexus L. Low AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1406.) Glabrous, 
 ourplish-green; stem usually much branched, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or 
 oval, obtuse retuse or emarginate, mostly narrowed at the base, 1-4 cm. wide, 
 slender-petioled; flowers polygamous in dense, thick terminal spikes and capitate 
 in the axils; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle 
 fleshy, 3-5 -nerved, smooth, rather shorter than the sepals. In waste places and 
 ballast along the coast, Mass, to S. N. Y. Also in Cal. Probably adventive 
 from tropical America. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) Braun. CRISP-LEAVED AMARANTH. 
 (I. F. f. 1407.) Pubescent ; stem copiously branched, slender, spreading, form- 
 ing mats 2-7 dm. in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute at the 
 apex and narrowed at the base, petioled, 8-25 mm. long, their margins remarkably 
 crisped; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than 
 the 5 spatulate spreading sepals; stamens (always?) 3; utricle wrinkled, about as 
 long as the sepals. In waste places, N. Y. City, and Albany, N. Y. Also in 
 France. Native region unknown. June-Sept. 
 
 11. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. COAST AMARANTH. (I. F. f. 1408.) Gla- 
 brous, fleshy, branched, the branches 0.5-2 dm. long. Leaves ovate, rhombic- 
 ovate or suborbicular, most of them clustered toward the ends of the branches, 
 obtuse or emarginate, narrowed or rounded at the base, prominently veined; 6-20 
 mm. long, the veins often purple ; flowers few in small axillary clusters; bracts 
 lanceolate, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong obtuse sepals; stamens 5; anthers 
 yellow; utricle fleshy, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly wrinkled, nearly twice as long as 
 the sepals when mature; seed very large for the genus. On sea beaches, R. I. to 
 N. Car. June-Sept. 
 
 2. ACNIDA L. 
 
 Annual, glabrous herbs, similar to the dioecious Amaranths, with alternate peti- 
 oled pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, i-3-bracted, in terminal and 
 axillary spikes, or clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers consisting of 5 scarious 
 erect I -nerved mucronate sepals longer than the bracts, and as many stamens ; 
 filaments subulate, distinct; anthers 2 -celled. Pistillate flowers without a calyx; 
 stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose. Seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, 
 without nettle.] About 4 species, natives of eastern North America and the West 
 Indies. 
 
 Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent ; salt-marsh plant. i. A cannabina. 
 
 Utricle membranous, dehiscent or indehiscent, not angled ; plants of fresh-water swamps. 
 
 2. A. tamariscina. 
 
3^0 FLORA. 
 
 1. Acnida cannabina L. SALT-MARSH WATER-HEMP. (I. F. f. 1409.) Succu- 
 lent, stem usually much branched, 0.3-3 m - ta ^- Leaves lanceolate, acuminate but 
 generally blunt- pointed and apiculate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, entire or 
 slightly undulate ; staminate spikes 2-13 cm. long, usually dense; sepals oblong- 
 lanceolate or ovate-oblong, cuspidate or mucronate ; stigmas slender, papillose- 
 hispid, I mm. long ; utricle 3-5 -angled, 2-4 mm. long when mature, becoming 
 black, much longer than the bracts. In salt and brackish marshes, and up the 
 rivers to fresh water, Mass, to Fla. July-Aug. 
 
 Acaida Floridana S. Wats., a more slender plant, of the southern Atlantic coast, with 
 narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, and a smaller 
 utricle, may occur in southern Va. 
 
 2. Acnida tamarfscina (Nutt.) Wood. WESTERN WATER-HEMP. (I. F. f. 
 1410.) Similar to the preceding, the branches usually slender. Leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, mostly long -acuminate, but sometimes obtuse, narrowed at the 
 base ; spikes mostly loose or interrupted ; sepals lanceolate, subulate-acuminate ; 
 stigmas plumose, rather short ; utricle not angled, 1-2 mm. long, circumscissile; 
 bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate. In swamps, 111. to S. Dak., La. and N. Mex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina tuberculata (Moq.) Uline & Bray. Tall, erect, sometimes 3 m. 
 high, with flexuous branches; inflorescence spicate ; utricle ovoid, tubercled, indehiscent. 
 Vt. to Manitoba, Tenn. and Neb. This and the following varieties perhaps constitute a 
 distinct species. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina concatenata (Moq.) Uline and Bray. Stems often pecumbent ; 
 flowers larger, in separate glomerules. Range of preceding variety. 
 
 Acnida tamariscina prostr^ta Uline & Bray. Stems diffuse and prostrate or some- 
 times ascending; leaves rarely over 2.5 cm. long, spatulate ; flowers in axillary clusters 
 or in separated glomerules. Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo. 
 
 3. CLADOTHRIX Nutt. 
 
 Diffusely branched stellate- pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or slightly un- 
 dulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers in the axils. Calyx 
 of ; equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogynous, 
 their filaments united at the base, their anthers I -celled. Ovary subglobose; style 
 short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch- 
 hair, from the stellate pubescence.] About 4 species, natives of southwestern N. 
 Am. and Mex. 
 
 i. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. (I. F. f. 1411.) Perennial, somewhat 
 woody at the base, or sometimes annual; stem much branched, the branches 1-3 
 dm. long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, usually narrowed at 
 the base, entire, inconspicuously veined, 4-25 mm. wide; flowers i mm. broad or 
 less, mostly clustered in the axils of small upper leaves. In dry soil, Kans. to 
 Tex., Ariz, and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 4. FROELl'CHIA Moench. 
 
 Annual erect woolly or silky herbs, with opposite sessile entire or slightly 
 undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. 
 Flowers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx 
 tubular, nearly terete, 5 -cleft or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally 
 crested and sometimes tubercled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a 
 tube, which is 5 -cleft at the summit and bears the I -celled anthers between its lobes. 
 Ovary ovoid; stigma capitate or penicillate. Utricle indehiscent, enclosed by the 
 tube of united filaments. [Name in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.] 
 About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
 Southwestern States. 
 
 Stout, 6-12 dm. tall ; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. i. F. campfstris. 
 
 Slender, 2-5 dm. tall ; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 2. F. gracilis. 
 
 i. Froelichia campestris Small. FRAIRIE FROELICHIA. (I. F. f. 
 1412.) Stem stout, the branches leafless above. Upper leaves linear or linear- 
 oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2-8 cm. long, the lower spatulate or 
 oblanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; spikes mobtly 
 
PHYTOLACCACEAE. .381 
 
 opposite, narrowly ovoid or oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long. In dry soil, 111. and Minn, to 
 Neb., Colo., Tenn., and Tex. June-Sept. [F. FloridandlA.^., in part.] 
 
 2. Froelichia gracilis Moq. SLENDER FROELICHIA. (I. F. f. 1413.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but the stem slender, sometimes simple, 2.5-5 dm. ^ a ^- Leaves 
 all linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 2-5 cm. long; spikes alternate or 
 opposite, oblong, mostly obtuse, 6-25 mm. long. In dry soil, W. Neb. and Colo, to 
 Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 5. IRESINE P. Br. 
 
 Tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled leaves and small 3-bracted white 
 flowers, in large terminal panicles or panicled spikes. Calyx 5 -parted, the 
 pistillate usually woolly. Stamens 5, rarely fewer; filaments united by their bases, 
 filiform; anthers i-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, 
 in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 20 species, natives of warm and 
 temperate regions. Besides the following another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. BLOOD-LEAF. JUBA'S BUSH. (I. F. f. 
 1414.) Annual; stem erect, 0.6-1.5 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, 
 ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; flowers very numer- 
 ous, 2 mm. broad or less, calyx and bracts silvery; pistillate flowers white- villous 
 at the base, about twice as long as the bracts. In dry soil, Ohio to Kans., Md., Fla. 
 and Tex. Widely distributed in tropical America. Aug.-Sept. [/. celosioides L.] 
 
 Family 3. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. 
 Poke-weed Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire 
 mostly exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious 
 flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals 
 imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the 
 calyx-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numer- 
 ous, hypogynous; filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 
 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary 
 superior, several-celled in most of the genera ; ovules solitary in the 
 cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short or none ; 
 stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in the following genus. Endo- 
 sperm of the seed mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and 85 species, 
 mostly in the tropics. 
 
 x. PHYTOLACCA L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with petioled exstipulate leaves, and small flowers in 
 terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the 
 leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often i-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4 or 5 
 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx. 
 Ovary composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed- 
 globose 5-i5-celled fleshy berry. Seeds I in each cavity, erect, compressed; em- 
 bryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the 
 crimson juice of the berries.] About 10 species, the following of eastern N. Am., 
 the others tropical. 
 
 i. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. PIGEOIN-BERRY. GARGET. 
 (I. F. f. 1415.) A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect herb, 1-4 in. tall, the 
 root large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith divided into disks. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2-3 dm. long; ra- 
 cemes 0.5-2 dm. long; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; flowers perfect; calyx white, 
 4-6 mm. broad; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the sepals; ovary green, 10- 
 celled; styles recurved; berry dark purple, 10-12 mm. in diameter, very juicy, its 
 10 carpels conspicuous when dry. In various situations, Me. and Out. to Minn., 
 Fla. and Tex. Naturalized in Europe. June-Sept. Berries ripe Aug. -Oct. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Family 4. N YCTAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 Foiir-o clock Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, 
 and regular flowers in clusters, in the following genera subtended by in- 
 volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 
 4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; 
 anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube 
 of the perianth, i-celled, i-ovuled ; ovule campylotropous ; stigma capi- 
 tate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 17 genera 
 and 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in 
 America. 
 
 Involucre of united bracts ; pairs of leaves equal. i. Allionia. 
 
 Involucre of separate bracts; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. 2. Abronia. 
 
 i. ALLl6NIA'Loefl. [OXYBAPHUS L'Her.] (See Appendix.) 
 
 Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal 
 panicles. Involucre 5 lobed (of 5 partially united bracts), 3 -5 -flowered, becoming 
 enlarged and reticulate-veined after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube 
 constricted above the ovary, its limb deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, un- 
 equal, hypogynous. Fruit obovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in our 
 species. [Name in honor of Chas. Allioni, 1725-1804, a botanist oi Turin. \ 
 About 20 species, natives of N. and S. Am., one Asiatic. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate, cordate or oblong-ovate, all petioled. i. A. nyctagineb* 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower petioled. 
 
 Plant glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence. 2. A. lanceolata. 
 
 Plant densely pubescent all over. 3. A. hirsuta. 
 
 Leaves linear, sessile. 
 
 Plant tall, 5-9 dm. high; branches erect-ascending. 4. A. linearis. 
 
 Plants low, 1-2.5 dm. high, diffusely branched ; branches divergent. 
 
 Involucres axillary, their lobes ovate-oblong, acute. 5. A. Bodini. 
 
 Involucres clustered at the ends of branches, lobes simicircular, obtuse. 
 
 6. A. Bus hi. 
 
 1. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. HEART-LEAVED UMBRELLA-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 1416.) Stem often 4-sided below, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-9 dm. tall. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or trun- 
 cate at the base, all petioled except the bract-like uppermost ones, glabrous 0* 
 nearly so; peduncles and pedicles commonly somewhat pubescent; involucre shorter 
 than the flowers; perianth red; stamens 3-5, exserted; style exserted; fruit oblong 
 or narrowly obovoid, very pubescent. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
 111., La. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 2. Allionia lanceolata Rydb. PALE UMBRELLA- WORT. (I. F. f. 1417.] 
 Stem 4-sided below, 3-9 dm. tall, the peduncles and branches commonly glandular 
 and viscous. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3-veined, the upper sessile, 
 the lower short-petioled; involucre much enlarged in fruit, pubescent, dilate, be- 
 coming whitish and purpled- veined; perianth pink or lilac; fruit with 5 or 6 ob- 
 tuse hispid ribs, roughened in the furrows. Minn, to Mont., Colo., Ala., Mo. and 
 Tex. May-Aug. (A. albida Rydb., in part, not Walt.) 
 
 2a. Allionia floribunda (Choisy) Kuntze. OVATE-LEAVED UMBRELI.A- 
 WORT. Similar to the preceding, but the leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceo 
 late, not cordate. Dry soil, S. D. to Mo., Wyo. and N. Mex. 
 
 3. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. HAIRY UMBRELLA-WORT. (I. F. f. 1418.) Stem 
 3-9 dm. tall, erect, angled, alandular-pubescent, especially at the nodes, occu 
 sionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
 sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, pubescent, 2-8 cm. long; branches 
 and petioles very pubescenc; inflorescence usually contracted ; stamens often 5j, 
 fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs obtuse. In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
 Wis., Colo, and Tex. July- Aug. 
 
 4. Allionia linearis Pursh. NARROW-LEAVED UMBRELLA-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 1419.) Stem glabrous, glaucous, 3-13 dm. tall, the branches and peduncles some- 
 
AIZOACEAE. 383 
 
 times puberulent. Leaves linear, thick, i -nerved, 2-6 cm. long, sessile or the 
 lower occasionally short-petioled ; involucre about 3-flowered; perianth purple, 
 longer than the involucre; stamens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened 
 in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs. In dry soil, Minn, to Mont., Utah, 
 Tex. and Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Allionia Bodini (Holzinger) Morong. (BooiN's UMBRELLA-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 1420.) Low, glabrous or minutely pubescent, stem whitish, diffusely branched, 
 0.5-1.3 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 13 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or 
 less, fleshy; involucres solitary and short-peduncled in the upper axils, finely pubes- 
 cent, about 6 mm. broad when mature, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes 
 ovate-oblong, acute; fruit narrowly obovoid, obtusely 5 -ribbed, very pubescent, 5 
 mm. high. In dry soil, E, Colo, and W. Kans. June-July. 
 
 6. Allionia Bushi Britton. BUSH'S UMBRELLA-WORT. (I. F. f. 1421.) Low, 
 glabrous, somewhat fleshy, stem nearly white, diffusely branched, about 2 dm. high, 
 the branches widely divergent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 2-8 cm. long, 2-3 
 mm. wide, blunt, their width almost uniform from base to apex ; involucres clus- 
 tered at the ends of the branches, at first campanulate and longer than the flowers, 
 at length rotate and becoming 2 cm. broad, membranous, pubescent, finely retic- 
 ulate-veined, their lobes semicircular, rounded, the midveins prominent. In dry 
 ground; Jackson Co., Mo. Aug. 
 
 2. ABRONIA Juss. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair somewhat 
 larger than the other. Stems branching, mostly glandular-pubescent, with clus- 
 tered or solitary numerous -flowered involucres on long axillary peduncles. Flowers 
 sessile, usually conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or funnelform, the 
 limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, unequal, 
 inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style fili- 
 form. Fruit dry, i-5-winged, the wings reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, 
 shining. [Name from the Greek, graceful.] About 15 species, all American. 
 Besides the following, some 10 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Perennial ; flowers white ; wings of the fruit 2 mm. broad or less. i. A.fragrans. 
 Annual ; flowers pink ; wings thin, 8-14 mm. broad, very conspicuous. 
 
 2. A. micrantha. 
 
 1. Abronia fragrans Nutt. WHITE ABRONIA. (I. F. f. 1422.) Viscid-pubes- 
 cent; stem erect or ascending, usually much branched. 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 oval, ovate, or oblong-elliptic, petioled, obtuse at the apex, 2-6 cm. long ; bracts of 
 the involucre 5 or 6, large, ovate or obovate, white; flowers white, very numerous 
 in the involucres, 1-2 cm. long, fragrant, opening at night; fruit 8-10 mm. high, 
 coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, undulate coarsely reticulated wings which 
 do not close over its summit. In d?y soil, Iowa to Neb., Mont., Tex. and Mex. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 2. Abronia micrantha (Torr.) Chois. PINK ABRONIA. (I. F. f. 1423.) Gla- 
 brous below, more or less glandular-pubescent above; stem ascending, branched, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves similar to those of the preceding; involucral bracts ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers several or numerous, about 18 mm. 
 long, bright pink; calyx-limb 8-16 mm. broad; fruit nearly 2.5 cm. high, its 24 
 membranous wings entire-margined, shining, glabrous, united over the body of the 
 fruit, beautifully reticulate- veined. In dry soil. W. Neb. to Mont., Nev., Tex. and 
 N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 Family 5. AIZOACEAE A. Br. 
 Carpet-weed Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with 
 (in our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and perfect, small regular 
 flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 
 4 s-cleft or 4~5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. Stamens 
 perigynous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules 
 numerous in each cell in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal 
 
384 FLORA. 
 
 or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous ; endosperm scanty 
 or copious ; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, 
 mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Fleshy seacoast herbs ; leaves opposite ; capsule circumscissile. i. Sesuvium. 
 
 Not fleshy ; leaves in our species verticillate ; capsule 3-valved. 2. Molhcgo. 
 
 1. SESUVIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary pink or 
 purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the 
 base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. 
 Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at 
 the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule 
 membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; 
 embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts and saline regions. Besides 
 the following, another occurs in the Southern States and in the alkaline areas of the 
 Far West. 
 
 i. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B. S. P. SEA PURSLANE. (I. F. f. 1424.) 
 Annual, glabrous; branches 0.5-3 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, 
 rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper 
 sessile, 8-25 mm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2 mm. broad, mostly 
 solitary; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. high, 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. Sands of the seashore, Long Island, N. Y., to Fla. 
 July-Sept. [S. pentandrum Ell.] 
 
 2. MOLLUGO L. 
 
 Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal 
 or alternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, 
 deciduous. Calyx 5 -parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margined. Petals none. 
 Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cavities of the ovary, when 5 alternate with 
 the sepals. Ovary usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculici- 
 dally dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. About 12 
 species, most of them tropical. Besides the following, another occurs in the South- 
 west. 
 
 i. Mollugo verticillata L. CARPET-WEED. (I. F. f. 1425.) Prostrate, gla- 
 brous, not fleshy, spreading and forming patches sometimes 5 dm. in diameter. 
 Leaves verticillate, in 5's or 6's, spatulate, obovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 1-2.5 
 cm. long, narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less than 2 mm. broad; pedicels 
 filiform; sepals oblong, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, which appears 
 roughened by the projecting seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and shining. In 
 waste and cultivated grounds, N. B. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Native 
 of the warmer parts of America. May-Sept. 
 
 
 
 Family 6. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. 
 Purslane Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet- 
 rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, 
 hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the 
 petals or fewer, rarely more ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longi- 
 tudinally dehiscent. Ovary i -eel led ; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the 
 divisions stigmatic on the inner side ; ovules 2-00 , amphitropous. Capsule 
 circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-co , reniform-globose 
 or compressed; embryo curved. About 150 species, mostly natives of 
 America. 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary; capsule 3-valved. 
 
 Seeds numerous ; stamens 5-00 . I. Talinunt. 
 Seeds not more than 6 ; stamens 2-5. 
 
 Petals distinct or very nearly so, and stamens 5 in our species. 2. Claytonia. 
 
 Petals united into a short tube at the base; stamens 2 or 3. 3. Montia. 
 
 Calyx partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile. 4. Portttlaca. 
 
FOR TULA CA CEA E. 
 
 I. TALINUM Adans. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending herbs, with alternate terete or flat exstip- 
 ulate leaves (terete and clustered near the base in the following species). Sepals 2, 
 ovate. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens adherent to the bases of the 
 petals. Ovary many-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3 -cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or 
 globose. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name 
 of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 12 species, all but I or 2 natives of 
 America. In addition to the following, about 4 others occur in the western and 
 southwestern U. S. 
 
 Flowers 10-16 mm. broad ; sepals deciduous. 
 
 Stamens 10-30; capsule globose. i. T. tet etifolium. 
 
 Stamens only 5: capsule oval. 2. T. parviflorum. 
 
 Flowers 20-30 mm. broad; s.epals persistent. 3- ?' calycinum. 
 
 1. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. FAME-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1426.) Perennial, 
 erect. 1-3 dm. high, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, terete, 1-5 cm. long, about 
 2 mm. wfde, the base broadened and prolorged posteriorly; scape-like peduncles 1-5, 
 terminal, branched, leafless, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; cymes terminal, loose; flowers pink, 
 12-16 mm. broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous, deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 
 4 mm. long, about half the length of the petals; style as long as the stamens; cap- 
 sule globose. 4 mm. in diameter; bracts of the cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate. On 
 dry rocks, P'enn. to Minn., Ga. and Tex. May- Aug. 
 
 2. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED TALINUM. (I. F. f. 1427.) 
 Perennial, similar to the preceding. Leaves terete or nearly so, rather more 
 slender, broadened at the base; scape-like peduncles slender, 0.7-2 dm. tall; cymes 
 loose; flowers pink, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; 
 stamens 5 (or sometimes fewer ?); capsule 4mm. high, about 2 mm. in diameter; 
 bracts slightly prolonged posteriorly. In dry soil, Minn, to S. Dak., Ark., N. Mex. 
 and Tex. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Talinum calycinum Engelm. LARGE-FLOWERED TALINUM. (I. F. f. 1428.) 
 Perennial, erect from a thick root, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves nearly terete, 3-5 cm. 
 long, the base triangular-broadened, slightly prolonged posteriorly; .cyrne some- 
 what compound, scarious-bracted ; flowers pink, 2-3 cm. broad; sepals broadly 
 ovate, persistent, cuspidate; petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 12-30; 
 style twice as long as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter. 
 In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. to Tex. June. 
 
 2 CLAYTONIA L. 
 
 Succulent glabrous herbs, with petioled basal leaves, and opposite or alternate 
 cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose or cymose. Sepals 2, ovate, persistent. 
 Petals 5, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their bases. .Stamens 5, in- 
 serted on the bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3 -cleft. 
 Capsule 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In 
 honor of John Clayton, i686?-!773, American botanist.] About 25 species, mainly 
 natives of northern N. Am. 
 
 Upper leaves not connate. 
 
 Perennials : leaves linear, lanceolate, oval or ovate. 
 
 Leaves linear lanceolate, 8-17 cm. long. i. C. Virginiea. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 5-8 cm. long. 2. C. Caroliniana. 
 
 Annual, diffuse ; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 3. C. Chamissoi. 
 
 Upper leaves connate, forming an orbicular disk. 4. C. perfoliata. 
 
 1. Claytonia Virginica L. SPRING BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 1429.) Ascending or 
 decumbent, perennial from a deep tuberous root; stem 1.53 dm. long, simple or 
 rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated, linear, or linear-lanceolate, the 
 bxsal 2-12 cm. wide, the cauline shorter and opposite; raceme loose, somewhat 
 secund; flowers white or pink, with darker pink veins, 12 cm. broad; pedicles 
 slender, at length recurved; petals emarginate; capsules shorter than the sepals. 
 In moist woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Tex. March-May. 
 
 2. Claytonia Caroliniana Michx. CAROLINA SPRING BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 
 1430.) Similar to the preceding species but sometimes more nearly erect. Basal 
 
FLORA. 
 
 leaves ovate -lanceolate or oblong, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse, tsem- leaves on petio'es 
 6-12 mm. long; flowers fewer. In damp woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Conn., 
 N. Car., Ohio and Mo. March-May. 
 
 3. Claytonia Chamissoi Ledeb. CHAMISSO'S CLAYTON IA. (I. F. f. 1431.) 
 Annual, glabrous, stoloniferous ; stems weak, ascending or procumbent, 0.7-2.5 dm. 
 long. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6-10 mm. wide; flowers few, 
 pink, racemose, 6-8 mm. broad; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; capsule very 
 small. In wet places, Minn, to Br. Col., Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to 
 N. Mex. and to Cal. May-June. 
 
 4. Claytonia perfoliata Donn. SPANISH LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 1432.) Annual; 
 stems several, simple, 0.7-3 dm. high, bearing a pair of connate-perfoliate leaves 
 near the summit. Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, long-petioled ; petioles shorter 
 than the stems ; raceme usually peduncled, several flowered ; bracts broad, 
 deciduous ; flowers white or pink, 6-10 mm. broad ; petals and stamens 5 ; capsule 
 globose, 2-4 mm. in diameter, 2-5 -seeded. Established near Painesviile, Ohio. 
 Native from Br. Col. to Mex. April-May. 
 
 3. MONTIA L. 
 
 Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding 
 white flowers. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), broadly ovate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogy- 
 nous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5), inserted on the corolla. 
 Ovary 3-ovuled ; style short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly 
 orbicular, compressed, minutely tuberculate ; embryo peripheral. [In honor of 
 Guiseppe Monti, Italian botanist and author of the eighteenth century.] About 
 4 species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres. In addition 
 to the following, another occurs in Oregon. 
 
 i. Montia fontana L. WATER OR BLINKING CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1433.) 
 Tufted, weak, diffuse or ascending, 2-15 cm. long, branching. Leaves opposite, spat- 
 ulate or obovate, mainly obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. broad or less; flowers nod- 
 ding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted raceme; sepals obtuse, 
 slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals ; capsule globose, nearly 2 mm. in 
 diameter. In springs and wet places, Quebec and Me. to Lab., Newf. and across 
 arctic America, south in the mountains to Calif. Also in the Andes of S. Am., in 
 Australasia and in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. PORTULACA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal flowers. 
 Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), 
 inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-00 , also on the calyx. Ovary many- 
 ovuled ; style deeply 3-g-cleft or parted. Capsule membranous, dehiscent by a 
 lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging qualities of some species.] 
 A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. In addition to the 
 following, some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Glabrous throughout ; flowers small, yellow. 
 
 Leaves mainly rounded at the apex ; seeds minutely rugose. i. P. oleracea. 
 
 Leaves mainly retuse; seeds prominently tuberculate, 2. P. retusa. 
 Pilose pubescent, especially in the axils. 
 
 Flowers red or pink, 8-12 mm. broad. 3. P. pilosa. 
 
 Flowers variously colored, 2-5 cm. broad. 4. P. grandiflora. 
 
 i. Portulaca oleracea L. PURSLANE. PUSSLEY. (I. F. f. 1434.) Annual, 
 prostrate, branching from a deep central root; branches 1-2.5 dm - lon - Leaves 
 alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or cuneate, 6-20 mm. 
 long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower-buds flat; flowers solitary, sessile, 
 4-6 mm. broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine; sepals broad, keeled, acutish; 
 style 4-6-parted; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds finely rugose. In fields and waste 
 places, common throughout our area, and in warm and tropical America. Native 
 in the southwest, but naturalized northward. Summer. 
 
CAR YOPH YLLA CEAE. 387 
 
 2. Portulaca retusa Engelm. NOTCHED PURSLANE. (I. F. f. 1435.) Closely 
 resembles the preceding. Leaves cuneate, generally broader, mostly retuse or 
 emarginate; sepals broad, obtusish, carinate- winged; style larger, 3-4-cleft; cap- 
 sule 4-6 mm. long; seeds distinctly tuberculate; petals smaller and the flowers 
 opening earlier in the morning than those of that species, where the two grow 
 together. Minn. (?), Mo. and Ark. to Tex., west to Nev. Growing in large 
 patches. Summer. 
 
 3. Portulaca pilosa L. HAIRY PORTULACA. (I. F. f. 1436.) Annual, from 
 a deep root, pilose-pubescent, with small tufts of light-colored hairs in the axils. 
 Branches 5-15 cm. long; leaves linear, terete, obtuse, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
 wide, alternate, and clustered at the ends of the branches; sepals oblong, acute, 
 membranous, not carinate, deciduous with the operculum of the capsule ; stamens 
 numerous; style 5-6-parted; seeds minutely tuberculate. In dry soil, N. Car. to 
 Fla., Kans., Tex., Mex. and Cal. Also throughout tropical America. Summer. 
 
 4. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. GARDEN PORTULACA. SUN-PLANT. (I. F. 
 f. 1437.) Ascending or spreading. Branches 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves alternate, 
 and clustered at the ends of the branches, terete, about 2 mm. wide; flowers pink, 
 yellow, red, or white, open in sunshine; sepals broad, obtuse, scarious-margined; 
 petals obovate; capsule ovoid; seeds gray, shining. In waste places, occasionally 
 escaped from gardens. Introduced from S. Am. Summer. 
 
 Family 7. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Pink Family. 
 
 Herbs often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire leaves, and 
 perfect or rarely dioecious regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent, 
 separate or united into a calyx-tube. Petals equal in number to the 
 sepals or none. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer, hypogy- 
 nous or perigynous; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mainly 
 i-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; styles 2-5 ; ovules and seeds attached to a 
 central column. Fruit generally membranous, a capsule, dehiscent by 
 valves or teeth, or an indehiscent achene or utricle. Seeds mainly 
 amphitropous; embryo curved and peripheral to the endosperm, rarely 
 straight; cotyledons mainly incumbent. About 70 genera and 1500 
 species, widely distributed, most abundant in'the northern hemisphere. 
 
 * Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid. 
 
 Calyx-ribs at least twice as many as the teeth, running both into the teeth and into the 
 sinuses. 
 
 Styles 5, alternate with the foliaceous calyx-teeth. i. Agrostemma. 
 
 Styles 3-5, when 5, opposite the short calyx-teeth. 
 
 Styles 5, capsule several-celled at the base. 2. I iscaria. 
 
 Styles 3, rarely 4. 3- Silene. 
 
 Styles 5, capsule i-celled to the base. 4. Lychnis. 
 
 Calyx 5-ribbed, 5-nerved, or nerveless, or striate-nerved. 
 Calyx conspicuously scarious between its green nerves. 
 
 Calyx not bracteolate at the base. 5. Gypsophila. 
 
 Calyx bracteolate at the base. 6. 7'nnica. 
 
 Calyx not at all scarious. 
 
 Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. 7. Saponaria. 
 
 Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade. 
 
 Calyx strongly 5-angled, not bracteolate. 8. Vaccaria. 
 
 Calyx terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. 9. Dianthus* 
 
 * * Calyx of distinct sepals, or the sepals united only at the base. 
 Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical teeth or by valves. 
 Styles separate to the base; stipules wanting. 
 
 Plants not fleshy; disk of the flower inconspicuous or none. 
 Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted (rarely none). 
 
 Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves. 10. Alsine. 
 
 Capsule cylindric, commonly curved, dehiscent by teeth. 
 
 ii. Cerastium. 
 
388 FLORA. 
 
 Petals entire or emarginate (rarely none). 
 
 Capsule cylindric. 12. Holosteum. 
 
 Capsule ovoid or oblong. 
 
 Styles as many as the sepals. 
 
 Styles oppfosite the sepals. 13. Moenchia. 
 
 Styles alternate with the sepals. 14. Sagina, 
 
 Styles fewer than the sepals. 
 
 Seeds not appendaged by a strophiole. 15. Arenaria. 
 
 Seeds strophiolate. 16. Moehringia. 
 
 Plants fleshy, maritime; disk conspicuous, 8-io-lobed. 17. Ammodenia, 
 
 Styles separate to the base; stipules present, scarious. 
 
 Styles and capsule- valves 5. 18. Spergula. 
 
 Styles and capsule-valves 3. 19. 7'issa. 
 
 Styles united below; southwestern herbs with subulate leaves. 20. Loeflingia. 
 Fruit an indehiscent or irregularly bursting utricle or achene. 
 Leaves stipulate. 
 
 Sepals awn-tipped. 21. Paronychia. 
 
 Sepals awnless. 22. Anychia. 
 
 Leaves not stipulate. 23. Scleranthus. 
 
 I. AGROSTEMMA L. 
 
 Annual pubescent herbs, with linear or linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate 
 sessile leaves, and large red or white erect flowers, solitary at the ends of long 
 axillary peduncles. Calyx oblong, not inflated, narrowed at the throat, lo-ribbed, 
 5-lobed, the lobes linear, elongated and foliaceous. Petals 5, shorter than the 
 calyx lobes, their blades obovate or cuneate, emarginate, not appendaged; stamens 
 10. Styles 5, opposite the petals. Capsule i-celled. Seeds numerous, black. 
 [Greek, a field-garland.] Two known species, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Agrostemma Githago L. CORN COCKLE. CORN ROSE. CORN CAMPION. 
 (I. F. f. 1438.) Erect, 3-10 dm. high, densely pubescent with whitish appressed 
 hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or long-acuminate, erect, 5-10 cm. long, 
 4-6 mm. wide; flowers red, 2-8 cm. broad; calyx ovoid, its lobes 3 or 4 times 
 the length of the tube and much exceeding the petals, deciduous in fruit; petals 
 usually slightly emarginate, the blade obovate-cuneate. In grain fields and waste 
 places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive from Europe, 
 occurring also in northern Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 a. VISCARIA Roehl. 
 
 Perennial or biennial glabrous herbs, with erect stems and narrow leaves, the 
 basal densely tufted, those of the stem sessile, and small red or rarely white flowers 
 in clustered terminal cymes, the inflorescence in our species almost capitate. Calyx 
 oblong-campanulate, not inflated, 4-5-toothed, 8-10- ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, much 
 exceeding the calyx, each with a 2-cleft appendage at the base of the obovate emar- 
 ginate blade. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles alternate with the petals. Capsule 
 several-celled at the base, its teeth as many as the styles. [Latin, glutinous.] 
 About 5 species, the following of arctic and subarctic regions; the others European 
 and Asiatic. 
 
 I. Viscaria alpina (L.) Roehl. RED ALPINE CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1439.) 
 Tufted, 0.7-3 dm. high, rather stout, somewhat glaucous. Basal leaves narrowly 
 oblanceolate or linear, 2-4 mm. wide; stem-leaves distant, linear-lanceolate, about 
 2 cm. long; inflorescence 1-2.5 cm - broad; bracts small, membranous; flowers 
 pink, 6-8 mm. wide; calyx campanulate, 4 mm. long, its teeth short, rounded; petals 
 obovate, 2-lobed; appendages minute. Quebec to Lab., Newf., Hudson Bay, 
 Greenland, and in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. SILENE L. 
 
 Herbs, with mainly pink red or white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated, 
 5-toothed or 5-cleft, lo-many-nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, narrow, 
 clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5); ovary i-celled, or incompletely 
 2-4-celled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds mainly spiny or 
 tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of many species.] 
 About 250 species of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 
 gome 35 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
CARYOPHYLLA CEAE. 389 
 
 Dwarf, arctic-alpine ; flowers solitary. i. S. acaulis. 
 
 Erect or ascending herbs; flowers clustered (sometimes solitary in nos. 3-7). 
 
 Leaves or some of them verticillate in 4*8. 2. S. stellata. 
 
 Leaves all opposite. 
 
 Calyx much inflated and bladdery. 
 
 Flowers few, leafy-bracted. 3. S. alba. 
 
 Flowers numerous, in leafless cymes. 4. S. vulgaris. 
 
 Calyx merely expanded by the ripening pod. 
 Flowers cymose or paniculate. 
 
 Day-blooming ; flowers rarely white, mostly pink or red. 
 Perennials, more or less viscid-pubescent. 
 
 Petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly incised, scarlet or crimson. 
 Leaves lanceolate or spatulate ; flowers numerous. 
 Flowers in slender panicles, nodding. 
 
 5. S. nutans. 
 
 Flowers in terminal cymes, erect. 6. S. Virginica. 
 Leaves broadly oval ; flowers few or solitary. 
 
 7. S. rotundifolia. 
 Petals erose, entire, or emarginate. 
 
 Petals scarlet ; plant 9-12 dm. tall. 8. S. regia. 
 Petals pink; plant 1-2.5 dm. high. 9. S. Caroliniana. 
 Annuals, glutinous at or below the nodes. 
 Calyx ovoid. 
 
 Flowers small, panicled ; calyx-teeth ovate. 
 
 10. S. antirrhina. 
 Flowers large, cymose ; calyx-teeth subulate. 
 
 11. S. conica. 
 Calyx club-shaped ; flowers large, cymose. 
 
 12. S. Armeria. 
 Night-blooming ; flowers large, white. 13. .5". noctiflora. 
 
 Flowers spicate or racemose, short-pedicelled. 
 
 Spike-like raceme simple ; flowers small. 14. S. Anglica. 
 
 Raceme forked; flowers 12-16 mm. broad. 15. S. dichotoma. 
 
 Flowers axillary and terminal, slender-pedicelled ; western. 
 
 16. S. Menziesii. 
 
 1. Silene acaulis L. Moss CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1440.) Perennial, branched, 
 densely tufted, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, 8-12 mm. long, 
 about I mm. wide, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers sessile or slender-peduncled, 
 8-12 mm. broad, purple or purplish; calyx campanulate, glabrous, 8 mm. high; 
 petals with a scale at the base of the blade; pod oblong. White Mountains, N. H., 
 to Quebec; Lab. and throughout arctic America, south in the higher Rocky Mts. 
 to Ariz. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. STARRY CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1441.) Perennial, 
 erect, 6-10 dm. high, densely and minutely rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, verticillate in 4/5 or the 
 lowest opposite, their margins finely ciliate; flowers white, 1-2 cm. broad, in 
 panicled cymes; calyx campanulate, inflated, 14-16 mm. high, its teeth triangular, 
 acute; petals crownless, fimbriate, about equalling the stamens; pod globose-ovoid. 
 In woods, R. I. to Niagara, Minn., Ga., Neb. and Ark. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Silene alba Muhl. WESTERN WHITE CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1442.) Peren- 
 nial, rather weak, minutely puberulent or glabrate. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. wide, acuminate, the upper gradually smaller; 
 pedicels divaricate; flowers white, about 2 cm. broad; calyx inflated, elongated- 
 campanulate, pubescent, its teeth ovate, obtuse; petals cuneate, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, 
 minutely crowned. In shaded or moist places, Penn. to D. C., Minn, and Neb. 
 June-July. 
 
 4. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. BLADDER CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1443.) 
 Perennial, branched from the base, glaucous and glabrous, or rarely pubescent, 
 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, or the lower often 
 spatulate; flowers white, 1-2 cm. broad, in loose cymose panicles, often drooping; 
 calyx at length inflated and globose, 8-12 mm. long, strongly veined; petals 2-cleft. 
 In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Ont., N. J. and 111. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 5. Silene nutans L. NODDING CATCHFLY. (I.F. f. 1444.) Perennial; stem 
 erect, 3 -6 dm. tall. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, subacute, 6-16 mm. wide, 
 
39 FLORA. 
 
 tapering into slender petioles; stem-leaves few, distant, oblong or lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate, sessile; flowers 1216 mm. broad, white or pink, nodding or spreading 
 in a loose panicle; pedicels slender; calyx oblong-cylindric in flower, 8-io mm. 
 long, glandular, its teeth triangular, acute; petals 2-cleft or sometimes 4-cleft; cap- 
 sule ovoid, 10-12 mm. high, distending the calyx. Mt. Desert Island, Me., and 
 Staten Island, N. Y. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Silene Virginica L. FIRE PINK. (I. F. f. 1445.) Perennial, viscid- 
 pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, those of the lower part of the stem spatulate 
 or oblanceolate, 8-13 cm. long; upper leaves oblong -lanceolate, acute, sessile; in- 
 florescence loosely cymose-paniculate ; flowers crimson, 2-3 cm. broad ; pedicels 
 slender, 1-5 cm. long ; calyx tubular-campanulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, enlarged by 
 the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals 2-cleft, 2-lobed, or irregularly in- 
 cised, crowned. In dry woods, S. N. J., W. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and 
 Mo. May-Sept. 
 
 7. Silene rotundifolia Nutt. ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 1446.) 
 Perennial; stem ascending or reclining, viscid-pubescent, 4-6 dm. long. Leaves 
 thin, the lower and basal ones obovate ; 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a winged 
 petiole, the cauline obovate, broadly oblong or orbicular-ovate, acute, the upper- 
 most sessile ; flowers few or solitary, scarlet, 2-5 cm. broad; pedicels slender ; 
 calyx tubular-campanulate, 2-3 cm. long, somewhat enlarged by the ripening pod, 
 its teeth ovate, acute ; petals 2-cleft, lobed, or laciniate, crowned. In shaded 
 places, S. Ohio and Ky. to Ga. Summer. 
 
 8. Silene regia Sims. ROYAL CATCHFLY. (I.F. f. 1447.) Perennial; stem 
 erect, stout, 1-1.2 m. high, minutely rough-pubescent, slightly viscid. Leaves all 
 but the lowest sessile, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-8 cm. long ; 
 inflorescence a narrow panicle of few-flowered cymose clusters ; flowers numerous, 
 deep scarlet, about 2.5 cm. broad ; calyx oblong-tubular, 2 cm. long, slightly en- 
 larged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute ; petals emarginate or laciniate, 
 crowned. Prairies, Ohio to Ala., Term, and Mo. July. 
 
 9. Silene Caroliniana Walt. WILD PINK. (I. F. f. 1448.) Perennial, 
 tufted, 1-2.5 dm. high, viscid-pubescent, especially above. Basal leaves spatu- 
 late, or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a broad petiole; stem-leaves 
 shorter, sessile, oblong or lanceolate; flowers pink, about 2.5 cm. broad, in termi- 
 nal cymes; calyx narrow, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, 
 acute; petals cuneate, emarginate, eroded, crowned. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
 Me. to Ga., west to central N. Y., Penn. and Ky. April-June. 
 
 10. Silene antirrhina L. SLEEPY CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 1449.) Annual, 
 puberulent or glabrous, glutinous about the nodes, 2-7 dm. high. Basal and lower 
 leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed into a petiole; upper 
 leaves linear to subulate; inflorescence a loose cymose panicle; pedicels slender, 
 erect; flowers pink, 2-4 mm. broad; calyx narrowly ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, much 
 expanded by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, acute; petals obcordate, minutely 
 
 N crowned. In waste places and woods, N. Eng. to S. Ont., Br. Col., Fla. and Mex. 
 Summer. 
 
 Silene antirrhina divaric^ta Robinson. More slender than the species and with 
 narrower leaves ; branches spreading, filiform ; calyx 4-5 mm. long ; petals none. 
 111. and N. Y. 
 
 11. Silene conica L. STRIATE, OR CORN CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. i45oa.) 
 Canescent or puberulent; stems erect, commonly forked above, 1.5-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, about 3 m'm. wide ; inflorescence cymose ; 
 flowers i-several; calyx ovoid, rounded or truncate at the base, densely about 
 3O-nerved, its teeth triangular-subulate; petals rose, obcordate; capsule oblong- 
 ovoid, distending the calyx. Clyde, Ohio. Adventive or naturalized from Eu- 
 rope. June-July. 
 
 12. Silene Armeria L. SWEET WILLIAM OR LOBEL'S CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 
 1450.) Annual, glabrous and glaucous, or minutely puberulent, about 3 dm. 
 high, glutinous below each node. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, obtuse; 
 stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; inflorescence a terminal compact compound 
 Cyme; flowers purple or pink, 12-16 mm. broad; calyx club-shaped, 10-16 mm. 
 
CA R YOPH YL LA CEA E. 39 1 
 
 long, slightly enlarged by the ripening pod; petals emarginate, crowned with nar- 
 row scales. In waste places and spontaneous in gardens, N. B. and Ont. to Mich., 
 E. Mass., N. J. and Penn. Introduced from Europe. June-July. 
 
 13. Silene noctiflora L. NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 1451.) 
 Annual, viscid-pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves obovate or 
 oblanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole; upper leaves 
 sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers few, white or pinkish, 1.5- 
 2.5 cm. broad, in a loose panicle; calyx 2-3 cm. long, tubular, ro-nerved and 
 beautifully veined, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth linear, acute; 
 petals 2-cleft. In waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Mo. 
 Adventive from Europe. Flowers opening at dusk and remaining so until the 
 morning of the next day, fragrant. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Silene Anglica L. ENGLISH OR SMALL- FLOWERED CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 
 1452.) Annual, hirsute-pubescent; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves spatulate or 
 oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, or the upper narrower 
 and acute; flowers in a terminal simple I -sided raceme, nearly sessile or the lower 
 ones distant and longer-pedicelled, sometimes all distinctly pedicelled; calyx 10- 
 nerved, villous, 8-io mm. long, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth 
 lanceolate, spreading; petals white, somewhat longer than the calyx. In waste 
 places, Me. to Ont., N. Y. and Penn. Adventive from Europe. Naturalized as a 
 weed on the Pacific Coast. April-July. 
 
 15. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. FORKED CATCHFLY. (I. F. f. 1453.) Annual, 
 pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-8 
 cm. long, acuminate or acute, tapering into a petiole; upper leaves sessile, lanceo- 
 late or linear; flowers white, distant in forking I -sided spikes; calyx cylindric, 
 12-16 mm. long, hirsute, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute; petals white, bifid, with a short obtuse crown. In fields and 
 waste places, Me. to N. J. and Penn. Also in Cal. Adventive from southern 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 16. Silene Menziesii Hook. MENZIES' PINK. (I. F. f. 1454.) Perennial, 
 ascending or decumbent, leafy, widely branching, minutely glandular-pubescent, 
 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, oval, ovate-lanceolate or 
 slightly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, minutely ciliate, 2-6 cm. 
 long; flowers axillary and terminal, numerous, slender-peduncled, white (or pink?), 
 8-10 mm. long; petals 2-cleft, crownless, longer than the 5-toothed calyx; capsule 
 about the length of the calyx. In damp soil, Neb. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., 
 Cal. and N. Mex. June Aug. 
 
 4. LYCHNIS L. 
 
 Herbs, mainly erect. Calyx ovoid, tubular, or inflated, 5-toothed, lO-nerved. 
 Petals 5, narrowly clawed, the blade entire, 2-cleft, or laciniate, generally crowned. 
 Stamens 10. Ovary I -celled or incompletely several-celled at the base, many- 
 ovuled; styles 5, opposite the calyx-teeth (occasionally 4 or rarely 3). Capsule 
 dehiscent by apical teeth or valves. [From the Greek for lamp, in allusion to the 
 flame- colored flowers of some species.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of the 
 north temperate and arctic zones. In addition to the following, about 9 others occur 
 .in northern and western N. Am. 
 
 Calyx-teeth not twisted ; plants pubescent, glandular or glabrate. 
 
 Flowers cymose or panicled; calyx enlarged by the ripening pod. 
 Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ovoid, obovoid or globose. 
 Plants viscid-pubescent; flowers usually dioecious. 
 
 Flowers white or pink, opening in the evening. i. L. alba. 
 
 Flowers red, opening in the morning. 2. Z,. dioica. 
 
 Plant roughish-pubescent; flowers perfect, scarlet. 3. L. Chalcedonica 
 
 Fruiting calyx campanulate or tubular. 
 
 Petals deeply laciniate; introduced species. 4. L. Fl^s-cvculi. 
 
 Petals entire or emarginate i native western species. 5. L. Drummondi. 
 Flowers solitary: calyx inflated; plants arctic-alpine. 
 
 Flower nodding; pod erect. 6. L^apetala. 
 
 Flower and pod erect or nearly so. 7. L. affinis. 
 
 Calyx-teeth twisted ; plant densely white-woolly all over. 8. L. Coronart'a. 
 
39 2 FLORA. 
 
 1. Lychnis alba Mill. WHITE CAMPION. EVENING LYCHNIS. (I. F. f. 1455.) 
 Biennial, freely branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute, 2-8 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; flowers few, loosely panic- 
 ulate, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, white or pinkish, opening at dusk and remaining open 
 into the morning ol the next day; calyx at first tubular, swelling with the ripening 
 pod so as to become ovoid and 12-14 mm. in diameter, its teeth short, lanceolate; 
 petals obovate, 2-cleft, crowned; teeth of the capsule 2-cleft, nearly erect. In waste 
 places and on ballast, occasional in the maritime provinces of Canada, Ont. and in 
 the Eastern and Middle States. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Lychnis dioica L. RED CAMPION. (I. F. f. 1456.) Biennial, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Basal leaves long-petioled, oblong, the blade 5-8 cm. long ; stem-leaves 
 sessile or the lower short-petioled, ovate, acute, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers red or 
 nearly white, opening in the morning ; calyx at first tubular, swollen in fruit to 
 nearly globular by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petals obo- 
 vate, 2-cleft, crowned ; teeth oi the capsule 2-cleft, recurved. In waste places and 
 ballast, N. S., Ont., N. Eng. and the Middle States. Adventive from Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. Lychnis Chalcedonica L. SCARLET LYCHNIS. (I. F. f. 1457.) Perennial; 
 stem pubescent or hirsute, 3-7 dm. tall. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the 
 upper lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the 
 base, sessile or somewhat clasping, 1-2 cm. wide ; flowers perfect, about 2.5 cm. 
 broad, scarlet, in one or more dense terminal cymes ; calyx becoming obovoid, its 
 teeth triangular, acute ; petals 2-cleft or laciniate ; capsule borne on a stipe of 
 nearly its own length, its teeth entire. Escaped from gardens to roadsides, Mass. 
 to S. N. Y. Native of eastern Europe and western Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. CUCKOOFLOWER. RAGGED ROBIN. (I. F. f. 1458.) 
 Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, freely branching, downy-pubescent below, slightly viscid 
 above. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-8 cm. long, tapering 
 into a broad petiole ; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, distant ; 
 inflorescence paniculate ; flowers pink, blue or white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad ; calyx 
 lo-nerved, becoming campanulate in fruit, its teeth triangular, acute ; petals cleft 
 into 4 linear lobes, the middle pair of lobes longer ; capsule globose. In moist 
 waste places, N. B. to N. J. and Penn. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Lychnis Drummondi (Hook.) S. Wats. DRUMMOND'S PINK. (I. F. f. 
 1459.) Erect from a perennial root, finely glandular-pubescent and viscid, 3-9 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, acute, petioled or the upper sessile, 2-8 cm. 
 long; flowers few, slender-pedicelled, white or purplish, 1-2 cm. long; petals 
 scarcely longer than the tubular calyx; capsule oblong-cylindric, 12-16 mm. long; 
 seeds tuberculate. In dry soil, Minn, to Manitoba, Neb., Ariz, and Ore. June-July. 
 
 6. Lychnis apetala L. NODDING LYCHNIS. (I. F. f. 1460.) Tufted, per- 
 ennial, 0.7-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent at least abjve. Stems i-flowered; 
 leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, sessile, or the lower petioled; flower 
 nodding, 12- 16 mm. long; petals narrow, 2-cleft, included in the calyx; calyx 
 inflated, strongly purple-veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals narrow, 
 about 2 mm. wide, minutely appendaged, equalling or shorter than the calyx, 
 deeply 2-cleft ; capsule erect, ovoid. Labrador and throughout arctic America. 
 Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 7. Lychnis affinis Vahl. ARCTIC LYCHNIS. (L F. f. 1461.) Tufted, per- 
 ennial, 5-10 cm. high, glandular-pubescent. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, about 
 I cm. long, ciliat'-; stem-leaves linear, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse; flower erect, 8-12 
 cm. long; calyx oblong or ovate-campanulate, slightly inflated, its teeth short, 
 acute; petals somewhat exserted, the blade narrowed below, emarginate and eroded, 
 the appendages minute. Lab. and arctic America and Europe. Summer. 
 
 8 Lychnis Coronaria (L.) Desr. MULLEIN PINK. ROSE CAMPION. (I. 
 F. f. 1462.) Perennial, densely white -woolly; stem 3-10 dm. tall. Lower leaves 
 spatulate, 510 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate; flowers few, 2 cm. broad or more, long- 
 pedicelled in open terminal panicles; calyx oblong-campanulate, its teeth filiform- 
 subulate, twisted, shorter than the tube; petals crimson. Escaped from gardens to 
 roadsides and waste places, Mass, to S. N. Y. Native of Europe. Jurie-Aug. 
 
CA A" YOPn YL L A CEA E. 393 
 
 5. GYPSOPHILA L. 
 
 Mostly glabrous and glaucous herbs, with narrow leaves, and small numerous 
 axillary or paniculate flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed, 5 -nerved, bractless. Petals 5, 
 their claws narrow. Stamens 10; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves. Seeds 
 reniform, laterally attached; embryo coiled. [Greek, in allusion to the supposed 
 preference of some species for gypsum soils.] About 60 species, natives of Europe, 
 Asia and northern Africa. 
 
 Annual, diffuse; leaves narrowly linear; flowers axillary on filiform peduncles. 
 
 i. G. muralis. 
 Erect perennial ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers paniculate. 2. G. paniculata. 
 
 1. Gypsophila muralis L. Low GYPSOPHYLL. (I. F. f. 1463.) Annual, 
 diffuse, slender, much branched, smooth, or slightly rough at the base, 1-2 dm. 
 high. Leaves narrowly linear or subulate, attenuate at each end, 6-20 mm. long, 
 0.5-1 mm. wide; peduncles 6-20 mm. long; flowers purplish, 3-4 mm. broad; 
 calyx turbinate, the teeth rounded ; petals crenate or emarginate, much exceeding 
 the calyx; pod about 4 mm. long, slightly longer than the calyx. In waste places, 
 Me. and Ont. to Mich., Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Adventive or naturalized from 
 Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Gypsophila paniculata L. TALL GYPSOPHYLL. (I. F. f. 1464.) Per- 
 ennial; glabrous, or sometimes pubescent below, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 
 those of the s 2m 2 cm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed at the base, those of the branches much smaller; flowers 3-4 mm. broad, in 
 panicled cymes; calyx campanulate, 2 mm. high, deeply 5-lobed, the segments 
 with scarious margins; petals white or pink, slightly emarginate, longer than the 
 calyx. Manitoba and Neb. Fugitive from northern Europe or Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. TUNICA Adans. 
 
 Rigid and slender mainly perennial herbs, with small glomerate panicled or 
 solitary flowers, bracted at the base. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate, 5 -toothed, 
 5-i5-nerved. Petals 5, long-clawed, the limb emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. 
 Styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 apical teeth or valves. Seeds compressed, lat- 
 erally attached; embryo excentric. [Latin, a cloak, in allusion to the bracts at the 
 base of the calyx.] About 20 species, natives of southern Europe and western 
 Asia. 
 
 i. Tunica Saxifraga (L.) Scop. SAXIFRAGE PINK. (I. F. f. 1465.) Per- 
 ennial, tufted, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; stems 1-2 cm. long, terete. Leaves 
 linear-subulate, erect, acute, 6-8 mm. long, less than i mm. wide, connate at the 
 base, the lower imbricated, the upper distant; flowers panicled, about 6 mm. broad, 
 pink or purple; calyx 5 -ribbed, twice the length of the scarious-margined acute 
 bracts. Roadsides, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., and London, Ont. Adventive 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 7. SAPONARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, mostly with broad leaves and large flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed, obscurely 
 nerved. Petals 5, long-clawed. Stamens 10. Ovary i -celled or incompletely 
 2-4-celled; styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 short apical teeth or valves. [Latin, 
 soap; the juices abound in saponin.] About 35 species, natives of Europe, Asia and 
 northern Africa. 
 
 r. Sapor-aria officinalis L. SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET. (I. F. f. 1466.) 
 Perennial, glabrous, erect, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, 5-8 cm. 
 long, 3-5 -ribbed, acute, narrowed into a broad short petiole; flowers pink or whit- 
 ish, about 2.5 cm. broad, in dense terminal corymbs, with numerous small lanceo- 
 late floral leaves; calyx tubular, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals obcordate with a scale at 
 the base of the blade; pod narrowly oblong, shorter than the calyx. Roadsides and 
 waste places, common in most districts, spreading by underground stolons. Natu- 
 ralized from Europe. Flowers sometimes double. Summer. 
 
 8. VACCARIA Medic. 
 
 Annual glabrous and glaucous erect branching herbs, with clasping ovate or 
 ovate lanceolate acute leaves, and rather small red or pink slender-pedicelled 
 
394 FLORA. 
 
 flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx cylindric in flower, becoming sharply 5 -angled 
 and inflated in fruit, 5 -toothed, not bracted at the base. Petals much longer than 
 the calyx, not appendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothcd. Seeds 
 laterally attached; embryo curved. [Latin, cow, in allusion to its value for fodder.] 
 About 3 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton. COW-HERB. (I. F. f. 1467.) Plant 3-6 
 dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, connate at the base; flowers pale red, 6-8 mm. 
 broad; calyx 10-15 mm - l n g> 5-ribbed; petals crenulate. In waste places, Ont. 
 to Br. Col., Fla. and La. Also in the Rocky Mt. region. Naturalized or adven- 
 tive from Europe. June- Aug. 
 
 9. DIANTHUS L. 
 
 Stiff" herbs, mainly with narrow leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose- 
 paniculate, generally purple. Calyx 5-toothed, finely and equally many-stnate, 
 tubular, several-bracted at the base. Petals 5, long-clawed, dentate or crenate. 
 Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary i-celled, stipitate. Capsule cylindric or oblong, 
 stalked, dehiscent by 4 or 5 short teeth at the summit. Seeds compressed, laterally 
 attached. Embryo straight, excentric. [Greek, the flower of Jove.] Species 
 about 200, natives of the Old World; one of Siberia extending into arctic America. 
 
 Annuals ; flowers clustered. 
 
 Bracts broad, scarious. i. D. prolifer. 
 
 Bracts narrow, heibaceous, long-pointed. 2. D. Armeria. 
 Perennials. 
 
 Flowers solitary ; leaves linear, short. 3. D. deltoides. 
 
 Flowers clustered ; leaves lanceolate. 4. D. bar bat us, 
 
 1. Dianthus prolifer L. PROLIFEROUS PINK. (I. F. f. 1468.) Glabrous, 
 1.5-4 dm. high, simple, or with few erect branches. Leaves distant, linear, acute, 
 1-2 mm. wide; flowers small, pink, in terminal oblong or obovoid heads, and 
 appearing successively from behind the bracts, which are broad, ovate, imbricated, 
 shining, obtuse or mucronate, concealing the calyx. In waste places and ballast, 
 Mass, to Del. and Ohio. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Dianthus Armeria L. DEPTFORD PINK. (I. F. f. 1469.) Finely pubes- 
 cent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high; branches few, nearly erect. Leaves linear, erect, 2-3 mm. 
 wide; flowers small, pink with whitish dots, in terminal often dense clusters; 
 bracts lanceolate-subulate, erect, mostly longer than the sharply-toothed calyx. In 
 fields and along roadsides, Me. to S. Ont. Mich, and Va. Naturalized from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Dianthus deltoides L. MAIDEN PINK. (I. F. f. 1470.) Tufted, glabrous 
 or somewhat hoary; stems ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 2 mm. wide, those of the flowering stems erect, acutish, the lower obtuse; flowers 
 pink or whitish, solitary; petals dentate; bracts ovate, pointed, about half as long 
 as the calyx or less. In waste places, Conn, and eastern Mass, to northern N. Y. and 
 Mich. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Dianthus barbatus L. SWEET WILLIAM. (I. F. f. 1471.) Tufted, gla- 
 brous, erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 8-18 mm. wide, 
 acute; bracts linear-filiform, about equalling the long-toothed calyx; flowers pink 
 or whitish, in large terminal clusters. In waste places, occasional in the Eastern 
 and Middle States. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 
 
 10. ALSINE L. [Including STELLARIA L.] (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tufted herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the 
 same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarely none. 
 Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary i -celled; styles commonly 3, rarely 4 or 5, 
 usually opposite the sepals. Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves as there 
 are styles. [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, 
 widely distributed, most abundant in temperate or cold climates. 
 
 Styles 5 ; leaves ovate, 2-5 cm. long. x. A. aquatica. 
 
 Styles 3, rarely 4. 
 
 Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong. 
 
 Plants glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 
 
 Flowers few, terminal; leaves ovate, 4-6 mm. long. 2. A. humifusa. 
 
CA YOPH * L LA CEA E. 395 
 
 Cymes lateral ; leaves oblong, 1-2 cm. long. 3. A. uliginosa. 
 
 Stems with i or 2 pubescent lines ; petioles often ciliate. 
 
 Petals shorter than the calyx ; lower leaves petioled. 4. A. media. 
 
 Petals longer than the calyx ; lower leaves rarely petioled. 5. A. pubera. 
 Leaves narrow, linear, oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate. 
 
 Flowers 1.4-2 cm. broad. 6. A. Holostea. 
 
 Flowers only 4-12 mm. broad. 
 
 Bracts of the cyme small, scarious. 
 
 Pedicels widely spreading ; cyme diffuse. 
 
 Leaves linear, acute at each end ; seeds smooth. 7. A. longifolia. 
 Leaves lanceolate, broadest below ; seeds rough. 8. A. graminea. 
 Pedicels erect ; flowers few or solitary. 9. A. longipes* 
 
 Bracts of the cyme foliaceous, resembling the upper leaves. 
 
 Capsule 114-2 times as long as the calyx ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate. 
 Seeds rough ; petals equalling or longer than the calyx. 
 
 10. A. crassi/olia. 
 Seeds smooth ; petals much shorter than the calyx or none. 
 
 11. A. borealis. 
 Capsule not longer than the calyx ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate ; 
 
 petals none. 12. A. fontinalis. 
 
 1. Alsine aquatica (L.) Britton. WATER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1472.) Perennial; stem angled, mostly glandular-pubescent above, ascending or 
 decumbent, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, the upper 
 sessile and subcordate, the lower petioled, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
 flowers about 1.2 cm. broad, solitary in the forks of the stem and in terminal 
 cymes; pedicels slender, glandular, deflexed and much longer than the calyx in 
 fruit; calyx campanulate; sepals ovate, acute, about one-halt as long as the 2-cleft 
 petals; stamens IO; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly longer than the calyx; seeds 
 rough. In wet and waste places, Ont. to Perm. Also in Br. Col. Adventive from 
 Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Alsine humifdsa, (Rottb.) Britton. Low CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1473.) 
 Glabrous; stems spreading and ascending, 2-8 cm. long, purplish. Leaves ovate 
 or oblong, fleshy, 4-6 mm. long, sessile; bracts foliaceous; flowers few or solitary, 
 6-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, 4 mm. long; petals 
 2-parted; capsule ovoid, as long as the sepals; seeds smooth, brown. In moist or 
 wet places, Lab. to N. B. and Me., west to Ore and Alaska. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. Alsine uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. BOG STARWORT. MARSH CHICK- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 1474.) Weak, slender, generally growing in masses; stems nearly 
 simple, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves oblong, 16-25 mm - l n g> 4-10 mm. wide, narrowed at 
 the base, the lower slightly petioled and sometimes ciliate, the upper sessile; flowers 
 6 mm. broad, in lateral sessile cymes, rarely terminal; sepals lanceolate, acute; 
 petals 2-parted, about the length of the calyx and the ovoid pod; seeds rough. In 
 cold brooks and springs, Md. and Penn. to Newf. Also in Br. Col. and the N. W. 
 Terr., Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Alsine media L. COMMON CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1475.) Annual, tufted, 
 much branched, decumbent or ascending, 1-4 dm. long, glabrous except a line of 
 hairs along the stem and branches, the pubescent sepals and the sometimes ciliate 
 petioles. Leaves ovate or oval, 4-35 mm. long, acute or rarely obtuse, the lower 
 often cordate; flowers 4-8 mm. broad, in terminal leafy cymes or also solitary in 
 ;he axils; sepals oblong, longer than the 2-parted petals; stamens 2-10 ; capsule 
 ovoid, longer than the calyx; seeds rough. A weed in waste places, meadows and 
 woods, common throughout N. Am. Naturalized from Europe, though possibly 
 native northward. Jan. -Dec. 
 
 5. Alsine pubera (Michx. ) Britton. GREAT CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1476.) 
 Perennial, 1-3 dm. high, branching, the stems and branches with two hairy lines. 
 Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 1-6 cm. long, their margins ciliate, the upper 
 generally sessile, the lower sometimes narrowed at the base or on broad petioles, 
 those of sterile shoots sometimes all petioled ; flowers 8-12 mm. broad, in terminal 
 leafy cymes ; sepals lanceolate, shorter than the 2-cleft or 2-parted petals ; capsule 
 subglobose, or ovoid, its teeth revolute after splitting ; seeds rough. In moist 
 rocky places, N. J. and Penn. to Ind,, Ky., Ga. and Ala. May-June. 
 
39 6 FLORA. 
 
 6. Alsine Holostea (L.) Bif*ton. GREATER STITCHWORT OR STARWORT. 
 ADDER'S MEAT. (I. F. f. 1477.) Erect from a creeping rootstock, glabrous 
 or slightly downy, 4-6 dm. high, Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, taper- 
 ing to a long slender tip ; flowers showy, 1.4-3 cm - broad, in terminal leafy 
 cymose panicles ; pedicels downy ; sepals lanceolate, acute, one-half to two-thirds 
 the length of the 2 cleft petals; capsule globose ovoid. Along Train's Meadow 
 Road, Long Island, N. Y. ; Poland, Me. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. 
 Native also of northern Asia. Also called Allbone, from its brittle nodes. April- 
 June. 
 
 7. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. LONG-LEAVED STITCHWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1478. ) Weak, glabrous, or the stem rough-angled, freely branching, 2-5 dm. 
 high. Leaves linear, spreading, acute or acutish at each end, 2-6 cm. long, 
 2-6 mm. wide, the lower smaller ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels slender, divaricate ; 
 cymes terminal or lateral ; flowers numerous, 6-io mm. broad ; sepals lanceolate, 
 acute, 3-nerved, equalling or somewhat shorter than the 2-parted petals ; capsule 
 ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; seeds smooth, shining. In low 
 meadows and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, Ky. and La., and in the Rocky Mountain 
 region, Br. Col., northern Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 8. Alsine graminea (L.) Britton. LESSER STITCHWORT. LESSER STARWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 1479.) Weak, glabrous, ascending from creeping rootstocks, 3-5 dm. high 
 or long; stem 4-angled. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. 
 long, 4-6 mm. wide, broadest just above the base, acute, the lower smaller; cymes 
 diffuse; pedicels spreading; bracts scarious, often ciliate, lanceolate, 4-6 mm. 
 long; flowers 6-10 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals 2 -cleft, about the 
 length of the sepals; capsule oblong, exceeding the sepals; seeds finely roughened. 
 In fields and along roadsides, Newf. to Ont. and Mel. Adventive from Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 9. Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville. LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1480.) Tufted, simple, or sparingly branched, 0.7-3 dm. high? glabrous, shining,, 
 rarely glaucous or pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm - 
 long, 2-6 mm. wide at the base, rigid, ascending or erect; flowers few, 6-10 mm. 
 broad, terminal, on long erect pedicels; bracts lanceolate; sepals ovate or lanceo- 
 late, acute or acutish ; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx ; capsule ovoid, longer than 
 the sepals; seeds smooth. In moist places, Lab. and N. S. to northern New Eng- 
 land, Alaska and Minn., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and in Cal. Also in 
 northern Asia. Summer. 
 
 Alsine longipes Edwdrdsii (R. Br.) Britton. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 sparingly ciliate at the base ; stems 2-3-flo\vered, 5-8 cm. tall. Lab. and Quebec, through 
 arctic America to Siberia. 
 
 Alsine longipes pedunculiris (Bunge) Britton. Stem 5-15 cm. high, bearing 1-3 
 larger flowers on longer pedicels; stem more or less pubescent, especially at the nodes. 
 Lab. to Alaska and Siberia. 
 
 10. Alsine crassifolia Ehrh. FLESHY STITCHWORT. (I. F. f. 1481.) Diffuse 
 or ascending, weak, slender, simple or branched, glabrous, 5-25 cm. long. Leaves 
 somewhat fleshy, oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, narrowed at 
 the base, 6-16 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; cymes terminal, few-flowered, or flowers 
 axillary and solitary; bracts foliaceous, small; peduncles slender, ascending; flowers 
 4 6 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate-oblong, acute; petals longer than the calyx; cap- 
 su'e ovoid, longer than the sepals; seeds rough. In springs and moist places, Lab. 
 to N. H., Minn., 111. and Manitoba, and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. 
 to Colo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 n. Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. NORTHERN STITCHWORT. (I. F. f. 1482.) 
 Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, glabrous, or pubescent above, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 long. Leaves membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, acute, sessile, their margins ciliate or naked; inflorescence a leafly terminal 
 compound cyme; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading; flowers 4-8 mm. broad; 
 sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals r. 5, shorter than the sepals, or none; capsule 
 oblong, much exceeding the sepals; seeds smooth. In wet places, Lab. to R. I., 
 northern N. J., Minn, and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in north- 
 ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E. 397 
 
 nlsine bore^lis alpestris (Tries) Britton. Larger, leaves broader, cyme more diffuse; 
 upper bracts scarious or scarious-margined; seeds obscurely roughened. Lake Superior, 
 the Saskatchewan region, Br. Col. and the Rocky Mts. Also in northern Asia. 
 
 12. Alsine fontinalis (Short & Peter) Britton. WATER STITCHWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1483.) Annual, glabrous; stems weak, very slender, branched, ascending or diffuse, 
 1-3 dm. long. Leaves linear-spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, the 
 upper sessile, acute or subacute at the apex, the lower obtuse and narrowed into 
 short petioles; pedicels filiform, 6-30 mm. long, erect or ascending, solitary or 2-3 
 together in the forks of the stem and branches and axils; calyx oblong-campanulate, 
 2 mm. long; sepals 4 or 5, oblong or linear, obtuse, about equalling the ovoid-oblong 
 obtuse capsule; stamens 4-8; petals wanting; styles very short; seeds densely tuber- 
 culate-roughened. In wet places, Ky. and Tenn. April-May. 
 
 ii. CERASTIUM L. 
 
 Generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, with terminal cymes of white flowers. 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid (rarely want- 
 ing). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and oppo- 
 site them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cylindric, i-celled, many-ovuled, 
 often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough, more or less 
 flattened, attached by their edges. [Greek, horny, referring to the horn-like cap- 
 sule of many species.] About 50 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in 
 the temperate zones. 
 
 Petals equalling the sepals, or shorter. 
 
 Pedicels not longer than the sepals; flowers glomerate. I. C. viscosum. 
 Pedicels at length longer than the sepals; flowers cymcse*. 
 
 Leaves 4-8 mm. long ; capsule nearly straight. \J) C. semidecandrum, 
 
 Leaves 8-25 mm. long ; capsule curved upward. 3. C. vulgatum. 
 
 Petals manifestly longer than the sepals (rarely wanting). 
 Annuals, viscid-pubescent ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad. 
 
 Pedicels much longer than the calyx. 4. C. longipednnculatum. 
 
 Pedicels shorter than or but little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 5. C. brachypodum. 
 
 Perennials, glabrous or pubescent ; flowers 12-20 mm. broad. 
 Styles always 5. 
 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, mainly acute. 6. C. arvense. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse. 7. C. alpinum. 
 
 Styles 3 (very rarely 4 or 5) : leaves linear oblong. 8. C. cerastioides. 
 
 1. Cerastium viscosum L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1484.) An- 
 nual, tufted, densely viscid-pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves ovate, obovate, or 
 the lower spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse; bracts small, herbaceous; flowers 
 4-6 mm. broad, in glomerate cymes; pedicels shorter than or equalling the acute 
 sepals; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cleft. In waste places and meadows, 
 N. B. and Ont. to Fla. and Mex. Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized also in 
 the W. I., Cent. Am. and on the Pacific Coast. April-July. 
 
 2. Cerastium semidecandrum L. SMALL MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1485.) Low, tufted, annual, 5-15 cm. high, finely viscid -pubescent. Leaves ovate, 
 or the lower spatulate, obtuse; bracts scarious; pedicels at length longer than the 
 calyx; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, slightly exceeding the 
 emarginate petals; capsule narrow, nearly straight; stamens often 5- I n dry, 
 sterile soil, N. J. to Va. Naturalized from Europe. April-May. 
 
 3. Cerastium vulgatum L. LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1486.) Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent, tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Lower 
 and basal leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves oblong, 1-2.5 cm - l n '> 
 inflorescence loose, the pedicels at length much longer than the calyx ; sepals 
 about equalling the 2-cleft petals, 4-6 mm. long ; capsule curved upward. In 
 fields and woods, common throughout our area. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. NODDING CHICKWEED. POWDER^ 
 HORN. (I. F. f. 1487.) Annual: stem weak, reclining or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. 
 long, striate, finely clammy-pubescent to glabrate. Lower and basal leaves spat- 
 ulate. obtuse, petioled, 1-2.5 dm. ^ on ?- tne upper lanceolate or oblong, acute, 
 sessile; inflorescence loos^: pedicels in fruit several times the length of the calyx ; 
 flowers 4-6 mm. "broad ; sepals lanceolate, about one-half the length of the 2-cleft 
 
39$ FLORA. 
 
 petals (petals sometimes wanting) ; pods nodding, 1-2 cm. long, curved upward, 
 much exceeding the calyx. In moist, shaded places, N. S. and Hudson Bay to 
 N. Car., Br. Col., Nev. and northern Mexico. April-June. 
 
 5. Cerastium brach^podum (Engelm.) Robinson. SHORT-STALKED CHICK- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 1488.) Annual, light green, viscid-pubescent or puberulent : 
 stems tufted, erect, 0.7-2.5 dm. tall. Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate or spat- 
 ulate, 6-25 mm. long, narrowed into short petioles, the upper linear or linear- 
 oblong, acute, sessile, sometimes erect-appressed ; flowers about 4 mm. broad ; 
 fruiting pedicels, or some of them, deflexed, not more than twice as long as the 
 calyx ; capsule straight or slightly curved upward, 2-3 times as long as the 
 calyx. In dry soil, 111. and Mo. to Neb., S. Dak., Mont., Nev., Ariz, and Mex. 
 March-July. 
 
 Cerastium brach^podum compdctum Robinson. Cyme capitate ; capsules very 
 slender. Neb. to Tex. 
 
 6. Cerastium arvense L. FIELD CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1489.) Perennial, 
 densely tufted, erect or ascending, flowering stems 1-2.5 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 and those of the sterile shoots linear-oblong, close; stem- leaves distant, linear or 
 narrowly lanceolate. 1-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acute; flowers 12-16 mm. broad; 
 petals obcordate, much exceeding the lanceolate acute sepals which equal or are a 
 little shorter than the slightly oblique capsule. In dry, rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, 
 Ga., Mo., Nev. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia, April-July. 
 
 Cerastium arvense oblongff61ium (Torr.) Roll. & Britt. Larger, pubescent ; leaves 
 oblong or lanceolate, broader, mainly obtuse ; capsules about twice the length of the 
 calyx. Mainly on magnesian rocks, N. S. to Va., S. Ont., Minn, and in the Rocky 
 Mts. and Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Cerastium arvense velutlnum (Raf.) Britton. Depressed, villous-pubescent; stem- 
 leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; capsule 2 or 2.5 times the length of the calyx. On 
 serpentine rocks, Lancaster and Chester counties, Pa. 
 
 7. Cerastium alpmum L. ALPINE CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1490.) Peren- 
 nial, generally silky-hairy ; sterile stems prostrate; flowering stems erect, 5-15 cm. 
 high. Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse; upper leaves 
 distant, ovate-oblong, obtusish, 8-16 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2-3, 12-18 mm. 
 broad; petals 2-lobed, twice the length of the lanceolate acute scarious-tipped 
 sepals; pod longer than the calyx, nearly straight. In moist, rocky places, Quebec, 
 Lab. and in arctic America. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Cerastium alplnum Fischeri&num (Ser.) T. & G. Taller; pubescence more rigid. 
 Lab. and through arctic America to Siberia. 
 
 8. Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britton. STAR WORT CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1491.) Perennial, glabrous except a line of minute hairs along one side of the 
 stem and branches, rarely pubescent throughout. Flowering branches ascending, 
 0.7-1.5 dm. long; leaves linear-oblong, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse; 
 flowers solitary or few, 10-12 mm. broad, long-pedicelled; petals 2-lobed, twice the 
 length of the sepals; capsule nearly straight, twice the length of the calyx; styles 
 3, rarely 4 or 5 ; sepals and petals 5 or 4. Quebec and arctic America. Also in 
 arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 12. HOLOSTEUM L. 
 
 Annual erect herbs, often viscid-pubescent above, with cymose-umbellate, while 
 flowers on long terminal peduncles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate or eroded.. 
 Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Styles 3. Ovary I -celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 
 ovoid-cylindric, dehiscent by 6 short valves or teeth. Seeds compressed, attached 
 by the inner face, rough. [Greek, signifying all bone, an antiphrase, the herbs 
 being tender.] About 3 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. 
 
 I. Holosteum umbellatum L. JAGGED CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1492.) Gla- 
 brous or slightly downy below, tufted, i -3 dm. high. Basal leaves spreading, 
 oblanceolate or oblong; stem-leaves oblong, sessile, 1-5 cm. long; umbel 3-8- 
 flowered; pedicels slender, about 2.5 cm. long, erect or ascending in flower, sub- 
 sequently reflexed and again erect when the fruit is mature; flowers white, 4-6 
 
CA R YOPH YLLA CEAE. 399 
 
 mm. broad; sepals obtuse, somewhat shorter than the petals; capsule nearly twice 
 the length of the sepals, its teeth recurved. Penn. and Del. Naturalized from 
 Europe. April-May. 
 
 13. MOENCHIA Ehrh. 
 
 Low annual glabrous herbs, with small narrow sessile leaves. Flowers ter- 
 minal, solitary or cymose, 4-parted or sometimes 5 -parted, white. Sepals lanceo- 
 late. Petals entire. Stamens 4-10. Styles as many as the st-pals and opposite 
 them. Capsule cylindric, 8 toothed or rarely lO-toothed, the teeth somewhat rev- 
 olute at maturity. [In honor of Konrad Moench, Professor in Marburg. J Two or 
 three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 I. Moenchia erecta (L.) Gaertn. UPRIGHT PEARLWORT. (I. F. f. 1493.) 
 Glaucous, tufted, 5-15 cm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into a short 
 petiole; stem-leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8-16 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
 wide; flowers few or solitary, 4-8 mm. broad, on slender erect pedicels; sepals 4, 
 lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, scarious-margined; petals 4, slightly shorter than 
 the sepals, entire; stamens 4, rarely 8; styles 4. In waste grounds, near Phila- 
 delphia and Baltimore. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Not recently col- 
 lected. May-July. 
 
 14. SAGINA L. 
 
 Tufted matted low herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedicelled whitish 
 flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none. 
 Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary i celled, many- 
 ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule 4-5. 
 valved, at length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals. [Ancient 
 name of the spurry. ] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Farts of the flower in 4's (or some flowers in s's). 
 
 Plant depressed-spreading ; petals present. I. 5". procumbens. 
 
 Plant erect ; petals very minute or none. 2. 6". apetala. 
 
 Parts of the flower in 5's. 
 
 Leaves opposite, not fascicled. 
 
 Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals. 3. S. decumbens. 
 
 Petals and pods longer than the sepals. 4. 6". saginoides. 
 
 Leaves fascicled in the axils ; petals exceeding the sepals. 5. vS". nodosa. 
 
 1. Sagina procumbens L. PROCUMBENT PEARLWORT. (L F. f. 1494.) An- 
 nual or perennial, branching, decumbent, or spreading, glabrous or minutely 
 downy, matted, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves linear, subulate, 2-6 cm. long, connate at 
 the base; flowers about 2 mm. broad, numerous; peduncles capillary, longer than 
 the leaves, often recurved at the end after flowering; sepals 4, sometimes 5, ovate- 
 oblong, generally longer than the petals, which are occasionally wanting; capsule 
 about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5. In moist places, Newt, and Green- 
 land to N. J., Penn., Kans. and Mich. Native of Europe and Asia. Probably in 
 part naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Sagina apetala Ard. SMALL- FLOWERED PEARLWORT. (I. F. f. 1495.) 
 Erect or ascending, annual, glabrous, filiform, 2-10 cm. high. Leaves linear-sub- 
 ulate, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, 2-8 mm. long; flowers 2 mm. broad or less; 
 peduncles elongated, capillary, erect; sepals 4, ovate or oval, obtuse; petals none, 
 or 4 and very minute; pod ovoid, nearly twice the length of the calyx. In dry soil 
 in woods and fields, Mass, to N. J. and Penn. Apparently introduced. Native of 
 Europe. June. 
 
 3. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. DECUMBENT PEARLWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1496.) Annual, tufted; stems 5-10 cm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular- 
 pubescent. Leaves narrowly linear, sometimes bristle-tipped, 6-10 mm. long; 
 peduncles filiform; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 5 
 or iO; pod ovoid-oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx. In dry soil, eastern 
 Mass, to 111., Fla., Mo. and La. March -May. 
 
 Sagina decumbens Smfthii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Slender; sterns erect or nearly so ; 
 flowers apetalous. Plant with the aspect of S. apetala, but the parts of the flower in 
 j's. Southeastern Penn. and southern N. J. 
 
40O FLORA. 
 
 4. Sagina saginoides (L.'t Britton. ARCTIC PEARLWORT. (I. F. f. 1497.) 
 Perennial, glabrous, tufted, 2-10 cm. high, few-flowered or the flowers solitary at 
 the ends of the stems. Leaves linear-subulate, or filiform, 4-10 mm. long, acumi- 
 nate or mucronate; flowers 3-5 mm. broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10; 
 sepals oval, obtuse, half the length of the ovoid-oblong capsule. On rocks, Lab., 
 Anticosti and in arctic America. Also in the higher Rocky Mts., south to Colo, 
 and Utah, in Cal., and in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 5. Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl. KNOTTED PEARLWORT. (I. F. f. 1498.) 
 Perennial, tufted, 5-15 cm. high; stems glabrous, or slightly glandular-pubescent 
 above. Lower leaves linear, teretish, 8-16 mm. long, mucronulate, the upper 
 shorter and with clusters of minute ones in their axils; flowers few, about 6 mm. 
 broad; sepals, petals and styles 5; stamens 10; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals 
 obovate, longer than the calyx, as is also the ovoid pod. In wet, sandy places, 
 coast of Mass, to Greenland; shores of Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg and of the 
 Arctic Sea. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 15. ARENARIA L, (See Appendix.) 
 
 Mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves, and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely 
 solitary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely emarginate, rarely 
 none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary i -celled, many- 
 ovuled. Capsule dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth as there are 
 styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform- globose or compressed. [Latin, sand, in 
 allusion to the habitat of many species.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Valves of the capsule 2-cleft or 2-toothed, sometimes appearing as if double the number 
 of the styles. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong. 
 
 Sepals acute or acuminate; annual herb of waste places. i. A. serpyllifolia. 
 Sepals obtuse or scarcely acute ; perennial; arctic. 2. A. ciliata. 
 
 Leaves subulate or setaceous. 
 
 Cymes very dense ; stems 2-10 cm. tall. 3. A. Hookeri. 
 
 Cymes loose ; stems 1-4 dm. tall. 4. A. Fendleri. 
 
 Valves of the capsule entire (Genus ALSINE Wahl). 
 Leaves rigid, subulate or setaceous. 
 
 Arctic or alpine, densely tufted, 2-8 cm. high. 
 
 Flowers 10-16 mm. broad. 5. A. biflora. 
 
 Flowers 4-6 mm. broad. 6. A. verna. 
 
 Neither arctic nor alpine, tufted but diffuse, 1-4 dm. high. 
 
 Leaves densely imbricated ; pine barren species. 7. A. Carolim'ana. 
 
 Leaves fascicled in the axils. 
 
 Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long ; plant bright green. 
 
 8. A. Michauxii. 
 Sepals narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 5 mm. long ; plant pale 
 
 green. 9. A. Texana. 
 
 Leaves soft, herbaceous, narrowly linear or filiform. 
 
 Sepals prominently ribbed ; southern. 10. A. patula. 
 
 Sepals not ribbed ; alpine and northern. n. A, Groenlandica. 
 
 1. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1499.) 
 Annual, slender, slightly downy-pubescent, widely branched, 0.5-2 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate, 4-8 mm. long, acute; pedicels 4-12 mm. long ; bracts ovate, resem- 
 bling the leaves; flowers 4 mm. broad or less, very numerous in cymose panicles; 
 sepals ovate, acute or mucronate, 3-5-nerved; petals obovate or oblong, usually 
 shorter; capsule ovoid, dehiscent by 6 short apical valves; seeds rough. In dry or 
 rocky places, throughout eastern N. Am. Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Arenaria ciliata L. FRINGED SANDWORT. <I. F. f. 1500.) Perennial, 
 tufted, glandular-puberulent; stems very slender, creeping or ascending, pubescent 
 in lines, 2-13 cm. long, or the flowering branches erect. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
 sessile or very nearly so, 2-6 mm. long, ciliate or glabrous; peduncles filiform, 
 erect, mostly i -flowered; flowers about 6mm. broad; sepals ovate or oblong, ob- 
 tuse, nerveless or faintly I -nerved, about as long as the petals; capsule oblong, 
 twice as long as the calyx, its 3 valves deeply 2-cleft; seeds slightly roughened. 
 Quebec to Greenland. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Summer. 
 
 3 Arenaria Hookeri Nutt. HOOKER'S SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1501.) Tufted 
 from a deep woody root, 2-10 cm. high. Leaves linear-subulate, rigid, very 
 
CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E. 40 1 
 
 sharp -pointed, densely imbricated, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long ; flowering stems finely 
 pubescent ; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the margins ciliolate ; cyme 1.53.5 cm. 
 broad, its rays short and pubescent ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, pubescent, shorter 
 than the similar bracts and about one-half the length of the petals. In dry or 
 rocky soil, Neb. and Colo, to Mont, and Idaho. June- Aug. 
 
 4. Arenaria Fendleri A. Gray. FENDLER'S SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1502.) 
 Perennial by a woody root, pale green, glandular-pubescent above ; stems tufted, 
 erect, very slender, 1-4 dm. tall, the internodes 2-5 cm. long. Lower leaves 
 subulate or setaceous, glabrous or minutely ciliate, 2-10 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. 
 wide, the upper somewhat connate at the base ; cyme loose, its rays filiform, 
 several-flowered; pedicels very glandular; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; sepals linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the obovate petals ; capsule rather shorter 
 than the sepals. In dry, usually rocky soil, Neb., and Wyo. to Utah, N. Mex. and 
 Cal. June -Aug. 
 
 5. Arenaria biflora (L.) S. Wats. ARCTIC SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1503.) 
 Perennial, tufted, glandular-pubescent, 2-5 cm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lan- 
 ceolate, sessile and sheathing, densely imbricated, 6-8 mm. long, semiterete, obtuse, 
 glabrous, ciiiateor glandular-pubescent; peduncles i-2-flowered; flowers 10-16 mm. 
 broad ; sepals linear-oblong, 3 -nerved, obtusish ; petals obovate, twice as long as 
 the -calyx ; capsule slightly longer than the sepals ; seeds smooth. Greenland and 
 Lab. to Quebec and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 6. Arenaria verna L. VERNAL SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1504.) Perennial, 
 tufted; flowering stems 2-13 cm. high. Leaves subulate-linear, rather rigid, im- 
 bricated below, more distant above, 4-8 mm. long ; the upper a little shorter and 
 broader than the lower ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, numerous in loose cymes ; sepals 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 3 -ribbed ; capsule 3-valved, exceeding the sepals ; seeds 
 rugose. In rocky places, Smuggler's Notch, Vt. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and 
 arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 7. Arenaria Caro.iniana Walt. PINE-BARREN SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1505.) 
 Perennial from a deep root, tufted, glandular-pubescent; flowering stems 12.5 ^m. 
 high. Lower leaves subulate, rigid, 4-6 mm. long, keeled by the prominent mid- 
 rib, densely imbricated; upper leaves similar, distant; cymes few-flowered; flowers 
 10 -16 mm. broad; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerveless; petals oblanceolate, 
 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; pod short-ovoid, twice as long as the calyx, 
 3-valved; seeds nearly smooth. In dry sand, southeastern N. Y., pine barrens of 
 N. J., south near the coast to Fla. and Ga. May-July. 
 
 8. Arenaria Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. ROCK SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1506.) 
 Perennial, tufted, slender, glabrous, dark green, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves slender, 
 rigid, subulate or filiform, broadest at the sessile base, 8-20 mm. long, distinctly 
 I -ribbed, spreading, with numerous others fascicled in the axils; flowers 8-10 mm. 
 broad ; calyx ovoid-oblong in fruit ; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 3 -ribbed, about half the length of the petals and slightly shorter than the ovoid 
 pod; seeds minutely rugose. In dry, rocky places, Ont. and Vt. to Va., Minn., 
 S. Dak. and Mo. [A. stricta Michx. ; not A. stricta (Sw.) S. Wats.] June -July. 
 
 9. Arenaria Texana (Robinson) Britton. TEXAS SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1507.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but lower, stiffer, pale green : stems erect, 1-2 dm. tall, 
 thickened at the nodes, the internodes mostly short. Leaves subulate, stiff, 
 6-12 mm. long, connate, with numerous minute or similar ones fascicled in their 
 axils ; cymes small, rather few-flowered ; calyx narrowly conic in fruit ; sepals 
 narrowly lanceolate, strongly 3-ribbed, long-acuminate, 4 mm. long, longer than 
 the capsule. In dry rocky soil, Kans. and Mo. to Tex. June-July. 
 
 10. Arenaria patula Michx. PITCHER'S SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1508.) An- 
 nual, branched from the base, slender or even filiform, 1-2.5 dm. high- Leaves 
 soft, linear-filiform, 8-25 mm. long, I mm. wide or less ; cyme several-flowered, 
 diffuse ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3~5-nerved, about half the length of the 
 emarginate petals and equalling the pod ; seeds rou^h. In open dry places, Ky. 
 to 111., Minn., Kans., Ala., Tenn. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 11. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz) Spreng. MOUNTAIN SANDWORT OR STAR-' 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 1509.) Perennial from a slender rootstock, tufted, glabrous ; 
 flowering stems slender, 5-13 cm. high -, leaves linear-filiform, the upper distant, 
 
402 FLORA. 
 
 the lower matted, 6-12 mm. long ; cyme terminal, several -flowered ; pedicels 
 filiform; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless, half the length 
 of the petals and shorter than the oblong pod ; petals rarely wanting; seeds com- 
 pressed, smooth. On dry rocks, Lab. and Greenland to N. N. Y., Conn., the 
 mountains of S. N. Y. and Penn., and on the higher Alleghanies of Va. and N. 
 Car. June-Sept. 
 
 16. MOEHRINGIA L. 
 
 Low herbs, our species perennials, with oblong ovate-lanceolate or linear soft 
 leaves, sessile or very short-petioled, and small white flowers solitary or in cymes. 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, few- 
 seeded. Seeds mostly smooth and shining, appendaged at the hilum by a mem- 
 branous broad strophiole. [In honor of P. H. G. Moehring, naturalist of Danzig.] 
 About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are 
 known to occur in N. Am. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oval, usually obtuse ; sepals obtuse or acute, much shorter than the 
 
 petals. i. M. latertflora. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, usually acute ; sepals acuminate, longer than the petals. 
 
 2. M. macrophylla. 
 
 1. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. BLUNT-LEAVED MOEHRINGIA OR 
 SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1510.) Stems finely pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves 
 thin, oval or oblong, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, the margins and nerves ciliate ; cymes 
 few-flowered or flowers sometimes solitary ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; sepals half 
 as long as the petals ; ovary at first 3-celled ; capsule ovoid, nearly twice as long 
 as the calyx, dehiscent by three 2-cleft valves. In moist places and on shores, S. N. 
 Y. and N. J. to Mo., N. S. and Alaska, extending in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. 
 Also in Ore., Br. Col., Europe and Asia. May-July. [Arenaria lateriflora L.] 
 
 2. Moehringia macrophylla (Hook. ) Torr. LARGE-LEAVED MOEHRINGIA OR 
 SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 15.11.) Stems decumbent, puberulent, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the base, 
 2-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide ; cymes i-5-flowered ; flowers about 6 mm. broad ; 
 sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the small petals; 
 capsule rather shorter than the calyx, 3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Isle St. Ignace, 
 Lake Superior, to Br. Col., south to Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 17. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. 
 
 Perennial fleshy maritime herbs, with ovate, obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate 
 leaves, and rather small flowers, solitary in the axils and in the forks of the stem or 
 branches. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals the same number, entire. Stamens 8 or 10. 
 Disk prominent, 8-io-lobed, glandular. Styles 3-5. Capsule subglobose, fleshy, 
 3_5_valved when mature, the valves entire. Seeds numerous, obovate, not 
 strophiolate. [Greek, referring to the growth of these plants in sand.] Two 
 species, of sea beaches in the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Ammodeniapeploides(L.)Rupr. SEA-BEACH SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 1512.) 
 Perennial by long rootstocks, glabrous ; stems stout, tufted, 0.7-2.5 dm. long. 
 Leaves sessile, clasping, ovate or oval, acute or mucronate, 1-2 cm. long ; flowers 
 6-8 mm. broad ; peduncles stout ; ovary 3-celled (rarely 4-5 -celled) ; sepals ovate, 
 obtusish, about equalling the petals, shorter than the pod ;^ seeds smooth, short- 
 beaked at the hilum. On sands of the seashore, Va. to arctic America. Also on 
 the shores of Europe and Asia. June-July. \Arenaria peploidts L.] 
 
 18. SPERGULA L. 
 
 Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves, much fascicled in the 
 axils, and terminal cymes of white flowers. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10 or 
 5. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opposite the 
 sepals. Seeds compressed, acute-margined or winged. [Latin, from spergo, to 
 scatter.] Two or three species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Spergula arvensis L. SPURRY. CORN SPURRY. (I. F. f. 1513.) Slender, 
 glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 1-5-4-5 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear or 
 subulate, 2-5 cm. long, clustered at the nodes in two opposite sets. of 6-8 together, 
 appearing verticillate ; stipules small ? connate ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad ? numerous 
 
CA R YOPH YLLA CEA E. 403 
 
 in loose terminal cymes ; pedicels slender, divaricate; sepals ovate, slightly longer 
 than the petals; stamens 10 or 5 ; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In fields 
 and waste places, frequent as a weed throughout eastern Canada and the Eastern 
 and Middle States, and locally westward. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 19. TISSA Adans. [SPERGULARIA Pers.] 
 
 Low herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or setaceous leaves, often with others 
 clustered in the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in terminal cymes. 
 Stipules scarious. Sepals 5. Petals the same number, rarely fewer, or none, 
 entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary I -celled, many-ovuled; styles 3. Pod 3-valved to 
 the base. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. 
 [Name unexplained.] About 20 species, of wide distribution, most of them on 
 saline shores or salt marshes. 
 
 Species of salt marshes or sea beaches ; leaves very fleshy. 
 
 Pedicels i Hj-2 times the length rf the sepals; flowers pink. i. T. marina. 
 
 Pedicels 2-4 times the length of the sepals ; flowers pale or white. 
 
 2. T. Canadensis, 
 Species mostly of dry sandy soil ; leaves scarcely fleshy. 3. 7. rubra. 
 
 1. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. SALT-MARSH SAND SPURRY. (I. F. f. 1514.) 
 Annual to perennial, erect, ascending or nearly prostrate, 1-2 dm. high, branch- 
 ing. Stipules ovate; leaves linear, terete, fleshy, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, 
 often much fascicled in the axils; pedicels 4-10 mm. long; sepals ovate, 2-6 mm. 
 long ; capsule equalling or longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, or roughened with 
 projecting processes, wingless, or winged. In salt marshes, N. B. to Fla. Also 
 in those of Salina, N. Y., the Pacific Coast, and of Europe and northern Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 Tissa marina minor (Wats. & Coult.) Britton. Rarely over 6 cm. high; flowers 
 smaller; pedicels 1-4 mm. long. Coast of New England. [Buda marina minor Wats. 
 & Coult.]. 
 
 2. Tissa Canadensis (Pers.) Britton. NORTHERN SAND SPURRY. (I. F. f. 
 1515.) Annual, diffuse and spreading, glabrous, 5-13 cm. high. Leaves linear, 
 fleshy, teretish, 10-16 mm. long, mainly obtuse, generally not fascicled ; stipules 
 broadly ovate; pedicels slender, at length much exceeding the calyx; sepals 2 mm. 
 long; flowers pale or white; capsule twice the length of the calyx; seeds smooth or 
 papillose, usually wingless. On muddy shores, R. I. and Mass, to Lab. Summer. 
 
 ?. Tissa rubra (L.) Britton. SAND SPURRY. PURPLE SANDWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1516.) Annual to perennial, depressed or ascending, very leafy, glabrous, or 
 glandular-pubescent above, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy, 
 4-8 mm. long; flowers bright pink, 2-3 mm. broad; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-8 mm. 
 long; pods about equalling the calyx; seeds wingless, rough with projecting 
 points. In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes maritime, Newf. to 
 Penn., western N. Y., Ohio and Va. Apparently adventive from Europe. Also 
 in Cal. and. Ore., Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 20. LOEFLINGIA L. 
 
 Low annual glandular-puberulent diffusely branched herbs, with small subulate 
 or setaceous stipulate leaves, and very small sessile flowers in the axils Sepals 5, 
 rigid, keeled, acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer ones commonly with a tooth on 
 each side. Petals 3-5,' minute, or wanting. Stamens 3-5, perigynous. Ovary 
 triangular-pyramidal, i -celled, many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds attached 
 near their bases; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Peter Loefling, 1729-1756, 
 Swedish traveler.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am., Europe, and central Asia. 
 Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Loeflingia Texana Hook. TEXAN LOEFLINGIA. (I. F. f. 1517.) Bushy, 
 7-15 cm. high, the branches slender, terete, ascending or those bearing flowers 
 secund and recurved. Leaves 4-6 mm. long; flowers less than 2 mm. broad; 
 sepals nearly or quite straight; stamens usually 3; capsule shorter than the, calyx; 
 seeds obovate. In' dry soil, Neb. to Tex. April- June, 
 
44 FLORA. 
 
 21. PARONYCHIA Adans. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial tufted herbs, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious 
 stipules, and small clustered scarious -bracted apetalous flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, 
 the segments bristle-pointed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, some- 
 times alternate with as many staminodia. Ovary narrowed upward into the style; 
 style 2-cleft at the apex; ovule solitary, amphitropous Utricle membranous, in- 
 cluded in the calyx, i-seeded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant 
 supposed to cure it.] About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 
 Besides the following about 5 others occur in the Southern States, one in the Rocky 
 Mts., and one in Cal. 
 
 Awns of the calyx-segments erect. i. P. argyroconta. 
 
 Awns of the calyx-segments divergent. 
 
 Stipules 2-cleft. 2. P. sessiliflora. 
 
 Stipules entire. 
 
 Lowest leaves obtuse, uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed. 
 
 3. P. Jamesii. 
 Leaves all acute, mucronate or bristle-pointed. 4. P. dichotoma. 
 
 1. Paronychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. SILVER WHITLOW- WORT. 
 (I. F. f. 1518.) Stem much branched, 0.7-2 dm. high, clothed with silvery ap- 
 pressed scale-like hairs. Leaves linear, I -nerved, acute or mucronate; stipules 
 silvery-white, entire; flowers in forking cymes, subtended by the large silvery 
 bracts; calyx-segments 4-5 mm. long, their awns erect, nearly as long; style fili- 
 form; staminodia minute and much shorter than the filaments or wanting. In 
 rocky places, Me. and N. H. to Tenn. and Ga. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Paronychia sessilifl:>ra Nutt. Low WHITLOW-WORT. (I. F. f. 1519.) 
 Densely tufted from thick roots, low, the internodes very short and hidden by the 
 imbricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subulate, the lowest erect and obtuse, 
 the uppermost recurved-spreading, mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft; 
 bracts entire; flowers sessile, solitary or several together; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its 
 segments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent awns of nearly their own 
 length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. 
 and Wyo. Aug-Sept. 
 
 3. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. JAMES' WHITLOW-WORT. (I. F. f. 1520.) 
 Scabrous-pubescent; stems 0.7-2 dm. high, much branched. Leaves linear-subulate, 
 the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules entire; 
 flowers in small cymes; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx 2-3 mm. long, the 
 segments hooded at the apex, tipped with divergent awns of about one-fourth their 
 length- staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, to 
 Tex. July-O.t. 
 
 Paronychia Jamesii depre"ssa Nutt. Lower, rarely over 0.7 dm. high, densely tufted ; 
 internodes very short ; leaves imbricated. Neb. to Tex. 
 
 4. Paronychia dichotoma (L.) Nutt. FORKING WHITLOW- WORT. NAILWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 1521.) Much branched from the thick woody base, 1-4 dm. tall. Leaves 
 subulate, acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules entire, often 10-12 mm. long; 
 calyx 2-4 mm. long, the awns of its segments divergent, short; staminodia hardly 
 one-fourth as long as the filaments; styles nearly as long as the perianth-segments. 
 In dry soil, Md. to N. Car.. Ark. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 22. ANYCHIA Michx. 
 
 Annual herbs, with forking stems, elliptic oval or oblanceolate opposite, mostly 
 punctate, short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetalous 
 flowers. Calyx 5-parted, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-1;, 
 inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 
 subglobose, compressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitary, 
 amphitropous. Utricle subglobose, as long as the calyx or longer. [Derivation 
 same as the preceding genus.] Only the following species, natives of eastern N. 
 Am. 
 
 Pubescent; flowers sessile; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. i. A. polygonoides. 
 Glabrous or nearly so ; flowers pedicelled ; sterns usually erect, 2, A, Canadensis, 
 
RAN ALES. 4O5 
 
 1. Anychia polygonoides Raf. FORKED CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 1522.) Pubes- 
 cent; stems mostly prostrate or ascending, much forked, 0.7-2 dm. high, the inter- 
 nodes often shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 4-8 mm. long, 1-2 
 mm. wide, mucronate or acute, sessile, or the base tapering into a very short 
 petiole, usually numerous and Crowded; flowers sessile in the forks, more or less 
 clustered, scarcely I mm. high. In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Me. to 
 Minn., Fla., Ala. and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Anychia Canadensis (L.) B. S. P. SLENDER FORKED CHICKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 1523.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem very slender or filiform, usually erect, 1.5-3 
 dm. tall, the internodes sometimes 2.5 cm. long, much longer than those of the 
 preceding. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes oblanceolate, 6-16 mm. long, 2-8 
 mm. wide, narrowed into petioles about 2 mm. long, not crowded; flowers more or 
 less pedicelled. In dry woods, Ont. to Mass., Ga., Minn, and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 23. SCLERANTHUS L. 
 
 Low annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at the 
 base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted 
 deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube hardened. 
 Stamens i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule 
 solitary, pendulous, amphitropous. Utricle I -seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, 
 referring to the hard calyx-tube.] About 10 species, of wide distribution in the 
 Old World, the following nat. from Europe as a weed. 
 
 i. Scleranthus annuus L. KNAWEL. GERMAN KNOTGRASS. (I. F. f. 1524.) 
 Much branched, the branches prostrate or spreading, 7-13 cm. long. Leaves subu- 
 late, 4-25 mm. long, ciliate, light green, often recurved; tube of the calyx 10- 
 angled, rather longer than the lobes, the lobes somewhat angled on the back and 
 their margins incurved. In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and 
 Ont. to Penn. and Fla. Nat. from Europe. March-Oct. 
 
 Order 15. RANALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals. 
 Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior, 
 free from the calyx ; carpels i to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly 
 hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals. 
 
 * Aquatic herbs; floating leaves peltate, or with a basal sinus. 
 Carpels 3 or more; petals large; floating leaves not dissected. Fam. i. Nymphaeaceae. 
 Pistil i; petals none; leaves whorled, all submersed and dissected. 
 
 Fam. 2. Cei atophyllaceae. 
 
 * * Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic.) 
 
 Btamens numerous ; sepals distinct ; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in 
 Calycocarpttm of the Menispermaceae). 
 Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis). 
 
 Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thalictrum). 
 
 Fruit aggregate, cone-like; trees; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3. 
 
 Fam. 3. Magnoliaceae. 
 
 Fruit not aggregate; the carpels separate, at least when mature. 
 Anthers not opening by valves; pistils usually more than i. 
 
 Sepals 3; petals 6; shrubs or trees. Fam. 4. Anonaceae. 
 
 Sepals 3-15; petals (when present) about as many ; our species herbs 
 
 or vines (Xanthorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae. 
 Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum}\ pistil i. 
 
 Fam. 6. Berberidaceae. 
 Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves ; fruit drupaceous. 
 
 Fam. 7. Menispermaceae. 
 Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes; opposite-leaved 
 
 shrubs. Fam. 8. Calycanthaceae. 
 
 Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers opening by valves ; aromatic trees or shrubs 
 with no petals, more or less united sepals, and i pistil. Fam. 9. Laura-ceae t 
 
406 FLORA. 
 
 Family i. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. 
 Water Lily Family. 
 
 Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, im- 
 mersed or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 
 3-5. Petals 5-00 . Stamens 5-00 ; anthers erect, the connective continu- 
 ous with the filament. Carpels 3-00 , distinct, united, or immersed in the 
 receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk, 
 ovules i -oo , orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy 
 arils, or rarely naked ; cotyledons fleshy ; hypocotyl very short. 
 
 Eight genera and about 33 species, of wide distribution in fresh-water lakes and 
 streams. 
 
 Sepals and petals 3 ; stamens 6, hypogynous ; carpels distinct ; ovules few. 
 
 Leaves dissected, excepting the small floating ones. i. Cabomba. 
 
 Leaves peltate, entire, floating. 2. Brasenia. 
 
 Sepals 4-6 ; petals numerous or several; carpels united; ovules numerous. 
 
 Petals small or minute ; stamens hypogynous. 3. Nymphaea. 
 
 Petals large, numerous; stamens epigynous. 4. Caslalia. 
 
 Sepals 4-5; petals numerous ; carpels distinct, immersed in the receptacle ; ovule i. 
 
 5. Nelumbo. 
 i. CABOMBA Aubl. 
 
 Stems slender, coated with gelatinous matter, branching. Leaves petioled, 
 peltate, the floating ones small, entire; submerged ones opposite, palmately dis- 
 sected into capillary segments. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals and petals 
 3. Stamens 6; filaments slender; anthers extrorse. Carpels 2-4. Stigmas small, 
 terminal; ovules commonly 3, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, about 3- 
 seeded. [Guiana name. ] A genus of 2 or 3 species, natives of the warmer parts 
 of America. 
 
 i. Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray. CABOMBA. CAROLINA WATER-SHIELD. 
 (I. F. f. 1525.) Stem several feet long. Submerged leaves opposite or sometimes 
 verticillate, 2-5 cm. broad, repeatedly divided; floating ones linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. 
 long; flowers long-peduncled from the upper axils, 1-1.6 cm. wide, white, or yellow 
 at base within; petals obovate; ripened carpels 3, separate, flask-shaped. In ponds 
 and slow streams, Mo. and S. 111. to N. Car., Fla. and Tex. May- Aug. 
 
 2. BRASENIA Schreb. 
 
 Plant covered with gelatinous matter. Leaves alternate, oval, entire, 5-10 cm. 
 long, long-petioled, floating. Flowers axillary, purple. Sepals and linear petals 3. 
 Stamens 12-18; filaments filiform. Carpels 4-18, separate. Ovules 2 or 3, pendulous 
 from the dorsal suture. Ripe carpels indehiscent, coriaceous, i-2-seeded. [Name 
 unexplained.] A monotypic genus of N. Am.. Cuba, eastern and tropical Asia, 
 west tropical Africa, and Australia. 
 
 i. Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp. WATER-SHIELD or -TARGET. (I. F. f. 
 1526.) Rootstoclc slender. Leaves thick, rounded at each end; flowers 1-1.6 cm. 
 in diameter, on long stout peduncles; fruit oblong, 68 mm. long. In ponds and 
 slow streams, N. S. to Fla., Man., Tex., Mex., and at a few stations on the Pacific 
 Coast from Cal. to Wash. Summer. 
 
 3. NYMPHAEA L. [NUPHAR Sibth. & Sm.] 
 
 Herbs, with cylindric thick horizontal rootstocks, and large cordate leaves with 
 a deep sinus. Flowers showy, yellow, or sometimes purplish. Sepals 5 or 6, concave, 
 thick. Petals oo , small, stamen-like, hypogynous. Stamens oo , hypogynous. Car- 
 pels oo , many-ovuled, united into a compound pistil. Stigmas disciform, 7-24- 
 radiate. Fruit ovoid, naked. Seeds with endosperm. [Greek, water-nymph.] 
 About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate or oval. 
 
 Leaves 1-3 dm. long; stigma i2-24-rayed; petals truncate, fleshy, i. N. advena. 
 
 Leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long; stigma 9-1 2-rayed; petals spatulate, fleshy. 
 
 2. A', hybrid a. 
 
 Leaveso.5-i dm. long; stigma 7-io-rayed; petals spatulate, thin. 3. N. Kalmiana. 
 Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 4. N. sagittae/olia. 
 
N YMPHA EA CEA E. 407 
 
 1. Nymphaea advena Soland. LARGE YELLOW POND LILY. (I. F. f. 1527.) 
 
 Floating and emersed leaves 1-2.5 ^ m> broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, the 
 sinus generally open; submerged leaves, when present, thin-membranous, nearly 
 orbicular; petioles, peduncles 'and lower surfaces of the leaves often pubescent; 
 flowers 3-9 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose, yellow or tinged with purple; 
 sepals 6, oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals oblong, 8-10 mm. long; stamens in 5-7 
 rows; anthers about the length of the filaments; stigmatic disk undulate, yellow, or 
 pale red; fruit ovoid, not deeply constricted into a neck, 3-5 cm. long. In ponds 
 and slow streams, Labrador to the Rocky Mts., Fla., Tex. and Utah. April-Sept. 
 Rev. Thos. Morong (Bot. Gaz. u: 167) describes a var. (?) minor having smaller 
 flowers, the margins of the stigmatic disk more crenate, rays IO, and fruit only 2.5 
 cm. long. Called also Cow-lily and Spatter-dock. 
 
 2. Nymphaea hybrida Peck. RED-DISKED POND LILY. (I. F. f. 1528.) Float- 
 ing leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, sometimes pubescent beneath; submerged leaves 
 generally present, membranous, orbicular ; flowers 2.54 cm. broad, yellow; 
 sepals 5 or 6; petals 6-8 mm. long, less fleshy than those of the last; anthers 
 nearly the length of the filaments; stigmatic disk crenate, bright red or crimson; 
 stamens in about 5 rows; fruit about 2.5 cm. long, contracted below into a neck. 
 In ponds and slow streams, Vt. to Ont., N. Y;, Penn. and Mich. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims. SMALL YELLOW POND LILY. 
 (I. F. f. 1529.) Leaves 0.51 dm. long, commonly pubescent beneath; submerged 
 ones always present, membranous, orbicular, larger; flowers 2.5 cm. in diameter 
 or less, yellow; sepals 5; petals 4 mm. long; stamens in 3 or 4 rows, narrowly 
 linear, the anther one-fourth the length of the filament; stigmatic disk crenate or 
 stellate, 4-6 mm. broad, dark red; fruit ovoid, with a short neck. In ponds and 
 slow streams, Newf. to N. Y., Penn., Minn, and Saskatch. Summer, flowering later 
 than the two preceding. 
 
 4. Nymphaea sagittaefolia Walt. ARROW-LEAVED POND LILY. (I. F. f. 1530.) 
 Floating leaves glabrous, obtuse, 24 dm. long; submerged ones numerous, similar, 
 but membranous and commonly larger; flowers yellow, about 2.5 cm. broad; 
 sepals 5; petals broadened above, 6 mm. long; stamens in 4 or 5 rows, the fila- 
 ments about equalling the anthers; stigmatic disk crenate, Ii-i5-rayed; fruit 
 ovoid, not constricted into a neck. In ponds, S. Ind. and III., and in the Atlantic 
 States from N. Car. to Fla. Summer. 
 
 4. CASTALIA' Salisb. 
 
 Herbs with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy flowers. 
 Sepals 4. Petals imbricated in several rows, inserted on the ovary, gradually pass- 
 ing into stamens; stamens oo , the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short 
 anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels oo , 
 united into a compound pistil with radiating linear projecting stigmas. Fruit 
 globose, covered with the bases of the petals, ripening under water. [A spring of 
 Parnassus.] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Flowers 0.7-1.5 dm. broad, fragrant ; leaves orbicular, purplish beneath, i. C. odorata. 
 Flowers 1-2,5 dm. broad, not fragrant ; leaves orbicular, green both sides. 
 
 2. C. tuber osa. 
 Flowers 2.5-4 cm - broad, not fragrant ; leaves oval or oblong. 3. C. tetragona. 
 
 1. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. SWEET-SCENTED WHITE 
 WATER LILY. POND LILY. (I. F. f. 1531.) Rootstock thick. Leaves 1-3 dm. 
 in diameter, glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, cordate-cleft or reni- 
 form; petioles and peduncles with 4 main air-channels ; flowers white, or tinged 
 with pink; petals narrowly oblong, obtuse; fruit globose, or slightly depressed; 
 seeds stipitate, oblong, shorter than the aril. In ponds and slow streams, Newf. to 
 Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 Castalia odorata rdsea (Pursh) Britton. Flowers large, deep pink or red. E. Mass, 
 to N. J., near the coast. 
 
 2. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. TUBEROUS WHITE WATER LILY. 
 (I. F. f. 1532.) Rootstock with numerous lateral tuberous-thickened brandies. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Leaves green both sides; the veins very prominent on the lower surface; flowers pure 
 white, inodorous or very slightly scented; petals oblong, broader than those of 
 C. odoraia, obtuse; fruit depressed-globose; seeds globose-ovoid, sessile, longer 
 than or about equalling the aril. Lake Champlain^west through the Great Lakes 
 to Mich., south to Del., Penn. and Ark. Summer. 
 
 3. Castalia tetragona (Georgi) Lawson. SMALL WHITE WATER LILY. (I. 
 F. f 1533.) Leaves oval or oblong, 0.5-1 dm. long, green above, green or pur- 
 plish beneath, the sinus narrow; petioles and peduncles nearly or quite glabrous; 
 flowers white, inodorous; petals in about 2 rows, faintly striped with purple, oblong 
 or obovate, thin, about the length of the sepals. In the Misinaibi River, Ont. ; in 
 ponds along the Severn River, Keewatin; near Granite Station, northern Idaho. 
 Also in Siberia, Japan and the Himalayas. Summer. 
 
 5. NELUMBO Adans. 
 
 Large herbs, with thick rootstocks, long-petioled concave leaves, and small and 
 scale-like submerged ones borne sessile on the rootstock. Flowers large, yellow, 
 pink or white. Sepals imbricate. Petals and stamens oo, inserted on the calyx, 
 caducous. Filaments more or less petaloid; anthers introrse. Carpels distinct, 
 contained in pits in the large convex receptacle. Style short; ovules I or 2; endo- 
 sperm none; cotyledons thick, fleshy. Nuts globose, ovoid or oblong. [Ceylon 
 name for N. Nelumbo.] A genus of 2 species, one North American, the other 
 Asiatic and Australasian. 
 
 Flowers pale yellow; plant native. i. N.lutea. 
 
 Flowers pink or white; plant introduced. 2. N. Neln moo. 
 
 1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. AMERICAN NELUMBO OR LOTUS. (I. F. f. 
 1534.) Rootstock tuberiferous. Emersed leaves 3-6 dm. broad, nearly orbicular 
 but often somewhat constricted in the middle, centrally peltate, prominently ribbed, 
 glabrous above, more or less pubescent and lepidote beneath, the lower surface 
 marked with an oblong, transverse area; petioles and peduncles thick, 0.9-2.2 m. 
 long, with several large air-canals; flowers 12.5 ( ^ m - broad; petals concave, obo- 
 vate, obtuse; anthers appendaged; fruit obconic or somewhat hemispheric, 7-10 
 cm. long; seeds nearly globular. Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and Tex. ' July-Aug. 
 
 2. Nelumbo Nelumbo (L.) Karst. INDIAN LOTUS. (I. F. f. 1535.) Leaves 
 6-9 dm. in diameter, concave, glaucous; petioles and peduncles 9-18 dm. long, 
 glabrous or with scattered minute prickles; flowers 1-2.5 dm. broad, pink or some- 
 times white; petals oblong or elliptic,-obtuse; fruit obconic, 10-13 cm. long; seeds 
 oblong or ovoid. Nat. in ponds about Bordentown, N. J. July-Aug. 
 
 Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. 
 Hornwoj't Family. 
 
 Submerged aquatics, with slender branching stems, and verticillate 
 leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the 
 axils. ' Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens 
 numerous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or 
 nearly so, linear-oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick 
 appendage beyond the sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior i -celled 
 ovary; ovule i, orthotropous, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the 
 summit. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none ; embryo 
 composed of 4 verticillate cotyledons, with a short hypocotyl and a 
 plumule of several nodes and leaves. The family contains only the fol- 
 lowing genus : 
 
 I. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 
 
 Leaves crowded, linear or filiform, spinulose-serrulate, forked. Sterile flowers 
 with 10-20 stamens, the anthers about as long as the perianth. Fertile and sterile 
 flowers generally at different nodes. Ovary and fruit somewhat longer than the 
 perianth, the fruit beaked with the long persistent style. One species or possibly 
 two, widely distributed in fresh water. 
 
MA G NO LI A CEA E. 49 
 
 i. Ceratophyllum demersum L. HORNWORT. (I. F. f. 1536.) Stemso.5-2.5 
 m. long. Leaves 8-25 mm. long; ripe fruit oval, 4-6 mm. long with a spine-like 
 beak 4-8 mm. long, smooth and spurless or with a long basal spur on each side, 
 or tuberculate and with narrowly winged spiny margins or broadly winged without 
 spines. In ponds and slow streams, throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. 
 June-July. 
 
 Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 
 Magnolia Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, large 'solitary flowers, and bitter 
 aromatic bark. Sepals and petals hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens co ; 
 anthers adnate. Carpels co , separate or coherent, borne on the surface 
 of the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of 
 i-2-seeded follicles or achenes. About 10 genera and 70 species, of wide 
 distribution. 
 
 Anthers introrse; leaves entire, or with 2 basal lobes. i. Magnolia. 
 
 Anthers extrorse; leaves lobed or truncate. 2. Liriodendron. 
 
 i. MAGNOLIA L. 
 
 Leaves large and generally thick, entire. Buds covered with conduplicate 
 sheathing stipules. Flowers fragrant. Sepals petaloid. Petals 6-12, imbricated 
 in 2-4 series. Anthers linear, introrse. Carpels spiked or capitate on the elevated 
 or elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. Seeds fleshy, sus- 
 pended from the ripe pink or rose cones by slender filamentous threads. [In honor 
 of Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, Professor of Botany in Montpellier.] A genus of 
 about 15 species, natives of eastern N. Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 
 Leaves auriculate, glabrous. J. M. Fraseri. 
 
 Leaves cordate, white-pubescent beneath. 2. M. macrophylla. 
 
 Leaves acute at the base. 
 
 Leaves 2-5 dm. long, light green beneath; corolla higher than broad. 
 
 3. M. tripetala. 
 Leaves 0.7-1.5 dm. long, glaucous beneath; corolla broader than high. 
 
 4. M. Virginiana. 
 Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. * 5. M. acuminata. 
 
 1. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. FRASER'S MAGNOLIA. LONG- OR EAR-LEAVED 
 UMBRELLA-TREE. (I. F. f. 1537.) A tree 8-16 m. high, the branches spreading. 
 Leaf-buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, auriculate, 1.5-4 
 dm. long, elongated- obovate or oblong, contracted below, the lower surface light 
 green, the upper darker; petioles 2-8 cm. long; flowers white, 1-2 dm. broad; petals 
 spatulate or obovate, obtuse, much longer than the sepals; cone of fruit 0.7-1 dm. 
 
 - long. In mountain woods, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and Miss. May-June. 
 
 2. Magnolia macrophy'lla Michx. GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. LARGE- 
 LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE, OR CUCUMBER-TREE. (I. F. f. 1538.) A tree 6-20 m. 
 high; bark gray. Leaf-buds silky -pubescent; leaves oblong or obovate, blunt, 
 cordate, 3-11 dm. long, 1-3.5 dm. broad, glaucous-white and pubescent beneath; 
 petioles stout, 5-10 cm. long; flowers 2-4 dm. in diameter, white with a large pur- 
 ple centre; petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, thrice the length of the rounded sepals; 
 cone of fruit ovoid-cylindric, 1-1.5 dm. long. In woods, Ky. to N. Car., Fla., Ark. 
 and La. May-June. 
 
 3. Magnolia tripetala L. UMBRELLA-TREE. ELK- WOOD. (I. F. f. 1539.) 
 A tree 6-13 m. high. Leaf- buds glabrous; leaves clustered at the summits of the 
 branches, 3-5 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide, obovate, acute, cuneate at the base, more 
 or less pubescent beneath; petioles stout; flowers 2-2.5 dm. in diameter, white, 
 slightly odorous; sepals broad, reflexed, early deciduous; petals oblong-lanceolate 
 orobovate-lanceolate, acutish; cone of fruit 1-1.5 dm. long. In woods, Penn. to Ga., 
 Ark. and Miss. May. 
 
 4. Magnolia Virginiana L. LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY. (I. F. f. 
 1540.) A tree 5-23 m. high. Leaf-buds pubescent; leaves scattered, 0.7-1.5 dm. 
 
4io 
 
 long, 2-5 cm. broad, oval or oblong, obtuse or blunt-acuminate, acute at the base, 
 coriaceous, dark green above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; flowers 
 white, depressed-globose, deliciously fragrant, 5-8 cm. in diameter; sepals spread- 
 ing, obtuse, nearly as large as the obovate rounded petals; cone of fruit oblong, 4-5 
 cm. high. In swamps and swampy woods, eastern, Mass, to Penn., Fla. and Tex. 
 May-June. [M. glauca L.] 
 
 5. Magnolia acuminata L. CUCUMBER-TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. (I. F. 
 f. 1541.) A tree 20-30 m. high. Leaf-buds silky-pubescent; leaves scattered, 1.5- 
 2.5 dm. long, thin, oval, acute or somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the 
 base, light green and more or less pubescent on the lower surface; flowers oblong- 
 campanulate, greenish-yellow, 5 cm. high ; petals obovate or oblong, much longer 
 than the spreading deciduous sepals; cone of fruit cylindric, usually curved, 0.7-1 
 dm. long. In woods, N. Y. 'to 111., Ga., Ala. and Ark. May-June. 
 
 2. LIRIODENDRON L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or rarely entire, 
 recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules united at 
 the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 
 6, connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated recep- 
 tacle, 2-ovuled, samaroid, i-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender funiculus 
 at maturity. [Greek, a tree bearing lilies.] One or possibly two species, natives 
 of eastern N. Am. and China. 
 
 i. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. TULIP-TREE. WHITE-WOOD. YELIOW 
 POPLAR. (I. F. f. 1542.) A magnificent tree 20-65 m - high> w ^h diverging 
 curved branches. Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- 
 line, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 0.7-1.5 dm. long with 2 apical and 
 2-4 basal lobes with rounded sinuses; flowers about 5 cm. high, erect, greenish- 
 yellow, orange-colored within; petals obovate, obtuse, about equalling the sepals; 
 cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 7-8 cm. long. In woods, Vt. and R. I. to Fla.> 
 Mich, and Ark. May-June. 
 
 Family 4. ANONACEAE DC. 
 
 Custard-apple Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves. 
 Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals 
 about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens oo ; anthers adnate, extrorse. 
 Carpels oo , separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seed's large, 
 anatropous ; embryo minute ; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 
 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate 
 zones. 
 
 i. ASIMINA Adans. 
 
 Small trees, or shrubs, with lateral or axillary nodding flowers. Buds naked. 
 Sepals ovate, valvate. Petals 6, imbricated in the bud, those of the outer series the 
 larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and carpels 3-15. Style 
 oblong, stigmatic along the inner side: ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit, large 
 fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy 
 arils. [From the aboriginal name Assimin.] A genus of about 7 species, natives 
 of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. (I. F. f. 1543.) 
 A shrub or small tree 1-15 m. high. Shoots and young leaves dark -pubescent, 
 becoming glabrous; leaves obovate or cuneate, acute, 1.5-3 dm. l n g; petioles 
 8-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preceding year, appearing with 
 the leaves, 2-4 cm. in diameter, dark purple; sepals obovate, densely dark- 
 pubescent; outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly exceeding the ovate 
 inner ones; fruit 07-2 dm. long, 2-7 cm. thick, sweet and edible when ripe, 
 pendulous, several together on a thick peduncle. Along streams, Ont. and N. Y. 
 to Mich., Neb., Fla. and Tex. March-April. 
 
RA N UNCULA CEAE. 4 1 1 
 
 Family 5. RANUNCULACEAE Juss.* 
 
 Crowfoot Family. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate 
 (except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but the base 
 of the petiole often sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed 
 of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, otten petal-like, im- 
 bricate, except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number 
 (occasionally more), or wanting. Stamens oo , hypogynous, their anthers 
 innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Ovules 
 anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. 
 About 35 genera and 1050 species, distributed throughout the world, not 
 abundant in the tropics. 
 
 * Carpels several-ovuled (1-2 ovuled in nos. I and 8); fruit a follicle or berry. 
 
 Flowers regular ; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound. 
 Petals wanting. 
 
 Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. i. Hydrastis. 
 
 Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltha. 
 
 Petals present, narrow or small, linear, flat. 3. Trollius. 
 
 Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base. 
 
 Sepals persistent ; stem tall, leafy. 4. Helleborus. 
 
 Sepals deciduous ; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. 5. Cammarum. 
 
 Flowers regular ; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound. 
 Petals not spurred. 
 
 Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers. 
 
 Carpels and follicles stalked. 6. Coptis. 
 
 Carpels and follicles sessile. 7. Isopyrum. 
 
 Low shrub with racemose flowers. 8. Xanthorrhiza. 
 
 Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers. 
 
 Fruit berries. 9. Actaea. 
 
 Fruit follicles. 10* Cimicifuga. 
 
 Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. n. Aquilegia. 
 
 Flowers irregular. 
 
 Posterior sepal spurred. 12. Delphinium. 
 
 Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-like. 13. Aconitum. 
 
 * * Carpels l-ovuled ; fruit an achene. 
 
 Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it; sepals petal- 
 like. 
 
 Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none. 
 
 Involucre remote from the calyx ; styles short, subulate. 14. Anemone. 
 Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower. 15. Hepatica. 
 Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves ; leaflets stalked ; stigma sessile. 
 
 1 6. Syndesmon. 
 
 Styles elongated, densely plumose. 17. Pulsatilla. 
 
 Flowers not subtended by involucres. 
 Leaves opposite; sepals petal-like. 
 
 Petals wanting. 18. Clematis. 
 
 Petals present, small, spatulate. 19. Atragene. 
 
 Leaves alternate or basal. 
 
 Small annual herbs ; leaves basal, linear ; sepals spurred. 20. Myosurus. 
 Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves ; sepals spurless. 
 
 Petals none ; leaves palmately lobed. 21. Irautvetteria. 
 
 Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. 
 Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny ; flowers yellow. 
 
 22. Ranunculus. 
 
 Achenes transversely wrinkled ; flowers white. 23. Batrachium. 
 
 Achenes swollen, smooth ; sepals 3 ; petals mostly 8. 
 
 24. Ficaria. 
 Achenes compressed or terete ; longitudinally nerved. 
 
 Achenes terete ; leaves pinnately compound. 25. Cyrtorhyncha. 
 Achenes compressed ; leaves crenate or lobed. 26. Oxygraphis. 
 Petals none ; leaves ternately decompound. 27. 7^halictrum. 
 
 Petals present, with no nectar-bearing pit ; leaves dissected. 
 
 28. Adonis. 
 
 * Revised by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG. 
 
412 FLORA. 
 
 i, HYDRASTIS Ellis. 
 
 Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with palmately lobed reniform leaves, and 
 small solitary greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, falling away at anthesis. 
 Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels oo , each bearing two ovules near the 
 middle, and in fruit forming a head of i-2-seeded crimson berries. [Greek, water- 
 acting, from its supposed drastic properties.] Two known species, one of eastern 
 N. Am., the other Japanese. 
 
 i. Hydrastis Canadensis L. ORANGE- ROOT GOLDEN-SEAL. (I. F. f. 1544.) 
 Rootstock thick, yellow; stem erect, about 3 dm. high. Basal leaf long-petioled, 
 12-20 cm. broad, 5-Q-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply serrate; cauline leaves 
 2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the greenish white 
 flower, which is 8-10 mm. broad when expanded; filaments widened, about 4 mm. 
 long; anthers oblong, obtuse; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about 16 mm. long, the 
 fleshy carpels tipped with a short curved beak. In woods, Conn, and southern 
 N. Y. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark. April. 
 
 a. CALTHA L. 
 
 Succulent herbs, with simple mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves. Flowers 
 yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Sta- 
 mens numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 
 rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles. [Latin name of the Mari- 
 gold.] A genus of marsh plants, comprising about 10 species, of temperate and 
 arctic regions. In addition to those here described, three others are found on the 
 western side of the continent. 
 
 Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers yellow. 
 
 Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers 2.5-4001. wide. 
 
 i. C. palustris. 
 
 Leaves flabelliform with a broad sinus; flowers 1-2.5 cm wide. 2. C. flabellifolia. 
 Stems floating or creeping, often rooting at the nodes. 
 
 Flowers yellow, 1-2.5 cm> broad ; upper leaves more or less triangular-cordate, 
 
 dentate. 3. C. radicans. 
 
 Flowers white or pinkish, 8-16 mm. broad ; all the leaves reniform, wavy or entire. 
 
 4. C. natans. 
 
 1. Caltha palustris L. MARSH-MARIGOLD. MEADOW-GOWAN. (I. F. f. 
 1545.) Stout, glabrous; stem hollow, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves on long and 
 broad petioles, cordate or reniform, 5-18 cm. wide, the upper shorter-petioled or 
 sessile, with nearly truncate bases; sepals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more, 
 compressed, 10-12 mm. long, many-seeded. In swamps and meadows, Newf. to 
 S. Car. and Neb. April-June. 
 
 2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. MOUNTAIN MARSH-MARIGOLD. (I.F.f. 1546.) 
 Weak, slender, 3-4 dm. long, glabrous. Basal leaves 5-10 cm. broad, long- 
 petioled; the upper sessile or short -petioled, similar or with truncate bases, all 
 crenate or dentate; flowers solitary or 2-3 together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, 
 about 8 mm. long, compressed. In cold shaded mountain springs, Penn. and 
 northern N. J. to Md. June -July. 
 
 3. Caltha radicans Forst. ROOTING MARSH-MARIGOLD. Slender, prostrate 
 or reclining, 1-4 dm. long. Basal leaves 4-8 cm. broad, reniform with a broad 
 sinus, long-petioled; upper short-petioled, all dentate, thin and lighter-colored 
 than in the preceding; sepals rounded, oval; follicles about 8 mm. long. In 
 swamps, Woodlawn, N. Y., and West Hampton, Long Island. (Circumboreal). 
 
 4. Caltha natans Pall. FLOATING MARSH-MARIGOLD. (I. F. f. 1547.) Stems 
 slender, 1.5-3 dm. long, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, 
 3-5 cm. wide, wavy or entire, thin, with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short- 
 petioled, smaller ; sepals oval, obtusish ; follicles several or numerous, rather 
 densely capitate, about 4 mm. long, the beak short and straight. In pools and 
 streams, Tower, Mich.; Athabasca; arctic Am. and northern Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. TROLLIUS L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened fibrous 
 roots, and large usually solitary yellowish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-00 , 
 petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-00 , small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous 
 pit at the base of the blade. Carpels 5-00 , sessile, many-ovuled, forming a head 
 
RA NUNCULA CEA E. 4 1 3 
 
 of follicles in fruit. Stamens numerous. [Old German, trol, something round.] 
 About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following and 
 one from the Rocky Mts. are N. American. 
 
 i. Trollius laxus Salisb. AMERICAN GLOBE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1548.) 
 Stems slender, ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves all but the upper petioled, pal- 
 mately 5 y-parted, 510 cm. wide, the segments obovate, cuneate, lobed, cleft or 
 toothed; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, spread- 
 ing; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the stamens; head of fruit about 
 2 cm. broad, the follicles 10 mm. long, each tipped with a straight subulate beak of 
 one-fourth its length. In swamps, N. H. to Del., west to Mich. May-July. 
 
 4. HELLEBORUS L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long- 
 petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, 
 greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals small, 
 unguiculate, tubular. Stamens oo . Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit form- 
 ing several- seeded capsules, which are dehiscent at the apex at maturity. [The 
 classical name for H. orient alls ; derivation unknown.] About 10 species, natives 
 of Europe and western Asia. 
 
 i. Helleborus viridis L. GREEN HELLEBORE. (I. F. f. 1549.) Stout, 3-6 
 dm. high, glabrous. Basal leaves 2-3 dm. broad, on petioles 15-25 cm. long, di- 
 vided into 7-1 1 oblong acute sharply serrate segments; stem hardly exceeding the 
 basal leaves, and bearing several sessile similar leaves near the top subtending the 
 large flowers; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, spreading, about 2.5 cm. long; petals 
 2-lipped, 4 mm. long; pods 16 mm. long, tipped with a slender beak one-third their 
 length or longer. In waste places, locally adventive from Europe in N. Y., N. J., 
 Penn., N. Car. and W. Va. May. 
 
 5. CAMMARUM Hill. (Erdnthis Salisb.) 
 
 Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dis- 
 sected. Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexi- 
 caul, immediately subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals narrow, petaloid, 
 deciduous. Petals, small two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels 
 commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, 
 for aconite.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia. 
 
 i. Cammarum hyemale (L.) Greene. WINTER ACONITE OR HELLEBORE. 
 (I. F. f. 1550.) Erect, simple, 12-20 cm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 
 dm. broad, divided and cleft into numerous linear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf 
 similar, involucrate, sessile, clasping; flower solitary, 3-4 dm. wide, sessile; sepals 
 5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse; stamens numerous; anthers obtuse; follicles 
 compressed, I cm. long, tipped with a sharp beak. Nat. from Europe at Bartram's 
 Garden, Philadelphia, and at Media, Penn. February. \Eranthis hy emails Salisb.] 
 
 6. COPTIS Salisb. 
 
 Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, 
 and scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-6, small, 
 linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an 
 umbel of follicles. [Name from the Greek, referring to the cut or divided leaves.] 
 About 9 species, of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, three 
 others are found on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 i. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. GOLD-THREAD. (I. F. f. 1551.) Tufted, 
 glabrous, 7-15 cm. high from a slender yellow rootstock. Leaves evergreen, long- 
 petioled, the blade reniform, 3-5 cm. broad, 3-divided ; segments broadly obo- 
 vate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently veined, crenate or slightly lobed, dark green 
 and shining above, the teeth mucronate; scape i -flowered; sepals oblong, obtuse; 
 follicles 3-7, about 6 mm. long, borne on stipes of about their own length, spread- 
 ing, tipped with a beak 2-3 mm. long. In damp mossy woods and bogs, Newf. to 
 Md., E. Tenn., Minn., Br. Col. and Alaska. May-Aug. 
 
 7. 1SOPYRUM L. 
 
 Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and white flowers. 
 Sepals 5-9, petaloid, deciduous. .Petals 5, nectariform, or none. Stamens numer- 
 
4*4 FLORA. 
 
 ous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming 
 a head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Fumaria.} About 15 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur 
 in western N. Am. 
 
 i. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. FALSE RUE ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 
 1552.) Erect, pan iculately branching above; roots fibrous and sometimes tuberifer- 
 ous. Basal leaves long-petioled, thin, the ultimate segments broadly obovate, ob- 
 tuse, lobed or divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short-petioled; flowers 
 several, terminal and axillary, 10-18 mm. broad; sepals 5, oblong or somewhat 
 obovate, obtuse; petals none; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 4 mm. long, several- 
 seeded, tipped with a beak nearly one-half their length. In moist woods and 
 thickets, Ont. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May. 
 
 8. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. 
 
 Low shrubby plants, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and small compoundly 
 racemose flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, 
 unguiculate, concave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 4-10, sessile, 2-ovuled, 
 forming I -seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules. 
 [Greek, yellow root.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 I. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1553.) 
 Glabrate, 3-6 dm. high, the bark and rootstocks yellow and bitter. Leaves clus- 
 tered at the summit of the short stem, the blade 12-15 cm. long, slender petioled; 
 leaflets 5, thin, 3-7 cm. long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile, ovate or 
 oblong, acute, shining; branches of the raceme slender, drooping, 5-7 cm. long; 
 flowers about 4 mm. broad, pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together, brownish purple; 
 sepals ovate, acute; follicles 4-8, inflated, light yellow, I -seeded, diverging, curved 
 at the apex, minutely beaked. In woods, southwestern N. Y. to Ky. and Fla. 
 April-May. 
 
 9. ACTAEA L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and small white 
 flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid. Petals 4-10. small, spatulate 
 or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary I, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a 
 large somewhat poisonous berry; stigma broad, sessile. [An ancient name of the 
 elder.] About 6 known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the 
 following, another occurs in the western United States. 
 
 Pedicels slender. 
 
 Berries red, spherical. i. A. arguta. 
 
 Berries red, ellipsoid 2. A. rubra. 
 
 Berries white, ellipsoid. 3. A. eburnea. 
 
 Pedicels stout ; berries white, ellipsoid. 4. A. alba. 
 
 1. Actaea arguta Nutt. WESTERN RED BANEBERRY. Erect, 6-8 dm. 
 high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Basal leaf long-petioled, ternate, the 
 divisions long petioled, pinnate; leaflets ovate, 4-14 cm. long, generally more in- 
 cised and thinner than those of the next; teeth mostly sharp; raceme ovoid, in fruit 
 often elongated; petals spatulate; berry 5-7 mm. long. In rich woods, from Br. 
 Col. to Mont., Black Hills of S. Dak., W. Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. [A. rubra 
 arguta (Nutt.) Greene.] 
 
 2. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. RED BANEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1554.) Erect, 
 bushy, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper ses- 
 sile; leaflets ovate, or the terminal one obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, 
 the teeth mainly rounded or mucronate, or acutish; raceme ovoid; petals 
 spatulate, shorter than the stamens; berries red, oval, 10-12 mm. long and 6 mm. 
 in diameter. In woods, N. S. to N. J. and Penn., west to S. Dak. and Neb. 
 Most abundant northward. April-June. 
 
 Actaea rfcbra diss^cta Britton. Leaflets all deeply incised, the lower compound or 
 decompound. Lincoln Co., Ont. Perhaps not properly referable to this species. 
 
 3. Actaea eburnea Rydb. IVORY BANEKERRY. Stout, 6- 10 dm. high from a 
 very thick knotted rootstock, with the habit and leaves of A. arguta; sepals rhom- 
 bic-spatulate ; fruit 9-12 mm. long and about 6 mm. in diameter, about 12-seeded. 
 
RA NUNCULA CEA . 4 1 5 
 
 In rich woods from Idaho and Utah to the Black Hills of S. Dak. Also collected 
 on Mt. Mackay, Ont., and Willoughby Mountains, Vt. 
 
 4. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. WHITE BANEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1555.) Closely re- 
 sembles A. riibra. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or 
 acuminate; raceme oblong, petals truncate; fruiting pedicels as thick as the pedun- 
 cle and often red; berries white, often purplish at the end. In woods, N. S. and 
 Anticosti to Ga., west to Minn, and La. April-June. 
 
 10. C1MICIFUGA L. 
 
 Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose 
 flowers. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or 
 none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, form- 
 ing follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute. [Latin, to drive away bugs.] 
 A genus of about 10 species, natives of N. Am., Asia and eastern Europe. Besides 
 the following, there are 3 on the western .side of the continent. 
 Carpels i or 2, sessile ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth. 
 
 Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. 
 
 i. C. racemosa^ 
 
 Leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate. 2. C. cordifolia. 
 
 Carpels 2-8, stalked ; seeds in i row, chaffy. 3. 6". Americana. 
 
 1. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. BLACK SNAKEROOT. BLACK COHOSH. 
 (T. F. f. 1556.) Stem slender, 1-2.5 m. high, leafy above. Leaves ternate, the 
 divisions pinnate and the ultimate leaflets often again compound; leaflets ovate or 
 oblong, or the terminal one obovate, incisely-toothed, cleft or divided, thickish, 
 nearly glabrous; racemes compound, terminal, 1.5-6 dm. long; flowers 12-14 mm - 
 broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; follicles oval, 6-8 mm. long, minutely beaked. 
 In woods, Me. and Ont to Wis., south to Ga. and Mo. June- Aug. 
 
 Cimicifuga racemdsa dissecta A. Gray. Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets all 
 incised. Conn., S. Penn. and Del. 
 
 2. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh. HEART-LEAVED SNAKEROOT. (I. F. f. 
 1557.) Tall, similar to the preceding species. Leaflets very broadly ovate or or- 
 bicular, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, some- 
 times 15 cm. wide; pistil i, sessile; follicles apparently very similar to those of 
 C. racemosa. In woods, S. W. Va. to N. Car. and Tenn. June-July. 
 
 3. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. AMERICAN BUGBANE. (I. F. f. 1558.) 
 Stem slender, 1-1.5 m - high, leafy. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate, with many 
 of the ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal one 
 generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely toothed, cleft or divided, 3-7 
 cm. long; racemes slender, compound, densely and finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. long; 
 flowers pedicelled, 8-12 mm. broad; pedicels minutely bracted; pistils 3-8, stipi- 
 tate; stigma minute; follicles inflated, membranous, IO mm. long, narrowed be- 
 low; beak short, oblique, subulate. Watkins, N. Y., to Blair Co., Penn., and Ga. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 ii. AQUILEGIA L. 
 
 Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and large 
 showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced 
 backward between the sepals into a hollow spur; stamens numerous, the inner 
 ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many ovuled, forming heads of 
 follicles in fruit. [Latin eagle, from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the 
 eagle's claws.] About 15 species, distributed throughout the north temperate zone 
 and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 12 others 
 occur in the western part of N. Am. 
 
 Spur of petals nearly straight: flowers scarlet, white or in a variety yellow. 
 Spur stout, abruptly narrowed near the apex; sepals ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 1. A. coccinea. 
 Spur slender, gradually narrowed from near the base, sepals broadly ovate. 
 
 2. A. Canadensis. 
 Spur incurved; flowers blue, white or purple. 
 
 Flowers 15-18 mm : stvle in fruit 2-4 mm. 3. A. brevistyla. 
 
 Flowers 2-4- cm.; style in fruit 6-8 mm. 4. A. vulgaris. 
 
4l FLORA. 
 
 1. Aquilegia coccinea Small. LARGE RED COLUMBINE. Tall, 3-8 dm. high, 
 sparingly pubsecent at the nodes. Leaves larger than in the next; leaflets with 3 
 main lobes, glaucous beneath, nearly orbicular in outline; sepals acute or acumi- 
 nate, 17-21 mm. long; spur, 30-33 mm. long; follicles straight, 20 mm. long, tipped 
 by a style shorter than the body. On cliffs and in rocky woods, Va. to Mo., Neb. 
 and Ala. May- July. 
 
 2. Aquilegia Canadensis L. WILD COLUMBINE. (I. F. f. 1559.) Glabrous 
 or somewhat pubescent, 2-6 dm. high. Lower leaves slender-petioled, biternate, 
 the ultimate leaflets cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath ; leaves of the 
 upper part of the stem lobed or divided; flowers nodding, 3-4 cm. long, the spurs 
 12 mm. long, thickened at the end; stamens and styles long exserted; follicles 
 with spreading tips, about 16 mm. long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the 
 same length. In rocky woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Car. and Kans. 
 April-July. 
 
 Aquilegia Canadensis flaviflora (Tenney-) Britton. Flowers yellow; foliage lighter 
 green than in the type. Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Rare. 
 
 3. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. SMALL-FLOWERED COLUMBINE. (I. F. f. 
 1560.) Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, brandling, 3-5 dm. high. Basal 
 leaves long-petioled, biternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly obovate, 
 lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few. nearly sessile, lobed or divided; flowers 
 small, nodding; spurs about 4 mm. long; stamens and short styles barely exserted; 
 follicles slightly spreading, 16 mm. long, pubescent. N. W. Terr, to S. Dak. and 
 Alb. June-July. 
 
 4. Aquilegia vulgaris L. EUROPEAN COLUMBINE. (I. F. f. 1561.) Stout, 
 erect, 3-0 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral 
 divisions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate, glaucous beneath ; the upper 
 few, lobed or divided; spurs 6-8 mm. long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spread- 
 ing; stamens and styles hardly exserted. Escaped from gardens in the Eastern and 
 Middle States, in N. S. and N. B. Adventive or nat. from Europe. May-July. 
 
 12. DELPHINIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Leaves 
 palmately lobed or divided. Sepals. 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. 
 Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. 
 Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the 
 supposed resemblance of the flowers to a dolphin.] A genus comprising some 60 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 20 others 
 in western N. Am. 
 Annuals; pistil i. 
 
 Follicle glabrous. i. D. Consolida. 
 
 Follicle pubescent. 2. D. Ajacis. 
 
 Perennials; pistils 3. 
 Follicles erect. 
 
 Leaf-segments narrow, ultimate divisions linear or oblong linear. 
 Raceme elongated, pedicels almost erect. 
 
 Bractlets close under the usually bright blue flower. 
 
 3. D, Caroliniannm. 
 Bractlets 2-4 mm. (in fruit even 10 mm.) below the almost white flower. 
 
 4. D. albescent. 
 Raceme short; pedicels spreading. 5. D. Nelsonii. 
 
 Leaf-segments broad, ultimate divisions lanceolate. 6. D. urceolatum. 
 
 Follicles in fruit widely spreading. 7. D. tricorne. 
 
 1. Delphinium Consolida L. FIELD LARKSPUR. KNIGHT'S-SPUR. LARK- 
 HEEL. (I. F. f. 1562.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high, divaricately branched. Leaves 
 short-petioled or sessile, all divided into narrowly linear cleft or toothed segments; 
 racemes terminating the branches, rather loose and few-flowered; flowers blue or 
 white, 3-4 cm. long; spur slender, bent near the middle; petals 2, united; follicles 
 8-10, tipped with a short slender beak. In waste places, nat. from Europe in 
 southern N. J. and Penn. to Va. and Kans., locally adventive or fugitive north- 
 ward. Summer. 
 
 2. Delphinium Ajacis L. GARDEN LARKSPUR. Like the preceding, gen- 
 erally taller, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves with shorter and more diverging divisions; 
 
RANUNCULACEAE. 417 
 
 racemes longer, 1-3 dm. long, more densely flowered; follicle 12-15 mm., tipped 
 with a short stout beak. Often escaped from gardens, from N. Y. to Va., Tenn. 
 and Mo. 
 
 3. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. CAROLINA LARKSPUR. (I. F. f. 1564.) 
 Stem slender, more or less glandular pubescent, 3-6 dm. high, from a cluster of 
 thickened roots. Leaves deeply cleft into narrowly linear toothed or cleft segments; 
 flowers blue or the petals light brown, 2-3 cm. long, the spur curved upward, 
 16 mm. long; follicles downy, 14-18 mm. long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed- 
 coat rugose. Sandy soil, from N. Car. to Ark., La. and Fla.; probably also in 
 southern Va. May-June. \D. azureum Michx.j 
 
 4. Delphinium albescens Rydb. PRAIRIE LARKSPUR. Stem stout and tall, 
 5-10 dm. high, strigose below, more or less glandular above, from a thick, woody 
 root. Leaves as those of the preceding, but generally larger and with broader 
 segments, more or less puberulent; flowers white, slightly tinged with blue and 
 bluish spots on the sepals; spur generally horizontal, 12-15 mm. long, straight or 
 slightly curved upward; follicle 12-18 mm. long, puberulent. It has hitherto been 
 confused with the preceding. Open prairies, from 111. to Manitoba, Kans. and 
 Ark. May-July. 
 
 5. Delphinium Nelsoni Greene. NELSON'S LARKSPUR. (I. F. f. I564a.) 
 Finely puberulent, at least above; stem slender, simple, 2-4 dm. high from a 
 cluster of tuberous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, divided into 
 linear segments; flowers blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled ; sepals oblong, 
 shorter than the slender spur; lower petal 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the 
 middle; appressed-pubescent; seeds wing-angled above. Wyo., western Neb. and 
 Colo. May-June. 
 
 6. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. TALL LARKSPUR. (I. F. f. 1563.) Slen- 
 der, 6-18 dm. high, glabrous below, densely and finely pubescent above. Leaves 
 large, all but the upper petioled, deeply 3-5 -cleft, the divisions acuminate, upper 
 ones reduced to small linear bracts; racemes dense, elongated; flowers purple or 
 blue, 16-20 mm. long, downy-pubescent, the lower pedicels about 2 cm. long; spur 
 nearly straight, 4 mm. long; follicles 8-io mm. long, pubescent, tipped with a 
 subulate beak. In woods, Penn. to Minn., south to N. Car., Ala. and Neb. 
 July- Aug. \D~ exaltatum Ait.] 
 
 7. Delphinium tricorne Michx. DWARF LARKSPUR. (I. F. f. 1565.) Stout, 
 simple, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, deeply 5-7-cleft or divided, the 
 divisions linear or obovate, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed; raceme loose, 
 10-12 cm. long, mostly several-flowered; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, blue or white; 
 spur generally slightly bent, ascending, 2-2.5 cm - l n g; follicles IO-I2 mm. long, 
 tipped with a short beak; seed-coat smooth, dark. Western Penn. to Ga., west to 
 Minn, and Ark. Roots tuberous. April-June. 
 
 13. ACONITUM L. 
 
 Erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided 
 leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one 
 larger, hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, 
 clawed, concealed in the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. 
 Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled. forming follicles at ma- 
 turity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.] A genus of some 18 species, 
 mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others are 
 found in the Rocky Mts. and on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Flowers blue. 
 
 Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. i. A. Noveboracense. 
 
 Helmet conic, slightly beaked. 2. A. uncinatum. 
 
 Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated -conic. 3. A. reclinattim. 
 
 i. Aconitum Noveboracense A. Gray. NEW YORK MONKSHOOD. (I. F. f. 
 1566.) Slender, erect, about 6 dm. high, leafy. Lower leaves all petioled, 7-10 
 cm. broad, nearly orbicular, deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cuneate, 
 toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous, rather thin; upper leaves nearly 
 sessile, 3~5-cleft, otherwise similar; flowers 15 mm. broad; follicles erect, 6 mm. 
 long, subulate-beaked. Orange, Ulster and Chenango Counties, N. Y. Reported 
 from Ohio. June-Aug. 
 
41 8 FLORA. 
 
 2. Aconitum uncinatum L. WILD MONKSHOOD. (I. F. f. 1567.) Slender, 
 weak, 6-12 dm. long, ascending or climbing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than 
 long, 7-10 cm. wide, deeply 3~5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 
 cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent: 
 flowers 20 mm. broad or more; follicles 3, 12-14 mm - l n g> subulate-beaked. In 
 woods, southern Penn. and Wis., to Ga. and Ky. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray. TRAILING WOLFSBANE. (I. F. f. 1568.) 
 Trailing, 6-25 dm. long. Leaves 3~7-cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the 
 lower 15-20 cm. broad, mainly obovate, acute, toothed and cleft toward the apex; 
 simple panicle or raceme loose, pubescent; flowers 16-20 mm. long; follicles 3, ic 
 mm. long, with slender divergent beaks. In woods, Cheat Mountain, Va., 
 south along the Alleghanies to Ga. July-Aug. 
 
 14. ANEMONE L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the 
 stem forming an involucre near to or remote from the flower. Sepals 4-20, 
 petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo , shorter than the sepals. Carpels oo . 
 Achenes compressed, i-seeded. [From the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.] 
 About 75 species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions 
 of both hemispheres. About 18 species are natives of N. Am. 
 
 * Achenes densely woolly. 
 
 Stem simple, slender, i-flowered. 
 
 Root tuberous: sepals 6-20, narrow. 
 
 Radical leaves or some of them simply ternate. i. A. decapctala. 
 
 Radical leaves repeatedly ternately divided. 2. A. Caroltniana. 
 
 Rootstock slender ; sepals 5 6, oval. " 3. A. parviflora. 
 
 Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several- flowered. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled; sepals red or green; head of fruit 
 
 globose or oval. 4. A. Hudsoniana. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled; sepals white or green; head cylindric, oval, 
 or oblong. 
 
 Beak of fruit i mm. long; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 
 
 5. A. cylindrica. 
 Beak of fruit 2 mm. long ; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 
 
 Flower greenish white, 1.5-3 cm - wide; head of fruit oblong. 
 
 6. A. Virginian a, 
 Flower pure white, 3-5 cm. wide ; head of fruit short-cylindric. 
 
 7. A. riparia. 
 * * Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous. 
 
 Leaves of the involucre sessile. 
 
 Stout, 3-6 dm. high, branching and bearing several flowers; carpels nearly orbicular. 
 
 8. A. Canadensis. 
 Slender, .5-3 dm. high, i-flowered; carpels narrow. 9. A, Richardsonii 
 
 Leaves of the involucre petioled. 
 
 Involucral leaf-divisions lobed and incised ; plant 1-2 dm. high. 
 
 10. A. qitinquefolia. 
 Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant 1.5-4 dm. high. " ^- trifolia. 
 
 1. Anemone decapetala Ard. TEN PETALED ANEMONE. Appressed-pubes- 
 cent or glabrate, 1-3 dm. high from a globose or cylindric tuber. Basal leaves 
 slender-petioled, ternate, divisions broad, ovate to obovate, thick, crenate; those 
 of the involucre on short, bro.id petioles, cleft into linear lobes; sepals 10-20, blue, 
 oblong, linear; head of fruit cylindric, 5-20 mm. long. Ala. to Kans. and Tex. 
 Also in Mex. and southern S. Am. 
 
 2. Anemone Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1569.) 
 Sparsely hairy, 10-25 cm - high) arising from a tuber 8-12 mm. in diameter. 
 Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the divisions variously lobed and parted, 
 those of the involucre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect, 10-35 mm - broad; sepals 
 6-2O, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white- head of fruit oblong. Open places, 
 111. to Wis., S. Dak., Ga. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 3. Anemone parviflora Michx. NORTHERN ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1570.) 
 Sparingly hairy, 1-2 dm. high from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves long- 
 petioled, 3 -parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, 
 those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower 1-4 cm. in diameter or 
 
RANUNCULACEAE. 419 
 
 less; sepals oval, very obtuse, white; head of fruit short-oval or globose. Lab. 
 and Newf. to Minn., and in arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also 
 in northern Asia. May -June. 
 
 4. Anemone Hudsoniana Richards. CUT-LEAVED ANEMONE. RED WIND- 
 FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1571.) Silky -hairy, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, sparingly branched, 
 the lateral peduncles involucrate. Basal leaves long-petioled, reniform, 3~5-parted, 
 the divisions cleft into narrowly linear acute lobes, those of the involucres short- 
 petioled and more or less cuneate, otherwise similar; sepals 5-9, greenish or red, 
 oblong, forming a flower 10-15 mm - broad; head of fruit 1-2 cm. long. Anticosti, 
 Hudson Bay and N. B. to northern N. Eng. and Minn. Has been confused with 
 A. multifida Poir., a South American species. Summer. 
 
 5. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1572.) 
 Silky-hairy throughout, 3-6 dm. high, branched at the involucre. Basal leaves 
 long-petioled, 3-5 -parted; those of the involucre similar, their petioles about 2 cm. 
 long; sepals 5-6, greenish-white, oblong, generally obtuse; flowers 15-18 mm. 
 broad, on elongated generally naked peduncles; head of fruit cylindric, 2-4 cm. 
 long. Open places, N. B. and Ont. to Conn., N. J., N. Mex. and in Br. Col. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 6. Anemone Virginiana L. TALL ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1573.) Hairy, 6~io 
 dm. high, stout, branching at the involucre, the lateral peduncles bearing secondary 
 involucres. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 -parted, cleft into acute serrate lobes, 
 those of the involucres similar, on petioles 2-5 cm. long; sepals generally 5, acute 
 or obtuse; head of fruit 1-2.5 cm. long and 12-15 mm - thick. In woods, N. S. to 
 S. Car., Kans., Manitoba and the Canadian Rocky Mts. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Anemone riparia Fernald. RIVER-BANK ANEMONE. Like the last but 
 generally more slender; petals large and pure white, obtuse; head of fruit more 
 cylindric, 2-3 cm. long and I cm. wide. On river banks, Me. and Ont. to Va. 
 June-July. 
 
 8. Anemone Canadensis L. CANADA ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1574.) Some- 
 what hairy, especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branching at the in- 
 volucre. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3 -5 -parted, the divisions broad, acute, vari- 
 ously cleft and toothed, those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, 
 sessile; sepals white, oblong, obtuse; flower 2. 5-4 cm. broad; head of fruit globose; 
 achenes flat, tipped with the stout style of their own length. Low grounds, Lab. 
 to the N. W. Terr., E. Mass., Md., 111. and Colo. May -Aug. 
 
 9. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. RICHARDSON'S ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1575.) 
 Low, slender, pubescent, from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves reniform, slender- 
 petioled, 3~5-parted, the lobes acute, broadly oblong, dentate or crenate; those of 
 the involucre similar, sessile; flower solitary, 18 mm. broad, white (?); sepals 
 about 6, oblong; head of fruit depressed-spherical; achenes nearly glabrous, com- 
 pressed, ovate-oblong, reflexed, tipped with a long hooked persistent style. Lab., 
 Hudson Bay and in Arctic America. Also in Siberia. Summer. 
 
 10. Anemone quinquefolia L. WIND-FLOWER. (1. F. f. 1576.) Low, sim- 
 ple, nearly glabrous, from thick rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, appearing 
 later than the flowering stem, 5 -parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; 
 those of the involucre 3-5 parted; flower solitary, 2.5 cm. broad; sepals 4-9, ob- 
 ovate or oval, white, or purplish without; head of fruit globose, inclined; achenes 
 pubescent, oblong, tipped with the hooked styles. In low woods, N. S. to Ga., 
 west to the Rocky Mts. April-June. [A. nemorosa Michx., not L.] 
 
 11. Anemone trifolia L. MOUNTAIN ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1577.) Stout, 
 nearly glabrous. Basal leaves mostly 3-divided (sometimes 4-5 -divided), long- 
 petioled, dentate, often somewhat lobed; involucral leaves stout-petioled, 3-parted, 
 the divisions oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long; flower solitary, white, 2.5-4 cm. 
 broad when expanded; sepals oblong; head of fruit globose, 10-12 mm. in diam- 
 eter; achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubescent, tipped with the hooked style. 
 Southern Penn., Va., N. Car. and Ga. Also in Europe. May. 
 
 15. HEPATICA Scop. 
 
 Perennial scapose herbs, with long petioled thick 3-lobed evergreen basal leaves, 
 and large white or purple flowers, solitary on slender scapes. Involucre of 3 small 
 sessile leaves close under the flowers, simulating a calyx. Sepals membranous, 
 
4 2 FLORA. 
 
 petal-like. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes short-beaked, pubescent. [Name 
 ancient, from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to the liver.] About 4 species, 
 natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following are known from N. Am. 
 Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. i. H. Hepatica. 
 
 Lobes of the leaves acute. 2 . H. acuta. 
 
 1. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst ROUND-LOBED OR KIDNEY LIVER LEAF. 
 NOBLE LIVERWORT. (I. F. f. 1578.) Scapes 10-15 cm. high, villous; roots fibrous. 
 Leaves long-petioled, reniform, 5-6 cm. broad when mature, spreading on the 
 ground, 3-lobed, and the lobes sometimes toothed or again lobed, obtuse; involucral 
 leaves obtuse; flowers blue, purple or white, 12-20 mm. broad; sepals oval or ob- 
 long, obtuse, longer than the stamens; achenes several, 4 mm. long, oblong, acute, 
 hairy. In woods, N. S. to northern Fla., west to Manitoba, Iowa and Mo. Albo 
 in Europe and Asia. Dec.-May. [Hepatica triloba Chaix.] 
 
 2. Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton. SHARP-LOBED OR HEART LIVER-LEAF. 
 (I. F. f. I579-) Scapes 1-2 dm. high, villous. Plant closely resembling the pre- 
 ceding, differing in that the leaf-lobes and those of the involucre are acute or 
 acutish. In woods, Quebec and throughout Ont., south to Ga., west to Iowa and 
 Minn. Puzzling forms occur which are referable with about equal certainty to the 
 preceding species. March-April. 
 
 16. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. [ANEMCNELLA Spach.] 
 A glabrous perennial herb from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots, with basal 
 
 2 3-ternately compound leaves, those of the involucre similar but sessile, and large 
 terminal umbellate slender-pedicelled white flowers. Sepals thin, petaloid. Petals 
 none. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes terete, deeply grooved; stigma ses- 
 sile, truncate. [Greek, bound together, the plant uniting many of the characters 
 of Anemone and Thalictrmn.} A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. RUE-ANEMONE. (I. F. f. 1580.) 
 Low, glabrous, 10-35 cm - high* tne flowering stem arising in early spring, the 
 tern ately -com pound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of Thalic- 
 trum; sepals 5-10, white or pinkish, longer than the stamens; flower 1-2 cm. 
 broad; achenes sessile, pointed, 8-12 mm. long. In woods throughout the eastern 
 U. S., west to Kans. and Minn., sparingly in Ont. March-June. 
 
 17. PULSATILLA Adans. 
 
 Perennial scapose herbs, with thick rootstocks, basal long-petioled digitately 
 divided leaves, and large purple or white solitary flowers. Involucre remote from 
 the flower, 3-leaved. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. Inner stamens anther-bear- 
 ing, the outer ones often sterile. Achenes with long persistent plumose styles. 
 [Latin name, unexplained.] About 18 species, of the north temperate and sub- 
 arctic zones. Besides the following, 2 others occur in northwestern N. Am. 
 
 i. Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton. AMERICAN OR NUTTALL'S 
 PASQUE FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1581.) Villous, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves much di- 
 vided into narrow linear acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the 
 involucre sessile and erect or ascending; sepals ovate-oblong, light bluish -purple; 
 fruit a head of silky achenes like those of some Clematis. In dry soil, prairies of 
 111. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Neb. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 18. CLEMATIS L. 
 
 Climbing vines, or perennial herbs, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, 
 slender-petioled, pinnately compound, lobed. or in some species entire. Sepals 4 
 or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo . Pistils oo 
 Achenes i -seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose, silky or naked. [Greek 
 name for some climbing plant.] About 100 species of very wide geographic dis- 
 tribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides the following, some 12 
 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. 
 
 * Climbing: vines ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 
 Flowers panicled, numerous: filaments glabrous. 
 
 Leaves glabrate or nearly so; achenes with a thick obtuse margin 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate; eastern. i. C. Virginiana. 
 
 Leaves pinnately 5-y-foliolate ; western. 2. C. ligusticifolta. 
 
 Leaves decidedly silky beneath ; achenes marginless. 3. C. Missouri en sis. 
 
RANUNCULA CEA E. 4 2 1 
 
 Flowers solitary; filaments pubescent. 
 
 Fruiting styles silky, not plumose; sepals thin. 
 
 Sepals conspicuously dilated; leaflets thin, pinnately veined. 4. C. crispa. 
 Sepals with recurved tips; venation strongly reticulated. 5. C. Simsii. 
 Fruiting styles plumose. 
 
 Leaflets thick, strongly reticulated, glaucous beneath. 6. C. verstcolor. 
 
 Leaflets thin, not strongly reticulated. 
 
 Leaflets all simple, pubescent beneath. 7. C.flacctda. 
 
 Lower leaflets ternate or 3-lobed, glabrate, or nearly so. 
 Leaflets or their lobes rounded, ovate or subcordate. 
 
 8. C. glaucophylla. 
 
 Leaflets or their lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 9. C. yiorna. 
 * * Erect or ascending perennial herbs ; leaves simple or pinnate. 
 Glabrous, glaucous; leaves simple, or pinnate and tendril-bearing. 10. C. Addisonii. 
 Pubescent; leaves simple or pinnate, not tendril-bearing. 
 Leaves simple, entire or rarely lobed. 
 
 Fruiting styles long, plumose; eastern species. 
 
 Flowers yellowish-green; style-plumes brown, achenes straight. 
 
 11. C. ochroieuca. 
 Flowers purple ; style-plumes white ; achenes distinctly oblique. 
 
 12. C. ovata. 
 Fruiting styles short, i cm., silky below, naked above; western species. 
 
 13. C. I'remontti. 
 Leaves pinnate, or the lowest entire. *4- C. bcottu. 
 
 1. Clematis Virginiana L. VIRGINIA VIRGIN'S BOWER. (I. F. f. 1582.) 
 Leaflets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes 
 slightly cordate; flowers white, in leafy panicles, polygamo-dioscious, 16-30 mm. 
 broad when expanded; persistent styles plumose, 2-4 cm. long or more. In 
 low woodlands and along fences and watercourses. Ga. to Kans., northward to 
 N. S. and Manitoba. Leaves rarely 5-foliolate. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. WESTERN VIRGIN'S BOWER. (I. F. f. 
 1583.) Leaves pinnately 5-folioliate; leaflets oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute and 
 sometimes acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, toothed, lobed 
 or divided; flowers white, in leafy panicles; persistent styles plumose throughout, 
 nearly white, 3-5 cm. long. Neb., Mo. and throughout the Rocky Mts., west to 
 the Pacific Coast. June -Aug. 
 
 3. Clematis Missourisnsis Rydb. n. sp. MISSOURI VIRGIN'S BOWER. 
 Stem obtusely angled, silky-puberulent. Leaves pinnately 3 -5-foliolate; leaflets 
 ovate or cordate, often 3-lobed and incised; flowers dull white, polygamo-dioecious 
 in rather small panicles, the branches often subumbellate; achenes lanceolate-ovate, 
 pubescent, 4 mm. long, with a plumose style 3 cm. long. Rich woods in the Mis- 
 souri Valley from Mo. to Kans. and Neb. Type from Lincoln, Neb. July-Sept. 
 Has been confused with C. Virginiana and C. Catesbyana. 
 
 4. Clematis crispa L. MARSH CLEMATIS. (I F. f. 1584.) Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate divisions entire or occasionally lobed, gla- 
 brous and thin; flowers nodding, bluish-purple, 20-35 mm - l n g; calyx cylindric 
 below, but the sepals thin and widely spreading above, their margins undulate; 
 persistent styles silky, not plumose. In marshes, S. E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. 
 May-June. 
 
 5. Clematis Simsii Sweet. SIMS' CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 1585.) High climb- 
 ing, the branches more or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire, lobed or 
 trifoliolate, thick reticulated, generally mucronate; calyx campanulate, less than 
 2.5 cm. long, purplish, pubescent; persistent styles more or less pubescent. South- 
 ern Ind. to Mo., Neb. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 6. Clematis versicolor Small, n. sp. PALE CLEMATIS. A branching vine, 
 glabrous or slightly pubescent below the nodes. Leaves pinnate; leaflets firm, 
 oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, conspicuously reticulate, very glaucous 
 beneath; sepals thin, lanceolate, about 2 cm. long, glabrous, slightly recurved at 
 the tip. Rocky ledges, Mo. and Ark. July. Type from McDonald Co., Mo. 
 
 7. Clematis flaccida Small, n. sp. THIN-LEAVED CLEMATIS. Stem climbing 
 over bushes, angled, pubescent or glandular. Leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong or 
 ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, slender-stalked, apiculate or rarely acuminate; 
 calyx greenish to light lavender, 1.5 cm. long, nodding; sepals acutish, pubescent 
 
422 FLORA. 
 
 without; achenes rhomboid, 6-7 mm. long; style of fruit 2.5-3 mm. long. In 
 thickets, Ky. and Tenn. May. Type from Warren Co., Ky. 
 
 8. Clematis giaucophyila Small. GLAUCOUS CLEMATIS. Stem 2-5 mm., 
 climbing over bushes, glabrous. Leaves pinnate; leaflets simple, 3-lobed or 3- 
 foliplate, ovate, 3-10 cm., prominently veined and glaucous beneath; sepals glossy 
 purple, lanceolate-acuminate, not very thick; styles in fruit 5-6 cm. long, tawny. 
 River valleys, N. Car. and Ky., south to Fla. June -July. 
 
 9. Clematis Viorna L. LEATHER-FLOWER. (1. F. f. 1586.) A vine, climb- 
 ing to the height of 3 m. or more over bushes. Leaves mostly pinnate; leaflets 
 glabrous, entire, lobed or trifoliolate; uppermost and lowest leaves often entire; 
 calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple; persistent styles plumose throughout, 2 cm. long 
 or more, brownish. In rich soil, S. Penn. to Ind. Mo., Ga. and Tenn May- 
 July. 
 
 10. Clematis Addisonii Britton. ADDISON BROWN'S CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 
 1587.) Ascending or erect, 3-10 dm. long, tufted. Lower leaves simple, entire or 
 1-4- lobed, obtuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous beneath, sessile, clasping, 
 5-10 cm. long; upper leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple; leaflets 2-4, ovate, ses- 
 sile; flowers solitary, purplish, nodding; calyx ovoid, 18-30 mm. long, contracted 
 near the summit; sepals thick, lanceolate, acute, their tips recurved; achenes flat, 
 nearly orbicular, silky pubescent ; persistent styles, brown-plumose throughout. 
 Banks near Roanoke, Va., and N. Car. May-June. 
 
 Clematis viornioides Britton is a hybrid between this and C. Viorna. Roanoke, Va. 
 
 11. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. ERECT SILKY CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 1588.) 
 An erect silky-hairy plant, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat woody at the base. Leaves 
 sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, silky beneath, entire or 
 occasionally lobed, mucronate; flower terminal, nodding, 2 cm. long; calyx cylin- 
 draceous, green ; sepals thick, very silky without, their tips recurved ; head of fruit 
 erect; achenes scarcely oblique; styles yellowish-brown, 3-4 cm. long. S. N. Y. 
 and Penn. to Ga. May-June. 
 
 12. Clematis ovata Pursh. ERECT MOUNTAIN CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 1589.) 
 Similar to the preceding species; stems stiff, 3-6 dm. tall, pubescent when young, 
 becoming nearly glabrous when old. Leaves ovate, entire, 4-5 dm. long, strongly 
 reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when mature; flowers solitary at the ends of 
 the stem or branches, nodding, about 2 cm. long; styles 3-4 cm. long. Kate's 
 Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., and Negro's Head in S. Car., or Ga. 
 May-June. 
 
 13. Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. FREMONT'S CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 1590.) 
 Stout, erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, the stem villous-pubescent, especially at the nodes, 
 simple or branched. Leaves sessile, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous 
 except on the veins beneath, broadly ovate, entire or sparingly toothed; flowers 
 terminal, nodding; calyx purple, 2.5 cm. long; sepals thick, tomentose on the mar- 
 gins, their tips recurved. Prairies, Kans., S. Neb. and Mo. Rare and local. April- 
 May. 
 
 14. Clematis Scottii Porter. SCOTT'S CLEMATIS. (I. F. f. 1591.) Some- 
 what villous when young, nearly glabrous when old; stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall. 
 Leaves petioled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, their segments entire or few- 
 toothed, stalked, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 12-36 mm. 
 long; lower leaves sometimes entire; flowers solitary, long-peduncled, nodding, 
 about 2 cm. long, purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, thick; persistent styles plumose 
 throughout, 2.5 cm. long or more, the plumes brown. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Neb., 
 Colo, and Idaho. May-July. 
 
 19. ATRAGENE L. 
 
 Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large 
 showy peduncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches. 
 Sepals very large, petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals 
 small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened 
 filaments. Styles long, persistent, plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.] 
 About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 
 two occur in the Rocky Mts. and one in northwestern N. Am. 
 
RANUNCULACEAE. 42$ 
 
 I. Atragene Americana Sims. PURPLE VIRGIN'S BOWER. (I. F. f. 1592.) 
 
 Leaves tnfoiiolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire; petioles slender; 
 flowers purplish blue, 5-10 cm. broad; sepals 4, thin and translucent, strongly 
 veined, silky along the margins and the veins; petals spatulate, 12-18 mm. long; 
 persistent styles, plumose throughout. Hudson Bay to Manitoba, Conn., Va. and 
 Minn. May-June. [Clematis vertidllaris DC.] 
 
 20. MYOSURUS L 
 
 Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, basal linear entire leaves and i- 
 flowered scapes; sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same 
 number or none, when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nectar- 
 iferous pit at the summit, the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the 
 sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated 
 in fruit. Ovule I, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.] 
 A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic distribution, consisting 
 of the species here described and 4 others found in western America and Australia. 
 
 i. Myosurus miuimus L. MOUSE-TAIL. (I. F. f. 1593.) Low, glabrous, 
 2-15 cm. high, the scape at length surpassing the leaves and the elongated recepta- 
 cle attaining the length of 3 cm. or more. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, blunt; petals 
 small; achenes glabrous, apiculate. In moist places, southern Ont. to Neb., Kans. 
 and Fla. Reported from the Pacific Coast. Also in central Europe. April-July. 
 
 21 TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. 
 
 Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem 
 distant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels ao , i-ovuled. 
 Achenes capitate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Em- 
 bryo large. Flowers small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. 
 Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.] A genus of two species in N. Am. and one in 
 eastern Asia. 
 
 I. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. FALSE BUGBANE. (I. F. f. 
 1594.) Stout, 6-10 dm. high, branching, nearly glabrous, except the lower sur- 
 faces of the leaves. Basal leaves long-petioled, 15-20 cm. broad, 10-12 cm. long, 
 deeply lobed, the lobes acute and sharply dentate; panicle ample, the flowers 
 6-12 mm. broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of its branches; filaments 
 slender, slightly widened; anthers oblong. Southwestern Penii., south to Fla., 
 west to Ind. and Mo. June-July. T. palmata F. & M.] 
 
 22. RANUNCULUS L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate simple entire-lobed or divided or dissected leaves, and 
 yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number 
 or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at 
 the base of the blade. Carpels oo , i-ovulecl. Achenes capitate or spicate, gener- 
 ally flattened, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a small frog, 
 in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 200 species, widely distrib- 
 uted in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres and on mountain tops 
 in the tropics. In addition to those here described, about 50 others inhabit the 
 western and northwestern parts of the continent. 
 
 t Aquatic or creeping mud plants with palmately lobed, divided or dissected leaves. 
 Leaves orbicular, palmately divided. 
 
 Achenes marginless, flowers 7-14 mm. broad. i. R. Purshii. 
 
 Achenes callous-margined. 
 
 Flowers 15-30 mm. broad ; leaves mostly finely dissected. 2. R. delphinifolius. 
 Flowers 6-10 mm. broad ; leaves mostly thrice 3-cleft. 3. R. Missouriensis. 
 Leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base. 4. R. hyperboreus. 
 
 tt Scapose plant from a filiform rootstock; leaves reniform, 3-parted. 
 
 5. R. Lapponicus. 
 
 ttt Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate. 
 Annuals ; achenes beakless; tipped with the persistent style-base. 
 
 Petals 2-4 mm. long ; stamens few, i-io. 6. R. pusillus. 
 
 Petals 4-6 mm. long; stamens numerous. 7. R. oblongifolius. 
 
 Perennials, rooting from the nodes; achenes beaked. 
 
 Stems trailing ; achenes minutely beaked. 8. R. reptans. 
 
 Stems ascending or erect ; achenes subulate-beaked. 9. R. obtusiusciilus. 
 
424 FLORA 
 
 tttt Terrestrial species with some or all the leaves lobed or divided. 
 Calyx conspicuously black-pubescent ; arctic; flowers white or light yellow. 
 
 10. K. nivalis. 
 Calyx glabrous or pubescent ; flowers yellow. 
 
 1. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny. 
 
 Plants low, arctic-alpine ; leaves small, palmately lobed. 
 
 Flowers 4-6 mm. in diameter ; sepals glabrous or slightly hairy. 
 
 11. R. pygmaeus. 
 Flowers about i cm. in diameter; sepals densely hairy. 
 
 12. R. Sabini. 
 Plants neither arctic nor alpine. 
 
 Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate. 
 Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. 
 
 Flowers 4-12 mm. in diameter ; sepals glabrate or slightly hairy. 
 
 13. R. pedatifidus. 
 Flowers 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; sepals densely villous. 
 
 14. R. cardiophyllus. 
 Head of fruit globose or subglobose. 
 
 Petals large, oblong, longer than the sepals. 
 
 Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 15. R. ovalis. 
 Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 
 
 16. R. Plarveyi, 
 Petals small, oblong, shorter than or equalling the sepals. 
 
 Styles very short, curved. 
 
 Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 17. R. abort 't'vus. 
 Basal leaves not cordate ; plant villous. 
 
 18. R. micranthns. 
 Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as the achene. 
 
 19. R. Alleghaniensis. 
 Leaves all lobed or divided. 
 
 Plant glabrous ; stem hollow ; flowers very small. 20. R. sceleratus. 
 Plants more or less pubescent. 
 
 Beak of the achene strongly hooked ; flowers 8-10 mm. wide. 
 
 21. R. recurvatus. 
 Beak of the achene short. 
 
 Erect plants, naturalized in fields ; flowers 25 mm. broad. 
 Calyx spreading ; roots fibrous. 22. R. acris. 
 Calyx reflexed ; stem bulbous-thickened at base. 
 
 23. R. bulbosus. 
 
 Erect or ascending plants of moist soil ; flowers 6-12 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals ; head of fruit 
 oblong to cylindric. 24. R. Pennsylvanicus. 
 
 Petals longer than the sepels ; head of fruit spherical- 
 ovoid. 25. R, Maconnii. 
 Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers 2.5 cm. broad. 
 
 26. R. repens. 
 
 Beak of the achene longs stout or slender ; flowers 12-36 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 Beak stout, sword-shaped ; roots slender ; leaflets cuneate at 
 base. 27. R. septentrionalis. 
 
 Beak of achene slender, subulate ; roots thickened. 
 Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 
 
 28. R. hispidus. 
 Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong. 
 
 29. R.fascicularis. 
 
 2. Achenes with a few scattered papillae near the margins. 30. R. parvulus. 
 
 3. Achenes rough-papillosed all over. 31. /t*. parviflorus. 
 
 4. Achenes muricate or spiny. 
 
 Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse. 32. R. muricatus. 
 
 Leaf-lobes narrow, subacute. 33. R. arvensts. 
 
 i. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. PURSH'S BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1596.) 
 Aquatic or creeping, pubescent at least on the younger parts. Leaves slender- 
 petioled, 6-24 mm. wiJe. palmately divided nearly to the base into obtuse lobes 
 or segments; petals about 5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid oblong, 4-6 mm. 
 long, In moist soil, N. S. to .Mich., Minn., western Ont. and Arctic Am., west to 
 Br. Col., Colo, and Utah. July-Aug. 
 
RA N UXCULA CEA E. 42 5 
 
 2. Ranunculus delphinif olius Torr. YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 T 595-) Aquatic or partly emersed. Immersed leaves repeatedly divided into 
 capillary segments, short-petioled, 3-7 cm. long; emersed leaves 1-5 cm. broad, 
 petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3-5 -divided, the divisions cleft into linear or 
 cuneate segments; petals 5-8, much longer than the sepals; head of fruit globose 
 or oblong, 6-io mm. long. In ponds, Me. and Out. to Mich., south to N. Car., 
 Mo. and Kans. The so-called var. terrestris, appears to be an emersed form. 
 June-Aug. [A\ multifidus Pursh, not Forsk.] 
 
 3. Ranunculus Missounensis Greene. MISSOURI BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 
 1597.) Perennial, sparingly pubescent;' stems slender, decumbent, leafy, 3 dm. long 
 or more, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves usually wider than long, thin, 3-7 cm. 
 wide, palmately divided into 3 obovate-cuneate incised and lobed segments, the 
 lobes obtuse; petals about 5; head of fruit oblong, about 8 mm. long; achenes 
 compressed, somewhat wrinkled. In ditches and on borders of lakes, Mo. to N. 
 Mex. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. ARCTIC BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1598.) 
 Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 5-15 cm. long. Leaves petioled, 
 3-lobed or cleft, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes ob- 
 long, obtuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed; flowers few, 4-6 mm. broad; 
 petals slightly shorter than the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. 
 broad; achenes slightly compressed, with a minute blunt tip. Lab., Arctic 
 Am., Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. 
 
 5. Ranunculus Lapponicus L. LAPLAND BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1599.) 
 Scapose from running rootstocks, 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the 
 blade 3-4 cm. broad, reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly obovate, cuneate, 
 obtuse, crenate or lobed; scape I -flowered, slender, longer than the leaves; flower 
 6-10 mm. broad; petals 5-6; sepals generally fewer and reflexed; head of fruit 
 globose, 12 mm. broad; achenes flattened, ovate, with a slender hooked beak. 
 Lab., Lake Nipigon and Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, northern Minn., Arctic 
 Am. and in northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. 
 
 6. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low SPEARWORT. (I. F. f. 1600.) Slender, 
 weak, glabrous, branching, 15-30 cm. high. Lower leaves oblong or ovate, on long 
 petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile ; flowers 
 4-6 mm. broad, the petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 
 globose, 4 mm. broad. Marshes, southern N. Y. and N. J., Perm., south to Fla., 
 and west through the Gulf States to Tex. and Mo. April-July. 
 
 7. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. OBLONG-LEAVED SPEARWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1601.) Branched above, erect or ascending, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent. 
 Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, the lower on long petioles, the blade some- 
 times 7 cm. long, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear; flowers 10-12 mm. 
 broad, the 5 petals much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 4 mm. broad. In 
 swamps, southern Va., southern III. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April- Sept. 
 
 8. Ranunculus reptans L. CREEPING SPEARWORT. (I. F. f. 1602.) The 
 flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear, lanceolate or spatuiate, 
 2-5 cm. long, mainly entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers 8-iomm. 
 broad, solitary on peduncles 2-7 cm. long; petals 4-7, much exceeding the calyx; 
 achenes flattish; stamens numerous. On shores, Newf. and Arctic Am., south 
 to N. J., Penn. and Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Summer. 
 
 Ranunculus reptans intermedius (Hook.) T. & G. Larger; leaves longer and 
 wider, 7-13 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. Newf. to the shores of the Great Lakes, and Ore. 
 
 9. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT. (I. F. f. 
 1603.) Stout, 3-10 dm. high, ascending, glabrous; stem hollow, sometimes nearly 
 2 cm. thick at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 
 10-12 mm. wide, denticulate or entire, all but the uppermost on broad petioles; 
 flowers 12-16 mm. broad; petals 5-7, much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit glo- 
 bose or slightly elongated, 10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes I mm. long. Marshes, 
 Me. and Ont. to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. June-Aug. \R. ambigens S. Wats.J 
 
 10. Ranunculus nivalis L. SNOW BUTTERCUP, (i. F. f. 1604.) Stem 
 simple, 1-2 dm. high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-7-lobed, or crenate, thick, 
 glabrous, the blade about 2 era. broad, those of the stem short-petioled or sessile, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 deeply lol>ed ; flowers solitary, 12-18 mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 12 m. long; 
 achenes tipped with the subulate style. Lab. and Arctic America; also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 11. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. PIGMY BUTTERCUP. (1. F. f. 1605.) 
 Small, 2-5 cm. high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves slender- 
 petioled, deeply 3-5 -lobed or divided, the blade 6-12 mm. wide; those of the stem 
 similar and nearly sessile; the petals slightly exceeding the sepals; head of fruit 
 short -oblong, 4 mm. long; achenes I mm. long, lenticular, tipped with a slender 
 beak. Lab., Arctic Am., and in the Rocky Mts. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 12. Ranunculus Sabini R. Br. SABINE'S BUTTERCUP. Small, 6-10 cm. 
 high, glabrous, and upper portion hairy. Basal leaves petioled, orbicular-reniforrn, 
 deeply 5-cleft, about 15 mm. wide, lobes obovate-cuneate 3-lobed; stem leaves ses- 
 sile, deeply 3-divided into oblong segments; petals 5-8, about half longer than 
 the orbicular sepals. Melville Island and Lab. Also in the northern Reeky Mts. 
 
 13. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith. NORTHERN BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 
 1606.) Erect, 1-3 dm. high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate or 
 nearly orbicular, about 2 cm. broad, obtuse, crenate or often lobed, those oi the 
 stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes narrow, obtuse; the petals slightly ex- 
 ceeding the spreading sepals; head of fruit oblong, 5-10 m. long, 4-5 mm. in 
 diameter; achenes oval, tipped with a short beak, often hairy. Lab. and Quebec 
 to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in northern Asia. Summer. 
 
 14. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. HEART-LEAVED BUTTERCUP. Stout, 
 1-3 dm. high, more or less villous. Basal leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 
 often subcordate at the base, and upper portion crenate or lobed ; stem leaves ses- 
 sile, pedately 3-7 divided into oblong divisions; petals one-half or more longer than 
 the sepals; head of fruit 10-15 mm - l ori g> 6-8 mm. in diameter; achenes oval, 
 tipped with a short curved beak. Lab. to Br. Col., south to Quebec, S. Dak. 
 and Colo. June. 
 
 15. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. PRAIRIE CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1607.) Pubes- 
 cent, branching, 1.5-4 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves oval, oblong, or ovate- 
 oblong, long petioled, the blade 2-3 cm. in length or more, crenate or slightly 
 lol)ed, obtuse, the base more or less cuneate; upper cauline leaves sessile or short 
 
 C" >led, deeply divided into 3-7 linear or oblong obtuse lobes; flowers 18-24 mm. 
 d; carpels and achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. In fields and on 
 prairies, Lab. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 111. and Neb. March -May. 
 
 16. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Britton. HARVEY'S BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 
 1608.) Glabrous; stem erect, slender, branched, 2-4 dm. tall. Leaves thin, the 
 basal and lower ones long-petioled, obtusely crenate or somewhat lobed, 1-3.5 cm - 
 wide, cordate, truncate at the base, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3- cleft or 
 3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong segments; flowers bright yellcw, 12-18 mm. 
 broad; petals 4-8, 4 or 5 times as long as the reflexed sepals; head ol fruit globose, 
 4 mm. in diameter; achenes oblique, compressed, tipped with a minute straight 
 style. On dry hillsides, Mo. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 17. Ranunculus abortivus L. KIDNEY-LEAVED CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1609.) 
 Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high, branched. Basal leaves 
 long-petioled, bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, 
 obtuse, and generally cordate or reniform, the cauline sessile or nearly so, divided 
 into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate lobes; receptacle short, pubescent; flowers 
 4-6 mm. broad. In woods and moist grounds, Newf., Lab. and N. S. to Manitoba, 
 Fla., Ark. and Colo. April- June. 
 
 Ranunculus abortivus euc>clus Fernald. Stem and branches more slender, the 
 latter flexuous ; leaves thin, shining, some of the basal ones orbicular ; flowers and 
 achenes smaller. Me. and Quebec to Mass. 
 
 18. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. ROCK CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1610.) 
 Similar to the preceding species but usually smaller, villous with spreading hairs, 
 flowering when very young, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaves thin, dull green, the basal 
 ones ovate or suborbicular, 3-lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at 
 the base; segments of the upper leaves narrow; flowers about 6 mm. broad; sepals 
 narrowed into a short claw; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle 
 linear, glabrous or very nearly so. In rich woods, often on rocks, range appar- 
 ently nearly that of K, abortivus. Roots tuberous. April- May. 
 
RANUNCULACEAE. 427 
 
 19. Ranunculus Alleghaniensis Britton. MOUNTAIN CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1611.) Similar in aspect to K. abortivus and R. micranthus, glabrous; stem 
 widely branched, 3-6 dm. tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular, 1.5-5 cm - 
 wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; 
 stem leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided into linear acute segments; 
 flowers about 6 mm. broad; petals glandular; head of fruit 4 mm. in diameter; 
 achenes slightly compressed and margined; styles of about one-half their length. 
 Mountains of Va. and N. Car. to Penn., the Catskills, and eastern Mass. April May. 
 
 20. Ranunculus scelera'us L. CELERY-LEAVED OR DITCH CROWFOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 1612.) Stout, 1.5-6 dm. high, freely branching. Basal leaves thick 3-5- 
 lobed, on long and broad petioles, the blade 3-5 cm. broad, reniform or cordate. 
 those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided; flowers 6-8 
 mm. broad, the petals about equalling the calyx; head of fruit oblong or c\lindric, 
 8-12 mm. long; achenes I mm. long, very numerous, merely apiculate. In 
 swamps and wet ditches, N. B. to Fla., Kans.. and Minn. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. April-Aug. 
 
 21. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. HOOKED CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1613.) 
 Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, usually hirsute, branching. Leaves all petioled, broadly 
 reniform, 5-7 cm. wide, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate, acute, 
 toothed and lobed; flowers light yellow, the petals not exceeding the reflexed 
 calyx; head of fruit globose, 12 mm. wide; achenes compressed, margined. In 
 woods, N. S. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Mo. April -June. 
 
 22. Ranunculus acris L. TALL OR MEADOW BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1614.) 
 Hairy, branched above, 6-9 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, 3~7-divided, 
 the divisions sessile and cleft into numerous narrow mainly acute lobes; upper 
 leaves short-petioled and merely 3-parted; flowers about 2 cm. broad; petals twice 
 or thrice the length of the calyx, obovate; head of fruit globose, 12-14 mm. broad. 
 In fields and meadows, common, especially in the Northern States and Canada. 
 Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 23. Ranunculus bulbosus L. BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1615.) Erect, 
 hairy, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 3 divided, the terminal division stalked, 
 the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, all variously lobed and cleft, flowers about 
 2 cm. broad; petals much longer than sepals, obovate, rounded; head of fruit 
 globose, 10-12 mm. broad; achenes compressed, very short-beaked. In fields and 
 along roadsides, in the Eastern States. Nat. from Europe. May-July. 
 
 24. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus L. f. BRISTLY BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 
 1616. ) Erect, branching, pilose-hispid, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves thin, 3- 
 divided; divisions deeply 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, acute, incised; 
 flowers 6-8 mm. wide; head of fruit 6 mm. thick, sometimes 12 mm. long; achenes 
 smooth, pointed with a sharp beak one-third their length; receptacle hairy. In 
 wet, open places, N. S. to Ga. and west to the Rocky Mts. and Br. Col. June-Aug. 
 
 25. Ranunculus Macounii Britton. MACOUN'S BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1617.) 
 Erect or diffuse, hairy, branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 3-divided, the blade 
 5-8 cm. long, the divisions broadly oblong, acute, cuneate. variously cleft and 
 lobed; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; head of fruit oblong, 8 mm. thick; achenes 
 smooth, pointed with a sharp beak about one-fourth their length. Western Ont., 
 Iowa and west to the Pacific Coast, extending south in the Rocky- Mts. to Ariz. 
 Summer. 
 
 26. Ranunculus repens L. CREEPING BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1618.) Gen- 
 erally hairy, sometimes only slightly so. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the terminal 
 division, or all three stalked, all ovate, cuneate or truncate, acute, cleft and lobed, 
 often blotched; petals obovate, much exceeding the spreading sepals; head of fruit 
 globose, 8 mm. in diameter; achenes margined, tipped with a stout short slightly 
 bent beak. Fields and roadsides, Newf. to Va. and locally in the interior. Mainly 
 introduced from Europe. May-July. 
 
 27. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. SWAMP OR MARSH BUTTERCUP. (I. 
 F. f. 1619.) Roots fibrous; plant branching, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous, or some- 
 times pubescent, the later branches procumbent and sometimes rooting at the 
 nodes. Leaves large, petioled, 3-divided; divisions mostly cuneate cleft into 
 broad lobes; petals obovate, twice the length of the spreading sepals; head 
 of fruit globose or oval, 8 mm. in diameter; achenes flat, strongly margined. 
 
428 FLORA. 
 
 Mainly in swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Manitoba, Ga., Ky. and Kans., 
 April-July. 
 
 28. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. HISPID BUTTERCUP. (T. F. f. 1620.) 
 Densely villous when young, sometimes merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate 
 when old; stems ascending or spreading, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves pinnately 3-5- 
 divided, the divisions sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin, Mowers 12-35 mm. 
 broad; petals about twice as long as the spreading sepals; head of fruit globose- 
 oval or globose; achenes broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined. In dry 
 woods and thickets, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Ark. March-May. 
 
 29. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. EARLY OR TUFTED BUTTERCUP. (I. F. 
 f. 1621.) Pubescent; plant generally low, 1.5-3 dm. high, tufted. Leaves petioled, 
 3~5-divided; divisions stalked (especially the terminal one), deeply lobed and cleft, 
 the lobes oblong or linear; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading sepals, 
 rounded, truncate or even emarginate; head of fruit globose, about 8 mm. in diam- 
 eter; achenes flat, slightly margined. Woods, Ont. and N. Eng. to N. Car., west 
 to Manitoba, Kans. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 30. Ranunculus parvulus L. HAIRY BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 1622.) Erect, 
 hairy, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, branching. Basal and lower leaves broad-petioled, the 
 blade about 5 cm. broad and long, 3 -divided or cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, 
 cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft 
 into linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers yellow, 10-15 mm - broad; petals 
 much exceeding the reflexed calyx; head of fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. thick; achenes 
 flat, strongly margined, short-beaked. In ballast grounds and waste places, N. B. 
 to Va. and Fla. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 31. Ranunculus parviflorus L. SMALL FLOWERED CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1623.) Hairy, slender, diffuse, branching from the base, 15-25 cm. high. Basal 
 leaves long-petioled, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, 2.5 cm. broad or less, 
 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and toothed; upper leaves short- petioled 
 or nearly sessile, 3-5 -parted into linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, 2-4 mm. wide, 
 the petals not longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. broad; achenes 
 flat, margined, densely papillose, 3 mm. long, tipped with a sharp beak of about 
 one-fourth their length. In waste places, Md. and eastern Va. to Fla., Ark. and 
 Tex., and in ballast grounds about the northern seaports. Nat. or fugitive from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 32. Ranunculus muricatus L. SPINY-FRUITED CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1624.) 
 Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched from the base, 3-6 dm. high. Lower 
 and basal leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, 3 
 5 cm. wide, 3-lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided, cuneate, short-petioled 
 or sessile; flowers light yellow, 6-10 mm. wide, the petals exceeding the calyx; 
 head of iruit globular, 10-12 mm. wide; achenes flat, 4 m. long, tipped with a stout 
 slightly curved beak. Waste places, eastern Va. and southward, naturalized or 
 fugitive from Europe. Also on the Pacific Coast. Native also in Asia and natu- 
 ralized in tropical America. Summer. 
 
 33. Ranunculus arvensis L. CORN CROWFOOT. HUNGER-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 1625.) Erect, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, 3 dm. or more 
 high. Lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply cleft or divided into 
 linear-oblong, ^ obtuse cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the lowest entire; 
 flowers 12-16 mm. broad, pale yellow, the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 8- 
 16 mm., flattened, margined, 4 mm. long, tipped with a subulate beak. In waste 
 grounds, Tom's River and Passaic, N. J., and in ballast about the northern sea- 
 ports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 23 BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed 
 leaves, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small 
 white flowers, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves; sepals and petals usually 5. 
 Petals oblong or oval, the base sometimes yellowish, the claw bearing a small pit. 
 Stamens several or numerous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, nearly 
 or quite beakless, transversely wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] 
 About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 
 others occur in northwestern N. Am, 
 
RA NUNCULA CEA E. 429 
 
 Leaves all reniform, 3~5-lobed, about i cm. wide: receptacle glabrous. 
 
 i. B. hederaceum. 
 Leaves all dissected into filiform segments ; receptacle hairy. 
 
 Leaves sessile, circinate, the segments short, spreading around the stem nearly in 
 
 one plane ; beak of achene minute. 2. B. divaricatum. 
 
 Leaves more or less petioled, not circinate. 
 
 Beak of achene nearly i mm. long. 3. B. longirostris. 
 
 Beak of achene minute or none. 
 
 Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate ; stamens many. 
 
 Segments of the leaves 10-15 mm - l n R rather rigid, scarcely collaps- 
 ing when withdrawn from water. 4. B. trichophyllum. 
 Segments of the leaves 15-30 mm. long, flaccid, collapsing when with- 
 drawn from wa^er. 5. ti. Jlaccidum. 
 Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate, stamens 5-12. 
 
 Stem slender; leaves not very flaccid. 6. B. Drouetii. 
 
 Stem filiform; leaves very flaccid. 7. B. con/ervotdes. 
 
 1. Batrachium hederaceum (L. ) S. F. Gray. IVY-LEAVED CROWFOOT. 
 (I. Ff. 1628.) Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints, branching, entirely 
 glabrous. Leaves floating, or spreading on the mud, the lobes obtuse; flowers 
 white, 4-6 mm. broad; head of fruit globose, 4 mm. wide; achenes rugose, mi- 
 nutely beaked. In ponds and pools, Newf. and southeastern Va. Nat. from 
 Europe. June-Aug. Ranunculus hederaceus L.] 
 
 2. Batiachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm. CIRCINATE WHITE WATER- 
 CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 1627.) Submerged, 3 dm. or more. Leaves distant, 1-2 
 cm. broad, with very short lobes; stipules membranaceous, very short and broad, gla- 
 brate; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; petals broadly obovate, about 5 mm. long; head 
 of fruit globose. Very rare; most specimens referred here belong to the next. 
 Lakes and ponds, N. Eng. to Minn. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Batrachium longirostris (Godr.) F. Schultz. LONG-BEAKED WHITE 
 WATER-CROWFOOT. Stem very leafy, submerged. Petioles short; stipules broad 
 and hairy; segments very numerous, about 15 mm. long, not flaccid; peduncles 
 2-4 cm. long; petals broadly ovate, 5-7 mm. long; head globose. Has been 
 confused with the preceding. In ponds and streams, Ont. and N. Eng. to Minn.. 
 N. Mex. and Mo. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch. WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 1626.) Submerged; stems usually 3 dm. long or more. Leaves petioled, 
 3-5 cm. long, stipules broad and short, hairy; flowers white, 12-18 mm. broad, 
 on stout peduncles 2-5 cm. long, blooming at the surface of the water; head 
 of fruit globose, 4mm. broad; receptacle hairy; achenes apiculate but beakless. 
 In ponds and streams, N. S. to Br. Col., south to N. Car. and Cal. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. The so-called van caespitosus is a small mud form with rather fleshy 
 leaf-segments. June-Sept. \Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix.] 
 
 5. Batrachium flaccidum (Pers. ) Rupr. FLACCID WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT. 
 Like the next preceding except the leaves, which have longer, more slender petioles 
 and very long flaccid leaf-segments, collapsing when withdrawn from water. In 
 streams, Mass, to Wash., south to N. Car. and Lower Cal. Also in Europe, Asia 
 and South Africa. May-Sept 
 
 6. Batrachium Drouetii (F. Schultz) Nym. DROUET'S W T HITE WATER-CROW- 
 FOOT. Like B. trichophyllum, but more slender and with smaller flowers, fewer and 
 more slender leaf-segments, narrower and glabrous stipules and fewer stamens. In 
 streams, Vt. and R. I. to Alaska, south to Lower Cal. Also in Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and Bolivia. 
 
 7. Batrachium confervoides Fries. FILIFORM WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT. 
 Resembling the last, but stem filiform, 1-2 dm. long; leaves very flaccid and the 
 receptacles conic, not ovoid. In cold pools, from Lake Winnipeg (according to 
 Hiern) to Alaska, and south to the Yellowstone Park. Also northern Europe. 
 
 24. FICARIA Huds. 
 
 Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, 
 branched or simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate 
 leaves, and large solitary yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or some- 
 times 5, deciduous. Petal? 7-12 (commonly 8 , yellow, or red at the base, bearing 
 
43 FLORA. 
 
 a small pit at the base of the blade. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes 
 slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed. Cotyledon only one. [Latin, 
 fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. 
 i. Ficaria Ficana (L.) Karst. LESSER CELANDINE. (I. F. f. 1629.) Gla- 
 brous; flowering stems scapose, 10-12 cm. high, bearing I or 2 leaves or naked. 
 Leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on broad petioles, the blade 
 3-5 cm. long; flowers yellow, 2.5 cm. broad; head of fruit globose, I cm. broad; 
 carpels beakless, truncate. College Point, Long Island; Staten Island; Philadelphia 
 and D. C. Fugitive from Europe; also in western Asia. April-May. 
 
 25. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. 
 
 A glabrous perennial herb, with fibrous roots, slender erect stems, crenate or 
 lobed leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals 5, spreading, deciduous. Petals 
 5, narrowly spatulate or oblong, bearing a small pit near the base. Stamens and 
 pistils numerous. Head of fruit globose. Achenes terete, longitudinally ribbed or 
 nerved, tipped with the inflexed style. [Greek, curved-beak.] The genus as here 
 recognized consists of the following species only. 
 
 I. Cyrtorhyncha ranunciilina Nutt. NUTTALL'S BUTTERCUP. (I. F. f. 
 1630.) Slender, glabrous, erect, branched above, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Basal 
 leaves on long slender petioles, bipinnate, parted into oblong or linear, acutish 
 lobes; stem leaves few, ternately or pinnately parted into linear lobes; flowers few, 
 corymbose, about 12 mm. broad; sepals yellow, petaloid, spreading; petals spatu- 
 late; achenes 2-3 mm. long, in a globose head, glabrous, oblong-cylindric. In 
 gravelly soil, VVyo. and Colo. Reported from Neb. June. 
 
 26. OXYGRAPHIS Bunge. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed long-petioled leaves, and small 
 yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals 
 usually 5, spreading, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each bearing a small nectar- 
 pit near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or 
 subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, with- 
 out a hard coat. [Greek, sharp-style.] About 10 species, the following of North 
 America, Asia and southern South America, the others Asiatic. 
 
 I. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. SEASIDE CROWFOOT. (I. F. f. 
 1631.) Low, glabrous, spreading by runners. Leaves mostly basal, slender- 
 petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reniform, crenate, 4-18 mm. long; flowers 1-7, 
 about 6-8 mm. broad, borne on scapes 2-12 cm. long, these sometimes bearing one 
 or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long; achenes 
 compressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. On 
 sandy shores, N. J. to Lab., west to Alaska, Cal., Mex. and Kans. Also in Asia 
 and S. Am. Summer. [Ranunculus Cymbalaria L.] 
 
 27. THALICTRUM L. (See Appendix ) 
 
 Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and cauhne, the 
 latter alternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, green- 
 ish-white, panicled or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals none. Carpels commonly 
 few, one-deeded, ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile. Stamens oo , ex- 
 serted. [Derivation doubtful.] A genus of about 75 species, most abundant in 
 the north temperate zone, a few in the Andes of South America, India and South 
 Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 8 others occur in south- 
 ern and western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Stem simple, scape-like; achenes sessile ; filaments slender. i. T. alpinum. 
 Stem branched, leafy; achenes long-stipitate; filaments spatulate, petal-like. 
 
 2. 7\ clavatum. 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. 
 
 Filaments filiform or slender, not wider than the anthers. 
 
 Flowers strictly dioecious ; lower stem leaves distinctly petioled. 
 Achenes terete ; eastern species. 
 
 Leaflets thin, orbicular or broader ; roots not yellow. 
 
 3. T. dioicum. 
 Leaflets thick, obovate or reniform ; roots bright yellow. 
 
 4. T, conaceum. 
 
RA N UNCULA CEA E. 43 1 
 
 Achenes 2-edged ; western species. 5. /". venulosum* 
 
 Flowers polygamous; leaflets usually glandular, or waxy ; stem leaves almost 
 sessile. 6. T. purpurascens. 
 
 Filaments spatulate, often wider than the anthers ; plant not glandular. 
 
 7. 7 . polygamum. 
 
 1. Thalictrum alpinum L. ARCTIC OR DWARF MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 
 1632.) Smooth or slightly glandular, 3-10 cm. high. Leaves small, tufted at the 
 summits of scaly rootstocks, biternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 
 3~5-lobed at the apex, margins revolute; panicle very simple, often racemose; 
 stamens about 10; anthers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes 3 mm. 
 long, obliquely obovoid. Anticosti, Newt, and Arctic Am. Also in the Rocky 
 Mts., Cal. and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Thalictrum clavatum DC. MOUNTAIN MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 1633.) 
 Glabrous, branching, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate- 
 cuneate, basal and cauline, large, biternate; leaflets thin, stalked, with 3 main 
 lobes and a few secondary ones, their margins not revolute; inflorescence cymose; 
 anthers oblong, blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their stipes or longer, obliquely 
 ovoid, narrowed at each end, flattened; stigma minute. Mountains of Va. and W. 
 Va. to Ga., Ala. and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 3. Thalictrum dioicum L. EARLY MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 1634.) Glabrous, 
 erect, 3-6 dm. high, slender, leafy; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets pale beneath, often 
 cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate, 5~9-lobed; flowers greenish; pani- 
 cle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; filaments longer than the 
 sepals; achenes ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate, deeply grooved, much longer 
 than the style. In woods, Lab. and Anticosti to Ala., west to Saskatch. and Mo. 
 April-May. 
 
 4. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. THICK-LEAVED MEADOW-RUE. 
 (I. F. f. 1635.) Tall, 1-1.5 m - high. Stem striate, paniculately branched above; 
 leaves 3-4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower petioles expanded at the base into 
 stipule-like appendages; leaflets nearly white beneath, usually deeply and sharply 
 incised, the veins prominent on the lower surface; stamiriate flowers nearly white; 
 pistillate flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid, subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, 
 longer than the persistent style. In open places, mountains of Va., N. Car. and 
 Ky. May-June. 
 
 5. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. VEINY MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 1636.) 
 Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem purplish, erect, or assurgent at the base, 
 1.5-6 dm. tall. Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm, obovate or sub- 
 orbicular, rounded at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 8-16 mm. 
 long, 3-5-lobed, the lower surface rather prominently rugose-veined; anthers linear, 
 slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile, tapering into a short beak, thick- 
 walled, 2-edged. In dry soil, Manitoba and S. Dak. to the N. W. Terr, and Wash., 
 south to Colo. May -June. 
 
 6. Thalictrum purpurascens L. PURPLISH MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 1637.) 
 Stout, erect, 1-2 m. high, leafy, branching above, glandular, pubescent or even 
 glabrous; leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets thick, oblong or obovate, dark green above, 
 commonly waxy beneath, with revolute margins; anthers linear or linear-oblong, 
 cuspidate; stigma linear, persistent; achenes ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, short- 
 stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. In copses and woodlands, N. S. and Anticosti 
 to Fla., west to Saskatch. and Ariz. Stems often purplish. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Thalictrum polfgamum Muhl. TALL MEADOW-RUE. (I. F. f. 1638.) 
 Stout, 1-2.5 m. high, branching, leafy, smooth or pubescent but not glandular nor 
 waxy. Leaves 3-4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light green above and paler 
 beneath, oblong, obovate or orbicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes; 
 flowers polygamous, white; anthers oblong, short; achenes ovoid, stipitate, 6-8- 
 winged, glabrous or pubescent. Lab. and Quebec to Fla., west to Ohio. 
 
 28. ADONIS L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments. Flowers 
 yellower red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Carpels oo , I -ovuled. 
 Achenes capitate or spicate. tipped with the persistent styles. [Mythological name 
 
43 2 FLORA. 
 
 for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.] A genus of Europe and Asia, 
 consisting of the following and about five other species. 
 
 1. Adonis annua L. PHEASANT'S EYE. (I. F. f. 1639.) Annual, erect, 
 3-6 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves finely dissected, the lower petioied, the upper 
 sessile, the segments acute ; sepals smooth, deciduous ; flowers 1.5-3.5 cm - broad, 
 nearly globular, the petals obovate, and darker colored at the base ; achenes 
 spicate, rugose or angular. Occasional in waste places, especially southward. 
 Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 Family 6. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. 
 
 Barberry Family. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, with or without 
 stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and 
 petals generally imbricated in several series. Stamens as many as the 
 petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one 
 in our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podo- 
 phylluni). Style short ; ovules 2-00 , anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. 
 About 20 genera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temper- 
 ate zone, the Andes and temperate S. Am., a few in tropical regions. 
 Shrubs ; fruit baccate. i. Berberis. 
 
 Herbs. 
 
 Anthers opening by valves. 
 
 Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling 
 
 berri es. 2 . Caulophyilum. 
 
 Fruit baccate ; stamens 6. 3. Diphyll'eia. 
 
 Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 4. Jeffersonia. 
 
 Anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; fruit baccate ; stamens 6-18. 
 
 5. Podophyllum. 
 i. BERBERIS L. 
 
 Shrubs with yellow wood, simple or compound often spiny leaves, and yellow 
 racemose (rarely solitary) flowers. Sepals 6-9. petaloid, bracted. Petals 6. im- 
 bricated in 2 series, each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6, irritable, closing 
 around the stigma when shocked ; anthers dehiscent by valves opening from the 
 apex. Pistil i ; stigma peltate. Berry i-few-seeded. [From the Arabic name.] 
 A genus of about 75 species, natives of N. Am., Europe, northern Asia and S. Am. 
 Besides the following, about 10 others are found in the western parts of N. Am. 
 Leaves simple ; racemes drooping ; berries scarlet. 
 
 Twigs ash-colored ; racemes many-flowered ; petals entire. i. B. vnlgaris. 
 Twigs dark brown '; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched. 2. B. Canadensis. 
 Leaves pinnate ; racemes erect ; berries blue or purple. 3. B. Aqnifolium. 
 
 T. Berberis vulgaris L. EUROPEAN BARBERRY. (I. F. f. 1640.) A glabrous 
 shrub, 2-3 m. high, the branches arched, the twigs gray. Leaves alternate 01 
 fascicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, bristly serrate, 
 many of those on shoots reduced to 3 -pronged spines ; racemes lateral, many- 
 flowered, 2-io cm. long ; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. broad ; petals entire ; berries 
 oblontr. scarlet when ripe, acid. In thickets, nat. from Europe in the Eastern 
 and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. May-June. 
 
 2. Berberis Canadensis Mill. AMERICAN BARBERRY. (I. F f. 1641.) A 
 shrub, 0.3-2 m. high, with slender, reddish brown branchlets. Leaves similar 
 to those of B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and distant teeth, or sometimes 
 nearly entire ; racemes fe w- flowered ; petals notched or emarginate at the apex ; 
 berries scarlet, oval or subglobose. In woods, mountains of Va. to Ga., and in 
 Mo. June. 
 
 3. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. TRAILING MAHONIA. (I. Y. f. 1642.) A 
 trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves petioied, pinnate : leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval, or 
 nearly orbicular, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, sessile, 
 thick, persistent, finely reticulated, dentate with spine-bearing teeth, 2-5 cm. 
 long ; racemes several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flowered ; flowers yellow, 
 6-8 mm. broad, short-pedicelled ; bracts ovate, persistent ; berry globose, blue or 
 purple, about 6 mm. in diameter. W. .Neb., Ariz, and Br. Col. April-May. 
 
BERBER ID A CEA E. 433 
 
 a. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 
 
 Erect herbs, with thickened rootstocks. and ternately compound leaves. Sepals 
 6, the calyx 3~4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucullate, opposite the sepals. Sta- 
 mens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; 
 ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate seeds, resembling berries, which in 
 growth soon rupture .the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem leaf.] 
 
 i. CaulophyllumthalictroidesiL.) Michx. BLL-E COHOSH. ( I. F. f. 1643.) 
 Glabrous, glaucous when young, 3-9 dm. high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing scales 
 at the base, a large triteruate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and generally a 
 smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long 
 petioled. the ultimate segments thin, 2-8 cm. long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5- 
 lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 5-8 cm. long; flowers greenish purple. 8-12 
 mm. broad; seeds 8 mm. in diameter, blue, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 
 6 mm. long. In woods, N. B. to S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. 
 
 
 Herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flowers. 
 Sepals 6. petaloid. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pis- 
 til i; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. 
 [Greek, double-leaf.] Two species, one of eastern Is. Am., the other of Japan. 
 
 i. Uiphylleia cymosa Michx. UMBRELLA- LEAF. (I. F. f. 1644.) Erect, 
 stout, 3 -6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal leaves solitary, long- petioled, 3-6 
 dm. in diameter, peltate, deeply 2-cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, 
 sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, petioled, constricted in the 
 middle and generally peltate near the margin; cyme many-flowered, 5-8 cm. 
 broad; petals oblong, obtuse; fruiting pedicels slender, 2 cm. long or more; berries 
 b.'ue, oblong, 1-1.5 cm> l n g- ^ n woods, Va. to Tenn. and Ga. along the moun- 
 tains. May-June. 
 
 4. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with basal palmately-veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and 
 solitary white flowers on slender scapes. Sepals 4, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, 
 flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil I, 
 many-ovuled. Capsule leathery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. 
 Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.]. Two species, one of 
 eastern N. Am., the other of Mantchuria. 
 
 i. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. TWIN-LEAF. (I. F. f. 1645.) Scape 
 erect. 1.5-2 dm. high when in flower, attaining 4-4.5 dm. in fruit. Leaves glau- 
 cous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 715 cm. long, 510 cm. wide, 
 parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; flowers 
 about 2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong; stigma peltate, undulate; capsule about 2.5 
 cm. long, short-stipitate. In woods, Out. to Wis., Va. and Tenn. May. 
 
 5. PODOPHYLLUM L. 
 
 Erect herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately 
 lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 
 9-6, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as 
 the petals; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely several \ 
 many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, en- 
 closed in fleshy arils. [Greek, duck-foot leaf.] About 4 species, one of eastern 
 N. Am., the others Asiatic. 
 
 i. Podophyllum peltatum I,. MAY APPLE. WILD MANDRAKE. (I. F. f. 
 1646.) Erect, 3-4 dm. high. Basal leaves centrally peltate, nearly 3 dm. in di- 
 ameter, long petioled, deeply 5~7-lobed, glabrous, or pubescent on the lower 
 surface; lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex; flowering stems bearing 1-3 similar 
 leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower stout-pedunded. nodding, 5 cm. broad, 
 appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generally from immediately "between 
 the two leaves: fruit ovoid, yellowish 5 cm. long, edible. In low woods, Quebec 
 3nd Om, to Minn., Fla. ? La. and Tex. May, 
 
434 FLORA. 
 
 Family 7. MENISPERMACEAE DC. 
 
 Moonseed Family. 
 
 Vines with alternate entire or lobed leaves, no stipules, and small 
 dioecious panicled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, 
 imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the 
 same number as the petals. Carpels 3-xj (generally 6), i-ovu!ed sepa- 
 rati- ; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo long, 
 curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribu- 
 tion, a few extending into the temperate zones. 
 
 Petals none. i. Calycocarpum. 
 Petals present. 
 
 Stamens 6; drupe red. 2. Cebatha. 
 
 Stamens i2-many; drupe black. 3. Menispermum. 
 
 x. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. 
 
 Leaves large, petioled, palmately lobed. Flowers greenish in long narrow 
 drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Stamens about 12, nearly equalling 
 the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval, the stone 
 flattened and hollowed out on one side. [Greek, cup-fruit, in allusion to the cup- 
 like stone.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 I. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. CUP-SEED. (I. F. f. 1647.) Climb- 
 ing to the tops of trees, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves thin, broadly 
 ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 1-2 dm. long, cordate with a broad sinus, 
 5~7-lobed, glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath; lobes 
 ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, repand, dentate or entire; panicles axillary, 
 1-2.5 dm. long; flowers 4 mm. broad; crupe nearly 2.5 cm. long, black, the stone 
 toothed or erose along the margin of its lateral cavity ; pistillate flowers sometimes 
 containing abortive stamens. In rich woods, 111. to Mo., Kans., Fla. and lex. 
 May-June, the fruit ripe in August. 
 
 2. CEBATHA Forsk. [COCCULUS DC.] 
 
 Flowers small, dioecious, panicled. Sepals 6, in two series. Petals 6, shorter 
 than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4- lobed. Pistils 3-6, 
 sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments; styles erect; stigma entire. Drupe 
 globose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Name Arabic.] About 10 species, 
 manly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones. 
 
 i. Cebatha Carolina (L.) Britton. CAROLINA MOONSEED. (I. F. f. 1648.) 
 Trailing or climbing, the stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 
 cm. long, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or lobed, sometimes densely pu- 
 bescent beneath, mainly glabrous above; petioles 2-10 cm. long; panicles loose, 
 2-13 cm. long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; drupe red, laterally flattened, 4-6 mm. 
 in diameter, the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the sides and back. 
 Along streams, Va. to 111., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 3. MENISPERMUM L. 
 
 Flowers small, panicled. Sepals 4-8, in two series, longer than the 6-8 petals. 
 Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, on a slightly elevated receptacle, 
 generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Drupe nearly globular, or ovoid, 
 laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the sides and back. 
 [Greek, moonseed.] Two species, one of eastern N. Am., the other of eastern 
 Asia. 
 
 i. Menispermum Canadense L. CANADA MOONSEED. (I. F. f. 1649.) 
 Stem slender, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly 
 ovate, 1-2 dm. wide, cordate or sometimes nearly truncate at base, entire, or with 
 3-7 lobes, pale beneath, peltate near the base; flowers greenish white, 4 mm. 
 wide; panicles loose, bracteolate; drupe bluish black, globose-oblong, 6-8 mm. in 
 diameter, In woods, Quebec to Manitoba, Ga. and Ark. June-July, 
 
CA L YCA N THA CEA ELA URA CEA E. 43 5 
 
 Family 8. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Strawberry-shrub Family. 
 
 Shrubs, with op[ osite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and 
 terminal solitary large flowers on leafy branches. Sepals and petals im- 
 bricated in many series. Stamens <x> , the inner sterile, short, inserted on 
 the receptacle; anthers innate. Pistils oo , nearly enclosed in the hollow 
 receptacle ; ovules I or 2, anatropous. Fruit accessory, consisting of the 
 enlarged ovoid oblong or pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of 
 petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, enclosing few to many smooth shin- 
 ing achenes. Seed erect ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. A family of 
 2 genera and about 5 species, natives of N. Am. and eastern Asia. 
 
 i. BUTNERIA Duham. [CALYCANTHUS L.] 
 
 Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the 
 family. [Name in honor of Butner or Buettner.] The genus comprises 3 species, 
 one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific Coast. Chimonan- 
 thus Lindl. ol Japan and China comprises 2 species. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath ; flowers fragrant. i. B.florida. 
 
 Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above; flowers not fragrant. 
 
 2. B.fertilis. 
 
 1. Butneria florida (L.) Kearney. HAIRY STRAWBERRY-SHRUB. (I. F. f. 
 1650.) A branching shrub, 1-3 m. high, the branchlets and petioles pubescent. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, rough above; flowers dark purple, about 2.5 cm. broad, with 
 a strong odor of strawberries when crushed ; sepals and petals linear or oblong, 
 12-16 mm. long. In rich soil, Va. (?), N. Car. to Ga., Ala. and Miss. April- Aug. 
 
 2. Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney. SMOOTH STRAWBERRY-SHRUB. (I. F. f. 
 1651.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lan- 
 ceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rough and dark green above, 
 glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath or bright green and smooth on 
 both sides; sepals and petals linear or linear- lanceolate, acute; flowers greenish- 
 purple, inodorous. In rich woods, Fenn. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. March- Aug. 
 
 Family 9. LAURACEAE Lindl. 
 Laurel Family. 
 
 Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) 
 mostly thick, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polyg- 
 amous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or 
 greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbles. Calyx 4-6-parted, 
 the segments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens 
 inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them com- 
 monly imperfect or reduced to staminodia : anthers opening by valves. 
 Ovary superior, free from the calyx, i -celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, 
 pendulous; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a i-seeded drupe or berry. 
 Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 
 genera and 900 species, widely distributed in tropical regions ; a few in 
 the temperate zones. 
 
 Flowers perfect, panicled, not involucrate : leaves evergreen. i. Persea. 
 
 Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate, involucrate ; leaves deciduous. 
 Anthers 4-cellecl. 
 
 Flowers in umbelled racemes ; leaves, or some of them, lobed. 2. Sassafras. 
 Flowers in capitate umbels ; leaves all entire. 3. Malapoenna. 
 
 Anthers 2-celled ; leaves entire. 4- Benzoin. 
 
 i. PERSEA Gaertn. f. 
 
 Leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire. Calyx 6-parted, persistent. 
 Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 
 
43^ FLORA. 
 
 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third 
 series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, 
 stalked. Fruit a berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.] About 50 species, 
 natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Fla. 
 
 Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. i. P. Borbonia. 
 
 Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. 2. /. pubescens, 
 
 1. Persea Borbonia (L.) Spreng. RED BAY. ISABELLA-WOOD. (1. F. f. 1652.) 
 A tree, with dark red bark. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright 
 green above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 2-5 cm. wide, obscurely veined, 
 narrowed at the base; petioles 1-2.5 cm - l n gj peduncles short, axillary, often little 
 longer than the petioles, bearing lew-flowered panicles ; calyx puberulent, spread- 
 ing in fruit, its inner segments longer than the outer; berries dark blue,' about 12 
 mm. in diameter, their pedicels thick, red. Along streams and borders of swamps, 
 Del. (?), Va. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. April-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. SWAMP BAY. (I. F. f. 1653.) Bark 
 brown ; leaves oval, oblong or lanceolate, glabrous and shining above when mature, 
 pubescent beneath or also tomentose on the veins, strongly veined, 1-4 cm. wide; 
 petioles 0.8-1.6 cm. long ; peduncles tomentose, mostly longer than the petioles, 
 sometimes 5-8 cm. long; calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than the outer; 
 berry dark blue, 12-18 mm. in diameter. In swamps and along streams, S. Va. 
 to Fla. and Miss. May -July. Fruit ripe Sept. 
 
 2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. 
 
 A rough-barked tree, with broad entire or 2-6-lobed leaves, and yellow dioe- 
 cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding 
 season, unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persist- 
 ent bud-scales. Calyx 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its seg- 
 ments equal. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with 
 glandless filaments, those of the inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the 
 base. Anthers introrse, 4 valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 staminodia and 
 an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong -globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.] 
 A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. SASSAFRAS OR AGUE TREE. (I. F. f. 
 1654.) A tree sometimes 40 m. high, the twigs and leaves mucilaginous, pubescent 
 when young but becoming glabrous. Leaves oval or often as wide as long, mem- 
 branous, pinnately veined, petioled; racemes several or numerous in the umbels, ped- 
 uncled ; flowers about 6 mm. broad; stamens about equalling the calyx-segments; 
 fruiting pedicels red, much thickened below the calyx; drupe nearly 1.2 cm. high. 
 In dry soil, Me. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. April-May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 
 3. MALAPOENNA Adans. [TETRANTHERA Jacq.] 
 
 Leaves entire, deciduous in our species. Flowers small, greenish or yellow, in 
 umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud scales, axillary, or in the follow- 
 ing species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous season. 
 Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 
 series of 3 stamens, their anthers all 4-celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate 
 flowers with 9 or 12 staminodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small drupe. 
 [Malabar name.] About 100 species, natives of tropical and warm regions of l)oth 
 the Old World and the New, only the following known in N Am. 
 
 i. Malapoenna ge-iiculata (Walt.) Coulter. POND SPICE (I F. f. 1655 ) 
 A much-branched shrub, with terete smooth zigzag twigs. Leaves oblonp. firm, 
 1-5 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, narrowed at the base, glabrous above, paler and 
 puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, or quite glabrous when mature; umbels 
 2- 4-flowered, sessile ; involucres of 2-4 scales ; flowers yellow, less than 4 mm. 
 broad ; drupe globose, red, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, 
 S. Va. to Fla. March -April. 
 
 4. BENZOIN Fabric. [LINDERA Thunb.] 
 
 Leaves alternate, pinnately veined and in our species deciduous. Flowers 
 or polygamous, yellow, in lateral sessile involucr^te dusters unfolding 
 
PA PA VERA CEA E. 437 
 
 before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx -segments 6, equal, 
 deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series oi 3 stamens, the H laments of the 
 inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the two outer series 
 glandless; anthers introrse, 2 valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-15 staminodia 
 and a globose ovary. Fruit a red drupe. [Named from Benzoin gum, from its 
 similar fragrance.] About 7 species, of eastern N. Am. and Asia. Only the 
 following are North American. 
 
 Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout ; leaves narrowed at the base. 
 
 i. B. Benzoin. 
 
 Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent ; leaves rounded or subcordate at the 
 base. 2. B. melissaefolium. 
 
 1. Benzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter. SPICE- BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH. (I. F. f. 
 1656.) A shrub, 1-7 m. high, with smooth bark. Leaves obovate, oval or elliptic, 
 513 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, or those of shoots much larger, acute, short-acuminate 
 or some of them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base; petioles 6-12 mm. 
 long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, fragrant; pedicels about equalling the calyx- 
 segments; ovary about as long as the style; drupe 8-10 mm. long, about 6 mm. in 
 diameter. In moist woods, thickets and along streams, Me. to Ont., Mich., N. Car., 
 Tenn. and Kans. March-May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. HAIRY SPICE-BUSH. (I. F. f. 
 1657.) Similar to the preceding, but the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces 
 of the leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3.6 
 cm. wide; petioles 2-6 mm. long; pedicels equalling or slightly longer than the 
 calyx segments; drupe 6-10 mm. high. In swamps and wet soil, 111. and Mo. 
 to N. Car., Ala. and Fla. Feb. -March. 
 
 Order 15. PAPAVERALES. 
 
 Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with 
 very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens 
 hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed 
 of two united carpels, or more. 
 
 Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy. Fam. i. Papaveraceae, 
 
 Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none. 
 
 Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent ; 
 
 sepals and petals 4. Fam. 2. Cruciferae. 
 
 Capsule i -celled, of 2-6 carpels. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular ; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved. 
 
 Fam. 3. Capparidaceae. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular ; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6 valved at the top ; 
 disk large. Fam. 4. Resedaceae. 
 
 Family i. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. 
 Poppy Family. 
 
 Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper 
 rarely opposite. Stipules noner^ Flowers perfectrregulaf or irregular. 
 Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, 
 often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, distinct ; filaments 
 filiform; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i, many-ovuled, 
 mainly i -celled ; style short; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, gen- 
 erally dehiscent by a pore, or by valves, rarely indehiscent. About 26 
 genera and 200 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north 
 temperate zone. 
 
43 8 FLORA. 
 
 * Flowers regular. 
 Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle. 
 
 Leaves not spiny-toothed. I. Papaver. 
 
 Leaves spiny-toothed. 2. Argemone. 
 
 Pod dehiscent to the base. 
 
 Flowers white; juice red. 3. Sanguinaria, 
 
 Flowers and juice yellow. 
 
 Capsule oblong or short-linear, bristly. 4. Stylophorum. 
 
 Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 5. Glaucinm. 
 
 Capsule linear, smooth, lipped with a subulate style and minute stigma. 
 
 6. Chelidonium. 
 
 ** Flowers irregular. Family FUMARIACEAE DC. 
 Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. 
 
 Corolla deeply cordate at base; petals slightly coherent. 7. Bicuculla. 
 
 Corolla rounded or slightly cordate; petals permanently coherent, persistent. 
 
 8. Adlumia. 
 One of the outer petals spurred at base. 
 
 Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 9. Capnoides. 
 
 Fruit globose, indehiscent, i -seeded. 10. Fumaria. 
 
 I. PAPAVER L. 
 
 Sap milky. Leaves lobed or dissected, alternate. Flowers and flower-buds 
 nodding. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo . Anthers ex- 
 trorse. Ovules oo , borne on numerous internally. projecting placentae. Stigmas 
 united into a radiate persistent disk. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, de- 
 hiscent near the summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin 
 name of the poppy.] About 25 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 2 or 
 3 indigenous in western America. 
 
 Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. somniferum. 
 Green, hirsute; leaves pinnately divided. 
 
 Stems branching, leafy; weeds of waste or cultivated ground. 
 Capsule glabrous. 
 
 Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas. 
 
 Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. dubiunt. 
 
 Capsule oblong, hispid with a few erect hairs. 4. P. Argemone. 
 
 Leaves all basal ; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs; arctic. 
 
 5. P. radicatum. 
 
 1. Papaver somniferum L. OPIUM OR GARDEN POPPY. (I. F. f. 1658.) 
 Erect, glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves clasping by a cordate base, 1-2 dm. long, 
 oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 7-10 cm. broad, bluish-white with a 
 purple centre; filaments somewhat dilated upward ; capsule glabrous. Occasional 
 in waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Papaver Rhoeas L. FIELD, RED OR CORN POPPY. (I. F. f. 1659.) Erect, 
 3-9 dm. high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 1-1.5 
 dm. long, the upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, acute, serrate; 
 flowers 5-10 cm. broad, scarlet with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule 
 glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic rays. In waste places and on ballast, 
 Me. to Va. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Papaver dubium L. LONG SMOOTH-FRUITED POPPY. (I. F. f. 1660.) 
 Slender, 3-6 dm. high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 
 1-1.5 dm. long, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; 
 lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 5 cm. broad, scarlet, 
 sometimes darker in the centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, glabrous, 
 i 5-2 cm. long, narrowed below; stigmatic rays 6-10. In waste and cultivated 
 grounds, Penn. to Va. and southward. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Papaver Argemone L. PALK OR LONG ROUGH-FRUITED POPPY. (I. F. f. 
 1661.) Slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves all but the upper petioled, lanceolate in 
 outline, pinnately divided, the divisions pinnatifid and toothed; flowers 2-5 cm. 
 broad, pale red, often with a darker centre; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, 
 1.6-2 cm. long, narrowed at the base, bristly-hairy. Waste grounds, Philadelphia, 
 and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old name 
 Wind -rose. 
 
PA PA VEKA CEA E. 439 
 
 5. Papaver radicatum Rottb. ARCTIC POPPY. (I. F. f. 1662.) More or 
 less hirsute. Leaves all basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear-oblong; 
 scape erect, slender, 0.5-3 dm. tall, much exceeding the leaves; flower solitary, 
 2-8 cm. broad, yellow or red; filaments filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, 1-1.6 
 cm. high, about 8 mm. in greatest diameter, densely beset with erect bristly hairs. 
 Greenland and Lab. tj Alaska and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. ARGEMONE L. 
 
 Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny -toothed leaves and large flowers. Sep- 
 als 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo . Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very 
 short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the 
 apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, supposed 
 to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of the 
 warmer parts of America. 
 
 Petals yellow or ochroleucous. i. A. Mexicana. 
 Petals white or pinkish. 
 
 Stem spiny or unarmed, not hispid-pubescent. 
 
 Horns of the sepals nearly erect, the terminal spine 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers 
 
 peduncled. 2. A. alba. 
 Horns of the sepals diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long ; flowers usually 
 
 sessile. 3. A. intermedia. 
 
 Stem spiny and also hispid-pubescent. 4. A. hispida. 
 
 1. Argemone Mexicana L. MEXICAN OR PRICKLY POPPY. (I. F. f. 1663.) 
 Stem 3-6 dm. high, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasping 
 by a narrowed base, 1-2.5 dm. l n &> glaucous, runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed 
 and more or less spiny on the veins; flowers orange or yellow, sessile or subsessile, 
 2-8 cm. broad ; sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed ; capsule 2.5 cm. long or more; 
 stigma sessile. In waste places, N. ]. and Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Also in ballast 
 about the northern seaports. Adventive from tropical America. June-Sept. 
 
 Argemone Mexicana ochroleiica Lindl. Flowers ochroleucous ; style distinct. Oc- 
 casional with the type. 
 
 2. Argemone alba Lestib. WHITE PRICKLY POPPY. (I. F. f. 1664.) Similar 
 to the preceding species, but commonly stouter and taller. Leaves pinnatifid or 
 pinnately lobed, sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers white, usually larger, 
 7-10 cm. broad, distinctly peduncled; petals generally cuneate-obovate ; terminal 
 spine of the nearly erect, flattened sepal-tips, 1-1.5 mm - l n g ; capsules oval-ellip- 
 soid, 2.5-4 cm. long. Fla. to Mo. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Argemone intermedia Sweet. Leafy, the flowers usually sessile or nearly 
 so. Petals broadly obovate, often as wide as long; horns of the sepals pyramidal, 
 not much flattened, diverging, the terminal spine 2-4 mm. long: capsule cylindric- 
 ellipsoid. Plains, S. Dak. to Idaho, Tex. and Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 4. Argemone hispida A. Gray. Plant spiny, and also densely hispid-pubes- 
 cent. Petals obovate; horns of the sepals triangular -lanceolate, more or less spiny 
 and hispid. Kans. to N. Mex. and Cal. 
 
 3. SANGUINARIA L. 
 
 Rootstock horizontal, thick ; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and 
 lobed, cordate or reniform. Scape i-flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 
 2, fugacious. Petals 8-12, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens oo . Stigmas 
 grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule oblong, dehiscent to the base, the valves persist- 
 ent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name from the red juice.] A monotypic genus of 
 eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. San-uinaria Canadensis L. BLOODROOT. (I. F. f. 1665.) Glabrous, 
 glaucous, especially when young. Rootstock several inches long, clothed with 
 thick fibrous roots; petioles 1.5-3.5 dm - lon g' leaves 1.5-3 dm. broad, 1-2 dm. 
 long, palmately 5~9-lobed, the lobes repand, or cleft at the apex; flower 2.5-4 cm. 
 broad; petals oblong or obovate, early deciduous; capsule oblong, narrow, i-celled, 
 2-valved f 2-3 cm. long. In rich woods, N. S. to Manitoba, Neb., Fla. and 
 Ark. April-May. 
 
44O FLORA. 
 
 4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. 
 
 Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or 
 solitary flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens. oo . Placentae 2-4; stigma 2-4- 
 lobed, radiate. Capsule dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name 
 Greek, style-bearing.] About 4 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Asia. 
 
 i. Stylophoium diph^Jlum (Michx.) Nutt. YELLOW OR CELANDINE POPPY. 
 (I. F. f. 1666.) Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, sparingly 
 pubescent, 3-4.5 dm. high. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, slender-petioled, i-2-pinnat- 
 ifid, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or irregularly crenate, those of the stem 
 2-4, the upper opposite; flowers 2-4, terminal, about 2.5 cm. broad, deep yellow; 
 sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate, rounded; capsule 2.5 cm. long, ovoid, 
 acute at each end, hirsute, tipped with the persistent style. In low woods, western 
 Penn. (?), Ohio to Term., Wis. and Mo. March-May. 
 
 5 GLAUCIUM Juss. 
 
 Glaucous herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and saffron-colored 
 sap. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo . Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, 
 dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the 
 base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.] 
 About 6 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. YELLOW HORNED OR SEA POPPY. (I. 
 F. f. 1667.) Stout, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, ovate or oblong, 0.7-2 dm. 
 long, scurfy, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, clasping, all pinnatifid, the divi- 
 sions toothed; flowers axillary and terminal, yellow, 2-5 cm. broad; capsule nar- 
 rowly linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, tipped with the persistent stigma. In waste places, 
 R. I. to Va. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 6. CHELIDONIUM L. 
 
 Erect branching herbs, with alternate, deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and 
 yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens oo . Placentae 2. Styles distinct; 
 stigma not dilated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, dehiscent to the base. Seeds smooth, 
 shining, crested. [Name Greek for the swallow.] A monotypic genus of Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 i. Chelidonium majus L. CELANDINE. (I. F. f. 1668.) Weak, 3-6 dm. 
 high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, 1-2 dm. long, glaucous beneath, 1-2- 
 pinnatifid, the segments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed ; petioles often dilated 
 at the base ; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, in axillary pedunculate umbels ; petals 
 rounded ; pedicels slender, elongating in fruit ; capsule glabrous, 2-5 cm. long, 
 tipped with the persistent style and stigma. Was'e places, roadsides and woods, 
 common in the East. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. April-Sept. 
 
 7. BICUCULLA Adans. [DICENTRA Bernh.] 
 Herbs, with dissected leaves, and clustered irregular flowers. Pedicels 2- 
 
 bracted. Sepals 2, scale-like. Corolla cordate at base ; petals 4, in 2 pairs, con- 
 nivent, slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, 
 spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged 
 on the back. Stamens 6, in two sets placed opposite the outer petals ; filaments 
 more or less diadelphous. Placentae 2; style slender; stigma 2-4 lobed. Capsule 
 oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Name from 
 the Latin, double-hooded.] About 14 species, natives of N. Am. and western Asia. 
 
 Raceme simple; flowers white or whitish. 
 
 Spurs divergent ; inner petals minutely crested. i. B. Cucullaria. 
 
 Spurs short, rounded ; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. Canadensis. 
 
 Raceme compound; flowers deep pink. 3. B. eximia. 
 
 i. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. SOLDIER'S 
 CAP. (I. F. f. 1669.) Delicate, glabrous, 1-2.5 dm. high, from a bulbous base. 
 Leaves basal, pale beneath, slender petioled, ternately compound, the divisions 
 stalked and dissected into linear or oblanceolate segments; scape slender; raceme 
 secund, 4-io-flowered ; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 12-16 mm. long, 6-20 mm. 
 
PAPA VERA CEAE. 441 
 
 broad at the base, white, or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; spurs widely 
 divergent. In woods, N. S. to Minn., Wash.. N. Car., Neb. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 2. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. SQUIRREL CORN. (I. F. f. 1670.) 
 Similar, the rootstock bearing numerous small tubers. Leaves decidedly glaucous 
 beneath; flowers nodding, short-pedicelled, 14-18 mm. long, 10 mm. broad at the 
 base, greenish white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant; spurs short, rounded. 
 In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Va., Ky., Neb. and Mo. May-June. 
 
 3. Bicuculla exiraia (Ker) Millsp. WILD BLEEDING-HEART. (I. F. f. 1671.) 
 Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, 3-6 dm. high; rootstock scaly. Leaves larger than 
 those of the preceding species, ternately parted, the divisions stalked, finely 
 pinnatifid into oblong or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling the leaves; 
 raceme compound; flowers clustered in cymes, slender- pedicelled, pink, nodding, 
 16-20 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad at the base; spurs short, rounded, incurved; 
 outer petals spreading at the apex. In rocky places, W. N. Y. to Ga. and 
 Tenn. May-Sept. 
 
 8. ADLUMIA Raf. 
 
 A glabrous climbing vine, with decompound leaves. Sepals 2, scale-like. 
 Petals 4, permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy 
 corolla 4-lobed at the apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, 
 adherent to the petals. Capsule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds 
 crestless. Closely related to certain Asiatic species of Bicuculla. [In honor of 
 John Adlum, a gardener of Washington. ] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. CLIMBING FUMITORY. ALLEGHANY 
 VINE. (I. F. f. 1672.) Weak, slender, climbing by slender petioles. Leaves 
 bipinnate, the divisions slender-stalked ; ultimate segments lobed or entire, very 
 thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath; flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, 
 10-14 mm. long, 6 mm. broad at the base, greenish purple; capsule 2-valved. few- 
 seeded. In moist woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont., N. Car. and Tenn. June-Oct. 
 
 9. CAPNOIDES Adan. [CORYDALIS Vent.] (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, with decompound leaves, and racemose flowers. Sepals 2, small. 
 Corolla irregular, deciduous; petals 4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair spurred 
 at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, 
 opposite, the outer petals. Placentae 2 ; style entire, dilated or lobed, persistent. 
 Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in allusion to the smoke- 
 like odor of some species, as in Fumaria.] About no species, natives of the north 
 temperate zone and South Africa. 
 
 Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. i. C. sempervirens. 
 
 Stems low, diffuse or ascending; flowers yellow. 
 Flowers 6-8 mm. long; spur short. 
 
 Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled; pods drooping or spreading. 
 
 2. C. flavulum. 
 
 Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining: pods ascending. 3. C. micranthum. 
 Flowers 8-16 mm. long ; spur conspicuous. 
 Pods smooth. 
 
 Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated. 
 
 Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly tcrulose ; eastern. 
 
 4. C. aureum. 
 Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose; western. 
 
 5. C. tnontanum. 
 Seeds finely muriculate ; pods ascending. 6. C. curvisiliquum. 
 
 Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. 7. C. crystallinum. 
 
 i. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. PINK CORYDALIS. (I. F. f. 1673.) 
 Glabrous, glaucous, 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves 2-10 cm. long, short-petioled, 
 the upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments obovate or 
 cuneate, toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numerous, 10-16 mm. 
 long, pink with a yellow tip; spur rounded, about 2 mm. long; capsules narrowly 
 linear, erect, 2-5 cm. long, nodose when mature ; seeds shining, minutely reticu- 
 lated. In rocky places, N. S. to Alaska. N. Car. and Minn. April-Sept. 
 
44 2 FLORA. 
 
 2. Capnoides~flavulum(Raf.) Kuntze. PALECORYDALIS. (I. F. .1674.) Slen- 
 der, glabrous, diffuse or ascending, i-5~3-5 clm - high' Lower leaves petioled, the 
 upper nearly sessile, all finely dissected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate, seg- 
 ments ; pedicels very slender; bracts conspicuous, broadly oblong, acute or acumi- 
 nate, 4-8 mm. long; spur I mm. long, rounded ; outer petals sharp pointed; crest 
 dentate ; pods torulose ; seeds sharp-margined, finely reticulated. In rocky 
 woods, S. N. Y. to S. W. Ont., Minn., Va., Kans. and La. May- June. 
 
 3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton. SMALL-FLOWERED CORYDALIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1675.) Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding, the ultimate leaf- 
 segments generally slightly broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire ; or some- 
 times cleistogamous and minute, spurless; pods ascending, short-pedicelled, torulose; 
 seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining. In woods, Minn, to Mo., Kans., Tex., 
 Va. and Fla. Feb.-April. 
 
 4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze. GOLDEN CORYDALIS. (I. F. f. 1676.) 
 Glabrous. 1-3.5 dm. high, diffuse. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely 
 dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate segments ; flowers 12 mm. long ; spur one- 
 half the length of the body of the corolla, or more, rounded ; outer petals keeled, 
 not crested ; pedicels short, slender ; pods spreading or pendulous, torulose ; seeds 
 obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely reticulated. In woods, N. S. to Alask., 
 Penn. and Wis., south in the Rocky Mountains to Ariz. March-May. 
 
 5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton. MOUNTAIN CORYDALIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1677.) Closely resembles C aureum, but lighter green, and the leaves 
 often more finely divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose. the pedicels usually 
 very short; flowers 12-16 mm. long; spur of the corolla as long as its body, or 
 less; capsules spreading or somewhat ascending; seeds sharp margined, shining or 
 obscurely reticulated. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Kans., Tex., Ore. (?), Utah and 
 Mex. April-Aug. 
 
 6. Capnoides curvisiliquum (Engelm.) Kuntze. CURVED-FRUITED CORY- 
 DALIS. Usually stout, similar to the two preceding species, often rather taller than 
 either. Flowers spicate or spicate-racemose, about 16 mm. long, conspicuous; spur 
 of the corolla conspicuous; pods curved upward, very short-pedicelled, stout, some- 
 what 4-sided; seeds sharp-margined, finely muriculate. Apparently restricted 
 in distribution to Texas, though reported from much farther north. April- 
 June. 
 
 7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze. VESICULAR CORYDALIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1679.) Erect or ascending, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Lower leaves 
 slender petioled. the upper sessile, all finely dissected into oblong or cuneate 
 segments; pedicels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 12-16 mm. long; spur 
 6-8 mm. long; crest large, dentate; capsules 18 mm. long, ascending or erect, 
 densely covered with transparent vesicles; seeds acute-margined, reticulated. 
 Prairies, Mo., Kans. and Ark. April-June. 
 
 10. FUMARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Sepals 2, 
 scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, i of them spurred, the 
 inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6, 
 diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule I; style slender; stigma entire or 
 lobed. Fruit I -seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from the Latin, 
 smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 15 species, all natives 
 of the Old World. 
 
 i. Fumaria officinalis L. FUMITORY. HEDGE FUMITORY. (I. F. f. 1680.) 
 Glabrous; stems diffuse or ascending, 1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves petioled, finely 
 dissected into entire or lobed linear oblong or cuneate segments; racemes 2-8 cm. 
 long, narrow; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, axillary to small bracts; flowers purplish, 
 4-6 mm. long, darker at the summit; spur rounded, I mm. long; nut 2 mm. in 
 diameter, depressed-globose. In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to Fla. and 
 the Gulf States, and locally in the interior. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 443 
 
 Family 2. CRUCfpERAE B. Juss. 
 Mustard Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate 
 leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or 
 rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or 
 saccate at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, gen- 
 erally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. 
 Pistil i, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae 
 united by a dissepiment; style generally persistent, sometimes none; 
 stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicic, 
 generally 2-celled, rarely i -celled, in a few genera indehiscent. Seeds 
 attached to both sides of the septum ; endosperm none ; cotyledons 
 incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate. About 185 genera and 1500 
 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 The following wholly artificial key is designed to apply only to the species and genera 
 of our Flora. The natural alliances of the genera are largely based on minute charac- 
 ters. The family is also known as BRASSICACEAE. 
 
 * Pod a silique or silicic, dehiscent into two valves to the base. 
 
 f Pod an elongated-linear silique, or at least twice as long as wide. (See also 
 species of No. 29.) 
 
 1. Silique borne on a long stipe. i. Stanleya. 
 
 2. Silique terete, 4-sided, or compressed, very short-stipitate, or sessile on the receptacle. 
 
 a. Silique tipped with the short slender style, or style none. 
 
 Seeds globose or oblong, wingless. 
 
 Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. 17. Roripa. 
 
 Pubescence of forked hairs ; leaves finely dissected. 
 
 30. Sophia. 
 Seeds in only i row in each cell. 
 
 Leaves auricled at the base; flowers violet. 17. lodanthus. 
 
 Leaves reniform or cordate, undulate or repand ; flowers white. 
 
 8. Alliaria. 
 Leaves dentate or pinnatifid ; hairs simple ; flowers yellow. 
 
 9. Sisymbrium. 
 Leaves finely dissected ; pubescence of forked hairs ; flowers yellow. 
 
 31. Sophia. 
 Leaves entire, or slightly toothed. 
 
 Stigma nearly entire, discoid ; plant glabrous. 2. l^helypodium. 
 Stigma 2-lobed ; plants more or less pubescent. 
 Flowers white or pink. 
 
 Valves of the silique nerved. 
 
 Leaves dentate to pinnatifid. 9. Sisymbrium. 
 
 Leaves entire, cordate. 39. Conringia. 
 
 Valves of the silique nerveless, rounded. 
 
 32. Stenophragma. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 34. Erysimum. 
 
 Flowers large, purple, purplish or white. 38. Hesperis. 
 
 Seeds flat, wingless or winged. 
 
 Siliques 4-angled, the valves keeled; flowers yellow. 16. Barbarea. 
 Siliques flat or flattish. 
 
 Valves of the silique nerveless. 
 
 Seeds winged ; stem scape-like ; flowers few. 23. Leavenworthia* 
 Seeds wingless : valves of the silique elastically dehiscent. 
 
 Stems leafy below or throughout. 19. Cardamine. 
 
 Stems leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 20. Dentaria. 
 Valves of the silique i-nerved or veiny, not elastically dehiscent. 
 
 33. Arabis. 
 
 b. Silique produced into a beak beyond the valves. 
 
 Beak conic, very short in no. 13. 
 
 Silique terete ; seeds in i row. 13. Brassica. 
 
 Silique flat : seeds in 2 rows. 14. Diplotaxis. 
 
 Beak flat, sword-shaped. 12. Sinapis. 
 
444 FLORA, 
 
 3. Silique elliptic or oblong, very flat, 2-3 times as long as broad, clearly stipitate. 
 Flowers violet ; funiculus of the seed adnate to the septum of the pod. 
 
 21. Lunar ia. 
 Flowers yellow ; funiculus of the seed free from the septum. 22. Selenia, 
 
 f"f Pod an orbicular globose or oblong silicle, or but little more than twice as long 
 as ivide (except in some species of no. 29). 
 
 1. Silicle globose, or flattened parallel with the septum. 
 
 a. Plants terrestrial, or not strictly aquatic. 
 
 + Silicle globose, or terete-oblong, little or not at all compressed. 
 Plants not maritime. 
 Petals not 2-cleft. 
 
 Seeds minute, round, not flattened, in 2 rows in each cell. 
 
 18. Roripa. 
 Seeds flat ; silicle inflated ; plants stellate-pubescent. 
 
 25. Lesquerella. 
 
 Petals 2-cleft. 37. Berteroa. 
 
 Plants maritime, fleshy, northern. 7. Cochlearia. 
 
 -f+ Silicle didymous, its cells globose-inflated. 24. Physaria. 
 
 ++ + Silicle compressed or flat, many-seeded. 30. Draba. 
 
 2-8-seeded. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 35. Alyssum. 
 
 Flowers white. 36. Koniga. 
 
 -\ (- + + Silicle pear-shaped, or obovoid, many-seeded. 28. Camelina. 
 
 b. Wholly submersed small aquatic ; silicle globose or oblong. 3. Subularia. 
 
 2. Silicle flattened at right angles to the narrow septum. 
 
 Seeds several in each cell of the silicle. 
 
 Silicle triangular, obcuneate. 27. Bursa. 
 
 Silicle elliptic, wingless, its valves with a strong midvein. 26. Hutchinsia. 
 
 Silicle oblong or orbicular, winged all around. 6. 7 hlaspi. 
 
 Seeds solitary in each cell, compressed. 4. Lepidium. 
 
 * * Pod indehiscent, short or elongated. 
 
 Pod broader than long, more or less didymous. 5. Coronopus. 
 
 Pod globose, reticulated. 29. Neslia. 
 Pod elongated. 
 
 Pod of 2 joints, separating at maturity ; plants maritime. 10. Cakile. 
 
 Pod constricted between the seeds, not jointed, beaked. 15. Raphanus. 
 
 Pod obcuneate to spatulate, flattened. n. Myagrum. 
 
 i. STANLEYA Nutt. 
 
 Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall herbs, with large yellow bractless flowers 
 in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long- 
 clawed. Stamens 6, very nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate; 
 style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, some- 
 what compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in I row 
 in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight, incumbent. [Named for 
 Lord Edward Stanley, President of the Linnaean Society.] About 3 species, of 
 western Is. Am. 
 
 i. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. STANLEYA. (I. F. f. 1681.) Stems 
 0.6-1.5 m - ta ^' sometimes decumbent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately 
 divided, or entire, 1-2 dm. long, long-petioled; upper leaves similar, or less di- 
 vided, or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled; petals 1.5-2.5 cm. 
 long; filaments filiform, exserted; siliques 5-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, 2-3 
 times as long as their stipes, downwardly curved, somewhat constricted between 
 the seeds when dry. In dry soil, S. Dak. and Neb. to Cal., N. Mex. and Ariz. 
 May -July. [S. pinnatifida Nutt.] 
 
 a. THELYPODIUM Endl. 
 
 Erect biennial or perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and 
 racemose flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in some species; 
 valves i-nerved, dehiscent; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in i row in each cell of 
 the pod, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek, female- 
 stalk, from the stiped ovary.] About 18 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 I. Thelyoodium integrifolium (Nutt.) Endl. ENTIRE-LEAVED THELY- 
 PODIUM. (I. F. f. 1682.) Glabrous, 0.9-1.8 m. high. Leaves entire, thickish, 
 
CR UCIFERA E. 445 
 
 the basal and lower ones petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, 5-10 cm. long, the 
 upper sessile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; flowers 
 pink, in short racemes; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long; petals obovate or spatulate, 
 long-clawed ; pods about 2.5 cm. long and I mm. wide ; stipe very short ; style 
 slender, nearly 2 mm. long. Neb. and Wyo. to Ore., Utah and N. Mex. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. SUBULXRIA L. 
 
 Small annual aquatic submersed herbs, with basal linear subulate leaves, and 
 minute racemose white flowers. Silicles short-stipitate, oblong or elliptic, the 
 valves convex, ribbed on the back. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, in 2 rows 
 in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent, curved above their base. [Latin 
 awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic genus of the northern hemis- 
 phere. 
 
 i. Subularia aquatica L. WATER AWLWORT. (I. F. f. 1683.) Tufted, 
 glabrous, 2-10 cm. high, growing in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, 
 lateral; leaves nearly cylindric, 1-3 cm. long; flowers few, distant; pedicels slender, 
 2-6 mm. long in fruit; pods 2-3 mm. long. In clear, cold lakes, Newf. toBr. Col., 
 Me., Vt. and Ont., south in the Rocky Mts. to Wyo., and to Cal. Also in Europe 
 and Siberia. June-Sept. 
 
 4. LEPID1UM L. (See Appendix.; 
 
 Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and race- 
 mose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, some- 
 times none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, winged 
 or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, flattened; coty- 
 ledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale - 
 like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, 
 about 16 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base. 
 
 Pods broadly ovate, winged. i. L. campestre. 
 
 Pods wingless, broader than long. 2. L. Draba. 
 
 Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. 
 
 Pods and seeds entirely wingless; petals none. 3. L. ruderale. 
 
 Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about 2 mm. broad ; petals present or 
 none. 
 
 Cotyledons accumbent; petals generally present, 4. L. Virginicum. 
 
 Cotyledons incumbent; petals minute or wanting. 5. /,. apetalum. 
 
 Pods oblong, winged all around, longer than wide, about 4 mm. high. 
 
 6. L. sativum. 
 
 1. Lepidium campastre (L.) R. Br. FIELD OR Cow CRESS. (I. F. f. 1684.) 
 Annual or biennial, erect, 2-4.5 dm. high, branching above, hoary- pubescent with 
 scale-like hairs or rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves entire, or pinnatifid in the 
 lower part, obtuse, petioled, 5-8 cm. long; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire 
 or slightly dentate, sessile, clasping ; flowers white or yellowish ; pedicels rather 
 stout, spreading, 48 mm. long in fruit; pods forming dense elongated racemes, 
 broadly ovate, slightly curved upward, broadly winged at the apex, notched, tipped 
 with a minute style. In fields and waste places, N. S. and Ont. to Va.. Kans., 
 and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed in the Middle States. Nat. from Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 2. Lepidium Draba L. HOARY CRESS. (I. F. f. 1685.) Perennial, erect or 
 ascending, 2-4.5 dm - high, hoary-pubescent. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 
 obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, 3-5 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile 
 and clasping; pedicels 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; 
 pods broadly ovate, or cordate, 3 mm. long, in short racemes ; valves papillose, 
 keeled, tipped with a style 1-2 mm. long. Near Astoria and Syracuse, N. Y., 
 and on ballast about the seaports. Also in Colo, and Cal. Fugitive from Europe. 
 April- June. 
 
 3. Lepidium ruderale L. ROADSIDE PEPPER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1686.) An- 
 nual, 1.5-4 dm. high, glabrous, wiry. Basal and lower leaves oblong in outline, 
 2-10 cm. long, l-2-pinnatifid into linear or oblong obtuse segments ; upper leaves 
 
446 FLORA. 
 
 smaller, entire or with a few lobes ; flowers I mm. broad or less, greenish ; petals 
 none ; stamens 2 ; pods flat, not margined, about 2 mm. in length, short-oval or 
 suborbicular; pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long in fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely 
 winded ; cotyledons incumbent. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides, 
 N. S. to Tex. Nat. from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Lepidium Virginicum L. WILD PEPPER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1687.) Similar 
 to L. ruderale. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, less pinnatifid, gen- 
 erally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, gla- 
 brous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, sessile, or the 
 lower stalked; flowers 1-2 mm. broad, white ; petals generally present, sometimes 
 wanting in the later flowers; pedicels slender, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; 
 pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above ; cotyledons accumbent. 
 In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minn., Colo., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in 
 the West Indies. May-Nov. 
 
 5. Lepidium apetaium Willd. APETALOUS PEPPER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1688.) 
 Much like L. ruderale and L. Virginicuin. Basal leaves pinnatifid. Pods nearly 
 orbicular, slightly wing-margined above, about 2 mm. in diameter; flowering pedi- 
 cels ascending, forming narrow racemes, or in fruit spreading ; petals minute or 
 wanting; cotyledons incumbent. In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Cal., D. C. and Tex. 
 Apparently nat. irom Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 Lepidium medium Greene, with rather large white petals, orbicular pods, 3 mm. 
 broad, and incumbent cotyledons, is found by Mr. Bicknell near New York city, 
 and on Mt. Desert Island, Me. It is native of Western N. Am. 
 
 6. Lepidium sativum L. GARDEN, TOWN, OR GOLDEN PEPPER-GRASS. (I. 
 F. f. 1689.) Glabrous, bright green ; stem about 3 dm. high. Lower leaves 2- 
 pinnate, or pinnate with the segments lobed or pinnatifid, 0.7-2 dm. long ; upper 
 leaves sessile or nearly so, much smaller; flowers in loose elongated racemes, about 
 2 mm. broad; petals present, often pinkish ; silicles oval, about 2 mm. wide, equal- 
 ling or longer than their pedicels, emarginate, winged all around; style very short. 
 In waste places, Quebec to N. Y. and Br. Col. Escaped from gardens. Native of 
 Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 5. CORONOPUS Gaertn. [SENEBIERA DC.] 
 
 Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whit- 
 ish flowers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often 
 only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, in- 
 dehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds I in each cell; cotyle- 
 dons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate. [Greek, crow-foot, from the shape of 
 the leaves.] About 6 species, of wide distribution.. 
 
 Pod rugose, not crested. i. C, dtdymus. 
 
 Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested. 2. C. Coronopus. 
 
 1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. LESSER WART-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1690.) Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pubescent. Stems 0.5-4 dm. 
 long; leaves deeply i-2-pinnatifid ; flowers white, racemose ; pedicels slender, 2-3 
 mm. long in fruit ; pod about 2 mm. broad and slightly more than I mm. high ; 
 valves obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. In waste 
 places, Newf. to Fla., Mo. and Tex., west to Cal. Summer. Nat. from the south. 
 
 2. Coronopus Coronopus (L. ) Karst. WART OR SWINE'S CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1691.) Tufted, spreading on the ground, succulent, glabrous and glaucous, 
 or. with a few spreading, hairs. Leaves similar to those of the last species, gen- 
 erally larger, sometimes less divided; flowers similar; pedicels stout, 2 mm. long or 
 less ; pod 4 mm. broad and about 3 mm. high, flattish, rounded, apiculate at the 
 summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form a crest around the margin; valves 
 not distinctly separate. In waste places and on ballast, N. B. to Fla. and Tex., 
 and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 6 THLASPI L. 
 
 Erect glabrous herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, those of the stem, or at least 
 the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Siliques ob- 
 cuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emarginate, flattened at right 
 angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or 
 
CR UC2FERA E. 447 
 
 several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from 
 the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine 
 regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Lower stem-leaves not clasping; seeds rugose. i. T. arvense. 
 
 All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping; seeds smooth. 2. 7\ perfoliatum. 
 
 1. Thlaspi arvense L. FIELD PENNY-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1692.) Annual, gla- 
 brous, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous; 
 stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly dentate, the upper clasping the stem 
 by an auricled base; flowers white, about I mm. broad; pedicels spreading or 
 curved upward, slender, 1-2 cm. long in fruit; pods nearly orbicular, 8-12 mm. 
 broad, very flat, broadly winged all around, notched at the apex, in long racemes; 
 style minute, or none; seeds about 6 in each cell. In waste places and on ballast, 
 Quebec to Man., the N. W. Terr., N. Y. and Kans. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. PERFOLIATE PENNY-CRESS. (I. . f. 1693.) An- 
 nual, glabrous; stems 0.5-2 dm. tall. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular; stem- 
 leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, clasping, 1-2.5 cm - l n g; pedicels 
 filiform, spreading; silicic obovate-orbicular, 4-6 mm. broad, rather narrowly 
 winged, broadly notched at the summit; style short but manifest; seeds usually 
 4 in each cell. Near Hamilton, Ont. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 7. COCHLEARIA L. 
 
 Maritime herbs, with simple mostly fleshy leaves, and white or rarely purplish 
 or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicic inflated, oblong or globose. Valves very 
 convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each cell 
 of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbent. 
 [Greek, spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] About 25 species, natives of the 
 colder parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about three 
 others are found on the arctic and northern Pacific coasts of N. Am. 
 
 Stem-leaves oval or oblong, subsessile or with a broad-winged petiole, i. C. officinahs. 
 Stem-leaves deltoid to hastate, all except the uppermost slender petioled. 
 
 2. C. Dantca. 
 
 1. Cochlearia officinalis L. SCURVY -GRASS. (I. F. f. 1694.) Annual to 
 perennial, diffuse, branching, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 15-30 cm. 
 long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbicular or reniform, obtuse, 1-3 cm. 
 long, dentate or entire; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; petals emarginate, or 
 entire; pods globose or ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, smooth or reticulated. Along sea- 
 coasts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland and arctic America. Also in arctic Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Cochlearia Danica L. DANISH SCURVY-GRASS. Annual with slender 
 d fluse branches, 1-2 dm. long. Lower leaves rounded, reniiorm, 3-6 mm. in diam- 
 e^'T, subentire; flowers about 3 mm. broad, white; petals entire. PVuit ellipsoid, 
 about 4 mm. long. Along seacoast, Newf. to Greenland and the arctic coast; also 
 in Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. ALLIARIA Adans. 
 
 Biennial or perennial sparingly pubescent or glabrous herbs, with broad den- 
 tate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals 
 short. Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6. Style short, conic. Siliques linear, 
 slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with a strong mid- 
 nerve, dehiscent from the bise. Seeds oblong, striate, in I row in each cell; coty- 
 ledons flat, incumbent. [Fnvn Allinm. garlic, on account of its similar odor.] 
 About 5 species, natives of Fur >pe and Asia. 
 
 T. Alliaria Alliaria (L.) Britton. HEDGE-GARLIC. GARLIC MUSTARD. 
 (I. F. f. 1695.) Erect, 39 dm. high, glabrous, or with a few hairs on the petioles 
 and leaf- margins. Leaves crt-nate or undulate, the lower 0.5-2 dm. broad on long 
 petioles, the upper smaller, sessile or nearly so; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, spreading 
 an 1 very stout in fruit; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; .pods glabrous, stiff, 2-5 cm. long, 
 2 mm. thick, pointed. 4-sid^d when dry. Waste places, woods and along road- 
 sides, Ont., N. Y., N. J. and Va. May-June. {Sisymbrium Alliaria L.] 
 
FLORA, 
 
 g. SISYMBRIUM L. 
 
 Annual or biennial, mostly tall herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated. 
 Siliques elongated, linear, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent. 
 Stigma nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in I row in each cell of the 
 pod, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Ancient Greek name of some crucifer.j 
 A genus of about 50 specie;-, of wide distribution. In addition to the following, 
 about 8 others are found in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid. 
 
 Flowers yellow; pods 1-1.5 cm - long, appressed. j. S. officinale. 
 
 Flowers cream- color ; pods 5-10 cm. long, divergent. 2. S. altissimum. 
 
 Leaves oblong or spatulate, dentate ; flowers white or pink. 3. S. humile. 
 
 1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. HEDGE MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1696.) 
 Erect, 3-9 dm. high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 
 the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; lobes oblong, ovate or lanceolate, the 
 lower ones often recurved ; pedicels 2 mm. long, erect in fruit ; flowers yellow, 3 
 mm. broad, pods linear, acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy, closely appressed; 
 valves with a strong prominent midrib. In waste places, common throughout our 
 area, except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. May- Nov. 
 
 2. Sisymbrium altissimum L. TALL SISYMBRIUM. (I. F. f. 1697.) Erect, 
 6-12 dm. high, freely branching, glabrous or nearly so. Lowest leaves runcinate- 
 pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes often auriculate; upper leaves shorter petioled, deeply 
 pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, often with a narrow projection on the 
 lower side near the base ; uppermost leaves often reduced to linear bracts ; flowers 
 yellowish, about 6 mm. broad ; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, spreading or ascending, 
 thickened in fruit ; pods narrowly linear, divergent, i mm. wide ; valves with a 
 prominent midrib. In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Alberta, D. C. and Mo. 
 Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Sisymbrium humile Meyer. Low OR NORTHERN ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1698.) Perennial, erect, 1-2.5 dm. high* sparingly pubescent, with branched 
 hairs. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed 
 into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, often acute ; 
 flowers white or pink, 3-4 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pods nearly 
 terete, narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, i mm. wide ; valves finely nerved ; style I 
 mm. long. In rocky places, Anticosti, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., Lake Superior, 
 to Alaska and Oregon. July. 
 
 io. CAKILE Gaertn.- 
 
 Annual, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with purplish flowers. Siliques 
 elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2- jointed, the joints i -celled and 
 i-seeded. Style none; cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of 
 about 3 species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and N. Am. 
 
 i. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. AMERICAN SEA ROCKET. (I. F. f. 1699.) 
 Bushy-branched from a deep root, the lower branches spreading or ascending, the 
 central ones erect, 3 dm. in height or less. Leaves oblanceolate, or obovate, ob- 
 tuse, sinuate-dentate or lobed, narrowed at the base, the lower 7-13 cm. long ; 
 flowers light purple, 4-6 mm. broad; petals long-clawed, more than twice the length 
 of the sepals ; pod 1-2 cm. long, upper joint slightly longer than the lower, ovoid, 
 flattened, narrowed into a beak above; lower joint obovoid, not flattened. In sands 
 of the seashore, Newf. to Fla., and along the Great Lakes, N. Y. to Minn. Also on 
 the California coast. Summer. 
 
 xi. MYAGRUM L. 
 
 An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to 
 lanceolate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the 
 base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes ; pedicels short, erect-ascend- 
 ing, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short ; longer stamens somewhat con- 
 nate in pairs. Silicic obcuneate to spatulate, flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-ceIled, 
 i -seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent 
 [Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
CR UCIFERA E. 449 
 
 I. Myagrum perfoliatum L. MYAGRUM. (I. F. f. 1699^7.) Lower leaves 
 narrowed into petioles ; upper leaves 5-13 cm. long, the basal auricles mostly 
 rounded ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods ; longer stamens 
 about equalling the petals. Jn waste places about Quebec. P'ugitive or adventive 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 12. SINAPIS L. 
 
 Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with 
 pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal 
 racemes. Siiiques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in 
 the calyx, densely hispid in our species, tipped with a very long flat sword-like 
 beak which sometimes contains a seed near its base. Seeds obiong or subglobose, 
 not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, said to come 
 from the Celtic for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Only 
 the following is known from N. Am. 
 
 i. Sinapis alba L. WHITE MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1700.) Erect, 3-6 dm. 
 high, more or less pubescent with stiff spreading hairs. Lower leaves 1.5-2 dm. 
 long, obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, with a large terminal leaflet 
 or lobe and several pairs of smaller lateral ones, dentate all around ; uppermost 
 leaves lanceolate or cblong, merely dentate, short-petioled ; flowers yellow, 14-18 
 mm. broad; pedicels rather stout, spreading, 10-14 mm. long in fruit; pods spread- 
 ing or ascending, terete, constricted between the seeds ; beak flat, equalling or 
 sometimes longer than the pod ; seeds light brown. In waste places and fields, 
 occasional, mostly escaped from cultivation. Adventive from Europe. Native also 
 ol western Asia. Summer. 
 
 13. BRASSICA L. 
 
 Erect branching herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy yellow flowers 
 in elongated racemes. Siiiques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided, tipped with 
 an indehiscent conic usually i-seeded beak. Valves convex, i-3-nerved. Seeds 
 in i row in each cell, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name 
 of the Cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. 
 
 None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile. 
 
 Pods slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, appressed. i. B. nigra. 
 
 Pods rather slender, 2-5 cm. long, erect, not appressed, on slender pedicels 6-10 mm. 
 
 long- 
 Leaves merely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. juncea. 
 Leaves laciniate, at least marginally. 3. B.Japonica. 
 Pods spreading or ascending at maturity, on stout pedicels 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 4. B. arvensis. 
 Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 5. B. campestris ^ 
 
 1. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. BLACK MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1701.) Erect 
 0.5-2.1 m. high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender-petioled, with I terminal 
 large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral ones, dentate all around, the uppermost reduced 
 to lanceolate or oblong entire blades; flowers bright yellow, 6-10 mm. broad; pedi- 
 cels slender, appressed, 4 mm. long in fruit; pods narrowly linear, 4-sided, 1-1.5 
 cm. long, i mm. wide, appressed; beak slender, 2-4 mm. long; seeds dark brown 
 In fields and waste places, common throughout our area. Nat. from Europe 
 June-Nov. 
 
 2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. INDIAN MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1702.) Pale, 
 glabrous, or slightly pubescent, somewhat glaucous; stem erect, 3-12 dm. tall. 
 Lower leaves long-petioled, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> tne uppermost sessile or nearly so, 
 lanceolate or linear, commonly entire, much smaller; flowers 1. 2-1.8 cm. wide; 
 pedicels 6-10 mm. long, not appressed: pods 2-5 cm. long, rather more than 2 mm. 
 wide, the conic-subulate empty beak one-fourth to one-third the length of the 
 body. In waste places, N. H. to Penn., Mich., Va. and Kans. Adventive or 
 nat. from Asia. May -July. 
 
 3. Brassica Japonica Siebold. Similar to the preceding, but the leaves 
 laciniate, sometimes deeply so, often much crisped. In waste places, Me. to Ga. 
 Adventive from Asia. 
 
45 FLORA. 
 
 4. Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P. CHARLOCK. WILD MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 
 1703.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate. Leaves 
 similar to those of B. nigra but generally not so much pinnatifid; flowers 1-1.6 
 cm. broad; pedicels stout; pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, somewhat con- 
 stricted between the seeds, 1-1.6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, tipped with a flattened 
 elongated-conic often i-seeded beak 10-12 mm. long, the valves strongly nerved. 
 In fields and waste places, frequent or occasional. Adventive from Europe. May 
 Nov. \B. Sinapistrum Boiss.] 
 
 5. Brassica campestris L. TURNIP. WILD NAVEW. (I. F. f. 1704.) Stem 
 3-9 dm. high, glabrous and glaucous, or sometimes slightly pubescent. Lower 
 leaves petioled, pubescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid; upper leaves lanceo- 
 late or oblong, sessile and clasping by an auricled base; glabrous; flowers bright 
 yellow, 8-10 mm. broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, often 2.5 cm. long in 
 fruit; pods 3-5 cm. long, tipped with a beak 8-10 mm. long. In cultivated 
 grounds, sometimes persisting for a year or two, and occasional in waste places. 
 Fugitive from Europe. April-Oct. 
 
 Brassica Niipus L. (RAPE) has all the leaves glabrous, and is sometimes found in 
 waste places. 
 
 Brassica oler^cea L. (CABBAGE) is occasionally found in waste places. 
 
 14. DIPLOTAXIS DC. 
 
 Herbs similar to the Mustards, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large 
 yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, 
 short-beaked or beakless, the valves mostly i-nerved. Style usually slender. 
 Seeds in two complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, margiriless; 
 cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 
 20 species, natives of the Old World, the following fugitive or adventive in our 
 territory. 
 
 Perennial; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. i. D. tenuifoha. 
 
 Annual; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D, muralis. 
 
 1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. WALL ROCKET. (I. F. f. 1705.) Gla- 
 brous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous; stem bushy, 312 dm. high. Leaves 
 pinnatifid, thin, the lower 7-15 cm. long, the lobes mostly narrow; flowers 1.5-2 
 cm. broad; pods 2-3 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, nearly erect; pedicels slender, 
 2-4 cm. long in fruit. In waste places and ballast, N. S. to N. J. and Penn. 
 Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. SAND ROCKET. (I. F. f. 1706.) Branched 
 from the base, sparingly hispid or glabrous, leafy only below. Leaves oblanceo- 
 late, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed at the base, mostly 
 slender-petioled; flowers 12-16 mm. broad ; pod about 2.5 cm. long and 2 mm. 
 wide, erect, flattish; fruiting pedicels 8-16 mm. long. In waste places and 
 ballast, range of the preceding. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 15. RAPHANUS L. 
 
 Mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated - 
 linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between 
 the seeds, indehiscent. Style slender. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons conduplicate. 
 [Greek, quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] A genus of about 6 
 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. 
 
 Flowers yellow, fading white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-io-seeded. 
 
 1. R. Raphanistnim. 
 Flowers pink or white; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3-seeded. 
 
 2. R. sativus. 
 
 i. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. WILD RADISH. JOINTED OR WHITE 
 CHARLOCK. (I. F. f. 1707.) Biennial or annual from a slender root, 3-7.5 dm. 
 high, sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous. Basal and lower leaves lyrate-pin- 
 natifid, 1-2 dm. long, with a large terminal lobe and 4-6 pairs of successively 
 smaller lateral ones, all crenate or dentate; upper leaves small, oblong; flowers 
 1-2 cm. broad, yellow, fading to white, purplish-veined; pedicels 6-16 mm. long 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 45 1 
 
 in fruit; pods 2.5-4 cm. long, 6- 10- seeded, nearly cylindric when fresh, constricted 
 between the seeds when dry, tipped with a conic beak 1-2 cm. long. In fields and 
 waste places, Penn. to Ont. and N. B. Introduced also in Br. Col. Nat. from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Raphanus sativus L. GARDEN RADISH. (I. F. f. 1708.) Similar to the 
 last, but flowers pink or white. Root deep, fusiform or napiform, fleshy. Pods 
 fleshy, 2-3-seeded, not longitudinally grooved, often equalled or exceeded by the 
 long conic beak. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a year or two in 
 gardens or fields, rarely in waste places. Natives of Asia. June-Oct. 
 
 16. BARBAREA R. Br. 
 
 Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs, with angled stems, pin- 
 natifid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Stamens 6. Silique elongated, 
 linear, 4-angled. Valves keeled or ribbed. Style short. Seeds in I row in each 
 cell, flat, oblong, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from St. Barbara.] 
 About 6 species, natives of the temperate zones. 
 
 Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender- pedicelled ; leaf- segments 1-4 pairs. 
 
 Pods divergent or ascending. j. B. Barbarea. 
 
 Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. strict a. 
 
 Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B. praecox. 
 
 1. Barbarea Barbarea (L.) MacM. YELLOW ROCKET OR CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1709.) Tufted; stems 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves petioled, 5-13 cm. long, pinnat- 
 ifid; terminal division much larger than the 1-4 pairs of lateral ones, all oval or 
 obovate ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; pods spread- 
 ing or ascending, about 2.5 cm. long, obscurely 4-angled; pedicels about 4 mm. 
 long. In fields and waste places, L:ib. to'Va. and locally in the interior. Also on 
 the Pacific coast. Nat. from Europe. April-June. \B. vulgaris R. Br.J 
 
 2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. ERECT-FRUITED WINTER CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1710.) Similar to the preceding. Lateral segments of the leaves comparatively 
 larger ; pods obtusely or obscurely 4-angled. about 2.5 cm. long, erect and ap- 
 pressed against the rachis of the raceme on erect or ascending slender pedicels. In 
 fields, and waste places, Quebec to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Neb. Nat. 
 from Europe. April-June. 
 
 3. Barbarea praecox ( J. E. Smith) R. Br. EARLY WINTER OR BELLE ISLE 
 CRESS. (I. F. f. 1711.) Closely resembles the last species. Divisions of the leaves 
 more numerous; pods sharply 4-sided, slightly compressed, 3-8 cm. long, on stout 
 pedicels. In waste places, S. N. Y. to Fla. Adventive from Europe. April-June. 
 
 17. IODANTHUS T.&G. 
 
 A glabrous erect perennial herb, with dentate leaves auricled at the base, or the 
 lower and basal ones lyrate-pinnatifid, and violet or white flowers in panicled ra- 
 cemes. Sepals much shorter than the petals, the inner ones slightly gibbous at the 
 bas*. Petals long-clawed. Sty le stout; stigma subca-pitate. Silique linear-cylindric, 
 somewhat constricted between the seeds. Seeds oblong, rounded, in I row in each 
 cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, violet. colored flower.] A monotypic genus 
 of S. N. Am. 
 
 i. lodanthus pinnat Indus (Michx.) Steud. PURPLE OR FALSE ROCKET. 
 (I. F. f. 1712.) Stem slender, 3-10 dm. high. Lower leaves ovate or oblong (oc- 
 casionally cordate), 0.5-2 dm. long, dentate, tapering into a margined petiole which 
 is clasping and auriculate at the base, the lower part of the blade often pinnatifid 
 into 2-6 pairs of small segments; stem-leaves similar or merely dentate, narrower, 
 sometimes ovate lanceolate, the upper nearly sessile; flowers numerous, 6-8 mm. 
 broad; pedicels spreading, 2-4 cm. long in fruit; pods linear, 4-6 mm. long, I mm. 
 wide, spreading or ascending; style 2 mm. long. On river banks, W. Penn. to 
 Minn., Tenn., Kans., La. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 18. RORIPA Scop. [NASTURTIUM R. Br.] 
 
 Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves. 
 Sept's r preading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short or elongated, terete or nearly so. 
 Stipe none. Valves generally I -nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed 
 
45 2 FLORA. 
 
 or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell (very rarely in i 
 row). Cotyledons accumbent. [Name unexplained.] About 25 species, of wide 
 geographic distribution. Besides the following, there are about 5 other North 
 American species, natives of the southern and western parts of the continent. The 
 white-flowered species perhaps represent different generic types. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled. 
 
 Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided; style very short; naturalized European species. 
 
 i. R. sylvestris. 
 Leaves pinnatifid ; style slender; native western species. 
 
 Pedicels and pods glabrous or nearly so. 2. R. sinuata. 
 
 Pedicels and pods scurfy-puberulent. 3. R. calycina. 
 
 Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots. 
 Pods 2-10 mm. long, straight. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; stem diffuse. 
 
 Pods linear to oblong, 6-10 mm. long. 4. R. obtusa. 
 
 Pods subglobose, about 2 mm. in diameter. 5. R. sphaerocarpa, 
 Fruiting pedicels 4-8 mm. long; stem erect. 
 
 Stem nearly or quite glabrous; pods linear or linear-oblong. 
 
 6. R. palustris. 
 
 Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 7. R. hispida. 
 Pods 8-14 mm. long, strongly curved upward. 8. R. curvisiliqua. 
 
 Flowers and pods very nearly sessile. 9. R. sessiliflora. 
 
 Flowers white. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided ; pods linear. 10. R. Nasturtium. 
 
 Leaves simple or the lower pinnatifid ; pods oblong or globose. 
 
 Terrestrial, tall ; leaves crenate, or the lower lobed or pinnatifid. 
 
 ii. R. Armoracia. 
 Aquatic; immersed leaves finely dissected. 12. R. Americana. 
 
 1. Roripa sylvestris (L.) Bess. CREEPING YELLOW WATER-CRESS. (I. F. f- 
 1713.) Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches ascending. Leaves phr 
 natery divided or deeply pinnatifid, petioled, 7-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, the 
 divisions obovate, or oblong, toothed or lobed; pedicels slender, about 6 mm. long; 
 flowers yellow, 6-io mm. broad; pod linear, 8-12 mm. long; style very short. In 
 low grounds and waste places, Newf. to Mass., Va. and Mich. Adventive or nat. 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Roripa sinuata (Nutt.) A." S. Hitchcock. SPREADING YELLOW-CRESS. 
 (I. F. f. 1714.) Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves ob. 
 long, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, pinnatifid, the lobes 
 linear or oblong, obtuse; pedicels slender, 6 mm. long; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. 
 broad; pods linear-oblong, often curved, 8-15 mm. long; style slender, 2-4 mm. 
 long. Minn, to S. Dak., Mo., west to the Sierra Nevada. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Roripa calycina (Engelm.) Rydb. SCURFY YELLOW-CRESS. Similar to 
 R. simiata, the leaves rather more deeply pinnatifid; flowers about one-half the 
 size, and pods and pedicels scurfy-puberulent. W. Neb., Wyo. and Mont. Has 
 been referred to R. curvisiliqua. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton. BLUNT-LEAVED YELLOW-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1715.) Annual or biennial, diffuse. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 
 pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse, repand-toothed, or sometimes en- 
 tire; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers yellow, 2-3 mm. broad or less; pods narrowly 
 oblong, or linear, 6-10 mm. long, ascending; style i mm. long. In low grounds, 
 Mich, to Tex., west to the Pacific coast. April-Aug. 
 
 5. Roripa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Britton. ROUND FRUITED CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1716.) Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the lower lyrate-pin- 
 natifid or incised, the upper sometimes nearly entire, petioled or the upper sub- 
 sessile; petioles narrowly margined, somewhat clasping; flowers 2 mm. broad or 
 less; petals yellow, about equalling the sepals; silicic globose, about 2 mm. in di- 
 ameter, about as long as its pedicel; style very short. 111. to Kans., Tex. and 
 Cal. June-July. 
 
 6. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. MARSH OR YELLOW WATER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1717.) Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. 
 Lower leaves petioled, 7-17 cm. long, oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes 
 repand or toothed ; upper leaves nearly sessile, dentate or somewhat lobed ; pedi- 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 453 
 
 eels slender, 6 mm. long in fruit; flowers yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; pods linear, or 
 linear-oblong, 2-6 times as long as thick, about equalling the pedicels, spreading 
 or curved; style I mm. long or less. In wet places, nearly throughout N. Am. ex- 
 cept the extreme north. Apparently nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 7. Roripa hispida (Desv. ) Britton. HISPID YELLOW-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1718.) 
 Resembling the preceding, but often stouter, sometimes 12 dm. high, the stem, 
 branches, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves hirsute. Leaves 
 lyrate-pinnatifid; pedicels slender, spreading, about 6 mm. long, longer than the 
 globose or ovoid pod, which is 1-2 times as long as thick. In wet places, N. B. to 
 Br. Col., Fla. and N. Mex. Summer. 
 
 8. Roripa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bessey. CURVED-FRUITED CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1719.) Annual or biennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; stems 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves oval or oblanceolate, pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or toothed, the 
 lower 2-8 cm. long; flowers light yellow, 4 mm. broad in short racemes; petals 
 rather longer than the sepals ; style short; pods linear, 8-16 mm. long, less than 
 2 mm. wide, strongly curved upward; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2-4 mm. 
 long. In moist soil, Mont, to Br. Col. and Cal. Not certainly known within our 
 range. May-Aug. 
 
 ?. Roripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchcock. SESSILE-FLOWERED CRESS. 
 . f. 1720.) Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 petioled, the lower 7-10 cm. long, obovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or 
 pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes; flowers yellow, 2 mm. broad, nearly sessile; pods 
 very slightly pedicelled, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, narrowly oblong; style 
 very short. In low grounds, Tenn., 111. and Iowa to Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
 April-June. 
 
 10. Roripa Nasturtium (L.)Rusby. WATER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1721.) Aquatic, 
 glabrous, rooting from the nodes. Leaves odd-pinnate, of 3-9 segments, the 
 terminal one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval, or the terminal one 
 nearly orbicular; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; pods 1-3.5 cm - l n g> 2 mm - wide, 
 slightly curved upward, on pedicels of about their length ; seeds in 2 rows. In 
 brooks and streams, N. S. to Manitoba, Ore., Va. and Neb. and Ariz. Nat. from 
 Europe. April-Nov. \Nasturtium ojficinale R. Br.] 
 
 11. Roripa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. HORSERADISH. (I. F. f. 1722.) 
 Erect, 6-10 dm. high, from deep thick roots. Basal leaves on thick petioles 
 1.5-3 dm. long, the blade oblong, often nearly as long, crenate, sinuate or even 
 pinnatifid, rough but glabrous; upper leaves sessile, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 
 crenate or dentate; racemes paniculate; pedicels slender, ascending, 4-6 mm. 
 long; flowers white, 4-8 mm. broad; pods oblong or nearly globose; style very 
 short. Escaped from gardens into moist grounds, especially along streams. 
 Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 12. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton. LAKE WATER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1723.) Aquatic, branching, 3-6 dm. long. Immers-ed leaves 5-8 cm. long, 
 pinnately dissected into numerous filiform divisions; emersed leaves oblong, 2-8 
 cm. long; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, slender, spreading; flowers white; style slender, 
 about 2 mm. long; pods ovoid, 4 mm. long, i-celled. In lakes and slow streams, 
 Vt. and Quebec to Ont., Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. Summer. [A r . lacustrc A. 
 Gray.] 
 
 19. CARDAMINE L. 
 
 Erect or ascending herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks or fibrous roots, 
 entire lobed or divided leaves, and racemose or corymbose white or purple flowers. 
 Stamens 6, rarely 4. Siliques elongated, flat; valves nerveless or faintly nerved, 
 elastically dehiscent at maturity. Stipe none. Seeds in I row in each cell, 
 compressed, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, heart-strengthening.] 
 About 75 species, natives of temperate regions. 
 
 * Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal segment. 
 Flowers 1-2 cm. broad, white or purplish. i. C. pratensis. 
 
 Flowers 2-8 mm. broad, white. 
 
 Leaf-segments numerous, small, the terminal one 4-20 mm. wide, narrowed, rounded 
 or subcordate at the base. 
 
 Leaves nearly all basal, pubescent. 2. C. hirsuta* 
 
 Stem leafy ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
454 FLORA. 
 
 Mature pods erect, 0.5-1 mm. wide. 
 
 Flowers 4-5 mm. wide; plants of swamps, streams, or wet grounds. 
 Segments of basal leaves 4-25 mm. wide; plant 2-9 dm. tall. 
 
 3. 6". Pennsylvanica. 
 Segments of basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide; plant 1-3 dm. tall. 
 
 4. C. arenicola. 
 Flowers 2-3 mm. wide; plant of dry rocky situations. 
 
 5. C. parvijiora. 
 Mature pods divergent or ascendirrg, more than i mm. wide. 
 
 6. C.flexuosa. 
 Leaf-segments few, large, the terminal one 2-5 cm. wide, deeply cordate. 
 
 7. C. Clematitis. 
 
 ** Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with i or 2 lateral segments. 
 Dwarf, alpine ; leaves nearly entire, long-petioled. 8. C. bellidifoha. 
 
 Erect or decumbent ; leaves more or less toothed or lobed. 
 
 Flowers purple ; stem erect. 9. C. purpurea. 
 
 Flowers white. 
 
 Stem erect from a tuberous base. 10. C. bulbosa. 
 
 Stem decumbent, stoloniferous; roots fibrous. u. C. rot undif alia. 
 
 1. Cardamine pratensis L. MEADOW BITTER-CRESS. CUCKOO-FLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 1724.) Glabrous, 2-5 dm. high; roots fibrous. Leaves pinnately divided, 
 lanceolate or oblong in outline, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; divisions 3-7 
 pairs and an odd one; petals three times the length of the calyx; pedicels slender, 
 8-12 mm. long in fruit; pods 1.5-3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; style 1-2 mm. long, 
 thick. In wet meadows and swamps, Lab. to N. J., Br. Col. and Minn. Also in 
 Europe and northern Asia. April-May. 
 
 2. Cardamine hirsuta L. HAIRY BITTER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1725.) More or 
 less pubescent; stem usually little branched, 1-2.5 dm. tail. Leaves nearly all 
 basal, 2-IO cm. long, pinnate, the terminal segment orbicular or broader than long, 
 entire or few-toothed, the lateral ones 2-5 pairs; stem leaves few, their segments 
 linear, or linear-oblong; flowers 4 mm. broad, white; pods linear, about 2.5 cm. 
 long and i mm. wide, erect on ascending pedicels 4-8 mm. long when mature; 
 style almost none. In moist places, Penn. to Mich., Neb. and N. Car. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. March-May. 
 
 3. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER-CRESS. (I. F. 
 f. 1726.) Glabrous or rarely with a few hairs; stem erect, 2-9 dm. tall, usually 
 much branched, leafy. Basal leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, the terminal segment obo- 
 vate, oval or suborbicular, the lateral 4-8 pairs oblong, oval, or obovate; flowers 
 about 4 mm. broad, white; pods narrowly linear, 1.5-3 cm. long, less than I mm. 
 wide, erect when mature on ascending or divergent pedicels 4-6 mm. long; style 
 about i mm. long. In swamps and wet places, Newf. to Minn., Mont., Fla., Tenn. 
 and Kans. April-June. 
 
 4. Cardamine arenicola Britton. SAND BITTER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1727.) 
 Glabrous, usually branched from the base, leafy, erect, 1.5-3 dm. high. Segments 
 of the leaves numerous, linear or linear oblong, 1-3 mm. wide, obtusish, entire, or 
 with 1-3 small teeth; flowers about 4 mm. broad, white; mature pods erect, alx>ut 
 2 cm. long. 0.5-1 mm. wide, their pedicels ascending; style almost wanting. In 
 moist or wet sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. March-April. 
 
 t. Cardamine parviflora L. SMALL-FLOWERED BITTER CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 .) Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stem weak, erect or ascending, very 
 slender or almost filiform, 0.5-4 dm. long, usually leafy up to the racemes, the 
 leaves scattered. Segments of the leaves numerous, oblong or linear, or the ter- 
 minal one sometimes orbicular, 1-4 mm. wide; mature pods 2-5 cm. long or less, 
 rather less than i mm. wide, erect on ascending pedicels, 4-10 mm. long, the axis 
 of the racemes commonly zigzag ; flowers scarcely more than I mm. broad, white; 
 style almost wanting. On rocks, Quebec to W. Ont., Ore., south to Mass, and Ga. 
 Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 6. Cardamine flexuosa With. WOOD BITTER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1729.) Gla- 
 brous; stem leafy, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Leaf segments obovate, oval, oblong or linear, 
 the terminal one sometimes orbicular, narrowed rounded or subcordate at the base, 
 1-2 cm. wide, the lateral ones usually much narrower; flowers white, 4 mm. broad; 
 pods ascending or divergent, on spreading or ascending pedicels, 1.5-3 cm - l n ? 
 I mm. wide or rather more; style minute or none. In wet woods, streams and 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 455 
 
 mountain swamps, Me. to Mich, and N. Car. Also in Europe and Asia May- 
 Aug. 
 
 7. Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw. MOUNTAIN BITTER-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 1730.) Glabrous, dark green; stem weak, slender, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves various, 
 some of them of a single orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate terminal segment, 
 some of them with two additional ovate oblong or rounded lateral segments, the 
 uppermost occasionally linear-oblong and entire; flowers in short racemes, white, 
 6-8 mm. wide; pedicels ascending, 6-12 mm. long; pods ascending or divergent, 
 2-4 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide; style 2-4 mm. long, subulate. In wet woods, 
 high mountains of Va. and N. Car. to Ala. May-July. 
 
 8. Cardamine bellidifolia L. ALPINE CRESS. (I. F. f. 1731.) Tufted, 
 glabrous, 5-13 cm. high; roots fibrous. Lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, 
 the blade 8-12 mm. long, abruptly contracted into the petiole, entire, or with a 
 few rounded teeth; upper leaves similar, shorter-petioled; flowers 1-5, white; 
 petals about twice the length of the calyx; pods erect, linear, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. 
 wide, narrowed at each end ; pedicels 2-6 mm. long ; style stout, less than 2 mm. 
 long. Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. ; Mt. Katahdin, Me. ; Green- 
 land and arctic Am. ; the Canadian Rocky Mts. ; Cal. Also in Europe. July. 
 
 9. Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Britton. PURPLE CRESS. (I. F. f. 1732.) 
 Glabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high from tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves slender- 
 petioled, 2-3 cm. broad, ovate or orbicular, cordate, thickish, the upper sessile, 
 dentate or entire; pedicels 8-25 mm. long; flowers purple, 1-2 cm. broad; pods 
 nearly erect, 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, pointed at each end; style 4 mm. long. 
 In cold, springy places, Quebec and arctic Am. to the Canadian Rocky Mts., 
 Md. and Wis. April-May. 
 
 10. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P. BULBOUS CRESS. (I. F. f 1733.) 
 Glabrous, erect from a tuberiferous base, 24.5 dm. high- Basal leaves oval, or 
 nearly orbicular, 2-4 cm. long, sometimes cordate, angled or entire, long-petioled; 
 stem-leaves sessile or the lower petioled. oblong or lanceolate, dentate or entire; 
 pedicels 8-25 mm. long; flowers white, 1-1.5 cm - broad; petals three or four times 
 the length of the calyx; pods 2.5 cm. long, erect, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at 
 each end; style 2-4 mm. long; stigma prominent; seeds short-oval. In wet 
 meadows and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 11. Cardarnine rotundifolia Michx. ROUND-LEAVED OR AMERICAN WATER- 
 CRESS. (I. F. f. 1734.) Weak, ascending or decumbent, forming long stolons; 
 roots fibrous. Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar, the lower petioled, the upper 
 sessile, ovate, oval, or orbicular, obtuse, undulate angled or entire, thin; pedicels 
 1-2.5 cm - l n S * n f ru it; flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; pods linear, 14-16 mm. 
 long, i mm. wide, pointed; style 2 mm. long; stigma minute; seeds oblong. In 
 cold springs, N. J. to Ohio, N. Car. and Ky. May-June. 
 
 20. DENTARIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, with horizontal scaly or toothed rootstocks, erect, mostly un- 
 branched stems leafless below, 3-divided or palmately laciniate petioled leaves, and 
 corymbose or short racemose white rose-colored or purple flowers. Petals much 
 longer than the sepals. Stamens 6. Style slender. Silique linear, flat, elastic - 
 ally dehiscent from the base, its valves nerveless or with a faint midnerve; stipe 
 none. Seeds in I row in each cell, thick, oval, flattened, wingless; cotyledons 
 thick, accumbent. [Greek, tooth, from the toothlike divisions of the rootstock.] 
 About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 
 some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar. 
 
 Leaf-divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or cleft. i. D. laciniata. 
 
 Leaf-divisions ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate or lobed. 
 
 Stem-leaves 2, opposite, or close together ; rootstock continuous.' 
 
 2. D. diphylla. 
 
 Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate ; rootstock jointed. 3. D. maxima. 
 
 Divisions of the stem-leaves linear or lanceolate ; those of the basal leaves ovate, much 
 broader. 4. D. heterophylla. 
 
 i. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT OR PEPPER-ROOT. 
 (I. F. f. 1735.) Pubescent or glabrous, scapose, 2-4 dm. high; rootstock deep, 
 
456 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 to the 
 
 tubercled, jointed. Leaves 5-13 cm. broad, those of the stem generally 3 and ap- 
 proximate or verticillate, 3-parted nearly to the base; divisions lanceolate, linear 
 or oblong, the lateral ones often deeply 2-cleft, all incisely toothed or lobed; basal 
 leaves similar, rarely developed at flowering time; pedicels ascending, stout, 1.5-2 
 cm. long in fruit; flowers 1.4-2 cm. broad, white or pink; pods linear, ascending, 
 2-4 cm. long; style 6-8 mm. long. In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Fla., Minn., 
 Kans. and La. April-June. 
 
 2. Dentaria diphylla Michx. TWO-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. (I. F. f. 1736.) 
 Stout, scapose, glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; rootstock continuous, toothed. Basal 
 leaves long-petioled, 1-1.3 dm. broad, ternate, the divisions short -stalked, broadly 
 ovate, dentate, or somewhat lobed, about 5 cm. long; stem-leaves generally 2, op- 
 posite or nearly so; pedicels 2-4 cm. long; flowers white, 1.4-1.6 cm. broad; pods 
 2.5 cm. long or more. In rich woods and meadows, N. S. to Minn., S. Car. and 
 Ky. May. 
 
 Dentaria maxima Nutt. LARGE TOOTHWORT. (I. F. f. 1737.) Similar 
 
 ic preceding but larger; rootstock jointed, tubercled. Stem-leaves 2-7 (gen- 
 erally 3), alternate, similar to the basal ones; flowers pale purple, 1.5-2 cm 
 broad. Vt. to N. Y. and Penn. May. 
 
 4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. SLENDER TOOTHWORT. (I. F. f. 1738.) 
 Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2.5-3.5 dm. high; rootstock jointed. 
 Basal leaves long-petioled, ternate; divisions ovate, the terminal one cuneate or 
 rounded at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral, the lobes or teeth mucronate; 
 stem-leaves generally 2, opposite or nearly so, ternate, the divisions linear or lan- 
 ceolate; pedicels 2.5 cm. long in fruit; flowers light purple, 1.6-1.8 cm. broad; pods 
 ascending, 2.5 cm. long. In woods, N. J. and Penn. to Ga. and Tenn. April- 
 May. 
 
 21. LUNARIA L. 
 
 Pubescent erect herbs, with broad dentate or denticulate mostly cordate leaves, 
 and large violet flowers in terminal racemes. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. 
 Petals obovate, clawed. Siliques long-stipitate, very flat, oblong or elliptic, dehis- 
 cent, the papery valves reticulate- veined. Style filiform; septum hyaline, trans- 
 lucent, shining. Seeds circular or reniform, very large, winged, borne on long 
 funiculi, which are adnate to the septum; cotyledons large, accumbent. [Latin, 
 moon, in allusion to the shining partition of the pod.] Two known species, natives 
 of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Siliques oblong, pointed at both ends; perennial. i. L. rediviva. 
 
 Siliques elliptic, rounded at both ends ; annual or biennial. 2. L. annua. 
 
 i. Lunaria rediviva L. PERENNIAL SATIN-POD OR SATIN-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 1739.) Pubescent with short simple hairs; stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves broadly 
 ovate, acuminate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, thin, the lower long- 
 petioled, 0.7-1.5 dm. long; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, slender-pedicelled; pods 
 oblong, 5-8 mm. long, drooping, borne on slender stipes of about one-half their 
 length; seeds reniform, broader than long. In thickets, Canadian side of Niagara 
 Falls. Escaped from gardens or fugitive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 2 Lunaria annua L. HONESTY. (I. F. f. 1740.) Resembles the preceding 
 species when in flower, but the root is annual or biennial. Siliques elliptic or 
 broadly oval, 3-5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide or rather more, rounded at both ends; seeds 
 suborbicular, cordate, about as long as wide. Escaped from gardens to roadsides 
 in southwestern Connecticut. Both this species and the preceding are occasionally 
 cultivated for their remarkably large pods, which are gathered for dry bouquets, 
 the valves falling away at maturity and leaving the septum as a shining membrane. 
 May -June. 
 
 22. SELENIA Nutt. 
 
 Annual tufted glabrous herbs, with pinnatisect leaves, and racemose leafy- 
 bracted yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Petals narrow, erect, with 10 hypogy- 
 nous glands at their bases. Silique stalked, very flat, oblong, narrowed at each 
 end, dehiscent ; valves nerveless, thin, finely veined. Style long, slender. Seeds 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 4$7 
 
 few, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, orbicular, flat, broadly winged, free from the 
 septum. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, moon, from the resemblance of this 
 genus to Lunar ia.~\ Two or three species, natives of the south- central United States 
 and northern Mexico. 
 
 i. Selenia aurea Nutt. SELENIA. (I. F. f. 1741.) Stems simple, numer- 
 ous, 0.5-2 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, narrow, 1-2 pinnatifid into numer- 
 ous oblong dentate segments; stem-leaves similar, smaller; bracts of the raceme 
 pinnatifid, resembling the upper leaves; flowers 6-8 mm. high, numerous; pedicels 
 I-I-5 cm. long in fruit, spreading or ascending; pod 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 cm. broad; 
 style 4 mm. long, very slender. In open places, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. March- 
 April. 
 
 23. LEAVENWORTHIA Torn 
 
 Low annual glabrous scapose herbs, with lyrate-pinnatifid persistent basal 
 leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers. Petals wedge-shaped. Siliques flat, 
 broadly linear or oblong, short-stipitate, dehiscent ; valves nerveless, finely retic- 
 ulate-veined. Seeds in I row in each cell of the pod, flat, winged or margined; 
 radicle short, slightly bent toward the cotyledons. [In honor of Dr. M. C. Leaven- 
 worth, U. S. A. ] A genus of about 4 species, natives of southeastern North Am. 
 
 Pods not constricted between the seeds. i. L. uniflora. 
 
 Pods constricted between the seeds. 2. /,. torulosa. 
 
 1. Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton. MICHAUX'S LEAVENWORTHIA. 
 (L F. f. 1742.) Tufted, 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves rosulate, 2-10 cm. long, the 
 segments 5-17, dentate or angled, 4-6 mm. long, the terminal one somewhat larger, 
 all narrowed near the base; stem-leaves none, or 1-3, smaller; flowers about 6 mm. 
 broad; petals white or purplish with a yellow base, about twice the length of the 
 sepals ; pods oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long, 4 mm. wide when mature ; seeds 
 winged; style about I mm. long. In open, dry places, S. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. 
 April. Z. Michauxii Torr.] 
 
 2. Leavenworthia torulosa A. Gray. NECKLACE LEAVENWORTHIA. (I. F. 
 f. 1743.) Closely resembles the preceding, but the pods are narrower and con- 
 stricted between the seeds. Style 3-4 mm. long ; seeds sharp-margined, barely 
 winged ; terminal segment of the basal leaves decidedly broader than the lateral 
 ones. Barrens of Ky. and Tenn. April. 
 
 24. PHYSARIA A. Gray. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Low perennial stellate-canescent herbs, with usually simple stems, spatulate 
 mostly entire leaves, the basal ones tufted, and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 
 Petals longer than the sepals. Style filiform. Silicles membranous, stellate pubes- 
 cent, their cavities inflated, subglobose, the septum narrow. Seeds not margined; 
 cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated fruit.] 
 About 4 species, natives of western N. Am. 
 
 I. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. DOUBLE BLADDER-POD. (I. F. 
 f. 1744.) Root long and deep. Stems slender, 0.7-3 dl ". long; leaves spatulate, 
 the basal ones obtuse, entire, or few-lobed, narrowed into margined petioles; blade, 
 or terminal segment, 2-13 cm. long; stem-leaves nearly sessile, acute or subacute, 
 much smaller; flowers 1-1.3 cm. broad; pods didymous, variable, often I cm. thick 
 through the strongly inflated cavities, emarginate at base and summit, commonly 
 broader than high; seeds numerous. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Br. Col., Neb., 
 Colo, and Nev. May-Aug. 
 
 25. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. 
 
 Low herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose mainly yellow 
 flowers. Petals entire. Anthers sagittate. Pod generally inflated, globose or 
 oblong; valves nerveless; septum translucent, nerved from the apex to the middle. 
 Seeds several or many in each cell of the pod, flattened, marginless or narrow- 
 margined; cotyledons accumbent. [Dedicated to Leo Lesquereux, 1805-1889, 
 Swiss and American botanist.] About 35 species, natives of America, and mainly 
 of the western parts of the U. S. 
 
45 FLORA. 
 
 Pods densely stellate-pubescent. 
 
 Pods oblong to globose, acute, 4 mm. long ; low perennial. i. /,. spathiilata. 
 
 Pods globose, 2 mm. in diameter; tall annual. 2. L. globosa. 
 
 Pods oval or globose, 4-5 mm. long; tall biennial or perennial. 3. L. argentea. 
 Pods glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 Annual, sparingly pubescent ; stem slender, 3-6 dm. tall, much branched ; south- 
 western. 4. L. gracilis. 
 
 Perennial, densely stellate ; stem rather stout, 1.5-3 dm. tall, simple ; western. 
 
 5. L. ovalifolia, 
 
 Perennial, 2-15 cm. tall ; stem simple ; arctic. 6. Z,. arctica. 
 
 1. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. Low BLADDER-POD. (I. F. f. 1745.) 
 Perennial, 1-1.3 dm. high; stems slender, simple. Lower leaves oblanceolate or 
 spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish, narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear; 
 flowers about 4 mm. broad; pedicels 6-12 mm. long, recurved in fruit; pods 
 oblong or nearly globose, finely canescent, about 4 mm. long, few-seeded, tipped 
 with a style of about their own length. Dry hills, Neb. and S. Dak. to Mont, and 
 the N. W. Terr. June. 
 
 2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S. Wats. SHORT'S BLADDER-POD. (I. F. f. 
 1746.) Slender, sparingly branched, 1.5-5 dm. high- Basal leaves obovate, 
 2-4 cm. long, obtuse; stem-leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller, sessile; 
 petals 4-6 mm. long; pedicels slender, spreading, 8-10 mm. long in fruit; pod 
 nearly globular, 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous when mature; seeds I or 2 in each 
 cavity; style slender, 4 mm. long. In open places, Ky. and Tenn. to Mo. April. 
 
 3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh) MacM. SILVERY BLADDER-POD. (I. F. f. 
 1747.) Tufted, nearly simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, oblong or ob- 
 lanceolate, the lower $-& cm> l n g> blunt, entire or sparingly repand-toothed; 
 petals 6 mm. long; pedicels slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long in fruit, spreading or re- 
 curved; pod slightly stipitate, stellate- pubescent, globose to oval, 4-5 mm. long; 
 style about equalling the pod. On plains, Minn, to Neb., Kans., Dak. and Ariz. 
 May-June. [. Lvdoviciana S. Wats.] 
 
 4. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. SLENDER BLADDER-POD. (I. F. f. 
 1748.) Weak; stem slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, freely branching, sparsely stellate- 
 pubescent. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm - l n g> their margins often 
 undulate; petals about 6 mm. long; pedicels spreading, sometimes 2.5 cm. long in 
 fruit, ascending or upwardly curved; pod globose, glabrous, 4 mm. in diameter, 
 stipitate; style 4 mm. long. Prairies, Neb. to Tex. March-May. 
 
 5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydberg. OVAL-LEAVED BLADDER-POD. (I. F, f. 
 1749.) Basal leaves tufted, broadly oval to nearly orbicular, entire, pale. 2-5 
 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves distant, linear-oblanceolate or 
 narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedicels comparatively stout, ascending, 1-2 cm. long; 
 pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, glabrous; style about 
 6 mm. long. In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. 
 
 6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats. ARCTIC BLADDER-POD. (I. F. f. 
 1750.) Tufted; stem nearly or quite simple, 2-15 cm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate, 
 spatulate, or oblong, 2.5 cm. long or less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed 
 into broad petioles, the upper sessile; petals about 4 mm. long; pods oval or sub- 
 globose, 4-6 mm. high; septum perforated; style 2 mm. long or less. Greenland 
 and arctic Am. Summer. 
 
 Lesquerella arctica Purshii S. Wats. Taller, sometimes 1.5 dm. high ; septum of 
 the sparsely stellate-pubescent pod unperforated. Anticosti. 
 
 26. HUTCHfNSIA R. Br. 
 
 Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species 
 annual, the small white flowers in terminal racemes, the axis elongating in fruit. 
 Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short. Silicles oval, compressed at right 
 angles to the partition, the valves with a strong midvein. Seeds numerous; 
 cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins, of 
 Bantry, Ireland, an eminent botanist.] About 8 species, natives of the northern 
 hemisphere, only the following known in N. Am. 
 
 i. Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv. PROSTRATE HUTCHINSIA. (I. F. f. 
 1751.) Tufted- branching near the base, the branches slender, 5-15 cm. long 
 
CRUC1FEKAE. 459 
 
 Lower leaves short -petioled, pinnatifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, 1-2.5 
 cm. long; upper leaves sessile or very nearly so; flowers about I mm. broad; 
 pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 6 12 mm. long in fruit; pods elliptic or 
 oval, irostly obtuse or emarginate, 3-4 mm. long. In moist ground, often in 
 saline situations, Lab. to Br. Col., and widely distributed in the Pacific States. 
 Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug. 
 
 27. BURSA Weber. [CAPSELLA Medic.] 
 
 Annual or winter-annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, the basal 
 leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obccrdate or 
 triangular, compressed at right angles with the septum, their valves boat-si. aptd, 
 keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous, marginless ; cotyledons accun,lfi,t. 
 [Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.] About 4 species, natives oi the 
 northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, another occurs in western 
 N. Am. 
 
 1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. (I. F. f. 1752.) 
 Branching, 1.5-5 dm. high from a deep root, pubescent below, mainly glabious 
 above. Basal leaves lobed, pinnatifid, or rarely entire, 5-15 cm. long; btem-leaves 
 few, lanceolate, auricled; flowers about 2 mm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long in 
 fruit; pods triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emarginate. 4-8 mm. long; 
 seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. In fields and waste places, very common. Nat. from 
 Europe. Jan. -Dec. 
 
 38. CAMELINA Crantz. 
 
 Erect annual herbs, with entire tcothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellow- 
 ish flowers. Silicles obovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very con- 
 vex, I -nerved. Seeds oblong, maiginless, in 2 rcws. Stigma entire; style slender. 
 Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, lew flax.] About 5 species, natives of Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so : pod 6-8 mm. long. I. C. sativa. 
 
 Pubescent, at least below ; pod 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. microcai pa. 
 
 T. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. GOLD-OF-PLEASURE. FALSE FLAX. 
 (I. F. f. 1753.) Glabrous, or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high. Lowest leaves petioled, 
 5-8 cm. long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves sessile, smaller, clasping by a 
 sagittate base, mostly entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 1-2 cm. 
 long in fruit; flowers numerous, about 6 mm. long; pod obovoid or pyriform, mar- 
 gined, slightly flattened, 6-8 mm. long; style slender, 3 mm. long. In fields and 
 waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area. Adventive or nat. from 
 Europe. June-July. 
 
 2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. SMALL-FRUITED FALSE-FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 I 753 a> ) Stem pubescent, at least below. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, auricled, or 
 the lower narrowed at the base; fruiting racemes much elongated, often 3 dm. 
 long or more; pedicels relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sativa; pod 
 rather more flattened, 4-6 mm. long, strongly margined. In waste places, R. I. 
 to W. Va., Idaho, Br. Col. and Kans. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May- July. 
 
 29. NESLIA Desv. 
 
 Annual erect branching herbs, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, 
 and small yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, 
 indehiscent. I -celled, I -seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds horizon- 
 tal; cotyledons incumbent. [Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle, a French botanist.] 
 A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. BALL MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1754.) Slender, 
 rather densely rough-hispid, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate-clasping 
 at the base, 2-6 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow, 
 nearly 2 mm. broad; pedicels filiform, ascending. 6-io mm. long in fruit; silicles 
 about 2 mm. in diameter. In waste places, Ont. , Manitoba and Br. Col., and in 
 ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Rapfstrum rugbsum (L.) All., a plant with 2-jointed indehiscent pods, erect on 
 appressed pedicels, in long racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn., and 
 plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is nearly related to Raphanus. 
 
 30 DRABA L. 
 
 Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with simple leaves, and mainly 
 racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded. 
 Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numer- 
 ous; valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some 
 plant of this family.] Species about 150, mainly natives of temperate and arctic 
 regions. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers white or whitish. 
 
 Petals deeply 2-cleft. I. D. verna. 
 
 Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate. 
 
 Flowering stems scapose, leafy only below. 
 Plants annual, not arctic. 
 
 Leaves entire, obovate or oblong. 2. Z>. Caroliniana. 
 
 Leaves dentate, cuneate to spatulate. 3. D. cuneifolta. 
 
 Low arctic perennials. 
 
 Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous. 4. D. Fladnizensis. 
 
 Leaves stellate canescent. 5. D. ntva/ts. 
 
 Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence. 
 
 Leaves entire or sparingly dentate. 6. D. incana. 
 
 Leaves sharply dentate. 7. D. ramosissima. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; (white in No. 8); stems leafy. 
 
 Pods oblong, 2-4 mm. long. 8. D. brachycarpa. 
 
 Pods linear or lanceolate, 6-14 mm. long. 
 
 Annual ; pods 6-8 mm. long ; pedicels divaricately spreading. 
 
 9. D. nemorosa. 
 
 Perennial ; pods 8-14 mm. long; pedicels erect. 10. D. aurea. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; stems scapose. n. D. alpina. 
 
 1. Draba verna L. VERNAL WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1755.) Annual, 
 the leafless scapes numerous, 2-13 cm. high, arising from a tuft of basal leaves, 
 which are oblong or spatulate-oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g acutish and pubescent 
 with stellate hairs; flowers 3-4 mm. broad; pedicels 1-2.5 cm. long in fruit; pods 
 oblong, glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, obtuse, shorter than their pedicels; 
 style minute; seeds numerous. In fields, common except in the extreme north. 
 Nat. from Europe. Feb. -May. 
 
 2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1756.) 
 Annual; scapes 2-13 cm. high from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, obovate, 
 8 -20 mm. long, obtuse, entire or rarely with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stellate 
 hairs; scapes nearly glabrous ; flowers 3-4 mm. broad ; petals entire, sometimes 
 wanting in the later flowers; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; pods linear, 8-12 mm. 
 long, nearly 2 mm. broad, glabrous; style none. In sandy fields, Mass, to Ont., 
 Minn., Neb., Ga. and Ark. March-June. 
 
 Draba Caroliniana micrlntha (Nutt.) A. Gray. Differs from the type in the ap- 
 pressed- hispid pods. Petals often wanting. Prairies, 111. to Tex., N. Mex. and Wash. 
 
 3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. WEDGE LEAVED WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1757.) 
 Annual, stellate -pubescent, 1-2 dm. high, branching and leafy below. Leaves 
 obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, dentate toward the 
 apex ; flowers 4 mm. broad ; petals emarginate, twice or thrice the length of the 
 calyx; pedicels ascending or spreading, 4-8 mm. long in fruit; pods linear-oblong, 
 ob'use, 8-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely hairy; style none. In fields, Ky. 
 to Kans., Fla. and Cal. Feb. -April. 
 
 4. Draba Fladnizensis Wulf. WHITE ARCTIC WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 1758.) Tufted. Leaves oblanceolate, basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate- 
 ca icscent or with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, 8-16 mm. 
 long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascending, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; 
 pods oblong, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide; style almost wanting. 
 Gaspe, Quebec, and through arctic America, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 
 Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
CR UCIFERA . 46 1 
 
 5. Draba nivalis Lilj. YELLOW ARCTIC WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1759.) 
 Perennial by a short caudex; scapes tufted, pubescent, slender, 2-10 cm. high, 
 sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 
 4-14 mm. long, entire, acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole, 
 steliate-canescent; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods 
 oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but little pubescent, on 
 ascending pedicels 2-6 mm. long. Lab. through arctic America to Alaska, south 
 in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and in the Sierra Nevada to Nev. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Draba incana L. HOARY OR TWISTED WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1760.) 
 Perennial or biennial, leafy, stellate-pubescent, i-5~3 ^ m - high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 oblanceolate or ovate, 8-25 mm. long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; 
 flowers 2-3 mm. broad; petals notched, twice as long as the calyx; pods oblong or 
 lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short pedicels, densely pubescent or nearly 
 glabrous; style minute. In rocky places, Vt., Quebec to arctic America, Br. 
 Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 Draba inc&na ardbisans (Michx.) S. Wats. Stem branched below, bearing tufts of 
 spatulate narrow leaves: pods glabrous, twisted; style i mm. long. Me., Vt., -\nd N. Y. to 
 Lab., west along the Great Lakes to Minn, and Manitoba. 
 
 7. Draba ramosissima Desv. BRANCHING WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1761.) 
 Erect, much branched below, 1.5-3.5 dm. high' stellate-pubescent, the branches 
 bearing tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, Lower leaves 
 spatulate or oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth; upper 
 leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate; fkwers white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals 
 entire or erose, twice or thrice the length of the sepals; pedicels 6-8 mm. long in 
 fruit; pods oblong or lanceolate, hairy, 6-8 mm. long, twisted; style slender, 2-4 
 mm. long. Mountains of Va., Ky.. N. Car. and Tenn. April- May. 
 
 8. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. SHORT-FRUITED WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 1762.) Annual, tufted, 4-13 cm. high, loosely stellate-pubescent, leafy. Basal 
 leaves ovate or obovate, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, sparingly dentate or entire; stem- 
 leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, entire; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; flowers 
 white, 2 mm. broad; petals somewhat longer than the calyx, sometimes wanting; 
 pods oblong, acute, 2-4 mm. long, I mm. broad ; style minute. Dry hills and 
 fields, Va. to 111., Kans., Ga. and La. March-May. 
 
 9. Draba nemcrosa L. WOOD \VHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1763 ) Annual, 
 loosely stellate-pubescent, 1.5-3 cm. high, branching telow, leafy. Leaves oblong- 
 ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate, the kwer 1-2.5 cm - l n g I ~ I -5 cm - 
 wide, the upper smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, 2 mm. broad; petals 
 notched, slightly exceeding the calyx ; pedicels spreading in fruit, glabrous, 6-20 
 mm. long; pods pubescent, or nearly glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long; style 
 none. W. Ont., Mich, and Minn, to Ore., arctic Am. and in the Rocky Mts. 
 Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 10. Draba aurea Vahl. GOLDEN WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1764.) Peren- 
 nial, pubescent with stellate and simple hairs; stem 1.5-2.5 dm. high, leafy. Basal 
 leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, slightly dentate or entire, often 
 ciliate at the base ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute; pods lanceolate or ob- 
 long-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long ; flowers yellow, 4 mm. broad ; petals twice the 
 length of the calyx ; pods acute, pubescent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly 
 twisted, 8-14 mm. long, on erect pedicels; style I mm. long. Mignon Island, Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, to Greenland ; arctic Am. and in the Rocky Mts. south to Ariz. 
 Summer. 
 
 n. Draba alpina L. ALPINE WHITLOW-GRASS. (I. F. f. 1765.) Perennial 
 by a branched caudex, densely tufted; scapes pubescent, 1-15 cm. high. Leaves 
 basal, entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at the 
 base, ciliate, or villous-pubescent, s6metimes with some stellate hairs, 4-12 mm. 
 long, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers about 6 mm. broad; calyx pubescent or 
 villous; style I mm. long or less; pod oval or ovate, narrowed at both ends, 5-8 
 mm. long; pedicels 2-10 mm. long. Hudson Bay to Br. Col. and Alaska. Also 
 in northern Europe and Asia, Summer. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 31. SOPHIA Adans. 
 
 Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with short forked 
 hairs, with slender stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, and small yellow 
 flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short. Siliques 
 linear or linear-oblong, the valves i-nerved. Seeds small, oblong, wingless; coty- 
 ledons incumbent. [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.] About 15 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands, and the Andes 
 of S. Am. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Pods narrowly linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, i mm. wide, curved upward ; pedicels ascending. 
 
 i. S. Sophia, 
 Pods linear-oblong, 5-14 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, straight or nearly so. 
 
 Densely and finely canescent; pedicels horizontal; pods ascending. 2. S.pinnata, 
 Glabrate or somewhat canescent. 
 
 Pedicels and pods horizontal. 3. S. ntillefolia. 
 
 Pedicels ascending or erect ; pods almost erect. 
 Pedicels mostly longer than the pods. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oblanceolate in outline; terminal segment of the pin- 
 nae not very broad; style evident but short. 4. S. intermedia. 
 Lower leaves obovate in outline; terminal segment of the pinnae much 
 
 broader than the others; style obsolete. 5. S. brachycarpa. 
 
 Pedicels shorter than or equalling the pods. 6. S. Hai twegiana. 
 
 1. Sophia Sophia (L.)Britton. P A LIXWEED. HERB-SOPHIA. (I. F. f. 1766.) 
 Minutely hoary-canescent; stem usually much branched, 3-7.5 dm. tall. Leaves 
 2-3-pinnatifii into narrowly linear or linear-oblong segments; flowers numerous, 
 about 6 mm. long ; pedicels ascending, slender, 12-16 mm. long, glabrous or 
 nearly so; seeds in i row in each cell of the pod. In waste places, N. B. to Ont., 
 N. Y., 111. and Neb. Nat. from Europe. June- Aug. \Sisyrnbrium Sop/iia L.j 
 
 2. Sophia piinata (Walt.) Britton. TANSY-MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1767.) 
 Densely canescent ; stem 26 dm. tall, the branches ascending. Leaves 5-10 cm. 
 long, oblong in outline, 2 pinnatifid into numerous small obtuse segments; pedicels 
 slender, spreading nearly or quite at right angles to the axis, 10-14 mm - l n g< 
 usually longer than the pods; flowers 2-3 mm. broad; pods ascending, oblong or 
 linear-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; style minute; seeds in 2 rows in each 
 cell. In dry soil, Va. to Fla and Tex. May-July. [Sisytnbrium canescens Nutt.j 
 
 3 Sophia millefoha Rydberg. SOUTHERN TANSY-MUSTARD. Gener- 
 ally taller and less leafy than the preceding, with broader leaves, oval in outline, 
 less dissected, very thin; whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; pedicels 15-20 
 mm. Ion r; pods club-shaped, less than I cm. long; style short; seeds in 2 rows. 
 \_Sisymbriiim myriophyllum Meisner, not DC.] Ky. to Tex. May-June. 
 
 4. Sophia intermedia Rydb. WESTERN TANSY-MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1768.) 
 Resembles S.pinnata, but is greener, nearly glabrous, or the pubescence mixed with 
 short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided, and the pinnae I 2-pinnatifid 
 into linear-oblong entire or toothed segments; fruiting pedicels widely ascending, 
 1-2 cm. long, usually longer than the pods; pods 8-14 mm. long, about 2 mm. 
 thick, almost erect, seeds in I row. In dry soil, N. Y. to the N. W. Terr., Br. 
 Col., Tenn., Kans., Tex. and Cal. Has been mistaken for S. pinna t a and 
 S. incisa. May-Aug. 
 
 5. Sophia brachycarpa (Richards.) Rydb. NORTHERN TANSY-MUSTARD. 
 In general habit and form of the leaves closely resembling S. Sophia, but the leaf 
 segments are shorter, broader and more obtuse; pods short, clavate. 5 8 mm. long, 
 with an obsolete style \Sisymbriiim brachycarpon Richardson]. Gmada (Pursh 
 and Presque Isle, Mich. (Hough ton), to Assiniboia and Arkansas. May-July. 
 
 6. Saphia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene. HARTWEG'S TANSY-MUSTARD. 
 (I. F. f. 1769.) Minutely canescent or puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
 pinnately divided into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid, with obtuse segments and 
 lobes; fruiting pedicels erect appressed, 3-8 mm. long, shorter than or equalling 
 the pods: pods erect or nearly so, linear, 8-10 mm. long, about I mm. thick; seeds 
 in i row. In dry soil, Minn, to the N, W, Terr., Ore., Utah, Mex. and Cal. 
 May-July. 
 
CR UCIFERA E. 463 
 
 32. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. 
 
 Herbs with the aspect of some species of Arabis, pubescent with forked hairs, 
 with slender stems, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Style very 
 short; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear, dehiscent, the valves rounded, 
 nerveless. Seeds in I row in each cell in the following species, in some European 
 species in 2 rows; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, narrow septum.] About 10 
 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following are annual weed. 
 
 i. Stenophragma T. aliana(L.) Celak. MOUSE--EAR CRESS. (I. F. f. 1770.) 
 Stem erect, 2-40 cm. high, freely branching, pubescent, especially below. Basal 
 leaves 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed into a petiole, entire 
 or slightly toothed; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, often entire;' pedicels slender, 
 spreading or ascending, 4-8 mm. long in fruit; flowers white, about 3 mm. long; 
 petals about twice the length of the sepals; pods 8-20 mm. long, acute, often 
 curved upward, glabrous. In sandy fields and rocky places, Mass, and S. Ont. to 
 Minn., Ga. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. April-May. [Arabis Thaliana L.J 
 
 33. ARABIS L. 
 
 Glabrous or pubescent herbs, with white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, 
 elongated, flat; valves smooth, keeled or ribbed, mostly I -nerved, not elastically 
 dehiscent. Seeds in I or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged; cotyledons accum- 
 bent. [Name from Arabia.] About 80 species, mainly natives of the northern 
 hemisphere. In addition to the following, about 26 others occur in the northern 
 and western parts of the continent. 
 
 Seeds in i row, or in 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod. 
 Basal leaves pinnatifid ; pods ascending. 
 
 Seeds about 2 mm. broad, orbicular, wing-margined ; stem-leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 1. A, Virginica. 
 Seeds minute, oblong, wingless ; stem-leaves entire, or dentate. 
 
 2. A. lyrata. 
 Leaves small, mostly entire ; pods drooping ; seeds oblong, wingless ; arctic. 
 
 3. A. arenicola. 
 Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate. 
 
 Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. 4. A. dentata. 
 
 Seeds larger, oblong, winged or margined. 
 
 Pods curved upward, nearly 2 mm. broad. 5. A. alpina. 
 
 Pods nearly erect, i mm. broad. 
 
 Flowers white, 8 mm. broad ; pods not appressed ; style i mm. long. 
 
 6. A. patens, 
 Flowers white or greenish-white, 4-6 mm. broad ; pods appressed ; style 
 
 none. 7. A. hirsuta. 
 
 Pods recurved-spreading. 
 
 Plant glabrous throughout. 8. A. laevigata. 
 
 Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. 9. A. Canadensis. 
 
 Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. 
 
 Pods spreading or ascending ; seeds winged. 10. A. brachycarpa. 
 
 Pods erect, appressed ; seeds wingless or narrowly winged. n. A. glabra. 
 Pods reflexed ; seeds winged. 12. A. Holboellii. 
 
 1. Arabis Virginica (L.) Trelease. VIRGINIA ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1771.) 
 
 Annual or biennial, diffuse, glabrate; stems ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves 
 oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper 
 nearly sessile, sometimes reduced to lobed or entire bracts; pedicels 4 mm. long in 
 fruit; flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 1.52.5 cm. long, about 
 2 mm. broad ; seeds nearly as broad as the pod. In open places, Va. and Ky. to 
 Kans., Fla. Tex. and Lower Cal. March-May. [A. Ludoviciana Meyer.] 
 
 2. Arabis lyrata L. LYRE-LEAVED ROCK-CRESS. (1. F. f. 1772.) Tufted, 
 perennial or biennial, erect, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous, or pubescent below. Basal 
 leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 2-5 cm. long, spatulate or oblanceolate; stem-leaves spatu- 
 late or linear, 1-2.5 cm - l n 5 pedicels 6-8 mm. long in flower; flowers white, 6-8 
 mm. broad; petals much exceeding the calyx; pods 1.5-3 cm - ' on S linear, less 
 thin 2 mm. broad, their valves firm, nerved; style I mm. long; seeds 0.5 mm. 
 long. Rocky and sandy places, Ont, to Va., Tenn., Manitoba and Mo. April- 
 Sept, 
 
464 FLORA, 
 
 Arabis lyrata occidentilis S. Wats. Valves of the pod thin, faintly nerved ; stigma 
 sessile or very nearly so. Lake Erie ; Br. Col. to Alaska. 
 
 3. Arabis arenicola (Richards. ) Gelert. ARCTIC ROCK CRESS. (I. F. f. 1773.) 
 Perennial, pubescent below, or glabrous; stems diffuse or ascending, 0.7-1.5 dm. 
 long. Leaves spatulate or oblong, nearly entire, 8-16 mm. long, the lower petioled; 
 flowers purplish or white, about 6 mm. broad; style very short; pods linear, flat, 
 at length drooping, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, rather more than I mm. wide, the valves 
 very faintly nerved; seeds in 2 incomplete rows in each cell; cotyledons imper- 
 fectly accumbent. Greenland and Lab. to Hudson Bay and the N. W. Terr. 
 Summer. [A. humijusa S. Wats.] 
 
 4. Arabis dentata T. & G. TOOTHED ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1774.) Slender, 
 3-6 dm. high, finely rough -pubescent. Basal leaves with margined petioles, obovate, 
 dentate, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse ; stem -leaves sessile, clasping by an auricled base, 
 dentate ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers greenish white, 2-4 mm. broad, the petals 
 hardly exceeding the calyx ; pods narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, spreading ; style 
 almost none. W. N. Y. to Minn., Tenn., Mo. and Kans. April -June. 
 
 5. Arabis alpina L. ALPINE ROCK CRESS. (I. F. f. 1775.) Densely and 
 finely pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, obovate or spatulate, 
 obtuse, dentate, on margined petioles ; stem-leaves ovate, sessile, clasping by an 
 auricled base, dentate; flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals much exceeding the 
 calyx; pedicels 8 mm. long in fruit; pods 2-4 cm. long, curved upward, narrowly 
 linear, 2 mm. broad. Quebec to Lab. and Alaska. Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Arabis patens Sulliv. SPREADING ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1776.) Erect, 
 3-6 dm. high, pubescent at least below. Basal leaves dentate, 2-8 cm. long, on 
 margined petioles ; stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long, ovate or oblong, acute or acutish, 
 sessile, dentate or nearly entire, partly clasping; pedicels 12-16 mm. long in fruit; 
 pods 2-4 cm. long, I mm. broad, not appressed. E. Penn. to Minn., Ala. and Mo. 
 Summer. 
 
 7. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. HAIRY ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1777.) Stem 
 erect, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with margined petioles, obovate or spatulate, 
 obtuse, dentate or repand, 2-5 cm. long ; stem-leaves sessile, clasping, lanceolate 
 or oblong ; pedicels nearly erect, 6-12 mm. long in fruit ; pods narrowly linear, 
 erect, 2-5 cm. long, about I mm. wide; seeds I -rowed, or when young obscurely 
 2-rowed, oblong or nearly orbicular. In rocky places, N. B. to Br. Col., Ga., Ariz, 
 and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 
 
 8. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) POIR. SMOOTH ROCK CRESS. (I. F. f. 1778.) 
 Glaucous, glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate or obovate, 
 sharply dentate, 5-8 cm. long ; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, or the upper linear, 
 acute, clasping by an auricled or sagittate base ; pedicels 8-10 mm. long in fruit ; 
 petals nearly twice the length of the calyx; pods 7-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, re- 
 curved-spreading ; seeds broadly winged; style almost none. In rocky woods, 
 Quebec to Minn., Kans., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 Arabis laevfgita laciniata T. & G. Stem-leaves deeply and narrowly laciniate-toothed 
 Ky. 
 
 Arabis laevigkta Biirkii Porter. Leaves linear or lanceolate, elongated, entire or 
 sparingly toothed, not auricled at the base; flowers one-half the size of the type; petals 
 equalling the sepals. Penn. to N. Car. 
 
 9. Arabis Canadensis L. SICKLE-POD. (I. F. f. 1779.) Stem 3-9 dm. 
 high, pubescent below. Basal leaves narrowed into a petiole, dentate or lyrately 
 lobed, 7-16 cm. long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at each 
 end, toothed, or the upper entire, pubescent ; pedicels spreading or recurved and 
 8-12 mm. long in fruit ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; pods 5-9 cm. long, 
 3 mm. broad, scythe-shaped, pendulous ; style almost none. In woods, Ont. to 
 N. H., Ga., Minn., Kans. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 10. Arabis brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. PURPLE ROCK-CRESS. (I. . f. 
 1780.) Glaucous, generally purplish, glabrous except at the base, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Basil leaves stellate-pubescent, obovate or spatulate, 2-8 cm. long, dentate, 
 narrowed into a petiole; stem-leaves sessile, auricled, lanceolate or oblong-linear, 
 entire or with a few teeth; pedicels 6-io mm. long in fruit; flowers white or pink, 
 8 mm. broad; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods narrowly linear, nearly 
 
CRUCIFERAE. 
 
 straight, 2-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, spreading or ascending. Quebec to Manitoba, 
 the N. W. Terr., Mass., N. Y., 111. and Minn. June-July. [A. confinisS. Wats.] 
 
 11. Arabis glaara (L.) Bernh. TOWER MUSTARD. (I. F. f. 1781.) Gla- 
 brous, glaucous above, pubescent at the base, 6-12 dm. high. Basal leaves pet- 
 ioied, 0.5-2.5 dm. long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, 
 hairy; stem-leaves sessile, with a sagittate base, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong, 
 acutish; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, erect; flowers yellowish-white, 4 mm. broad; 
 petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 5-8 cm. long, i mm. 
 wide, erect and appressed; style none. In fields and rocky places, Quebec to S. 
 N. Y., Penn., west to the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 12. Arabis Holboellii Hornem. HOLBOELL'S ROCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 1782.) 
 Erect, 2-6 dm. high. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, tufted, petioled, 
 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed; stem-leaves sessile, erect, clasp- 
 ing; pedicels reflexed or the upper ascending, 6-10 mm. long in fruit; flowers 
 purple or whitish, 6-8 mm. long; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods linear, 
 2-5 cm. long, slightly more than I mm. wide, reflexed; style very short or none. 
 Manitoba and Arctic Am. to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. Summer. 
 
 34. ERYSIMUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary, with simple leaves. 
 Flowers mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; 
 valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in 
 I row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at the top; cotyledons incum- 
 bent. [Greek, name of a garden plant, meaning, perhaps, blister-drawing.] 
 About 85 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the follow- 
 ing, 2 others are found in the Rocky Mts. and one on the Californian coast. 
 
 Flowers 4-8 mm. high. 
 
 Pedicels slender, spreading ; pods very narrow, 1-2.5 cm. long. 
 
 1. E. cheiranthoides, 
 Pedicels stout, short ; pods 1.5-5 cm - l n g- 
 
 Pods 2-5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. thick ; plant green, appressed-pubescent. 
 
 2. E. inconspicuum, 
 Pods 1.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; plant pale, appressed-canescent. 
 
 3. E. syrticolum. 
 Flowers 16-25 mm - high, conspicuous. 
 
 Stem-leaves linear, grayish strigose ; pods widely spreading. 4. E. asperum. 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate, green ; pods less spreading. 5. E. Arkansanum. 
 
 1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. WORM-SEED OR TREACLE MUSTARD. 
 (I. F. f. 1783.) Minutely rough -pubescent, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
 ob.long-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, entire or slightly dentate, tapering into a short 
 petiole or the upper sessile; pedicels spreading or somewhat ascending, 6-8 mm. 
 long in fruit; flowers about 5 mm. high; pods linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, 
 1-2.5 cm. long, less than 2 mm. broad, nearly erect on spreading pedicels; style 
 I mm. long. Along streams and in fields, Newf. to Br. Col., Tenn. Also in 
 northern Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. SMALL ERYSIMUM. (I. F. f. 
 1784.) Roughish puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, 
 2-8 cm. long, obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper sessile, the lower slender- 
 petioled; flowers about 8 mm. high; pedicels stout, about 4 mm. long in fruit, 
 ascending; pods narrowly linear, minutely rough-puberulent, ascending or erect; 
 style very stout, 1-2 mm. long. In dry soil, Ont. and Minn, to Manitoba, Alaska, 
 Kans., Colo, and Nev. July-Aug. [. parviflorum Nutt., not Pers.] 
 
 3. Erysimum syrti:olum Sheldon. SAND ERYSIMUM. (I. F. f. 1785.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but pale and finely appressed-canescent, the stems 3-8 
 dm. tall. Leaves firm, linear-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, early falling away; 
 stigma conspicuously 2-lobed; style less than 2 mm. long; pods linear, erect or 
 nearly so on ascending pedicels; seeds oblong, I mm. long. On dry sandy banks, 
 Minn, to the N. W. Terr. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Erysimum asperum DC. WESTERN WALL-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1786.) 
 Rough -pubescent or hoary, 2-5 dm. high. Lower leaves lanceolate or oblanceo- 
 late, tapering into.a petiole, dentate or sometimes entire ; upper leaves sessile or nearly 
 
466 FLORA . 
 
 so, entire or rarely toothed; flowers orange-yellow, I2-2G mm. high and nearly as 
 broad; pedicels stout, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pods linear, rough, 5-8 cm. 
 long, nearly 2 mm. wide, 4-sided; style short, thick. Dry plains, Ark. to Minn., 
 Cal. and the N. W. Terr. May-July. 
 
 5. Erysimum Arkansanum Nutt. YELLOW PHLOX. Taller and greener 
 than the preceding, 6-10 dm. high, with a more leafy and branched stem, slightly 
 strigose with branched hairs; flowers 20-25 mm - high I Pd linear, tapering at the 
 summit, atiout I dm. long. Open places, Ohio and 111. to Tex. May-June. 
 
 35. ALYSSUM L. 
 
 Low stellate pubescent herbs, with small racemose yellow or yellowish flowers. 
 Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Silicic ovate, 
 oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma 
 nearly entire. Seeds 1-8 in each cell, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, 
 curing madness.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. YELLOW OR SMALL ALYSSUM. (I. F. 
 f. 1787.) Densely stellate-pubescent, tufted, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
 oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, obtuse, entire, 0.6-3 cm. long; flowers 
 2 mm. broad ; pedicels 4 mm. long in fruit; pods orbicular, 3 mm. in diameter, 
 margined, minutely pubescent, notched, tipped with the minute style; sepals per- 
 sisting around the base of the pod; seeds 2 in each cell. In fields, Ont. to N. H., 
 N. Y., N. J. and Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far West 
 Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. [A. calycinum L.] 
 
 36. KONIGA Adans. 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire 
 leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Fila- 
 ments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicic com- 
 pressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds I in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name 
 in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] About 4 species, 
 natives of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 i. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. SWEET ALYSSUM. SEASIDE KONIGA. 
 (I. F. f. 1788.) Procumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent. 
 Stem-leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, 1-5 cm. long ; basal leaves oblan- 
 ceolate, narrowed into a petiole; flowers fragrant, about 4 mm. broad; pedicels 6- 
 8 mm. long in fruit; pods glabrous, pointed, 2-3 mm. long; calyx deciduous; sta- 
 mens not appendaged. In waste places, occasional. Escaped from gardens. 
 Adventive from Europe. Summer. \Alyssum maritimum Z.] 
 
 37. BERTEROA DC. 
 
 Herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, the leaves mostly narrow and 
 entire, and the flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft. Fila- 
 ments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, little compressed. Seeds 
 several in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist 
 of Piedmont, 1739-1831.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. HOARY ALYSSUM. (I. F. f. 1789.) Erect or 
 ascending, 3-6 dm. high, hoary-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 1-4 cm. 
 long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate; flowers white, 2-3 mm. broad; pedicels 
 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pod pubescent, oblong, 6-8 mm. long; cells several-seeded; 
 style 2-3 mm. long. In waste places, Me. to Ont., Minn., N. J., and Mo. 
 Adventive or nat. from Europe. Racemes elongating, the flowers and pods very 
 numerous. June-Sept. \Alysswn incamim L.] 
 
 3 8. HE'SPERIS L. 
 
 Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, with simple 
 leaves and large racemose purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. 
 Siliques elongated, nearly cylindric, the valves keeled, dehiscent. I -nerved. 
 Seeds in i row in each cell, globose, wingless; cotyledons incumbent. [Name 
 from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most fragrant.] About 20 species, 
 natives of Europe and Asia, 
 
ZAPPARIDACEAE, 467 
 
 1. Hesperis matronalis L. DAME'S ROCKET OR DAME'S VIOLET. (I. F. f. 
 1790.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent. Lower leaves 1-2 dm. long, tapering 
 into a petiole, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate with minute teeth, pubes- 
 cent on both sides; upper leaves smaller, sessile or short-petioled; flowers 1.5-2.5 
 cm. broad ; blade of the petals spreading ; pods 5-10 cm. long, spreading or 
 ascending, contracted between the seeds when ripe. In fields and along roadsides, 
 Me. to Penn. and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia. May- Aug. 
 
 39. CONRINGIA Link. 
 
 An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and 
 cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal racemes. 
 Sepals and petals narrow, Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elongated-linear, 
 angled, the valves firm, 1-3 -nerved. Seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, margin- 
 less; cotyledons incumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, 1606-1681, Professor 
 at Helmstadt] 
 
 i. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. HARE'S -EAR. TREACLE MUSTARD. 
 (I. F. f. lygoa.) Stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, obtuse. 5-13 cm. long; 
 racemes elongating in fruit; pedicels 8-16 mm. long; petals about 1.2 cm. long, 
 nearly twice as long as the sepals ; pods 7-13 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 
 4-angled, spreading. In waste places, Mich, and Minn, to the N. W. Terr., and 
 from N. B. to N. Y. and Penn. Naturalized from Europe. 
 
 Family 3. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Caper Faintly. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with alternate or very rarely opposite 
 leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8. 
 Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 6-00 f 
 not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers oblong. Style 
 generally short, ovules oo , on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or 
 berry. Seeds mainly reniform in our species ; endosperm none ; embryo 
 generally coiled. About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of warm 
 regions. 
 
 Pod long-stipitate on its pedicel. 
 
 Pod linear-elongated ; petals generally clawed. 
 
 Petals entire. I. Cleome. 
 
 Petals laciniate. 2. Cristatella. 
 
 Pod short, rhomboid ; petals sessile. 3. Cleomella. 
 
 Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel. 4. Polanisia. 
 
 i. CLEOME L. 
 
 Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers 
 mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cru- 
 ciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly pro- 
 longed above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the receptacle. 
 Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. 
 [Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, 
 especially American and African. In addition to the following, 4 others occur in 
 the western part of the United States. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers pink, or white. i. C. serrulata. 
 Leaves, at least the lower, s-y-foliolate. 
 
 Flowers pink, or white. 2. C. spinosa. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 3. C. Intea. 
 
 i. Cleome serrulata Pursh. PINK CLEOME. (I. F. f. 1791.) Erect, gla- 
 brous, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower slender-petioled, the upper 
 sessile or nearly so; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or distantly serru- 
 late, 2-8 cm. long; bracts lanceolate or linear; pedicels spreading or recurved, 1-2 
 cm. long in fruit; stipe of the pod about equalling the pedicel; petals oblong, 
 slightly clawed, K>-I2 mm- long, obtuse; pods linear, acute, 2-5 cm, long. 
 
468 FLORA. 
 
 Prairies, 111. to Minn., the Canadian Rocky Mts., Kans., N. Mex. and Ariz. Nat. 
 x frora the west in its eastern range. July-Sept. [C integrifolia T. G.] 
 \\1'2. Cleome spiiidsa L. SPIDER-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 1792.) Erect, 6-12 dm. 
 
 Vhigh, clammy-pubescent. Leaves 5-7-foliolate, the lower iong-petioled, 1-2 dm. 
 in diameter, the upper passing into the simple bracts of the raceme; petioles spiny 
 at the base; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrulate; flowers long-pedicelled, purple or 
 whitish, 2-3 cm. broad; petals obovate, long-clawed; stipe of the linear glabrous 
 
 rat length 5-15 cm. long; stamens often long-exserted. In waste places, S, 
 Y. to Fla., III. and La. Adventive from tropical America. Summer. 
 3. Cleome lutea Hook. YELLOW CLEOME. (I. F. f. 1793.) Erect, glabrous, 
 4-10 dm. high. Leaves 5-foliolate, slender-petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and 
 nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-stalked or sessile, 
 1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong, mucronate; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long; 
 flowe- r yellow; petals about I cm. long; pod linear, 3-8 cm. long, acute, borne on 
 a stipe becoming longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Neb. to Wash, and Ariz. 
 June Sept. 
 
 2. CRISTATELLA Nutt. 
 
 Annual viscid glandular-pubescent herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and 
 small white or yellowish flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, 
 slightly united at the base. Petals 4, laciniate or fimbriate at the summit, borne 
 on long slender claws, the two lower smaller than the two upper. Receptacle 
 short, with a short petaloid nectary between the ovary and the upper sepal. Sta- 
 mens 6-14; filaments slender, declined. Ovary stalked, also declined. Capsule 
 linear, nearly terete, many-seeded. [Diminutive of cristattts, crested.] Two 
 species, natives of the south-central U. S. 
 
 i. Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. JAMES' CRISTATELLA. (I. F. f. 1794.) 
 Erect, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled; leaflets nearly sessile, linear or 
 linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, 8-25 mm. long; flowers slender-pedicelled; bracts 
 mostly 3-foliolate; claws of the larger petals 3-5 mm. long; pod much longer than 
 its stipe and somewhat longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Neb. to La. and Tex. 
 June-Dec. 
 
 3. CLEOMELLA DC. 
 
 Annual glabrous herbs, with small yellow flowers and 3 foliolate leaves. Calyx 
 of 4 sepals. Petals 4, sessile, not clawed. Receptacle short, glandless. Stamens 
 6, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary short, long-stalked. Capsule short, rhom- 
 boid or trapezoid, often broader than long, 4-io-seeded. [Diminutive of Cleome.] 
 About 8 species, natives of southwestern N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 i. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. NORTHERN CLEOMELLA. (I. F. f. 1795.) 
 Branching above, 3-5 dm. high. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; bracts 
 linear, simple ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; pedicels 1-1.5 cm - l n g * n fruit ; Pd 
 rhomboid, 46 mm. broad, pointed, raised on a slender stipe 4-8 mm. long, its 
 valves almost conic; placentae persistent after the valves fall away, each bearing 
 about 3 seeds. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex. Summer. 
 
 4. POLANISIA Raf. 
 
 Annual herbs, mainly glandular-pubescent, with whitish or yellowish flowers, 
 and palmately compound or rarely simple leaves. Sepals 4, lanceolate, deciduous. 
 Petals slender or clawed. Receptacle depressed, bearing a gland at the base of 
 the ovaiy. Stamens 8-oc , unequal. Pod nearly or quite sessile, elongated, cylin- 
 dric or compressed, its valves dehiscent from the summit. Seeds rugose or reticu- 
 lated. [Greek, very unequal, referring to the stamens.] About 14 species, of 
 temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; flowers 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 i. P, graveolens. 
 Stamens much exceeding the petals; flowers 8-T2 mm. long. 2. P. trachysperma. 
 
 i. Polanisia graveolens Raf. CLAMMY-WEED. (I. F. f. 1796.) Viscid, 
 1-4.5 dm. high- Leaves 3 fol'olate, slender-petioled; leaflets oblong, obtuse, entire, 
 1-2.5 cm. long; sepals purplish, slightly unequal; petals cuneate, emarginate or 
 obcordate ; stamens 9-12, purplish, equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; 
 
RESEDA CEA E SA AKA CEN1A LES. 469 
 
 style about 2 mm. long; pod lanceolate-oblong, slightly compressed, 3-4 cm. long, 
 t> 8 mm. wide, slightly stipitate, rough, reticulated; seeds rough. Sandy and 
 gravelly shores, Quebec to Manitoba, the N. W. Terr., N. Y., Penn., Kans. and Colo. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. LARGE-FLOWERED CLAMMY-WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 1797.) Similar to the last, but flowers twice the size; style 4-6 mm. long; 
 stamens much exserted; filaments purple, conspicuous; pod slightly larger, nearly 
 or quite sessile. Prairies, Iowa to Tex., Br. Col., Nev. and Ariz. Summer. 
 
 Family 4. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray. 
 Mignonette Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely woody, with alternate or fascicled leaves, gland-like 
 stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers unsymmetri- 
 cal. Calyx 4~7-parted, inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, hypogynous. 
 Disk fleshy, hypogynous, i -sided. Stamens 3-40; filaments generally 
 unequal. Ovary i, compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 
 3-6 ; ovules o . Fruit capsular in all but i genus. Seeds reniform, with- 
 out endosperm ; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about 65 species, 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. RESEDA L. 
 
 Herbs, with small spicate or narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed 
 or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on one side of the 
 flower and on the inner surface of the disk. Capsule 3-6-lobed, horned, opening 
 at the top. [Ancient Latin name.] About 55 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 Leaves entire ; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. I. R. Luteola. 
 Leaves lobed or pinnatifid. 
 
 Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. 2. R. lutea. 
 
 Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba. 
 
 1. Reseda Luteola L. DYER'S ROCKET. YELLOW-WEED. (I. F. f. 1798.) 
 Glabrous, erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, obtuse, ses- 
 sile or the lower narrowed into petioles; flowers greenish-yellow, 2-4 mm. broad, 
 in long narrow spikes; sepals 4; petals 4 or 5, very unequal; capsule globose, 4-6 
 mm. in diameter, with 3 or 4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges. In waste places, 
 N. Y., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Reseda lutea L. YELLOW CUT-LEAVED MIGNONETTE. (I. F. .f. 1799.) 
 Ascending or decumbent. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovate or oblong in out- 
 line, deeply lobed or divided; sometimes pinnatifid, their segments linear or ob- 
 long, obtuse; flowers greenish-yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; pedicels about 4 mm. long 
 in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly cleft; capsule oblong, about 
 8 mm. long, 34 mm. wide, with 3 or rarely 4 short teeth. In waste places, 
 Mass, to N. J. and Mich., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Reseda alba L. WHITE CUT-LEAVED MIGNONETTE. (I. F. f. 1800.) 
 Erect, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, 
 the segments 9-12, linear or lanceolate, obtusish, 8-25 mm. long; flowers nearly 
 or quite white, 4-6 mm. broad, in dense spike-like racemes; petals 6 or 5, 3-cleft 
 at the summit; capsule ovoid-oblong, usually 4-toothed, 10-12 mm. long. In 
 waste places, Conn., N. Y., Ohio, in ballast about the eastern seaports and in Br. 
 Col. Adventive from S. Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 Order 17. SARRACENIALES. 
 
 Insectivorous plants secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and per- 
 fect scapose flowers. Corolla choripetalous. Sepals mostly distinct. 
 Stamens usually hypogynous. Ovary compound, superior. 
 
 Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves hollow. Fam. i. Sarraceniaceae. 
 
 Ovary i-celled ; leaves circinate in unfolding, the blade flat. Fam. 2. Droseraceae. 
 
47 FLORA. 
 
 Family i. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. 
 
 Pitcher-Plant Family. 
 
 Marsh herbs, with tubular or pitcher-shaped leaves, and large scapose 
 nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbricated, persistent. 
 Petals 5, imbricated, hypogynous, deciduous or none. Stamens oo; 
 anthers versatile. Ovary i, 3-5 -eel led ; ovules oo, in many rows. Cap- 
 sule 3-5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent ; style terminal, peltate, lobed. or 
 in one genus simple. Seeds small, the testa reticulated ; embryo small ; 
 endosperm fleshy. Three genera and about 10 species, all natives of 
 America. 
 
 i. SARRACENIA L. 
 
 Leaves hollow, with a lateral wing and a terminal lid or lamina. Sepals 5, 
 with 3 or 4 bracts at the base. Petals ovate or oblong. Ovary 5-celled. Style 
 dilated into a peltate umbrella-like structure with 5 rays which terminate under its 
 angles in hooked stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, granular, rugose. Seeds anatro- 
 pous. [Named in honor of Dr. Jean Antoine Sarracin, a botanist of Quebec.] 
 About 8 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 Leaves pitcher-shaped, curved ; flower purple or greenish (rarely yellow). 
 
 i. S. purpurea. 
 Leaves tubular-trumpet-shaped ; flower yellow. 2. S. flava. 
 
 1. Sarracenia purpurea L. PITCHER-PLANT. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 1801.) Glabrous, except the inner side of the lamina and inner surface of the 
 pitchers, which are clothed with reflexed hairs. Leaves tufted, ascending, 1-3 dm. 
 long, inflated, narrowed into a petiole, broadly winged, persistent; scapes 3-6 dm. 
 high, bearing a nodding nearly globose flower 5 cm. in diameter or more; petals 
 obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved over the style. In peat-bogs, Lab. to 
 the Canadian Rocky Mts., Fla., Ky. and Minn. May June. 
 
 Sarracenia purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. Flowers yellow ; leaves slightly or 
 not at all purple-veined, light green or yellowish. Mass, and N. Y. to N. J. 
 
 2. Sarracenia flava L. TRUMPETS. TRUMPET-LEAF. (I. F. f. 1802.) Gla- 
 brous throughout. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 39 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide at the 
 orifice, narrowly winged, prominently ribbed, the lid 2-10 cm. wide, erect, con- 
 tracted at the base; scape 3-6 dm. high, slender; flower 5-8 cm. broad; petals 
 oblanceolate or obovate, drooping, slightly contracted at the middle. In bogs, Va. 
 to Fla. and La. April. 
 
 Family 2. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. 
 Sundew Family. 
 
 Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a viscid se- 
 cretion, mostly with basal leaves, circinate in the bud, and fugacious per- 
 fect flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx persistent, 4-8-parted or 
 the sepals distinct and imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute, 
 marcescent, distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 4-20; fila- 
 ments subulate or filiform ; anthers usually versatile. Disk none. 
 Ovary free, or its base adnate to the calyx, i-3-celled ; styles 1-5, simple, 
 2-cleft or multind ; ovules numerous. Capsule i-5-celled, loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Endosperm fleshy; embryo straight, cylindric. Six genera 
 and about 125 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 i. DR6SERA L. 
 
 Bog herbs, with leaves clothed with glandular hairs which secrete a fluid that 
 entraps insects, and scapose racemose flowers. Calyx-tube short, free from the 
 ovary, deeply 4-8-parted (commonly 5-parted). Petals usually 5, spatulate. 
 Stamens as many as the petals: anthers short, extrorse. Ovary i-celled; styles 
 2-5, usually 3, distinct or united at the base, often 2-parted so as to appear twice 
 
RO SALES. 47* 
 
 as many, or fimbriate. Capsule 3 valved (rarely 5-valved), many-seeded, generally 
 
 stipitate in the calyx. [Name from the Greek, dew.] About no species, most 
 
 abundant in Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern 
 States. 
 
 Blaue of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long; petals white. 1. D. rotundijolia. 
 
 Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide. 
 
 Leaves linear or spatulate with a distinct petiole; petals white. 
 Blade of the leaf spatulate. 
 
 Blade 2-3 times as long as wide. 2. D. intermedia, 
 
 Blade 6-8 times as long as wide. 3. D. longifolia. 
 
 Blade linear, 10-15 times as long as wide. 4. D. linearis. 
 
 Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple. 
 
 5. D. 
 
 1. Drosera rotund folia L. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW OR DEW-PLANT. 
 (I. F. f. 1803.) Scape glabrous, 1-2.5 dm. high- Leaves orbicular or broader, 
 spreading, the blade 6-12 mm. long, abruptly narrowed into a flat pubescent 
 petiole; raceme I -sided; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers white, about 4 mm. 
 broad; petals oblong; seeds fusiform, pointed at both ends, the testa loose. In 
 bogs or wet sand, Lab. to Alaska, Fla. and Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Cal. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. SPATULATE-LEAVED SUNDEW. (I. F. f. 1804.) 
 Rootstock elongated ; scape glabrous, 0.7-2 dm. high. Blades of the leaves 
 ascending, spatulate, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, gradually narrowed 
 into a glabrous petiole; raceme i-sided; pedicels about 3 mm. long; petals white; 
 seeds oblong, the testa close, roughened. In bogs, N. B. to Sask., Fla. and La. 
 Also in the W. I. and Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Drosera loigifjlia L. OBLONG- LEAVED SUNDEW (I. F. f. 1805.) Simi- 
 lar to the preced ; ng, but the leaf-blade erect, longer (1.5-3 cm - l n gi 3~4 mm - 
 wide), elongated-spatulate ; pedicels 1-6 mm. long; flowers white. 4-5 mm. broad; 
 seeds oblong, obtuse at bjth ends, the testa loose. In bogs, Newf. and arctic 
 America to Br. Col., Ont. and Cal. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Drosera linearis Goldie. SLENDER-LEAVED SUNDEW. (\. F. f. 1806.) 
 Scape low but sometimes exceeding the leaves, glabrous Petioles erect, glabrous, 
 5-10 cm. long ; blade linear, 2-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse ; flowers 
 few, or solitary, white; seeds oblong, the testa close, smooth and somewhat shin- 
 ing. In bogs, shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, west to the Canadian 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 S- Drosera filiformis Raf. THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW. (I. F. f. 1807.) Scape 
 glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Early leaves lanceolate, the apex glandular; later leaves 
 filiform, glandular-pubescent, 1.5-4 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, woolly with 
 brown hairs at the base; racemes i-sided, 10-30 flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; 
 flowers purple, 8-25 mm. broad; petals obovate; seeds fusiform, the testa minutely 
 punctate. In wet sand, E. Mass, to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 Order 18. ROSALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals 
 distinct. Stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous. Sepals mainly 
 united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, 
 distinct or sometimes united into a compound ovary. 
 
 * Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3-celled capsule : 
 
 pfirianth none. Fam. i. Podostemaceae. 
 
 * Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre. 
 
 t Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshv ; leaves mostly without stipules. 
 Herbs. 
 
 Carpels as many as the calyx-segments; stamens as many or twice as many. 
 
 Plants succulent ; carpels distinct or united at the base, in ours dehiscent length- 
 
 w i se - Fam. 2. Crassulaceae. 
 
 Plants not succulent; carpels united to the middle, circumscissile. 
 
 Fam. 3. Penthoraceaq 
 
4/2 FLORA. 
 
 Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments. 
 
 Staminodia present; carpels 3 or 4, wholly united into a one-celled ovary. 
 
 Fam. 4. Parnassiaceae. 
 Staminodia none; carpels mostly 2, their upper part at least distinct. 
 
 Fam. 5. Saxifragaceac. 
 Shrubs or trees. 
 
 Leaves opposite. . Fam. 6. Hydrangeaceae. 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 Fruit a 2-celled, thin-walled capsule; its base adnate to the calyx. 
 
 Fam. 7. Iteaceae. 
 
 Fruit a i celled berry. Fam. 8. Grossulariaceae. 
 
 Fruit a 2-celled woody or hard capsule. Fam. 9. Hamamelidaceae. 
 
 \ f Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrub of the Rosa- 
 
 ceae); leaves mostly with stipules. 
 \ Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious densely capitate flowers. 
 
 Fam. 10. Platanaceae. 
 \ \ Flowers perfect, or if dicecious or monoecious not densely capitate. 
 
 a. Flowers regular. 
 
 Pistils usually several or numerous; if one only (as in Cerocarpus and sometimes in 
 species of Alchemilla and Sanguisorbcti it becomes a dry i-seeded achene. 
 Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes. 
 
 Fam. ii. Rosaceae. 
 
 Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome. 
 
 Fam. 12. Pomaceae. 
 Pistil only i. 
 
 Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. Fam. 13. Drupaceae. 
 
 Ovary several-ovu led; fruit a legume ; leaves 2-3-pinnate. 
 
 Petals valvate in the bud. Fam. 14. Mimosaceae. 
 
 (Petals imbricated in the bud: Gleditsia and Gymnocladus in the Caesalpiniaceae.) 
 b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocladus, 
 
 trees of the Caesalpiniaceae). 
 
 Fruit a legume; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; leaves com- 
 pound, mostly stipulate. Fam. 15. Caesalpiniaceae. 
 Fruit spiny, indehiscent; leaves simple, estipulate. Fam. 16. Krameriaceae. 
 Fruit a legume or loment ; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud; leaves 
 compound (sometimes i-foliolate), stipulate. Fam. 17. Papilionaceae. 
 
 Family i. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. 
 River-weed Family 
 
 Small aquatic herbs, the leaves usually poorly differentiated from the 
 stem, the whole structure commonly resembling the thallus of an alga or 
 hepatic, the small usually perfect flowers devoid of any perianth and sub- 
 tended by a spathe-like involucre, or in some genera with a 3~5-cleft 
 membranous calyx. Stamens hypogynous, only 2 in the following genus, 
 numerous in some others; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- 
 hiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules, usually numerous in each cavity, anat- 
 ropous ; styles 2 or 3, short. Capsules 2-3-celled, ribbed. Seeds nu- 
 merous, minute, without endosperm ; embryo straight. About 21 genera 
 and 175 species, mostly in the tropics. 
 
 x. PODOSTEMON Michx. 
 
 Flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spathe-like involucre. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 2, their filaments united to near the summit; anthers 2, oblong or oval. 
 Staminodia 2, filiform. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; stigmas 2, short, subulate. Cap- 
 sule ovoid, 6-io-ribbed, 2-valved. [Greek, stalked-stamens.] About 12 species 
 of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 i. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. RIVER-WEED. THREAD- FOOT. 
 (I. F. f. i8c8.) Plant dark green, rather stiff, firmly attached to stones in running 
 water, densely tufted, 2-25 cm. long, the leaves sheathing at the base, commonly 
 split above into almost filiform segments. Flowers less than 2 mm. broad, at length 
 bursting from the spathes ; capsule oblong-oval, rather more than 2 mm. long, ob- 
 tuse, borne on a stipe of about its own length, 8-ribbed. In shallow streams, Mass. 
 toN. Y., Ont., Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky. July-Sept. 
 
CRA SS ULA CEAE. 473 
 
 Family 2. CRASSULACEAE DC. 
 Orpine Family. 
 
 Herbs, or somewh shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with 
 cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. 
 Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4~5-cleft or4~5-parted in 
 our species. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or 
 slightly united at the base, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens 
 of the same number or twice as many as the petals ; anthers longitudi- 
 nally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Car- 
 pels equal in number to the sepals, distinct, or united below; styles sub- 
 ulate or filiform ; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral 
 suture. Follicles i -celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds 
 minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short, obtuse. 
 About 15 genera and 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Stamens of the same number as the sepals ; minute herbs. i. Tillaea. 
 Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; succulent herbs. 
 
 Flowers 4-5-parted. 2. Sedum. 
 
 Flowers 6-2o-parted. 3. Sempervivum. 
 
 i. TILLAEA L. 
 
 Minute aquatic or mud-loving herbs, with opposite entire leaves and very 
 small flowers. Calyx 3-5 -parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. 
 Carpels 3-5, distinct. Styles short, subulate. Ovules usually few. [Named 
 after Michael Angelo Tilli, 1653-1740, an Italian botanist.] About 20 species of 
 wide distribution. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the western 
 States. 
 
 i. Tillaea aquatica L. PIGMY-WEED. (I. F. f. 1809.) Stem 1-8 cm. high, 
 glabrous. Leaves linear- oblong, entire, connate at the base, 4-6 mm. long; 
 flowers solitary, axillary, sessile or short-peduncled, I mm. broad; calyx-lobes, 
 petals, stamens and carpels 4, rarely 3; petals greenish, about twice the length of 
 the calyx-lobes; follicles ovoid, longer than the calyx-lobes, 8-io-seeded. Muddy 
 banks of streams, N. S. to Mass, and Md. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. SEDUM L. 
 
 Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, mainly with alternate, often imbricated leaves, 
 and perfect or dioecious flowers in terminal often 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4-5 -lobed. 
 Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to 
 the petals. Carpels 4-5, distinct, or united at the base; styles usually short; 
 ovules oo . [Latin, to sit, from the lowly habit of these plants.] About 150 
 species, mostly natives of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 Besides the following, about 20 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Cyme regular, compound, the flowers not secund ; leaves broad, flat. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-parted. i. S. roseum. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 5-parted. 
 
 Petals purple ; plant somewhat glaucous ; petals twice as long as the sepals. 
 
 2. S. Telephium. 
 Petals pink ; plant very glaucous ; petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals. 
 
 3. S. telephioides. 
 Flowers secund along the branches of the cyme. 
 
 Petals yellow. 
 
 Leaves short, thick, ovate, densely imbricated. 4. S. acre. 
 
 Leaves linear or terete, scattered on the stems. 
 
 Annual ; petals little longer than the sepals. 5. S. Torreyi. 
 
 Perennial ; petals twice as long as the sepals. 
 
 Plant 0.7-1.5 dm. high; native, western. 6. S. stenopetalum. 
 
 Plant 2-3 dm. high, introduced in a few places. 7. S. reflexiim. 
 Petals purple or white. 
 
 Leaves terete ; petals purple, pink, or white. 8. 3". pulchelltim. 
 
 Leaves flat, spatulate or obovate ; petals white. 
 
 Lower leaves verticillate in 3*3. 9. S. ternatum. 
 
 Leaves all alternate. 10. S. Aevii. 
 
474 ./^0AVJ. 
 
 i. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. ROSEROOT. ROSEWORT. (I. F. f. i8io.> 
 Perennial, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves sessile, oval 
 or obovate, dentate or entire, 1-2.5 cm< l n g> * ne lower ones smaller; cyme dense, 
 1-5 cm. broad; flowers yellowish-green or purplish, 5-8 mm. broad; sepals oblong, 
 narrower and shorter than the petals; follicles about 4 mm. long, their tips spread- 
 ing. In rocky places, Lab. and arctic Am. to Me., E. Penn. and on the southern 
 Alleghanies. Also in the Rocky Mts. south to Colo., and in Europe and Asia. 
 May-July. 
 
 3. Sedum Telephium L. ORPINE. LIVE-FOREVER. (I. F. f. 1811.) Peren- 
 nial ; steins stout, tufted, glabrous and slightly glaucous, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 alternate, ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, coarsely dentate, the upper 
 sessile, the lower larger; cyme dense, compound, 5-8 cm. broad; flowers 5-8 mm. 
 broad; petals purple, twice as long as the ovate acute sepals; follicles about 4 mm. 
 long, tipped with a short style. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ont., Md. 
 and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Blooms sparingly, but spreads freely by its joints. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 3. Sedum telephioides Michx. AMERICAN ORPINE. (I. F. f. 1812.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but more slender, seldom over 2.5 dm. high, glaucous and 
 purplish. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate or entire, 2-5 cm. long, 
 narrowed at the base; cyme dense, 5-10 cm. broad; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; petals 
 pale pink, much longer than the lanceolate sepals ; follicles about 4 mm. long, 
 tipped with a slender style. On dry rocks, S. Penn. to W. N. Y., S. Ind., N. Car. 
 and Ga. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Sedum acre L. WALL-PEPPER. MOSSY STONECROP. (I. F. f. 1813.) 
 Perennial, densely tufted, matted, glabrous; sterile branches prostrate, the flowering 
 ones 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, alternate, ovate, thick, imbricated, yellowish 
 green, entire, about 3 mm. long ; cyme 2-3-forked, its branches 1-2.5 cm - l n & 5 
 flowers sessile, about 8 mm. broad ; petals yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 
 times as long as the ovate sepals ; follicles spreading, 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a 
 slender style. On rocks and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., N. V. and Penn. 
 Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Sedum Torreyi Don. TORREY'S STONECROP. (I. F. f. 1814.) Annual, 
 low, tufted, glabrous, 5-8 cm. high. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, teretish, 
 sessile, entire, 4-8 mm. long; cyme 2-5-forked, its branches 1-5 cm. long; flowers 
 sessile or very short-pedicelled, about 7 mm. broad ; petals yellow, lanceolate, 
 acute ; follicles divergent, tipped with the short subulate style. In dry, open 
 places, Mo., Kans. and Ark. to Tex. May. 
 
 6. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. NARROW-PETALED STONECROP. (I. F. f. 
 1815.) Perennial, tufted, glabrous ; flowering branches 8-18 cm. high. Leaves 
 alternate, crowded but scarcely imbricated, except on the sterile shoots, sessile, 
 linear, 6-16 mm. long, entire ; cyme 3~7-forked, compact ; flowers mostly short- 
 pedicelled, 8-10 mm. broad; petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute, yellow ; fol- 
 licles about 4 mm. long, the subulate style-tip at length somewhat divergent. In 
 dry, rocky places, Neb. and Colo, to Dak., the N. W. Terr., Utah, Ore. and Br. 
 Col. May-June. 
 
 7. Sedum reflexum L. CROOKED YELLOW OR REFLEXED STONECROP. 
 DWARF HOUSELEEK. (I. F. f. 1816.) Perennial by a creeping stem producing 
 numerous short barren shoots ; flowering branches erect ; leaves alternate, sessile, 
 imbricated on the sterile shoots, terete, somewhat spurred at the base, 6-18 mm. 
 long ; cyme 4 8-forked, its branches recurved in flower ; flowers 8-12 mm. broad ; 
 petals linear, yellow, two to three times as long as the short ovate sepals ; follicles 
 about 3 mm. long, tipped with a slender somewhat divergent style. E. Mass, and 
 W. N. Y., escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. Sedum pulchellum Michx. WIDOW'S CROSS. (I. F. f. 1817.) Glabrous, 
 ascending or trailing, branched, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves crowded, terete or linear, 
 sessile, obtuse, slightly auriculate at the base, 6-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide ; 
 cyme 4-7-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower ; flowers sessile, 
 close together, 8-12 mm. broad ; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice the 
 length of the lanceolate obtusish sepals ; follicles 4-6 mm. long, tipped with a 
 slender style. On rocks, Va. to Ga.. Ind., Kans. and Tex. May -July. 
 
 9. Sedum ternatum Michx. WILD STONECROP. (I. F. f. 1818.) Perennial, 
 
PEN 7 'HORA CEA ^-PA RNA SSI A CEA E. 475 
 
 glabrous, tufted ; stems creeping, flowering branches, 0.7-2 dm. high. Lower 
 leaves and those of sterile shoots flat, obovate, entire, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> sometimes 
 2 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base or narrowed into a petiole, 
 verticillate in 3*5 ; upper leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate, sessile ; cyme 
 2-4-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower ; flowers rather distant, 
 often leafy -bracted, about I cm. broad; petals linear lanceolate, acute, nearly twice 
 the length of the oblong obtuse sepals ; follicles 5 mm. long, tipped with the 
 slender style. On rocks, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., Ind. and Tenn. Also escaped 
 from gardens to roadsides in the Middle and Eastern States. April-June. 
 
 10. Sedum Nevii A. Gray. NEVIUS' STONECROP. (I. F. f. 1819.) Tufted, 
 glabrous; stems spreading or decumbent, flowering branches ascending, 8-13 cm. 
 high. Leaves of the sterile shoots densely imbricated, spatulate or obovate, nar- 
 rowed or cuneate at the base, mostly sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 6- 12 mm. 
 long; leaves of the flowering branches spatulate or linear-oblong, alternate; cyme 
 about 3-forked; flowers close together, 6-8 mm. broad; petals linear, acuminate, 
 longer than the sepals; follicles about 4 mm. long, divergent, tipped with the short 
 style. On rocks, Va. to Ala. May-June. 
 
 3. SEMPERVIVUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, the succulent leaves imbricated on the short sterile shoots and 
 scattered on the erect flowering stems, with compound cymes of showy flowers. 
 Flowers 6-2O-parted. Petals distinct, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 
 Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles filiform; ovules oo . Follicles many- 
 seeded. [Latin, always living.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Sempervivum tectorum L. HOUSELEEK. (I. F. f. 1820.) Flowering 
 stems about 3 dm. high, the barren sh<x>ts forming lateral nearly globular tufts. 
 Leaves oval or ovate, the lower 2.5-4 cni; long, thick, short-pointed, bordered by a 
 line of stiff short hairs; cyme large, dense; flowers sometimes 2.5 cm. broad, pink, 
 sessile along its branches; petals lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 times as long as the ob- 
 tuse ciliate sepals. Essex Co., Mass.; Somerset Co., N. J. Native of continental 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 Family 3. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. 
 
 Erect perennial scarcely succulent herbs, with alternate sessile serrate 
 thin leaves, and greenish perfect flowers in forked ser:^.l cymes. Calyx 
 5-parted. Petals usually wanting, if present 5. Stamens 10, hypogy- 
 nous ; filaments filiform. Carpels 5, united to the middle, ovules oo . 
 Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-beaked, the lobes tipped with divergent 
 styles, many-seeded. Only the following genus. 
 
 I. PENTHORUM L. 
 
 [Greek, five, from the symmetrical flower.] About 3 species, natives of eastern 
 N. Am., Japan and China. 
 
 i. Penthorum sedoides L. DITCH OR VIRGINIA STONECROP. (I. F. i. 1821.) 
 Glabrous, erect; stem 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 
 acuminate at each end, finely serrate, 5-10 cm. long; cymes 2- 3- forked; flowers 
 short-pedicelled, about 4 mm. broad; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the 
 flattish capsule; petals often or generally wanting. In ditches and swamps, N. B. 
 to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 4. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. 
 Grass-of -Parnassus Family. 
 
 Glabrous bog herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or 
 a few alternate stem-leaves, and solitary terminal flowers. Flowers per- 
 fect. Calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base, free from or adnate to 
 the ovary. Petals 5. Fertile stamens 5 ; staminodia (imperfect stamens) 
 in clusters at the base of each petal. Ovary i -celled with 4 parietal 
 
FLORA. 
 
 placentae ; style one ; stigmas 4. Seeds numerous. Seed-coat winged. 
 Only the following genus. 
 
 i. PARNASS1A L 
 
 [From the Greek mount ; the plant called Grass of -Parnassus by Dioscorides.] 
 About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the 
 following, another occurs in northwestern America. 
 
 Petals sessile; leaves ovate, oval, orbicular or cordate. 
 Staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal. 
 
 Flower 2-4 cm. broad ; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes. 
 
 Staminodia not longer than the stamens, stout. i. p. CaroJtmana. 
 
 Staminodia longer than the stamens, slender. 2. P. grandifolia. 
 
 Flower 8-10 mm. broad; petals equalling the calyx-lobes. 3. P. Kotzebuei. 
 Staminodia 5-15 at the base of each petal, slender. 
 
 Flower 8-10 mm. broad ; leaves narrowed at base. 4. P. parviflora. 
 
 Flower 25 mm. broad ; leaves cordate at base. 5. P. pa lust r is. 
 
 Petals clawed ; leaves reniform ; staminodia 3 at each petal. 6. P. asanfolia. 
 
 1. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. CAROLINA GRASS OF- PARNASSUS. (I. F. 
 f. 1852.) Scape 2-3 dm. high, with a nearly sessile ovate clamping leaf below the 
 middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oval or orbicular, obtuse, rounded or 
 sometimes cordate at the base, or decurrent into the petiole, 2-5 cm. long; calyx- 
 lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals broadly oval, white, greenish-veined; stamino- 
 dia generally 3 in each set; capsule 8-10 mm. long. In swamps and low meadows, 
 N. B. to Manitoba, N. Car. and Iowa. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Parnassia grandiiolia DC. LARGE-LEAVED GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. (I. F. 
 f. 1853.) Similar to the preceding, the scape bearing an ovate clasping leaf at the 
 middle or below. Basal leaves often larger and narrowed at the base ; petals 
 white; staminodia 3-5 in each set, slender or almost filiiorm, exceeding the anther- 
 bearing stamens. In moist soil, Va. to Fla., Mo. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. KOTZEBUE'S GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
 (I. F. f. 1854.. y Scape slender, 7-15 cm. high, leafless, or sometimes with a sin- 
 gle sessile oval leaf near the base. Basal leaves short-petioled, membranous, ovate 
 or oval, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, 6-24 mm. long; calyx-lobes 
 oblong; petals white, 3~5-veined, sessile; staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal. 
 Quebec, Lab., arctic Am. to Alaska and in the Canadian Rocky Mts. Summer. 
 
 4. Parnassia parviflora DC. SMALL-FLOWERED GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
 (I. F. f. 1856.) Scape 1-3 dm. high, slender, usually bearing a clasping oval leaf 
 at the middle. Basal leaves petioled, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base, not cor- 
 date, 12-25 mm> l n &> sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic 
 sessile petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each petal. In wet places, Quebec to 
 Lab. and the Pacific Coast, south to Mich, and Utah. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Parnassia palustris L. MARSH OR NORTHERN GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
 (I. F. f. 1855.) Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, bearing a clasping ovate leaf below 
 the middle, or rarely leafless. Basal leaves slender-petioled, ovate, obtuse at the 
 apex, usually cordate at the base, 18-35 mm - l n g; ca ty x i~4 shorter than the 
 elliptic few-veined sessile petals; staminodia 9-15 at the base or each petal. In 
 wet places, Newt, and Lab. to Alaska, Mich, and Wyo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 6. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. KIDNEY-LEAVED GRASS OF-PARNASSUS. 
 (I. F. f. 1857.) Scape 2.5-5 dm. high, bearing a clasping nearly orbicular leaf at 
 about the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, rounded, kidney-shaped, often 5 -8 cm. 
 wide; flower 25-35 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oval, much shorter than the strongly 
 veined elliptic petals; staminodia 3 in each set, slender, about the length of the 
 stamens. In wet places, mountains of Va., Tenn., Ga., and N. Car. July-Oct. 
 
 Family 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort.* 
 
 Saxifrage Family. 
 
 Herbs. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious. Calyx 5-lobed or 
 5-parted (Yarel i2-lobed or parted), free, or adnate to the ovary, 
 
 * Revised by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG. 
 
SA X1FRA GA CEA E. 477 
 
 usually persistent. Petals usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal 
 in number to or twice as many as the petals, in apetalous species as many 
 or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, perigynous or epigynous ; filaments 
 distinct. Disk generally present. Carpels usually 2, distinct or united, 
 but upper portion free, mostly fewer than the stamens. Seeds commonly 
 numerous ; endosperm generally copious, fleshy ; embryo small, terete. 
 About 70 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Large herbs; leaves 3-ternate; flowers polygamous. I. Astilbe, 
 Leaves simple, cleft, lobed or 3-foliolate; flowers perfect. 
 Placentae axial. 
 
 Ovary superior or nearly so; stamens 10. 2. Saxifraga. 
 Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 
 Stamens 5, in our species. 
 
 Petals deciduous. 3. Therofon. 
 
 Petals persistent. 4. Sullivantia. 
 
 Stamens 10. 2. Saxijraga. 
 
 Placentae almost basal. 5- Tiarella 
 Placentae parietal. 
 
 Petals present (in our species) ; terrestrial plants. 
 
 Petals entire. 6. Heuchera. 
 
 Petals lobed or pinnatifid. 7. Mitel la. 
 
 Petals none; small aquatic plants. 8. Chrysosplenium. 
 
 i. ASTILBE Hamilt. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with small spicate flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 
 campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5 (in our species), linear-spatulate, inserted at 
 the base of the calyx. Stamens 8-IO; filaments elongated. Ovary superior or 
 nearly so, 2-3-celled, deeply 2-3-lobed at the apex; styles 2-3; ovules oo. Capsule 
 2-3-lobed, separating into 2 or 3 follicle-like carpels, each usually few-seeded. 
 Seeds small, the testa loose, tapering at each end. [Greek without brightness.] 
 About 7 species, natives of eastern N. Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 
 
 i. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. FALSE GOAT'S BEARD. ASTILBE. 
 (I. F. f. 1822.) Erect, 1-2 m. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves petioled, 
 often 6 dm. broad; leaflets thin, stalked, ovate, the lateral ones usually oblique, 
 acuminate, sharply serrate or incised, 5-12 cm. long; panicles often 3 dm. long; 
 flowers sessile or nearly so, about 4 mm. broad, yellowish white; petals of the 
 staminate flowers spatulate, those of the perfect ones much smaller or none ; 
 stamens 10; follicles 2, acute, glabrous, about 3 mm. long. In woods, mountains 
 of Va. to Ga. and Tenn. Plant with the aspect of Aruncus. June. 
 
 2. SAXIFRAGA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and perfect flowers. 
 Calyx-tube free, or adnate to the base of the ovary, 5 -lobed. Petals 5, perigynous. 
 Stamens 10, inserted with the petals; anthers didymous. Ovary superior or partly 
 inferior, usually 2-celled, 2-lobed at the summit; styles short; ovules oo, on axial 
 placentae. Capsule 2-beaked, many -seeded. Seeds small, the testa smooth or 
 roughened. [Greek, stone-breaking, from reputed medicinal qualities.] About 
 210 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 
 about 50 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 * Stems prostrate; leaves rounded, opposite; petals purple. 
 
 i. S. oppositifolla. 
 
 * * Stems erect or ascending; leaves alternate; petals white or yellow. 
 Flowers yellow; leaves entire. 
 
 Stems several-flowered; leaves linear. 2. S. autumnalis. 
 
 Stems i-flowered; leaves oblong. 3. 6". Hirculus. 
 
 Flowers white: leaves 3~7-lobed, mostly wider than long. 
 
 Stems 10-25 cm - ta h"; flower commonly solitary, nodding. 4. S. cernua. 
 Stems weak, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 1-5, erect. 5. S, rtvularis. 
 
 * * * Stems scapose, naked or bracted, the leaves clustered at the base. 
 
 t Leaves stiff, oblong or oblanceolate ; petals yellow or yellowish. 
 
47% FLORA. 
 
 Leaves sharply 3-toothed at the apex. 6. S. tncuspidata. 
 
 Leaves with white denticulate margins. 7. S. Aizoon. 
 
 f t Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft ; petals white. 8. S. caespitosa. 
 f t t Leaves soft, obovate or oval with narrowed or spatula.e base. 
 Flowers regular; petals all nearly alike. 
 
 Plants large, 3-10 dm. tall, growing in wet places. 
 
 Leaves merely denticulate or repand; follicles ovoid. 9. S. Pennsylvamca. 
 Leaves coarsely and sharply dentate; follicles lanceolate. 
 
 10. S. micranthidifolia. 
 
 Plants low, 5-45 cm. tall, growing in dry or rocky places. 
 Petals sessile, not clawed. 
 
 Flowers in cymose or at length panicled clusters, u. S. Virginiensis. 
 Flowers capitate; arctic and alpine species. 12. S.mvalis. 
 
 Petals narrowed into a claw. 
 
 Flowers few, most or all of them replaced by tufts of leaves. 
 
 13. S. comosa. 
 Inflorescence loose, cymose-paniculate. 
 
 Follicles erect, united to near their summits; styles short. 
 
 14. S. stellar is. 
 Follicles divergent, united only at base; styles filiform. 
 
 15. S. Grayana. 
 Flowers irregular, 3 petals large, 2 smaller. 16. S. Michauxn. 
 
 1 1 1 1 Leaves soft, orbicular, cordate, dentate all around. 
 
 17. S. Geum. 
 
 1. Saxifraga oppositifolia L. PURPLE OR MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 
 
 1823.) Tufted, stems densely leafy, 5-25 cm. long. Leaves sessile, persistent, 
 keeled, fleshy, obtuse, punctate with 1-3 pores, 2-5 mm. long, the margins ciliate; 
 flowers solitary, peduncled or nearly sessile, 8-12 mm. bread; calyx-lobes obtuse, 
 much shorter than the obovate purple petals; calyx free from the ovary and cap- 
 sule; follicles abruptly short-pointed; seeds rugose. On wet rocks. Vt., Anticosti, 
 and Newf. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Wyo. and Ore. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Saxifraga autumnalis L. YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 
 1824.) Tufted, glabrous; stems 5-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, fleshy, mucronate- 
 tipped, sessile, 8-18 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, the margins often sparingly ciliate; 
 flowers corymbose, 8 14 mm. broad; petals oblong, sometimes spotted with orange, 
 exceeding the ovate- oblong calyx-lobes; carpels abruptly acuminate; base of the 
 capsule adnate to the calyx; seeds minutely rugose. On wet rocks, Newf. and 
 Lab. to Vt., western N. Y., arctic Am. and Mich. Also in alpine and arctic 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. [S. aizoides L.] 
 
 3. Saxifraga Hirculus L. YELLOW MARSH SAXIFRAGE. (1. F. f. 1825.) 
 Erect, 10-25 cm - high- Leaves 1-4 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper 
 sessile; flower terminal, with scarlet spots; calyx-lobes obtuse, reflexed; petals 
 obovate or oblong, about 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; capsule free from the 
 calyx or nearly so, about 8 mm. long, its beaks at length diverging. In bogs, Lab. 
 and arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Saxifraga cernua L. NODDING OR DROOPING BULBOUS SAXIFRAGE. 
 (I. F. f. 1826.) Stem weak, ascending, pubescent but scarcely glutinous, 1-3 dm. 
 long. Basal and lower leaves petioled, broadly reniform, palmately 5-7-lobed, 
 usually less than 25 mm. wide; upper leaves smaller, sessile. 3-lobed or entire and 
 bract-like, often bearing bulblets in their axils; flowers 1-3, terminal, 8-10 mm. 
 broad; petals obovate. 3-4 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Newf., Lab. 
 and arctic America to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. Saxifraga rivularis L. ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1827.) 
 Tufted, matted, 2-7 cm. high. Basal and lower leaves slender petioled, reniform, 
 3~5-lobed, seldom more than 6mm. wide; petioles dilated at the base; upper leaves 
 lanceolate or ovate, sessile; flowers 1-5, terminal, white, 6-10 mm. broad; calyx- 
 lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals; base of the cap- 
 sule adnate to the calyx. White Mts., Lab., arctic Am. and south in the Rocky 
 Mts. to Colo. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz. THREE-TOOTHED SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 
 1828.) Tufted; flowering stems 5-20 cm. high, the leaves oblong or oblong. 
 
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 479 
 
 spatulate, parchment-like, 8 14 mm. long, narrowed at the base, sessile, the mar- 
 gins ciliate; flowers corymbose, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, coriaceous, much 
 shorter than the petals; lower part of capsule adnate to the calyx. In rocky 
 places, Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, south to Lake Superior and in the Canadian 
 Rocky Mts. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. 
 
 7. Saxifraga Aizdon Jacq. LIVELONG SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1829.) Leaves 
 in a rosette; plant spreading by offsets. Leaves 8-24 mm. long, spatulate, thick, 
 obtuse; scape viscid-pubescent, 1-2.5 dm. high; flowers corymbose, about 6 mm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, viscid, shorter than the obovate, often 
 spotted petals; base of capsule adnate to the calyx. On dry rocks, Vt. ; Quebec to 
 Lab., Lake Superior and Manitoba. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. Saxifraga caespitosa L. TUFTED SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1830.) Tufted; 
 leaves spatulate or fan-shaped, 6-18 mm. long, glabrous; flowering stem 5-20 cm. 
 high, viscid-pubescent, at least above, linear-bracted or with several 3-lobed leaves; 
 flowers 1-8, corymbos-e, 8-14 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse or <3b- 
 tusish, much shorter than the petals; base of the capsule adnate to the calyx. On 
 rocks, Quebec, Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, Ore. and Colo. Also in Europe and 
 Siberia. Summer. 
 
 9. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. PENNSYLVANIA OR SWAMP SAXIFRAGE. 
 (I. F. f. 1831.) Scape stout, terete, viscid-pubescent. Leaves oval to oblanceolate, 
 10-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a broad 
 petiole; cymes in an elongated panicle; flowers greenish, regular, 3-5 mm. broad; 
 calyx-tube nearly free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, obtusish, reflexed, one-hall 
 shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals; filaments subulate or filiform. In swamps 
 and on wet banks, Me. to Ont., Minn., Va., Iowa and Mo. May. 
 
 10. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B. S. P. LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE. 
 (I. F. f. 1832.) Scape slender, viscid. Leaves oblanceolate or oval, sometimes 3 
 dm. long, obtuse, tapering downward into a long margined petiole; panicle loose, 
 elongated; flowers white, regular, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes reflexed, slightly 
 shorter than the oval or oblong obtuse petals; calyx-tube free from the ovary; fila- 
 ments club-shaped. In cold brooks, Penn. to N. Car. May-June. 
 
 11. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1833.) 
 Scape viscid-pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves obovate or oval, narrowed into a 
 margined petiole, dentate or crenate, 2-7 cm. long or longer; flowers white, 
 regular, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes erect, triangular-ovate, much shorter than the 
 obtuse petals; ovary nearly free from the calyx; carpels nearly separate. In dry 
 or rocky woodlands, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Tenn. March May. 
 
 12. Saxifraga nivalis L. CLUSTERED ALPINE SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1834.) 
 Resembling the preceding, but seldom over 15 cm. high. Scape viscid, naked, or 
 bracted at the base of the capitate inflorescence; leaves ovate or oval, narrowed 
 into a margined petiole, thicker; flowers white, 6-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate 
 or oblong, obtuse, about one-half the length of the petals; ovary hall-inferior; 
 follicles deep purple, divergent. Lab. and arctic Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Ariz. Also in Europe and Siberia. Summer. 
 
 13. Saxifraga comosa (Poir.) Britton. FOLIOSE SAXIFRAGE (I. F. f. 1835.) 
 Scape slightly viscid, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate, den- 
 tate and mostly obtuse, 8-18 mm. long; flowers white, regular; calyx nearly free 
 from the ovary, its lobes reflexed. much shorter than the sagittate petals. Me. ; 
 Lab. and arctic America; Mt. Evans, Colo. Also in Asia and Europe. Summer. 
 
 14. Saxifraga stellaris L. STAR OR STARRY SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1836.) 
 Scape bracted at the inflorescence, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or 
 obovate, sharply dentate, tapering into a broad petiole, 1-5 cm. long; flowers about 
 I cm. broad; petals white, yellow- spotted at the base; calyx nearly free from the 
 ovary, its lobes reflexed, lanceolate, obtusish, about one-half the length of the ob- 
 long petals ; capsule 4-6 mm. long. In rocky places, reported from Lab. and 
 Greenland. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 15. Saxifraga Gray ana Britton. GRAY'S SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1837.) Glan- 
 dular-pilose, scapose from a corm-like rootstock ; scape 1.5-4.5 dm. tall. Basal 
 leaves oblong to nearly orbicular, 2-12 cm. long, crenate-dentate, narrowed into 
 margined petioles, mostly shorter than the blade ; flowers white, 8-10 mm. broad; 
 calvx-tube adnate to the ovary, its segments ovate-oblong, reflexed, obtuse; petals 
 
480 FLORA. 
 
 ovate, obtuse, 2-spotted; filaments club-shaped; follicles oblong, 4-6 mm. long. In 
 rocky situations, mountains of Va. and N. Car. June-July. 
 
 1 6. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton. MICHAUX'S SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1838.) 
 Erect, viscid pubescent, 15-50 cm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, 
 7-17 cm. long, narrowed into a margined petiole, coarsely dentate; scape leafy - 
 bracted above; inflorescence paniculate; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, irregular; petals 
 clawed, white, the 3 larger ones sagittate or truncate and usually with a pair of 
 yellowish spots at the base, tne other 2 spatulate and unspotted; calyx -tube free 
 from the ovary, its lobes reflexed; follicles lanceolate, about 5 mm. long. In dry 
 rocky places, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. May -Sept. [S. leucanthemifolia Michx.J 
 
 17. Saxifraga Geum L. KIDNEY-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. f. 1839.) 
 Glandular-pubescent, scapose ; scape 7-25 cm. high. Leaves clustered at the 
 base, 1-2.5 cm - wide; petioles stout, densely pubescent, 2-6 cm. long; inflores- 
 cence paniculate ; bracts small, linear ; flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; petals whi'.e, 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, with a yellow spot at the base and several smaller purplish 
 spots at the middle; calyx-lobes lanceolate or reflexed; capsule oblong. Newf. 
 and in Europe. June-July. 
 
 3. THEROFON Raf. [BOYKINIA Nutt.J 
 
 Glandular pubescent perennial herbs, with alternate petioled orbicular or 
 reniform leaves, and small white perfect flowers in panicles. Calyx-tube top- 
 shaped or subglobose, adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. deciduous, 
 inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); 
 styles 2, rarely 3. Capsule 2-celled, the beaks of the carpels divergent. Seeds 
 numerous, the testa shining, minutely punctate. [Greek, beast-killing ; an old 
 name of aconite.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 I. Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Mill-p. ACONITE SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. 
 f. 1840.) Stem 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled, reni- 
 form -orbicular, cordate or truncate at the base, palmately 5-7-lobed, sharply in- 
 cised-serrate; upper leaves short-petioled; cymes panicled; pedicels and calyx 
 viscid; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect; petals 
 oblanceolate; capsule adnate to the calyx-tube, only its divergent beaks free. In 
 woods, southwestern Va. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. July. 
 
 4. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. 
 
 Slender perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled reniform-orbicular 
 crenate or slightly lobed leaves, and small white cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx- 
 tube campanulate, adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes erect. 
 Petals 5, spatulate, marcescent. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx-lobes. 
 Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, 2-beaked, ripening into a 2-beaked capsule. 
 Styles 2. Ovules oo . Seeds winged. [In honor of William Starling Sullivant, 
 1803-1873, American botanist.] Three known species, of North America. 
 
 i. Sullivantia Sullivantii (T. & G.) Britton. SULLIVANTIA. (I. F. f. 
 1841.) Stem scapose, nearly leafless, reclined, slightly glandular-pubescent, 15- 
 35 cm. long. Leaves long-petioled, 2-7 cm. wide, reniform, sparingly pubescent 
 or glabrous; panicle ample, sometimes leafy-bracted, glandular; pedicels recurved 
 in fruit; flowers about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; petals entire, 
 exceeding the stamens. On cliffs, Ohio to Minn, and Iowa. June. 
 
 5. TIARELLA L. 
 
 Perennial erect herbs, with the leaves mainly basal, long-petioled, lobed or 3- 
 foliolate, small stipules adnate to the petiole, and white pedicelled racemose or 
 paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, nearly or quite free from the base of 
 the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10; filaments elongated. 
 Ovary i-celled; styles 2; ovules oo . Capsule membranous, i -celled, 2-valved, the 
 valves usually unequal. Seeds usually few, smooth, not winged. [Diminutive of 
 tiara, from the form of capsule.] About 6 species, natives of N. Am., Japan and the 
 Himalayas. Besides the following, 3 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 i Tiarella cordifoliaL. COOLWORT. FALSE MITREWORT. (I. F. f. 1842.) 
 Scape 15-30 cm. high, slender, pubescent; plant producing runners later in the 
 
SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 48 1 
 
 season. Leaves long petioled, broadly cordate, 3~7-lobed, obtuse or acutish at the 
 apex, 5-10 cm. long, crenate or dentate all around, pubescent with scattered hairs 
 above, glabrate or downy along the veins beneath; inflorescence racemose, glandu- 
 lar-puberulent; flowers white, about 6 mm. broad; petals oblong, entire or slightly 
 dentate, clawed, somewhat exceeding the white calyx-lobes; capsule reflexed, about 
 6 mm. long, its valves very unequal. In rich, moist woods, N. S. to Ont. and 
 Minn., south to Ga. and Ind. April-May. 
 
 6. HEUCHERA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled ovate or 
 orbicular leaves, and small, paniculate or racemose, white green or purple flowers, 
 on naked or leafy-bracted scapes. Calyx-tube campanulate, often oblique, adnate 
 to the base of the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals small, spatulate, often shorter than the 
 calyx-lobes, entire, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted with 
 the petals. Ovary i-celled; styles 2, slender. Ovules oo . Capsule 2-valved, 2- 
 beaked. Seeds minutely hispid or muricate. [Named for Johann Heinrich von 
 Heucher, 1677-1747, a German botanist.] About 34 species, natives of N. Am. 
 and Mex. Besides the following, about 20 others occur in western and southern 
 N. Am. 
 
 Stem with 1-3 leaves (seldom 4 or 5). 
 
 Stamens slightly if at all exceeding the petals ; calyx in flower 5-8 mm. long, deci- 
 dedly turbinate at the base. i. H. pubescens. 
 Stamens about twice as long as the petals ; calyx in flower campanulate or slightly 
 turbinate. 
 
 Stem and petioles glabrous or puberulent. 
 
 Calyx 5-7 mm. long, cylindric-campanulate. 2. H. roseola. 
 
 Calyx 3-4 mm. long, open-campanulate. 3. H. Curlisii. 
 
 Stem and petioles villous; calyx in flower about 2 mm. 5. H. crinita. 
 
 Stem strictly scapose. 
 
 Flowers small ; calyx in flower 2-5 mm. long, only slightly oblique. 
 Petioles and scape hiisute or villous, seldom glabrate. 
 
 Lobing of the leaves rather deep ; lobes acute ; calyx in flower about a Bam. 
 Leaves cordate ; lobes and teeth triangular. 4. H. villosa. 
 
 Leaves mostly reniform ; lobes broadly ovate; teeth rounded, mucro- 
 
 nate. 5. H. crinita. 
 
 Lobing of the leaves shallow ; lobes obtuse : teeth rounded, mucronate. 
 Calyx in flower about 2 mm. long, petals white. 6. H. parviflora. 
 Calyx in flower 4-5 mm.; petals greenish or purplish. 
 
 7. H. hirsuticaulis. 
 Petioles glabrous or puberulent ; scape rarely slightly hirsute. 
 
 Petals spatulate, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes. 8. H. Americana. 
 Petals oblanceolate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. 9. H. lancipetala. 
 Flowers large; calyx in flower 6-10 mm. long, decidedly oblique. 
 
 Leaves sinuately lobed, crenate with very shallow and broad mucronate teeth. 
 
 jo. H. longiflora. 
 Leaves more deeply lobed; teeth broadly ovate. n. H. hispida. 
 
 1. Heuchera pubescens Pursh. DOWNY HEUCHERA. (I. F. f. 1846.) Stems 
 rather stout, 3-9 dm. high, densely glandular-pubescent, at least above. Basal 
 leaves slender-petioled, broadly cordate, 5-10 cm. wide, 5-7 lobed, the lobes 
 rounded or acute, crenate or dentate; panicle loose; calyx minutely glandular, its 
 lobes usually unequal ; petals broadly spatulate, purplish, slightly exceeding the 
 calyx-lobes. In rich woods, mountains of Penn. to Ky. and IS'. Car. May-June. 
 
 2. Heuchera roseola Rydb. PINK HEUCHERA. Stem 5-6 dm. high, gland- 
 ular-puberulent, or glabrate below. Basal leaves round-cordate, 4-6 cm. wide, 
 5-7-lobed with rounded lobes, crenate with mucronate teeth, minutely hispid above, 
 hirsute on the veins beneath and ciliate on the margin; stem-leaves small, broadly 
 ovate, with sharp acuminate teeth; panicle loose, simple ; calyx glandular puber- 
 ulent, its lobes oblong, obtuse, slightly unequal; petals light pink, oblanceolate, 
 about longer than the calyx-lobes. In woods, York Furnace, Penn. May. 
 
 3 Heuchera Curtisii T. & G. CURTIS' HEUCHERA. Stem 5-10 dm. high, 
 glabrous below, puberulent above. Basal leaves round-cordate or reniform, 38 
 
482 FLORA. 
 
 cm. broad, rounded -lobed and crenate, glabrous or slightly hispidulous above, cili- 
 ate on the margins ; stem-leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, sharply toothed with 
 acuminate teeth; panicle lax, open, with divergent branches; calyx puberulent, its 
 lobes oblong, obtuse ; petals purple, puberulent, spatulate, scarcely exceeding the 
 calyx- lobes. Rich woods of Va. and N. Car. June. 
 
 Heuchera Curtisii crenata Rydb. Stem more leafy, with 3-5 rounded cordate or 
 orbicular, crenate leaves ; panicle narrower and petals minute. Va. to N. Car. Type 
 from Peaks of Otter, Va, 
 
 4. Heuchera villosa Michx. HAIRY HEUCHERA. (I. F. f. 1844.) Stem erect, 
 2-6 dm. high, leafless, or bearing a few small bracts, generally villous-pubescent with 
 brownish hairs, as are also the long petioles and the veins on the lower surfaces oi 
 the leaves. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. wide, orbicular or sometimes longer than broad; 
 flowering calyx campanulate, regular; petals linear- spatulate, white or nearly so, 
 about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens much exserted. In rocky places, 
 Va. and VV. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Sept. Called also American Sanicle. 
 
 5. Heuchera crinita Rydb. LARGE HAIRY HEUCHERA. Stem 5-7 dm. 
 high, stout, bearing some bracts or often 1-3 leaves, villous, as well as the petioles, 
 with brownish hairs. Basal leaves rounded, reniform, 10-22 cm. in diameter, 
 glabrous or slightly hispidulous above, more or less hairy beneath, especially on 
 the veins; flowering calyx campanulate, almost regular, strigose-villous; petals 
 spatulate, pinkish, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens about twice as 
 long. In the form of the leaves it is intermediate between the preceding and the 
 next, but it is much larger than either. In rocky places, from Ky. and 111. to Va. 
 Type from Ky. 
 
 6. Heuchera parviflora Bartl. RUGEL'S HEUCHERA. (I. F. f. 1843.) Stems 
 slender, 1.5-6 dm. long, weak, glandular-hirsute or villous, leafless, often bearing 
 a few bracts. Basal leaves with long slender glandular- villous petioles, broadly 
 reniform, 5-13 cm. wide, with 7- 9 broad lobes; inflorescence very loosely paniculate; 
 flowering calyx regular, campanulate; petals linear- spatulate, 2-3 times as long as 
 the calyx -lobes; stamens somewhat exserted. Shaded cliffs, Mo. and 111. to western 
 N. Car. July-Sept. The name //. Ritgclii Shutthv., of 1847, must give place to 
 the older //. parm flora Bartl., of 1839. 
 
 7. Heuchera hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. HIRSUTE HEUCHERA. Stem 
 stout, 5-6 dm. high, leaflets long-hirsute. Leaves reniform, 5-10 cm. broad, 
 glabrate or sometimes hirsute above, hirsute on the veins beneath; flowering 
 calyx campanulate, glandular-puberulent, somewhat oblique ; petals spatulate, 
 greenish or purplish, generally shorter than the oblong obtuse calyx segments; 
 stamens fully twice as long. Rocky banks, Mo., 111. and Ind. May-June. [/T^ 
 hispida hirsuticaulis Wheelock.] 
 
 8. Heuchera Americana L. ALUM-ROOT. (I. F. f. 1845.) Stem 6-9 dm. 
 high, leafless, more or less glandular-hirsute. Basal leaves long-petioled, 7-10 
 cm. wide, with 7-9 rounded crenate-dentate lobes, the older ones glabrous, or 
 with scattered hairs on the upper surface; flowering calyx broadly campanulate, 
 nearly regular, 3-5 mm. long ; petals small, greenish ; stamens much exserted ; 
 anthers orange. In dry or rocky woods, Ont. to Conn., Minn., Ala. and La. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 9. Heuchera lancipetala Rydb. LONG-PETALED ALUM-ROOT. Stem stout, 
 about 6 dm. high, naked, sparingly glandular-hirsute. Leaves round -reniform, 
 resembling those of the preceding, rather firm, glabrous except the ciliate margins 
 and the veins beneath; panicle narrower and more simple than in the preceding; 
 flowering calyx open campanulate, but decidedly turbinate at the base, nearly 
 regular; petals whitish or pinkish; stamens about twice as long. Type from Ky. 
 
 10. Heuchera longiflora Rydb. LONG-FLOWERED HEUCHERA. Stem about 
 5 dm. high, glandular-puberulent above, naked or with a few small bracts. 
 Leaves firm, glabrous, except the ciliate margins, reniform, 5-8 cm. in diameter; 
 flowering calyx deeply campanulate, oblique, gibbous at the base on the shorter 
 side, glandular-puberulent, its lobes oblong, very obtuse; petals spatulate with a 
 slender claw, yellow at the base, purple-tipped, about equalling the calyx-segments; 
 stamens and style included. Hills bordering Mudlick Bath, Ky. May. 
 
SA XIFRA GA CEA E. 48 3 
 
 ix. Heuchera hispida Pursh. ROUGH HEUCHERA. (I. F. f. 1847.) Stem 
 6-12 dm. tall, hirsutely-pubescent, glandular- puberulent, usually leafless. Leaves 
 4-7 cm. wide, with long petioles, broadly ovate-orbicular, 5-9 lobed ; panicle 
 narrow; flowering calyx deeply campanulate, very oblique, its lobes unequal; pet- 
 als spatulate, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens slightly exserted. In 
 woods, Va. to VV. Ont., Kans. and the N. W. Terr. May-June. 
 
 Heuchera hispida Richardsonii (R- Br.) Rydb. Very sparingly hairy ; leaves smaller, 
 about 4 cm. in diameter ; flowering calyx longer, fully 10 mm. long ; stamens scarcely at 
 all exserted. Manitoba, N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. 
 
 7. MITELLA L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with long petioled ovate to reniform basal leaves, naked 
 or 2-leaved scapes, and small white or greenish flowers in elongated spiciform 
 racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5 -lobed. Petals 
 5, 3-cleft or pinnatifid. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5); filaments short. Ovary glo- 
 bose, I -celled; styles 2, short; ovules oo . Capsule i-celied, 2-valved at the apex, 
 many-seeded. Seeds smooth, shining. [Diminutive of mi/ra, a cap, from the 
 form of the young pod.] About 12 species, natives of N. Am. and E. Asia. Be- 
 sides the following, about 7 others occur on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Basal leaves ovate, cordate; scape with 2 opposite leaves. i. M. dtphylla. 
 
 Basal leaves reniform; scape naked or i-leaved near the base. 2. M. nuda. 
 
 i. Mitella diphylla L. TWO-LEAVED BISHOP'S CAP, OR MITREWORT. (I. 
 F. f. 1848.) Scape 2.5-4.5 dm. high, pubescent, bearing a pair of opposite leaves 
 near its middle. Basal leaves acute or acuminate, 3-5-lobed, dentate, .scabrous 
 and with scattered hairs on both sides, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; leaves of the scape sim- 
 ilar, usually smaller; raceme 0.7-2 dm. long; calyx-lobes and petals white; cap- 
 sule flattish, broad, dehiscent above. In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., N. H., N. 
 Car. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 2 Mitella nuda L. STOLONIFEROUS OR NAKED BISHOP'S CAP OR MI- 
 TREWORT. (I. F. f. 1849.) Usually stoloniferous; scape erect, slender, pubescent, 
 7-15 cm. high. Basal leaves crenate or doubly crenate, 2-4 cm. wide, pubescent 
 with scattered hairs; stem-leaves usually none; flowers pedicelled, greenish, about 
 4 mm. broad. In cold woods and peat-bogs, Newf. and Lab. to the Pacific coast, 
 N. Eng., Penn., Mich, and Mont. Also in Asia. April-June. 
 
 8 CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. 
 
 Low somewhat succulent mainly semi aquatic herbs, with petioled crenate leaves 
 with no stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, perfect. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or 
 obconic, adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 
 (rarely 4 or 5), inserted on the margin of a disk; filaments short. Ovary i-celled, 
 flattish, 2- lobed; styles 2, short, recurved; ovules oo . Capsule membranous, short, 
 inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above. Seed-coat muricate or pilose. [Greek, 
 golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal quality.] About 15 species, natives of the 
 north temperate zone and southern S. Am. Besides the following, 2 others occur in 
 northwestern America. 
 
 Lower leaves opposite: flowers mostly solitary. i. C. Americanum. 
 
 Leaves all alternate ; flowers corymbose. 2. C. lowensis. 
 
 1. Chrysospleniurn Americanum Schwein. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. WATER 
 CARPET. (I. F. f. 1850.) Stems decumbent, forked above, glabrous or very 
 nearly so, 7-20 cm. long. Lower leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, broad- 
 ly ovate, orbicular or somewhat reniform, obtuse or trur.cate at the base, rounded 
 at the apex, 4-20 mm. wide; flowers sessile, axillary, about 2 mm. broad; calyx- 
 lobes commonly 4, yellowish, or purplish within; stamens commonly 8; anthers 
 orange-red. In wet, shaded places, N. S. to the Sask. region, south to Ga., and to 
 Ohio and Minn. March-June. 
 
 2. Chrysosplenium lowensis Rydb. IOWA GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (I. F. 
 f. 1851.) Flowering stems, 1-7 cm. high, branched above. Leaves reniform, 
 thin, shining above, pale beneath, 4-10 mm. wide, or crenate with 5-7 rather 
 broad lobes ; upper stem-leaves larger than the lower ; calyx lobes commonly 
 
4^4 FLORA. 
 
 4, orange-yellow within; stamens usually 8, rarely 4-6. Decorah, Iowa. May- 
 June. It has been confused with C. alternifoliwn L. with dull punctate leaves 
 with truncate lobes and C. telrandrum PVies, with thick 3-5-lobed leaves and 4 
 stamens. 
 
 Family 6. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. 
 Hydrangea Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers 
 perfect or the exterior ones of the clusters sterile and conspicuous. Petals 
 and sepals generally 5. Stamens twice as many or numerous, epigynous. 
 Carpels 2-10, wholly united or the apex free, the lower half at least en- 
 closed by and adnate to the calyx. Seeds numerous ; endosperm gen- 
 erally copious ; embryo small. About 16 genera and 80 species, of tem- 
 perate and tropical regions. 
 
 Stamens 8-10; exterior flowers of the corymb usually neutral. i. Hydrangea. 
 Stamens 20 40 ; all flowers perfect. 
 
 Vines; style i ; petals small. 2. Decumaria. 
 
 Shrubs; styles 3-5; petals large. 3. Philadelphus. 
 
 1. HYDRANGEA L. 
 
 Shrubs, or some Asiatic species small trees, with opposite simple petioled leaves 
 and terminal corymbose flowers. Exterior flowers of the corymb often apetalous, 
 slender-pedicelled, sterile, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes; fer- 
 tile flowers small. Calyx-tube hemispheric or obconic, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. 
 Stamens inserted on the disk. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2- (seldom 3-4-) celled; 
 styles 2-4, distinct, or united at the base; ovules oo . Capsule membranous, usually 
 2-celled, ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscent at the bases of the styles. [Greek, water- 
 vessel, from the shape of the capsule.] About 35 species, natives of eastern N. 
 Am., Asia and S. Am. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern 
 States. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath. i. H. arborscens. 
 
 Leaves grayish-tomentose beneath. 2. H. cinerea. 
 
 1. Hydrangea arborescens L. WILD HYDRANGEA. (I. F. f. 1858.) A 
 shrub, 1-3 m. high. Petioles 3-10 cm. long; leaves ovate, thin, 7-15 cm. long, 
 acute or often acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate or rarely broadly cuneate 
 at the base, sharply dentate, green both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath; 
 cymes 5-13 cm. broad; marginal sterile flowers usually few or none, but some- 
 times numerous. On rocky stream or river banks, southern N. Y. and N. J. to 
 Iowa, Fla. and Mo. June-July. 
 
 Hydrangea arborescens Kanawhkna Millsp. Leaves pale or somewhat glaucous be- 
 neath. W. Va. 
 
 2. Hydrangea cinerea Small. GRAY HYDRANGEA. ((I. F. f. 1859.) A 
 shrub 2-3 m. high. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, 7-15 cm. long, green and nearly glabrous above; 
 marginal flowers, or at least some of them, sterile and conspicuous. Has been 
 confused with H. radiata. Mo. to Tenn. and Ga. June-July. 
 
 2. DECUMARIA L. 
 
 Woody climbing vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and terminal corymbose 
 flowers. Stipules none. Calyx -tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, its limb 
 7-io-toothed. Petals 7-10, narrow. Stamens inserted on the disk ; filaments 
 subulate. Ovary 5-io-celled, io-i5-rib6ed, its apex conic; style thick; stigma 
 capitate, 5-io-lobed ; ovules oo . Capsule fragile, ribbed, opening between the 
 ribs. Seeds numerous, the testa membranou c , reticulated, produced into a club- 
 shaped appendage. [Latin, decent, ten; the parts being often in ID'S.] A mono- 
 typic genus of southeastern N. Am. 
 
 I. Decumaria barbara L. DECUMARIA. (I. F. f. 1860.) Climbing by 
 aerial rootlets. Petioles 1-3 cm. long ; leaves ovate, 5-10 cm. long, entire or 
 
ITEACEAE. 485 
 
 repand-denticulate, glabrous and shining above ; corymbs 5-8 cm. broad; flowers 
 white, fragrant, 6-8 mm. broad; calyx-teeth deciduous; capsule top-shaped, 4-6 
 mm. high, tipped with the conic persistent style. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. 
 May-June. 
 
 3. PHILADELPHIA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with petioled simple deciduous leaves. Flowers large, terminal or 
 axillary, corymbose, racemose or solitary, white or cream-colored. Calyx-tube 
 top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, convolute, rounded or 
 obovate. Stamens inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5-celled; styles filiform, dis- 
 tinct, or united at the base; ovules oo . Capsule top-shaped, 3-5-celled, at length 
 loculicidally dehiscent by 3-5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, the testa 
 membranous, produced at each end. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.] 
 About 15 species, natives of N. Am., Mex., Asia and Europe. Besides the follow- 
 ing, about 5 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers inodorous, solitary or few. 
 
 Calyx-lobes about equalling the tube, acute. i. P. inodorus. 
 
 Calyx-lobes about twice as long as the tube, acuminate. 2. P. grandiflorus. 
 
 Flowers racemose, numerous, fragrant. 3. P. coronarius. 
 
 1. Philadelphus inodorus L. SCENTLESS SYRINGA. (I. F. f. 1861.) A 
 shrub, 2-3 m. high, glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, 5-12 cm. long, 
 strongly 3-nerved, serrate with small distant teeth, or entire; flowers about 3 cm. 
 broad. In thickets, Va. to Ala. and Ga. Escaped from cultivation in Penn. 
 May. 
 
 2. Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. LARGE-FLOWERED SYRINGA. (I. F. f. 
 1862.) A shrub, 2-3 m. high, resembling the preceding. Leaves broadly ovate 
 or oval, more or less pubescent, especially beneath, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate at 
 the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply dentate, 3-nerved; flowers 4- 
 5 cm. broad. In low grounds, Va. to Tenn. and Fla. April-May. 
 
 3. Philadelphus coronarius L. GARDEN SYRINGA. MOCK ORANGE. (I. 
 F. f. 1863.) A shrub 0.5-3 m. high. Leaves short-petioled, oval, elliptic or ovate- 
 elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, denticulate with distant teeth, 3-nerved; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, creamy 
 white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. Escaped from gardens in 
 Va. and Ohio, and sparingly in the Middle and Eastern States. Native of Europe. 
 May-June 
 
 Family 7. ITEACEAE Agardh. 
 Virginia Willoiu Family. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with simple alternate leaves, no stipules and 
 racemose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 
 5. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk. Carpels 2, united to or near the apex. 
 Capsule membranaceous, 2-celled, mostly superior, only the base enclosed 
 in the calyx. Seeds several with a copious endosperm. 
 
 t. ITEA L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with petioled deciduous leaves, and small white flowers. 
 Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate. Petals linear, their apices inflexed. Stigma 
 2-grooved in our species; ovules few or numerous. Capsule oblong or narrowly 
 conic, 2-valved. Seeds narrow, flattish, the testa produced at each end. [Greek 
 for willow, which its leaves resemble.] About 5 species, natives of the eastern U. 
 S. and Asia. The following is the only one known to occur in N. Am. 
 
 i. Itea Virginica L. ITEA. VIRGINIA WILLOW. (I. F. f. 1864.) A shrub 
 10-25 cm. high, the twigs and inflorescence finally pubescent. Leaves short-peti- 
 oled, narrowly oval, oblanceolate or rarely obovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, glabrous, or with a few 
 hairs along the veins beneath; racemes terminal, dense, 5-15 cm. long; flowers 
 
FLORA. 
 
 short- pedicelled; petals linear, erect or slightly spreading, about 5 mm. long; cap- 
 sule 4-6 mm. long, pubescent, narrow. In wet places, pine barrens of N. J., and 
 eastern Penn. to Fla., western N. Car. and La. May-June. 
 
 Family 8. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. 
 Gooseberry Family. 
 
 Shrubs, with often fascicled usually lobed petioted leaves, and race 
 mose or subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the, pedicels bracteolate. 
 Calyx-tube adnate fco the ovary, the limb 4-5^1obed, often colored. 
 Petals 4 or $', inserted o^n the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often 
 included. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary i-celled ; styles 
 2, distinct or united. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent 
 on its summit. Seeds obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the 
 inner crustaceous. Only the following genus, having the characters of 
 the family. 
 
 i. RIBES L. 
 
 About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. 
 besides the following some 40 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves plicate in vernation. 
 
 Racemes i-4-flowered; stems generally with subaxillary spines {Gooseberries}. 
 
 Calyx-lobes oblong, shorter than the tube ; berry often spiny or bristly ; stamens 
 not exserted. 
 
 Calyx-tube ovoid-campanulate, green ; berry spiny, i. R. Cynosbati. 
 Calyx-tube tubular; berry bristly or glabrous. 
 
 Flowers purplish ; spines slender; plant very hairy. 
 
 2. R. Huronense. 
 Flowers whitish; spines stout; plant slightly pubescent. 
 
 3. R. setosum. 
 Calyx-lobes equalling or exceeding the tube ; berry glabrous. 
 
 Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube and ovary; peduncles short. 
 Stamens scarcely exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes. 
 
 Spines stout, usually 3 together; raceme usually i-flowered. 
 
 4. R. Uva-crispa. 
 Spines small, slender or none; raceme 2-flowered. 
 
 5. R. oxyacanthoides. 
 Stamens somewhat exceeding the linear calyx-lobes. 
 
 6. R. rotundifolium. 
 Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube and ovary; peduncle slender; 
 
 stamens long-exserted. 
 
 Spines slender; bark purplish. 7. R. gracile. 
 
 Spines stout; bark light gray. 8. R. Missouriensis. 
 
 Racemes many-flowered;' stem with spines and bristles, calyx saucer-shaped, glan- 
 dular-bristly. 9. R, lacustre. 
 Racemes many-flowered; stem unarmed; calyx campanulate to tubular. (Currants.) 
 Calyx-tube campanulate. 
 
 Berry glandular-bristly, red. 10. R. fcrostratum. 
 
 Berry glabrous. 
 
 Calyx-tube open-campanulate. 
 
 Raceme erect or ascending; berry black. JJ^^J?- Hudsotiianum. 
 Raceme pendulous; berry red. 12. R. rubrunt. 
 
 Calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate; berry black. 13. R. floridum. """ 
 Calyx-tube tubular, glandular; berry red, more or less glandular. 
 
 14. R. cereum, 
 Leaves convolute in bud; stem unarmed; calyx-tube tubular, bright yellow. 
 
 15. R. aureum. 
 
 i. Ribes Cynosbati L. WILD GOOSEBERRY. DOGBERRY. (I. F. f. 1865.) 
 Infra-axillary spines slender, solitary or sometimes 2-3 together, erect or spread- 
 ine, 6-10 mm. long, or often wanting. Prickles few and weak or none; petioles 
 12-35 mm - l n g< slender, generally pubescent; leaf-blade nearly orbicular, 3-5 cm. 
 broad, somewhat pubescent, at least when young, truncate or cordate at the base, 
 deeply 3-5 -lobed, the lobes crenate-dentate or incised; peduncles and pedicels 
 
GROSSULARIACEAE. 
 
 slender; ucrry 8-12 mm. in diameter, with subulate prickles. In rocky woods, 
 N. B., south to N. Car., west to Manitoba and Mo. April-June. 
 
 2. Ribes Huronense Rydb. LAKE HURON GOOSEBERRY. Infra-stipular 
 spines slender, solitary, 8-10 mm. long, ascending; prickles few and weak; stem 
 finely pubescent; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long, very pubescent; leaf-blade 
 rounded, obtuse at the base, deeply 5-lobed, incised, densely and rather coarsely 
 pubescent; peduncles slender but short, about 15 mm. long, generally 3-flowered; 
 calyx very pubescent; petals broadly cune-ate, white; styles distinct to the middle; 
 berry bristly or weakly spiny. Intermediate between the preceding and the fol- 
 lowing, but more pubescent than either, Type from Lake Huron [R. Cynosbati 
 y Hook]. 
 
 3. Ribes setosum Lindl. BRISTLY GOOSEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1866.) Infra- 
 axillary spines 1-3 together, slender or rather stout, 5-10 mm. long, spreading. 
 Bristles usually numerous and stout; leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely 
 pubescent, at least when young, 1-3 cm. in width, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-5- 
 lobed, the lobes incised-dentate; flowers 1-4, 6-10 mm. long; fruit sparingly 
 bristly, or often glabrous, dark blue, very sour. On lake shores and in thickets, 
 Manitoba to Mont., Neb. and Wyo. May. 
 
 4. Ribes Uva-crispa L. GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1870.) Spines 
 stout, spreading or reflexed, usually 3 together. Prickles scattered or none; leaves 
 short-petioled, orbicular or broader, pubescent, at least when young, seldom over 
 2.5 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtuse and crenate-dentate; peduncles short, 
 i-2-flowered, usually pubescent; flowers green, about 6 mm. long. Along road- 
 sides in N. J. and N. Y., escaped from gardens. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 May. 
 
 5. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. HAWTHORN OR NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1868.) Spines generally solitary, light colored, 4-10 mm. long, often 
 short. Prickles commonly wanting; leaves petioled; petioles and lower leaf- 
 surfaces commonly pubescent; flowers greenish-purple or white, 6-8 mm. long; 
 berry 8-12 mm. in diameter, reddish purple when ripe. In wet woods and low 
 grounds, Lab. and Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J. and Neb. May-July. 
 
 6. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1869.) Closely resembling the preceding, the spines comn.only shorter, or often 
 altogether wanting, and the prickles none. Leaves similar, but more shining 
 beneath when young; flowers greenish-purple, 6-8 mm. long; stamens exserted 
 for about their length; berry usually not more than 8 mm. in diameter. In rocky 
 woods, Mass, and N. Y. to N. Car. May-July. 
 
 7. Ribes gracile Michx. SLENDER GOOSEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1867.) Branches 
 slender and generally purplish. Spines slender, solitary, or 2 or 3 together, purp- 
 lish, 6-10 mm. long or more. Prickles none; leaves slender-petioled, somewhat 
 pubescent when young, orbicular, 2-30.5 cm. wide, truncate or obtuse at the base, 
 3-5-lobed, the lobes rather blunt, dentate ; pedicels very slender, 1-2 cm. long; 
 flowers white, drooping, IO-I2 mm. long: calyx-tube narrow, very short; berry 
 reddish purple, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, 111. and Kans. to 
 La. and Tex. May. 
 
 8. Ribes Missouriensis Nutt. MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY. Branches stout, 
 gray or whitish with shreddy bark; spines usually 3 together, stout, 8-15 mm. 
 long; bristles numerous on the young shoots, rather stout, usually none on the 
 older stems and their branches; leaves with stouter petioles, pubescent especially 
 when young, 2-6 cm. in diameter; flowers white, 1015 mm. long; fruit purple, 
 10-15 mm - i n diameter. It has been confused with the preceding. River banks 
 and plain thickets, from 111. and Penn. to Minn., Black Hills of S. Dak., and Kan, 
 March-May. 
 
 9. Ribes lacustre(Pers.)Poir. SWAMP GOOSEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1871.) Sin 
 slender, weak, generally clustered. Branches usually densely bi'stly; pe iol 
 slender, pubescent ; leaves nearly orbicular, thin, pubescent along he veiifc t 
 neath, deeply 5~7-lobed, 3-5 cm. wide, the lobes acutish, incised-de -iate; flo'.ve. 
 green; pedicels slender, bracted at the base, about 4 mm. long; calyx-lobes shor 
 broad, spreading; stamens very short, n >t exserted; berry about 4 mm., in dian 
 eter, reddish, covered with weak bristles. In swamps and wet 
 
 Mass., Penn., Mich., Br. Col. and Wash. May June. 
 
488 FLORA. 
 
 10. Ribes prostratum L'Her. FETID CURRANT. (I. F. f. 1872.) Branches 
 decumbent or spreading. Petioles slender, 3-7 cm. long, the dilated base some- 
 times ciliate; leaves nearly orbicular, sharply and deeply 5~7-lobed, 3-7 cm. wide, 
 usually somewhat pubescent along the veins beneath, the lobes acute or acutish, 
 dentate-serrate ; flowers racemose, about 5 mm. broad ; pedicels 4-5 mm. long, 
 glandular, bracted at the base; stamens short, not exserted. In cold wet places, 
 Lab. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to N. Car., Mich, and Colo. Plant 
 wkh a disagreeable odor. May-June. 
 
 11. Ribes Hudsonianum Richards. NORTHERN BLACK CURRANT. (I. F. 
 f. 1873.) Branches erect. Petioles slender, 3-10 cm. long; leaves broader than 
 long, 3-10 cm. wide, more or less pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, 3-5- 
 lobed, the lobes obtuse or acutish, coarsely dentate; pedicels 4 mm. long or less; 
 flowers white, 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oval, obtuse; stamens short, not exserted; 
 bracts setaceous, deciduous; fruit black, glabrous, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Hudson 
 Bay and western Ont. to N. W. Terr. May-June. 
 
 Ribes nlgrum L., the Black Currant of the gardens, with similar leaves, but loosely 
 flowered drooping racemes, is beginning to escape from cultivation. 
 
 12. Ribes rubrum L. RED CURRANT. (I. F. f. 1875.) Petioles slender, 
 glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 38 cm. long; leaves pubescent beneath, at least 
 when young, orbicular or broader, cordate at the base, 3~5-lobed, the lobes acutish, 
 sharply dentate ; pedicels longer than the ovate bractlets ; flowers greenish or 
 purplish, about 4 mm. broad; calyx flat-campanulate; stamens short; fruit 4-8 
 mm. in diameter. In cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, northern N. Eng , N. J., Ind. 
 and Minn., and escaped from cultivation in the Middle and Eastern States. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 13. Ribes floridum L'Her. WILD BLACKCURRANT. (I. F. f. 1874.) Branches 
 erect. Petioles slender; leaves nearly orbicular, glabrous above, somewhat pubes- 
 cent and resinous- dotted beneath, 3-8 cm. wide, sharply 3~5-lobed, the lobes 
 dentate-serrate, acutish; bractlets linear, much exceeding the pedicels, or shorter; 
 flowers greenish -white, 8-10 mm. long; calyx-lobes short, broad, obtuse; stamens 
 not exserted; fruit globose-ovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter. In woods, N. S. to 
 Va., Manitoba, and Neb. April-May. 
 
 14. Ribes cereum Dougl. WHITE-FLOWERED CURRANT. SQUAW CURRANT. 
 (I. F. f. 1876. ) Petioles more or less glandular-pubescent, 6-20 mm. long; leaves reni- 
 form-orbicular, cordate at the base, 1-4 cm. wide, sparingly glandular pubescent, or 
 glabrate on both sides, 3~5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, crenate or crenulate; racemes 
 short, pubescent, pendulous; bractlets persistent; flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, 
 pink or greenish-white; petals minute, nearly orbicular; stamens short; fruit insipid, 
 about 6 mm. in diameter. Dry hills, from S. Dak. and Neb., to Br. Col., Ariz, 
 and Cal. May-June. 
 
 15. Ribes aureutn Pursh. GOLDEN, BUFFALO OR MISSOURI CURRANT. (I. 
 F. f. 1877.) Petioles slender, pubescent, at least when young; leaves pubescent 
 and ciliate, or at length glabrous and shining, often broader than long, thick, 3- 
 lobed or sometimes 5-lobed, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, the lobe? 
 obtuse; racemes leafy-bracted, few-flowered; flowers spicy-scented, 12-25 mm - 
 long; calyx-tube cylindric, glabrous, 3-4 times as long as the oval spreading lobes; 
 stamens slightly exserted; fruit black, glabrous, 6-16 mm. in diameter. Along 
 streams, Minn, to Mo., Tex., Cal., Ore. and the N. W. Terr. April-May. 
 
 Ribes aureum chrysoc6ccum Rydb. Fruit yellow when mature, more acid. West- 
 ern Neb. to Mont. 
 
 Family 9. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. 
 Witch Hazel Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and perfect or 
 polygamous flowers, variously clustered. Perianth often imperfect, or 
 sometimes none. Calyx-tube, when present, more or less adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb truncate or q-lobed. Petals, when present, 4-00 , perigy- 
 
If A,M A ME LID A CEA E. 
 
 nous. Stamens 4-00, perigynous; filaments distinct. Disk circular or 
 none. Ovary compound, of 2 carpels united below, 2-celled; styles 2, 
 subulate, erect or recurved; ovules i-=o . Fruit a 2-celled 2-beaked 
 woody or cartilaginous capsule, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds i-sev- 
 eral, anatropous ; embryo large; endosperm scanty. About 15 genera 
 and 35 species, natives of N. Am., Asia and South Africa. 
 
 Ovules i in each cavity; flowers perfect or polygamous; shrubs or small trees; fruit not 
 spiny. 
 
 Flowers white, in catkin-like spikes; petals none. i. Fothergilla. 
 
 Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters; petals long. 2. Hamamelis. 
 
 Ovules several in each cavity; flowers monoecious; large trees ; fruit globular, spiny. 
 
 3. Liquidambar. 
 
 i. FOTHERGILLA Murr. 
 
 Shrubs, the foliage somewhat stellate-pubescent. Leaves alternate, obovate. 
 Flowers in catkin-like bracted terminal spikes, appearing a little before the leaves. 
 Calyx campanulate, slightly 5-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, inserted 
 on the edge of the calyx; anthers subglobose. Ovary 2-celled; styles slender. 
 Capsule cartilaginous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony, pendulous. [Named for 
 Dr. John Fothcrgill, 1712-1780, an English naturalist.] Two or three species of 
 eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Fothergilla Carolina (L.) Britton. FOTHERGILLA. (I. F. f. 1878.) A 
 shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the young twigs densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves short- 
 petioled, 5-8 cm. long, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, 
 usually inequilateral, coarsely dentate-crenate above the middle, or entire; spikes 
 erect, 3-5 cm. long; bracts densely pubescent, the lower ones sometimes lobed; 
 stamens white or pinkish, 4-8 mm. long; capsule very pubescent. In wet grounds, 
 Va. to Ga. April. 
 
 2. HAMAMELIS L. 
 
 Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and clustered lateral yellow bracted flowers, ap- 
 pearing in late summer or autumn. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, adnate to the 
 lower part of the ovary. Petals 4, elongated, linear, persistent, or in the staminate 
 flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodia; 
 filaments very short; anthers dehiscent by a valve. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, short; 
 ovules i in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody, at length 2-valved at the sum- 
 mit. Seed oblong, its testa shining. [Greek, with the apple, flower and fruit be- 
 ing borne together.] Three known species, one native of eastern N. Am., the 
 others of Japan. 
 
 i. Hamamelis Virginiana L. WITCH-HAZEL (I. F. f. 1879.) A shrub, 
 or rarely a small tree. Leaves short-petioled, obovate or broadly oval, somewhat 
 cordate and inequilateial at the base, stellate-pubescent, at least when young, 5-12 
 cm. long, thick, repand-dentate; flowers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile; petals 
 about i mm. wide, 12-18 mm. long; capsule maturing the next season, 6-8 mm. 
 high, at length bursting elastically; seeds large, bony. In low woods, N. B. and 
 N. S. to Minn., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Dec. 
 
 3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. 
 
 Large trees with resinous sap, simple alternate lobed petioled leaves, and small 
 monoecious flowers in heads, the staminate clusters racemose, the pistillate ones 
 usually solitary. Calyx and corolla of the staminate flowers none; stamens numer- 
 ous ; filaments short; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Calyces of the pistillate 
 flowers confluent; petals none; anthers rudimentary, borne on the edge of the calyx; 
 ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules several or numerous; styles 2. Capsules 2- 
 beaked, 2-valved at the summit, dry, hard, forming a dense spinose globular head. 
 [Name Latin Arabic referring to the fragrant sap.] 
 
 i. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. SWEET GUM. STAR-LEAVED OR RED 
 GUM. BILSTED. ALLIGATOR-TREE. (I. F. f. 1880. ) A forest tree, maximum 
 height about 45 m. ; bark very rough, branches usually winged with corky ridges. 
 Leaves broader than long, 7-20 cm. wide, subcordate at base, deeply 3-7-lobed, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 often pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the lobes triangular-ovate, acuie, 
 sharply and finely serrate; sterile flower-clusters erect, of numerous small heads, 
 greenish; fertile heads long-peduncled, at length drooping, borne near the base of 
 the sterile; head of fruit about 3-4 cm. in diameter, the fertile seeds few, with nu- 
 merous minute sterile ones. In low woods, Conn, and southern N. Y. to Fla., 
 111., Mo. and Mex. April-May. 
 
 Family 10. PLATAN ACE AE Lindl. 
 Plane-tree Family. 
 
 Large trees, with alternate petioled palmately lobed and veined leaves, 
 the hollowed petiole bases enclosing the buds for the following season, 
 and small green monoecious flowers in dense globular heads. Recep- 
 tacle somewhat fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally pubescent minute sepal?. 
 Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate flowers with stamens 
 as many as the sepals and opposite them ; filaments short ; anthers ob- 
 long or linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct 
 pistils; ovary linear, i-celled; style elongated ; stigma lateral. Ripened 
 head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly obpyramidal nutlets 
 which are densely pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs. Seed 
 pendulous ; endosperm thin ; cotyledons linear. Only the following 
 genus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 
 I. PLATANUS L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] Besides the following species, 2 
 others occur in the western U. S. and I or 2 in Mex. 
 
 I. Platanus occidentals L. BUTTON-WOOD. BUTTON-BALL. PLANE-TREE. 
 (I. F. f. 1881.) A large tree; maximum height about 40 m. ; outer bark freely 
 peeling off in thin plates, uncovering the bright white inner layers. Leaves 
 orbicular, or wider than long, 10-25 cm. wide, cordate or truncate at the base, 
 3_tj_lobed, densely floccose pubescent with whitish branched hairs when young, 
 becoming nearly glabrous when old, the lobes sharply serrate, or rarely entire ; 
 stipules with broad spreading toothed borders, conspicuous on young shoots; fruit- 
 ing heads 2 cm. in diameter, usually solitary, hanging on a long peduncle, persist- 
 ent through the winter. Along streams and in wet woods, Me. to Ont. and Minn., 
 Fla., Kans. and Tex. May. 
 
 Family n. ROSACEAE * B. Juss. 
 
 Rose Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some exotic genera 
 opposite) leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious 
 flowers. Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from 
 or adnate to the ovary, /5-lobed (rarely 54-9-] obed), often bracteolate. 
 Disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the 
 calyx-lobes, distinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct ; 
 anthers small, 2-celled. Carpels i-oo , distinct, or adnate to the calyx. 
 Ovary I -celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled ; style terminal or lateral. 
 Ovules i, 2, or several, anatropous. Fruit mostly follicles or achenes ; 
 endosperm none, or rarely copious. About 65 genera and 1200 species s 
 of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 I. Fruit not enclosed in a hollow receptacle, the so-called calyx. 
 
 Pistils few, seldom more than 5, ripening into 2-4-seeded follicles. 
 
 Follicles dehiscent along both sutures; seeds shining. i. Opulaster. 
 
 Follicles dehiscent along one suture ; seeds dull. 
 Pistils alternate with the calyx-lobes. 
 
 Flowers perfect ; leaves simple ; shrubs. 2. Spiraea. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; leaves 2-3-pinnate ; tall herbs. 3. Aruncus. 
 
 * Revised by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG. .. 
 
KOSACEAE. 491 
 
 Pistils opposite the calyx-lobes ; petals white. 
 
 Follicles united at the base ; petals obova }r oblong ; leaves pinnate. 
 
 4. Sorbaria. 
 Follicles free; petals strap-shaped ; leaves trifoliolate. 
 
 5. Portcranthus. 
 Pistils numerous or rarely few, ripening into i-2-seeded drupelets or achenes. 
 
 Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on the receptacle. 
 
 Drupelets very pulpy. 6. Rubus. 
 
 Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx. 7. Dalibarda. 
 
 Pistils ripening into achenes. 
 Style deciduous. 
 
 Style nearly basal ; ovules ascending or nearly erect, orthotropous ; 
 
 leaves pinnate. 8. Drymocallis. 
 
 Style lateral; ovules ascending and amphitropous. 
 Achenes hairy ; low shrubs. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; style club-shaped ; flowers yellow. 
 
 9. DasipJiora. 
 Leaves trifoliolate ; style filiform; flowers white. 
 
 10. Sibbaldiopsis. 
 Achenes glabrous ; herbs. 
 
 Achenes 10-15; stamens 5; leaves trifoliolate. 
 
 11. Sibbaldia. 
 Achenes numerous; stamens about 20. 
 
 Receptacle much enlarged and red in fruit ; leaves trifolio- 
 late. 
 
 Receptacle pulpy, edible; petals white. 
 
 12. Fragaria. 
 Receptacle not pulpy ; petals yellow. 
 
 13. Duchesnea. 
 Receptacle in fruit some\\hat enlarged, spongy ; leaves 
 
 pinnate; petals red. 14. Comarum. 
 
 Receptacle not enlarged in fruit; leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate ; petals yellow. 15. Argentina. 
 Style terminal or nearly so. 
 
 Pistils numerous; ovules pendulous and anatropous. 
 
 16. Potentilla. 
 
 Pistils 2-6; ovules basal, erect. 17. Waldsteinia. 
 
 Style persistent on the achene. 
 Pistils numerous; herbs. 
 
 Calyx-lobes and petals 5; leaves interruptedly pinnate. 
 Style jointed above, the upper portion deciduous. 
 
 1 8. Geum. 
 
 Style not jointed. 19. Steversia. 
 
 Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9; leaves simple; styles plumose 
 
 20. Dryas. 
 Pistil solitary; achene with a long plumose style; shrubs. 
 
 21. Cercocarpus. 
 Pistils 5-15; fruit resembling a follicle, but indehiscent and i-seeded ; 
 
 style not plumose; herbs. 22. Ulmaria, 
 
 2. Fruit, 1-4 achenes, enclosed in the persistent dry receptacle; herbs. 
 
 Calyx with 4 or 5 bractlets; petals none. 23. Alch'emilla. 
 
 Calyx not bracteolate. 
 
 Calyx bearing hooked prickles; petals 5. 24. A^rimonia. 
 
 Calyx not prickly; petals none. 25. Sanguisorba. 
 
 3. Fruit, numerous achenes, enclosed in the fleshy receptacle; shrubs with pinnate 
 
 leaves. 26. Rosa. 
 
 i. OPULASTER Medic. 
 
 Branching shrubs, with petioled simple palmately lobed leaves, and white flow- 
 ers in terminal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, 5. lobed. Petals 5, rounded, in- 
 serted in the throat of the calyx, Stamens 20-40, inserted with the petals. Pistils 
 1-5, short-stipitate, when 5 alternate with the calyx-lobes. Stigma terminal, capi- 
 tate. Pods 1-5, inflated, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globose, crustaceous, shin- 
 ing; endosperm copious. [Greek, a wild Opulus, or cranberry-tree.] Species 
 about 8, 3 of eastern N. Am., 4 of the Rocky Mts. and Pacific Coast, I in Mant- 
 churia. 
 
 Follicles mostly 5, glabrous. I. O. opnlffolius. 
 
 Follicles 2-4, finely pubescent. 2. O. intermedius. 
 
, J - -1 7 
 
 492 FLORA. 
 
 1. Opulaster opulifolius(L.) Kuntze. EASTERN NINEBARK. (I. F. f. 1882.) 
 A shrub, 1-3 m. high, with recurved branches, glabrous twigs and foliage, the 
 bark peeling off in thin strips. Stipules caducous; leaves ovate-orbicular, generally 
 acutely 3-lobed, cordate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 
 crenate-dentate; pedicels slender, 10-16 mm. long; flowers white or purplish; ca- 
 lyx glabrous or nearly so; follicles 5, glabrous, shining, 8-10 mm. long, acute, 
 obliquely subulate-tipped, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks and in rocky 
 places, Quebec to Ky. and Ga. June. {Spiraea opuli folia L.] 
 
 2. Opulaster intermedius Rydb. PRAIRIE NINEBARK. Like the preceding, 
 but generally lower, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves orbicular in outline, with rounded lobes, 
 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or subcordate at the base, crenate; pedicels and calyx finely 
 pubescent; ovaries 3 or 4, rarely 2, pubescent, united below, follicles 6-7 mm. long, 
 rounded or obtuse at the apex, tipped with a subulate style. River banks from 111. 
 and Mo. to Colo, and S. Dak. 
 
 2. SPIRAEA L. 
 
 Shrubs. Flowers racemose, cymose, corymbose or paniculate, white or pink, 
 perfect. Calyx persistent, its tube 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, 
 short-clawed. Stamens 20-60, distinct, inserted on the calyx; filaments filiform. 
 Disk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pistils commonly 5 (rarely 1-8), superior, alter- 
 nate with the calyx-lobes. Stigmas capitate or discoid; ovules 2-00 . Follicles 
 usually 5, not inflated. Seeds linear, pendulous, the testa dull. [Greek, twisting, 
 the pods twisted in some species.] About 60 species, natives of the north temper- 
 ate zone. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in western N. Am. 
 Flowers in dense terminal panicles. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so throughout. i. S. salicifolia. 
 
 Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly-pubescent. 2. S. tomentosa. 
 
 Flowers in terminal corymbs. 
 
 Leaves broadly oval or ovate, thick, serrate. 3. S. corymbosa. 
 
 Leaves oblong, thin, nearly entire. 4. S. Virginian a. 
 
 1. Spiraea salicifolia L. WILLOW- LEAVED OR AMERICAN MEADOW-SWEET. 
 QUAKER LADY. (I. F. f. 1883.) An erect shrub, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 
 oblanceolate, obovate, lanceolate or oval, sharply serrate, especially above the 
 middle, 3-5 cm. long, 8-24 mm. wide, or on young shoots much larger, mainly 
 cuneate at the base, pale beneath; flowers white or pinkish-tinged, 4-6 mm. broad; 
 follicles glabrous. In swamps or moist ground, Newf. to the Rocky Mts., Ga. and 
 Mo. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Spiraea tomentosa L. HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH. (I. F. f. 1884.) 
 Erect, shrubby, usually simple, the stems floccose -pubescent. Leaves short- 
 petioled, ovate or oval, 3-5 cm. long, 12-25 mm - wide, unequally serrate, gla- 
 brous and dark-green above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs beneath; flowers 
 pink or purple, rarely white, about 4 mm. broad; follicles pubescent. In swamps 
 and low grounds, N. S. to Manitoba, Ga. and Kans. July -Sept. 
 
 3. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. CORYMBED SPIRAEA. (I. F. f. 1885.) A shrub, 
 3-10 dm.-high, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves petioled, rounded or slightly 
 cordate at the base, serrate, especially above the middle, green above, paler and 
 sometimes minutely pubescent beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; flowers white, 
 about 4 mm. broad; follicles glabrous. On banks or in rocky places, mountains 
 of Ga. to N. J., Ky. May -June. 
 
 4. Spiraea Virginiana Britton. VIRGINIA SPIRAEA. (I. F. f. 1886.) A gla- 
 brous much-branched shrub, the branches forming wands 3-12 dm. long. Leaves 
 pt-tioled, cuneate or rounded at the base, 4-5 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, green 
 above, pale or slightly glaucous beneath, entire, or with a few low teeth above the 
 middle; flowers white, about 6 mm. wide; pedicels and calyx glaucous; follicles 
 glabrous. On rocks, W. Va., to the mountains of N. Car. and Tenn. June. 
 
 Spiraea Jap6nica L. f., with oblong-lanceolate acuminate cut-toothed leaves, the 
 branches and corymbose inflorescence finely pubescent, occurs as an escape from cultiva- 
 tion in E. Penn. 
 
 3. ARUNCUS Adans. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with large 2-3-pinnate leaves, stipules minute or wanting, 
 and very numerous white dioecious flowers in panicled spikes. Calyx mostly 
 
EOS ACE A E. 493 
 
 5-lobed. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, inserted on the 
 calyx ; filaments filiform. Pistils usually 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. 
 Follicles glabrous, at length reflexed, usually 2-seeded. Seeds minute, not 
 shining. Two known species, the following of the north temperate zone, the 
 other Japanese. 
 
 i. Aruncus Aruncus (L. 1 ) Karst. GOAT'S-BEARD. (I. F. f. 1887.) Glabrous 
 throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 1-2 m. high. Leaves long-petioled, 
 the lower 3 dm. long or more; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oval, thin, acuminate or 
 acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate, sharply doubly serrate or incised, 
 3-7 cm. long; inflorescence compound, branches spike-like, elongated; flowers 
 2-4 mm. wide; follicles short. In rich woods, Perm, to Iowa, Ga. and Mo. Also 
 from Ore. to Alaska, and in Eur. and Asia. May-July. \Spiraea Aruncus L. 
 
 4. SORBARIA A. Br. 
 
 Shrubs with stipules, odd-pinnate leaves and white flowers in terminal panicles. 
 Calyx openly campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate or oblong. Stamens 20- 
 40; pistils mostly 5, united at the base. Carpels not inflated. Seeds several, pen- 
 duluus, with endosperm. About 4 Asiatic closely related species. 
 
 i. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. MOUNTAIN-ASH SPIRAEA. Large shrub, 
 pubescent when young, glabrate in age. Leaflets 13-21, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 sharply and doubly serrate, dark green. Native of Siberia, often cultivated L-T 
 ornament and escaped in the Middle States. June-Sept. 
 
 5 PORTERANTHUS Britton. [GILLENIA Moench.] 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with nearly sessile stipulate 3-foliolate or 3-parted 
 leaves, and white or pinkish perfect flowers in loose terminal panicles. Calyx 
 cylindric, persistent, narrowed at the throat, lO-nerved, 5 -toothed, the teeth im- 
 bricated, slightly glandular. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, spreading, convolute in 
 the bud, somewhat unequal, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 10-20, included; 
 filaments short; anthers large. Carpels 5, villous-pubescent, opposite the calyx- 
 lobes. Ovules ascending; style filiform. Follicles 5, 2-4-seeded. Seeds with 
 endosperm. [In honor of Thomas Conrad Porter, Professor in Lafayette College.] 
 Only the following species. 
 
 Leaflets serrate; stipules subulate, mainly entire. i. P. trifoliatus, 
 
 Leaflets incised; stipules broad, foliaceous, incised. 2. P. stipulatus. 
 
 1. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. INDIAN PHYSIC. BOWMAN'S- 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 1888.) Herbaceous from a perennial root, erect, branching, 
 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; leaflets short-stalked, oval, ovate, 
 lanceolate or slightly obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-7 cm. 
 long, irregularly serrate; upper leaves often 3-lobed, or sometimes merely serrate; 
 pedicels slender ; petals white or pinkish, 10-12 mm. long; pods pubescent, subu- 
 late-tipped, little exceeding the calyx. Woodlands, N. Y. to Mich., Ga. and Mo. 
 May-July. 
 
 2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.) Britton. AMERICAN IPECAC. (I. F. f. 
 1889.) Resembling the preceding species, but generally more pubescent. Stipules 
 foliaceous, broad, ovate, acuminate or acute, 8-25 mm. long, sharply incised-ser- 
 rate; leaflets commonly narrower than those of the preceding, incised-serrate, or 
 those of the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid; pods less pubescent or sometimes quite 
 glabrous. In woods, western N. Y. to Ind. and Kans., south to Ala., La. and the 
 Ind. Terr. June-July. 
 
 6. RUBUS L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, shrubs or trailing vines, often prickly, with alternate simple 
 lobed or 3-7-foliolate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers terminal 
 or axillary, solitary, racemose or panicled, white, pink or purple, perfect or some- 
 times dicecious. Calyx persistent, not bracted, deeply 5 -parted, its tube short and 
 broad. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens oo . usually numerous, inserted on the 
 calyx, distinct. Carpels oo , rarely few. inserted on a convex or elongated recep- 
 tacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2, one abor- 
 tive, Style nearly terminal, slender, Seed pendulous. [The ancient name of the 
 
494 FLORA. 
 
 brabble, from ruber, red.] About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution, 
 most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 10 others 
 occui in N. Am. beyond our area. The stems of many species are biennial. 
 
 A. Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lotoed. 
 
 Stubby, 6-15 dm. high, branched; flowers corymbose. 
 Flowers numerous, red-purple. 
 
 Lobes of the leaves broadly triangular, dentate. i. R. odoratus. 
 
 Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, incised -dentate. 2. R. Columbianus. 
 
 Flowers few, white; western. 3. R. parviflonis. 
 
 Herbaceous, 8-25 cm. high, simple; flowers solitary, white. 4. R. Chamaemorus. 
 
 B. Leaves 3-7-foliolate. 
 i. Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle. RASPBERRIES. 
 
 Herbaceous, usually unarmed, i-3-flowered ; leaves not white beneath. 
 
 Petals pink, spreading. 5. ft. arcticns. 
 
 Petals white, erect. 6. R. Americanus. 
 Shrubby; many-flowered; leaves white- pubescent beneath. 
 
 Stjms bristly, not glaucous; fruit light red. 7. R, strigosus. 
 
 Stms prickly, slightly glaucous ; fruit dark red. 8. R. neglectus. 
 
 Stems prickly, very glaucous; fruit purple-black. 9. R. occidentalism 
 
 2. Fruit persistent on the fleshy receptacle. BLACKBERRIES and DEWBERRIES. 
 
 * greet, recurved or ascending ; fruit black. 
 
 Leaflets laciniate or deeply incised. 10. R, laciniatus* 
 
 Leaflets serrate or slightly incised. 
 
 Leaves white-woolly beneath. n. R. cuneifolius. 
 
 Leaves not white- woolly beneath. 
 
 Inflorescence distinctly glandular. 
 
 Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, very pulpy. 
 
 12. R. nigrobaccus. 
 
 Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-shaped. 13. A'. Allegheniensis. 
 
 Inflorescence and leaves decidedly villous, scarcely glandular. 
 
 ' Terminal leaflet one-half longer than the lateral ones, oblong or oblong- 
 ovate. 14. R. ostryifolius. 
 Terminal leaflet slightly larger than the lateral ones, obovate or rhombic- 
 
 obovate. 15. R.frondosus. 
 
 Inflorescence slightly villous. 
 
 Plant low, almost herbaceous, weakly prickly. 16. R. Randii. 
 Plants tall and shrubby. 
 
 Plant strongly prickly. 17. R. argutus. 
 
 Plant unarmed or with a few weak prickles. 18. R. Canadensi 
 
 * * Trailing or decumbent. 
 
 f Stem prickly (no. 19 also bristly) ; fruit black. 
 Leaves thick, coriaceous, persistent. 
 
 Flowers corymbose; stem very bristly; leaves, except those of the flowering 
 
 branchlets, 5-foliolate. 19. R, rubrisetus. 
 
 Flowers 1-3; stem scarcely bristly; leaves mostly 3-foliolate. 
 
 20. R. trivialis. 
 Leaves thin, deciduous. 
 
 Inflorescence usually many-flowered. 
 
 Flowers generally over 3 cm. in diameter; inflorescence generally glan- 
 dular ; terminal leaflet of sterile shoots rounded or cordate at the base. 
 Leaflets simply serrate. 21. R. invisus. 
 
 Leaflets sharply doubly serrate. 22. R. roribaccus, 
 
 Flowers generally less than 3 cm. in diameter; inflorescence not glan- 
 dular; terminal leaflet of the sterile shoots cuneate or obtuse at the base. 
 Terminal leaflet one-half longer than the lateral ones, oblong or 
 
 oblong-ovate, acute. 14. R. ostryifolius, 
 
 Terminal leaflet only slightly longer than the lateral ones, ovate, 
 
 acuminate. 23. R. procumbens. 
 
 Inflorescence usually i-2-flowered. 
 
 Leaflets cuneate at the base; glabrous. 
 
 Leaflets sharply serrate with triangular teeth. 
 
 24. fi. subunt/lorus. 
 
 Leaflets crenate serrate with ovate teeth. 25. R. Ensleni. 
 Leaflets rounded or cordate at the base, pubescent beneath. 
 
 26, R, Baileyanus, 
 
ROSACEAE. 495 
 
 f t Stem bristly or weakly prickly; fruit red or, when ripe, alruusc black. 
 
 Leaflets thick; inflorescence stout, strongly bristly or weakly prickly. 
 
 27. K. nigricans. 
 Leaflets thin ; inflorescence sparingly and weakly bristly. 
 
 Some of the leaves quinate; leaflets of the flowering shoots oblan- 
 
 ceolate or narrowly cuneate. 28. R. setosus. 
 
 All leaves ternate; leaflets of the flowering shoots broadly obovate. 
 
 29. A*, hispidus. 
 t t t Stem unarmed; fruit red. 6. A\ Americanns. 
 
 1. Rubus odoratus L. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. (I. F. f. 1890.) 
 Erect, branched, shrubby, glandular-pubescent and somewhat bristly, not prickly, 
 1-1.5 m. high. Stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate; leaves simple, petioled, 
 sometimes nearly 3 dm. broad, 3 -5 -lobed, cordate at the base, pubescent, the lobes 
 acuminate, finely serrate; flowers 3-5 cm. broad; bracts membranous; calyx-lobes 
 tipped with a slender appendage ; fruit red when ripe, depressed-hemispheric, 
 scarcely edible. In rocky woods, N. S. to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Tenn. A form 
 with white flowers has been found at Pine Hill, Ulster Co., N. Y. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Rubus Columbianus (Millsp. ) Rydb. MAPLE- LEAVED RASPBERRY. Erect, 
 shrubby, glandular-pubescent, rarely bristly. Leaves simple, slender-petioled, 
 5-y-lobed to near the middle, cordate at the base; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 
 doubly and sharply dentate; flowers smaller than in the preceding, 2-3 cm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes ovate, with almost subulate tips; fruit red, small, depressed, of a 
 very musky taste. Mountains of W. Va. July. [./?. odoratus var. Colnmbianus 
 Millsp.] 
 
 3. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. SALMON-BERRY. WHITE-FLOWERING RASP- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 1891.) Similar to R. odoratus but usually less glandular and 
 scarcely bristly. Leaves petioled, simple, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes 
 acute or obtusish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate; flowers few, 
 corymbose, white, terminal, 3-5 cm. broad; calyx lobes tipped with a long, slender 
 appendage ; fruit depressed hemispheric, scarcely edible, red when ripe. In 
 woods, Mich., Minn, and western Ont. to Alaska, Cal., Utah and Colo. May- 
 July. 
 
 4. Rubus Chamaemorus L. CLOUDBERRY. KXOTBERRY. MOUNTAIN 
 BRAMBLE. MOUNTAIN RASPBERRY. (I. F. f. 1892.) Herbaceous; rootstock 
 creeping; branches erect, 4-25 cm. high, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous, 
 scaly below; leaves orbicular or broader, 5-9 lobed, cordate or reniform at the 
 base, pubescent or glabrous, 37 cm. broad, the lobes usually short, broad, den- 
 tate; flowers dioecious, solitary, terminal, white, 12-25 mm - broad; sepals ovate, 
 shorter than the petals, sometimes toothed toward the apex; fruit red at first, yel- 
 low when ripe, composed of few drupelets, edible and pleasant. In peat-bogs 
 and swamps, Me. and N. H. to Arctic Am., Alaska and Br. Col. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. June -July. 
 
 5. Rubus arcticus L. ARCTIC RASPBERRY OR BRAMBLE. (I. F. f. 1893.) 
 Stems erect, herbaceous, 7-25 cm. high, unarmed, finely pubescent, sometimes 
 leafless below. Leaves 3-foliolate (rarely 5 -foliolate ) ; leaflets sessile or short- 
 stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate or slightly lobed, 
 18-25 mm. long; flowers solitary, or occasionally 2, slender-peduncled, pink, 
 12-25 mm - broad, sometimes dioecious; sepals acute, equalling or shorter than the 
 obovate petals; fruit light red, of several or numerous drupelets, edible, fragrant. 
 In peat-bogs and damp woods, Quebec to Manitoba and Br. Col., and throughout 
 Arctic Am. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Rubus Americanus (Pers.) Britton. DWARF RASPBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1897.) Stem trailing or ascending, unarmed, annual, herbaceous, or slightly 
 woody, 15-45 cm. long, somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, rarely 
 5-foliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones 
 mostly rounded, the terminal one cuneate at the base, all sharply serrate ; 
 peduncles slender, 1-3 flowered, glandular-pubescent; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; 
 petals 5-7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acuminate 
 r -flexed sepals; fruit red-purple, about 12 mm. long. In swamps, Newf. to 
 Mmitoba, N. J. and Neb, Intermediate between Blackberries and Raspberries- 
 May-July, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 7. Rubus strigosus Michx. WILD RED RASPBERRY. (I. F. f. 1894.) 
 Stems shrubby, biennial, branched, 5-20 dm. high, usually densely clothed with 
 veak glandular bristles, or the older stems with small hooked prickles. Leaves 
 pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and 
 ; rregularly serrate or slightly lobed, rounded at the base, 3-7 cm. long; inflores- 
 cence racemose or paniculate, loose; pedicels slender, curving in fruit; flowers 
 8-12 mm. broad; petals white, ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate 
 sepals; fruit elongated-hemispheric, light red, white in a cultivated form. In 
 dry or rocky situations, Newf. and Lab. to Manitoba, Br. Col., N. Car., and N. 
 Mex. May- July. 
 
 8. Rubus neglectus Peck. PURPLE WILD RASPBERRY. (I. F. f. 1895.) 
 Intermediate between the preceding species and the next. Stems recurved and 
 rooting at the tip, glaucous, sparingly bristly and prickly; leaflets ovate, sharply 
 and irregularly incised-serrate, 2-8 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose, rather 
 compact; pedicels erect or ascending even in fruit; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; 
 petals white, erect; fruit nearly hemispheric, dark-red or purple (yellowish in a 
 cultivated form). In dry or rocky soil, N. Eng. to Penn. June-July. Fruit ripe 
 July-Aug. 
 
 9. Rubus occidentalis L. BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLE-BERRY. BLACK- 
 CAP. (I. F. f. 1896.) Very glaucous; stems cane-like, recurved, often rooting at 
 the tip, sometimes 3-4 m. long, sparingly armed with hooked prickles, rarely 
 slightly glandular-bristly above. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); 
 leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely incised-serrate; flowers as in the preceding 
 species; inflorescence corymbose, compact, usually only terminal; pedicels short, 
 ascending or erect in fruit; fruit purple-black, depressed-hemispheric. Quebec 
 and Out., to Ga. and Kans. May-June. 
 
 10. Rubus laciniatua Wilkl. CUT-LEAVED BLACKBERRY. Stem ascending, 
 2-3 m. high, pale green or purplish, angled, with stout flat recurved prickles; 
 the young shoots villous. Leaves pcdately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets often again pin- 
 nately 3 -5-foliolate, laciniate or deeply incised and serrate, villous beneath; inflo- 
 rescence cymose-paniculate; flowers 23 cm. wide ; petals white, obovate-cuneate, 
 often lobed at the apex; sepals more or less foliaceous and lobed; fruit large, black, 
 hemispheric. Escaped from cultivation in S. N. Y. and Penn. ; also in Ore. and 
 Wash. Supposed to be a native of Europe. June -Aug. 
 
 11. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. SAND BLACKBERRY. KNEE-HIGH BLACK- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 1901.) Shrubby, 3-10 dm. high, much branched, armed with 
 stout straight or recurved prickles. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets thick, rugose 
 above, 2-5 cm. long, obovate or rarely oval, obtuse, dentate, especially above the 
 middle, the terminal one cuneate; peduncles mainly terminal, 2-5 -flowered; flcw- 
 ers white or pinkish, nearly 2.5 cm. broad; petals exceeding the sepals; fruit 
 brownish-black, often 2.5 cm. long, delicious. In sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., Mo. and 
 La. May-July. 
 
 12. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. HIGH BUSH BLACKBERRY. (I. F. f. 1898.) 
 Shrubby, branched, glandular-pubescent ; stems erect or recurved, 1-3 m. long, 
 armed with stout recurved prickles. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or ovate- 
 oblong, acute or acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate, pubescent beneath, the 
 terminal one stalked ; inflorescence mainly terminal, racemose-paniculate; bracts 
 small; flowers 18-25 mm. broad; petals white, obovate, much exceeding the sepals; 
 fruit black, pulpy, 12-25 mm - l n R- I 11 dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla. and Ark., mostly 
 at low altitudes. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. A form with small white fruit 
 occurs in Michigan. [R. villosus Gray and of 111. Fl. ; not Ait.] 
 
 R. nigrobaccus satfvus Bailey is a form with short flower clusters and fewer and larger 
 drupelets. 
 
 13. Rubus Allegheniensis Porter. MOUNTAIN BLACKBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1899.) Glandular, resembling the preceding species. Stems rather more slender, 
 red or purple, very prickly, erect or ascending, 6-25 dm. high. Leaflets usually 
 narrower, ovate-lanceolate; fruit 16-28 mm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, much less 
 pulpy and of a peculiar flavor; racemes sometimes very long, and pubescent; 
 drupelets oblong when dry. In dry soil. Ont. and northern N. Y. to Penn, and 
 Va., mostly at high altitudes. Ma v -July. 
 
ROSACEAE. 497 
 
 14. Rubus ostryifolius Rydb. COAST BLACKBERRY. Ascending or de- 
 pressed, 6-12 dm. high. Stems brownish purple; prickles stout, broad, flat at the 
 base, recurved; younger parts finely villous; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or 
 oblong-ovate, rather simply serrate, finely villous below, slightly pubescent or 
 glabrate above ; corymb small, 1-5 -flowered, villous pubescent and somewhat 
 prickly; flowers 1-2 cm. in diameter; sepals ovate, with a short subulate tip; 
 fruit hemispherical, black, rather dry, less than I cm. high. Near the seashc re 
 from N. J. to N. Car. Type from Atlantic Highlands, N. J. May-Aug. In habit 
 intermediate between a blackberry and a dewberry. 
 
 15. Rubus frondosus Bigel. LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY. Erect, about 
 I m. high, decidedly villous, especially when young. Stems stout, angled, with 
 rather stout, straight prickles; leaves mostly 3-foliolate, especially on the flowering 
 branches, leaflets shor't-obovate, doubly and sharply serrate; terminal one generally 
 short- petioled; inflorescence dense, generally leafy-bracted and subtended by 
 unifoliolate leaves; flowers about 3 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate. N. Eng. 
 to Ohio and Va. \_R. villosus var. frondosus Torr. ] 
 
 16. Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb. RAND'S BLACKBERRY. Low and diffuse, 
 almost glabrous, 3-5 dm. high, .vith very few and weak prickles, not rarely un- 
 armed and only slightly shrubby. Leaves very thin, those of the sterile shoots 
 5-foliolate, those of the flowering stems mostly 3-foliolate, ovate or lance-ovate, long- 
 acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the terminal one slender-petioled; in- 
 florescence elongated, many-flowered, bristly but not glandular; flowers 15-25 mm. 
 broad; fruit hemispheric, small, less than I cm. long. Me. to Lake Superior and 
 Va. June-Aug. \_R. villosus var. Randii Bailey.] 
 
 17. Rubus argutus Link. TALL BLACKBERRY. Resembling the last, but 
 stems tall, 1-2 m. high, stout, angled, purple, with strong and slightly recurved 
 prickles; inflorescence corymbose, many-flowered, short; leaves ot the flowering 
 branches often small and the uppermost unifoliolate; flowers 2-3 cm. bread; petals 
 oval or narrowly obovate; fruit hemispheric, alout I cm. high. It has been 
 confused with R. frondosns, but is glabrate, its sterile shoots have larger, long- 
 acuminate leaflets, and the petals are narrower. Piince Edward Island to Ga., 
 Ala. and Penn. May-July. 
 
 18. Rubus Canadensis L. MILLSPAUGH'S ELACKBFRRY. (I. F. f. 1900.) 
 Ascending, wand-like, entirely unarmed, or with a few weak prickles, glabious or 
 the younger shoots scurfy-pubescent; stems 15-35 o'm. long. Leaves long petioled, 
 pedately 5-folioiate, or some 3-foliolate; leaflets tval, thin, glabrous on both sides, 
 long- acuminate or acute, rounded or narrowed at the tase, often 15 cm. long and 
 5 cm. wide, sharply but not very deeply serrate; stalk of the terminal leafet 4-10 
 cm. long; inflorescence loosely racemose; pedicels slender, ascending; fruit black, 
 very pulpy, 15-25 mm. long. In thickets and rich woods, mountains of N. Eng., 
 the Adirondacks, and in the higher southern Alleghanies. Jui.e-Aug. \_R.MiUs- 
 paughii Britt.] 
 
 19. Rubus rubrisetus Rydb. RED-BRISTLED DPAVBERRY. Stems 6-12 dm. 
 long, trailing, weakly prickly and densely clothed with red or purplish bristles. 
 Leaves 5-foliolate, or some of the flowering 1 ranches 3-foliolate, thick, evergreen, 
 glabrous and shining; leaflets all petiolate, obovate or oval, acute or acuminate, 
 dentate with broad teeth ; inflorescence corymbose, 3-7-flowcred, prickly and 
 bristly; flowers 15-25 mm. wide; sepals ovate, with a short subulate tip. In 
 the Mississippi Valley from Mo. to La. Feb. -June. Type from New Orleans. 
 
 20. Rubus trivialis Michx. SOUTHERN DEWBERRY. (I. F. f. 1904.) Stem 
 trailing or procumbent, I m. long or more, beset with stout hooked prickles, and 
 sometimes slightly bristly. Branches erect, 3-15 cm. high, prickly; leaves petioled, 
 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets oval or sometimes ovate lanceolate, coriaceous, 
 evergreen, glabrous or very nearly so, acute or oltusish at the apex, serrate- 
 dentate; peduncles terminal, prickly, 1-3 flowered; flowers often 25 mm. broad, 
 white; petals much exceeding the reflexed sepals; fruit black, often 25 mm. long, 
 well flavored. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla.. west to Tex. March-May. 
 
 21. Rubus invisus Bailey. ITHACA DEWBERRY. Stems stout and partly 
 ascending, terete, armed with straight, slightly reflexed prickles. Leaves of the 
 sterile shoots 5-foliolate, those of the flowering shoots generally 3-foliolate, glabrous 
 or nearly so; leaflets broadly ovate, more or less acuminate, especially those of the 
 
498 FLOKA. + 
 
 sterile shoots; corymbs few -flowered, with rather elongated pedicels; sep,is with 
 long tips; fruit globular-oblong. N. Y. to Ala. and Kans. June-July. [R, Cana- 
 densis var. invisus Bailey.] 
 
 22. Rubus roribaccus (Bailey) Rydb. LUCRETIA BLACKBERRY. Stem very 
 stout, terete, with weak straight prickles. Young shoots and inflorescence decidedly 
 villous-glandular; leaves as those of the preceding, but less acuminate, sharply 
 doubly serrate, thinner and greener; inflorescence many-flowered, leafy -bracted; 
 flowers large, 3-5 cm. in diameter; petals generally broadly obovate ; sepals nearly 
 always foliaceous with a lanceolate base; fruit oblong-globose. Va., W. Va. and 
 Perm. May-July. [7v. Canadcnsls var. roribaccus Bailey.] 
 
 23. Rubus pro-u.nbens Muhl. Low RUNNING BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1906.) Trailing, shrubby; stem armed with scattered prickles or nearly 
 naked. Branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, more or less pubescent, 
 sometimes slightly glandular; leaves petioled, 3-7-foliolate; leaflets ovate, oval or 
 thin, obovate, acute or sometimes obtusish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the 
 base, sharply dentate-serrate, usually sparingly pubescent; white, about 25 mm. 
 broad; fruit black, delicious, often 25 mm. long. In dry soil, Newf. and Out. to 
 Lake Superior, Va., La. and the Ind. Terr. April -May. Fruit ripe June-July. 
 [R.Canadensis T. & G., not L. ] 
 
 24. Rubus subuniflorus Rydb. ONE-FLOWERED DEWBERRY. Like the pre- 
 ceding, but soon glabrate throughout; branches very slender; flowers 3-4 cm. 
 broad, mostly solitary, on long axillary peduncles in fruit fully as long as the 
 leaves; prickles very weak; fruit small, hemispheric, i cm. long or less, of few 
 large grains. In habit intermediate between the preceding and the following, 
 but the flowers larger than in either. Sandy or dry soil, near the coast from 
 Me. to S. Car. May-July; fruit July-Sept. [R. villosus Ait. 1789; not Thunb. 
 
 1784-] 
 
 25. Rubus Ensleni Tratt. ENSLEN'S DEWBERRY. Slender, trailing, glabrous 
 throughout, sparingly armed with reflexed prickles. Leaves small, 2-4 cm. long, 
 obovate-cuneate or the terminal one rhombic-cuneate, entire at the base, crenate- 
 dentate or crenate -serrate above, acute; flowers small, about 15 mm. broad; sepals 
 narrowly ovate, mucronate; fruit small, of few drupelets. Woods in the South 
 from Kans. (?) to Miss, and Ala. March-April. 
 
 26. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. BAILEY'S BLACKBERRY. (I. F. f. 1905.) 
 Stem trailing or ascending, sparingly prickly, 1-2 m. long. Leaflets broadly 
 ovate or oval, pubescent, at least on the lower surfa.ce, mostly rounded or cordate 
 at the base, acute or obtuse, the uppermost leaves almost invariably unifoliolate ; 
 flowers few, rather large, 2-3 cm. broad; fruit small. In dry woods and thickets, 
 Me. to N. Y. and Va. May-June. 
 
 27. Rubus nigricans Rydb. PECK'S DEWBERRY. (I. F. f. 1903.) Decum- 
 bent, with stout bristles. Shoots suberect, often 3 dm. high, the sterile ones very 
 bristly, with stout reflexed bristles or slender prickles; leaves of the sterile shoots and 
 the lower ones of the fertile 5-foliolate; leaflets petioled or the lower subsessile, obo- 
 vate or oval, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green; inflorescence racemose, leafy- 
 bntcted; flowers about 15 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate; fruit hemispheric, about 
 i cm., at first red, but nearly black when fully ripe. Open grounds, Newf. to 
 Mich., south to Penn. \R. hispidus var. suberectus Peck; not R, suberectiis An- 
 ders.; R. setosus of 111. Fl., in part.] 
 
 28. Rubus setosus Bigel. BRISTLY BLACKBERRY. Similar to the next 
 following species but stouter; stems ascending or decumbent, the older parts 
 densely clothed with slender slightly reflexed bristles. Lower leaflets generally 5, 
 3 in those of the flowering branches, oblanceolate, mostly acute or short-acuminate 
 sometimes 5 cm. long, short-stalked or sessile; flowers 12-18 mm. broad, race 
 mose; fruit small, sour. E. Mass. July- Aug. 
 
 29. Rubus hispidus L. HISPID OR RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1902. ) Stems slender, slightly woody, creeping, more or less densely beset with 
 weak bristles. Branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. long, naked; leaves petioled, 
 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, obtuse, thick, persistent, narrowed at the base, 1-4 
 cm. long, sharply serrate above the middle; peduncles terminal or axillary, nearly 
 or quite leafless; flowers corymbose, white, 10-14 mm. broad; petals exceeding 
 the sepals; fruit red, nearly black when ripe, sour, usually less than I cm. long, 
 
ROSACEAE. 499 
 
 composed of few drupelets. In swamps or low grounds, rarely in dry soil, N. S. 
 to Out., Minn., Ga. and Kans. June -July. 
 
 7. DALIBARDA L. 
 
 A low tufted perenii al downy- pubescent herb, with simple long-petioled ovate- 
 orbicular cordate and crenate leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing I or 2 white 
 flowers. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, its divisions somewhat unequal, the 3 larger 
 ones commonly toothed. Petals 5, sessile, soon deciduous. Stamens numerous. 
 Pistils 5-10; style terminal. Drupelets 5-10, nearly dry, enclosed at length in 
 the connivent calyx-segments. [Named in honor of Thos. Fran. Dalibard, a 
 French botanist of the eighteenth century.] A monotypic genus of northeastern 
 North America. 
 
 i. Dalibarda repens L. DALIBARDA. (I. F. f. 1907.) Plant commonly 
 bearing cleistogamous flowers. Stems slender, unarmed, much tufted, several 
 inches long ; leaves pubescent on both sides, 2-5 cm. in diameter, the crenations 
 low, obtuse or sometimes mucronulate; stipules setaceous; flowers 8-iomm. broad; 
 peduncles slender, 4-12 cm. long; drupelets oblong, pointed, slightly curved, 
 minutely roughened. In woods, N. S. to Minn., south to southern N. J., Ohio 
 and Mich. June-Sept. 
 
 8. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. 
 
 Perennial, more or less glandular or viscid, erect herbs with pinnate leaves. 
 Flowers irregularly cymose; calyx 5-bracteate; sepals 5; petals 5, obovate, elliptic 
 or orbicular, not emarginate, yellow or white. Stamens 20-30, in five festoons on 
 the much thickened margins of the pentagonal disk around the receptacle; anthers 
 flattened. Receptacle hemispheric with numerous pistils; style nearly basal and 
 generally thickened near the middle; seed attached near the base of the style, as- 
 cending, orthotropous. A genus of 18 or 20 species of the north temperate zone; 
 of these 13 are found in America. 
 
 i. Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb. TALL, OR GLANDULAR CINQUE- 
 FOIL. (I. F. f. 1913.) Erect, stout, glandular and villous-pubes-cent, 3-10 dm. 
 high. Basal leaves pinnately 7-ii-foliolate; leaflets ovate, oval or rhomboid, ob- 
 tuse at the apex, the terminal one cuneate, the others rounded at the base and com- 
 monly oblique, all sharply incised-serrate ; stem-leaves short-petioled Or sessile, 
 with fewer leaflets; flowers white, densely cymose, 10-18 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 
 ovate, acute, shorter than the obovate petals; stamens 25-30. [Potentil/a arguta 
 Pursh.] On dry or rocky hills, N. B. to the Rocky Mts., south to Tenn. and Kans. 
 June-July. 
 
 9. DASIPHORA Raf. 
 
 Shrubs with scarious sheathing stipules and pinnate leaves. Flowers solitary or 
 in small cymes; bractlets, sepals and petals 5. Petals orbicular, not emarginate, in 
 ours yellow. Stamens about 25, in 5 festoons on a disk as in Drymocallis ; style 
 lateral, club-shaped, thick and glandular above; stigma four-lobed. Achenes nu- 
 merous, densely covered with long straight hairs; seed ascending and amphitro- 
 pous. A genus of 8 or 9 species, all Asiatic, but the following also natives of North 
 America and Western Europe. 
 
 T. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1932.) 
 Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 1.5-12 dm. high, the 
 bark shreddy. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, entire, acute or acutish at each end, 1-2 cm. 
 long, silky-pubescent, the margins revolute; flowers bright yellow. 1.5-3 cm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes ovate; bractlets oblong. \Potentillafruticosa L.] In swamps or moist 
 rocky places. Lab. and Greenland to Alaska, N. J., Ariz, and Cal. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 Dasiphora fruticosa tenuifblia (Willd.) Rydb. Leaflets linear-oblong, more revolute; 
 shrub lower and more hairy. On high mountains among exposed rocks. Range of the 
 species. 
 
 10. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb. 
 
 A low undershrub, with trifoliolate subcoriaceous leaves and white cymose 
 flowers, Bractlets- and sepals 5. Petals 5, obovate or broadly oval, not emargi. 
 
500 FLORA. 
 
 nate. Style lateral, filiform; achenes turgid, villous; seed ascending and amphit- 
 ropous; otherwise as in Potentilla. A mcnotypic genus. 
 
 i. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. THREE-TOOTHED CINQUEFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 1933.) Caudex woody, creeping; branches of the year erect, 3-30 cm. 
 high, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, entire; leaflets cuneate, 3-toothed or some- 
 times 2-5 -toothed at the truncate apex, dark green and shining above, pale and 
 minutely pubescent beneath; flowers 1-6, in a terminal cyme, about i cm. broad; 
 bractlets shorter and narrower than the ovate acute calyx-lobes; stamens abcut 20. 
 [Potenti/Ia tridentata Soland.] In rocky places, especially on mountains, Green- 
 land to N. J., on the southern Alleghanies, shores of Lake Superior, and west to 
 the Canadian Rocky Mts. June-Aug. 
 
 ii. SIBBALDIA L. 
 
 Depressed alpine or arctic plants, with alternate mainly 3-foliolate stipulate 
 leaves, and cymose flowers. Calyx slightly concave, 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, per- 
 sistent. Petals 5. oblong or spatulate, much smaller than the calyx-lobes, yellow. 
 Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes, inserted on the margin of the villous-pubescent 
 disk. Carpels 5-10, on short pubescent stipes; style lateral, filiform. Aduncs 
 5-10, glabrous. [Named in honor of Robt. Sibbald, a Scotch naturalist.] About 
 5 species, natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. 
 
 I. Sibbaldia procumbens L. SIBBALDIA. (1. F. f. 1938.) Densely tufted; 
 stem decumbent or creeping, less than i dm. long. Stipules membranous, lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, adnate; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets cuneate, 3-5-toothed at 
 the apex, pubescent with scattered hairs on both sides, resembling in outline those 
 of Sibbaldiopsis tridentata; flowers yellow, 3-5 mm. broad, numerous; petals 
 spatulate, very small; calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, acute, longer and broader than 
 the bractlets. White Mts.; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab., Greenland to Alaska, 
 south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 12. FRAGARIA L. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs pic pagating by runners, with basal tufted peticlcd 
 3-foliolate leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. Flowers white, corymbc.se 
 or racemose on erect scapes, polygamo-dicecious, the pedicels often recurved. 
 Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or turbinate, 5-bracteolate, deeply 5-lobed. 
 Petals 5, obovate, short-clawed. Stamens oo ; filaments slender. Carpels oo , in- 
 serted on a glabrous convex or elongated receptacle, which becomes fleshy or pulpy 
 in fruit; styles lateral. Achenes oo , minute, dry, crustaceous. Seed ascending 
 and amphitropous. [Latin, fragum, strawberry, signifying fragrance.] About 25 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the 
 following, 15 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Achenes imbedded in pits on the fruit. 
 
 Hairs of the scape and petioles mostly divaricate; leaflets generally petiolate. 
 
 Leaflets broadly oval or obovate ; fruit globose or ovoid. i. F. Virginiana. 
 Leaflets oblong or narrowly obovats : fruit oblong-conic. 2. F. Canadensis. 
 Hairs of the scape and petioles appressed ; leaflets subsessile. 3. F. 'Jerrae-noiae. 
 Achenes borne on the surface of the fruit ; leaflets subsessile. 
 
 Stout ; leaflets thickish ; plant naturalized ; fruit ovoid to hemispheric. 
 
 4. F. vesca. 
 Slender; leaflets thin; native plant; fruit ovoid to conic. 5. F. Americana. 
 
 i. Fra?aria Vtreiniana Duchesne. VIRGINIA OR SCARLET STRAWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. If)o8.) R.vther stout, tufted, dark green, villous-pubescent. Leaflets 
 thick, obtuse, dentate -serrate, the terminal one generally cuneate, the lateral in- 
 equilateral at the base; scape equalling or shorter than the leaves; hairs of the 
 pedicels mostly appressed; calyx-lobes, at least of the sterile flowers, erect at ma- 
 turity. In dry soil, Prince Edward Island to Minn., Ind. Terr, and Ga. April-June. 
 
 Fragaria Virginiana Graykna (Vilm.) Rydb. Plant coarse and hairy ; hairs of pedi- 
 cels divaricate. Ohio to Kans. \F. Virginian a Illinoensis Gray.] 
 
 Fragaria Virginiana austr&lis Rydb. Smaller and more hairy, 3-8 cm. high ; leaflets 
 only 2-4 cm. long, almost sessile j sepals broad, acuminate, Va, to Nt C and La, 
 
ROSACEAE. $01 
 
 2. Fragaria Canadensis Michx. NORTHERN WILD STRAWBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1909.) Petioles slender, loosely villous. Leaves thin but firm ; leaflets oblong or 
 the middle one narrowly obovate, obtuse, rather few-toothed, 2-4 cm. long, gla- 
 brous or nearly so above, even when young, more or less appressed-pubescent be- 
 neath; flowers few, slender-pedicelled, 10-15 mm. broad; fruit 12-16 mm. long. 
 In fields and meadows, Newf. to Mich., south to the Catskills. May-July. 
 
 3. Fragaria Terrae-novae Rydb. NEWFOUNDLAND STRAWBERRY. Leaves 
 thin, glabrate above, slightly silky beneath; leaflets 2-5 cm. long, obovate, serrate, 
 the lateral ones slightly oblique at the base; scape slender, silky strigose at first, 
 glabrate in age, few flowered; flowers 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; petals often nearly 
 twice as long as the sepals; fruit hemispheric, about I cm. broad. Newf. and Lab. 
 to Me. and Ont. 
 
 4. Fragaria vesca L. EUROPEAN WOOD STRAWBERRY. (I. F. f. 1910.) 
 Stout, tufted, dark green, silky. Leaflets ovate or broadly oval, obtuse, dentate, 
 rather thin, the terminal one cuneate, the others inequilateral at the base; scape 
 commonly exceeding the leaves so that the fruit is borne above them, sometimes 
 3 dm. high, its hairs mostly spreading; calyx-lobes remaining spreading or some- 
 times reflexed. In fields and along roadsides. Nat. from Europe in the Eastern 
 and Middle States. April-June. 
 
 5. Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. AMERICAN WOOD STRAWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1911.) Slender, light green, silky-pubescent or glabrate, producing 
 runners more freely than any of the preceding species. Leaflets very thin, 
 ovate or oval, sharply incised- dentate, the terminal one commonly cuneate, the 
 others inequilateral at the base, pubescent with silvery appressed hairs beneath; 
 calyx-lobes reflexed in fruit; fruit often with a short neck. In rocky woods, Newf. 
 to Va. and N. Mex. ,May-june. 
 
 13. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with leafy runners, 3-foliolate long-petioled leaves and 
 axillary slender-peduncled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx 5-parted, 5-bracteolate, 
 the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with them, dentate or 
 incised. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne on a 
 hemispheric receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy in fruit. 
 Achenes superficial on the receptacle. [In honor of A. N. Duchesne, French 
 botanist.] Two species, natives of southern Asia. 
 
 i. Duchesnea Indica (Andr.) Focke. YELLOW OR INDIAN STRAWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1912.) Silky -pubescent, tufted and forming leafy runners, dark green. 
 Leaflets rhombic obovate, rather thin, crenate or dentate, obtuse at the apex; 
 peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; bractlets 
 of the calyx dentate or incised, exceeding the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spread- 
 ing calyx-lobes. In waste places, southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. and Ga. 
 Naturalized or adventive from India. April-July. 
 
 14. COMARUM L. 
 
 A stout dark green nearly glabrous herb, with alternate pinnate large-stipuled 
 leaves, the large purple flowers cymose or solitary, terminal or also axillary. 
 Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, the bractlets narrow. Petals shorter than the 
 calyx-lobes, acute, purple. Stamens numerous, inserted on the large pubescent 
 disk. Pistils numerous, inserted on the pubescent receptacle which becomes 
 spongy in fruit. Style lateral. Achenes glabrous, I -seeded. Seed pendulous. 
 [Greek name of the Arbutus, from the similar fruits.] A monotypic genus of the 
 north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Comarum palustre L. PURPLE OR MARSH CINQUEFOIL. PURPLE 
 MARSHLOCKS. COWBERRY. (I. F. f. 1937.) Decumbent at the base. Leaves 
 pinnate, the lower long-petioled, 5-7-foliolate; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, 
 sharply serrate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-8 cm. 
 long ; stipules membranous, sometimes adnate to the petiole for half its length ; 
 upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5-foliolate; flowers showy, i cm, broad, in fruit. 
 2 cm. ; calyx-lobes purple within, ovate, acuminate, much exceeding the ovate- 
 
502 FLORA. 
 
 lanceolate petals; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes. In swamps and 
 peat-bogs, Greenland to Alaska, N. J., Mont., northern Cal. and Iowa. Also 
 in northern Europe and Asia. June -Aug. 
 
 15. ARGENTINA Lam. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and long runners. Flowers 
 yellow, solitary on long pedicels from the axils of the basal leaves; petals broadly 
 oval or almost orbicular, not emarginate; stamens 20-25; style filiform, lateral, 
 tardily deciduous; mature achenes with a thick, corky pericarp; seed ascending, 
 amphitropous; otherwise as in Potentilla. A genus consisting of three species, 
 one from New Zealand and the following. 
 
 Achenes thick, generally grooved at the upper end; leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 
 sharply serrate. i. A. Anserina. 
 
 Achenes lenticular ; leaves 3-5 cm. long ; leaflets with rounded teeth. 
 
 2. A. Egedii. 
 
 1. Argentina Anserina (L.) Rydb. SILVER- WEED. WILD OR GOOSE- 
 TANSY. (I. F. f. 1934.) Herbaceous; runners 3-10 dm. long. Stipules membra- 
 nous; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, the lower gener- 
 ally smaller, nearly glabrous above, white and silky-pubescent beneath; peduncles 
 about equalling the leaves ; flower yellow, 10-25 mm - broad ; petals exceeding the ovate 
 acute calyx-lobes and oval bractlets ; receptacle villous; achenes glabrous [Poten- 
 tilla Anserina L.]. On shores and salt meadows, N. J. to Greenland, west to Cal. 
 and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 Argentina Anserina grandis (Torr. & Gray) Rydb. Leaves often 3-4 dm. long, 
 erect; leaflets oblong, 4-7 cm. long. In grassy places, from Greenland and Newf. to 
 Alaska, south to Mont, and Cal. 
 
 2. Argentina Egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. EGEDI'S SILVER-WEED. Much 
 smaller than the preceding; leaflets 5-15, glabrous above, sometimes white-tomen- 
 tose beneath, but never silky, broadly obovate or suborbicular, 5-10 mm. long; 
 pedicels 1-3 cm. long. [Potentilla Egedii (Wormsk.) T. & G.] Greenland to 
 Alaska, south to Mass, and Ore., along the coast. Also in Iceland. 
 
 16. POTENTILLA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound 
 leaves, and cymose or solitary, yellow white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx 
 persistent, its tube concave or hemispheric, 5-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate), 
 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular, usually 
 emarginate. Stamens 20-30, seldom 5 or 10; filaments slender ; anthers small. 
 Carpels usually in 3 series, numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubescent recep- 
 tacle; style terminal, deciduous. Seed pendulous and anatropous. [Diminutive 
 oipotens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.] About 150 
 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following 
 about 30 others occur in western N. Am. All species of our range have yellow 
 flowers and glabrous achenes. 
 
 I. Flowers cymose ; erect or ascending herbs. 
 
 Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate; leaflets dentate or incised. 
 . Leaflets 5-7. 
 
 Leaves white- pubescent beneath. i. P. argentea. 
 
 Leaves green beneath. 
 
 Plant 7-20 cm. high; leaflets obovate, 12-16 mm. long; arctic. 
 
 2. P. maculata. 
 Plants 3-8 dm. high ; leaflets 2-8 cm. long; introduced species. 
 
 Leaflets obovate ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad. 3. P. intermedia. 
 
 Leaflets oblanceolate: flowers 12-70 mm. broad. 4. P. sulphurga. 
 Leaflets 3 (or apparently 5 in no. n). 
 
 Styles filiform ; plants arctic or alpine. 
 
 Leaves white-pubescent beneath. 5. P. nivea. 
 
 Leaves green beneath, often villous. 
 Flowers 10-14 mm. broad. 
 
ROSACEAE. 503 
 
 Teeth of the leaflets acute; bractlets oblong. 
 
 6. P. emarginata. 
 
 Teeth of the leaflets obtuse; bractlets oval. 7. P. nana. 
 Flowers only 6 mm. broad. 8. P. Robbinsiana* 
 
 Styles glandular-thickened below. 
 
 Plants stout, erect, rough-pubescent. 
 
 Stamens about 20. 9. P. Monspeliensis. 
 
 Stamens 5-8; prairie species. 10. P. pentandra. 
 
 Plant slender, often diffuse, villous or glabrate. n. P. leucocarpa. 
 Leaves pinnately 3-n-foliolate. 
 
 Leaves villous, or softly pubescent, rarely glabrate. 
 
 All the leaves 7-1 i-foliolate; inflorescence cymose. 12. P. paradoxa. 
 Upper leaves 3-foliolate ; inflorescence falsely racemose. 
 
 13. P. Nicolletii. 
 Leaves white-tomentose on both sides. 
 
 Leaves mostly regularly pinnate ; pubescence silky and tomentose. 
 
 14. P. Hippiana. 
 Leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate; pubescence simply tomentose. 
 
 15. P. effusa. 
 Leaves green above, white-tomentose beneath ; leaflets pinnatifid. 
 
 Styles thickened at the base. 
 
 Pubescence silvery-white. 16. P. bipinnatifida. 
 
 Pubescence not silvery-white. 
 
 Plants erect ; leaves 7-i5-foliolate. 
 
 Plant dark green; leaves scarcely paler beneath. 
 
 17. P. atrovirens. 
 Plant not dark green ; leaves decidedly paler beneath. 
 
 1 8. P, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Plant ascending or decumbent; leaves 5-7-foliolate; leaflets ap- 
 proximate or almost digitate. 19. P. litoralis. 
 
 Styles not thickened; plant low, spreading; leaves 5-9-foliolate. 
 
 20. P. multifida. 
 
 1. Flowers solitary, axillary; creeping or ascending plants. 
 Leaflets 5, rarely 3 ; petals and sepals 5. 
 
 Stem long-assurgent ; first flower from the axil of the second stem-leaf or some 
 
 subsequent leaf. 21. P. Canadensis. 
 
 Plant low, less than i dm. high; first flower from the axil of the first stem-leaf. 
 
 22. P. p until a. 
 Leaflets 3, rarely 5 ; petals and sepals 4, rarely 5. 23. P. procumbens. 
 
 1. Potentilla argentea L. SILVERY OR HOARY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 1914.) Stems ascending, tufted, branched, slightly woody at the base, 1-5 dm. 
 long, white woolly-pubescent. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, digitately 5- 
 foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, green and glabrous above, white-pubescent 
 beneath, laciniate or incised and with revolute margins; flowers 4-8 mm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes ovate, acutish, a little shorter than the obovate retuse petals; stamens 
 about 20; style filiform. In dry soil, N. S. and Out. to Dak., south to D. C. 
 and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 
 
 Potentilla collina Wibel, of Europe, collected at Winona, Minn., and Cambridge, 
 Mass., differs in its more prostrate habit, broader, not revolute leaflets, and larger calyx. 
 
 2. Potentilla maculata Pourr. NORTHERN CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1915.) 
 Rootstock prostrate; stems ascending, simple, pubescent, 7-20 dm. high. Basal 
 leaves slender petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-foliolate); leaflets obovate, gla- 
 brous above, pubescent along the margins and on the veins beneath, green both 
 sides, deeply toothed ; flowers few, terminal, loosely cymose; petals obovate, ob- 
 cordate, cuneate, orange-spotted at the base, longer than the ovate acutish calyx- 
 lobes; stamens about 20; style filiform. Lab. and Greenland to James Bay. Also 
 in Europe. Summer. [P. rubens Rydb., not Vill.] 
 
 3. Potentilla intermedia L. DOWNY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1916.) Peren- 
 nial; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy, much branched, finely pubescent with long hairs. 
 Leaves green and finely hirsute on both sides, somewhat tomentose beneath, all but 
 the uppermost 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oblong, the teeth rather obtuse; flow- 
 ers numerous, cymose, leafy-bracted ; petals obcordate, equalling the triangular- 
 ovate acute sepals and oblong bractlets; stamens about 20; style short. Mass., N. 
 
504 FLORA. 
 
 Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. Resembles P. Monspeliensis, differing in 
 its 5-foliolate leaves, and perennial root. 
 
 Potentilla inclinata Vill, a European species, has been collected by J. Fowler in On- 
 tario, It resembles the last, but the leaves are grayish and slightly silky beneath. 
 
 4. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. ROUGH-FRUITED CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 1917.) Erect, rather stout, branched above, villous-pubescent, 4-7 dm. high. 
 Stipules ovate-lanceolate, the lower foliaceous and laciniate ; leaves digitately 
 5-7-foliolate, all but the uppermost petioled ; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, green both sides, sparingly pubescent, deeply toothed, with triangular 
 divergent teeth; flowers light yellow, numerous, about 2 cm. broad; stamens about 
 20; style slender, terminal; carpels rugose. This has been confused with P. recta 
 L., which is also cultivated and sometimes escapes from gardens. The latter has 
 smaller, dark yellow petals. In waste places, Ont., N. Y., Va. and Mich. Ad- 
 ventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Potentilla nivea L. SNOWY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1918.) Stems 1-2 dm. 
 high, woody at the base, silky-villous; leaves 3-foliolate (very rarely 5-foliolate), 
 the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually deeply crenate, densely 
 white-pubescent beneath, green and loosely villous above, 23 cm. long, the termi- 
 nal one generally cuneate; flowers 1-5, 12-15 mm. broad; sepals silky, lanceo- 
 late, acute, shorter than the broadly obovate emarginate petals, longer than the 
 bractlets; stamens about 20. Lab., Greenland and arctic Am. to Br. Col., south 
 in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 6. Potentilla emarginata Pursh. ARCTIC CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1919.) 
 Stems villous-pubascent, tufted, about I dm. high. Leaves 3-foliclate; leaflets obo- 
 vate, 4-12 mm long, coarsely serrate toward the apex with acute teeth, the terminal 
 one of which is generally the largest, villous on both sides; flower solitary, rarely 
 2, 10-14 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, pilose, equalling the oblong bractlets, 
 shorter than the obcordate petals; stamens about 20. Lab., Greenland and arctic 
 Am. to Alaska. Also in Siberia and Spitzbergen. Summer. 
 
 7. Potentilla nana Willd. Low CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 19-0.) Villous- 
 pubescent; stems 2-5 cm. high, tufted, generally i-flowered. Leaves 3-foliolate; 
 leaflets broadly obovate or orbicular, toothed, the teeth short, rounded, the terminal 
 one often the smallest; petals broadly obcordate, exceeding the ovate acute sepals 
 and the oval obtuse bractlets. Lab., Hudson Bay and arctic Am. to Alaska, and 
 the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in Siberia. Summer. 
 
 8. Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes. ROBBINS' CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1921.) 
 Depressed, 2-4 cm. high, tufted from a woody base, villous-pubescent. Basal leaves 
 petioled, 3-foliolate, those of the flowering stem sessile, small and 3-lobed; leaflets 
 obovate, villous, 4-8 mm. long, deeply 3-7 -toothed above, cuneate or narrowed at 
 the base, obtuse at the apex; flowers solitary, terminal, 5-6 mm. broad; sepals and 
 bractlets nearly equal, obtuse, slightly shorter than the obcordate petals. White 
 Mountains. Summer. 
 
 9. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. ROUGH CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1922.) 
 Erect, annual or biennial, hirsutely rough -pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 3- 
 foliolate, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets 
 obovate, green both sides, obtuse, pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-5 cm. long; 
 flowers densely cymose and leafy-bracted, about I cm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, 
 acute, pubescent, slightly longer than the obovate retuse petals; stamens 15-20; 
 style glandular-thickened below. In dry soil, Lab. to S. Car., Alaska, Kans. and 
 Ariz. Also in Mexico and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 Potentilla Monspeliensis Norv^gica (L.) Rydb., with oblong leaflets and fine pubes- 
 cence, a native of Europe and Western Asia is introduced in the Eastern States. 
 
 10. Potentilla pentandra Engelm. FIVE-STAMENED CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 1923.) Similar to the preceding, erect, hirsute, 3-7 dm. high, much branched 
 above. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 3-foliolate, with the lower pair of 
 leaflets parted nearly to the base, so as to appear 5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or 
 oblong, obtuse, incised -dentate, more or less pubescent, 3-5 cm. long; flowers in a 
 more or less flat-topped cyme, pale yellow, less than 5 mm. broad; calyx-lobes 
 ovate, acute, much exceeding the small spatulate petals; stamens 5-8; style thick- 
 ened below. Prairies, Manitoba to Kans., Mo. and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
ROSAChAE. 505 
 
 n. Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb. DIFFUSE CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1924.) 
 Decumbent or ascending, annual, usually diffusely branched, 4-8 dm. high, softly 
 villous-pubescent, or glabrate. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, 3-foliolate; 
 leaflets oblong, cuneate, thin, flaccid, pubescent, deeply serrate, 2-4 cm. long; 
 flowers loosely cymose, 3-4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, exceeding the 
 obovate petals; stamens about 10; style slightly thickened below. In damp soil, 
 111. to Minn., N. Mex., Cal. and Wash. May-Sept. 
 
 Potentilla riv^lis Nutt., a western species which may reach our limits, is distin- 
 guished from this by its usually pinnately 5-foliolate lower leaves, viscid pubescence, 
 stricter erect habit, and more numerous stamens. It has been collected at the stockyards 
 of Chicago. 
 
 12 .Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. BUSHY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1925.) 
 Softly pubescent, animal or biennial, rather stout, bushy, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
 all but the uppermost petioled, pinnately 7-ii-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, 
 obtuse, 15-25 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, crenate, the upper ones commonly 
 confluent or decurrent on the rachis; flowers terminal, loosely cymose, leafy - 
 bracted, 7 mm. broad; petals obovate, cuneate, about equalling the ovate calyx- 
 lobes; stamens about 20; style terminal, thickened below. Shores and river banks, 
 N. Y. and Ont. to Ore. and N. Mex. Also in Mex. and Mantchuria. June-Sept. 
 
 13. Potentilla Nicolletii (S. Wats.) Sheldon. NICOLLET'S CINQUEFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 1926.) Similar to P. paradoxa, but more spreading and more branched; 
 lower leaves only pinnate, with few leaflets; upper leaves 3-foliolate; teeth of the 
 leaflets acute; inflorescence elongated, falsely racemose; stamens 10-15. N. Dak., 
 Iowa and Mo. 
 
 14. Potentilla Hippiana Lehm. WOOLLY CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1927.) 
 Perennial, 3-5 dm. high, densely floccose as well as silky. Lower and basal leaves 
 petioled, pinnately 5-ii-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 2-5 cm. 
 long, deeply toothed, very white beneath, the lower ones smaller than the upper; 
 flowers loosely cymose, 710 mm. broad; petals obovate, retuse, a little exceeding 
 the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; stamens about 20. Dry soil, Minn, and Assin. to 
 Br. Col., Neb. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 T5. Potentilla effusa Dougl. BRANCHED CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1928.) 
 Closely related to P. Plippiana. Plant 2-4 dm high, diffusely branched above ; 
 leaves sometimes interruptedly pinnate, toir.ei.tose-cai.escent, but not silky; leaf- 
 lets 5-11, cuneate-oblong, obtuse; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, loosely cymose; bract- 
 lets shorter than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; petals obovate, emarginate, ex- 
 ceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20. Prairies, Minn, (according to, Upham) 
 to Mont, and Colo. Summer. 
 
 1 6. Potentilla bipinratifida Dougl. CUT-LEAVED CINQUEFOIL. Stems 
 erect or ascending, simple, white silky-villous, 3-5 dm. high. Basal leaves pin- 
 nately 7-9-foliolate; stem -leaves subsessile and often subdigitate; leaflets approxi- 
 mate, obovate in outline, pectinately divided into linear obtuse segments, silvery 
 white; flowers densely cymose; sepals ovate, longer than the lanceolate bractlets 
 and about equalling the obovate-cuneate, truncate petals. Prairies, Hudson Bay 
 to Sask., Alb. and Colo. [P. Pennsylvanica bipinnatifida T. & G.] 
 
 17. Potentilla atrovirens Rydb. DARK-GREEN CINQUEFOIL. Stem stout, 
 2-3 dm. high, branched, with erect branches, dark green, densely pilose. Leaves 
 similar to those of P. Pennsylvanica. but dark green, densely pilose and strongly 
 veined; cyme many-flowered, narrow, with erect branches ; bractlets and sepals 
 ovate, subequal. exceeding the cuneate-obovate bright yellow petals. Prairies, 
 Minn., S. Dak. and Wyo. 
 
 1 8. Potentilla Pennsylvanica L. PRAIRIE CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1929.) 
 Stem 4-8 dm. high, tomentose. Leaves pinnately 5-1 5-foliolate, grayish-tomentose 
 beneath, glabrous above ; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, cleft halfway to the mid- 
 rib into oblong lobes, margins scarcely revolute ; cymes dense; petals yellow, 
 obovate, truncate or slightly emarginate, about equalling the ovate triangular 
 acute sepals and the lanceolate bractlets ; style thickened below. On prairies, 
 Hudson Bay to the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south to N. Mex. Summer. 
 
 Potentilla Pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh. Stem usually lower ; pubescent with long 
 villous hairs; leaflets with deep narrow divisions, margins revolute. Manitoba and the 
 N. W. Terr, to Kans. and N. Mex. Also in Siberia. 
 
506 FLORA. 
 
 19. Potentilla littoralis Rydb. COAST CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1930.) Per 
 ennial, tufted ; stems ascending or decumbent, 2-4 dm. high, appressed-silky or 
 glabrate. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, incised-pinnatifid into oblong obtuse 
 segments, grayish -pubescent beneath, green and glabrate above, 1-6 cm. long ; 
 flowers yellow, cymose, 8-10 mm. broad ; petals obovate, equalling or slightly 
 exceeding the ovate acute veined sepals and the lanceolate bractlets ; stamens 
 20-25 5 style thickened below. Coast of Newf. and Lab. to Q)uebec and IS. H. 
 June-July. 
 
 20. Potentilla multifida L. CUT-LEAVED CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1931.) 
 Perennial ; stems several or many from the caudex, low, ascending or spreading, 
 appressed-silky. Leaves pinnately 5-9-foliolate, grayish-tomentose beneath, 
 glabrate above ; leaflets finely divided to near the midrib into linear acuie seg- 
 ments, with more or less revolute margins ; petals a little exceeding the ovate- 
 lanceolate acute sepals ; style short, riot thickened at the base. Hudson Bay and 
 the N. W. Terr. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 21. Potentilla Canadensis L. FIVE-FINGER. (I. F. f. 1935.) Stem slender, 
 at first erect, later decumbent or prostrate, 4-6 dm. long, silky-villous; leaves peti- 
 oled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-4-foliolate); leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, 
 2-4 cm. long, incisely serrate, at least above; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; petals 5, 
 broadly oval, slightly longer than the acute calyx-lobes and linear-lanceolate 
 bractlets. In dry soil, Me. and Quebec to Ga., Minn, and the Ind. Terr. April- 
 Aug. Called also Wild Strawberry. 
 
 Potentilla Canadensis simplex (Michx.) T. & G. Stem elongated, 5-10 dm. long, 
 the pubescence more appressed; leaves larger, more glabrate and green; leaflets often 
 5-6 cm. long. 
 
 Potentilla r^ptans L., a European species, collected on ballast at Camden, N. J., 
 differs in its more closely creeping habit, smaller leaves, and very broad elliptic bractlets. 
 
 22. Potentilla pumila Poir. DWARF FIVE-FINGER. (I. F. f. i935a.) Low 
 perennial herb, seldom more than a few inches high; flowering stems at first very 
 short and upright, later in the season producing some slender prostrate runners; 
 whole plant densely silky-strigose; basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, on slender 
 petioles; stem-leaves few and often only 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, sharply serrate, 
 usually about 2 cm. long; otherwise as the preceding. In poor soil, N. Eng. to 
 Penn. 
 
 23. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. WOOD CINQUEFOIL. (I. F. f. 1936.) 
 Diffusely branched, trailing or ascending, very slender, somewhat pubescent, 1-6 
 dm. long. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, sharply dentate above; peduncles 
 usually much exceeding the leaves; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; petals obovate, emar- 
 ginate, or rounded, exceeding the acute calyx-lobes and bractlets. Lab. (accord- 
 ing to Hooker). Common in Europe. Summer. [P. nemoralis Nestl.] 
 
 17. WALDSTEINIA Willd. 
 
 Perennial herbs with the aspect of Strawberries, with alternate mainly 
 basal long-petioled 3-5-foliolate or lobed leaves, membranous stipules, and 
 yellow corymbose flowers on bracted scapes. Calyx persistent, the tube top- 
 shaped, minutely 5-bracteolate or bractless at the summit, 5 -lobed. Petals 5. 
 Stamens cc , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments rigid, persistent. 
 Carpels 2-6, inserted on a short villous receptacle ; style nearly terminal, 
 deciduous, filiform. Achenes 2-6, obliquely ob.jvoid, pubescent. Seed erect. 
 [Named in honor of Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartenburg, 1759-1823, a 
 German botanist.] Five known species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in Ga. 
 
 Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. i. W. fragarioides. 
 
 Petals linear-oblong or narrowly elliptic, shorter than the sepals. 
 
 2. W. parviflora. 
 
 I. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. BARREN OR DRY STRAWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1939.) Pubescent, or nearly glabrous; rootstock creeping, rather stout. 
 Leaves tufted, long-petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate); leaflets obovate, obtuse 
 at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, dentate or crenate and sometimes 
 
R OS 'ACE 'A E. 5O7 
 
 incised, 3-5 cm. long ; flowers yellow, 6-10 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute. Woods and shaded hillsides, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Mich., 
 Ind., and along the Alleghanies to Ga. May -June. 
 
 2. Waldsteinia parviflora Small. SOUTHERN DRY STRAWBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 1939 a.) Villous-hirsute, or glabrous in age. Leaflets cuneate-obovate or broadly 
 rhomboidal, 4-7 cm. long, coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed; tube of the 
 calyx broadly turbinate, the segments triangular-lanceolate, or lanceolate-acumi- 
 nate. In woods and shaded soil, Va. to N. Car., Tenn. and Ga. March-May. 
 
 18. GEUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate, or deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves. Flow- 
 ers cymose-corymbose or solitary. Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or hemi- 
 spheric, usually 5-bracteolate, 5 -lobed. Petals 5, orbicular, oblong or obovate, 
 obtuse or emarginate. Stamens oo , inserted on a disk at the base of the calyx ; 
 filaments filiform. Carpels oo , aggregated on a short receptacle. Style filiform, 
 terminal, jointed, the lower portion persistent, sometimes plumose in fruit. Seed 
 erect, its testa membranous. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, most 
 abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following about 3 others occur 
 in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Calyx-lobes strongly reflexed; style not plumose, sometimes hispid at the base. 
 Flowers yellow, 4 mm. broad ; head of fruit stalked; calyx bractless. 
 
 i. G. vernum. 
 
 Flowers 6-20 mm. broad; head of fruit sessile; calyx bracteolate. 
 Petals white, or very nearly so, obovate. 
 
 Plant softly-pubescent or glabrate; receptacle bristly. 2. G. Canadense. 
 Plant rough-pubescent ; receptacle glabrous or downy. 
 
 3. G. Virgimanum. 
 Petals cream-yellow, narrowly oblong, scarcely exceeding the sepals. 
 
 4. G. flavum. 
 Petals yellow, broadly obovate or orbicular. 
 
 Segments or lobes of upper stem-leaves broadly rhombic- obovate; petals 
 
 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 Basal leaves simple, or pinnately 3~7-foliolate; plant pubescent, 
 divaricately branched; petals about equalling the sepals. 
 
 5. G. urbamtm, 
 Basal leaves interruptedly pinnate ; plant hispid ; petals exceeding the 
 
 sepals. 6. G. macrophyllmn. 
 
 Segments or lobes of upper stem leaves oblanceolate ; petals 6-8 mm. long. 
 
 j. G. strictum. 
 
 Calyx-lobes erect or spreading ; style plumose below ; flowers purple, nodding. 
 
 8. G. rivale. 
 
 1. Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G. SPRING AVENS. (I. F. f. 1943.) Erect 
 or ascending, slender, simple or nearly so, 2-6 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, 
 petioled, with a single orbicular- reniform dentate 3~5-lobed leaflet, or pinnate with 
 37 obovate or oval more or less dentate and lobed ones ; stem-leaves few, sessile 
 or short-petioled, pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers few, erect ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
 acute, reflexed; petals spreading; style glabrous, about 4 mm. long; receptacle 
 glabrous. Shaded places, Ont. to W. Va., Tenn , Kans. and Tex. Nat. in N. J. 
 and S. N. Y. April-June. 
 
 2. Geum Canadense Jacq. WHITE AVENS. (I. F. f. 1944.) Erect, branched 
 above, 2-7 dm. high. Stipules small, dentate; basal leaves petioled, 3-foliolate or 
 pinnately divided, their segments 3-5, the terminal one broadly ovate or obovate, 
 the lateral ones narrower, all dentate and more or less lobed, sometimes with 
 smaller ones borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, 3~5-lobed 
 or divided; peduncles slender; petals obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; 
 head of fruit 8-12 mm. long; style 6-8 mm. long. In shaded places, N. S. to 
 Ga., Minn., Kans. and Mo. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Geum Virginianum L. ROUGH AVENS. (I. F. f. 1945.) Resembling the 
 preceding species but much stouter, the stem and petioles bristly-pubescent, the 
 stout short peduncles pubescent with reflexed hairs. Basal leaves becoming very 
 large, the terminal leaflet sometimes 15 cm. wide; sepals exceeding the spreading 
 revolute creamy- white petals; head of fruit very dense, 12-16 mm. in diameter; 
 
508 FLORA. 
 
 style 8-10 mm. long. Low grounds, N. B. to Penn. and southward in the Alle- 
 ghanies, west to Minn, and to Kans. Blooms earlier than G. Canadense. May -July. 
 
 4. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. CREAM-COLORED AVENS. (I. F. f. 1946.) 
 Stem bristly-hairy below, erect, 4-10 dm. tall. Stipules large, often 2.5 cm. long, 
 foliaceous, dentate or lobed. Basal leaves mostly pinnately divided, sometimes 
 only lobed; lower stem-leaves usually also pinnately divided, the terminal segment 
 often elongated; upper stem-leaves sometimes entire; peduncles slender; head of 
 fruit about I cm. in diameter; receptacle bristly-villous; style 6-8 mm. long. In 
 woods, Conn, and N. Y. to Va. and E. Tenn. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Geum urbanum L. EUROPEAN YELLOW AVENS. .Stem 3-6 dm. high, 
 finely pubescent, divaricately branched. Basal leaves simple, reniform and 3 -lobed 
 or pinnately 3-7-foliolate, with rhomboid-cuneate leaflets, very rarely with smaller 
 ones interposed; stem-leaves mostly 3 -foliolate, with rhombic leaflets or the upper- 
 most simple; head of fruit 12-15 mm. in diameter; receptacle pubescent; style 
 5-7 mm. long, purplish. Introduced from Europe and established at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. 
 
 6. Geum macrophyllum Willd. LARGE LEAVED AVENS. (I. F. f. 1947.) 
 Stout, erect, bristly-pubescent, 3-10 dm. high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal 
 leaves petioled, lyrate- pinnate, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform, 
 orbicular or cordate, dentate, 3-7 -lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate, with 
 smaller ones interspersed or borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or ses- 
 sile; flowers several, short-peduncled; receptacle nearly glabrous; style 6-8 mm. 
 long; upper internode pubescent below. In low grounds, N. S. to Alaska, Br. 
 Col., N. Y. and Ore. May- July. 
 
 7. Geum strictum Ait. YELLOW AVENS. (I. F. f. 1948.) Pubescent, 
 branched above, 6-15 dm. high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves lyrate- 
 pinnate; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or lobed, with a few smaller ones 
 interspersed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, or rarely orbic- 
 ular or reniform; stem leaves sessile or short-petioled, with 3-5 ovate or oblong 
 acute segments ; receptacle dow ny-pubescent; style6-iomm. long, the upper inter- 
 node hispid. In swamps or low grounds, Newf. to Br. Col., N. J., Penn., Mo. and 
 Ariz.- Also in Asia. June-Aug. A hybrid with G. Canadense has been found in 
 eastern Penn. 
 
 8. Geum rivale L. PURPLE OR WATER AVENS. (I. F. f. 1940.) Erect, 
 simple or nearly so, pubescent, 3- 10 dm. high. Basal leaves lyrately and inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate, petioled, the later al segments generally few and small, the ter- 
 minal 1-3, much larger, all sharply and irregularly lobed and dentate; stem-leaves 
 distant, short-petioled or sessile, simple, or 3-foliolate ; flowers few, 20-25 mrn - 
 broad; petals obovate, emarginate, abruptly narrowed into a claw; head of fruit 
 stalked in the calyx; style 6-8 mm. long. In swamps and low grounds, Newf. to 
 Br. Col., N. J., Penn., Mo. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 19 SIEVERSIA R. Br. 
 
 Generally low perennial herbs with odd-pinnate leaves, mostly clustered at 
 the base. Flowers in cymes, or solitary, yellow or purplish. Calyx obconic or 
 hemispheric, 5-lobed and generally 5-bracteolate. Petals 5. Stamens numerous ; 
 filaments filiform. Carpels many, on a short hemispheric receptacle. Style 
 terminal, persistent, filiform, not jointed, pubescent or plumose, generally elongating 
 in fruit. Seeds erect, basal. [Named in honor of Sievers]. About 15 species 
 of temperate, alpine or arctic regions; besides the following five or six others 
 occur in western and arctic North America. 
 
 Leaflets 1-9 ; terminal one of the basal leaves orbicular-reniform ; style plumose below ; 
 flowers yellow. i. S. Peckii. 
 
 Leaflets numerous, cuneate ; style plumose throughout ; flowers light purple. 
 
 2. S. ciliata. 
 
 i. Sieversia Peckii (Pursh) Rydb. YELLOW MOUNTAIN AVENS. (I. F f. 
 1941.) Pubescent with spreading hairs, or glabrate ; stem 1-6 dm. high, erect, 
 simple, i-8-flowered at the summit. Basal leaves petioled, lyrately pinnate, the 
 terminal segment very large, reniform-orbicular, sharply and irregularly dentate and 
 slightly 3-5 -lobed, 7-15 cm. broad; lateral leaflets small, few or none; flowers 
 
ROSACEAE. 509 
 
 >cnow, 1 2- 20 mm. broad; bractlets much shorter than the erect lanceolate calyx- 
 lobes ; petals obovate or orbicular, often slightly emarginate, spreading ; ttyle 
 plumose below, naked above, 12-16 mm. long, not jointed. White Mountains of 
 N. H.; Mt. Kineo, Me. July- Aug. \Geum Peckii Pursh.] S- radiata (Michx.) 
 Greene, of N. Car. and Tenn., with which this has been confused, is stouter and 
 more hairy and has broadly and deeply obcordate petals. 
 
 2. Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Rydb. LONG-PLUMED PURPLE AVENS. (I. F. f. 
 1942.) Softly pubescent, scapose ; scape 1-4.5 dm - ni gh> simple, 3-8 flowered at 
 the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many small leaflets 
 interspersed among the obovate or oval laciniate numerous larger ones ; leaves of 
 the scape 2 opposite small sessile pairs, the elongated peduncles commonly bearing 
 another similar pair ; flowers 12-18 mm. broad ; style 3-5 cm. long. In dry or 
 rocky soil, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to N. Y., Br. Col., Mo. and Ariz. \Geum 
 ciliatum Pursh.] May-July. 
 
 20. DRYAS L. 
 
 Low tufted herbaceous shrubs, with simple petioled stipulate leaves, white - 
 canescent beneath, and white or yellow, perfect solitary flowers on slender scapes. 
 Calyx persistent, not bracted, its tube concave, glandular-hirsute, 8 Q-lobed. Pet- 
 als 8 or 9, obovate. larger than the calyx-lobes. Stamens oo , inserted on the 
 throat of the calyx; filaments subulate. Carpels oo , sessile, inserted on the dry 
 receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Seed as- 
 cending, its .testa membranous. [Name Latin, a wood-nymph.] Three species, 
 natives of the cold-temperate and arctic parts of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Flowers white; sepals linear-lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate. i. D. octopetala. 
 
 Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, entire or nearly so. 
 
 2. D. mtegrifolia. 
 Flowers yellow; sepals ovate ; leaves crenate. 3. D. Drummondti. 
 
 1. Dryas octopetala L. WHITE MOUNTAIN AVENS. (I. F. f. 1949.) Stems 
 prostrate, branched, 7-15 cm. long. Stipules linear, adnate to the petiole; leaves 
 green and glabrous above, generally obtuse at each end, 1-2.5 cm - l n g '> scape 
 terminal, erect, 3-12 cm. long, pubescent; petals spreading; sepals glandular-pubes- 
 cent, persistent ; style about 2.5 cm. long, plumose and conspicuous in fruit. 
 Lab., Greenland and arctic Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Colo. 
 Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Dryas integrifolia Vahl. ENTIRE-LEAVED MOUNTAIN AVENS. (I. F. f. 
 1950.) Similar to the preceding, but the leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ob- 
 tuse and often subcordate at the base, obtusish at the apex, entire or with I or 2 
 teeth near the base, the margins strongly revolute ; flowers generally slightly 
 smaller. "White Hills of N. H.," according to Pursh; Anticosti, Lab., west 
 through arctic Am. to Alaska, and in Greenland. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Dryas Drummondii Richards. DRUMMOND'S MOUNTAIN AVENS. (I. F. f. 
 1951.) Similar to D. octopelala, the leaves crenate -dentate, but generally narrowed 
 at the base. Scape floccose-pubescent, often taller; petals generally erect; sepals 
 ovate, acutish, black glandular-pubescent. On gravel, Gaspe, Quebec; Anticosti 
 and Lab., throughout arctic America and south to Mont. June-Aug. 
 
 21. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple petioled coriaceous stipulate 
 straight-veined leaves, and short-pedicelled or sessile, axillary or terminal, perfect 
 flowers. Calyx narrowly tubular, persistent, contracted at the throat, 5-lobed. 
 Petals none. Stamens. 15-25, inserted in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx; 
 filaments very short. Ovary I, terete, slender, included in the calyx-tube, ripening 
 into a villous achene; style filiform, villous, persistent, plumose and elongated in 
 fruit; stigma obtuse; ovule nearly erect. Seed linear, its testa membranous. 
 [Greek, tailed-fruit.] About 6 species, natives of western N. Am. and Mexico. 
 
 i. Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. SMALL-LEAVED CERCOCARPUS. 
 (I. F. f. 1952.) A low branching shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, coriaceous, 
 
5IO FLORA. 
 
 obtuse, short-petioled, dentate, silky-pubescent or canescent below, 1.5-3 cm - l n g 
 6-15 mm. broad; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, short- peduncled, recurved, 
 about 6 mm. broad; style becoming 5-10 cm. long and very plumose in fruit. In 
 dry or rocky soil, S. Dak. and W. Kans. to northern Mex., west to Cal. April- 
 June. 
 
 22. ULMARIA Hill. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with alternate petioled pinnately divided stipulate leaves, 
 and small perfect flowers in large cymose panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, 
 clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the flat or slightly concave receptacle; 
 filaments narrowed at the base. Pistils about 10 (5-15), distinct; ovary 2-ovuled. 
 Ripe carpels resembling follicles but indehiscent, I -seeded. Seed pendulous. 
 [Named from the fancied resemblance of the leaf- segments to those of Utmus.] 
 About 9 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Lateral leaflets palmately 3~5-lobed ; flowers pink or purple. i. U. rubra. 
 
 Lateral leaflets merely serrate, or slightly lobed; flowers yellowish white. 2. U.Ulmaria. 
 
 1. Ulmaria rubra Hill. QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE. (I. F. f. 1953.) Glabrous; 
 stem branched, 6-25 dm. tall. Leaves large, the lower sometimes I m. long, 
 pinnately 3-7-foliolate, commonly with smaller leaf- segments interposed or borne 
 on the petiole; the lobes acute, unequally serrate or incised; terminal leaflet larger, 
 7-9-parted; flowers fragrant, about 8 mm. broad; fruit glabrous. In moist grounds 
 and on prairies. Penn. to 111., Mich., Ga., Ky. and Iowa. Escaped from gardens 
 farther east. June-July. \Spiraea lobata Gronov.] 
 
 2. Ulmaria Ulmaria (L.) Barnhart. MEADOW-SWEET OR MEADOW-QUEEN. 
 HONEY-SWEET. (I. F. f. 1954.) Stem 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves pinnately 3-9- 
 foliolate, densely and finely white-downy beneath, green above, or in some forms 
 green on both sides; lateral leaflets sessile, opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, the terminal one larger and deeply 3-5 -lobed, the lobes acute 
 and serrate. Escaped from gardens, Quebec to Mass. Native of Europe and 
 Asia. June-Aug. [Spiraea Ulmaria L.] 
 
 23. ALCHEMILLA L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate lobed or digitately compound leaves, adnate stipules, and 
 small perfect greenish corymbose or capitate flowers. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, 
 contracted at the throat, 4~5-lobed, 4-5-bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4; 
 filaments short. Carpels 1-4; style basal or lateral, slender. Achenes 1-4, enclosed 
 in the calyx-tube. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name from its 
 fancied value in alchemy.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World and of 
 western America from Br. Col. to Chile. 
 
 Annual ; flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; leaves small. i. A. arvensis. 
 
 Perennial ; flowers in compound terminal corymbs ; leaves large. 2. A. vulgaris. 
 
 1. Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop. PARSLEY- PIERT, OR FIELD LADY'S 
 MANTLE. ARGENTILL. (I. F. f. 1955.) Annual, softly pubescent, the branches 
 usually slender, ascending, 2-15 cm. high. Stipules toothed or rarely entire; 
 leaves very short-petioled, pubescent, fan-shaped, 4-10 mm. long, deeply 3-parted, 
 the lobes cuneate, 2-4-cleft; flowers 2-3 mm. broad, in sessile axillary clusters 
 partly enclosed by the stipules. In dry fields, D. C., Va., Tenn., N. Car., and in 
 N. S. Also on the Pacific coast. Nat. or adventive from Europe. April-Sept. 
 
 2. Alchemilla vulgaris L. LADY'S MANTLE. DEW-CUP. (I. F. f. 1956.) 
 Perennial from a woody rootstock. Stipules mostly toothed; leaves orbicular- 
 reniform, 5-9-lobed, pubescent, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile or 
 nearly so; lobes broad, not deep, serrate; flowers about 4 mm. broad, very 
 numerous in peduncled often leafy corymbs. In grassy places near the coast, 
 N. S., Cape Breton, Lab. and Greenland. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 Alchemilla alplna L., reported by Pursh from the White and the Green Mountains, 
 a native of alpine and northern Europe and Asia, is distinguished from the preceding by 
 its 5 oblong silky entire leaflets. 
 
; " ROSACEAE. 511 
 
 24. AGRIMONIA L.* 
 
 tcfCi. -*al erect herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, odd- pinnate, with smaller 
 leaf- segments interposed between the larger ones, and conspicuous stipules. 
 Flowers small, regular, perfect, yellow, in narrow racemes. Calyx-tube often 
 grooved, uncinate- bristly above, the 5 lobes connivent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 
 5-15, slender. Carpels 2, included; style terminal; stigma 2-lobed ; ovules 
 pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed ; achenes 1-2, oblong. Seed suspended, 
 its testa membranous. [Ancient Latin name.] About 15 species, natives of the 
 north temperate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 Racemes and leaves beneath with loose spreading hairs or glabrous. 
 
 Roots not tuberous; fruit large, turbinate, with numerous radiating bristles. 
 
 1. A. hirsnta. . 
 Roots tuberous; fruit very small, hemispheric, with few ascending or erect bristles. 
 
 2. A. striata. 
 Racemes and leaves beneath closely and softly pubescent. 
 
 Roots tuberous; stems pubescent; leaves not glandular-dotted beneath. 
 Small, often simple, with elongated terminal raceme; leaflets 3-5. 
 
 3. A. putnila. 
 Larger, paniculate-branched ; leaflets 5-11. 4. A. mollis. 
 
 Roots not tuberous; stems hirsute; leaves glandular-dotted beneath. 
 
 Leaflets mostly 7-9; fruit large, the bristles connivent. 5. A. Bnttoniana. 
 
 Leaflets mostly 11-17; ^ ruit small, the bristles radiate. 6. A. parviflora. 
 
 1. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. TALL HAIRY AGRIMONY. (I. F. f. 
 1957.) Tall, 3-18 dm. high, minutely glandular, villous. Leaflets thin, bright 
 green, mostly 7, spreading, elliptic to broadly oblong, or the odd one obovate, 
 acute, base often subcordate, coarsely serrate, the margins and nerves beneath cili- 
 ate, the lower surface rarely pubescent; flowers 8-12 mm. broad, the buds ovoid, 
 acute; fruit reflexed, 6 mm. long, short-turbinate. Woods and thickets, N. B. to 
 Minn., N. Car., Kans. and Cal. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Agrimonia striata Michx. WOODLAND AGRIMONY. (I. F. f. 1958.) 
 Mostly about 6 dm. high, minutely glandular; racemes filiform, loosely flowered. 
 Leaflets thin, commonly 5, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong and obtuse, crenate or 
 dentate, scarcely ciliate; flowers 4-5 mm. broad, the buds subglobose, truncate or 
 nearly so; fruit 4 mm. high or less, spreading or nodding, hemispheric, the furrows 
 shallow or obsolete. In dry woods, Conn, to Va., Kans. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. SMALL-FRUITED AGRIMONY. (I. F. f. 1959.) 
 Small and slender, 3-6 dm. high, erect or assurgent, simple, or with a few branches 
 above. Stem villous with spreading hairs below, appressed -pubescent above; 
 leaves often crowded toward the base of the stem, frequently 3-foliolate; leaflets 
 small, elliptic to obovate or cuneate, obtuse or acute at the apex, often pale beneath; 
 flowers small; fruit 4 mm. long or less, minutely glandular, hemispheric to turbi- 
 rate; disk flat; bristles few, ascending or erect. In dry soil, Penn. and Md. to 
 Fla., Ky. and La. Aug. 
 
 4. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. SOFT AGRIMONY. (I. F. f. 1960.) 
 Virgately branched, 4-18 dm. tall. Stem pubescent, or villous below, finely 
 pubescent above. Leaves thickish, dull green, veiny, pale and velvety-pubescent 
 beneath; leaflets narrowly oblong to obovate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, crenate 
 to dentate ; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, the buds subglobose, obtuse; fruit 4 mm. long 
 or more, oblong to broadly turbinate, the ascending slender bristles nearly in a 
 single row. Dry woods and thickets, Conn, to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. July-Oct. 
 
 5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. BRITTON'S AGRIMONY. (I. F.'f. 1961.) 
 Robust, 6 12 dm. tall, virgately branched. Stem hirsute-pubescent with short 
 spreading brownish hairs, sub appressed above ; leaflets elliptic to rhomboid-lance- 
 olate, deeply and closely serrate, dull green, thickish, rugose, their margins finely- 
 scabrous-ciliolate ; racemes long, erect or ascending ; flowers crowded, 6-io mm. 
 wide; fruit 6-8 mm. long, long-turbinate, deeply grooved; bristles often purplish, 
 short, crowded, inflexed and connivent over the sepals. Along thickets and road- 
 sides, Quebec to northern N. Y. and W. Va. Also in the Rocky Mts. June-Sept. 
 
 * Text contributed by MR. EUGENE P. BICKNELL. 
 
512 FLORA. 
 
 6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. MANY-FLOWERED AGRIMONY. (I. F. f. 
 1962.) Virgately branched, 6-12 dm. high, with long racemes. Stem densely 
 hirsute with coarse brownish hairs, villous above; leaflets lanceolate or linear-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather thin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 
 especially on the veins, very glandular ; flowers very numerous, 6-10 mm. broad ; 
 the buds rounded-truncate ; fruit small, glandular, dilated-turbinate ; bristles 
 reflexed, spreading and erect. In moist or dry soil, N. Y. to Mich., Kans. ? Ga, 
 and Miss. July -Oct. 
 
 25. SANGUISORBA L. 
 
 Erect, mostly perennial herbs, sometimes decumbent at the base, with alternate 
 odd-pinnate stipulate leaves and small perfect or polygamo-dicecious flowers in 
 dense terminal peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx-tube turbinate, constricted at the 
 throat, persistent, 4-lobed, the lobes petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 
 4-00 , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments filiform, elongated, exserted ; 
 anthers short; carpels 1-3, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Style filiform, terminal. 
 Achene usually I, enclosed in the dry angled calyx. Seed pendulous. [Latin, 
 blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.] About 20 species, natives of the 
 north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the 
 western parts of North America. 
 
 Flowers capitate, greenish; stamens numerous; leaflets 12-20 mm., long. 
 
 i. S. Sanguisorba. 
 Flowers spicate, white; stamens 4; leaflets 25-75 mm. long. 2. S. Canadensis, 
 
 1. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (L.) Britton. SALAD BURNET. (I. F. f. 
 1963.) Glabrous or pubescent, erect, slender, perennial, branched, 2.5-5 dm. 
 high. Stipules usually small, laciniate; leaflets 7-19, ovate or broadly oval, deeply 
 incised, short-stalked or sessile; flowers 6-12 mm. long, the lower ones staminate, 
 the upper perfect; stigma tufted, purple; calyx- lobes ovate, acute or acutish; fruit 
 2-4 mm. long. In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, southern Ont, N. Y. and Penn. 
 to Md. Naturalized from Europe and native also of Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. AMERICAN GREAT BURNET. [I. F. f. 
 1964.] Glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the base, erect, branched above, 
 3-18 dm. high, the branches erect. Stipules often foliaceous and dentate ; basal 
 leaves long-petioled, sometimes 6 dm. long; leaflets 7-15, ovate, oblong or oval, 
 serrate with acute teeth, stalked ; flowers perfect, bracteolate at the base; filaments 
 long-exserted, white ; achene enclosed in the 4-angled calyx. In swamps and 
 low meadows, Newf. to Mich., south to Ga. July-Oct. 
 
 26. ROSA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean rootstocks. Stems com- 
 monly prickly. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiole,. 
 Flowers corymbose or solitary, red, pink or white (in our species). Calyx-tube 
 cup-shaped or urn-shaped, constricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, 5- 
 (rarely 4-) lobed, the lobes imbricated, spreading, deciduous or persistent. Petals 
 5 (rarely 4), spreading. Stamens oo , inserted on the hollow annular disk. Carpels 
 oo , sessile at the bottom of the calyx; ovaries commonly pubescent ; styles distinct 
 or united. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting calyx-tube. 
 Seed pendulous. [The ancient Latin name of the rose. ] 
 
 A large genus, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, about 6 
 Others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Styles cohering in a column : leaflets mostly 3 ; stem climbing, i. R. setigera. 
 * * Styles all distinct ; leaflets 5-1 1. 
 
 Sepals persistent, erect on the fruit, or spreading. 
 Infrastipular spines generally none. 
 
 Sterns unarmed or nearly so ; sepals erect on the fruit. 2. R. blanda* 
 
 Stems armed with numerous prickles. 
 
.ROSACEAE. 5*3 
 
 Leaflets 3-9, often resinous, obtuse at base; flowers solitary; sepals erect. 
 Fruit globose or nearly so, 12-15 mm. in diameter. 3. R. Sayt. 
 Fruit ellipsoid or obovoid, 8-10 mm. broad and 15-18 mm. long-. 
 
 4. R. Engelmamii. 
 
 Leaflets 7-11, not resinous, narrowed at base; flowers corymbed ; sepals 
 spreading. 5- K - Arkansana. 
 
 Infrastipular spines commonly present ; stems prickly. 6. R. Woodsii. 
 
 Sepals deciduous, spreading. 
 
 Leaflets finely serrate; spines stout, recurved. 7. R. Carolina. 
 
 Leaflets coarsely serrate. 
 
 Infrastipular spines nearly straight ; native bushy species. 
 Stems with scattered prickles or naked. 
 
 Leaflets 7-9, shining aboVe ; flowers corymbose; spines stout. 
 
 8. R. lucida. 
 
 Leaflets 5-7; flowers solitary or few ; spines slender. 9. R. humilis. 
 Stems very densely prickly; flowers usually solitary. 10. R. nitida. 
 Infrastipular spines stout, hooked ; introduced wand-like or climbing species. 
 Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath, serrate. n. R. canina. 
 
 Leaflets very glandular beneath, doubly serrate. 12. R. rubiginosa. 
 
 1. Rosa setigera Michx. PRAIRIE ROSE. CLIMBING ROSE. MICHIGAN ROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 1965.) Stems several meters long, armed with scattered curved prickles, 
 not bristly. Petioles, twigs and peduncles oiten glandular-pubescent; stipules 
 very narrow; leaflets mostly ovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the 
 base, 3-7 cm. long, sharply serrate; flowers corymbose, about 6 cm. broad; sepals 
 ovate, acute, at length reflexed and deciduous, glandular; petals rose-color or 
 white: fruit globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, more or less glandular. In thickets 
 and on prairies, Ont. to Wis., Kans., W. Va., Fla. and Tex. Escaped from cul- 
 tivation in N. J. and Va. June-July. 
 
 2. Rosa blanda Ait. SMOOTH OR MEADOW ROSE. (I. F. f. 1966.) Erect, 
 6-12 dm. high, entirely unarmed or with a few straight slender prickles. Leaf- 
 lets 5-7, short-stalked, usually pale beneath, oval or obovate, commonly narrowed 
 at the base 2-4 cm. long, simply and sharply serrate; flowers pink, sometimes 7 
 cm. bro.id, corymbose or solitary; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid pu- 
 bescent; fruit globose or pyriform, glabrous or nearly so, about I cm. in diameter. 
 In moist, rocky places, Newf. to Vt., N. J., Ont. and 111. June-July. 
 
 3. Rosa Sayi Schwein. PRICKLY ROSE. (I. F. f. 1967.) Bushy, 3-10 
 dm. high, the stems and often the branches densely armed with straight prickles. 
 Stipules mostly broad; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), oval or oval -lanceolate, obtuse at the 
 apex, rounded at the base, simply or doubly serrate, often more or less resinous- 
 pubescent, 35 cm. long; flowers usually solitary, 6-7 cm. broad; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate or sometimes dilated above, entire or few toothed, hispid or glabrous. 
 Anticosti to Minn., the N. W. Terr, and Colo. June-July. 
 
 4. Rosa Engelmanni Wats. ENGELMANN'S ROSE. Like the preceding but 
 low, 2-5 dm. high, very slender and with few branches; leaflets very thin, pale 
 beneath ; fruit small, elongated, with an evident neck and more or less conical at 
 the base. In open woods from Mich, to S. Dak., Colo, and Tex. 
 
 5. Rosa Arkansana Porter. ARKANSAS ROSE. (I. F. f. 1968.) Erect, 
 36 dm. high. Stems densely prickly with slender bristles; stipules rather narrow; 
 leaflets 7-11, oval or obovate, sessile or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrovvpd at 
 the base, seldom over 2.5 cm. long, simply and sharply serrate, glabrous, or finely 
 puberulent beneath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, about 5 cm. broad; sepals 
 lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly glandular-hispid or glabrous; fruit globose or 
 nearly so, 10-12 mm. in diameter, glabrous. Prairies, Minn, and Iowa to Mont., 
 Tex. and N. Mex. June-July. 
 
 6. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. WOODS' ROSE. (I. F. f. 1969.) Low, bushy, 3-10 
 dm. high, armed with slender mostly straight spines, or unarmed above. Stipules 
 rather broad, entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, short-stalked or sessile, obtusish 
 at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base. 10-18 mm. long, simply and sharply 
 serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath; flowers 3-5 cm. broad; sepals erect on the 
 fruit; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, 8-10 mm. in diameter, glabrous, sometimes 
 glaucous. Prairies, Minn, to Mo., the N. W. Terr, and N. Mex. June-July. 
 
 7. Rosa Carolina L. SWAMI ROSE. (I. F. f. 1970.) Bushy, 3-25 dm. high, 
 
514 FLORA. 
 
 with stout commonly recurved prickles or sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5-9 (usually 
 7), oval, oblong, ovate-lanceolate or even obovate, 3-7 cm.. long, acute or acutish, 
 pale or pubescent beneath; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated above, hispid-pubescent, spreading, 
 deciduous; fruit globose or depressed-globose, about 8 mm. high, glandular-hispid. 
 In swamps and low grounds, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Miss. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Rosa lucida Ehrh. GLOSSY ROSE. Like R. humilis but larger, 1-2 m. 
 high; leaflets mostly 7, 2-4 cm. long, thick, shining above; stipules broad, often 
 glandular-toothed; prickles rather stout and flat, straight or slightly curved; fruit 
 about I dm. high. N. J. and Penn. to Ont. and Newf. [R. humilis lucida Best]. 
 
 9. Rosa humilis Marsh. Low OR PASTURE ROSE. (I. F. f. 1971.) Bushy, 
 I 10 dm. high, usually armed with slender straight infrastipular spines, and more 
 or less prickly. Stipules narrow, entire; leaflets usually 5 (sometimes 7), rather 
 thin, ovate, oval or obovate, somewhat shining, 12-25 mm - l n g> mostly acute at 
 each end, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or pubescent beneath; flowers usually 
 few or solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; pedicels and calyx usually glandular; sepals lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, or dilated above, commonly lobed; fruit globose or depressed- 
 globose, glandular-hispid, about 8 mm. high. In dry or rocky soil, Me. and Ont. 
 to Wis., Ga., Kans. and La. May-July. 
 
 Rosa humilis vil!6sa Best. Low, very prickly; leaflets thickish, villous-pubescent 
 beneath. N. J. and N. Y. 
 
 10. Rosa nitida Willd. NORTHEASTERN ROSE. (I. F. f. 1972.) Bushy, 
 seldom over 6 dm. high, the stems and branches densely covered with slender 
 straight prickles nearly as long as the slender infrastipular spines. Stipules usu- 
 ally broad; leaflets 5-9, oblong or oval, generally acute at each end, the terminal 
 one sometimes slightly obovate and obtuse at the apex, all sharply serrate, shining 
 above, glabrous or very nearly so, 12-30 mm. long; flowers 3-6 cm. broad; sepals 
 lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid or glandular; fruit glandular-hispid, globose, 
 about 8 mm. high. In low grounds, Mass, to Newf. June-July. 
 
 11. Rosa canina L. DOG ROSE. CANKER ROSE. WILD BRIER. (I. F. f. 
 1973.) Branches erect or straggling, sometimes 3.5 m. long, armed with short 
 hooked spines, not bristly but sometimes glandular. Stipules broad, glandular; 
 leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, rather thick, generally obtuse at each end. usually 
 simply and sharply serrate, 2-4 cm. long; flower-s solitary or few, pink varying to 
 white; sepals much lobed, lanceolate, reflexed, deciduous; fruit long-ovoid, 1-2 
 cm. long, usually glabrous. In waste places, N. S. to N. J., Va., Tenn. and 
 Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 
 
 12. Rosa rubiginosa L. SWEETBRIER. (I. F. f. 1974.) Slender, 1-2 m. 
 high, or forming longer wands, armed with stout recurved spines. Stipules rather 
 broad; leaflets 5-7, similar to those of the preceding, but generally doubly serrate 
 and densely glandular-pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic ; flowers 
 pink varying to white; sepals lanceolate, usually much lobed, spreading, decidu- 
 ous, glandular-hispid; fruit oval or ovoid, 1-2 cm. long. In waste places, N. S. to 
 Ont., Kans., Tenn. and Va. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 
 
 Rosa cinnambmea L., the Cinnamon Rose, with small double reddish flovers, and 
 lea*s downy-pubescent beneath, is occasionally found along roadsides in the Middle 
 and Eastern States. 
 
 Family 12. POMACEAE L. 
 
 Apple Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, the small deciduous stipules 
 free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx superior, mostly 
 5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, 
 usually clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct ; anthers 
 small, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary composed of 
 1-5 wholly or partly united carpels; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each 
 carpel, anatropous, ascending; styles 1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more 
 
POMACEAE. 515 
 
 or less fleshy pome, consisting of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the 
 bony papery or leathery carpels. Endosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy. 
 About 20 genera and 225 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 
 Ripe carpels papery or leathery. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. I. Sorbus. 
 
 Leaves simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. 
 
 Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles. 
 
 Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyrus. 
 
 Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. 
 
 Cymes simple ; trees. 3. Malus. 
 
 Cymes compound ; shrubs. 4. Aronia. 
 
 Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as. the styles. 5. Amelanchier. 
 Ripe carpels bony. 
 
 Ovule i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. 6. Crataegus. 
 
 Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneaster 
 
 I. SORBUS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and 
 white flowers, in compound cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, not bracteo- 
 late. Petals 5, spreading, short clawed. Stamens oo . Ovary inferior; styles 
 usually 3, distinct; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small red 
 berry like pome. [The ancient Latin name of the Pear or Service-tree.] About 7 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs 
 in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaflets glabrous above. 
 
 Leaflets long-acuminate; fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter. I. S. Americana, 
 
 Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed; fruit about 8 mm. in diameter. 
 
 2. S. scopulina. 
 
 Leaflets pubescent on both sides. 3. S. Aucuparia. 
 
 1. Sorbus Americana Marsh. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. DOGBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1975.) A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves petioled; leaflets 11-17, 
 lanceolate, long -acuminate, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, bright green above, gen- 
 erally paler beneath, 3-10 cm. long; cymes dense, 7-15 cm. broad; flowers 4-6 mm. 
 broad. In moist ground, Newf., Manitoba, N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 2. Sorbus scopulina Greene. LARGE-FRUITED MOUNTAIN ASH. (I. F. f. 
 1976.) Resembles the preceding. Leaflets 7-15, proportionately . broader and 
 shorter, oval or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or short pointed at the apex, glabrous and 
 dark green above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, especially along 
 the veins, seldom over 7 cm. long; flowers 6-7 mm. broad; calyx and pedicels 
 generally pubescent; cymes 5-10 cm. broad. In moist ground, Lab. to Alberta, 
 northern N. Eng., Penn., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. M. and Utah. June- 
 July. [Pyrus sauibucifolia A. Gray, not C. & S. | 
 
 3. Sorbus Aucuparia L. EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH. Leaves pubescent 
 on both sides, especially when young, the calyx and pedicels usually woolly. 
 Escaped from cultivation, N. S. to N. H. Native of Europe. 
 
 2. PYRUS L. 
 
 Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers large, white or 
 pink, in simple cymes. Calyx urn -shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes acute. Petals 5, 
 rounded, short-clawed. Stamens usually numerous; styles mostly 5, distinct, or 
 united only at the very base; ovules 2 in each cavity; carpels cartilaginous or 
 leathery. Fruit a pome, usually pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. 
 [Latin name of the Pear.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Pyrus communis L. PEAR. CHOKE PEAR. (I. F. f. 1977.) A tree, 
 sometimes 20 m. high; branches usually thorny. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obo- 
 vate, finely serrulate or entire, petioled, 3-8 cm. long, downy and ciliate when 
 young, becoming glabrous or nearly so, the apex acute or acuminate; petioles 
 sometimes as long as the blades or longer; cymes few-several-flowered, borne at 
 the eivls of short twigs of the preceding year; pedicels 1.5-5 cm. long; flowers 
 wh^-, - 5 cm. broad ; calyx-lobes about as long as the tube; styles distinct to the 
 
5 i6 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 base. In thickets and woods, Me. to N. J. and Penn., escaped from cultivation. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 3. MALUS Hill. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with toothed or lobed leaves, and pink or white flowers in 
 simple terminal cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 
 5, rounded, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity ; carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed-globose, 
 mostly hollowed at the base. [Greek, apple.] About 15 species, natives of the 
 north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern Am. 
 Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. 
 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base. i. M. angustifolia. 
 
 Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 2. M. coronaria. 
 
 Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. 
 
 Leaves mostly narrowed at the base ; pome 2-4 cm. in diameter. 
 
 Pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long. 3. M. loensis. 
 
 Pedicels stout, 1-2.5 cm - l n &- 4- M. Soulardi. 
 
 Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base; pome 5-10 cm. in diameter. 
 
 5. M, Mains. 
 
 I. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. NARROW- LEAVED CRAB APPLE. (I. F. f. 
 1978.) A small tree. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, thick, shining and 
 dark green above, sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate or often en- 
 tire, 2-5 cm. long; cymes tew-flow-ered; pedicels 2-4 cm. long, slender; flowers 
 pink, fragrant, mostly less than 2.5 cm. broad; pome about 2.5 cm. in diameter. 
 In thickets, N. J. to III., Kans., Fla. and La. March-May. 
 
 2. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. (I. F. f. 1979.) 
 A small tree. Leaves petioled, ovate to trangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent be- 
 neath when young, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed, ovate, acute or 
 acutish at the apex, 2-8 cm. long; flowers rose -colored, very fragrant, 2-5 cm. 
 broad ; pedicels 1-4 cm. long, glabrous; calyx slightly pubescent ; pome fleshy, 
 globose or depressed, 2-4 cm. in diameter, greenish- yellow, fragrant, acid. In 
 thickets, Ont. to Mich, and S. Car. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. 
 
 3 M Uus loarisis (Wood) Britton. WESTERN CRAB APPLE. (I. F. f. 1980.) 
 A small tree, much resembling Malus coronaria. Leaves firm, white-pubescent 
 beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 
 ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes, 2-5 cm. long, 
 or on young shoots much larger ; petioles, pedicels and calyx pubescent. Minn., 
 Wis. and III. to Neb., Ky., La. and the Ind. Terr. April-May. 
 
 4. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britton. SOULARD CRAB APPLE. (I. F. f. 1981.) 
 A small tree, resembling the two preceding. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, 
 mostly obtuse or truncate at the apex, rugose and densely tomentose beneath, irregu- 
 larly crenate -dentate or sometimes few-lobed; petioles 2.5 cm. or less, tomentose; 
 flowers smaller than those of M. coronaria, the cymes dense; pedicels stout, white- 
 tomentose; pome 2.5-6 cm. in diameter. Minn, to Mo. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 5. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. APPLE. (I. F. f. 1982.) A large tree with 
 spreading branches. Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 
 glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly beneath ; pedicels gener- 
 ally tomentose, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers pink, or white, 3-8 cm. broad ; calyx to- 
 mentose. In woods and thickets, Me. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Ga. Introduced 
 from Europe and escaped from cultivation. April-May. 
 
 4. ARONIA Medic. 
 
 Low shrubs, with simple petioled finely serrate leaves, the upper side of the 
 midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, white or 
 pink, in compound cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5 -lobed. Petals 5, concave, 
 spreading. Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5, united at the base. Ovary woolly. 
 Pome small, globose, oval, or somewhat top-shaped, its carpels rather leathery. 
 [Name modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe.] Only the following species: 
 Cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly. 
 
 Fruit short-pyriform, bright red. i. A. arbnti folia. 
 
 Fruit oval to globose, purple-black. 2. A. atropurpurea. 
 
 Cymes and leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black or purplish. 3. A. nigra. 
 
1 
 
 POM ACE AE. $17 
 
 1. Aronia arbutifolia(L.) Medic. RED CHOKE-BERRY. (I. F. f. 1983.) Leaves 
 oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or some- 
 what cuneate at the base, 2-8 cm. long, glabrous above, densely tomentose be- 
 neath; flowers white or purplish-tinged, 8-12 mm. broad ; calyx and pedicels 
 tomentose; pome 4-6 mm. in diameter, short-pyriform, and bright red when ma- 
 ture, long-persistent. In swamps and wet woods, N. Y. to Fla. March-May. 
 
 2. Aronia atropurpurea Britton. PURPLE-FRUITED CHOKEBERRY. 
 A shrub, sometimes 4 m. high, usually taller than the other species. Calyx, pedi- 
 cels and lower leaf-surfaces tomentose; flowers similar to those of the preceding ; 
 fruit oval to globose, purple-black, 6-10 mm. high. In wet soil, N. S. to Fla. 
 April-June. Type from Arlington, Staten Island. 
 
 3. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. BLACK CHOKEBERRY. (I. F. f. 1984.) 
 Leaves obovate or oval, short-petioled, crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath, 
 glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous; fruit 
 globose or oval, nearly black, 6-8 mm. in diameter, early deciduous. In swamps 
 or low woods, or sometimes in drier soil, N. S. to Ont. , Fla. and Mich. March- 
 June. 
 
 5. AMELANCHIER Medic. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple petioled leaves, unarmed branches, and racemose 
 or rarely solitary white flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary, 
 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5: Stamens oo , inserted on 
 the throat of the calyx; filaments subulate; styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the 
 base. Ovary inferior, its cavities becoming twice as many as the styles ; ovule I 
 in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry-like, 4-10- celled. Testa of the seed 
 cartilaginous. [The Savoy name of the Medlar.] About 12 species, natives of the 
 north ^temperate zone. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western 
 N. Am. and I in Mex. 
 
 Flowers several or numerous in the racemes; pome globose. 
 
 Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs; leaves usually serrate nearly all around. 
 
 Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex ; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. 
 Leaves ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous when mature; base cordate 
 or rounded. i. A. Canadensis. 
 
 Leaves oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at base, densely 
 white- woolly beneath, at least when young. 2. A. Botryapium. 
 
 Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top of the ovary woolly. 
 Low shrub of rocky places, 3-6 dm. high ; petals 4-8 mm. long. 
 
 3. A. spicata. 
 
 Tree or small shrub; petals 10-16 mm. long. 4. A. rotundifolia. 
 
 Glabrous western shrub; leaves dentate above the middle only. 5. A. alnifolia. 
 Flowers only 1-4 in the clusters; pome oblong or obovoid. 6. A, oligocarpa. 
 
 T. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Medic. JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-BERRY. 
 MAY-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 1985 ) A tree, sometimes reaching the height of 20 m. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, sharply and finely serrate, soon entirely glabrous, 210 cm. 
 long; racemes spreading or drooping ; pedicels long, slender; bracts silky, pur- 
 plish, deciduous ; petals linear, linear-spatulate, or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 
 3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite glabrous calyx ; pome red or purple, 
 sweet, about 6 mm. high. In dry woodlands, Newf. to Ont., Fla. and La. March- 
 May. Fruit ripe June-July. 
 
 2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f ) DC. SHAD-BUSH. SWAMP SUGAR- 
 PEAR. (I. F. f. 1986.) A shrub or small tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the foliage 
 and inflorescence densely white-woolly when young, often nearly or quite glabrous 
 when old. Leaves acute at the apex, finely and sharply serrate nearly all around ; 
 racemes short, rather dense; pedicels short, seldom over 2.5 cm. long; petals spatu- 
 late or linear-spatulate, 6-14 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; calyx 
 usually densely white- woolly; pome 6-8 mm. in diameter. In swamps and moist 
 soil, N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. April-May. 
 
 3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec. Low JUNE-BERRY. (I. F. f. 1987.) 
 Stems 3-6 dm. high from a long root creeping among rocks. Leaves elliptic or 
 oval, 2-4 cm. long, rounded at both ends, or sometimes subacute at the apex, some- 
 times subcordate at the base, serrulate or dentate-serrate, or sometimes entire be- 
 low the middle, dark green and quite glabrous when mature, woolly when young ; 
 
FLORA: 
 
 racemes 4-10- flowered; pedicels 1-2.5 cm - l n g i n fruit ; calyx-lobes nearly tri- 
 angular ; pome about 6 mm. in diameter. N. Y., N. J. and Penn. May. 
 
 4. Amelanchier rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem. ROUND-LEAVED JUNE-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1988.) A tall shrub or small tree. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly 
 orbicular, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or rarely subacute, often 
 cordate at the base, serrate with large teeth, or entire near the base, glabrous from 
 the time of unfolding or more or less woolly when very young ; pedicels 2-4 cm. 
 long in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-1.6 cm. 
 long; pome 6-8 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., N. Y. 
 and Mich. May. 
 
 5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. NORTHWESTERN JUNE OR SERVICE-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1989.) A shrub, tomentose-pubescent when young, at length glabrate and 
 somewhat glaucous. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very ob- 
 tuse and often truncate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, coarsely 
 dentate above the middle, 1-5 cm. long; racemes short, rather dense; pedice s 
 short; petals oblanceolate, cuneate. 6-18 mm. long, 2-4 times the length of the 
 calyx; pome purple, with a bloom, 68 mm. high, sweet. Dry soil, western Ont. 
 to Br. Col., Mich., Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. April. 
 
 6. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. OBLONG-FRUITED JUNE-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 1990.) A shrub, glabrous or very nearly so, except the early deciduous 
 bracts, which are sometimes tomentose. Leaves thin, narrowly oval or oblong, 
 generally about 3 times as long as broad, narrowed at each end, finely and sharply 
 serrate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes i-4-flowered; pedicels slender; petals obovate or 
 oblanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx; pome pear-shaped, 
 purple, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. long. In cold swamps or wet rocky places, Lab. 
 to Ont., Penn. and Mich. May. 
 
 6. CRATAEGUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with petioled leaves and white or pink 
 corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube cup- shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels, 
 its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 
 oo , usually numerous ; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, 
 l-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate; ovule I in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. Pome 
 rather small, drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony carpels, each i-seeded or rarely 
 2-seeded. Seed erect, flattish. [Greek, strong, from the toughness of the wood.] 
 About 75 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and the Andes. 
 Besides the following, 8 or 10 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Corymbs many-flowered. 
 
 i. Leaves obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate or flabellate. 
 Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous. 
 
 Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, sharply serrate. 
 
 Spines long, slender; leaves shining. I. C. Crus-galli. 
 
 Spines short, stout; leaves dull. 2. C. brevispina. 
 
 Leaves obovate or spatulate, crenate. 
 
 Leaves narrowly spatulate ; flowers 8 mm. wide. 3. C. spathulata. 
 
 Leaves obovate; flowers 15 mm. wide. 4. C. Brownti. 
 
 Lower leaf-surfaces, pedicels and calyx more or less pubescent, at least when young. 
 Leaves short-petioled; fruit smarl. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate, very obtuse. 5. C. berberifolia. 
 
 Leaves obovate-oval, acutish. 6. C. prunifolia. 
 
 Leaves obovate, acutish, dull. 7. C. collina. 
 
 Leaves slender-petioled ; fruit large. 
 
 Leaves obovate, dull, irregularly serrate. 8. C. punctata. 
 
 Leaves flabellate, shining, incised-serrate. 9. C.flabellata. 
 
 a. Leaves ovate, oval, orbicular-obovate or nearly orbicular. 
 a. Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous, or nearly so. 
 Leaves mainly truncate or cordate at the base. 
 
 Leaves lobed; fruit 4-6 mm. high. 10. C. cordata. 
 
 Leaves irregularly serrate ; fruit 10-12 mm. high, glaucous. 
 
 ii. C. Eggerti. 
 Leaves narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base. 
 
 Leaves deeply cleft ; styles 1-3. 12. C. Oxyacantha. 
 
 Leaves serrate or incised ; styles mostly 5. 
 
 Fruit about 6 mm. in diameter. 13. C. virtdis. 
 
POMACEAE. 5 J 9 
 
 Fruit 10-12 mm. in diameter, glaucous or pruinose. 
 Leaves firm, shining. 
 
 Fruit globose ; western. 14. C. nitida. 
 
 Fruit pyriform ; eastern. 15. C. Porteri. 
 
 Leaves thin, dull. 16. C. pruinosa. 
 
 surfaces or teeth of the leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent or glandular. 
 Leaves deeply pinnately incised ; fruit 4-6 mm. long. 17. C. apiifolia. 
 
 Leaves serrate or lobed ; fruit 6-25 mm. long. 
 Leaves glabrous, or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves, or most of them, truncate or cordate at the base. 
 
 1 8. C. coccinea. 
 
 Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base. 
 Fruit 8-14 mm. in diameter. 
 
 Fruit globose to oval; leaves firm in texture. 
 
 Bractlets and calyx very glandular. 19. C. rotundifolia. 
 Bractlets and calyx pubescent. 20. C. occidentals. 
 
 Fruit pyriform ; leaves thin. 21. C. tenui folia. 
 
 Fruit only 6-8 mm. in diameter. 22. C. macracantha. 
 
 Leaves pubescent, especially along the veins beneath. 
 
 Leaves ovate-orbicular, mostly truncate or cordate at base. Fruit 1.5- 
 
 2.5 cm. in diameter; red. 23. C. mollis. 
 
 Leaves ovate to oval, mostly cuneate or narrowed at the base. 
 Fruit globose or depressed -globose. 
 
 Veins not prominent on the lower leaf-surfaces. 
 
 24. C. Biltmoreana. 
 
 Veins very straight and prominent. 25. C. campestris. 
 
 Fruit oval to oblong. 
 
 Fruit dull red, over i cm. long. 26. C. tomentosa. 
 
 Fruit bright red, i cm. long or less. 27. C. Chapmani. 
 
 Fruit pyriform. 28. C. pyriformis. 
 
 * * Corymbs I-7-flowered. 
 
 Calyx-lobes not incised ; petioles and leaf-serrations very glandular. 
 
 29. C.flava. 
 
 Calyx-lobes deeply incised ; petioles and leaf-serrations little or not at all glandular. 
 Leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse. 30. C. uniJJord t 
 
 Leaves oval, mostly acute at both ends. 31. C. Vailiae. 
 
 1. Crataegus Crus-galli L. COCKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. 
 (I. F. f. 1991.) A shrub or small tree, the branches spreading. Thorns numerous, 
 slender, 510 cm. long; leaves coriaceous, shining above, obovate or oblanceolate, 
 obtuse or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, 2-5 cm. long, sharply 
 serrate; flowers about 12 mm. broad; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate; styles usually 
 1-3; fruit globose or slightly pear-shaped, about 12 mm. long. In thickets, Que- 
 bec to Manitoba, N. H., Fla. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 2. Crataegus brevispina (Dougl.) Farwell. DOUGLAS THORN. A small 
 tree. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obovate, unequally serrate or some- 
 what lobed, cuneate or narrowed at the base, 4-8 cm. long, the petiole about one- 
 fourth the length of the blade ; thorns 1.5-3 cm - l n gl flowers about 2 cm. wide; 
 calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, rarely glandular; fruit globose, purple-black, 1-1.5 cm - * n 
 diameter. Mich, to Br. Col., Colo, and Ore. May- June. [C. Douglasii Lindl.] 
 
 3. Crataegus spathulata Michx. SMALL-FRUITED HAW. (I. F. f. 1992.) 
 A shrub or small tree. Spines 2-5 cm. long; leaves fascicled, coriaceous, shining 
 above, rather dull beneath, spatulate, obtuse and crenate or with 23 lobes at the 
 summit, entire and cuneate at base, almost sessile, 2-4 cm. long; flowers about 8 
 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes ovate ; styles commonly 5 ; fruit red, globose, 4 6 mm. 
 Vmg. In thickets, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 4. Crataegus Brownii Britton. ADDISON BROWN'S THORN. Glabrcus 
 throughout. Leaves obovate or oval -obovate, obtuse, or obtusish at the apex, 
 cuneate-narrowed at the base, irregularly crenate, with distinctly rounded teeth, 
 slender-petioled, 4-6 cm. long : pedicels slender; bracts linear, very glandular; 
 flowers about 1.5 cm. broad ; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate. Va. and W. Va. 
 May. Type from Buchanan. Va. 
 
 5. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. BARBERRY-LEAVED THORN. Similar 
 to C. Crus-galli, but the young leaves, pedicels and calyx densely pubescent. 
 Thorns slender, 2-5 cm. long; mature leaves pubescent with scattered hairs, rather 
 
52O FLORA, 
 
 dull, oblanceolate to broadly obovate, 4-8 cm. long; fruit oval, about I cm. long. 
 Mo. to La. April-May. 
 
 6. Crataegus prunifolia (Mursh,) Pers. PLUM-LEAVED THORN. Similar to 
 broad-leaved forms of C. Crus-galli, the leaves oval to obovate, acutish, serrate 
 nearly to the base; 5-7 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, pubescent beneath, at least when 
 young; pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers and globose pome about I cm. broad. 
 Mo. Perhaps not the original Mespilits prunifolia Marsh. 
 
 7. Crataegus collina Chapm. ROUND-FRUITED THORN. A small tree, the 
 young foliage and the inflorescence pubescent. Leaves obovate, mostly acute, finely 
 serrate, tapering into the short petiole; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; styles 5; fruit 
 hard, globular, about i cm. in diameter. Va. to Ga. and Mo. April-May. 
 
 8. Crataegus punctata Jacq. LARGE-FRUITED THORN. (I. F. f. 1993.) 
 A shrub or small tree, with horizontal, thorny branches. Thorns 2-5 cm. long, 
 often branched ; leaves slender- petioled, obovate, obtuse or short pointed at the 
 apex and irregularly serrate or serrulate, cuneate at the base, nearly glabrous 
 above, pubescent or at length glabrous beneath, 5-8 cm. long, rarely lobed, veins 
 straight, conspicuous'; flowers 1-2 cm. broad ; calyx- lobes linear, entire ; styles 
 mostly 3 ; fruit globose or oval, red or yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter. In 
 thickets, Quebec and Ont. to N. H., Ga., west to Iowa. May. 
 
 Crataegus punctata canescens Britton. Lower leaf-surfaces, petioles, peduncles and 
 pedicels densely whitish-tomentose. Vt. to Ont., Penn. and Ohio. 
 
 9. Crataegus flabellata (Spach) Rydb. FAN-LEAVED THORN. Leaves 
 flabellate, broadest above the middle, cuneate at the base, thin and usually with a 
 few scattered hairs beneath when young, sharply and irregularly incised serrate, 
 glabrous, firm and shining above when old, 6-IO cm. long, sler.der-petioled; thorns 
 5 cm. long or more; fruit globose, 1-1.5 cm> ^ n diameter. Quebec to Me., R. L, 
 the N. W. Terr, and Mont. 
 
 10. Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. WASHINGTON THORN. (I. F. f. 1994.) 
 A tree, 5-15 m. high. Spines slender, 2-5 cm. long ; leaves slender-petioled, 
 broadly ovate, generally sharply 3-y-lobed and serrate, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, truncate or cordate at the base, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 8-12 mm. broad ; 
 styles 5; fruit bright red, depressed-globose, 4-6 mm. high. In woods and 
 thickets, Va. to Ga., 111. and Tenn. ; escaped from cultivation in southern N. J. 
 and Penn. March-May. 
 
 11. Crataegus Eg^erti Britton. EGGERT'S THORN. Foliage sparingly pu- 
 bescent when young, glabrous when mature. Thorns 3-6 cm. long; leaves ovate- 
 orbicular, dull green above, pale beneath, sharply and irregularly serrate, or 
 somewhat lobed, mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, acute or acutish at the 
 apex, slender-petioled, 5-12 cm. long, and about as wide; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; 
 bracts large, very glandular; fruit subglobose, large, sometimes nearly 2 cm. in 
 diameter, glaucous. In dry soil, Iowa to Mo. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 12. Crataegus Oxyacantha L. HAWTHORN. WHITE OR MAY THORN. 
 (I. F. f. 1995.) A shrub or tree. Thorns stout, numerous; leaves slender-petioled, 
 glabrous on both sides or pubescent when young, sharply 3-7- lobed, broadly ovate 
 or slightly obovate, broadly cuneate at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 1-1.5 cm - 
 broad, white or pink; calyx-lobes ovate; styles 1-3; fruit globose or globose ovoid, 
 about 6 mm. high. Along roadsides and in thickets, sparingly escaped from cul- 
 tivation. May-June. 
 
 13. Crataegus viridis L. SOUTHERN THORN. (I. F. f. 1996.) A small 
 tree, often without spines. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate to lanceolate or some- 
 what obovate, glabrous, or pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, sharply ser- 
 rate and usually somewhat lobed, mostly acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 
 1-1.5 cm< broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or oval, 
 about 6 mm. high, persistent into the winter, 6-8-seeded. Mo. and Kans. to La., 
 Tex., S. Car. and Fla. March-April. 
 
 14. Crataegus nitida Engelm. SHINING THORN. Similar to C. viridis, 
 but often a larger tree, the leaves thicker, larger, ovate to oval, and more shining 
 above. Flowers about 2 cm. broad; fruit globose, I cm. in diameter, or a little 
 more, 4-5-seeded, glaucous. 111., Mo. and Ark. May. [C. viridis nitida Engelm.] 
 
 15. Crataegus Porteri Britton. PORTER'S THORN. A shrub, wholly gla- 
 
POMACEAE. $21 
 
 brous. Leaves ovate to oval, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, 6-10 
 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, sharply irregularly serrate and slightly lobed, the slender 
 petiole about one third the length of the 'blade; pedicels slender; fruit pyriform, 
 about 1.4 cm. long and I cm. in diameter, pruinose. Calyx-lobes entire. Tan- 
 nersville, Penn., July 4, 1896. 
 
 16. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Beadle. PRUINOSE THORN. A shrub or 
 small tree. Spines long and slender. Leaves ovate, acute, incised-serrate and 
 somewhat lobed, thin, slender petioled, 6-8 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; fruit 
 globose, pruinose, about 10 mm. in diameter. Va. to N. Car. and Mo. [Mespilus 
 pruinosa Wendl.] 
 
 17. Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx. PARSLEY HAW. PARSLEY-LEAVED 
 THORN. (I. F. f. 1997.) A shrub or small tree. Spines stout, 2-5 cm. long; 
 leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, pubescent on 
 both sides at least when young, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. 
 long, thin, pinnately and deeply 5-7-cleft, the lobes sharply serrate; flowers 8-12 
 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes linear, glandular ; styles 1-3 ; fruit red, oval, 4-6 mm. 
 long. In thickets, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 18. Crataegus coccinea L. SCARLET THORN OR HAW. RED HAW. (I. 
 F. f. 1998.) A shrub or sometimes a small tree. Spines stout, 3-5 cm. long; 
 leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 mostly truncate or subcordate at the base, thin, or becoming firm, sharply incised 
 and serrate, the teeth glandular-tipped ; pedicels, bractlets and calyx somewhat 
 glandular-pubescent ; flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate; styles 3-5; 
 fruit red, globose or oval, 10-16 mm. in diameter, rarely hairy. Thickets, Newf. 
 to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 19. Crataegus rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borck. GLANDULAR THORN. (I. F. f. 
 1999.) A shrub, similar to the preceding, the spines slender. Leaves mostly 
 smaller, slender-petioled, glabrous or very nearly so, oval, ovate, obovate, or some 
 of them nearly orbicular, incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, or sometimes 
 lobed, 'acute, most of them narrowed or cuneate at the base; bractlets and calyx- 
 lobes very glandular; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; fruit globose to oval, red, 8-16 
 mm. long. Conn, to Ind., Fla. and Ala. April-June. 
 
 20. Crataegus occidentalis Britton. RIVER-BANK THORN. Pedicels, calyx 
 and lower leaf-surfaces pubescent. Thorns stout, 3 cm. long or more. Leaves 
 oval or slightly olxrvate, irregularly serrate and sometimes slightly lobed, mostly 
 obtuse at the apex, and narrowed or subcuneate at the base, 4-7 cm. long, 3 or 4 
 cm. wide, slender-petioled; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; fruit oval-globose, about 
 i cm. long. River banks, Neb., Colo., Wyo. and Mont. 
 
 21. Crataegus tenuifolia Britton. THIN-LEAVED THORN. A shrub, the 
 thorns' slender, slightly curved, 5-6 cm. long. Leaves very thin, even when ma- 
 ture, ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or some of them sub- 
 truncate at the base, incised-serrate and lobed, with short hairs on the upper sur- 
 face, 6-10 cm. long, the very slender petiole half the length of the blade or longer; 
 pedicels slender; fruit pyriform, over I cm. long, 8-9 mm. thick, the calyx-lobes 
 glandular-serrate. S. W. Va. Type from South Fork of the Holston River, June 
 15, 1892. 
 
 22. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. LONG-SPINED THORN. (I. F. f. 2000.) 
 A shrub or small tree, the bright brown thorns 5-13 cm. long. Leaves dull, 3-9 
 cm. long, usually with a few hairs on the prominent veins beneath, sharply and 
 often doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth, narrowed or cuneate at the base; ped- 
 icels often pubescent ; calyx and bractlets glandular; flowers numerous, 12-16 
 mm. broad ; fruit globose or oval, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Quebec to Dak., Va. 
 and Mo. May-June. 
 
 23. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. RED-FRUITED THORN. (I. F. f. 
 2001.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves generally broadly ovate, truncate at the 
 base, sometimes 13 cm. long, incised and sharply serrate with gland-tipped teeth, 
 roughish .above, pubescent beneath, especially when young ; twigs, petioles and 
 calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes usually incised and glandular; flowers 1.5-2.5 
 cm. broad; fruit bright red, 2-3 cm. in diameter, hairy. Thickets, Quebec to 
 Mich., Neb., Kans., Penn., La. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 24. Crataegus Biltmoreana Beadle. BILTMORE THORN. Lower leaf- 
 
522 t-LORA. 
 
 surfaces, especially along the veins, calyx and pedicels pubescent. Leaves broadly 
 ovate, or nearly orbicular, narrowed, or some of them somewhat truncate at the base, 
 sharply and unequally serrate, subacute, 6-10 cm. long ; petioles 23 cm. long, 
 mostly a little shorter than the pedicels; young fruit very pubescent; mature fruit 
 subglobose, green to yellow, I cm. or rather more in diameter, green. Pa. to 
 N. Car.. AkJ and Mo. May. 
 
 25. Crataegus campestris Britton. Mature leaves firm, densely and finely 
 pubescent and prominently straight-veined beneath, dull and with short scattered 
 hairs above, 6-9 cm. long and nearly as wide, sharply and somewhat irregularly 
 serrate. Thorns stout, 4-6 cm. long; pedicels slender, pubescent ; fruit globose, 
 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, pubescent when young. Mo. and Kans. 
 
 26. Crataegus tomentosa L. PEAR-THORN. PEAR HAW. (I. F. f. 2002.) 
 A shrub or small tree. Spines stout, 2-6 cm. long; leaves petioled, broadly oval 
 or ovate-oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 
 sharply dentate or somewhat lobed, not glandular, slightly scabrous above, pubes- 
 cent, especially along the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long; twigs, petioles and calyx 
 tomentose-pubescent; flowers about 12 mm. broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, usually 
 incised; styles 3-5; fruit dull red, oval to oval pyriform, over I cm. long. In 
 thickets, Ont. to N. J., Ga., Mich, and Mo. May-June. 
 
 27. Crataegus Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe. CHAPMAN'S THORN. A small 
 tree, similar to C. tomentosa, but the leaves smaller and thicker in texture; flowers 
 about 1.5 cm. wide; fruit smaller, short-oval, I cm. high or lcss> bright red. Va. 
 to Ga. and Mo. May-June. 
 
 28. Crataegus pyriformis Britton. PEAR-FRUITED THORN. Twigs light 
 gray. Leaves broadly oval or obovate-oval, dull, 6-8 cm. long, when mature 
 glabrous above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, rather finely serrate 
 nearly all around, not lobed, the blade decurrent into the petiole; pedicels slender; 
 fruit pyriform, about I cm. long. Monteer, Mo., B. F. Bush, 1899. 
 
 29. Crataegus flava Ait. SUMMER OR YELLOW HAW. (I. F. f. 2003.) A tree, 
 with maximum height of about 7 m., usually very thorny. Leaves obovate, petioled, 
 irregularly glandular-dentate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate and often entire at 
 the base, 1-4 cm. long, pubescent on both sides or at length glabrate; pedicels and 
 calyx pubescent; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; styles commonly 5; fruit globose 01 some- 
 what pyriform, 1-1.5 cm ' * n diameter. In sandy thickets, Va. to Fla., Mo. and 
 Tex. April-May. 
 
 30. Crataegus uniflora Muench. DWARF THORN. (I. F. f. 2004.) A shrub, 
 or sometimes a small tree. Spines numerous, slender, 2-5 cm. long; leaves obo- 
 vate, coriaceous, nearly sessile, obtuse and crenate at the apex, cuneate and entire 
 at the base, 1-4 cm. long, more or less pubescent, or glabrate and at length shining 
 above; twigs, pedicels and calyx pubescent; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-loles 
 lanceolate, deeply incised, glandular; styles commonly 5; fruit globose or pyriform. 
 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, yellow. In sandy soil, S. N. Y. to Fia., W. Va., Mo. and 
 La. April-May. 
 
 31. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. VAIL'S HAW. (I. F. f. 2005.) A shrub, 
 the branches stout, light gray; thorns slender. Leaves oval, 2-8 cm. long, short- 
 petioled, pubescent on both sides, bxit becoming glabrate and slightly shining above, 
 sharply serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed; stipules narrow, glandular; corymbs 
 2-6-flowered; pedicels and calyx densely pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 8 
 12 mm. long, deeply incised, glandular, reflexed in fruit; pome globose, yellowish 
 green, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In thickets, Va. and N. Car. to Mo. May -June. 
 
 7. COTONEASTER Medic. 
 
 Shrubs, with stipulate coriaceous leaves, and small white cymose or rarely soli- 
 tary flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 
 5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-5-celled or of 2-5 carpels, 
 separate at the summit; styles 2-5; ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel, alike, erect. 
 Pome ovoid, globose or top-shaped, the carpels bony when mature. [Name neo- 
 Latin, Quince-star or Star-quince.] About co species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L.) Spach. EVERGREEN OR FIRE THORN. 
 PYRACANTH. (I. F. f. 2006.) A shrub. Spines slender, 1-2.5 cm - lon g; leaves 
 evergreen, glabrous, oval or slightly oblanceolate, crenulate, obtuse at the apex, 
 
DRUPACEAE. 523 
 
 usually narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long, short-petioled; cymes many-flowered; 
 pedicels and calyx pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate; flowers about 6 mm. broad; styles 
 5; fruit scarlet, depressed-globose, about 4 mm. high, bitter. In thickets, escaped 
 from cultivation, S. Penn. to Ala. and Tenn. Native of Europe and Asia. May. 
 
 Family 13. DRUPACEAE DC. 
 Plum Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds 
 containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the 
 small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. 
 Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the 
 ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 
 5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. 
 Pistil i in our genera; ovary i -celled, 2-ovuled ; style simple; stigma 
 mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed i, suspended; endosperm 
 none; cotyledons fleshy. About 6 genera and no species, widely dis- 
 tributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. 
 
 Drupe glabrous. i. Pr units. 
 
 Drupe velvety. 2. Amygdalus. 
 
 i. PRUNUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, mostly with edible fruits, the white or pink flowers variously 
 clustered, the leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Petals spreading. 
 Stamens 15-20, distinct ; filaments filiform. Style terminal ; stigma peltate or 
 truncate. Exocarp of the drupe fleshy, the endocarp bony, smooth or a little rough- 
 ened, globose or oval, or oblong and compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the 
 Plum-tree.] About 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical Amer- 
 ica and Asia. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in southern and western 
 N. A. 
 
 * Flowers in lateral scaly umbels or fascicles, expanding with or before the leaves, 
 f Inflorescence umbellate, the clusters sessile or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves convolute in vernation; fruit mostly large; pit more or less flattened. 
 Umbels several-flowered. 
 
 Leaves abruptly acuminate : drupe red or yellow. 
 
 Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within ; fruit globose, i. P. Americana. 
 Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit subglobose or oval. 
 Calyx-lobes glabrous within; leaves oval or obovate. 
 
 2. P. nigra. 
 Calyx-lobes pubescent on both sides; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 3. P. hortulana. 
 Leaves acute, gradually acuminate, or obtusish ; drupe red or purple. 
 
 Leaves glabrous when mature. 
 
 Fruit red, with little bloom or none. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate ; drupe thin-skinned. 4, P. angustifolia. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; drupe thick-skinned : western 
 
 shrub. 5. p. Watsoni. 
 
 Fruit dark purple, with a bloom ; leaves ovate. 6. P. Alleghaniensis. 
 Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, when mature. 
 Drupe 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; coast plants. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval, acute ; stone pointed at both ends. 
 
 7. P. maritima. 
 Leaves orbicular, very obtuse ; stone pointed at base. 
 
 8. P. Gravesii. 
 Drupe 0.6-1 cm. in diameter ; prairie plant. 9. P. gracilis. 
 
 Umbels only 1-2 flowered. 10. P. spinosa. 
 
 Leaves conduplicate in vernation ; fruit mostly small ; pit mostly globose. 
 Flowers 6-12 mm. broad ; low shrubs. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate ; northern. u. P. pumila. 
 
 Leaves oval, oblong, or slightly obovate. 
 
 Petioles 8-20 mm. long ; drupe 8-10 mm. in diameter ; eastern. 
 
 12. P. cuneata. 
 Petioles 4-6 mm. long; fruit 12-16 mm. in diameter ; western. 
 
 13. P. Besseyi. 
 
524 FLORA. 
 
 Flowers 15-30 mm. broad ; trees. 
 
 Leaves glabrous ; pedicels short ; fruit sour. 14. p. Cerasus. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins; pedicels long; fruit sweet. 
 
 15. P. Avium. 
 1 1 Inflorescence more or less corymbose : leaves shining. 
 
 1 6. P. Pennsylvania^, 
 * * Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season. 17. P. Mahaleb. 
 
 * * * Flowers racemed, terminating branches of the season. 
 
 Fruit red to purple, astringent ; leaves obovate or oval. 18. P. Virginiana. 
 
 Fruit purple or purplish-black, sweet or bitter. 
 
 Leaves oval or obovate ; shrub or small tree. 19. P, demissa. 
 
 Leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate ; large tree. 20. P. serotina. 
 
 1. Prunus Americana Marsh. WILD YELLOW OR RED PLUM. d. F. f. 2007.) 
 A shrub or small tree; branches more or less thorny; bark thick. Leaves ovate or 
 obovate, nearly or quite glabrous when mature, usually pubescent when young, 
 sharply and often doubly serrate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled; petioles 
 usually glandless; flowers 'white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; drupe 
 1.8-2.5 cm. in diameter, the skin tough, bloom little or none, t the stone somewhat 
 flattened, its ventral edge acute or margined, the dorsal faintly grooved. N. Y. to 
 Mont., Fla. and Colo. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Prunus nigra Ait. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM. (I. F. f. 2008.) A 
 tree, 6-10 m. high ; bark thin. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, long- acuminate, 
 pubescent when young, crenulate- serrate ; petioles stout, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> bearing 
 I or 2 red glands near the blade ; flowers 2.5-3 cm - broad; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, 
 glabrous; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; drupe oval, 2.5-3 cm. long, orange-red, 
 thick-skinned, bloom little or none, the flesh adherent to the oval compressed stone, 
 which is sharply ridged on the ventral edge, somewhat grooved on the dorsal. 
 Newf. to Man., Mass, and Wis. May. Fruit Aug. Petals pink in age. 
 
 3. Prunus hortulana Bailey. WILD GOOSE PLUM. (I. F. f. 2009.) A small 
 tree, similar to the two preceding; branches spreading ; bark thin. Leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, closely glandular- serrate, 10-15 cm - l n g; 
 petioles not 2. 5 cm. long, usually bearing two glands near the blade; pedicels 1-2 
 cm, long ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; drupe subglobose or short-oval, bright 
 red, thin-skinned, bloom little or none, stone swollen, roughish, not margined. 111. 
 to Tenn., Kans. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 Prunus hortul^na Mineri Bailey. Leaves dull, thick, irregularly coarsely serrulate, 
 conspicuously veiny beneath ; stone nearly smooth ; leaves varying to oblanceolate. 111. 
 to Tenn. and Mo. 
 
 4. Prunus angustifolia Michx. CHICK AS AW PLUM. HOG PLUM. (I. F. f. 
 2010.) A small tree, the branches somewhat thorny. Leaves acute, serrulate, 
 often rounded at the base, 7-13 cm. long; flowers smaller than those of the preceding, 
 in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; drupe red, globose, 12-18 mm. in 
 diameter, nearly destitute of bloom, its stone ovoid, hardly flattened, both edges 
 rounded, one of them slightly grooved. In dry soil, N. J. to Fla., west to the 
 Rocky Mts. April. Fruit ripe May-July. 
 
 5. Prunus Watsoni Sargent. WATSON'S PLUM. SAND PLUM. (I. F. f. 
 2011.) A shrub, 2-3.5 m - high' somewhat spiny. Leaves firm, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, finely crenulate-serrulate, 2-5 cm. long, shining above, the peti- 
 oles about i cm. long; flowers 10-12 mm. broad; pedicels 8-12 mm. long, red, 
 glabrous; fruit globose or somewhat elongated, about 18 mm. in diameter, orange- 
 red, without a bloom, the flesh yellow ; stone oval, pitted, mostly rounded on both 
 margins, abruptly flattened at the summit. Sandy soil, Neb. to Ark. April-May. 
 
 6. Prunus Alleghaniensis Porter. PORTER'S PLUM. (I. F. f. 2012.) A 
 low, straggling shrub or small tree; seldom thorny. Leaves acute or acuminate, 
 finely serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent when young; flowers about 14 mm. 
 broad; drupe globose-ovoid, about i cm. in greatest diameter, with a conspicuous 
 bloom; pulp pleasantly acid; stone slightly flattened, a shallow groove on one 
 margin, a slight expansion on the other. E. Conn.; Huntingdon Co., across the 
 Allegheny Mts. to Clearfield Co., Pa. April. 
 
 7. Prunus raaritima Wang. BEACH PLUM. (I. F. f. 2013.) A much- 
 branched shrub, 0.3-2 m. high, not thorny. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, finely 
 
DKUPACEAE. 525 
 
 and sharply serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent beneath even when old ; flow- 
 ers white, numerous, in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, 10-16 mm. 
 broad ; petals obovate; drupe globose, purple, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter, sweet, 
 covered with a bloom; stone little flattened, acute on one margin, slightly grooved 
 on the other. On seabeaches and in sandy soil near the coast, Va. to N. B. 
 April-May. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct. 
 
 8. Primus Gravesii Small. GRAVES' BEACH PLUM. (I. P\ f. 2014.) A low 
 shrub, reaching a maximum height of about 1.3 m., not thorny, the twigs of the 
 season mostly puberulent. Leaves orbicular, oval-orbicular, or slightly obovate, 
 1.6-3 cm - l n g- rounded, retuse or apiculate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the 
 base, pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath ; flowers about 12 mm. broad, soli- 
 tary or 2-3 together in lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; petals subor- 
 bicular; drupj globose, 10 16 mm. in diameter, nearly black, with a light blue 
 bloom; stone nearly as thick as wide, pointed only at the base. On a gravellv 
 ridge, Groton, Conn. May-June. Fruit ripe in Sept. 
 
 9. Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray. Low PLUM. (I. F. f. 2015.) A shrub, 
 3-12 dm. high, the foliage and young twigs densely soft-pubescent. Leaves short- 
 petioled, ovate- lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at both ends, sharply serrate, 
 glabrate on the upper surface at maturity; flowers 6-8 mm. broad, in lateral um- 
 bels, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, pubescent; drupe oval-globose, 
 8-io mm. in diameter; stone little flattened, nearly orbicular. In sandy or dry 
 soil, Tenn. to Kans. and Tex. 
 
 10. Prunus spiaosa L. SLOE. BLACKTHORN. BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 
 2016.) A shrub with thorny branches, 0.6-5 m - high- Leaves ovate or oblong, 
 obtuse at the apex, serrate, nearly glabrous when mature; flowers white, 8-12 mm. 
 broad, appearing before the leaves, the lateral clusters only i-2-flowered; drupe 
 ovoid-globose, nearly black with a bloom, about 12 mm. in diameter ; stone little 
 flattened, acute on one edge. Along roadsides, etc., Penn. and N. J. to Mass. 
 Nat. or adv. from Europe. April-May. {Prunus spinosa insitttia A. Gray.] 
 
 n. Prunus pumila L. SAND CHERRY. DWARF CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2017.) 
 Much branched from the base, sometimes bushy, 0.2-2 m. high. Leaves mostly 
 ob'.anceolate or spatulate, acute or a mtish, narrowed at the base, serrate, especially 
 toward the apex, usually pale beneath and deep green above, glabrous or very 
 nearly so on both sides when mature; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, appearing with the 
 leaves in sessile lateral umbels ; drupe 8-12 mm. in diameter, dark red or nearly 
 black when mature without bloom; flesh thin, acid. On sandy or gravelly shores, 
 N. B. to Manitoba, N. J. and Mich. April-May. Fruit ripe in August. 
 
 12 Prunus cuneata Raf. APPALACHIAN CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2018.) An 
 erect shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the branches light-colored. Leaves oval, oblong or 
 obovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, narrowed or wedge-shaped at the 
 base, serrate with rather appressed teeth, rather thin, 2-8 cm. long; flowers in um- 
 bels, appearing with the leaves, about I cm. broad; drupe globose, 8-10 mm. in 
 diameter. In wet soil, or among rocks, N. H. to Minn. , N. Car. and Wis. 
 
 13. Prunus Besseyi Bailey. WESTERN SAND CHERRY. BESSEY'S CHERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2019.) A shrub, 3-12 dm. high, the branches spreading or prostrate. 
 Leaves elliptic, oblong or oval, the teeth appressed, the apex and base mostly 
 acute; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with the leaves, 8-10 mm. broad; fruit 
 12-16 mm. in diameter, on stout pedicels; bitterish and astringent, black, mottled 
 or yellowish. Prairies, Manitoba and Minn, to Kans. and Utah. April-May. 
 
 14. Prunus Cerasus L. SOUR CHERRY. EGRIOT. (I. F. f. 2020.) A tree. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, variously dentate, abruptly acute or acuminate, 
 rounded at the base, very resinous when young; flowers white, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, 
 in sessile, lateral, very scaly umbels, expanding with the leaves or before them; 
 pedicels little over 3 cm. long in flower; drupe globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter (larger 
 in cultivation), black or red, sour, without bloom; stone globose. In woods and 
 thickets, N. H. and Mass, to N. Y. and Per.n., escaped from cultivation. Native 
 of Europe. April-May. Fruit June-July. 
 
 15. Prunus Avium L. WILD OR CRAB CHERRY. MAZARD. GEAN. SWEET 
 CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2021.) A large tree. Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, 
 abruptly short-acuminate, irregularly serrate pubescent on the veins beneath, or 
 over the entire lower surface when young ; fLwers whit? . about 2.5 cm. broad, in 
 
526 FLORA. 
 
 scaly lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; pedicels slender, 2.5-6 cm. long 
 in flower; drupe globose, black or dark red, sweet. In thickets and woodlands, 
 escaped from cultivation, Ont. to Mass, and Va. Native of Europe. April-May. 
 
 16. Prunus Pennsylvania L. f. WILD RED CHERRY. PIN OR PIGEON 
 CHERRY. (I. F. f. 20.2.) A small tree. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous, serrulate, rather slender- petioled; flowers 
 in lateral, peduncled or sessile leafless clusters, unfolding with the leaves; pedicels 
 slender, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> drupe globose, red, 4-6 mm. in diameter, with- 
 out bloom, its flesh thin and sour, its stone globular. In rocky woods, and clear- 
 ings, Newf. to Ga., west to the Rocky Mts. April-June. Fruit ripe in August. 
 
 17. Prunus Mahaleb L. MAHALEB. PERFUMED CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2023.) 
 A small tree or shrub. Bark pale, smooth; leaves petioled, ovate, abruptly acute 
 at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous, denticulate, fra- 
 grant; flowers about I cm. broad, in corymbs borne on short branches of the sea- 
 son, unfolding with the leaves; drupe reddish-black, globose or globose-ovoid, about 
 8 mm. long, the flesh thin, the stone slightly flattened. Roadsides and waste 
 places, Conn, to Ont., N. Y., E. Penn. and Kans. Adv. from Europe. April- 
 May. Fruit ripe July. 
 
 18. Prunus Virginiana L. CHOKE CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2024.) A shrub, or 
 rarely a small tree, with gray bark. Leaves thin, obovateor broadly oval, abruptly 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous, or slightly pubes- 
 cent along the veins beneath, serrulate with slender teeth; flowers 8-10 mm. 
 broad, in mainly loosely-flowered racemes, terminating leafy branches of the sea- 
 son; petals suborbicular; drupe red to nearly black, rarely yellow, globose, 8- 
 IO mm. in diameter, very astringent; stone globular. Along river banks and in 
 rocky situations, Newf. to Manitoba, Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex. and Colo. April - 
 May. Fruit ripe in July or August. 
 
 19. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. WESTERN WILD CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2025.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves similar to those of the preceding, thicker, 
 acute or often obtusish at the apex, and with shorter teeth; flowers 8-io mm. broad; 
 racemes generally dense, terminating leafy branches ; drupe dark purple or black, 
 sweet or but slightly astringent, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter; stone globular. 
 Prairies and dry soil, Dak. to Kans., N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. May-July. 
 
 20. Prunus serotina Ehrh. WILD BLACK CHERRY. CABINET OR RUM 
 CHERRY. (I. F. f. 2026.) A large tree, with maximum height of about 30 m., the 
 bark rough and black. Leaves thick, oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate 
 or acute, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, serrate with appressed 
 callous teeth ; flowers similar to those of the two preceding, the racemes elongated, 
 spreading or drooping ; pstals obovate ; drupe globose, 8-IO mm. in diameter; 
 dark purple or black, sweet but slightly astringent. In woods or open places, 
 S. Ont. to Fla., Dak., Kans. and Tex. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Prunus sertftina Smkllii Bntton. Leaves firm, coriaceous, coarsely serrate, pale 
 beneath; racemes thick, divergent, rather few-flowered ; calyx and filaments pubescent. 
 Summit of White Top Mountain, Va. 
 
 2. AMYGDALUS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with mostly lanceolate serrulate short-petioled leaves, and pink 
 or white flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding 
 season. Petals spreading. Stamens 20-30, distinct, the filaments filiform. Style 
 and stigma as in Primus. Exocarp of the fruit mostly fleshy, velvety in the fol- 
 lowing species ; endocarp (stone) bony, deeply pitted or nearly smooth, oval or 
 oblong, pointed, more or less compressed. [Name said to be Syrian.] About 5 
 species, natives of Asia. 
 
 r. Amygdalus Persica L. PEACH. (I. F. f. 2027.) A small tree. Leaves 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long, glabrous, long-acuminate, usually 
 narrowed at the base, finely serrate ; petioles 2-6 mm. long; flowers pink, 1-5 cm. 
 broad, scaly-bracted ; drupe subglohose, grooved, softly velvety, 3-8 cm. in diam- 
 eter. Escaped from cultivation, S. N. Y. to Ga. April-May. 
 
MIMOSA CEA E. 5 2 / 
 
 Family 14. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Mimosa family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate 
 leaves, the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in 
 heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or 
 lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united 
 petals, also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary i-celled ; 
 style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm ; cotyledons 
 fleshy. About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly tropical. 
 Stamens numerous, at least more than 10. i. Acacia. 
 
 Stamens only as many as the petals, or twice as many. 
 Petals separate.; pod smooth. 
 
 Pod separating into 2 valves. 2. Acuan. 
 
 Pod leathery, indehiscent. 3. Prosopis. 
 
 Petals united to about the middle ; pod spiny. 4. Morongia. 
 
 1. ACACIA Adans. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaflets usually small and 
 numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple phyllodes. 
 Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5 -toothed, or of 
 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5 or wanting. Stamens exserted; fila- 
 ments filiform; pollen-grains cohering in 2's-6's. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat 
 or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, point, or thorn, many spe- 
 cies being thorny.] About 450 species, chiefly in subtropical regions. Besides 
 the following, some 15 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Acacia filicoides (Cav.) Trelease. PRAIRIE ACACIA. (I. F. f. 2028.) 
 A thornless shrub. Pinnae of the leaves 2-15 pairs, oblong in outline, 2-5 cm. 
 long; leaflets 10-15 P a i rs > oblong or linear-obiong, about 4 mm. long, less than 2 
 mm. wide, slightly inequilateral, I -veined; heads globose, many-flowered, axillary, 
 slender-peduncled, 1-2 cm. in diameter; sepals distinct or nearly so; filaments yel- 
 low; pod linear, acute, stipitate, mostly stright. 2-5 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide, 
 flat, its valves thin, reticulated, impressed between the seeds. Prairies Mo. and 
 Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. May -July. 
 
 2. ACUAN Medic. [DESMANTHUS Willd.] 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and greenish or 
 whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers per- 
 fect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx cam- 
 panulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent 
 below. Stamens-ioor 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nea'rly 
 sessile; ovules oo . Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, flat, several- seeded, 
 2-valved. the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 species, natives of warm 
 and tropical America, one widely distributed in tropical regions of the Old World. 
 Pods few, linear, erect, straight. i. A. lepfoloba. 
 
 Pods numerous in globose heads, oblong, curved. 2. A. lllinoensis. 
 
 i. Acuan leptoloba (T. & G.) Kuntze. PRAIRIE MIMOSA. (I. F. f. 2029.) 
 Stems ascending, rough-angled, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves short- petioled. bipinnate; 
 pinnae 5-10 pairs, sessile ; leaflets 10-24 pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 inequilateral, rounded at the base, usually glabrous. 3-4 mm. long, I mm. wide or 
 less; peduncles 1-2.5 cm - l n g> few-flowered; stamens (always?) 5; pods 3-8, nar- 
 rowly linear, acuminate, about 3 times the length of the peduncle, 6 -8- seeded. 
 Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Summer. 
 
 2 Acuan lllinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze. ILLINOIS MIMOSA. (I. F. f. 2030.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so; stems angled, 3-9 dm. high. Foliage resembling that of 
 the preceding, but the pinnae and obtusish leaflets are sometimes more numerous ; 
 pHuncles 2-8 cm. long; pods numerous, densely capitate, oblong or lanceolate, 
 strongly curved, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acute, slightly impressed between the 2-5 seeds. 
 Prairies and river-banks, Ind, to Ky., Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. May-Sept. 
 
528 FLORA. 
 
 3. PROSOPIS L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs often with spines in the axils, with 2-pinnate leaves and small 
 spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate, distinct, 
 or connate below. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments long. Ovary often stalked, 
 many-ovuled; style slenderer filiform; stigma very small. Pod linear, compressed, 
 leathery, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy or dry. Seeds flattened. [Ancient 
 name for some very different plant.] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropi- 
 cal regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 I. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. PRAIRIE MESQUITE. (I. F. f. 20323.) A 
 shrub, the axils usually with a pair of sharp spines. Leaves petioled, with 2 
 spreading short-stalked pinnae, each of numerous sessile pinnules; pinnules linear 
 or linear-oblong, entire, mostly mucronulate, firm, veiny, 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide ; spikes axillary, peduncled, densely many-flowered, 513 cm. long; calyx 
 campanulate ; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx ; ovary villous; pods linear, 
 stipitate, 1-2 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, constricted between the seeds. Kans. 
 to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. April-June. 
 
 A. MORONGIA Britton. [SCHRANKIA Willd., not Medic.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mainly prostrate or procumbent, armed with re- 
 curved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive; leaflets numerous, small; 
 stipules setaceous. Flowers regular, small, 4-5 -parted, pink or purple, perfect or 
 polygamous, in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Stamens usually 8-12, dis- 
 tinct or united at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo . 
 Pod linear, acute or acuminate, spiny all over, at length 4-valved, several-seeded. 
 [Named in honor of the late Rev. Thos. Morong, a contributor to this work.] 
 About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, I in tropical Africa. 
 
 Leaflets elliptic, strongly veined. i. M. uncinata* 
 
 Leaflets linear-oblong, scarcely veined. 2. M. angustata. 
 
 1. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. SENSITIVE-BRIER. (I. F. f. 2031.) 
 Decumbent, 6-12 dm. long. Stem, branches, petioles and peduncles thickly 
 armed with hqoked prickles 1-2 mm. long; stem grooved and angled; leaves 
 petioled; pinnse 4-8 pairs, distant; leaflets 8-15 pairs, obliquely elliptic, thick, 
 obtusish and mucronate at the apex, inequilateral and rounded at the base, slightly 
 ciliate on the margins, 4-8 mm. long; heads globose, very dense, 1.5-2.5 cm. in 
 diameter; flowers pink; pods terete, very densely spiny, about 5 cm. long. In 
 dry soil, Va. to 111., S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Morongia angustata (T. & G.) Britton. NARROW-LEAVED SENSITIVE- 
 BRIER. (I. F. f. 2032.) Similar to the preceding species. Pinnae 3-6 pairs; 
 leaflets numerous, thin, acutish or obtuse, not mucronate or but very slightly so, 
 not at all reticulated, 3-6 mm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; heads 
 densely flowered, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter; flowers pink; pods linear, sparingly or 
 densely spiny, 5-13 cm. long. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Tenn. and Tex. [Mimosa 
 microphylla Dry and. ?]. 
 
 Family 15. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. 
 Senna Family, 
 
 Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly 
 stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes 
 monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. 
 Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and 
 the upper (unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Sta- 
 mens 10 or fewer in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less 
 united. Ovary i-celled. i-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly de- 
 hiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 
 genera and 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 
 
 Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; corolla irregular, apparently papilionaceous, but the 
 lateral petals enclosing the upper one. i. Cercis, 
 
CAESALPINIA CEAE. 5 29 
 
 Herbs (all our species); flowers perfect; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; corolla nearly 
 regular. 
 
 Leaves pinnate, not punctate. 2. Cassia. 
 
 Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. 3. Hoffmanseggia 
 Trees ; leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; flowers dioecious or polygamous. 
 
 Receptacle short; stamens 3-5; pod flat. 4. Gleditsta. 
 
 Receptacle elongated; stamens 10; pod oblong, woody. 5. Gymnocladus. 
 
 .. CERCIS L. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs, with broad leaves, and pink flowers in short lateral fas- 
 cicles borne on the twigs of preced.ing season. Calyx somewhat oblique, broadly 
 campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular; petals 5; standard enclosed by the 
 wings in the bud; keel larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined; 
 anthers all alike, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-stipitate; ovules 
 oo . Pod linear-oblong or oblong, flat, margined along the upper suture, 2-valvde 
 at maturity, the valves thin, reticulate-veined. [Ancient name of the Old World 
 Judas-tree]. About 5 species, natives of N. A., Europe and temperate Asia. 
 
 i. Cercis Canadensis L. RED-BUD. AMERICAN JUDAS-TREE. (I. F. f. 
 2033.) A tree, with greatest height of about 18 m., or often shrubby. Stipules 
 membranous, small, caducous ; leaves petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt-pointed, 
 rather thick, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, 5-15 cm. broad; 
 flowers several together in sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves; 
 pedicels slender, 8-25 mm. long; corolla pink-purple, about 8 mm. long; pod short- 
 stalked in the calyx, linear-oblong, acute at each end, glabrous, 5-8 cm. long, 
 several-seeded. In rich soil, S. Out. to Minn., Neb., N. J., Fla. and Tex. April. 
 
 2. CASSIA L. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, and 
 mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally 
 longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, 
 imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of 
 them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, opening by 
 2 pores at the summit. Ovules oo . Pod often curved. Seeds numerous. [Ancient 
 name.} About 275 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, about 20 others occur in the Southern States. 
 Leaflets linear to oblong, numerous, 6-20 mm. long ; plants 1.5-6.5 dm. high. 
 
 Flowers 4-8 mm. broad, short-pedicelled ; anthers 5. i. C. nictitans. 
 
 Flowers 2. 5-4 cm. broad, slender- pedicelled ; anthers 10. 2. C. Chamaecrista. 
 
 Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, 2-5 cm. long ; plants 3-15 dm. high. 
 
 Leaflets 6 or 4, broadly obovate. 3. C. Tora. 
 
 Leaflets 8-18, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Perennial ; leaflets oblong, obtuse. 4. C. Marylandica. 
 
 'Annual; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 5. C. occidentalism 
 
 1. Cassia nictitans L. SENSITIVE PEA. WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT. (I. F. 
 f. 2034.) Annual, more or less pubescent, 1.5-4 dm. high. Stipules subulate- 
 linear, persistent; leaves petioled, sensitive, bearing a small gland near the base of 
 the petiole; leaflets 12-44, linear-oblong, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded 
 and oblique at the base, 6-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; flowers 2-3 together in the 
 axils; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate; stamens 5, all perfect; pod linear, 2.5-4 
 cm. long. In dry soil, Me. to Ga., Ind., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Cassia Chamaecrista L. PARTRIDGE PEA. LARGE-FLOWERED SENSI- 
 TIVE PEA. (I. F. f. 2035.) Annual, widely branched. Stipules subulate-linear, 
 persistent ; leaves petioled, with a sessile gland on the petiole, sensitive; flowers 
 2-4 together in the axils, showy, some of the petals often purple-spotted ; leaflets 
 20-30, linear-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, oblique at the base, 
 8 -20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; calyx-lobes long-acuminate; stamens 10, all per- 
 fect; pod linear, pubescent or glabrate, 3-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide. In dry soil, 
 Me. to S. Dak., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Cassia Chamaecrista robiista Pollard. Taller; stems stouter, densely pubescent; 
 flowers larger. Ky. to Ala. and Miss. 
 
 3. Cassia Tora L. Low SENNA. (I. F. f. 2036.) Annual, glabrous, 4-6 
 dm. high. Stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaves petioled, the gland 
 
530 FLORA. 
 
 borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, obovate, 
 obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, 2-4 cm. long; flowers 12.5 cm. broad, few, in 
 short axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the 
 upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> about 
 3 mm. wide. Along rivers, S. Tenn. tolnd., Kans., Fla. and Mex., and throughout 
 tropical America and the warmer parts of the Old World. July-Get. 
 
 4. Cassia Marylandica L. WILD OR AMERICAN SENNA. (I. F. f. 2037.) 
 Perennial, glabrous or pubescent with a few scattered hairs, 0.9-2.4 in. high, little 
 branched. Stipules subulate linear, caducous ; leaves petioled, the gland borne 
 near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-20, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or 
 obtusish, mucronate, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 14-18 mm. broad, 
 numerous in axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 
 imperfect; pod linear, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 7-10 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, 
 curved. In swamps and wet soil, N. E. to Fla., Mich., Neb. and La. July-Aug. 
 
 5. Cassia occidentalis L. COFFEE SENNA. (I. F. f. 2038.) Glabrous, much 
 branched, 1.32 m. high. Stipules caducous ; gland borne near the base of the 
 petiole; leaflets 8-12, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide; flowers 
 14-18 mm. broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; 
 calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; pod linear, glabrous, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> about 6 mm. 
 wide, somewhat curved, its margins thickened. In waste places, Va. to Ind., Kans., 
 Fla. and Mex., and throughout tropical Am. Also in the Old World. July-Aug. 
 
 3. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. 
 
 Herbs, or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves, small stipules, 
 and yellow flowers in racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted. the lobes nearly equal. 
 Petals 5, oval or oblong, imbricated. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; fila- 
 ments often glandular at the base; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 nearly sessile; ovules oo . Pod flat, linear, oblong or ovate, curved or straight, 
 2-valved, several-seeded. [In honor of Joh. Centurius, Graf Hoffmansegge, a 
 writer on Portuguese botany.] About 20 species, natives of western Am. and S. 
 Africa. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaflets black- puntate ; pod obliquely oblong. i. H.Jamesii. 
 
 Leaflets not punctate ; pod linear-oblong. 2. H. Falcaria. 
 
 1. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. JAMES' HOFFMANSEGGIA. (I. F. f. 
 2039.) Herbaceous, finely pubescent, branching from a deep woody root; stems 
 1.53 dm. high. Stipules subulate ; leaves petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 5-7; leaf- 
 lets 9-19, oval or oblong, obtuse at each end, inequilateral, 3-6 mm. long; racemes 
 elongated; flowers yellow, distant, deflexed, 6-8 mm. long, the upper petal spotted 
 with red; pod flat, black-punctate, about 2. 5 cm. long and i cm. wide, 2-3-seeded, 
 tipped with the base of the style. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. and N. Mex. June-July. 
 
 2. Hoffmanseggia Falcaria Cav. SICKLE-FRUITED HOFFMANSEGGIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2040.) Herbaceous, puberulent, the glands of the peduncles and petioles 
 stalked; stems 3 dm. high or less. Stipules ovate ; leaves slender-petioled, bipin- 
 nate ; pinnae 7-11 ; leaflets 12-21, oblong, obtuse, 3-6 mm. long ; racemes few- 
 several-flowered; pod flat, curved or nearly straight, 2.5-4 cm. long, about 6 mm. 
 wide, blunt, 8-12- seeded, the fruiting pedicels recurved. Kans. (according to 
 Fisher) to Tex. and Cal. Also in Central and South America. April-June. 
 
 4 . GLEDITSIA L. 
 
 Large trees, with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves, small stipules, and small 
 greenish polygamous flowers in axillary spicate racemes. Calyx campanulate,3-5- 
 cleft. Petals 3-5, equal, sessile, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 
 6 10, distinct; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary or 
 none in the staminate flowers, in the fertile ones nearly sessile. Ovules 2-00 . Pod 
 linear or oval, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent. [In honor of J. T. Gleditsch, 1714- 
 1786, German botanist, the name often spelled Gleditschia.] About 6 species, 
 natives of eastern N. A. and Asia. 
 
 Pod linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded. i. G 7 . triacanthos. 
 
 ?Qd obliquely oval, short, i-seeded, 3, G, 
 
KRA MERIA CEA E. 531 
 
 r~ I. Gleditsia triacanthos L. HONEY OR SWEET LOCUST. THREE-THORNED 
 ACACIA. (I. F. f. 2041.) A large tree, with rough bark, usually armed with 
 stout branching or simple thorns. Leaves petioled, i-2-pinnate; leaflets short- 
 stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at each end, inequilateral at the base, 
 often pubescent on the veins beneath, crenulate, 1.5-3 cm. long; racemes droop- 
 ing, dense, 7-13 cm. long; flowers greenish, about 4 mm. broad; pod 3-5 dm. 
 long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, stalked, shining, twisted, pulpy within. In woods, W. N. Y. 
 and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga., Kans. and Tex. Nat. and extensively planted further 
 east. May-July. 
 
 2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. WATER OR SWAMP LOCUST. (I. F. f. 2042.) 
 A tree, with maximum height of about 20 m. Foliage similar to that of the pre- 
 ceding, but the leaflets thicker, darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate in outline, the margins more crenulate; racemes drooping, elongated; 
 pod glabrous, narrowed at each end, slender-stalked, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm< 
 wide, not pulpy within. In swamps, Ind. to Mo., S. Car., Fla. and La. July. 
 
 5. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. 
 
 Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and showy white dioecious or polygamous flow- 
 ers in terminal racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. 
 Petals 5 (rarely 4^, oblong or oval, nearly equal, imbricated, inserted at the top of 
 the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the petals and inserted with 
 them; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudi- 
 mentary, or none in the staminate flowers, sessile and many-ovuled in the pistil- 
 late and polygamous ones; style straight. Pod oblong, thick, large, coriaceous, 
 flat, pulpy between the seeds, 2-valved. [Greek, naked-branch.] A monotypic 
 genus of eastern N. A. 
 
 i. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (I. F. f. 
 2043.) A large forest tree, with rough bark. Leaves large, petioled; pinnas 
 5-9; leaflets 7-15 (or the lowest pair of pinnae of but a single leaflet), ovate, acute 
 or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent on the veins 
 beneath, ciliate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes many-flowered, elongated; flowers slender- 
 pedicelled, 16-18 mm. long; pod 1.2-2.5 dm. l n g about 5 cm. wide, the valves 
 thick and coriaceous. Rich woods, S. Ont. to Penn., Tenn., S. Dak. and the Ind. 
 Terr. May-June. 
 
 Family 16. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. 
 Krameria Family. 
 
 Pubescent herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate simple or digitately 
 3-foliolate leaves, and purple or purplish, irregular perfect flowers. 
 Peduncles 2-bracted at or above the middle. Stipules wanting. Sepals 
 4 or 5, usually large, the outer one commonly wider than the others. 
 Petals usually 5, smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, 
 often united by their claws, or the middle one of the 3 wanting, the 2 
 lower ones reduced to suborbicular fleshy glands. Stamens 3 or 4, 
 monadelphous, at least at the base ; anther-sacs opening by a terminal 
 pore. Ovary i -celled, or partly 2-celled ; ovules 2, collateral, anatropous, 
 pendulous; style slender, acute or truncate. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, 
 i -seeded. Seed without endosperm ; cotyledons fleshy. Only one genus, 
 with about 15 species, distributed from the southern U. S. to Chile. 
 
 i. KRAMERIA Loefl. 
 
 [In honor of Johann Georg Heinrich Kramer, an Austrian physician of the 
 last century.] 
 
 i. Krameria secundiflora DC. LINEAR- LEAVED KRAMERIA. (L F. f. 
 2044.) A perennial herb from a thick woody root, the stems often 3 dm. long or 
 more. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sessile, simple, entire, 
 about 2.5 cm. long, acute, tipped with a minute prickle; peduncles solitary, axil- 
 lary, I -flowered, sometimes secund, bearing 2 leaf-like bracts just below the 
 
53 2 FLORA. 
 
 flower; flowers about 2.5 cm. broad, the sepals purple within, pubescent without; 
 claws of the 3 upper petals united; stamens 4; fruit globose, pubescent, very spiny, 
 about 1.2 cm. in diameter. Fla. to Kans., N, Mex. and Mex. April-June. 
 
 Family 17. PAPILIONACEAE L. 
 Pea Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu- 
 late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo- 
 dio2cious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 4-5-toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less 
 united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a 
 broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two 
 front ones more or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard encloses 
 the wings in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes 
 separate, 10 in most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, 
 superior; ovary mainly i -celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the 
 sutures, or several-celled by cross-partitions ; style simple ; ovules i-many, 
 anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, i-many-seeded, dehiscent 
 into 2 valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly with- 
 out endosperm ; cotyledons thick. About 320 genera and 5000 species, 
 most abundant in temperate and warm regions. 
 
 * The 10 stamens distinct. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. Tribe i. SOPHOREAE. 
 
 Leaves digitate (in ours 3-foliolate), or simple. Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAE. 
 
 * * The stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 
 Herbs, shrubs, woody vines or trees, the leaves not tendril-bearing. 
 Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent. 
 
 Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhiza, which has many-seeded 
 pods). 
 
 Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe 3. GENISTEAE. 
 
 Stamens diadelphous (except in Ononis) ; anthers all alike. 
 Leaves, in our species, 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. 
 
 Leaflets denticulate. Tribe 4. TRIKOLIEAE. 
 
 Leaflets entire. Tribe 5. LOTKAE. 
 
 Leaves pinnately several-many-foliolate (3-foliolate in Orophacd), very 
 
 rarely i-foliolate. Tribe 7. GALEGEAE. 
 
 Foliage glandular-dotted ; pod indehiscent, i-2-seeded ; herbs. 
 
 Tribe 6. PSORALEAE. 
 
 Pod a loment ; herbs. Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. 
 
 Herbaceous vines, or herbs ; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. 
 
 Tribe 9. VICIEAE. 
 
 Vines, ours herbaceous, or erect herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate, mostly 3-foliolate, without 
 tendrils. Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. 
 
 Tribe i. SOPHOREAE. 
 
 Our species herbs ; flowers racemed. i. Sophora. 
 
 Trees ; flowers panicled. 2 . Cladrastis. 
 
 Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAE. 
 
 Ovary sessile, or nearly so; pod flat in our species. 3. Thermopsis. 
 
 Ovary distinctly stipitate; pod inflated. 4. Baptisia. 
 
 Tribe 3. GENISTEAE. 
 
 Herbs, with simple or 5-n-foliolate leaves. 
 
 Leaves simple: pod inflated. e. Crofataria. 
 
 Leaves 5-1 i-foliolate ; pod flattened. 6. Lupinus. 
 
 Shrubs, with i-3-foliolate leaves. 
 
 Calyx divided into 2 lips; leaves very prickly. 7. Ulex. 
 
 Calyx cleft into 2 lips to about the middle. 
 
 Calyx-teeth long. g. Genista. 
 
 Calyx-teeth short, 9. Cytisus, 
 
PAPILIONACEAE. 533 
 
 Tribe 4. TRIFOLIEAE. 
 
 Flowers spiked, or capitate; pods curved, or coiled. 10. Mcdicago* 
 
 Flowers in long racemes; pods coriaceous. u. Melilotus. 
 
 Flowers capitate or umbelledj pods straight, membranous. 12. Trifolium* 
 
 Tribe 5. LOTEAE. 
 
 A. single genus in our area. 13. Lotus. 
 
 Tribe 6. PSORALEAE. 
 
 Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or pinnately 3-foliolate. 14. Psoralea. 
 
 Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate. 
 
 Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous, at least at the base. 
 
 Corolla of only i petal (the standard). 15. Amorpha. 
 
 Corolla of 5 petals, the wings and keel united to the filament-tube. 
 
 1 6. Par os el a. 
 Stamens only 5, monadelphous. 17. Kuhnistera. 
 
 Tribe 7. GALEGEAE. 
 
 Standard very broad, ovate or orbicular. 
 Herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. 
 
 Pod 4-angled in our species. 18. Indigofera. 
 
 Pod flat. 19. Cracca. 
 
 High-climbing woody vines. 20. Bradleya. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. 21. Robinia. 
 
 Herbs ; leaves evenly pinnate. 22. Sesban* 
 
 Standard narrow; our species all herbs. 
 
 Pod not prickly; foliage not glandular-punctate. 
 Keel of the corolla blunt. 
 
 Leaves pinnate, rarely i-foliolate. 
 
 Pod not flattened, swollen, or one or both sutures intruded. 
 Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery. 
 
 23. Astragalus. 
 
 Pod much inflated, membranous. 24. Phaca. 
 
 Pod flat, both sutures prominent externally. 25. Homalobus. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate. 26. Orophaca. 
 
 Keel of the corolla acute. 27. Aragallus. 
 
 Pod prickly; foliage glandular-punctate. 28. Glycyrrhiza. 
 
 Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate. 
 
 Flowers purplish, umbellate. 29. Coronilla. 
 
 Flowers purple or white, racemose 30. Hedysarum. 
 
 Flowers yellow, small. 31. JEschynomene. 
 
 Leaves 4- foliolate or 2-foliolate. 33. Zornia. 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet stalked. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 32. Stylosanthes. 
 
 Flowers purple, blue or white. 
 
 Pod of several joints; leaflets stipellate. 34. Meibomia. 
 
 Pod of i or 2 joints; leaflets not stipellate. 35. Lespedcza* 
 
 Tribe 9. VICIEAE. 
 
 Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit. 36. Vicia. 
 
 Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. 37. Lathyrus. 
 
 Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. 
 
 Style bearded along the inner side; rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers ; 
 
 keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 39. Cliton'a. 
 
 Style glabrous, or slightly pubescent below; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 
 Standard spurred at the base. 38. Bradburya. 
 
 Standard not spurred. 
 
 Flowers blue, purple, purplish, or white. 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 5-7. 41. Apios. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. 
 
 Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. 40. Falcata. 
 
 Calyx short, bracteolate. 42. Galactia. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 43. Dolicholus. 
 
 Style bearded along the inner side; rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers. 
 Keel of the corolla spirally coiled ; flowers racemed. ' 44. Phaseolus. 
 
 Keel strongly incurved; flowers purple, capitate. 45. Strophostyles. 
 
 Keel short, slightly incurved; flowers yellowish, capitate. 46. Vigna. 
 
534 FLORA. 
 
 I. SOPHORA L. 
 
 Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers white, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes 01 
 panicles. Calyx generally cainpAiiulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate 01 
 orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all di=- 
 tinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked; style incurved. 
 Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seeds, mainly in- 
 dehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of warm andtropi, 
 cal regions. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Sophora sericea Nutt. SILKY SOPHORA. (I. F. f. 2045.) Herbaceous, 
 woody at the base, silky or silvery pubescent, 15-30 cm. high. Stipules subulate, 
 deciduous; leaves short- petioled; leaflets 7-25, short-stalked, obovate or elliptic, 
 obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6-13 mm. long; 
 raceme peduncled, 5-10 cm. long; flowers white, about 16 mm. long, nearly sessile; 
 poi dry, coriaceous, 3-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, finely pubescent, few- 
 seeded. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. April-June. 
 
 2. CLADRASTIS Raf. 
 
 Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules nor stipels. Flowers showy, white, 
 fragrant, in terminal panicles. Calyx-teeth 5, short, broad. Standard orbicular, 
 obovate, reflexed; wings oblong; keel incurved, obtuse, its petals distinct. Sta- 
 mens 10, all distinct; filaments slender; anthers all alike, versatile. Ovary sessile 
 or nearly so ; ovules few ; style incurved ; pod linear or lanceolate, short-stalked, 
 flat, at length 2-valved, few-seeded. [Greek, brittle-branch.] Two known 
 species, the following and one in Mantchuria. 
 
 I. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. AMERICAN OR KENTUCKY YELLOW- 
 WOOD. (I. F. f. 2046.) A smooth-barked tree. Foliage nearly glabrous; leaves 
 petioled; leaflets 5-11, ovate, oval or obovate. stalked, 4-8 mm. long, pointed or 
 blunt-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or the terminal one cuneate at the base; pani- 
 cles many-flowered, drooping, 2-5 dm. long ; pedicels 1-2 cm. long ; calyx tubu- 
 lar-campanulate; corolla about 2 mm long; pod short-stalked, glabrous, 4-8 mm. 
 long, 8-iomm. wide. In rich soil, Ky., Mo., Term, and N. Car. June. 
 
 3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with sheathing scales at the base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves, 
 and large yellow or purple flowers in racemes. Stipules usually foliaceous. Calyx 
 campanulate or short-turbinate, its lobes equal and separate, or the two upper ones 
 united. Standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equal- 
 ling the keel. Stamens 10, incurved, separate. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate; 
 ovules oo ; style slightly incurved ; stigma terminal, small ; pod sessile or short- 
 stalked, ti it (in our species), linear or oblong, straight or curved. [Greek, Lupine- 
 like.] About 15 species, of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, 5 others 
 occur in the southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long; panicle elongated, usually long-peduncled; eastern. 
 
 i. T. mollis. 
 Leaflets 1-2.5 cm - l n g ; panicle short, short-peduncled ; western. 2. 7\ rhombifolia. 
 
 1. Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. ALLEGHANY THERMOPSIS. 
 (I. F. 2047.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, finely appressed-pubescent. Leaves peti- 
 oled; leaflets oval, rhombic-elliptic or obovate, entire, nearly sessile; stipules ovate 
 or lanceolate, shorter than the petiole; racemes mainly terminal; pedicels 4-12 mm. 
 long, bracted at the base; flowers yellow, about 2 cm. long; pod short-stalked, 
 linear, slightly curved, about 10 cm. long. Va., N. Car. and Tenn., in the moun- 
 tains. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards. PRAIRIE THERMOPSIS. (I. F. f. 
 2048.) Erect, 2-5 dm. high, appressed silky-pubescent. Leaves petioled; leaflets 
 oval or obovate or rhombic-elliptic, obtuse, sessile; stipules broad; racemes rather 
 dense, few- flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, bracted; flowers yellow, about 2 cm. 
 long; pod linear, recurved-spreading, several- seeded, stalked, 7-10 cm. long. In 
 sandy soil, on prairies, Kans., Neb., S. Dak. and Manitoba, west to the Rocky 
 Mts. June -July 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. 535 
 
 4. BAPTISIA Vent. 
 
 Verennial herbs, with sheathing basal scales, 3-foliolate or sometimes simple 
 perfoliate leaves, and yellow, white or blue flowers in racemes. Calyx campanu- 
 late, obtuse at base, or slightly turbinate, the teeth equal and separate, or the two 
 upper ones united. Corolla and stamens as in Therniopsis. Ovary stipitate ; pod 
 stalked, tipped with the subulate style, inflated, the valves often coriaceous. 
 [Greek, dyeing.] About 1 6 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Flowers blue ; plant glabrous. i. B. australis. 
 Flowers yellow ; leaves turning black in drying. 
 
 Racemes numerous, terminal ; plant glabrous. 2. B. tinctoria. 
 
 Racemes few, lateral ; plant more or less pubescent. 3. B. villosa. 
 Flowers white or cream color. 
 
 Very pubescent. 4. B. bracteata. 
 Glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, green in drying. 5. B, alba. 
 
 Leaflets obovate-cuneate, black in drying. 6. B. leucantha. 
 
 1. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. BLUE WILD OR BLUE FALSE INDIGO. 
 (I. F. f. 2049.) Stout, 1-3 mm. high. Leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblanceo- 
 late or oval, obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire, 2-6 cm. long, sessile or nearly so; 
 stipules lanceolate, equalling the petioles, or longer, persistent; racemes terminal, 
 erect, loosely flowered, elongated ; bracts narrow, caducous; pedicels 3-5 mm. 
 long; flowers 22.5 cm - l n g> Pd oblong, stalked, 23 cm. long. In rich soil. 
 W. Penn. to Kans., Ga. and Ark. June -Aug. A hybrid of this with B. bracteata 
 has been observed by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in Kans. 
 
 2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. WILD INDIGO. YELLOW OR INDIGO 
 BROOM. HORSEFLY-WEED. (I. F. f. 2050.) Erect, succulent, 6-12 dm. high. 
 Leaves petioled; leaflets obovateor oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, 
 obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire; stipules minute, caducous ; racemes few-flow- 
 ered; bracts minute, deciduous ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers about 12 mm. 
 long; pods ovoid or nearly globose. 5-10 mm. long. In dry soil, Me. to S. Ont., 
 Minn., Fla. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Baptisia villosa (Walt.) Nutt. HAIRY WILD INDIGO. (I. F. f. 2051.) 
 Erect, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile; leaflets oblong, oval or 
 obovate, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5-10 cm. long, en- 
 tire; stipules lanceolate or subulate, longer than the petioles; racemes sometimes 
 2.5 dm. long, many-flowered; pedicels 5-8 cm. long; flowers about 2.5 cm. long; 
 bracts caducous or deciduous; pods oblong-ovoid, about 4 cm. long, finely ap- 
 pressed -pubescent. In dry soil, Va. and N. Car. to Ark. June-July. 
 
 4. Baptisia bracteata Ell. LARGE BRACTED WILD INDIGO. (I. F. f. 2052.) 
 Bushy-branched. Leaves sessile or short-petioled; leaflets oblanceolate or spatu- 
 late, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 4-8 cm. long, thick, reticulate-veined ; stip- 
 ules lanceolate or ovate, persistent ; racemes usually few, mainly lateral, some- 
 times 3 dm. long, reclining, many-flowered; flowers about 2.5 cm. long, showy; 
 pedicels slender, 1-3 cm. long, spreading, somewhat secund ; bracts large, persis- 
 tent; pods ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, pubescent, tipped with a long, at length deciduous, 
 style. Prairies, 111., Mich, and Minn, to La. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 5. Baptisia alba (L ) R. Br. WHITE WILD INDIGO. (I. F. f. 2053.) Di- 
 vergently branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves petioled ; petioles 5-20 mm. long; 
 leaflets narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex, 2-4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 
 rather thin; stipules and bracts minute, subulate, deciduous; racemes erect, 15-25 
 cm. long, lateral, long-peduncled ; pedicels 6-20 mm. long; flowers 12-14 mm - 
 
 -long; pod linear-oblong, about 4 cm. long, 7 mm. thick, abruptly tipped with an 
 almost filiform deciduous style. In dry soil, Mo. to S. Ind., La., N. Car. and Fla. 
 May-June. 
 
 6. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. LARGE WHITE WILD INDIGO. (I. F. f. 2054.) 
 Succulent, 6-12 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves petioled; leaflets 2-5 
 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, very obtuse, rounded and sometimes slightly emarginate 
 at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; stipules lanceolate or linear, decid- 
 uous; racemes lateral, sometimes 3 dm. long, loosely flowered; flowers 1.5-2 cm. 
 long; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, long-stalked in the calyx, about 2 cm. 
 long. In rich soil, Lake Erie to Minn., Ky., N. Car., Fla. and Tex. June-July. 
 
536 FLORA. 
 
 5. CROTALARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 3-7. 
 foliolate) leaves and racemose yellow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped; 
 standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate ; wings oblong or obovate; keel curved. 
 Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft; anthers of 2 forms, alternating 
 with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger; style more or less 
 curved; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many-seeded, the seeds loose at matur- 
 ity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, mainly of tropical regions. Besides 
 the following some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Stem and branches erect or ascending ; leaves, at least the upper, lanceolate or oblong. 
 
 i. C. sagittalis. 
 Stems prostrate, from a deep root ; leaves broadly oval. 2. C. rotundifolia, 
 
 1. Crotalaria sagittalis L. RATTLE-BOX. (I. F. f. 2055.) Annual, or 
 perennial (?), villous-pubescent, rarely over 3 dm. high. Leaves simple, oval, 
 lanceolate or oblong, rounded at the base, nearly sessile, 2-6 cm. long, stipules per- 
 sistent and united, decurrent on the stem, sagittate above, or the lower wanting ; 
 peduncles 2-10 cm. long, 2-4-flowered; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; flowers 8-12 mm. 
 long, the corolla about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong, glabrous, nearly sessile, 
 2.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. in thickness, much inflated, nearly black at maturity; 
 seeds shining. In dry, open places, northern N. Eng. to Fla., S. Dak., Ark. and 
 Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt.) Poir. PROSTRATE RATTLE-BOX. (I. F. f. 
 2056.) Perennial by a deep root,. the slender branches usually prostrate. Pu- 
 bescence mostly dense, brownish, appressed; leaves broadly oblong or oval, obtuse, 
 paler beneath, 14 cm. long; petioles 2-4 mm. long; upper stipules sagittate; 
 peduncles lateral, 5-15 cm. long, slender, 2-6 flowered; flowers 12-15 mm. long; 
 corolla little longer than the calyx; pod nearly as in the preceding. Mostly in dry 
 soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Miss. May-Aug. 
 
 6. LUPINUS L. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, with digjtately-compound 7-i5-foliolate (rarely simple or 
 3-5-foliolate) leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 
 deeply toothed and 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, its- margins reflexed ; 
 wings oblong or obovate; keel incurved, sometimes beaked. Stamens monadel- 
 phous, their sheath not cleft; anthers of two forms as in Crotalaria. Ovary sessile; 
 style incurved ; pot flattened, generally constricted between the seeds, the valves 
 coriaceous. [Latin name of some pulse, from lupus, wolf.] Over 100 species, 
 mainly natives of temperate and warm regions. About 70 occur in N. Am., 
 mainly on the western side of the continent. 
 
 Perennial ; flowers 14-18 mm. long ; leaflets oblanceolate. 
 
 Corolla blue, pink or white, the standard not spotted. i. /,. perennis. 
 
 Corolla blue, with a conspicuous dark spot on the standard. 2. Z,. Plattensis. 
 
 Perennial : flowers 8-12 mm. long ; leaflets oblong-linear. 3. L. argenteus. 
 
 Annual ; leaflets mainly oblong ; pod 2-seeded. 4. L. pusilhis. 
 
 1. Lupinus perennis L. WILD LUPINE. (I. F. f. 2057.) Erect, more or 
 less pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, 5-8 cm. broad, leaflets 
 7-11 (commonly about 8), sessile or nearly so, obtuse and mucronate, 2-4 cm. long, 
 appressed-pubescent or glabrate ; raceme terminal, peduncled. 15-25 cm. long, 
 loosely flowered; flowers 12-15 mm. long; pod linear-oblong, pubescent, 4 cm. 
 long, usually 4-5 -seeded, the valves coiling at dehiscence; style subulate. In dry, 
 sandy soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Mo. and La. May-June. 
 
 Lupinus perennis occidentilis S. Wats. Villous-pubescent all over. Mich, arid 
 Wis. 
 
 2. Lupinus Plattensis S. Wats. NEBRASKA LUPINE. (I. F. f. 2058.) 
 Resembles the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, villous or appressed-pubescent, the 
 living plant with a glaucous appearance ; leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, spatulate or 
 narrowly oval, 1.5-4 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; raceme terminal, 1-2 dm. long, 
 loosely flowered; corolla 12-15 mm. long. Plains, Neb., Wyo. and Dak. June- 
 July. 
 
PA PIL ION A CEA E. 537 
 
 3. Lupinus argenteus Pursh. SILVERY LUPINE. (I. F. f. 2059.) Rather 
 shrubby, bushy-branched, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky-pubescent with appressed 
 hairs. Petioles equalling or the lower exceeding the leaves; stipules minute, 
 subulate; leaflets sessile, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long; racemes terminal, 
 rather dense, 5-12 cm. long; flowers purple, 7-10 mm. 4ong; pod silky-pubescent, 
 about 2.5 cm. long, mostly 3-5-seeded. Prairies, W. Neb. and S. Dak. to Mont., 
 N. Mex. and Ariz. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Lupinus pusillus Pursh. Low LUPINE. (I. F. f. 2060.) Annual, villous- 
 pubescent, 1-2 dm. high, from a deep root, much branched near the base. Leaves 
 petioled, 2-5 cm. wide; leaflets 5-7 (commonly 5), narrowed at the base, glabrous 
 or nearly so above, pubescent with long scattered hairs beneath; racemes short - 
 peduncled or sessile, 3-8 cm. long, densely few-flowered; pedicels 2-5 cm. long; 
 flowers blue, 5-7 mm. long; pod oblong, very pubescent, 12-18 mm. long; style 
 subulate. Dry plains, Kans. to S. Dak., west to the Sierra Nevada, south to Ariz, 
 and N. Mex. March-July. 
 
 7. ULEX L. 
 
 Shrubs, with stiff spine-like branches, simple, linear stiff, very prickly leaves, 
 and large yellow solitary or racemed flowers. Calyx membranous, mostly yellow, 
 divided nearly to its base into 2 concave lips; upper lip mostly 2-toothed, and lower 
 3-toothed ; teeth short ; standard ovate ; wings and keel oblong, obtuse ; anthers 
 alternately longer and shorter, the shorter versatile ; ovary sessile, several-many - 
 ovuled ; style somewhat incurved, smooth ; pod ovoid, oblong or linear ; seeds 
 strophiolate. [The ancient Latin name.] About 20 species, natives of eastern 
 Europe. 
 
 i. Ulex Europaeus L. FURZE. GORSE. WHIN. (I. F. f. 2061.) Much 
 branched, 3 dm. -2 m. high, more or less pubescent. Branchlets very leafy; 
 leaves 4-15 mm. long, the lowest sometimes lanceolate and foliaceous; flowers 
 solitary in the axils, 12-15 mm. long, the twigs appearing like racemes; pedicels 
 short, bracted at the base; calyx a little shorter than the petals, minutely 2-brac- 
 teolate; pod few-seeded, compressed, scarcely longer than the calyx. In waste 
 places, southern N. Y. to Va. Also on Vancouver Island. Fugitive from Europe. 
 May-July. 
 
 8. GENISTA L. 
 
 Low shrubs, mainly with i-foliolate leaves, and clustered yellow flowers. 
 Calyx 2-lipped; teeth long ; standard oval or ovate; wings oblong ; keel oblong, 
 deflexed, the claws of its petals adnate to the uncleft sheath of the stamens; anthers 
 alternately long and short ; ovary sessile, several-ovuled ; style incurved at the 
 apex ; pod various, flat in our species, several-seeded ; seeds not strophiolate. 
 [Celtic, gen, a small bush.] About 80 species, natives of Europe, N. Africa and 
 W. Asia. 
 
 i. Genista tinctoria L. DYEWEED OR GREENWEED. WOAD- WAXEN. BASE 
 BROOM. (I. F. f. 2062.) Sterile shoots decumbent, the flowering ones erect, stiff, 
 3-6 dm. high, slightly pubescent. Leaves i-foliolate, sessile, lanceolate or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous or with scattered hairs, acute, narrowed at the 
 base, entire, shining; stipules none; racemes terminal, 3-5 cm. long, lew -flowered; 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers yellow, nearly sessile, about I cm. long ; 
 calyx bracteolate at the base, its 3 lower teeth narrower than the 2 upper; pod 
 about 2.5 cm. long, glabrous. On dry hills, Me., Mass, and eastern N. Y. Nat- 
 uralized from Europe. Summer. 
 
 9. CYT1SUS L. 
 
 Shrubs, with 3-foliolate or i-foliolate leaves, and showy, clustered flowers, 
 mainly in terminal racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the teeth short; standard ovate or 
 orbicular; wings oblong or obovate ; keel straight or curved ; anthers alternately 
 larger and smaller ; ovary sessile, many-ovuled ; style incurved ; pod flat, oblong 
 or linear, several-seeded; seeds strophiolate. [From Cythrus, one of the Cyclades. 
 About 45 species, natives of Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. 
 
 I. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. BROOM. (I. F. f. 2063.) Stiff, wiry, 
 J-i-5 m. high, nearly glabrous. Branches elongated, straight, angled; lower 
 
leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate, acute, or mucronate-tipped, 5-15 mm. 
 long, entire; upper leaves sessile, often I foliolate; stipules none ; flowers bright 
 yellow, nearly 2.5 cm. long, in elongated leafy racemes; pedicels solitary or 2-3 
 together, 5-15 mm. long; pod flat, glabrous on the sides, ciliate on the margins, 
 3-5 cm. long; style slender, at length spirally curved. In waste places, N. S. to 
 Va. Adv. or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 
 
 10. MEDICAGO L. 
 
 Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow or violet flowers in axillary 
 heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly dentate, the veins terminating in the teeth. 
 Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong ; keel 
 obtuse; stamens diadelphous, the i opposite the standard separate from the other 9; 
 anthers all alike ; ovary i-several-ovuled; st} le subulate ; pod curved or spirally 
 twisted, reticulated or spiny, indehiscent, i-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike, from 
 Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne, was derived.] About 50 species, natives 
 of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Perennial; flowers violet, conspicuous. i. M. sativa. 
 Annual; flowers bright yellow, small. 
 
 Pod i-seeded, curved, not spiny. 2. M. lupulina. 
 Pod several-seeded, spiny on the edges, spirally twisted. 
 
 Pod loosely coiled, not furrowed on the edge. 3. M. denticulata. 
 
 Pod densely coiled, its edge furrowed. 4. M. Arabica. 
 
 1. Medicago sativa L. PURPLE MEDIC. ALFALFA. LUCERNE. (I. F. f. 
 2064.) Decumbent or ascending, 3-5 dm. high, the young shoots and leaves with 
 some scattered hairs. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, 4-25 mm. long, dentate, 
 obtuse, truncate or emarginate and often mucronate, narrowed or cuneate at the 
 base; stipules entire; peduncles 1-5 cm. long, bearing a short raceme; petals about 
 5 mm. long; pod pubescent, twisted into 2 or 3 spires. In fields and waste places, 
 N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Va. and Kans. Much cultivated for fodder in the 
 Southern and Western States. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Medicago lupulina L. BLACK OR HOP MEDIC. BLACKSEED HOP CLOVER, 
 NONESUCH. (I. F. f. 2065.) Pubescent, the branches decumbent and spreading, 
 often 3-6 dm. long; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly orbicular, sometimes 10-15 
 mm. long, denticulate or crenulate, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate; stipules 
 ovate or lanceolate, dentate; peduncles 3-8 cm. long; head oblong or cylindnc, 
 dense, 4-20 mm. long ; flowers about 2 mm. long; pods black when ripe, curved, 
 strongly veined. In fields and waste places, common nearly throughout our area. 
 Native of Europe and Asia. March-Dec. 
 
 3. Medicago denticulata Willd. TOOTHED MEDIC. (I. F. f. 2066.) Branches 
 spreading or ascending, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs. Leaflets obovate, 
 rounded, emarginate or obcordate, cuneate, crenulate, 1-2 cm. long; stipules den- 
 tate; flowers few, in small, peduncled heads; pod spirally twisted, the 2 or 3 coils 
 flat and rather loose, reticulated with elevated veins, the edges armed with i or 2 
 rows of curved prickles. In waste places and in ballast, N. S. to Penn. Also in 
 the Southern and Western States and on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Medicago Arabica All. SPOTTED MEDIC. (I. F. f. 2067.) Resembling 
 the preceding species, but generally stouter. Leaflets often nearly 2.5 cm. long, 
 and with a dark spot or spots near the centre; pod globose, of 3 or 4 compactly 
 wound coils, reticulate-veined on the sides, the edge thicker and furrowed between 
 the marginal rows of curved prickles. In waste places and ballast. N. B. to 
 Penn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 ii. MELILOTUS Juss. 
 
 Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins commonly ending in 
 the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes. Calyx-teeth short, 
 nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; keel obtuse; ovary sessile or stipitate. 
 few-ovuled ; style filiform ; pod ovoid or globose, straight, indehiscent or finally 
 2-valved ; seeds solitary or few. [Greek, Honey-lotus.] About 20 species, na- 
 tives of Europe, Africa and Asia. 
 
PA PIL ION A CEA E. 5 39 
 
 Flowers white ; standard a little longer than the wings. i. M. alba. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; standard about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis. 
 
 1. Melilotus alba Desv. WHITE MELILOT. WHITE SWEET-CLOVER. (I F. 
 f. 2068.) Erect or ascending, 1-3 m. high. Leaves rather distant; leaflets ob- 
 long or slightly oblanceolate, serrate, narrowed at the base, truncate, emarginate 
 or rounded at the apex, 1-2 cm. long; stipules subulate ; racemes slender, 5-10 cm. 
 long, often i -sided; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; pod ovoid, slightly reticulated, 
 glabrous, 2-3.5 cm - l n &- ^ n was t e places, frequent throughout our area and in the 
 Southern States. Adventive or nat. from Europe. Leaves fragrant in drying, as 
 in other species of the genus. June-Nov. 
 
 2. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. YELLOW MELILOT. YELLOW SWEET- 
 CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2069.) Resembling the preceding species. Leaflets ob- 
 long, oblanceolate or oval, serrate, the apex rounded, not truncate; pod about 4 
 mm. long, with irregularly reticulated veins, often slightly pubescent with appressed 
 hairs. In waste places, frequent throughout our area and in the Southern States. 
 Adventive or nat. from Europe. Summer, blooming later than M. alba. 
 
 Melilotus Indica (L.) All., introduced on ballast about the seaports, and an exceed- 
 ingly abundant weed in the Far West, may be readily distinguished from this by its much 
 smaller yellow flowers. 
 
 Ononis repens L., an herb of the tribe TRIFOLIEAE, with axillary flowers, forming 
 terminal leafy racemes, has been found as a waif in central New York. The genus is 
 distinguished from others of the tribe by its monadelphous stamens. 
 
 12. TRIFOLIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-il-foliolate) denticulate leaves, 
 the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Calyx-teeth 
 nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to the stamen-tube. 
 Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a portion of its length. 
 Ovary few-ovuled. Pod often included in the calyx, membranous, indehiscent or 
 tardily dehiscent by i suture, i-6-seeded. [Latin, referring to the 3 leaflets.] 
 About 250 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, about 50 others occur in the southern and western states. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Head 12-18 mm. long ; stipules linear ; leaflets all sessile. i. T. aureum. 
 Head 8-12 mm. long, nearly globose ; stipules ovate ; terminal leaflet stalked. 
 
 Head 2o-4o-flowered ; standard conspicuously striate. 2. T. procumbens. 
 Head 3~2o-flowered ; standard scarcely striate. 3. 7'. dubium. 
 
 Flowers red, purple, pink or white. 
 
 Head or spike much longer than thick ; calyx silky, its teeth plumose. 
 
 Corolla crimson, equalling or exceeding the calyx-teeth. 4. 7'. incarnaf'um. 
 Corolla whitish, shorter than the calyx-teeth. 5. T. arvense. 
 
 Head globose, oval or ovoid ; calyx nearly glabrous. 
 
 Flowers sessile, or very nearly so ; heads dense, ovoid, oval or globose. 
 Heads sessile, or nearly so. 6. 7'. pratense. 
 
 Heads always distinctly peduncled. 
 
 Calyx-teeth pubescent. 7. T. medium. 
 
 Plant glabrous throughout. 8. T. Beckwithii. 
 
 Flowers pedicelled ; heads umbel-like, globose. 
 
 Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter or more; peduncles 2-8 cm. long. 
 
 Prostrate ; pubescent ; perennial. 9. 7'. Virginicum. 
 
 Ascending ; pubescent; annual or biennial. 10. T. reflexnm. 
 
 Stonoliferous ; glabrous ; perennial. n. T. stolontferum. 
 
 Heads 12-18 mm. in diameter; lower peduncles 5-20 cm. long. 
 Ascending or procumbent : flowers pink, pinkish or purple. 
 
 Ascending ; calyx much shorter than the pink or nearly white co- 
 rolla. 12. T. hybridum. 
 Procumbent ; tufted ; calyx nearly equalling the purple corolla. 
 
 13. 7'. Carolinianum. 
 Creeping ; flowers white or pinkish. 14. 7'. repens. 
 
 i. Trifplium aureum Poll. YELLOW OR HOP-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2070.) Gla- 
 brous or slightly pubescent, annual, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves petioled; stipules 
 acuminate, 7-15 mm. long, adnate to the petiole for about one-half their length; 
 leaflets all from -the same point, obovate or oblong, finely denticulate, narrowed at 
 
540 FLORA. 
 
 the base, rounded, truncate or emarginate at the apex, 12-18 mm. long; peduncles 
 1-5 cm. long; "head oblong, or oval, densely many -flowered; flowers 4-6 mm. long, 
 at length reflexed; pedicels shorter than the calyx; standard slightly emarginate,' 
 exceeding the pod, conspicuously striate, and brown, especially when dry. Along 
 roadsides and in waste places, N. S. to Va., Ont. and Iowa. Nat. from Europe. 
 May-Sept. \T. agrarium L., in part.] This species and the two following are 
 sometimes referred to the genus Chrysaspis Desv. 
 
 2. Trifolium procumbens L. Low, OR SMALLER HOP-CLOVER OR HOP- 
 TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2071.) Similar to the preceding, but lower, more spreading 
 and more pubescent. Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, rounded, truncate or 
 emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate, 7-15 mm. long, the lateral ones nearly 
 sessile, the terminal stalked ; stipules ovate, adnate to the lower part of the 
 petiole, about 4 mm. long; peduncles 5- 25 mm. long ; heads 20-40- flowered ; flowers 
 at length reflexed, about 4 mm. long; standard dilated, not folded, exceeding the 
 pod, brown when dry. In fields and along roadsides, frequent or occasional 
 throughout our area and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. May- Sept. 
 
 3. Trifolium dubium Sibth. LEAST HOP-CLOVER OR HOP-TREFOIL. (1. F. 
 f. 2072.) Straggling or ascending, nearly glabrous; stems 5 cm. -5 dm. long, branch- 
 ing. Leaflets obovate, truncate or emarginate at the apex, or even obcordate, denticu- 
 late, cuneate at the base, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the terminal stalked; stip- 
 ules ovate or lanceolate, adnate to the lower part of the petiole ; peduncles 5-25 
 mm. long; heads nearly globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter; flowers about 3 mm. long, 
 turning brown, at length reflexed; standard exceeding and folded over the pod. In 
 fields and waste places, N. Eng., N. J. and in the Southern States. Also in Br. 
 Col. Nat. from Europe. Summer. Said to be the true Shamrock. 
 
 4. Trifolium incarnatum L. CRIMSON, OR ITALIAN CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2073.) Annual, softly pubescent, little branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves long- 
 petioled; stipules broad, membranous, dentate, 7-25 mm. wide; leaflets nearly ses- 
 sile, obovate or obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, denticulate, 12-25 mm - 
 long; heads terminal, oblong or ovoid, 2.5-6 cm. long; flowers sessile, 7-12 mm. 
 long; calyx hairy, calyx-lobes plumose. In fields, waste places and ballast, Me. 
 to N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 
 
 5. Trifolium arvense L. RABBIT-FOOT, OLD-FIELD OR STONE CLOVER. 
 (I. F. f. 2074.) Annual, erect, silky-pubescent, 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves short- 
 petioled; stipules narrow, 5-10 mm. long, subulate-tipped, entire or nearly so ; 
 leaflets linear or oblanceolate, denticulate above, obtuse and often emarginate, nar- 
 rowed or cuneate at the base, 12-25 mm. long; heads terminal, peduncled, oblong 
 or cylindric, 12-25 mm. long, very dense; calyx very silky. In fields and waste 
 places, common in most sections throughout our area and in the Southern States. 
 Nat. frOm Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 6. Trifolium pratense L. RED, PURPLE OR MEADOW CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2075.) Perennial, pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules 
 ovate, strongly veined, subulate-tipped, 12-20 mm. long; leaflets short- stalked, 
 oval, oblong or obovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse and sometimes 
 emarginate at the apex, often dark-spotted near the middle, finely denticulate, I- 
 3.5 cm. long; heads globose or ovoid, rarely slightly peduncled, about 2.5 cm. 
 long; flowers red (rarely white), about 12 mm. long, remaining erect in fruit; calyx 
 sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla. In fields and meadows, 
 throughout our area and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. April-Nov. 
 
 7. Trif>lium medium L. ZIG-ZAG CLOVER. Cow- OR MARL-GRASS. (I. F. 
 2076.) Resembling the preceding. Stem sometimes conspicuously zigzag. Stip- 
 ules lanceolate; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, not spotted, frequently entire except 
 for the projecting tips of the veins; corolla 12-14 nim. long? bright purple; calyx- 
 tube nearly glabrous, the teeth slightly pubescent. In fields and waste places, 
 Salem, Mass. Reported from N. S. and Quebec to N. Y. Adventive or nat. from 
 Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. Trifolium Beckwithii Brewer. BECKWITH'S CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2077.) 
 Perennial; stems rather stout, straight, 1.5 5 dm. high. Basal leaves long-petiolcd; 
 stipules narrow, acute, 2.5 cm. long or less ; leaflets oblong, or somewhat oblan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, denticulate, 2-5 cm. long; heads long-peduncled, globose; flowers 
 purple or purplish, 12-16 mm. long, very short-pedicelled, the lower at length re- 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. 5 4 1 
 
 flexed; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, the longer nearly equalling the tube; pod 2-6- 
 seeded. Eastern S. Dak. to Mont, and Cal. May-June. 
 
 9. Trifolium Virginicum Small. PROSTRATE MOUNTAIN CLOVER. (I. F. 
 f. 2078.) Perennial by a long root, diffusely branched at the base. Leaflets 
 linear, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse or cuspidate, ser- 
 rate-dentate, glabrous above, more or less silky beneath, conspicuously veined; 
 flowers whitish, crowded, the slender pedicels 2-5 mm. long; standard emarginate- 
 mucronate, striate; calyx silky, the teeth long, subulate. W. Va. June. 
 
 10. Trifolium reflexum L. BUFFALO CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2079.) Annual or 
 biennial, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves long petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acum- 
 inate, foliaceous, few-toothed or entire, 17-25 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, 
 oval or obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, denticulate, 
 12-25 mm. long; heads dense; flowers 11-13 mm - l n g> on slender pedicels, at 
 length 7-11 mm. long and reflexed; standard red; wings and keel nearly white; 
 calyx-teeth linear, shorter than the corolla; pods 3-6-seeded. In meadows, Ont., 
 N. Y. and Penn. to Iowa, Neb., Fla. and Tex. April- Aug. 
 
 u. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. RUNNING BUFFALO CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2080.) Branching, 1.5-3 dm. l n g> forming lunners at the base. Leaves long- 
 petioled; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous, often 2.5 cm. long; leaflets 
 short-stalked, obovate or obcordate, cuneate at the base, denticulate, 2-3 cm. long; 
 heads nearly 2.5 cm. in diameter; flowers white, purplish-tinged, 8-14 mm. long; 
 pedicels 7-9 mm. long, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the 
 tube; pod commonly 2-seeded. Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Neb., Ky. and 
 Mo. Introduced into S. Dak. May-Aug. 
 
 12. Trifolium hybridum L. ALSIKE OR ALSATIAN CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2081.) 
 Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves long-petioled ; stipules 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, 1225 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, 
 obovate, sometimes emarginate but not obcordate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 
 serrulate, 12-25 mm - ' on g '> heads long-peduncled ; flowers pink or nearly white, 
 7-9 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, reflexed when old; corolla 3-4 times as 
 long as the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, about equalling the tube; pod 2-4-seeded. 
 In meadows and waste places, N. S. to Idaho, Ga. and Kans. May-Oct. 
 
 13. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. CAROLINA CLOVER. (I. Y. f. 2082.) 
 Perennial, pubescent, much branched, 7-20 cm. high. Leaves slender-petioled; 
 stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, 4-8 mm. long, acute, few-toothed to- 
 ward the apex, or entire; leaflets short- stalked, obovate, emarginate or obcordate, 
 cuneate at the base, denticulate, 4-15 mm. long; peduncles elongated ; flowers 
 purplish, 4-7 mm. long ; standard apiculate; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, reflexed in 
 fruit; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx-tee'h subulate, longer than the 
 tube; pod about 4-seeded. In waste places about Phila., and in fields and open 
 places, Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. March-Oct. 
 
 14. Trifolium repens L. WHITE, DUTCH OR HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER. 
 (I. F. f. 2083.) Perennial, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, the branches 
 often rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate- 
 lanceolate, membranous, acute, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, obovate, 
 emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticulate, 820 mm. long; 
 heads long peduncled; flowers 7-12 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long, finally re- 
 flexed ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acuminate, somewhat 
 shorter than the tube ; pod about 4-seeded. In fields and waste ground, common 
 throughout our area and in the Southern States. Also in the Northwest. May- 
 Dec. 
 
 13. LOTUS L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with i-3-foliolate, simple or pinnate leaves, and solitary or 
 clustered reddish yellow or white flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free 
 from the stamen-tube; standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong or obovate; keel 
 incurved, obtuse or beaked. Stamens diadelphous (I and 9). Ovary sessile, I 
 several-ovuled. Pod linear or oblong, 2-valved, I -several-seeded. [The Greek 
 name of several different plants.] About 120 species, of wide distribution. Be- 
 sides the following, some 40 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Corolla yellow : flowers umbelled. i. L. corniculatus. 
 
 Corolla rose color ; flowers solitary in the axils. 2. L. Americanus. 
 
54 2 FLORA. 
 
 1. Lotus corniculatus L. BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. GROUND HONEYSUCKLE. 
 BLOOM-FELL (I. F. f. 2084.) Perennial, appressed-pubescent or glabrate. Stems 
 decumbent or ascending, 7 cm. -6 dm. long; leaves 3-foliolate, short-petioled ; leaf- 
 lets obovate, oblanceolate or oblong, 7-17 mm. long; stipules similar to the leaf- 
 lets, often as large; peduncles sometimes 10-13 cm - l n g> 3-12-flowered; calyx- 
 lobes acute, as long as the tube, or shorter; corolla bright yellow, 12-20 mm. long, 
 or the standard reddish; pods linear, spreading, several-seeded. In waste places 
 and on ballast, N. B. and about the seaports of the Eastern and Middle States. Ad- 
 ventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Lotus Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. PRAIRIE BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. (I. F. 
 f. 2085.) Annual, erect, 2.5-5 dm. high- Leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper some- 
 times i-foliolate, sessile or the lower on petioles about 3 mm. long; stipules minute 
 or none; middle leaflet longer-stalked than the lateral ones, oblong, the lateral 
 lanceolate, rounded at the base, 12-17 mm - lon g; peduncles leafy-bracted at the 
 summit, 2-2.5 cm. long in fruit; flowers about 5 mm. long, the standard darker- 
 veined; keel acute; calyx-lobes linear, about twice the length of the tube; pods 
 linear, straight, acute, glabrous, 4~7-seeded, deflexed at maturity. In dry soil, 
 Minn, and S. Dak. to Mo., Ark., Kans., N. Mex. and Sonora. Summer. 
 
 14. PSORALEA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with dark glands or pellucid dots, i-5-foliolate leaves, and 
 purple, blue, pink or white flowers, mainly in spikes or racemes ; stipules broad; 
 calyx-lobes equal or the lower longest, or the two upper ones sometimes united; 
 standard ovate or orbicular, clawed; wings oblong or falcate; keel incurved, obtuse; 
 stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; ovary i-ovuled; pod ovoid, short, inde- 
 hiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, scurfy, from the glandular dots, whence the name 
 Scurfy-pea.] About no species, of wide distribution. In addition to the follow- 
 ing, about 20 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate (leaflets all from the same point). 
 Plants leafy-stemmed. 
 
 Flowers small, 4-9 mm. long. 
 Pods subglobose. 
 
 Leaflets narrowly oblong. i. P. lanceolata, 
 
 Leaflets, except those of basal leaves, filiform-linear. 
 
 2. P. micrantha. 
 Pods ovoid, or ovate. 
 
 Pods with a short, mostly abrupt beak. 
 
 Flowers few, scattered in slender elongated racemes. 
 
 3. P. tenuiflora. 
 Flowers numerous clustered or crowded in racemes. 
 
 Leaflets oblong-obovate. 4. P. obtusiloba. 
 
 Leaflets oblong. 5. P. floribunda. 
 
 Pods with slender sharp or elongated beak. 
 
 Leaflets linear ; flowers in loose elongated racemes. 
 
 6. P. linearifolia. 
 Leaflets linear-lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate ; flowers 
 
 spiked. 
 
 Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate ; pubescence gray. 
 
 7. P. collina. 
 Leaflets linear-lanceolate to obovate ; pubescence silvery. 
 
 Leaflets linear to oblanceolate; calyx inflated in fruit. 
 
 8. P. digitata. 
 Leaflets oblong to obovate ; calyx not inflated in fruit. 
 
 9. P. argopJiylla. 
 Flowers large, 13-17 mm. long, densely spicate. 10. P. cuspidata. 
 
 Plants acaulescent, or nearly so, low, spreading; roots tuberous. 
 
 Leaflets oblong-cuneate. n. P. esculenta. 
 
 Leaflets linear-oblong. 12. P. hypogaea. 
 
 Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (the terminal leaflet stalked). 
 
 Racemes short, on peduncles about equalling the leaves. 13. P. stipulate*. 
 
 Racemes spicate, elongated, much exceeding the leaves. 
 
 Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; pods 4 mm. long, nearly orbicular. 
 
 14. P. pedunculata. 
 Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; pods 9-11 mm. long, obliquely ovoid. 
 
 15. P. Onobrychis. 
 
PA r I LION A CEAE. 543 
 
 j. Psoralea lanceolata Pursh. LANCE-LEAVED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2086.) 
 Nearly glabrous, much branched, light green, 3-6 dm. high. Root not tuberous; 
 stipules linear. 6-9 mm. long, early deciduous; leaflets 3, sessile, sometimes with 
 a few scattered hairs, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, entire, narrowed or cuneate at 
 the base, 17-30 mm. long; peduncles slender; spikes dense, short, 9-13 mm. thick, 
 6- 10 flowered, bracts membranous, caducous; flowers bluish white, 6mm. long; 
 corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; pod about 4 mm. long, sparingly pubescent 
 or glabrous, punctate; seed globose, brown. In dry soil, Kans. to S. Dak., the N. 
 W. Terr., Ariz., Wash, and Br. Col. June-July. 
 
 2. Psoralea micrantha A. Gray. SMALL-FLOWERED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 
 2087.) Assurgent, 3 dm. high or more; stems glabrous, with scattered brown 
 glands, and often with scales at the base. Stipules setaceous; leaves crowded; 
 leaflets 3, linear or filiform-linear, 1-5 cm. long, the basal ones oblong or cuneate- 
 oblong; peduncles about the length of the leaves; flowers about 4 mm. long, white 
 or bluish, in small heads or scattered in short spikes; bracts minute; calyx some- 
 what pubescent, glandular, the lobes about equal; pod over 6 cm. long, glabrous, 
 brownish with raised darker glands and a slender beak. Neb. to Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Psoralea te.iuifldrj. Pursh. FEW-FLOWERED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2088.) 
 Erect, finely appressed-canescent, especially when young, 6-12 dm. high. Root 
 not tuberous; leaves short-petioled, 3-5-foliolate; stipules subulate, 2-4 mm. long; 
 leaflets short-stalked, entire, oval, oblong or elliptic, 12 cm. long, obtuse and 
 mucronuiate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; peduncles longer than 
 the leaves; racemes 6-14 flowered; bracts scale-like, persistent; flowers purplish. 
 4 mm. long; corolla about twice the length of the calyx; pod ovate, glabrous, punc- 
 tate, 4-6 mm. long; seed ovoid, brown. Prairies, 111. to S. Dak., Tex., Sonora, 
 Colo, and Mont. May-Get. 
 
 4. Psoralea obtusiloba T. & G. BLACK-DOTTED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 
 2089.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high; stems canescent with appressed silky white hairs. 
 Stipules small, setaceous; petioles much shorter than the leaflets; leaves 3-folio- 
 late, or the basal often 4-5 -foliolate ; leaflets 5-35 mm. long, oblong-obovate, retuse 
 or mucronuiate, glabrous above, minutely canescent beneath; bracts small, ovate, 
 cuspidate; calyx canescent with white silky hairs; pod ovate, about 9 mm. long ; 
 seed compressed, obliquely ovoid. Kans. (?), Tex. to Ariz, and Mex. 
 
 5. Psoralea floribunda Nutt. MANY-FLOWERED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2090.) 
 Stem 3-12 dm. high, branching, canescent, not glandular. Petioles mostly shorter 
 than the leaflets; stipules 3-7 mm. long, subulate; leaves 3-5- (sometimes 7-) folio- 
 late; leaflets 1-4 cm. long, oblong, rugose, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs 
 above, canescent with appressed white hairs beneath ; peduncles 5-18 cm. long ; 
 spikes oblong or cylindric, the flowers about 9 mm. long, at length interrupted and 
 appearing as if whorled; bracts 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, hirsute; calyx canescent, 
 the lobes triangular, acute; pod ovoid, glabrous, light brown, covered with darker 
 glands, its beak short, stout; seed 5 mm. long, compressed. 111. to Mont., Tex., 
 Ariz, and Mex. May-Get. 
 
 6. Psoralea linearifolia T. & G. NARROW-LEAVED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 
 2091.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules 3-7 mm. long, lanceolate or setaceous; 
 leaves sessile or short-petioled, 1-3 -foliolate; leaflets 11-31 mm. long, linear, 
 rugose, glabrous or with a few. appressed hairs; peduncles 2.5-22 cm. long; flowers 
 blue, loosely scattered, 1-4 together on slender pedicels, 4-9 mm. long; bracts 
 
 2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate; mature calyx 4 mm. long, glandular, slightly pu- 
 bescent; pod 9 mm. long, narrowly ovoid or oblong, glandular, with a short stout 
 straightish beak; seed flat, oblique, brown. Prairies, Neb. to Tex. May -Aug. 
 
 7. Psoralea collma Rydberg. NEBRASKA PSORALEA (I. F. f. 2092.) Some- 
 whaf grayish-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules narrow, 2-9 mm. long ; leaves 
 
 3 foliolate, or sometimes 5 -foliolate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, 
 mostly glabrous above; bracts pointed, 3-4 mm. long; peduncles 1.5-10 cm. long; 
 flowers about 6 mm. long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the ovate 
 pod, the lower one a little longer than the others; pod 5-6 mm. long, tipped with a 
 flat straight beak about 3 mm. long. Hillsides, W. Neb. July -Aug. 
 
 8 Psoralea digitata Nutt. DIGITATE PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2093.) Canes- 
 ce'it with appressed hairs. 3-6 dm. high. Petioles shorter than or sometimes a 
 little exceeding the leaves; stipules linear, 3-4 mm. long; peduncles often 3-5 
 
544 FLORA. 
 
 times as long as the leaves; leaflets 5, or of the upper leaves 3, short-stalked, ob- 
 long-linear or oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, mostly obtuse or mucronulate at the 
 apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base; inflorescence spicate, interrupted, the blue 
 flowers short- pedicelled or sessile in clusters of 3-5; corolla 9-11 mm. long, ex- 
 ceeding the broad mucronate bracts; calyx lobes acute; pod ovoid, flattish, pubes- 
 cent. Plains, S. Dak. to Kans. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 9. Pspralea argophyiia Pursh. SILVER-LEAF PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2094.) 
 Densely silvery pubescent with white appressed hairs. Stem often zigzag, 3-9 dm. 
 high; stipules narrowly linear, 6-9 mm. long; leaflets 3-5. short- stalked, oval, 
 oblong or obovate, obtuse and mucronate or acutish, 1.5-3 cm. long; peduncles ex- 
 ceeding the leaves; inflorescence spicate, interrupted, the blue flowers sessile, about 
 9 mm. long, in clusters of 2-4; bracts lanceolate, slightly longer than the corolla, 
 persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate; pod ovate, straight-beaked. Wis. and Minn, to 
 the N. W. Terr., Kans. and N. Mex. June- Aug. 
 
 10. Psoralea cuspidata Pursh. LARGE-BRACTED PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 
 2095.) Finely appressed-pubescent, at least above, 3-9 dm. high, from a deep 
 tuberous thickened root. Petioles 3.5-5 cm. long; stipules linear, acuminate, 
 13-17 mm. long; leaflets 5> short-stalked, broadly oblanceolate or oval, obtuse and 
 commonly mucronate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2.55 cm - 
 long; spikes oblong, 3.5-8 cm. long; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts 
 lanceolate, long-cuspidate, equalling or exceeding the bluish corolla; pod oval, 
 membranous, enclosed in the calyx. Plains, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Kans., Colo, 
 and Tex. May-June. 
 
 u. Psoralea esculenta Pursh. POMME BLANCHE. PRAIRIE APPLE OR 
 TURNIP. (I. F. f. 2096.) Rather stout, erect from a large farinaceous root or 
 cluster of roots, 15 dm. high, densely villous pubescent with whitish hairs. Lower 
 petioles 2-4 times longer than the leaves; stipules lanceolate, 17-25 mm. long; 
 leaflets 5, short- stalked, obtuse, narrowed at base, 2.5-5 cm - l n g '> peduncles 
 equalling or longer than the petioles; spikes oblong, dense, 3.5-8 cm. long; bracts 
 lanceolate or ovate, acute, 11-17 mm - l n g> nearly equalling the bluish corolla; 
 pod oblong, glabrous, about 5 mm. long, slightly wrinkled, enclosed in the calyx- 
 tube. Plains, Manitoba and Dak. to Neb. and Tex. June. 
 
 T2. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. SMALL INDIAN BREAD-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2097.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but smaller, nearly acaulescent, the stem hardly rising 
 above the ground, densely pubescent with appressed whitish hairs. Petioles 2-^ 
 times as long as the leaves; stipules oblong, acutish, about 13 mm. long; leaflets 5 
 sessile or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long, often mucronate-tipped, narrowed at the base 
 peduncles 1-8 cm. long; spikes dense, 13-25 mm. long; bracts ovate, acute 
 shorter than or nearly equalling the dull blue corolla; pod II mm. long or more 
 somewhat hirsute, slender-beaked. Plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex 
 May-June. 
 
 13. Psoralea stipulata T. & G. LARGE-STIPULED PSORALEA. (I. F. 
 2098.) Sparingly pubescent or glabrous, nearly glandless ; stems 3-6 dm. long. 
 Petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules ovate or lanceolate, about 13 mm. long; 
 leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oval or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed at the base, ob- 
 tusish at the apex, the terminal one on a stalk 6-13 mm. long; racemes dense, 
 2.5 cm. long or less; flowers purple, 9-11 mm. long; bracts ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, deciduous. In rocky places, Ohio, Ind. and Ky. June-July. 
 
 14. Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail. SAMSON'S SNAKEROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2099.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high, more or less pubescent and rough. Glands small 
 and inconspicuous; leaves petioled, 3-foliolate ; petioles shorter than or equalling 
 the leaflets; stipules subulate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, entire, 
 obtuse at each end, the apex mucronulate, the terminal one on a stalk 4-13 mm. 
 long ; racemes rather loosely flowered, 5-13 cm. long ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, deciduous, glandular; flowers purplish, about 4 mm. long ; pod wrinkled 
 transversely. In dry soil, Kans. to Ind., N. Car., Tex. and Fla. March-July. 
 
 15. Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. SAINFOIN PSORALEA. (I. F. f. 2100.) 
 Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1-2 m. high. Glands few and small; stipules 
 subulate; petioles about equalling the 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
 5-10 cm. long, entire, rounded or truncate at the base, acuminate .it the apex, the 
 terminal one on a stalk about 2.5 cm. long; racemes numerous, loosely flowered, 
 
PAPIL10NACEAE 545 
 
 7-15 cm. long; peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves ; flowers purplish ; 
 pod 9-12 mm. long, transversely wrinkled and roughened with points. Along 
 rivers, Mo. to Ohio, S. Ont., Ky. and S. Car. June -July. 
 
 15. AMORPHA L. 
 
 Glandular-punctate shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and small violet blue or 
 white flowers, in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, or the 
 lower ones longer; standard obovate, erect, clawed, folded around the stamens and 
 style; wings and keel none; stamens monadelphous below; ovary 2-celled; style 
 curved; stigma terminal; pod short, oblong, curved, nearly indehiscent, 1-2- 
 seeded. [Greek, deformed, four petals being absent.] About 10 species, natives 
 of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Tall shrub ; leaflets 2.5-5 cm - l n g \ Pd usually 2-seeded. j. A. fruticosa. 
 Low shrubs : leaflets 9-15 mm. long; pod i-seeded. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so ; spikes commonly solitary. 2. A. nana. 
 
 Densely canescent ; spikes commonly clustered. 3. A. canescens. 
 
 1. Amorpha fruticosa L. FALSE OR BASTARD INDIGO. (I. F. f. 2101.) A 
 shrub 1.5-6 m. high. Leaves petioled, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaflets 11-21, distant, 
 short-stalked, oval or elliptic, obtuse and mucronulate, or sometimes slightly emar- 
 ginate, entire; racemes dense, 7 -15 cm. long; flowers 6-9 mm. long; standard 
 violet-purple, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, emarginate; stamens exserted; pod 
 glandular, thick-stalked, 6-9 mm. long, acute. Along streams, Ohio to Minn., 
 Manitoba, Fla., Colo, and Chihuahua. Also escaped from cultivation in the Mid- 
 dle and Eastern States. May-July. 
 
 2. Amorpha nana Nutt. FRAGRANT FALSE INDIGO. (I. F, f. 2102.) A low 
 bushy shrub, seldom more than 3 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, numerous, 3- 
 8 cm. long; leaflets 13-19, rigid, short-stalked, oval or oblong, rounded or emar- 
 ginate and mucronate at the apex; flowers fragrant; standard purplish, about 4 mm. 
 long; calyx-teeth acuminate; pod short. Prairies, Iowa to Minn., Dak. and the 
 N. W. Terr. May. 
 
 3. Amorpha canescens Pursh. LEAD-PLANT. SHOE-STRINGS. (I. F. f. 
 2103.) A bushy, white-canescent shrub, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile or very 
 nearly so, numerous, 5-10 cm. long; leaflets 21-49, approximate, almost sessile, 
 oval or short lanceolate, rounded or truncate at the base, less pubescent above than 
 beneath; spikes 5-18 cm. long; calyx-teeth lanceolate; standard bright blue, nearly 
 orbicular or obcordate, about 4 mm. long; pod slightly exceeding the calyx. Prai- 
 ries, Ind. to Minn., Manitoba, La. and Tex. Named from its leaden hue, not ?s 
 indicative of lead. July -Aug. 
 
 16. PAROSELA Cav. [DALEA Willd., not P. Br.] 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, with usually glandular-punctate foliage, odd-pin- 
 nate leave?, minute stipules, and small flowers in terminal or lateral spikes. Calyx - 
 teeth nearly equal; standard cordate or auriculate, clawed; wings and keel mainly 
 exceeding the standard, adnate by their claws to the lower part of the stamen tube; 
 stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous; ovules 2 or 3 ; style subulate; pod included in the 
 calyx, membranous, mostly indehiscent and i-seeded. [Anagram of Fsoralea.] 
 About no species, natives of America. In addition to the following some 42 others 
 occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Spikes elongated, narrow, loosely flowered. 
 
 Foliage glabrous ; corolla white ; leaflets linear. i. P. enneandra. 
 
 Foliage pubescent ; corolla purple or red ; leaflets obovate. 2. P. lanata. 
 
 Spikes oblong to ovoid, thick, densely flowered. 
 
 Foliage glabrous ; corolla pink or white ; leaflets 15-41. 3. P. Dalea. 
 
 Foliage pubescent ; corolla yellow to red; leaflets 3-9. 
 
 Plant 3-6 dm. high ; calyx-teeth acuminate. 4. P. aurea. 
 
 Plant not over 2.5 dm. high ; calyx-teeth aristate. 
 
 Spikes 1-3 cm. long; bracts shorter than the calyx, mucronate. 
 
 5. P. nana. 
 Spikes 3-9 cm. long; bracts as long as the calyx, or longer, acuminate. 
 
 6. P.Jamesii. 
 
546 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 1. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Britton. SLENDER PAROSELA.' (I. F. f. 
 2104.) Erect, 3-12 dm. high, with numerous slender ascending branches. Leaf- 
 lets 5-11, linear or linear-oblong, obtusish, 2-1 1 mm. long, narrowed at the base, 
 nearly sessile; spikes 5-13 cm. long; bracts obtuse, nearly orbicular, punctate, 3 
 mm. long, often mucronate; flowers 9-13 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, beauti- 
 fully plumose, shorter than the corolla; standard small, cordate; keel exceeding the 
 wings; stamens 9. Iowa to S. Dak., Colo., Miss, and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Parosela lanata (Spreng.) Britton. WOOLY PAROSELA. (I. F. f. 
 2105.) Decumbent, branching, softly and densely pubescent, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf- 
 lets 9-13, obovate, obtuse, truncate or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate 
 at the base, 9-13 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide above; spikes short-peduncled, 
 2.5-10 cm. long; bracts oval or obovate, long-acuminate or mucronate, about 3 mm. 
 long; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx teeth subulate, plumose; standard cordate, slightly 
 exceeding the wings and keel; stamens 10. Plains, Kans. to Tex., Utah and N. 
 Mex. Summer. 
 
 3. Parosela Dalea (L.) Britton. PINK PAROSELA. (I. F. f. 2106.) Erect, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaflets oblanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed 
 at the base, 4-6 mm. long ; spikes oblong, dense, 2.5-5 cm - l n &> about u mm. 
 thick, peduncled; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous, about equalling 
 the calyx ; calyx silky -pubescent, its teeth linear-lanceolate, acuminate, plumose; 
 corolla about 4 mm. long; keel about equalling the wings. Prairies, 111. to Minn., 
 S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. Parosela aurea (Nutt.) Britton. GOLDEN PAROSELA. (I. F. f. 2107.) 
 Erect, pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaflets sessile, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, 
 obtuse, narrowed at the base. 9-13 mm. long; spikes solitary, short-peduncled, 
 ovoid or oblong, dense, 2.5-8 cm. long, 13-17 mm. thick; bracts ovate, mucronate, 
 shorter than the plumose and pubescent calyx-teeth; corolla 9-11 mm. long; 
 standard shorter than the wings and keel. Plains, S. Dak. and Neb. to Tex. 
 Summer. 
 
 5. Parosela nana (Torr.) Heller. Low PAROSELA. (I. F. f. 2io7a.) Suf- 
 frutescent, silky-villous. Stems 1-2.5 dm. high; leaflets 5, rarely 3, 6-IO mm. 
 long, obovate to linear-oblong, usually minutely glandular beneath; spikes oblong- 
 ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, short peduncled; bracts ovate, mucronate or short-aristate, 
 caducous; corolla somewhat longer than the setaceous aristate and plumose calyx- 
 teeth. Sand hills and prairies, Kans. to Tex. and Cal. 
 
 6. Parosela Janesii (Torr.) Vail. JAMES' PAROSELA. Prostrate or ascend- 
 ing from a woody base, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets 7 18 mm. 
 long, obovate, obtuse, mucronulate, narrowed at the base, densely silky-pubescent; 
 spikes thick, ovoid to oblong, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth plumose, aristate; 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually longer than the calyx; standard 
 reddish-purple; keel yellowish, exceeding the wings. Kans. and Colo, to N. Mex. 
 May -June. \Dalea famesii Torr.] 
 
 17. KUHNISTERA Lam. [PETALOSTEMON Michx ] 
 
 Perennial glandular-punctate herbs, with long or deep roots, odd-pinnate leaves, 
 and pink purple or white spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. 
 Petals with long slender claws ; standard oblong or cordate ; wings and keel-petals 
 similar to each other, their claws adnate to the sheath of the stamen -tube almost to 
 its summit. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuIed ; stvle 
 subulate. Pod membanous, included in the calyx, i-2-seeded. [Named from the 
 resemblance of these plants to the genus Kuhnia.] About 35 species, natives of 
 N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Foliage glabrous or very slightly pubescent. 
 Flowers white ; leaflets 3-9. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; spikes cylindric or oblong. 
 
 Calyx villous-pubescent. i. K. compacta. 
 
 Calyx glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Stem little branched; spikes cylindric; leaflets 13-25 mm. long, thin. 
 
 2. A'. Candida. 
 Stem much branched; spikes oblong; leaflets smaller, firm. 
 
 3. K. oligophylla. 
 Leaflets narrowly linear to gblanceolate; heads globose. .... 4. K~ multtjfora. 
 
PAPILIONACEAE. 547 
 
 Flowers pink or purple. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 ; calyx silky-pubescent. 
 
 Bracts glabrous; leaflets mucronulate. 5. K, purpurea. 
 
 Bracts silky pubescent ; leaflets obtuse. 6. K. tenuifolia. 
 
 Leaflets 13-31 ; calyx glabrous. 7- K.foliosa. 
 
 Foliage silky-pubescent ; leaflets 9-17. 8. K.villosa. 
 
 1. Kuhnistera compacta (Spreng.) Kuntze. DENSE-FLOWERED PRAIRIE- 
 CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2108.) Erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaflets 5-7, short-stalked, 
 oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 13-25 mm. long; peduncles elongated, not 
 bracted; spikes 4-15 cm. long, about 13 mm. thick, the rachis pubescent ; flowers 
 about 4 mm. long; bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx; wings and keel-petals 
 oblong; standard cordate; pod pubescent, enclosed by the calyx. In dry soil, S. 
 Dak. to Kans., Colo, and Wyo. July- Aug. 
 
 2. Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.) Kuntze. WHITE PRAIRIE-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2109.) Stems 3-6 dm. high. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, 17-25 mm. long, often mucronulate, narrowed at the base, very short- stalked ; 
 peduncles elongated, bracted; spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, 11-13 mm - thick; bracts 
 awn-pointed, longer than the calyx; corolla 4-6 mm. long; wings and keel-petals 
 oval; standard cordate; calyx -teeth and pod slightly pubescent. Prairies, Ind. to 
 Minn., the N. W. Terr., La., Tex. and Colo. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torn) Heller. SLENDER WHITE PRAIRIE- 
 CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2 1 10.) Slender, 3-7 dm. tall, the branches ascending. Leaves 
 short-petioled; leaflets about 7 (5-9), linear, linear-oblong or somewhat oblanceo- 
 late, firm, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly less than 2 cm. long, or those of the lower leaves 
 larger; spikes oblong or short cylindric, blunt, less densely flowered than those of 
 the preceding; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the calyx, or longer, early 
 deciduous; calyx-teeth usually pubescent. Plains, S. Dak. to Wyo., Tex., Ariz, 
 and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Kuhnistera muitiflora (Nutt.) Heller. ROUND-HEADED PRAIRIE-CLOVER. 
 (I. F. f. 21 n.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves short petioled; leaflets 3-9, linear 
 or oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base, short- 
 stalked, 9-13 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, peduncles elongated; heads globose, 9-13 
 mm. in diameter; bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth slightly pubes- 
 cent; corolla about 4 mm. long; wings and keel-petals ovate, oval or slightly 
 cordate. Plains, Kans. to Tex. Summer. 
 
 5. Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM. VIOLET PRAIRIE-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2 1 12.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled; 
 leaflets 3-5, narrowly linear, 6-19 mm. long, narrowed at the base, very short- 
 stalked; spikes peduncled, oblong or cylindric, 1.3-5 cm - l n g> about I cm. thick; 
 bracts obovate, mucronate, nearly glabrous, equalling the silky-pubescentcalyx, or 
 shorter; corolla about 4 mm. long; standard cordate; wings and keel-petals ob- 
 long. Prairies, Ind. to the N. W. Terr., Tex. and Colo. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Kuhnistera tenuifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze. SILKY PRAIRIE-CLOVER. 
 (I. F. f. 2113.) More or less pubescent, erect, branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 short-petioled; leaflets 3-5, linear, somewhat involute, dotted with sessile glands, 
 6-25 mm. long, very short-stalked or sessile; peduncles terminal, elongated, 
 bracted; spikes oblong or cylindric, 1.2-4 cm - l n g? about II mm. thick, the rachis 
 pubescent; flowers rose-purple, about 5 mm. long; bracts ovate, aristate, silky- 
 pubescent, slightly exceeding the very silky-pubescent calyx; standard nearly or- 
 bicular, cordate, cucullate. In dry soil, Kans. and Ark. to N. Mex. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Kuhnistera foliosa (A. Gray) Kuntze. LEAFY PRAIRIE-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2114.) Erect, branching, or sometimes simple, glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 numerous, petioled; leaflets 13-31, close together, short-stalked, linear-oblong or 
 slightly oblanceolate, 9-15 mm. long, acute or obtuse, mucronate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base; spikes terminal, long-ovoid or cylindric, 2.5-5 cm - l n g 
 11-13 mm - thick, densely flowered; peduncles short; bracts lanceolate, awn- 
 pointed, longer than the calyx; flowers rose purple, about 4 mm. long; standard 
 broad, nearly orbicular; wings and keel-petals oval; calyx-teeth finely ciliate. 
 Along rivers, 111. and Ky. July Aug. 
 
 8 Kuhnistera villosa (Nutt.) Kuntze. HAIRY PRAIRIE-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2115.) Ascending or decumbent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled or nearly 
 
548 FLORA. 
 
 sessile; leaflets 9-17, approximate, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, narrowed 
 at the base, 6-n mm. long; spikes terminal, short-peduncled, cylindric, 2.5-8 cm. 
 long, 11-13 mm. thick, dense; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the densely 
 villous calyx; corolla rose-purple or rarely white; standard oblong; wings and 
 keel-petals oblong-obovate. Prairies, Wis. to Sask., Mo., Kans., and Mont. Aug. 
 
 18. INDIGOFERA L. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle, with 
 odd-pinnate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple spicate or racemose flowers. 
 Calyx-teeth oblique, nearly equal, or the lower longer; standard ovate or orbicular, 
 sessile or clawed ; wings oblong; keel erect, somewhat gibbous, or spurred; stamens 
 mainly monadelphous; ovary i-oo-ovuled; style slender; pod linear, 4-angled (in 
 our species), septate between the seeds. [Name from the yield of indigo by some 
 species.] About 250 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition 
 to the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Indigofera leptosepala Nutt. WILD OR WESTERN INDIGO-PLANT. (I. F. 
 f. 2116.) Perennial, decumbent, cinereous-pubescent, slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
 Leaves short-petioled; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate or oblong-linear, 6-25 mm. long, 
 obtuse and often mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short- 
 stalked ; spikes peduncled, loosely few-flowered ; flowers about 6 mm. long ; 
 calyx-teeth-subulate, equal; pods linear, acute, sessile, 17-25 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 
 reflexed at maturity. Kans. to Tex. and Mex., east to Fla. May-Nov. 
 
 19. CRACCA L. [TEPHROSIA Pers.] 
 
 Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves, and 
 purple red or white flowers in racemes or short clusters. Stipules small; leaflets 
 entire; calyx teeth usually nearly equal ; petals all clawed; .standard orbicular or 
 broadly ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved; stamens mona- 
 delphous or diadelphous ; ovules several or many; pod linear, flat, 2-valved, sev- 
 eral-seeded. [Latin, vetch.] About 120 species, mainly natives of warm and 
 tropical regions. Besides the following, n species occur in the southern U. S. 
 Raceme terminal, dense, nearly sessile, many-flowered. i. C. Virginiana. 
 
 Peduncles lateral and terminal, elongated, few-flowered. 
 
 Villous ; flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. 2. C. spicata. 
 
 Pubescent ; peduncles few-flowered near the summit. 3. C. hispidula. 
 
 1. Cracca Virginiana L. CAT-GUT. GOAT'S RUE. (I. F. f. 2117.) Vil- 
 lous or silky with whitish hairs, 3-6 dm. high. Roots long, fibrous, tough; leaves 
 short-petioled; leaflets 7-25, oblong, linear-oblong or the terminal one oblanceolate, 
 narrowed or cuneate at the base, rounded, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, 
 18-25 mm. long ; flowers yellowish-purple, 13-19 mm. long ; pedicels 4-9 mm. 
 long; pod linear, densely pubescent, 2.5-5 cm - l n g- ^ n dry sandy soil, Me. to 
 Minn., Fla., La. and Mex. June-July. 
 
 Cracca Virgini&na holoserfcea (Nutt.) Vail. Densely woolly-pubescent ; leaflets 
 acutish. 111. to Wis., La. and Ark. 
 
 2. Cracca spicata (Walt.) Kuntze LOOSELY-FLOWERED GOAT'S RUE. 
 (I. F. f. 2118.) Villous-pubescent with long brown hairs, decumbent or straggling, 
 much branched, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves few and distant, short-petioled; leaflets 9- 
 15, short-stalked, oval, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, obtuse and mucronate, 
 18-30 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1-2.5 ^ m> l n g; inflorescence very loose, 5-12 
 cm. long; flowers purplish, 12-17 mm - l n g; Pd linear, finely pubescent, about 5 
 cm. long. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., Ala. and Miss. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Cracca hispidula (Michx.) Kuntze. FEW-FLOWERED GOAT'S RUE. (I. F. 
 f. 2119.) More or less pubescent, procumbent or straggling, much branched, 
 slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves petioled; leaflets 5-19, short stalked, oval, oblong, 
 oblanceolate or obovate; peduncles slender, 5-10 cm. long; flowers red-purple, few, 
 about 12 mm. long; pod linear, 2.5-4 cm. long, minutely pubescent. Dry sandy 
 soil, Va. to Fla., west to Ala. May-Aug. 
 
 20. BRADLEYA Adans. 
 
 High-climbing woody vines, with odd pinnate leaves, and showy blue or pur- 
 plish flowers in large terminal racemes. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 upper 
 
PAPILIONACEAE. 549 
 
 teeth slightly snorter than the 3 lower; standard large, reflexed, clawed, with 2 
 small appendages at the base of the blade; wings oblong, falcate, auriculate at the 
 base; keel incurved, obtuse; stamens diadelphous; ovary stalked; ovules oo ; pod 
 elongated, torulose, 2-valved, coriaceous. [Named for Richard Bradley, 1675- 
 1732 Professor at Cambridge.] Five known species, the following of southeastern 
 N. Am., the others Asiatic. 
 
 Racemes 4-10 cm. long; calyx-segments shorter than the tube. i. B.frutescens. 
 
 Racemes 20-30 cm. long; calyx-segments as long as the tube, or the lower one longer. 
 
 2. B. macrostachys. 
 
 1. Bradleya frutescens (L.)Britton. AMERICAN WISTARIA. (I. F. f. 2120.) 
 A slender vine becoming 10 m. long Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 9-15, oblong 
 to ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate at the apex, 
 acute or rounded at the base; racemes ovoid or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, with lanu- 
 ginous rachis and pedicels; calyx pubescent with appressed hairs, 5-6 mm. long; 
 corolla 15-18 mm. long. In low grounds, Va. to Fla. April-June. [Kraunhia 
 frutescens Greene.] 
 
 2. Bradleya macrostachys (T. & G.) Small. LONG-CLUSTERED WISTARIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2i2Oa.) A stout vine with stems often becoming 2-3 cm. thick and 8 m. 
 long. Leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets usually 9, oval, oval-ovate to elliptic or 
 elliptic-lanceolate, 37 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the 
 base; racemes 2-3 dm. long, narrowly conic, with densely hirsute and glandular 
 rachis and pedicels; calyx pubescent like the pedicels, 10-12 mm. long; corolla 
 1 8-2 1 mm. long. In and about swamps, Ind. to Kans. and La. Spring. 
 [Kraunhia macrostachys Small.] 
 
 21. ROBINIA L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal racemes of 
 showy flowers. Stipules small, often spiny. Petioles slightly dilated at the base, 
 enclosing the buds of the next year. Calyx-teeth short, broad, the 2 upper some- 
 what united. Standard large, reflexed, not appendaged; wings oblong, curved; 
 keel curved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform, or the alternate ones 
 smaller. Ovary stalked : ovules oo . Pod flat, linear, not septate between the 
 seeds, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved. [Named in honor of John and 
 Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe, 1550-1629.] 
 About 6 species, natives of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous: flowers white; a tree. i. R. Pseudacacia. 
 
 Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid ; flowers pinkish ; a tree. 2. R. viscosa. 
 Twigs and petioles bristly ; pods hispiH ; flowers pink or purple ; a shrub. 
 
 3. R. hispida. 
 
 1. Robinia Pseudacacia L. LOCUST-TREE. FALSE OR BASTARD ACACIA. 
 SILVER-CHAIN. (I. F. f. 2121.) A large tree with very rough bark. Stipules 
 often spiny; leaflets 9-19, stalked, ovate or oval, mainly rounded at the base, ob- 
 tuse or emarginate and mucronulate at the apex, entire, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; stipels 
 small, setaceous; racemes loose, drooping; pedicels slender, 6-13 mm. long; 
 flowers fragrant, 15-20 mm. long, the standard yellowish at base; pod 5-10 cm. 
 loag, 4-7 seeded. Penn. to Ga., Iowa and the Ind. Terr. Extensively naturalized 
 in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Canada. May-June. 
 
 2. Robinia viscosa Vent. CLAMMY LOCUST. (L F. f. 2122.) A small tree 
 with rough bark. Stipules short, sometimes spiny; leaflets 11-25, stalked, obtuse 
 and mucronate, ovate or oval, nearly glabrous, 2.5-5 cm - l n g> thicker than those 
 of the preceding; stipels small, subulate; racemes rather dense; pedicels 4-9 cm. 
 long; flowers 18-25 mm. long, not fragrant; pod 5-10 cm. long, glandular- hispid. 
 s mthwestern Va. to Ga. Occasionally escaped from cultivation in the Middle and 
 Eastern States and in Canada. June. 
 
 3. Robinia hispida L. ROSE ACACIA. BRISTLY OR Moss LOCUST. (I. F. f. 
 2123.) A much-branched shrub, 1-2.5 m - high. Stipules very small, or none; 
 leaflets 9-13, stalked, broadly ovate or oblong, entire, mainly obtuse or rounded at 
 each end, mucronate, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; stipels subulate or none; racemes loose; 
 pedicels 6-12 mm. long; flowers 17-30 mm. long, not fragrant; pods linear, bristly- 
 hispid Mountains of Va. and Tenn. to Ga. May -June. 
 
55 FLOJRA. 
 
 22. SESBAN Adans. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire, not 
 stipcilate, or the stipels minute. Flowers in axillary racemes, the slender pedicels 
 with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx campanulate, nearly equally 
 5 -toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate; keel blunt. 
 Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary mostly stipitate, many-ovuled; style gla- 
 brous; stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, compressed, partitioned be- 
 tween the oblong seeds. [Name Arabic.] About 15 species, natives of warm and 
 tropical regions, only the following known in N. Am. 
 
 i. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. LONG-PODDED SESBAN. (I. F. f. 2124.) An- 
 nual, glabrous, 1-3.5 m - tall. Leaflets 10-35 P a i rs > oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 
 thin, 2.5 cm. long or less, pale beneath; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1-5- 
 flowered; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, the standard 
 17-21 mm. long; pod 15-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide, somewhat curved, 
 drooping. In wet or moist soil, Mo. to Tex., S. Car. and Fla., south to Central 
 Am. Collected also in S. Penn. June-Sept. 
 
 Colutea arborescens L. A European shrub, with odd-pinnate leaves, yellow flowers 
 in short racemes, and greatly inflated membranous pods, is reported escaped from cultiva- 
 tion in E. Mass. 
 
 23. ASTRAGALUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, sometimes woody, mostly with odd-pinnate or sometimes simple leaves, 
 the flowers in spikes or racemes, or rarely umbellate or solitary. Stipules present. 
 Calyx tubular, its teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; standard erect, ovate or ob- 
 long; wings oblong; keel obtuse, about equalling the wings. Stamens diadel- 
 phous; anthers all alike. Ovules oo . Pod dehiscent or indehiscent, i-2-celled, 
 very different in different species and affording the best characters in classification. 
 [Greek name of some leguminous plant.] About 1000 species, of wide geographic 
 distribution. In addition to the following, at least 175 others occur in the western 
 and southern U. S. 
 
 * Pod 2-celled. 
 
 Pod fleshy, thick-walled, indehiscent. 
 Pod glabrous, globose or oval. 
 
 Corolla purple; pod pointed. i. A. crassicarpus. 
 
 Corolla yellowish-white; pod obtuse. 2. A. Mexicanus. 
 
 Pod pubescent, ovoid or oblong. 
 
 Pod ovoid, about 12 mm. long, not wrinkled. 3. A. Plattensis. 
 
 Pod oblong, curved, 2.5 cm. long or more, wrinkled. 4. A. jTennessecnsis. 
 
 Pod dry, leathery, cartilaginous or papery, dehiscent. 
 
 Plant densely villous-pubescent all over. 5. A. mollissimus. 
 
 Plants glabrous or grayish-pubescent. 
 
 Flowers yellowish ; pod terete, glabrous. 6. A. Carolinianus. 
 
 Flowers purple; pod with a deep furrow, pubescent. 
 
 Pod finely appressed-pubescent. 7. A. adsurgens. 
 
 Pod densely villons with white hairs. 8. A.' Hypoglottis 
 
 * * Pod I-celled, but one or both sutures sometimes intruded. 
 
 Pod triangular or heart-shaped in section, membranous ; flowers mostly yellowish-white. 
 Pod heart-shaped in section ; plant woolly-pubescent. 9. A. Drummondii. 
 
 Pod triangular in section ; plant appressed-pubescent. 10. A. racemosus. 
 
 Pod 2-grooved on the upper side; flowers purple. n. A. bisulcatus. 
 
 Pod nearly circular, or 8-shaped, in section, mostly coriaceous. 
 
 Leaflets narrowly linear, elongated, persistent ; flowers yellow. 
 
 12. A. pectinatus. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oval or linear, deciduous. 
 Plants scapose, or short-stemmed, villous or silvery-pubescent. 
 
 Plant gray- villous; flowers yellow. 13. A. lotiJJorus. 
 
 Plants silvery-pubescent; flowers blue, violet or purple. 
 
 Pod nearly circular in section, straight. 14. A. Missouriensis. 
 
 Pod 8-shaped in section, its summit curved. 15. A. Shortianus. 
 
 Plants leafy-stemmed, appressed-pubescent or glabrate ; flowers purple. 
 Pod 6-12 mm. long, wrinkled ; flowers 6 mm. long or less. 
 
 Plant erect ; leaflets obtuse, very narrow. 16. A. gracilis. 
 
 Plant diffuse; leaflets emarginate, short-linear. 17. A. microlobus, 
 *~cd more than 12 mm. long, smooth ; flowers 12 mm. long. 
 
 Pod not grooved, puberulent. 18. A.flexuosus, 
 
PA P! LION A CEA . 5 5 1 
 
 Pod grooved on the lower side, glabrous. 19. A. distortus. 
 
 Pod obovate in section, membranous, "sessile in the calyx ; flowers purple. 
 Erect ; raceme elongated ; peduncles much exceeding the leaves. 
 
 20. A. elegans. 
 Decumbent ; raceme short ; peduncles only slightly exceeding the leaves. 
 
 21. A. Bodini. 
 Pod flattened, grooved on the lower side, membranous, stalked. 
 
 Pod pubescent, slightly grooved, 19 mm. long ; flowers white or purple. 
 
 22. A. Robbinsii. 
 Pod pubescent, deeply grooved on lower side, 12 mm. long ; flowers violet. 
 
 23. A. alpinus. 
 
 I Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. GROUND PLUM. (I. F. f. 2125.) Ap- 
 pressed-pubescent; branches decumbent or ascending, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Stipules 
 ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 15-25, oblong, elliptic or sometimes obovate, 
 obtuse, narrowed at the base, 6-12 mm. long; flowers violet-purple, 16-18 mm. 
 long, in short racemes; pods sessile, thick, short- pointed, 17-25 mm. in diameter. 
 Prairies, Minn, to Manitoba, the N. W. Terr., Iowa, Colo, and Tex. Fruit edible, 
 collected by prairie dcgs for their winter store. April-June. 
 
 2. Astragalus Mexicanus A. DC. LARGER GROUND PLUM. (I. F. f. 2126.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but less pubescent and with the hairs somewhat spread- 
 ing. Leaflets 17-33, oblong to obovale, obtuse or emarginate, narrowed at the 
 base; flowers yellowish -white, or purplish at the tip, 18-25 mm - l n g> * n short 
 racemes; pod sessile, thick, globose, 2.5-3 cm ' ^ n diameter. Prairies, 111. to S. 
 Dak., Ark. and Tex. Frvit edible. May. 
 
 3. Astragalus Plattensis Nutt. PLATTE MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2127.) 
 Villous-pubescent, prostrate or ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm. high or long. Leaflets 
 13-29, oblong to obovate. obtuse, narrowed at the base, 9-18 mm. long; stipules 
 broad, ovate, pointed, 6-9 mm. long; flowers yellowish-white or tipped with pur- 
 ple, about 18 mm. long, in short heads; pod sessile, pointed, smooth, loosely 
 pubescent, nearly straight. Prairies, Ind. to Minn., S. Dak., Ala. and Tex. 
 May. 
 
 4. Astragalus Tennesseensis A. Gray. TENNESSEE MILK VETCH. (I. F. 
 f. 2128.) Villous with long whitish hairs. Leaflets 15-31, oblong or linear-ob- 
 long, obtuse or emarginate, nearly glabrous above, 12-21 mm. long; stipules lan- 
 ceolate, oval or ovate-lanceolate; racemes short, several-many flowered ; flowers 
 about 2 cm. long; pod strongly wrinkled, at least when dry, its summit curved. On 
 hillsides, Tenn. to Ala. and Mo. March-May'. 
 
 5. Astragalus mollissimus Torr. ' WOOLLY LOCO-WEED OR CRAZY-WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2129.) Bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Stem very short; stipules membranous, 
 ovate, pointed, 6-1 1 mm. long, adnate to the petiole; leaflets 19-27, oval, obtuse, 
 but pointed at the apex, 9-13 mm. long; flowers violet-purple, 18-25 mm - l n g? * n 
 dense spikes; pod oblong, glabrous, somewhat compressed, sessile, 10-21 mm. 
 long, about 6 mm. thick, furrowed at both sutures, slightly curved at maturity. 
 Plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and N. Mex. June. The popular name of the 
 plant is from its poisonous effects on cattle. 
 
 6. Astragalus Carolinianus L. CAROLINA MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2130.) 
 Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 3-12 dm. high. Stipules membranous, broadly 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 4-9 mm. long; leaflets 15-31, elliptic or oval, obtuse or 
 slightly emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, 2.5-5 cm - ^ on g5 flowers 12-17 
 mm. long in dense spikes; pod sessile, coriaceous, erect, or sometimes slightly fur- 
 rowed at the dorsal suture, pointed, nearly straight, 10-17 mm - l n g- Along 
 streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky Mts., south to Vt.. W. N. Y., Ga., 
 La. and Colo. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Astralagus adsurgens Pall. ASCENDING MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2131.) 
 Minutely cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, ascending or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long. 
 Stipules membranous, ovate, acuminate, 6-n mm. long; leaflets 15-25, oval to 
 linear oblong, obtuse and sometimes emarginate, narrowed at the base, 16-25 mm. 
 long; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers purplish, 12-17 rnm. long, in dense 
 short spikes; pod sessile, oblong, pointed, coriaceous, erect, cordate-triangular in 
 section, 9-13 mm. long. Plains. Minn, to the N. W. Terr.. Br. Col., Kans. and 
 Colo. Also in northern Asia. June-July. 
 
55 2 FLORA. 
 
 8. Astragalus Hypoglottis L. PURPLE MILK VETCH OR COCK'S-HEAD. 
 (I. F. f. 2132.) Slender, branched at the base, 1.5-6 dm. long. Stipules ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 17-25, oblong or elliptic, obtusish and 
 generally emarginate at the apex, rounded at the base, 6-15 mm. long; flowers 
 violet-purple, 12-21 mm. long, in dense heads; pods membranous, sessile, ovoid- 
 oblong, 9-11 mm. long. Kans. to Minn., Hudson Bay, Nev. and Alaska. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 9. Astragalus Drummondii Dougl. DRUMMOND'S MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2133.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, rather stout. Stipules ovate, long-acuminate, 6-n 
 mm. long; leaflets 19-33, oblong or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at 
 the base, n-21 mm. long; flowers yellowish- white or the keel purplish tinged, 17- 
 19 mm. long, in loose spikes; pod distinctly stipitate, cartilaginous, linear, pend- 
 ent, glabrous, grooved, about 5 cm. long ; calyx dark-pubescent above. Plains, 
 Neb. to Manitoba, Wyo. and the N. W. Terr. June-July. 
 
 10. Astragalus racemosus Pursh. RACEMOSE MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2134.) Stem somewhat zigzag, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, mem- 
 branous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 17-21, elliptic or linear-oblong, acutish or mucro- 
 nate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers 17-19 mm. long, in loose racemes; pedicels 2-4 mm. 
 long; pods linear-oblong, imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, 
 acute at c.ich end, glabrous, stipitate, broadly sulcate, pendent, about 2.5 cm. long. 
 Plains, Neb. and Kans. to the N. W. Terr. June-July. 
 
 11. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray. TWO-GROOVED MILK VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2135.) Rather stout, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules membranous, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acute, 913 mm. long; leaflets 17-27, oval or oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the 
 base, 17-25 mm. long; flowers 15-17 mm. long, in elongated narrow racemes; 
 peduncles longer than the leaves; pod linear, stipitate, deflexed, pointed, glabrous 
 at maturity, membranous, 13-21 mm. long. Neb. and Colo, to Mont, and the N. 
 W. Terr. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Astragalus pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl. NARROW-LEAVED MILK VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2136.) Ascending, 3-6 dm. high, finely canescent or glabrate. Stipules 
 membranous, ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 9-11 mm. long; leaflets 11-21, 
 narrowly linear, acute, 1.5-8 cm. long; flowers 16-25 mm. long, in loose spikes; 
 standard much longer than the wings and keel; pod nearly terete, sessile, oblong, 
 pointed, glabrous, not furrowed, keeled along the upper suture, 12-17 mm - l n g' 
 Plains, Neb. and Kans. to the N. W. Terr. June-Aug 
 
 13 Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. Low MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2137.) 
 Silky-pubescent with white hairs; stems -2-8 cm. high. Stipules ovate, acumi- 
 nate, 3-4 mm. long; leaflets 7-15, oval or oblong, obtuse and sometimes mucronu- 
 late, narrowed at the base, 11-17 mm - l n g; flowers 9-13 mm. long, in rather 
 dense short spikes; peduncles sometimes very short; pod sessile, villous-pubescent, 
 ovoid-oblong, somewhat inflated, pointed, dehiscent, keeled along the straight 
 dorsal suture. Plains, Manitoba to Neb., Tex., Colo, and the N. W. Terr. June- 
 July. 
 
 Astragalus lotiflorus Nebraskensis Bates. Whole plant densely hirsute. Central 
 Neb. 
 
 14. Astragalus Missouriensis Nutt. MISSOURI MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2138.) Densely silky-canescent, tufted, 5-13 cm. long. Stipules ovate- lanceolate, 
 acute, 4-9 mm. long; leaflets 7-21, elliptic or obovate, obtuse but sometimes mu- 
 cronate, 6-1 1 mm. long; flowers few, violet-purple, 11-19 mm - l n g in loose heads 
 or short spikes; pod sessile, acute, oblong, pubescent, dehiscent, slightly keeled 
 along the ventral suture, transversely wrinkled, about 2.5 cm. long. Plains, Neb. 
 to the N. W. Terr., south to N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 i^. Astragalus Shortianus Nutt. SHORT'S MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2139.) 
 Silvery canescent. Stipules ovate, acutish, about 4 mm. long; leaflets 9-15, 
 elliptic or obovate, acutish, 11-19 mm. long; flowers blue or violet, 15-19 mm. 
 long; pod sessile, dehiscent at maturity, lanceolate-ovoid, puberulent, transversely 
 wrinkled, strongly curved at the summit, 2.5-4 cm. long. Plains, Neb. and Colo. 
 to N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 16 Astragalus gracilis Nutt. SLENDER MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2140^ 
 Slender, finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 
PA PIL I ON A CEAE. 553 
 
 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 11-21, narrowly linear, distant, obtuse; flowers purple, 
 6-8 mm. long, in narrow elongated racemes; pods sessile, pendent, straight, 
 ellipsoid, appressed-pubescent with white hairs, especially on the ventral side, 
 transversely veined, 4-6 mm. long. Prairies, Minn, to S. Dak., Mo., Colo, and 
 Wyo. May-June. 
 
 17. Astragalus microlobus A. Gray. NOTCHED-LEAVED MILK VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2141.) Finely csmescent, about 3 dm. high. Stipules ovate- lanceolate, 
 acute, 3-4 mm. long; leaflets 7-17, linear or linear-oblong, truncate or emarginate, 
 narrowed at the base, 9-15 mm. long; flowers in loose spikes; peduncles often 
 longer than the leaves; pod sessile, ovoid or ellipsoid, reflexed, finely pubescent, 
 transversely veined, flattened on the back, keeled along the ventral suture, 4-6 mm. 
 long. Plains, Neb. to Mo. and Colo. Similar to A. gracilis. Summer. 
 
 18. Astragalus flexudsus (Hook.) Dougl. FLEXILE MILK VETCH. . (I. F. f. 
 2142.) Finely pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Stipules ovate or ovate- lanceolate, 
 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 9-21, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or emarginate, 
 narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6-12 mm. long ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; 
 flowers purplish, 9-11 mm. long; pod sessile, cylindric, linear or linear-oblong, 
 dehiscent, pointed, 16-25 mm. long. Plains, Minn, and Neb. to Colo, and the 
 N. W. Terr. June-Aug. 
 
 i<v Astragalus distortus T. & G. BENT MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2143.) 
 Sparingly pubescent or glabrate, diffuse or ascending; steins 2-4 dm. long. Leaf- 
 lets 11-25, obovate or oval, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, 4-1 1 mm. long; flowers in loose short spikes; pod sessile, slightly inflated, 
 linear oblong, coriaceous, strongly curved, 2.5-4 cm. long. In dry soil, 111. to 
 Iowa, Kans., W. Va., Miss, and Tex. March-July. 
 
 20. Astragalus elegans (Hook.) Britton. PRETTY MILK VETCH; (I. F. f. 
 2144.) Glabrous or finely strigose, erect or ascending, 2.5-5 c ^ m - n ig u - Stipules 
 ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in elongated racemes; 
 leaflets 9 17, oblong or linear-oblong, 16-20 mm. long; pod ellipsoid, pendent, 
 slightly inflated, obtuse at each end, apiculate, black-pubescent all over, 5-8 mm. 
 long. Quebec, Lab., the Saskatch. region and in the higher and northern Rocky 
 Mts. June-Aug. 
 
 21. Astragalus Bodini Sheldon. BODIN'S MILK VETCH. Finely strigose ; 
 stems 3-10 dm. long. Stipules ovate, acute; flowers 8-10 mm. long in dense racemes; 
 calyx sparingly black-strigose; leaflets 11-15, ova l? 8-15 mm. long, acute at both 
 ends; pod ellipsoid, somewhat flattened on the dorsal side, finely black-strigose, 
 obtuse, 7-10 mm. long. River valleys, from W. Neb. to Wyo. and Colo. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 22. Astragalus Robbinsii (Oakes) A. Gray. ROBBINS' MILK VETCH. (I. F. 
 f. 2146.) Glabrous or nearly so, erect, slender, 2.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules ovate- 
 oblong, membranous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 9-25, oblong, obtuse or slightly 
 emarginate, 9-17 mm. long; flowers 6-1 1 mm. long in loose racemes; pod much 
 flattened, oblong, short-stipitate, rather abruptly pointed at each end, membranous, 
 finely blackish-pubescent, dehiscent, nearly straight, 18-25 mm - lon g- In rocky 
 places, Vt. and N. II . June-July. 
 
 23. Astragalus alpmus L. ALPINE MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2147.) As- 
 cending or decumbent, 1.5-4 dm. high, slightly pubescent, or glabrous. Stipules 
 ovate, foliaceous, 4-6 mm. long; leaflets 13-25, oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse, 
 6-12 mrn. long; flowers violet, the keel commonly darker, in short racemes; pe- 
 duncles mostly exceeding the leaves; pod membranous, stipitate, pendent, dehis- 
 cent, rather densely black-pubescent, oblong, acute, somewhat inflated, about 13 
 mm. long; calyx dark-pubescent. On rocks, N. N. Eng. to Newf. and Lab. , west 
 to Alaska and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Europe 
 and Asia. June. 
 
 24. PHACA L. 
 
 Perennial Tierbs, similar to Astragalus, mostly with pinnate leaves, and racemed 
 or spicate purplish or purple flowers. Pod much inflated, membranous in texture, 
 strictly I -celled, neither of the sutures intruded. [Greek, Lentils.] A large genus, 
 mainly of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, numerous other species 
 occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
554 FLORA. 
 
 Leaflets 7-21, oblong, elliptic or ovate ; flowers white. 
 
 Pod stalked ; flowers slender-pedicelled. I. P. Americana. 
 
 Pod sessile ; flowers short-pedicelled. 2. P. neglecta. 
 
 Leaflet only i, or sometimes 3-5, very narrowly linear; flowers pink. 3. P. longifolia. 
 
 1. Phaca Americana (Hook.) Rydberg. ARCTIC MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2148.) Erect, nearly simple, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules foliaceous, ovate- 
 oblong, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets 7-17, 2-4 cm. long ; peduncles generally exceeding 
 the leaves; flowers 16-19 mm - long, in loose racemes; pedicels filiform, 13 mm. 
 long in fruit; pod stipitate, 21-25 mm - l n g> acute at each end, oblong, dehiscent 
 at maturity, glabrous, shining. In wet rocky places, Quebec and arctic Am. to 
 Br. Col. and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 
 
 2. Phaca neglecta T. & G. COOPER'S MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2149.) Gla- 
 brous or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 
 9-21, thin, oblong or elliptic, often minutely pubescent beneath, 16-25 mm - I 011 g> 
 obtuse or emarginate, narrowed at the base; flowers 11-15 mm ' l n g> i n loose 
 spikes; calyx pubescent with blackish hairs, its teeth subulate ; pod sessile, the 
 ventral suture somewhat intruded, ovoid, acute, glabrous, slightly furrowed along 
 both sutures, 13-20 mm. long. On banks and shores, Quebec to Minn, and Iowa. 
 June-July. 
 
 3. Phaca longifolia (Pursh) Nutt. LONG LEAVED MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2150.) Erect, slender, finely canescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules subulate, rigid, 
 those of the lower part of the stem connate; leaflet usually i, nearly terete, 2.5-10 
 cm. long, sometimes 3 or 5; flowers few, 6-n mm. long, in short loose racemes; 
 peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod short-stalked, spotted, glabrous, ovoid, 
 short-pointed, not furrowed, about 2.5 cm. long. In sandy soil, Neb. to Kans. and 
 N. Mex. Leaves persistent. May-June. 
 
 25. HOMALOBUS Nutt. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with pinnate simple or pinnately 3-5 foliolate leaves, and race- 
 mose mostly small flowers, the peduncles short or elongated. Keel of the corolla 
 obtuse; pod flat, glabrous or pubescent, completely i celled, few -several-seeded, 
 the sutures both prominent externally. [Greek, regular-lobes.] Besides the fol- 
 lowing species, some 30 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Plants leafy-stemmed. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 9-23, thin. 
 
 Finely pubescent, blackening in drying ; pod straight. i. H. tenellus. 
 
 Canescent, not blackening ; pod slightly curved. 2. H. aboriginum. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3-7, rigid, very narrow, spiny. 3. H. montanus. 
 
 Plant scapose ; leaves simple or pinnately 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets very narrow. 
 
 4. H. caespitosus. 
 
 1. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton. LOOSE- FLOWERED MILK VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2151.) Finely pubescent or glabrate, 2.5-4.5 dm. high. Stipules broadly 
 ovate, 3-6 mm. long, the upper ones connate; leaflets oblong, linear oblong or ob- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 13-21 mm. long; flowers yellowish-white, 
 6-9 mm. long, in loose spike-like racemes; pod stalked, straight, oblong, acute at 
 each end, papery, glabrous, 13-17 mm. long. Dry soil, S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, 
 to Cal., the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Homalobus aboriginum (Richards.) Rydberg. INDIAN MILK VETCH. (I. F. 
 f. 2145.) Finely canescent, 2-5 dm. high. Stipules ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; 
 leaflets 9-13, linear or oblong, 12-21 mm. long; flowers 9-11 mm. long, in rather 
 loose racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves; pod compressed, oval in section, 
 half-elliptic, long-stipitate, acute at each end; calyx blackish-pubescent, its teeth 
 subulate. S. Dak. to Manitoba, the N. W. Terr, and Colo. [Asiragahis aborigi- 
 num Richards.] May-June. 
 
 3. Homalobus montanus (Nutt.) Britton. PRICKLY MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2152.) Densely tufted, intricately branched, 5-25 cm. high, finely canescent. 
 Stipules linear-lanceolate, spiny-tipped, 4-11 mm. long; leaflets linear, widely 
 spreading, 6-13 mm. long; flowers 1-4 together in the axils, nearly sessile, 
 yellowish white or bluish-tinged, 4-6 mm. long; pod sessile or short-stalked, 
 1-3 -seeded, ovoid-oblong, acute, coriaceous, dehiscent, pubescent, 6-9 mm. long. 
 In dry, rocky places, Neb. to N. Mex., Nev. and the N. W. Terr. June-Sept. 
 
PA PILIOXA CEA E. 555 
 
 jj. Homalobus caespitosus Nutt. TUFTED MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2153.) 
 Silvery-canescent, tufted from a deep root, 7-15 cm. high. Stipules scarious, im- 
 bricated, lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; leaves- simple, spatulate-linear, 
 2.5-5 cm. long, or some of them 3-5-foliolate, with oblong-linear leaflets; peduncles 
 scapiform; flowers purple, 9-11 mm. long, in short spike-like racemes; pod erect, 
 sessile, few-seeded, oblong, acute, coriaceous, slightly curved, pubescent, 9-11 mm. 
 long; calyx-teeth subulate. In dry rocky soil, Neb. and Colo, to the N. W. Terr. 
 May-July. [Astragalus caespitosus A. Gray ] 
 
 26. OROPHACA Britton. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial, silvery or villous-pubescent low tufted herbs, with branched woody 
 caudices, deep roots, membranous scarious stipules, sheathing and united below, 
 and digitately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves., resembling those of Lupines. 
 Flowers few, capitate or racemose, the clusters sessile or peduncled. Keel of the 
 corolla blunt. Pod coriaceous, completely I -celled, ovoid or oval, few seeded, 
 villous, partly or wholly enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, mountain vetch ] Three 
 known species, the following, and one in Colo, and Wyo. 
 
 Flowers yellowish, 1-3 together in the axils. i. O. caespitosa. 
 
 Flowers blue-purple, in peduncled racemes. 2. O. sencea. 
 
 1. Orophaca caespitosa (Nutt.) Britton. SESSILE-FLOWERED MILK VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2154.) Silvery-canescent, 5-10 cm. high. Stipules imbricated, glabrous, 
 ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long; leaves digitately 3-5 foliolate, slender-petioled; 
 leaflets oblong or obianceolate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 13-17 mm. long; 
 flowers 13-17 mm. long, sessile; pod sessile, ovoid, acute or acuminate, coriace- 
 ous, dehiscent, enclosed by the calyx, 4-6 mm. long. Plains, Kans to S. Dak., 
 Mont, and the N. W. Terr. May-July. [Astragalus triphyllus Pursh.) 
 
 2. Orophaca sericea (Nutt.) Britton. HOARY MILK VETCH. (I. F. f. 2155.) 
 Villous-pubescent, spreading on the ground, the stems 8-10 cm. long. Leaves 
 short-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or obianceolate, narrowed or cuneate at 
 the base, 411 mm. long; peduncles 2-6-flowered; flowers about 6 mm. long; pod 
 sessile, ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, acute, about 6 mm. long, partly enclosed by the 
 calyx. In dry, sandy or rocky places, Neb. and Colo. May-July. 
 
 27. ARAGALLUS Neck. [SPIESIA Neck.] 
 
 Herbs, sometimes shrubby, and mostly acaulescent, with odd-pinnate leaves, 
 and racemose or spicate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals clawed; 
 standard erect, ovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel erect, shorter than or equalling 
 the wings, its apex mucronate. acuminate or appendaged; stamens diadelphous; 
 style filiform. Pod sessile or stipitate, 2-valved, i-celled, or more or less 2-celled 
 by the intrusion of the ventral suture. About 120 species of the north temperate 
 zone. In addition to the following, some II others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves simply pinnate. 
 
 Plants 2.5-10 cm. high ; heads few-flowered. 
 
 Pods membranous, pubescent, much inflated, i-celled. i. A. inflatus. 
 Pod coriaceous, ovoid, little inflated, pubescent, partly 2-celled. 
 
 Calyx gray-pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, oblong. 2. A. multiceps. 
 
 Calyx dark-pubescent ; leaflets 7-21, linear. 3. A. arcticus. 
 Plants 1.5-4.5 dm. high ; heads or spike-like racemes many-flowered. 
 Flowers 17-19 mm. long ; pods papery. 
 
 Calyx black-hirsute; pod about i cm. long. 4. A. campestris. 
 
 Calyx finely pubescent ; pod 15-20 mm. long. 5. A. Johannensis, 
 Flowers 19-30 mm. long ; pods coriaceous. 
 
 Leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly silky. 6. A. Lambert ii. 
 
 Leaflets oblong or broadly lanceolate, densely silky. 7. A. sericeus. 
 Leaves pinnate, the leaflets verticillate. 
 
 Pod scarcely longer than the calyx, its tip spreading. 8. A. splendens. 
 
 Pod 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tip erect. 9. A. Bellii. 
 
 i. Aragallus inflatus (Hook.) A. Nelson. INFLATED OXYTROPE. (I. F. f. 
 2156.) Acaulescent or nearly so, villous pubescent, much tufted, 2-10 cm. high. 
 Stipules membranous, imbricated, adnate to the petiole, lanceolate, about 4 mm. 
 long; leaflets 9-21, linear, 4-8 mm. long, about i mm. wide, obtuse or obtusish; 
 
FLORA. 
 
 peduncles i-2-flowered, scarcely exceeding the leaves; flowers violet, 14-17 mm. 
 long; calyx densely dark-pubescent; pod i-celled, ovoid, short-stalked or sessile, 
 about 18 mm. long, pointed; ventral-suture slightly intruded. Lab. and arctic 
 Am., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Summer. [Spiesia inflata (Hook.) 
 Britton. ] 
 
 2. Aragallus multiceps (Nutt.) Heller. TUFTED OXYTROPE. (I. F. f. 
 2157.) Nearly acaulescent, tufted and matted, silky canescent, 8 cm. high or less. 
 Stipules membranous, acute, adnate to the petiole; leaflets oblong, 6-12 mm. 
 long, 2-4 mm. wide; scape i-3-flowered; flowers purple, nearly 2.5 cm. long; 
 calyx slightly pubescent, its teeth short; pod short-stalked, coriaceous, about 
 13 mm. long, acute, enclosed by the swollen calyx. W. Neb.. Wyo. and Colo. 
 Summer. \Spifsia multiceps (Nutt.) Kuntze.] 
 
 3. Aragallus arcticus (R. Br.) Greene. ARCTIC OXYTROPE. (I. F.f. 2158.) 
 Acaulescent, tufted, villous-pubescent. 2-ic cm. high. Stipules membranous, 
 lanceolate, imbricated, pubescent ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtusish, 
 4-6 mm. long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, 2-5 -flowered; flowers violet (?), 
 1321 mm. long ; pod coriaceous, little inflated, oblong or ovoid-oblong, sessile, 
 pubescent. Shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson Strait, and along the 
 Arctic seacoast. Summer. [Spiesia arctica (R. Br.) Kuntze.] 
 
 4. Aragallus campestris (L.) Greene. YELLOW OXYTROPE. (I. F. f. 
 2159.) Acaulescent or nearly so, much tufted, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, 
 1-3 dm. high. Stipules membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, imbricated, 6-9 mm. 
 long; leaves 815 cm. long; leaflets 13-23, linear-lanceolate or oblong, rounded at 
 the base, sessile, 8-13 mm. long; peduncles generally exceeding the leaves ; flow- 
 ers several or numerous in short spikes, white, yellowish-white or blue; pods 
 sessile, ovoid or oblong, blackish-pubescent, acuminate with the subulate style. In 
 rocky places, Lab. and Hudson Strait. Also in Europe. Summer. All American 
 specimens belong to the var. ccerulea, with bluish flowers. \_Spiesia campestris 
 (L.) Kuntze.] 
 
 5.* Aragallus Johannensis (Fernald) Rydberg. ST. JOHN'S OXYTROPE. Like 
 the preceding, but larger, 1.53-5 ^m. n ^S n > sparingly silky, especially the large 
 scarious stipules; leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 17-27, oblong or lanceolate, 2-3 cm. 
 long; spike of about 12 rose-colored flowers, elongated, especially in fruit; pod 
 sessile, cylindric, acute, sparingly white-silky; dorsal suture less intruded than 
 in A. campestris. Gravelly beaches of St. John and other rivers of Me., N. B. and 
 Quebec. June-July. [Oxytropis campestris var. Johannensis Fernald.] 
 
 6. Aragallus Lambertii (Pursh) Greene. STEMLESS LOCO-WEED OR CRAZY- 
 WEED. COLORADO LOCO-VETCH. (I. F. f. 2160.) Sparingly silky-pubescent, 
 acaulescent or nearly so. Stipules imbricated, membranous, pubescent, lanceo- 
 late, acute or acuminate, 9-15 mm. long; leaves 10-23 cm - l n g; leaflets 9-19, 
 17-19 mm. long; peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers purple or purplish, 
 seldom yellowish, in dense heads; pod incompletely 2-celled, sessile, erect, ovoid- 
 cylindric, densely pubescent, long-acuminate, 13-21 mm. long, exceeding the 
 calyx. Plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Tex. and N. Mex. April- 
 Aug. [Spiesia Lambertii (Pursh) Kuntze.] 
 
 7. Aragallus senceus (Nutt.) Greene. SILVERY LOCO-WEED. Densely 
 silky throughout, stout, acaulescent. Stipules membranous, very silky, broadly 
 ov.tie, 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 9-17, 15-30 mm. long and 5-10 mm. wide; peduncles 
 stout; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers pink purple; pod as in A. Lambertii, 
 but larger and densely silky. W. Neb. to Utah, Ore. and Saskatch. June-Aug. 
 [Spiesia Lambertii sericea (Nutt.) Rydberg.] 
 
 8. Aragallus splfendens (Dougl.) Greene. SHOWY OXYTROPE. (I. F. f. 
 2161.) Densely silvery and silky-villous, acaulescent. Stipules imbricated, mem- 
 branous, villous-pubescent, lanceolate, acute, 9-13 mm. long ; leaves 12.5 dm. 
 long, erect; leaflets numerous, in verticils of 3-6, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 
 acute or acutish, 13-21 mm. long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, sometimes 3 dm. 
 long; flowers deep purple, about 12 mm. long, in dense spikes; pods ovoid, erect, 
 2-celled or nearly so, long acuminate with a spreading or oblique tip, villous- 
 pubescent, 13-19 mm. long. Plains, Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., 
 Colo, and N. Mex. June-Aug. [Spiesia splendens (Dougl. ) Kuntze. ) 
 
 9. Aragallus Bellii (Britton) Greene. (I. F. f. 2162.) Acaulescent, loosely 
 
PAPILIONACEAE. 557 
 
 villous with white hairs. Stipules membranous, ovate or oblong, acute or acumi- 
 nate, imbricated, 11-15 mm. long; leaves 7-15 cm. long; leaflets oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, subacute, rounded at the base, 6-9 mm. long, in verticils of 3 or 4; 
 peduncles about equalling the leaves; inflorescence capitate; calyx black-pubes- 
 cent; pod oblong, erect-spreading, densely pubescent with black hairs or some 
 longer whitish ones intermixed, about 19 mm. long, very nearly or quite 2-celled 
 by the intrusion of the ventral suture, the tip erect. Hudson Bay. Summer. 
 [Spiesia Bellii Britton.] 
 
 28. GLYCYRRHIZA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, wiih thick sweet roots, odd pinnate leaves, and spicate or 
 capitate flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Standard narrowly ovate or oblong, 
 short clawed; wings oblong, acutish; keel acute or obtuse, shorter than the wings. 
 Stamens mainly diadelphous; anthers alternately smaller and larger. Pod ses- 
 sile, covered with prickles or glands, nearly indehiscent, continuous between the 
 seeds. [Greek, sweet-root.] Alxnit 15 species, natives of the north temperate 
 zone, southern S. Am. and Australia. The following is the only N. Am. species. 
 
 i. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. WILD LIQUORICE. (I. F. f. 2163.) Erect, 
 3-9 dm. high, the foliage with minute scales or dots. Stipules lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, 2-3 mm. long, deciduous; leaves petioled; leaflets 11-19. lanceo- 
 late or oblong, entire, very short-stalked, 2-3.5 cm ' l n gj peduncles axillary, 
 shorter than the leaves; spikes many-flowered 2.5-5 cm. long ; flowers yellowish- 
 white, 13 mm. long; calyx-teeth slender, longer than the tube; pod about 13 mm. 
 long, few-seeded, oblong. Fort Erie, Ont. ; Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minn., 
 Wash., Iowa, Mo., Chihuahua and Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 29. CORONILLA L. 
 
 Herbs, with odd pinnate leaves, and purple purplish or yellow flowers, in ped- 
 uncled heads or umbels. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, the 2 upper more or less 
 united. Petals clawed ; standard nearly orbicular; wings oblong or obliquely obo- 
 vate; keel incurved, beaked. Stamens diadelphous (9 and I) ; anthers all alike. 
 Pod jointed. [Diminutive of corona, crown.] About 25 species, natives of Eu- 
 rope, Asia and northecn Africa. 
 
 i. Coronilla varia L. CORONILLA. AXSEED. AXWORT. (I. F. f. 2164.) 
 Perennial, straggling or ascending, glabrous, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves sessile; 
 leaflets 11-25, bl n g r obovate, obtuse and mucronate at the apex. 13-19 mm. 
 long; peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers 9-13 mm. long, in dense umbels; 
 standard pink; wings white or purple-tipped; pod coriaceous, linear, 4-angled, the 
 joints 6-9 mm. long. Roadsides and waste places, Mass, to N. Y. and N. J. 
 Adventive or nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 30. HEDYSARUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary pedun- 
 cled racemes. Calyx bracteolate, its teeth nearly equal. Standard ovate or 
 obcordate, narrowed at the base ; wings oblong, shorter than the standard ; keel 
 longer than the wings, obtuse, obliquely truncate. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). 
 Pod flat, linear, its joints oval, orbicular or quadrate. [Greek, sweet-broom.] 
 About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone and northern Africa. Be- 
 sides the following, another occurs in northwestern N. Am. 
 
 Calyx-teeth ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. i. H. Americanum. 
 
 Calyx-teeth subulate, acuminate, longer than the tube. 2. ff. Mackenzii. 
 
 i. Hedysarum Americanum (Michx.) Britton. HEDYSARUM. (I. F. f. 
 2165.) Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1.5-7.5 dm. high- Leaves short- petioled ; 
 stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4-17 mm. long ; leaflets n-2i, oblong or ob- 
 lanceolate, obtuse and often mucronulate, mostly rounded at the base, 13-20 mm. 
 long; racemes longer than the leaves ; flowers violet-purple, or sometimes white, 
 numerous, deflexed, 15-20 mm. long, in loose elongated racemes ; pod 1.3-4 cm. 
 long, drooping, of 3-5 oval or orbicular nearly glabrous strongly reticulated joints. 
 In rocky places, northern N. Eng. "to Newf.. Alaska and Br. Col., south in the 
 Rocky Mts, to Utah and in the Black Hills, June -July. [H. bortale Nutt.J 
 
558 FLORA. 
 
 2. Hedysarum Mackenzii Richards. MACKENZIE'S HEDYSARUM. (I. F. f. 
 2166.) Similar to the preceding, but usually minutely pubescent; stem 3-7.5 dm. 
 high. Leaflets 11-19; flowers slightly larger, violet-purple, deflexed ; calyx-teeth 
 longer than the tube, or equalling it; pod minutely pubescent, 3-8-jointed. Hud- 
 son Bay (according to Macoun); N. W. Terr, to Alaska, south to Colo. Summer. 
 
 31. AESCHYNOMENE L. 
 
 Herbs, or in tropical regions shrubs, mainly with odd-pinnate leaves, and yel- 
 low flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, more or less united into 
 2 lips. Standard orbicular, short-clawed ; wings oblong or obliquely obovate, 
 about as long as the standard ; keel curved. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 5) ; 
 anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate ; ovules 2-00 . Pod stalked, flat, jointed. 
 [Greek, to be ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaves.] About 55 species, in 
 warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, i occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 i Aeschynomene Virgmica (L.) B. S. P. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH. .(I. F. 
 f. 2167.) Annual, rough-pubescent or glabrate, 6-15 dm. high. Stipules mem- 
 branous, ovate, acuminate, 4-9 mm. long, deciduous; leaves short-petioled ; leaf- 
 lets 25-55, oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6-18 mm. long, some- 
 what sensitive; flowers few, reddish-yellow, about n mm. long; petals veined; 
 pod linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, sparingly tuberculate or glabrous, of 5-10 nearly square 
 easily separable joints. River banks, Penn. arid N. J. to Fla., west to La. 
 Aug.-Sept. [A. hispida Willd.] 
 
 32. STYLOSANTHES Sw. 
 
 Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves, 
 and yellow terminal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube campanu- 
 late, its teeth membranous, the 4 upper ones more or less united. Petals and sta- 
 mens inserted at or near the summit of the tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong; 
 keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous; anthers alternately longer and 
 shorter. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2 or 3; style filiform. Pod sessile, flattened, 
 i-2-jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek, column flower, alluding 
 to the column-like calyx-tube.] About 25 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States, 
 
 Leaves oblong-linear to oblanceolate ; floral bracts entire. i. S. biflora. 
 
 Leaves elliptic to obovate ; floral bracts deeply cleft. 2. S. riparta. 
 
 1. Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B. S. P. PENCIL-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 2168.) 
 Stems wiry, villous pubescent or glabrate, 1.5-6 dm. long. Stipules sheathing, 
 linear-filiform above; leaves short-petioled; leaflets acute or acutish and mucronate, 
 12-36 mm. long, strongly veined, the terminal one stalked; flowers few, mainly 
 terminal, sessile or nearly so, ciliate-bracted, 6-9 mm. long; pod obovate or subor- 
 bicular, pubescent, about 4 mm. long, of i perfect and I abortive joint. In dry 
 soil, N. Y. to Fla., Ind., Kans. and La. June-Sept. \S. elatior Sw.] 
 
 2. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. DECUMBENT PENCIL-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 2i68a.) Stems 1-3 cm. long, usually with a tomentose line on the elongated in- 
 ternodes. Stipules subulate above; petioles pubescent; leaflets elliptic to obovate- 
 cuneate, the terminal one 10-18 mm. long, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; spikes 
 terminal, about 6-flowered, with only i or 2 perfect flowers; calyx-tube conspicu- 
 ously veined; vexillum proportionately longer than in S. bijiora; upper segment of 
 the pod nearly twice as broad as in S. bijiora. In dry woods, Va. and W. Va. to 
 Ala. and Tenn. May-Aug. 
 
 33. ZORNIA Gmel. 
 
 Herbs, with digitately 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate petioled leaves, the leaflets not 
 stipellate, the stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow in our species, small, interrupt- 
 edly spicate, large-bracted, sessile, rarely solitary, the spikes peduncled. Bracts 
 2 together, nearly enclosing the flower. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Standard 
 nearly orbicular, clawed; wings oblique; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous; 
 anthers alternately longer and shorter. Ovary sessile; ovules several; style very 
 s'ender. lament flat, several-jointed. [In honor of Johann Zorn, a German 
 apothecary.] About n ?pe ies, all natives of America. Besides the following, 
 another occurs in the Southwestern States, 
 
PAPILIONACEAE. 559 
 
 I. Zornia bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. ZORNIA. (I. F. f. 2169.) Perennial by 
 a long woody root, glabrous or sparingly Hnely pubescent; stems wiry, prostrate, 
 3-6 dm. long. Stipules about 6 mm. long; petioles 12-25 mm - l n g; leaflets 4, 
 oblong, lanceolate or oblong-obovate, acute at both ends, 12-25 mm l n g> or those 
 of the lower leaves obtuse and shorter; peduncles longer than the petioles; spikes 
 several-flowered, much interrupted in fruit, 5-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or broadly 
 oval, acute or acutish; pod 3-5-jointed, the joints oval, 3-5 cm. long, densely 
 spinulose. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 Arachis hypogaea L., the Pea-nut is occasionally seen as a waif, not permanently 
 established. 
 
 34. MEIBOMIA Heist. [DESMODIUM Desv.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with stipellate 3-foliolate or in 
 some species I- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in racemes or pani- 
 cles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less united into 2 lips, the upper one 
 2 -toothed, the 3 lower teeth acute or attenuate. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicu- 
 lar, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely oblong; keel nearly 
 straight, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all 
 alike. Ovules 2-00 . Loment flat, several-jointed, the joints mainly coriaceous 
 and pubescent or muricate, indehiscent or rarely partially dehiscent, readily 
 separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom; died at Helmstadt, 1740.] About 
 160 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, about 
 20 others occur in the Southern and Southwestern States. 
 
 * Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked; leaflets broad. 
 Panicle arising from the base of the plant ; peduncle usually leafless, i. M. nudiflora. 
 Panicle terminal ; leaves crowded at its base. 2. M. grandiflora. 
 
 leaves scattered along the stem. 3. M. pauciflora. 
 
 * * Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above. 
 
 t Stems trailing or reclining. 
 Leaflets orbicular or nearly so. 
 
 Leaflets 2.5 cm. long or less, glabrate, coriaceous. 4. M. arenicola. 
 
 Leaflets 2.5-6 cm. long, thinnish, usually quite pubescent. 5. M, Michauxii. 
 
 Leaflets ovate or oval. 
 
 Corolla whitish ; leaves yellowish-green ; stipules broadly ovate. 
 
 6. M. ochroleuca. 
 Corolla purple ; leaves dull green ; stipules subulate. 7. M. glabella. 
 
 t f Stems erect or ascending. 
 
 Leaves sessile or nearly so ; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 8. M. sessilifolia. 
 
 Leaves petioled. 
 
 Leaflets narrowly linear ; joints of the loment usually concave on the back. 
 
 9. J/. stricta. 
 Leaflets broad (except in M. paniculata Chapmant). 
 
 1. Joints of the loment notably longer than broad. 
 
 Leaflets obtuse, rough-pubescent, yellowish green. 10. M. canescens. 
 Leaflets long-acuminate, scabrate above, slightly villous beneath. 
 
 ii. M. longifolia. 
 Leaflets long-acuminate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 12. M. bracteosa. 
 
 2. Joints of the loment little longer than broad. 
 
 (a) Loment distinctly long-stalked in the calyx. 
 
 Plants glabrous or nearly so (except in M. paniculata pn bens'). 
 
 Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 13. M. paniculata. 
 
 Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, glaucous beneath. 
 
 14. M. laevigata. 
 Plants pubescent or scabrous. 
 
 Leaflets thick, coriaceous, villous and reticulated beneath. 
 
 15. M. rhombifolia. 
 velvety-pubescent beneath. 
 
 16. M. viridiflora. 
 Leaflets scarcely coriaceous, appressed-pubescent or villous beneath. 
 
 17. M. Dillenii. 
 
 (b) Loment sessile in the calyx or nearly so. 
 
 Loment-joints 4-7 ; flowers numerous, showy. 
 
 Leaflets coriaceous, strongly reticulated beneath. 
 
 18. M. Illinoensis, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Leaflets not coriaceous, scarcely reticulated beneath ; loments 
 
 numerous. 19. M. Canadensis. 
 
 Loment-joints 1-3. 
 
 Leaflets scabrous, 2-5 cm. long. 20. M. rigida. 
 
 Leaflets not scabrous, 1-2 cm. long. 
 
 Plant nearly glabrous throughout. 21. M. Marylandica, 
 
 Stem pubescent ; leaflets and petioles ciliate. 
 
 22. M. obtusa. 
 
 I Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. NAKED-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL, 
 I. F. f. 2170.) Slender, the leaves clustered at the summit of the sterile stems: 
 peduncle leafless or rarely with I or 2 leaves; stipules subulate, deciduous; petioles 
 2.5-10 cm. long; leaflets oval or ovate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, pale be- 
 neath, 2.5-8 cm. long, the terminal one rhomboid, the others inequilateral; panicle 
 narrow, few-flowered; flowers rose-purple, 6-n mm. long; calyx-teeth obtuse, the 
 lowest one largest; loment 2-3 -jointed, the joints longer than wide, straight or con- 
 cave on the back, obliquely semi-rhomboidal, pubescent with uncinate hairs, the 
 sutures glabrous. In dry woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and La. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. POINTED-LEAVED TICK TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2171.) Erect, glabrous' or somewhat pubescent, 3-15 dm. high. Petioles 
 6-12 mm. long; stipules subulate, generally persistent; leaflets ovate acuminate, 
 5-15 cm. long, pubescent with scattered hairs; panicle ample; flowers large, rose- 
 purple; loment 2-3-jointed; joints longer than wide, concave above, obliquely 
 rounded below, uncinate-pubescent. In dry or rocky woods, Quebec to S. Dak., 
 Fla., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. June -Sept. 
 
 3. Meibomia pauciflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze. FEW-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2172.) Decumbent or ascending, pubescent with scattered hairs, 3-9 dm. 
 long. Stipules subulate, deciduous ; leaves alternate, distant, petioled ; leaflets 
 ovate, pubescent, 2.5-8 cm. long, the terminal one rhomboid; racemes simple, few- 
 flowered; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; corolla white (?), about 6 mm. long; loment i- 
 4-jointed, the joints concave or straight on the back, obliquely rounded below, 
 uncinate-pubescent. In woods, Out.?; W. N. Y. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and La. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Meibomia arenicola Vail. SAND TICK TREFOIL (I. F. f. 2173.) De- 
 cumbent or prostrate, pubescent or glabrate, slender, 3-6 dm. long. Stipules sub- 
 ulate, persistent; petioles about 12 mm. long; leaflets ovate-orbicular, glabrous or 
 nearly so, coriaceous, reticulate- veined ; racemes elongated, usually pubescent; 
 flowers purple, 4-6 mm. long; pedicels slender; loment small, 2-4-jointed, the 
 joints uncinate-pubescent, less convex above than below, 3-5 mm. long; stipe about 
 equalling the calyx-lobes. In dry woods, Md. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Meibomia Michauxii Vail. PROSTRATE TICK TREFOIL. (I F. f. 2174.) 
 Prostrate, 6-18 dm long, softly pubescent or densely villous. Stipules ovate or 
 triangular-ovate, persistent, acuminate, somewhat cordate, ciliate; leaflets nearly 
 orbicular; panicles loose; flowers purple, 6-n mm. long; calyx-lobes ciliate; lo- 
 ment 2.5 cm long or more, 3-5- jointed; joints obliquely rhomboid below, slightly 
 convex above, uncinate-pubescent; stipe equalling or longer than the calyx-lobes. 
 Dry woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. CREAM FLOWERED TICK- 
 TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2175.) Procumbent or decumbent, hirsute, 3-9 dm. long. Stip- 
 ules persistent, cordate; petioles 1.3-3.5 cm - l n g; leaflets recticulate-veined and 
 somewhat scabrous beneath, 1.7-5 cm - I n R> tne terminal one rhomboid, the lateral 
 obliquely ovate, smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes simple; loment 2-3 -jointed, 
 the joints slightly more convex below than above, twisted, oval, pale green, gla- 
 brous except the uncinate pubescent sutures; stipe about as long as the calyx-lobes." 
 In woodlands, N. J. to Ga. and Mo. Aug-Sept. 
 
 7. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. TRAILING TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2176.) Procumbent, glabrous or nearly so; stem sometimes 2.4 m. long. Leaf- 
 lets obtuse, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, pale beneath, 2.5-6 cm. long, 
 the terminal one slightly rhomboid; racemes panicled; loment 3-5-jointed, the joints 
 obliquely semi-rhomboid, less convex above than below; stipe about 4 mm. long. 
 In dry sandy woods, E. Mass, to N. Y., Penn. and S. Car. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 8. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. SESSILE-LEA VEP TICK-TREFOIL- 
 
PAP1LIONACEAE. 5 6x 
 
 (I. F. f. 2177.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, uncinate-pube scent. Stipules small, de- 
 ciduous; leaflets obtuse at each end, nearly glabrous above, reticulate-veined and 
 pubescent beneath, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. long; loment i-3-jointed, the 
 joints about 4 mm. long, obliquely obovate, hispid, somewhat twisted, less convex 
 above than below; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. In dry soil, Mass., R. I. 
 and Conn, to Mich., Ky., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Meibomia stricta (Purshj Kuntze. STIFF TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2178.) 
 Erect, slender, finely pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules subulate, deciduous; 
 leaves petioled; leaflets obtuse, glabrous, thick, reticulate-veined, 2.5-6 cm. long, 
 about 6 mm. wide; flowers 2-4 mm. long; loment small, 1-3 -jointed; joints semi- 
 obovate or semi-rhomboid, uncinate-pubescent, about 4mm. long; stipe about equal- 
 ling the calyx-lobes. Pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Meibomia canteens (L.) Kuntze. HOARY TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2179.) Erect, densely pubescent, 1-1.7 m. high. Stipules ovate, acuminate, 
 somewhat cordate, persistent; leaflets ovate, 1.5-10 cm. long, scabrous above, pu- 
 bescent beneath, ciliate, the terminal one commonly rhomboid and larger than 
 the lateral ones; racemes compound; flowers 4-5 mm. long; loment 4-6-jointed, 
 joints longer than wide, unequally rhomboid, 9-13 mm. long; stipe about equalling 
 the upper lobe of the calyx. In rich soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and Tex. 
 July -Sept. 
 
 Meibomia can&cens hirsuta (Hook. ) Vail. Stem and branches more densely 
 villous-pubescent ; leaflets narrower. Mo. 
 
 11. Meibomia longifolia (T. & G.) Vail. LONG-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2180.) Erect, 6 15 dm. high, the angled stems and panicle minutely pu- 
 bescent. Stipules lanceolate-setaceous; leaflets 5-12 cm. long, lanceolate-ovate or 
 ovate, scabrate above, lighter, appressed-pubescerit or villous beneath; flowers 
 showy, purple; loment 2.5-8 cm. long, 4-6-jointed, the joints triangular-oblong or 
 lozenge- shaped, unicinate pubescent throughout; stipe about the length of the 
 calyx-lobes. In rich soil and lew woods, 111. to La. and Ala. June-Sept. 
 
 12. Meibomia bract e 6 sa (Mich x.) Kuntze. LARGE-BRACTED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2181.) Erect, 9-18 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so below, the panicle 
 finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, cuspidate, somewhat cordate; leaflets 
 5 20 cm. long, ovate or ovate lanceolate; flowers purple, 9-11 mm. long; bracts 
 cuspidate, striate, deciduous; loment 2.5-8 cm. long, 3~7-jointed, the joints ob- 
 liquely oblong, about twice as long as wide, uncinate pubescent; stipe about the 
 length of the lower calyx lobes. In thickets, Me. to Ont., Fla., Mo. and Tex. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 13. Meibomia paniculata iL.) Kuntze. PANICLED TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2182.) Erect, slender, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules small, subulate; leaflets oblong- 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm - l n g: racemes compound ; flowers 
 purple, 6-9 mm. long ; loment 2.5 cm. longer more, 4-6 jointed, the joints ob- 
 liquely triangular or rhomboid, minutely uncinate-pubescent; stipe nearly equal- 
 ling the lower lobes of the calyx. In dry soil, Ont. to Minn., Mass., Fla. and Tex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Meibomia paniculata Chapmanf Britton. More slender; leaflets linear. Intermediate 
 form? also occur. In dry, sandy soil, Va. to Fla., Ky. and Tex. 
 
 Meibomia panicul&ta pubens (T. & G.) Vail. Stems puberulent ; leaflets coriaceous 
 when old, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; loment- 
 joints strongly angled on the back. In sandy soil, Va. to Fla., the Ind. Terr, and Tex. 
 
 14. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. SMOOTH TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2183.) Stem terete, glaucous, erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous; stipules 
 subulate, deciduous; petioles 2.55 cm. long, leaflets ovate, acutish, the terminal 
 one more or less. rhomboid; racemes compound, slightly pubescent; bracts decid- 
 uous; calyx scabrous; flowers pink, 11-13 mm. long; loment 3-4- jointed, the 
 joints triangular, angled on the back, uncinate-pubescent; stipe 4-6 mm. long. 
 In dry woods, S. N. Y-. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 15. Meibomia rhombifMia (Ell.) Vail. RHOMB-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2184.) Erect or ascending, 6-9 dm. high or more, uncinate pubescent. 
 Stipules subulate, taper- pointed; leaflets ovate, often mucronulate, scabrous above, 
 villous and reticulated beneath, 5-9 cm. long, the terminal rhomboid, the lateraJ 
 
5^2 FLORA. 
 
 ones often wanting; racemes elongated, usually leafless; bracts mimue; loment 2- 
 5 -jointed, the joints obliquely semi rhomboid, rounded on the back, uncinate pubes- 
 cent; stipe often as long as the lowest joint. In sandy soil and pine lands, Va. to 
 Fla., Ala. and La. May-Sept. 
 
 16. Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. VELVET-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2185.) Erect, downy pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules lanceolate, 
 mainly deciduous; petioles 1-4 cm. long; leaflets broadly ovate, rough above, vel- 
 vety-pubescent beneath, 3-9 cm. long, the terminal one somewhat rhomboid; ra- 
 cemes compound, elongated, uncinate-pubestent; flowers purple, 6-9 mm. long, 
 lornent 2- 4- jointed, the joints semi-rhomboid, uncinate, about 4 mm. long; stipe 
 about equalling the lower lobes of the calyx. Dry woods, E. Perm, and S. N. Y. 
 to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 17. Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. DILLEN'S TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2186.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stipules subulate, 
 mainly deciduous; leaflets usually thin, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3-10 cm. long, 
 sparingly pubescent or glabrous above, softly pubescent or villous beneath; racemes 
 compound, loose; bracts small, deciduous; flowers 6-9 mm. long; loment 2-4- 
 jointed, the joints nearly triangular, about 6 mm. long, somewhat convex on the 
 back, uncinate-pubescent. Woods, Me. and Out. to Minn., Va., Ky., Mo. and 
 Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 1 8. Meibomia Illinoensis (A. Gray) Kuntze. ILLINOIS TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2187.) Erect, stout, 6-12 dm. high, uncinate-pubescent. Stipules ovate, 
 acute, cordate, ciliate, pubescent, persistent; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 obtusish, scabrous above, reticulate veined and cinereous beneath, 2. 5-9 cm. long; 
 bracts ovate-lanceolate; flowers 6-9 mm. long; loments 1-2.5 cm l n g? often 
 in pairs, 3-6-jointed, the joints oval or orbicular, densely uncinate-pubescent. 
 Prairies, 111. to S. Dak , Iowa and Kans. June-Sept 
 
 19. Meibomia Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. CANADIAN OR SHOWY TICK- 
 TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2188.) Erect, stout, pubescent, 6-24 dm. high. Stipules 
 linear-lanceolate, mostly persistent; lower petioles 1-2.5 cm - l n g> tne upper 
 leaves nearly sessile; leaflets cblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, appres^ed- 
 pubescent beneath; racemes densely panicled; flowers 11-17 mm - l n g> con - 
 spicuous, purple or bluish-purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate; calyx- 
 lobes attenuate; loment about 2.5 cm. long, 3-5 jointed; joints triangular, straight 
 or convex on back, uncinate pubescent. Thickets and river-banks, N. B. to 
 Manitoba, N. Car., Mo. and the Ind. Terr. July- Sept. 
 
 20. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. RIGID TICK-TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2189.) 
 Erect, rather rigid, finely uncinate-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Stipules small, lan- 
 ceolate, deciduous; leaflets ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, scabrous above, pubes- 
 cent, especially along the veins beneath, 2.5-5 cm - ' on g> racemes compound; 
 flowers 2-4 mm. long, purplish; loment joints obliquely ovate, rounded on the 
 back, uncinate-pubescent, about 3 mm. long. In dry soil, N. H. to Fla., Mich., 
 Kans. and La. July-Oct. 
 
 21. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. SMOOTH SMALL- LEAVED TICK 
 TREFOIL. (I. F. f. 2190.) Erect or ascending, rarely with a few scattered hairs, 
 6-9 dm. high. Stipules subulate; leaves crowded; leaflets 12-25 mm. long, ovate 
 or nearly orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, the lateral often subcordate; racemes pani- 
 cled; corolla purplish, 2-4 mm. long; loment-joints small, obliquely oval or semi- 
 orbicular. In dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich, and La. July-Sept. 
 
 22. Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. HAIRY SMALL-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2191.) Erect, 6-9 dm. high, pubescent. Stipules subulate, deciduous; 
 leaves crowded; petioles ciliate, shorter than the leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate or 
 oval, obtuse, somewhat coriaceous, more or less pubescent on both sides, ciliate, 
 12-25 mm. long; racemes uncinate-pubescent, flowers 2-4 mm. long; loment-joints 
 obliquely oval; stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., 
 Mich, and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 35. LESPEDEZA Michx. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, often somewhat woody, with pinnately 3 foliolate leaves, small stipules, 
 and small purple or whitish flowers in axillary clusters, heads or panicles. 
 Flowers often of 2 kinds intermixed, tl.e one petaliferous and mainly sterile, the 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. 563 
 
 other minute, apetalous, abundantly fertile. Calyx lobes nearly equal. Standard 
 in the petaliferous flowers obovate or oblong, clawed; wings oblong; keel incurved. 
 Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and i); anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or 
 stipitate, i-ovuled. Pod ovate, oblong, oval or suborbicular, flat, indehiscent, 
 reticulated, composed i >' a single joint, or rarely with a second stalk like joint at 
 the base. [Named ior Lespedez, governor of Florida, patron of Michaux.] A 
 genus of about 35 species, natives of eastern N. Am., Asia and Australia. 
 
 1. PERENNIALS; STIPULES AND BKACTS SUBULATE; CALYX-LOBES NARROW. 
 
 * Both petaliferous and apetalous flowers present; corolla purple or purplish; pod 
 
 exserted. 
 
 Peduncles slender and mostly exceeding the leaves. 
 Petaliferous flowers capitate or spicate. 
 
 Plants trailing or diffusely procumbent. 
 
 Glabrous or appressed-pubescent. i. L. repens. 
 
 Woolly or downy-pubescent. 2. L. procumbens, 
 
 Plants erect, rather stout, pubescent. 3. /,. Nuttallii. 
 
 Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate ; stem erect or ascending. 
 
 4. L. violacea. 
 
 Flower-clusters of both kinds sessile or nearly so. 
 Leaflets oval, oblong or orbicular. 
 
 Foliage densely downy-pubescent. . 5. L. Sfuvei. 
 
 Foliage glabrate or appressed-pubescent. 6. L.frutescens. 
 
 Leaflets linear or linear-oblong. 7. L. Virginica. 
 
 * * Flowers all complete; corolla whitish or yellowish; pod included or scarcely 
 
 exserted. 
 
 Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular. 
 
 Peduncles' exceeding the leaves. 8. L. hirta. 
 
 Peduncles shorter than the leaves. 9. L. capitata. 
 Leaves linear or linear-oblong; peduncles elongated. 
 
 Spikes densely flowered. 10. L. angustifolia. 
 
 Spikes interrupted, loosely-flowered. n. L. leptostachya. 
 
 2. ANNUAL; STIPULES OVATE; CALYX-LOBES BROAD. 12. L. striata. 
 
 1. Lespedeza repens (L. ) Bart. CREEPING BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2192.) 
 Glabrate or appressed-pubescent, tufted; stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. Petioles 
 shorter than the leaves; stipules about 2 mm. long; leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse 
 or retuse at the apex, 6-17 mm. long; inflorescence rather loose; corolla violet- 
 purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod oval orbicular, acute, finely pubescent, 3 mm. long. 
 In dry or sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. TRAILING BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2193.) Woolly or downy-pubescent, sometimes ascending, stouter than the pre- 
 ceding species; stems 3-7.5 dm. long. Petioles commonly much shorter than the 
 leaves; leaflets oval or elliptic, rarely slightly obovate, obtuse or retuse at the apex, 
 rounded at the base, 11-25 mm. long; peduncles longer than the leaves, or the 
 flowers sometimes all apetalous and nearly sessile; corolla violet-purple or pinkish- 
 purple; pod oval-orbicular, acute, pubescent, 3 mm. long. In dry soil, N. H. to 
 Fla., the Ind. Terr, and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. NUTTALL'S BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2194.) 
 More or less villous-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Petioles shorter than the leaves; 
 leaflets oval, obovate or suborbicular, thickish, obtuse or emarginate, dark green 
 and glabrous or nearly so above, villous-pubescent beneath, 9 mm. 4 cm. long; in- 
 florescence capitate or spicate, dense; flowers violet-purple, about 6 mm. long; pod 
 oblong or oval, acuminate or acute at each end. very pubescent, 5-6 mm. long. 
 Dry soil, southern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Mich*, Fla. and Kans. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. BUSH CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2195.) Spar- 
 ingly pubescent, usually much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. long; 
 leaflets oval, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, thin, obtuse or retuse, rounded at the base, 
 13 mm. -5 cm. long, appressed-pubescent beneath; peduncles, at least the upper 
 ones, longer than the leaves ; inflorescence loose, paniculate ; corolla violet-purple, 
 6 II mm. long; pod ovate or oval, acute, finely and sparingly pubescent or gla- 
 
564 FLORA. 
 
 brate, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., Minn., Kans., La. and northern 
 Mex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. STUVE'S BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2196.) Wand- 
 like, velvety or downy pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. long; petioles 
 commonly much shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or suborbicular, ob- 
 tuse or retuse, 12-30 mm. long; flowers in nearly sessile axillary clusters; corolla 
 violet-purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong to orbicular, 4-6 mm. long, downy- 
 pubescent. Dry soil, Conn, to Va., Mich, and the Ind. Terr. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Lespedeza Stuvei neglecta Britton. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong-, obtuse, mu- 
 cronulate. N. J. and Penn. to N. Car., Ga., Mo., and Tex. 
 
 6. Lespedeza frutescens iL.) Britton. WAND-LIKE BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2197.) Finely appressed-pubescent or glabrate, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules 4-6 mm. 
 long; petioles equalling or shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, oblong or 
 elliptic, obtuse, truncate or retuse, 12-38 mm. long, glabrous and dark green 
 above, paler and pubescent beneath; flowers in short-stalked or nearly sessile axil- 
 lary clusters, generally crowded toward the summit of the stem; corolla violet- 
 purple, 4-6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent, about 4 mm. long. 
 Dry soil, Me. to Ont, Mich., Fla., 111. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 7. Lespedeza Virginica (L.) Britton. SLENDER BUSH CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2198.) Slender, resembling the preceding. Leaflets linear or oblong-linear, 
 12-38 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, truncate, finely pubescent beneath, or glabrate on 
 both surfaces; clusters crowded in the upper axils; flowers violet-purple, 4-6 mm. 
 long; pod ovate or oval-orbicular, 4 mm. long, pubescent, or nearly glabrous. 
 Dry soil, Mass, to Ont., Minn., Kans., Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell. HAIRY BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 2199.) Erect 
 or ascending, villous or silky pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Stipules 2-5 mm. long; 
 petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets oval, or suborbicular, obtuse at each end, 
 sometimes emarginate, 12 mm. -5 cm. long; peduncles elongated; heads oblong- 
 cylindric, rather dense, 12-35 mm - l n g; flowers all complete, corolla yellowish- 
 white or the standard purple-spotted, about 6 mm. long; pod oval, acute, very 
 pubescent, about equalling the calyx-lobes. Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., 111., 
 Minn, and La. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Lespedeza hirta oblongifolia Britton. Leaflets oblong, obtuse at each end, 1.8-3 
 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrate above, appressed-pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender ; 
 spikes looser, 2.5-3.8 cm. long ; calyx very pubescent. Pine barrens, Egg Harbor, 
 N. J., and in the Southern States. 
 
 9 Lespedeza capitata Michx. ROUND-HEADED BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2200.) Stiff, mainly simple and wand-like, silky or silvery pubescent, 6-16 dm. 
 high. Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oval, 2.5-3.8 cm. long; peduncles 
 shorter than the leaves, or the dense globose-oblong heads sessile in the upper 
 axils; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish-white, with a purple spot on the 
 standard, 6 mm. long; pod ovate-oblong, pubescent, about half as long as the calyx- 
 lobes. Dry fields, Ont. and Me. to Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Lespedeza capit&ta longifolia (DC.) T. & G. Leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear- 
 oblong, sometimes i dm. long. 111. and Mo. 
 
 10. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. NARROW- LEAVED BUSH CLOVER. 
 (I. F. f. 2201.) Erect, appressed-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves nearly sessile; 
 leaflets linear or oblong-linear, rarely some of the lower ones lance-linear, 2.5-3 
 cm. long, obtuse, truncate or acutish; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; 
 flowers nearly as in the preceding; pod ovate-orbicular, shorter than the calyx- 
 lobes. Dry sandy soil, E. Mass, to Fla., Mich, and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 11. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. PRAIRIE BUSH-CLOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2202.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, silvery- pubescent with appressed hairs. Petioles 
 shorter than the leaves; leaflets linear, 2.5-3 cm * l n > spikes slender, on ped- 
 uncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; corolla as in the preceding; pod ovate, 
 pubescent, about 3 mm. long, nearly equalling the calyx. Prairies, 111. to Iowa, 
 Wis. and Minn. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 12. Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) H. & A. JAPAN CLOVER. (I. F. 2203.) 
 Diffuse or ascending, sparingly apprested-pubescent, 1.5-3 dm. long. Stipules 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. 5 65 
 
 ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-4 mm. long; petioles much shorter than the leaves; 
 leaflets oblong or oblong obovate, 9-20 mm. long, obtuse, narrowed at the base; 
 flowers 1-3 together, sessile or nearly so in the axils; corolla pink or purple, about 
 12 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate; pod oval, acute, exceeding the calyx-lobes. In 
 fields, Va. to 111., Mo., Kans. and very common in the Southern States. Nat. 
 from eastern Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 36. VICIA L. 
 
 Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, with pinnate tendril-bearing leaves, 
 half-sagittate or entire stipules, and axillary, mostly racemose, flowers. Calyx-tube 
 somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base, its teeth about equal. Standard obovate or 
 oblong, emarginate, clawed; wings obliquely oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong 
 curved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and I), or monadelphous below. Ovules <x> ; 
 style very slender, with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod flat, dehiscent, 
 2 valved, continuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.] 
 About 120 species of wide distribution. In addition to the following, about 12 
 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers racemed or spicate ; peduncles elongated. 
 Indigenous perennials. 
 
 Spike-like racemes dense, i-sided, i5~4O-flowered. I. V. Cracca. 
 
 Racemes loose, 1-20- flowered. 
 Flowers 1.5-2 cm. long. 
 
 Leaflets elliptic, or ovate-oblong. 2. V, Americana. 
 
 Leaflets narrowly linear ; western. 3. V. /mean's. 
 
 Flowers 4-10 mm. long. 
 
 Racemes 8-2o-flowered ; flowers 9-11 mm. long. 4. V. Caroliniana. 
 Racemes i-6-flowered ; flowers 4-9 mm. long. 
 
 Leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear, or those of the lower leaves oval or 
 
 obovate. 5. V. micrantha. 
 
 Leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, all oval, elliptic or obovate. 
 
 6. V. Ludoviciana. 
 Introduced annuals ; flowers few, 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 Pod glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 7. V. tetrasperma. 
 
 Pod pubescent, 2-seeded. 8. V. hirsuta. 
 
 Flowers sessile or very nearly so, few, axillary. 
 Flowers i or 2 in the axils ; annuals. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate. 9. V. sativa. 
 
 Leaflets, except those of lower leaves, linear or linear-oblong. 
 
 10. V. angustifolia. 
 Flowers 2-6 in a short nearly sessile raceme; perennial. n. V. Sepium. 
 
 1. Vicia Cracca L. TUFTED OR Cow VETCH. BLUE VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2204.) Finely pubescent or sometimes glabrate; stems weak, 6-12 dm. long. 
 Stipules linear, acute, entire, 2-9 mm. long; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 18-24, 
 thin, linear or linear-oblong, mucronate, 1.7-2 cm. long; peduncles axillary, shorter 
 than or equalling the leaves; racemes 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers bluish-purple, n- 
 13 mm. long, reflexed; claw of the vexillum about equalling its blade; pod short- 
 stalked, glabrous, 1.8-2.5 cm - l n g> 5-8-seeded. In dry soil, Newf. to Br. Col., 
 N. J., Ky. and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 
 
 Vicia vil!6sa Roth, a European species found by Dr. C. D. Fretz in eastern Penn- 
 sylvania, differs from the above in having the claw of the standard half the length of its 
 blade. 
 
 2. Vicia Americana Muhl. AMERICAN VETCH. PEA VINE. (I. F. f. 2205.) 
 Glabrous, or with some appressed pubescence, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves nearly ses- 
 sile; stipules broad, foliaceous, triangular-ovate, sharply-toothed, 4-11 mm. long; 
 leaflets 8-14, elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse or sometimes emarginate and mucron- 
 ul ite, rounded at the base, 1.7-3.8 cm. long; peduncles usually shorter than the 
 leaves; racemes 3-9 flowered; flowers bluish purple, 17-21 mm. long, spreading; 
 pod short-stalked, glabrous, 2.5-3 cm. long, 4-7- seeded. In moist ground, N. B. 
 to Manitoba, Br. Col., Va., Ky. and Nev. May- Aug. 
 
 2a. Vicia Oregana (Nutt.). OREGON VETCH. Leaflets smaller and thicker, 
 oblong, mostly obtuse or subtruncate. Kans. to S. Dak., Cal. and Br. Col. 
 
 3. Vicia linearis (Nutt.) Greene. NARROW-LEAVED AMERICAN VETCH. 
 (I. F. f. 2206.) Glabrous or nearly so; stems often zigzag, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf- 
 
$66 FLORA. 
 
 lets 4-7 pairs, narrowly linear to linear oblong, 1.8-3.5 cm - l n g? rather thick, the 
 apex not toothed, mucronate; stipules 4-9 mm. long, half-sagittate, acuminate, 
 their bases prolonged, sometimes dentate; racemes 2- 6- flowered; flowers purple or 
 purplish, about 18 mm. long; pod about 2.5 cm. long, glabrous, short-stalked. In 
 dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Br. Col., S. Dak., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. May- Aug. 
 
 4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA VETCH (I. F. f. 2207.) Glabrous 
 or nearly so, slender, 6-9 dm. long. Stipules linear or oblong, entire, 4-6 mm. 
 long; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 8-18, oblong or linear-oblong, entire, obtuse or 
 emarginate, or sometimes acutish and mucronate, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles equal- 
 ling or shorter than the leaves; racemes 8-2O-flowered; flowers nearly white, 9-11 
 mm. long, the keel bluish-tipped; pod glabrous, 1.7-3 cm - l n g> short-stalked, 
 5~8-seeded. Banks and cliffs, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ky. and Kans. May- July. 
 
 5. Vicia micrantha Nutt. SMALL- FLOWERED VETCH. (I. F. f. 2:08.) Per- 
 ennial (or sometimes annual?), glabrous; stems slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets 
 2-5 pairs, narrowly linear to linear-oblong, thin, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, acutish or 
 emarginate, or those of the lower leaves obovate, oval or even obcordate, usually 
 shorter; peduncles 8-30 mm. long, i-2-flowered; flowers 4-6 mm. long, purplish; 
 pod slightly pubescent or glabrous, about 2.5 cm. long. 6-12-seeded; seeds ccm- 
 pressed. On prairies and in thickets, Mo. to Tenn., Ala. and Tex. April- May. 
 
 6. Vicia Ludoviciana Nutt. LOUISIANA VETCH. (I. F. f. 2209.) Glabrous, 
 or the young parts pubescent; stem rather stout, angled, 4-9 dm. long. Leaflets 
 elliptic, oval or obovate, thin, 1.2-2 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate; stipules very 
 narrow, rarely over 6 mm. long, linear or half-sagittate; pedurcles shorter than 
 the leaves, or about equalling them, i-6-flowered; flowers 6-9 mm. long, bluish; 
 pod 2.5 cm. long, or rather more, glabrous, 4-6 seeded, the seeds compressed. 
 Kans. (?), Tex. and La. to Fla. April-May. 
 
 7. Vicia tetrasparmi (L.) Moench. SLENDER VETCH. SMOOTH OR LENTIL 
 TARE. (I. F. f. 2210.) Glabrous or nearly so, weak, slender, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
 Stipules linear, long-auriculate; leaves short petioled; leaflets 6-12, thin, linear or 
 linear-oblong, commonly mucronulate, 12-17 mm. long; peduncles filiform, equal- 
 ling or shorter than the leaves, 1-6- flowered; flowers pale, blue or purplish, 4-6 
 mm. long; pod 8-13 mm. long. In meadows and waste places, N. S. and Ont. to 
 Va. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. HAIRY VETCH OR TARE. (I. F. f. 2211.) Spar- 
 ingly pubescent or glabrous, much resembling the preceding. Stipules linear, 
 long-auriculate and sometimes toothed; leaves i,early sessile; leaflets 12-14, oblong 
 or linear, obtuse, emarginate or truncate, mucrcnulate, 8-17 mm. long, narrowed 
 at the base; peduncles slender, mainly shorter than the leaves. 2- 6-flowered; 
 flowers pale purplish-blue, about 3 mm. long; pod 8-13 mm. long. In fields and 
 waste places, Va. to Ohio, N. B. and Alberta. Nat from Europe. May- Sept. 
 
 9. Vicia sativa L. COMMON VETCH OR TARE. PEBBLE- VETCH. (I. F. f. 
 2212.) Pubescent or glabrate, spreading, 3-9 dm. long. Stipules broad, generally 
 sharply toothed ; leaves short-petioled; leaflets 8-14, obovate, oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, obtuse, truncate or retuse and mucronate at the apex, r.arro.wed at the base, 
 1.8-3 cm - ' on g; flowers bluish-purple, 1.8-2.5 cm - ^ ori g calyx-teeth about as long 
 as the tube; pod linear-oblong, glabrous, 4-8 cm. long, 5-iO-seecled. In fields ai.d 
 waste places, frequent or occasional throughout our area, in the Southern States 
 and on the Pacific Coast. Adventive from Evirope. May-Aug. 
 
 10. Vicia angustifolia Roth. SMALLER COMMON VETCH. (I. F. f. 2213.) 
 Glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, 3-6 dm. long. Stipules mostly half-sagit- 
 tate, toothed or entire; leaves short-petioled, or nearly sessile; leaflets 8-16, linear, 
 lanceolate or oblanceolate, 9-35 mm. long, mucronulate, those of the lower leaves 
 commonly obovate, broader and shorter; flowers i or 2 in the upper axils, purple, 
 12-17 mm - l n g; calyx-teeth as long as the tube or shorter; pod linear, glabrous, 
 2.5-5 cm. long. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Fla. Nat. from Europe. April- 
 July- 
 
 11. Vicia Sepium L. BUSH VETCH. WILD TARE. (L F. f. 2214.) Per- 
 ennial by stolons, minutely pubescent; stem slender, 6 9 dm. long. Leaves short- 
 petioled, 5-15 cm. long; leaflets 10-18, ovate or oval, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, emarginate 
 or truncate at the apex, mucronulate, thin; stipules half-sagittate, i cm. long or 
 less; racemes 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers very short-pedicelled, pale purple, 1-2 cm. 
 
PA P2L ION A CEA E. $6? 
 
 long; calyx-teeth unequal, shorter than the tube; pod 2-3 cm. long, glabrous. 
 Near Hamilton, Out. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 Ervum Lt'ns 1.., the Lentil, distinguished from all our species of Vicia by its elon- 
 gated calyx-lobes and oval, i-2-seeded pod, is collected occasionally as a waif. 
 
 37. LATHYRUS L. 
 
 Herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate mostly tendril-bearing leaves, 
 and racemose or sometimes solitary flowers. Calyx oblique or gibbous at the base, its 
 teeth nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than the lower; corolla nearly 
 as in Vicia, but commonly larger; stamens diadelphous (9 and I), or monadelphous 
 below. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules generally numerous; style curved, flattened, 
 hairy along its inner side; pod flat, or sometimes terete, 2-valved, dehiscent, con- 
 tinuous between the seeds. [Ancient Greek name of some leguminous plant. 
 About no species, natives of the northern hemisphere and of S. Am. Besides the 
 following, about 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Leaflets 3-7 pairs ; flowers purple. 
 
 Stipules foliaceous ; plant of the seashore and the Great Lakes, i. L. maritimus. 
 Stipules half-sagittate or small, or wanting ; inland plants. . 
 
 Plants climbing or trailing ; stipules present ; pod sessile. 
 
 Leaflets ovate or oval, large ; flowers 10-20. 2. L. venosus. 
 Leaflets linear, oblong or oval, smaller ; flowers 2-6. 
 
 Leaflets linear or linear-oblong ; stem winged. 3. L. pahistris. 
 
 Leaflets oblong or oval ; stem wingless. 4. L.. myrtifolius. 
 Plants mainly erect ; stipules often wanting ; pod stipitate. 
 
 Leaflets lanceolate or oblong. 5. L. decaphyllus. 
 
 Leaflets linear.- 6. L. ornatus. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 pairs ; stipules foliaceous ; flowers yellowish-white. 7. L. ochroleucus. 
 Leaflets i pair ; stipules foliaceous. 
 
 Perennial ; introduced ; flowers yellow. 8. L. pratensis. 
 
 Annual ; native western species ; flowers purple. 9. L. pusillus. 
 
 1. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. BEACH PEA. (I. F. f. 2215.) Peren- 
 nial, glabrous or nearly so. slightly glaucous; stems angled, decumbent, 3-6 dm. 
 long. Stipules ovate, half- hastate, acute, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; leaves nearly sessile; 
 leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong, oval or obovate, obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, 
 mainly narrowed at the base, somewhat larger than the stipules; tendrils branched ; 
 peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 6-10, 18-25 mm - l n g; Pd sessile, linear- 
 oblong, nearly glabrous, veined, 4-8 cm. long. Beaches, N. J. to arctic Am., the 
 Great Lakes, and on the Pacific coast. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. VEINY PEA. (L F. f. 2216.) Finely pubescent 
 or glabrous, perennial, 6-9 dm. long. Stems 4-angled; stipules lanceolate, half- 
 sagittate, acute or acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; leaves petioled; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 
 ovate or oval, mucronulate, often reticulated, mostly rounded at the base, 2.5-5 cm - 
 long; tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers 12-16 mm. 
 long; pod linear, sessile, glabrous, veined, 4-8 cm. long. River shores and banks, 
 N. J. and Penn. to Ind., Assiniboia, Ga., La. and Kans. May-July. 
 
 3. Lathyrus palustris L. MARSH VETCHLING. (I. F. f. 2217.) Perennial, 
 glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stems slender, 3-6 dm. long; stipules half-sagit- 
 tate, 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or 
 obtusish and mucronate, 2.5-6 cm. long; tendrils branched; peduncles generally 
 about equalling the leaves; flowers 1-1.5 cm< l n g; Pd linear, sessile, slightly 
 pubescent or glabrous, 4-6 cm. long. In moist or wet grounds, Lab. to Alaska, 
 Mass., N. Y., S. Dak. and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 
 
 4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. MYRTLE-LEAVED MARSH PEA. (I. F. f. 
 2218.) Perennial, usually glabrous; stems angled, 3-9 dm. long, weak. Stipules 
 obliquely ovate or half -sagittate, 12-25 mm - l n g> toothed ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, 
 mostly 3 pairs, oval, oval-oblong or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at the base, 
 1.8-5 cm - l n g> rather thin; tendrils branched; peduncles equalling the leaves or 
 shorter. 3~9-flowered; flowers similar to those of the preceding; pod linear, glab- 
 rous, sessile, 2.5-5 cm - lon g- I n moist or wet grounds, N. B. to Manitoba, N. 
 Car. and Tenn. May-July. 
 
 Lathyrus myrtifplius macranthus White. Pubescent; stipules larger, often half as 
 large as the leaflets; flowers 2-2.5 cm - long- Me. 
 
568 FLORA. 
 
 5. Lathyrus decaphy'llus Pursh. PRAIRIE VETCHLING (I. F. i 2219.) 
 Perennial, erect or ascending, glabrous or finely pubescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
 Stems angled; stipules half-sagittate, acuminate, 8-25 mm. long; leaflets 3-7 pairs, 
 mucronulate, narrowed at the base, thick, reticulated, 2.5-6 cm. long; stipules 
 often wanting; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; 
 pod linear, seeds with a narrow stalk and short hilum. Kans. (?); Idaho and 
 Colo, to Ariz, and N. Mex. March-July. 
 
 6. Lathyrus ornatus Nutt. SHOWY VETCHLING. (I. F. f. 2220.) Closely 
 resembling the preceding, but generally lower, often less than 3 dm. high. Stipules 
 lanceolate or linear, 4-20 mm. long; leaflets narrow, acute and mucronate, 
 9-25 mm. long; tendrils commonly wanting; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; pod linear; 
 seeds with abroad stalk and long hilum. Ind. Terr, to Kans., S. Dak., Colo, and 
 Utah. May-June. 
 
 Lathyrus ornatus incunus Smith and Rydb. Plant densely villous-canescent. Neb. 
 and Colo. 
 
 7. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. CREAM-COLORED VETCHLING. (I. F. f. 
 2221.) Perennial, glabrous, slightly glaucous; stem somewhat angled, climbing 
 or trailftig, 3-8 dm. long; stipules broad, half-ovate and half-cordate, 1.7-2.5 cm. 
 long; leaves petioled; leaflets thin, pale beneath, ovate or broadly oval, rounded at 
 the base, 2.5-5 cm> l n g! tendrils branched; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
 flowers 5-10, 15-18 mm. long; pod oblong-linear, sessile, glabrous, 2.5-5 cm - l n g- 
 On river banks and hillsides, N. J. to Quebec and arctic Am., Iowa, Wyo. and Br. 
 Col. May -July. 
 
 8. Lathyrus pratensis L. MEADOW PEA. YELLOW VETCHLING. (I. F. 
 f. 2222.) Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, climbing or straggling, 3-9 
 dm. long. Stems angled ; stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate, acuminate, 1.3-2.5 
 cm. long; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, mucronulate, 2.5-4 
 cm. long ; racemes exceeding the leaves; flowers 6-12, 12-17 mm. long; pods 
 linear, glabrous, 2.5-4 cm. long. In waste places, Me., N. Y., Mass, and Out. 
 Nat. from Europe. June- Aug. 
 
 9. Lathyrus pusillus Ell. Low VETCHLING. Annual, glabrous; stem 
 winged, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets I pair, linear- lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute; 
 stipules sagittate, 2 cm. long or more; peduncles 'elongated, i-3-flovvered; flowers 
 purple, small; pod io-15-seeded. S. Car. to Miss., Kans. and Tex. Apr.-May. 
 
 38. BRADBURYA Rat. [CENTROSEMA Benth.] 
 
 Slender vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves (rarely 5-7-foliolate), persistent 
 stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, its teeth or lobes nearly 
 equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on the back near its base; clawed; 
 wings obovate. curved; keel curved; stamens more or less diadelphous (q and i); 
 style incurved, bearded at the apex around the stigma; pod linear, flattened, nearly 
 sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2-valved, the valves thick-edged, longi- 
 tudinally finely nerved along their margins. [In honor of John Bradbury, who 
 travelled in America early in the century.] About 30 species, natives of America. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 I. Bradburya Virginiana (L.) Kuntze. SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. (I. F. 
 f. 2223.) Perennial, finely rough-pubescent, 6-12 dm. long. Stipules linear, 
 acute; leaflets 3, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, stipellate, rounded at the base, retic- 
 ulate-veined, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; peduncles about equalling the petioles, i-4-flowered; 
 bracts ovate, acute, finely striate; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long; corolla violet; calyx- 
 lobes linear; pod 10-13 cm - l n g long-acuminate, its margins much thickened. 
 Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Ha., Ark., Tex. and tropical Am. July-Aug. 
 
 39. CLITORIA L. 
 
 Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (sometimes 
 5~9-foliolate) leaves, persistent stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx tubular. 
 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth more or less united; standard large, erect, retuse, nar- 
 rowed at the base, not spurred; wings oblong, curved; keel acute, shorter than the 
 wings; stamens more or less monadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary stipitate; style 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. $69 
 
 elongated, incurved, hairy along the inner side; pod stalked in the calyx, linear or 
 linear-oblong, flattened, 2-valved, partly septate between the seeds. About 30 
 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. The following is the only one 
 known to inhabit N. Am. 
 
 i. Clitoria Mariana L. BUTTERFLY-PEA. (I. F. f. 2224.) Erect or ascend- 
 ing, sometimes twining, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Stipules ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, acute; leaflets stipellate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mu- 
 cronate, 2.5-5 cm - lon g; peduncles short, i-3-flowered; bracts lanceolate, striate, 
 deciduous; flowers about 5 cm. long, very showy; calyx tubular, 12-17 mm - l n g 
 its teeth ovate, acute ; corolla pale blue; pods acute, about 2.5 cm. long. Dry 
 soil, N. J., to Fla., Mo. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 40. FALCATA Gmel. [AMPHICARPA Ell.] 
 
 Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, small white or violet 
 flowers in axillary racemes, and also solitary apetalous fertile flowers in the lower 
 axils or on the slender creeping branches from the base. Calyx of the petaliferous 
 flowers tubular, 4-5 -toothed ; standard obovate, erect, folded around the other 
 petals; wings oblong, curved, adherent to the incurved obtuse keel; stamens dia- 
 delphous (9 and i); style filiform, not bearded; pods from the upper flowers linear- 
 oblong, several-seeded, 2-valved, those from the lower obovoid, fleshy, mainly 
 i-seeded. [Latin, referring to the curved keel of the corolla.] About 7 species, 
 natives of N. Am., eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Only the following in N. Am. 
 
 Leaves thin ; bracts small; plant pubescent or glabrate. i. F. comosa. 
 
 Leaves firm ; bracts large ; plant villous-brown-pubescent. 2. F. Pitcheri. 
 
 1. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. WILD OR HOG PEA-NUT. (I. F. f. 2225.) 
 Slender, 3-24 dm. long. Stipules oblong or ovate, 4 mm. long, striate; leaflets 
 broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute, rounded at the base, 2.5-8 cm. long; ra- 
 cemes of petaliferous flowers mainly simple ; bracts ovate, obtuse; flowers purplish 
 or white, 12-15 mm - l n g: pedicels equalling or exceeding the bracts; pods of the 
 petaliferous flowers about 2.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, pubescent, especially along 
 the margins. Moist thickets, N. B. to Fla., Manitoba, Neb. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. PITCHER'S HOG PEA-NUT. (I. F. f. 
 2226.) Similar to the preceding, but generally stouter, villous-pubescent with 
 reflexed brown hairs. Leaflets larger and thicker, sometimes I dm. long; pedicels 
 mostly shorter than the nearly orbicular canescent bracts; ovary and pods of the 
 petaliferous flowers pubescent throughout; subterranean fruit less abundantly pro- 
 duced than in F. comosa ; calyx larger. Moist thickets, Mass, to western N. Y., 
 S. Dak., Neb., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 41. APIOS Moench. 
 
 Twining perennial vines, with pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves, small stipules and 
 rather Jarge brownish-purple or red flowers, mainly in axillary racemes or panicles. 
 Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth very small, the 2 upper 
 united and short, the lower one long and acute. Standard ovate or orbicular, re- 
 flexed. Wings obliquely obovate, adherent to the elongated incurved at length 
 twisted keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Ovary nearly sessile, ovules oo ; 
 style slender. Pod linear, straight or slightly curved, compressed, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. Rootstocks usually tuberous. [Greek, pear, from the shape of the 
 tubers.] Five known species, 2 of eastern N. Am., 2 of China and I of the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Standard suborbicular, rounded or retuse at the apex. i. A. Apios. 
 
 Standard produced at apex into a thickened appendage k 2. A. Priceana. 
 
 I. Apios Apios (L.) MacM. GROUND-NUT. (I. F. f. 2227.) Slender, pu- 
 bescent or glabrate. Stipu'es subulate, 2-4 mm. long, deciduous; leaves petioled; 
 leaflets 5-7 (rarely 3), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, rounded at the 
 base, 2.5-8 cm. long; racemes often compound; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
 flowers numerous, odorous, about 12 mm. long; rachisof the inflorescence knobby; 
 pod pointed, 2. 5-10 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide. In moist ground, N. B. to Fla., 
 Ont., Minn., Kans. and La. Stem with milky juice; tubers edible. July-Sept. 
 
57 FLORA, 
 
 2. Apios Priceana Robinson. PRICE'S GROUND-NUT. Stem soon glabrous. 
 Stipules 6 mm. long. Leaflets 39; racemes dense, mostly 2 or 3 together in the 
 axils; standard 2.5 cm. long; pods 12-15 cm. long. Root solitary. Ky. 
 
 42. GALACTIA P. Br. 
 
 Perennial vines (sometimes erect and shrubby), mainly with pinnately 3-folio- 
 late leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and purple or violet axillary racemose 
 flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as the tube. 
 Standard orbicular or obovate. Wings narrow, obovate, adherent to the narrow, 
 nearly straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and i). Ovary nearly 
 sessile; ovules oo ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear, straight or slightly 
 curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy few-seeded pods are 
 sometimes produced from subterranean apetalous flowers. [Greek, milk-yielding, 
 many of the species having milky sap.] About 50 species, natives of warm and 
 temperate regions, most abundant in America. Besides the following about 15 
 others occur in the Southern and Southwestern States. 
 
 Nearly glabrous throughout; pods slightly pubescent. i. G. regularis. 
 
 Finely downy-pubescent ; pods very downy. 2. G. volubilis. 
 
 1. Galactia regularis (L.) B. S. P. MILK PEA. (I. F. f. 2228.) Prostrate; 
 stems matted, 3-6 dm. long. Leaflets elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse and often 
 emarginate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide; 
 peduncles longer than the petioles and generally exceeding the leaves, erect, 4-10- 
 flowered; flowers reddish purple, 12-17 mm. long; pods 2.5-4 cm. long, 4-7- 
 seeded. In dry sandy soil, N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., Kans. and Miss. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton. DOWNY MILK PEA. (I. F. f. 2229.) 
 Similar to the preceding. Leaflets ovate, elliptic or oval, sometimes emarginate, 
 rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 11-25 mm - wide; racemes 
 rather loose; flowers purplish, about 12 mm. long'; pod 2.5-4 cm. long. In dry 
 soil, N. Y. to Fla., Penn., Ky., Kans. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 43. DOLICHOLUS Medik. 
 [RHYNCHOSIA Lour.] 
 
 Perennial twining trailing or erect herbs, with pinnately i-3-foliolate leaves, 
 and yellow mostly axillary and racemose flowers. Leaflets generally punctate with 
 resinous dots, not stipellate ; calyx 4-5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped; standard obo- 
 vate or orbicular, spreading or reflexed; wings narrow; keel incurved at the apex 
 or falcate; stamens diadelphous (9 and i); ovary nearly sessile; ovules 2, rarely i; 
 style filiform; pod flat, oblong or obliquely orbicular, 2-valved, i-2-seeded. [Greek, 
 diminutive of Dolichos.] About 100 species, natives of warm and temperate 
 regions. In addition to the following, some 9 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 Leaflets 3. 
 
 Stem twining or trailing. 
 
 Racemes shorter than the leaves ; flowers 6-8 mm. long. i. D. tomentosus. 
 Racemes longer than the leaves ; flowers about 12 mm. long. 
 
 2. D. latifolius. 
 
 Stem erect, 3-7.5 dm. high. 3. D. erectus. 
 
 Leaflet solitary, very broad ; plant low, erect, 8-23 cm. high. 4. Z). simplicifolius 
 
 1. Dolicholus tomentosus (L.) Vail. TWINING DOLICHOLUS. (I. F. i, 
 2230.) Pubescent with spreading hairs, 3-9 dm. long. Stipules ovate, acute, 
 sometimes wanting; petioles shorter than the leaves; leaflets 3, or the lowest leaves 
 i-foliolate, ovate, orbicular or broader than long, obtuse but generally pointed, 2.5- 
 5 cm. long ; racemes short-peduncled or sessile, 2-8-flowered ; flowers 6-8 mm. 
 long; calyx deeply 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong, acute, pubescent, 
 16-19 mm - l n g- I n dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Dolicholus latifolius (Nutt.) Vail. PRAIRIE DOLICHOLUS. (I. P\ f. 2231.) 
 Softly pubescent; stem angled, sometimes 1.5 m. long. Stipules lanceolate or 
 wanting; petioles 2.5-8 cm. long; leaflets broadly ovate or somewhat rhomboid, 
 or the end one orbicular. 2.5-8 cm. long, mostly obtuse; racemes elongated, some- 
 times 3 dm. long in fruit, many flowered; calyx about 12 mm. long, deeply parted, 
 
PA PI LION A CEA E. 5/1 
 
 the segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla little longer than the calyx; 
 pod oblong, acute, very pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long. In dry soil, Mo. to La. 
 and Tex. May-June. 
 
 3. Dolicholus erectus (Walt.) Vail. ERECT DOLICHOLUS. (I. F. f. 2232.) 
 Erect, velvety-pubescent or tomentose, 3-8 dm. high. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate ; petioles shorter than or equalling the leaves ; leaflets oval, ovate or 
 slightly obovate, thick, densely tomentose, especially beneath, 2.5-5 cm - ^ on g> 
 racemes 5-15 -flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; flowers 6-10 mm. long; pod 
 oblong, 12-17 mm - l n g. I n dry soil, Del. to Fla., Tenn. and La. May Sept. 
 
 4. Dolicholus simplicifolius (Walt.) Vail. ROUND-LEAVED DOLICHOLUS. 
 (I. F. f. 2233.) Simple, pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; petioles 
 shorter than or exceeding the leaves; leaflet orbicular or broader, thick, obtuse, 
 slightly cordate at the base, 2.5-3 cm. long (leaflets rarely 3, the lateral ones 
 ovate); racemes rather densely flowered, peduncled; flowers 6-10 mm. long; pod 
 as in the preceding. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to La. May-July. 
 
 ,44. PHASEOLUS L. 
 
 Vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary race- 
 mose flowers. Calyx 5 -toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or less united. 
 Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; wings mainly 
 obovate; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). 
 Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral; ovary sessile or nearly so; 
 ovules oo . Pod linear, 2-valved, several-seeded, tipped with the persistent style. 
 Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis thickened at the bases of the pedicels. 
 [Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] About 170 species, of warm and temperate 
 regions. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) B.S.P. WILD BEAN OR BEAN VINE. 
 (I. F. f. 2234.) Perennial, finely pubescent, i.2-4m. long. Stipules lanceolate, 
 deciduous; leaflets broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, acute or acuminate, rounded 
 at the base, 510 cm. long, the terminal one often slightly cordate; racemes 
 peduncled, 1-3 dm. long, narrow, loosely flowered ; pedicels minutely bracted at the 
 base; corolla purple, about 8 mm. long; pods stalked, drooping, somewhat curved, 
 flat, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6-seeded, glabrous or nearly so; seeds chocolate brown, 
 6-8 mm. long. In thickets, Canada (Torrey and Gray); Conn, to Fla., Minn., 
 Neb. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 45. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. 
 
 Herbaceous vines, rarely erect, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and 
 pink-purple or nearly white flowers capitate at the ends of long axillary peduncles. 
 Calyx as in Phaseolus. Standard nearly orbicular; wings mostly obovate; keel 
 strongly curved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and i). Style longitudinally bearded, 
 bent. Pod linear, usually straight, few-several-seeded, tipped by the persistent 
 style. Seeds truncate at the ends, more or less pubescent or mealy. [Greek, bent 
 style.] An American genus, of about 6 species. 
 
 Leaflets mainly lobed, 2-5 cm. long; pod 5-8 cm. long. i. S. helvola. 
 Leaflets mainly entire, 1-4 cm. long ; pod 2-5 cm. long. 
 
 Flowers several, about 12 mm. long; root perennial. 2. S. umbellata. 
 
 Flowers few, about 6 mm. long ; root annual. 3. S. panciflora. 
 
 1. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. TRAILING WILD BEAN. (I. F. i. 
 
 2235.) Prostrate or low-twining, rather rough -pubescent, 6-16 dm. long, rarely 
 erect, and 2.5-5 dm. high- Stipules narrowly lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 
 broadly ovate, rounded at the base, thickish; peduncles axillary, exceeding the 
 petioles; flowers 3-10, sessile; corolla greenish purple, 9-12 mm. long; keel 
 slender, curved; pod slightly pubescent; seeds oblong, pubescent. In sandy soil, 
 Quebec to Fla., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 Strophostyles helvola Missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britton. Climbing in trees to a 
 height of 6-10 m. Leaflets larger, usually entire; seeds larger. Said to bloom later. 
 Mo. and Kans. 
 
 2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. PINK WILD BEAN. (I. F. f. 
 2236.) Stems trailing, more or less pubescent with retrorse hairs, 3-15 dm. long. 
 
57 2 FLORA. 
 
 Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oblong, spar- 
 ingly pubescent, entire, or rarely with I or 2 shallow lobes; peduncles generally 
 much longer than the leaves; flowers several, pink, fading yellowish, similar to 
 those of the preceding; pod straight, little compressed, sparingly pubescent; seeds 
 mealy-pubescent. In sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Ind. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 3 Strophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) S. Wats. SMALL WILD BEAN. (I. F. f. 
 2237.) Stems finely retrorsely hirsute, low climbing or trailing, 3-7 dm. long. 
 Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 mm. long; leaflets lanceolate or linear-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, entire; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 2-6, purplish; pod flat, about 
 2.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide, pubescent; seeds purple, glabrous and shining at 
 maturity. Along rivers, Ind. to S. Dak., Miss., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept, 
 
 46. V1GNA Savi. 
 
 Herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipulate 
 leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long axillary peduncles, 
 yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme knotty, the bracts and 
 bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5 -toothed, or the 2 upper teeth united. Standard 
 nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings shorter than the standard; keel about 
 equalling the standard, slightly incurved. Stamens diadelphous (9 and I). Ovary 
 sessile; ovules numerous; style bearded along the inner side. Pod linear, nearly 
 terete, 2-valved. [In honor of Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus.l 
 About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following an- 
 other occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Vigna Sinensis (L.) Endl. Cow PEA. CHINA BEAN. BLACK-EYED 
 BEAN. <I. F. f. 2238. ) Annual; stem striate. Stipules ovate or ovate lanceolate, 
 acuminate, prolonged backward, 6-20 mm. long; terminal leaflet rhombic-ovate, 
 5-15 cm. long, often about as wide, long- stalked; lateral leaflets very obliquely 
 ovate and inequilateral, short- stalked; flowers few, yellowish, 1.6-2 cm. long; pod 
 fleshy, 1-2 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, nearly straight. Escaped from cultivation. 
 Mo. to Tex. and Ga. Native of Asia. July -Sept. 
 
 Order 19. GERANlALES. 
 
 Dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with petals, and these 
 separate (more or less united in Polygalaceae, wanting in most Euphorb- 
 iaceae, in Callitrichaceae, and in some species of Xanthoxylum in Ruta- 
 ceae) ; sepals mostly distinct ; stamens few, rarely more than twice as 
 many as the sepals, opposite them when as many ; ovary superior, com- 
 pound ; ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. 
 
 Stamens more than one; land plants. 
 
 Flowers regular or nearly so ; petals present, usually as many as the sepals. 
 Herbs, the leaves not punctate; flowers perfect. 
 Leaves not pinnately compound. 
 
 Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels ; leaves lobed or dissected. 
 
 Fam. i. Geraniaceae. 
 Capsule 2-s-celled, not splitting into its carpels. 
 
 Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals; leaves 3-foliolate in our 
 
 species. Fam. 2. Oxalidaceae. 
 
 Stamens as many as the petals ; leaves entire. Fam. 3. Linaceae. 
 
 Leaves pinnately compound. Fam. 4. Zygophyllaceae. 
 
 Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate ; flowers 
 
 dioecious or polygamous. 
 
 Leaves punctate. Fam. 5. Rutaceae. 
 
 Leaves not punctate, the bitter bark with oil-sacs. Fam. 6. Simarubaceae, 
 
 Flowers very irregular; petals 3; stamens usually 8; herbs. Fam. 7. Polygalaceae. 
 
 Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious; carpels mostly 3; herbs or 
 
 low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 8. Euphorbiaceae. 
 
 Stamen only i; perianth none; styles 2; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with 
 
 opposite entire leaves. Fam. 9. Callitrichaceae 
 
CERA NIA CEA E. 573 
 
 Family i. GERANlACEAE J. St. Hil. 
 Geranium Family. 
 
 Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clus- 
 tered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5 
 (rarely fewer), mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogy- 
 nous. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct, 
 anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary i, usually 5-lobed and 3-celled , ovules 
 i or 2 in each cavity. Fruit capsular. Embryo straight or curved ; 
 cotyledons flat or plicate. About 10 genera and 450 species, natives of 
 temperate regions, most abundant in South Africa. 
 
 Anthers 10, rarely 5 ; carpel-tails not hairy inside. i. Geranium. 
 
 Anthers 5 ; carpel tails bearded inside. 2. Er odium. 
 
 i. GERANIUM L. 
 
 Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary 1-2- 
 flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, 5- merous. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, 
 hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer and 5 shorter. 
 Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules 2 in each 
 cavity. Capsule elastically dehiscent, the 5 cavities i-seeded and long tailed by 
 the persistent style-divisions which are naked on the inner side. [Greek, a crane, 
 from the long beak of the fruit.] About 170 species, widely distributed in temper- 
 ate regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Perennial ; flowers 2.5 cm. broad or more. i. G. maculatum. 
 
 Annuals or biennials ; flowers 4-12 mm. broad. 
 
 Leaves 3-divided ; segments pinnatifid, thin. 2. G . Roberttanum. 
 
 Leaves pedately lobed or dissected. 
 
 Peduncles i-flo\vered. . 3. G. Sibiricitm. 
 
 Peduncles 2-flowered. 
 
 Peduncles longer than the leaves; carpels smooth. 4. G. columbinum. 
 Peduncles short; carpels rugose or hairy. 
 Seeds reticulated or pitted. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent with long white hairs. 5. G. rotundifolium. 
 Pubescent with short hairs; leaves deeply lobed. 
 
 Flowers pale purple ; seeds minutely reticulated. 
 Beak short-pointed; inflorescence compact. 
 
 6. G. Carolinianum. 
 Beak long-pointed; infloresence loose. 
 
 7. G. Bicknellii. 
 Flowers deep purple; seeds pitted. 8. G. dissectum. 
 
 Seeds smooth or nearly so. 
 
 Stamens 5 ; carpels hairy, not rugose. 9. G. pusillum. 
 
 Stamens ro ; carpels glabrate, rugose. 10. G. molle. 
 
 1. Geranium maculatum L. WILD OR SPOTTED CRANE'S-BILL. ALUM- 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 2239.) Pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves 7.5-15 cm. wide, deeply 3~5-parted, the divisions obovate, cuneate, 
 variously toothed and cleft; stem -leaves 2, similar to the basal ones; peduncles 
 1-5, elongated; ultimate pedicels 2.5-5 cm - l n g; flowers rose-purple; sepals awn- 
 pointed, villous, ciliate; petals woolly at the base; beak of the fruit 2.5-3.75 cm. 
 long; carpels pubescent; seed reticulate. In woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Neb.. 
 Ga., Ala. and Kans. April-July. 
 
 Geranium prat^nse L., the meadow geranium of Europe, is reported as escaped 
 from cultivation in Quebec and N. B. It differs from the preceding by its blue-purple 
 flowers and narrower lobes of the leaf-segments. 
 
 2. Geranium Robertianum L. HERB ROBERT. RED ROBIN. (I. F. f. 
 2240.) Glandular-villous, weak, extensively branching, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, heavy- 
 scented. Leaves ovate orbicular; peduncles slender, 2-flowered, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; 
 pedicels divaricate, 1.25 cm. long; sepals acuminate and awn-pointed; flowers 
 red-purple, about 12 mm. broad, petals narrow -clawed; beak of the fruit about 
 
574 FLORA. 
 
 2.5 cm. long, awn-pointed, nearly glabrous; carpels nearly glabrous, slightly 
 wrinkled; seed smooth. In rocky woods, rarely in sandy places, N. S. to Mani- 
 toba, N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in Europe, Asia and Africa. May-Oct. 
 
 3. Geranium Sibiricum L. SIBERIAN CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 2241.) Vil- 
 lous pubescent, freely branched, 3-13 dm. high. Leaves deeply 3~5-parted, 
 5-6 cm. broad, nearly orbicular, or cordate reniform, the divisions oval lanceolate, 
 cleft or toothed; peduncles slender, 5-7.5 cm. long, 2-bracted near the middle; 
 flowers nearly white, 6-8 mm. broad; sepals oval, awned; beak of the fruit 
 canescent, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, tipped with a short prolongation; lobes of the capsule 
 puberulent or hairy; seed minutely reticulate. Along roadsides in the northern 
 part of N. Y. City; also found at Cambridge, Mass., and in 111. Adventive from 
 Asia. Some of the pedicels are rarely 2-flowered. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Geranium columbinum L. LONG-STALKED CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 
 2242.) Slender, slightly hispid pubescent with whitish appressed hairs. Leaves 
 2.5-3.75 crn. in diameter, deeply 5-g-divided into narrow, variously cleft seg- 
 ments ; petioles very slender; peduncles slender, longer than the upper leaves; 
 pedicels 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers purple, about 8 mm. broad; sepals ovate, awn- 
 pointed, enlarging in fruit; petals notched; capsule-lobes nearly glabrous, keeled, 
 not rugose; beak 1.2-2 cm. long, hispid; seeds deeply pitted. In fields and along 
 roadsides, N. J., Penn., Md. and Va. Also in S. Uak. Nat. or adventive from 
 Europe. May -July. 
 
 5. Geranium rotundifolium L. ROUND-LEAVED CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 
 2243.) Often tufted, 1.5 -4 dm. high, much branched, softly pubescent with spread- 
 ing white purple-tipped hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-4 cm. wide, cleft 
 about to the middle into 5-9 obtuse broad lobes, which are 3-5 toothed; petioles 
 slender; flowers purple, 4-6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, or oval, short-pointed, some- 
 what shorter than the entire obovate petals; ovary and capsule -lobes hairy, not 
 wrinkled; beak pubescent, about 1.2 cm. long, tipped by a short awn. In waste 
 places, Mich., and in ballast about N Y. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 6. Geranium Carolinianum L. CAROLINA CRANE'S BILL. (I. F. f. 2244.) 
 Erect, generally branched, stout, 1.5-4 dm. high, loosely pubescent with spreading 
 often glandular gray hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 2.5-7.5 cm - wide, deeply 
 cleft into 5-9 oblong or obovate cuneate toothed or lobed segments; peduncles 
 rather short and stout; flowers in compact clusters, pale pink or whitish, 8-14 mm. 
 broad; sepals ovate, ciliate, about equalling the obovate emarginate petals; ovary- 
 lobes hispid-pubescent; persistent filaments not longer than the carpels; beak nearly 
 2.5 cm. long. In barren soil, N. Eng. and Ont. to Br. Col., Fla. and Mex. Also 
 in Bermuda. April-Aug. 
 
 7. Geranium Bicknellii Britton. BICKNELL'S CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 2245.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but taller, the stems usually more slender, loosely pubes- 
 cent. Leaves somewhat angulate, the segments oblong or linear oblong, mostly 
 narrower; peduncles slender, the inflorescence loose; sepals lanceolate; ovary-lobes 
 pubescent; persistent filaments longer than the carpels; beak about 2.5 cm. long, 
 its tip 4-6 mm. long. N. S. to W. Ont., Br. Col., Mont, and S. N. Y. May-Sept. 
 
 8. Geranium dissectum L. CUT-LEAVED CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 2246.) 
 Closely related to the two preceding species, but smaller in every way, more slender, 
 the branches decumbent or ascending; leaves seldom more than 3.75 cm. wide, 
 deeply cleft into narrower segments; inflorescence loose; peduncles short; flowers 
 purple, about 6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, awned, equalling or slightly longer than 
 the notched petals ; capsule-lobes and beak pubescent. In waste places and in 
 ballast, N. Y. and N. J. Also in the Northwest. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 9. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. SMALL-FLOWERED CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 
 2247.) Widely branching, slender, pubescent or villous, 1-4.5 dm. long. Leaves 
 petioled, reniform orbicular, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide, deeply divided into 7-9 oblong, 
 or sometimes linear-oblong, entire or 3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles short, 6- 
 18 mm. long; pedicels 6-24 mm. long; sepals acute, awnless; flowers pale purple, 
 6-10 mm. broad; petals notched; capsule lobes hairy, keeled, not wrinkled; beak 
 about i cm. long, canescent. In waste places, S. N. Eng. to N. J., Ohio, Ont., 
 Neb., Wyo. and Br. Col. Adventive from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 10. Geranium molle L. DOVE'S- FOOT CRANE'S-BILL. (I. F. f. 2248.) 
 Resembling the preceding species, but more villous, the leaves nearly orbicular 
 
OXALIDACEAE. 575 
 
 and not as deeply cleft, generally only to just below the middle, into 7-H obovate 
 or cuneate lobes, which are 3-5-toothed at the apex; flowers dark-purple, 6-iomm. 
 broad; sepals obtusish, not awned; capsule-lobes distinctly marked with trans- 
 verse wrinkles; beak about I cm. long, sparingly pubescent. In waste places, 
 Me. to Penn., N. Y., Ohio and Ont. Also in Wash, and Vancouver. Fugitive 
 from Europe. May -Sept. 
 
 2. ERODIUM L'Her. 
 
 Herbs, generally with jointed nodes, opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and 
 axillary umbellate nearly regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals, 5, hy- 
 pogynous, imbricated, the 2. upper slightly smaller. Glands 5. Anther-bearing 
 stamens 5, alternating with as many sterile filaments. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, 
 beaked by the united styles, the beak terminating in 5 stigmas; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity. Capsule-lobes i-seeded, the styles elastically dehiscent and coiled spirally 
 at maturity, villous-bearded on the inner side. Seeds not reticulate. [Greek, a 
 heron, from the resemblance of the truit to its beak and bill.] About 60 species, 
 widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. There are three native species 
 in the southwest; several exotic ones have been collected on ballast at the seaports. 
 
 I. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. HEMLOCK STORK'S-BILL OR HERON'S- 
 H! LL. ALFILARIA. (L F. f. 2249.) Annual, tufted, villous-pubescent, somewhat 
 viscid, 1.5-3 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 7. 5-18 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. 
 wide, pinnate, the segments finely pinnatifid; peduncles generally longer than the 
 leaves, umbellately 2- 1 2 -flowered; flowers purple or pink, 8-IO mm. broad; sepals 
 acute, villous, about equalling the entire petals; carpels hairy; beak 1. 25-3. 75 cm. 
 long, its divisions spirally coiled when ripe. Waste places and fields, Ts r . S., Ont., 
 N. J., N. Eng., Penn. and Mich., and very abundant from Tex. to Ore. Aclven- 
 tive from Europe, in our area. A common weed in the Old World. April-Sept. 
 
 Erodium moschatum Willd., reported from Ont., Mass, and Me., has much broader 
 serrate or incised leaf-segments. 
 
 Family 2. OXALIDACEAE Lindl.* 
 Wood-sorrel Family. 
 
 Leafy-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, often with 
 rootstocks or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3- 
 foliolate, in some exotic species pinnate, or entire and peltate ; stipules 
 commonly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases ; leaflets 
 mostly obcordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes, or 
 sometimes solitary; peduncles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. 
 Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovary 5-celled, 
 5-!obed; styles united, or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity ; fruit 
 a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely baccate. Embryv) 
 straight, in fleshy endosperm. About 7 genera and 280 species, chiefly 
 of tropical distribution. 
 
 i. OXALIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial, caulescent or acaulescent, often bulbous herbs, with alter- 
 nate, mostly digitately compound leaves (3-foliolate in our species) and axillary, 
 I -several -flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, often heterogonous. Sepals 5, 
 imbricated. Petals 5. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base. 5 longer and 5 shorter, 
 all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-celled; ovules several in each cavity; styles 5, sepa- 
 rate, persistent, stigmas terminal. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 2 or 
 more in each cavity, anatropous, with a loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat. 
 [Greek, sour, from the acid juice.] About 250 species, mostly natives of warm or 
 tropical regions. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the Southern and 
 Western States. 
 
 * Contributed by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
57 6 
 
 FLOXA. 
 
 Acaulescent ; flowers white, pink or rose-purple. 
 
 Scape i-flowered ; flower pink, rarely white ; capsule subglobose. i. O. Acetosella. 
 Scape several-flowered ; flowers rose-purple, or rarely white ; capsule ovoid. 
 
 2. O. violacea. 
 Caulescent ; flowers yellow. 
 
 Cymes umbel-like ; pedicels reflexed or deflexed at maturity. 
 Pedicels pubescent with appressed hairs. 
 
 Stems or branches creeping ; introduced species. 3. O. corniculata. 
 
 Stems erect, or if decumbent, not creeping ; native species. 
 
 Stems pubescent with appressed hairs. 4. O. stricta. 
 
 Stems pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous. SV ' Y > 
 
 Cymes maturing several or all the flowers at about the same time, 
 
 not accompanied by drooping buds. 
 
 Leaflets, or most of them, less than i cm. wide; stems copi- 
 ously leafy. 5. O.filipes. 
 Leaflets, or most of them, over i cm. wide ; stems sparingly 
 
 leafy. 6. O. Brittoniae. 
 
 Cymes maturing i or 2 flowers at a time, these accompanied by 
 
 several drooping buds. 7. O. Bushii. 
 
 Pedicels pubescent with spreading hairs. 
 
 Foliage, especially the leaves, bright green. 
 
 Styles recurved ; petals not ciliate. 8. O. recurva. 
 
 Styles erect ; petals ciliate. 9. O. Priceae. 
 
 Foliage, especially the leaves, reddish purple. 10. O. rufa. 
 
 Cymes dichotomous ; pedicels erect or spreading. 
 
 Leaflets not discolored, green or reddish purple; petals 8-10 mm. long. 
 Foliage, especially the leaves, reddish purple; stems often glabrous. 
 
 10. O, rufa. 
 Foliage, especially the leaves, green; stems pubescent. 
 
 Pedicels pubescent with appressed hairs. 6. O. Brittoniae. 
 
 Pedicels pubescent with spreading hairs. n. O. cymosa. 
 
 Leaflets discolored, the margins brownish ; petals 12-16 mm. long. 
 
 12. O. grandis. 
 
 1. Oxalis Acetosella L. WHITE OR TRUE WOOD-SORREL. ALLELUIA. (I. 
 F. f. 2250.) Rootstock scaly, elongated. Foliage pubescent with scattered brown- 
 ish hairs; petioles jointed and dilated at the base; leaflets obcordate, wider than 
 long; scapes 5-15 cm. high; flowers broadly campanulate, about 1.25 cm. long; 
 sepals obtusish; petals veined with deep pink, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; cap- 
 sule subglobose, 2-4 mm. in diameter, glabrous; seeds ovoid, longitudinally 
 grooved. In cold damp woods, N. S. to Manitoba, the mountains of N. Car. and 
 the shore of Lake Superior. Also in Europe, Asia, and N. Africa. Cleistogene 
 flowers are borne on recurved scapes at the base of the plant. May- July. 
 
 2. Oxalis violacea L. VIOLET WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 2251.) Bulb brown- 
 ish, with ciliate scales. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; leaves about 2.5-3 cm. 
 wide; leaflets obcordate, minutely reticulated, the midrib sometimes sparingly 
 hairy; scapes 1-3 dm. high; pedicels slender; flowers 1.6-2 cm. long, heterog- 
 onous; sepals obtuse; petals lighter toward the base, obtuse or truncate, 3 times as 
 long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long; seeds flattened, rugose-tuberculate. 
 In woods, northern N. Eng. to Minn, and the Rocky Mts.. south to Pla. and N. 
 Mex. Also apparently the same plant in the Andes of Bolivia. May-June. 
 
 3. Oxalis corniculata L. YELLOW PROCUMBENT WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 
 2252.) Pubescent with appressed hairs or nearly glabrous, deep green, freely 
 branching from the base; stem 2.5-3.5 cm - l n g> tne branches diffuse, mainly pro- 
 cumbent and often creeping. Leaflets about 8-12 mm. wide; petioles dilated at 
 the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules; peduncles i-3-flowered; flowers 
 5-10 mm. wide; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed; capsule oblong, 1-1.5 cm - 
 long; appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely ridged. In ballast 
 about the Eastern seaports, and frequently growing on the ground in greenhouses. 
 Tex. and throughout tropical Am. Recently found in Ont. Occurs also in warm 
 and tropical regions of the Old World. Feb. -Nov. 
 
 4. Oxalis stricta L. UPRIGHT YELLOW WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 2254.) 
 Foliage pale green. Stem commonly branched at the base, the branches spread- 
 ing, 1-3 dm. long; leaves 1.8-3.7 cm. broad; leaflets coarsely cellular, sensitive, 
 drooping when touched; petiole-bases narrowly dilated; flowers fragrant; peduncles 
 
OX A LI DA CEA E. 
 
 3-15 cm long; sepals linear or lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, ciliolate, erect or 
 ascending; petals 8-10 mm. long, commonly reddish at the base; capsule colum- 
 nar, 16-30 mm. long; seeds fully I mm. long, with interrupted transverse ridges. 
 In woods and fields, N. S. to N. Dak. and Colo., south to Fla. and Tex. Intro- 
 duced into Europe as a weed. Aprii-Oct. 
 
 5. Oxalis filipes Small. SLENDER YELLOW WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 2253.) 
 Foliage deep green. Stem wiry, usually very leafy, 0.5-2 dm. high; leaves 6-12 
 mm. wide, not stipulate, or the stipules very narrow; leaflets with unequal sides ; ped- 
 uncles filiform, 2-3 -flowered; pedicels very slender, recurved when mature; scpaio 
 oblong- lanceolate. 3-4 mm. long, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs at the apex; petals 4-8 
 mm. long, emarginate; capsule 8-12 mm. long, gradually narrowed, often curved, 
 seeds I mm. long, with continuous ridges. In woods, L. I. to Va. and Tenn., 
 south to Ga. Plant smaller than the next preceding species. May-Aug. 
 
 6. Oxalis Brittoniae Small, n. ?p. Foliage bright green. Stem slender, 
 sparingly leafy, 1-4 dm. tall, often branched; leaves mostly 1-2 cm. broad; pet- 
 ioles filiform, sparingly villous; leaflets broader than long, nearly glabrous; ped- 
 uncles about twice as long as their subtending petioles; cymes dichotomous or the 
 primary branches suppressed, thus more umbel -like; sepals elliptic to narrowly 
 oblong, about 3 mm. lon^; corolla light yellow, 1-1.5 cm - W| de; filaments glabrous; 
 styles glabrous; capsules columnar, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds I mm. long, 
 sharply ridged. In woods and fields. N. Y. to N. Car. and Tenn. Type from 
 Staten Island, N. Y. May -July. 
 
 7. Oxalis Bushii Small. BUSH'S WOOD-SORREL. Foliage bright green. 
 Stems erect, 0.5-2 dm. tall, often simple; leaves few; petioles especially pubescent 
 near the base; leaflets with rounded lobes, strigillose; peduncles slender, nearly 
 erect, usually solitary, conspicuously overtopping the leaves, glabrous or nearly so 
 except near the base; cymes umbel-like; sepals oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse; 
 corolla light yellow, 9-12 mm. broad ; filaments much dilated at the base; styles 
 slightly pubescent. In dry soil, Penn., Mo. and Ark. Ma}' -June. 
 
 8. Oxalis recurva Ell. LARGE-FLOWERED WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 2255.) 
 Foliage villous. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, often woody at the base; leaves 1-2 cm. 
 broad; leaflets often glaucescent; petioles filiform, slightly dilated at the base; 
 flowers bright yellow, I or 2 opening at a time; sepals oblong, about 4.5-6 mm. 
 long, obtuse, nearly erect; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad; petals slightly notched; cap- 
 sule columnar, 10-15 mm. long, slender; seeds fully i mm. long, with broken 
 transverse ridges. In rock} or sandy places, Mo. to N. Car. and Ala. April Aug. 
 
 9. Oxalis Priceae Small. PRICE'S WOOD-SORREL. Foliage deep green. 
 Stems early decumbent, 1-3 dm. long; leaves often numerous; leaflets pale or 
 glaucescent beneath, ciliate; peduncles sometimes slightly longer than the petioles; 
 sepals linear or nearly so, 68 mm. long, pubescent at the base and tip; corolla 
 deep chrome-yellow, 1.4-2 cm. broad; petals pubescent without; styles copiously 
 villous; capsules stout, columnar, 10-15 mm - l n g' C* n rocky hillsides and in open 
 woods, Ky. Summer and fall. 
 
 10. Oxalis rufa Small, n. sp. RED WOOD-SORREL. Foliage reddish- purple. 
 Stems early branched at the base ard decumbent, 1-3 dm. long, sometimes glauces- 
 cent; leaves numerous, commonly clustered; leaflets sometimes pale along the 
 midrib; peduncles glabrous or villous, usually surpassing the leaves; cymes di- 
 chotomous or the primary branches suppressed, thus umbel-like; sepals oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate. 2-2.5 mm - l n R; corolla light yellow, 6-10 cm. broad; petals 
 glabrous, sometimes erose at the apex; capsules gradually narrowed. 8-12 mm. 
 long, usually pubescent with glandular hairs. In woods, Mass, to N. Y,, Ga. and 
 Tenn. Type from New York Botanical Garden. April-Sept. 
 
 11. Oxalis cymcsa Small. TALL YELLOW WOOD-SORREL. (L F. f. 2256.) 
 Foliage bright green. Stem 1.5-11 dm. high, branched above, often villous; 
 leaves 1.8-3 cni - broad; leaflets broader than long, sharply notched; petiole-bases 
 scarcely dilated; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, more or less villous; sepals lanceolate or 
 narrowly elliptic, 4-6 mm. long; corolla bright yellow, 8-10 mm. broad; petals ob- 
 tuse or emarginate; capsule columnar, 10-16 mm. long, gradually narrowed to the 
 summit; seeds almost 1.5 mm. long, with nearly continuous ridges. In woods and 
 fields, Ont. to Mich., Fla., Neb. and Tex. May-Oct. 
 
 12. Oxalis grandis Small. GREAT YELLOW WOOD-SORREL. (I. F. f. 
 
578 FLORA. 
 
 2257.) Foliage bright green. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, simple or nearly so; leaves 
 3.5-8 cm. broad; leaflets with brown margins more or less ciliate; petioles villous, 
 hardly dilated at the base; pedicels 1-1.4 long; sepals ovate or oblong, 4-6 mm. 
 long, often ciliate at the apex; corolla deep yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals 
 rounded at the apex; capsule ovoid or ovoid-oblong; seeds 2 mm. long, with 
 prominent broken transverse ridges. On river banks, Penn. to 111., N. Car. and 
 Ala. May-Aug. 
 
 Family 3. LIN ACE AE Dumort. 
 Flax Family. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers. 
 Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. 
 Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, 
 generally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the 
 petals ; filaments monadelphous at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. 
 Ovary i, 2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-io-celled. Ovules anatropous. 
 Styles 2-5. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, oily ; en- 
 dosperm little or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat. Four known 
 genera and about 1 50 species of wide distribution. 
 
 I. LlNUM L. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with sessile leaves, and perfect flowers. 
 Inflorescence cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands, or want 
 ing. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, sometimes with interspersed 
 staminodia. Ovary 4~5-celled, or 8-io-celled by false partitions, the real cavities 
 2-ovuled. Capsule 5-io-valved. [The classical Latin name.] About 90 species, 
 natives of temperate or warm regions. In addition to the following some 17 others 
 occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 * Flowers blue. 
 
 Annual ; introduced ; capsule about as long as the calyx. i. L. usitatissimum. 
 
 Perennial ; western ; capsule much exceeding the calyx. 2. L. Lewisii. 
 
 * * Flowers yellow. 
 Capsules 2-3 mm. long. 
 
 Leaves and bracts entire. 
 
 Stem nearly terete, corymbosely branched; usually only the lowest leaves 
 opposite. 
 
 Leaves thin, oblong or oblanceolate, spreading. 3. L. Virginianum. 
 Leaves firm, appressed-ascending. 
 
 Capsule depressed-globose, 2 mm. high. 4. L, medium. 
 Capsule ovoid, 3 mm. high. 5. L. Floridanum. 
 
 Stem angled, racemosely branched ; leaves below the branches mostly all 
 
 opposite. 6. L. striatum. 
 
 Upper leaves and bracts glandular-ciliate. 7. L. sulcatum. 
 
 Capsules 4-5 mm. long. 8. L. rigidum. 
 
 * * * Flowers white, small, long-pedicelled. 
 
 9. L. catharticum. 
 
 1. Linum usitatissimum L. FLAX. LINSEED. (I. F. f. 2258.) Often 
 tufted, branching above, 3-5 dm. high; leaves alternate, 3-nerved, lanceolate, 
 1.25-3.75 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle; 
 flowers i. 2-1. 6 cm. broad; pedicels slender; sepals oval, acuminate, the interior 
 ones ciliate and 3-ribbed; petals obcuneate, crenulate, twice the length of the 
 sepals; capsule ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. long, indehiscent, the septa not ciliate. 
 Along roadsides, and in waste places, fugitive from cultivation. Summer. 
 
 Linum hiimile Mill., variously regarded by authors as a distinct species or a variety 
 or form of the Common Flax, may be distinguished by its dehiscent capsule with ciliate 
 septa. It is rarely met with in our area in similar situations. Both have been culti- 
 vated since prehistoric times for their fibre and oil. Their origin is unknown. 
 
 2. Linum Lewisii Pursh. LEWIS' WILD FLAX. (I. F. f. 2259.) Perennial, 
 3-6 dm. high, glaucous, densely tufted, simple up to the cymose inflorescence. 
 
LIN ACE A E. 579 
 
 Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, 6-40 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, acute or acutish, 
 3~5-nerved; flowers 2.5-3.75 cm. broad; sepals oval, mainly obtuse, one-third or 
 one-fourth the length of the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; capsule 
 broadly ovoid, obtuse, dehiscent, the septa ciliate. Plains, Manitoba to S. Dak., 
 Kans., Tex., Ariz., Utah and Alaska. Summer. 
 
 3 Linum Virginianum L. WILD OR SLENDER YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 2260.) Perennial by suckers, rather dark green, corymbose-paniculate above, 
 3-6 dm. high. Stem and branches slender, not stiff; flowering branches ascend- 
 ing or sometimes weak and recurved; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, i-nerved, 
 1.2-2.6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acute, or the lower opposite and spatulate, 
 obtuse; pedicels filiform, the lower 4-12 mm. long, longer than the calyx; flowers 
 6-8 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, not ciliate, about equalling the depressed- 
 globose lo-celled capsule. In shaded situations, N. Eng. to Ga. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton. STIFF YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 2261.) 
 Perennial by suckers; stems erect, striate, stiff, corymbosely branched above, the 
 branches .erect-ascending both in flower and in fruit; leaves appressed-ascending, 
 the lowest commonly spatulate and opposite, the others lanceolate to linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute, 8-24 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; pedicels 1-6 mm. long, the lower rarely 
 longer than the calyx; sepals ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, about equalling the 
 capsule. In dry soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mo. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trel. FLORIDA YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 2262.) Perennial; stem stiff. 4.5-7.5 dm. high, corymbosely branched above, the 
 branches erect-ascending, slightly angled. Leaves acute, the lowest mostly oppo- 
 site, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, the others linear-lanceolate, appressed-as- 
 cending, alternate, 1-2 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; fruiting branches erect-ascending; 
 fruiting pedicels shorter than or little exceeding the calyx, or the lowest ones 
 slightly longer; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, about equalling the capsule; 
 capsule ovoid, about 3 mm. long; petals twice as long as the calyx. 111. (accord- 
 ing to Trelease); Fla. to La. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Linum striatum Walt. RIDGED YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 2263.) Per- 
 ennial, racemosely branched, light green and somewhat viscid. Leaves usually 
 opposite nearly up to the inflorescence, oblong; branches of the panicle short and 
 divergent; flowers small, often clustered; capsule subglobose, usually rather longer 
 than the sepals. In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground, Ont. to Conn., Fla., 
 Ky., Ark. and Tex. Summer. 
 
 7. Linum sulcatum Riddell. GROOVED YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 2264.) 
 Annual, 3-6 dm. high. Stem wing- angled and grooved, at least above; leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate or linear. 1.6-2.4 cm - l n g? 2 ~3 mm - wide, 3 -nerved, the 
 lower glabrous; sepals glandular-ciliate; stipules a pair of small globose dark- 
 colored glands; flowers racemose or corymbose, about 1.2 cm. broad; pedicels 2-8 
 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, slightly longer than the ovoid, acute, incom- 
 pletely lo-celled pod; styles separate above the middle; septa of the capsule ciliate. 
 In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, Conn., Ga., Kans. and Texas. Summer. 
 
 8. Linum rigidum Pursh. LARGE-FLOWERED YELLOW FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 2265.) Perennial (?), 1.5-4 dm. high, glaucous, glabrous or puberulent. Branches 
 stiff, angular; leaves erect, linear or linear- lanceolate, 8-24 mm. long, 12 mm. 
 wide, acute or mucronate. the upper ones glandular-serrulate or ciliate; stipular 
 glands minute, globose, sometimes wanting; flowers yellow, 1.8-3 cm. broad; sep- 
 als lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed, glandular-serrulate; petals cuneate-obovate, 
 twice the length of the sepals; styles separate only at the summit; capsule ovoid, 
 5-valved, shorter than the sepals. Prairies, S. Dak. to Manitoba, Mo., Tex., N. 
 Mex., Ariz, and Mex. Summer. 
 
 9. Linum catharticum L. DWARF OR CATHARTIC FLAX. (I. F. f. 2266.) 
 Annual, slender, 7.5-20 cm. high. Leaves opposite, sessile, oval or somewhat 
 obovate, entire, 4-8 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, on long slender erect or 
 ascending pedicels; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate; pod 
 small, globose. Along a low sandy seashore, Pictou, N. S. Apparently nat. from 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Family 4. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Caltrop Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often 
 jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3- 
 foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axil- 
 lary, peduncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases. 
 Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the 
 petals, or 2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the 
 alternate ones sometimes longer ; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehis- 
 cent ; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. 
 Ovary 4-1 2-celled ; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules i-nu- 
 merous in each cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruit various, dry in our 
 species. About 20 genera and 1 50 species, widely distributed in warm 
 and tropical regions. 
 
 Fruit spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. i. Tribulus. 
 
 Fruit not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 i-seeded segments. 2. Kallstroemia. 
 
 i. TRI'BULUS L. 
 
 Herbs, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow flowers. 
 Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones some- 
 what longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style short; 
 stigma 5 -ridged; ovules 3-5 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5 -angled, spiny, 
 splitting into 5 3-5-seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged, Caltrop, from the 
 resemblance of the fruit to that implement.] About 12 species, of warm and 
 tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southwestern States. 
 
 i. Tribulus terrestris L. GROUND BUR-NUT. LAND CALTROP. (I. F. f. 
 2267.) Pubescent, the stem prostrate or ascending, sometimes 3dm. long or more. . 
 Leaves petioled; stipules small; leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong, inequilateral, opposite, 
 short-stalked, 6-16 mm. long; flowers solitary, about 1.2 cm. broad, peduncled; 
 petals oblong, about as long as the sepals; segments of the fruit usually with 2 long 
 spines, 2 shorter ones, and a row of very short ones forming a crest on the back, 
 also commonly with some bristle-like hairs. In ballast and waste places about the 
 Eastern seaports, and 111., Ark., Neb. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 a. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Mostly annual pubescent herbs, with opposite stipules, evenly pinnate leaves, 
 and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals usually 5. Petals the 
 same number, obovate or oblanceolate, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the 
 petals. Ovary sessile, 10-12 celled; ovule i in each cavity, pendulous; style long, 
 or short, 10-12 grooved, persistent; stigma mostly io-12-ridged. Fruit 10-12- 
 lobed, not spiny, often tuberculed, splitting into IO-I2 i-seeded segments. [In 
 honor of Kallstroem.] About 10 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical 
 regions. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the Southern and Western States. 
 
 i. Kallstroemia maxima (L.) T. & G. GREATER CALTROP. (I. F. f. 
 2268.) Branches slender, prostrate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled ; 
 stipules subulate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval or oblong, inequilateral, rounded or sub- 
 cordate at the base, 8-20 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1.2-5 cm. long in fruit; 
 flowers 2.5 cm. broad, or less; sepals linear-lanceolate, very pubescent, persistent, 
 shorter than the petals; fruit ovoid-conic, about 6 mm. in diameter, about as long 
 as the stout persistent style, the segments tubercled. In dry soil, Kans. to Ga., 
 Fla. and Tex. Also in tropical Am. April-Sept. 
 
RUTACEAE. $8l 
 
 Family 5. RUTACEAE Juss. 
 Rue Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular- 
 punctate foliage, mainly compound exstipulate leaves, and (in our 
 species) polygamo-dioecious generally cymose flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or 
 none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens of the same 
 number, or twice as many, distinct, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 
 2-celled, mostly versatile. Disk annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or i and 
 compound of 2-5 carpels, inserted on the receptacle. Fruit (in our 
 species) a capsule, or samara. Seeds oblong or reniform ; endosperm 
 generally fleshy, sometimes none. About 1 10 genera and 880 species, 
 most abundant in South Africa and Australia. 
 
 Pistils 2-5, distinct; fruit fleshy, capsular. i. Xanthoxylum. 
 
 Pistil i, 2-celled ; fruit a samara. 2. Ptelea. 
 
 i. XANTHOXYLUM L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles com- 
 monly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose. whitish or greenish, mostly 
 small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 
 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils, rarely with some 
 stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, i-2-seeded. Seeds oblong, black 
 and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.] About no species, of temperate and tropical 
 regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 Flowers in small sessile axillary cymes; calyx none. i. X. Americanum. 
 
 Flowers in large terminal compound cymes; calyx present. 2. X. Clava-Herculis. 
 
 1. Xanthoxylum Americanum Mill. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE-TREE. 
 (I. F. f. 2269.) A shrub, or small tree. Leaves pubescent when young, glabrous 
 or nearly so when old; leaflets 5-11, ovate, opposite, dark green above, lighter be- 
 neath, 3-5 cm. long, crenulate or entire, acutish; flowers greenish, about 3 mm. 
 broad, borne on the wood of the previous season and appearing before the leaves; 
 pistils 2-5; capsules black, ellipsoid, about 4 mm. long, short stiped, i-2-seeded. 
 In woods and thickets, Quebec to Va., S. Dak., Neb. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 2. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. 
 PEPPER -WOOD. (I. F. f. 2270.) A small, very prickly tree, the prickles sup- 
 ported on cushions of cork sometimes 2 dm. broad. Leaves glabrous, shining 
 above, dull beneath; leaflets 5-17, obliquely ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, acute, cren- 
 ulate; flowers greenish white, appearing before the leaves; pistils 2 or 3; capsules 
 about 4 mm. long, sessile. Along streams, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. June. 
 
 2. PTELEA L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, without prickles, the bark bitter. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; 
 flowers greenish white, polygamous, corymbose-paniculate; calyx 4-5 -parted, the 
 lobes imbricated; petals 4 or 5, much longer than the calyx, also imbricated; sta- 
 mens 4 or 5, alternate with the petals; filaments hairy on the inner side, present 
 ia the pistillate flowers but the anthers abortive or wanting; ovary flattened, 2-celled 
 (rarely 3-celled); fruit nearly orbicular, 2-winged (rarely 3-winged), indehisctnt; 
 cells i-seeded; seed oblong -ovoid. [Greek, Elm.] About 6 species, natives of tl.e 
 U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Ptelea trifoliata L. THREE-LEAVED HOP-TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2271.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3 -foliolate, pubescent when young, 
 glabrate when old; leaflets 5-12 cm. long; crenulate; flowers about I cm. broad; 
 odor disagreeable; sepals i mm. long, obtuse; petals about 6 mm. long, oblong; 
 samara 1.6-1.8 cm. in diameter, the wing membranous and reticulated, emargin- 
 ate. In woods, Conn, to Fla., S. Ont, Minn., Kans. and Tex. June. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Family 6. SIMARUBACEAE DC. 
 Ailanthus Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate, 
 not punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary, 
 paniculate or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 
 3- 5-lobed or divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or 
 lobed. Stamens of the same number as the petals, or twice as many; 
 anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2-5, or single and 2-5-lobed, 1-5 celled ; styles 
 1-5. Seeds generally solitary in the cavities. About 27 genera and 145 
 species, natives of warm or tropical regions. 
 
 i. AILANTHUS Desf. 
 
 Large trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, and terminal panicles of greenisli white 
 flowers. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated; petals 5, spreading, valvate; 
 disk lo-lobed; staminate flowers with 10 stamens inserted at the base of the disk; 
 pistillate flowers with a deeply 2-5 -cleft ovary, its lobes flat, cuneate, i -celled, and 
 2-3 stamens; ovules solitary in each cavity; samaras 2-5, linear or oblong, mem- 
 branous, veiny. I -seeded at the middle; seed compressed; cotyledons nearly orbic- 
 ular. [From the Chinese name.] Three species, natives of China and the E. I. 
 
 i. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. AILANTHUS. (I. F. f. 
 2272.) A tree, 12-27 m - high. Leaves 3-9 dm. long, glabrous-; leaflets 13-41, 
 stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate or truncate and often oblique at the base; 
 flowers greenish, about 6 mm. broad, pedicelled, the staminate ones ill- seen ted; 
 samaras twisted, nearly 5 cm. long. Escaped from cultivation, along roadsides 
 and in fields, spreading extensively by suckers, and seeding freely in some locali- 
 ties, S. Ont. to Mass., Va. and Kans. Nat. from China. June-July. 
 
 Family 7. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. 
 Milkivort Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions. Stipules none. 
 Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular. 
 Sepals 5, the two lateral ones (wings) large, colored, the others smaller. 
 Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube, the lower 
 one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in i or 2 sets. Ovary 
 2-celled; style simple ; stigma curved, dilated or lobed ; ovules i in each 
 cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled ; 
 embryo straight. About 10 genera and 750 species, widely distributed. 
 
 i. POLYGALA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate, rarely solitary and 
 axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subterranean. Sepals very unequal, 
 the two lateral ones large and petaloid. Petals 3, united into a tube which is split 
 on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6, monadel- 
 phous below, or diadelphous; capsule membranous, compressed, dehiscent along the 
 margin. Seeds i in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek, much milk.] A genus 
 of about 260 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 36 others 
 occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Flowers in corymbed spike-like racemes at the summit of the stem, yellow. 
 Basal leaves long, narrow, acuminate. i. P. cymosa. 
 
 Basal leaves spatulate or obovate. 2. P. ramosa. 
 
 * * Flowers in solitary spikes or spike-like racemes, terminating the stem and branches. 
 Basal leaves spatulate or obovate; flowers orange-yellow. 3. P. lutea. 
 
 Basal leaves inconspicuous or wanting; flowers not yellow. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, verticillate; spikes 8-18 mm. thick, blunt; flowers purple 
 to greenish white. 
 
 Spikes sessile, or nearly so; wings deltoid. 4. P. cruciata. 
 
 Spikes peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate. 5. P. brevifolia. 
 
POL VGA LA CEA E. 5 83 
 
 Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes 4-6 mm. thick, acute. 
 
 Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to purplish. 
 
 6. P. verticillata. 
 Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose, long; flowers more purple. 
 
 7. P. ambigua. 
 Leaves all alternate. 
 
 Petals united into a cleft tube, 6-8 mm. long; flowers pink. 8. P. incarnata. 
 Petals not conspicuously united into a tube. 
 Spikes ovoid to globose. 
 
 Bracts persistent; flowers rose-purple to white. 
 
 Spikes blunt; wings broadly ovate. 9. P. virtdescens. 
 
 Spikes acutish ; wings narrowly ovate or elliptic. 10. P. Curtissii. 
 Bracts deciduous; flowers rose-purple. n. P.Mariana. 
 
 Spikes cylindric. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate to linear, 4-12 mm. long; flowers greenish to purplish. 
 
 12. P. N ut t allii. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, 2,5-5 cm - l n g, flowers white or greenish. 13. P. Senega. 
 Spikes elongated-conic; flowers white. 14. P. alba. 
 
 * * * Flowers distinctly racemose, rose or purple. 
 
 15. P. polygama. 
 * * * * Flowers 1-4, large, axillary, but apparently terminal, rose-purple to white. 
 
 16. P. paucifolia. 
 
 1. Polygala cyraosa Walt. TALL PINE-BARREN MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 
 2273.) Stem erect, 6-9 dm. high, slightly angular. Basal leaves 5-7.5 cm. long, 
 4-6 mm. wide, entire, densely tufted; stem-leaves linear-subulate, scale-like, I-i.6 
 cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; bracts persistent; flowers drying greenish 
 black; seeds globose, minute, nearly glabrous, caruncle none. In wet pine bar- 
 rens, Del. to Fla., west to La. May-July. 
 
 2. Polygala ramosa Ell. Low PINE BARREN MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2274.) 
 Stems tufted or single, 1.5-4 dm. high. Stem-leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, 1.2-2 
 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; basal leaves much broader and often larger; inflorescence 
 7.5-15 cm. broad; flowers 3 mm. long, drying dark green; pedicels 2 mm. long 
 or less; wings oblong, acuminate; crest minute; seed hairy, twice or thrice as long 
 as the caruncle. In low pine barrens, Del. to Fla., west to La. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Polygala lutea L. ORANGE MILKWORT. WILD BACHELOR'S BUTTON. 
 (I. F. f. 2275.) Stems tufted, at length divaricately branched, 1.5-3 dm. high. Stem- 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 1.5-3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, entire; 
 spike-like racemes ovoid or oblong, very dense, 1.25-4 cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. 
 thick, obtuse; flowers 4-6 mm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; wings oblong-ovate, 
 abruptly acuminate; crest of the corolla-tube minute; caruncle-lobes linear, about 
 equalling the hairy seed, or shorter. In pine-barren swamps, L. I. to Fla., Pa. 
 and La. June-Oct. 
 
 4. Polygala cruciata L. CROSS-LEAVED OR MARSH MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 
 2276.) Erect, 1-4 dm. high, at length freely branching above. Stem square or 
 slightly wing-angled; leaves of the stem and branches in 4*5, or a few of them scat- 
 tered, linear or oblanceolate, 1.25-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, entire, obtuse, 
 mucronulate; spike-like racemes oval, 8-18 mm. thick, sessile or short-peduncled; 
 pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long; bracts persistent; wings sessile, somewhat cordate, 
 3-6 mm. long, much exceeding the pods; crest of the corolla minute; seed oblong, 
 slightly hairy, about equalling the caruncle. In sandy swamps, Me. to Fla., 
 Minn, and La. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Polygala brevlfolia Nutt. SHORT-LEAVED MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2277.) 
 Resembling the preceding species, but lower, more slender and weaker. Leaves 
 shorter, often scattered on the branches and upper part of the stem; spikes smaller, 
 6-10 mm. thick, on slender peduncles; wings obtuse or mucronulate. In sandy 
 swamps, R. I. to Fla. and Miss. Summer. 
 
 6. Polygala verticillata L. WHORLED MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2278.) Slen- 
 der, 1.5-3 dm. high, usually branched. Stem-leaves linear, 6-30 mm. long, 1-4 
 mm. wide, acute, entire, punctate, mucronulate, mostly in 4's or 5*5, with some 
 scattered ones on the stem or branches; spikes conic, long-peduncled. acute, 4 mm. 
 thick at the base, very dense, 8-20 mm. long; pedicels about I mm. long; wings 
 broadly oval, distinctly clawed, shorter than the pod; crest of the corolla manifest; 
 seed oblong, hairy, twice the length of the caruncle; bracts deciduous. In dry or 
 moist soil, Quebec and Out. to Minn., Saskatch., Fla., Colo, and Mex. June-Nov. 
 
584 FLORA. 
 
 7. Pplygala ambigua Nutt. LOOSE-SPIKED MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2279.) 
 Resembling the preceding species, but often taller, 1-4 dm. high, slender. Lower 
 stem leaves commonly verticillate, but the others all alternate; spikes long, loose, 
 the lower flowers often quite distant; peduncles often several inches long; flowers 
 rather larger; wings purple or purplish, nearly circular in outline; mature capsule 
 hardly longer than the wings, which are appressed to it; seed hairy. In dry soil, 
 Me. to Ga., Mo. and La. 
 
 8. Polygala incarnata L. PINK MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2280.) Erect, glau- 
 cous, very slender, 3-6 dm. high; stem-leaves distant, linear or subulate, sessile, 
 2-12 mm. long, rarely wanting; spike dense, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick; 
 pedicels I mm. long or less; bracts minute or none; flowers 1-1.2 cm. long; corolla- 
 tube slender, 2-5 times the length of the wings, its keel prominently crested; wings 
 cuspidate; seed hairy, the caruncle-lobes enveloping its beaked extremity. In dry 
 soil, Ont. to Wis., N. J., Fla., Kans. and Mex. Summer. 
 
 9. Polygala viridescens L. FIELD OR PURPLE MILKWORT. (I. F.f. 2281.) 
 Erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, at length branching above, leafy. Stem somewhat angled; 
 stem-leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 1.6-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, mucronulate; 
 heads becoming oval, 8-12 mm. thick; pedicels about I mm. long; flowers rose-purple, 
 greenish or sometimes white; wings sessile, sometimes slightly cordate, exceeding 
 the pod; seed obovoid, hairy, about the length of the caruncle; crest minute. In 
 fields and meadows, N. S. to N. Car., Minn., Kans. and La. June-Sept. The 
 contrast between the green-flowered and purple-flowered forms is striking where 
 the two grow together. [/*. sanguinea L.] 
 
 10. Polygala Curtissii A. Gray. CURTISS' MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2282.) 
 Erect, slender, 2-2.5 dm. hi& n > mu ch resembling the preceding species and the 
 following; heads globose or rarely elongated, loosely flowered, 8-12 mm. thick; 
 wings clawed, nearly erect, twice the length of the pod; seed obovoid, very hairy, 
 apiculate; caruncle minute, much shorter than the seed. In dry soil, Penn. to Ky. 
 and Ga. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 ii. Polygala Mariana Mill. MARYLANDMILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2283.) Slen- 
 der, 1.5-4 dm. high, at length much branched above; stem- leaves linear, 6-18 
 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, entire, mostly acute, mucronulate; heads globose or 
 slightly longer than thick, obtuse, 6-8 mm. wide; pedicels slender, 3-4 mm. long; 
 flowers rose-purple; wings ovate-oblong or obovate, pointed, narrowed at the base, 
 slightly longer than the pod; caruncle -lobes embracing the smaller extremity of 
 the slightly hairy obovoid seed; corolla minutely crested. In dry soil, southern 
 N. J. to Fla., Ky. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. NUTTALL'S MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2284.) 
 Erect, slender, 1-2 dm. high, branching above; stem leaves numerous, 1-2 mm. 
 wide, entire; spikes about 4 mm. thick, 6-12 mm. long, the floral axis elongating 
 as the fruits fall away from below; pedicels i mm. long or less; bracts subulate, 
 persistent; flowers greenish or yellowish purple, 2 mm. long; seed obovoid, very 
 hairy, longer than the caruncle; wings oblong to oval, about equalling the pod; 
 crest very small. In dry sandy soil, Eastern Mass, to N. Car., Mo. and Ala. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 13. Polygala Senega L. SENECA SNAKEROOT. MOUNTAIN FLAX. (I. F. 
 f. 2285.) Stems several, from woody rootstocks, erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. 
 high; leaves alternate, sessile, 6-8 mm. wide, serrulate, the lowest much smaller 
 and scale-like; spike short-peduncled. dense, acute, 2.5-5 cm - l n &; flowers 3 mm. 
 long, white or tinged with green; pedicels less than I mm. long; wings orbicular- 
 obovate, concave; crest of the corolla short, few-lobed; seed hairy, slightly longer 
 than the lobes of the caruncle. In rocky woods, N. B. to Minn, and the Canadian 
 Rocky Mts., N. Car. and Ark. May June. 
 
 Polygala Senega Iatif61ia T. & G. Stem taller, often branched ; leaves ovate or 
 ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute at the base. Ont. to S. Dak., Md. and Tenn. 
 
 14. Polygala alba Nutt. WHITE MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2286.) Stems nu- 
 merous, erect from hard woody rootstocks, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves 
 alternate, narrowly linear, acute, 6-24 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, their margins 
 entire and revolute, the lower somewhat broader and shorter, clustered; spike 
 long-peduncled, dense, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; flowers 2-3 mm. long; pedicels less than 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. $8$ 
 
 I mm. long; wings oblong-ovate, slightly concave; crest of the corolla short; seeds 
 silky, about twice the length of the caruncle-lobes. Plains, S. Dak. to Mex. and 
 Arizona. May-July. 
 
 15. Polygala poly'gama Walt. RACEMED MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2287.) 
 Stems simple, 1-5 dm. high, from a deep biennial root. Stem-leaves crowded, 
 oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronulate, 1.6-2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, en- 
 tire, the lower smaller; basal leaves spatulate; raceme 2.5-10 cm. long; pedicels 
 2-4 mm. long; flowers rarely white, showy, 4-6 mm. long; wings broadly obovate ; 
 crest of the corolla large, laciniate; stamens 8; subterranean branches horizontal, 
 bearing numerous, cleistogamous flowers; seeds hairy, longer than the caruncle- 
 lobes. In dry soil, N. S. to Manitoba, to Fla. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 1 6. Polygala paucifolia Willd. FRINGED MILKWORT. FLOWERING WIN- 
 TERGREEN. GAY-WINGS. (I. F. f. 2288.) Glabrous, perennial by slender pros- 
 trate stems. Flowering branches 1-2 dm. high; leaves of the summits of the stems 
 clustered, ovate or oblong, 2-4 cm. long, acute, rough-margined, with petioles 4-8 
 mm. long; those of the lower part of the shoots successively smaller, distant, the 
 lowest scale-like; flowers 1-4, axillary to the upper leaves, 1.4-2 cm. long, slender- 
 peduncled, rose-purple or rarely white, showy; wings obovate; crest of the corolla 
 beautifully fimbriate; seed slightly shorter than the caruncle; cleistogamous sub- 
 terranean flowers few, on short lateral branches. In moist rich woods, N. B. and 
 Anticosti to Saskatch., Ga. and 111. May-July. 
 
 Family 8. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. HiL* 
 
 Spurge Family. , 
 
 Moncecioue'or dioecious herb^shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky 
 sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate. Flowers sometimes much 
 reduced and subtended by an involucre" which resembles &Q.afcpi(Eitphor- 
 bia), the number of parts in the floral whorls often different in the stam- 
 inate and pistillate flowers. Ovary usually 3-cellddfovules i or 2 in each 
 cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit 
 a mostly 3-lotfed capsule, separating, often elastically, into 3 2-valved 
 carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropous ; embryo in fleshy or 
 oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. 
 About 210 genera and 4000 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers not in an involucre, with a true calyx. 
 Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. 
 
 Petals wanting; stamens usually 3. i. Phyllanthus. 
 
 Petals present, at least in staminate flowers; stamens 5 or 6. 2. Andrachne. 
 Ovule i in each cavity of the ovary. 
 
 Plants clothed with stellate pubescence, or scales. 
 
 Ovary, and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled. 3. Croton. 
 Ovary, and capsule i-celled, achene-like. 4. Crotonopsis. 
 
 Plants variously pubescent, with simple hairs, these sometimes gland-tipped. 
 Inflorescence spicate, racemose or of axillary clusters. 
 
 Flowers with petals. 5. Ditaxis. 
 
 Flowers without petals. 
 
 Styles many-cleft. 6. Acalypha. 
 
 Styles simple, somewhat united at the base. 7. Tragia. 
 
 Inflorescence cymose. 9. Jatropha. 
 
 Plants glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Inflorescence racemose, somewhat panicled ; pistillate flowers above the 
 
 staminate. 8. Ricinus. 
 
 Inflorescence spicate; pistillate flowers below the staminate. 10. Stillingia. 
 Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of the fila- 
 ment-like pedicel. f \\.Euphorbia. 
 
 i. PHYLLANTHUS L. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Leaves alter- 
 nate, entire, often so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf. 
 Flowers monoecious, apetalous, a staminate and a pistillate one together in the axils. 
 
 * Contributed by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
586 FLORA. 
 
 Calyx mostly 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens usually 3. Ovules 2 in 
 each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. [Greek, leaf-flower, the blossoms in some 
 species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.] Mure than 400 species, natives 
 of the tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres. 
 
 i. Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walt. CAROLINA PHYLLANTHUS. (I. F. f. 
 2289.) Annual; glabrous. Stem slender, 1-5 dm. high, the branches 2-ranked; 
 leaves obovate or oblong, 6-20 mm. long, obtuse; flowers inconspicuous, nearly 
 sessile in the axils; calyx 6-parted, its lobes linear or oblong; glands of the pistil- 
 late flower more or less united; capsule about 2 mm. in diameter; seeds i mm. 
 long, marked with lines and minute black papillae. In sandy or gravelly soil, 
 eastern Penn. to 111., Kans., Fla., Tex. and Cent. Am. May-Get. 
 
 2. ANDRACHNE L. 
 
 Herbs, or shrubby plants, with diffusely branching stems. Leaves alternate. 
 Flowers monoecious, axillary, the staminate often clustered, with a 5-6-lobed 
 calyx, 5 or 6 petals, and 5 or 6 stamens; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-6-lobed 
 calyx, minute petals, or these wanting; styles 2 cleft or 2-parted; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity. [From the Greek for Portulaca.] About 10 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 i. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Muell. Any. NORTHERN ANDRACHNE. 
 (I. F. f. 2289a.) A straggling much branched shrub, 3-10 dm. tall, with glabrous 
 lustrous branches and minutely pubescent twigs. Leaves obovate or oval, 0.8- 
 1.8 cm. long, retuse or obtuse, often mucronulate. paler beneath than above; pedi- 
 cels filiform, 6-20 cm. long, glabrous; calyx-segments oblong-obovate, 1.5-3 mm - 
 long; petals of two kinds, those of the staminate flowers narrowly obovate or 
 oblong-obovate, 3-5-toothed, those of the pistillate flowers smaller, broadly obovate, 
 entire; capsule subglobose. On rocky barrens, Mo. to Ark. and Tex. Summer. 
 
 3. CROTON L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, 
 sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade. Flowers often spicate or race- 
 mose. Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually 5 parted); petals 
 usually present, but small or rudimentary, alternating with glands; stamens 5 or 
 more. Pistillate flowers below the staminate; calyx 5-io-parted; petals usually 
 wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule i in each cavity; styles once, twice or many 
 times 2-cleft. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.] About 600 species, 
 mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. 
 
 Plants monoecious. 
 
 Leaves toothed ; staminate calyx 4-lobed, pistillate 5-lobed. i. C. glandulosus. 
 Leaves entire ; staminate calyx 3~5-lobed, pistillate 5~i2-lobed. 
 
 Capsules conspicuously clustered, not nodding. 2. C. capitatus. 
 
 Capsules solitary or never conspicuously clustered, nodding. 
 
 Foliage whitish ; capsules 6-7 mm. long. 3. C. Lindheimerianus. 
 
 Foliage silvery ; capsules 4-5 mm. long. 4. C. monanthogynus. 
 
 Plant dioecious. 5. C. Texensts. 
 
 1. Croton grlandulosus L. GLANDULAR CROTON. (I. F. f. 2290.) Deep 
 green, rough with stellate hairs, and somewhat glandular. Stem 2-7.5 ^ m - 
 corymbosely branched; leaves oblong, linear-oblong or ovate, 1.2-7.5 cm - 
 bearing 2 glands at the base of the blade; staminate flowers in spikes, with 4 
 petals, a 4 rayed glandular disk and 8 stamens; pistillate flowers several, with 
 rudimentary petals; capsule subglobose, about 5 mm. in length; seeds oblong, 
 minutely wrinkled. In sandy soil, Va. to la. and Kans., south to Fla. and Cent. 
 Am. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. March-Dec. 
 
 2. Croton capitatus Michx. CAPITATE CROTON. HOGWORT. (I. F. f. 
 2291.) Silvery green, densely stellate-pubescent. Stem usually corymbosely 
 branched above; leaves lanceolate, oblong or rarely ovate, often undulate; flowers 
 clustered at the ends of the branches, the staminate racemose, with a 5 -parted 
 calyx, 5 petals, and 10-14 stamens; pistillate flowers several, sessile, with 7-12 
 sepals, no petals; capsule depressed-globose. 6-7 mm. in diameter; seeds gray or 
 variegated, turtle-shaped. In dry soil, N. J. to Iowa, Ga. and Tex. May- Oct. 
 
 3 Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele. LINDHEIMER'S CROTON. (I. F. f. 
 2292a.) Stems 1-4 dm. tall, sometimes diffusely branched; leaves rather numer- 
 
E UPHORBIA CEA E. 57 
 
 ous, the blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.2-5 cm. long, green above, undulate; pedi- 
 cels 2-6 mm. long, recurving; calyx slightly accrescent, its segments oblong or 
 elliptic-oblong, becoming 4 mm. long, slightly keeled in age; capsules oval, 6- 
 7 mm. long, tomentose, truncate-obtuse at both ends, drooping; seeds oblong- 
 elliptic, nearly 4 mm. long. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. and N. Mex. Summer. 
 
 4. Croton monanthogynus Michx. SINGLE-FRUITED CROTON. d. F. f. 
 229-!.) Main stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, topped by a 3-5 -rayed umbel with rays 
 1-4 dm. long, forked or umbellately branched; leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 cm. 
 long; staminate flowers clustered at the ends of erect peduncles, with 3-5 unequal 
 calyx-segments, the same number of petals and scale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens; 
 pistillate flowers 'mostly solitary, on recurved pedicels, with 5 equal calyx seg- 
 ments, no petals, and 5 glands; capsule ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. l<ng; 
 seeds oval or orbicular, variegated, minutely pitted, shining. In dry soil, N. Car, 
 to Ind. and Kans.. south to Fla. and Mex. June-Oct. 
 
 5. Croton Texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell. Arg. TEXAS CROTON. (I. F. f. 
 2293.) Stem rather slender, 2-6 dm. high, paniculately or ccrymbosely branched; 
 leaves ovate to linear-oblong or almost linear, 2-7.5 mm - l n g; staminate flowers 
 racemose; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so, in stalked clusters; calyx equally 
 5 -parted, the segments ovate; petals none; glands 5, minute; stamens mostly 10; 
 capsule subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, somewhat muricate; seeds ovoid or 
 oval, variegated, finely reticulated. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Mo., Ala. and N. 
 Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 4. CROTONOPSIS Michx. 
 
 Annual slender silvery-scurfy monoecious herbs with narrow alternate or rarely 
 opposite leaves. Staminate flowers uppermost in the clusters, with an equally 5- 
 parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 inflexed stamens opposite the petals enlarged at the 
 summit. Pistillate flowers with 3-5 parted calyx, no petals, 5 petal-like glands 
 opposite the calyx-segments, and a i-celled ovary; ovule I. Fruit a small scaly or 
 spiny achene-like capsule. Seed longitudinally wrinkled. [Greek, Croton-like.] 
 Two known species, natives of the southeastern U. S. 
 
 I. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. CROTONOPSIS. (I. F. f. 2294.) Foliage 
 covered with peltate somewhat fringed scales, except on the green upper surfaces 
 of the leaves. Stem wiry, 1-5 dm. high; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, 
 1-3 cm. long, entire; staminate flowers with spatulate petals; achene-like capsule 
 ovoid- elliptic; seed ovoid. 2-3 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, N. J. to Kans., south 
 to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 5. DITAXIS Vahl. 
 
 Monoecious perennial herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often strongly nerved. 
 Flowers often racemed, usually bracted. Staminate flowers often crowded at the 
 ends of the racemes; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate; petals 4 or 5, alternate with 
 the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the disk; stamens of the same number as the 
 petals or two or three times as many, united into a column. Pistillate fit wers with 
 the calyx-lobes imbricated and smaller petals, the ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-lobed, 
 depressed. Seeds sometimes crested. [Greek, double-ranked, in allusion to the 
 stamens. ] About 20 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes; leaves sessile. i. D. mercurialina. 
 
 Flowers in axillary clusters ; leaves short-petioled. 2. D. humth's. 
 
 1. Ditaxis mercurialina (Nutt.) Coult. TALL DITAXIS. (I. F. f. 2295.) 
 Stem strict, silky, 1-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2-5 crn. 
 long, undulate, often strongly 3 nerved; staminate flowers with lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate acute ciliate calyx-segments, and spatulate -oblong undulate petals; 
 pistillate flowers with a 5 -parted calyx, the segments lanceolate, spreading, 3 
 times as long as those of the staminate; capsules 6-9 mm. in diameter, somewhat 
 silky; seeds globose-ovoid, 4 mm. long, pointed, wrinkled. In dry soil, Kans. and 
 Ark. to Tex. Lower leaves somewhat oblanceolate. April July. 
 
 2. Ditaxis humilis (Engelm. & Gray) Pax. Low DITAXIS. (I. F. f. 2296.) 
 Stem much branched, the branches spreading, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, ob- 
 long, obovate or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long; staminate flowers with petals a little 
 
588 FLORA. 
 
 longer than the 5 calyx-segments and longer than the lobes of the disk; pistillate 
 flowers with a 5-parted calyx; capsule short-pedicelled, 4-6 mm. in diameter, 3-4- 
 lobed; seeds oval-globose, about 2 mm. long, muricate. Plains, Kans. to La. and 
 Tex. March-Sept. 
 
 6. ACALYPHA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in 
 spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each flower in the 
 axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and8-i6 stamens united at their 
 bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract, which oiten equals or 
 overtops the staminate, the calyx 3-5 -parted; petals wanting in both kinds oi 
 flowers; capsule usually of 3 2-valved carpels, each i-seeded. [Greek, nettle.] 
 About 230 species, mostly tropical and subtropical. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes or racemes ; capsule spiny. 
 
 i. A. ostryaefolia. 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike or raceme; capsule smooth. 
 
 Plant not glandular; bract palrnately many-lobed, equalling or exceeding the stami- 
 nate spike. 2. A, Virginica. 
 Plant glandular; bract many-cleft, shorter than the spike. 3. A. gracilens. 
 
 1. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. HORNBEAM THREE SEEDED MERCURY. 
 (I. F. f. 2297.) Dark green, minutely pubescent. Stem erect, 3-8 dm. tall. 
 Leaves thin, ovate, 6-10 cm. long, short-acuminate, serrate, obtuse or cordate at 
 the base, the petioles often as long as the blades; bractlets of the staminate flowers 
 minute, those of the pistillate conspicuous, lobed; capsule much depressed, 3-lobed, 
 3-4 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid, 2 mm. long, wrinkled. N. J. to Kans., Fla. and 
 Mex. June-Nov. 
 
 2. Acalypha Virginica L. VIRGINIA THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (I F. f. 
 2298.) Dark green, or becoming purplish. Stem 1-6 dm. tall; leaves ovate or 
 elliptic, 2-10 cm. long, thin, coarsely serrate except near the base; pistillate flowers 
 1-3 at the base of the staminate peduncle; capsule 3-lobed, subglobose, about 3 
 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid, reddish, striate. In woods and thickets, N. S. to 
 Minn., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June -Oct. 
 
 3. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. SLENDER THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. (I. F. 
 f. 2299.) Pale green. Stem slender, 1-8 dm. tall, the branches often nearly fili- 
 form; leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, usually firm, acutish, ser- 
 rate, narrowed to a short petiole; staminate spike very slender; pistillate flowers I 
 or several; capsule subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter; seeds globose-ovoid, 
 dark red, or gray mottled with red, striate- pitted. In dry woods and thickets, 
 Mass, to Kans., Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 7. TRAGIA L. 
 
 Monoecious herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually armed with stiff sting, 
 ing hairs. Leaves alternate, mostly cordate; flowers in racemes, bracteolate, 
 apetalous; staminate flowers with a 3-5 -parted calyx and 1-3 or rarely numerous 
 stamens; pistillate flowers with a 3-8-lobed calyx, the segments entire or pinnatifid, 
 and 3 styles, often united to above the middle; capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 
 2-valved carpels. [From Tragus, the Latin name of Hieronymus Bock, 1498- 
 1553, a German botanist.] About 50 species, mostly natives of tropical regions. 
 
 Stems not twining. 
 
 Staminate calyx 4-lobed ; stamens 2. i. T. urens. 
 
 Staminate calyx 3-lobed ; stamens 3. 2. T. nepetaefolia. 
 
 Staminate calyx 4~s-lobed ; stamens 4 or 5. 3. T. ramosa. 
 
 Stems twining. 4. T. macrocarpa. 
 
 i. Tragia urens L. EASTERN TRAGIA. (I. F. f. 2300.) Dull green, pilose 
 or hirsute. Stem erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branched; leaves obovate or ovate to linear, 
 entire or repand, short-petioled or sessile, 1.5 cm. long; spike-like racemes often i 
 dm. long; pistillate flowers several at the base of the racemes, with a 5-6-lobed 
 calyx; capsule short-pedicelled, much depressed, 8-10 mm. in diameter, sparingly 
 pubescent; seeds subglobose, 4 mm. long, smooth. In sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and 
 Tex. May-Aug. 
 
EUPHORBIACEAE. 589 
 
 2. Tragia nepetaefolia Cav. CATNEP TRAGIA. (I. F. f. 2301.) Hispid 
 with stinging hairs. Stem erect or reclining, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaves triangular, 
 ovate or lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, dentate-serrate, cordate, short-petioled, the lower 
 sometimes orbicular; racemes 1-4 cm. long, many-flowered; pistillate flowers with 
 a 5-lobed calyx; capsule much depressed, 6 mm. in diameter, hirsute; seeds glo- 
 bose, chestnut brown, smooth, 4 mm. in diameter. In sandy soil, Kans. to Mex. 
 and.N. Mex. May-Get. 
 
 3. Tragia ramosa Torr. BRANCHING TRAGIA. (I. F. f. 2302.) Light 
 green, bristly with stinging hairs. Stem usually much branched, 0.5-3 dm. long; 
 leaves lanceolate, ovate -lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 1.2-5 cm - l n g> acute 
 at the apex, coarsely and sharply serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, short- 
 petioled; racemes 1-5 cm. long; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-lobed calyx 
 subtended by a 3 -lobed bract; capsule much depressed, 68 mm. in diameter, 
 bristly; seeds globose. 4 mm. in diameter, orange, more or less variegated. In 
 dry soil, Mo. to Tex., Colo, and Ariz. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Tragia macrocarpa -Willd. TWINING OR LARGE-FRUITED TRAGIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2303.) Slightly hirsute. Stem 2.5-14 dm. long, twining; leaves ovate, 
 5-12 cm. long, deeply cordate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate; petioles mostly 
 shorter than the blades; staminate flowers with a 3-lobed calyx and 3 stamens; pis- 
 tillate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx; capsule depressed, 12-16 mm. in diameter; 
 seeds subglobose, 5 mm. long, smooth, variegated. In dry or rocky soil, Ky. to 
 Mo., Fia. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Rl'ciNUS L. 
 
 A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large peltate 
 palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish 'flowers in terminal 
 racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with a 3-5 -parted 
 calyx, the segments valvate, and numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly 
 branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx. Capsule subglobose, or oval, 
 separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The Latin 
 name of the plant.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of Africa and Asia. 
 
 i. Ricinus communis L. CASTOR-OIL PLANT. CASTOR-BEAN. PALMA 
 CHRISTI. (I. F. f. 2304.) Stem erect, 1-5 m. tall, more or less branched, 
 becoming tree-like in warm regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 dm. 
 broad. 6-1 1 -palmately lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate; 
 capsule 12-16 mm. in diameter, usually spiny; seeds shining, smooth, black, vari- 
 egated with white, or mottled with gray and brown markings. In waste places, 
 escaped from cultivation, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. An imposing ornamental plant, 
 and also of medicinal value. 
 
 9. JATROPHA L. 
 
 Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial bristly herbs, or shrubs, with 
 entire, lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the, 
 upper parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or 
 united, or none, the stamens usually numerous (5-30). Pistillate flowers in the 
 lower forks of the cymes; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2- 
 valved carpels. [Greek, healing nutriment] About 70 species, widely distrib- 
 uted in warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others occur 
 in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Jatropha stimulosa Michx. SPURGE NETTLE. TREAD-SOFTLY. (I. F. f. 
 2305.) Perennial by a stout root, herbaceous, bright green, stinging. Stem erect, 
 i-n dm. tall; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 6-30 cm. broad, truncate or cor- 
 date at the base, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire, toothed or pinnatifid; calyx of 
 the staminate flowers salverform. white or pink, 2-4 cm. broad; capsule oblong, 
 12-16 mm. long, papillose, wrinkled; seeds oblong-obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, 
 smooth, mottled. In dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. March-Aug. 
 
 10. STILLI'NGIA L. 
 
 Monoecious glabrous herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, 
 of. en with 2 glands at the base, the flowers bracteolate, in terminal spikes, apetal- 
 0'is, the bractlets 2-glandular. Stambate (lowers several together in the axils of 
 
59 FLORA. 
 
 the bractlets, the calyx slightly 2-3-lobed ; stamens 2 or 3, exserted. Pistillate tlowers 
 solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets; calyx 3-lobed. Capsule 2-lobed or 3- 
 lobed, separating into 2 or 3 two-valved carpels. [In honor of Dr. B. Stellingfleet, 
 an English botanist.] About 15 species, mostly of tropical America and the islands 
 of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 i. Stillingia sylvatica L. QUEEN'S DELIGHT. QUEEN-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2306.) A bright green slightly fleshy herb. Stem usually branched from the 
 base, 3-11 dm. tall. Leaves obovate, oblong or elliptic, i-io cm. long, serrate 
 with appressed teeth, often narrowed at the 2-glandular base, sessile; flowers 
 lemon-colored, subtended by small bracts furnished with saucer-shaped elands; 
 calyx cup-shaped; glandular disk none; capsule depressed, 1-1.5 cm - i n diameter, 
 3-lobed; seeds ovoid, 6 mm. long, light gray, minutely pitted and papillose, the 
 base flattened. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. March-Oct. 
 
 ii. EUPHORBIA L. 
 
 Monoecious herbs (many tropical species shrubs), with alternate, opposite or 
 yerticillate leaves. Flowers borne in ipvoKicres. Sinuses of the involucres usually 
 bearing glands, naked or appendaged^ Staminate flowers scattered over the inner 
 surface of the involucre, consisting of a stamen jointed on a filament-like pedicel, 
 which is subtended by a minute bractlet supposed to represent a calyx. Pistillate 
 flower solitary, at the bottom of the involucre, at length usually exserted on a 
 stalk. Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds sometimes 
 caruncled, variously pitted, ridged or wrinkled. [Named in honor of Euphorbus, 
 King Juba's physician.] Species about 700, most abundant in the warmer parts of 
 the temperate zones. Besides the following, some 95 others occur in the southern 
 and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 * Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages, 
 f Leaves opposite, inequilateral, their bases more or less oblique. 
 \ Leaves entire: seeds smooth. 
 
 Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate. 
 
 Seeds about 3 mm. long. i. E, polygonifolia. 
 
 Seeds 1-2 mm. long. 
 
 Leaves usually more than twice as long as Broad; seeds nearly terete, 
 
 1,5 mm. long. 4. E. Geyeri. 
 
 Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; seeds obtusely 4-angled, 
 
 ,i mm. long. 5. E. serpens. 
 
 Plants with an erect or ascending stem, branched above, the branches ascending. 
 Seeds nearly terete, 2 mm. long; leaves usually flat and straight. 
 
 2. E. peialoidea. 
 Seeds 4-angled, 1.5 mm. long; leaves often involute and curved. 
 
 3. E. Ntittallii. 
 \ J Leaves entire; seeds variously roughened. 
 
 Plants glabrous. 13. E. Fendleri. 
 
 Plants canescent. 14. E. lata. 
 
 \ \ \ Leaves serrate or dentate; plants prostrate or spreading. 
 Herbage glabrous. 
 
 Seeds faintly transversely ridged and pitted. 
 
 Leaves of main branches mostly less than i cm. long; seeds gray. 
 
 6. E. serpyllifolia. 
 
 Leaves of main branches over i cm. long; seeds brown. 7. E. albicaulis. 
 Seeds strongly transversely ridged, not pitted. 8. E. glyptosperma. 
 
 Herbage pubescent or puberulent. 
 Seeds gray or white. 
 
 Leaves toothed at the apex; involucres campanulate; seeds pitted. 
 
 12. E. sttctospora. 
 Leaves toothed nearly to the base; involucres turbinate ; seeds transversely 
 
 wrinkled. 9. E. hirsuta. 
 
 Seeds brown or black. 
 
 Involucres not split. 10. E. maculata. 
 
 Involucres split on one side. n. E. humistratd. 
 
 \ % \ \ Leaves serrate or -dentate; plant erect or ascending. 15. E. nutans t 
 
 f f Leaves opposite, equilateral, their bases not oblique. 
 
 1 6. E. hexagondt 
 f f f Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem, except a whorl subtending the umbel. 
 
E UP HO RBI A CEA E. 5 9 l 
 
 Bracts and leaves of the umbel small and green; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. 
 Pale green ; leaves all whoried or opposite. 17- &. Marylandica. 
 
 Deep green; leaves below the ui.ibel alternate. 18. E* corolla t a. 
 
 Bracts and leaves of the umbel large, white-margined: seeds ovoid-globose, reticulate- 
 tuberculate. 1 9- E - marginata. 
 
 * * Glands of the involucre without petai-like appendages, 
 f Leaves mostly opposite; herbage glabrous. 
 
 Plants slender; stems or branches forked. 
 
 Annual; stem branched at the base; leaves, or some of them, oblique at the base. 
 
 i. E. polygonijolia. 
 Perennial; stems several from a stout root; leaves not oblique at the base. 
 
 22. E. Ipecacitanliae. 
 Plants stout; stem usually simple below, topped by an umbel. 24. E. Latliyris. 
 
 \ f Leaves mostly opposite; herbage pubescent. 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; seeds narrowly ovoid, not prominently tuberculate. 
 
 20. E. cuphospenna, 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; seeds broadly ovoid, prominently tuberculate. 
 
 21. E. dent at a. 
 
 \ \ \ Leaves alternate or scattered. 
 
 Stem not topped by an umbel. 23. E. heterophylla. 
 
 Stems topped by a several-rayed umbel. 
 
 Leaves serrulate; glands of the involucre oblong, oval or orbicular. 
 Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated. 
 
 Glands stalked; warts on the capsules elongated; seeds faintly reticulated. 
 
 26 E. obtusata. 
 Glands sessile; warts on the capsules depressed; seeds smooth. 
 
 27. E. platyphylla. 
 
 ( Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated. 
 Glands nearly sessile; capsules warty. 
 
 Upper leaves merely sessile; upper bracts of the umbel manifestly 
 
 longer than broad. 28. E. Arkansana. 
 
 Upper leaves with small basal lobes; upper bracts of the umbel 
 about as broad as long or broader. 29. E.Missonriensis. 
 
 Glands stalked; capsules smooth. 30. E. Helioscopia. 
 
 Leaves entire; glands of the involucres crescent-shaped or reniform- 
 Annual or biennial; seeds pitted. 
 
 Capsules with 2-crested lobes. > 31. E. Peplus. 
 
 Capsules with rounded lobes. 32. E. commutata. 
 
 Perennial. 
 
 Glands reniform or oblong, without horns. 25. E. Darlingtonii. 
 
 Glands crerc^nt shaped, with horns. 
 
 Seeds smooth; glands with long slender horns. 
 
 Stem- leaves 4-12 mm. broad; capsules smooth. 
 
 Bracts subtending the umbel lanceolate to oblanceolate. 
 
 33. E. Esula. 
 
 Bracts ovate, oval or obovate. 34. E. Incida. 
 
 Stem-leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide; capsules with granular lobes. 
 
 35. E. Cvparissias. 
 Seeds pitted; glands with short rather blunt horns. 36. E. robusta. 
 
 1. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. SEASIDE OR KNOTWEED SPURGE. (I. F. 
 f. 2307.) Pale green, glabrous. Branches radiately spreading, prostrate, forked, 
 5-20 cm. long; leaves opposite, oblong, linear-oblong or linear- lanceolate, 6-20 
 mm. long, fleshy, obtuse, often mucronulate, entire; involucres turbinate-campan- 
 ulate, less than 2 mm. long, with 4 columnar nearly naked glands shorter than the 
 lobes; capsule globose-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, minutely wrinkled; seeds ovoid, some- 
 what flattened, ash-colored, very minutely pitted and spotted. In sand along the 
 Atlantic coast, N. H. to Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm. WHITE-FLOWERED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2308.) Pale green, glabrous. Stem erect, branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves 
 opposite, linear, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> obtuse, usually flat, 
 straight, entire; involucres oblong campanulate, 2 mm, long, bearing 4 wineglass- 
 sh iped glands about as long as the lobes, each subtended by a white ovate or orbic- 
 ular appendage, capsule globose-reniform, 2 mm. long; seeds oblong. ovoid, nearly 
 jish-colorcd, minutely pitted, nearly terete, Iowa to Wyo. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
592 FLORA. 
 
 3. Euphorbia Nuttallii (Engelm.) Small. PRAIRIE SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2309.) 
 Bright green, glabrous. Stem slender, erect or ascending, 1-6 dm. high, the 
 branches wiry; leaves mostly linear and mucronulate or truncate at the apex, often 
 involute, obtuse or narrowed at the base, usually curved; involucres campanulate, 
 less than 2 mm. long, long-peduncled, bearing 4 saucer-shaped glands subtended 
 by white oblong or ovate appendages; seeds ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, gray, 4-angled. 
 Prairies, Mo. to Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm. & Gray. GEYER'S SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2310.) 
 Olive-green, glabrous. Branches prostrate, radiately spreading, wiry, 5-40 cm. 
 long; leaves oblong or ovate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, usually mucronulate, entire 
 or nearly so, oblique, obtuse or subcordate at the base; involucres campanulate, 
 about I mm. high, with 4 wineglass shaped glands shorter than the lobes, and 
 inconspicuous white or red appendages; capsule globose-reniform, about 2 mm. 
 long; seeds narrowly ovoid, ash-colored, nearly terete. In sandy soil Minn, to 
 111., S. Dak. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Euphorbia serpens H.B.K. ROUND-LEAVED SPREADING SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2311.) Pale green, glabrous, sometimes glaucescent. Branches slenderer filiform, 
 prostrate, 5-30 cm. long; leaves orbicular, orbicular-ovate or oval, 2-6 mm. long, 
 obtuse or emarginate, entire, often slightly revolute, the base oblique, rounded or 
 subcordate; involucres solitary in the axils, nearly I mm. high, bearing 4 sessile 
 saucer-shaped glands shorter than the lobes, and minute irregular appendages ; cap- 
 sule nodding, depressed-globose, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, smooth, 
 obtusely 4-angled, light gray. 111. to Iowa and S. Dak., south to Mex. March-Oct. 
 
 6. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. THYME-LEAVED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2312.) 
 Deep green, or becoming reddish, glabrous. Branches slender, prostrate, 1-3 dm. 
 long; leaves oblong to oval, 3-15 mm. long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate to below the 
 middle, the base oblique, mostly truncate or obtuse; involucres solitary in the 
 axils, sometimes clustered toward the ends of the branchlets, less than 2 mm. long, 
 bearing 4 disk-like glands and narrow lobed appendages; capsule 2 mm. broad; 
 seeds ovoid, 4-angled, the faces transversely wrinkled and pitted. In dry soil, Wis. 
 to Cal., south to Mex. May-Sept. 
 
 7. Euphorbia albicaulis Rydb. WHITE-STEMMED SPURGE. Pale green or 
 yellowish. Branches procumbent, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous, shining; leaves linear 
 or slightly broadened upward, 1-1.5 cm - l n &> nearly entire or toothed at the 
 apex; involucres turbinate, about i mm. high; appendages minute, rather broad, 
 white, truncate or crenulate; capsule about 2 mm. long, smooth, acute-angled; 
 seeds light brown, oblong, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, acutely 4-angled, shallowly trans- 
 versely wrinkled. In sandy soil, Neb. and Mont. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. RIDGE-SEEDED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2313.) Pale green, glabrous. Branches spreading or prostrate, 5-40 cm. long; 
 leaves oblong, linear-oblong or rarely ovate, 2-12 mm. long, more or less falcate, 
 obtuse at the apex, inequilateral, serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or subcordate 
 at the base; involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, I mm. long, with 4 dark 
 ribs and 4 saucer-shaped glands, their appendages narrow; capsule depressed-glo- 
 bose, less than 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong, ash-colored, transversely wrinkled. 
 In sandy soil, Ont. to Br. Col., Conn., Tex. and Mex. June-Oct. 
 
 9. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. HAIRY SPURGE. (I. F. f. 23i4a.) 
 Bright green, more or less hirsute. Branches prostrate or decumbent, 5-25 cm. long, 
 zigzag; leaves ovate-oblong, 8-16 mm. long, acutish, serrulate nearly to the oblique 
 base, pale beneath; involucres funnelform, I mm. high, glabrous, bearing 4 
 stalked saucer-shaped dark brown glands, and white appendages; capsule about 2 
 mm. in diameter, broader than long, glabrous, its angles obtuse; seed 4-angled, 
 black beneath a white coating, its faces slightly wrinkled. In sandy or gravelly 
 soil, Quebec and Ont. to Conn., N. Y. and Perm. June-Sept. 
 
 10. Euphorbia maculata L. MILK PURSLANE. SPOTTED OR BLOTCHED 
 SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2314.) Dark green, puberulent or pilose. Branches slender, 
 radiately prostrate, 5-40 cm. long, often dark red; leaves usually blotched, oblong 
 or ovate-oblong, 4-16 mm. long, obtuse, more or less serrate, the base oblique, sub- 
 cordate; involucres solitary in the axils. 2 mm. long, with 4 cup-shaped glands, the 
 appendages narrow, white or red; capsule ovoid-globose, about 2 mm. in diameter, 
 pubescent; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, minutely pitted and transversely 
 
EUPHOKBIACEAE. 593 
 
 wrinkled. Throughout N. Am. except the extreme north. Apparently introduced 
 west of the Rocky Mts. June -Nov. 
 
 11. Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. HAIRY SPREADING SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2315.) Light green, puberulent or sparingly pilose. Branches radiately pros- 
 trate, 13 dm. long; leaves ovate-oblong or obovate -oblong, or sometimes narrower, 
 4-15 mm. long, serrulate, at least above the middle, oblique, obtuse or subcordate 
 at the base; involucres in lateral clusters, split on one side, 2 mm. long, faintly 
 i erved, with 4 disk-like glands, and narrow irregular red or white appendages; 
 capsule depressed-globose, less than 2 mm. in diameter, its 3 lobes keeled ; seeds 
 oblong, papillose, obscurely transversely wrinkled. Quebec to N. Y., Kans. and 
 Miss. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 12. Euphorbia stictospora Engelm. NARROW-SEEDED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2316.) Yellowish green, pilose. Branches radiating, 5-30 cm. long; leaves 
 oblong to suborbicular, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, dentate-serrate at the apex, the bases 
 truncate or subcordate; involucres clustered, campanulate, I mm. high, with 4 
 cup-shaped glands, and inconspicuous appendages; capsule ovoid, 1-2 mm. in 
 diameter; seeds narrowly ovoid, pointed, pitted, gray or ash-colored, sharply 
 4-angled. S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, to Mex. June- Oct. 
 
 13. Euphorbia Fendleri T. & G. FENDLER'S SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2317.) 
 Pale green, glabrous. Branches wiry, 1-2 dm. long, brittle; leaves suborbicular, 
 oval or elliptic, 3-8 mm. long, obtuse, entire, the base oblique, obtuse or subcor- 
 date; involucres campanulate. 2-5 mm. high, with 4 or 5 saucer-shaped oval glands 
 and irregular appendages; capsule deflexed, 3 mm. in diameter, sharply 3-lobed; 
 seeds ovoid, wrinkled. Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and Ariz. April-Oct. 
 
 14. Euphorbia lata Engelm. HOARY SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2318.) Pale 
 green, canescent. Base somewhat woody; branches 5-10 cm. long; leaves ovate to 
 lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, revolute, abruptly narrowed, truncate or cordate at the 
 base; involucres solitary in the axih, I mm. long, bearing 5 disk like glands and 
 narrow appendages; capsule subglobose, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong, acutish 
 at both ends, 4-angled, the faces inconspicuously transversely wrinkled. Kans. to 
 Tex. and N. Mex. 
 
 15. Euphorbia rmtans Lag. LARGE OR UPRIGHT SPOTTED SPURGE. (I. F. 
 f. 2319.) Deep green. Stem 2-6 dm. high, th branches mostly spreading; leaves 
 opposite, oblong, or linear-oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, often falcate, 
 oblique, 3 -nerved, unequally serrate, often with a red blotch and red margins; 
 involucres narrowly obovoid, I mm. long, bearing 4 glands subtended by orbicular 
 orreniform white or red appendages; capsule glabrous, 2 mm. in diameter; seeds 
 oblong ovoid, 4-angled, with broken transverse ridges. In fields and thickets, 
 throughout eastern N. Am. except the extreme north, extending west to the Rocky 
 Mts. May-Oct. 
 
 1 6. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ANGLED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2320.) Yel- 
 lowish green. Stem striate angled, 1-5 dm. tall, the branches ascending, often 
 almost filiform; leaves opposite, linear, oblong or lanceolate, equilateral; involucres 
 solitary in the axils, often clustered, 2-3 mm. long, ciliate, pubescent, with 5 
 glands subtended by triangular-ovate whitish or green appendages; capsule gla- 
 brous, 4mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid or oblong-ovoid, terete, papillose. Iowa to 
 Mont., Tex. and Colo. Also at Wilmington, Del. June-Oct. 
 
 17. Euphorbia Marylandica Greene. MARYLAND SPURGE. Perennial, 
 glabrous, pale green, glaucescent. Stems tricbotomous near the base, thence 
 bushy, 3-4 dm. tall, the branches dichotomous ; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 
 2-3.5 cm - l n g' acute, opposite above the whorl of 3 at the first fork; involucres 
 hemispheric, nearly 2 mm. high; appendages white, suborbicular to reniform. On 
 sand hills, Anne Arundel Co., Md. Summer. 
 
 18. Euphorbia corollata L. BLOOMING OR FLOWERING SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2321.) Perennial by a long stout rootstock. Stem erect, 2. 5-9 dm. tall, umbel- 
 lately branched above; leaves linear, oblong or oblong-spatulate, 2-4 cm. long, 
 entire, short petioled or sessile, the lower scattered, those subtending the umbel ver- 
 ticillate; bracts ovate to linear, green; involucres mostly terminal, less than 2 mm. 
 long, bearing 4 or 5 yellowish green oblong glands subtended by white petal-like 
 cuneate or orbicular-cuneate appendages; capsule erect, subglobose, 2-4 mm. in 
 
594 FLORA. 
 
 djameter; seeds ovoid, smooth, sparingly pitted. In dry soil, Mass, and Ont. to 
 Minn, and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. April-Oct. 
 
 19. Euphorbia mar^inata Pursh. WHITE-MARGINED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2322.) Bright green. Stem 2.5-9 dm. tall, usually pilose, topped by a mostly 
 3-rayed umbel; leaves, except the whorl subtending the umbel, scattered, ovate to 
 obovate, 2-8 cm. long, entire; bracts large, white-margined; involucres campanu- 
 late, often clustered, 4 mm. long, bearing 3 glands subtei.ded by white reniform 
 appendages; capsule depressed globose, 6 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid- globose, 
 terete, dark ash-colored, reticulate-tuberculate. In dry soil. Minn, to Colo, and 
 Tex. Introduced into waste places in the Central and Atlantic States. May-Oct. 
 
 20. Euphorbia cuphospsrma (Engelm.) Boiss. WARTY SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2323.) Dull green. Stem 2-4 dm. high; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, ob- 
 long, or linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, entire, undulate, or denticulate; invo- 
 lucres crowded at the ends of the branches, glabrous, or nearly so, nearly 4 mm. 
 long, bearing about 4 unappendaged glands; capsule 5 mm. in diameter; seeds 
 narrowly ovoid, about 3 mm. long, irregularly 4-angled, ridged and' slightly tuber- 
 culate. S. Dak. to Colo, and Mex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 21. Euphorbia dentata Michx. TOOTHED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2324.) Dull 
 green. Stem 2-4 dm. high, the branches mostly ascending; leaves opposite, or 
 the lower alternate, ovate to nearly linear or orbicular- oblong, 1-8 cm. long, 
 coarsely dentate, the nerves prominent beneath; involucres clustered at the ends 
 of the branches, oblong campanulate, about 3 mm. long, 3~5-lobed, bearing 1-4 
 yellowish glands; capsule 4-5 mm. in diameter; seeds ovoid or ovoid- globose, 
 ash-colored, irregularly tuberculate, inconspicuously 4-angled. In dry or moist 
 soil, Penn. to S. Dak., Tenn., La. and Mex. July- Oct. 
 
 22. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. WILD IPECAC. IPECAC SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2325.) Root deep. Stems several or many, slender, 12.5 dm. l n g? leaves green or 
 red, wonderfully variable in shape from linear to orbicular, 17 cm. long, mostly 
 opposite, entire, short-petioled; involucres axillary, mostly hemispheric, nearly 2 
 mm. long, slender-peduncled, bearing 5 transversely elliptic or oblong green 
 glands; capsule 3 mm. in diameter; seeds light gray, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, pitted, 
 obscurely 4-sided. In dry sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., mostly near the coast. Also 
 in southern Ind. An emetic. Majs-Oct. 
 
 23. Euphorbia heterophylla L. VARIOUS-LEAVED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2326.) 
 Bright green. Stem 39 dm. tall, with the branches ascending, or the lower 
 spreading, leafy at the ends; leaves alternate, very variable, linear to orbicular, 
 entire, undulate, sinuate or dentate, the uppermost often fiddle-shaped and blotched 
 with red; involucres clustered at the ends of branches, 3 mm. long; lobes 5, ovate 
 or oblong, laciniate, the sinuses bearing I or several sessile glands; capsule gla- 
 brous or minutely pubescent, 6 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, tranversely 
 wrinkled and tuberculate. 111. to M ->nt. , Fla. and Trop. Am. April-Nov. 
 
 24. Euphorbia Lathyris L. CAPER OR MYRTLE SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2327.) 
 Glaucous. Stem 2-10 dm. tall, mostly simple below, umbellately branched above; 
 leaves numerous, the lower scattered, linear, reflexed, those subtending the umbel 
 verticillate, the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile, subcordate 
 at the base; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate; involucres 5 
 mm. long, bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into short horns; capsule 
 subglobose, 10-12 mm. in diameter; seeds oblong-ovoid, terete, usually wrinkled. 
 In waste places, Conn, to N. Car. Also in Cal. Native of Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 25. Euphorbia Darlingtonii A. Gray. DARLINGTON 's SPURGE. (I. F. f. 
 2328.) Dark green, often minutely pubescent. Stem stout, 4-15 dm. tall, topped 
 by a 5-8-rayed umbel, branched above; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 3.5-10 cm. 
 long, mostly obtuse, sessi le, often undulate, those of the stem scattered, those sub- 
 tending the umbels verticillate; bracts ovate or nearly reniform; involucres cam- 
 panulate, nearly 4 mm. long, bearing 5 reniform crenulate glands; capsule 
 depressed-globose, minutely warty; seeds ovoid-globose. N. Y., Penn. and N. J. to 
 N. Car. May- Sept. 
 
 26. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. BLUNT-LEAVED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2329.) 
 Yellowish green. Stem 3-6 dm. high, topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches 
 simple or forked; leaves scattered, spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate to below the 
 midd'ej involucres I mm. long, bearing 4 stalked glands; capsule subglobose, 
 
E UPHOKBIA CEAE. 595 
 
 nearly 4mm. in diameter, with elongated warts ; seeds oblong, or orbicular-oblong, 
 dark brown, faintly reticulated. In dry soil, Va. to Iowa, S. Car. and Tex. 
 March- July. 
 
 27. Euphorbia platyph^lla L. BROAD-LEAVED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2330.) 
 Bright green. Stems 1-5 dm. high, often reddish, topped by a usually 5 -rayed 
 umbel; leaves scattered, oblong or spatulate-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, acute, serrulate, 
 slightly auricled; bracts triangular-ovate or reniform, mucronate; involucres cam- 
 panulate, nearly 2 mm. long, bearing 4 glands; capsule subglobose, about 4 mm. 
 in diameter, with depressed warts; seeds oblong or nearly orbicular, smooth, 
 brown. Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. Nat. 
 from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 28. Euphorbia Arkansana Engelm. ARKANSAS SPURGE. Olive green. 
 Stem slender, 2-5 dm. tall, with few spreading branches above, topped by an umbel 
 with 3 copiously dichotomous rays 2-3 cm. long; stem-leaves cuneate or spatu- 
 late, 1-3 cm. long, rather acute, serrulate above the middle; bracts ovate to tri- 
 angular ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long, truncate or subcordate at the base, mucronate at the 
 apex; involucres abouv I mm. high, with transversely elliptic glands less than 
 
 1 mm. wide, the lobes usually ciliate; capsules 2.5-3 mm. wide, warty; seeds 
 ovoid, closely reticulated, brown. Dry soil, Mo. to Colo., Ala. andMex. May -Aug. 
 
 29. Euphorbia Missouriensis (Norton) Small. RETICULATE - SEEDED 
 SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2331.) Olive green. Stem 3-6 dm. high, topped by a com- 
 pound 3-rayed umbel; leaves scattered, spatulate, 2-3.5 cm - l n g: obtuse, serrate to 
 below the middle, the upper slightly auricled at the base ; bracts oblong or ovate, 
 inequilateral, acute, serrate; involucres less than 2 mm. long, with 4 oblong 
 glands, the lobes glabrous; capsule 3-3.5 mm. in diameter, with elongated warts; 
 seeds ovoid, purplish brown, distinctly reticulated. [E. Arkansana var. Missouri, 
 ensis Norton. E. dictyosperma 111. Fl., not F. & M.] Minn, to Wash., south to 
 Kans. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 30. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. SUN SPURGE. WARTWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2332.) Bright green. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, often branched from the base, topped 
 like the branches by a more or less compound 3 -5 -rayed umbel; leaves scattered, 
 spatulate, obovate, oblong, or sometimes nearly orbicular, 1-12 cm. long, obtuse or 
 retuse, serrulate, short-petioled ; bracts oblong or ovate, serrulate, inequilateral; 
 involucres oblong-campanulate, 2.5 mm. long, usually with 4 oblong stalked glands; 
 capsule globose-ovoid, or somewhat depressed, 4 mm. in diameter, smooth, the 
 lobes rounded; seeds ovoid, nearly 3 mm. long, reddish brown, strongly reticulate. 
 In waste places in the Valley of the St. Lawrence and along the Great Lakes, 
 extending south to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 
 
 31. Euphorbia Peplus L. PETTY SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2333.) Olive green. 
 Stem 1-3 dm. high, topped by a 3~5-rayed umbel; stem-leaves scattered, oblong or 
 obovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or retuse, entire, slender-petioled; bracts opposite, 
 ovate or triangular-ovate, apiculate, sessile; involucres campanulate. less than 
 
 2 mm. long, bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into slender horns; cap- 
 sule globose-ovoid, 2-3 mm. in diameter, slightly nodding, smooth, the lobes 
 2-keeled; seeds oblong or oblong-ovoid, whitish, nearly terete, marked with 1-4 
 series of pits. In waste places, western N. Y. to N. J. and Penn. Adv. from 
 Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 32. Euphorbia commutata Engelm. TINTED SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2334 ) 
 Yellowish green, often tinged with red. Stem usually decumbent, 1-4 dm. long, 
 topped by a 3-rayed umbel; branches forked or umbellately branched; leaves 
 scattered, spatulate to ovate, 1.2-3.5 cm - l n g obtuse or mucronulate, entire, 
 slender-petioled; bracts ovate-reniforni; involucres campanulate, 2.5 mm. long, 
 bearing 3 or 4 crescent-shaped glands prolonged into slender horns; capsule globose- 
 ovoid, 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous, the lobes rounded; seeds oblong, terete, irreg- 
 ularly pitted. On hillsides, Penn. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. March-July. 
 
 33. Euphorbia Esula L. LEAFY SPURGE. FAITOUR'S GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 2335.) Bright green. Stems often clustered, mostly erect, 2-6 dm. tall, topped 
 by a many-rayed umbel; leaves few, all scattered, linear or oblong, 1.4-4 cm - 
 long, 4 12 mm. broad, entire, those subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceo- 
 late; bracts subreniform, mucronate; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 
 
596 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 bearing 4 crescent- shaped glands; capsule nodding, smooth; seeds oblong, terete, 
 smooth. In waste places, Mass, to N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Summer. 
 
 34. Euphorbia lucida L. SHINING SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2336.) Deep green. 
 Stems stout, usually clustered, 2-5 dm. high, usually very leafy, topped by a 
 4-7-rayed umbel; branches simple or forked; leaves alternate, linear or linear- 
 oblong, 1.2-10 cm. long, 4-12 mm. broad, entire, mostly apiculate, those subtend- 
 ing the umbel ovate, oval or obovate; bracts reniform; involucres campanulate, 
 3 mm. long, bearing 4 yellowish oblong crescent-shaped, 2-horned glands; capsu 1 ^ 
 globose-ovoid, 4 mm. in diameter, nodding, smooth, finely wrinkled; seeds oblong, 
 2.5-3 mm. long, nearly terete, whitish, smooth. In fields along the Susquehanna 
 River, southern N. Y. and northern Penn. Nat. from Europe. \E. Nicaeensis 
 111. Fl.] July-Sept. 
 
 35. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. CYPRESS SPURGE. (I. F. f. 2337.) Bright 
 green. Stems clustered in large patches, 3 dm. high, or less, the branches topped 
 by many-rayed umbels; leaves linear, or almost filiform, 1.22.5 cni - ' on g' 
 0.5-3 mm. broad; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 2 mm. long, with 4 unap- 
 pendaged crescent-shaped glands; capsule subglobose, 3 mm. in diameter, granu- 
 lar on the rounded lobes; seeds oblong, 2 mm. long, smooth. Escaped from gar- 
 dens to waste places, N. E. to Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 36. Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPURGE. (I. F. 
 f. 2338.) Glaucous. Stems clustered, 1-3.5 dm. ta ^> topped by a 3~5-rayed 
 umbel; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-1.8 mm. long, obtuse or apicu- 
 late, entire, sessile; bracts opposite, triangular-ovate or subreniform; involucres 
 campanulate, 3 mm. long, bearing 4 somewhat crescent-shaped unappendaged buff 
 crenulate glands; capsule globose-ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, its lobes rounded; seeds 
 oblong or obo void -oblong, terete, 2.3-2.5 mm. long, gray, minutely pitted. S. Dak., 
 Mont, and Wyo. to Neb. and Ark. May -Oct. 
 
 Family 9. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl.* 
 W^ater-starwort Family. 
 
 Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with slender or capil- 
 lary stems, opposite exstipulate entire spatulate or linear leaves, and 
 minute perfect or monoecious axillary flowers. Perianth none. Bracts 
 2, sac-like, or none. Stamen i ; filament elongated, filiform ; anthers cor- 
 date, 2-celled, opening by lateral slits. Pistil i ; ovary 4-celled ; ovules i 
 in each cavity ; styles 2, filiform, papillose nearly the whole length. 
 Fruit compressed, lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled on the 
 margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish i-seeded carpels. Seed 
 anatropous, pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight or nearly so, 
 almost as long as the endosperm. Consists of the following genus : 
 
 i. CALLITRICHE L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, beautiful hair, from the hair-like stems.] 
 About 20 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 7 others occur 
 in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Fruit short-peduncled ; bracts wanting ; terrestrial. i. C. Austini. 
 Fruit sessile ; aquatic, or some forms growing in mud. 
 Bracts present. 
 
 Fruit oval, flat on the face, longer than the styles. 2. C. falustrts. 
 
 Fruit obovate, plano-convex, shorter than the styles. 3. C. heterophylla. 
 
 Bracts none; leaves all linear, submersed. 4. C. bifida. 
 
 i. Callitriche Austini Engelm. TERRESTRIAL WATER-STARWORT. (I. F. f. 
 2339') Tufted, the branches spreading on the ground or ascending, 1-5 cm. long. 
 Leaves spatulate or obovate, 3 nerved, 3-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse, 
 tapering into a short margined petiole, destitute of stellate scales; fruit about 
 0.5 mm. long and nearly i mm. broad, deeply notched at both ends, its lobes with 
 
 * Contributed by the late Rev. THOMAS MORONG, 
 
SAP1NDALES. 597 
 
 a narrow marginal wing or raised border, with a deep groove between them; styles 
 persistent, not longer than the fruit, spreading or reflexed. In damp, shaded 
 places, Conn, to N. J., Ohio, Mo., Tenn., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Callitriche palustris L. VERNAL WATER-STARWORT. WATER FENNEL. 
 (I. F. f. 2340.) Aquatic or growing in the mud; stems 5-25 cm. long. Sub- 
 merged leaves linear, I -nerved, retuse or bifid at the apex, 1-2 cm. long; emersed 
 or floating leaves obovate, obtuse, truncate or retuse at the apex, narrowed into a 
 margined petiole, dotted with stellate scales; aquatic forms occur with the leaves 
 all linear; fruit 2-bracted, 1-2 mm. long, about one-half as broad, slightly notched 
 at the apex, winged only toward the. apex, or all around, separated by a deep 
 groove Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occurring nearly throughout 
 the U. S. and Canada. Also in S. Am., Eur. and Asia. July-Sept. (C. verna L.) 
 
 3. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. LARGER WATER-STARWORT. (I. F. f. 
 2341.) Similar to the preceding. Fruit smaller, usually slightly less than I mm. 
 long, and about the same breadth, broadly notched at the apex, thick, almost ven- 
 tricose at the base; lobes obtusely angled with a small intervening groove, wing- 
 less, or with a narrow wing or raised border on the margins. In ponds and slow 
 streams, N. Eng. to Fla., N. W. Terr., Colo, and La. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Callitriche bifida(L.) Morong. AUTUMNAL OR NORTHERN WATER-STAR- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2342.) Submerged. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, clasping 
 at the base, retuse or bifid at the apex, i-nerved, 1-1.6 cm. long, without stellate 
 scales; fruit sessile, or rarely minutely pedunculate, orbicular or slightly narrower 
 than long; 1-2 mm. in diameter, its lobes separated by a deep groove and broadly 
 winged on the margins; styles as long as the fruit, or shorter, soon deciduous. In 
 flowing water, Quebec to Manitoba and Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. (C. antumnalis L.) 
 
 Order 20. SAPINDALES. 
 
 Mostly trees or shrubs (Limnanthaceae and Balsaminaceae herbs). 
 Petals usually present and separate. Sepals mostly distinct. Stamens 
 rarely more than twice as many as the sepals, when as many or fewer, 
 opposite them. Ovary superior, compound. Ovules pendulous, with 
 the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. 
 
 a. Flowers regular, or nearly so (except in Hippocastanaceae, which are trees or 
 
 shrubs with digitately compound leaves. 
 
 Petals none (or 3 in Empetrum) ; flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen. 
 Stamens mostly 3; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. i. Empetraceae. 
 
 Stamens 4-7 ; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers. 
 
 Fam. 2. Buxaceae. 
 Petals present; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Ilicaceae. 
 
 Low annual herbs, with pinnately divided leaves, the stamens twice as many as the 
 
 petals. Fam. 3. Limnanthaceae. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, or rarely herbaceous vines. 
 
 Ovary i-celled (in ours); fruit a small drupe. Fam. 4. Anacardiaceae. 
 
 Ovary 2-several-celled. 
 
 Leaves simple, pinnately veined. , 
 
 Seeds not arilled. 
 
 Fruit dry; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 5. Cyrillaceae. 
 Fruit a small drupe; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioe- 
 
 cious; ovules pendulous. Fam. 6. Ilicaceae. 
 
 Seeds arilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 7. Celastraceae. 
 Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound. 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. Fam. 8. Staphyleaceae. 
 Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 9. Aceraceae. 
 
 Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately com- 
 pound. Fam. 10. Hippocastanaceae* 
 Leaves alternate ; fruit various. Fam. n. Sapindaceae. 
 
 b. Flowers very irregular, the posterior sepal large, saccate; succulent herbs, the 
 
 capsule elastically dehiscent. Fam. 12. Balsaminaceae. 
 
598 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 Family i. EMPETRACEAE Dumort. 
 Crowberry Family . 
 
 Low evergreen shrubs, with small harrow nearly sessile exstipulate 
 leaves jointed to short pulvini, channeled on the lower side by the revo- 
 lute margins, and small dioecious, monoecious, or rarely polygamous 
 flowers. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, or none. Staminate 
 flowers with 2-4 stamens, the filaments filiform, the anthers 2-celled, 
 longitudinally dehiscent, sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate 
 flowers with a 2-several-celled sessile ovary, the single style cleft into as 
 many stigma-bearing segments as there are ovary-cavities ; ovules I 
 in each cavity, amphitropous. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 
 2-several i-seeded nutlets. Embryo straight, terete, in copious endo- 
 sperm. Three known genera, the following, and the monotypic Cerattola 
 of the southeastern U. S. 
 
 Flowers axillary; petals 3. i. Em pet rum. 
 
 Flowers in terminal heads; petals none. 2. Corema. 
 
 1. EMPETRUM L. 
 
 Depressed or spreading herbaceous shrubs, the branches usually densely leafy, 
 the leaves linear-oblong. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in the upper axils. 
 Sepals and petals mostly 3. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers introrse. 
 Pistillate flowers with a globose 6-9-celled ovary, and a short thick style with 
 6-9-toothed segments. Drupe black, or red, containing 6-9 nutlets. [Greek, on 
 rocks, referring to the growth of these plants in rocky places.] Two known species, 
 the following, and C. rubrum of southern S. Am. 
 
 i. Empetrum nigrum L. BLACK CROWBERRY. HEATHBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2343.) Glabrous, or the young shoots pubescent, the branches diffusely spreading, 
 5-25 cm. long. Leaves dark green, thick, obtuse, 4-7 mm. long, about I mm. 
 wide, the revolute margins roughish; flowers very small, purplish; stamens exserted; 
 drupe black (red in an arctic form), 4^6 mm. in diameter. In rocky places, Green- 
 land to Alaska, Me., N. Y., Mich, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. COREMA Don. 
 
 Low, much-branched shrubs, with narrowly linear leaves crowded on the 
 branches, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers in terminal heads. Corolla 
 none. Staminate flowers with 3 or sometimes 4 long-exserted stamens, occasionally 
 with a rudimentary or perfect pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 2-5 -celled (mostly 
 3-celled) ovary and a slender 2-5 -cleft style, the stigmatic branches very slender, 
 sometimes toothed. Drupe globose, usually with 3 nutlets. [Greek, a broom, in 
 allusion to the bushy habit.] Two species, the following of the eastern U. S., the 
 other of southwestern Europe, the Azores and Canaries. 
 
 i. Corema Conradii Torr. CONRAD'S BROOM CROWBERRY. (I F. f. 2344.) 
 Much branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, the young twigs puberulent and densely leafy, 
 the branches minutely scarred by the persistent pulvini. Leaves 4-6 mm. long, 
 rather less than I mm. wide, obtuse, glabrous when mature; flowers numerous 
 in the terminal sessile heads, the pistillate ones almost concealed by the upper 
 leaves, the staminate conspicuous by the exserted purple stamens; drupes nearly 
 dry, less than 2 mm. in diameter. In rocky or sandy soil, Newf. to N. J., mostly 
 near the coast, but occurring in one station on theShawangunk Mountains inUlste/ 
 Co., N. Y. April -May. 
 
 Family 2. BUXACEAE Dumort. 
 Box Family. 
 
 Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple 
 mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers regular, bracted. 
 Petals none. Staminate flowers with 4-7 distinct stamens, the anthers 
 2-celled ; sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a 
 
LIMNANTHACEAE. 599 
 
 2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary, with 2 or i anatropous ovules in each 
 cavity ; styles as many as the ovary -cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or 
 drupe, its carpels i -2-seeded. Embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or 
 almost wanting. About 6 genera and 30 species, only the following and 
 the Californian Simniondsia native in N. Am. 
 
 i. PACHYSANDRA Michx. 
 
 Monoecious perennial herbs, with matted rootstocks, the stems procumbent or 
 ascending, leafy above. Leaves alternate, estipulate, petioled, persistent, broad, 
 3-nerved. Flowers spicate, the pistillate and staminate in the same spike. Stam- 
 inate flowe'rs with 4 sepals; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; filaments thick, long- 
 exserted. Pistillate flowers with 4 sepals or more; ovary 3-celled, the cavities with 
 a partition at the base ; styles 3, spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule of 3 
 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, thick stamen.] Two species, the following of south- 
 eastern N. Am., the other Japanese. 
 
 i. Pachy sandra procumbens Michx. ALLEGHANY MOUNTAIN SPURGE. 
 (I. F. f. 2345.) Somewhat pubescent; stems 3 dm. long or less. Leaves ovate, 
 oval, or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely dentate or some of them entire, cuneateor 
 abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole; spikes in the axils of the lower scales, 
 5-7.5 cm. long, the staminate flowers forming most of the spike, the pistillate few 
 toward its base; filaments white, 8-10 mm. long. In woods, W. Va. to Fla. and 
 La. Flowers fragrant. April-May. 
 
 Family 3. LIMNANTHACEAE Lindl. 
 False Mermaid Family. 
 
 Annual herbs, with alternate petioled estipulate pinnately divided 
 leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary, long-ped uncled. Sepals 2-5, 
 valvate, persistent. Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating 
 with as many small glands, the nearly perigynous stamens distinct. Fila- 
 ments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Car- 
 pels as many as the sepals and opposite them, i-ovuled, nearly distinct, 
 the single slender style arising from the centre, cleft above into as many 
 stigmas as there are carpels ; ovule ascending. Fruit very deeply 2-5- 
 lobed, the carpels indehiscent. Embryo straight ; endosperm none ; 
 cotyledons thick. Two North American genera, the following, and Lim- 
 nanthes, of the Pacific States, with 5 or 6 species. 
 
 i. FLOERKEA Willd. 
 
 A diffuse glabrous herb, with small white solitary flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. 
 Petals 2 or 3, oblong, entire. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 2-3-Iobed- nearly to the base, 
 2-3-celled; stigmas 2 or 3. Mature carpels 1-3, indehiscent, fleshy. Seed erect. 
 [In honor of H. G. Floerke, 1790 1835, a German botanist.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. FALSE MERMAID. (I. F. f. 2346.) 
 Slender, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves thin, slender- petioled, 1.25-7.5 cm. long, the seg- 
 ments 5 or 3, distant, lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, entire or cleft; peduncles 
 slender; flowers about 3 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, at length much exceeding 
 the fruit; stamens about equalling the petals; ripe carpels nearly globular, about 
 3 mm. in diameter, tuberculate above. In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to 
 Ont., Ore., Penn., Tenn., Mo., Utah and Cal. April-June. 
 
 Family 4. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. 
 Sumac Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely 
 opposite leaves, and polygamo-dicecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers. 
 Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or 
 rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many 
 as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila- 
 
600 FLORA. 
 
 ments separate ; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the staminate 
 flowers i-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers i- or sometimes 4-5- 
 celled ; styles 1-3; ovules i in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. 
 Seed-coat bony or crustaceous; endosperm little or none; cotyledons 
 fleshy. About 50 genera and 400 species, most abundant in warm or 
 tropical regions, a few extending into the temperate zones. 
 Styles terminal ; leaves compound in our species; fruit nearly symmetrical, i. Rhus. 
 Styles lateral ; leaves simple ; fruit gibbous. 2. Cotinus, 
 
 i. RHUS L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, simple, 3-foliolate, or odd-pinnate, estipulate. Flowers 
 small, polygamous, in panicles. Calyx 4-6-cleft or parted (commonly 5-cleft), per- 
 sistent. Petals equal, imbricated, spreading. Disk annular. Stamens (in our 
 species) 5. Pistil i, sessile; ovary i-ovuled; styles 3, terminal. Drupe small, i- 
 seeded, mostly subglobose, pubescent or glabrous. Seed inverted on a stalk that 
 rises from the base of the ovary; cotyledons nearly flat. [Ancient Greek and Latin 
 name; Celtic, red.] About 120 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, 
 most abundant in South Africa. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the 
 southern and western parts of the U. S. 
 
 Fruit pubescent ; stone smooth. 
 
 Leaflets 9-31; flowers appearing after the leaves. 
 
 Rachis of the leaf wing-margined. i. R. copallina. 
 
 Rachis of the leaf nearly terete. 
 
 Foliage and twigs velvety-pubescent. 2. R. hirta. 
 
 Foliage and twigs mostly glabrous and glaucous. 3. R. glabra. 
 Leaflets 3 ; flowers appearing before the leaves. 
 
 Leaflets 2-8 cm. long, pubescent, crenate-dentate. 4. R. aromatica. 
 
 Leaflets 1.25-2.5 cm. long, glabrate, with few rounded teeth. 
 
 5. R. trilobata. 
 Fruit glabrous ; stone striate. 
 
 Leaflets 7-13, glabrous. 6. R. Vernix. 
 
 Leaflets 3, more or less pubescent beneath. 
 
 Vine climbing by aerial rootlets, or trailing, rarely suberect. 
 
 7. R. radicans. 
 Low shrubs, mostly without aerial rootlets. 
 
 Leaflets very pubescent, crenately lobed; southern. 
 
 8. R. Toxicodendron. 
 Leaflets sparingly pubescent, entire, sinuate, or acutely lobed. 
 
 Leaflets entire or acutely lobed; fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter; northern. 
 
 9. R. microcarpa. 
 Leaflets sinuate; fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter; western. 
 
 10. R. Rydbergii. 
 
 1. Rhus copalUna L. DWARF, BLACK OR MOUNTAIN SUMAC. UPLAND 
 SUMAC. (I. F. f. 2347.) A shrub, or sometimes a small tree. Leaves pinnate, 
 1.5-3 dm. l n g> the petiole and rachis more or less pubescent; leaflets 9-21, ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, inequilateral, entire, or few-toothed toward the 
 apex, dark green and glabrous above, paler and often pubescent beneath ; flowers 
 green, 3 mm. broad, in dense terminal panicles; pedicels and calyx finely pubes- 
 cent; diupe compressed, 4 mm. in diameter, crimson, covered with short acid hairs. 
 In dry soil, Me. and southern Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. STAGHORN SUMAC. (I. F. f. 2348.) A small 
 tree, or often shrubby. Leaves pinnate, 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 11-31, lanceolate 
 or oblong -lanceolate, 7.5-12 cm. long, acuminate, rounded at the base, sharply 
 serrate, dark green and nearly glabrous above, pale and more or less pubescent 
 beneath; panicles terminal, dense; flowers green, 3 mm. broad; drupe globose, 
 3-4 mm. in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo. and 
 Miss. A form with laciniate leaflets has been found in New Hampshire. June. 
 
 3. Rhus glabra L. SMOOTH UPLAND OR SCARLET SUMAC. (I. F. f. 2349.) 
 A shrub or rarely a small tree, 6-60 dm. high, similar to the preceding species, 
 but glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaflets 11-31, lanceolate or oblong- lanceo- 
 late. 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, rounded and often oblique at the base, dark green 
 *bove, whitish beneath, sharply serrate; pedicels sometimes slightly pubescent; 
 
A NA CA RD I A CEA E. 60 1 
 
 inflorescence and fruit similar to those of the two preceding; drupe covered with 
 short reddish acid hairs. In dry soil, N. S. to Br. Col., Fla., Miss, and Ariz. This 
 species and the two preceding sometimes have the whole or a part of the flower- 
 clusters changed into small leaves. A form with laciniate leaflets occurs in south- 
 ern Penn. and Del. June-Aug. 
 
 Rhus gl^bra boreilis Britton, n. var. Inflorescence, and sometimes the foliage, soft- 
 pubescent. Mich, and Minn. 
 
 4. Rhus aromatica Ait. FRAGRANT OR SWEET-SCENTED SUMAC. (I. F. f. 
 2350.) A shrub, 9-24 dm. high, ascending or diffuse. Leaves petioled, 5-10 cm. 
 long, aromatic; leaflets ovate or rhomboid, 2-8 cm. long, 1.8-3.6 cm. wide, the 
 lateral ones sessile, the terminal short-stalked, the lateral rounded or truncate, the 
 terminal cuneate at the base; flowers yellowish green, about 2 mm. broad, in clus- 
 tered spikes appearing before the leaves ; drupe globose, red. In rocky woods, 
 Ont. and Vt. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and La. March- April. 
 
 5. Rhus trilobata Nutt. ILL- SCENTED SUMAC. SKUNK- BUSH. (I. F. f. 
 2351') A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves petioled, 
 unpleasantly odorous, 2.5-5 cm - lon g' leaflets sessile or nearly so, puberulent when 
 young, ovate or oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneate at the base, all crenately 
 few-lobed or toothed or sometimes entire; flowers as in the preceding species, and 
 fruit similar. 111. to S. Dak., Tex. and Cal. March. 
 
 6. Rhus Vernix L. POISON SUMAC. POISON ELDER. (I. F. f. 2352.) A 
 shrub or small tree. Leaves petioled, 1.5-4 dm. long, glabrous or somewhat 
 puberulent; leaflets thin, obovate, oval, or the lowest ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
 2.5-3.75 cm. wide, green both sides, entire, short-acuminate, short- stalked; rachis 
 terete; flowers green, about 2 mm. broad, in loose axillary panicles 7-20 cm. long; 
 drupe globose-oblong, 4 mm. in diameter, gray. In swamps, southern Ont. to 
 R. I., Fla., Minn., Mo. and La. Very poisonous. June. 
 
 7. Rhus radicans L. POISON IVY. POISON OAK. CLIMATH. (I. F. f. 
 2353.) A woody vine, climbing by numerous aerial rootlets, the stem sometimes 
 7-10 cm. in diameter. Leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or rhombic, 2.5-15 cm. long, 
 entire or sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or short-acuminate, the lateral sessile 
 or short-stalked, inequilateral, the terminal ones stalked; flowers green, 3 mm. 
 broad, in loose axillary panicles 2 8 cm. long; fruit similar to that of the pre- 
 ceding. Thickets and along fences, N. S. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark. Very 
 poisonous, as are the three following species. May-June. 
 
 8. Rhus Toxicodendron L. POISON OAK. Low, erect, densely and finely 
 pubescent. Leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate or crenately lobed, often to the 
 middle, so as to resemble the leaves of an oak, the sinuses sharp; petals about 
 2 mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In dry soil, Va. to 
 Ga. and western N. Car. 
 
 9. Rhus microcarpa (Michx.) Steud. NORTHERN POISON OAK. Low and 
 slender, puberulent, seldom over 4 dm. high, erect, or the stem sometimes trailing 
 and the branches erect. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, acuminate, 
 the middle one cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, lobed, or entire; fruit globose, 
 small. Mich. [R. Toxicodendron microcarpa Michx.] 
 
 10. Rhus Rydbergii Small. RYDBEKG'S POISON OAK. A shrub, less than 
 I m. high. Leaflets broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate, rather thick, slightly pubes- 
 cent on the veins beneath, 310 cm. long, the margins sinuate-dentate; petals 
 ovate, about 3 mm. long; fruit 5-6 mm in diameter. Hillsides and open woods, 
 S. Dak. to Br. Col., Kans. and Ariz. May-June. 
 
 2. COTINUS Adans. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with ovate oval or obovate entire leaves, and small 
 polygamous slender-pedicelled flowers in large terminal panicles. Calyx 5-parted, 
 the segments imbricated, obtuse. Petals longer than the calyx, imbricated. 
 Stamens 5. Ovary obovoid; styles 3, lateral; stigmas very small. Drupe obliquely 
 oblong or oval, compressed, gibbous, i-seeded. Seed nearly as in Rhus. [Greek 
 name or the oleaster, or wild olive.] Two known species, the following of south- 
 eastern N. Am., the other of Europe and Asia. 
 
602 ;-. .... 
 
 I. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. WILD OR AMERICAN SMOKE-TREE. 
 CHITTAM-WOOD. (I. F. f. 2354. ) A small widely-branched tree, with maximum 
 height of alxnit 12 m. and trunk diameter of 4 dm. Leaves oval or slightly 
 obovate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-50111. 
 wide, obtuse at the apex, the blade slightly decurrent -on the petiole; flowers 
 2 3 mm. broad, green; pedicels elongating to 2.5-3.75 cm. and becoming very 
 p.umo^e in fruit; drupe reticulate veined, 4 mm. long. Mo. and Ind. Terr, to 
 Tenn. and Ala. April-May. Nearly related to the European C. Cotinus, which 
 differs in its smaller coriaceous leaves, more pubescent, mostly rounded and 
 obtuse at base; it occasionally escapes from cultivation. [.#. cotinoides Nutt.] 
 
 Family 5. CYRILLACEAE Lindl. 
 Cyrilla Family. 
 
 Glabrous shrubs, or small trees, with simple entire alternate estipu- 
 late leaves, long-persistent or evergreen, and small regular perfect bracted 
 racemose flowers. Sepals 4-8 (mostly 5), persistent. Petals the same 
 number as the sepals, hypogynous, distinct, or slightly united by their 
 bases, deciduous. Stamens 4-10, in i or 2 series, distinct, hypogynous ; 
 anthers introrse, 2 celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 2-5-celled ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity, anatropous, pendulous; style short 
 or none; stigma very small, or 2-3-lobed. Fruit dry, small, 1-5 seeded. 
 Seeds oblong or spindle-shaped ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central, 
 cylindric. Three genera and 6 known species, natives of America. 
 
 i. CYRILLA Garden. 
 
 Racemes clustered at the ends of twigs of the preceding season. Sepals 5, firm, 
 acute, shorter than the petals. Petals 5, white, acute, spreading. Stamens 5, 
 opposite the sepals, the filaments subulate, the anthers oval. Ovary ovoid, sessile, 
 mostly 2-celled, sometimes 3-celled; ovules 2-4 in each cavity; style short, thick, 
 2-3-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 2-3 seeded, the pericarp spongy. [In honor of Domenico 
 Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Naples.] Two species, of southeastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Cyrilla racemiflora Walt. SOUTHERN LEATHERWOOD OR IRONWOOD. 
 (I. F. 2355.) A shrub or small tree, the bark at the base spongy. Leaves 
 oblancQolate, obovate or oval, cuneate-narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 
 6-25 mm. wide; racemes narrow, 5-15 cm. long, bearing the very numerous small 
 white flowers nearly to the base; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, somewhat longer than 
 the bracts, or shorter; fruit about 2 mm. long. Along streams and swamps, Va. to 
 Fla. and Tex. Also in the West Indies and S. Am. May-July. 
 
 Family 6. ILICACEAE Lowe. 
 Holly Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves. 
 Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly polygamo-dicecious, regular. Stip- 
 ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, generally per- 
 sistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, 
 hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many as 
 the petals, or sometimes more ; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. 
 Ovary i, superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; stvle 
 short or none ; ovules i or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like 
 drupe, enclosing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; 
 embryo straight. Five genera and about 170 species, of temperate and 
 tropical regions. 
 
 Petals oblong or obovate, slightly united. i. I Sex. 
 
 Petals linear, distinct. 2. Ilicioides, 
 
ILICACEAE. 603 
 
 i. "ILEX L. 
 
 Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polygamous. 
 Calyx small, 4-5 -cleft or toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base, ob- 
 long, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base of the corolla. 
 Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. [Ancient name 
 of the Holly Oak.] About 1 60 species, mostly natives of America. In addition to 
 the following, some 5 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 
 
 Leaves, thick, evergreen, persistent. 
 Nutlets ribbed. 
 
 Leaves spiny-toothed. I. /. opaca. 
 
 Leaves toothed or entire, not spiny. 
 
 Leaves entire or few-toothed; calyx-lobes acute. 2. 7. Cassinc. 
 
 Leaves coarsely crenate; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. /. vomitoria. 
 
 Nutlets not ribbed ; leaves dotted beneath. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, obtusish; drupe 4-6 mm. in diameter. 
 
 4. /. glabra. 
 
 Leaves obovate to oblong, acute; drupe 6-8 mm. in diameter. 5. /. lucida. 
 Leaves thin, deciduous. 
 
 Nutlets ribbed; peduncles i-flowered. 
 
 Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crenate. 6. /. decidiia. 
 
 Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate. 7. /. monticola. 
 
 Nutlets not ribbed. 
 
 Flowers all short-pedicelled. 
 
 Leaves oval to oblong; twigs brown; fruit scarlet. 8. /. verticillata. 
 
 Leaves obovate; twigs gray; fruit orange-red. 9. /. Bronxensis. 
 
 Staminate flowers on long and slender pedicels. 10. /. laevtgata. 
 
 1. Ilex opaca Ait. AMERICAN HOLLY. (I. F. f. 2356.) A tree of slow 
 growth, sometimes 15 m. high. Young twigs sparingly pubescent; leaves elliptic 
 or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, glabrous, spiny-tipped, rarely nearly 
 or quite entire; petioles 4-8 mm. long; staminate cymes 3-io-fiowered. 1.25-2.5 
 cm. long; fertile flowers mostly solitary; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate; drupe globose 
 or globose-oblong, red, rarely yellow, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, S. 
 Me. to Fla., Penn., Mo. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 2. Ilex Cassine L. DAHOON HOLLY. (I. F. f. 2357.) A shrub, or small 
 tree. Twigs pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute at the base, glabrous and dark green above, pale and 
 usually pubescent beneath; petioles 6-8 mm. long; staminate cymes several- or 
 many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; fertile cymes commonly 3- 
 flowered; calyx-lobes ciliate; drupes red, globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In low 
 woods, S. Va. to Fla., near the coast, west to La. May. 
 
 3. Ilex vomitoria Ait. CASSENA. YAUPON. (I. F. f. 2358.) A shrub, or 
 small tree. Petioles and young twigs puberulent; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, 
 1.25-3.75 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, obtuse at both ends, crenate, glabrous, pale 
 beneath, dark green above; petioles 2-4 mm. long; staminate cymes several- 
 flowered, short-peduncled; fertile cymes sessile, i-3-flowered; drupe red, 4-6 mm. 
 in diameter. In low woods, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. Also in Bermuda. May. 
 
 4. Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. INKBERRY. EVERGREEN WINTER-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2359.) A shrub, 6-18 dm. high. Young twigs and petioles puberulent; 
 leaves dark green and shining above, paler beneath, oblanceolate or elliptic, 2.5-5 
 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, generally cuneate at the base, obtusish and few toothed 
 at the apex, or sometimes entire; petioles 4-8 mm. long; sterile cymes several- 
 flowered, slender-peduncled; fertile flowers generally solitary; drupe black. In 
 sandy soil, E. Mass, to Fla., west to La., mainly near the coast. Reported from 
 N. S. June-July. 
 
 5. Ilex lucida (Ait.) T. & G. SHINING INKBERRY. (I. F. f. 2359a.) A 
 glabrous shrub, 5 m. high or less. Leaves acute at both ends, entire, or with a 
 few small sharp teeth, 2-8 cm. long, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, 
 short-petioled, somewhat viscid when young; flowers clustered in the axils or the 
 staminate solitary, the cymes sessile; pedicels bractless, short; calyx-segments 6-95 
 drupe black; nutlets flat. Swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 
 
604 FLORA. 
 
 6. Ilex, decldua Walt. SWAMP OR MEADOW HOLLY. (I. F. f. 2360.) A 
 shrub, or small tree. Twigs light gray, glabrous; leaves 4-8 cm. long, 8-16 mm. 
 wide, dark green, glabrous on the upper surface, paler and pubescent beneath, 
 acute or cuneate at the base, blunt at the apex or sometimes emarginate; calyx- 
 lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe red, depressed-globose. 4-6 mm. in diameter. In 
 swamps and low grounds, D. C. and Va. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. May. 
 
 7. Ilex monticola A. Gray. LARGE-LEAVED HOLLY. (I. F. f. 2361.) A 
 shrub, or occasionally forming a slender erect tree. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
 1.25-6 cm. wide, acuminate or acute, glabrous on both sides or somewhat pubes- 
 cent beneath, especially along the veins; petioles 8-16 mm. long ; calyx lobes acute 
 or acutish, ciliate, not hairy; drupes red, globose-ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter. 
 Mountain woods, N. Y. and Penn. to N. Car. and Ala. May. 
 
 Ilex montfcola m611is (A. Gray) Britton. Leaves proportionately broader, 2.75-3.25 
 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm - wide, broadly ovate or oval, short-acuminate, densely soft-pubescent 
 beneath, becoming glabrate with age; calyx-lobes downy-pubescent. In mountain woods, 
 Penn. to Ga. 
 
 8. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. VIRGINIA WINTER BERRY. BLACK 
 ALDER. (I. F. f. 2362.) A shrub, 2-8111. high. Twigs nearly or quite glabrous, 
 brown; leaves oval, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. 
 wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or obtusish at the base, dark green 
 an 1 nearly glabrous above, pubescent beneath, sharply serrate; staminate cymes 
 clustered, 2-10 flowered, the fertile i-3-flowered; pedicels 2-bracted; calyx-lobes 
 obtuse, ciliate; drupes bright red (rarely white), clustered so as to appear verticil- 
 late, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, N. S. to Fla., Out., Wis. and Mo. 
 June-July. 
 
 Ilx verticill&ta cyclophylla Robinson. Leaves smaller, broadly oval or nearly orbic- 
 ular, thick. Northern N. Y. to Penn. 
 
 9. Ilex Bronxensis Britton. BRONX WINTER-BERRY. Similar to the preced- 
 ing species, but with light gray twigs, obovate, abruptly acuminate, thinner and more 
 glabrous leaves, and larger orange-red fruit. In swamps, Me. to Mich, and N. J. 
 [/. verticillata tenuifolia Torr. ; not 7. tenuifolia Salisb.] 
 
 10. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. SMOOTH WINTER-BERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2363.) A shrub, much resembling the preceding. Twigs glabrous; leaves oval or 
 oblong, 2.5-5 cm - k> n niainly acute or acutish at each end, glabrous on both 
 sides, or sometimes villous on the veins beneath, turning yellow in autumn, finely 
 serrulate; staminate flowers solitary or occasionally 2 together, on pedicels 
 I-I.8 cm. long; fertile flowers solitary, much shorter-pedicelled; calyx-lobes acute, 
 glabrous drupes larger than in /. verticillata, orange-red, ripening earlier. In 
 swamps, Me. to Penn. and Va. Blooms earlier than the preceding. May-June. 
 
 2. IL1CIOIDES Dumont. 
 
 A glabrous shrub, with slender-petioled oblong deciduous leaves, and small 
 flowers. Calyx of the staminate flowers none, that of the pistillate minute, 
 4_5-toothed. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4 or 5, free from the corolla; anthers ovoid-glo- 
 bose. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled; ovules I in each cavity; stigmas 3-5, sessile. 
 Drupe subglobose. Nutlets 4 or 5. [Greek, resembling holly.] A monotypic 
 genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Ilicioides mucronata (L.) Britton. WILD OR MOUNTAIN HOLLV. (I. F. f. 
 2364.) A shrub, 2-2.5 m. high, with ash-colored bark. Leaves elliptic or obo- 
 vate, 1.25-2.5 cm. long, acutish or mucronate at the apex, entire, or with a few 
 small teeth; petioles 6-12 mm. long; flowers of both kinds solitary, or the stami- 
 nate sometimes 2-4 together; pedicels very slender, often 3.75 cm. long; drupe 
 red, 6-8 mm. in diameter, nutlets faintly ribbed. In swamps, N. S. to Ont., Wis., 
 Ind and Va. May. 
 
CELA S TRA CEAE. 605 
 
 Family;. CELASTRACEAE Lindl. 
 Si off -tree Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when 
 present, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally perfect, small. 
 Pedicels commonly jointed. Calyx 4~5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the 
 lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on the disk. 
 Disk flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled , style short, thick ; 
 stigma entire or 3-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit 
 (in our species) a somewhat fleshy dehiscent 2-celled pod. Seeds arilled ; 
 embryo large ; cotyledons foliaceous. About 40 genera, and 350 species, 
 widely distributed. 
 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 Large erect or decumbent shrubs; fruit 3-5-lobed ; aril red. i. Euonymus. 
 
 Low spreading shrubs; fruit oblong ; aril whitish. 2. Pachystima. 
 
 Leaves alternate ; woody vine. 3. Celastrus. 
 
 i. EUONYMUS L. 
 
 Shrubs, with petioled entire or serrate leaves, and perfect cymose axillary 
 greenish or purple flowers. Calyx 4-5 -cleft, the lobes spreading or recurved. 
 Petals 4 or 5, inserted beneath the 4-5 -lobed disk. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on 
 the disk. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short or none; stigma 3~5-lobed. Capsule 
 3-5-celled, 3-5-lobed, angular, rounded or winged, the cavities i-2-seeded, loculi- 
 cidally dehiscent. Seeds enclosed in the red aril. About 65 species, of the north 
 temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others occur in Cal. 
 
 Pods tuberculate; low shrubs; flowers greenish pink. 
 
 Erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. i. E. Americanus. 
 
 Decumbent, rooting at the nodes; leaves obovate, obtuse. 2. E. obovatus. 
 Pods smooth; high shrubs or small trees. 
 
 Flowers purple; cymes 6-i5-flowered. 3. E. atropurpureus. 
 
 Flowers greenish yellow; cymes 3-y-rlowered. 4. E. Europaeus. 
 
 1. Euonymus Americanus L. STRAWBERRY BUSH. (I. F. f. 2365.) A 
 shrub, 6-24 dm. high, with 4-angled and ash-colored twigs, divaricately branch- 
 ing. Leaves thick, 4-8 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, nearly sessile, crenulate, 
 glabrous, or sparingly hairy on the veins beneath; peduncles 1.2-2.4 mm - long? 
 very slender, i-3-flowered; flowers 1-1.2 cm. broad; petals separated, the blade 
 nearly orbicular, erose or undulate, the claw short; pod slightly 3-5 -lobed, not 
 angular, depressed. In low woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. June. 
 
 2. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. RUNNING STRAWBERRY BUSH. (I. F. f. 
 2366.) A low shrub, seldom rising over a foot from the ground. Branches 4- 
 angled or slightly winged; leaves rather thin, mostly acute or cuneate at the base, 
 finely crenulate serrulate, 2.5-5 cm - l n &> x - 2 5-4 cm - wide, glabrous; petioles 2-4 
 mm. long ; peduncles i-4-flowered; flowers smaller than in the preceding, about 6 
 mm. broad; petals generally 5, nearly orbicular, crenulate or erose, with scarcely 
 any claw; pod commonly 3-celled, slightly lobed, depressed. In low woods, 
 southern Ont. to Penn., Ind. and Ky. April-May. 
 
 3. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. (I. F. f. 
 2367.) A shrub or small tree, 2-8 m. high. Twigs obtusely 4-angled; leaves 
 ovate-oblong or elliptic, 4-13 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, acuminate, puberulent, 
 especially beneath, crenulate-serrulate, rather thin; petioles 8-16 mm. long; ped- 
 uncles slender, 2.5-5 cm - l n g, bearing a trichotomous cyme; pedicels 6-12 mm. 
 long; flowers 1-1.2 cm. broad; petals commonly 4, obovate, undulate; pod deeply 
 3-4-lobed, i. 2-1. 6 cm. broad. Ont. to Fla., Mont, and the Ind. Terr. June. 
 
 4. Euonymus Europaeus L. SPINDLE-TREE. (I. F. f. 2368.) A glabrous 
 shrub. 1-3 m. high, resembling the preceding. Leaves oblong, to ovate- lanceolate, 
 acuminate, crenulate; peduncles mostly less than 2.5 cm. long, stouter; flowers 
 about i cm. broad; petals 4 (rarely 5), oblong or obovate; pod smooth, deeply 
 4-lobed. Escaped from cultivation, N. H., N. Y. and N. J. June. 
 
606 FLORA. 
 
 2. PACHYSTIMA Raf. 
 
 Low glabrous shrubs, with corky branches, coriaceous evergreen leaves, and 
 small axillary, perfect brownish flowers. Calyx-lobes 4, broad. Petals 4, spread- 
 ing. Stamens 4, inserted beneath the disk; filaments longer than the anthers. Ovary 
 immersed in the disk, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, erect; style short; stigma 
 slightly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-celled, at length loculicidally de- 
 hiscent, i-2-seeded. Seeds oblong with a white many-lobed aril at the base. Two 
 species, natives of N. Am. P. Myrsinites occurs in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 i. Pachystima Canbyi A. Gray. CANBY'S MOUNTAIN LOVER. (I. F. f. 
 2369.) A shrub 1-3 dm. high, with decumbent rooting branches. Leaves oblong, 
 or slightly obovate, 1.2-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse at each end, very short- 
 petioled, pale green, serrate, the margins revolute; peduncles I 3-flowered, 2- 
 bracted below the middle; pedicels slender and 2-bracted near the base; calyx- 
 lobes oval, about equalling the petals; capsule about 8 mm. long and 4 mm. in 
 diameter. On dry exposed rocks, Va. and W. Va. April-May. 
 
 3. CELASTRUS L. 
 
 Shrubs, mainly climbing, with thin deciduous leaves, and racemose or panic- 
 ulate, small dioecious or polygamous flowers. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, inserted 
 under the disk. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5, inserted at the sinuses of the 5- 
 lobed disk. Ovary 2-4-lobed, 2-4- celled; style thick; stigma 2-4-lobed; ovules 2 
 in each cavity, erect. Capsule 2-4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent into as many 
 valves. Seeds enclosed in a scarlet aril; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy; coty- 
 ledons flat, coriaceous. [Greek name of some evergreen tree.] About 30 known 
 species, only I in N. Am. 
 
 i. Celastrus scandens L. SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING BITTERSWEET. WAX- 
 WORK. (I. F. f. 2370. ) Ascending trees to a height of 8 m. or more, or trailing. 
 Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm ' wide, acuminate or acute 
 at the apex, crenulate; petioles 1.2-1.8 cm. long; flowers greenish, about 4 mm. 
 broad, in terminal compound racemes 5-10 cm. in length; petals crenate, much 
 longer than the calyx-lobes; capsule yellow, or orange, 1-1.2 cm. in diameter, 
 opening in autumn and exposing the showy red aril. In rich soil, Quebec to N. 
 Car., Manitoba, Kans., the Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. June. 
 
 Family 8. STAPHYLEACEAE DC. 
 
 Bladder-nut Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with mostly opposite odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate stipu- 
 late leaves and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. 
 Sepals, petals and stamens usually 5. Carpels mostly 3. Disk large, the 
 stamens inserted at its base without. Anthers introrse, 2-celled. Fruit a 
 dehiscent bladdery capsule in the following genus, indehiscent in some 
 others. Seeds solitary or few in each carpel ; testa hard ; endosperm 
 fleshy; embryo straight. About 5 genera, and 22 species, widely distributed. 
 
 i. STAPHYLEA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with axillary drooping racemes or panicles of white flowers. Pedicels 
 jointed. Sepals imbricated. Petals the same number as the sepals and about 
 equalling them. Ovary 2-3-parted, the lobes i -celled; ovules numerous in each 
 cavity, anatropous. Capsule 2-3-lobed, 2-3-celled. Seeds globose. [Greek, clus- 
 ter.] About 6 species, of the north temperate zone; S. Bolanderi A. Gray, in Cal. 
 
 i. Staphylea trifolia L. AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT. (I. F. f. 2371.) A 
 shrub, 2-4 m. high, with smooth striped bark. Young leaves and petioles pubescent; 
 mature foliage glabrate; stipules linear, 8-12 mm. long, caducous; leaflets ovate or 
 oval. 4-7 cm. long, acuminate, finely serrate, the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, 
 the terminal one stalked; stipels subulate; flowers campanulate, about 8 mm. long; 
 pedicels slightly longer than the flowers; capsule alxmt 5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, 
 much inflated, the 3 (rarely 4) carpels separate at the summit and dehiscent along 
 the inner side. In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., S. Car. and 
 Kans. April-May. 
 
ACERACEAE. 
 
 Family 9. ACERACEAE St. Hil. 
 
 Maple Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with watery often saccharine sap, opposite simple and 
 palmately lobed (rarely entire) or pinnate leaves, and axillary or terminal 
 cymose or racemose regular polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx gener- 
 ally 5- parted, the segments imbricated. Petals of the same number, or 
 none. Disk thick, annular, lobed, sometimes obsolete. Stamens 4-12, 
 often 8 ; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2 celled ; styles 2, inserted 
 between the lobes. Fruit of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the base 
 and i-seeded (rarely 2-seeded). Seeds compressed, ascending ; cotyledons 
 thin, folded. The family consists of the following genus and Dtpteronia 
 Oliver, of central Asia. There are about 100 species of Maples. 
 
 i ACER L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 [Ancient name of the maples.] Besides the following, some 5 others occur in 
 southern and western North America. 
 
 Leaves simple, palmately lobed. 
 
 Flowers in dense sessile lateral clusters, unfolding before the leaves. 
 
 Petals none; ovary tomentose ; samaras divergent. i. A. saccharinum. 
 
 Petals present ; ovary glabrous : samaras incurved. 
 
 Leaves pale and glabrous or but slightly pubescent beneath. 
 
 2. A. rubrum. 
 Leaves densely whitish-pubescent beneath ; southern. 
 
 3. A. Drummondii. 
 Flowers corymbose, unfolding with the leaves. 
 
 Flowers long-pedicelled, drooping; large trees. 
 
 Leaves pale and nearly glabrous beneath. 4. A. Saccharum. 
 
 Leaves green and pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath. 
 
 5. A. nigrum. 
 
 Flowers short-pedicelled, erect ; shrub or small tree. 6. A. glabrum. 
 Flowers racemed, terminal, unfolding after the leaves. 
 
 Racemes drooping; leaves finely serrate. 7. A. Pennsylvanicum. 
 
 Racemes erect ; leaves coarsely serrate, 8. A. spicatum. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. t 9. A. Negundo. 
 
 1. Acer saccharinum L. SILVER MAPLE. SOFT OR WHITE MAPLE. (I. F. f. 
 2372.) A tree with flaky bark. Leaves I- 1.5 dm. long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes 
 rather narrow, acuminate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or slightly cor- 
 date at the base, green above, silvery white and more or less pubescent beneath; 
 flowers greenish or red; fruiting pedicels elongating; samaras at length 5-7 cm. 
 long, the wing often 1.2 cm. wide. Along streams, N. B. to Fla., S. Ont., Dak., 
 Neb. and the Ind. Terr. Yields maple sugar in small quantities. Feb. -April. 
 
 2. Acer rubrum L. RED, SCARLET OR WATER MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. 
 (I. F. f. 2373.) A tree with flaky or smoothish bark. Twigs reddish; leaves 
 7-10 cm. long, cordate at the base, sharply 3~5-lobed, the lobes irregularly den- 
 tate, acute or acuminate, green above, generally whitish beneath; flowers reddish 
 or yellowish; petals narrowly oblong; stamens 3-6; fruiting pedicels elongating; 
 samaras 1.8-2.5 cm - l n g> the wing 6-8 mm. wide. In swamps and low grounds, 
 N. B. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. Foliage crimson in autumn. March-April. 
 
 3. Acer Drummondii H. & A. DRUMMOND'S MAPLE. (I. F. f. 2374.) 
 Similar to the preceding. Leaves 7-15 cm. long, thicker, 3-lobed, or sometimes 
 5-lobed, obtuse or cordate at the base, the lobes shorter, broader, acute or acumi- 
 nate; young twigs and petioles more or less tomentose; fruiting pedicels 2. 5-5 cm. 
 long; samaras 3.75-6.25 cm. long, the wing 1-2 cm. broad at middle. In swamps, 
 southern Mo. to Ga., Fla. and Tex. Fruit scarlet, ripening in March or April. 
 
 4. Acer Saccharum Marsh. SUGAR OR ROCK MAPLE. SUGAR-TREE. (I. F. 
 f- 2 375-) A large tree. Leaves 7.5-15 cm. long, dark green above, cordate or 
 truncate at the base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes acuminate, irregularly sinuate, the sin- 
 uses rounded; flowers in sessile corymbs, greenish yellow; petals none; samaras 
 glabrous, slightly diverging, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, the wing 6-10 mm. wide. In rich 
 
608 FLORA. 
 
 woods, Newf. to Manitoba, south to Fla. and Tex. Its sap is the main source of 
 maple sugar. April-May. [A- saccharinum L., not Wang. | 
 
 5. Acer nigrum Michx. BLACK SUGAR MAPLE. (I. F. f. 2376.) Nearly 
 or quite as large as the Sugar Maple, with rough, blackish bark. Leaves similar, 
 but green both sides, thicker and generally more or less pubescent beneath, espe- 
 cially along the veins ; lobes much broader and shorter, with few undulations or fre- 
 quently entire, the basal sinus often narrow; samaras slightly more divergent. 
 Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn., La. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 6. Acer glabrum Torr. DWARF OR ROCKY MOUNTAIN MAPLE. (I. F. f. 
 2 J77-) A shrub, or small tree. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, often broader, glabrous 
 on both sides, or puberulent when young, 3-5-lobed, the lobes sharply serrate; 
 flowers yellowish green, in numerous small sessile corymb-like racemes; pedicels 
 short, glabrous; samaras glabrous, shining, 1.8-3 cm - l n g> little diverging; wing 
 8-12 mm. wide. Borders of streams and hillsides, western Neb. to Ariz., Nev. and 
 Br. Col. May. 
 
 7. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. STRIPED OR GOOSEFOOT MAPLE. MOOSE. 
 WOOD. (I. F. f. 2378.) A small tree, the smoothish gjeen bark striped with darker 
 lines. Leaves often 1.5-2 dm. long, broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous 
 above, sparingly pubescent beneath when young, slightly cordate or truncate at 
 at the base, 3-lobed near the apex, the lobes short and acuminate; racemes 7.5-10 
 cm. long; flowers greenish yellow, 6-8 mm. broad; petals obovate,' samaras gla- 
 brous, 2.5 cm. long, widely divergent, the wing 8-10 mm. wide. In rocky woods, 
 N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the mountains to Ga. and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 8. Acer spicatum Lam. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. (I. F. f. 2379.) A shrub, or 
 rarely a small tree, the bark green, not striped. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. long, gla- 
 brous above, pubescent beneath, at least when young, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute or 
 acuminate; racemes compound, rather dense; flowers 2-3 mm. broad, greenish 
 yellow; petals linear spatulate; samaras 1.8-2 cm. long, somewhat divergent, the 
 wing 6-8 mm. wide. Damp rocky woods, Newf. and James' Bay to Manitoba, 
 south, especially along the mountains, to N. Car., Tenn. and Minn. May-June. 
 
 9. Acer Negundo L. Box ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. (I. F. f. 2380.) 
 A tree. Leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent when 
 young, nearly glabrous when' old, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-7.5 cm. wide, dentate, 
 slightly lobed or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate; flowers dioecious, droop- 
 ing, very small, appearing a little before the leaves; samaras glabrous, slightly 
 incurved, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, the broad wing finely veined. Along streams, Vt. 
 and Ont. to Manitoba, Fla. and N. Mex. Rare near the Atlantic Coast. April. 
 
 Acer Negundo Texknum Pax. Branchlets and leaves densely pubescent. Kans. to 
 Tex. 
 
 Acer Pseudo-Pldtanus L., the Sycamore Maple, with terminal drooping racemes of 
 yellowish flowers with very woolly ovaries, and deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, and Acer pla- 
 tanoides L., the Norway Maple, with terminal corymbs of greenish yellow flowers 
 appearing with or before the sharply s-j-lobed leaves, are commonly planted, and have 
 occasionally escaped from cultivation in the east. 
 
 Family 10. HIPPOCASTANACEAE T. & G. 
 
 Buckeye Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 3-9-folioiate leaves, 
 and conspicuous polygamous irregular flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 
 5-lobed or 5-cleft in the following genus, the lobes unequal. Petals 4-5, 
 unequal, clawed. Disk entire, often i-sided. Stamens 5-8; filaments 
 elongated. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender. 
 Capsule leathery, smooth or spiny, 3-celled or by abortion i-2-celled, and 
 often only i-seeded. Seeds large, shining; cotyledons very thick. The 
 family consists of the following genus, containing about 15 species, natives 
 of America and Asia, and Bilna, of Mexico. 
 
SA FIN DA CEA . 609 
 
 I. AESCULUS L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Ancient name.] 
 Capsule spiny, at least when young; stamens exserted. 
 
 Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple ; leaflets abruptly acuminate. 
 
 i. AE. Hippocastanum. 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 A tree; leaflets 5-7. 2. AE. glabra. 
 
 A shrub; leaflets 7-9. 3. AE. arguta. 
 
 Capsule glabrous; stamens not exceeding the petals. 
 
 Corolla yellow, or purplish; calyx oblong; a tree. 4. AE. octandra. 
 
 Corolla red; calyx tubular ; a shrub. 5. AE. Pavia. 
 
 1. Aesculus Hippocastanum L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. (I. F. f. 2381.) A 
 large tree, the buds very resinous. Leaves long-petioled, glabrate when mature, 
 or with persistent tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins on the lower surface; 
 leaflets 5-7 (occasionally only 3 on some leaves), obovate, 1-2 dm. long, cuneate- 
 narrowed to the base, irregularly crenulate-dentate; inflorescence rather dense, 
 often 3 dm. long, the pedicels and calyx canescent; fruit globose. Escaped from 
 cultivation, N. Eng. to southern N. Y. and N. J. Native of Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. Aesculus glabra Willd. FETID BUCKEYE. OHIO BUCKEYE. (I. F. f. 
 2382.) Bark rough and fetid. Leaves long-petioled; leaflets 7.5-15 cm. long, 
 oval, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous or slightly 
 pubescent on the veins beneath, finely serrate; inflorescence loose, pubescent, i- 
 1.5 dm. long; flowers pale yellow; calyx campanulate; petals 4, 1-1.4 cm - l n g> 
 slightly unequal, their claws about equalling the calyx-lobes; stamens curved, ex- 
 serted; fruit 2.5-3.7 cm. in diameter, prickly when young, becoming smoothish. 
 Woods, Penn. to Ala., Mich., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. April-May. 
 
 3. Aesculus arguta Buckl. SHRUBBY OR WESTERN BUCKEYE. (I. F. f. 
 2383.) A shrub, 1-3 m. high, with smooth bark. Twigs, young petioles, leaves 
 and inflorescence somewhat pubescent, becoming glabrate; leaflets narrow, 7-10 
 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, unequally serrate; inflorescence 
 dense, 1-1.5 dm. l n gl flowers yellow, " the centre reddish; " calyx broadly cam- 
 panulate, its lobes very obtuse; stamens exserted, curved; petals 1-1.2 cm. long; 
 fruit very spiny when young. Kans. and the Ind. Terr, to Tex. March-April. 
 
 4. Aesculus octandra Marsh. YELLOW, SWEET OR BIG BUCKEYE. (I. F. 
 f. 2384.) A large tree, rarely reduced to a shrub; bark dark brown, scaly. Leaf- 
 lets 5, rarely 7, 1-2 dm. long, 5-7.5 cm. wide, oval, more or less pubescent be- 
 neath, acuminate, the lower ones oblique, the others cuneate at the base, all finely 
 serrate; inflorescence rather loose, puberulent; petals 4, long-clawed, connivent, 
 the 2 upper narrower and longer than the lower. Woods, Penn. to Ga., Iowa 
 and Tex. April-May. 
 
 Aesculus octdndra hybrida(DC.) Sarg. PURPLISH BUCKKYE. Flowers purplish or 
 pink; leaflets pubescent beneath; bark light brown. W. Va. to Ga. and Tex. 
 
 5. Aesculus Pavia L. RED BUCKEYE. (I. F. f. 2385.) A shrub, 1-4 m. 
 high. Leaflets 5-7, stalked, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, 7.5-13 cm. long, 
 2.5-3.75 cm - wide, acute or short-acuminate, narrowed at the base, finely serrate, 
 nearly glabrous on both sides when mature, shining; inflorescence loose; peduncles 
 l-3-flowered; flowers 2. 5 -4 cm. Ions:; calyx-lobes short; upper petals longer than the 
 lower. In rich soil, Va. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 Aesculus parviflfcra Walt., a low shrub with 5-foliolate puberulent leaves and 
 long thyrses of yellowish flowers, the stamens long-exserted, has been found as an 
 escape from cultivation in southeastern Penn. It is a native of the Southern States. 
 
 Family ii. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Soapberry Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves 
 alternate (opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, with- 
 out stipules. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regular or slightly irregular. 
 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Stamens 5-10 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. 
 Ovary I, 2-4-lobed or entire, 2-4-celled; ovules i or more in each cavity. 
 Fruit various. Seeds globose or compressed ; embryo mainly convolute ; 
 endosperm none. About 120 genera, including over i ,000 species, widely 
 distributed in tropical and warm regions. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; fruit a berry. I. Sapindus. 
 
 Herbaceous vines ; fruit an inflated pod. 2. Cardiospermum. 
 
 i. SAPINDUS L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, mostly odd-pinnate. Flowers regular, polygamo-dioecious. 
 in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals of the same 
 number, each with a scale at its base. Disk annular, hypogynous. Stamens 8-10, 
 inserted on the disk; anthers versatile. Ovary commonly 3 -lobed, with the same 
 number of cavities; ovules i in each cavity, ascending; style slender; stigma 
 2-4-lobed. Fruit a globose or lobed berry with 1-3 seeds. [Name, Sapo Indicus, 
 Indian soap, from the soapy quality of the berries.] About 10 species, natives 
 of warm and tropical Asia and America. 
 
 i. Sapindus Drummondi H. & A. SOAPBERRY. WILD CHINA-TREE. 
 (I. F. f. 2386.) A tree. Leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath, 1-4.5 cm - 
 long; leaflets 7-19, inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate, often falcate, entire, 3.5- 
 10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex and commonly acute at the base; panicles 
 terminal, 1-2 dm. long, dense; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad; berry globose, 
 oval, 8-12 mm. in diameter, very saponaceous. Kans. to Tex., La., Ariz, and 
 northern Mex. Has been confused with the Southeastern S. marginatus Willd. 
 
 2. CARDIOSPERMUM L. 
 
 Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompound leaves, and small axillary ten- 
 dril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. Tendrils 2 
 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2 exterior smaller. 
 Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk i -sided, undulate. Stamens 8; filaments 
 unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules i in each cavity. Capsule 
 inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, 
 heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
 
 i. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. BALLOON VINE. HEART-SEED. (I. F. f. 
 2387.) Slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 6-18 dm. long. Leaves petioled, 
 5-10 cm. long; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves; flowers white, 6-8 mm. broad; 
 capsule about 2.5 cm. long, globose-pyriform ; seeds globose, nearly black. In 
 waste places, N. J., D. C., Kans., and in ballast about the seaports; occasionally 
 escaping from gardens. Native of tropical America. Summer. 
 
 Family 12. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Jewel-weed Family. 
 
 Succulent, herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, 
 and showy very irregular axillary flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lateral ones 
 small, green, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, spurred, 
 Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5, 
 short ; filaments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or 
 less united ; anthers coherent or connivent Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; 
 style short, or none ; stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed ; ovules several in each 
 cavity. Fruit in the following genus an oblong or linear capsule, elasti- 
 cally dehiscent into 5 spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong ridged 
 seeds. Endosperm none ; embryo nearly straight ; cotyledons flat. 
 Later flowers small, cleistogamous, apetalous. About 220 species, mostly 
 natives of tropical Asia. The family consists of the following genus and 
 the monotypic Asiatic Hydrocera, 
 
RHA MNA CEA E. 6 1 1 
 
 I. 1MPATIENS L. 
 
 Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically 
 bursting pods.] 
 
 Flowers orange or orange-yellow, mottled; spur incurved. I. /. biflora. 
 
 Flowers pale yellow ; spur short, spreading. 2. /. aurea. 
 
 1. Impatiens biflora Walt. SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. SILVER-LEAF. 
 (I. F. f. 2388.) Annual, glabrous, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, pale 
 and glaucous beneath, 3.5-8 cm. long, generally obtuse, coarsely toothed; peduncles 
 2-4-flowered; bracts linear; flowers horizontal, 1.8-2.4 cm. l n g; saccate sepal 
 conic, longer than broad, contracted into a slender spur of one half its length, 
 which is 2-toothed at the apex. In moist grounds, N. S. to Ore., Alaska, Fla. and 
 Kans. Spurs are occasionally developed on the 2 small exterior sepals, and spur- 
 less flowers have been observed. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Impatiens aurea Muhl. PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT. (I. F. f. 2389. ) Similar 
 to the preceding, but larger and stouter. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted 
 with reddish-brown, or sometimes dotless, 2.4-3 cm - lng; saccate sepal dilated- 
 conic, about as broad as long, abruptly contracted into a scarcely incurved notched 
 spur, less than one-third its length; bracts of the pedicels lanceolate to ovate, acute, 
 In similar situations, Quebec to Ore., Ga. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 Order 21. RHAMNALES. 
 
 Shrubs, vines, or small trees, with nearly always alternate leaves. 
 Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis- 
 tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, and 
 alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present. Ovary 
 compound, superior ; ovules erect. 
 Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule. 
 
 Fam. i. RJiamnaceae, 
 Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs; petals caducous; fruit a berry. 
 
 Fam. 2. Vitaceae. 
 
 Family i. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. 
 Buckthorn Faintly. 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves sim- 
 ple, stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, decidu- 
 ous. Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, reg- 
 ular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, 
 inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals 
 and opposite them ; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, 
 free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled ; ovules i in 
 each cavity, anatropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the 
 cavities, erect ; endosperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons 
 flat. About 45 genera and 575 species, of temperate and warm regions. 
 
 Ovary free from the disk; fruit a drupe. 
 
 Petals sessile, entire; stone of the drupe 2 celled i. Berchemia. 
 
 Petals short-clawed or none; stones of the drupe 24. 2. Rhamnus. 
 
 Ovary adnate to the disk at its base; fruit dry. 3. Ceanothus, 
 
 i. BERCHEMIA Neck. 
 
 Climbing or erect shrubs, with alternate petioled ovate or oblong* pinnately. 
 veined leaves, and small greenish white flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, or 
 rarely solitary. Petals 5, sessile, concave or cucullate. Stamens 5; filaments fili- 
 form. Disk filling the calyx-tube, covering the ovary. Drupe oval, obtuse, com- 
 pressed, its flesh thin and coriaceous, its stone 2-celled. Seeds linear- oblong; 
 cotyledois thin. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, the following in south, 
 eastern N. Am., the others in Asia and Africa. 
 
6l2 FLORA. 
 
 i. Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. SUPPLE-JACK. (I. F. f. 2390.) A 
 glabrous high-climbing shrub, with tough terete branches. Leaves ovate or ovate- 
 oblong, 2.5-5 cm - l n g' I - 2 5~ 2 -5 cm - wide, obtuse or somewhat truncate at the 
 base, dark green above, paler beneath, their margins undulate; flowers about 
 3 mm. broad, mainly in small terminal panicles; petals acute; styles short; drupe 
 6-8 mm. long, equalling or shorter than its slender pedicel, its stone crustaceous, 
 In low woods, Va. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. March-June. 
 
 a. RHAMNUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with pinnately veined and (in our species) deciduous 
 leaves, and small axillary cymose racemose or paniculate, perfect or polygamous 
 flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-5 toothed. Petals 4or 5, mainly emargin- 
 ate and hooded, or none. Disk free from the 3-4-celled ovary. Style 3-4-cleft. 
 Drupe berry-like, containing 2-4 nutlet-like stones. Seeds mainly obovoid; endo- 
 sperm fleshy. [The ancient Greek name.] About 75 species, of temperate and 
 warm regions. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous; nutlets grooved. 
 Petals present; flowers mainly 4-merous. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate; branches thorny; drupe with 3 or 4 nutlets. 
 
 i. R. cat hart tea. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate; drupe with 2 nutlets. 2. R. lanceolata. 
 
 Petals none; flowers 5-merous; drupe with 3 nutlets. 3. R. alnifolia. 
 
 Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth. 
 
 Umbels peduncled; leaves acute; calyx campanulate. 4. R. Caroliniana. 
 
 Umbels sessile; leaves obtuse; calyx hemispheric. 5. R. Frangula. 
 
 1. Rhamnus cathartica L. BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 2391.) A shrub, 2-6 m. 
 high. Leaves glabrous, petioled, 4-8 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. wide, regularly 
 crenate or crenulate, with 3 or 4 pairs of veins, the upper running nearly to the 
 apex; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. wide, clustered, unfolding a little later than 
 the leaves; petals very narrow; drupe globose, black, about 8 mm. in diameter. In 
 dry soil, escaped from hedges, N. E., the Middle States and Ont. Introduced from 
 Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 
 2392.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark. Leaves short-petioled, 2.5-8 cm. long, 
 1.25 2.5 cm. wide, glabrous or nearly so above, more or less pubescent beneath, 
 finely serrulate; veins 6 or 7 pairs; flowers 2 or 3 together, greenish, about 3 mm. 
 broad, appearing with the leaves; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; drupe black, about 
 6 mm. in diameter, obovoid-globose. In moist soil, Penn. to Iowa, Neb., Ala. and 
 Tex. May. 
 
 3. Rhamnus alnifolia L' Her. ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN. DWARF ALDER. 
 (I. F. f. 2393.) A small shrub. Leaves oval to elliptic, 5-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm - 
 wide, mainly acute at the base, irregularly crenate-serrate; veins 6 or 7 pairs; 
 petioles 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, green, about 3 mm. broad, 
 appearing with the leaves; fruiting pedicels 6-8 mm. long; drupe globose or some- 
 what obovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter. In swamps, N. B. to Br. Col., N. J., 111., 
 Neb., Mont, and Cal. May-June. 
 
 4. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt. CAROLINA BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 2394.) 
 A tall shrub, or small tree. Leaves elliptic or broadly oblong, glabrous, or some- 
 what hairy on the veins beneath, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, obscurely ser- 
 rulate or even entire; veins 6-10 pairs; petioles 1.2-1.8 cm. long; flowers 5-merous, 
 greenish, about 2 mm. broad, in umbels or solitary, unfolding after the leaves; 
 calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals present; drupe globose, sweet, about 8 mm. 
 in diameter. In wet soil, Va. and Ky. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 5. Rhamnus Frangula L. ALDER BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 2395.) A shrub, 
 the young twigs finely and sparsely puberulent. Leaves thin, elliptic or obovate, 
 entire or very obscurely crenulate, glabrous on both surfaces, 4-7 cm. long, 2.5- 
 4 cm. wide; petioles 4-8 mm. long; umbels i-6-flowered; flowers 5-merous; calyx- 
 lobes ovate, acute; fruiting pedicels 4-10 mm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter. 
 In bogs, L. I. and N. J. Reported from Ont. Nat. from Europe. May-June. 
 
VITACEAE. 613 
 
 3. CEANOTHUS L. 
 
 Shrubs, with petioled leaves and cymose panicles of small perfect flowers. 
 Calyx-limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, clawed, longer than the calyx-lobes, inserted 
 under the disk. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, elongated. Ovary immersed in the 
 disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed. Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 
 3-cleft. Fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets. Seed-coat 
 smooth; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons oval or obovate. [Name used by Theo- 
 phrastus for some different plant. ] About 35 species, of N. Am. and northern Mex. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent. i. C. Americanus. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate. 2. C, ovatus, 
 
 1. Ceanothus Americanus L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2396.) Stems erect or ascending from a deep reddish root, puberulent, especially 
 above. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, serrate all around, strongly 3-nerved; pe- 
 duncles elongated, often leafy, bearing dense oblong cymose panicles of small white 
 flowers; fruit depressed, about 4 mm. high, nearly black. In dry open woods. 
 Me. and Ont. to Manitoba, Kans., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. SMALLER RED-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2397.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but generally smaller and nearly glabrous. Leaves 2.5-5 cm - 
 long, 6-18 mm. wide, mainly obtuse at each end, but sometimes acute at the apex, 
 serrate with prominently gland-tipped teeth; peduncles short, nearly always ter- 
 minal, bearing dense short cymose panicles of white flowers; fruit nearly as in 
 
 C. Americanus. In rocky places and on prairies, Ont. to Minn., S. Dak., Mass., 
 
 D. C., 111. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 Ceanothus ovktus pubescens T. & G. Leaves, petioles and peduncles densely 
 pubescent. Iowa to Kans. and Tex. 
 
 Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. 
 Grape Family. 
 
 Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, 'nodose joints, 
 alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo- 
 dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5- 
 toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments 
 subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes ; disk some- 
 times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary i, generally immersed 
 in the disk, 2-6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous. 
 Fruit a i-6-celled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect; testa bony ; 
 raphe generally distinct ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo short. About 
 10 genera and 450 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Hypogynous disk present, annular or cup-shaped, lobed or glandular ; leaves not digitately 
 
 compound in our species. 
 
 Petals united into a cap, falling away without separating. i. Vitis. 
 
 Petals separate, spreading. 
 
 Foliage not fleshy, flowers mostly 5-parted. 2. Ampelopsis. 
 
 Foliage fleshy; flowers mostly 4-parted. 3. Cissus. 
 
 Hypogynous disk obsolete or wanting ; leaves digitately compound in our species, the 
 leaflets 5-7. 4. Parthenocissus. 
 
 x. VITIS L. 
 
 Woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually 
 palmately lobed or dentate. Stipules mainly small, caducous. Flowers mostly 
 dioecious, or polygamo-dicecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or perigynous, 
 coherent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4- 
 celled; style very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose or ovoid, 
 few-seeded, pulpy, edible in most species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 
 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. In addition to the following, some 
 10 or 15 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
6 14 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves woolly beneath. 
 
 Pubescence rusty- brown; berries large, musky. I. V. Labrusca. 
 
 Pubescence at length whitish ; berries small, black, not musky. 
 
 Berries with bloom ; branches terete. 2. V. aestivalis. 
 
 Berries without bloom ; branches angular. 3. V. cinerea. 
 
 Leaves glabrate, sometimes slightly pubescent when young. 
 
 Leaves bluish-white glaucous beneath. 4. V. bicalor. 
 
 Leaves not glaucous beneath. 
 
 Leaves 3-y-lobed ; lobes acute or acuminate. 
 
 Lobes and sinuses acute ; berries with bloom. 5. V. vulpina. 
 
 Lobes long-acuminate; sinuses rounded; berries without bloom. 
 
 6. V. palmata. 
 Leaves sharply dentate, scarcely lobed. 
 
 Bark loose; pith interrupted by the solid nodes. 
 High-climbing; leaves large; berries sour. 
 
 Leaves somewhat shining above, the apex long-acuminate; inflores- 
 cence loose. 7. V. cordifolia. 
 Leaves dull, the apex short-acuminate or blunt; inflorescence com- 
 pact. 8. V. Bailevana. 
 Low; leaves small; berries sweet. 9. V. rupestris. 
 Bark close; pith continuous through the nodes. 10. F. rotundifolia. 
 
 1. Vitis Labrusca L. NORTHERN Fox- or PLUM GRAPE. WILD VINE. (I. 
 F. f. 2398.) Young twigs, forked tendrils and petioles densely pubescent, espe- 
 cially when young; nodes solid, interrupting the pith. Leaves large, each opposite 
 a tendril or a flower cluster, varying from merely dentate to deeply lobed with 
 rounded sinuses; berries few, brownish -purple, about 1.8 cm. in diameter; seeds 
 3-6, about 8 mm. long ; raphe narrow. Thickets, N. Eng. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn. 
 May-June. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. SUMMER GRAPE. SMALL GRAPE. (I. F. f. 
 2399.) Twigs and petioles glabrous or pubescent. Leaves as large as those of V. 
 Labrusca, dentate, or 3-5-lobed, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous; tendrils and 
 flower-clusters intermittent (wanting opposite each third leaf); inflorescence gen- 
 erally long and loose; berries numerous, about I cm. in diameter, acid; seeds 2 or 3, 
 about 6 mm. long ; raphe narrow. In thickets, southern N. Eng. to Fla., southern 
 Ont., Wis. and La. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Vitis cinerea Engelm. DOWNY GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2400.) Young shorts 
 and petioles mostly floccose-pubescent ; tendrils intermittent. Leaves dentate, or 
 somewhat 3-lobed, often longer than wide; inflorescence loose ; berries 6-8 mm. in 
 diameter, pleasantly acid, i-2-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long, the raphe narrow. 
 111. to Neb., Kans. and Tex. 
 
 4. Vitis bicolor LeConte. BLUE OR WINTER GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2401.) Ten- 
 drils intermittent; branches terete. Twigs bluish-glaucous, the bloom sometimes 
 disappearing ; internodes long ; leaves usually 3-lobed, cordate, sometimes 3 dm. 
 long, the sinuses rounded, the lobes acute or acuminate ; inflorescence compact ; 
 berries bluish-black with a bloom, sour, about 8 mm. in diameter ; seeds about 4 
 mm. long, raphe narrow. Northern N. Y. to Mich, and N. Car. 
 
 5. Vitis vulpina L. RIVERSIDE OR SWEET SCENTED GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2402.) 
 Glabrous, or pubescent on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; branches 
 rounded or slightly angled, greenish; tendrils intermittent. Leaves thin, shining, 
 the terminal lobe commonly long; stipules 4-6 mm. long, often persistent until the 
 fruit is formed; berries bluish-black, 8-io mm. in diameter, rather sweet; seeds 
 2-4, 4 mm. long, the raphe narrow. Along rocky river-banks, N. S. to Manitoba, 
 Md. and Ark. May-June. Fruit beginning to ripen in July. 
 
 Vitis L6ngii Prince, which differs from V. vulpina in its floccose pubescent shoots 
 and lower leaf-surfaces, the leaves more circular in outline, is reported from Kansas, 
 and extends through western Tex. to N. Mex. 
 
 6. Vitis palmata Vahl. MISSOURI GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2403.) Glabrous or 
 nearly so, or with slight pubescence on the veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; 
 twigs bright red; bark separating in large flakes; tendrils intermittent, forked. 
 Leaves dull, darker green than in V. vulpina, deeply 3-5 -lobed; stipules 3-4 mm. 
 long; inflorescence loose; berries black, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds I or 2, about 
 6 mm. long; raphe indistinct. River-banks, 111. and Mo. June-July. 
 
VITACEAE. 615 
 
 7. Vitis cordifolia Michx. FROST GRAPE. CHICKEN GRAPE. (I. F. f. 
 2404.) Twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent, terete or indistinctly angled; inter- 
 nodes long; tendrils intermittent; stem sometimes 3 dm. in diameter or more. 
 Leaves7.5-iocm. wide, thin, sometimes slightly 3-lobed; tendrils forked, intermittent; 
 stipules about 4 mm. long; berries black, shining, about 6 mm. in diameter, ripen- 
 ing after frost; seeds I or 2, about 4 mm. long; raphe narrow. Moist thickets and 
 along streams, N. Eng. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Oct. -Nov. 
 
 8. Vitis Baileyana Munson. BAILEY'S GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2405.) Branches 
 angled, the young twigs tomentose, the tendrils intermittent; internodes short. 
 Leaves crenate-dentate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, as a rule smaller than those of 
 V. cordifolia, the teeth mucronate; berries black, 8-10 mm. in diameter; seeds 
 about 4 mm. long, the raphe broad. In valleys, Va., W. Va. and N. Car. 
 
 9. Vitis rupestris -Scheele. SAND GRAPE. SUGAR GRAPE. (I. F. f. 2406.) 
 Bushy, sometimes climbing to a height of I or 2 metres, glabrous or somewhat floe- 
 cose -pubescent on the younger parts; tendrils forked, intermittent or often want- 
 ing. Leaves pale green, shining, abruptly pointed, rarely slightly 3-lobed, the 
 sides often folded together; stipules 4-6 mm. long; inflorescence compact; berries 
 black, with a bloom, 6-8 mm. in diameter, 2 4-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long; 
 raphe very slender. Southern Penn. to Mo., D. C., Tenn. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 10. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE. BULLACE GRAPE. 
 (I. F. f. 2407.) Glabrous or nearly so; tendrils simple, intermittent, sometimes 
 few. Leaves nearly orbicular, 5-7.5 cm. wide, dark green, shining; inflorescence 
 dense; berries few, purple, I-I.8 cm. in diameter, without bloom, tough, musky; 
 seeds several, flat, wrinkled, notched at the apex; raphe indistinct. In moist soil, 
 Md. to Kans., Fla., Tex. and Mex. May. Fruit ripe Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. AMPELOPSIS Michx. 
 
 Climbing woody vines, or some species bushy, the coiling tendrils not tipped 
 by adhering expansions. Leaves simple, dentate or lobed, or pinnately or pal- 
 mately compound. Flowers polvgamo-dioecious or polygamo-moncecious. Disk 
 adriate to the base of the ovary; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
 subulate. Berry 2-4-seeded, the flesh usually thin and inedible. [Greek, Vine- 
 like.] About 15 species, of temperate and warm regions, the following in N. Am. 
 
 Leaves coarsely serrate, or slightly 3-lobed. i. A, cordata. 
 
 Leaves 2-3-pinnately compound. 2. A. arborea. 
 
 1. Ampelopsis cordata Michx. SIMPLE-LEAVED AMPELOPSIS. (I. F. f. 2408. ) 
 Glabrous, or the young twigs sparingly pubescent, climbing, the branches 
 nearly terete ; tendrils few or none. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 
 glabrous or pubescent along the veins, acuminate; panicles small, loose; disk cup- 
 shaped; berries 4-6 mm. in diameter, bluish, i-2-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long. 
 Swamps and river-banks, southern Va. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 2. Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. PEPPER-VINE. (I. F. f. 2409.; Gla- 
 brous or nearly so, bushy; tendrils often wanting. Leaves sometimes 2 dm. in 
 length or more; leaflets ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1.25-4 cm. long, sharply serrate, 
 obtuse or slightly cordate, or the terminal one cuneate at the base, glabrous or 
 somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath; panicles short-cymose; berries black, 
 depressed -globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, sometimes pubescent; seeds 1-3. In 
 rich moist soil, Va. to Mo., Fla. and Mex. Also in Cuba. June-July. 
 
 Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thumb.) Sieb. & Zucc., a climbing eastern Asiatic vine, 
 with deeply palmately 3~5-lobed leaves and short peduncled compound cymes, was found 
 as a waif from cultivation at Lancaster, Pa., in 1890. 
 
 3. Cl'sSUS L. 
 
 Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves compound or simple, when 
 compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly perfect. 
 Petals usually 4, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base of the ovary, 
 mostly 4-lobed. [Greek, ivy.] A large genus, mostly tropical. 
 
 I. Cissus incisa (Nutt.) Desmoul. Usually a large vine, fleshy throughout 
 Leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments ovate, cuneate at base, toothed, 
 
6l6 FLORA. 
 
 or the middle one lobed; inflorescence umbel-like, berries obovoid, nearly black, 
 1-2- seeded, on recurved pedicels. Kans. and Mo. to Tex. and Fla. 
 
 4. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. 
 
 Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks), or 
 sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves. Flowers 
 perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles. Petals 5, 
 spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style short, 
 thick. Berry 1-4- seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10 species, natives of 
 Eastern N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in Tex. 
 
 i. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. VIRGINIA CREEPER. FALSE 
 GRAPE. AMERICAN IVY. (1. F. f. 2410.) Tendrils usually numerous, and pro- 
 vided with terminal adhering expansions, the vine sometimes supported also by 
 aerial roots; leaflets oval, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed 
 at the base, coarsely toothed, at least above the middle, glabrous or somewhat 
 pubescent; panicles ample, erect or spreading in fruit; berries blue, about 1.2 cm. 
 in diameter, usually 2-3-seeded; peduncles and pedicels red. In woods and thick- 
 ets, Quebec to Manitoba, Cuba, Tex. and Mex. July. Fruit ripe in October. 
 
 Parthenocissus quinquef6Iia lacinikta Planch. Tendrils mostly without terminal 
 adhering; disks, the vine not high-climbing ; leaves more deeply and sharply toothed ; 
 fruiting panicles drooping. Ohio to Iowa, Kans. and Colo. 
 
 Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch., the Ampelopsis Veitchii of the 
 gardeners, a Japanese vine, clinging to walls by its very numerous disk-tipped tendrils, 
 has the leaves sharply 3-lobed or sometimes 3-divided ; it is freely planted for ornament. 
 
 Order 22. MALVALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers 
 regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate. 
 Petals separate, very rarely wanting. Stamens usually very numerous. 
 Ovary superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk 
 inconspicuous or none. 
 
 Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. i. Tiliaceae. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous ; anthers i-celled ; embryo curved. Fam. 2. Malvaceae. 
 
 Family i. TILlACEAE Juss. 
 
 Linden Family. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple 
 leaves, mostly small and deciduous stipules, and generally cymose or 
 paniculate flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of 
 the same number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud. 
 Stamens oo , mostly 5-io-adelphous. Ovary i, sessile, 2-io-celled ; 
 ovules anatropous. Fruit i-io-celled, drupaceous or baccate. Coty- 
 ledons ovate or orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 
 genera and 245 species, widely distributed. 
 
 x. TILIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Trees, with serrate cordate mainly inequilateral leaves, and cymose white or 
 yellowish perfect flowers, the peduncles subtended by and partly adnate to broad 
 membranous bracts. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate, often with small scales at the 
 base. Stamens oo ; filaments cohering with the petal-scales or with each other m 
 5 sets. Ovary 5 -celled; cells 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma 5 -toothed. Fruit dry, 
 drupaceous, globose or ovoid, indehiscent, 1-2 -seeded. Seeds ascending ; endo- 
 sperm hard; cotyledons broad, 5-lobed, corrugated. [The ancient Latin name.] 
 About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, I in the mountains of Mex. 
 
MALVACEAE. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces. x. T. Americana. 
 
 Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 2. T. pubescens. 
 
 Leaves glabrous above, silvery white beneath. 3. T. heterophylla. 
 
 1. Tilia Americana L. BASS-WOOD. AMERICAN LINDEN. WHITE- WOOD. 
 (I. F. f. 2411.) A forest tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate, 5-13 cm. 
 wide, coriaceous, sharply serrate with glandular teeth, abruptly acuminate or acute; 
 floral bracts 5-10 cm. long, strongly veined ; cymes drooping, 6-20- flowered; flowers 
 1-1.4 cm. broad, fragrant; petals yellowish white, crenate, slightly longer than the 
 pubescent sepals; scales similar to the petals, but smaller; fruit globose-ovoid, 8-10 
 mm. in diameter. In rich woods and along river-bottoms, N. B. to Ga., Manitoba, 
 Neb. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 2. Tilia pubescens Ait. SOUTHERN BASS-WOOD OR WHITE- WOOD. (I. F. f. 
 2412.) A small tree. Leaves generally smaller than those of T. Americana; floral 
 bracts commonly broader and shorter ; fruit globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. In 
 moist woods, L. I. to Fla., west to Tex., mostly along the coast. May-June. 
 
 3. Tilia heterophyila Vent. WHITE BASS-WOOD. BEE-TREE. (I. F. f. 
 2413.) A forest tree. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding species (often 
 1.5 t<* 7. dm. long), dark green above, acute or acuminate ; floral bracts 7.5-12.5 
 cm. long, narrowed at the base ; flowers slightly larger and often fewer than those 
 of T. Ameruzx-a; fruit globose, about I cm. in diameter. In woods N. Y. to Fla., 
 Ala., 111., Ky. auJ Tenn. June-July. 
 
 The European Lii-Jgn, or Lime Tree, Tilia Europaea L., is planted as an orna- 
 mental tree in parks and ou lawns. It may be distinguished from any of our species by 
 the absence of scales at the base of the petals. Its name, Lin, was the' origin of the fam- 
 ily name of Linnaeus. 
 
 Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck. 
 Mallow Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate 
 leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, 
 often large: Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually val- 
 vate ; calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. 
 Stamens oo , hypogynous, forming a central column around the pistil, 
 united with the bases of the petals; anthers i-celled. Ovary several- 
 celled ; styles united below, distinct above, and generally projecting 
 beyond the stamen-column, mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. 
 Fruit capsular (rarely a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away 
 entire or else loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid ; 
 embryo curved; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate. About 40 
 genera and 800 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit. 
 Carpels i-seeded. 
 Flowers perfect. 
 
 Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. I. Althaea. 
 
 Involucels of 1-3 bractlets, or none. 
 
 Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the stylerbranches. 
 
 Carpels beakless; petals obcordate. ' 2. Malva. 
 
 Carpels beaked; petals truncate. 3. Calltrrhoe, 
 
 Stigmas capitate, terminal. 
 
 Seed ascending. 5. Malvastritm. 
 
 Seed pendulous. 6. Sida. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. 4. Napaea. 
 
 Carpels 2-several-seeded. 
 
 Involucels none. 7. Abutilon. 
 
 Involucels of 3 bractlets. 
 
 Carpels continuous. 8. Sphaeralcea. 
 
 Carpels septate between the seeds. 9. Modiola. 
 
 Stamen-column anther-bearing below the entire or 5-toothed summit. 
 
 Carpels i-seeded. 10. Kosteletzkva* 
 
 Carpels several-seeded. II. Hibiscus. " 
 
FLORA. 
 
 I. ALTHAEA L. 
 
 Tomentose or pilose herbs, with lobed or divided leaves and solitary or race- 
 mose flowers. Involucels of 6-9 bractlets united at the base. Calyx 5 -cleft. Petals 
 5. Cavities of the ovary numerous, I ovuled ; style-branches the same number as 
 the ovary -cavities, stigmatic along the inner side ; carpels numerous, indehiscent, 
 arranged in a circle around the axis. Seed ascending. [Ancient Greek, signi- 
 fying to cure.] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Althaea officinalis L. MARSH-MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2414.) Perennial, 
 herbaceous, erect, 6-12 dm. high, densely velvety -pubescent. Leaves broadly 
 ovate, dentate and generally 3-lobed, the lower ones often cordate ; petioles 1-2.5 
 cm. long; flowers in narrow racemes, pink, 2-4 cm. broad; bractlets linear, shorter 
 than the 5 ovate-lanceolate acute calyx- segments ; carpels i r ,-2O, tomentose. In 
 salt marshes, coast of Mass, and N. Y., and in Penn. Nat. from Europe. Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 Althaea cannabina L., with digitately 5-parted leaves, has been found in waste places 
 at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Althaea r6sea Cav., the Hollyhock, is occasionally found beyond the limits of culti- 
 vation in the Middle States. 
 
 .V" * 
 
 8. MALVA L. 
 
 C 
 
 Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and axillary 
 or terminal solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx 5 -cleft. Bractlets of the invo- 
 lucels 3 (rarely none). Petals 5. Cavities of the ovary several or numerous, 
 i-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along the inner 
 side. Carpels arranged in a circle, beakless, indehiscent. Seed ascending. [Greek, 
 referring to the emollient leaves.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. 
 In addition to the following, another is naturalized in Cal. 
 
 Leaves with 5-9 shallow angular lobes. 
 
 Petals 2-4 times the length of the calyx. i. M. sylvestrts. 
 Petals 1-2 times the length of the calyx. 
 
 Procumbent, low. 2. M. rotun&folia. 
 Erect, tall. 
 
 Leaf-margins not crisped. 3. M. verticillata. 
 
 Leaf-margins crisped, wrinkled. 4. M '. crisya. 
 Leaves deeply 5~7-lobed or pinnatifid. 
 
 Stem-leaves i-3-pinnatifid; carpels downy. 5. M. mo&-hata. 
 
 Stem-leaves deeply lobed; carpels glabrous. 6. M. A^ea. 
 
 1. Malva sylvestris L. HIGH MALLOW. (1. F. f. 2415.) Biennial, erect 
 or ascending, pubescent with spreading hairs, or glabrate. Leaves or-oicular, or 
 reniform, 3-10 cm. wide, with 5-9 shallow angular or rounded lobes, crenate-den- 
 tate, truncate or cordate at the base; flowers reddish purple, 2-4 cm. bioad, in axil- 
 lary clusters; pedicels slender; carpels about 10, flat on the back, i-ugose-retic- 
 ulate. In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adventive ftv/in Europe in 
 the U. S., Can. and Mex. Summer. 
 
 2. Malva rotundifolia L. Low, DWARF OR RUNNING MALLUVV. CHEESES. 
 (I. K f. 2416.) Annual or biennial, procumbent and spreading; n tems 1-3 dm. 
 long. 'Leaves orbicular-reniform, 2-8 cm. wide, cordate, with shallow dentate- 
 crenate lobes; flowers clustered in the axils, pale blue, 8-15 mm. broad; calyx - 
 lobes ovate, acute; carpels about 15, rounded on the back, pubescent. In waste 
 places, common throughout our territory, and widely distributed a a weed. Nat. 
 from Europe. May -Nov. 
 
 3. Malva verticillata L. WHORLED MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2417.) Annual, 
 glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high. Leaves nearly orbicular with shallow, angu- 
 lar crenate lobes; flowers white or whitish, sessile, clustered in the axils, about 
 the size of those of M. rotundifoliq.; carpels rugose-reticulated. In waste places, 
 Vt. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Malva crispa L. CURLED MALLOW. Similar to the preceding, but the 
 margins of the leaves wrinkled and crisped, crenulate. In waste places, spar- 
 ingly escaped from gardens, N. S. to S. Dak. and N. J. Introduced from southern 
 Europe or western Asia. Summer. \M. verticillata crispa L,| 
 
MALVACEAE. 619 
 
 5. Malva moschata L. MUSK MALLOW. MUSK ROSE. (I. F. f. 2418.) 
 Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent with long hairs, or glabrate. Basal leaves 
 orbicular, 7-10 cm. wide, with broad rounded dentate lobes; stem-leaves deeply 
 divided into linear or cuneate, pinnatifid or cleft segments; flowers 3-5 cm. 
 broad, pink or white, racemosely clustered at the summits of the branches; pet- 
 als obcordate or emarginate, 5-8 times as long as the triangulate-ovate acute 
 calyx-lobes; carpels 15-20, densely hairy, rounded on the back. In waste places, 
 occasional in the Middle, Southern and Eastern States and in Canada. Adventive 
 from Europe. Plant with a faint odor of musk. Summer. 
 
 6. Malva Alcea L. EUROPEAN MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2419.) Similar to the 
 preceding, but the stem-leaves are only once 5~7-parted or cleft, the lobes den- 
 tate or incised; pubescence shorter and denser; flowers pink, purplish or wlite; 
 petals obcordate; carpels glabrous, very finely rugose- reticulated. In waste places, 
 occasionally escaped from gardens. Introduced from Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. CALLI'RRHOE NUU. 
 
 Herbs with lobed or divided leaves, and showy perfect flowers. Bractlets of 
 of involucels 1-3, separate, or none. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals cuneate, often 
 toothed or fimbriate. Cavities of the ovary oo , i-ovuled ; style-branches of the 
 same number as the cavities of the ovary, stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels 
 10-20, i -seeded, beaked, the beak separated from the cavity by a septum. Seed 
 ascending. [A Greek mythological name.] A genus of about 7 species, natives o/ 
 the central and southern U. S. and northern Mex. 
 
 Bractlets of the involucels none.. 
 
 Flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; carpels very pubescent. I. C. alceoides. 
 
 Flowers 3-5 cm. broad ; carpels scarcely pubescent. 2. C. digitata. 
 Bractlets of the involucels 3. 
 
 Leaves triangular, crenate ; carpels not rugose. 3. C. triangulata. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, palmatifid ; carpels rugose. 4. C. involucrata. 
 
 1. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray. LIGHT POPPY-MALLOW. (I. F. 
 f. 2420.) Perennial, 2-5 dm. high, strigose- pubescent Basal leaves triangular, 
 palmately lobed or incised, 5-9 cm. long, slender-petioled ; stem-leaves palmatifid, 
 the divisions linear or cuneate ; flowers corymbose or racemose at the summit, pink 
 or white ; pedicels slender ; calyx-lobes triangular, acuminate; petals dentate and 
 somewhat fimbriate; carpels rugose-reticulate on the back. In dry soil, Ky. to 
 Neb., Kans. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt. FRINGED POPPY-MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2421.) 
 Similar to the preceding. Divisions of the stem-leaves longer, narrowly linear, 
 sometimes quite entire, sometimes deeply incised; flowers long-peduncled, reddish 
 purple or lighter; petals fimbriate; calyx-lobes triangular to lanceolate, acuminate; 
 carpels rugose-reticulate. In dry soil, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. April-July. 
 
 3. Callirrhoe triangulata (Leavenw.) A. Gray. CLUSTERED POPPY-MAL- 
 LOW. (I. F. f. 2422.) Perennial, 4-7 dm. high, pubescent with short hairs. 
 Leaves triangular-hastate, the lower long-petioled, crenate or slightly lobed, 5-8 
 cm. long, the upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, smaller, 3 -5 -cleft or divided, 
 the lobes narrow, dentate or crenate; flowers 25 cm. broad, deep purple, in termi- 
 nal panicled clusters; involucels of 3 linear or spatulate bractlets, nearly as long as 
 the 5 -lobed calyx; carpels numerous, hairy, short-beaked. Prairies, Ind. to Minn., 
 N. C. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Callirrhoe involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray. PURPLE POPPY-MALLOW. 
 (I. F. f. 2423.) Perennial, procumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long, pubescent 
 with long hispid hairs. Leaves cordate-orbicular, the lobes dentate or incised, 
 those of the upper leaves commonly narrower than those of the lower; stipules ovate, 
 conspicuous; penduncles slender, 1- flowered; bractlets of the involucels 3. linear, 
 half the length of the lanceolate acute 3-5. nerved calyx-lobes; flowers red-purple, 
 2-6 cm. broad. In dry soil, Minn, and Iowa to Tfx., Utah, N. Mex. and northern 
 Mex. April-Aug. 
 
 4. NAPAEA L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed leaves, and small white dioecious 
 flowers in ample terminal corymbose panicles. Involucels none. Calyx 5 -toothed. 
 
620 FLORA. 
 
 Staminate flowers with 15-20 anthers borne at the summit of the stamen-Column. 
 Pistillate flowers with 8-io styles, stiginatic along their inner surface, the stamen- 
 column present but destitute of anthers. Cavities of the ovary as many as the 
 styles, i-ovuled. Carpels 8-10, separating at maturity from the axis, beakless, but 
 minutely tipped, imperfectly 2-valved. Seed ascending. [Greek, a dell.] A mo- 
 notypic genus of the east-central U. S. 
 
 I. Napaea dioica L. GLADE. MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2424.) Simple, or branch- 
 ing above, 1-3 m. high. Basal and lower leaves 1.5-3 dm. broad, long-petioled, 
 orbicular, 7-ii-parted, the divisions acute, dentate and lobed; upper leaves smaller, 
 short-petio'ed, 5~9-lobed, the lobes incisely cut, acute or acuminate; staminate 
 flowers 12 18 mm. broad, the pistillate somewhat smaller; petals obovate, 2-3 
 times the length of the calyx; carpels strongly I -nerved, slightly rugose-retic- 
 ulate. In moist grounds, southern Perm, to Va., Tenn., Minn, and Iowa. July. 
 
 5. MALVASTRUM A. Gray. 
 
 Herbs, with entire cordate or divided leaves, and solitary or racemose, short- 
 pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-clelt. Bractlets of the involucels small, 1-3 
 or none. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , i-ovuled. Style-branches of the same 
 number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate stigmas; carpels inde- 
 hiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the axis at maturity, their 
 apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, star mallow.] About 75 
 species, natives of America and S. Africa. In addition to the following, about 
 12 others inhabit the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, dentate. i. M. angustum. 
 
 Leaves pedately 3 5 parted, the lobes incised. 2. M. coccineum. 
 
 1. Malvastrum angustum A. Gray. YELLOW FALSE MALLOW. (I. F. f. 
 2425.) Annual, pubescent with appressed hairs, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong 
 lanceolate, or linear-oblong, petioled, acute, finely dentate, 1.5-4 cm. long; flowers 
 yellow, 8-12 mm. broad, mostly solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, short- 
 peduncled; bractlets of the involucre linear, shorter than the ovate-triangular 
 pubescent acute calyx-lobes; petals about equalling the calyx; carpels 5, some- 
 what pubescent, reniform, 2-valved at maturity. In dry ground, Tenn. and 111. 
 to Iowa and Kans. Summer. 
 
 2. Malvastrum coccin:um (Pursh.) A. Gray. RED FALSE MALLOW. (I. F. 
 f. 2426.) Perennial, 1-2.5 dm. high, densely and silvery stellate-pubescent. Lower 
 leaves 2-5 cm. wide, ovate-orbicular, petioled, pedately 3-5 -parted; lobes cuneate 
 to linear, incised; flowers red, 12-18 mm. broad, in dense short terminal racemes; 
 bractlets commonly none; petals much longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; 
 carpels 10-15, rugose-reticulated, indehiscent, i-seeded (rarely 2-seeded). Prai- 
 ries, Manitoba to S. Dak., Neb., Tex., Br. Col. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 6. SI DA L. 
 
 Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Bractlets of 
 the involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , I- 
 ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels 
 indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used 
 by Theophrastus. ] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, 
 Asia, Africa and Australasia. Besides the following, some 17 others occur in the 
 southern U. S. 
 Leaves linear, ovate or oblong, toothed. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers 4-8 mm. broad. i. S. spinosa. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-oblong; flowers 12-25 mm broad. 2. S. Elliottii. 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed, or palmately veined. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so, tall; flowers in terminal panicles. 3. S. hermaphrodita. 
 
 Densely stellate cunescent; low; flowers axillary. 4. S. hederaceq. 
 
 I. Sida spinosa L. PRICKLY SIDA. (I. F. f. 2427.) Annual, finely pubes- 
 cent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, petioled, 
 truncate or cordate at the base, crenate-dentate; flowers axillary, short-peduncled, 
 yellow; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx-teeth triangular, acute; carp- 
 els 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks; stipules linear; petioles of the larger 
 
MALVACEAE. 621 
 
 leaves with a small spine-like tubercle at the base. In waste places, Me. to N. J., 
 Mich., Kans., Pla. and Tex., and in tropical Am. Summer. 
 
 2. Sida Elliottii T. & G. ELLIOTT'S SIDA. (I. F. f. 2428.) Perennial, gla- 
 brous or nearly so, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves short- pedoled, linear or linear oblong, 
 2-5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, mostly obtuse, serrate-dentate; peduncles often 
 longer than the petioles; flowers axillary, yellow; calyx-teeth broadly ovate, acute: 
 carpels 8-io, dehiscent at the apex, slightly and abruptly pointed. In dry Soil, 
 southern Va. to Fla., Mo. and Chihuahua. Summer. 
 
 3. Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. VIRGINIA MALLOW. (I. F. f. 2429.) 
 Perennial, 1-3 in. high. Leaves petioled, 7-15 cm. wide, ovate-orbicular, deeply 
 3-7-lobed or cleft, the lobes lanceolate or ovate, incised-dentate, acute or acumi- 
 nate; flowers white, I 5-2.5 cm. broad, numerous; pedicels, calyx, and petioles of 
 the upper leaves finely pubescent; calyx-lobes acute; carpels about 10, acute, 
 dehiscent at the top. Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Penn. to Ohio, Va. 
 and Tenn. Summer. \S. Napaea Cav.] 
 
 4. Sida hederucea Torr. ROUND-LEAVED SIDA. Perennial, low, decumbent. 
 Leaves reniform to broadly ovate, inequilateral, 1-5 cm. broad; flowers solitary or 
 
 tew in the axils; peduncles recurved in fruit; petals white to yellowish; calyx 
 5 angled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit short, conic, of 6-10 carpels. 
 In moist, often saline, soil, Kans. to Tex., Mex., Cal., Utah and Wash. 
 
 7. ABUTILON Gaertn. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-pubescent, 
 with cordate angular or lob^d leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels none. Calyx 
 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-00 , 3-9 ovuled. Style-branches the same number 
 as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, often rostrate, falling 
 away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform, the upper ascending, the lower 
 pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the celebrated Arabian physician Avi- 
 cenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 90 species, natives of warm and tropical 
 regions. In addition to the following, some 15 others inhabit the southern U. S. 
 
 I. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby. VELVET LEAF. INDIAN MALLOW. 
 (I. F. f. 2430.) Annual, stout, 1-2 m. Jiigh, densely velvety-pubescent. Leaves 
 long petioled, cordate, ovate-orbicular, 1-3 dm. wide, dentate, or nearly entire, 
 acuminate, the point blunt; flowers yellow, 1-2 cm. broad; peduncles shorter than 
 the petioles; head of fruit 2 cm. in diameter or more; carpels 12-15, pubescent, 
 dehiscent at the apex, each valve beaked by a slender awn. In waste places, fre- 
 quent or common throughout our area, except the extreme north. Nat. or adven- 
 tive from southern Asia. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 8. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Bractlets 3, distinct, or united at the base. Cavities of the 
 ovary 5-oo_, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches the same number as the ovary- cavities, 
 stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating 
 from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform. [Greek, globe-mallow. | About 30 
 species, natives of America and S. Africa. In addition to the following, about 
 14 others occur in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaves nearly orbicular, 5-7 lobed; flowers pink or white. i. S. acerifolia. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, crenulate; flowers red. 2. S. cuspidata. 
 
 1. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt. MAPLE LEAVED GLOBE-MALLOW. (I. F. f. 
 2431.) Perennial, erect, 6-18 dm. high, finely stellate-pubescent and scabrous. 
 Leaves palmately 5-7 -lobed or cleft, cordate, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, dentate, 
 acute; flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad, short pedicelled, clustered in the upper axils or in 
 terminal spike-like racemes ;bractlets of the involucels linear, shorter than the calyx; 
 calyx-lobes triangular, acute; carpels stellate-pubescent and hairy, not beaked. 
 Kankakee Co., 111.; Dak. to Nev. and Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 2. Sphaeralcea cuspidata (A. Gray.) Britton. SHARP-FRUITED GLOBE- 
 MALLOW. (I. F. f. 243 ia.) Perennial, densely stellate-canescent; stems leafy, 
 3-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, crenulate, the lower with petioles as long as the 
 blade, the others short-petioled, the larger 5-10 cm. long, sometimes hastately 
 lobed toward the .base, flowers 1-2 gm f trvac, clustered in the axils, short-pedi- 
 
622 FLORA. 
 
 celled; carpels i-3-seeded, cuspidate, the tip often deciduous, wrinkled on the 
 sides. Kans. to Tex., Colo., Ariz, and Mex. April- Aug. 
 
 9. MODIOLA Moench. 
 
 Prostrate or ascending herbs, with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and small 
 axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. 
 Cavities of the ovary oo , 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic at the summit; car- 
 pels 5-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves with awn-pointed 
 tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the likeness of the fruit to the small 
 Roman measure, modiolus.~\ A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Modiola Caroliniana (L.) Don. BRISTLY-FRUITED MALLOW. (I. F. f. 
 2432.) Annual or biennial, more or less pubescent; stems 1.5-5 dm. long. Leaves 
 nearly orbicular, 1-6 cm. wide, petioled, 3-5 -cleft, the lobes dentate or incised, 
 or sometimes simply dentate; flowers 6-10 mm. broad, red; peduncles at length 
 elongated; fruit depressed-orbicular. In low grounds, Va. to Fla., west to Tex. 
 and Cal., and in Cent, and S. Am. Summer. 
 
 10. KOSTELETZKYA Presl. 
 
 Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs or shrubs, with hastate or angular 
 leaves, and showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets several, linear. 
 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen column anther-bearing below for nearly its 
 entire length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities i-ovuled; style-branches of the same 
 number, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5 angled. Seeds 
 reniform, ascending. [Named in honor of V. F. Kosteletzky, a botanist of Bohe- 
 mia.] About 6 species, natives of warm and temperate America. In addition to 
 the following, 2 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Kosteletzky a Virginica (L.) A. Gray. VIRGINIA KOSTELETZKYA. 
 (I. F. f. 2433.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, somewhat stellate-pubescent and scabious. 
 Leaves ovate, or hastate, truncate or cordate at the base. 5-13 cm. long, unequally 
 dentate and often 3-lobecl below, acute, not velvety-pubescent; flowers pink, 3-6 cm. 
 broad, in loose terminal leafy panicles; bractlets 8 or 9, linear, shorter than the 
 lanceolate acute calyx-segments; carpels 5, hispid -pubescent. In salt or brackish 
 marshes, N. Y. to Fla. and La. A form approaching K. althaeifolia of the South- 
 ern States occurs in eastern Md. Aug. 
 
 ii. HIBISCUS L. (See Appendix ) 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobed 
 leaves, and showy, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets numerous, narrow. 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below along much 
 of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled; style branches 5. stig- 
 matic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reniform. [An ancient 
 name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About 180 species, widely 
 distributed. In addition to the following, about 14 others occur in the southern 
 and western U. S. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs. 
 
 Leaves white-pubescent beneath; seeds glabrous, or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves glabrate, or stellate-hairy above; bractlets not'ciliate. i. //. Moscheutos, 
 
 Leaves soft-hairy above; bractlets ciliate. 2. H. lasiocarpus. 
 
 Leaves glabrous on both sides ; seeds hairy. 3. H. militaris. 
 
 Low hairy annual of waste places. 4. H. Trionum. 
 
 Tall woody shrub, escaped from gardens. 5- H. Syrtacus. 
 
 i. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW. MALLOW ROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 2434.) Erect, 1-2.5 m. high, forming numerous cane-like stems. Leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, cordate or obtuse at the base, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, sometimes lobed at the middle, palmately veined, dentate 
 or crenate; flowers 1-2 dm. broad, pink, or white, sometimes with a crimson centre, 
 clustered on stout pedicels at the summits of the stems; peduncles often adnate to 
 the petioles; bractlets linear, not ciliate, shorter than the calyx; capsule ovoid, 
 2-3 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; seeds glabrous. In brackish 
 marshes, Mass, to Fla. and La., and on lake shores and in saline situations locally 
 in the interior to W, Ont. Aug-Sept, 
 
THEACEAE. 
 
 2. Hibiscus lasiocarpus Cav. HAIRY-FRUITED ROSE-MALLOW. (I. F. f. 
 2435.) Resembles the preceding. Leaves broadly ovate, dentate or 3~7-lobed, 
 mostly cordate or truncate at the base ; pubescence of the lower surface white and 
 densely stellate, that of the upper surface darker, with longer soft nearly simple 
 hairs; bractlets linear, equalling the calyx or shorter, ciliate; capsule ovoid, 
 densely and finely hairy; seeds nearly glabrous. In swamps, southern Ind. to 
 Mo., Fla. and Tex. Aug. 
 
 3. Hibiscus militaris Cav. HALBERD-LEAVED ROSE-MALLOW. SWEATING- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 2436.) Erect, 1-2 m. high, nearly glabrous. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. 
 long, ovate in outline, acute, or acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base, the 
 lower, or sometimes all, hastately lobed, the margins dentate-crenate; flowers pink 
 with a darker eye, 5-8 cm. long; peduncles jointed above the middle; bractlets 
 linear, slightly shorter than the calyx, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs; 
 fruiting calyx inflated; capsule ovoid, enclosed by the calyx, glabrous; seeds silky. 
 Along rivers, southern Penn. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Hibiscus Trionum L. BLADDER KETMIA. FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR. 
 (I. F. f. 2437.) Pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or orbicular in 
 outline, pedately 3-y-lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, dentate-crenate or 
 cleft; flowers pale yellow with a purple eye, 2.5-6 cm. broad, axillary; petals 
 tinged with purple on the outer edge ; bracts linear, ciliate, much shorter than the 
 membranous beautifully nerved hispid-pubescent 5-angled inflated calyx; capsule 
 globose-ovoid, hairy; seeds roughened with short processes. In waste places, N. 
 S. to Fla., S. Dak. and Kans. Adventive from southern Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 5. Hibiscus Syriacus L. SHRUBBY ALTHAEA. ROSE-OF-SHARON. (I. F. f. 
 2438.) A shrub 3-7 m. high. Leaves short-petioled. ovate, 5-13 cm. long, 3-5- 
 lobed or the upper merely dentate; flowers axillary, short- peduncled, pink or white 
 with a crimson centre. 5-10 cm. broad; bractlets linear; peduncles, bractlets and 
 calyx stellate-pubescent; capsule ovoid, nearly 2.5 cm. long. Escaped from culti- 
 vation, N. J. to Ga. Introduced from W. Asia. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Order 23. PARIETALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical types trees, the flowers mostly com- 
 plete, perfect and regular (irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or 
 more or less united, imbricated or convolute. Petals almost always 
 present and distinct. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary compound, 
 superior (inferior in Loasaceae) ; placentae mostly parietal. 
 
 Sepals distinct, mostly persistent. 
 Endosperm little or none. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers. 
 
 Fam. i. Theacsae. 
 Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves. 
 
 Leaves punctate or black-dotted, estipulate. Fam. 2. Hvpericaceae. 
 
 Leaves stipulate; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary 
 flowers. Fam. 3. Elatinaceae. 
 
 Endosperm copious. 
 
 Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous, ovulei or- 
 thotropous. Fam. 4. Cistaceae. 
 
 Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous ; stamens 5; ovules anatropous. 
 
 Fam, 5. Violaceae. 
 Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx. 
 
 A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx ; our species vines ; stamens 5 : ovary 
 free from the calyx. Fam. 6. Passifloraceae. 
 
 No crown ; our species herbs ; stamens numerous ; ovary adnate to the calyx. 
 
 Fam. 7. Loasaceae. 
 Family i. THEACEAE DC. 
 Tea Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate or rarely opposite mainly estipulate 
 leaves, and large, regular, mostly perfect flowers, Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7), 
 imbricated. -Calyx often 2-t>racted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9)! 
 
624 FLO FA. 
 
 hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens oo , numerous, hypogynous, 
 more or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled ; ovules 
 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3~5-celled generally woody capsule. 
 Endosperm little or none ; embryo large, with conduplicate cotyledons. 
 About 1 6 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous. I. Stuart ta. 
 
 Stamens 5-adelphous. 2. Gordonia. 
 
 i. STUARTIA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with deciduous membranous serrulate leaves, and large showy axillary 
 solitary flowers on short peduncles. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Pet- 
 als of the same number, obovate. Ovary 5 -celled; styles I or 5 ; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity, anatropous; capsule ovoid, 5 -celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Embryo 
 straight. Cotyledons oval, longer than the inferior radicle. [Named in honor of 
 John Stuart, Marquis oi Bute.] Six species, natives of N. Am. and Japan. 
 
 Style i, compound ; stigma 5-lobed ; seeds marginless ; capsule subglobose. 
 
 i. S. Malachodendron. 
 Styles 5, distinct; seeds wing-margined ; capsule ovoid, 5-angled. 2. S. pentagyna. 
 
 1. Stuartia Malachpdendron L. ROUND-FRUITED STUARTIA. (I. F. f. 
 2439.) A shrub, 2-4 m. high, the branches pubescent when young. Leaves oval, 
 acute or acuminate at each end, 5-8 cm. long, pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; 
 petioles 4-10 mm. long; flowers 7-10 cm. broad, solitary or occasionally in pairs ; 
 sepals ovate or orbicular, obtuse, silky-pubescent, united at the base; petals white, 
 minutely crenulate ; filaments purple ; anthers blue; capsule 12-16 mm. long, pu- 
 bescent. In woods, Va. to Fla., west to La. April-May. 
 
 2. Stuartia pentagyna L'Her. ANGLED-FRUITED OR MOUNTAIN STUARTIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2440.) A shrub resembling the preceding, Leaves oval, or ovate, larger, 
 1-1.5 - m ' I n 8 acuminate, pubescent beneath, mucronate-serrulate or rarely entire; 
 flowers solitary, 5-8 cm. broad; peduncles 6-14 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acutish, 
 hairy; petals cream color, crenulate; capsule acute, nearly 2 cm. long, densely 
 pubescent. In woods, mountains of Ky. and N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. June. 
 
 2. GORDONIA Ellis. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous evergreen leaves, and large white solitary 
 axillary flowers, often clustered at the ends of branches. Sepals 5, imbricated, 
 rounded, concave. Petals 5, imbricated, obovate. Stamens oo , 5-adelphous, each 
 cluster cohering with the base of a petal. Ovary i, 3-5 celled ; style i ; stigma 5- 
 rayed. Capsule woody, ovoid, 5-valved, the axis persistent. Seeds compressed, 
 with a short wing; cotyledons ovate, longitudinally plaited ; hypocotyl short, su- 
 perior. [Named for James Gordon, a London nurseryman.] About 1 6 species, 
 natives of E. N. Am., Mex. and E. Asia. 
 
 i. Gordonia Lasianthus L. LOBLOLLY BAY. TAN BAY. (I. F. f. 2441.) A 
 tree. Leaves lanceolate, or oblong, acute and involute at the base, nearly sessile, 
 7-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, serrulate, glabrous, shining ; peduncles ascending; 
 flowers 3-5 cm. broad; sepals orbicular, silky, ciliate; petals slightly pubescent 
 without; capsule ovoid conic, pointed, 12-16 mm. long, sometimes 6-valved. In 
 low woods, Va. to Fla. May-July. 
 
 Family 2. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. 
 St. Johns-wort Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with op- 
 posite, or rarely verticillate, simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or 
 dentate leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers. 
 Foliage pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. 
 Sepals 5 or 4, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous, gen- 
 erally oblique or contorted. Stamens co , hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or 
 r ; anthers versatile or innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 i-7-celled, composed of 1-7 carpels ; styles as many as the carpels ; ovules 
 
HY2*ERICACEAE. 62$ 
 
 oo , in 2 rows in each cavity, anatropoiis. Fruit mainly capsular with sep- 
 ticidal dehiscence ; seeds mainly straight ; endosperm none. About 10 
 genera and 280 species, mainly of temperate and warm regions. 
 
 Sepals 4, in unequal pairs; petals 4. i. Ascyrum. 
 Sepals and petals 5. 
 Petals yellow. 
 
 Leaves normal, not reduced to scales. 2. Hypericum. 
 
 Leaves reduced to minute appressed scales. 3. Sarothra. 
 
 Flowers pink or greenish purple. 4. Triadenum. 
 
 1. ASCYRUM L. 
 
 Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with the aspect otHypericum. Flowers bright yel- 
 low. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller 
 and narrower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo , 
 distinct, or united in clusters. Ovary i-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 
 2-4. Capsule i -celled, 2-4- valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.] 
 About 5 species, natives of eastern N. Am., the W. I. and Cent. Am. 
 Erect, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves clasping; styles 3 or 4. i. A. stans. 
 
 Diffusely branched, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves sessile; styles 2. 2. A. hypericoides. 
 
 1. Ascyrum stans Michx. ST. PETER'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2442.) Stems and 
 branches 2-edged or slightly winged; leaves erect or ascending, oval, or broadly 
 oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, obtuse, thick; cyme terminal, few-flowered; pedicels 8- 
 12 mm. long, 2-bracted below the middle; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; outer sepals 
 8-12 mm. long, cordate, the inner lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long; petals obovate, longer 
 than the sepals; capsule ovoid, about 6 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, L. I. to 
 eastern Penn., Fla., Tenn. and Tex. July- Aug. 
 
 2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. (I. F. 2443.) Stems 
 and branches flattened and 2-edged; leaves oblong or obovate, sessile, narrowed 
 and 2-glandular at the base, 1-4 cm. long, thin, obtuse; flowers terminal or also 
 axillary; pedicels 2-6 mm. long, 2-bracted near the summit; flowers 12-18 mm., 
 broad; outer sepals oval or ovate, sometimes cordate, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, the 
 inner narrower and mainly shorter; petals oblong-linear, about equalling the outer 
 sepals; styles 2; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. long. In dry sandy soil, Mass, to 
 Fla., III., Kans. and Tex. July-Aug. [A. Crux-Andreae L.] 
 
 2. HYPERICUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with opposite punctate or black-dotted leaves, and mostly 
 cymose yellow flowers. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so. Petals 5, mainly oblique or 
 contorted, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens oo , distinct, or more or 
 less united in clusters, sometimes with interposed hypogynous glands. Ovary 
 i -celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae which sometimes project far into the cavity, 
 or 3-5- celled (rarely 6-celled); ovules oo , generally numerous; styles 3-6. Capsule 
 i-5-celled (rarely 6-celled). [The Greek name.] About 210 species, of wide 
 geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 12 others occur in the southern 
 and western United States and British America. 
 
 * Styles 5 ; large perennials ; pods 5-celled. 
 
 Flowers 2-5 cm. broad; pods 1.8-2 cm. long. i. H. Ascyron. 
 
 Flowers 1-2.5 cm. broad; pods 6-12 mm. long. 2. H. Kalmianum. 
 
 * * Styles 3 (rarely 4). 
 f Tall leafy shrubs ; pods 3-celled. 
 
 Flowers 12-16 mm. broad ; pods 8-12 mm, long. 3. H. prolificum. 
 
 Flowers 8-12 mm. broad; pods 4-6 mm. long. 4. H. densiflorum. 
 
 \ f Herbaceous, sometimes woody at the base. 
 \ Stamens numerous (15-40) ; flowers 6-25 mm. broad. 
 Capsules i-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled. 
 
 Capsules incompletely 3-4 celled by the projecting placentas. 
 
 Leaves linear, 2-4 mm. wide. 5. H. galioides. 
 
 Leaves oblong, 6-10 mm. wide. 6. H. adpressum, 
 
 Capsules strictly i-celled ; placentae parietal. 
 
 Styles united into a beak, separate above; stigmas minute, 
 
626 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-oblong ; seeds transversely rugose. 
 
 Nearly simple, erect; pod globose. 7. H. spkaerocarpunt. 
 
 Branched, decumbent ; pod 3-sided. 8. H. dolabriforme. 
 
 Leaves elliptic; seeds minutely pitted and striate. 9. H. elltpticum. 
 Styles separate; stigmas capitate ; cyme naked. 10. H. virgatum. 
 
 Capsules completely 3-celled; styles separate. 
 
 Leaves linear or oblong; sepals lanceolate. n. //. perforatum. 
 
 Leaves broadly oblong, oval or ovate-lanceolate. 
 Sepals ovate. 
 
 Petals 4-6 mm. long. 12. H. maculatttm. 
 
 Petals 15-20 mm. long. 13. H. pseudomaculatum. 
 
 Sepals lanceolate; petals 10-14 mm. long. 14. H, graveolens. 
 
 \ \ Stamens few (5-12); flowers 1-6 mm. broad. 
 Leaves spreading or ascending, 3~7-nerved. 
 
 Cyme leafy-bracted. 15. //. boreale. 
 
 Cymes subulate-bracted. 
 
 Leaves ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, s-y-nerved. 
 
 Leaves ovate, oval or oblong; capsule 2-5 mm. long. 
 
 Leaves obtuse; sepals linear-oblong, acutish or obtuse. 
 
 16. H. mutihim. 
 Leaves acute, or only the lower obtuse; sepals long-acuminate. 
 
 17. //. gymnanthum. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; capsule 8-10 mm. long. 
 
 1 8. H. ma jus. 
 Leaves linear, obtuse, 3-nerved. 19. H. Canadense. 
 
 Leaves linear, erect, i-nerved. 20. H. Drummondii. 
 
 1. Hypericum Ascyron L. GREAT OR GIANT ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2444.) Perennial, 6-18 dm. high, the branches angled. Leaves sessile, clasping, 
 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long; cymes terminal, few-flowered; 
 flowers bright yellow; pedicels 1-5 cm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. 
 long, acute; petals obovate or oblanceolate; styles united below; stamens nume- 
 rous, united in 5 sets; capsule ovoid, 5-celled. Banks of streams, Quebec and Vt. 
 to Manitoba, Conn., N. J., 111. and Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Hypericum Kalmianum L. KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2445.) 
 Shrubby, 3-6 dm. high, leafy; branches 4-angled ; twigs flattened and 2-edged. 
 Leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, sessile, or narrowed into a short petiole, 
 obtuse, 26 cm. long, more or less glaucous beneath, generally with smaller ones 
 clustered in the axils; cymes terminal, few flowered; pedicels 4-20 mm. long; 
 sepals foliaceous, oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long; stamens very numerous, distinct; 
 styles 5 (4-6), united below; capsule ovoid, 6 mm. long, 5 (4-6-) celled. Ont. and 
 western N. Y. to 111., Wis. and Mich. Aug. 
 
 3. Hypericum prolificum L. SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S WORT. (I. F. f. 2446.) 
 Shrubby, 3-9 dm. high; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves linear-oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, narrowed at the base, or tapering into a short petiole, obtuse, often mucronu- 
 late, pale beneath, 2-8 cm. long, with tufts of smaller ones in the axils; cymes 
 terminal and sometimes also axillary; pedicels 12 mm. long or less; stamens 
 numerous, distinct; capsules 3-celled. Sandy or rocky soil, N. J. to Ky. and Ga. 
 July -Sept. 
 
 4. Hypericum densiflorum Pursh. BUSHY OR DENSE FLOWERED ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2447.) Erect, 1-2 dm. high, shrubby; branchlets 2-edged. Leaves 
 crowded, 2-5 cm. long, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes densely 
 many-flowered, mainly terminal; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; sepals narrow, not foli- 
 aceous; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule 3-celled. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Pla., 
 Tenn., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Hypericum galioides Lam. BED-STRAW ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2448.) Perennial, somewhat woody, 3-8 dm. high, the branches nearly terete. 
 Leaves linear, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, with smaller ones clustered in their 
 axils, obtusish, thick, spreading, narrowed below, 1-5 cm. long, involute in dry- 
 ing; flowers short-pedicelled, 6-io mm. broad; sepals resembling the uppermost 
 leaves; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule 4-6 mm. long. In low grounds, Del. 
 to Fla., Tenn. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Hypericum adpressum Bart. CREEPING ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2449.) Stems nearly simple, 3-6 dm. high, 2-edged above. Leaves oblong or 
 
H YP ERICA CEA E. 62 J 
 
 lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, ascending, often with smaller ones fascicled in 
 the axils; cyme terminal, several-flowered; pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers 
 12-18 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule 
 about 4 mm. long. IP low grounds, Mass, to Ga., La., Mo. and Ark. July- Aug. 
 
 7. Hypericum sp laerocarpum Michx. ROUND-PODDED ST. JOHN'S-WORT. 
 (I. F. f. 2450.) Stems 4-angled, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 
 obtuse, 3-8 cm. long, often with smaller ones in the axils; cymes terminal; flowers 
 sessile or nearly so, 10-16 mm. broad; stamens numerous, distinct; capsule i-celled, 
 4-5 mm. long; seeds larger than in related species, rough-pitted. On rocky banks, 
 Ohio to Iowa, Ala., Kans. and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. STRAGGLING ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2451.) Straggling, 1.5-5 dm. high; branchlets slightly angled. Leaves linear or 
 linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long, with smaller ones clustered in the axils; cymes 
 terminal, leafy; pedicels about I mm. long; flowers 2-2.5 cm - broad; sepals foliaceous, 
 lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, nearly or quite as long as the oblique 
 pointed petals; stamens distinct; styles united below; capsule 6-8 mm. long. On 
 dry hills, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. ELLIPTIC-LEAVED OR PALE ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2452.) Herbaceous, perennial; stem somewhat 4-angled, 2-5 dm. 
 high. Leaves thin, spreading, elliptic or oval, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base 
 or partly clasping, 1.5-3 cm. long; cymes terminal, few-flowered, bracted; flowers 
 pale yellow, nearly sessile, 1-1.5 cm. broad; sepals oblong or oblanceolate, slightly 
 shorter than the petals: styles united below; capsule ovoid-globose, about 4 mm. 
 long; sepals and petals sometimes 4. In swamps and along streams, N. S. to 
 Manitoba, Conn., N. J., Penn. and Minn. July-Aug. 
 
 10. Hypericum virgatum Lam. VIRGATE OR COPPER COLORED ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2453.) Herbaceous, 3-7 dm. high, the stem and branches 
 4-angled. Lower leaves ascending or erect, oblong lanceolate, acute or obtusish, 
 1.5-3 cm - l n g. sessile; cyme terminal, compound, bracted; pedicels 1-4 mm. long; 
 flowers numerous, copper-yellow, 8-12 mm. broad; sepals foliaceous, ovate or 
 lanceolate, keeled; styles distinct; stigmas capitate; capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long, 
 enclosed by the sepals. In low grounds, Del. to 111. and Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 Hypericum virg&tum ovalifolium Britton. Leaves oval or broadly elliptic, erect, 
 appressed, very obtuse. Pine-barrens of N. J. 
 
 11. Hypericum perforatum L. COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2454.) 
 Perennial, herbaceous, 3-7 dm. high. Stems erect, with numerous barren shoots 
 at base; leaves sessile, oblong or linear, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, more or less black- 
 dotted; cymes terminal; flowers bright yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; sepals acute, 
 shorter than the copiously black-dotted petals; stamens united at their bases into 3 
 sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, glandular. In fields and waste 
 places, common throughout our area except the extreme north, and in the Southern 
 States. Na , from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 12. Hypericum maculatum Walt. SPOTTED ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2455.) Herbaceous, perennial, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, ob- 
 long or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, copiously black-dotted; cymes ter- 
 minal, many-flowered; pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers crowded. 8-14 mm. 
 broad; sepals ovate, acute, shorter than the conspicuously black- dotted petals; 
 stamens in 3 or 5 sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 4-6 mm. long. In moist soil, Me. 
 and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 "lypericum maculatum subpetiolktum Bicknell. Leaves short-petioled, mostly 
 narrowed at the base. Me. to Ga. and Ky. 
 
 13. Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush. LARGE SPOTTED ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. Similar to the preceding, but the flowers much larger, the petals 15-20 
 mm. long. Mo. 
 
 14. Hypericum graveolens Buckley. MOUNTAIN ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2456.) Herbaceous, perennial. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaves oval, ovate or elliptic- 
 oblong, sessile or clasping, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, sparingly black-dotted; cymes 
 terminal; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; flowers 2.5 cm. in breadth or more ; sepals lanceo- 
 late, acute, much shorter than .the sparingly dotted or dotless petals; stamens united 
 
628 FLORA. 
 
 in sets; styles 3; capsule ovoid, somewhat 3-lobed, 8-12 mm. long. Mountains of 
 Va., Tenn. and N. Car. June- Sept. 
 
 15. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. NORTHERN ST. JOHN'S-WORT. 
 (I. F. f. 2457.) Annual, or sometimes stoloniferous, 3-45 cm. high. Leaves 
 elliptic, oval, oblong, or linear-oblong, 6-32 mm. long, sessile or slightly clasping, 
 obtuse, mostly 3-nerved, those of the lower part of the stem commonly much 
 smaller; cymes leafy -bracted; flowers about 5 mm. broad; sepals obtuse; capsule 
 oblong, obtuse or obtusish, apiculate, 45 mm. long, purple, cross-wrinkled, 
 longer than the sepals; seeds 3-5 times as long as wide, pale, longitudinally fur- 
 rowed and finely cross-lined. Wet soil, Newf. to Vt., N. J. and Penn. July- Sept. 
 
 1 6. Hypericum mutilum L. DWARF OR SMALL-FLOWERED ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2458.) Annual, generally tufted, 1.5-8 dm. high. Branchlets 
 4 angled; leaves oblong or ovate, sessile, clasping, obtuse, 8-32 mm. long, 5 -nerved 
 at the base; cymes many-flowered, s-ubulate-bracted; pedicels 2-12 mm. long; flow- 
 ers 1-4 mm. broad, light orange-yellow; sepals foliaceous, linear, lanceolate, or 
 oblanceolate; stamens 5-12; styles 3; capsule ovoid, pointed. 2-4 mm. long, some- 
 what longer than the sepals. In low grounds, N. S. to Man., Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
 July- Sept. 
 
 17. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray. CLASPING- LEAVED ST. 
 JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2459.) Annual, erect, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, or 
 the lower oval, cordate-clasping, often distant, 8-20 mm. long, acute, or the lower 
 obtuse, 3-7- nerved at the base; cymes terminal, loose, subulate-bracted ; flowers 
 numerous, 2-4 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, generally somewhat shorter than the 
 ovoid capsule; styles 3; stamens 10-12; capsule about 4 mm. long. In low 
 grounds, N. J. and Del. to Minn., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 1 8. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton. LARGER CANADIAN ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2460.) Annual, erect, 3-9 dm. high, the branches nearly upright. 
 Leaves lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, 26 cm. 
 long, 5-7-nerved; flowers 6 10 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; styles 3; 
 capsule narrowly conic, acute, longer than the sepals; seeds minute, cross lined 
 and faintly longitudinally striate. In moist soil, Me. to Mich., N. J. and Neb. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 19. Hypericum Canadense L. CANADIAN ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2461.) 
 Annual, 1.5-5 dm. high- Branches angular; leaves linear, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, 
 tapering to the base, 3-nerved; flowers 4-6 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute ; 
 stamens 5-10; styles 3; capsule narrowly conic, acute, 4-8 mm. long, longer than 
 the sepals; seeds striate. In wet sandy soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky., and Wis. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 20. Hypericum Drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. DRUMMOND'S Sr. 
 JOHN'S-WORT. (I. F. f. 2462.) Annual, bushy-branched, 2.5-8 dm. high, rigid. 
 Leaves linear-subulate, 825 mm. long, erect or narrowly ascending, i mm. wide, 
 l-nerved; flowers scattered along the upper part of leafy branches, 4 mm. broad; 
 sepals lance-linear, longer than the petals; stamens IO-2O; styles 3; capsule ovoid, 
 4 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the sepals; seeds large, rugose. In dry soil, 
 Va. to Ga., 111., Iowa, Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 3. SAROTHRA L. 
 
 A low annual much-branched herb, the opposite leaves reduced to subulate 
 scales, the mostly opposite branches erect-ascending, the very small yellow flowers 
 alternate, very short-pedicelled or sessile along them in the axils of still smaller 
 scales. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10. Styles 3, separate. Capsule 
 elongated-conic, i-celled, much longer than the sepals; seeds minutely striate and 
 pitted. [Greek, a broom.] A monotypic genus of E. N. Am. 
 
 i. Sarothra gentianoides L. ORANGE-GRASS. PINE-WEED. (I. F. f. 2463.) 
 Erect, 1-5 dm. high. Branches filiform, erect, wiry; leaves about 2 mm. long, ap- 
 pressed; flowers nearly sessile, 2-3 mm. long, open in sunlight; sepals linear, about 
 equalling the petals and much shorter than the acute purple pod; seeds very small. 
 In sandy soil, Me. to Fla.. Qnt, Minn., Mo, and Tex. June-Oct. 
 
ELAT1NACEAR. 629 
 
 4. TRIADENUM Raf. [ELODEA Pursh.] 
 
 Perennial marsh herbs, with entire oblong oval or ovate leaves, and pink or 
 greenish purple flowers in terminal cymes, or also axillary. Calyx of 5 equal per- 
 sistent sepals. Petals 5, not contorted. Stamens 9, or sometimes more, in 3 sets, 
 the sets alternating with 3 large hypogynous glands. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3. 
 Capsule oblong-conic, much longer than the sepals. [Greek, three glands.] Two 
 species, natives of E. N. Am. 
 
 Leaves sessile; flower-clusters peduncled. i. T. Virgtntcum. 
 
 Leaves short-petioled ; flower-clusters nearly sessile. 2. T. petiolatum. 
 
 1. Triadenum Virginicum (L.) Raf. MARSH ST. JOHN'S WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2464.) Nearly simple, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves sessile or cordate -clamping, ovate or 
 oblong, 2-6 cm. long, very obtuse, sometimes emarginate, glaucous beneath, black- 
 dotted; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, in leafy clusters; sepals acute, shorter than the 
 straight petals; stamens 9 or more, united in 3 sets; styles 3, distinct; capsule ob- 
 long, 8-10 mm. long, acute, red-purple. In swamps, Lab. to Fla., Man., Neb. and 
 La. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. LARGER MARSH ST. JOHN'S- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 2465.) Similar to the preceding, but often more branched and 
 taller; leaves generally longer, petioled, or the upper sessile, not clasping, pale 
 beneath; flower-clusters sessile or very short peduncled. In swamps, N: J. and 
 Md. to Fla., Ark. and La. July- Aug. 
 
 Family 3. ELATINACEAE Lindl. 
 Water-wort Family. 
 
 Low herbs, sometimes woody in tropical regions, with opposite or 
 verticillate stipulate leaves, and small axillary regular perfect flowers. 
 Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals the same number, hypogynous. Stamens 
 the same number or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, stig- 
 matic at the apex ; ovules oo , anatropous. Capsule with septicidal dehis- 
 cence. Placentae central. Seed- coat crustaceous, rugose or ribbed. 
 About 25 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers 2-4-merous; glabrous aquatic or creeping herbs. i. Elatine. 
 
 Flowers mainly 5-merous; pubescent ascending or diffuse herbs. 2. Bergta. 
 
 i. ELATINE L. 
 
 Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs, with minute mainly soli- 
 tary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, membranous, not ribbed. Styles or stigmas 
 2-4. Pod membranous, globose, 2-4-valved. Seeds oo , straight, or slightly curved, 
 striate longitudinally and transversely. [Greek, fir-like, with reference to the leaves.] 
 About 9 species, of temperate and warm regions. In addition to the following, 
 another occurs in Cal. 
 
 Petals and stamens 2 ; seeds distinctly sculptured. 
 
 Leaves obovate ; seeds with 9-10 longitudinal and 20-30 transverse striae. 
 
 1. E. Americana. 
 Leaves oblong or oval ; seeds with 6-7 longitudinal and 10-12 transverse striae. 
 
 2. E. brachysperma. 
 Petals and stamens mostly 3 ; seeds little sculptured. 3. E. triandra. 
 
 1. Elatine Americana (Pursh) Arn. WATER-WORT. MUD-PURSLANE. (I. F. 
 f. 2466.) Tufted, aquatic or terrestrial, 1-4 cm. long. Leaves obtuse, 2-6 mm. 
 long, 2 mm. wide or less; flowers sessile, minute, rarely opening in the submerged 
 forms; sepals, petals, stamens and stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in the terrestrial forms); 
 capsule globose, nearly I mm. in diameter; seeds 0.5-1 mm. long, slightly curved. 
 Margins of ponds and slow streams, Me. and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. Also in 
 Colo, and Ore. Summer. 
 
 2. Elatine brachysperma A. Gray. SHORT-SEEDED WATER-WORT. (I. F. f. 
 2467.) Terrestrial or sometimes submerged, spreading, tufted, 2-5 cm. long. 
 Leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 4-6 mm. long, about 
 
630 FLORA. 
 
 2 mm. wide, obtuse; flowers sessile, minute; capsule nearly as in the preceding; 
 seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about 0.5 mm. long. Margins of ponds, 111. 
 and Cal. Summer. 
 
 3. Elatine triandra Schk. LONG STEMMED WATER-WORT. (I. F. f. 2468.) 
 Flaccid, tufted, immersed or creeping; stems 5-10 cm. long. Leaves oblong or 
 oblanceolate, very thin, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, narrowed at the base; flowers 
 minute, sessile; sepals commonly 2; petals, stamens and stigmas 3; seeds slightly 
 curved, about the size of those of E. Americana. Ponds, 111., S. Dak. and Neb. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. BERGIA L. 
 
 Herbs, or .somewhat shrubby plants, more or less pubescent, with opposite 
 leaves and small lowers. Parts of the flower in5's (very rarely in 4's or 3's). Pod 
 crustareous, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, striate longitudinally and transversely. 
 [In honor of Dr. P. J. Bergius, 1723-1790, professor of Natural History in Stock- 
 holm.] About 15 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 
 
 i. Bergia Texana (Hook.) Seub. TEXAS BERGIA. (I. F. f. 2469.) Pros- 
 trate or ascending, diffusely branched; stems 1.5-2.5 dm. long. Leaves spatulate 
 or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, serrate, narrowed into a short petiole; stipules about 
 2 mm. long, ciliate-serrulate; flowers short- peduncled, about 3 mm. broad, solitary 
 or 2 -3 together in the axils; sepals ovate, acuminate, denticulate, slightly longer 
 than the obtuse petals; capsule globose, 2 mm. in diameter, its dehiscence septi- 
 fragal; seeds oblong, striate longitudinally and cross-barred. Southern 111. to Tex., 
 Nev. and Cal. Summer. 
 
 Family 4. CISTACEAE Lindl. 
 Rock-rose Family. 
 
 Shrubs or low woody herbs, with simple leaves, and solitary racemose 
 or paniculate flowers. Flowers regular, generally perfect. Sepals 3-5, 
 persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior ones smaller, the 3 inner convolute. 
 Petals 5 or 3, or wanting, fugacious or persistent. Stamens oo , hypogy- 
 nous. Ovary i, sessile, I -several-celled ; ovules orthotropous, stalked ; 
 stvle simple. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Seeds several or numerous ; 
 embryo slender; endosperm starchy or fleshy. Four genera and about 
 1 60 species, all but i or 2 natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Petals 5, yellow, fugacious, or wanting. 
 
 Leaves broad, lanceolate or oblong. i. HeliantJiemum. 
 
 Leaves subulate or scale-like, imbricated ; style long. 2. Hudsonia. 
 
 Petals 3, not yellow, persistent; flowers minute; style none. 3. Lechea. 
 
 i. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. 
 
 Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching, mostly with showy yel- 
 low flowers, and sometimes (in the following species) with other smaller apetalous 
 ones. Petals in the larger flowers large, fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placenta 
 or false septa 3. Ovules few or oo ; style jointed with the ovary; stigma capitate 
 or 3-lobed. Embryo curved. [Greek, sun-flower.] About 125 species, of wide 
 distribution. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the Southern States 
 and on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Petaliferous flowers solitary, few or several: apetalous flowers in axillary sessile clusters. 
 Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in a short terminal cymose raceme, their capsules 3-4 mm. 
 long, little, if at all, overtopped by the short later axillary branches; capsules of 
 the apetalous flowers about i mm. in diameter. i. H. majus. 
 
 Petaliferous flowers solitary, rarely 2, their capsules 6-8 mm. long, much overtopped 
 by the later elongated axillary branches ; capsules of the apetalous flowers nearly 
 4 mm. in diameter. 2. //. Canadense. 
 
 Flowers all cymose at the summit of the stem, the petaliferous ones slender-pedicelled. 
 
 3. //. corymbosum. 
 
 i. Helianthemum majus (L.) B.S.P. HOARY FROSTWEED. (I. F. f. 2470.) 
 Hoary-canescent, erect, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 
 
CISTACEAE. 631 
 
 1.5-3.5 cm. long, stellate-canescent beneath, darker above, short- petioled; petalif- 
 erous flowers 5-12 in a terminal cymose raceme, their corollas 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, 
 light yellow, their sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner, 
 their capsules ovoid; apetalous flowers appearing later, minute, clustered, nearly 
 sessile; seeds evenly reticulated. In dry soil, N. S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. Car. 
 and Tex. June-July. 
 
 2. Helianthemum Canadense (L.) Michx. FROST- WORT. (I. F. f. 2471.) 
 Puberulent canescent, erect, ascending, or sometimes diffuse, 0.7-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 13 cm. long, rough 
 and dark green above, paler and canescent beneath, the margins commonly revo- 
 lute in drying; petaliferous flowers solitary, or rarely 2, bright yellow, 2-3 cm. 
 broad, their sepals pilose, the outer shorter than the irner, their capsules ovoid or 
 obovoid, rounded above. In dry rocky or sandy soil, Me. to Ont., Wis., N. Car. 
 and Ky. Petaliferous flowers May-July. 
 
 3. Helianthemum corymbosum Michx. PINE-BARREN FROSTWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2472.) Erect, 1.5-3 dm. high, densely canescent. Leaves oblong, or the lowest 
 obovate, 2-3 cm. long, entire, slightly revolute in drying, pale beneath, dark green 
 above, short-petioled ; flowers in nearly naked, fastigiate cymes, the petaliferous 
 1-2 cm. broad, on pedicels 12-16 mm. long^ apetalous flowers clustered, nearly 
 sessile; calyx of both kinds woolly-pubescent; outer sepals about equalling the 
 inner; capsules of the larger flowers 4-6 mm. broad, many-seeded; those of the 
 apetalous ones smaller, few-seeded. In sandy soil, Va. (?), N. Car. to Fla. and La. 
 
 2. HUDSONIA L. 
 
 Low diffusely branched shrubs, with small subulate or scale like, imbricated 
 leaves, and numerous yellow flowers terminating short branches. Petals 5, obovate- 
 oblong. Stamens oo . Style filiform, continuous with the ovary; placentae 3; 
 stigma minute. Capsule 3-valved, included in the calyx. Seeds few; embryo 
 slender, spirally curved. [Named for Wm. Hudson, 1730-1793, an English bota- 
 nist.] A genus of 3 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Flowers slender-pedicelled ; leaves subulate. i. //. ericoides. 
 
 Flowers nearly sessile ; leaves scale-like. 2. //. tomentosa. 
 
 1. Hudsonia ericoides L. HEATH-LIKE HUDSONIA. (I. F. f. 2473.) Bushy- 
 branched, greenish, softly- pubescent, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves subulate, 6-8 mm. 
 long, densely imbricated on the younger branches, more scattered on the older 
 ones; pedicels 10-16 mm. long; flowers about 8 mm. broad; sepals acutish; 
 stamens 12-18; capsule oblong, slightly pubescent; seeds about 3. In dry sandy 
 soil, N. S. to Vt. and Va. May -June. 
 
 2. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. WOOLLY HUDSONIA. FALSE HEATHER. 
 BEACH HEATHER. (I. F. f. 2474.) Densely tufted and intricately branched, 
 hoary-pubescent, pale, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves 2 mm. long, oval or oblong, imbri- 
 cated and appressed ; flowers sessile, or on pedicels less than 2 mm. long, slightly 
 smaller than those of the preceding; sepals obtuse; stamens 9-18; capsule ovoid, 
 glabrous, usually i-seeded. Mostly in sands of the seashore and in pine-barrens, 
 Va. to N. H., N. B., and on lake and river shores west to Slave Lake and the Lake 
 of the Woods. May-July. 
 
 3. LECHEA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, often woody at the base, with small entire leaves and minute 
 panicled greenish or purplish flowers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and narrower. 
 Petals 3, ovate to linear, inconspicuous, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, 
 nearly sessile, laciniate. Capsule 3-valved, 3- celled, or by obliteration of the dis- 
 sepiments i-celled, about 6-seeded. Embryo curved or spiral. [Named for Johan 
 Leche, a Swedish botanist, died 1764.] About of 14 species, n natives of eastern 
 N. Am., i Texan,. I Cuban and I Mexican. The characteristic basal shoots appear 
 late in the season. 
 
 Leaves of the basal shoots oblong to ovate, not more than 3 times as long as broad. 
 Outer sepajs longer than the inner; panicle very leafy. i. L. minor. 
 
 Outer sepals equalling or shorter than the inner. 
 
 Pod oblong; pedicels slender, 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemulosa. 
 
 Pod globose; pedicels about i mm. long. 
 
632 FLORA. 
 
 Erect, villous-pubescent. 3. L. villosa. 
 
 Ascending, bushy-branched, tomentose-canescent. 4. L. marititna. 
 Leaves of the basal shoots lanceolate or linear, usually more than 3 times as long 
 as broad. 
 
 Stem-leaves narrowly linear; inner sepals i-nerved. 5. L. tenuifolia. 
 
 Stem-leaves oblong-linear; inner sepals 3-nerved. 
 Plants green, more or less pubescent. 
 
 Pod oblong to ovoid, 2 mm. long; panicle dense; flowers secund, short- 
 pedicelled. 6. L. moniliformis. 
 Pod obovoid, i mm. in diameter ; panicle loose, the branches ascending or 
 
 spreading ; flowers short-pedicelled. 7. L. Leggettii. 
 
 Pod globose, about 2 mm. in diameter; panicle-branches nearly erect, loosely 
 
 flowered ; flowers slender-pedicelled. 8. L. intermedia. 
 
 Pod oval, about i mm. in diameter; panicle-branches erect-ascending, 
 
 densely flowered ; flowers short-pedicelled. 9. L. juniperina. 
 
 Plant pale, canescent; pod globose, i mm. in diameter. 10. L. stricta. 
 
 1. Lechea minor L. THYME-LEAVED PIN-WEED. (L F. f. 2475.) Pubes- 
 cent with appressed hairs, 1.5-5 dm. Branches erect or ascending; stem-leaves 
 oval or oblong, 8-14 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, ciliate; petioles 2 mm. long; leaves 
 of the basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; flowers 
 close together, somewhat secund; outer sepals longer than the obovoid or globose 
 pod. In dry open grounds, eastern Mass, to Mich., Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Lechea racemulosa Michx. OBLONG-FRUITED PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 2476.) Pubescent with appressed hairs, 1.5-5 dm. high. Branches divergent 
 or ascending; leaves of the stem oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, 
 8-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; leaves of the basal shoots oval or oblong, 4-8 mm. 
 long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; flowers on divergent pedicels 2-4 mm. long; pod 
 oblong or ellipsoid. In dry sandy and rocky soil, E. Mass. (?); L. I. to Ind., Fla. 
 and Tenn. July -Aug. 
 
 3. Lechea villosa Ell. LARGE OR HAIRY PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2477.) Vil- 
 lous-pubescent, 3-8 dm. high, leafy. Branches ascending; leaves of the stem ob- 
 long-elliptic, obtuse, but pointed, 16-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; leaves of the 
 basal shoots oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, 46 mm. wide; branches of the 
 panicle ascending, the ultimate branchlets often recurved; flowers more or less 
 secund-scorpioid, close together; outer sepals about equalling the inner; pod de- 
 pressed-globose, I mm. in diameter. In dry soil, Mass, and Vt. to southern Ont., 
 Neb., Fla. and Tex. July- Aug. 
 
 4. Lechea maritima Leggett. BEACH PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2478.) Densely 
 tufted, branching from the base, stout, rigid, 1.5-3 dm. high, tomentose-canescent 
 with whitish hairs; leaves of the stem linear or linear-oblong, 8-20 mm. long, 2-4 
 mm. wide; leaves of the basal shoots oblong or ovate-oblong, mainly acute, 6-8 
 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, densely canescent; outer sepals shorter than the inner; 
 pod globose, I mm. in diameter. Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine-barrens, 
 Me. to Ga. Also at the Crawford Notch, White Mts., N. H. 
 
 5. Lechea tenuifolia Michx. NARROW-LEAVED PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2479.) 
 Densely tufted; stems slender, 1.2-5 dm. high? divaricately branched above, mi- 
 nutely strigose-pubescent. Branches slender; leaves of the stem narrowly linear, 
 or sometimes nearly filiform, 4-14 mm. long, I mm. wide or less, acute, sessile, or 
 very nearly so; leaves of the basal shoots linear, sessile, 6-8 mm. long, about I mm. 
 wide; pedicels 2 mm. long; flowers more or less secund, bracted by the upper 
 leaves; outer sepals equalling or exceeding the inner; pod globose-oval, I mm. in 
 diameter, or slightly more. In dry open places, eastern Mass, to Wis., Neb., 
 Fla. and Tex. July-Aug. 
 
 6 Lechea moniliformis Bicknell, n. sp. NECKLACE-LIKE PIN-WEED. Simi- 
 lar to L. Leggettii but with denser and more leafy and floriferous panicle of shorter 
 branches and longer flowering branchlets; inflorescence more secund, the larger 
 and more oblong fruiting calyx purplish ; stem very pliant except when old, green, 
 becoming purple and shining, glabrate below; leaves linear to oblong- linear, 
 becoming 3.5 cm. long, often subfalcate, acute, tapering into a petiole 1-2 mm. 
 long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm - l n g> appressed ; fruiting calyx 2-2.5 mm ' l n g w ^h 
 shorter outer sepals, 1.5 mm. broad ; capsule often exserted, substipitate. Nan- 
 tucket Island, Mass., borders of salt marshes and low thickets. 
 
V 10 LACE A E. 633 
 
 7. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. LEGGETT'S PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2480.) 
 Erect, rather slender, strigose-pubescent, 2-5 dm. high. Branches slender; leaves 
 of the stem linear or linear-oblong, 10-25 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, sessile or nearly 
 so; leaves of the basal shoots oblong -linear, 4-6 mm. long, I mm. wide, acute; 
 panicle open; inflorescence somewhat secund; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; outer sepals 
 nearly equalling the inner. In open places, Mass, to Ind. and N. Car. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Lechea intermedia Leggett. LARGE-PODDED PIN- WEED. (I. F. f. 2481.) 
 Erect, 2-6 dm. high, sparingly stribose-pubescent. Branches erect or nearly so, 
 short; leaves of the stem oblong-linear. 12-28 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, acute, 
 nearly sessile; leaves of the basal shoots oblong- linear, shorter; pedicels 2-4 mm. 
 long; outer sepals about equalling the inner; capsule subglobose or depressed- 
 globose, about 2 mm. in diameter. In dry open places, Penri. and N. J. to N. B., 
 northern N. Y. and Ont. July-Aug. 
 
 9. Lechea juniperina Bicknell. MAINE PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2482.) Tufted, 
 1-5 dm. high, finely hoary to canescent. Branches short, ascending or erect, leafy, 
 forming a dense narrow panicle; stem-leaves ascending or appressed, glabrous, ex- 
 cept the midrib and margins, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, 2-4 
 mm. wide; flowers crowded; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; fruiting calyx ovoid-ellipsoid, 
 1.5 mm. long; inner sepals elliptic, nerveless or faintly 3-nerved, often deep purple, 
 the outer shorter, bright green; leaves of basal shoots oblong or elliptic, 4-6 mm. 
 long. Me., N. H. and N. S. Aug. 
 
 10. Lechea stricta Leggett. BUSHY OR PRAIRIE PIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 2483.) 
 Erect, 3-4 dm. high, fastigiately branched, strigose-canescent, pale, bushy. Branches 
 ascending or nearly erect; leaves of the stem linear-oblong, 12-25 mm. long, 1-2 
 mm. wide; leaves of the basal shoots linear-oblong, much smaller, I mm. wide or 
 less, acute; pedicels slender, 2-3 mm. long; outer sepals shorter than or equalling 
 the inner. In dry open places, Wis., 111., Iowa and Minn. July-Aug. 
 
 Family 5. VIOLACEAE DC.* 
 
 Violet Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with basal or alternate, simple, lobed or 
 entire stipulate leaves and solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly irregular 
 flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the 
 lower one larger or with a posterior spur. Stamens 5 ; anthers erect, con- 
 niveut or syngenesious. Ovary simple, i -celled, with 3 parietal placentae. 
 Fruit usually a loculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. About 1 5 genera 
 and 325 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Sepals more or less auricled at base. i. Viola. 
 Sepals not auricled at base. 
 
 Petals nearly equal; anthers syngenesious. 2. Cubelium. 
 
 Petals unequal; anthers only connivent. 3. Calceolaria. 
 
 i. VIOLA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Acaulescent and scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, the flowers solitary or rarely 
 2 ; early flowers petaliferous, often sterile, usually succeeded by apetalous or cleis- 
 togamous flowers which are abundantly fertile. Petals spreading, the lowermost 
 one spurred or saccate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred. Capsule 3-valved, 
 elastically dehiscent. About 175 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 * ACAULESCENT; FLOWERS SCAPOSE. 
 
 t PLANTS NOT STOLONIFEROUS. 
 \ Leaves mostly lobed or parted (except in one variety of V. palmata.) 
 
 Petals bearded ; cleistogamous flowers produced freely. 
 
 Plants always more or less pubescent. i. V. palmata 
 
 Plants comparatively glabrous, or with only slight pubescence. 
 
 * Contributed by Mr. CHARLES L. POLLARD. 
 
634 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves pedately divided into linear lobes. 
 
 Eastern coastal plain species; leaves thin. 2. V. Brittoniana. 
 
 Western prairie species; leaves thick. 3, V, i>edatifida. 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed or cleft, the segments variously shaped. ~ 
 
 Leaf-segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse; cleistogamous flowers on decumbent 
 
 peduncles. 4. V. Bernardi. 
 
 Leaf-segments mostly ovate, coarsely incised; cleistogamous flowers on erect 
 
 peduncles. 5. V. viarum. 
 
 Leaf-segments often falcate ; cleistogamous flowers on decumbent peduncles. 
 
 6. V. falcata. 
 Petals not bearded ; cleistogamous flowers wanting. 7. V. pedata. 
 
 \\ Leaves merely crenate or dentate, or incised at base, none lobed. 
 
 Leaves ovate, reniform or orbicular, often broader than long, not incised at base. 
 
 Woodland species; peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers, horizontal or decumbent. 
 Plant densely hirsute or villous ; keel petal cuspidate. 8. V. cuspidaia. 
 Plants sparingly hirsute or glabrous ; keel petal not cuspidate. 
 
 Leaves very thin, cordate-ovate, attenuate at apex. 9. V. obliqua. 
 Leaves thick, from ovate to reniform, obtuse or merely acute at apex. 
 Petals dark violet-purple, narrow, the upper reflexed. 
 
 10. V. papilionacea. 
 Petals light blue, paler at base, broadly obovate. 
 
 n. V. pratincola. 
 
 Petals reddish-purple, nearly orbicular. 12. V. villosa. 
 
 Meadow or swamp species ; peduncles cf the cleistogamous flowers erect (often hori- 
 zontal in V. venustuld). 
 
 Flowers pale violet-blue ; leaves light green. 
 
 Capsule strongly 3-angled ; plant not northern. 13. V. cucullata. 
 Capsule very short, not angled ; plant far northern. 14. V. septentrionalis. 
 Flowers deep purple, paler at base ; leaves rather dark green. 
 
 Leaves attenuate at apex, crenate-serrate. 15. V. venustula. 
 
 Leaves obtuse or merely acutish at apex, the margin crenulate. 
 
 16. V. vagula. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, often incised at base. 
 
 Scapes shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Petals scarcely emarginate ; leaf-blades sagittate-lanceolate. 
 
 17. V. sagittata. 
 Petals usually emarginate ; leaf-blades ovate or deltoid-triangular. 
 
 18. V. emarginata. 
 Petals not emarginate ; leaf-blades oblong-triangular. 19. V. dentata. 
 
 Scapes longer than the leaves. 
 
 Introduced European species ; leaf-blades lanceolate. 20. V. lancifolia. 
 Native species ; leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate or oblong. 
 
 Plants glabrous and succulent, densely tufted. 21. V, conjtigens. 
 
 Plants pubescent, not succulent, mostly solitary. 22. V. fimbriatula. 
 
 ft PLANTS STOLONIFEROUS. 
 
 Introduced species ; flowers deep violet-purple, sometimes white. 23. V. odorata. 
 Native species; flowers pale purple, violet-blue, yellow or white. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 24. V. rotundifolia. 
 
 Flowers pale blue or lilac. 
 
 Leaves glabrous, crenulate. 25. V. palustris. 
 
 Leaves hirsute-pubescent, crenate. 26. V. Selkirkii. 
 
 Flowers white. 
 
 Leaves from broadly ovate to orbicular; cleistogenes on deflexed peduncles. 
 Leaf-blades cordate-ovate, glabrate. 
 
 Upper and lateral petals twice as long as broad ; petioles not spotted. 
 
 27. V. blanda. 
 Upper and lateral petals three times as long as broad; petioles usually 
 
 red-spotted. 28. V. alsophila. 
 
 Leaf-blades reniform, pubescent. 29. V. renifolia. 
 
 Leaves from narrowly oval to linear; cleistogenes on erect peduncles. 
 
 Leaf-blades oval or ovate, sometimes pubescent. 30. V. primulaefolia. 
 Leaf-blades lanceolate linear-lanceolate, glabrous. 31. V. lanceolata. 
 
 **CAULESCENT, LEAFY-STEMMED; FLOWERS AXILLARY 
 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, decurrent at base. 32. V.Nuttallii. 
 
 Leaves hastate, broadly ovate or reniform, not decurrent. 
 
V2OLACEAE. 635 
 
 Leaves hastate- lanceolate or hastate-ovate. 33. V. hastata. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate or reniform. 
 
 Plant pubescent or villous ; basal leaves early withering. 
 
 34. V. pubescens. 
 Plant sparsely pubescent or glabrate; basal leaves usually persistent. 
 
 35. V. scabriuscula. 
 Flowers blue, purple, white or cream-colored. 
 
 Stipules entire. 36. V. Canadensts. 
 
 Stipules incised or pinnatifid. 
 
 Perennial ; stipules much smaller than the blades. 
 
 Petals cream-colored, the lower one purple-veined. 37. V. striata. 
 Petals blue or purple, rarely white. 
 
 Spur of corolla shorter than the petals. 
 
 Stems spreading; plant glabrous; leaves acutish. 
 
 38. V. Labradorica. 
 Stems spreading; plant puberulent ; leaves rounded. 
 
 39. V. arenaria. 
 Stems prostrate; plant puberulent; leaves orbicular, often mottled. 
 
 40. V. multicaulis. 
 Spur of corolla longer than the petals. 41. V. rostrata. 
 
 Annual; stipules nearly as large as the blades. 
 
 Flowers 16-25 mm. broad ; plant escaped from cultivation. 
 
 42. V. tricolor. 
 Flowers 8-16 mm. broad; plant native, growing in dry ground. 
 
 43. V. Rafinesquti. 
 
 1. Viola palmataL. EARLY BLUE VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2484.) Pubescent, or 
 rarely nearly glabrous; petioles greatly exceeding the blades, the latter cordate- 
 ovate in outline, 5-i3-lobed. 3-15 cm. long when mature, the earliest merely cre- 
 nate-dentate; lobes variously shaped, the middle one commonly broadest; scapes 
 rarely exceeding the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals deep 
 blue, sometimes pale, 1-2.5 cm. long; capsules 8-12 mm. long, those from the cleis- 
 togamous flowers on horizontal or deflexed peduncles. In woodlands, Me. to Ont., 
 Minn., Ga. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 Viola palmata dilat^ta Ell. Leaves with most of the blades 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
 ovate, the lateral subfalcate or semicircular. Range of the type, but more common south- 
 ward. 
 
 Viola palmata sor6ria (Willd.) Pollard. (I. F. f. 2489.) Leaves villous, the blades 
 from ovate to hastate-reniform, rarely lobed, the margins crenate. (V. sororia Willd.) 
 Range of the type. 
 
 2. Viola Brittoniana Pollard. COAST VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2485.) Nearly or 
 quite glabrous; petioles much exceeding the blades, the latter pedately divided into 
 linear or oblanceolate acute lobes; scapes exceeding the foliage, 1-2 dm. high; 
 sepals lanceolate, acuminate; flowers bright blue, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; capsules ob- 
 long, 12 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Sandy 
 soil near the coast, Mass, to N. Car. May-June. \V. Atlantica Britton, not 
 Pomel.] 
 
 3. Viola pedatifida Don. PRAIRIE VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2486.) Glabrous or 
 glabrate, with a short ascending rootstock; leaves with blades 2-8 cm. wide, pe- 
 dately 5-g-parted into linear, obtuse lobes, their margins and midveins ciliate; 
 scapes usually exceeding the leaves; flowers deep blue, 2.5 cm. broad or more; 
 sepals linear or lanceolate; capsules 10-12 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
 flowers on short erect peduncles. Prairies, 111. to Br. Col. and Ariz. March - 
 May. Forms occur in which the leaves are merely slightly lobed. 
 
 4. Viola Bernard! Greene. BERNARD'S VIOLET. Pubescent or glabrate 
 from a nearly vertical rootstock; leaf blades broadly ovate, flabelliform, lobed, 
 or more often palmately cleft into 5-11 variously shaped segments, the middle 
 usually the largest, these again lobed or incised, all obtuse; scapes equalling or ex- 
 ceeding the foliage; flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide, bright blue; sepals lanceolate, ciliate; 
 petals broadly oval; capsules oval, those from the cleistogamous flowers on de- 
 cumbent peduncles. Dry woods, 111. and Wis. to Mo. May. 
 
 5. Viola viarum Pollard, n. sp. WAYSIDE VIOLET. Glabrous, growing in 
 large clumps from a stout rootstock which becomes greatly elongated in loose soil; 
 leaves firm, thick- petioled, the blades rugose- veined, broadly ovate or reniform in 
 
636 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 outline, becoming 7-13 cm, wide, some undivided, merely dentate or coarsely ser- 
 rate, mostly cleft or divided to below the middle into 5 or 7 incised lobes, the base 
 strongly decurrent; flowers blue; sepals lanceolate, acute; capsules abundant, those 
 from the petaliferous flowers oval, prismatic, 8-16 mm. long, on erect peduncles, 
 those from the cleistogamous flowers oblong, smaller, ascending or erect. -Open 
 ground along roads, Mo. to Kans. and Ind. Terr. Type collected by J. B. S. Norton 
 at Valley Park, Mo., July 15, 1899. 
 
 6. Viola falcata Greene. FALCATE-LEAVED VIOLET. Plants solitary, with 
 a long perpendicular rootstock, leaves few, sparsely pubescent, the blades 1-2.5 
 cm. long when mature, broadly deltoid in outline, cleft or divided into several seg- 
 ments which are either simple or again lobed, the outer distinctly falcate; flowers 
 similar to those of V. palmata ; capsules from the apetalous flowers ovoid, usually 
 hypogseous, on slender horizontal peduncles. In dry but rich woods, N. Car. to 
 southern 111. May-June. 
 
 7. Viola pedata L. BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2492.) Glabrous, from a 
 short vertical rootstock; leaves numerous, the blades nearly orbicular in outline, 
 1.5-5 cm - wide, pedately parted or divided into 5-1 1 linear, often toothed lobes, those 
 of the earliest leaves broader and spatulate; flowers 1.5-3.5 cm - broad, lilac, blue, 
 or rarely white, one or both of the upper petals frequently dark purple; stigma 
 beardless, not rostrate; capsules 1-1.4 cm - l n g- Dry fields and hillsides, Me. and 
 Ont. to Minn., Mo. and Fla. April-May. 
 
 8. Viola cuspidata Greene. CUSPIDATE VIOLET. Low at flowering time, 
 usually densely hirsute; leaves borne well above the flowering scapes, the blades 
 from cordate-ovate to orbicular, crenate- serrate, rugose-veined, cucullate; flowers 
 16-18 mm. broad, deep blue; sepals lanceolate, obtuse; upper petals obovate, acute, 
 the lowermost one truncate and, cuspidate ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers 
 on decumbent peduncles. Woods, Ind., Wis., Minn, to Br. Col. April-May. 
 
 9. Viola obliqua Hill. THIN-LEAVED WOOD VIOLET. Slender, often soli- 
 tary, from a horizontal or ascending rootstock; leaves dark green, long petioled, 
 the blades cordate-ovate, usually attenuate at apex, with a deep sinus at base, the 
 margin irregularly crenate-dentate, 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; blade not at all cucullate, 
 but spreading at right angles to the petiole; scapes nearly equalling the foliage; 
 flowers pale blue; capsules oblong-oval, 6 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
 flowers on filiform deflexed peduncles. Rich soil in shade, N. Y. to Va. April- 
 May. \V. affinis LeConte. Not V. obliqua of III. Fl.]. 
 
 10. Viola papilionacea Pursh. MEADOW OR HOODED BLUE VIOLET. (I. F. 
 f. 2487.) Usually glabrous, the foliage bright green; leaves with blades 5-13 cm. 
 long, usually cucullate, reniform or ovate, crenate, cordate at base; scapes exceed- 
 ing the leaves at flowering time; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, dark violet-purple, the 
 two upper petals reflexed; keel petal narrow, this and the lateral ones copiously 
 bearded with yellowish- white hairs; capsules oblong ; those from the cleistogamous 
 flowers on deflexed peduncles. \V. obliqua of 111. FL, not of Hill.] Woodlands 
 and meadows, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Kan. April-June. 
 
 V. papilion&cea dom^stica (Bicknell) Pollard. (I. F. App. f. 248-7%.) Plant of much 
 stouter habit; blades of the leaves usually broadly reniform, somewhat decurrent at base, 
 often 10-13 cm. wide ; cleistogamous flowers very numerous, mostly subterranean. [ V. 
 domestica Bicknell.] Cultivated soil around dwellings, N. Y. to Va. April-May. 
 
 11. Viola pratincola Greene. EN TIRE-LEAVED PRAIRIE VIOLET. Glabrous, 
 from a stout ascending knotted rootstock; leaves light green, the blades cordate- 
 reniform, crenate, abruptly attenuate, becoming 6-10 cm. broad; scapes mostly ex- 
 ceeding the leaves ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide, light blue, the petals broad and 
 rounded, paler at base, the lowermost purple-veined, the lateral conspicuously 
 white-bearded; capsules from cleistogamous flowers oval, almost entirely subter- 
 ranean. Prairies, Ind. to Minn, and Iowa. April-May. 
 
 12. Viola villosa Walt. SOUTHERN WOOD VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2488.) Root- 
 stock short, thick, oblique. Leaves commonly appressed to the ground, dark green, 
 often purple-veined above, purplish beneath, silvery-hairy or glabrate, the blade 
 reniform or orbicular, with a narrow sinus, usually obtuse, crenate, 2.5-6 cm. 
 wide; scapes exceeding the leaves; flowers reddish-purple, 12-16 mm. wide; sepals 
 lanceolate, obtuse; spur blunt; capsules 6 -8 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
 
VIOLACEAE. 637 
 
 flowers on horizontal peduncles. Dry woods and hillsides, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. 
 and La. April-May. 
 
 13. Viola cucullata Ait. MARSH BLUE VIOLET. (I. F. App. f. 24870.) Gla- 
 brous, the foliage pale green; leaves thin, from reniform to broadly ovate, obtuse, 
 cucullate, the margins irregularly cren ate -dentate; scapes equalling or exceeding the 
 leaves; flowers pale blue or sometimes white, 1.5-2 cm. wide; capsules oblong, 
 trigonous, those from the cleistogamous flowers on elongated slender peduncles 
 usually longer than the leaves. Bogs and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to Ga. and 
 Mo. April-June. 
 
 14. Viola septentrionalis Greene. NORTHERN BLUE VIOLET. Tufted, low, 
 the leaves and petioles sparsely hirsute; blades light green, paler beneath, from 
 reniform to suborbicular, strongly cucullate, all obtuse, crenulate; scapes about 
 equalling the foliage; flower pale violet- blue. 1.5-2 cm. wide, the petals broad and 
 mostly obcordate ; sepals small, linear, ciliate; capsules oval, very short, those from 
 the cleistogamous flowers on slender erect peduncles. Rich woods, Ont. to north- 
 ern N. Eng. May. 
 
 15 Viola venustula Greene. SMALL BLUE VIOLET. Very small at flower- 
 ing time, from a short oblique rootstock; leaves glabrous, rather dark green, 
 deltoid-ovate or cordate-ovate, acute or attenuate, crenate-serrate, cucullate when 
 young; scapes equalling or barely exceeding the leaves; flower 10-15 mm. broad, 
 deep violet-blue; petals broad, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded with white hairs; 
 capsules small, nearly globose, those from the later cleistogamous flowers subter- 
 ranean. Wet meadows, Prince Edward Island and Ont. to northern N. Eng. 
 May. 
 
 1 6. Viola vagula Greene. SMALL MOTTLED BLUE VIOLET. Low, rather 
 succulent, from an erect rootstock ; leaves dark green with some scattered pubes- 
 cence, the blades 2.5 cm. broad, deltoid-cordate, the margin obscurely crenate; 
 scapes surpassing the leaves; flowers 2.5 cm. wide; petals deep violet, white at 
 base with purple veinings, obovate, the lowermost often obcordate, the lateral 
 densely bearded; sepals oblong, obtuse; capsules oblong, those from the cleis- 
 togamous flowers on short ascending peduncles. Meadows, Ont. and Vt. May. 
 
 17. Viola ssgittata Ait. ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2490.) Gla- 
 brous or with traces of pubescence; rootstock stout, ascending or erect; leaves 
 with elongated petioles, the blades sagittate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, usually 
 acute, obscurely crenate- dentate above the middle, the auricles of the cordate or 
 truncate base commonly ladniately toothed or incised; flowers very dark purple, 
 rarely white; capsules 8-14 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect 
 peduncles. Wet meadows and marshes, Me. to Mich., Ga. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 18. Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. TRIANGLE-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. 
 App. f. 249Oa.) Glabrous; leaves with elongated petioles; blades broadly ovate 
 or deltoid-triangular, merely dentate below the middle, or sometimes even deeply 
 cleft or incised, the base subcordate, somewhat decurrent; flowers bright blue or 
 purple, the oblong petals usually distinctly emarginate; capsules obscurely angled, 
 those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Fields and hillsides, N. 
 Y. to Va. April-May. 
 
 19. Viola dent at a Pursh. UPLAND VIOLET. Robust, from a stout branching 
 rootstock; leaves long-petioled, dark green, the blade glabrous or pubescent along 
 the veins, at first cordate-oblong, later oblong-triangular, 7-15 cm. long, the base 
 subcordate, decurrent upon the petiole, the apex acute or obtuse, the margins irreg- 
 ularly crenate-dentate, ciliate, sometimes incised below; scapes shorter than the 
 leaves; flowers deep purple, 1.5-2 cm. wide; capsules obscurely 3 -angled, those 
 from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Dry rich soil in hilly regions, 
 Penn. to Va. May. 
 
 20. Viola lancifolia Thore. EUROPEAN LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET. Tufted, 
 glabrous, from a cluster of fibrous roots or a single thick root; leaves short-petioled, 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, 2-8 cm. long, tapering at base; 
 flowers 2.5-4 cm. wide, purple; spur large and blunt, half the length of the petals; 
 capsules small, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Escaped 
 from cultivation and established, Washington, D.C. Adventive from Europe. 
 April -May. 
 
 21. Viola Conine-ens Greene. MARYLAND VIOLET. Nearly glabrous, densely 
 
6 3 8 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 tufted, from short knotted rootstocks; leaves rather succulent, deep green, the 
 blades narrowly ovate or subsagittate, subcordateat base, obtuse, crermlate; flowers 
 bright blue; 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals obovate, densely white-bearded; capsules as 
 in V. emarginata. Grassy places, Md. to Va. May. 
 
 22. Viola fimbriatula J. E Smith. OVATE-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2491.) 
 Densely pubescent or villous, tufted ; leaves with petioles usually shorter than the 
 blades; the latter ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong, obscurely crenate, the base trun- 
 cate or subcordate, sometimes dentate or incised; flowers blue, 8-14 mm. wide, 
 the petals bearded; capsules oval, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect 
 peduncles. [K ovata Nutt.] Dry soil, N. S. to Mo. and La. April-May. 
 
 23. Viola odorata L. ENGLISH OR SWEET VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2493.) Stolons 
 rooting at the nodes; leaves pubescent or glabrate, the blades orbicular or 
 broadly ovate, cordate, obtuse, crenate, 2-5 cm. wide; scapes equalling the foliage; 
 flowers fragrant, 1-2 cm. broad; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals beardless; capsules 
 from cleistogamous flowers borne on short decumbent peduncles. Escaped from 
 gardens, N. S. to southern N. Y. and N. J. ; also in the South and on the Pacific 
 Coast. Adventive from Europe. March-May. 
 
 24. Viola rotundifolia Michx. ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2494.) 
 Stoloniferous in late summer; leaves glabrate, yellowish-green, paler beneath, the 
 petioles somewhat pubescent; blades ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate, 1-5 cm. 
 wide at flowering-time, afterward becoming 10-13 cm - wide and appressed to the 
 ground; flowers yellow, 8-12 mm. broad; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse; lateral 
 petals bearded and marked with brown veins; capsules ovoid, those from the 
 cleistogamous flowers racemose on short deflexed peduncles. Woods and rocky 
 hillsides, Lab. and Out. to Minn., south in the mountains to N. Car. 
 
 25. Viola palustris L. MARSH VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2495.) Glabrous; root- 
 stock slender, horizontal; blades of the leaves thin, reniform to nearly orbicular, 
 2.5-4 cm. wide, crenulate; scapes exceeding the foliage; flowers pale lilac or 
 nearly white, marked with purple veins; petals 8-12 mm. long, slightly bearded; 
 spur short and blunt; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. in length; cleistogamous flowers 
 not produced. Wet soil, Lab. to Alaska and N. Eng., and in the Rocky Mts. Also 
 in Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 26. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. SELKIRK'S VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2496.) Nearly 
 glabrous; rootstock slender, creeping. Leaves dark green, the blades thin, 1-5 cm. 
 wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, the margins crenate, the apex 
 obtuse; basal sinus narrow, the auricles often overlapping; sepals lanceolate, acute; 
 spur 5-8 mm. long, obtuse; petals beardless, pale violet-blue; capsules oblong, 
 4-6 mm, long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on erect or ascending pedun- 
 cles. Moist woods, N. S. to Mass., Penn. and Minn. Also in northern Europe 
 and Asia. April -May. 
 
 27. Viola blanda Willd. SWEET WHITE VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2497.) Gla- 
 brate, somewhat stoloniferous, from a very slender rootstock; blades of the leaves 
 thin, light green, reniform to orbicular, 1-7 cm. wide, crenate, cordate at base, 
 with a shallow sinus, the apex obtuse; sepals lanceolate, acute; flowers white, 
 fragrant, 6-12 mm. broad; petals beardless, the lower and lateral ones marked 
 with purple veins; capsules small, oval; cleistogamous flowers few. Swamps and 
 wet meadows, Newf. to Br. Col. and N. Car. April-May. 
 
 28. Viola alsophila Greene. WOODLAND WHITE VIOLET. Strongly stolonif- 
 erous; leaves somewhat pubescent, bright green above, paler beneath, the petioles 
 red-spotted; blades from ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, with a deep narrow 
 sinus; scapes mostly shorter than the leaves; flowers white, scarcely fragrant, 
 1-2 cm. broad; petals very narrow, the two uppermost often twisted; capsules sim- 
 ilar to those of V. blanda, but larger. \V. blanda amocna (LeConte) B. S. P. Not 
 V. ainoena Symons.j Wet, hilly woods; N. Eng. to N. Car. and 111. April-May. 
 
 29. Viola renifolia A. Gray. KIDNEY-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2498.) 
 Densely pubescent or even villous, from a slender horizontal rootstock; leaves with 
 broad reniform or orbicular blades, 2-8 cm. wide, the margins obscurely crenate, 
 the basal sinus deep; scapes about equalling the foliage; sepals linear-oblong, 
 acute; flowers 8 IO mm. wide, white, the petals beardless and marked with brown- 
 ish veins; capsules oval, 8 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers on 
 deflexed peduncles. Woods and thickets, N. S. to N. Y. and Minn. April-June. 
 
VIOLACLAE. 639 
 
 30. Viola primulaefolia L. PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2499.) Gla- 
 brous or somewhat pubescent, producing long stolons in late summer; leaves with 
 oval or ovate-oblong blades, the base usually decurrent upon the petioles, sometimes 
 truncate or subcordate, the margins entire or crenulate; sepals lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; flowers white, 8-12 mm. wide, the petals purple- veined, scarcely bearded; 
 capsules oval, 6-10 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous flowers nodding on 
 short erect peduncles. Moist or wet ground, N. B. to Fla. and La. April-June. 
 
 31. Viola lanceolataL. LANCE- LEAVED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2500.) Glabrous, 
 the stolons rooting freely at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the 
 blades 513 cm. long, decurrent upon the petiole, the margins obscurely crerulate; 
 scapes usually somewhat shorter than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; 
 flowers white, 8-10 mm. wide, the petals beardless, the lower and lateral ones 
 with purple veins; capsules oval, 6-10 mm. long, those from the cleistogamous 
 flowers nodding on short erect peduncles, frequently borne on the stolons. Wet 
 meadows and along streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 32. Viola Nuttallii Pursh. NUTTALL'S VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2501.) Subcau- 
 lescent, later with ascending tufted leafy stems from a thick rootstock; leaves firm, 
 nearly glabrous, the blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or irregularly 
 crenate, tapering below into margined petioles, the apex obtuse; peduncles shorter 
 than the leaves; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; flowers yellow, 1-2 cm. wide; petals 
 beardless, the lower and lateral ones often purple-veined; stigma bearded; capsule 
 oval, 6 mm. long. Prairies, Manitoba to Mont., Kans. and Mo. May. 
 
 33. Viola hastata Michx. HALBERD-LEAVED YELLOW VIOLET. (I. F. f. 
 2502.) Stem simple, erect, usually glabrous, 1-3 dm. high; stem-leaves borne 
 near the summit, short-petioled, hastate or hastate-ovate, 2-10 cm. long, repand 
 or denticulate, acute; basal leaves, when present, larger, more cordate; flowers 
 yellow, 8-16 mm. wide; lateral petals bearded; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute; 
 spur short; capsule 8-10 mm. long. Woods, in hilly regions, Penn. and Ohio to 
 Ga. and Ala. April-June. 
 
 34. Viola pubescens Ait. HAIRY YELLOW VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2503.) Stem 
 simple, erect, pubescent or villous, 1-5 dm. high; basal leaves ovate-reniform, 
 long-petioled, early withering; stem leaves borne near the summit, short-petioled, 
 the blades ovate or reniform, 5-13 cm. wide, acute or abruptly attenuate, crenate- 
 dentate; sepals oblong -lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, 12-16 mm. wide; petals 
 obscurely purple- veined; spur short; capsule oblong, glabrous or tomentose, 10-16 
 mm. long. Dry woods, Quebec to S. Dak., Ga. and Iowa. April-May. 
 
 35. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein. SMOOTHISH YELLOW VIOLET. 
 (I. F. f. 2504. ) Stems clustered, glabrate or glabrous, decumbent or ascending, 
 1-4 dm. high; basal leaves broadly ovate, long-petioled, more or less persistent; 
 stem leaves with blades from reniform to cordate-ovate, acute, crenate, dentate, 
 2.5-6 cm. wide; sepals linear-lanceolate; flowers pale yellow, 10-16 mm. broad; 
 petals purple- veined; spur short; capsule oval, glabrous or tomentose, 6-IO mm. 
 long. Moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Manitoba, Neb., Ga. and Tex. April- 
 May. Blooms earlier than the preceding. 
 
 36. Viola Canadensis L. CANADA VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2505.) Stems tufted, 
 leafy, 0.7-4 dm. high; leaves short-petioled, glabrous, the blades cordate-ovate, 
 acute or acuminate, 2.5-6 cm. long, serrate; stipules lanceolate, entire; flowers 
 pale violet or white, 1-2 cm. broad; lateral petals bearded, purple- veined; sepals 
 linear, attenuate; capsule glabrous, oval, 6-8 mm. long. Woods, in hilly districts, 
 Newf. and Sask. to N. Car.. Neb., N. Mex. and Ariz. May-July. 
 
 37. Viola striata Ait. PALE OR STRIPED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2506.) Stems 
 tufted, glabrous, becoming over 6 dm. long in late summer; leaves numerous, 
 slender-petioled, the blades ovate or nearly orbicular, 2.5-6 cm. wide, often slightly 
 pubescent, the upper ones acute; stipules large, dentate or even laciniate; flowers 
 long-peduncled, white or cream-colored, sometimes bluish, 1-2 cm. broad; petals 
 darker-veined, the lateral ones bearded; capsule ovoid, glabrous. Moist woods 
 and thickets, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. April -May. 
 
 38. Viola Labradcrica Schrank. AMERICAN DOG VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2507.) 
 Stems tufted, glabrous, leafy; leaves slender-petioled, the blades reniform to or- 
 bicular, cordate, acutish or obtuse, 1-4 cm. wide; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, 
 entire or serrate; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; flowers long-peduncled, light 
 
640 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 blue or purple, rarely white, 12-16 mm. broad; petals twice as long as the slender 
 spur, the lateral ones slightly bearded; capsule glabrous, 4-6 mm. long; cleistog- 
 amous flowers short-peduncled, produced late in the season. Moist soil, Lab. to 
 Minn., N. Car. and Ky. March-May. 
 
 39. Viola arenaria DC. SAND VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2508.) Stems slender, 
 tufted, decumbent or ascending, their surface and that of the long-petioled leaves 
 finely puberulent; blades ovate, usually obtuse at apex, truncate or subcordate at 
 base, 1-2.5 cm. long, the margins crenulate; stipules laciniate; sepals linear, acu- 
 mina.te; flowers violet-purple, 10-14 mm. wide; spur 6 mm. long, blunt; capsule 
 6-8 mm. long. Sandy soil, Me. to Sask. and S. Dak. Also in Europe. May-June. 
 
 40. Viola multicaulis (T. & G.) Britton. PROSTRATE BLUE VIOLET. (I. F. 
 f. 2509.) Stems slender, tufted, 5-20 cm. long; leaves numerous, slender-petioled, 
 finely puberulent; blades orbicular, crenulate, cordate with a narrow sinus, often 
 mottled or dark-veined, 2.5-4 cm. wide; stipules laciniate; peduncles exceeding 
 the leaves; flowers violet- blue, 10-14 ram - wide; petals bearded; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate; capsule glabrous, 6-8 mm. long; cleistogamous flowers borne on the 
 shoots of late summer. Woods, Ky. to Fla. and Tex. Feb. -July. 
 
 41. Viola rostrata Pursh. LONG-SPURRED VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2510.) Stems 
 numerous, erect; leaves glabrous, slender-petioled, the blades cord ate -ovate or the 
 lower reniform, acuminate, serrate, 1-4 cm. long; stipules laciniate, ciliate; flowers 
 pale violet, darker veined, 1.5-2 cm. wide; sepals linear-lanceolate; petals beard- 
 less; capsule glabrous, 8 mm. long. Rocky woods, Quebec to Mich., south in the 
 mountains to Ga. June-July. 
 
 42. Viola tricolor L. PANSY. HEART'S-EASE. (I. F. f. 2511.) Plant usually 
 glabrous; stem branched, ascending, 1-3 dm. high; upper leaves oval-lanceolate, 
 crenate-dentate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> the lower broader, often cordate; stipules large, 
 foliaceous, laciniate or pinnatifid; flowers variously marked with yellow, purple or 
 white, 1.6-2.5 cm - broad; petals veined, the lower one largest; capsule angled, 
 6 10 mm. long. Waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens. May-July. 
 
 43. Viola Rafinesquii Greene. FIELD PANSY. (I. F. f. 2512.) Stems very 
 slender, glabrous, 7-23 cm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obscurely 
 crenate-dentate or entire, smaller than in the k*t; stipules similar; flowers yel- 
 lowish-white or bluish -tinged, 10-16 mm. wide; petals markedly exceeding the 
 linear sepals; capsule 4-6 mm. long. [V. tenella Muhl. ; not Poir.] Woods and 
 fields, N. Y. to Ga., Mich, and Tex. March-May. 
 
 2. CUBELIUM Raf. [SOLEA Sprang.] 
 
 A perennial erect leafy-stemmed herb, the alternate leaves entire or obscurely 
 dentate, the small greenish flowers 1-3 together in the axils. Sepals 5, equal, not 
 auricled. Petals nearly equal, erect, imbricated, the lower one broadest and some- 
 what gibbous below. Stamens 5, syngenesious, the sheath glandular at base; 
 anthers sessile. Style hooked at the apex. Capsule somewhat lobed, 3-valvcd. 
 A monotypic genus of N. Am. 
 
 i. Cubelium concolor (Forst.) Raf. GREEN VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2513.) Plant 
 3-9 dm. high, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate, 
 tapering to a short petiole; stipules linear, acute; flowers 8 mm. long, on short 
 recurved peduncles; seeds large. Moist woods, Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. 
 May-June. 
 
 3. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. [IONIDIUM Vent.] 
 
 Herbs or rarely shrubs, with small axillary or racemose flowers. Sepals un- 
 equal, not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowermost one longest, gibbous or saccate 
 at base, the upper pair shorter than the lateral ones. Anthers connivent, on distinct 
 filaments, the lower glandular or spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent into 3 
 valves. About 45 chiefly tropical American species. 
 
 i. Calceolaria verticillata (Ort.) Kuntze. NODDING VIOLET. (I. F. f. 2514.) 
 Stems clustered, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high, 
 from a woody base; leaves alternate, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, often fascicled; stipules 
 subulate: flowers white, solitary, nodding, 4-6 mm. long. Dry ground, Kans. to 
 Tex., Colo, and Mex. April-July. 
 
PA SSIFL OR A CEA EL OA SA CEAE. 64 1 
 
 Family 6. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Passion- flower Family. 
 
 Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with petioled 
 usually pahnately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube 
 persistent. Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, 
 or in some species united. Stamens 5. Throat of the calyx crowned 
 with a double or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, mona- 
 delphous, or separate. Ovary free from the calyx, i -celled ; placentae 
 3-5, parietal ; styles 1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. 
 About 1 8 genera and 325 species, of warm and tropical regions, most 
 abundant in S. Am. 
 
 i. PASSIFLORA L. 
 
 Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and 
 large axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted, peduncles. Calyx-tube cup- 
 shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its 
 throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none), 
 inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments mona- 
 delphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers narrow, 
 versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate; endosperm 
 fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the crucifixion.] 
 About 250 species, mostly of tropical Am., a few in Asia and Australia. Besides 
 the following, about 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. 
 
 Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed; lobes serrate; petals whitish; corona purple, i. P. incarnata. 
 Leaves obtusely 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes entire ; flower yellowish. 
 
 2. P. lutea. 
 
 1. Passiflora incarnata L. PASSION-FLOWER. PASSION-VINE. (I. F. f. 
 2515.) Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above. Petioles 1-5 cm. long, with 
 2 glands near the summit; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, glabrous, or often 
 somewhat pubescent, 7-13 cm. broad, somewhat cordate at the base, the lobes ovate 
 or oval, acute or acutish, finely serrate; flowers solitary, 3-5 cm. broad; peduncles 
 usually 3-bracted just below the flowers; calyx-lobes linear; berry ovoid, nearly 
 5 cm. long, glabrous, yellow. In dry soil, Va. to Mo., Fia. and the Ind. Terr. 
 Fruit edible, called Maypops. May-July. 
 
 2. Passiflora lutea L. YELLOW PASSION-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 2516.) Gla- 
 brous or nearly so, climbing or trailing. Petioles 1-3 cm. long; leaves much 
 broader than long, more or less cordate at base, with 3 wide obtuse rounded lobes, 
 the lobes entire; stipules 2-3 mm. long; peduncles usually in pairs from the upper 
 axils; flowers greenish-yellow, 1-2 cm. broad; calyx-lobes linear; berry globose- 
 ovoid. 10-12 mm. in diameter, glabrous, deep purple. In thickets, Penn. to Kans., 
 Fla. and La. May-July. 
 
 Family 7. LOASACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Loasa Family. 
 
 Herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with estipu- 
 late leaves, and regular, perfect, white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx- 
 tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4~5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, 
 inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens <x> , inserted with the 
 petals ; filaments filiform, commonly arranged in clusters opposite the 
 petals; anthers introrse. Ovary i -celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 
 parietal placentae ; ovules anatropous. Capsule usually i -celled, crowned 
 with the calyx-limb. Seeds mostly numerous ; endosperm scanty. 
 About 13 genera and 200 species, all but i natives of America. 
 
 i. MENTZELIA. L. 
 
 Erect herbs, sometimes woody, with alternate leaves, and usually showy 
 flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, obconic, c-r club-shaped, its limb generally 5-lobed. 
 
642 FLORA. 
 
 Petals 5 or 10, spreading, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 20-300. 
 Styles 3, more or less united; stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule dehiscent at the 
 summit, few-many-seeded. Seeds flat and sometimes winged, roughened, or 
 smooth. [In honor of C. Mentzel, a German botanist, died 1701.] About 50 
 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in vvest- 
 ern N. Am. 
 
 Flowers 1-2 cm. broad, yellow. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, petioled; stem very rough ; calyx-lobes 6 mm. long. 
 
 i. M. oltgospermc,, 
 
 Leaves sessik; stem little rough; calyx-lobes 4 mm. long. 3. M. albicaulis. 
 
 Flowers 3-10 cm. broad. 
 
 Flowers yellowish white, opening in the evening. 
 
 Flowers 3-5 cm. broad ; calyx-tube usually bractless. 2. M. nuda. 
 
 Flowers 7-10 cm. broad ; calyx-tube usually bracted. 4. M. decapetala, 
 
 Flowers bright yellow, opening in sunshine. 5. M. laevicaulis. 
 
 1. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. FEW-SEEDED MENTZELIA. (I. F. f. 2517.) 
 Rough and viscid-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, coarsely den- 
 tate or sinuate, 2-8 cm. long, the upper rounded or truncate at the base and 
 sessile, the lower narrowed at the base; flowers axillary or somewhat cymose, 
 opening in sunshine; petals 5, oblong-cuneate, acute, about twice as long as the 
 linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments 20-30, all ' filiform; capsule linear, 
 12-16 mm. long, few-seeded; seeds oblong, wingless. Prairies, 111. to S. Dak., 
 Kans., Colo., La. and Mex. May-July. 
 
 2. Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. BRACTLESS MENTZELIA. (I. F. f, 
 2518.) Rough with minute pubescence, slender, 3-15 dm. high, the stems light- 
 colored. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, usually sharply and 
 deeply dentate, or the upper pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long; petals 10, about twice as 
 long as the lanceolate calyx- lobes; calyx-tube usually not bracteolate; stamens 100 
 or more, the outer ones somewhat petaioid; capsule oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 
 about 6 mm. thick; seeds numerous, wing-margined. Plains, S. Dak. to Kans. , 
 Colo, and Tex. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. WHITE-STEMMED MENTZELIA. (I. F. f. 
 2519.) Stem nearly white, shining, 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves mostly lanceolate, 
 sinuate-pinnatifid, sinuate-lobed, or the upper and lower sometimes entire, rough 
 with short stiff hairs, 2-8 cm. long; flowers few together at the ends of the branches, 
 or also axillary, 1-2 cm. broad, short-pedicelled or sessile; calyx-lobes linear- 
 lanceolate; capsule linear, 2.5 cm. long or less, many-seeded; seeds angled, tuber- 
 culate, wingless. Neb. to Br. Col., Cal. and N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 4. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. SHOWY MENTZELIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2520.) Roughish-pubescent, stout, seldom over 6 dm. high. Leaves oval, 
 lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, sinuate-pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, the 
 upper sessile, the lower petioled ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal; petals 10, about 
 twice as long as the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments all filiform, very numerous 
 (200-300); capsule oblong, 3-5 cm. long; seeds numerous, margined, not winged. 
 Plains, Dak. and Mont, to Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. & G. SMOOTH-STEMMED MENTZELIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2521.) Stout, 6-12 dm. high, minutely pubescent, or the stems at length 
 glabrate and whitish. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate- 
 pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, 2-8 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary, terminal, 
 7-10 cm. broad; calyx -tube bractless; petals 5, or with 5 additional narrower inner 
 ones, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens very numerous; capsule oblong, 
 about 2.5 cm. long; seeds numerous, winged, minutely tuberculate. Plains and 
 dry soil, Neb., Mont, and Wyo. to Ore.. Utah and Cal. June-July. 
 
 Order 24. OPUNTIALES. 
 
 Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, leafless, or with small 
 leaves, generally abundantly spinv, the spines developed from cushions 
 of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary, sessile, perfect, 
 
CACTACEAE. 64$ 
 
 regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-lobed. 
 Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, mostly distinct. Sta- 
 mens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Filaments fili- 
 form ; anthers small. Ovary i-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous, 
 borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated ; stigmas 
 numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds 
 smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm 
 little, or copious. Only one family. 
 
 Family i. CACTACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Cactus Family. 
 About 20 genera, and 1000 species nearly all natives of America. 
 
 Stems subglobose, oval, ovoid or cylindric, tubercled, ribbed or angled; no proper leaves. 
 Flowers borne on the turbercles or ribs, at or near the areolae. 
 
 Flowers borne close to fully developed clusters of spines. i. Echinocereus. 
 
 Flowers borne close to areolas, from which the spines subsequently develop. 
 
 2. Echinocactus. 
 
 Flowers borne between the tubercles, distant from the aieolce. 3. Cactus. 
 
 Plants jointed, the joints flattened, or cylindric; leaves present, mostly subulate and 
 deciduous. 4. Opuntia. 
 
 i. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. 
 
 Stems ovoid, cylindric or oval, ribbed, or tubercled. the ribs or rows of tubercles 
 usually straight, vertical. Proper leaves none. Spine-bearing areolse on the ribs 
 or tubercles. Flowers borne on the ribs or tubercles, at or near the areolae, close 
 to fully developed clusters of spines. Calyx-tube with spine-bearing areolse, or 
 scaly, prolonged beyond the ovary. [Greek hedgehog- Cereus.] About 45 species, 
 natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the south- 
 western U. S. 
 
 Flowers greenish, about 2.5 cm. broad ; fruit 10-12 mm. long. i. E. viridiflorus* 
 
 Flowers rose-purple, 5-8 cm. broad; fruit 18-20 mm. long. 2. E. caespitostts. 
 
 1. Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. GREEN-FLOWERED CEREUS. (I. F. f. 
 2522.) Stem subglobose to oval-cylindric, 2-20 cm. high, simple, or sparingly 
 branched, 2-5 cm. in diameter. Ribs about 13; longer radial spines 12-18, with 
 2-6 setaceous upper ones, the lateral ones reddish brown, the others white or rarely- 
 purple; central spine stout, or wanting, purple and white; flowers greenish brown 
 without, yellowish green within; fruit ellipsoid, greenish; seeds tubercled. Kans. 
 to Wyo., Tex. and N. Mex. 
 
 2. Echinocereus caespitosus Engelm. & Gray. TUFTED CEREUS. (I. F. f. 
 2523.) Stems ovoid-globose to ovoid-cylindric, usually tufted, 2-15 cm. high, 2-10 
 cm. in diameter; ribs 12 or 13; radial spines 20-30, pectinate, white, the lateral 
 ones the longer, 4-8 mm. long; central spines wanting, or sometimes I or 2 short 
 ones; fruit ovoid, green; seeds tubercled, black. Western Kans. (?), Ind ^err. 
 to Tex. and Mex. 
 
 2. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto. 
 
 Stems globose, oblong or cylindric, leafless, tubercled. the tubercles arranged 
 in straight or spiral rows, bearing clusters of spines arising from areolae. Flowers 
 borne on the tubercles, at or near areolse from which spines are subsequently de- 
 veloped. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, usually covered with scales, its 
 lobes numerous, the outer scale-like, the inner elongated. Petals numerous, sim- 
 ilar to the inner sepals. Stamens numerous. Ovary exserted; style columnar. 
 Berry usually covered with scales and often with tufts of minute bristles. [Greek, 
 hedgehog-cactus.] About 200 described species, natives of America. Besides the 
 following, some 30 others occur in the Western States. 
 
 i. Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. SIMPSON'S CACTUS. HEDGEHOG- 
 THISTLE. (L F. f. 2524.) Stems globose or with a narrowed base, 7-15 cm. high, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 7-10 cm. in diameter. Tubercles ovoid, somewhat 4-sided at base, 12-16 mm 
 long, arranged in spirals; central spines yellowish below, nearly black above, 10- 
 14 mm. long, the exterior ones slightly shorter, whitish; flowers greenish pink, 
 1.5-2 cm. broad, borne to one side at the ends of the tubercles; petals oblong, cre- 
 nulate, cuspidate; berry dry, 6-7 mm. in diameter, bearing 2 or 3 scales near its 
 summit. Kans. (?), Colo, to Utah and Nev. April- May. 
 
 3. CACTUS L. 
 
 Stems globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric, woolly and 
 with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne from areolae at 
 the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, which is often 
 hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth, ovoid; style 
 filiform. Berry emersed, crowned by the withering corolla, [Greek name of some 
 prickly plant.] About 300 described species, natives of warm and tropical Amer- 
 ica. Besides the following, 35 or more occur in the southwestern States. 
 
 Flowers yellow or reddish; central spine i. i. C. Missouriensis. 
 
 Floweis purple; central spines several. 2. C. viviparus. 
 
 1. Cactus Missouriensis (Sweet.) Kuntze. MISSOURI CACTUS. (I.F. f. 
 2525.) Stems globose, 2-5 cm. high. Tubercles 12-16 mm. long, arranged in 
 about 8 spiral rows, slightly grooved; spines gray, 10-20 together, the stouter 
 central one 10-12 mm. long, or wanting; flowers about 2.5 cm. broad; petals ab- 
 ruptly mucronate; berry globose, scarlet, 6-8 mm. in diameter, ripening the fol- 
 lowing spring; seeds black, globose, pitted, about I mm. in diameter. Plains 
 and dry soil, S. Dak. to Kans., Tex. and Colo. May. 
 
 Cactus Missouriensis sfmilis (Engelm.) Coult. Stems tufted; flowers 2-5 cm. long; 
 seeds about 2 mm. long. Kans. and Colo, to Tex. 
 
 2. Cactus viviparus Nutt. PURPLE CACTUS. (I. F. f. 2526.) Stems 2-13 
 cm. high, 3-5 cm. in diameter. Tubercles terete or nearly so, slightly grooved, 
 bearing 3-8 slender reddish-brown spines, 1-2 cm. long, surrounded by 1225 
 somewhat shorter, whitish or greenish ones in a single row; flowers nearly 5 cm. 
 long; petals lanceolate, narrow; sepals fringed; berry ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, 
 green; seeds light brown, obovoid, curved, pitted, about 1.5 mm. long. Prairies, 
 Manitoba to Alberta, Kans. and Colo. 
 
 4. OPUNTIA Mill. 
 
 Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric, and 
 small mostly subulate deciduous leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine-bearing. 
 Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes 
 spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very numer- 
 ous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the stamens; stigma 
 2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny. [Named from a town in Greece 
 where some species grew.] About 150 species, natives of America. Besides the 
 following, some 50 others occur in the western States. . 
 
 Joints flattened, oval, oblong, obovate or orbicular: stems prostrate or ascending. 
 Fruit fleshy, juicy, spineless or sparingly spiny. 
 
 Joints spineless, or with solitary stout spines. i. 0. Opuntia. 
 
 Joints spiny (No. 2 sometimes unarmed), the spines 1-15 at each areola. 
 Spines white, gray or yellowish. 
 
 Joints 7-13 cm. long: longer spines 1-4 cm. long. 2. O. humifusa. 
 Joints 15-20 cm. long; longer spines 2. 5-6 cm. long. 3. O. torttspina. 
 Spines reddish brown to black; joints 15-20 cm. long. 4. O. Camanchica. 
 Fruit dry, with spine-bearing areolae. 
 
 Joints orbicular or broadly obovate, flat. 5. O. polyacantha. 
 
 Joints little flattened, ovoid, or subglobose. 6. O.fragilis. 
 
 Joints cylindric, or nearly so: stem erect. 7. O. arborescens. 
 
 i. Opuntia Opuntia (L.) Coult. EASTERN PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG. 
 (I. F. f. 2527.) Prostrate or ascending; joints obovate, oblong, oval or orbicular, 
 5-13 cm. long. Leaves subulate, 4-8 mm. long, usually early deciduous; bristles 
 
TH YMEL EA CEA E. 64$ 
 
 greenish or yellowish brown; spines, when present, solitary, stout, not deflexed, 
 6-35 mm. long; flowers yellow, sometimes with a reddish center, 5-8 cm. hroad; 
 fruit obovoid, edible, 2.5-4 cm. long, red. In dry sandy soil, or on lo.ks, E. 
 Mass, to Penn. and Fla. June-Aug. [O. vnlgaris Mill.] 
 
 2. Opuntia humifdsa Raf. WESTERN PRICKLY PEAR. (I. F. f. 2528.) 
 Prostrate, similar to the preceding; joints obovate, suborbicular, or oval, usually 
 deep green, 7-13 cm. long; leaves subulate, spreading, 6-10 mm. long; bristles 
 reddish brown; spines few, mostly near the margins, 1-4 together, deflexed, or the 
 longer one spreading and 1-2.5 cai. long; flowers 6-10 cm. broad; iruit club- 
 shaped, not spiny, edible, 3-5 cm. long. In dry sandy or rocky soii, S. Dak. to 
 Minn., Ky., Mo., Kans. and Tex. Summer. 
 
 3. Opuntia tortispina Engelm. TWISTED-SPINED CACTUS. (I. F. f. 2529.) 
 Stems prostrate, the orbicular-obov.ite flattened joints 15-20 tm. long. Sp.nes 
 3-5, white, angled, the longer ones 3-6 cm. long, with 2-4 more slender and shorter 
 ones; flowers sulphur-yellow, 6-8 cm. broad; fruit ovoid, fleshy, unarmed, about 
 5 cm. long; seeds orbicular, slightly notched at the hilum. Plains, Neb. to Tex. 
 
 4. Opuntia Camanchica ^Engelm. COMANCHE CACTUS. (I. F. f. 2530.) 
 Prostrate, with obovate-orbicular flattened joints 15-20 cm. long. Spines 1-3, 
 flattened, reddish brown to blackish, 3-8 cm. long, or with 3-6 additional shorter 
 ones, the upper one suberect, the others deflexed or spreading; fruit oval, deep red, 
 3-5 cm. long; seeds angular, margined, deeply notched at the hilum. W. Kans. (?), 
 Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. 
 
 5. Opun U polyacantha Haw. MANY-SPINED OPUNTIA. (I. F. f. 2531.) 
 Prostrate; joints obovate to orbicular, tubercled, 5-15 cm. long, about 1.2 cm. 
 thick, the tubercles 4 mm. high, densely spiny and with cushions of fine bristles; 
 spines 5-12, slender, 1-5 cm. long, whitish; leaves minute; flowers light yellow, 
 5-8 cm. broad; fruit dry, very prickly, 2-3 cm. long. Prairies and dry soil, S. 
 Dak. to Br. Col., Neb., Mo. and N. Mex. May-June. 
 
 6. Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. BRITTLE OPUNTIA. (I. F. f. 2532.) De- 
 cumbent or prostrate; joints ovate, 2-5 cm. long, nearly terete. Leaves small, red- 
 dish; cushions composed of lew bristles; central spines 1-4, 1-4 cm. long, gray, 
 darker at the apex, surrounded by 4 6 smaller ones; flowers yellow, smaller than 
 those of the preceding; fruit nearly 2.5 cm. long, becoming dry at maturity, pro- 
 vided with cushions of bristles usually bearing a few short spines. Prairies and dry 
 soil, Wis. and Minn, to S. Dak., Utah, Kans. and N. Mex. 
 
 7 Opuntia arLoresceas Engelm. NORTHERN TREE-LIKE CACTUS. (I. F. 
 f- 2 533-) Erect, tree-like, I 8 m. high, 1-2 dm. in diameter at the base, verticil- 
 latelv branched. Joints verticillate, mostly in 3's and 4's, cylindric, 5-15 cm. long, 
 the tubercles 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves terete, 1-2 cm. long; spines 8-30, terete, in 
 yellowish sheaths, diverging, the interior ones often 2.5 cm. long or more; flowers 
 purple, 6-8 cm. broad; fruit subglobose, tuberculate, dry, or nearly so, yellow, 
 unarmed, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. W. Kans., Colo, to Tex., N. Mex. and Mex. 
 
 Order 25. THYMELEALES. 
 
 Mostly shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and incomplete flowers. 
 Calyx inferior, 4-5-lobed or entire. Corolla mostly wanting. Stamens 
 twice as many as the calyx-lobes, or fewer. Ovary i-celleo 1 . Ovule i, 
 anatropous. 
 
 Leaves green ; seed pendulous. Fam. i. Thymeleaceae. 
 
 Leaves silvery-scurfy; seed erect. Fam. 2. Elaeagnaceae. 
 
 Family i. THYMELEACEAE Reichenb. 
 
 Mezereon Faintly. 
 
 Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with tough inner bark, and entire 
 estipulate leaves. Flowers fascicled, capitate, racemose, or rarely soli- 
 tary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx-tube cylindric or urn-shaped. Petals 
 
646 FLORA. 
 
 none in our genera. Stamens borne on the calyx, often in two series v 
 anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i -celled, 
 i-ovuled (2-celled and 2-ovuled in some Asiatic and Australasian genera) ; 
 ovule pendulous; stigma terminal, mostly capitate. Fruit a berry-like 
 drupe in our plants. Seed coat mostly crustaceous ; embryo straight ; 
 cotyledons fleshy ; endosperm little or none, or copious in some exotic 
 genera. About 37 genera and 425 species, widely distributed, most 
 abundant in Australia and South Africa. 
 
 Calyx-lobes 4, large; stamens included; style very short. i. Daphne. 
 
 Calyx-limb almost wanting; stamens and style long, exserted. 2. Direct. 
 
 i. DAPHNE L. 
 
 Shr.ubs, with alternate leaves, and small purple pink or white flowers in fasci- 
 cles, heads or racemes, borne in the following species at the leafless nodes of twigs 
 of the preceding season. Perianth tubular, its 4 lobes spreading. Stamens 8, in 
 2 series on the perianth-tube, included, or the upper 4 slightly exserted; filaments 
 very short. Disk none. Ovary sessile or nearly so, i -celled; stigma large, capi- 
 tate. Drupe ovoid, or oblong, the calyx deciduous or persistent. About 40 species, 
 natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Daphne Mezereum L. SPURGE LAUREL. LADY LAUREL. MEZEREON. 
 (I. F. f. 2534.) A shrub 3-12 dm. high, the young twigs somewhat pubescent. 
 Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, narrowed 
 into short petioles; flowers in sessile fascicles of 2-5, very fragrant; perianth-tube 
 appressed-pubescent, rose-purple or white, 12 mm. long or less, the ovate acute 
 lobes nearly as long; drupe red, oval-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long. Escaped from cultiva- 
 tion, Quebec to Mass, and N. Y. Native of Europe and Asia. April-May. 
 
 2. DIRCA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with tough fibrous bark, alternate thin short-petioled deciduous leaves, 
 and yellowish flowers in peduncled fascicles of 2-4 from scaly buds at the nodes of 
 twigs of the preceding season. Perianth campanulate or funnelform, its limb un- 
 dulately obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, borne on the perianth, the alternate ones 
 longer; filaments very slender. Disk obsolete. Ovary nearly sessile; stigma 
 small, capitate. Drupe red, oval oblong. [Named from a fountain in Thebes.] 
 Two known species, the following and D. occidentalis A. Gray, of Cal. 
 
 i. Dirca palustris L. LEATHER-WOOD. MOOSE-WOOD. (I. . f. 2535.) A 
 shrub, 6-18 dm. high, the twigs yellowish green, glabrous. Leaves oval, or obo- 
 vate, obtuse, glabrous, or very nearly so, and 5-8 cm. long when mature; bud- 
 scales 3 or 4, oval, or oblong, very pubescent with brown hairs, deciduous; 
 peduncle about 5 mm. long; flowers nearly sessile; perianth 4-6 mm. long; style 
 longer than the stamens; drupe about I cm. long. In woods and thickets, N. B. 
 to Minn., Va., Tenn. and Mo., and Fla. (according to Chapman). April-May. 
 
 Family 2. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. 
 Oleaster Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees.mostly silvery-scaly, or stellate-pubescent, with entire 
 leaves, the flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the pre- 
 ceding season, rarely solitary. Lower part of the perianth of perfect or 
 pistillate flowers enclosing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed 
 or 4-cleft, deciduous (obscurely 2-lobed in the Old World Hippophoe} ; 
 perianth of staminate flowers 4-parted (2-parted in Hippophoe}. Stamens 
 4 or 8, those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of the perianth ; fila- 
 ments mostly short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Disk annular, or lobed. Ovary sessile ; ovule i, anatropous ; style slender. 
 Fruit drupe-like, the perianth-base becoming thickened and enclosing 
 the achene or nut. Seed erect ; embryo straight ; endosperm little or 
 wanting. Three known genera and about 20 species, widely distributed. 
 
MYRTALES. 64? 
 
 Stamens as many ns the perianth-parts; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate. 
 
 1. Elaeagnus. 
 Stamens twice as many as the perianth-parts; flowers dioecious: leaves opposite. 
 
 2. Lepargyraea. 
 
 i. ELAEAGNUS L. 
 
 Silver- scaly shrubs, some exotic species trees, with petioled leaves. Flowers 
 solitary or 2-4 together in the axils, pedicelled, not bracted. Perianth tubular 
 below, constricted over the top of the ovary, the upper part deciduous, the lobes val- 
 vate. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the perianth. Ripened perianth-base 
 fleshy or mealy. [Greek, sacred olive.] About 20 species; only the following is 
 known in N. Am. 
 
 i. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. SILVER BERRY. (I. F. f. 2536.) Stolon- 
 iferous, sometimes 4 m. high, the young twigs covered with brown scurf, becom- 
 ing silvery. Leaves oblong, ovate or oval-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on 
 both sides, short petioled, 2-10 cm. long; flowers usually numerous, I to 3 in the 
 axils, fragrant, silvery, 1 2-1 6 mm. long; perianth silvery without, yellowish 
 within, its lobes ovate, about 2 mm. long; fruit oval, silvery, 8-12 mm. long, the 
 stone 8-striate. James Bay to the N. W. Terr., Quebec, Minn., S. Dak. and 
 Utah. May-July. 
 
 2. LEPARGYRA^EA Raf. [SHEPHERDIA Nutt.] 
 
 Shrubs, brown- or silvery-scurfy or stellate-pubescent, with petioled leaves. 
 Flowers small, dioecious, or sometimes polygamous, subspicate or fascicled at the 
 nodes of the preceding season, or axillary, the pistillate few or sometimes solitary. 
 Pistillate flowers with a 4-lobed perianth, bearing an 8-lobed disk at its mouth 
 which nearly closes it; style somewhat exserted. Staminate flowers with a 4 parted 
 perianth and 8 stamens alternating with as many lobes ol the disk; filaments short. 
 [Greek, silvery-scaly.] Only the following species, and L. rolundifolia of Utah. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval, green above, silvery beneath; shrub thornless. i. L. Canadensis. 
 Leaves oblong, silvery on both sides; shrub mostly thorny. 2. L. argentea. 
 
 1. Lepargyraea Canadensis (L.) Greene. CANADIAN BUFFALO-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2537.) A thornless shrub, 1-2.8 m. high, the young shoots brown- 
 scurfy. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, green and sparingly stellate- 
 scurfy above, densely silvery stellate- scurfy beneath; petioles 4-6 mm. long; flow- 
 ers yellowish; perianth about 4 mm. broad; fruit cval, red or yellowish, 4-6 mm. 
 long, the flesh insipid, the nut smooth. On banks, Newf. to Alaska, Me., N. Y., 
 Mich, and Utah. April-June. 
 
 2. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. BUFFALO-BERRY. RABBIT- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 2538.) A shrub, 2-6 m. high, the twigs often terminating in 
 thorns. Leaves oblong, or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse 
 at the apex, usually cuneate-narrowed at the base; densely silvery-scurfy on both 
 sides; petioles 4-12 mm. long; flowers fascicled at the nodes; fruit oval, or ovoid, 
 scarlet, sour, 4-6 mm. long, edible. Manitoba and Minn, to Saskatch., Kans. 
 and Nev. April-May. 
 
 Order 26. MYRTALES. 
 
 Our species mostly herbs, many tropical and subtropical ones shrubs 
 or trees. Leaves simple, often lobed or dissected. Petals usually-present, 
 distinct (wanting in some Haloragidaceae). Calyx gamosepalous, mostly 
 superior or adnate to the compound ovary. Ovules usually numeror 
 
 Land or marsh plants; or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected. 
 
 Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it, except at the base. 
 
 Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. i. Lythraceae* 
 
 Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fam. 2. Melastomaccae. 
 
 Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 3. Onagraceae. 
 
 Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Htppurts, which 
 has whorled narrow leaves and onlv i stamen). 
 
648 FLORA. 
 
 Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated; flowers rather large, white. 
 
 Fam. 4. Trapaceae. 
 
 Leaves mostly sessile; petioles, if present, not inflated; flowers small, greenish; seeds 
 with i coat. Fam. 5. Haloragidaceae. 
 
 Family i. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. 
 Loosestrife Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite 
 leaves and perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, 
 free from the ovary, the limb toothed. Petals as many as the primary 
 calyx-teeth ; inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens inserted on the 
 calyx. Anthers versatile. Ovary 2-6-celled or sometimes i-celled ; style 
 i; ovules oo , rarely few, anatropous. Capsule i -several-celled. Seeds 
 without endosperm ; cotyledons flat, often auricled at the base. About 
 21 genera and 350 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric ; flowers regular. 
 Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few ; low herbs. 
 
 Petals 4 in our species; capsule bursting irregularly. i. Ammannta. 
 
 Petals none; capsule indehiscent. 2. Didiphs. 
 
 Petals 4; capsule septicidally dehiscent. 3. Rotala. 
 
 Flowers large, in axillary cymes; large aquatic shrub. 4. Decodon. 
 
 Calyx-tube cylindric; flowers regular. 5, Ly thrum. 
 
 Calyx-tube tubular, oblique; flowers irregular. 6. Parsonsia. 
 
 1. AMMA'NNIA L. 
 
 Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite 
 sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, globose or 
 ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 
 4 in our species, deciduous. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary 
 nearly globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. [Named for Johann Ammann, 
 1699-1741, a German botanist.] About 2 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers sessile, solitary, or 2-5 together. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; style elongated. i. A. coccinea. 
 
 Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; style very short. 2. A. Koehnei. 
 
 Flowers pedicelled, in axillary cymes. 3. A. auriculata. 
 
 1. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. LONG-LEAVED AMMANNIA. (I. F. f. 2539.) 
 Erect, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves obtusely cordate-auriculate and dilated at the 
 somewhat clasping base, entire, 2-8 cm. long. 2-6 mm. wide; flowers 1-5 in each 
 axil, sessile or nearly so; petals purple, fugacious; style very slender, usually more 
 than one-half the length of the capsule. In swamps, Ind. and Iowa to S. Dak., 
 Fla., Mex. and Brazil. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Ammannia Koehnei Britton. KOEHNE'S AMMANNIA. (I. F. f. 2540.) 
 Erect. 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or somewhat spatulate, the 
 upper ones clasping and more or less auriculate at the base, the lower narrowed 
 and sessile or tapering into, a short petiole; flowers 1-3 together in the axils, sessile; 
 petals fugacious; stamens very short, not exserted; style very short; capsule en- 
 closed by the calyx. In swamps, N. J. to Fla. July -Sept. 
 
 3. Ammannia auriculata Willd. WRIGHT'S AMMANNIA. (I. F. f. 2541.) 
 Erect, 5-25 cm. high. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish 
 at the apex, auriculate at the base, 1-4 cm. long; cymes peduncled; pedicels 1-3 
 mm. long; petals purple; style slender; stamens exserted; capsule partly enclosed 
 by the calyx. Neb. to Tex. and Brazil. Also in Asia and Africa. May-June. 
 
 2. DIDIPLIS Raf. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh plants, with 4-angled stems, opposite narrow entire leaves, 
 and small axillary solitary green flowers. Calyx hemispheric or campanulate, 
 4-lobed, with no accessory teeth. Stamens 2-4, usually 4, inserted on the calyx- 
 
L Y THRA CEA E. 649 
 
 tube; filaments very short. Ovary globose, 2-celled; style scarcely any; stigma 
 obscurely 2-lobed; ovules oo . Capsule 2-celled. [Greek, twice double.] A 
 monotypic genus of east-central N. Am. 
 
 i. Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood. WATER PURSLANE. (I. F. f. 2542.) 
 Submersed or rooting in the mud, 0.7-3 dm. long. Submersed leaves thin, elon- 
 gated-linear or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broader at the base, 
 1-2 cm. long; emersed leaves linear-oblong, narrowed at the base; flowers about 
 I mm. long; capsule about I mm. in diameter. Minn, and Wis. to Tex. andMex., 
 N. Car. and Fla. Resembling Callitriche in habit. June-Aug. 
 
 
 3. ROTALA L. 
 
 Low annual mainly glabrous herbs, usually with opposite leaves, 4-angled stems, 
 and axillary mainly solitary small flowers. Calyx campanulate or globose, 4-lobed. 
 Stamens 4, short. Ovary free from the calyx, globose, 4-celled. Capsule glo- 
 bose, 4-celled, the valves minutely and densely striate transversely. [Latin, wheel, 
 from the whorled leaves of some species.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 I. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. ROTALA. (I. F. f. 2543.) Glabrous, 
 5-25 cm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, blunt at the apex, 
 narrowed and sessile at the base or tapering into a short petiole, notauricled; flow- 
 ers solitary or rarely 3 in the axils, very small; petals minute; style almost none. 
 In swamps, Mass, to Fla., 111., Neb., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cal., Ore., S. Am. 
 and the W. Indies. July-Sept. 
 
 4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. 
 
 Herbaceous shrubs, with verticillate or opposite, short-petioled entire leaves, and 
 showy purple trimorphous flowers, in nearly sessile axillary cymes. Calyx broadly 
 campanulate, or hemispheric, nerved, 5-7-toothed, with as many slender elongated 
 accessory teeth in the sinuses. Stamens 10, rarely 8, alternately longer and shorter, 
 inserted on the calyx-tube, the longer exserted. Style filiform; stigma small. 
 Capsule globose, 3-5 celled, included in the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent. [Greek, 
 ten -toothed, referring to the calyx.] A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Decodon verticillatus (L. ) Ell. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE OR WILLOW- 
 HERB. (I. F. f. 2544.) Aquatic, somewhat woody, with angular recurved gla- 
 brous or slightly pubescent stems, 1-3 m. long, which root from the tip when they 
 reach the water or mud. Leaves lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous above, some- 
 what pubescent beneath, acute at both ends; petioles 4-8 mm. long; flowers nearly 
 2.5 cm. broad; petals cuneate at the base; capsule about 5 mm. in diameter. In 
 swamps, Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ky. and La. Stems clothed with serenchyma 
 at the base. July-Sept. \_Nesaea vcrticillata H. B. K.] 
 
 5. LYTHRUM L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with 4-angled stems, entire leaves, and often dimorphous or 
 trimorphous flowers. Calyx tube 8-12-ribbed, straight, with 4-6 primary teeth 
 and an equal number of accessory ones in the sinuses. Petals 46, usually obovate, 
 rarely wanting. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary oblong, ses- 
 sile, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma mostly capitate; ovules numerous. Capsules 
 enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved, or bursting irregularly. 
 [Greek, gore, from the purple flowers.] About 23 species, of wide distribution. 
 Besides the following, about 4 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Flowers axillary, solitary; stamens not more numerous than petals. 
 Leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 Leaves obtuse ; stamens all included; annual. i. L. Hyssopifolia. 
 
 Leaves acute; stamens of short-styled flowers exserted; perennial. 
 
 2. L. alatunt. 
 Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base. 3. L. lineare. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or cordate at the base. 4. L. Vulneraria. 
 
 Flowers in panicled spikes, terminal; stamens twice as many as petals. 
 
 5. L, Salicaria. 
 
 i. Lythrum Hyssopifolia L. HYSSOP LOOSESTRIFE. GRASS POLY. (I. F. 
 f. 2545.) Glabrous, pale green, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, mainly alter- 
 
650 FLORA. 
 
 nate, the lowest sometimes opposite, oblong or linear-oblong, 8-2O mm. long; flow- 
 ers not dimorphous, pink-purple, about I mm. broad; stamens included; calyx 
 5-6 rnm. long in fruit. Borders of salt marshes, Me. to N. J. Also in Cal. and 
 S. Am. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. WING-ANGLED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2546.) 
 Perennial, glabrous, dark green, 3-12 dm. high, the stem angled and often slightly 
 winged. Leaves sessile, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or oblong, 
 rounded or cordate at the base, 1-3 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, deep purple, 
 6-10 mm. broad, dimorphous; ovary nearly sessile; calyx 5-6 mm. long in iruit. 
 In low grounds, southern^ Ont. to Mass., Ky., S. Dak. and Kans. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Ly thrum lineare L. LINEAR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2547.) 
 Perennial, glabrous, rather pale green, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 1-2.5 cm - 
 long, 2-4 mm. wide, nearly all opposite; flowers light purple or nearly white, di- 
 morphous, about 3 mm. broad; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted ; ovary 
 
 short stalked; fruiting calyx 3-4 mm. long. Borders of salt marshes, N. J. to Fla. 
 and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Lythrum Vulneraria Ait. KENNEDY'S LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2548.) 
 Spreading or ascending, perennial, glabrous, 3-12 dm long. Leaves short-pe- 
 tioled, or sessile, 8-18 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 mostly obtuse ; flowers usually short-peduncled, purple, about 8 mm. broad; sta- 
 mens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fruiting calyx 8-iomm. long. St. Louis, 
 Mo. (according to Koehne); Fla. to Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 5. Lythrum Salicaria L. SPIKED OR PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2549.) 
 Perennial, 0.5-3 m. high. Leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate in 3's, sessile, 
 lanceolate, cordate or clasping at the base, 5-8 cm. long; flowers purple, trimor- 
 phous, 12-16 mm. broad, in terminal spikes; stamens S-io, alternately longer and 
 shorter, even the longer ones little exserted; ovary short-stalked; fruiting calyx 
 about 6 mm. long. In swamps and wet meadows, Cape Breton Island to Ont. and 
 Del. Said to be naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 6. PARSONSIA P. Br. [CUPHEA P. Br.] 
 
 Herbs (or shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate leaves. 
 Flowers axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated, 12 -ribbed, 
 gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 primary teeth and 
 usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens II (sometimes 12 in 
 our species), inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary 
 with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. 
 Capsule oblong, I -celled, laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In honor of 
 James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.] About 180 species, natives of America. 
 Besides the following 2 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. BLUE WAX-WEED. CLAMMY CUPHEA. 
 TAR-WEED. (I. F. f. -2550.) Annual, very viscid-pubescent, 1.5-5 dm. high. 
 Leaves slender-petioled, ovate lanceolate, scabrous, mostly rounded at the base and 
 blunt-pointed at the apex, 2-4 cm. long; flowers short-peduncled, purple, 6-8 mm. 
 broad; petals ovate, clawed; stamens sometimes 12; fruiting calyx swollen, about 
 8 mm. long; capsule dehiscent before the seeds are ripe, the placenta projecting 
 through the lateral orifice. In dry soil, R. I. to 111., Kans., Ga. and La. Intro- 
 duced into S. Ont. July-Oct. 
 
 Family 2. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. 
 
 Meadow- Beauty Family- 
 
 Herbs (many shrubs or trees in tropical regions), with opposite 3-9- 
 nerved leaves, and regular perfect often showy but rarely odorous flowers. 
 Stipules none. Calyx-tube usually 4~5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. 
 Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, and inserted on its throat, im- 
 bricated. Stamens twice as many, or equal in number to the petals, often 
 inclined or declined, the alternate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 
 2-several-celled (often 4-celled) ; style terminal, simple ; ovules oo , ana- 
 
ON A GRA CEA E. 651 
 
 tropous. Capsule included in the calyx-tube, irregularly or loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no endosperm. About 150 genera 
 and 2500 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, most abundant in 
 S. Am. ; represented in N. Am. only by the following genus. 
 
 i. RHEXIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, often somewhat woody at the base, sometimes tuber- bearing, 
 with mostly sessile opposite 3~5-nerved leaves, and terminal showy cymose or 
 rarely solitary flowers. Calyx tube urn-shaped or campanulate, constricted at the 
 neck, its limb 4-lobed, the lobes shorter than the tube. Petals 4, obovate, oblique. 
 Stamens 8, equal; anthers incurved or inverted in the bud. Ovary free from the 
 calyx, glabrous, 4-celled; style slender; stigma truncate. Capsule 4-celled, 
 4-valved. Placentae 4, central. Seeds numerous, coiled or bent, rough. [Greek, 
 breaking, applied originally to a different plant.] Ten known species, of eastern 
 N. Am. 
 
 Stem cylindric, very pubescent. i. R. Mariana. 
 
 Stem square or angled, pubescent or glabrous. 
 
 Stem more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate. 2. R. Virginica. 
 
 Stem glabrous. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lance-oblong; calyx with a few hairs above. 3. R. aristosa. 
 Leaves ovate, bristly-ciliate ; calyx glabrous. 4. R. ciliosa. 
 
 1. Rhexia Mariana L. MARYLAND MEADOW-BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 2551.) 
 Stem rather slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves spreading, short-petioled, oblong, or 
 linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long, pubescent with scattered bristly 
 hairs, 3-nerved, the margins ciliate- serrulate; flowers loosely cymose, pedicelled, 
 pale purple, about 2.5 cm. broad; pedicels and calyx-tube glandular-pubescent; 
 petals rounded or short-aristate. In swamps, pine-barrens of L. I. to Fla., Ky., Mo. 
 and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Rhexia Virginica L. MEADOW-BEAUTY. DEER-GRASS. (I. F. f. 2552.) 
 Stem more or less pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves mostly sessile, ovate or 
 ovate-oval, acute or acutish, 2-5 cm. long, usually with a few scattered hairs on 
 both surfaces, mostly 5-nerved, the margins ciliate-serrulate; flowers bright purple, 
 cymose, short-pedicelled, 2.5-4 cm. broad; calyx tube and pedicels glandular- 
 pubescent; petals rounded or slightly retuse. In sandy swamps, Me. to Fla., 111., 
 Mo. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Rhexia aristosa Britton. AWN-PET ALED MEADOW. BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 
 2553.) Stem square, 4-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, erect, obtusish at each end, 
 1.5-3 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide. 3 nerved, serrate toward the apex with appressed 
 subulate teeth, glabrous or nearly so beneath, but with a few scattered hairs above; 
 flowers 1-4 together, short pedicelled, magenta-red, 2.5-4 cm. broad; petals 
 rounded, but obtusely pointed and aristate at the apex; anthers linear, minutely 
 spurred on the back. In sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J., Del. and S. Car. 
 Base of the stem coated with a spongy tissue when growing in water. July- Aug. 
 
 4 Rhexia ciliosa Michx. CILIATE MEADOW BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 2554.) Stem 
 square, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ascending, short-petioled, or sessile, acutish, 1-2 
 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 3 nerved, glabrous or nearly so beneath, pubescent with 
 a few scattered hairs above; flowers very short-pedicelled, violet-purple, 2.5-4 cm. 
 broad; petals rounded, sometimes apiculate; anthers oblong, not spurred on the 
 back. In swamps, Md. to Fla., west to La. June- Aug. 
 
 Family 3. ONAGRACEAE Dumort.* 
 Evening-primrose Family. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules 
 or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calyx-tube 
 adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9 
 (usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many 
 or twice as many as the petals. Ovary i-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; 
 
 * Revised by Dr. JOHN K. SMALL. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 styles united ; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed ; ovules generally anat- 
 ropous. Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. 
 Forty genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most 
 abundant in America. 
 
 Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. 
 
 Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or by a pore. 
 Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
 Seeds naked. 
 
 Stamens 4, in i row. 
 
 Leaves opposite ; stems creeping or floating. 
 
 Flowers sessile; petals none, or very small ; leaves petioled ; cap- 
 sules sessile, short, the top flat. \. Isnardia. 
 Flowers long-stalked; petals conspicuous; leaves sessile; cap- 
 sules elongated, curved, with a prominent 4-lobed stylopo- 
 dium. 2. Ludivigiantha. 
 Leaves alternate; stems erect or ascending. 3. Ludwigia, 
 Stamens 8-12, in 2 rows. 4. Jussiaea. 
 Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 5. Chamaenerion. 
 Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. 
 
 Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 6. Epilobium. 
 
 Seeds naked or sometimes tuberculate. 
 Stamens equal in length. 
 
 Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear. 
 
 Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows, 
 
 prismatic-angled. 7. Onagra. 
 
 Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 
 
 Buds erect ; petals yellow ; ovules and seeds in 2 rows. 
 
 8. Oenothera. 
 Buds drooping ; petals white or pink ; ovules and seeds in 
 
 i row. 9. Anogra. 
 
 Stigmas entire or slightly 4-toothed. 
 
 Calyx-tube longer than the ovary; stigma disk-like, entire. 
 
 1 6. Galpinsia. 
 Caiy X -tube shorter than the ovary; stigma disk-like, slightly 
 
 4-toothed. 17. Meriolix. 
 
 Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones longer. 
 
 Ovules and seeds many, clustered, on slender funiculi; capsules usu- 
 ally club-shaped. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 10. Kneiffia, 
 
 Flowers white, pink or reddish. n. Hartmannia. 
 
 Ovules or seeds few, sessile, in i or 2 rows. 
 Plants normally acaulescent. 
 
 Capsules obtusely or retusely 4-angled ; seeds furrowed 
 
 along the raphe. 12. Pachylophus. 
 
 Capsules sharply 4-angled or winged ; seeds with a tubercle 
 
 at one end. 13. Lavauxia. 
 
 Plants caulescent. 
 
 Stems wiry, diffuse ; capsules sharply 4-angled. 
 
 14. Gaurella. 
 Stems stout, not diffuse; capsules 4-winged. 
 
 15. Megapterium. 
 Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 
 
 Calyx-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base ; ovary 4-celled. 
 
 18. Gaura. 
 Calyx-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged ; ovary i-celled. 
 
 19. Stenosiphon. 
 Floral whorls of 2 parts. 20. Circaea. 
 
 x. ISNARDIA L. 
 
 Succulent herbs. Stems creeping or floating; leaves opposite, relatively few, 
 petioled. Flowers axillary, sessile, not yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter than 
 the tube or slightly longer. Filaments very short. Ovary very short; styles often 
 almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In honor of Antoine 
 Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences, died 
 1724.] About 4 species in N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 i. Isnardia palustris L. MARSH PURSLANE. (I. F. f. 2555.) Stems 
 branching, 1-5 dm. long; leaves oval, ovate or spatulate, 12-25 mm - l n g> nar - 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 653 
 
 rowed into slender petioles; flowers solitary, about 2 mm. broad; bractlets at base 
 of the calyx usually none; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; petals small, reddish, or 
 often wanting; capsule 4-sided, slightly longer than wide, about 3 mm. high, 
 slightly exceeding the calyx lobes. In muddy ditches and swamps, N. S. to Man- 
 itoba, Ore., Fla., Cal. and Mex. Widely distributed in the Old World. June-Nov. 
 
 2. LUDWIGIANTHA Small. 
 
 Fleshy herbs. Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves opposite, sessile, numerous. 
 Flowers yellow, on slender bracted peduncles. Calyx-segments narrow, longer 
 than the tube. Petals conspicuous, surpassing the calyx-segments. Filaments 
 elongated. Ovary relatively long; united styles filiform, elongated. Capsule club- 
 shaped, curved at the base, about as long as the persistent calyx-segments. [Deriva- 
 tion as in the following genus.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Ludwigian:ha arcuata (Walt.) Small. CURVED PODDED LUDWIGIANTHA. 
 (I. F. f. 2556.) Stems glabrous or nearly so, 8 -30 cm. long. Leaves oblanceolate, 
 leathery, smooth, obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 12-25 mm - l n g: 
 flowers axillary, solitary, bright yellow, 8-12 mm. broad; calyx lobes linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the obovate petals; capsule club-shaped, some- 
 what curved, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long. In swamps, Va. to Fla. May-July. 
 
 3. LUDWIGIA L 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axillary or 
 terminal flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or winged. Calyx- 
 lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4- Stamens usually 4. Ovary 4-5- 
 celled. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, septicidally dehiscent, or opening by 
 an apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773, Professor of Botany 
 at Leipsic.J About 25 species, natives of warm and temperate regions, most abun- 
 dant in N. Am. Besides the following about 10 others occur in the southern and 
 southwestern States. 
 
 Flowers inconspicuous ; petals none, or small, yellowish or greenish ; valves of the cap- 
 sule separating from the terminal disk. 
 Capsules subglobose or top-shaped. 
 
 Bractlets at the base of the calyx minute, or none ; capsule subglobose, finely 
 pubescent. i. L. sphaerocarpa. 
 
 Bractlets at the base of the calyx linear, about equalling the capsule; capsule top- 
 shaped, glabrous. 2. L. polycarpa. 
 Capsules cylindric or obpyramidal. 
 
 Capsules cylindric. 3. L. glandulosa. 
 
 Capsules obpyramidal. 
 
 Capsules as long as broad, or broader, the angles winged. 
 
 4. L. alata. 
 Capsules several times longer than broad, the angles obtuse. 
 
 5. L. linear is, 
 Flowers showy, peduncled ; petals large, bright yellow ; capsules opening by an apical 
 
 pore. 
 
 Plants hirsute; capsules bristly pubescent. 6. L. hir fella. 
 
 Plants glabrous or nearly so ; capsules glabrous. 7. L. alter nifolia. 
 
 1. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. GLOBE-FRUITED LUDWIGIA. (I. F. f. 
 2557.) Stem generally finely pubescent, 6-9 dm. high, the lower part clothed 
 with serenchyma when growing in water. Leaves sessile, those of the stem and 
 branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous and minutely 
 denticulate, those of the stolons obovate; flowers sessile, greenish, about 3 mm. 
 broad; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals commonly none; capsule about 
 4 mm. high, scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes. In swamps, eastern Mass, and 
 southern N. Y. to Fla., west to La. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. MANY-FRUITED LUDWIGIA. (I. F. 
 f. 2558.) Stems glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 
 acute at each end, 5-10 cm long, rough-margined, those of the stolons spat ulate; 
 flowers sessile, about 3 mm. broad, greenish; calyx-lobes triangular-lane eola'e, 
 acute, sometimes serrulate; petals minute, greenish; capsule glabrous, slightly 4- 
 sicled, about 5 mm. high, often twice the length of the calyx lobes. Li twamps. 
 Ont, to Minn, and Mass., south to Ky., Neb, and Kans. July- Oct. 
 
654 &LQRA. 
 
 3. Ludwigia glandulosa Walt. CYLINDRIC-FRUITED LUDWIGIA. (I. F. f. 
 2559.) Stems glabrous, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile or narrowed 
 into short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 5-10 mm. long; flowers 
 axillary, rarely 2 together, greenish, about 2 mm. broad; bractlets at base of calyx 
 minute or none; calyx lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals none; capsule 4-grooved, 
 68 mm. long, glabrous, 4-5 times as long as the calyx lobes. In swamps, 
 southern 111. and Mo. to Kans., Tex., east to Fla. and S. Car. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Ludwigia alata Ell. WING-STEMMED LUDWIGIA. (I. t. f. 2560.) 
 Steins 3-9 dm. tall, winged, often stoloniferous ; leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear 
 lanceolate, or sometimes nearly linear, 2.5-10 cm. long, those of the stolons sub- 
 orbicular or spatulate; flowers inconspicuous, about 4 mm. broad, white or greenish ; 
 calyx glabrous, its segments triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate; petals none; cap- 
 sules3-4 mm. high, winged; seeds about 0.5 mm. long, faintly pitted. In marshes, 
 N. Car. to Mo., Fla. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Ludwigia linearis Walt. LINEAR-LEAVED LUDWIGIA. (I. F. f. 2561.) 
 Stems branching, glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, often stoloniferous, lower part clothed 
 with serenchyma. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, acute at each end, 2.5-5 cm - 
 long, about 2 mm. wide, the margins roughish, or those of the stolons obov ate; 
 flowers sessile, about 4 mm. broad; calyx-lobes triangular- ovate, acute, slightly 
 shorter than the yellowish petals; capsule narrowed at the base, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5 
 times as long as the calyx-lobes. In swamps, southern N. Y. to Fla., west to La. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 6. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. HAIRY LUDWIGIA. (I. F. f. 2562.) Stems 
 branching, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, ob- 
 tuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 2.5-3 cm. long; flowers solitary, peduncled, 
 12-20 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, acute, somewhat shorter than the 
 yellow petals; capsules cubic with a rounded base, about 5 mm. high, shorter than 
 the calyx-lobes, opening by an apical pore. In swamps, pine barrens of N. J. to 
 Fla., west to Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 7. Ludwigia alternifoliaL. SEED-BOX. RATTLE BOX. (I. F. f. 2563.) Stems 
 branching, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves short petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate 
 at the apex, 5-12 cm. long; flowers short- peduncled, solitary, 12-16 mm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, about equalling the yellow petals which fall away 
 when the plant is shocked; capsules cubic with a rounded base, slightly wing-angled, 
 about 5 mm. high, opening by a pore. In swamps, N. H. to northern N. Y., Ont.(?j, 
 Mich., Fla., Kans. and Tex. Roots often tuberous. June-Sept. 
 
 Ludwigia alternifolia linearifolia Rritton. Leaves linear, elongated; calyx- lobes 
 linear-lanceolate; petals more persistent. W. Va. 
 
 4. JUSSIAEA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate, usually entire leaves, and white or yellow, axil- 
 lary flowers. Calyx-lobes acute, persistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more). Stamens 
 8-12, in 2 rows. Ovary 4-6 celled. Capsule linear, oblong or club shaped, an- 
 gular or ribbed, septicidally dehiscent. [In honor of Bernard de Jussieu, 1699- 
 1777, founder of the Natural System of Botany.] About 35 species, of warm and 
 temperate regions. Besides the following 7 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 Creeping or floating; petals 5; capsule cvlindric. i. J. dijffusa. 
 
 Erect; petals 4; capsule club-shaped, 4-sided. 2. /. decurrens. 
 
 1. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl. FLOATING OR CREEPING JUSSIAEA OR PRIM- 
 ROSE-WILLOW. (I. F. f. 2564.) Stem 3-9 dm. long. Leaves oval, oval-lanceo- 
 late or obovate, slender-petioled, veiny, obtuse or acute at the apex, 2.5-10 cm. 
 long; peduncles slender; flowers yellow, 12-25 mm - broad; calyx-lobes 5, lanceo- 
 late; stamens 10; capsule ridged, 2.5-4 cm. long; seeds in i row in each cavity. 
 In ponds, Ky. and III. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. Also introp. Am. and Asia. June- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. UPRIGHT PRIMROSE-WILLOW. (I. F. 
 f. 2565.) Stem angled, branching, 3 7 6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or 
 acuminate at the apex, decurrent on the stem, 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers short-pe- 
 duncled, yellow, 8-12 mm, broad; calyx-lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate; stamens 8; cap. 
 
CNAGRACEAE. 655 
 
 suie 2-3 times as long as the peduncle, 4-sided, the angles somewhat winged; seeds 
 in several rows in each cavity. In swamps, Md. to Ga., Fia., 111., Ark. and Tex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 5. CHAMAENERION Adans. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with tufted stems, often woody at the base. Leaves mostly 
 alternate, entire; flowers irregular, showy, in terminal racemes; calyx-tube not 
 prolonged beyond the ovary; calyx-segments 4, deciduous; petals 4, entire; sta- t 
 mens 8, declined; filaments dilated at the base; stigmas 4-cleft. Capsule obtusely 
 4-angled, elongated, opening loculicidally. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at 
 the end. [Greek, ground rose-bay.] About 4 species, chiefly in the north tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 Bracts small; lateral nerves of the leaves confluent in marginal loops; style pubescent at 
 the base. i. C. angustifolium. 
 
 Bracts leaf-like; lateral nerves of the leaves obsolete ; style glabrous. 2. C'latifolivm. 
 
 I. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. GREAT OR SPIKED WILLOW- 
 HERB. FIRE-WEED. (I. F. f. 2566.) Erect, often finely pubescent above, 
 0.5-2.5 m. high. Leaves lanceolate, 5 15 cm. long, pale beneath, acute at 
 the apex; flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad, purple, or sometimes white, in elongated 
 terminal spike-like racemes; capsules 5-7.5 cm. long, finely canescent, at least 
 when young; seeds about I mm. long, the coma long, whitish. In dry soil, Lab. 
 to Alaska, N. Car., Kans., Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 2 Chamaenerioa latifolium (L. ) Sweet. BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB. 
 (I. F. f. 2567.) Erect, often quite canescent above, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 2.5-5 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick, those of 
 the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous; flowers purple, 2.5-5 cm - broad, 
 in mainly short leafy-bracted racemes; capsules 1-3 cm. long, canescent; seeds 
 about 2 mm. long; coma elongated, whitish. Moist ground, New!, to Alaska, 
 Quebec, Colo, and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 6. EPILOBIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves, and soli- 
 tary, spicate or racemose flowers. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, the 
 limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, often notched. Stamens 8: stigma 'club- 
 shaped or 4-lobed. Capsule narrow, elongated, 4-sided, loculicidally dehiscent 
 by 4 valves. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at the summit. [Greek, upon 
 a pod, flower and pod appearing together.] About 65 species, of wide geo- 
 graphic distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Besides the following, 
 about 30 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of N. Am. 
 
 Stigma deeply 4-lobed; flowers large. i. E. hirsutum. 
 
 Stigma entire, or merely notched. 
 
 Seeds smooth or nearly so ; arctic or alpine species. 
 
 Flowers white; leaves usually denticulate. 2. E. alpinum. 
 
 Flowers violet; leaves mostly entire. 3. E. anagallidifolium. 
 
 Seeds papillose. 
 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 
 Plants crisp-pubescent or canescent. 
 
 Leaves sessile, mostly obtuse. 4. E. palustre. 
 
 Leaves petioled, very narrow, acute. 5. E. lineare. 
 
 Plants glandular-pubescent throughout, or only above. 
 
 Densely glandular throughout; leaves sessile. 6. E. strt'chrm. 
 Glandular-pubescent above; leaves petioled. 7. E. paniculatum. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate, serrate. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 
 
 Seeds obconic, beakless ; coma reddish. 8. E. coloratum. 
 
 Seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked; coma white. 9. E. adenocaulon. 
 Leaves ovate, thin, obtuse. 10. E. Hornemanni. 
 
 i Epilobium hirsutum L. GREAT HAIRY WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 2568.) 
 Stout, 5-12 dm. high, softly hirsute- pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, usually opposite, often clasping at the base, acute at the apex, sharply ser- 
 
656 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 rulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers erect, rose-purple, abou.t 2.5 cm. broad; petals 
 pubescent at the base within; capsule stalked, 5-7.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; 
 seeds about I mm. long; coma whitish. In waste places, eastern N. Eng., N. Y., 
 Ont. and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Epilobium alpinum L. ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 2569.) Slender, 
 glabrous or nearly so, 8-30 cm. high. Leaves pale, petioled, opposite, or the 
 upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 12-20 mm. long; flowers few, 
 nearly erect, 4-8 mm. broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender-stalked, 
 ,2.5-5 cm. long, about I mm. thick; seeds beaked. Lab. to Br. Col., N. H., Utah 
 and Ore. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. PIMPERNEL WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 
 2570.) Low, usually tufted, 5-15 cm. high, resembling the next preceding 
 species. Stems commonly pubescent in lines and nodding at the apex; leaves 
 oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse at the apex, short-petioled, 10-20 mm. long; 
 flowers few, clustered, nodding, about 5 mm. broad; stigma entire; capsule slender- 
 pedicelled, about 2.5 cm. long, I mm. wide; seeds smooth, short-beaked, about 
 I mm. long. Lab. and through arctic Am. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Nev. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 4. Epilobium palustre L. MARSH OR SWAMP WILLOW-HERB, (I. F. f. 
 2571.) Erect, usually simple, 1.5-4 dm. high, canescent above with incurved 
 hairs. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or subtruncate at the 
 apex, 2.5-5 cm. long, erect or ascending, distinctly veined; flowers few, pink or 
 whitish, usually nodding at first, 4-6 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels slender; cap- 
 sules 2.5-5 cm - l n > slightly more than I mm. thick; seeds about I mm. long, a 
 little papillose translucent, the apex scarcely narrowed. In bogs, N. B. to Alaska, 
 the White Mts., Ont., Colo, and Wash. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 5. Epilobium lineare Muhl. LINEAR-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 
 2572.) Slender, canescent throughout with incurved hairs, 36 dm. high, at 
 length much branched. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, 
 opposite or alternate, acute at both ends, 2.5-5 cm> ^ on > the veins obscure; flowers 
 erect, pink or whitish. 4-8 mm. broad; stigma entire or slightly notched; pedicels 
 mostly slender; capsules about 5 cm. long; seeds less than 2 mm. long, slightly 
 papillose. In swamps, N. B. to Del, W. Va., Br. Col., the Ind. Terr, and Wyo. 
 July-Sept. Sometimes produces bulblets near the base of the stem. 
 
 6. Epilobium strlctum Muhl. DOWNY OR SOFT WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 
 2573.) Erect, usually much branched, 3-9 dm. high, glandular-pubescent with 
 whitish somewhat spreading hairs. Leaves broader than those of the next preced- 
 ing species, lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, 1.8-4 cm. long, mostly entire, evidently 
 veined; flowers pink or whitish, about 4-5 mm. broad; capsules nearly 2mm. thick, 
 short-pedicelled; seeds obconic, papillose. Bogs, Me. toW. Ont. and Minn., south 
 to Va. and 111. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. PANICLED WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 2574.) 
 Annual, slender, 3-6 dm. tall, loosely branched, glandular-pubescent above. 
 Leaves alternate, varying from linear to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, den- 
 ticulate or nearly entire, attenuate into slender winged petioles; calyx often purple, 
 its tube funnelform, 2-3 mm. long, shorter than the lanceolate segments; petals 
 cuneate, notched, 6-8 mm. long, violet; capsules ascending, linear-fusiform, 2-3 cm. 
 long, curved; seeds obovoid, 2 mm. long, black, slightly papillose. Lake Huron 
 to Br. Col., Colo., Ariz, and Cal. Summer. 
 
 8. Epilobium coloratura Muhl. PURPLE LEAVED WILLOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 
 2575.) Erect, much branched, 3-9 dm. high, more or less canescent above with 
 incurved hairs often arranged in lines. Stem and leaves often purplish; leaves 
 generally slender petioled but sometimes sessile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, sharply serrulate or denticulate, 5-15 cm. long; flowers numerous, pink 
 or white, 4-6 mm. broad, generally nodding; capsules short-pedicelled, finely pu- 
 bescent, 2.5-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds papillose, less than 2 mm. long. 
 In low grounds, Me. to Ont., Wis., S. Dak., S. Car. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. NORTHERN WILLOW HERB. (I. F. f. 
 2570.) Closely resembling the next preceding species, but the inflorescence and 
 capsules glandular pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtusish or 
 sometimes acute, sparingly serrulate or denticulate, seldom over 6.5 cm. long; 
 
ON A GRA CEA E. 6 5 7 
 
 flowers usually nodding at first; seeds abruptly short-beaked, about I mm. long, 
 papillose. In moist grounds, N. B. to Ore., south to Mass., Penn., Iowa, Utah 
 and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Epilobium Hornemanni Reichenb. HORNEMANN'S WILLOW-HERB. 
 (I. F. f. 2577.) Erect, 1.5-3 dm. high* simple or nearly so, slightly pubescent 
 above. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly broadly obtuse at the apex, 
 rather remotely denticulate, 1.2-3 cm. long; flowers lew, purple or violet, 6-7 mm. 
 broad; stigma entire; capsules 2.5-6 cm. long, nearly glabrous, slender- pedicelled; 
 seeds about I mm. long, papillose, nearly beakless. Moist places, White rMts. to 
 Lab., west to Wis. and Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and to Cal. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 7. ONAGRA Adans. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs, with mostly erect stems. Leaves alternate, undulate 
 or toothed; buds erect. Flowers yellow, nocturnal, in terminal spikes. Calyx- 
 tube elongated. Ovary 4-celled; ovules in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 
 4-angled, more or less tapering, opening loculicidally. Seeds prismatic- angled. 
 [Greek, the wild ass, said to refer to the similarity of its leaves to the ears of that 
 animal.] About 12 species, chiefly North American. 
 
 Flowers relatively small; petals narrow, 2-4 mm. wide. i. O. cructata. 
 
 Flowers relatively large; petals broad, 12-50 mm. wide. 
 
 Capsules 2-3 cm. long or shorter, abruptly narrowed at the apex; pubescence not 
 velvety. 
 
 Stems slightly hispid; capsules glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
 
 2. O. biennis. 
 
 Stems very strigose; capsules copiously pubescent. 3. O. strigosa. 
 
 Capsules 3 cm. long or longer, gradually narrowed to the apex; pubescence velvety. 
 
 4. O. Oakesiana* 
 
 1. Onagra cruciata (Nutt.) Small. SMALL-FLOWERED EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 2578.) Glabrous or sparingly villous. Stem erect, 6-12 dm. tall, usually 
 simple; leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate (the upper ones often lanceolate), 
 4-10 cm. long, acute, eerrate-denticulate. the lower ones slender-petioled, the upper- 
 most nearly sessile; spikes 1-3 dm. long, leafy-bracted ; calyx-tube slender, 8-25 
 mm. long, sparingly villous; petals linear, 10-12 mm. long, acutish; capsules 
 2.5-2.8 cm. long, gradually narrowed from the base. Me. to N. Y. and Mass. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE. NIGHT WIL- 
 LOW-HERB. (I. F. f. 2579.) Erect, generally stout, 3-25 dm. high, more or less 
 hirsute pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower pe- 
 tioled, repand-denticulate, 2.5-15 cm. long; flowers spicate, leafy bracted, bright 
 yellow, 2.5-5 cm - broad; calyx-tube slender, much longer than the ovary; cap- 
 sules oblong, narrowed above, erect, pubescent, 18-25 mm. long, nearly terete; 
 seeds nearly 2 mm. long. Usually in dry soil, Lab. to Fla., west to the Missis- 
 sippi Valley. Nat. in the Old World. June-Oct. 
 
 Onagra biennis grandifl&ra (Ait.) Lindl. Stouter. Leaves larger, thicker and 
 broader; flowers 5-10 cm. broad. Range nearly that of the species; common southward. 
 
 3. Onagra strigosa F.ydb. STRIGOSE EVENING-PRIMROSE. Strigose and 
 somewhat villous above with grayish hairs, 4-10 cm. high. Leaves various, the 
 basal obovate or spatulate, obtuse; stem-leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm. 
 long or the upper shorter, acute, undulate; spike leafy-bracted, many-flowered; 
 calyx-segments with short free tips; corollas pure yellow, 3-4.5 cm. broad; capsules 
 2.5-3 cm. long. In rich soil, S. Dak. and Mont, to Neb. Summer. Nat. about 
 eastern seaports. 
 
 4. Onagra Oakesiana (A. Gray) Britton. OAKES' EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F.f. 2580.) Resembling the next preceding species, dull green, pubescent with 
 appressed velvety hairs. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, often simple; leaves narrow, the 
 basal narrowly oblanceolate, 7.5-25 cm. long, the cauline lanceolate or linear-lan- 
 ceolate, all acute, distantly dentate; flowers 2.5-3.3 cm. broad; calyx-tube about 
 2.5 cm. long; capsule linear-pyramidal, gradually narrowed to the summit, 3- 
 
658 FLORA. 
 
 3.7 cm. long, 4-sided, curved; seeds about 2 mm. long. Shores of the St. Law- 
 rence and along the Great Lakes, to Mass., southern N. Y. and Neb. Summer. 
 
 8. OENOTHERA L. 
 
 Usually low annual biennial or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, 
 sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, 
 nocturnal; buds erect. Calyx-tube sometimes filiform; calyx segments deciduous. 
 Ovary 4-celled, elongated; ovules in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly 
 cylindric, sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending. Seeds terete, 
 crowned by a tubercle. [Greek, wine-scenting, the roots being once used for that 
 purpose.] About 20 species, in N. Am. and western S. Am. 
 
 Flowers axillary. 
 
 Silvery-pubescent witlvappressecl or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 
 
 i. OE. humifusa. 
 
 Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent; seeds pitted. 2. OE. laciniata. 
 
 Flowers in terminal bracted spikes. 3. OE. rhombipetala. 
 
 1. OEnothera humifusa Nutt. SEASIDE EVENING-PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2581.) Spreading and decumbent, or ascending, branched from the base; stems 
 2-5 dm. long. Leaves acutish or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 1.2-5 cm - l n gj 
 repand-denticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers axillary, yellow, 12-20 mm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes somewhat spreading; capsule linear, 12-24 mm. long, about 
 3 mm. thick, very pubescent; seeds striate longitudinally. On sea-beaches, N. J. 
 to Fla. June-Sept. 
 
 2. OEnothera laciniata Hill. SINUATE-LEAVED EVENING PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2582.) Decumbent or ascending, sometimes branched, 1-5 dm. high, glabrous or 
 sparingly hirsute pubescent. Leaves oval-lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, 
 acute or obtusish at the apex, sinuate-dentate or often pinnatifid. 2.5-5 cm - l n g; 
 flowers axillary (or on small plants sometimes solitary and terminal), 12 36 mm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes reflexed; capsule linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, 
 more or less pubescent; seeds strongly pitted. In sandy dry soil, southern N. J. to 
 Penn., 111. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., extending into S. Am. May- 
 June. Naturalized in Vt. 
 
 O nothera laciniata grdndis Britton. Similar to the species, but the leaves more 
 prominently toothed and the flowers 5-7 cm. broad. Mo. and Kans., south to Tex. 
 
 3. OEnothera rhombipetala Nutt. RHOMBIC EVENING-PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2583.) Erect, finely and densely appressed -pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, sessile and rounded at the base or the lower narrowed into petioles, 
 acuminate at the apex, remotely denticulate, 5 10 cm. long; flowers 2.5-5 cm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes canescent; petals rhombic obovate; capsule columnar, curved, pu- 
 bescent, 12- 16 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds obovoid, tuberculate at the top. 
 On prairies, Minn, to Ind., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. June-July. 
 
 9. ANOGRA Spach. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Low annual or perennial canescent herbs, often with a papery bark. Leaves 
 alternate, usually pinnatifid. Buds drooping; flowers white or pink, usually axil- 
 lary, diurnal. Calyx-tube elongated. Ovary elongated; ovules numerous, in I row, 
 ascending. Capsules elongated, spreading or ascending, loculicidal. Seeds terete. 
 [Anagram of Onagra.~\ About 10 species, chiefly in southern N. Am. 
 
 Tips of the calyx-segments not free in the bud. i. A. albicanlis. 
 
 Tips of the calyx-segments free in the bud. 
 
 Throat of the calyx-tube villous within. 2. A. coronopifoha, 
 
 Throat of the calyx-tube glabrous within. 3. A. pallida. 
 
 I. Anogra albicaulis (Pursh) Britton. PRAIRIE EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 2584.) Diffusely branched; branches decumbent or ascending, more or 
 less hirsute or puberulent, whitish and often shreddy, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ob- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or the lowest repand-dentate (rarely en- 
 tire), 2.5-10 cm. long; flowers 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, white, becoming rose-color; 
 petals obcordate or emarginate; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 659 
 
 capsule linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick; seeds finely pitted. Prairies, 
 N. Dak. and Neb. to N. Mex. and Sonora. April-June. 
 
 2. Anogra coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton. CUT-LEAVED EVENING-PRIM- 
 ROSE. (I. F. f. 2585.) Erect, branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, more or less hispid or 
 canescent. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate in outline, 1.2-5 cm - l n g> usually 
 finely and deeply pinna ti fid into linear-oblong lobes; flowers white, turning pink, 
 1.8-3 cm - broad; calyx-segments linear; petals broadly obovate; capsule oblong, 
 abruptly constricted at the top, straight, 8-20 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick; seeds 
 tuberculate. Prairies. S. Dak. to Colo., Utah, Kans. and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Anogra pallida (Lindl. ) Britton. WHITE-STEMMED EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 2586.) Erect, 1.5-12 dm. high; stems white or pale, rarely with scattered 
 hairs, the bark often shreddy. Leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire, repand or 
 somewhat pinnatifid, 2.5-8.5 cm. long; flowers white, turning pink. 2.5-3.5 cm. 
 broad; segments of the calyx linear; petals nearly orbicular; capsule linear, curved, 
 2.5-5 cm - l n g> about 3 mm. thick; seeds smooth, prairies, Minn, to Br. Col., 
 Neb., Mex. and Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 10. KNEIFFIA Spach. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Usually slender annual or perennial caulescent shrubby herbs. Leaves mostly 
 narrow, entire or toothed. Buds mostly erect. Flowers yellow, diurnal, in ter- 
 minal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube slender. Ovary usually club-shaped, 4. 
 angled; ovules numerous, on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-shaped, 
 or oblong by the wings, 4-winged or rarely sharply 4 angled. Seeds not angled, 
 without a tubercle. [In honor of Prof. C. Kneiff, of Strasbourg, who wrote on cry pto- 
 gamic botany.] About 10 species, mostly in temperate N. Am. 
 
 Stem-leaves filiform-linear ; capsules 4-angled or very slightly 4-winged. 
 
 1. K. linifolia. 
 Stem-leaves never approaching filiform ; capsules prominently winged. 
 
 Capsules club-shaped. 
 
 Pedicels and capsules pubescent. 
 
 Stems decumbent, spreading; body of the capsule becoming subglobose. 
 
 2. K. Altent. 
 Stems erect or nearly so ; body of the capsule more or less elongated. 
 
 Pedicel longer than the body of the capsule, the wings thick and pubes- 
 cent. 3. K. longifiedicellata. 
 Pedicel shorter than the body of the capsule, the wings thin and gla- 
 brous. 4. K. linearis. 
 Pedicels and capsules glabrous or glabrate. 5. K, pumila, 
 Capsules oblong or nearly so. 
 
 Plants not glaucous, usually pubescent; capsules less than 8 mm. long. 
 
 6. K.fruticosa. 
 Plants somewhat glaucous, glabrous; capsules more than 10 mm. long. 
 
 7. K. glauca. 
 
 1. Kneiffia linifolia (Nutt.) Spach. THREAD-LEAVED SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 
 2587.) Erect, very slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, finely pubescent above. Stem- 
 leaves filiform linear, entire, 12-30 cm. long; basal leaves tufted, oblanceolate or 
 spatulate, about 2. 5 cm. long; flowers in loose spike-like racemes, 6-8 mm. broad; 
 calyx-tube rather shorter than the ovary; stigma-lobes very short; capsule obovoid, 
 puberulent, sharply 4-sided, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, 111. to Kans., Ga., La. 
 and Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Kneiffia Alleni (Britton) Small. ALLEN'S SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 2588.) Low, 
 a ppressed pubescent; stems decumbent, diffusely branched, 0.8 6 dm. long, zigzag. 
 Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 1.2-3 cm. long, undulate; flowers about 2.5 cm. 
 broad; calyx villous. its tube 4-6 mm. long, its segments linear-oblong, as long as 
 the tube; petals orbicular-obovate ; capsules club shaped, 6-8 mm. long, the body 
 winged, shorter than the pedicel; seeds obovoid to oblong, minutely pitted in rows. 
 In sand, eastern L. I. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. LONG-STEMMED SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 
 2589.) Slender, puberulent; stems erect or assurgent, 3-8.5 dm. tall. Basal leaves 
 spatulate or obovate-spatulate, 3-5-7-5 cm. long; stem-leaves few, linear- lanceolate, 
 2.5-6.5 cm. long, entire, sometimes undulate; flowers yellow, 2.5-5 cm - broad; 
 qalyx hirsute; petals emarginate; capsules narrowly obovoid, the body about JO 
 
660 FLORA. 
 
 mm. long, the angles with stout pubescent wings, the faces strongly ridged; seeos 
 irregular, minutely papillose. N. Y. to W. Va. and Fla. May-Aug. 
 
 4. Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach. NARROW LEAVED SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 
 2590.) Slender, pilose or nearly glabrous. Steins erect or ascending. 1.5-5 dm - 
 tall, finally angled; basal leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 
 entire or nearly so; cauline leaves linear or linear lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 
 slightly toothed; flowers 1.8-3 cm - broad; calyx slightly pubescent; petals shal- 
 low !y notched at the apex and eroded; capsule, oblong-club-shaped, 8-14 mm. long, 
 the angles with papery glabrous wings, its faces ridged; seeds irregular, angled. 
 Cvjnn. to Tenn. and Ga. June Sept. 
 
 5 Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach. SMALL SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 2591.) Erect, 
 sometimes finely puberulent, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, nar- 
 n.wjd at the base and often petioled, entire or very nearly so, 2-5 cm. long, the 
 b.isal ones broader and shorter; flowers 8-25 mm. broad; calyx-tube shorter than 
 the ovary; petals obcordate; capsule sessile or short-stalked, glabrous or nearly so, 
 6-12 mm. long, the body obovoid, somewhat wing-angled. In dry soil, N. S. to 
 Manitoba, N. J., Ga. and Kans. Tune-Aug. 
 
 6. Kneiffia fruticosa (L. ) Raimann. COMMON SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 2592.) 
 Erect, usually branched, 3-9 dm. high, rarely glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
 lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, or rarely nearly entire, 2. 5-10 cm. 
 long; flowers 2.5-5 cm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate; petals obcordate; capsule 
 sessile or short-stalked, oblong, prominently winged, glabrous or pubescent, 
 6 8 mm. long. In dry soil, N. S. to Ga., Minn, and La. June- Aug. 
 
 Kneiffia frutic6sa pilosdlla (Raf.) Britton. Pubescent with long spreading hairs 
 throughout. N. Y. to 111., south to Ga. 
 
 7. Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach. GLAUCOUS SUNDROPS. (I. F. f. 2593.) 
 Erect, glabrous and glaucous. 4-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, repand-den- 
 ticulate, 5-14 cm. long; flowers bright yellow, 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, very showy; 
 petals broadly obovate, emarginate; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cap- 
 sule oblong, broadly 4-winged, glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, borne on a short stalk. 
 In dry woods, mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala. May-Sept. 
 
 ii. HARTMANNIA Spach. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, commonly 
 pinnatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers white, red, or purple, diurnal, in 
 terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube funnelform. Ovary elongated; ovules 
 numerous on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-shaped, 4-winged. 
 Seeds not tuberculate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann, a resident of Louisiana.] 
 About 10 species, in N. and S. Am. 
 
 i. Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small. SHOWY PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 2594.) 
 Erect, ascending or decumbent, branched, 1.5-9 dm. high, puberulent or finely 
 pubescent. Stem leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acutish, sinuate or pin- 
 natifid, 5-7.5 cm. long; basal leaves oval or oval- lanceolate, repand or pinnatifid at 
 the base, flowers white or pink, 3.5-8 cm. broad; petals emarginate; calyx lobes 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; capsule club shaped, strongly 4-ribbed, 4-winged, 
 pubescent, 12-18 mm. long. Prairies, Mo. and Kans. to La., Tex., Ariz, and 
 northern Mex. May-July. Extensively naturalized in 111., S. Car. and Ga. 
 
 12. PACHYLOPHUS Spach. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal, pinnatifid or 
 pinnately-toothed. Flowers basal, tufted. Calyx-tube linear-funnelform, the 
 segments shorter than the tube. Petals white or pink. Capsules basal, woody, 
 pyramidal, their angles retuse or obtuse, transversely wrinkled. Seeds sessile, in I 
 or 2 rows, deeply furrowed along the raphe. [Greek, referring to the tuberculate 
 edges of the valves of the capsule.] A monotypic genus of western N. Am. 
 
 i. Pachylophus caespitosa (Nutt.) Raimann. SCAPOSE PRIMROSE. (I. F. 
 f. 2395.) Perennial or biennial from a woody root. Leaves clustered at the base, 
 narrowed into slender petioles, lanceolate, oblanceolate or oval, densely pubescent, 
 sinuate dentate, often densely ciliate with white hairs, repand or pinnatifid, 
 3.5-20 cm. long; flowers few, white or rose, 3.5-8 cm. broad; calyx pubescent, its 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 66l 
 
 tube 5-18 mm. long, dilated at the mouth; capsule sessile, ovoid, strongly tuber- 
 culate on each side, the angles ribbed; seeds minutely tuberculate. Neb. and 
 Mont, to the N. W. Terr., Nev., N. Mex. and Sonora. June-July. 
 
 13. LAVAUXIA Spach. 
 
 Low usually perennial acaulescent herbs. Leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid. 
 Flowers white, pink or pale yellow. Calyx-tube slender. Ovary short, 4-angled; 
 ovules few. Capsules stout, their angles sometimes winged above. Seeds few. [In 
 honor of Francois Delavaux, founder of the botanical garden at Nismes.] About 6 
 species, chiefly in southern N. Am. 
 
 Leaves membranous ; capsules beaked, glabrate. i. L. triloba. 
 
 Leaves leathery; capsules hardly beaked, pubescent. 2. L. brachycarpa. 
 
 1. Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach. THREE- LOBED PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2596.) Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or sinuate, 
 sometimes ciliate, oblong. lanceolate in outline, 7-30 cm. long; flowers white or 
 pink, 2.5-6 cm. broad; petals often 3-lobed; capsule ovoid, 4-vving-angled, retic- 
 ulate-veined, 12-25 mm. long; seeds finely and densely tuberculate. In dry soil, 
 Ky. and Tenn. to Kans., Cal.. Miss., Tex. and northern Mex. May -July. 
 
 Lavauxia triloba Watsonii Britton. Annual; flowers smaller; fruit densely crowded. 
 Perhaps a distinct species. Kans. 
 
 2. Lavauxia brachycarpa (A. Gray) Britton. SHORT-PODDED PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F. f. 2597.) Softly canescent. Leaves basal, ovate to narrowly oblong, 7.5- 
 22 cm. long, lyrate-pinnatitid or sometimes nearly entire; petioles sometimes as 
 long as the blade; flowers yellow, basal; petals undulate; capsules elliptic, 16-18 
 mm. long, leathery or corky, the angles very thin, the faces somewhat wrinkled. 
 Mont, to Kans., Tex. and N. Mex. April-July. 
 
 14 GAURELLA Small. 
 
 Low perennial herbs with wiry diffusely branched stems. Leaves nearly entire 
 or distantly toothed. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx-tube slightly dilated at the 
 throat, its segments slightly longer than the tube. Petals white or pink, spotted or 
 striped with red. Ovary short; united styles stout, enlarged above. Capsules ses- 
 sile, with a curved beak, the faces swollen. Seeds angled, delicately striate 
 [Diminutive of GauraJ\ A monotypic genus of the west-central U. S. 
 
 i. Gaurella guttulata (Geyer) Small. SPOTTED PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 2598.) 
 Steins i -2 dm. high, canescent with appressed hairs, the branches decumbent or 
 ascending. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtusish at the apex, 8-i6mm. 
 long, repand-denticulate or entire; flowers white or pink, 18-25 mm< wide; petals 
 obovate, entire; capsule canescent, 8-io mm. long, angled, not winged; seeds 
 angled, slipper-shaped. Prairies, Neb. to N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 15. MEGAPTERIUM Spach. 
 
 Spreading perennial herbs with stout stems. Leaves alternate, entire or slightly 
 toothed. Flowers few, but large and showy, axillary, yellow. Calyx-tube much 
 elongated. Ovary 4-angled or 4-winged; united styles filiform; ovules few, sessile. 
 Capsules broadly 4 winged. Seeds crested. [Greek, broad- winged.] About 3 
 species, in N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Corollas 7.5-15 cm. broad; capsules 5-7.5 cm. long, with suborbicular wings. 
 
 i. M. Mtssouriense. 
 Corollas 2.5-5 cm - broad; capsules 1.8-3 cm - l n t with oblong wings. 
 
 Pubescent; capsules mostly less than 2.5 cm. long. 2. M. Fremontii. 
 
 Glabrous; capsules mostly over 2.5 cm. long. 3. M. Oklahomense. 
 
 i. Megapterium Missouriense (Sims) Spach. MISSOURI PRIMROSE. (I. F. 
 f. 2599.) Stems decumbent or ascending, densely canescent, 1.5-6 dm. long. 
 Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, 
 entire or remotely denticulate, 5-15 cm. long; flowers 7.5-15 cm. broad; calyx- 
 tube 5-15 cm. long; capsule short-stalked, nearly orbicular, very broadly winged. 
 In dry soil, Mo. and Neb. to Tex. May-July. 
 
662 FLORA. 
 
 2. Megapterlum Fremontii (3. Wats.) Britton. FREMONT'S PRIMROSE. 
 (I. F. 2600.) Stems ascending, 5-15 cm. high, appressed-pubescent. Leaves 
 lanceolate to somewhat oblancolate, acuminate at the apex, entire or very nearly 
 so, silvery canescent, 3-5~7-5 cm - l n gj flowers 2.5-5 cm> broad; calyx-tube 4-5 
 times the length of the ovary; capsule oblong, broadly winged, rounded at the 
 summit. Kans. to Tex. Summer. 
 
 3. Megapterium Oklahomense Norton. Glabrous. Stems or branches 
 1.5-3 dm. l n g; leaves rather numerous, lanceolate or almost oblong, 3-9 cm. 
 long, remotely toothed or merely undulate; calyx-tube 8-10 cm. long; calyx- 
 segments purple- spotted; corollas 4-5 cm. broad; capsules oblong, 2.5-3 cm - l n g> 
 the wings less than I cm. broad. On prajries and hillsides. Kans. and Okla- 
 homa. Summer. 
 
 16. GALPINSIA Britton. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubby plants with much-branched stems. Leaves alter- 
 nate. Flowers yellow, axillary. Calyx tube slender, longer than the ovary. 
 Ovary 4-celled, elongated; stigma disk like, entire. Capsules elongated, narrowed 
 at the base, more or less curved. Seeds sometimes tuberculate. [Anagram of 
 Salpingia.~\ About 4 species, in the southern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 r. Galpinsia Hartwegi (Benth.) Britton. HARTWEG'S PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2601.) Glabrous or pubescent, much branched, 1.5-4 ^ m - high- Leaves linear- 
 oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 1.3-5 cm - l n g> entire or 
 slightly repand-denticulate; flowers 1.8-5 cm - broad; calyx-lobes acuminate; 
 petals rhombic-obovate, acutish; capsule nearly sessile, narrowly cylindric, 
 12-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick; seeds obscurely tuberculate. Prairies, Neb. and 
 Colo, to Tex. and northern Mex. May-Sept. 
 
 17. MERIOLIX Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Biennial or perennial herbs with branched stems or sometimes shrubby. Leaves 
 alternate, nairow, entire or sharply serrate. Flowers regular, axillary, yellow. 
 Calyx-tube funnelform, shorter than the ovary; calyx-segments keeled on the back. 
 Petals often blotched at the base. Stigma disk-like. 4-toothed. Capsules linear, 
 4-angled, sessile. Seeds longitudinally grooved. A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. TOOTH-LEAVED PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 
 2602.) Erect, canescent or glabrate, 1-5 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong, or 
 lanceolate, sharply dentate or denticulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers 12-18 mm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, the tube funnelform, silvery canescent; petals 
 obovate, crenulate; capsule linear-cylindric, canescent, T -5~3 cm. long, about 
 2 mm. thick, slightly grooved longitudinally. In dry soil, Manitoba and Minn, to 
 Tex. and N. Mex. May-July. \OEnothera serrulata Nutt.] 
 
 Meriolix serrulita spinu!6sa (T. & G.) Small. More robust than the species. 
 Leaves usually more spiny-toothed ; flowers 2.5-5 cm - broad; petals with a dark blotch 
 at the base. Saskatch. to Mo. and Tex. 
 
 18. GAURA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate narrow leaves, and white, 
 pink or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube narrow, prolonged 
 beyond the ovarv, the limb 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Petals clawed, unequal. 
 Stamens usually 8, declined, each with a small scale at the base. Ovary 4-celled, 
 united styles declined; stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border; ovules 
 usually 4, pendulous. Fruit nut-like, ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, 
 i-4-seeded. [Greek, proud, some species being showy.] About 18 species, na- 
 tives of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Fruit sessile or very nearly so; flowers spicate. 
 
 Flowers 3-4 mm. broad; stigma little exserted beyond its cup. i. G.parviflora. 
 Flowers 8-10 mm. broad ; sti.grna exserted beyond its cup. 
 
 Flowers red, turning: scarlet; fruit canescent. 2. G. coccinea. 
 
 Flowers white, turning pink; fruit villous. 3. G. bienm's. 
 
 Fruit pedicelled; flowers racemose. 
 
 Fruit about 6 mm. long, the body nearly as thick as long. 4. G. Michauxii. 
 
ONAGRACEAE. 663 
 
 Fruit 10-14 mm. long, the body much longer than thick. 
 
 Leaves mostly glabrous; fruit 14 mm, long, glabrous, its stout pedicel club- 
 shaped. 5. G. sinuata. 
 Leaves densely villous; fruit 10 mm. long, pubescent, its slender pedicel nearly 
 filiform. 6. G. rillosa. 
 
 1. Gaura parviflora Dougl. SMALL-FLOWERED GAURA. (T. F. f. 2603.) 
 Erect, villous-pubescent with whitish hairs, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repand-denticulate, softly pubescent, 3.5- 
 IO cm. long; spikes elongated; flowers pink, the ovary and calyx-tube slender; fruit 
 contracted at the base, 4 nerved, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. 
 long. In dry soil, S. Uak. to Mo., La., Mex., Ore. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Gaura coccinea Pursh. SCARLET GAURA. (I. F. f. 2604.) Erect or 
 ascending, much branched, canescent or glabrate, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
 lanceolate, or linear-oblong, denticulate, repand or entire, acute or obtuse at the 
 apex, 1.2-3.5 cm - l n oj flowers red, turning scarlet; fruit terete below, 4-sided 
 and narrowed above, canescent, 6-8 mm. long. Prairies and dry soil, Manitoba 
 and Minn, to Neb., Tex., Mont., Utah, Ariz, and in Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Gaura biennis L. BIENNIAL GAURA. (I. F. f. 2605.) Erect, villous or 
 downy-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate at each end, remotely denticulate, 5-10 cm. long; spikes slender; 
 flowers white, turning pink, 8-10 mm. broad; fruit narrowed at each end, 
 4-ribbed, villous, 6-8 mm. long. In dry soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., 
 Term, and Miss. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Gaura Michauxii Spach. MICIIAUX' GAURA. (I. F. f. 2606.) Erect, 
 glabrous or nearly so, paniculately branched above, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, sinu- 
 ate or denticulate, 2.58 cm. long; racemes loosely flowered, long-peduncled; 
 flowers pedicelled, white, turning reddish, 6-8 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, 4-angled 
 above, borne on a pedicel of nearly or quite its own length. In dry fields, Va. 
 to 111., Kans., Fla. and La. July- Aug. 
 
 5. Gaura sinuata Nutt. WAVY-LEAVED GAURA. (I. F. f. 2607.) Erector 
 decumbent, glabrous, or rarely sparingly villous. Stem branched at the base, 
 3-9 dm. tall, usually naked above; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, or nearly 
 linear, sinuate-toothed. 2.5-8 cm. long, acute; calyx slightly pubescent, its tuoe 
 funnelform, 2-4 mm. long; petals 8-IO mm. long; fruit 4-ridged and 4- grooved 
 above the club-shaped pedicel. In dry soil, Kans. to Ark. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 6. Gaura villosa Torr. WOOLLY GAURA. (I. F. f. 2608.) Erect or nearly 
 so, canescent or villous. Stems 39 dm. tall, often naked above; leaves varying 
 from lanceolate to oblanceolate or sometimes nearly linear, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, sinu- 
 ate-toothed or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate; calyx canescent, its tube funnelform, 
 2-4 mm. long; petals 10-14 mm. long; body of the fruit sharply 4-angled, abruptly 
 narrowed into a filiform pedicel. In dry soil, Kans. to Ark. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 19. STENOSlPHON Spach. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with alternate sessile narrow leaves, and white flowers in 
 elongated terminal spikes. Calyx-tube filiform, much prolonged beyond the 
 ovary. 4-lobed. Petals clawed. Stamens 8, declined, not appendaged by scales at 
 the base. Ovary i-celled; stigma as in Gaura. Fruit 8-ribbed, indehiscent, 
 i-celled, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Greek, referring to the slender calyx-tube.] 
 A monotypic genus of the south-central U. S. 
 
 T Stenosiphon linifolium (Nutt.) Britton. FLAX-LEAVED STENOSIPHON. 
 (I. F. f. 2609.) Slender, glabrous, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear- 
 lanceolate or linear, acuminate or acute at the apex, entire, 2.5-5 cm> I n g5 spikes 
 dense, narrow, sometimes 3 dm. long in fruit; flowers 8-12 mm. broad; calyx-tube 
 very slender, 8-io mm. long; fruit ovoid, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long, very much 
 shorter than the linear-subulate bracts. Prairies, Neb. and Colo, to the Ind. Terr, 
 and Tex. June- July. 
 
 20. CIRCAEA L. 
 
 Low slender perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white 
 flowers in racemes. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, its limb 
 
664 FLORA. 
 
 2-parted. Petals 2, notched. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-2- 
 celled; ovules usually I in each cavity. Fruit obovoid, indehiscent, bristly with 
 hooked hairs. [Named for Circe, the enchantress.] Abvut 5 species, of the 
 northern hemisphere. Besides the following, another occurs c n the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Fruit 2-celled ; leaves mainly of an ovate type. 
 
 Hairs of the fruit stiff, copious. i. C. Lutetiaua. 
 
 Hairs of the fruit weak, few. 2. C. intermedia. 
 
 Fruit i-celled ; leaves mainly of a cordate type. 3. C. alpina. 
 
 1. Circaea Lutetiana L. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 2610.) 
 Finely pubescent, at least above; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate 
 at the apex, rounded or rarely slightly cordate at the base, remotely denticulate, 
 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; bracts deciduous; flowers 
 about 3 mm. broad; fruit broadly obovoid, nearly 4 mm. long, densely covered 
 with stiff hooked hairs. In woods, N. S. to western Ont, S. Dak., Ga., Neb. and 
 Kans. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Circaea intermedia Ehrh. Resembling the preceding species in habit, 
 glabrous or sparingly pubescent above ; stems 2-5 dm. tall. Leaves ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, repand or sharply denticulate, cuneate or cordate at the 
 base; fruit obovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, with very slender, weak, hooked hairs orgla- 
 brate. In woods, Me. and Vt. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Circaea alpina L. SMALLER ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. 2611.) 
 Smaller, 7-20 cm. high, weak, glabrate or pubescent above. Leaves ovate, acute 
 or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely dentate, 2.5-5 
 cm. long; flowers about 2 mm. broad; pedicels 3-4 mm. long, reflexed in fruit; 
 fruit narrowly obovoid, about 2 mm. long, covered with weak, soft, hooked hairs. 
 In cold moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Ind., Mich, and S. Dak. Also in Europe 
 and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 4. TRAPACEAE Dumort. 
 Water-nut Family. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with opposite pinnatifid submerged leaves, and clus- 
 tered rhombic-ovate dentate floating ones with inflated petioles. Flowers 
 perfect, axillary, solitary, short-peduncled. Calyx-tube short, the limb 
 4-parted, the lobes persistent. Petals 4, sessile, inserted on the perigy- 
 nous disk. Stamens 4, inserted with the petals ; filaments subulate-filiform. 
 Ovary 2-celled, conic above ; style subulate ; ovule i in each cavity. Fruit 
 coriaceous or bony, large, 2-4-spinose or swollen at the middle, i -celled, 
 i -seeded, indehiscent. Seed inverted. A single genus of 3 species, na- 
 tives of Europe, tropical Asia and Africa. 
 
 i. TRAPA L. 
 Characters of the family. [Latin, from Calcitrapa, the Caltrop.] 
 
 i. Trapa natans L. SWIMMING WATER-NUT. WATER-CHESTNUT. WATER- 
 CALTROP. (I. F. f. 2612.) Rooting in the mud. Submerged leaves, pectinately 
 dissected, 2-10 cm. long, floating leaves in a rosette, their blades rhombic -ovate, 
 sharply dentate above, broadly cuneate and entire below, about 2.5 cm. wide, gla- 
 brous and shining above, the conspicuous veins of the lower surface beset with short 
 stiff hairs; flowers white, about 6 mm. broad; fruit 2-5 cm. long, armed with 4 
 somewhat recurved spines. Nat. in ponds ' and streams, eastern Mass, and near 
 Schenectady, N. Y. Native of Europe. June-July. 
 
 Family 5. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. 
 Water-milfoil Family. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or 
 verticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers 
 perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary 
 or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4- 
 
HA LOR A GIDA CEAE. 66$ 
 
 lobed. Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 
 or short-cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, i-4-celled ; styles 1-4; stigmas 
 papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or drupe, compressed, angular, 
 ribbed or winged ; indehiscent, of 2-4 i -seeded carpels. Endosperm 
 fleshy ; cotyledons minute. Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide 
 distribution. 
 
 Stamen i ; ovary i -celled, i. Hippuris. 
 Stamens 2-8 ; ovary 3~4-celled. 
 
 Fruit 3-angled or 4-angkJ. 2. Proserpinaca. 
 
 Fruit of 4 carpels. 3. Myriophyllum. 
 
 i. HIPPURIS L. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with simple erect stems, and verticillate simple entire leares. 
 Flowers small, axillary, perfect, or sometimes neutral or pistillate only. Limb of 
 the calyx minute, entire. Petals none. Style filiform, stigmatic its whole length, 
 lying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small I -celled I -seeded drupe. [Greek, 
 mare's-tail.] Three known species, natives of .the north temperate and arctic zones 
 and of southern S. Am. Besides the following, the third occurs in arctic America. 
 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate, in verticils of 5-12. i. //. vulgaHs. 
 
 Leaves obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate, in verticils of 4-6. 2. //. tetraphylla. 
 
 1. Hippuris vulgaris L. BOTTLE BRUSH. MARE'S-TAIL. JOINT- WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2613.) Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves acute, sessile, 1-25 mm. 
 long, more or less sphacelate at the apex; stamen with a short thick filament, and 
 comparatively large 2-celled anther, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds ovoid; stigma 
 persistent. Swamps and bogs, Greenland to Alaska, Me., Lake Superior, N. Mex. 
 and Cal. Also in Patagonia, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Hippuris tetraphylla L.f. FOUR-LEAVED MARE'S-TAIL. (I. F. f. 2614.) 
 Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves not sphacelate at the apex or but slightly so, 8-14 mm. 
 long. Lab. and Quebec to Hudson Bay and Aluska. Also in northern Europe 
 and Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. PROSERPINACA L, 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with simple stems. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate or 
 pectinate-pinnatifid Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the triquetrous 
 ovary, the limb 3~4-parted. Petals none. Stamens j or 4. Styles 3 or 4, cylin- 
 dric or conic-subulate, stigmatic alx>ve the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4- celled, with 
 I seed in each cavity. [Middle Latin, forward-creeping.] Two known species, 
 natives of eastern N. Am., extending to the W. I. 
 
 Emersed leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, serrate; fruit sharp-angled, i. P. palustris. 
 Leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid ; fruit obtusely angled. 2. P. pectinata. 
 
 1. Proserpinaca palustris L. MERMAID-WEED. (I. F. f. 2615.) Glabrous, 
 simple or sometimes branched, 2-5 dm. long. Emersed leaves, 2-5 cm. long, 2-12 
 mm. wide, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate-pinnatifid into stiff linear 
 acute segments which are often serrulate, bearing a minute black spine in their 
 axils; flowers solitary or several together, sessile in the axils of the emersed leaves; 
 fruit about 4 mm. long, the faces concave, smooth or rugose. In swamps, N. B. to 
 Lake Huron, Fla., Iowa and Cent. Am. Also in Cuba. July. 
 
 2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. CUT- LEAVED MERMAID WEED. (I. F. 
 f. 2616.) Resembling the preceding, but usually smaller. Leaves all pectinate or 
 pinnatifid, the segments shorter and rarely serrulate, more subulate, or capillary ; 
 calyx-lobes broader; fruit about 3 mm. long, the faces flat or slightly convex, often 
 wrinkled or somewhat tuberculate, the angles obtuse. In sandy swamps near the 
 coast, eastern Mass, to Fla. and La. Summer. 
 
 3. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with verticillate or alternate leaves, the submerged ones pin- 
 natifid into capillary segments, and axillary commonly monoecious 2-bracted 
 flowers, often interruptedly spicate. Upper flowers generally staminate with a very 
 short calyx-tube, its limb 2-4-lobed, or none; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Interme- 
 
666 FLORA. 
 
 diate flowers often perfect. Lower flowers pistillate, the calyx 4-grooved and with 
 4 minute lobes, or none; ovary 2-4-celled; ovule I in each cavity, pendulous; styles 
 4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting into 4 bony I -seeded indehiscent carpels. 
 [Greek, myriad -leaved.] About 20 species, of wide distribution. In addition to 
 the following, another occurs in the western U. S. The plants flower in summer. 
 
 Carpels smooth. 
 
 Flowers in emersed spikes. 
 
 Floral leaves shorter than the flowers. 
 
 Flowers in whorls. i. M. spt'catum. 
 
 Flowers alternate, or the lower sub-verticillate. 3. M. alterniflorum. 
 Floral leaves longer than the flowers, pinnatifid. 2. M. verticillatum. 
 
 Floral leaves reduced to minute bracts. 4. M. tenellum, 
 
 Flowers on both emersed and submersed stems. 5. J/. humile. 
 
 Flowers only on submersed stems. 9. M. proserpinacoides. 
 
 Carpels rough or tuberculate. 
 Flowers on emersed spikes. 
 
 Floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, serrate. 6. M. heterophyllum. 
 
 Floral leaves linear, pectinate. 7. M. pinnatum. 
 
 Flowers on submersed stems. 8. M. Farwellii. 
 
 1. Myriophyllum spicatum L. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F. f. 2617.) 
 
 Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's, dissected into capillary divisions. 
 Floral leaves ovate, or sometimes none ; spike 2-8 cm. long ; petals 4, deciduous ; 
 stamens 8; fruit about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. thick; carpels rounded on the back, 
 with a deep wide groove between them. In deep water, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 Fla., Iowa, Kans. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 2. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. WHORLED WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2618.) Submerged leaves in crowded whorls of 3*3 and 4's, the capillary divisions 
 very slender, often minutely scabrate. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers; 
 spike 5-15 cm. long; petals of the staminate flowers 4, purplish; stamens 8; fruit 
 2-3 mm. long, and about 2 mm. thick, somewhat gibbous at the base. Quebec 
 and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 
 3. Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. LOOSE-FLOWERED WATER-MILFOIL. 
 (I. F. f. 2619.) Submerged leaves usually in whorls of 3*5 to 5's, occasionally scat- 
 tered, the pinnate divisions capillary. Spikes short, 2-5 cm. long; uppermost floral 
 leaves ovate or linear, entire or minutely toothed, early deciduous; petals of the 
 staminate flowers 4, longer than the stamens, pale rose-color, deciduous; stamens 
 8; fruit nearly 2 mm. long, slightly less than 2 mm. thick; carpels rounded on the 
 back, with a deep groove between them. In deep water, eastern Mass, to Newf. 
 and Greenland. Common in Europe. 
 
 4. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. SLENDER WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F. ,f. 
 2620.) Stems slender, scape-like, nearly leafless, 4-30 cm. high. Rhizome creep- 
 ing, sending up many sterile stems; flowers alternate, solitary; uppermost bracts 
 obovate, often longer than the flowers, the lower oblong, often shorter, the lowest 
 minute or none; petals 4, purplish; stamens 4; fruit I mm. long and about as 
 thick at the top, sometimes enlarged at the base; carpels rounded or obtusely 
 angled on the back, separated by a shallow groove. Sandy bottoms of ponds and 
 streams. Newf. to N. J., Perm, and Mich. 
 
 5. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. Low WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F. f. 
 2621.) Typical form terrestrial, 2-4 cm. high, rooting in mud. Leaves entire or 
 pectinate. Floating forms with stems often 3 dm. long, with all or most of the 
 leaves pectinate; these produce the typical form if they take root; petals 4, pur- 
 plish; stamens 4; fruit usually less than 2 mm. long and about as thick at base, its 
 carpels separated by a shallow groove. In ponds, Me., R. I., to Md. and 111. 
 
 6. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. VARIOUS-LEAVED WATER-MIL- 
 FOIL. (I. F. f. 2622.) Floral leaves in whorls of 3's to 5's, linear, ovate or lan- 
 ceolate, serrate or rarely entire, much longer than the flowers. Submerged leaves 
 subverticillate or scattered, crowded, pectinate-pinnatifid, about 2 cm. long, the 
 divisions capillary; flowering spike elongated; petals 4; stamens 4, rarely 6: fruit 
 2 mm. long, and slightly longer than thick; carpels 2-keeled on the back. In 
 ponds, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. 
 
 7. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Wait.) B.S.P. PINNATE WATER-MILFOIL. 
 
ARALIACEAE. 667 
 
 (I. F. f. 2623.) Leaves in whorls of 3's~5's, or sometimes scattered, the floral ones 
 linear, serrate or pectinate, 5-12 mm. long, gradually passing into the submerged 
 ones which are crowded, pinnately dissected, the divisions capillary; spikes 1-2 
 dm. long; petals purplish; stamens 4. very rarely 6; carpels strongly 2-keeled and 
 scabrous on the back, separated by deep grooves; mature fruit about 2 mm. long. 
 In ponds, R. I. to Fla., Kans., La., Tex. and Panama. 
 
 8. Myriophyllum Farwellii Morong. FARWELL'S WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F.f. 
 2624.) Dioecious (?). Specimens with submerged leaves only, in whorls of 3'$- 
 6's, or scattered, narrow, pinnately parted, the divisions finely capillary in 5-7 
 opposite or subopposite pairs, with minute black spines in the axils; petals 
 4, purplish, oblong; pistillate flowers only seen; styles 4, short; stamens 4, minute, 
 abortive; fruit about 2 mm. long and I mm. thick; carpels crossed longitudinally 
 by 3 or 4 tuberculate or slightly toothed ridges, 2 on the back and commonly i on 
 each margin; groove between the carpels shallow. In still water, Me. to Mich. 
 
 9. Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill. CHILIAN WATER-MILFOIL. (I. F. 
 f. 2625.) Dioecious. Leaves all alike and submerged, somewhat glaucous, pec- 
 tinate-pinnatifid in crowded whorls of 4*5 and 5's, 1.5-2 cm. long; segments 20-25, 
 capillary or sometimes linear-spatulate, about 5 mm. long; pistillate flowers axil- 
 lary, about i mm. high, without petals; stigmas 4, white, plumose; young carpels 
 glabrous; small white hair-like bracts are borne at the bases of the leaves and 
 among the flowers. Haddonfield, N. J. Apparently established. Native of Chili. 
 
 Order 27. UMBELLALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. 
 Calyx-segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, 
 adnate to the calyx, compound ; ovule i in each cavity. 
 
 Stamens 5: styles 2-5, rarely united; flowers umbellate, capitate or panicled. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. i. Araliaceae. 
 
 Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 2. Umbelliferae. 
 
 Stamens 4; style i; stigma i ; shrubs and trees; flowers not umbellate. 
 
 Fam. 3. Cornacede. 
 
 Family i. ARALIACEAE Vent. 
 Ginseng Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate (rarely oppo- 
 site) leaves, and flowers in umbels, heads, or panicles. Calyx-tube ad- 
 nate to the ovary. Petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together, in- 
 serted on the margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and 
 alternate with them (rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk ; 
 anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, i -several-celled ; styles as many as the 
 cavities of the ovary; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Seeds 
 flattened, or somewhat 3 angled, the testa thin ; endosperm copious, 
 fleshy ; embryo small, near the hilum ; cotyledons ovate or oblong. About 
 52 genera and 450 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5. i. Aralia. 
 
 Herbs; leaves verticillate, digitately compound ; styles 2 or 3. 2. Panax, 
 
 i. ARALIA L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, pinnately or ternately decompound. Flowers small, mostly 
 perfect, in racemose corymbose or paniculate umbels. Flowers white or greenish. 
 Petioles sheathing at the base. Stipules none or inconspicuous. Pedicels jointed 
 below the flowers. Petals 5, spreading, obtuse, or with short inflexed points, val- 
 vate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed. Ovary 5 celled; styles 
 J. Fruit a small berry enclosing about 5 seeds. About 27 species, natives of N. 
 Am. and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Umbels numerous, panicled or racemose. 
 
 Spiny shrub or tree ; leaflets thick, ovate. i. A, spiiwsa. 
 
 Branching* unarm^ ^erb; leaflets thin, large, cordate. 2. A. racemosa, 
 
668 FLORA. 
 
 Umbels 2-several, sometimes numerous, terminal or corymbosa. 
 
 Plant glabrate; leaf and peduncle arising from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicauiis. 
 Plant bristly or hispid; stem leafy, erect. 4. A. hispida. 
 
 1. Aralia spinosa L. HERCULES' CLUB. ANGELICA OR SPIKENARD TREE. 
 (I. F. f. 2626.) A shrub or tree. Leaves long-petioled, bipinnate; leaflets acute 
 or acuminate, stalked, serrate, dark green above, glaucous and sometimes slightly 
 pubescent beneath, 2.5-10 cm. long; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; flowers 
 white, 4 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, black, 5-lobed, about 6 mm. long; styles distinct. 
 In low grounds and along streams, Conn, to Fla., Ind., Mo. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Aralia racemosa L. AMERICAN SPIKENARD. INDIAN-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2627.) Herbaceous, 1-2 m. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Roots large 
 and thick, aromatic; leaves ternately or rarely quinately compound, the divisions 
 pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate or orbicular, thin, acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, sharply 
 serrate; peduncles and pedicels puberulent; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. broad; 
 fruit nearly globular, dark purple or reddish-brown, about 6 mm. in diameter; 
 styles united below. In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and Kans. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Aralia nudicauiis L. WILD OR VIRGINIAN SARSAPARILLA. (I. F. f. 
 2628.) Acaulescent or nearly so. Rootstock long; petioles erect, 1.5-3 dm. long; 
 primary divisions of the leaf ternate, slender-stalked, pinnately 3-5-foliolate; 
 leaflets oval or ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, 5-13 cm. long; umbels commonly 
 3, simple; involucre none; pedicels slender; flowers greenish, 3 mm. broad; fruit 
 globose, purplish-black, about 6 mm. long. In woods, Newf. to Manitoba, N. Car., 
 Neb. and Mo. May -June. 
 
 Aralia nudicauiis prolffera A. C. Apgar. Leaves more divided and umbels com- 
 pound. Western N. J. 
 
 Aralia nudicauiis elongita Nash. Leaflets longer and narrower, gradually acumin- 
 ate, coarsely serrate, paler beneath. Catskill Mountains. 
 
 4. Aralia hispida Vent. BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER. (L F. f. 
 2629.) Erect, 3-9 dm. high, the stem and petioles more or less hispid with slender 
 bristles. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate or oval, acute, irregularly serrate, 2-5 
 cm. long; umbels slender-peduncled, simple, corymbo-racemose at the summit of the 
 stem; flowers white, 2 mm. broad; fruit dark purple, 6-8 mm. in diameter, strongly 
 5-lobed when dry. In rocky or sandy woods and clearings, Newf. to N. Car., 
 Ont., Minn, and Ind. June-July. 
 
 2. PANAX L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with aromatic roots, and a verticil of digitately com- 
 pound leaves at the summit. Umbel terminal, simple. Flowers greenish or white, 
 polygamous. Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. 
 Fruit a small drupe-like somewhat flattened berry, enclosing 2 or 3 seeds. [Greek, 
 all-healing.] About 7 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Asia. 
 
 Leaflets 5, ovate or obovate, stalked, acuminate. i. P. qninque folium. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse. 2. P. trifolitim. 
 
 1. Panax quinquefolium L. GINSENG. (I. F. f. 2630.) Glabrous, 2-4 dm. 
 high. Root fusiform, deep, simple or branched. Petioles 4-10 cm. long; leaflets 5 
 (rarely 6 or 7), thin, ovate or obovate. 5-13 cm. long, irregularly dentate; peduncle 
 slender, 2-5 cm. long; umbel 6-20- flowered; flowers greenish yellow, about 2 mm. 
 broad; styles usually 2; fruit flattened, somewhat didymous, bright crimson, I cm. 
 broad. In rich woods, Quebec to Ala.. Minn., Neb. and Mo. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Panax trifolinm L. DWARF GINSENG OR GROUND-NUT. (I. F. f. 2631.) 
 Glabrous, 0.7-2 dm. high. Root globose, deep, about I cm. in diameter, pungent 
 to the taste; petioles 1-5 cm. long; leaflets 3-5, oval to oblanceolate, sessile, obtuse, 
 usually narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long, dentate or serrate; peduncles 2.5-6 
 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long in fruit; flowers white, often monoecious, about 
 2 mm. broad; styles usually 3; fruit mostly 3-angled (or when with 2 styles, didy- 
 mous), yellow, about 4 mm. broad. In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Ga,, 
 Ont., Minn., Iowa and 111. April-June. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 669 
 
 family 2. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss.* 
 Carrot Family. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple 
 leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely 
 present and minute. Flowers small, generally in compound or simple 
 umbels, rarely in heads or capitate clusters, often polygamous. Umbels 
 and umbellets commonly involucrate or involucellate. Calyx-tube ad- 
 nate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed, the teeth seldom 
 conspicuous. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx, usually with 
 an inflexed tip, often emarginate or 2-lobed, those of the outer flowers 
 sometimes larger than those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 epigynous disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2- 
 celled ; styles 2, filiform, persistent, often borne on a conic or depressed 
 stylopodium ; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, 
 composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which generally separate from each 
 other at maturity along the plane of their contiguous faces (the commis- 
 sure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right angles to the commis- 
 sure), or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or nearly terete (not 
 flattened). Carpels after parting from each other supported on the sum- 
 mit of a slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5 primary ribs in their 
 pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some genera with 4 additional secondary 
 ones, the ribs or some of them often winded. Pericarp membranous or 
 corky-thickened, usually containing oil-tubes between the ribs, or under 
 the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, 
 sometimes none. Seeds i in each carpel, usually adnate to the pericarp ; 
 ?eed-coat thin ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo small, placed near the 
 hilum ; cotyledons ovate, oblong or linear. About 170 genera and 1600 
 species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for the cer- 
 tain determination of most of the genera and many of the species. The 
 following key is wholly artificial. 
 
 * Leaves simple, undivided, sometimes slightly lobed. 
 
 Leaves narrow, mostly spiny-toothed; flowers in dense heads. . Eryngium. 
 
 Leaves ovate and perfoliate in our species ; flowers yellow. 15. Bupleurum. 
 
 Leaves orbicular or ovate, slender-petioled, often peltate. 
 
 Ribs of the fruit simple ; leaves i at a node. x. Jlydrocotyle. 
 
 Ribs anastomosing; leaves tufted at the nodes. 2. Centella. 
 
 Leaves reduced to hollow jointed petioles or phyllodes. 
 
 Umbels simple, few-flowered ; plant low. 31. Liliaeopsis. 
 
 Umbels compound ; plant tall. 42. Oxypolis. 
 
 * * Leaves, or some of them, pinnate, ternate, digitate, decompound or deeply lobed. 
 
 Flowers in sessile or short-stalked capitate clusters opposite the leaves. 
 
 9. Torilis. 
 
 Flowers in simple umbels; leaves pedately lobed. i. Hydrocotyle. 
 
 Flowers in dense peduncled heads ; leaves sometimes bristly. 4. Eryngium. 
 
 Flowers in more or less compound umbels. 
 1. Flowers white, greenish or pink. 
 
 a. Fruit, or its beak, bristly, papillose or tuberculate. 
 
 Leaves digitately 3-7-parted or lobed. 3. Sanicula. 
 
 Leaves pinnately or ternately decompound or dissected. 
 
 Fruit linear, ribbed, long-attenuate at the base. 8. Washingtonia. 
 Fruit linear, with a beak much longer than the body. 
 
 7. Scandix. 
 
 Fruit ovoid, small, tuberculate or bristly. 
 Carpels flattened dorsally. 
 
 Seed-face concave. II. Apiastrum. 
 
 Seed-face flat. 17. Ammoselinum. 
 
 * Text prepared with the assistance of Dr. J. N. ROSE. 
 
670 FLORA. 
 
 Carpels terete, or slightly flattened laterally. 43. Spermolepis. 
 Fruit with 4 strong bristly wings. 
 
 Fruit dorsally flattened ; calyx-teeth obsolete. 48. Daucus. 
 Fruit laterally flattened ; calyx-teeth prominent. 
 
 9. Torilts. 
 b. Fruit smooth, ribbed or winged, rarely pubescent. 
 
 Fruit winged, at least on the lateral ribs, dorsally flattened. 
 
 Plants acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves bipinnate or dissected. 
 
 44. Peucedanwn. 
 Plants tall, leafy-stemmed. 
 
 Leaves simply ternate or pinnate. 
 
 Leaf-segments ovate-lanceolate to oblong. 
 
 42. Oxypolis. 
 
 Leaf-segments very broad. 45. Imperatoria. 
 
 Leaves ternately or pinnately compound ; segments broad. 
 Segments ovate or oval, not cordate. 
 
 Bracts of the involucels setaceous or none. 
 
 38. Angelica. 
 Bracts of the involucels connate at base. 
 
 39. Levisticum. 
 Segments large, cordate, pubescent. 47. Heraclenm. 
 
 Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound ; segments narrow. 
 
 37. Coniose.linum. 
 Fruit winged or wingless, not flattened either dorsally or laterally. 
 
 All its ribs winged. 40. Cymopterus. 
 
 Ribs distinct, but not winged. 
 
 Leaves finely dissected ; segments narrow. 32. jEthusa. 
 Leaf -segments broad. 
 
 Fruit with numerous oil-tubes between the ribs. 
 
 34. Ligusticum. 
 Fruit with solitary oil-tubes between the ribs. 
 
 35. Coelopleurum. 
 Leaves entire, or with a few narrow segments. 30. Cynosciadium. 
 
 Fruit laterally flattened. 
 
 Fruit broader than long, the carpels globose, attached by a very nar-- 
 
 row commissure. 10. Bifora. 
 
 Fruit linear or linear-oblong. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate. 21. Deringa. 
 
 Leaves decompound or finely dissected. 
 
 Fruit long-beaked, smooth, ribless. 6. Anthriscus. 
 
 Fruit short beaked or beakless, ribbed. 5. Chaerophyllum. 
 Fruit ovoid or oval. 
 
 Umbels opposite the leaves. 16. Apium. 
 
 Umbels terminal or axillary. 
 
 Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments. 
 
 Ribs of the fruit equal, prominent. 29. Ptilimnium. 
 Lateral ribs much thickened. 16. Apium. 
 
 Ribs filiform, inconspicuous. 22. Carum. 
 
 Leaves pinnate or decompound; segments linear to ovate-oblong 
 Plants acaulescent, or nearly so. 
 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular. 
 
 12. Erigenia. 
 Calyx-teeth prominent ; fruit oblong. 
 
 14. Musineon. 
 Plants leafy-stemmed. 
 
 Oil-tubes of the fruit none. 
 
 Leaves biternate with broad segments. 
 
 25. j&gopodium. 
 Leaves decompound into small pinnatifid segments. 
 
 13. Conium. 
 Oil-tubes solitary between the ribs; leaves pinnate. 
 
 20. Cicuta. 
 Oil-tubes numerous. 
 
 Leaves pinnately compound ; segments linear. 
 
 26. Eulophus. 
 Leaves pinnate; the segments sometimes pinnatifid. 
 
 Tall native marsh perennials. 
 
 Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals between the 
 prominent ribs. 27. Stum. 
 
UMBELLIFERA E. 67 1 
 
 Oil-tubes numerous and close together 
 along inner side of the pericarp ; ribs 
 filiform. 28. Berula. 
 
 Introduced plant of dry ground. 
 
 24. Pimpinella* 
 2. Flowers yellow or purple. 
 Fruit dorsally flattened. 
 
 Plants acaulescent ; leaves finely dissected. 44. Peucedanum. 
 
 Plants leafy-stemmed. 
 
 Leaves pinnate; segments ovate; fruit with thin lateral wings. 
 
 46. Pastinaca. 
 Leaves pinnately compound ; fruit-wings thick and corky. 
 
 41. Polytaenia. 
 
 Fruit not flattened ; ribs or some of them winged. 36. Thaspium. 
 
 Fruit laterally flattened; leaves decompound (except in Zizia). 
 
 Leaf-segments oval or ovate, entire. 23. Taenidia. 
 
 Leaf-segments crenate, lobed or incised. 
 
 Leaf-segments broad, crenate or dentate. 19. Zizia. 
 
 Leaf-segments deeply incised. 
 
 Plant native, western; ribs of the fruit filiform. 
 
 14. Musineon, 
 Plant sparingly escaped from cultivation ; ribs prominent. 
 
 1 8. Petroselinum. 
 Leaf-segments filiform ; fruit prominently ribbed. 
 
 33. Foeniculum. 
 
 i. HYDROCO'TYLE L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with palmately 
 lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with 2 scale- like 
 stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves. Bracts of the 
 involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk flat. Fruit lat- 
 erally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with 5 primary ribs, 
 the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes, but an oil-bearing layer of tis- 
 sue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About 75 species of wide dis- 
 tribution. Besides the following another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Leaves nearly orbicular, peltate. 
 
 Umbels simple, rarely slightly proliferous ; pedicels slender. i. H. itmbellata. 
 Umbels, at least some of them, proliferous; pedicels, or some of them, short. 
 
 Fruit notched at each end. 2. H. Canbyi. 
 
 Fruit not notched at either end. 3. //. verticillata. 
 Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, or reniform, not peltate. 
 
 Leaves 5-i3-lobed ; umbels nearly sessile. 4. H. Americana. 
 
 Leaves 3-7-cleft; umbels long-peduncled. 5. //. ranicnculoides. 
 
 1. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. UMBELLATE OR MANY-FLOWERED MARSH - 
 PENNYWORT. (I. F. f. 2703.) Glabrous; stem creeping, the subterranean branches 
 tuberiferous. Petioles slender, 2-15 cm. long; leaves sometimes cordate at the 
 base, 1-4 cm. wide, crenately J-ii-lobed, the lobes mostly crenulate; pedicels 
 slender, 4-12 mm. long; mature fruit notched at both ends, 2-3 mm. broad, not 
 quite as long; intermediate ribs corky-thickened; dorsal rib obtuse. In swamps 
 and low grounds, eastern Mass, to Fla. and the W. Indies, Minn., Tex. and Mex. 
 Also in S. Am. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. CANBY'S MARSH-PENNYWORT. (I. F. t. 
 2704.) Stems creeping, sometimes 3 dm. long, the subterranean branches tuberif- 
 erous. Leaves 1-4 cm. wide, with 7-11 shallow mostly crenulate lobes; peduncles 
 elongated; inflorescence mostly proliferous; verticils 3-lO-flowered; pedicels 2-8 
 mm. long; fruit about 2 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, much flattened, the interme- 
 diate ribs corky-thickened, the dorsal one very obtuse. In moist ground, N. J. to 
 Md. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. WHORLED MARSH-PENNYWORT. (I. F. 
 f. 2705.) Similar to the two preceding. Inflorescence proliferous, 2-5 cm. long; 
 verticils 2-6-flowered; pedicels usually less than I mm. long; fruit about 2 mm. 
 long. 3-4 mm. broad, rounded or truncate at each end; intermediate ribs not corky - 
 thickened, the dorsal one acute. In moist soil, Mass, to Fla., west to southern 
 Cal., and in Central and S. Am. June-Sent. 
 
672 FLORA. 
 
 4. Hydrocotyle Americana L. AMERICAN MARSH-PL^.^WORI. (I. F. f. 
 2706.) Stems creeping, often bearing small tubers; leaves reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, 
 with shallow lobes; umbels sessile or very nearly so, 1-5 -flowered; pedicels less* 
 than 2 mm. long; fruit slightly more than I mm. broad and nearly as high, thd 
 ribs all filiform. In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Penn. and N. Car. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. FLOATING MARSH-PENNYWORT 
 (I. F. f. 2707.) Stem usually floating, rooting from the nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long 
 Petioles elongated, weak; leaves reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, 3-7-cleft, the lobes ere 
 nate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles, recurved in fruit; umbels 5-10^ 
 flowered; fruit nearly orbicular, about 3 mm. broad, the ribs obscure and filiform. 
 In ponds and swamps, Penn. to Fla., near the coast, west to Tex.; Ore. to L. Cal. 
 Also in Cent, and S. Am., Abyssinia and Italy. June-Sept. 
 
 2. CENTELLA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems root- 
 ing and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1-3 
 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-bases 
 sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth none. 
 Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, 
 rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-tubes none. [Latin, 
 diminutive of centrum, a prickle.] About 2O^species, of wide distribution, most 
 abundant in S. Africa. 
 
 i. Centella repanda (Pers.) Small. OVATE-LEAVED MARSH-PENNYWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 2708.) Stem 2-15 cm. long. Petioles 0.5-3 dm. long, sometimes pubes- 
 cent; blades ovate, rather thick, rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base, 
 not peltate, 2-4 cm. long, repand-dentate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves, 
 1-5, cm. long; umbellets capitate, 2-4 flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flow- 
 ers nearly sessile; fruit 4-5 mm. broad, about 3 mm. high, prominently ribbed and 
 reticulated. In wet grounds, Md. to Fla., west to Tex. Also in tropical Am., 
 Asia, Africa and Australia. June-Sept. [Hydrocotyle repanda Pers.] 
 
 3. SANICULA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial or biennial mostly glabrous herbs, with palmately 3-7-foliolate or 
 pinnatifid leaves and small flowers in compound generally few-rayed umbels. Um- 
 bellets globose. Involucre foliaceous; involucels small. Calyx-lobes mostly per- 
 sistent. Petals obovate, or narrower, emarginate.' Disk flat. Fruit somewhat 
 flattened laterally, subglobose, covered with hooked bristles in our species. Car- 
 pels not ribbed; oil-tubes usually 5. [From the Latin, to heal.] About 20 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone, S. Am. and S. Africa. Besides the 
 following, about 10 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 * Perennial; some staminate flowers in separate heads; styles longer than the bristles. 
 Petals and anthers greenish white; calyx-segments lanceolate, cuspidate; fruit 6 mm. 
 
 long, i. S. Marylandtca. 
 
 Petals and anthers yellow ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse ; fruit 3 mm. long, or less. 
 
 2. S, gregaria. 
 
 * * Biennial; staminate flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the 
 
 bristles. 
 
 Leaves v^-divided- pedicels of staminate flowers 2 mm. long; fruit less than 4mm. 
 
 ]on?> 3. S. Canadensis. 
 
 Leaves rfoliolate; pedicels of staminate flowers 4 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. long, or more. 
 
 4. S. trifoliata. 
 
 i. Sanicula Marylandica L. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKE-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2664.) Rather stout, 4-12 dm. high, topped by a 2-4-rayed umbel. Leaves 
 firm, bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile, 5~7-parted; segments 
 4-15 cm. long, obovate to oblanceolate, serrate or dentate, often incised; involucral 
 leaves much smaller, 3-cleft; involucel-bracts rarely 2 mm. long; pedicels of 
 staminate flowers 4 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. long, parted into subulate segments; 
 petals little exceeding the calyx ; fruit sessile, ovoid, the slender recurved styles 
 longer than the stout bristles; oil- tubes 5, large; seed furrowed dorsally. In rich 
 woods, Newf. to Alberta, Ga. and Co'o. May-July. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 673 
 
 2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. CLUSTERED SNAKE-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2665.) 
 Stems erect, 3-9 dm. high, umbellate- branched, the branches slender. Leaves 
 thin, bright green, 5 -divided; segments stalked, obovate-cuneate to lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, doubly serrate with bristle -tipped teeth, sharply incised, mostly less 
 than 8 cm. long; basal leaves numerous, those of the stem only I or 2, petioled; in- 
 volucral leaves large, 3-parted; pedicels of staminate flowers, 2-3 mm. long, 3 or 4 
 times the length of the minute campanulate calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals 
 much surpassing the calyx; fruit stipitate, broadly obovoid, 3 mm. long, the 
 slender styles recurved; bristles very small; oil-tubes 5; seed not furrowed. In 
 woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Neb. May-June. 
 
 3. Sanicula Canadensis L. SHORT-STYLED SNAKE- ROOT. (I. F. f. 2666.) 
 Rather dull green, 3-12 dm. high, widely branched, the umbellate fruit-bearing 
 rays only 2-10 mm. long. Stem leafy; leaves petioled, 3-5 -divided; segments 
 cuneate-obovate to narrowly oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, or incised, often 
 small; involucral leaves small, those of the involucels bract-like; staminate flowers 
 few; calyx I mm. long, parted into linear- lanceolate acute lobes which exceed the 
 minute white petals; fruit short- stipitate, subglobose; the bristles slender; oil-tubes 
 5; seed dorsally furrowed. In woodlands, Vt. to Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 4. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell. LARGE-FRUITED SNAKE-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2667.) 
 Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Umbels of 3-5 often irregular rays 8-25 mm. long; 
 leaves rather bright green, thin, slender-petioled, 3-divided; segments stalked, 
 broadly ovate, or obovate, or the lateral ones rhomboid, acute, coarsely doubly ser- 
 rate, or incised, the teeth spinulose-cuspidate; staminate flowers few; calyx I mm. 
 long, its linear rigid lobes incurved, subulate; petals white, about half as long as 
 the calyx; larger oil-tubes 2, with numerous minute ones; seed not sulcate. In 
 hilly woods, Vt, to Ont., N. Y. and Ind. June-July. 
 
 4. ERYNGIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, with spiny-toothed lobed dentate or sometimes dissected, rarely entire 
 leaves, and bracted heads or spikes of small white or blue flowers subtended by 
 bractlets. Calyx-teeth rigid, pungent, or acute. Petals erect. Disk expanded. 
 Fruit scaly or tuberculate, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, 
 their ribs obsolete or none, the oil-tubes usually 5. [Greek, a kind of thistle.] 
 About 150 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, about 18 others 
 occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Plants erect, tall ; stem-leaves spiny or bristly-margined. 
 
 Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined. i. E. aquaticum. 
 
 Leaves elongated-linear, reticulate-veined. 2. E. Virginianum. 
 
 Stem-leaves palmately incised-pinnatifid. 3. E. Leavenworthii. 
 
 Plants prostrate, slender ; leaves unarmed. 4. E. prostratum. 
 
 i. Eryngium aquaticum L. RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE- 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 2660.) Stout, 6-18 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves acuminate, mostly 
 clasping at the base, the lower sometimes i m. long and 4 cm. wide; heads stout- 
 peduncled, globose-ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, longer than the ovate or lanceolate cuspi- 
 date bracts; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; fruit scaly, about 2 mm. long. In wet soil 
 or upland, Conn, to S. Dak., Fla., Kans. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 2 Eryngium Virginianum Lam. VIRGINIAN ERYNGO. (I. F. f. 2661.) 
 Stem glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Upper stem-leaves linear, acuminate, sessile and 
 clasping at the base, 5-20 cm. long, rarely laciniate; basal and lower leaves long- 
 petioled, the blade linear-oblong, entire, or remotely denticulate; heads subglobose, 
 8-14 mm. long, equalling or shorter than the lanceolate reflexed bracts; bractlets 
 usually 3-cuspidate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, cuspidate; fruit scaly. Iii marshes 
 near the coast, N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Eryngium Leavenworthii T. & G. LEAVENWORTH'S ERYNGO. (I. F. 
 f. 2662.) Stout, glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. Stem-leaves sessile, palmately pinnati- 
 fid into spiny-toothed segments; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate, mostly ob- 
 tuse, spinose-denticulate; heads peduncled, ovoid-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, equalling 
 or longer than the spinose bracts; bractlets 3~7-cuspidate, those of the upper part 
 of the heads large and resembling the bracts; calyx-lobes pinnatifid. In drv soil. 
 Kans. to Tex. July-Get, 
 
6/4 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 4. Eryngium prostratum Nutt. PROSTRATE ERYNGO. (I. F. f. 2603.) Pros- 
 trate, rooting from the nodes, the branches very slender. Lower and basal leaves 
 slender-petioled, oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire, or crenate- dentate; stem- 
 leaves smaller, often clustered at the nodes, ovate, few-toothed, or entire, or some of 
 them 3-parted; heads ovoid-oblong, dense, about 6 mm. long, mostly shorter than 
 the lanceolate reflexed bracts; bractlets very small; fruit about I mm. long, tuber- 
 culate. In low grounds, Ky. to Mo. , Fla. and Tex. Summer. 
 
 5. CHAEROPHYLLUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, our species annuals, with decompound leaves and small umbels of white 
 flowers. Involucre none or rarely of I or 2 bracts. Involucels of numerous small 
 , bractlets. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong, flattened 
 laterally. Carpels 5-angled, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs slender, obtuse; 
 oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face channeled. [Greek, pleasant leaf, 
 from the fragrance.] About 30 species, only the following North American. 
 
 Fruit not beaked, its ribs slender, narrower than the intervals between them. 
 
 i. C. procumbens. 
 Fruit beaked, its prominent ribs mostly as broad as the intervals. 2. C. Teinturieri. 
 
 1. Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.)Crantz. SPREADING CHERVIL. (L F. f. 
 2678.) More or less pubescent, slender, spreading, 1.5-5 dm - ui g h - Lower leaves 
 ternately decompound, the divisions ovate, pinnatifid, the ultimate segments ob- 
 tuse; umbels 2-6-rayed; rays 2-5 cm. long in fruit; flowers few in the umbeliets; 
 bracts of the involucels ovate; fruit glabrous, 4-5 mm. long. In moist ground, 
 N. Y. and Ont. to Mich., N. Car. and Kans. April-June. 
 
 Chaerophyllum procumbens Sh<3rtii T. & G. Fruit broader, ovate-oblong, pubes* 
 cent, blunt, or scarcely narrowed at the summit. Penn. to Ky., La. and Ark. 
 
 2. Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. TEINTURIER'S CHERVIL. (I. F. f. 
 2679.) Similar to the preceding, much branched, often taller. Ultimate leaf- 
 segments acute or obtuse; rays of the umbels 2-8 cm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. long, 
 less than 2 mm. wide, glabrous, or pubescent. In dry soil, Va. to Tenn., Kans., 
 Fla. and Tex. March-May. 
 
 6. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs, with decompound leaves, and compound umbels of 
 white flowers. Involucre commonly none; involucels of numerous bracts. Calyx- 
 teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium conic or depressed. Fruit linear in our 
 species, beaked, laterally compressed. Carpels nearly terete, ribless except at 
 the beak; oil-tubes none. Seed-face channeled. [Greek name of this or some 
 allied plant.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Anthriscus Cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. GARDEN CHERVIL OR BEAKED- 
 PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2676.) Annual, glabrous, or finely pubescent above, 4-6 dm. 
 high. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all ter- 
 nately decompound into small segments; umbels 3-6-rayed, the rays divergent, 
 1-4 cm. long in fruit; pedicels stout, 4-6 mm. long; bracts of the involucels linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm. long; fruit 6 mm. long, glabrous and ribless, 
 tipped with a ribbed beak of one-third its length. Eastern and southern Penn- 
 Nat. from Europe. May-June. 
 
 Anthriscus sylv^stris (L.) Hoffm. WlLD BEAKED-PARSLEY, a tall annual with 
 glabrous beakless fruit, has been found as a waif on Staten Island, and in ballast about 
 the seaports. 
 
 Anthriscus Anthrfscus (L.) Karst. BUR-CHERVIL, readily recognized by its short- 
 beaked muricate fruit, has been found as a waif in N. S., according to Macoun. 
 
 7. SCANDIX L. 
 
 Annual herbs, with dissected leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. 
 Involucre none, or rarely of i bract. Involucels of several bracts. Petals mostly 
 unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, or linear-oblong, flattened laterally, pro- 
 longed into a beak mostly much longer than the body; primary ribs prominent; 
 secondary ribs none; oil-tubes solitary, cr wanting. Seed -face sulcate. Stylopo 
 dium short. [Greek name of the plant- "I ADout Id species, of the Old World. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 6?$ 
 
 I. Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. VENUS'- OR LADY'S-COMB. SHEPHERD'S- 
 NEEDLE. (I. F. f. 2683.) Pubescent; stem 1. 5-5 dm. high. Leaves 2-3 -pinna tely 
 dissected, the lobes acute, less than I mm. wide; involucels of several lanceolate 
 bracts sometimes 2-3-lobed at the apex; flowers nearly sessile; fruiting carpels 
 8-12 mm. long, terminated by a straight flat beak 4-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. 
 wide, its edges with stiff ascending hairs. la waste places, N. J., D. C., and in 
 ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 8. WASHINGTONIA Raf. [OSMORRHIZA Raf.] 
 
 Perennial herbs from fleshy clustered roots, with decompound leaves, and few- 
 rayed umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involucels of few narrow bracts, or 
 none. Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit narrow, linear or oblong-linear, short- 
 beaked, compressed, bristly along the ribs, attenuated at the base, Carpels 
 5 -angular, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes obso- 
 lete or none. [In honor of George Washington.] About 15 species, of N. Am., 
 Asia and S. Am. Besides the following about 8 others occur in the western U. S. 
 Pubescent ; style and Stylopodium i mm. long or less. 
 
 Style with Stylopodium i mm. long; involucel-bracts mostly present. 
 
 i. W, Clay font. 
 
 Stylopodium 0.5 mm. long; involucel-bracts few or none. 3. W. divaricata. 
 
 Glabrate; style and Stylopodium 2 mm. long. 2. W. longistylis. 
 
 1. Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britton. WOOLLY SWEET-CICELY. 
 (I. F. f. 2680.) Erect, 4-9 dm. high, villous-pubescent. Lower leaves sometimes 
 3 dm. wide, the segments ovate or oval, incised dentate; umbels long peduncled, 
 2-6-rayed; rays divaricate, 2-5 cm. long in fruit; involucels of several subulate 
 bracts; fruit about 12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; Stylopodium slender-conic. 
 In woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Minn,, N. Car., 111. and Kans. Maj r -June. 
 
 2. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. SMOOTHER 'SWEET CICELY. 
 (I. F. f. 2681.) Similar to the preceding but only slightly pubescent, the stems 
 and petioles at length quite glabrous; bracts ci the involucels lanceolate, 6-8 mm. 
 long, persistent. In woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ala., Tenn. and Kans. Roots 
 more spicy than those of W. Clay torn. May- June. 
 
 3. Washingtonia divaricata Britton. WESTERN SWEET-CICELY. (I. F. f. 
 2682.) Stem 6-9 dm. high; leaf- segments thin, ovate, acute, or acuminate, 
 coarsely toothed and usually incised, 1-6 cm. long; umbels long-peduncled, 3-6- 
 rayed, the very slender divaricate rays 5-10 cm. long in fruit; involucels of 13 
 subulate bracts, or none; pedicels very slender, 4-25 cm. long; fruit about 12 mm. 
 long, 2 mm. wide or rather more, beaked. Manitoba to S. Dak., Br. Col. and 
 Cal. May-June. 
 
 9. TORILIS Adans. 
 
 Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com- 
 pound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx teeth prominent, acute. Bracts 
 of the involucre few and small or none. Involucels of narrow bracts. Petals mostly 
 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid or oblong. Primary ribs 5, fili- 
 form. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of barbed or hooked bristles 
 or tubercles. Oil- tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural 
 side. [The Greek name.] About 20 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 Umbels sessile or . c hort-stalked, capitate, opposite the leaves. i. T. nodosa. 
 
 Umbels compound, peduncled ; rays slender. 2. 7\ Anthrisc us. 
 
 1. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. KNOTTED HEDGE-PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2633.) 
 Decumbent and spreading. Leaves bipinnate, the segments linear-oblong, 
 acute; rays 1-3, very short; fruit sessile, ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the outer with 
 barbed prickles on the secondary ribs, the inner with tubercles. In waste places, 
 Pa., Md. and Iowa. Also in the Southern States, Cal., the W. Indies and S. Am. 
 Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. \Caiicalis nodosa (L.) Huds.] 
 
 2. Torilis Anthriscus (L.) Gmel. ERECT HEDGE-PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2634.) 
 Erect, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves bipinnate. or the uppermost simply pinnate, the seg- 
 ments lanceolate, obtuse, dentate or pinnatifid; umbels slender-peduncled; pedicels 
 2-4 mm. long in fruit; rays 3-8, about I cm. long; fruit ovoid-oblong, densely 
 bristly, 3-4 mm- long. In waste places, N. J. to D. C. and Ohio. Adventive 
 from Evrope. July -Sept. \Caucalis Anthriscus (L.) Huds.| 
 
676 FLORA. 
 
 10. BIFORA Hoffm. 
 
 Glabrous annuals, with dissected leaves and few-rayed umbels of white flowers. 
 Involucre and involucels of few small bracts. Fruit didymous, laterally flattened, 
 with globose glabrous hard carpels. Carpels with 4 filiform secondary ribs. Stylo- 
 podium conic. Styles recurved. Oil-tubes none. [Latin, referring to the didy- 
 mous fruit. ] About 4 species, natives of N. Am. and Europe. 
 
 i. Bifora Americana (DC.) A. Gray. AMERICAN BIFORA. Slender, 
 roughish above, 2-4 dm. high. Ultimate leaf-segments narrowly linear, acutish. 
 R lys 5-8, 2.5 cm. long or less; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; carpels about 2 mm. in 
 diameter. Mo. (according to Drude); Ark. to Tex. and N. Mex. April-May. 
 
 Bifora rddians Bieb., has been collected in wasts places and ballast, in R. I. and 
 Penn. It differs from the preceding in its larger wrinkled fruit. 
 
 11. APIASTRUM Nutt. 
 
 Annual glabrous much branched herbs, with petioled finely dissected leaves, the 
 leaf segments linear or filiform. Flowers very small, white, in compound unequal- 
 rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few small bracts, or none. Calyx- 
 teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, or suborbicular, laterally flattened, tubercled, not 
 ribbed; pericarp thin; oil-tubes few, not clustered, 2 on the commissural side. 
 Seed-face concave. Stylopodium small. [Greek, false celery.] Two species, the 
 following, and one in Cal. 
 
 i. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. SPREADING APIASTRUM. (I. F. 
 f. 2672.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high, divergently branched above. Stem-leaves short- 
 petioled, biternately dissected; umbels terminal, or axillary, 1-4 cm. broad; rays 
 6-12 mm. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long in fruit; fruit ovate, slightly more than 
 i mm. long, more or less tuberculate, usually densely so. Neb. and Mo. to Tex. 
 and N. Mex. June. 
 
 12. ERIGENIA Nutt. 
 
 Low glabrous nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, arising from a deep tuber, 
 with ternately decompound leaves, usually a single-leaved involucre, and small 
 umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals flat, entire. Fruit nearly 
 orbicular, notched at both ends, glabrous. Carpels incurved at top and bottom, 
 with 5 slender ribs and 1-3 small oil-tubes in the intervals. [Greek, spring- 
 born.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. HARBINGER OF SPRING. (I. F. f. 2709.) 
 Stem scapose, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-4, ternately divided into thin 
 oblong obtuse segments, the involucral one similar, smaller; petioles much dilated 
 at the base; umbels mostly compound, of 1-4 slender rays; involucels spatulate 
 or sometimes foliaceous; pedicels 2-5 mm. long in fruit; fruit about 2 mm. long 
 and 3 mm. broad. Ont. to D. C., Ala., Minn, and Kans. Feb. -April. 
 
 13. CONlUM L. 
 
 Tall biennial glabrous herbs, with spotted stems, pinnately decompound leaves, 
 and small white flowers in compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involu- 
 cels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete; petals obcordate, or entire 
 with a short inflexed point; fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened later- 
 ally. Carpels strongly wavy -ribbed; large oil-tubes none, but a layer of oil- 
 secreting tissue next the deeply concave seed. [Greek, hemlock.] Two species, 
 one of them native of Europe and Asia, the other of Africa. 
 
 i. Conium maculatum L. POISON HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 2684.) Erect, 
 much-branched, 6-15 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile 
 or nearly so, all pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ultimate 
 segments dentate, or incised; petioles dilated and sheathing at the base; umbels 
 2-8 cm. broad, the rays slender, 2-4 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 4-6 mm. long in 
 fruit; flowers about 2 mm. broad; fruit 3 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, its ribs very 
 prominent when dry. In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Del., Ind. and Mich. 
 Also in Cal. and Mex. Nat. from Europe. June -July. 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 677 
 
 14. MUSINEON Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Low perennial resiniferous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and com- 
 pound umbels of yellow or white flowers. Involucre none. Bracts of the involu- 
 cels few, narrow. Calyx-teeth ovate. Stylopodium small, depressed. Fruit 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed laterally. Carpels somewhat 5-angled, 
 the ribs liliform, equal; oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals. Seed-face concave. 
 [A name of fennel.] Three known species, natires of N. Am. 
 
 Stem leafy, branching; fruit about 4 mrn. long. x. M. divaricatum. 
 
 Plant acaulescent, tufted; fruit about 2 mm. long. 2. M. tenuifolium. 
 
 1. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. LEAFY MUSINEON. (I. F. f. 2673.) 
 Branched, glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves bipinnatifid, petioled, 5-15 cm. 
 long, the rachis narrowly winged, the segments oblong or ovate, acutish, 3-5 -den- 
 tate; umbels mostly long-peduncled, 2.5-6 cm. broad, 8-25-rayed; rays 6-25 mm= 
 long; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, or very nearly so. Prairies, S. Dak. to Mani- 
 toba, the N. W. Terr, and Ore. May-June. 
 
 2. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt. SCAPOSE MUSINEON. (I. F. f. 2674.) 
 Acaulescent from a woody root, tufted, glabrous, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves decom- 
 pound into linear acute incised segments; umbel 1-2.5 cm. broad, 5~i8-rayed; 
 rays 4-10 mm. long; flowers greenish white (?); fruit oblong, nearly smooth, its 
 ribs rather prominent when dry. In dry rocky places, S. Dak., Neb. and in the 
 Rocky Mts. June -July. 
 
 15. BUPLEURUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with simple entire clasping or perfoliate leaves, and 
 compound umbels of yellow or greenish yellow flowers. Involucre none in our 
 species. Involucels of 5 ovate mucronate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopo- 
 dium conic. Styles short. Fruit oblong or oval, somewhat compressed laterally. 
 Carpels angled, with slender equal ribs; oil-tubes none in our species. Seed-face 
 concave. [Greek, ox-ribbed, referring to the leaves.] About 65 species of wide 
 distribution. Besides the following another occurs in northwestern Am. 
 
 i. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. HARE'S EAR. THOROUGH-WAX. (I. F. f. 
 2677.) Annual, rather stiff, glabrous, pale, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, 
 or oval, mostly obtuse, mucronate, 2-4 cm. long, perfoliate, or the lowest narrowed 
 into a petiole; umbels 3-6-rayed, the rays seldom over 8 mm. long; bracts of the 
 involucels about as long as the rays, yellowish; fruit glabrous, about 3 mm. long. 
 In fields, N. H. to N. Car., S. Dak., Kans. and Ark. Also in the Southwest. 
 Nat. from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 Bupleiirum Odontltes L., with narrowly linear leaves, also European, has been 
 found in waste places in Mass. 
 
 16. APIUM L. 
 
 Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound 
 leaves, and white flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
 ovate, mostly inflexed at the apex. Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic. Fruit 
 ovate, or broader than long, smooth, or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with promi- 
 nent ribs, somewhat 5 -angled; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the 
 commissural side. Seed terete, or nearlv so. [Latin name of these or some simi- 
 lar plants.] About 15 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 
 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Leaf-segments broad. i. A. graveolens. 
 
 Leaf-segments very narrow. 2. A. leptophyUum. 
 
 i. Apium graveolens L. CELERY. (I. F. f. 2688.) Glabrous; stem 3-9 
 dm. high. Leaves pinnate; leaf-segments 3 or 5, thin, broadly ovate to oval, 
 coarsely toothed and often incised; umbels 3-7 rayed; involucre and involucels 
 small, or none; flowers small, short-pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely I mm. long, the 
 ribs somewhat winged; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals and 2 on the com- 
 missural side. In waste places, escaped from cultivation in Va. and nat. in salt 
 marshes on the coast of Cal. Native of Europe. May-July. 
 
678 FLORA. 
 
 2. Apium leptoph^llum (DC.) F. Muell. FINE-LEAVED MARSH PARSLEY, 
 (I. F. f. 2689.) Slender, much branched, 0.7-6 dm. high. Leaves ternately pinna- 
 tisected, the ultimate segments narrow, often incised; umbels 1-4 cm. broad, oppo- 
 site the leaves; fruit ovate, glabrous, about 2 mm. long, the ribs equal and promi- 
 nent. In moist grounds, N. J. ; " St. Louis, Mo." (Nuttall). Common in the South- 
 ern States. Widely distributed in tropical Am. and the Old World. June-Aug. 
 
 . 17. AMMOSELINUM T. & G. 
 
 Low annuals, with ternately divided finely" dissected leaves, and small white 
 flowers in terminal slender-rayed umbels. Involucels of a few linear or dissected 
 bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit laterally flattened, strongly ribbed, the ribs 
 tuberculate or spinulose-tuberculate ; pericarp thick and dense; oil-tubes solitary in 
 the intervals, and 2 on the commissural side. Styles and conic stylopodium short. 
 [Greek, sand-parsley.] Two known species, of the southwestern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Ammoselinum Popei T. G. POPE'S SAND-PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2668.) 
 Diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches, rays of the umbels and pedicels 
 rough. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, or nearly so, all dissected 
 into linear segments about i mm. wide; involucre usually of I dissected leaf or more; 
 longer rays of the umbels 2.5 cm. long in fruit, or less, the shorter ones often I- 
 flowered; fruit ovate, 4-5 mm. long, narrowed above, 2 mm. wide, or a little more, 
 the ribs rather strongly tubercled, or even spinulose. In sandy soil, Kans. to Tex., 
 Mex. and Ariz. April-May. 
 
 18. PETROSELINUM Hoffm. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs, with i-3-pinnate leaves, and yellow or yellowish 
 flowers in compound umbels. Calyx- teeth obsolete. Stylopodium short-conic. 
 Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on 
 the commissural side. [Greek, rock-parsley.] A genus of 5 European species. 
 
 I. Petroselinum Petrpselinum (L.) Karst. PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2687.) 
 Usually biennial, 3-9 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, the segments ovate, 
 dentate, or incised, or those of the upper leaves linear-oblong and entire; umbels 
 peduncled, 2.5-6 cm. broad, 15 2O-rayed; pedicels about 3mm. long; involucre of 
 2-4 linear bracts; bractlets of the involucels subulate; fruit glabrous, about 4 mm. 
 long, the ribs rather prominent when dry. Md. to Ont., escaped from cultivation. 
 Introduced from Europe. Summer. \_Apiwn Petroselinum L.J 
 
 19. ZIZIA Koch. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones 
 undivided, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none; involucels 
 of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium none. Styles elon- 
 gated. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, glabrous, or nearly so, somewhat compressed, the 
 ribs filiform, wingless; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, with a small one under each 
 rib. Seed-face flat. [In honor of I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.] Three species. 
 
 Basal leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 
 
 Rays of the umbel numerous, stout; fruit 4 mm. long. i. Z. aurea. 
 
 Rays of the umbel 2-12, slender; fruit about 2 mm. long. 2. Z. Bebbii. 
 
 Basal leaves cordate, undivided ; fruit about 3 mm. long. 3. Z. cordata. 
 
 1. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. EARLY OR GOLDEN MEADOW-PARSNIP. (I. F. 
 f. 2690.) Glabrous, 3-8 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 2-3-ternately com- 
 pound, the segments ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, sharply serrate; 
 upper leaves shorter-petioled, ternate; rays 9-25, stout, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; 
 fruit oblong. In fields, meadows and swamps, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and 
 Tex. April-June. 
 
 2. Zizia Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britton. BEBB'S ZIZIA. (I. F. f. 2691.) 
 Slender, ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 2-3 -ternate, the seg- 
 ments ovate, oblong or oval, mostly obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long, sharply serrate; stem- 
 leaves ternate, or biternate, their segments lanceolate, generally narrower than 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 679 
 
 those of the preceding; rays 2-12, slender, divergent, 2-8 cm. long; fruit oval, or 
 broader than long. Mountain woods, Va. and \V. Va. to N. Car. and Ga. May. 
 3. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. HEART-LEAVED ALEXANDERS. (I. F. f. 
 2692.) Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, 6-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 
 broadly ovate, or orbicular, undivided, deeply cordate, sometimes 1.5 dm. long, 
 crenate ; stem-leaves ternate, or rarely quinate, the segments ovate, or oval, cre- 
 nate, orlobed; rays 7-16, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; fruit ovate, or oval. In woods, 
 Conn, to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Ga., Mo., Wyo. and Ore. May-June. 
 
 20. CICUTA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect tall perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, 
 and terminal umbels of white flowers. Involucre of few bracts, or none; involu- 
 cels many-bracted. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium short-conic; fruit ovate to 
 oblong, glabrous, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs corky, the lateral ones strongest; 
 oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete. 
 [The ancient Latin name.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone 
 and Mex. Besides the following, about 4 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaf-segments lanceolate. i. C. maculata. 
 
 Leaf-segments narrowly linear. 2. C. bulbifera, 
 
 1. Cicuta maculata L. WATER HEMLOCK. MUSQUASH ROOT. (I. F. f. 2694.) 
 Stout, 9-18 dm. high, the stem marked with purple lines. Roots several, tuberi- 
 form; leaves petioled, bipinnate, or tripinnate, the lower often 3 dm. long; leaf- 
 segments coarsely and sharply serrate, their veins apparently ending in the notches; 
 umbellets many-flowered; pedicels unequal; fruit ovate, or oval, 2-3 mm. long. In 
 swamps, N. B. to Manitoba. Fla. and N. Mex. Poisonous. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Cicuta bulbifera L. BULB-BEARING WATER HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 2695.) 
 Slender, 3-10 dm. high. Roots few, tuberiform. Leaves 2-3- pinnate, the upper 
 ones less divided, smaller, and bearing clustered bulblets in their axils; leaf- 
 segments linear, sparingly serrate with distant teeth; fruit broadly ovate, slightly 
 more than 2 mm. long. In swamps, N. S. to Del., Manitoba, Ind. and Neb. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 21. DERINGA Adans. [CRYPTOTAENIA DC.] 
 
 A perennial glabrous herb, with 3-divided leaves, and irregular umbels of white 
 flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium 
 conic; fruit oblong, laterally compressed, glabrous. Carpels nearly terete, the ribs 
 equal, obtuse; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and also beneath each rib. Seed- 
 iace flat or nearly so. [Said to be named for Deering or Bering.] A monotypic 
 genus of eastern N. Am. and Japan. 
 
 i. Deringa Canadensis (L.) Kuntze. HONEWORT. (I. F. f. 2696.) Erect, 
 3-9 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled, 3-divided, the segments 
 thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate, incised, or some- 
 times lobed, 2-10 cm. long, the lateral ones nearly sessile, the terminal one ab- 
 ruptly narrowed into a margined incised stalk; umbels 4-io-rayed; fruit narrowed 
 at both ends, 4-6 mm. long, often curved. In woods, N. B. to S. Dak., Ga. and 
 Tex. June-July. 
 
 22. CARUM L. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellowish 
 flowers in terminal umbels. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, 
 or oblong, somewhat compressed, glabrous. Carpels somewhat 5-angled, the ribs 
 filiform, or inconspicuous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the com- 
 missural side. Seed dorsally flattened, its face flat or slightly concave. [Greek, 
 caraway.] About 50 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Besides the 
 following, about 4 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 i. Carum Carui L. CARAWAY. CARVIES. (I. F. f. 2693.) Biennial or some- 
 times perennial, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves pinnatisected into linear or filiform seg- 
 ments; involucre of 1-3 linear bracts, or none; involucels commonly none; umbels 
 
680 FLORA. 
 
 7-io-rayed; rays 1-5 cm. long in fruit; fruit oblong, usually slightly curved, about 
 4 mm. long, the ribs conspicuous when mature. Occasional in waste places, Newf. 
 to S. Dak., Penn. and Colo. Adventive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 23. TAENI'DIA Drude. 
 
 A glabrous perennial herb, with 2-3-ternate leaves and compound umbels of 
 yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopo- 
 dium broadly conic. Fruit oval, more or less compressed. Carpels obscurely 
 5 -angled with slender equal distant ribs; oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the inter- 
 vals. Seed-face flat or slightly convex. A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude. YELLOW PIMPERNEL. (I. F. f. 2670.) 
 Erect, somewhat glaucous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 2-3-ternate, the upper with 
 short dilated petioles, the lower long-petioled; segments ovate, oval, or lanc-eolate, 
 obtuse, or acutish and often mucronulate at the apex, entire, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
 rays 10-20 ; pedicels slender; fruit oval, about 4 mm. long. In rocky or sandy 
 soil, Quebec to N. Car., Ont., Minn., Kans. and Miss. May-June. \Pimpinella 
 integerrima A. Gray.] 
 
 24. PIMPINELLA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, mostly with ternately compound leaves and white flowers in 
 compound umbels. Involucre and involucels none in our species. Stylopodium 
 broadly conic. Fruit oval to ovate, compressed. Carpel- ribs slender. Oil-tubes 
 2-6 in the intervals. About 75 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 I. Pimpinella Saxifraga L. BENNET. PIMPERNEL. (I. F. f. 2671.) Erect, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves pinnate; segments of the lower 9-19, sharply serrate, or 
 incised, ovate, or nearly orbicular, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; umbels 7~2O-rayed; rays 
 2-4 cm. long in fruit; fruit oval. In waste places, N. Y., Penn., N. J. and Ohio. 
 Adventive from Europe. June-Oct. 
 
 25. AEGOPODIUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with l-2-ternate leaves, and compound umbels of white 
 flowers. Bracts of the involucre and involucels none, or rarely few and early de- 
 ciduous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovate- oblong, 
 glabrous, somewhat compressed. Carpels obscurely 5-angled, the ribs equal, dis- 
 tant; oil-tubes none. [Greek, goat-foot.] Two species, of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. AEgopodium Podagraria L. GOUTWEED. GOUTWORT. HERB-GERARD. 
 (I. F. f. 2702.) Erect, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves biternate, 
 the primary divisions stalked, the segments ovate, acute, or acuminate at the 
 apex, rounded, or cordate at the base, sharply serrulate, 3-8 cm. long; umbels 
 long-peduncled, 9-25 -rayed; rays 2.5 cm. long in fruit or more; fruit about 4 mm. 
 long, scarcely 2 mm. wide, the styles deflected. In waste places, Mass, to Penn. 
 and Del. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 26. EULOPHUS Nut*. 
 
 Perennial glabrous herbs, with deep tubers jots, ternately compound leaves, 
 and long-peduncled compound umbels of v .ite or pinkish flowers. Involucre 
 generally of I bract, sometimes none. Involucels of several bracts. Calyx-teeth 
 usually prominent. Stylopodium conic. Styles recurved. Fruit glabrous, linear 
 to oblong in our species; ribs filiform, with 15 oil-tubes in the intervals. Seed- 
 face concave. [Greek, well-plumed.] About 5 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 i. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. EASTERN EULOPHUS. (I. F. f. 2675.) Erect, 
 9-15 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves large, long-petioled; segments linear; 
 umbels 7-10 cm. broad, the rays 6-12, very slender. 5-10 cm. long; involucels of 
 narrowly lanceolate acuminate bracts; pedicels almost filiform, 8-16 mm. long in 
 fruit; flowers whitish (?); fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long. In dry soil, Ohio to Kans., 
 Tenn. and Ark. July. 
 
 27. SIUM L. 
 
 Perennial marsh herbs, with simply pinnate stem-leaves, the lower and basal 
 ones often pinnatisected, and large umbels of white flowers. Involucre and 
 
UMBELL1FERAE. 
 
 involucels of numerous narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Styles short. Fruit 
 ovate or oval, somewhat compressed. Carpels with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 
 1-3 in the intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek name of a marsh plant.] About 8 
 species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. 
 
 Plant stout, 6-18 dm. high; leaf-segments 7-17, i. S. cicutaefolium. 
 
 Plant weak, 3-9 dm. high; leaf -segments 3-7. 2. S. Carsoni. 
 
 1. Slum cicutaefolium Gmel. HEMLOCK WATER-PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 2685.) 
 
 Erect, stout. Lower leaves long-petioled, the uppermost nearly sessile; leaf-seg- 
 ments linear, or lanceolate, 3-13 cm. long, 3-25 mm. wide, acuminate, sharply 
 serrate ; or the lowermost pectinately dissected ; umbels 8-2O-ray ed ; rays 1-4 cm. 
 long; fruit ovate, compressed, about 3 mm. long. In swamps, N. S. to Br. Col., 
 Fla., La. and Cal. Very variable in leaf- form. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Sium Carsoni Durand. CARSON'S WATER-PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 2686.) 
 Stem slender, 3-6 dm. long. Leaf segments 3-7, those of the upper leaves 
 linear, or lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sharply 
 serrate; lower leaves often floating and very thin, the segments broader and 
 laciniate. or dissected; umbels 7-15 rayed; rays 1-2.5 cm - lon g * n *""* * n 
 streams, Me. to R. I. and Penn. July-Aug. 
 
 28. BERULA Hoffm. 
 
 A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with pinnate leaves, serrate or some- 
 times incised leaf- segments, and terminal compound umbels of white flowers. 
 Involucre and involucels of several narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth very small. Stylo- 
 podium conic; styles short. Fruit subglobose, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous, 
 the ribs very slender, the pericarp thick and corky ; oil-tubes numerous and close 
 together along the inner side of the pericarp. Seed-face flat. [Latin name of the 
 watercress.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. CUT-LEAVED WATER-PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 
 2701.) Erect, rather stout, much branched, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaflets 7-19, 
 ovate, oval, or linear-oblong, deeply serrate, laciniate, or lobed, 1-3.5 cm - l n g 
 4-10 mm. wide, those of the upper leaves commonly more laciniate than those 
 of the lower; umbels numerous, short- peduncled, io-2O-rayed; rays 1-6 cm. long 
 in fruit; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; fruit less than 2 mm. long, nearly orbicular, 
 somewhat cordate at the base, the ribs inconspicuous. In swamps and streams, 
 southern Ont. to Br. Col., south to Mass. (?), N. Y., 111., Kans., in the Rocky Mts. 
 to N. Mex, and to Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 29. PTILIMNIUM Raf. [DISCOPLEURA DC.] 
 
 Annual glabrous herbs, with dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white 
 flowers. Bracts of the involucre filiform or dissected in our species. Calyx-teeth 
 obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed. Stylopodium conic; fruit ovate, slightly 
 compressed, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, the dorsal and intermediate 
 ribs prominent, slender, the lateral ones thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary in the 
 intervals. Seed-face flat. [Greek, referring to the finely divided leaves.] Besides 
 the following, another occurs in Texas and one in the East Indies. 
 
 Involucral bracts mostly pinnate; fruit 2-3 mm. long. i. P. capillaceum. 
 
 Involucral bracts short, entire; fruit 1-1.5 mm - long- 2. P. Nuttallii. 
 
 1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. MOCK BISHOP-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 2699.) Slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves finely dissected into filiform segments; in- 
 volucral bracts or some of them pinnately parted; involucels of several linear 
 bracts; umbels 5-10 cm. broad, 5-20 rayed; fruit ovate, acute. In wet soil, espe- 
 cially brackish meadows, Mass, to Fla., west to Tex. June-Oct. 
 
 2. Ptilimnium Nuttallii (DC.) Britton. NUTTALL'S MOCK BISHOP-WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2700.) Similar to the preceding, but generally stouter, 6-9 dm. high, 
 the branches nearly erect. Umbels 7-25 -rayed; bracts of the involucre linear, 
 entire, short, those of the involucels minute; fruit ovate -orbicular, obtusish. la 
 swamps, 111 to Kans., La. and Tex. May-Sept. 
 
682 FLORA. 
 
 30. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. 
 
 Glabrous annuals, the lower and basal leaves mostly linear and entire, those of 
 the stem mainly divided into few linear segments. Involucres and involucels of 
 several subulate or narrowly linear bracts. -Flowers small, white, in compound 
 umbels. Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Fruit ovoid, or oblong, nearly terete, 
 strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs the larger; oil- tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 
 on the commissural side of each carpel. Seed-face flat. Stylopodium conic. 
 [Greek, dog-celery.] Two known species, natives of the southern U. S. 
 
 I. Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. PINNATE CYNOSCIADIUM. (I. F. f. 2659.) 
 Stem 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, the blade elongated-linear, 
 entire, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; stem-leaves pinnately divid- 
 ed into 3-9 linear entire segments, the terminal segment much larger than the 
 lateral ones, or some of them entire; bracts 4-6 mm. long; umbels 4-io-rayed; rays 
 very slender ; fruit about 4 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, crowned by the ovate 
 calyx-teeth. In wet soil, Mo. to the Ind. Terr, and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 OEnanthe aquatica (L.) Poir., a tall usually aquatic herb with finely dissected leaves, 
 the umbels mostly opposite them, the involucre wanting and the involucels of small 
 bracts, has been found as a fugitive at Washington, D. C. \OE. Pliellandrium Lam.] 
 
 31. LILAEOPSIS Greene. [CRANTZIA Nutt.] 
 
 Small creeping glabrous perennial marsh herbs, the leaves reduced to linear 
 terete septate hollow petioles, with simple umbels of white flowers. Bracts of the 
 involucre several, small. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium conic. Fruit glabrous, 
 globular, somewhat flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, the dorsal and inter- 
 mediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones much larger and corky-thickened, the com- 
 missural faces each with a corky longitudinal projection; oil-tubes solitary in the 
 intervals. Seed terete. [Greek, resembling the genus Lilaea.~\ A small genus of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 i. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene. LILAEOPSIS. (I. F. f. 2658.) Root- 
 ing in the mud, 5-13 cm. long. Petioles linear-spatulate, obtuse, generally 2-8 
 cm. long, but sometimes longer, about 3 mm. thick; peduncles somewhat exceeding 
 the leaves ; umbels 5-iO-rayed, the rays 3-6 mm. long; fruit about 2 mm. long. In 
 salt and brackish marshes, and on river-shores, N. H. to Fla., west to Miss. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 32. AETHUSA L. 
 
 Annual glabrous herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, and compound umbels, 
 both terminal and opposite the leaves. Involucre none, or of a single bract. Bracts 
 of the involucels 1-5, setaceous, turned to one side. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylo- 
 podium broad, thick. Fruit globose-ovoid, glabrous. Carpels dorsally compressed, 
 the ribs prominent, corky, acute, nearly equal; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
 Seed-face flat. [Greek, burning t from the sharp taste.] A monotypic genus of 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. AEthusa Cynapium L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2656.) Erect, leafy, 
 dichotomously branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 2-3 -pinnate; petiole-bases dilated; 
 ultimate segments linear, acutish; umbels long-peduncled, 5-8 cm. broad in fruit, 
 8-12-rayed; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit abouL 3 mm. long. In waste places, N. 
 S. to N. J. and Minn. Poisonous. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 33. FOENICULUM Adans. 
 
 Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments linear or 
 capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels none. 
 Calyx- teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, 
 terete, or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dorsally flattened, prominently ribbed; 
 oil lubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or slightly concave. [Latin, 
 diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] About 4 species, of the Old World. 
 
 i. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L. ) Karst. FENNEL. (I. F. f. 2669.) Peren- 
 nial, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves dissected into capillary segments; petioles broad, 
 clasping; umbels large, 9-25 -rayed, the rays rather stout, somewhat glaucous, 
 2-8 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit about 6 mm. long. In waste 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 683 
 
 places, N. J. and Penn. to Va. and La. Escaped from gardens. Adventive from 
 Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Anethum graveolens L., DILLWEED, similar to Fennel, but with the fruit somewhat 
 flattened dorsally, and the root annual or biennial has been found in waste places at 
 Wilmington, Dei. 
 
 34- LIGUSTICUM L. 
 
 Perennial glabrous herbs, with aromatic roots, ternately compound leaves, and 
 large compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several narrow mostly 
 deciduous bracts. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. 
 Stylopodium conic. Fruit oblong or ovoid, scarcely flattened. Carpels dorsaliy 
 compressed, the ribs prominent, acute, separated by broad intervals; oil-tub, s 2-6 
 in the intervals. Seed-face flat or slightly concave. [Named from Liguria, where 
 Lovage abounds.] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides 
 the following, some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves thin; fruit ovoid; southern species. i. L. Canadense. 
 
 Leaves fleshy ; fruit oblong ; northern seacoast species. 2. L. ^coticum. 
 
 1. Ligusticum Canadense (L.) Britton. NONDO. ANGELICO. (I. F. f. 
 2654.) Stout, 0.6-1.8 m. high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal petioled, often 
 3 dm. wide, their primary divisions ternate; segments ovate, or oval, 4-13 cm. 
 long, acute, rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, or those of the uppermost leaves 
 linear-lanceolate and entire; umbels mostly twice compound, sometimes 2.5 dm. 
 broad; bracts of the involucre 2-6, linear; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; fruit 
 ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, with prominent slightly winged ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the 
 intervals; seed angled on the back. In rich woods, southern Penn. to Ga., Mo. 
 and Ky. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Ligusticum Scoticum L. SCOTCH LOVAGE. SEA PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 
 2655.) Stem 2.5-9 dm. high. Leaves mostly biternate, the segments broadly 
 obovate or oval, 2-10 cm. long, shining, dentate; umbels 5-10 cm. broad in fruit; 
 pedicels 4-10 mm. long; fruit oblong, 6 10 mm. long, the ribs prominent and 
 somewhat winged; seed rounded on the back. Along salt marshes, Conn, to Lab. 
 and the lower St. Lawrence River. Also on the Pacific coast and the shores of 
 northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 35 COELOPLEURUM Ledeb. 
 
 Stout and tall maritime perennials, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, inflated 
 petioles, and compound umbels of greenish white flowers. Involucre of a few 
 linear deciduous bracts, or none. Involucels of numerous linear bracts. Calyx- 
 teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong, scarcely flattened; dorsal 
 and intermediate ribs prominent, corky-thickened, the lateral ones slightly broader, 
 acute, but not winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, I or 2 under each rib and 
 2-4 on the commissural side. Seed loose in the pericarp, its face flat or slightly 
 concave. [Greek, hollow-ribbed.] Two species, one widely distributed in the 
 northern hemisphere, the other on our northwestern coast. 
 
 i. Coelopleurum Graelini (DC.) Ledeb. SEACOAST ANGELICA. (I. F. f. 
 2657.) Branching, 6-9 dm. high, the umbels and upper part of the stem puberu- 
 lent. Lower leaves large, 2-3-ternate, the segments thin, ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, sharply dentate and incised, 3-6 cm. long; umbels 7-13 cm. broad, 
 io-25-rayed; pedicels slender, 6-12 mm. long; fruit 5-7 mm. long. Seacoast, 
 Greenland to Mass. , on the lower St. Lawrence River and the Pacific coast. Also 
 on the coasts of eastern Asia. Summer. 
 
 36. THASPIUM Nutt. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with ternate or ternately compound leaves, or the basal ones 
 sometimes undivided, and compound umbels of yellow or purple flowers. Invo- 
 lucre none, or of 1-3 bracts. Involucels of several small bracts. Calyx-teeth 
 prominent, acute. Stylopodium none. Style slender. Fruit ovoid or oblong, 
 glabrous or nearly so, scarcely flattened. Carpels somewhat dorsally flattened, 
 the ribs or at least some of them strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
 vals. Seed-face flat. [Name from the island Thapsus.j About 3 species, natives 
 of eastern N. Am. 
 
684 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves mostly ternate; segments crenate, thickish. I. T. trifoliatum. 
 Leaves mostly biternate; segments incised or lobed, rather thin. 
 
 Segments ovate, incised. 2. 7\ barbinode. 
 
 Segments pinnatifid into oblong lobes. 3. 7'. pinnatifidum. 
 
 1. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. PURPLE MEADOW-PARSNIP. (I. F. 
 f. 2651.) Glabrous; stems 3-6 dm. high. Upper stem-leaves short-petioled, ter- 
 nate, or rarely biternate, the segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long; 
 basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes undivided; umbels 2-5 cm. broad; petals 
 dark purple; fruit nearly 4 mm. long, all the ribs usually winged. In woods, R. 
 I. to N. J., Tenn. and Mo. June-July. 
 
 Thaspium trifoliitum aureum (Nutt.) Britton. Flowers yellow. Range of the type. 
 
 2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. HAIRY-JOINTED MEADOW-PARSNIP. 
 (I. F. f. 2652.) Erect, 6-12 dm. high, pubescent at the joints and sometimes also 
 on. the shoots and rays of the umbels. Leaves petioled, mostly bipinnate; seg- 
 ments acute, incised-serrate or cleft, 2-5 cm. long; umbels 2-5 cm. broad; flowers 
 light yellow; fruit nearly 6 mm. long, usually glabrous, 7 of the ribs commonly 
 broadly winged. Along streams, Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla., Ky. and Ark. May- 
 June. 
 
 Thaspium barbinbde angustifolium Coult. & Rose. Leaf-segments more sharply 
 cleft into narrower lobes; fruit puberulent. Penn. to W. Va. and 111. 
 
 3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) A. Gray. CUT-LEAVED MEADOW- 
 PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 2653.) Divergently branched, 6-12 dm. high, more pubescent 
 than the preceding. Leaves ternately pinnatifid into numerous oblong or linear- 
 oblong lobes, the basal ones long-petioled and very large; flowers light yellow; 
 fruit 3-5 mm. long, puberulent, all the ribs winged, but 7 of the wings broader 
 than the other 3. In woods and copses, Ky. to N. Car. and Tenn. June. 
 
 37. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. 
 
 Perennial glabrous branching herbs, with decompound leaves, and compound 
 umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few short bracts. Involucels of 
 narrowly linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed-conic. Fruit 
 oval or oblong, dorsally flattened. Carpels with prominent approximate dorsal 
 and intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged. Oil-tubes mostly 2 or 3 in 
 the intervals, and 4-8 on the commissural side. Seed-face slightly concave, its 
 back strongly convex. [Greek, hemlock-parsley.] Besides the following, some 
 3 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 i. Conioselinum Chinense (L.) B.S.P. HEMLOCK-PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 
 2638.) Stem terete, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves decompound into linear-oblong acutish 
 segments; petioles sheathing; umbels 5-8 cm. broad, g-i6-rayed; rays 3-6 cm. 
 long; pedicels slender, 4-6 mm. long; fruit broadly oval, about 4 mm. long. In 
 cold swamps, Lab. to Mass., N. Y., N. Car., Minn., Wis. and Ind. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 38. ANGELICA L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with compound leaves and large umbels of white flowers 
 (in our species). Involucre none, or of a few small bracts. Involucels of several 
 small bracts, or sometimes wanting. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or oval, 
 dorsally compressed. Dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, the lateral ones 
 broadly winged. Oil-tubes solitary or several in the intervals, 2-10 on the com- 
 missural side. [Named for its supposed healing virtues.] About 30 species, of 
 the northern hemisphere and New Zealand. Besides the following, some 13 others 
 occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Umbels glabrous, or nearly so; leaf-segments acute or acutish. 
 
 Oil-tubes i (rarely 2-3) in the intervals ; wings broader than the carpels 
 
 1. A. Curtisii. 
 Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous; wings narrower than the carpels. 
 
 2. A. atropurpurea. 
 Umbels densely tomentose; leaf-segments obtuse. 3. A. villosa, 
 
 i. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. CURTIS' ANGELICA. (I. F. f. 2635.) Plant 
 (>-io dm. high. Leaves biternate, the lower long-stalked, the divisions pinnate, 
 
UMBELLIFERAE. 685 
 
 the upper mostly reduced to inflated petioles; segments sharply and irregularly 
 dentate or incised, 5-10 cm. long; umbels 7-15 cm. broad, g-25-rayed; rays 
 4-8 cm. long; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; fruit oval, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, emar- 
 ginate at the base. In woods, Penn. to N. Car. and Ga. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Angelica atropurpurea L. GREAT OR PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA. 
 (I. F. f. 2636.) Stout, 1-2 m. high, glabrous, or the umbel slightly rough-hairy. 
 Lower leaves often 6 dm. wide, biternate and the divisions pinnate, the upper ones 
 smaller, all with bnxid dilated petioles; segments oval or ovate, serrate and often 
 incised, 3-5 cm. long; umbels sometimes 2.5 dm. broad, 9-25-rayed, the rays 
 5-10 cm. lon^; fruit broadly oval, 6-8 mm. long, slightly emarginate at the base. 
 In swamps and moist ground, Lub. to Minn., Del. and III. June-July. 
 
 3 Angelica viilosi (Walt.) B S.P. PUBESCENT ANGELICA. (I. F. f. 2637.) 
 Rather slender, 6-12 dm. high, the umbels and upper part of the stem tomentose- 
 canescent. Lower leaves ternate or biternate, the divisions pinnate, the segments 
 thick, oval, rather finely dentate, obtuse or obtusish, 2-5 cm. long; upper leaves 
 mostly reduced to sheathing petioles; umbels 5-10 cm. broad, 7~3O-rayed; rays 
 2-4 cm. long; fruit broadly oval, emarginate at the base, 6 mm. long, finely pu- 
 bescent; lateral wings about as broad as the carpels; oil-tubes generally 3-6 in 
 the intervals. In dry soil, Conn, to Fla., Minn., Tenn. and Mo. July -Aug. 
 
 Angeli:a sylv^stris L., of Europe, similar to the preceding, but with acute or 
 acutish leaf-segments, their teeth acuminate, is reported as occurring on Cape Breton 
 Island. 
 
 39. LEVISTICUM Koch. 
 
 A perennial herb, with decompound leaves, the segments broad, cuneate, and 
 large umbels of whitish yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels of numerous 
 narrow bricts. Fruit ovite- oblong, somewhat flattened dorsally; primary ribs 
 winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. A nionotypic genus. 
 
 i. Levisticum Levisticum (L.) Karst. LOVAGE. Glabrous, tall. Leaves 
 i-3-pinnately divided, the segments 5- o cm. long, acute, deeply cleft or those of 
 the upper leaves entire; umbels 7-10 cm. broad. In waste places, Vt., Conn, and 
 N. Y. \JJ.gusticum Levisticum L.j 
 
 40. CYMOPTERUS Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial' subscapose herbs, with thick roots, pinnately decompound leaves, 
 and white flowers (in our species) in peduncled umbels. Involucels of I to numer- 
 ous bracts. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Stylopodium depressed or wanting 
 Carpels dorsally flattened, with 3-5 flat equal wings; oil-tubes several or soli- 
 tary m the intervals. [Greek, wave- winged, referring to the fruit] About n 
 species, natives of western and central N. Am. 
 
 Involucre none. ^ c acauKs . 
 
 Involucre prominent. ^ - c montanus . 
 
 1. Cymoptenis acaulis (Pursh) Rydberg. PLAINS CYMOPTERUS. (I. F. f. 
 2649.) Stem seldom over 2.5 cm. high. Leaves 0.7-2 dm. long, slender-petioled, 
 pinnate or bipmnate into linear-oblong obtuse segments; umbels slender-peduncled, 
 capitate, 2.5 cm. broad or less; rays 2-5 mm. long; involucre none; involucel of a 
 single palmately-lobed bractlet; fruit broadly oval, about 6 mm. in diameter- 
 mi-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals. In dry soil, Minn, and Wis. to Ark., the N. W. 
 Terr., Br. Col. and Colo. April-May. 
 
 2. Cymopterus montanus T. & G. MOUNTAIN CYMOPTERUS. (I. F. f. 
 2650.) Similar to the preceding, somewhat glaucous, or very slightly pubes- 
 cent. Leaves 2-15 cm. high, pinnate, or bipinnate, the segments oblong, obtuse- 
 peduncles stout, 2-15 cm. high; involucre and involucels of broad membranou: 
 somewhat united veined bracts; umbels 2-5 cm. broad in fruit; rays several, 6-iS 
 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 6-12 mm. long, the carpels broadly 3-C-winged; oil- 
 tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Dry soil, S. Dak. to Wyo. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 41. POLYTAENIA DC. 
 
 Perennial, nearly glabrous herbs, with p'nnately decompound leaves, and com- 
 pound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre none, or rarely of \ or 2 linear bracts. 
 
686 FLORA. 
 
 Involucels of a few subulate deciduous bracts. Calyx-teeth prominent, triangular. 
 Petals obovate-cuneate, with a long incurved tip. Stylopodium none. Fruit oval 
 or obovate, flattened dorsally, thick and corky; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
 obscure, the lateral ones with thick wings which form a broad margin to the fruit, 
 and are nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes 12-18, contiguous, with numer- 
 ous smaller ones irregularly disposed in the thick pericarp. Seed flat. [Greek, 
 many-fillets, or oil-tubes.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. POLYTAENIA. (I. F. f. 2644.) Stem slightly 
 scabrous, lealy, 3-9 dm. high; roots fusiform. Leaves pinnate, the segments 
 deeply pinnatifid or parted, 2-8 cm. long, the lobes ovate, oblong or obovate; umbels 
 6-1- -rayed, 2. 5 -6 cm. broad; rays scabrous, 1-6 cm. long; pedicels finely pubes- 
 cent, 2-4 mm. long; fruit glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, I mm. thick, the margins 
 obtuse, the central part oi both carpels depressed when dry. Dry soil, Mich, and 
 Wis. to Tenn., Kans., Tex. and La. April-May. 
 
 42. OXYPOLIS Raf. [ARCHEMORA DC.] 
 
 Perennial glabrous marsh herbs, from clustered tuberous roots, with pinnate or 
 ternate leaves, or in one species the leaves reduced to hollow jointed phyllodes, and 
 compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre none, or of a few linear bracts. 
 Involucels of small bracts, or none. Calyx-teeth acute. Stylopodium thick, conic. 
 Fruit glabrous, dorsally compressed, oval or obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
 slender, the lateral ones winged, strongly nerved along the inner margin of the 
 wing, the carpels appearing as if equally 5-ribbed. Oil- tubes solitary in the inter- 
 vals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed-face nearly flat. Four known species, 
 natives of N. Am. 
 
 Leaves all reduced to hollow usually jointed phyllodes. i. O.filiformis. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; leaflets linear or lanceolate. 2. O. rigida. 
 
 1. Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton. OXYPOLIS. (I. F. f. 2639.) Stem 
 hollow, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves 2.5-45 cm. long; involucre of several linear- 
 subulate bracts; umbels 4-10 cm. br. ad, 6-15-rayed; rays 1-5 cm. long; pedicels 
 4-8 mm. long; fruit oval, or slightly obovate, 4-6 mm. long; oil-tubes large. In 
 ponds and swamps, southern Va. to Fla., west to La. Aug. -Sept. Plants collected 
 in Delaware', icferred to this species, differ in having broadly oval corky-winged 
 fruit, an inconspicuous disk, slender conic Stylopodium and smaller oil-tubes. 
 
 2. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Raf. COWBANE. HEMLOCK. (I. F. f. 2640.) 
 Rather slender, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves petioled. simply pinnate, the lower often 
 3 dm. long or more; leaflets thick, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, entire, or 
 remotely dentate, 3-8 cm. long; involucre of 1-4 bracts, or none; umbels 5-10 cm. 
 broad, 7-25-rayed; rays slender, 2-10 cm. long; pedicels 4-18 mm. long; fruit 
 oval, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; oil-tubes small. In swamps, N. Y. to Fla., 
 Minn., Mo. and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Oxypolis rfgidus longifblius (Pursh) Britton. Leaflets elongated-linear, entire, 2-3 
 mm. wide; fruit smaller. N. J. to S. Car. and Tenn. 
 
 43. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. . [LEPTOCAULIS Nutt.] i 
 
 Glabrous slender annuals, the branches often nearly filiform, with dissected 
 petioled leaves, the leaf-segments narrowly linear. P'lowers small, white, in un- 
 equal-rayed umbels. Involucre none; involucels of a few narrow bracts, or none. 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, laterally flattened, tuberculate or bristly; peri- 
 carp thick; oil tubes solitary in the intervals or also under the ribs, 2 on the com- 
 missural side. Stylopodium short, conic. Two species, of the southern U. S. 
 
 Fruit tubercled. i- S. divaricatus. 
 
 Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 2. S. echinaius. 
 
 i. Spermoleois divaricatus (Walt.) Raf. ROUGH-FRUITED SPERMOLEPIS. 
 (I. F. f. 2697.) Similar to Apiastrum patens, but more slender and more widely 
 branching. Rays of the umbels almost filiform, I -4 cm. long, divaricate; pedicels 
 5-12 mm. long; fruit cvate, densely tuberculate, I mm. long; the ribs rather 
 prominent. Neb. to Tex., N, Car. and Fla, Also in ballast at Philadelphia, 
 April -May. 
 
UMBELLIFERA E. 687 
 
 2. Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Heller. BRISTLY-FRUITED SPERMOLEPIS. 
 (I. F. f. 2698.) Resembling the preceding, but lower, seldom over 3 dm. high, 
 the branches ascending or sometimes spreading. Rays very slender; fruit about 
 I mm. long, covered with spreading hooked bristles the ribs obsolete, the com- 
 missure narrow. Ala. to Mo., Tex. and Cal. April-May. 
 
 44. PEUCEDANUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, from thick roots, with ternate, pin- 
 nate, or in our species bipinnate or finely dissected leaves, and compound unibels 
 of white or yellow flowers. Involucre none. Involucels of several or numerous 
 bracts. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or none. Fruit 
 oval, oblong, or orbicular, dorsally compressed. Carpels with filiform dorsal and 
 intermediate ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged; oil tubes 1-4 (rarely more) in 
 the intervals, 2-10 on the commissural side. Seed -face flat or slightly concave. 
 [Name Greek.] About 125 species, of wide distribution. In addition to the fol- 
 lowing, about 47 others occur in western N.* Am. 
 
 Flowers white or pinkish. . i. P. nudicaule, 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Fruit glabrous ; involucel-bracts united. 
 
 Plant pubescent. 2. P. foeniculaceum. 
 
 Plant glabrous. 3. P. Kingii. 
 
 Fruit finely pubescent ; involucel-bracts linear, distinct. 4. P. villosum. 
 
 1. Peucedanum nudicaule (Pursh) Nutt. WHITE-FLOWERED PARSLEY. 
 (I. F. f. 2645.) Leaves and peduncles 0.7-2 dm. high. Root e'ongated. Leaves 
 bipinnate, the segments oblong or ovate, generally pinnatifid into linear or linear- 
 oblong obtusish lobes; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, scarious-margined; um- 
 bel 4-8-rayed, the rays unequal, 1-4 cm. long in fruit; fruit oval or orbicular, 
 glabrous, 4-6 mm. long, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal and 
 intermediate ones inconspicuous; oil-tubes generally solitary in the intervals. In 
 dry soil, Minn, to Manitoba, Kans., the N. W. Terr, and N. Mex. March -May. 
 
 2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt. FENNEL-LEAVED PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 
 2646.) Peduncles 1-2.5 dm. high, usually exceeding the leaves. Leaves finely 
 dissected into short linear or filiform acute lobes and segments; umbels unequally 
 3-i2-rayed, the rays 1-4 cm. long; involucels tomentose; fruit broadly oval, about 
 6 mm. long, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, dorsal and intermediate 
 ones rather prominent; oil-tubes 13 in the intervals. Prairies, N. W. Terr, to S. 
 Dak., Kans., Mo. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 3. Peucedanum Kingii S. Wats. KING'S PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2647.) Scape 
 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled, pinnately or 2 pinnately divided into nar- 
 rowly linear segments I mm. wide or less; umbel unequally 4-2O-rayed; rays I- 
 4 cm. long; calyx-teeth short; fruit oblong, glabrous, 8-12 mm. long, nearly 4 mm 
 wide, the carpels with narrow lateral wings, the dorsal and intermediate ribs also 
 somewhat winged; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, and 6- IO on the commissural 
 side. Western Neb. to Utah. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Peucedanum villosum Nutt. HAIRY PARSLEY. (I. F. f. 2648.) Tomen- 
 tose-pubescent ; peduncles 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves finely dissected into narrowly 
 oblong obtuse lobes and segments; umbel 4-io-rayed, the rays 820 mm. long in 
 fruit; bracts of the involucels lanceolate, separate or nearly so; fruit oval, 6-7 mm. 
 long, about 5 mm. broad, the lateral wings narrower than the carpel, the dorsal 
 and intermediate ribs prominent; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals. Prairies and dry 
 soil, Neb. and S. Dak. to the N. W. Terr., N. Mex. and Cal. April- May. 
 
 45. IMPERATORIA L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with ternately divided or 2-pinnate leaves, and compound 
 umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, broadly 
 oval, to nearly orbicular, the lateral ribs broadly winged all around, the interme- 
 diate and dorsal ribs slender, wingless; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on 
 the commissural side. Styles and sty lopodium short. Seed-face flat. [Named for 
 its supposed forceful medicinal properties.] About 10 species, of the Old World, 
 
688 FLORA. 
 
 i. Imperatoria Ostrnthium L. MASTERWORT. (I. F. f. 2643.) Glabrous, 
 or sparingly pubescent; stem stout, hollow, erect, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves ternately 
 divided into broad stalked segments which are often 3 -parted to the base, sharply 
 serrate and often incised, the segments of the long-petioled lower leaves often 1.3 
 dm. broad; rays numerous, slender; involucre none, or of I or 2 lanceolate bracts; 
 involucel-bracts few, narrow, deciduous; fruit about 4 mm. long. In fields, Penn. 
 and Mich. Reported from Newf. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 46. PASTINACA L. 
 
 Tall branching herbs, with thick roots, pinnate leaves, and compound umbels 
 of yellow flowers. Involucre and involucels commonly none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. 
 Stylopodium depressed. Fruit oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally; dorsal and 
 intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, those of the two carpels contiguous 
 and forming a broad margin to the fruit; oil tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 
 on the commissural side. Seed very flat. [Latin pastus, food.] About 7 species, 
 natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 I. Pastinaca sativa L. WILD PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 2642.) Biennial or rarely 
 annual, glabrous, or somewhat downy-pubescent, 6-15 dm. high. Lower and basal 
 leaves petioled, pinnate, often 4.5 dm. long, the segments rather thin, ovate or oval, 
 obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised and sharply dentate, 28 cm. long; umbels 515 
 cm. broad, 7-15-rayed, the rays 1-5 cm. long; pedicels 6-12 mm. long in fruit; fruit 
 broadly oval, 5-7 mm. long, the oil-tubes conspicuous. Roadsides and waste places, 
 a common weed in nearly all parts of our area. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 47. HERACLEUM L. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and compound umbels 
 of white flowers. Bracts of the involucre few and deciduous, or none. Involucels 
 of numerous linear bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete or small. Petals cuneate, or 
 clawed; those of the outer flowers dilated and obcordate or 2-lobed. Stylopodium 
 thick, conic. Fruit flattened dorsally, broadly oval, obovate or orbicular; dorsal 
 and intermediate ribs filiform, the lateral ones broadly winged and the wings nerved 
 near the outer margin; oil -tubes extending only to about the middle of the carpels, 
 conspicuous, I in each interval, 2-4 on the commissural side. [Greek, to Hercu- 
 les]. About 60 species, of the northern hemisphere, only the following in N. Am. 
 
 I. Heracleum lanatum Michx. COW-PARSNIP. (I. F. f. 2641.) Verystout, 
 tomentose-pubescent, 1-3 m. high, the stem ridged, often 5 cm. thick at the base. 
 Leaves petioled, very pubescent beneath, the segments broadly ovate, or orbicular, 
 cordate, stalked, lobed and sharply serrate, rather thin, 7-15 cm. broad; petioles 
 much inflated; umbels 1.5-3 dm. broad, 8-3O-rayed, the rays stout, 5-10 cm. long; 
 fruit 8-12 mm. long, 6-9 mm. broad, finely pubescent, emarginate at the summit. 
 In moiit ground, Newf. to Alaska, N. Car., Mo., Utah and Cal. June-July. 
 
 48. DAUCUS L. 
 
 Biennial or annual, mostly hispid-pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound 
 leaves, and compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Involucre of several 
 foliaceous bracts in our species. Involucels of numerous entire or toothed bracts. 
 Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, the apex inflexed, those of the outer flowers 
 often dilated and 2-lobed. Umbels concave in fruit. Fruit somewhat flattened 
 dorsally. Primary ribs 5, slender. Secondary ribs 4. winged, each bearing a row 
 of barbed prickles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, and 2 on the com- 
 missural side of each carpel. [The ancient Greek name.] About 25 species, of 
 wide distribution. 
 
 Stem retrorsely hispid; leaf-segments linear. i. D. pusillus. 
 
 Stem bristly pubescent; leaf-segments lanceolate. 2. D. Carota. 
 
 1. Daucus pusillus Michx. AMERICAN CARROT. Biennial, 3 cm. -6 dm. high, 
 closely resembling the following species. Leaves finely dissected, the segments 
 linear, acute; umbels 2-8 cm. broad; pedicels very unequal. N. Car. to Fla., 
 Mo., Mex. and Cal. April-June. 
 
 2. Daucus Carota L. WILD CARROT. (I. F. f. 2632.) Usually biennial, 
 3-9 dm. high, the root fleshy, conic, Lower and basal leaves 2-3 -pinnate, the 
 
CORNACEAE. 689 
 
 segments dentate, lobed or pinnatifid ; upper leaves less divided ; bracts of the in- 
 volucre parted into linear or filiform lobes; umbels 5-10 cm broad; ray s numerous ; 
 flowers white, the central one of each umbel often purple, that of each umbellet 
 occasionally so, all rarely pinkish; fruit 3-4 mm. long. In fields and waste places, 
 common throughout our area, often a pernicious weed. Nat. from Europe. The 
 original of the cultivated Carrot. June-Sept. 
 
 Family 3. CORNACEAE Link. 
 Dogwood Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually 
 entire leaves, and regular flowers in cymes, heads or rarely solitary. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4~5-dentate, or none. Petals 
 generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, in- 
 serted at the base of the epigynous disk. Stamens as many as the petals 
 or more numerous, inserted with them ; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary 
 inferior, i-2-celled in our species; style I, short or elongated; ovules I 
 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe. Seeds oblong; 
 embryo nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. About 
 16 genera and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Flowers perfect, 4-parted ; ovary 2-celled. i. Cornus. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious; petals minute or none; ovary i-celled. 2. Nyssa. 
 
 i. CORNUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Flowers small, white, greenish or purple, in cymes, or heads, the latter involu- 
 crate with large white bracts in our species. Calyx tube top-shaped or campanu- 
 late, its limb 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 
 truncate or capitate; ovules I in each cavity. Drupe ovoid or globular, the stone 
 2-celled and 2-seeded. [Greek, horn, from the toughness of the wood.] About 
 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mex. and Peru. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, some 7 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 * Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large white bracts. 
 Low herbaceous shrubs ; rootstocks slender. 
 
 Upper leaves verticillate; flowers greenish. i. C. Canadensis. 
 
 Leaves all opposite; flowers purple. 2. C. Suecica. 
 
 Tree or large shrub; flowers greenish yellow. 3. C.florida. 
 
 * * Flowers cymose, white, not involucrate. 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 Leaves downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young; (sometimes glabrate in No. 5)0 
 Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular; fruit blue. 4. C. circinata. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Fruit blue; stone pointed at the base. 5. C. Amomum. 
 
 Fruit white. 
 
 Stone globose, broader than high. 6. C. asperifolia. 
 
 Stone compressed, much broader than high. 7. C. Baileyi. 
 
 Leaves glabrate, or minutely pubescent beneath. 
 
 Leaves ovate, short-pointed ; twigs purple. 8. C. stolonifera. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 Fruit white; twigs gray. 9. C. candidissima, 
 
 Fruit pale blue; twigs reddish. 10. C. stricta. 
 
 Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the flowering branches, u. C. alternifolia. 
 
 i. Cornus Canadensis L. Low OR DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2710.) Flowering stems scaly, 7-30 cm. high. Rootstock nearly hori- 
 zontal; leaves verticillate at the summit, or sometimes I or 2 pairs of opposite ones 
 below, sessile, oval, ovate, or obovate, pinnately veined, glabrous or minutely ap- 
 pressed-pube scent, acute at each end, 2-8 cm. long; peduncle 1-4 cm. long; invo- 
 lucral bracts ovate, 8-12 mm. long; flowers greenish, capitate; petals ovate, one of 
 them with a subulate appendage; fruit globose, bright red, about 6 mm. in diame- 
 ter; stone smooth, globose. In low woods, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ind., Minn., 
 Colo, and Cal. Rarely the upper leaves are opposite. May-July, 
 
690 FLORA. 
 
 2. Cornus Suecica L. NORTHERN DWARF CORNEL. (I. F. f. 2711.) 
 
 Flowering stems 5-25 cm. high. Leaves 3-6 pairs, all opposite, sessile, ovate, or 
 oval, entire, minutely appressed -pubescent above, the upper 1-4 cm. long, the 
 veins all arising from near the base; involucral bracts usually 4, ovate, 6-12 mm. 
 long, obtusish; flowers dark purple, capitate; fruit globose, red, 6-8 mm. in diame- 
 ter; stone flattened. In cold, wet woods, Newf. to Quebec and Alaska. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Cornus florida L. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. (I. F. f. 2712.) A small 
 tree, or large shrub, with very rough bark and spreading branches. Leaves peti- 
 oled, ovate, or oval, rarely obovate, entire, pale and slightly pubescent on the 
 veins beneath, dark green above, 7~ I 5 cm - l n g> acute at the apex, usually nar- 
 rowed at the base; bracts of the involucre white or pinkish (rarely rose-red), very 
 conspicuous, obovate, obcordate, or emarginate, strongly parallel-veined, 2.5 -6 cm. 
 long; flowers greenish yellow, capitate; fruit ovoid, scarlet, 10-12 mm. long, 
 crowned with the persistent calyx; stone smooth, channeled. In woods, Me. and 
 Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. April June. 
 
 4. Cornus circinata L'Hcr. ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. (I. F. 
 f. 2713.) A shrub, 0.8-3 m - hih the twigs warty, green and glabrous. Leaves 
 petioled, broadly ovate, or orbicular, acute, or short-acuminate, pale beneath, 
 slightly pubescent above, 5-15 cm. long; flowers in rather dense cymes 3-7 cm. 
 broad, the pedicels usually somewhat pubescent; petals ovate; fruit globose, light 
 blue, about 5 mm. in diameter; stone subglobose. In shady, often rocky situa- 
 tions, N. S. to Manitoba, Va.,111. and L.wa. May -June. 
 
 5. Cornus Amomum Mill. KINNIKINNIK. (I. F. f. 2714.) A shrub, with 
 purplish twigs, the youngest commonly pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate, oval, 
 or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, usually finely pubescent with brownish hairs be- 
 neath, 2.513 cm. long; flowers in flat cymes; petals narrowly oblong; fruit glo- 
 bose, light blue, 6-7 mm. in diameter, stone oblique, ridged. In wet soil, N. B. to 
 Ont., Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. May-July. [C. serif ea L.] 
 
 6. Cornus asperifolia Michx. ROUGH-LEAVED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. 
 (I. F. f. 2715.) A shrub, the twigs reddish brown, the youngest rough-pubes- 
 cent. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate-oval, or elliptic, acuminate, pale and woolly- 
 pubescent beneath, densely rough -pubescent above, 3-13 cm. long; petioles and 
 rays of the cyme rough-pubescent; cymes rather loosely -flowered, 5-8 cm. broad; 
 petals oblong-lanceolate; fruit globose, white, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone 
 slightly furrowed, little compressed. In wet ground, Ont. to Fla., Iowa, Kans. 
 and Tex. May-June. 
 
 7. Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans. BAILEY'S CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. (I. F. 
 2716.) A shrub with reddish twigs. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather densely woolly-pubescent beneath, 2. 5-13' cm. 
 long; petals ovate-oblong; cymes compact, the rays pubescent; fruit white, about 
 6 mm. in diameter; stone flattened, slightly oblique. Lake shores and in moist 
 ground, Penn. to Minn, and the N. W. Terr.. Wyo. and Neb. May-June. 
 
 8. Cornus stolonifera Michx. RED-OSIER CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. (I. F. f. 
 2717.) A shrub, 15 m. high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs glabrous and bright 
 reddish purple. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or 
 short-acuminate, white or whitish and sparingly pubescent or glabrous beneath; 
 petals ovate-oblong; fruit white or whitish, globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. In 
 moist soil, N. S. to Yukon Terr., Va., Ky., Neb., Ariz, and Cal. June- July. 
 
 9. Cornus candidissima Marsh. PANICLED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. (I. F. 
 f. 2718.) A shrub with gray smooth twigs. Leaves petioled. lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, minutely appreesed- 
 pubescent on both sides, pale beneath, 3-10 cm. long; cymes somewhat paniculate; 
 petals lanceolate; fruit globose, white, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone subglobose. 
 In rich soil, Me. to N. Car.. Minn, and Neb. May-June. 
 
 10. Cornus stricta Lam. STIFF CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. (I. F. f. 2719.) 
 A shrub, 2.5-5 m - high, resembling the preceding; twigs purplish or reddish 
 brown. Leaves petioled, ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sparingly 
 appressed-pubescent on both sides, 3-8 cm. long, the margins often minutely den- 
 ticulate, green above and beneath; cymes rather loosely flowered, their rays 
 
ERICA LES. 691 
 
 nearly or quite glabrous; fruit pale blue, about 6 mm. in diameter; stone globose, 
 nearly smooth. In swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April-May. 
 
 ii. Cor.nus alternifolia L.f. ALTERNATE LEAVED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD. 
 (I. F. f. 27.0.) A shrub, or small tree, with smooth greenish bark. Leaves slen- 
 der petioled, oval or o. ate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, pale and appressed-pubes- 
 cent beneath, the margins minutely denticulate; cymes pubescent; petals lanceo- 
 late; fruit globular, or slightly depressed, blue, about 8 mm. in diameter; stone 
 somewhat obovoki, channeled, scarcely flattened. In woods, N. S. to Ga., Out, 
 Minn., W. Va. and Ala. May-July. 
 
 2. NYSSA L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, greenish, 
 poly gamo- dioecious, in capitate clusters, short racemes, or the fertile ones some- 
 times solitary, borne at the summit of slender axillary peduncles, appearing with 
 the leaves. Staminate flowers numerous, the calyx 5 -parted, the petals minute 
 and fleshy, or none; stamens 5-15; filaments slender; disk entire or lobed ; pistil 
 none or rudimentary. Pistillate flowers 2-14, or solitary, bracted; calyx-limb 
 5 -toothed, or truncate; petals minute and fleshy, or none; stamens several, or com- 
 monly abortive; ovary I -celled, with I pendulous ovule; style slender, recurved. 
 Drupe ovoid or oval, the stone bony, compressed, i-seeded. [Name of a water 
 nymph. J About 7 species, natives of N. Am., eastern and central Asia. Besides 
 the following, another occurs in the Southern States. 
 
 Leaves usually entire; pistillate flowers 2-14; fruit 6-14 mm. long. 
 
 Leaves mostly acute or acuminate; stone little flattened. I. N. sylvattca. 
 
 Leaves mostly obtuse; stone much flattened. 2. N. biflora. 
 
 Leaves usually dentate; pistillate flower solitary; fruit 16-30 mm. long. 3. N. aqnatica. 
 
 1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR GUM. TUPELO. (I. F. f. 
 2721.) A large tree, with rough bark. Leaves obovate or oval, entire, glabrous 
 and shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, 5~ IQ cm - l n g> staminate 
 flowers capitate; pistillate flowers larger, 2-14 together; fruit ovoid, nearly black, 
 8-14 mm. long, acid; stone ovoid. In rich moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Mich, 
 and Tex. Leaves rarely angulate toothed on young trees. April-June . 
 
 2. Nyssa biflora Walt. SOUTHERN TUPELO. WATER TUPELO. (I. F. f. 
 2722.) Similar to the preceding, the base swollen. Leaves mostly smaller and 
 narrower, obtuse or sometimes acute. 2.5-13 cm. long, glabrous when mature; pis- 
 tillate flowers only 1-3 together; fruit oval, or subglobose, 6-12 mm. long, acid; 
 stone oval or oblong, distinctly flattened and furrowed. In swamps and along 
 ponds, N. J. to Va., Fla. and Ala. April-May. 
 
 3- Nyssa aquatica L. LARGE TUPELO. COTTON OR TUPELO GUM. (I. F. 
 f. 2723.) A large tree. Leaves slender petioled, ovate or oval, angular-dentate, 
 or entire, acute, or acuminate, downy-pubescent beneath, especially when young, 
 becoming glabrate on both sides, 0.7-2.5 dm. long; fruit oval, dark blue when 
 ripe; stone narrowly obovate, flattened, spongy, with several sharp longitudina/ 
 ridges. In swamps, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. April. 
 
 Series 2. Oamopetalae 
 Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting. 
 
 This series is also known as Sympetalae and has been called Monopetalae. The 
 coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite separate, as in Clethraceae, 
 Pyrolaceae, some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Styracaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae, Cu- 
 curbitaceae and Galax in Diapensiaceae. From this condition the coherence varies 
 through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of some Convolvulaceae, Capri- 
 foliaceae and Compositae. In American species of Fraxinus (Oleaeeae) and in Glaux 
 (Primulaceae), there is no corolla. 
 
 Order I. ERICALES. 
 
 Flowers complete, regular. Calyx toothed, lobed, or divided, inferior, 
 except in Vacciniaceae. Corolla mainly gamopetalous. Stamens free 
 from the corolla, or adnate only to its base (except in >iafien$ia and 
 
692 FLORA. 
 
 Pyxtdanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as its lobes and alternate 
 with them, or twice as many. Ovary compound. 
 
 Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube. 
 Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous. 
 Corolla essentially polypetalous. 
 
 Ovary 3-cel led ; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. i. Clethraceae. 
 
 Ovary 4~5-celled; low, mostly evergreen perennials. 
 
 Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 
 Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of the 
 
 Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Ericaceae). 
 
 Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Monotropaceae. 
 Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 
 
 Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry or drupe in fruit. 
 
 Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 
 Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a lo-lobed tube. 
 
 Fam. 6. Diapensiaceae. 
 
 Family i. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch. 
 White-alder Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with alternate deciduous serrate or serrulate petioled 
 leaves in our species, and small white fragrant flowers in terminal usually 
 elongated racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, persistent, the segments 
 imbricated, Petals 5, slightly united at the base, imbricated, deciduous. 
 Stamens 10; filaments slender; anthers sagittate, inverted in anthesis, 
 the sacs opening by large apical pores ; pollen-grains simple. Disk obso- 
 lete. Ovary 3-angled or 3-lobed, 3-celled, pubescent ; ovules numerous ; 
 style slender ; stigmas 3 in our species. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 
 3-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. Only the following genus, compris- 
 ing about 30 species, of N. Am., Japan, Mex. and S. Am. 
 
 i. CLETHRA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, alder, from the resemblance of the foliage.] 
 Besides the following, another species occurs in the southern States. 
 
 Leaves obovate, acute or obtuse ; filaments glabrous. i. C. alnifolia. 
 
 Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate; filaments hirsute. 2. C. acuminata. 
 
 1. Clethra alnifolia L. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. WHITE ALDER. (I. F. f. 
 2724.) A shrub, 1-3 m. high, the twigs minutely canescent. Leaves narrowed or 
 cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, at least beyond the middle, glabrous or nearly 
 so on both sides, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; petioles 2-12 mm. long; bracts short, deciduous; 
 pedicels, calyx and capsule canescent; calyx lobes obtuse, nerved; flowers about 
 8 mm. broad, of spicy fragrance; style longer than the stamens; capsule subglo- 
 bose, about 3 mm. in diameter, about the length of the calyx. In wet soil, Me. to 
 northern N. J. and Fla., mostly near the coast. July- Aug. 
 
 2. Clethra acuminata Michx. MOUNTAIN SWEET PEPPERBUSH. (I. F. f. 
 2725.) A shrub or small tree, similar to the preceding. Leaves green above, pale 
 and sometimes pubescent beneath, serrulate with sharp- pointed teeth, 5-18 cm. 
 long, sometimes i cm. wide; petioles 8-25 mm. long; racemes spreading or re- 
 curved, 5-20 cm. long, the rachis, pedicels and calyx densely pubesceiit or canes- 
 cent; bracts longer than the flowers, caducous. In mountain woods, Va. and W. 
 Va. to Ga. July-August. 
 
 Family 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh. 
 Winter green Family. 
 
 Low mostly evergreen perennials, with branched rootstocks. Leav^~ 
 petioled. Flowers nearly regular, white or pink. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Co- 
 rolla deeply 4-5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice as many as the 
 divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse in the bud, inverted at an- 
 
PYROLACEAE, 693 
 
 thesis, opening by pores or short slits ; pollen-grains in 4's. Ovary 4-5- 
 celled ; style often declined ; stigma 5-lobed, or 5-crenate; ovules numer- 
 ous, anatropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Seeds numer- 
 ous, minute, the loose cellular coat much larger than the almost undiffer- 
 entiated embryo. Three genera and about 20 species, natives of the 
 northern hemisphere. 
 
 Flowers racemose; leaves basal. I. Pyrola. 
 Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled. 
 
 Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long. 2. Moneses. 
 
 Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style very short. 3. Chimaphila. 
 
 i. PYROLA L. 
 
 Acaulescent or nearly so. Leaves basal, persistent (one northwestern species 
 leafless)- Flowers white, yellowish, pink, or purple, racemose, on erect scapes. 
 Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, sessile. Stamens 10, declined, 01 
 straight and connivent; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers erect in the bud, emar, 
 ginate or 2-beaked at the base, mostly reversed at flowering, each sac opening by 
 a basal but apparently apical pore. Ovary 5 celled; stigma 5-lobed. Disk usually 
 obsolete, rarely present and lO-lobed. Capsule subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculi- 
 cidally 5-vulved from the base, the valves cobwebby on the margins when opening, 
 the apex and base intruded. [Latin, diminutive of Pyrus, pear, from the similar 
 leaves.] About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the follow - 
 ingi 3 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Style and stamens declined (slightly so in No. 6). 
 Petals very obtuse; leaves rounded at the apex. 
 
 Leaves rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base. 
 
 Flowers white or greenish white; plants of dry woods. 
 
 Calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate; leaves shining. i. P. rotundifolia 
 Calyx-lobes ovate or triangular, short; leaves dull. 
 
 Blades orbicular, coriaceous, mostly shorter than petioles. 
 
 2. P. chlorantha. 
 Blades oval, membranous, longer than their petioles. 
 
 3. P. elliptica. 
 Flowers pink or purple; bog plant. 4. P. uliginosa. 
 
 Leaves reniform, cordate; flowers pink. 5. P. asarifolia. 
 
 Petals and leaves acute, the latter small. 6. P. oxypetala. 
 Style straight ; stamens connivent. 
 
 Style short; disk none; raceme regular. 7. P. minor. 
 
 Style elongated; disk lo-lobed; flowers in a i-sided raceme. 8. P. secunda 
 
 1. Pyrola rotundifolia L. ROUND-LEAVED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2726.) 
 Scape 1.5-5 dm. high* 6-2O-flowered. Blades orbicular or oval, spreading, coria- 
 ceous, crenulate, 4-8 cm. long, often shorter than their petioles; flowers white, 
 noddir g, very fragrant, 14-18 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, mostly longer 
 than their bracts; calyx lobes about one third the length of the petals; capsule 
 4-6 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Ga. and Ohio. Also in 
 Europe. June-July. 
 
 Pyrola rotundifolia pumila Hornem. Scape 7-15 cm. high; leaves seldom 2.5 cm. 
 long; calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse. Greenland and Lab. to the N. W. Terr. 
 
 2. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. GREENISH FLOWERED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 
 2727.) Scape 1-3 dm. high, 3-io-flowered. Blades mostly obtuse at both ends, 
 obscurely crenulate, or entire, 1.2-2.5 cm< l n g' flowers nodding, slightly odorous, 
 greenish white, 10.14 mm. broad; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, mostly longer than their 
 bracts; calyx-lobes about one-fourth the length of the petals; anther-sacs short- 
 beaked; capsule about 6 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, I.ab. to Br. Col., D. C., 
 111., Neb. and Colo. Also in Europe. June-July. 
 
 3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. SHIN-LEAF. (I. F. f. 2728.) Scape 1-2.5 dm - 
 high, 7-15-flowered. Blades dark green, obtuse at the apex, plicate-crenulate 
 with very low teeth, 3.5-4.5 cm. long; flowers greenish white, nodding, 12-16 mm. 
 broad, very fragrant; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate, about one- 
 fourth as long as the petals; anther-sacs scarcely beaked; capsule about 6 mm. in 
 
694 FLORA. 
 
 diameter. In rich, mostly dry woods, N. S. to Br. Col., D. C., 111., Mich, and in 
 the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Pyrola uliginosa Torr. BOG WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2729.) Scape 
 1.5-4 dm. high, 7-15 -flowered. Blades broadly oval, or orbicular, dull, rather 
 thick, obscurely crenulatej obtuse at both ends; flowers 10-16 mm. broad; calyx- 
 lobes oblong or ovate -lanceolate, one fourth to one-third the length of the petals; 
 anther-sacs beaked; capsule about 5 mm. in diameter. In swamps and bogs, N. 
 S. to Br. Col., N. Eng., central N. Y., Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June. 
 
 5. Pyrola asarifdlia Michx. LIVER-LEAF WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2730.) 
 Similar to the preceding. Blades usually wider than long, coriaceous, shining 
 above obtuse, crenulate, 2.5-4 cm. long, usually shorter than their narrowly 
 margined petioles; flowers racemose, nodding, purple, or rose, 12-16 mm. broad; 
 calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about one-third the length of the petals; 
 anther-sacs slightly beaked ; capsule about 6 mm. in diameter. In wet woods and 
 swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Mass., N. Y., Minn, and Colo. June-July. 
 
 6. Pyrola oxypstala Austin. SHARP-I'ETALED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 
 2731.) Scape slender, 2-2.5 dm. high, about 9-flowered. Blades ovate, coria- 
 ceous, dull, narrowed at the base, obscurely crenulate, 14-20 mm. long, shorter 
 than their petioles; flowers racemose, ascending, greenish, 8-10 mm. broad; bracts 
 shorter than the pedicels; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about one-third the 
 length of the elliptic-lanceolate acuminate connivent petals; anther-sacs slightly 
 horned. Hills, Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. June. 
 
 7. Pyrola minor L. LESSER WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2732.) Blades rather 
 thin, broadly oval to orbicular, crenulate, obtuse, rounded, slightly narrowed, or 
 subcordate at the base, 1-2 cm. long; flowers racemose, nodding, white or pink- 
 ish, 6-8 mm. broad; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes mostly triangular-ovate 
 and acute; stamens not declined; petals oval or orbicular, obtuse; capsule about 
 5 mm. in diameter. In woods, Greenland and Lab. to Alaska, N. Eng., Ont. and 
 Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Pyrola secunda L. SERRATED OR ONE-SIDED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 
 2733.) Scapes slender, 1-2.5 dm. high. Blades ovate, or often oval, mostly thin, 
 acute, or rarely obtuse, crenulate -serrulate, 2-5 cm. long, longer than their peti- 
 oles; flowers many, at first erect, soon drooping, greenish white, 6-8 mm. broad; 
 pedicels short; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, or obtusish, very short; petals oval, ob- 
 tuse, with a pair of tubercles at the base, campanulate-connivent; stamens not 
 declined; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter. In woods and thickets, Lab. to 
 Alaska, D. C., Neb., along the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and to Cal. Also* in Europe 
 and Asia. June-July. 
 
 Pyrola secunda pumila Paine, is a low northern form, the scape 5-10 cm. high. 
 3-8-flowered, the leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 1-2.5 cm. long. 
 
 2. MONESES Salisb. 
 
 Leaves petioled, crenulate, opposite, or verticillate in 3's. Flower solitary, 
 drooping, white or pink, at the summit of a slender scape. Calyx 4-5 -parted, per- 
 sistent. Petals 4 or 5, broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, similar 
 to those of Pyrola. Ovary globose, 4~5-celled; style straight; stigma 4-5-lobed; 
 ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled, loculicidally 4-5- 
 valved from the summit, the valves glabrous on the margins. Seeds minute, the 
 testa reticulated, produced at each end. [Greek, single-delight, from the single 
 flower.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. ONE- FLOWERED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 
 2734.) Stem 5-15 cm. high. Blades orbicular or ovate, obtuse, rather thin, 
 8-24 mm. long; flower 12-20 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, about one- 
 fifth the length of the petals; capsule erect, 68 mm. in diameter, about as long as 
 the peristent style and stigma. In woods, Lab. to Alaska, Conn., Penn., Mich., in 
 the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and to Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 3. CH1MAPHILA Pursh. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with decumbent stems, ascending leafy branches, the leaves 
 opposite, or verticillate, coriaceous, evergreen, short-petioled and serrate, and white 
 or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 
 
MONO TROPA CEAE. 695 
 
 5-cleft, or5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular, sessile. Stamens 
 10, similar to those o f Pyrola. Ovary globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; ovules numerous; 
 style short, obconic; stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 
 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the top, the valves not woolly on the 
 margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at each end. 
 [Greek, winter-loving, from its evergreen leaves.] About 6 species, natives of N. 
 Am., Mex. and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs on our Pacific Coast. 
 Leaves lanceolate, mottled with white. i. C. maculata. 
 
 Leaves spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, bright green. 2. C. umbellata. 
 
 x. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. SPOTTED WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 
 2735.) Stem sending up both sterile and flowering branches 8-25 cm. high. 
 Leaves acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 6-24 mm. wide be- 
 low the middle; flowers few, white or pinkish, 12-20 mm. broad; peduncle and 
 pedicels puberulent; filaments villous at the middle; capsules erect, depressed- 
 globose, about 8 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and 
 Miss. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. PIPSISSEWA. PRINCE'S PINE. (I. F. f. 
 2736.) Similar to the preceding, the branches commonly stouter, sometimes 3 dm. 
 high, usually more leafly. Leaves obtuse or acutish, sharply serrate, shining, 2.5- 
 6 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide above the middle ; flowers several, white or pinkish, 
 commonly smaller than those of the preceding, usually marked by a deep pink 
 ring; filaments ciliate; capsule 6-8 mm. in diameter. In dry woods, N. S. to Br. 
 Col., Ga., Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE LindL 
 
 Indian-pipe Family. 
 
 Humus-plants or saprophytes, with mostly simple, leafless scaly scapes. 
 Calyx 2-6-parted; sepals erect, imbricated, deciduous. Corolla gamo- 
 petalous or polypetalous (wanting in the California Allotropd)\ lobes or 
 petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogy nous; anthers 2-celled or confluently 
 i -celled, attached to the filaments by their backs or bases; pollen-grains 
 simple. Disk obsolete or 8-i2-lobed. Ovary 4-6-lobed, i-6-celled; 
 stigma capitate or peltate ; ovules numerous, anatropous. Capsule 4-6- 
 lobed, or terete, i-6-celled, loculicidally 4-6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
 minute, the testa reticulated. About 9 genera and 12 species, mostly of 
 the northern hemisphere. 
 Corolla gamopetalous, persistent. 
 
 Corolla globose-ovoid ; anthers 2-awned. I. Pterospora. 
 
 Corolla campanulate; anthers awnless. 2. Monotropsis. 
 
 Corolla polypetalous, deciduous. 
 
 Flower solitary. 3. Monotropa. 
 
 Flowers racemose. 4. Hypopitys. 
 
 I. PTERO'SPORA Nutt. 
 
 Scape slender, from a thick base of fibrous roots. Flowers and capsules race- 
 mose, pendulous. Calyx deeply 5 parted. Corolla globose-ovoid, with 5 reflexed 
 lobes. Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers introrse, hori- 
 zontal in the bud, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; style 
 short, columnar; stigma capitate, 5-lbed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 
 5-celled. 5-valved, the apex and base intruded. Seeds horizontal, globose-ovoid, 
 with a terminal reticulated wing. [Greek, wing seeded.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 I. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. GIANT BIRD'S-NEST. PINE-DROPS. 
 (I. F. f. 2737.) Roots astringent, forming a rounded mass sometimes 5 cm. in 
 diameter. Scape purplish or brown, 1.5-14 dm. high, grooved, covered with vis- 
 cid hairs; scales lanceolate, or linear, numerous and crowded at the base; flowers 
 white, 4-8 mm. broad; pedicels at first spreading, soon recurved, 6-20 mm. long, 
 viscid; sepals oblong, about one-half the length of the corolla; capsule 8-12 mm. 
 in diameter. In rich woods, Quebec and N. H. to Penn., Br. Col. and Cal., south 
 in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
696 FLORA. 
 
 2. MONOTROPSIS Schwein. [SCHWEINITZIA Nutt.] 
 
 Scape slender; plant glabrous. Sepals 5, oblong to linear. Corolla oblong, 
 campanulate, persistent, 5-saccate at the base, 5-lobed, the lobes not reflexe,d. 
 Stamens 10, included; filaments glabrous; anthers horizontal in the bud, introrse, 
 the sacs confluent, opening by large terminal pores. Disk lO-crenate. Ovary glo- 
 bose, 5 -celled; sty le short, thick ; stigma 5-angled. Capsule ovoid, 5 -celled. Seeds 
 numerous. [Greek, resembling Monotropa.] Two species, of southeastern N. Am. 
 i. Monotropsis odorata Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. CAROLINA BEECH-DROPS. 
 (I. F. f. 2738.) Plant light purplish brown; scapes usually several, 5-10 cm. high. 
 Scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, 4-8 mm. long; flowers few, pink, spicate, 
 fragrant, 2-bracteolate at the base, spreading or erect, the spike at first recurved, 
 becoming erect, 2.5-5 cm< l n g, sepals mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute, about a" 
 long as the corolla and the bractlets. In woods, Md. to N. Car. Feb. -May. 
 
 3. MONOTROPA L. 
 
 Scapose succulent white yellowish or red herbs, with a solitary nodding flower, 
 the capsule becoming erect. Sepals 2-4, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, not saccate at 
 the base, tardily deciduous. Stamens 10-12; filaments subulate-filiform; anthers 
 short, peltate, horizontal, opening at first by 2 transverse chinks, becoming trans- 
 versely 2-valved. Disk 10 12-toothed, confluent with the base of the ovary. Ovary 
 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma funnelform, its margin obscurely crenate. Cap- 
 sule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, the testa produced at each 
 end. [Greek, once-turned. J Two species, of N. Am., Mex., Colombia and Asia. 
 
 i. Monotropa uniflora L. INDIAN PIPE. (I. F. f. 2739.) Scapes white, 
 glabrous, usually clustered, 1-2.5 dm. high from a mass of brittle roots, turning 
 dark in drying. Flower inodorous, nodding, oblong-campanulate, 12-25 mm. 
 long; petals 4-6, puberulent within, white, rather longer than the usually 10 
 stamens; filaments pubescent; ovary ovoid, acute, narrowed into the short style; 
 capsule obtusely angled, 10-16 mm. high, 8-10 mm. in diameter. In moist rich 
 woods. Anticosti to Fla., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in Japan and the Himalayas. 
 Whole plant occasionally pink or red. June-Aug. 
 
 4. HYPOPITYS Hill. 
 
 Scapes pubescent, at least above, bearing white yellowish or red flowers in a 
 nodding one-sided raceme which soon becomes erect. Roots a mass of fleshy fibres. 
 Terminal flower usually 5 -parted, the lateral ones 3~4-parted. Sepals commonly 
 as many as the petals. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 6-10; filaments subu- 
 late-filiform; anther-sacs becoming confluent, opening by 2 unequal valves, the 
 larger one spreading or reflexed, the smaller erect. Disk 8-io-toothed. Ovary 3-5- 
 celled; stigma funnelform, its margin glandular-ciliate. Capsule 3-5 -celled, 3-5- 
 valved, erect. [Greek, referring to its growth under firs.] 
 
 1. Hypopitys Americana (DC.) Small. PINE-SAP. Plants tawny or deep 
 pink, 1-3 dm. tall, finely pubescent ; scales crowded at the base of the stem, scat- 
 tered above; sepals spatulate to oblanceolate, short-ciliate; petals sparingly pubes. 
 cent and short-ciliate; stigma not bearded, capsule 7-10 mm. long. Woods, 
 Newf. to Ont. and N. C. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. WOOLLY PINE-SAP. Similar to 
 H. Americana, but the sepals and petals long-ciliate, the style very pubescent and 
 the stigma retrorsely bearded; capsule 4-5 mm. long. Woods, N. S. to Fla , Br. 
 Col., Tenn. and Ind. June-Aug. 
 
 Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. 
 
 Heath Family. 
 
 Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple estipulate leaves, and 
 mostly perfect flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, 4~5-parted or 4-5- 
 cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped, 
 usually 4~5-toothed, -lobed or -parted. Stamens hypogynous, usually as 
 many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes, teeth or petals; anthers 
 2-celled, attached ** the filaments by the back or base, the sacs often 
 
ERICACEAE. 697 
 
 prolonged upwardly into tubes. Ovary 2-5-celled ; stigma peltate or 
 capitate ; ovules usually numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or 
 drupe. Seeds usually numerous and minute, or sometimes only i in each 
 cavity ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central ; cotyledons short ; radicle 
 terete. About 55 genera and 1050 species of wide distribution. 
 
 * Fruit a septicidal capsule ; corolla deciduous ; anthers unappendaged. 
 Corolla of separate petals. I. Ledum. 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous (polypetalous in No. 6). 
 
 Corolla somewhat irregular (except in No. 5); seeds flat, winged. 
 Corolla funnelform to campanulate; stamens exserted. 
 
 Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped; leaves deciduous. 2. Azalea. 
 Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip divided to the base ; leaves deciduous. 
 
 3. Rhodora. 
 
 Corolla campanulate; leaves evergreen. 4. Rhododendron* 
 
 Corolla urn-shaped; stamens not exserted. 5. Menziesia. 
 
 Corolla regular; seeds angled or rounded. 
 
 Corolla polypetalous. 6. Dendrium. 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous. 
 
 Stamens 5; capsule 2-3-celled. 7 . Chamaecistus. 
 
 Stamens 10; capsule 5-celled. 
 
 Corolla saucer-shaped, lo-saccate. 8. Kalmta. 
 
 Corolla ovoid. 9. Phyllodoce. 
 
 * * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or drupe ; corolla deciduous ; anthers often 
 
 awned. 
 
 f Fruit a dry capsule; calyx not accrescent, mostly small. 
 
 Low heath-like shrubs; leaves subulate, very small. 10. Casswpe. 
 
 Shrubs, or trees; leaves linear to broadly oval. 
 
 Anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore or chink. 
 
 Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. 
 
 Capsule dehiscent into a single layer of 5 valves. n. Leucothoe. 
 
 Capsule dehiscent into 2 layers, the outer 5-vaIved, the inner lo-valved. 
 
 15. Chamaedaphnc-* 
 
 Sepals or calyx-lobes valvate, or separate, in the bud. 
 Anthers 2-awned on the back. 
 
 Corolla urn-shaped or cylindric ; leaves not glaucous. 
 
 13. Pier is. 
 
 Corolla globose; leaves narrow, glaucous beneath. 12. Andromeda. 
 Anthers awnless. 14. Xolisma. 
 
 Anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 
 Corolla ovoid-cylindric, 5-toothed ; tall shrub or tree. 16. Oxydendron. 
 
 Corolla salverform, 5-lobed ; trailing shrub. 17. Epigaea. 
 
 f t Fruit a drupe, or a capsule enclosed by the fleshy accrescent calyx. 
 Fruit consisting of the fleshy calyx surrounding the capsule. 18. Gaultheria. 
 
 Fruit a drupe with 4 or 5 nutlets. 
 
 Nutlets coalescent; leaves persistent. 19. Arctostaphylos. 
 
 Nutlets separate; leaves deciduous. 20. Mairania.* 
 
 * * * Fruit a septicidal capsule ; corolla withering-persistent ; anthers appendaged. 
 
 21. Calluna. 
 
 i. LEDUM L. 
 
 Erect evergreen resinous shrubs, with scaly buds, the foliage fragrant when 
 crushed. Leaves alternate, thick, short-petioled, oblong or linear, revolute-mar- 
 gined. Flowers white, in terminal umbels or corymbs. Pedicels bracted at the 
 base, the bracts deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, obtuse, spread- 
 ing, imbricated. Stamens 5 or 10 (rarely 5 to 7), exserted; filaments filiform; anthers 
 small, attached by their backs to the filaments, globose- didymous, the sacs opening 
 by terminal pores. Disk annular, 8-io-lobed. Ovary ovoid, scaly, 5. celled; 
 ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved 
 from the base. [Greek, ledon, the plant now called Cistus Ledon.~\ Three species, 
 natives of the north temperate and sub-arctic zones. Besides the following, an- 
 other occurs on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Leaves linear, 2-4 mm. wide ; stamens 10. i. L. palustre. 
 
 Leaves oblong, 6-16 mm. wide ; stamens 5-7. 2. L. Groenlandicum. 
 
 i. Ledum palustre L. NARROW-LEAVED LABRADOR TEA. (I. F. f. 2741.) 
 A shrub, 1.5-0 dm. high, the twigs rusty -tomentose. Leaves dark green and 
 
698 FLORA. 
 
 somewhat rugose above, densely tomentose with brown wool beneath, 12-40 mu.. 
 long; flowers 6-10 mm. broad; pedicels very pubescent. .'2-25 mm. long in fruit; 
 capsule scurfy, about 4 mm. high and 2 mm. in diameter, nodding; calyx-teeth 
 less than I mm. long, ovate, obtusish. In .bogs, Newf. to Alaska. Also in north- 
 ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Ledutn Groenlandicum OEder. LABRADOR TEA. (I. F. f. 2742.) A 
 shrub, 3-12 dm. high, similar to the preceding. Leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n g slightly 
 rugose above, densely brown-tomentose beneath; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; pedicels 
 2-2.5 cm. long and recurved in fruit; capsule canescent, nodding, 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 
 mm. in diameter. In bogs and swamps, Greenland to Br. Col., Mass., N. J. 
 and Wis. May -June. 
 
 z. AZALEA L. 
 
 Mostly tall shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers large, in terminal umbels 
 developed from cone-like scaly buds. Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla funnelform, the 
 tube mostly narrow, the limb nearly regularly 5-lobed or somewhat 2-lipped. 
 Stamens 5 (rarely 10), exserted, usually declined ; anthers attached to the filaments 
 by their backs, the sacs opening by terminal pores; style declined, exserted. 
 Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous. Capsule oblong or linear-oblong, 5-celled, 5- 
 valved from the summit, many-seeded. [Greek, dry, from its habitat.] About 40 
 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 Flowers expanding before or with the leaves. 
 
 Flowers pink or white. 
 
 Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath ; corolla-tube hirsute, i. A. nudiflora. 
 Leaves canescent beneath ; corolla-tube glandular. 2. A. canescens. 
 
 Flowers orange, yellow or red ; leaves canescent beneath. 3. A. lutea. 
 
 Flowers expanding later than the leaves. 
 
 Leaves shining, glabrous beneath. 4. A. arborescens< 
 
 Leaves strigose on the midrib beneath. 5. A. viscosa. 
 
 1. Azalea nudiflora L. WILD HONEYSUCKLE. PINKSTER-FLOWER. PUR, 
 PLE OR PINK AZALEA. (I. F. f. 2743.) A shrub, 0.6-2.8 m. high. Leaves oblong 
 to obovate, acute at both ends, short-petioled, glabrous or with a few scattered 
 hairs above when old, 5-10 cm. long, the margins ciliolate; pedicels strigose, 8- 
 14 mm. long; flowers faintly odorous, the limb somewhat 2-lipped, 3.5-5 cm. broad, 
 shorter than the narrow tube, stamens much exserted; capsule strigose, i-i8 
 mm. long, erect. In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 111., Fla. and Tex. Reported 
 from Canada. April-May. 
 
 2. Azalea canescens Michx. MOUNTAIN AZALEA. (I. F. f. 2744.) A 
 shrub, 12-45 dm. ni g n - Leaves oval, elliptic or sometimes obovate, wider and 
 shorter than those of the preceding, pale beneath and stiff-hairy or pubescent on the 
 veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the margins ciliolate serrulate; pedicels glandu- 
 lar; flowers very fragrant; corolla-limb often 5 cm. broad, about equalling the 
 rather stout, slightly viscid tube; stamens slightly exserted; capsule glandular, 12- 
 16 mm. long. In woods, Mass, and N. Y. to Fla. and La. April-May. 
 
 3. Azalea lutea L. FLAME AZALEA. (I. F. f. 2745.) Similar to the two 
 preceding. Leaves obovate or oval, glabrous, or with some scattered hairs above, 
 the margins ciliolate-serrulate ; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; flowers slightly 
 fragrant; corolla-tube about the length of the nearly regular limb, glandular-pilose, 
 the limb often 5 cm. broad; stamens long-exserted ; capsule about 16 mm. high. 
 In dry woods, N. Y. and Penn. .to Ga. May-June. 
 
 4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. SMOOTH OR TREE AZALEA. (I. F. f. 2746.) 
 A shrub, 2-6 m. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or 
 oval, acute or sometimes abruptly acuminate, petioled, firm, bright green above, 
 light green beneath, 5-10 cm. long, fragrant in drying, 1 the margins ciliate; flowers 
 white, or tinged with pink, fragrant, the limb nearly regular, 3.5-5 cm. broad, 
 about as long as the slender glandular tube; stamens and style red, long-exserted; 
 capsule densely glandular, 12-16 mm. long. In woods, Penn. to T . Car. and 
 Tenn. June- July. 
 
 5. Azalea viscosa L. SWAMP PINK OR HONEYSUCKLE. WHITE AZALEA. 
 (I. F. f. 2747.) A shrub, 1-2 m. high, the twigs hairy. Leaves obovate-oblong 
 
ERICACEAE. 
 
 to oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, short-petioled, narrowed at the base, glabrous or 
 with a few scattered hairs above, ciliolate, green on both sides; flowers white, fra- 
 grant; pedicels glandular; corolla 3.5-5 cm. long, the limb 2.5-5 cm - broad, more 
 or less 2-lipped, much shorter than the slender, very viscid, densely glandular tube; 
 capsule 10-14 mm. high, glandular-bristly. In swamps, Me. to Ohio, Fla. and 
 Tex. June-July. 
 
 Azalea viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britton. Pedicels bristly-hispid; flowers, at least the 
 limb, pink; leaves glaucescent beneath ; shrub 2-5 m. high. Borders of ponds, Shawan- 
 unk Mts. to Penn. and Montauk Point, N. Y. 
 
 Azalea visc6sa glauca Michx. Leaves white-glaucous beneath, 2.5-5 cm. l n g shrub 
 3-18 dm. high. Mass, to Va. 
 
 Azalea visc6sa nitida (Pursh.) Britton. Leaves about 2.5 cm. long, bright green on 
 both sides ; low shrub. Mass, to Va. 
 
 3. RHODORA L. 
 
 A shrub, with oval or oblong short-petioled alternate leaves. Flowers umbel- 
 late or short-corymbose, short-pedicelled. rose-colored, purple, or nearly white, 
 from terminal scaly buds. Calyx minute. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip un- 
 equally 2-3-lobed, the lower divided to the base, the segments recurved. Stamens 
 10, about equalling the corolla; anthers attached by their backs to the filaments. 
 Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous; style slightly exserted; stigma capitate. Cap. 
 sule linear-oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the summit, many-seeded. [From the 
 Greek, rhodon, a rose.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Rhodora Canadensis L. RHODORA. (I. F. f. 2748.) Stems 3-9 dm. 
 high; twigs sparingly strigose. Leaves obtuse and mucronulate, entire, dark green 
 and glabrous, or nearly so, above, pale, glaucous and slightly pubescent, at least 
 on the veins, beneath, 2.5-5 cm - lon g> 6-I 4 mm - wide " flowers expanding with or 
 before the leaves; pedicels very short, hairy; corolla 2.5-4 cm. broad; capsule 
 puberulent, glaucous. 10-14 mm - high. In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newf. to 
 N. J., Quebec, central N. Y. and Penn. May. 
 
 4. RHODODENDRON L. 
 
 Leaves alternate, persistent, coriaceous. Flowers purple, rose-colored or white, 
 corymbose or umbellate, from scaly cone-like buds. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 
 Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 5-10 (usually 10), little 
 exserted, declined or equally spreading. Anthers attached by their backs to the 
 filaments, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Style slender; stigma capitate or 
 5-2O-lobed; ovules numerous. Capsule mostly woody, 5-2O-valved from the sum- 
 mit. Seeds numerous. [Greek, rose-tree.] About 100 species, natives of the 
 northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern 
 and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 Arctic-alpine shrub, 5-30 cm. high; leaves small, lepidote. x. R. Lappom'cum. 
 Tall shrubs or low trees; leaves large, glabrous. 
 
 Leaves usually acute at both ends; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse. 2. R. maxi'trum. 
 
 Leaves mostly obtuse at both ends ; calyx-lobes short, acute. 3. R. Catawbiense. 
 
 1. Rhododendron Lapponicum (L.) Wahl. LAPLAND ROSE BAY. (I. F. f. 
 2749.) Depressed-or prostrate. Leaves oval, elliptic or oblong, obtuse and mu- 
 cronulate, 8-18 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, short-petioled; flowers few, on short 
 pedicels with scurfy scales; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, pubescent; corolla purple, 
 5-lobed, 14-18 mm. broad, the lobes oblong, obtuse; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. 
 high.. Summits of the higher mountains of N. Eng. and the Adirondacks of N. Y. ; 
 Quebec to Greenland and Alaska. Delles of the Wisconsin River. Also in Eu- 
 rope and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Rhododendron maximum L. GREAT LAUREL. ROSE BAY. (I. F. f. 
 2750.) A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or 
 broadly oblanceolate, dark green on both sides, 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, 
 drooping in winter; petioles stout, 12-25 mm. long; pedicels viscid -pubescent, 
 2.5-5 cm< l n g; corolla 3.5-5 cm. broad, about 2.5 cm. long, rather deeply 5-cleft 
 into oval obtuse lobes, rose-color, varying to white, sprinkled with yellowish or 
 
700 FLORA. 
 
 orange spots within; capsule oblong, puberulent, 10-14 mm. high. In woods and 
 along streams, N. S. to Ont, Ohio and Ga. June-July. 
 
 3. Rhododendron Catawbiense Michx. MOUNTAIN ROSE BAY. CATAWBA 
 OR CAROLINA RHODODENDRON. (I. F. .2751.) A shrub, 1-6 m. high. Leaves 
 oval or broadly oblong, mucronate, 7.5-13 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, dark green 
 above, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles stout, 12-35 mm - l n g; pedicels rather 
 stout, becoming glabrous; corolla lilac-purple, 3.5-5 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. broad, 
 5-lobed, the lobes rounded; capsule linear-oblong, puberulent, 16-20 mm. high. 
 Mountain slopes and summits, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. May-June. 
 
 5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. 
 
 Shrubs, with alternate entire deciduous leaves, and small nodding greenish 
 purple slender-pedicelled flowers, in terminal corymbs or umbels, developed from 
 scaly buds. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted, persistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 
 or nearly globose, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stamens 8; filaments subulate, flattish, 
 anthers linear-oblong, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening by 
 terminal pores or chinks. Disk obscurely 8-crenate. Ovary mostly 4-celled; 
 ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or 4-toothed. Capsule 4-celled, 
 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds slender, the testa membranous, prolonged at both 
 ends. Parts of the flower rarely in 5's. [Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, 
 surgeon and naturalist, died 1842.] About 7 species, natives of N. Am. and Japan. 
 
 Filaments glabrous; seeds pointed at each end. i. M. pilosa. 
 
 Filaments pubescent below; seeds long-appendaged at each end. 2. M, glabella. 
 
 1. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. ALLEGHANY MENZIESIA. (I. F. f. 2752.) 
 Shrub 6-18 dm. high; twigs chaffy and with stiff hairs. Leaves oval, oblong or 
 obovate, rough-hairy above, pale, glaucescent and sometimes chaffy on the veins 
 beneath, 2.5-5 cm. long, the margins ciliate; petioles 4-10 mm. long, pubescent; 
 flowers few, drooping; pedicels filiform, glandular, 12-25 mm - l n g; calyx-lobes 
 short and broad, hirsute-ciliate; corolla 4-6 mm. long; capsule ovoid, about 4 mm. 
 high, erect, glandular-bristly. In mountain woods, Penn. to Ga. May-June. 
 
 2. Menziesia glabella A. Gray. SMOOTH MENZIESIA. (I. F. f. 2753.) 
 Similar to the preceding. Leaves obovate, obtuse and glandular-mucronulate at 
 the apex, pale, glaucous and glabrous or nearly so beneath, sparingly pubescent 
 above, 18-36 mm. long, the margins ciliolate; flowers 1-5 in the umbels, becoming 
 erect; pedicels 12-25 mm. long, glandular; corolla about 4 mm. long; capsule 
 oblong or obovoid, erect, about 4 mm. high, glabrous. Minnesota Point, Lake 
 Superior, west to Ore. and Br. Col. May-June. 
 
 6. DENDRIUM Desv. [LEIOPHYLLUM Pers.] 
 
 A glabrous evergreen shrub, with coriaceous entire small mostly opposite leaves, 
 and numerous small white or pinkish flowers, in terminal corymbs. Bracts coriaceous, 
 persistent. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments rigid, acute, persistent. Petals 5, ses- 
 sile, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; filaments filiform, glabrous; anthers small, 
 globose, didymous, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs opening lon- 
 gitudinally. Disk lO-lobed. Ovary 2-5 -celled; ovules numerous; style slender, 
 straight; stigma simple, truncate. Capsule ovoid, 2-5-valved from the top. [Greek, 
 a tree. ] A small genus of eastern N. Am. 
 
 I. Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. SAND MYRTLE. (I. F. f. 2754.) A 
 shrub with box-like foliage, widely branching, 1-4.5 dm. high. Leaves crowded, 
 oblong or oval, thick, obtuse, dark green and shining above, lighter and black- 
 dotted beneath, short-petioled, somewhat re volute -margined, 6-14 mm. long, the 
 midrib prominent; flowers in short corymbs, about 4 mm. broad; anthers purple; 
 pedicels 6-10 mm. long in fruit; capsule acute, slightly over 2 mm. high. In dry, 
 sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. April-June. 
 
 7. CHAMAECISTUS OEder. [LOISELEURIA Desv,! 
 
 A low glabrous straggling shrub, with small linear-oblong petioled obtuse entire 
 vergreen leaves, and small flowers on terminal erect pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, 
 the segments ovate-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla broadly campanulate, with 5 
 obtuse lobes. Stamens 5, included; filaments adnate to the corolla; anthers globose- 
 
ERICACEAE. 7OI 
 
 didymous, dorsally attached to the filaments, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk ob- 
 scurely 5-lobed. Ovary globose; style short; stigma capitate; ovules numerous. 
 Capsule subglobose, 2-3-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds ovoid, the testa granu- 
 lar. [Greek, ground cistus.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Chamaecistus procumbens (L.) Kuntze. ALPINE OR TRAILING AZALEA. 
 (I. F. f. 2755.) Tufted, diffuse; branches 5-10 cm. long. Leaves mostly opposite, 
 crowded, dark green above, paler beneath, 4-8 mm. long, the midrib very promi- 
 nent on the lower side, the margins strongly revolute; petioles I mm. long or less; 
 flowers 1-5 from terminal coriaceous buds; pedicels 6-8 mm. long; corolla pink or 
 white, about 4 mm. high, longer than the purplish sepals; capsule about 2 mm. in 
 diameter. Summits of the White Mts. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and Alaska. 
 Also in northern Europe an! Asia. July-August. 
 
 8. KALMIA L. 
 
 Erect shrubs, with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves. Flowers in umbels or 
 corymbs, or solitary, or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx 5 -parted or 5 -divided, 
 the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla saucer-shaped, the limb strongly 
 lo-keeled in the bud, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb, the keels extending 
 from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; 
 anther-sacs opening by large terminal pores; filaments erect in the bud, soon 
 curving outward, placing the anthers in the pouches of the corolla, straightening 
 elastically when the flower is fully expanded. Disk lO-crenate. Ovary 5 -celled; 
 ovules numerous; stigma depressed-capitellate. Capsule subglobose, obscurely 
 5-lobed, 5 -celled, 5 valved from the summit. Seeds small, subglobose. [Dedicated 
 by Linnaeus to his pupil, Peter Kalm, 1715-1779, who travelled in America.] 
 Seven known species, 6 of N. Am., the other Cuban. 
 
 Flowers in mostly compound umbels or corymbs; twigs terete. 
 
 Leaves oblong, mostly obtuse; flowers 6-10 mm. broad. i. K. angustifolia. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or oval, acute; flowers 16-25 mm. broad. 2. K. latifoha. 
 
 Flowers in simple terminal umbels; twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca. 
 
 Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; leaves and twigs hirsute. 4. K. hirsuta. 
 
 1. Kalmia angustifolia L. SHEEP-LAUREL. LAMBKILL. (I. F. f. 2756.) 
 Leaves mostly opposite, or verticillate in 3*3, obtuse or sometimes acute, nar- 
 rowed at the base, petioled, glabrous, dark green above, light green beneath, 2.5-6.5 
 cm. long, 6-22 mm. wide; flowers purple or crimson, in lateral compound or simple 
 corymbs; pedicels filiform, 12-24 mm. long, recurved in fruit; sepals ovate, acute, 
 canescent, persistent; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, canescent, 3-4 mm. in 
 diameter, the apex impressed; filiform style long-persistent. In moist soil, Newf. 
 to Hudson Bay, south to Ga. and Mich. June -July. 
 
 2. Kalmia latifolia L. AMERICAN OR MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 2757.) Often forming dense thickets, becoming a tree; branches very stiff". 
 Leaves alternate, or some of them opposite, or rarely verticillate in 3*3, petioled, 
 glabrous, flat, green on both sides, persistent, 5-13 cm. long, 12-35 mm. wide; 
 flowers pink to white, numerous and showy in compound terminal corymbs; ped- 
 icels bracted and 2-bracteolate at the base, 12-35 mm. long, glandular, erect, even 
 in fruit; capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, glandular, 4-6 mm. in diameter; calyx 
 and style long persistent. In woods, N. B. to Ont, Ohio, Fla. and La. May -June. 
 
 Kalmia latifolia myrtifblia Rand. Low, compactly much branched ; leaves not 
 over 4 cm. long and 6-8 mm. wide. Mass. 
 
 3. Kalmia glauca Ait. PALE OR SWAMP LAUREL. (I. F. f. 2758.) Gla- 
 brous, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite or sometimes in 3's, nearly sessile, ob- 
 long or linear-oblong, green above, white-glaucous beneath, 12-50 mm. long, 4-12 
 mm. wide, the margins revolute; flowers few (1-13), purple, 10-18 mm. broad; 
 pedicels filiform, 12-35 mm. long, erect, even in fruit; sepals ovate, scarious- 
 margined, persistent; capsule depressed-globose, glabrous, about 5 mm. in diam- 
 eter. In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Conn., N. J., Perm., Mich, and Cal. Summer. 
 
 4. Kalmia hirsuta Walt. HAIRY LAUREL. (I. F. f. 2759.) Branching, 3-6 
 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, nearly 
 sessile, villous-hirsute, becoming glabrate in age, dark green above, lighter beneath, 
 6-12 mm. long; flowers rose-purple. 10-18 mm. broad; pedicels slender, nearly or 
 
702 FLORA. 
 
 quite glabrous; sepals acute, hirsute or ciliate, longer than the capsule, at length 
 deciduous ; capsule depressed, about 3 mm. in diameter, glabrous. In moist pine- 
 barrens, Va. to Fla. May-Aug. 
 
 9. PHYLLODOCE Salisb. 
 
 Low branching shrubs, with small crowded linear obtuse evergreen leaves. 
 Flowers long-pedicelled, nodding, mostly pink, blue or purple, in terminal umbels. 
 Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla contracted at 
 the throat, 5 -toothed. Stamens 10, included; anthers attached to the filaments by 
 their backs, oblong, obtuse, the sacs dehiscent by oblique chinks. Disk obscurely 
 lobed. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous; style included; stigma obscurely 5-lobed, 
 or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose- oblong. 5-valved to about the middle. 
 Seeds minute, the testa coriaceous. [Greek, a sea nymph.] Three species, of 
 arctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 I. Phyllodoce coerulea (L.) Gren. & Godr. MOUNTAIN HEATH. (I. F. f. 
 2760.) A shrub, 1-1.5 dm. high. Leaves yew-like, 6-10 mm. long, articulated 
 with the branches, crowded above, the margins acutish, scabrous or serrulate- 
 ciliolate; pedicels erect, very glandular, elongating in fruif; corolla 8-10 mm. long, 
 about 4 mm. in diameter, pink or purple; sepals acuminate, glandular; capsule 
 erect, about 4 mm. high. Summits of the higher mountains of Me. and N. H. ; 
 Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. to Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 10. CASSIOPE D. Don. 
 
 Low tufted heath-like evergreen shrubs, with small sessile imbricated or 
 crowded, entire apparently veinless leaves, and solitary peduncled white or pink 
 nodding flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, not bracted at the base. Corolla campanulate, 
 4~5-lobed or 4-5 -parted. Stamens 8-10, included; filaments glabrous ; anthers 
 attached to the filaments near the apex, the sacs opening by large terminal 
 pores and tipped with a recurved awn. Disk lo-crenate. Ovary 4-5 -celled; 
 ovules numerous; stigma simple. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4~5-valved, each 
 valve 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds minute, numerous. [Name from Cassiope, 
 mother of Andromeda.] About 10 species, of the colder parts of the northern 
 hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in northwestern N. Am. 
 
 Peduncle terminal; corollas-cleft; leaves subulate, crowded. i. C. hypnoides. 
 
 Peduncles lateral; corolla 5-lobed; leaves thick, 4-ranked. 2. C. tetragona. 
 
 1. Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don. MOSS-PLANT. CASSIOPE. (I. F. f. 
 2761.) Glabrous, 2.5-7.5 cm. high. Leaves imbricated, acute, flat above, convex 
 beneath, 2-4 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; peduncles erect, 8-24 mm. long; 
 corolla nearly white; style conic; capsule globose, about 3 mm. in diameter, 23 
 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Summits of the higher mountains of 
 N. Eng. and the Adirondacks; Quebec and Lab. to arctic Am. Abo in arctic 
 Europe and Asia. Plant with the aspect of a moss. Summer. 
 
 2. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. FOUR- ANGLED CASSIOPE. (1. F. f. 
 2762.) Tufted, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves imbricated, thick, ovate or ovate oblong, 
 closely appressed, channeled on the back, usually puberulent when young, 2-3 mm. 
 long; peduncles slender, 10-24 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; style slightly 
 thickened below; capsule nearly globular, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Lab., Greenland 
 and Hudson Bay to Alaska and Ore. Also in Asia. Summer. 
 
 it. LEUCOTHOE D. Don. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs, mostly tall, with alternate petioled leaves, and small usually white 
 bracted flowers in racemes, jointed with their pedicels, or the pedicels jointed with 
 the rachis. Sepals 5, distinct. Corolla cylindric or ovoid-urceolate, 5-toothed. 
 Stamens 10, included; anthers attached to the filaments near their bases, oblong, 
 the sacs opening by terminal pores, obtuse, 2-mucronate or i-2-awned at the apex. 
 Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5 celled; stigma capitate or 5-lobed; ovules numerous. 
 Capsule depressed-globose, often 5-lobed, 5-valved, the valves membranous, entire. 
 Seeds numerous, minute. [Name mythological.] About 35 species, natives of 
 N. and S. Am. and eastern Asia. 
 
ERICACEAE. 703 
 
 Racemes in the axils of persistent leaves of the previous season. 
 
 Shoots puberulent; petioles 4-8 mm. long; sepals imbricated in flower. 
 
 1. L. axillaris. 
 Shoots glabrous; petioles 8-16 mm. long; sepals not imbricated in flower. 
 
 2. L. Catesbaci. 
 Racemes terminating the branches; flowers appearing wither before the leaves. 
 
 Racemes mostly recurved; capsule 5-lobed. 3. L. recurva. 
 
 Racemes erect or spreading ; capsule not lobed. 4. L. racemosa. 
 
 1. Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don. DOWNY LEUCOTHOE. (I. F. f. 
 2763.) Leaves evergreen, oval to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, sparsely 
 beset with minute hairs beneath, acute or acuminate, serrulate, 5-15 cm. long, 
 12-35 mm. wide; racemes many- flowered, dense; bracts ovate, concave, borne 
 near the bases of the short pedicels; anthers awnless; corolla about 6 mm. long; 
 stigma" depressed, 5-rayed. In moist woods, Va. to Fla. and Ala. April. 
 
 2. Leucothoe Catesbaei (Walt.) A. Gray. CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE. (I. F. f. 
 2764.) Similar to the preceding. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ever- 
 green, acuminate, sharply serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, 7.5-15 cm. Icng, 
 18-35 mm - wide; racemes dense, many-flowered; bracts borne at the bases of the 
 short petioles; corolla narrowly cylindric, about 5 mm. long; capsule depressed, 
 strongly 5-lobed, about 4 mm. in diameter. Along streams, Va.^to eastern Tenn. 
 and Ga. April. 
 
 3. Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) A. Gray. MOUNTAIN LEUCOTHOE. (I. F. f. 
 2765.) Widely branched, 6-30 dm. high, similar to the following species. Leaves 
 deciduous, ovate or oval, often acuminate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 5-10 cm. 
 long; calyx 2-bracteolate, the bracts persistent; corolla about 6 mm. long; anther- 
 sacs i-awned; capsule depressed, about 4 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high; seeds 
 winged. In dry woods, mountains of Va. to Ala. April-May. 
 
 4. Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray. SWAMP LEUCOTHOE. (I. F. f. 
 2760.) Leaves oblong to ovate, mostly acute at each end, deciduous, short-petioled, 
 glabrous, or with some short hairs above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 
 serrulate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, the 
 bractlets firm, persistent; pedicels about 2 mm. long, jointed with the rachis; 
 corolla nearly cylindric, 6-8 mm. long; anther sacs 2-awned; stigma capitate; 
 capsule depressed-globose, slightly grooved, 3 mm. in diameter; seeds smooth, 
 wingless. In swamps and moist thickets, Mass, to Penn., Fla. and La. April- June. 
 
 12. ANDROMEDA L. 
 
 A glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, linear or oblong, entire, revolute-mar- 
 gined, evergreen, short-petioled, white-glaucous beneath. Flowers white, drooping, 
 in terminal umbels. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent. Corolla globose-urceolate, 
 5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; filaments bearded; anthers 
 attached to the filaments at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the sacs opening by 
 large terminal pores, each with a reflexed awn. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; 
 style columnar; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, 5-angled. 5-valved, many- 
 seeded. Seeds oval, the testa smooth, coriaceous, shining. [Named for Andro- 
 meda of mythology.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Andromeda Polifolia L. WILD ROSEMARY. MARSH HOLY ROSE. 
 MOORWORT. (L F. f. 2767.) A shrub, 3-9 dm. high, the foliage acid. Leaves 
 mucronulate, narrowed at the base, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; petioles about 
 2mm. long; umbels few-flowered; bracts small, ovate, persistent; pedicels 8-12 
 mm. long; calyx lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla 4-6 mm. in diameter; cap- 
 sule about 4 mm. in diameter, about as long as the style. In bogs, Newf. to 
 Alaska, N. J., Penn., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 13. PIERIS D. Don. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, persistent or tardily deciduous. 
 Flowers mostly white, in bracted racemes or umbels, the pedicels commonly 1-3- 
 bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate, acute, valvate in the bud, per- 
 sistent. Corolla urceolate-cylindric, 5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, 
 included; filaments often pubescent or ciliate; anthers oblong or ovoid, the sacs 
 opening by large oval pores. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary 5 -celled; ovules numerous; 
 
704 FLORA. 
 
 style columnar; stigma truncate. Capsule globose or ovoid, 5-angled, 5-celled, 
 Seeds linear-oblong, not winged, clavate or falcate, the testa smooth, membranous. 
 [Name from one of the Muses.] About 12 species, natives of eastern N. Am., 
 Cuba, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, serrulate ; flowers racemose. i. P. floribunda 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire; flowers in axillary umbels. 2. P. nitida. 
 
 Leaves membranous, deciduous, entire ; flowers in lateral umbels. 3. P. Mariana. 
 
 1. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH. 
 (I. F. f. 2768.) Branches nearly erect, bristly or strigose-pubescent, leafy. Leaves 
 oblong to ovate- lanceolate, glabrous above, black-dotted beneath, acute or acu- 
 minate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; petioles 4-8 mm. long, very bristly, at 
 least when young; flowers white, about 7 mm. long; calyx-segments ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acute; corolla slightly 5-angled, 5-saccate at the base; filaments uriappen- 
 daged; capsule globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. high, longer than the slender style. 
 Mountains of Va. to Ga. May. 
 
 2. Pieris nitida (Bartr. ) Benth. & Hook. FETTER-BUSH. (I. F. f. 2769.) 
 A glabrous shrub, 6-18 dm. high, the branches acutely angled. Leaves short- 
 petioled, oblong, oval, oblong-lanceolate, or obovate, acuminate or acute, somewhat 
 black-dotted beneath, revolute, bordered by an intra- marginal nerve; flowers 
 nodding or spreading; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-segments rigid, purplish, 
 valvate in the bud; corolla white or red, ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, 
 6-8 mm. long; filaments 2-spurred; capsule globose, about as long as the calyx- 
 segments. In wet woods, Va. to Fla., Cuba and La. April-May. 
 
 3. Pieris Mariana (L.) Benth. & Hook. STAGGER-BUSH. (I. F. f. 2770.) 
 Branches nearly erect, glabrous or nearly so, black-dotted. Leaves oval or oblong, 
 glabrous above, sparingly pubescent on the veins and black-dotted beneath; 
 5-7.5 cm. long; flowers nodding on the nearly leafless branches of the preceding 
 season; calyx-segments acuminate, deciduous; corolla ovoid-cylindric, white, or 
 faintly pink, 10-12 mm. long; filaments pubescent on the outer side, usually with 
 2 setose appendages; capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 3-4 mm. high, truncate, about as 
 long as the sepals. In sandy soil, R. I. to Fla., Tenn. and Ark. May-July. 
 
 14. XOLl'sMA Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tall shrubs, or small trees, with terete twigs, alternate short-petioled leaves, 
 and small mostly white flowers in clusters. Calyx 4~5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla 
 globose, or urceolate, pubescent, 4-5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 8 or 
 10, included; filaments flat, incurved, pubescent; anthers attached to the filaments 
 near their bases, truncate, the sacs opening by terminal pores. Disk 8-io-lobed. 
 Ovary 4~5-celled; style columnar; stigma truncate; ovules numerous, pendulous. 
 Capsule 4-5 angled, 4-5-valved, its apex intruded. Seeds elongated, the testa 
 membranous, loose, reticulated. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, natives 
 of eastern N. Am., the W. Indies and Mex. 
 
 I. Xolisma ligiistrina (L.) Britton. PRIVET ANDROMEDA. (I. F. f. 2771.) 
 A shrub 1-4 m. high. Leaves obovate, oblong, oval or ovate, deciduous, minutely 
 serrulate or entire, acute or abruptly acuminate, usually quite glabrous above, 2. ^-6.5 
 cm. long; racemes mostly leafless, in terminal panicles; bracts small, caducous; 
 pedicels 2-6 mm. long, pubescent; calyx -lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla nearly 
 globular, 3 mm. in diameter; capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-angled, about 3 
 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, Canada (?), Me to N. Y., Fla., Tenn. 
 and Ark. May -July. {Andromeda ligtistrina Muhl.] 
 
 15. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. [CASSANDRA D. Don.] 
 
 An erect shrub, with stiff terete branches, alternate evergreen short-petioled 
 narrow leaves, and white short-pedicelled secund flowers, solitary in the axils of the 
 small upper leaves. Calyx of 5 distinct persistent sepals, bracttd at the base. 
 Corolla oblong-cylindric. narrowed at the throat, 5 -toothed, the teeth recurved. 
 Stamens 10, included; filaments subulate, glabrous; anther-sacs tapering upward 
 into tubular beaks, opening by terminal pores. Disk IO- toothed. Ovary 5-celled, 
 5-grooved; stigma simple. Capsule depressed-globose, the epicarp 5-valved, sep- 
 
ERICACEAE. 7 5 
 
 arating at length from the lO-valved endocarp. [Greek fc ground or low Daphne.] 
 A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. LEATHER-LEAF. DWARF 
 CASSANDRA. (I. F. f. 2772.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, densely covered on 
 both sides with minute scurfy scales, at least when young, 1.2-3.5 cm - lon g tne 
 margins obscurely denticulate; upper leaves gradually smaller, the uppermost 
 reduced to floral bracts; pedicels 2 mm. long or less; corolla about 6 mm. long; 
 capsule 4 mm. in diameter, about twice as long as the ovate sepals. In bogs and 
 swamps, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga., 111., Mich, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. April-June. 
 
 16. OXYDENDRUM DC. 
 
 A tree, with alternate petioled deciduous sour leaves, and numerous white 
 flowers, in terminal panicled racemes. Pedicels 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, slightly 
 imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla ovoid-cylindric, minutely canescent, 
 narrowed at the throat, tardily expanding, 5 -toothed. Stamens 10; filaments wider 
 than the linear anthers; anther-sacs opening by long chinks. Ovary ovoid, 5 -ceiled, 
 ovules numerous, near the base of the cavities; stigma simple. Disk lo-toothed. 
 Capsule ovoid-pyramidal, 5 -angled, 5-valved. Seeds ascending or erect, elongated, 
 the testa reticulated, loose and extended at each end beyond the linear nucleus. 
 [Greek, sour-tree.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. SOUR-WOOD. SORREL-TREE. (I. F. 
 f- 2 773) A smooth-barked tree. Leaves oblong, oval or oval-lanceolate, sharply 
 serrulate, or entire, green and glabrous, finely reticulate-veined, acuminate, 1-1.5 
 dm. long. 2.5-7.5 cm. wide; racemes long and slender, erect or curving, panicled, 
 the rachis and short pedicels canescent; flowers 6-8 mm. long; capsule 4-6 mm. 
 long, canescent, tipped by the persistent style, the pedicels curving. In woods, Ohio 
 and Penn. to Va., Fla. and Miss. June- July. 
 
 17. EPIGAEA L. 
 
 Prostrate slightly woody branching shrubs, with alternate evergreen entire 
 leaves. Flowers rather large, perfect, heteromorphous or dioecious, bracted, sessile, 
 white or pink, fragrant, clustered at the ends of the branches. Sepals 5, oblong, 
 persistent, dry, much imbricated. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4- 
 or 6-lobed). Stamens 10; filaments filiform; anthers attached to the filaments 
 below the middle. Disk lo-lobed. Ovary ovoid, hirsute. 5-lobed, 5 -celled; ovules 
 numerous; style columnar; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed globose, hirsute," 
 slightly 5-lobed, at length loculicidally 5-valved. [Greek, on the earth.] Two 
 species, the following of eastern N. Am., the other of Japan. 
 
 i. Epigaea repens L. TRAILING ARBUTUS. MAYFLOWER. GROUND LAU- 
 REL. (I. F. f. 2774.) Twigs hirsute; branches 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves oval or 
 nearly orbicular, thick, cordate or rounded at the base, mostly glabrous above, 
 hirsute beneath, green both sides, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 mm - wide; petioles 
 hirsute, 0.6-5 cm> ' on g! flowers 10-16 mm. long and nearly as broad when expand- 
 ed: corolla-tube somewhat longer than the sepals. In sandy or rocky woods, 
 Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich. Often forms patches. March-May. 
 
 18. GAULTHERIA L. 
 
 Shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, and small axillary, white, red or pink 
 flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5 -cleft,, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped or campanu- 
 late, 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Stamens 10, included, inserted at the base of the 
 corolla; filaments dilated above the base; anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore, 
 commonly awned. Stigma obtuse, entire. Disk lO-toothed. Ovary 5 celled, 5- 
 lobed. Calyx becoming fleshy and at length surrounding the capsule, forming a 
 berry-like fruit. [Named after Dr. Gaultier, of Quebec.] About 100 species, 
 mostly of the Andes. Besides the following, 3 others occur on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 I. Gaultheria procumbens L. SPRING OR CREEPING WINTERGREEN. 
 CHECKERBERRY. (I. F. f. 2775.) Nearly glabrous, aromatic; stems slender, 
 creeping or subterranean; branches erect, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves mostly clustered 
 at the ends of the branches, oval, oblong or obovate, narrowed at the base, short- 
 
7 o6 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 petioled, the margins serrate with low bristle-tipped teeth, dark green and shining 
 above, pale beneath, 2.5-5 cm - l n gJ flowers usually solitary in the axils, on 
 recurved peduncles 4-8 mm. long, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; corolla ovoid- 
 urceolate, white, 5-toothed, 4-6 mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, slightly 5-lobed, 
 bright red, 8-12 mm. in diameter, mealy, very spicy. In woods, Newf. to Mani- 
 toba, Ga. and Mich. June- Sept. 
 
 19. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. 
 
 Shrubs, some western species small trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, firm or 
 coriaceous, evergreen. Flowers small, nodding, pedicelled, white or pink, in ter- 
 minal clusters. Calyx 4~5-parted, persistent. Corolla 4-5 -lobed, the lobes recurved, 
 imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included; filaments short; anthers 
 short, erect, introrse, with 2 recurved awns on the back, the sacs opening by a 
 terminal pore. Disk 8-io-lobed. Ovary 4-io-celled ; ovules solitary in the 
 cavities; style slender. Fruit a drupe, with 4-10 seed-like nutlets coherent into 
 a solid stoni. [Greek, bear-berry.] About 20 species, the following of the north- 
 ern hemisphere, the others of western N. Am. 
 
 I. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L.) Spreng. RED BEARBERRY. KINNIKI- 
 NIC. (I. F. f. 2776.) Trailing or spreading, branches 1.5-6 dm. long, the twigs 
 puberulent. Leaves spatulate. obtuse, entire, glabrous or minutely puberulent 
 toward the base. 12-25 mm - l n g> 4-10 mm. wide, finely reticulate- veined; pet- 
 ioles about 2 mm. long; flowers few in short racemes; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; 
 corolla ovoid, constricted at the throat, white, about 4 mm. long; drupe globose, 
 red, glabrous, insipid, rather dry, 6 10 mm. in diameter, usually containing 5 
 coalescent nutlets. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Penn., 111., 
 Neb., Colo, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. May-June. 
 
 20. MAIRANIA Neck. 
 
 A low shrub, with shreddy bark, alternate thin deciduous leaves clustered to- 
 ward the ends of the branches, and small white clustered pedicelled flowers. Calyx 
 4-5-parted. Corolla 4-5-toothed, the short teeth spreading or recurved. Stamens 
 8 or 10, included; anther sacs with 2 recurved dorsal awns. Ovary 4-5 celled; 
 ovules i in each cavity. Drupe globose, with 4 or 5 separate l-seeded nutlets. A 
 monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Mairania alpina (L.) Desv. ALPINE OR BLACK BEARBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2777.) Tufted or depressed-prostrate; branches 5-12 cm. high, the twigs glabrous 
 or nearly so. Leaves obovate, crenulate, conspicuously reticulate- veined, ciliate 
 at least when young, 12-25 mm - l n g> 6-14 mm. wide; flowers few, appearing 
 from scaly buds before or with the leaves; corolla white, ovoid, constricted at the 
 throat; drupe black (or bright red, according to Macoun), juicy, 6-10 mm. in 
 diameter. Mountains ofN. Eng. ; Quebec to Newf., Alaska and Br. Col. Also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. Summer. \Arctostaphylos alpina Spreng. J 
 
 21. CALLUNA Salisb. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub, with minute linear opposite imbricated leaves, and 
 small white or pink flowers, in terminal one sided dense spike-like racemes. Sepals 
 4, scarious, obtuse, longer than and concealing the corolla. Corolla campanulate, 
 4-parted, slightly twisted, persistent. Stamens 8; filaments short; anthers oblong, 
 attached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longitudinal slit, each sac 
 with a dorsal reflexed appendage. Disk 8-lobed. Ovary depressed- globose, 
 8-angled; style slender. Capsule somewhat 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, few-seeded. 
 Seeds ovoid, pendulous, not winged. [Greek, j A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Salisb. LING. HEATHER. MOOR. BESOM. (I. F. 
 f. 2778.) Straggling, the branches ascending, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
 about i mm. long, imbricated in 4 rows, usually 2-auricled at the base, 3-angled, 
 grooved on the back; calyx with 4 bracts at the base; corolla about 3 mm. long. 
 Sandy or rocky soil, Newf. to N. J. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
VA CCINIA CEA . 77 
 
 Family 5. VACCINIACEAE LindL 
 
 Huckleberry Family. 
 
 Shrubs, or small trees, with alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers, 
 the pedicels commonly bracted. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the 
 limb 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into 
 separate petals, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 
 epigynous, or inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments mostly short; 
 anthers dorsally attached, 2-celled, the connective entire or 2-awned. 
 Ovarv inferior, 2-io-celled, crowned by the epigynous disk; style fili- 
 form'; ovules anatropous. Fruit a berry or drupe m our genera, globose ; 
 cells i -several-seeded, or the drupe containing several nuilets. Seeds 
 compressed; testa bony ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo central ; radicle 
 near thehilum. About 20 genera and 300 species of wide distribution. 
 Ovary lo-cellert; fruit a berry-like drupe with i seeded 10 nutlets. i. Gaylussacia. 
 
 Ovary 4-5-celled; fruit a many seeded berry. 
 Corolla open campanulate, 4~5-lobed. 
 
 Flowers 4-parted : leaves small, coriaceous, persistent; low shrub. 
 
 2. I itis-Idaea. 
 Flowers 5-parted; leaves large, thin, deciduous; tall shrubs. 
 
 Flower not jointed with its pedicel ; anthers exserted. 3. Polycodium. 
 Flower jointed with its pedicel; anthers included; berry black. 
 
 4. Batodendron. 
 Corolla cylindric, subglobose or urceolate. 
 
 Erect shrubs; ovary entirely inferior; berries normally not white. 
 
 5. Vaccinium. 
 Low trailing shrub; ovary half inferior; berry snow-white. 6. Cluogenes. 
 
 Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes rerlexed. 7. Oxycoccus. 
 
 i. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. 
 
 Branching shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small white or pink flowers in 
 lateral bracted racemes. Pedicels mostly 2-bracteolate. Calyx -tube obconic, or 
 turbinate, the limb 5-iobed or 5 toothed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, or 
 tubular-campanulate, the tube terete or 5 -angled, the limb. 5-lobed. Stamens 
 10, equal; filaments short; anther-sacs tapering upward into tubes, awnless, open- 
 ing by terminal pores or chinks. [Named for the celebrated chemist, Gay-Lussac.] 
 About 40 American species. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 Laaves pale and glaucous beneath, resinous; fruit blue with abloom, i. G. frondosa. 
 Leaves green both sides, resinous; fruit mostly black. 
 
 Bracts small, deciduous, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 2. G. resinosa. 
 
 Bracts oval, large, persistent, longer than the pedicels. 3. G. ditmosa. 
 
 Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate, not resinous; bracts scale-like. 4. G. brachycera. 
 
 1. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T. & G. BLUE TANGLE. TANGLEBERRY. 
 DANGLEBERRY. (I. F. f. 2779.) An erect shrub, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oval to 
 obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, 3.5-6.5 cm. long, the upper surface green, gla- 
 brous; petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers few. greenish pink; bracts linear-oblong, 
 shorter than the filiform pedicels, deciduous; corolla globose-campanulate. 3 mm. 
 long; filaments glabrous; fruit globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, sweet. In moist 
 woods, N. H. to Fla., Ohio and La. May -June. 
 
 2. Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. BLACK OR HIGH-BUSH HUCKLE- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 2780.) A shrub, 3-9 dm. high, the young shoots commonly 
 pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, rarely obovate, entire, mucronulate. glabrous or 
 nearly so, firm, 2.55 cm - ' on S5 petioles about 2 mm. long; flowers few. pink or 
 red. in one-sided racemes; corolla ovoid-conic. 5-angled, becoming campanulate- 
 cylindric, 4-5 mm. long; filaments ciliate; fruit (rarely white) about 6 mm. in 
 diameter, sweet but seedy. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Ga., Manitoba, Wis. 
 and Ky, May-June. 
 
 Gayln*sicia resinosa glaucocirpa Robinson, Fruit blue, with a bloom, larger than 
 Me. to N, Car. 
 
708 FLORA. 
 
 3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. DWARF OR BUSH HUCKLEBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2781.) A shrub, 3-6 dm. high, the branches usually leafless below, the 
 young twigs pubescent or hirsute, glandular. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceo- 
 late, obtuse, mucronate, entire, firm or coriaceous, shining when old, 2.5-3.5 cm. 
 long, sessile or nearly so; flowers white, pink or red, in rather loose racemes; bracts 
 foliaceous. pubescent; corolla campanuiate, 4-5 mm. long; filaments pubescent; 
 calyx puberulent; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter, watery, rather insipid. In sandy 
 swamps, Newf. to N. Y., Fla. and La. May-June. 
 
 Gaylussacia dum6sa hirte"lla (Ait.) A. Gray. Pedicels and calyx hirsute. Va. 
 to Fla. and La. 
 
 4. Gaylussacia brach^cera (Michx.) A. Gray. BOX-HUCKLEBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2782.) A low shrub, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches angular, the twi s glabrous or 
 nearly so. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, persistent, oval or oblong, 12-25 mm 
 long, with low teeth, the margins somewhat revolute; petioles 2 mm. long or less; 
 flowers few, white or pink, in short racemes; bracts and bractlets caducous; pedi- 
 cels short; corolla cylindric-ovoid, about 4 mm. long; filaments ciliate; fruit 
 (according to A. Wood) light blue. In dry woods, Penn. to Va. May. 
 
 2. vllIS-IDAEA Tourn. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub, with creeping stems, alternate oval or obovate coria- 
 ceous leaves, and small white or pink nodding flowers, secund in small terminal 
 clusters. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla open-campanulate, 4-lobed. Stamens 8; an- 
 thers upwaidly prolonged into tubes. Ovary 4-celled, inferior. Fruit a dark 
 red acid many-seeded^ berry. [Ancient name.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Vitis-Idaea Vitis-Idaea (L.)Britton. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2795.) Branches erect, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves thick, crowded, green and some- 
 what shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, glabrous, or minutely ciliate 
 toward the base, short-petioled, entire or sparingly serrulate, 6-16 mm. long, the 
 margins revolute; bracts reddish, short-oblong; bractlets 2; berries 8-io mm. in 
 diameter. In rocky places, Essex Co., Mass., coast of Me., higher mountains of 
 N. Eng. to Lab., west to Lake Superior, Br. Col. and Alaska. Also in northern 
 Europe and Asia. \Vaccinium Vitis Idaea L.] 
 
 3. POLYCODIUM Raf. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves, and purplish or yellowish green flow- 
 ers in leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open-campanulate, 
 5-lobed. Stamens 10; anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes. Ovary 5-celled, 
 inferior. Berry green, nearly black, or yellow, globose to pyriform. Four or five 
 species of eastern N. Am. [Greek, many bells.] 
 
 i. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene. DEERBERRY. BUCKBERRY. (I. F. 
 f. 2796.) Divergently branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong or rarely 
 obovate, acute or sometimes acuminate, petioled, entire, firm, green above, pale 
 beneath, 2.5-10 cm. long, 12-35 mm. wide; corolla purplish or yellowish green, 
 deeply cleft, 4-6 mm. long, 6-10 mm. broad; berry globose or pear-shaped, green 
 or yellow, 8 10 mm. in diameter, inedible. In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 
 Ont., Minn., Ark., Ky. and Ala. April-June. [Vaccinittrn stamineum L.] 
 
 4. BATODENDRON Nutt. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with firm deciduous leaves, and white flowers in leafy- 
 bracted racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla campanuiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 10; 
 style exserted. Berry black, globose, many-seeded. Two or three N. Am. species. 
 [Greek, blackberry tree.] 
 
 i Batodendron arboreum (Marsh.) Nutt. FARKLEBERRY. (I. F. f. 2797.) 
 Divergently branched, reaching a maximum height of about 9 m. Leaves obovate 
 or oval, short-petioled. shining and bright green above, duller, and sometimes spar- 
 ingly pubescent beneath, entire or glandular-denticulate, 2.5-5 cm - l n g< I2 ~ 2 5 
 mm. wide; flowers slender-pedicelled ; bracts persistent; berry about 6 mm. in 
 diameter, inedible. In dry sandy soil, N. Car. to Ky., 111., Ind. Terr., Fla. and 
 Tex. May -June. \Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.] 
 
VA CCINIA CEA B. 
 
 5. VACCINIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Shrubs (some species small trees) with alternate leaves, and small white pink 
 or red flowers,, in racemes or clusters, or rarely solitary in the axils. Calyx-tube 
 globose, hemispheric or turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5- 
 toothed or 4-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, urn-shaped, or cylindric, 
 rarely subglobose, its limb 4~5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Stamens twice as many as 
 the lobes of the corolla; anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes, opening by termi- 
 nal pores or chinks. Ovary 4-5 -celled, or 8-iO-celled by false partitions; ovules 
 several or numerous; stigma small. Fruit a many-seeded berry. [Latin, blue- 
 berry.] About 125 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some n 
 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Flowers solitary, or 2-4 together, on drooping pedicels; low shrubs. 
 
 Most or r.ll the flowers 4-parted, and stamens 8. i. V. uliginosum. 
 
 Flowers all or nearly all 5-parted, and stamens 10. 
 
 Shrub 7-15 cm. high; leaves obovate or cuneate. 2. V. caespitosum. 
 
 Shrubs 0.3-4 m. high; leaves oval or oblong; northern species. 
 Leaves serrulate, green both sides; berries purple-black. 
 
 3. V. membranaceum. 
 Leaves entire or nearly so, pale beneath; berry blue with bloom. 
 
 4. V, ovalifolium. 
 Flowers fascicled or racemose, short- pedicelled; leaves deciduous. 
 
 Corolla cylindric or nearly so, 2-3 times as long as thick. 
 
 Flowers appearing before the leaves ; berry black. 5. V. virgatum. 
 
 Flowers appearing with the leaves; berry blue with a bloom. 
 
 6. V. corymbosum* 
 Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-2 times as long as thick. 
 
 Leaves not glaucous; glabrous or pubescent beneath. 
 Leaves mostly entire, pubescent beneath. 
 
 Shrub 1-5 m. high; leaves oval, large, fruit black. 
 
 7. V. atrococcum. 
 Shrub 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves oblong, small; fruit blue. 
 
 8. V. Canadense. 
 . Leaves serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous; low shrub ; fruit blue. 
 
 9. V. Pennsylvanicttnti 
 Leaves pale and glaucous beneath, mostly glabrous both sides. 
 
 Fruit black; shrub 1.5-5 dm. high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 
 
 10. V. nigrurn. 
 Fruit blue ; shrubs 3-18 dm. high ; leaves oblong, oval, or obovate. 
 
 Leaves firm, mostly entire; berry about 6 mm. in diameter. 
 
 11. V. vacillans. 
 Leaves thin, sharply serrulate; berry 8-12 mm. in diameter. 
 
 12. V. pallidum. 
 
 1. Vaccinium uliginosum L. GREAT BILBERRY. BOG WHORTLEBERRY. 
 BLEABERRY. (I. F. f. 2783.) Much branched, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves thick, 
 glabrous or nearly so, dull, pale or glaucous beneath, obovate, oblong, or oval, ob- 
 tuse, or retuse, entire, nearly sessile, finely reticulate-veined, 10-25 mm - l n g> 
 flowers mostly shorter than the pedicels; calyx sometimes 5-lobed; corolla pink, 
 ovoid or urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed; berry blue with a bloom, about 6 mm. in diam- 
 eter, sweet. Mountains of N. Erig. and the Adirondacks ; Lab. and Quebec to the 
 shores of Lake Superior and Alaska. Also in Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. DWARF BILBERRY. (I. F. f. 2784.) 
 Nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves 12-25 mm - l n g> green and shining both 
 sides, nearly sessile, serrulate; flowers longer than their pedicels: corolla obo void 
 or obovoid oblong, pink or white, rarely 4-toothed; stamens rarely 8; berry blue 
 with a bloom, sweet, about 6 mm. in diameter. Me., N. H., N. B. to Lab., west 
 to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. June-July. 
 
 3. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. THIN LEAVED BILBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2785.) Nearly glabrous, 3-15 dm. high, the twigs slightly angled. Leaves 
 thin, not shining, acutish to acuminate, short-petioled, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; flowers 
 with their pedicels becoming erect in fruit; corolla depressed-globose or globose- 
 urceolate, greenish or purplish, mostly 5-toothed; berry rather acid. In moist 
 woods, Mich, to Mont., Ore. and Br. Col. June-July. 
 
710 FLORA. 
 
 4. Vaccinium ovalifolium J. E. Smith. TALL OR OVAL-LEAVED BILBERRY. 
 (I. Y. f. 2786.) A straggling shrub, 9-36 dm. high; twigs glabrous, sharply angled. 
 Leaves short-petioled, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, rounded at both 
 ends, or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes mucronulate, 2.5-5 cm< 
 long; flowers on rather short recurved pedicels; corolla globose-ovoid; berry 8 10 
 mm. in diameter. Woods, Quebec to Mich., Ore. and Alaska. June-July. 
 
 5. Vaccinium virgatum Ait. SOUTHERN BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2787.) A shrub, 9-36 dm. high, the branches slender, the young twigs puberu- 
 lent. Leaves narrowly oval-oblong, broadest at the middle, mucronate, short- 
 petioled, entire, green and glabrous above, pale or glaucous beneath, thick when 
 old, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide, veins pubescent; flowers equalling or 
 longer than their pedicels; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 6-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 
 white or light pink; stamens 10; berry with or without bloom, 4-6 mm. in diam- 
 eter. In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 
 
 Vaccinium virg&tum tenellum (Ait.) A. Gray. Low, mostly less than 6 dm. high; 
 leaves smaller, narrower, 12-35 mm - long* flowers white, or nearly so, 4-6 mm. long. 
 Va. to Ark., Fla. and Ala. 
 
 6. Vaccinium corymbosum L. HIGH-BUSH OR TALL BLUEBERRY. (I. F. 
 f. 2788.) A shrub, 24.5 m< highj twigs terete, greenish brown. Leaves oval or 
 oblong, mostly acute at each end, usually entire, sometimes ciliate, glabrous above, 
 paler and often pubescent beneath, short-petioled, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 mm - 
 wide; flowers equalling or longer than their pedicels; bracts deciduous; calyx 5- 
 lobed ; corolla white or faintly pink, 6-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, 5 -toothed 
 (rarely 5-lobed); stamens 10; berry 6-8 mm. in diameter, pleasantly acid. In 
 swamps, thickets and woods, Newf. to Va., Minn, and La. May -June. 
 
 7. Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. BLACK BLUEBERRY. (I. F. f. 
 2789.) Similar to the two preceding; branches minutely warty, young twigs 
 pubescent. Leaves dark green above, light green beneath, usually acute at both 
 ends, mucronate, thick, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-35 mm - wide; flowers appearing with 
 the leaves, about the length of their pedicels; calyx 5-lobed; corolla short-cylindric 
 or ovoid, pink or red, 4-6 mm. long, about 3 mm. thick, 5 -toothed, constricted at 
 throat; berry without bloom, sweet, 6-10 mm. in diameter. In swamps and wet 
 woods, N. B. and Ont. to N. J. and Penn. May-June. 
 
 8. Vaccinium Canadense Richards. CANADA BLUEBERRY. (I. F. f. 2790.) 
 Pubescent. Leaves acute, narrowed at the base, 2.5-3.5 cm - l n g> 8-12 mm /wide; 
 flowers few in the clusters, which are sometimes numerous on naked branches, 
 appearing with the leaves; corolla oblong- campanulate, greenish white, about 4 mm. 
 long and 3 mm. thick; berry with a bloom (rarely white), sweet, 5-6 mm. in diam- 
 eter. In moist places, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., 111. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 9. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. DWARF, SUGAR OR LOW-BUSH BLUE- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 2791.) Similar to the preceding species, but with green warty 
 branches and nearly or quite glabrous throughout. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, acute at both ends, 1.8-3.6 cm. 
 long, 6-12 mm. wide; flowers few in the clusters, longer than the very short pedi- 
 cels; corolla oblong-campanulate, slightly constricted at the throat, 4-5 mm. long, 
 about 3 mm. thick, white or pinkish; berry with a bloom, very sweet, 6-10 mm. 
 in diameter. In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., 111. and 
 Mich. May-June. 
 
 Vaccinium Pennsylvdnicum angustif61ium (Ait.) A. Gray. Leaves narrower, 2-3 
 mm. wide. Mts. of Me., N. H. and Adirondacks ; Quebec to Lake Superior and arctic Am. 
 
 10. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low BLACK BLUEBERRY. (I. . f. 
 2792.) Similar to V. .Pennsylvanicum. and often growing with it, the twigs gla- 
 brous. Leaves acute, finely serrulate, very nearly sessile, 12-25 mm - l n g> 6-12 
 mm. wide, green above; flowers few in the clusters, longer than their pedicels; 
 corolla globose-ovoid, little constricted at the throat, white or cream color, about 4 
 mm. long, 3mm. thick; berry without bloom, about 6 mm. in diameter. In dry 
 rocky soil, Me. to N. J., Penn. and Mich. Blooms earlier than V. Pennsylva- 
 nicum. May. 
 
 11. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Low BLUEBERRY. BLUE HUCKLEBERRY. 
 (I.F. f. 2793.) A stiff shrub, 1.5-12 dm. high, with glabrous yellowish-green warty 
 
VA CCINIA CEAE. 7 1 1 
 
 branches. Leaves usually mucronulate, finely reticulate-veined beneath, 2.5-0.5 
 cm. long, 12-30 mm. wide; flowers several or few in the clusters which are some- 
 times racemose on naked branches; corolla oblong-cylindric, somewhat constricted 
 at the throat, pink, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; berry with a bloom, sweet. In 
 dry soil, Me. -and N. H. to Ont., Mich., N. Car. and Mo. May-June. 
 
 12. Vaccinium paliidum Ait. PALE OR MOUNTAIN BLUEBERRY. (T. F. f. 
 2794.) A shrub, 6-24 dm. high, with glabrous green warty twigs. Leaves oval, 
 ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, light green above, sometimes 
 pubescent on the veins beneath, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; flowers about equalling their slen- 
 der pedicels; corolla oblong-c>liudric to urceolate, slightly constricted at the throat, 
 greenish-pink, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; berry delicious. In woods, moun- 
 tains of Va. to S. Car. May-June. 
 
 6. CHIOGENES Salisb. 
 
 Creeping evergreen shrubs, with alternate 2-ranked oval or ovate small leaves, 
 and solitary axillary small white flowers, on short recurved peduncles. Calyx- 
 tube 2-bracted at the base, its limb 4-cleft. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft, 
 its lobes rounded. Stamens 8, included ; filaments short, nearly orbicular, 
 roughish; anthers not awned nor prolonged into tubes, each sac 2-cuspidate at 
 the apex and opening by a slit down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, surmounted 
 by the 8 lobed disk; style short. Berry snow-white, many-seeded, rather mealy. 
 [Greek, snow-born, in allusion to the berries.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Chiogenes hispidula (L.)T. & G. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. (I. F. f. 2798.) 
 Branches strigose-pubescent, slender, 1-3 dm, long. Leaves coriaceous, short- 
 petioled, acute, dark green, glabrous above, entire, with appressed stiff brownish 
 hairs beneath and on the revolute margins, 4-10 mm. long; flowers about \ mm. 
 long; berry aromatic, usually minutely bristly, crowned by the 4 calyx-teeth, be- 
 coming almost wholly inferior, about 6 mm. in diameter. In cold wet woods and 
 bogs, Newf. to Br. Col., N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 7. OXYCOCCUS Hill. 
 
 Glabrous, or slightly pubescent shrubs, with alternate nearly sessile leaves, 
 and pendulous or cernuous, slencer-peduncled red or pink flower.. Calyx-tube 
 nearly hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5 -cleft, persistent. Corolla 
 long-conic in the bud, 4-5 -divided into separate or nearly separate petals, these 
 narrow and revolute. Stamens 8 or 10, the filaments distinct^ anthers connivent 
 into a cone, long-exserted when the flower is expanded, upwardly prolonged into 
 hollow tubes dehiscent by a pore at the apex. Ovary 4-5 -celled; style slender or 
 filiform. Fruit a many -seeded juicy red berry. [Greek, sour berry.] Four species, 
 natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Trailing bog shrubs; leaves evergreen, entire; flowers 1-6 from terminal buds. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute, 4-8 mm. long ; berry globose. i. O. Oxycoccus* 
 
 Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, 6-14 mm. long ; berry ovoid or oblong. 
 
 2. O. macrocarpus. 
 Erect mountain shrub ; leaves deciduous, serrulate^ flowers solitary, axillary. 
 
 3. O. erythrocarpus. 
 
 1. Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. SMALL OR EUROPEAN CRANBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2799.) Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Branches ascending or erect, 2.5-15 
 cm. high; leaves thick, rounded or cordate at the base, dark green above, white 
 beneath, 2-4 mm. wide, the margins revolute; flowers mostly umbellate, rarely 
 racemose, from terminal scaly buds, on erect filiform pedicels; corolla pink, about 
 8 mm. broad; filaments puberulent. about half the length of the anthers; berry 
 5-io mm. in diameter, acid. In cold bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Mich, and Br. 
 Col. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 2. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. LARGE OR AMERICAN CRANBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 2800.) Similar to the preceding, but larger, the branches often 2 dm. 
 long. Leaves 2-6 mm. wide, white or pale beneath, the margins revolute; flowers 
 several, in somewhat racemose clusters, nodding on erect pedicels; corolla light 
 pink, 8-10 mm. broad; filaments puberulent; berry acid, 8-18 mm. long. In 
 bogs, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car., W. Va., Mich, and Minn. June- Aug. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 3. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN CRAN- 
 BERRY. (I. F. f. 2801.) A shrub, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, green both sides, 
 paler beneath than above, reticulate-veined, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, flat, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 12-25 mm - wide; peduncles pendulous, 
 filiform, less than half as long as the leaves; corolla red, about I cm. broad; fila- 
 ments villous ; berry globose, dark red when ripe, acid, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In 
 woods, mountains of Va. to Ga. June-July. 
 
 Family 6. DIAPENSIACEAE Link. 
 
 Dtapensta Family. 
 
 Low tufted shrubs, or perennial scapose herbs, with alternate or basal 
 simple estipulate leaves, and small, white pink or purple, perfect and regu- 
 lar flowers, solitary in the axils, or racemose at the summit of scapes. 
 Calyx 5-parted, persistent; sepals imbricated in the bud. Corolla 
 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 throat of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, or connate, sometimes 
 with as many alternating staminodia; pollen-grains simple. Disk none. 
 Ovary free from the calyx, superior, 3-celled ; style persistent ; stigma 
 3-lobed ; ovules anatropous oramphitropous. Capsule 3-celled, loculici- 
 dally 3-valved. Seeds minute, the testa loose or close; endosperm 
 fleshy; embryo terete ; cotyledons short ; radicle elongated. Six genera 
 and about 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Low tufted evergreen shrubs; corolla gamopetalous. 
 
 Tufted arctic-alpine shrub; flowers terminal, peduucled. i. Diapensia. 
 
 Trailing shrub; flowers solitary, sessile. 2. Pyxidanthera. 
 
 Tall scapose perennial 'herb; flowers spicate-racemose; petals separate. 
 
 3. Galax. 
 
 i. DIAPENSIA L. 
 
 Densely tufted glabrous low evergreen shrubs, with thick rather fleshy imbri- 
 cated narrow leaves, and solitary terminal erect peduncled white or pink flowers. 
 Calyx 2-4-bracted at the base, the sepals oval, obtuse, somewhat rigid. Corolla 
 campanulate, tardily deciduous, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at 
 the sinuses of the corolla; filaments short and broad; anther-cells pointed, divergent, 
 obliquely 2-valved; staminodia none. Style slender; ovules numerous in the cells, 
 anatropous. Seeds oblong-cubic, the testa close, reticulated. [Greek, by fives, 
 alluding to the stamens and corolla -lobes.] Two species, the following, the other 
 Himalayan. 
 
 i. Diapensia Lapponica L. DIAPENSIA. (I. F. f. 2802.) Glabrous, forming 
 cushion-like tufts; stems 2-8 cm. high. Leaves crowded below, thick, spatulate, 
 sessile, often curved, entire. 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; peduncles 2-5 cm. 
 long in fruit; sepals and bracts oval; corolla usually white, 6-8 mm. long; capsule 
 ovoid, 4-6 mm. high. Summits of the Adirondack Mts., and of the mountains of 
 N. Eng. ; Mt. Albert, Quebec; Lab. and arctic Am. Also in northern and alpine 
 Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 2. PYXIDANTHERA Michx. 
 
 A ( reeping tufted evergreen shrub, with small narrow alternate imbricated 
 leaves, and numerous white or pinkish sessile flowers, solitary at the ends of the 
 branches. Calyx bracted at the base, the sepals oblong, ciliate. Corolla ?hort- 
 campanulate, 5-lobed, tardily deciduous. Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the 
 corolla; filaments broad and thick; anthers 2-celled, the sacs globose, transversely 
 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate; staminodia none. Style columnar. Seeds 
 globose-oblong, amphitropous, the testa black, cancellate. [Greek, box-anther.j 
 A monotypic genus. 
 
 r. Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. PYXIE. FLOWERING Moss. (I. F. f. 
 2803.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, growing in mats or large patches. 
 Leaves sessile, linear, lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate tipped, 
 
PRIM ULA CEA E. 7 1 3 
 
 entire. 4-8 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. broad; corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, 
 obtuse, retuse or eroded; capsule about 2 mm. high, globose, surrounded by the 
 upper leaves. In dry sandy pine barrens, N. J. and N. Car. March-May. 
 
 3. GALAX L. 
 
 An acaulescent perennial herb, with orbicular cordate crenate-dentate long- 
 petioled basal leaves, and numerous small white flowers, spicate-racemose at the 
 ends of tall slender scapes. Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-parted, the sepals 
 nerveless. Corolla 5 divided, the petals oblong, entire, adnate to the bases of the 
 monadelphous stamens. Stamen-tube lo-lobed at the summit, the lobes which are 
 opposite the petals petaloid (staminodia), those alternate with the petals antherif- 
 erous; anthers nearly sessile, granular on the back, l-celled, transversely 2-valved. 
 Style very short. Seeds ovoid, the testa loose. [Greek, milk; name not charac- 
 teristic of this genus.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Galax aphylla JL. GALAX. GALAXY. BEETLE-WEED. (I. F. f. 2804.) 
 Scape 3-5 dm. high, terete, with red scales at the base and many red fibrous roots. 
 Leaves with a rather narrow sinus, persistent, shining, commonly shorter than their 
 slender petioles, 2-8 cm. in diameter; spike-like raceme dense, narrow, 5-13 cm. 
 long; flowers 3-4 mm. broad, spreading; capsule ovoid, acute, erect, short-pedi- 
 relled, 2 mm. long, slightly exceeding the lanceolate acutish sepals. In dry 
 \vc>d* Va. to Ga. May -July. 
 
 Order 2. PRIMULALES. 
 
 Our species herbs. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx 
 mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as 
 its lobes, or twice as many, or more. 
 
 Style i; fruit a capsule. Fam. i. Primulaceae. 
 
 Styles 5; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 2. Plumbaginaceae. 
 
 Family i. PRIMULACEAE Vent. 
 Primrose 
 
 Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary 
 (adnate to its lower part in Samolus\ usually 5-parted, persistent or rarely 
 deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species (wanting in Glaux), 
 usually 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and 
 opposite them, hypogynous or rarely perigynous, inserted on the corolla; 
 filaments distinct, or connate at the base ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the 
 sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obsolete, or none. Ovary superior 
 (partly inferior in Sawolus), i-celled ; placenta central, free; ovules 
 anatropous, or amphitropous ; style * ; stigma simple, capitate, entire. 
 Capsule i-celled, 2-6-valved; rarely circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds 
 few or several, the testa adherent to the fleshy or horny copious endo- 
 sperm; embryo small, straight; cotyledons obtuse. About 28 genera 
 and 350 species of wide distribution. 
 
 * Lobes or segments of the corolla erect Of spreading, not reflexed. 
 Lobes of the corolla imbricated, at least in the bud. 
 Ovary wholly superior. 
 
 Terrestrial scapose plants ; leaves not pinnatifid. 
 
 Corolla-tube longer than the calyx ; style slender. x. Primula. 
 
 Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx ; style short. 2. Androsace. 
 
 Aquatic leafy -stemmed plant ; leaves finely pinnatifid. 3. Hottonia. 
 
 Ovary adnate to the calyx ; mars'- herbs. 4. Samolus. 
 
 Lobes of the corolla convolute or vaivate, at least in the bud (corolla wanting in No. 9). 
 Capsule longitudinally dehiscet. 
 
 Corolla rotate, or rarely short-funnelform. 
 Stem leafy throughout ; flowers yellow. 
 
 Staminodia none; corolla-lobes convolute. 5. Lysimachia. 
 
7*4 FLORA. 
 
 Staminodia 5 ; each corolla-lobe curved around its stamen. 
 
 6. Steironema. 
 
 Staminodia 5, tooth-like; flowers in axillary spike-like racemes or 
 heads. 7. Naiimburgta. 
 
 Leaves vvhorled at the top of the stem ; flowers white. 8. Trientalts. 
 Corolla none ; flowers minute, solitary in the axils. 9. Glaux. 
 
 Capsule circumscissile ; flowers axillary. 
 
 Corolla longer than the calyx; stamens borne on its base. 10. Anagallis. 
 Corolla shorter than the calyx; stamens borne on its tube. n. Centuncnlus* 
 * * Segments of the corolla reflexed; plants scapose. 12. Dodecatheon* 
 
 i. PRIMULA L. 
 
 Perennial scapose herbs, with basal leaves, and dimorphous flowers, umbellate, 
 or in bracted racemose whorls. Calyx persistent, often angled, 5-lobed, the lobes 
 imbricated. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube longer than the calyx in 
 our species, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included; filaments short; anthers ob- 
 long, obtuse. Ovary globose or ovoid; ovules amphitropous; style filiform; stigma 
 capitate. Capsule oblong, ovoid or globose, 5-valved at the summit, many seeded. 
 Seeds peltate, the testa punctate. [Diminutive of the Latin primus, first, from the 
 early blossoms.] About 150 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. Besides 
 the following, some 10 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves almost always white-mealy beneath; scape 1-5 dm. high. i. P.fariiiosa. 
 Leaves green both sides; scape 2-15 cm. high. 
 
 Leaves spatulate or obovate, denticulate. 2. P. Mistissinica. 
 
 Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire. 3. P. Egaliksensis. 
 
 1. Primula farinosa L. BIRD'S-EYE OR MEALY PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 2805.) 
 Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, 2-10 cm. long, the margins crentilate denticu- 
 late; scape 3-20 flowered; flowers umbellate; bracts acute or acuminate; calyx- 
 lobes acute ; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly 
 longer than the calyx, the lobes cuneate, retuse or obcordate, 4-6 mm. long; cap- 
 sule narrowly oblong, erect, about i cm. long, longer than the calyx. In moist 
 places, Me. and Quebec to Greenland, the N. W. Terr, and Alaska. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Primula Mistassinica Michx. MISTASSINI OR DWARF CANADIAN 
 PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 2806.) Similar to the preceding, but smaller. Leaves spat- 
 ulate or obovate, denticulate or repand, obtuse, 1-4 cm. long; flowers 28, umbel- 
 late; bracts acute or acuminate; corolla pink, or pale purple, with or without a 
 yellow eye, the tube longer than the calyx; corolla-lobes obcordate, 3-5 mm. long; 
 capsule narrowly oblong, erect, 5-8 mm. high. On wet banks, Me. to Greenland, 
 N. Y., Mich, and the N. W. Terr. Occurs also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 3. Primula Egaliksensis Hornem. GREENLAND PRIMROSE. (I. F. f. 2807.) 
 Leaves oval or lance-ovate, entire, or slightly undulate, obtuse or obtusish, 
 1-2.5 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; scape slender, 5-15 cm. high; umbels 
 2-6-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-lobes 
 2-4 mm. long, much shorter than the tube, obovate, sometimes cleft to the middle; 
 capsule erect, about 6 mm. high, longer than the calyx. Lab. and Greenland. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. ANDROSACE L. 
 
 Low herbs, our species scapose, with tufted small basal leaves, and terminal 
 umbellate involucrate small white or pink flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, the 
 lobes erect in flower. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube not longer than 
 the calyx, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; 
 filaments short; anthers short, oblong, obtuse. Ovary turbinate or globose; ovules 
 amphitropous; style short; stigma capitellate. Capsule 5-valved from the apex, 
 few many-seeded. [Greek, man's shield, from the shape of the leaf in some species.] 
 About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 
 6 others occur in western and northwestern N. Am. 
 
 i. Androsace occidentalis Pursh. ANDROSACE. (I. F. f. 2808.) Annual, 
 minutely pubescent, or glabrate; scapes filiform, 2-8 cm. long. Leaves oblong or 
 spatulate, obtuse, entire, sessile, 6-16 mm. long; bracts of the involucre similar to 
 
PRIM ULA CEA E. 7 1 5 
 
 the leaves but much smaller; pedicels filiform; calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, 
 the lobes acute, becoming foliaceous; corolla white, shorter than the calyx; calyx 
 longer than the capsule. In dry soil, Minn, and 111. to Kans., the N. W. Terr., 
 Utah and N. Mex. April-June. 
 
 3. HOTTONIA L. 
 
 Aquatic glabrous herbs, with large pinnatifid submersed crowded leaves, and 
 small white or purplish flowers, racemose-verticillate on bracted hollow erect 
 emersed peduncles. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes linear, imbricated, persistent. 
 Corolla salverform, the tube short, the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included; fila- 
 ments short. Ovary ovoid; style filiform; stigma minute, capitate; ovules numer- 
 ous, anatropous. Capsule subglobose, 5-valved. Seeds ellipsoid, numerous. 
 [Dedicated to Peter Hotton, 1648-1709, professor at Leyden.] Two species, the 
 following of eastern N. Am., the other of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Hottonia inflata Ell. AMERICAN FEATHERFOIL. (I. F. f. 2809.) Stem 
 submerged, spongy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, ovate cr 
 oblong in outline, divided very nearly to the rachis into narrowly linear entire seg- 
 ments 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-2 mm. wide; peduncles several in a cluster at the ends of 
 the stem and branches, jointed, constricted at the joints, 0.7-2 dm. high; pedicels 
 4-25 mm. long; flowers 4-6 mm. long in verticils of 2-10 at the joints; corolla 
 white, shorter than the calyx; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter. In shallow stag- 
 nant ponds, N. H. and Mass, to central N. Y., Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 4. SAMOLUS L. 
 
 Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones rosulate. 
 Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species. Calyx per- 
 sistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla perigynous, 
 subcampanulate, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 tube of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many staminodia (these 
 wanting in S. ebracteatus], filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovary partly infe- 
 rior; ovules amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute. 
 [Name Celtic.] About 10 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following 
 another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Samolus floribundus H. B. K. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOKWEEE 
 (I. F. f. 2810.) Erect or ascending, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, obo- 
 vate, obtuse; flowers less than 2 mm. broad, in elongated panicled racemes; pedi- 
 cels filiform, spreading, 8-25 mm. long, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes 
 acute, shorter than the corolla; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter. In swamps and 
 brooks, N. B. to Fla., Br. Col., Tex. and Cal. May-Sept. 
 
 5. LYSIMACHIA L. 
 
 Herbs, mostly perennial, with leafy stems. Leaves entire, often glandular- 
 punctate; flowers in our species yellow, solitary in the axils, or clustered. Calyx 
 5-7-parted or 5~7-divided, persistent. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5~7-parted, 
 the tube very short. Stamens 5-7; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. 
 Style filiform ; stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-5- valved. [Greek, loose- strife.] About 
 70 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 2 
 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Leaves vertieillate in 3's~7's, or some of them rarely opposite. 
 Corolla rotate-campanulate, pure yellow, 1-2.5 cm - broad. 
 
 Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla-lobes glabrous. i. L. vulgaris. 
 
 Flowers axillary; corolla- lobes glandular-ciliolate. 2. L. punctata. 
 
 Corolla rotate, 0.8-1.6 cm. broad, its lobes dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia. 
 Leaves opposite, or some of them rarely alternate, sometimes verticiilate in No. 5. 
 Flowers in a terminal virgate raceme; stem erect. 
 
 Raceme leafy only at the base. 4. L. terrestris. 
 
 Raceme leafy to the middle or beyond. 5. Z,. producta* 
 
 Flowers axillary, solitary; stem creeping. 6. L. Xummulart'a. 
 
 i. Lysimachia vulgaris L. GOLDEN OR YELLOW LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 
 2811.) Densely downy-pubescent; stem 6-10 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, 
 ovate -lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; flowers 1-2 cm. 
 
716 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 broad; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate- corolla deeply 
 parted; filaments monadelphous to about the middle, glandular; capsule about 3 
 mm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In fields aiid along roadsides, Me. tc 
 N. Y. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Lysimachia punctata L. SPOTTED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2812.) Re. 
 sembles the preceding, but sometimes glabrate. Leaves oval or ovate- lanceolate, 
 short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, usually proportionately shorter and broader than those 
 of L. milgaris; flowers crowded in the upper axils, or racemose-verticillate, yellow, 
 1.5-2 cm. broad; pedicels 6-20 mm. long; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; 
 filaments monadelphous at the base. Li -waste places, N. S. to N. J. Adventive 
 from Europe. June -July. 
 
 3. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. CROSSWORT. WHORLED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. 
 F. f. 2813.) Stem slender, 3-9 dm. nigh. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceo, 
 late, oblong or ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-10 cm. long, usually black-punctate; 
 flowers axillary, 6-12 mm. broad, borne on filiform spreading peduncles; sepals 
 narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla glabrous, dark-streaked or spotted; 
 filaments monadelphous below ; capsule nearly as long as the sepals. In thickets, 
 N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Wis. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P. BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. 
 f. 2814.) Glabrous; stem 2-6 dm. high, often bearing after flowering long bulb- 
 lets in the axils. Leaves opposite or some of them rarely alternate, lanceolate or 
 oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, short petioled, or sessile, usually 
 black-punctate, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 6-10 mm. broad, in terminal bracted racemes ; 
 pedicels 1-2 cm. long; sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute; corolla rotate, deeply 
 parted, yellow with purple streaks or dots; filaments monadelphous below, gland- 
 ular; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter, nearly as long as sepals. In swamps and 
 moist thickets, Newf., Manitoba, Ga. and Ark. July- Sept. 
 
 5. Lysimachia prodiicta > A. Gray) Fernald. Intermediate between Z. quadri- 
 folia and L. terrestris, the leaves sometimes opposite, sometimes verticillate, 
 pale green or glaucous and inconspicuously veined beneath; bracts of the usually 
 loosely flowered raceme large. Me. to N. Y., Mass, and Mich. \L. poly ant ha 
 Fernald.] 
 
 6. Lysimachia Nummularia L. MONEYWORT. CREEPING LOOSESTRIFE. 
 (I. F. f. 2815.) Glabrous; stems creeping, sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves oppo- 
 site, orbicular or broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes cordate, petioled, 1-2.5 cm - 
 long, sparingly black -punctate; flowers solitary in the axils, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; 
 sepals cordate-ovate to lanceolate, acute, half as long as the rotate, deeply 5-lobed, 
 yellow and dark-dotted corolla; filaments glandular, monadelphous at the base; 
 capsule shorter than the sepals. In moist places, Newf. to N. J., Penn. and Ind. 
 Nat from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 6. STEIRONEMA Raf. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate entire leaves, and axillary slender- 
 peduncled yellow flowers. Calyx 5 -parted, persistent, the segments valvate in the 
 bud. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 -parted, with no proper tube, the lobes cuspidate or 
 erose-denticulate, each involute or convolute around its stamen. Stamens 5 ; fila- 
 ments distinct, or united into a ring at the base, granulose-glandular; anthers 
 linear, becoming curved; staminodia 5, subulate. Ovary globose. Capsule 
 5-valved. Seeds margined or angled. [Greek, sterile threads, from the abortive 
 stamens.] About five species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 Leaves membranous, pinnately veined. 
 Leaves ovate to lanceolate. 
 
 Stem erect; flowers 12-25 mm - broad. 
 
 Petioles strongly ciliate ; capsule longer than the calyx. 
 
 1. S. ciliatum. 
 Petioles not ciliate, or slightly so at base; capsule not longer than the calyx. 
 
 2. S. tonsum. 
 Stem reclined; flowers 6-8 mm. broad ; leaves not ciliate; petioles naked. 
 
 3. S, radicans, 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong or linear; stem erect. 4. S. lanceolatum. 
 
 Leaves firm, linear, i-nerved, the lateral veins obscure. 5. S. quadriftorum. 
 
PRIM ULA CEA E. 7 r 7 
 
 1. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2816.) 
 Stems mostly glabrous, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex, 
 obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, the margins ciliolate; pedun- 
 cles 1-5 cm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the erose-denticulate 
 commonly mucronate corolla-segments; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad. In moist 
 thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., Ga., Ala., Kans. and Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Steironema tonsum (Wood) Bicknell. SOUTHERN LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. 
 f. 2817.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, obtusely 4-angled, minutely glandular-puberulent 
 above. Leaves 5-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 
 ciliolate, the upper much smaller; panicle open, leafy; pedicels 2-6 times as long 
 as the flowers; calyx-segments lanceolate, very acute; corolla 1.8-2 cm. broad, its 
 segments cuspidate. On dry rocks, Va. to Ky., Tenn. and Ala. June-July. 
 
 3. Steiroaema radicans (Hook.) A. Gray. TRAILING LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. 
 f. 2818.) Stem soon decumbent or reclined, slender, glabrous, 3-9 dm. long. 
 Leaves acute or acuminate, 2-10 cm. long; peduncles 1-5 cm. long; calyx- segments 
 ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the erose-denticulate corolla- 
 segments; capsule about one-half as long as the calyx. In swamps, Va. andW. Va. 
 to Ark. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE. 
 (I. F. f. 2819.) Stem erect, glabrous, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear 
 or oblong-lanceolate, petioled or nearly sessile, acute or acuminate, 2-13 cm. long, 
 the margins naked or ciliate; lower leaves shorter, often oblong or nearly orbicu- 
 lar; petioles naked or ciiiate; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; calyx segments lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; capsule nearly as long as the calyx- 
 segments. In moist soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Steironema quadriflorum (Sims Hitchc. PRAIRIE MONEYWORT. LINEAR- 
 LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 2820.) Stem erect, strict, glabrous. 4-sided, 2.5 6 
 dm. high. Stem-leaves all but the lowest sessile or very nearly so, i-nerved, acute 
 or acuminate at both ends, 2-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, usually with smaller ones 
 fascicled in the axils; basal leaves oblong or linear-oblong, shorter, slender-petioled; 
 peduncles filiform; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the cuspidate and 
 slightly erose corolla segments; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, often somewhat clustered 
 in 4's at the ends of the branches. Along streams and lakes, W. Va. to western 
 N. Y., Ont., Ky. and Manitoba. June-July. 
 
 7. NAUMBURGIA Moench. 
 
 An erect perennial leafy herb, with slender rootstocks, opposite sessile lanceolate 
 entire leaves, the lower much smaller or reduced to scales, and small yellow flowers 
 in axillary peduncled spike-like racemes or heads. Calyx 5~7-divided, the sepals 
 linear, slightly imbricated. Corolla deeply 5~7-parted, the tube short, the segments 
 narrow. Stamens 57, exserted; filaments slender, glabrous, slightly united at the 
 base, alternating with as many small tooth-like staminodia. Ovary globose-ovoid; 
 ovules few or several; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 5~7-valved, few- 
 seeded. Seeds somewhat angled. A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE. (I. F. f. 
 2821.) Stems simple, erect, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, the upper lan- 
 c'X'late or oblong lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower smaller; peduncles soli- 
 tary in the axils; racemes 1-2.5 cm - l n g> spike-like; pedicels very short; flowers 
 4-6 mm. broad; corolla-segments yellow with black spots; anthers oblong; capsule 
 globose, black- spotted, when mature slightly longer than the sepals. In swamps, 
 N. S. to Alaska, N. Y., Penn., Mo. and Ore. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 8. TRIENTALIS L. 
 
 Glabrous low perennial herbs, with simple erect stems, and leaves mostly 
 clustered in a verticil at the summit. Flowers few or solitary, terminal, slender- 
 peduncled, small, white or pink, deeply 5-9- (mostly 7-) parted. Sepals narrow, 
 persistent, spreading. Corolla rotate, its tube almost none, its segments acute or 
 acuminate, entire; filaments united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers linear, 
 recurved after anthesis. Staminodia none. Ovary globose; ovules numerous; style 
 filiform. Capsule globose, 5 valved. 
 height of the plant.] About 4 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 
7 i8 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 i. Trientalis Americana (Pers.) Pursh. STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEETI 
 WINTERGREEN. (I. F. f. 2822.) Rootstock horizontal, sending up simple stem 
 like branches 0.7-2.5 dm. high, the leaves in a verticil of 5-10 at the summit. 
 Leaves membranous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 
 sessile or short-petioled, minutely crenulate, 310 cm. long; pedicels filiform, erect, 
 2-5 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate; flowers 8-12 mm. 
 broad; capsule shorter than the sepals. In damp woods and thickets, Lab. to the 
 N. W. Terr., Va., 111. and Mich. May -June. 
 
 9. GLAUX L. 
 
 A small succulent perennial leafy herb, with opposite entire obtuse fleshy leaves, 
 and minute dimorphous nearly sessile axillary pink or white flowers. Calyx 5- 
 parted, the lobes petaloid. Corolla none. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the 
 calyx and alternate with its lobes; anthers cordate, attached by their backs to the 
 filaments. Ovary ovoid, glandular; ovules few; style filiform; stigma capitellate. 
 Capsule globose-ovoid, beaked, 5-valved at the top, few-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid. 
 [Greek, sea-green.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Glaux maritima L. SEA MILKWORT. BLACK SALTWORT. (I. F. f. 2823.) 
 Glabrous, pale or glaucous, 0.5-2 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong or linear- oblong, 
 rarely somewhat spatulate, sessile, 4-12 mm. long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, 
 usually numerous; calyx-lobes oval; capsule nearly enclosed by tl e calyx. In salt 
 marshes and on sea-beaches, N. J. to Newf. ; in saline soil from Minn, to the N. W. 
 Terr., Neb. and Nev. ; on the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 10. ANAGALLIS L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite or verticillate i rarely alternate) sessile or short-petioled 
 leaves, entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5-parted, 
 the lobes lanceolate or subulate, persistent. Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate, the seg- 
 ments entire or erose, convolute in the bud, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 ; fila- 
 ments puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into a narrow ring at the base; 
 anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose; ovules numerous; stigma obtuse. Capsule 
 globose, circumscissile, many seeded. Seeds minute, flat on the back. [Greek, 
 delightful.] About 15 species, mostly oi the Old World. 
 
 i. Anagallis arvensis L. RED OR SCARLET PIMPERNEL. POOR MAN'S OR 
 SHEPHERD'S WEATHER-GLASS. (I. F. f. 2824.) Annual, diffuse; branches 1-3 
 dm. long, 4-sided. Leaves ovate or oval, membranous, sessile or somewhat clasp- 
 ing, 6-20 mm. long, black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, 1-4 cm. long, 
 recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes keeled, slightly shorter than the crenate glandular- 
 ciliate corolla-segments; flowers scarlet, sometimes white, usually with a darker 
 center, 4-6 mm. broad, opening only in bright weather; capsule glabrous, about 4 
 mm. in diameter. In waste places, Newf. to Fla., Minn, and Mex., and on the 
 Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 Anagallis arvensis coerulea (Lam.) Ledeb. Flowers blue; corolla-segments gla- 
 brous. Reported as sparingly occurring in waste places. 
 
 ii. CENTUNCULUS L. 
 
 Low annual glabrous erect herbs, with alternate small entire sessile or short- 
 petioled leaves, or the lower opposite, and minute solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 
 4-5-parted, persistent, the lobes longer than the corolla. Corolla 4-5-cleft, marces- 
 cent, the tube subglobose, the lobes entire. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat 
 of the corolla; filaments short, distinct; anthers ovate or cordate, obtuse; stigma 
 capitate. Ovules numerous, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circumscissile, 
 many-seeded. Seeds mimite, flat on the back. [Latin, diminutive of cento, a 
 patch.] Three species, of wide distribution. 
 
 i. Centunculus minimus L. CHAFFWEED. FALSE PIMPERNEL. (I. F. f. 
 2825.) Slender, 2-15 cm. high. Leaves spatulate, obovate or oblong, 4-8 mm. 
 long; flowers sessile or nearly so, shorter than the leaves, mostly 4-parted, 2-4 mm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes linear or linear- lanceolate, acuminate; corolla pink; capsule 
 shorter than the ca)yx. In moist soil, 111. and Minn, to Br. Col., Fla. ? Tex. and 
 Mex, Also in Europe and S. Am. April-Sept. 
 
PLUMBAGINACEAE. 7 T 9 
 
 12. DODECATHEON L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with basal leaves. Flowers in involucrate 
 umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, the lobes at first 
 reflexed. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes reflexed, imbricated, the tube very short, 
 thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, on the th/oat of the corolla; filaments short, 
 flat, monadelphous, connivent into a cone, exserted; anthers linear or lanceolate, 
 connivent attached by their bases to the filaments. Ovary superior; ovules amphit- 
 ropous; style exserted ; stigma simple. Capsule oblong or cylindric, erect, ^-6- 
 valved at the apex or splitting to the base. Seeds numerous, minute; the testa 
 punctate. [Greek, twelve godi ; name used by Theophrastus for some different 
 plant.] About 15 species, of N. Am. and northeastern Asia. 
 
 i. Dodecatheon Meadia L. SHOOTING STAR. AMERICAN COWSLIP. 
 PRIDE-OF-OHIO. (I. F. f. 2826.) Perennial by a stout rootstock; scape erect, 
 2-5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, narrowed into 
 margined petioles, entire or toothed. 0.7-3 dm. l n g; flowers 2-3 cm. long; bracts 
 of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ; pedicels unequal, the outer ones some- 
 times i dm. long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla purple, pink or white; capsule nar- 
 rowly ovoid, erect, 5-valved above. On moist cliffs and prairies, Penn. to Mani- 
 toba, Ga. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 Dodecatheon Meadia Frenchii Vasey. Leaves ovate or elliptic, base abruptly con- 
 tracted or cordate. 111. to Ark. ; southern Penn.(?) 
 
 Family 2. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 Plumbago Family. 
 
 Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal tufted leaves, 
 and small perfect and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosen- 
 alous, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5~i5-ribbed. Corolla 
 of 5 hypogynous clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a 
 tube. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous ; anthers 
 2-celled, attached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally 
 dehiscent. Disk none. Ovary superior, i -celled ; ovule solitary, anat- 
 ropous, pendulous ; styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the 
 calyx, rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary ; testa membranous ; 
 endosperm mealy, or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons entire. About 
 10 genera and 350 species, of wide distribution, mostly in saline situations. 
 
 Inflorescence cymose-paniculate ; flowers in one-sided spikes. i. Limonium. 
 
 Flowers in a dense terminal head. 2. Statice. 
 
 i. LIMONIUM Adaos. [STATICE Willd.] 
 
 Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous small flowers cymose-panicu- 
 late on bracted scapes, in i-3-flowered bracteolate clusters, forming one-sided 
 spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube 
 usually lo-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals. 
 Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. 
 [Ancient name of the wild beet.] About 120 species. Besides the following, I 
 occurs on the South Atlantic and i on the Pacific Coast and i in the Southwest. 
 
 i. Limonium Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. SEA LAVENDER. MARSH 
 ROSEMARY. CANKER-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2827.) Glabrous, fleshy, rootstock thick; 
 fusiform or branched; scape terete, striate, paniculately branched above, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into margined petioles, entire, or slightly 
 undulate, 0.7-2.5 dm. long, shorter than the scapes, the midvein prominent, the lat- 
 eral veins very obscure; flowers erect, about 4 mm. high; calyx 5-toothed, some- 
 times with as many minute intermediate teeth in the sinuses; corolla pale purple; 
 petals spatulate; styles filiform. On salt meadows, Lab. to Fla. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 2. STATICE L. [ARMERIA Willd.] 
 
 Tufted acaulescent fleshy herbs, with mostly naked scapes, basal persistent 
 rosulate narrow leaves with no differentiation into blade and petiole, and short- 
 
720 FLORA. 
 
 pedicelled or sessile flowers, in dense terminal glomerate heads, subtended by 
 scarious bracts and bractlets, the lower bracts forming a kind of involucre to the 
 head, the two lowest reflexed and more or less united into a sheath. Calyx 10- 
 ribbed, 5 -toothed, oblique at the base or decurrent on the pedicel, scarious. Styles 
 united at the base, pubescent bejow the middle. Utricle 5 -pointed at the summit, 
 rarely dehiscent. [Greek, standing. ] About 20 species. The following is the only 
 one native in N. Am. 
 
 i. Statice Armeria L. THRIFT. SEA PINK. LADIES' CUSHION. (I. F. f. 
 2828.) Scape 1-4.5 dm. high- Leaves narrowly linear, obscurely i -nerved,, 
 entire, 2-8 cm. long; bracts obtuse; head of flowers 1-2.5 cm. in diameter; co- 
 rolla pink, purple or white, 4-6 mm. broad; petals obtuse or cuspidate. Along the 
 sea -coast and on mountains, Lab. to Alaska, south on the Pacific Coar.t to Cal. 
 Also in Europe, Asia and apparently at the Strait of Magellan. Summer. 
 
 Order 3. EBENALES. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regu- 
 lar. Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. 
 Corolla gamopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on 
 the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, 
 or more numerous. 
 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. i. Sapotaceae. 
 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. 
 
 Styles 2-8 ; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 2. Ebenaceae. 
 Style i, simple or lobed ; flowers mostly perfect. 
 
 Stamens in several series. Fam. 3. Symplocaceae. 
 
 Stamens in i series. Fam. 4. Styracaceac. 
 
 Family i. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb. 
 Sapodtlla Family. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves entire, mostly 
 coriaceous and estipulate. Flowers small, regular and perfect, in axillary 
 clusters. Calyx inferior, the sepals usually 4-7, much imbricated. Co- 
 rolla gamopetalous, the tube 4~7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, 
 sometimes with as many or twice as many lobe-like appendages on the 
 throat. Stamens as many as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted 
 on its tube ; staminodia usually present, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, or 
 rarely many-celled ; ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous or amphit- 
 ropous ; stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry, commonly i -celled and 
 i-seeded. Seed large, the testa bony or crustaceous; embryo straight; 
 endosperm fleshy, or none. About 35 genera and 400 species, mostly of 
 tropical regions. 
 
 i. BUMELIA Sw. 
 
 Wood very hard. Leaves sometimes clustered at the nodes. Flowers small, 
 pedicelled, white, fascicled in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments urn 
 equal. Corolla 5 -lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube 
 short. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate. 
 Staminodia 5, petaloid. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform. Berry small, the peri- 
 carp fleshy, enclosing a single erect seed. Seed shining, the hilum at the base. 
 [Greek, ox (large) ash.] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Foliage, pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. i. B. lycioides. 
 
 Foliage, pedicels and calyx tomentose-pubescent, 2. B- 
 
EBENACEAE. 
 
 1. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 2829.) 
 Bark gray, the twigs commonly spiny. Leaves rather firm, tardily deciduous, 
 glabrous, finely reticulate- veined, oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 5~ I 3 cm - krngj 
 petioles 4-12 mm. long; flowers about 3 mm. broad, numerous; pedicels about the 
 length of the petioles, glabrous; calyx-segments obtuse, glabrous; staminodia ovate, 
 boat-shaped, entire; berry subglobose, black, 8-10 mm. long. In moist thickets, 
 Va. to 111., Mo., Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. WOOLLY BUCKTHORN. (I. F. f. 
 2830.) Leaves persistent, rather coriaceous, glabrous above, densely tomentose- 
 pubescent beneath, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, usually obtuse at the apex, nar- 
 rowed orcuneate at the base, 3-8 cm. long; flowers 3-18 in the fascicles, about 3 
 mm. broad; pedicels tomentose, longer than the petioles; calyx-segments ovate, 
 tomentose, obtusish; staminodia ovate, obscurely toothed; berry oval, black, 8-iQ 
 mrn. long. In woods and thickets, 111. to Kans., Tex., Ga. and Fla. June-July. 
 
 Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent. 
 Ebony Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and 
 dioecious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitary or cymose 
 in the axils. Calyx inferior, 3~7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persist- 
 ent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually con- 
 volute in the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla 
 in the sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones 
 in the pistillate flowers; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary 
 superior, several-celled ; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none ; 
 ovules 1-3 in each cavity, suspended ; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below ; 
 stigmas terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the 
 testa bony; endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small ; cotyledons 
 large, foliaceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 i. DIOSPYROS L. 
 
 Flowers lateral, cymose, racemose or solitary, the pistillate commonly solitary, 
 the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft. Corolla urceolate in our species, 
 4-6-lobed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers. Styles 2-6 in the pistillate flowers; 
 ovary globose or ovoid, its cavities twice as many as the styles. Berry large, 
 pulpy, containing 4-12 flat hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus' wheat.] About 160 species, 
 abundant in Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southwest. 
 
 i. Diospyros Virginiana L. PERSIMMON. DATE PLUM. (I. F. f. 2831.) 
 A tree; bark hard, dark, furrowed. Leaves ovate or oval, deciduous, pubescent 
 when young, acute or acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath, 5-13 cm. long; 
 petioles loosely jointed with the twigs, the leaves falling away in drying; flowers 
 mostly 4-parted; corolla greenish yellow; stamens of the sterile flowers about 16, 
 , those of the pistillate 8 or fewer; fruit globose, about 2.5 cm. long, reddish yellow 
 and sweet when ripe, astringent when green. In fields and woods, R. I. to Kans , 
 Fla. and Tex. May-June. Fruit ripe Sept. -Nov. 
 
 Family 3. SYMPLOCACEAE Miers. 
 Sweet-leaf Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate broad leaves, and regular mostly 
 yellow and perfect flowers, in lateral or axillary clusters. Calyx-tube com- 
 pletely or partly adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Corolla 5-parted, 
 sometimes nearly to the base, the segments imbricated. Disk none. 
 Stamens numerous in several series; filaments usually slightly united in 
 clusters at the base of each corolla-segment ; anthers innate, laterally 
 dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules commonly 2 in each cavity, pendu- 
 
7 22 FLORA. 
 
 lous ; style and stigma one. Fruit a small mostly nearly dry drupe, usually 
 with i oblong seed ; embryo straight endosperm fleshy. Only the fol- 
 lowing genus, comprising about 175 species, most abundant in S- Am. 
 
 i. SYMPLOCOS L. 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, connected, referring to the stamens.] 
 
 i. Symplocos tinctdria (L.) L'Her. SWEET-LEAF. HORSE-SUGAR. (I. F. 
 f. 2832.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acu* 
 minate at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short-petioled, glabrous or nearly 
 so above <^r\d dark green when old, pale and pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long; 
 flowers bright yellow, fragrant, 8-12 mm. broad, in sessile scaly-bracted clusters, 
 appearing at the North before the leaves; corolla-segments oblong, obtuse, each 
 bearing a cluster of stamens; drupe nut-like, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, pubescent, 
 crowned with the small calyx lobes. Woods and thickets, Del. to Fla. and La. 
 March-April. 
 
 Family 4. STYRACACEAE A. DC. 
 
 Storax Family. 
 
 Flowers regular, perfect, or rarely polygamo-dioecious, clustered, 
 pubescence mostly stellate. Calyx more or less adnate to the ovary. 
 Corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous, the lobes or petals 4-8. Stamens 
 twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or petals, or more, inserted on 
 its tube or base, arranged in i series, the filaments monadelphous or 4-5- 
 adelphous. Disk none. Ovary partly superior, 2-5-celled; ovules anat- 
 ropous; style slender; stigma simple or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a berry or 
 drupe, or often nearly dry, winged in some genera, i-seeded, or 2-5-celled 
 with a seed in each cavity. Endosperm copious, fleshy ; embryo usually 
 straight; cotyledons flat. About 7 genera and 75 species, mostly tropical. 
 
 Calyx superior, its tube obconic; fruit 2-4- winged. i. Mohrodendron. 
 
 Calyx nearly inferior, its tube campanulate; fruit globose or oblong. 2. Stymx. 
 
 X. MOHRODENDRON Britton. [HALESIA Ellis, not P. Br.] 
 
 Small trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with denticulate or den- 
 tate leaves, and large white slender-pedicclled drooping bell-shaped flowers, in 
 lateral fascicles or short racemes, appearing with or before the leaves. Calyx-tube 
 obconic or obpyramidal, 4-5 -ribbed, adnate to the ovary, the limb short, 4- toothed. 
 Corolla campanulate, 4-5 -cleft or 4-5 parted nearly to the base. Stamens 8-16; 
 filaments flat, more or less monadelphous, slightly adnate to the corolla. Ovary 2-4- 
 ceUed; ovules about 4 in each cavity, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. 
 Fruit dry, oblong, 2-4 winged, i-4-celled, tipped with the style and the minute calyx- 
 tvth. [In honor of Chas. Mohr, botanist of the Geological Survey of Alabama.] 
 A'ojut 3 species, natives of southeastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Mohrodendron Carolinum (L.) Britton. SILVER-BELL OR SNOW-DROP 
 TREE. (I. F. f. 2833.) A small tree. Leaves oval, ovate or ovate-oblong, dentic- 
 ulate, acuminate, dark green and glabrous above when old, pale green and stellate- 
 pubescent beneath. 5-15 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 1-4 cm. long; corolla 1-2 cm. 
 long; ovary 4-celled; fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 4. winged, 2-4 cm. long. In woods and 
 along streams, Va. to 111., Fla. and Ala. March-April. [//. tetraptera L.] 
 
 2. STYRAX L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with rather large mostly white drooping flowers, in fas- 
 cicles or leafy racemes. Calyx persistent, nearly inferior, its tube campanulate, 
 adnate to the lower part of the ovary, its limb minutely 5 -toothed. Corolla 5-parted 
 or 5-divided. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals (rarely fewer); 
 filaments flat, monadelphous below or rarely separate. Ovary nearly superior, 
 mostly 3-celled at the base; ovules seveial in each cavity, ascending; stigma 3- 
 twthed, 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit nearly dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, com- 
 
OLE ACE A E. 
 
 monlyonly i-seeded, 3-valved at the summit. [Greek name of Storax.] About 
 70 species, natives of America, Asia and southern Europe. Besides the following, 
 2 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Foliage and inflorescence glabrous; calyx glandular-scurfy. i. S. Americana. 
 
 Lower surfaces of the le. ves and inflorescence canescent or tomentose. 
 
 Leaves oblong to oval, 2.5-6 cm. long. 2. 6". pulverulenta. 
 
 Leaves obovate to oval, 5-15 cm. long. 3. S. grandifolia. 
 
 1. Styrax Americana Lam. SMOOTH STORAX. (I. F. f. 2834.) A shrub, the 
 foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves green on both sides, oblong, oval or obovate. 
 28 cm. long; flowers few or sometimes solitary, 8 14 mm. long, about the length 
 of their pedicels; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, valvate or but slightly overlapping 
 in the bud; fruit subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter. In moist thickets and along 
 streams, Va. to Fla., Ark. and La. March- April. 
 
 2. Styrax pulverulenta Michx. DOWNY STORAX. (I. F. f. 2835.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but the lower surfaces of the leaves, the calyx and pedicels are 
 stellate-pubescent or scurfy. Leaves oval or oblong, usually denticulate, pale 
 beneath; flowers in short terminal racemes and often in pairs in the axils, usually 
 longer than their pedicels; petals puberulent on both sides or only on the exterior, 
 convolute or imbricated in the bud. In moist pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 
 March-April. 
 
 3. Styrax grandifolia Ait LARGE-LEAVED STORAX. (I. F. f. 2836.) A 
 shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, tomentose or canescent and pale beneath, 5-15 cm. 
 long, or on young shoots larger; flowers 10 16 mm. long, longer than their pedicels, 
 mostly several in loose sometimes elongated racemes; petals oblong, acutish, imbri- 
 cated or convolute in the bud, puberulent without and often also within; fruit 
 obovoid, about 8 mm. long. In woods, Va. to Fla. and Ga. March-May. 
 
 Order 4. GENTIANALES. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate. 
 Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, nerved, 
 wanting in Adelia and in our species of Fraxinus of the Oleaceae. 
 Stamens mostly borne on the lower part of the corolla when this is pres- 
 ent, as many as its lobes or fewer and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, 
 distinct, or i with 2 cavities (rarely more), or 2 placentae. 
 
 a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species 
 trees or shrubs. Fam. i. Oleaceae. 
 
 b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ; mostly herbs. 
 Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky; ovary i, compound. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line. 
 
 Fam. 2. Loganiaceae. 
 Ovary i-celled, leaves not stipulate. 
 
 Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in 
 
 the bud. Fam. 3. Gentianaceae. 
 
 Leaves basal or alternate; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud ; marsh or 
 aquatic herbs. Fam. 4. Menyanthaceae. 
 
 Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 n our species. 
 
 Styles united ; stamens distinct: pollen of simple grains. Fam. 5. Apocynaceae. 
 Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy 
 masses. Fam. 6. Asclepiadaceae. 
 
 Family i. OLEACEAE Lindl. 
 Olive Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or 
 rarely alternate simple or pinnate estipulate leaves and regular 2-4-parted 
 flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually small, 
 sometimes none. Stamens 2-4 ; filaments separate ; anthers ovate, 
 oblong or linear, 2-celled 7 the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 
 
724 FLORA. 
 
 superior, 2-celled ; ovules few in each cavity, anatropousor amphitropous ; 
 style usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe. 
 Endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting ; embryo straight, rather large ; 
 radicle usually short. About 21 genera and 500 species, of wide distri- 
 bution in temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Fruit a loculicidal capsule; leaves simple; flowers complete. i. Syringa. 
 
 Fruit a samara ; leaves pinnate ; flowers mostly dioecious; corolla wanting. 
 
 2. Fraxinus. 
 Fruit a drupe or berry; leaves simple. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, from catkin-like scaly buds. 3. Adelia. 
 
 Flowers complete, polypetalous, paniculate; petals linear. 4. Chionanthus. 
 
 Flowers complete, gamopetalous, paniculate. 5. Ligustrum. 
 
 i. SYRI'NGA L. 
 
 Shrubs with opposite entire (rarely pinnatifid) leaves, and gamopetalous flow- 
 ers, in terminal panicles or thyrses. Calyx campanulate, mostly 4-toothed, per- 
 sistent. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes indup- 
 licarte-valvate. Stamens 2, inserted near the summit of the corolla-tube. Ovary 
 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style elongated; stigma 2-cleft. 
 Capsule narrowly oblong, somewhat compressed, coriaceous, loculicidally 2-valved 
 from above. Seeds pendulous, compressed, obliquely winged. [Greek, a pipe or 
 tube.] About 12 species, natives of Asia and eastern Europe. 
 
 I. Syringa vulgaris L. LILAC. (L F. f. 2837.) Glabrous, 3-8 m. high. 
 Leaves ovate, entire, deciduous, green on both sides, acuminate at the apex, trun- 
 cate or subcordate at the base, 5-13 cm. long; flowers lilac or white, very numer- 
 ous, 10-15 mm - l n g> i n large terminal thyrses; ultimate pedicels short; capsule 
 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Escaped from gardens to roadsides, Me. and N. H. to N. Y. 
 and Penn. Native of eastern Europe. April- May. 
 
 2. FRAXINUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Trees, with opposite, and in our species, odd-pinnate leaves, and small dioecious 
 or polygamous (rarely perfect) greenish fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate flowers, 
 appearing before or with the leaves from the axils of those of the previous season. 
 Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregularly toothed, entire or none. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 
 4). Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat 
 samara, usually i seeded. Seed oblong, pendulous. [The ancient Latin name.] 
 About 40 species. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the Southern 
 and Western States. 
 
 Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present in the fertile flowers. 
 
 Body of the samara terete or nearly so, the wing chiefly terminal. 
 Wing almost entirely terminal. 
 
 Foliage and twigs glabrous or nearly so. i. F. Americana. 
 
 Foliage and twigs pubescent. 2. F. Biltmoreana. 
 
 Wing manifestly extending down on the sides of the body. 
 Wing of samara spatulate. 
 
 Foliage, twigs and pedicels glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 3. F. lanceolata. 
 Foliage, young twigs and pedicels velvety-pubescent. 
 
 Samara 3-5 cm. long. 4. F. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Samara 5-7 cm. long. 5. F. profunda. 
 
 Wing of samara long linear. 6. F. Darlingtbnii. 
 
 Body of the samara flat, the wing extending all around it. 
 
 Twigs terete ; leaflets 5-7; samara elliptic or spatulate. 7. /*'. Carolimana. 
 Twigs 4-sided ; leaflets 7-11 ; samara oblong or cuneate. 8. F. qnadrangulata. 
 Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx none; samara winged all around. 9. F. nigra. 
 
 i. Fraxinus Americana L. WHITE ASH. (I. F. f. 2838.) Twigs, peti- 
 oles and rachis of the leaves glabrous; leaflets 5-9 (commonly 7), ovate, ovate- 
 lanceolate, oblong or rarely slightly obovate, entire or denticulate, pale or light 
 green and often pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute; flowers 
 dioecious (rarely monoecious); samara 2-5 cm. long, its body terete, not margined, 
 winged only from near the summit, one-fourth to one-half the length of the wing. 
 In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. April-June, 
 
OLE ACE A E. 
 
 2. Fraxinus Biltmoreana Beadle. BILTMORE ASH. Young twigs pubes- 
 cent. Leaflets 7-9, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely denticu- 
 late, more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; rachis pubes- 
 cent; samaras 3.5~5cm. long, the wing linear, or somewhat broadened above, 2 to 
 3 times as long as the narrowly elliptic, nearly terete body. Woods, Penn. to Ga. 
 
 3. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. GREEN ASH. (I. F. f. 2839.) Glabrous or 
 nearly so. Leaflets 5-9, entire or denticulate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate or acute, green on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; samara 2-5 cm. long, very simi- 
 lar to that of the two preceding species, the usually spatulate and proportionately 
 slightly longer wing usually decurrent on the sides of the body to below the 
 middle. Moist soil, Vt. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ariz. April-May. 
 
 4. Fraxinus Pennsylvania Marsh. RED ASH. (I. F. f. 2840.) Twigs, 
 petioles, rachis, petiolules and lower surfaces of the leaves velvety-pubescent; leaf- 
 lets 5-9, ovate, ovate lanceolate or oblong, acuminate or acute, usually denticulate, 
 7-15 cm. long; samara 2.5-6 cm. long, its body linear, margined above by the 
 decurrent linear or spatulate wing, and about equalling it. In moist soil, N. B. to 
 S. Dak., Fla., Ala. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 5. Fraxinus profunda Bush. SWAMP ASH. Foliage and young twigs 
 densely pubescent. Leaflets mostly 7, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
 very nearly so, 7-15 cm. long; samaras 5-7 cm. long, the wing obtuse, longer than 
 the linear body and decurrent on its sides to the middle or beyond. In swamps, 
 Mo. to Fla. [F. Americana profunda Bush.] 
 
 6. Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton, n. sp. DARLINGTON'S ASH. Similar to 
 F. lanceolata and F. Pennsylvanica, the foliage and twigs either quite pubescent 
 or glabrate; samaras 5-7.5 cm. long, the wing about 4 mm. wide, longer than the 
 narrowly linear body and decurrent on it for one-fourth to one-third of its length. 
 N. Y. and Penn. Type from Westch ester, Penn. 
 
 7. Fraxinus Caroliniana Mill. WATER ASH. (I. F. f. 2841.) Foliage gla- 
 brous, or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 5-7 (rarely 9), ovate, ovate-lanceolate or 
 oblong, acuminate or acute; samara 2-5 cm. long, elliptic or spatulate, the body 
 linear, flat, broadly winged all around, extending more than half-way to the apex of 
 the fruit, the wing pinnately veined. In swamps and wet soil, Va. to Fla., Ark. 
 and Tex. Also in Cuba. March- April. 
 
 8. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. BLUE ASH. (I. F. f. 2842.) Foliage 
 glabrous, or sparingly pubescent when young. Leaflets 7-11, ovate, oblong or 
 lanceolate, acuminate, green on both sides, sharply serrate or serrulate, 7-13 cm. 
 long; samara linear-oblong or cuneate, 2-5 cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, winged all 
 around, parallel-nerved, the body extending more than half-way to the apex. In 
 woods, Ont., Minn, and Mich, to Ala., Iowa and Ark. March-April. 
 
 9. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. (I. F. f. 2843.) Foliage 
 glabrous, except the midrib of the lower surfaces of the leaflets. Leaflets 7-11, ses- 
 sile, green on both sides, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate or ser- 
 rulate, 7-15 cm. long; samara oblong or linear- oblong, parallel-nerved, 2.5-4 cm. 
 long, the body flat, winged all around, extending to or beyond the middle. In 
 swamps and wet woods, Newf. to Manitoba, Va. and Ark. April-May. 
 
 3. ADELIA P. Br. [FORESTIERA Poir.] 
 
 Shrubs with opposite leaves and small yellow or greenish dicecious or polygam- 
 ous flowers, fascicled, short-racemose or paniculate from scaly buds produced at the 
 axils of the preceding season, appearing before or with the leaves. Corolla wanting, 
 or of i or 2 small deciduous petals. Stamens 2-4. Ovary ovoid, 2 celled; ovules 
 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe with I or 
 rarely 2 seeds. [Greek, inconspicuous, perhaps referring to the flowers.] About 
 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 7 others occur in the 
 southern U. S. 
 
 i. Adelia acuminata Michx. ADELIA. (I F. f. 2844.) A shrub or small 
 tree, the branches somewhat spiny, the foliage glabrous. Leaves ovate, lanceolate 
 or oblong, acuminate or acute at both ends, finely denticulate, 2.5-10 cm. long; 
 petioles slender; staminate flowers fascicled; pistillate flowers short-paniculate; 
 calyx obsolete; drupe narrowly oblong, about 2 cm. long, when young fusiform and 
 often curved. River-banks, 111. to Ga., Mo., Ark. and Tex. March- April. 
 
726 FLORA. 
 
 4 . CHIONA'NTHUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire leaves, and complete conspicuous 
 white flowers, in large loose panicles from the axils of the upper leaves of the pre- 
 ceding season. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-parted, inferior, persistent. Corolla oi 
 4 linear petals, slightly united at the very base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3), inserted 
 on the base of the corolla ; filaments very short. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the 
 ovary, pendulous; style short; stigma thick, emarginate or slightly 2-lobed. Fruit 
 a usually i-seeded drupe. [Greek, snow-blossom.] About 3 species, the following 
 of southeastern N. Am., the others Chinese. 
 
 i. Chionanthus Virginica L. FRINGE-TREE. (I. F. f. 2845.) A shrub, or 
 small tree, the young twigs, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent, or 
 sometimes glabrate. Leaves oval, oblong or some of them obovate, rather thick, 
 narrowed at the base, 7 -I 5 cm> l n ! panicles drooping, sometimes 2.5 dm. long, 
 usually with some sessile leaflike bracts, its branches and the pedicels very slen- 
 der; petals 2.5 cm. long or more, 2 mm. wide or less; drupe oblong or globose- 
 oblong, nearly black, 1-1.6 cm. long, the pulp thin. In moist thickets, Del. and 
 southern Penn. to Fla. and Tex. May-June. 
 
 5. LIGUSTRUM L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire leaves, and small white complete 
 flowers in terminal thyrses or panicles. Calyx small, truncate or 4-toothed, infe- 
 rior. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, its tube mostly short, the limb 4-lobed, 
 the lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous; 
 stigma thickened. Fruit a i-3-seeded mostly globose berry. [The classical Latin 
 name.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Ligustrum vulgare L. PRIVET. PRIM. (I. F. f. 2846.) A shrub, the 
 branches long and slender. Leaves firm, tardily deciduous, glabrous, lanceolate or 
 oblong, short-petioled, 1.5-5 cm - l n g> obscurely veined; panicles dense, short, 
 minutely pubescent; flowers about 6 mm. broad; pedicels very short; stamens 
 included ; berries black, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Escaped from cultivation, Me. and 
 Ont. to Penn. and N. Car. Native of Europe and Asia. June-July. 
 
 Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. 
 Logania Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or 
 verticillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipu- 
 lar line or membrane, and regular perfect 4~5-parted flowers. Calyx infe- 
 rior, the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbri- 
 cated, at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanu- 
 late, or rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the 
 corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent ; pollen-grains 
 simple. Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; 
 ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our 
 species. Embryo small, usually straight ; endosperm copious ; radicle ter- 
 ete or conic. About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in 
 warm and tropical regions. 
 
 Style 4-cleft; woody vine; flowers large yellow. i. Gelsemium. 
 Style simple, 2-lobed or 2-divided with a common stigma; herbs. 
 
 Corolla-lobes valvate; capsule didyrnous or 2-lobed; leaves broad. 
 
 Style simple, jointed; spike simple. 2. Spigeha. 
 
 Style 2-divided below; spikes cymose. 3. Cynoctonum. 
 
 Corolla-lobes imbricate; capsule subglobose; leaves linear. 4. Polypremum, 
 
 i. GELSEMIUM Juss. 
 
 Glabrous vines; leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, their bases connected by a 
 stipular line; flowers in axillary and terminal nearly sessile cymes, the pedicels 
 scaly-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla fun. 
 
LOGANIACEAE. 
 
 nelform, with 5 broad lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 tube of the corolla; anthers linear oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-celled; style slender 
 or filiform, 4-cleft; ovules numerous on linear placentae. Capsule elliptic, flattened 
 contrary to the partition, septicidally dehiscent, the valves boat-shaped, 2-cleft at 
 the summit; seeds flattened, winged. [From the Italian Gelsomino, the Jessamine.] 
 Two known species, the following, the other of eastern Asia. 
 
 i. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. YELLOW JESSAMINE. (I. F. f. 
 2847.) Stems sometimes 6 m. long.- Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, entire, short petioled, persistent, evergreen, 3-8 cm. long; cymes 1-6- 
 flowered; pedicels short; bractiets several, dry, oblong or lanceolate; flowers dimor- 
 phous; corolla bright yellow, 2.5-4 cm. long; stigmas in one form short and anthers 
 exserted, in the other form longer and anthers included; capsule flat, channeled on 
 both sides, 8-14 mm. long, cuspidate. In woods and thickets, Va. to Fla., Tex. 
 and Guatemala. March-Get. 
 
 2. SPIGELIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite membranous entire pinnately veined leaves, small stipules, 
 or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line, and red, yellow or purple flowers 
 in scorpioid cymes or unilateral spikes, or terminal and in the forks of the 
 branches. Calyx deeply 5 -parted. Corolla 5-lobed, the tube finely 15. nerved. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-lobed at the base. Ovules numer- 
 ous, on peltate placentae; style filiform, jointed near the middle; stigma obtuse. 
 Capsule didymous, 2-celled, somewhat flattened contrary to the dissepiment, cir- 
 cumscissile, the 2 carpels becoming 2-valved. Seeds peltate, not winged. 
 [Named for Adrian von der Spigel, 1558-1625, physician.] About 35 species, 
 all American. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the Southern States. 
 
 i. Spigelia Marylandica L. INDIAN OR CAROLINA PINK. (I. F. f. 2848.) 
 Perennial; stem 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, sparingly pubescent 
 on the veins; flowers in a terminal i-sided peduncled spike; corolla scarlet outside, 
 yellow within, 2-5 cm. long, its lobes lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; calyx-segments 
 subulate. In woods, N. J. (according to Gray) to Wis., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 3. CYNOCTONUM J. G. Gmel. [MITREOLA R. Br.] 
 
 Herbs, our species annual, with opposite entire leaves, and minute stipules, or 
 the leaf-bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers 'small, whitish, in one-sided 
 spikes forming cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 
 5, included; filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovules numerous, on peltate pla- 
 centae; style short, 2-divided below, united above by the common stigma, the divi- 
 sions becoming separate. Capsule 2-lobed at the summit; carpels divaricate, 
 dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small, tuberculate. [Greek, dog- 
 killing.] About 5 species, of warm and tropical regions. 
 
 i. Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton. MITREWORT. (I. F. f. 2849.) Stem 
 glabrous, erect, terete, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, petioled, 
 2.5-8 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acute at both ends, glabrous; cymes terminal and 
 often also in the upper axils, slender-pedunoled; flowers about 2 mm. broad, 
 numerous, sessile or nearly so; capsule deeply 2-lobed, compressed, the lobes at 
 length widely diverging, acute. In wet or moist soil, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Mex, 
 Also in the W. Indies. June-Sept. [Mitreola petiolata T. & G.] 
 
 4. POLYPREMUM L. 
 
 A glabrous diffusely branched annual herb, with opposite linear-subulate leaves, 
 their bases connected by a stipular membrane, and small white flowers in terminal 
 bracted cymes. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5 parted), the segments subulate. 
 Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the calyx, 4-lobed (rarely 
 5-lobed). Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted on the corolla, included; filaments short; 
 anthers ovoid -globose. Ovules numerous, on oblong placentae; style short; stigma 
 capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule slightly compressed, didymous, loculici- 
 dally 2-valved, the carpels at length septicidal. Seeds minute, smooth. [Greek, 
 many-stemmed.] A monotypic genus. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 i. Polypremum procumbens L. POLYPREMUM. (I. F. f. 2850.) Stems 
 tufted, somewhat rigid, 4. angled, 5-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-4 cm. lorg, 1-2 mm. 
 wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough -toothed on the margins, often with smaller 
 ones fascicled in their axils; flowers solitary, sessile in the forks of the cymes and 
 along their branches, leafy-bracted; corolla 2 mm. long or less; capsule crusta- 
 ceous, didymous, about 2 mm. in diameter, slightly 2-lobed, the lobes obtuse. In 
 dry sandy soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Ky., the Ind. Terr, and Mex. Also in the 
 W. Indies. May- Sept. 
 
 Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. 
 Gentian Family. 
 
 Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu- 
 late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect 
 flowers in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. 
 Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-1 2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in 
 Obolaria}, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, often marcescent, 4-1 2-lobed or -parted. Stamens as 
 many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the 
 tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, 
 or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 
 2-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; stigma entire, 
 or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Endo- 
 sperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic. About 65 genera 
 and 600 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Leaves normal ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. 
 
 Style filiform; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old. 
 
 Corolla salverform. i. Erythraea. 
 
 Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia. 
 
 Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Eustoma. 
 Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight. 
 Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales. 
 
 Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate. 4. Gentiana. 
 
 Corolla rotate. 5. Pleurogyne. 
 i or 2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe. 
 
 Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 6. Frasera. 
 
 Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 7, Tetragonanthus. 
 Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 
 
 Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals; upper leaves normal. 8. Obolaria. 
 
 Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals; leaves all reduced to scales. 9. Bartonia. 
 
 i. ERYTHRAEA Neck. 
 
 Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and pink 
 white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed or -divided, 
 the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5~4-lobed, the lobes 
 spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla- 
 tube; filaments short- filiform; anthers becoming spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, 
 the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. 
 Seed-coat reticulated. [Greek, red, the color of the flowers in some species.] 
 About 25 species, natives of the Old World and western N. and S. Am. Besides 
 the following, about 8 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Flowers spicate-racemose. i. E. spiceta. 
 
 Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate. 
 
 Basal leaves tufted. 2. E. Centaurium. 
 No tuft of basal leaves. 
 
 Flowers cymose-paniculate, numerous. 3. E. pvlchella. 
 
 Flowers few, cymose ; western species. 4. E. exaltata. 
 
 T. Erythraea spicata (L.) Pers. SPIKED CENTAURY. (I. F. f. 2851.) 
 Glabrous, erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, 
 obtusish, clasping, 1-4 cm. long; flowers pink, sessile, about 16 mm. long; tube 
 
GENTIANACEAE. 
 
 of the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx- segments, 2-3 times as long 
 as the linear-oblong lobes; capsule 8-10 mm. long. Coast of Nantucket, and at 
 Portsmouth, Va. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Erythraea Centaurium (L.) Pers. LESSER CENTAURY. BITTER-HERB. 
 BLOODWORT. (I. F. f. 2852.) Glabrous, 1.5 4 cm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 
 the lower forming a basal tuft, 2.5-6 cm. long; stem leaves sessile or slightly clasp- 
 ing; flowers 12-16 mm. long, nearly sessile, in compound bracteolate cymes; 
 corolla-lobes obtuse, 5-6 cm. long, about as long as the calyx-segments and one- 
 third to one-half as long as the corolla-tube; stigmas oval. In waste places, N. S. 
 and Quebec to ID. Nat. Irom Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Fries. BRANCHING CENTAURY. (I. F. f. 
 2853.) Glabrous, much branched, 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceo- 
 late, the lower mostly obtuse, 6-16 mm. long; no basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, 
 cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them pedicelled, 10-12 mm. long; tube of 
 the corolla 1^-2 times longer than the calyx-segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, 
 3-4 mm. long; stigma oval. In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Perm, and Md. ; 
 also in the W. Indies. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Erythraea exaltata (Griseb. ) Coville. TALL OR WESTERN CENTAURY. 
 (I. F. f. 2854.) Glabrous, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, the branches few, erect. Leaves 
 oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 1-2 cm. long, the basal 
 not tufted; flowers few, terminal and axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 12-16 mm. 
 long; tube of the corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments, the lobes 
 oblong, obtuse, 3-4 mm. long. In sandy soil, Neb. to Wyo., Wash., Ariz, and 
 Cal. May-Sept. 
 
 Erythraea calyc6sa Buckl., a Texan species differing from this in its broader larger 
 obtuse corolla lobes, has been found as a waif in Mo. 
 
 2. SABBAT1A Adans. 
 
 Annual or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verticillate 
 sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and terminal pink rose or white flow- 
 ers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, 
 the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-parted. Sta- 
 mens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments filiform, short; 
 anthers curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae in- 
 truded; style 2-cleft or 2 parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. 
 Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. Sab- 
 bati, an Italian botanist.] About 14 species, natives of eastern N. Am. and Mex. 
 Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Flowers normally 4~5-parted, sometimes o-y-parted. 
 Branches opposite. 
 
 Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base; flowers white. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute ; flowers 16-25 mm - broad. 
 
 1. S. lanceolata. 
 Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 12-18 mm. broad. 
 
 2. S. paniculata. 
 Style 2-cleft to about the middle; flowers normally pink. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; stem slightly 4-angled. 3. S. angnstifolia. 
 Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping; stem strongly 4-angled. 4. S. angularis. 
 Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in Nos. 5 and 6. 
 
 Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla. 5. S. calycina. 
 
 Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla. 
 
 Calyx-tube strongly 5-ribbed; flowers 2.5-5 cm - broad. 6. S, campestris. 
 Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers 2-4 cm. broad. 
 Calyx shorter than the corolla; style 2-parted. 
 
 Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white); corolla-segments 
 
 obovate. 7. S. stellaris. 
 
 Flowers white, very numerous; corolla-segments spatulate or ob- 
 
 lanceolate. 8. S. Elliottii. 
 
 Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla; style 2-cleft. 
 
 9. 6". campanulata. 
 Flovrers normally 8-i2-parted, 3.5-6 cm. broad. 10. S. dodecandra. 
 
 i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. LANCE-LEAVED SABBATIA. (I. F. 
 f. 2855.) Stem somewhat 4-angled, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 3~5-nerved, 2-5 cm. long, 
 
/30 FLORA. 
 
 the uppermost reduced to narrow bracts; flowers in bracteolate corymbed cymes-, 
 pedicels 4-14 mm. long; calyx-lobes filiform- linear, much shorter than the corolla; 
 corolla-segments oblong or slightly obovate. capsule ovoid, about 6 mm. high. 
 In pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. May -Sept. 
 
 2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. BRANCHING SABBATIA. (I. F. f. 
 2856.) Stem 4-angled, 3-7.5 dm. high. Leaves 1-4 cm. long, the uppermost 
 small and bract-like; flowers in corymbed cymes; central flowers of the cymes 
 often nearly sessile; calyx-lobes linear, not more than one half the length of the 
 corolla; corolla-segments spatulate-oblong; capsule oblong, about 6 mm. high. In 
 dry or moist soil, Va. to Fla. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Sabbatia angustifjlia (Michx.) Britton. NARROW-LEAVED SABBATIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2857.) Stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear to linear- lanceolate, sessile, 
 2-5 rm. long, the uppermost small and bract-like; flowers pink with a yellowish 
 or greenish eye, few in the cymes, or solitary, about 2.5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes 
 linear, usually more than one-half the length of the corolla; corolla-segments 
 obovate oblong ; capsule oblong, 68 mm. high. In dry or moist soil, Ind. to La., 
 N. Car. and Fla. May-Sept. [5. brackiata Ell.] 
 
 4. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. BITTER-BLOOM. ROSE-PINK. SQUARE- 
 STEMMED SABBATIA. (I. F. f. 2858.) Stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, acute, 
 cordate- clasping at the base, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, or the lower oblong, those of the 
 branches smaller; flowers rose-pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally 
 white, 2.5-4 cm. broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes 
 linear, one-half the length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments obovate; capsule 
 oblong, about 6 mm. high. In rich soil, N. Y. and Penn. to Ont., Mich., Fla., the 
 Ind. Terr, and La. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant. 
 
 5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller. COAST SABBATIA. (I. F. f. 2859.) 
 Stem 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong or some of them slightly obovate, 3 -nerved, 
 2-5 cm. long, narrowed to the sessile base or the lower into petioles; flowers soli- 
 tary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, 2.5-4 cm. broad; calyx-lobes linear 
 or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatulate segments of the pink rose-purple 
 or whitish corolla; capsule ovoid oblong, 6-8 mm. high. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. 
 Also in Cuba. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Sabbatia campestris Nutt. PRAIRIE SABBATIA. (I. F. f. 2860.) Stem 
 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, sessile or 
 slightly clasping and subcordate, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers solitary at the ends of the 
 branches and peduncles, 2-5 cm. broad; calyx 5-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its 
 lobes lanceolate, acute, 1-2.5 cm. long, about as long as the obovate lilac 
 corolla-segments; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. high. On prairies, Mo. and Kans. to 
 Tex. 
 
 7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. SEA OR MARSH PINK. (I. F. f. 2861.) Stem 
 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate- oblong to linear, sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long, or the 
 lowest smaller, somewhat obovate, the uppermost narrowly linear and bract-like; 
 flowers 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, solitary at the ends of the branches or slender peduncles; 
 calyx not ribbed, its lobes narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the 
 oblong or obovate corolla-segments; corolla pink to white with a yellowish starry 
 eye bordered with red; capsule about 5 mm. high. In salt-meadows, Me. to P'la. 
 July- Sept. 
 
 8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. ELLIOTT'S SABBATIA. (I. F. f. 2862.) Stem 
 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, 
 the upper and those of the branches linear or subulate; flowers solitary at the ends 
 of the branches, 2.5 cm. broad or less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, 
 one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceolate segments of the corolla, or less; 
 capsule about 5 mm. high. In pine barrens, Va. (?), N. Car. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. SLENDER MARSH PINK. (I. F. f. 
 2863.) Similar to the preceding. Stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear- 
 lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile, acute or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong 
 or oblanceolate, the uppermost almost filiform; flowers pink with a yellow eye, 
 about 2.5 cm. broad, mostly 5 parted; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the 
 oblong -obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter; capsule obovoid, about 5 
 mm. high. In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps, 
 eastern Mass, to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. May-Aug. [S. gracilis Salisb.J 
 
GEN TIA NA CEA E. 731 
 
 10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. LARGE MARSH PINK. (I. F. t. 
 2864.) Stem 3-6 dm. high, the branches alternate. Basal leaves spatulate, 
 obtuse, 3-8 cm. long; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the 
 uppermost usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white, solitary at 
 the ends of the branches or peduncles; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about one-half 
 as long as the 9-12 spatulate-obovate corolla-segments; anthers coiled; style deeply 
 2-cleft, its divisions clavate; capsule globose-oval, 6 mm. high. Borders of ponds 
 and along salt marshes, Mass. toFla. and Ala. July-Sept. \S. chlor aides Pursh.] 
 
 3. EUSTOMA Salisb. 
 
 Glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire leaves. Flowers 
 large blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal. Calyx deeply 
 5-6 cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla deeply 5-6-lobed, the 
 lobes oblong or obovate, convolute in the bud. Stamens 56, inserted on the 
 throat ol the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled; 
 stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small, numerous, foveolate. [Greek, 
 open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Two species, natives of the southern 
 U. S., Mex. and the W. Indies. 
 
 i. Eustoma Russellianum (L.) Griseb. RUSSELL'S EUSTOMA. (I. F. f. 
 2865.) Stem terete, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, 
 the upper usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 3-8 cm. long, 
 the lower usually obtuse and narrowed to a sessile or slightly auricled base; 
 peduncles 2-10 cm. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate, small; flowers 5-8 cm. 
 broad; calyx-lobes shorter than the purple corolla; corolla lobes obovate, about 4 
 times as long as the tube; anthers remaining nearly straight. On plains, Neb. to 
 La., Tex. and Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 4. GENTIANA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Mostly perennial and glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire 
 sessile or short-petioled leaves. Flowers solitary or clustered. Calyx tubular, 
 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla 4-7-lobed, oiten with membranous plaits in the 
 sinuses. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, 
 included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate. Ovary i-celled; ovules very 
 numerous; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds numerous. 
 [Named for King Gentius of Illyria.] About 300 species. Besides the following, 
 some 30 others occur in the western parts of N. Am. 
 
 * Corolla without plaits or teeth in the sinuses; annuals. 
 Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate; flowers 2-8 cm. long. 
 
 Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx. i. G. ventricosa. 
 
 Corolla conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx. 
 
 Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 2. G. crinita. 
 Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins ; leaves linear. 
 
 3. G. procera. 
 Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins ; flowers 1-2.5 cm - long. 
 
 Corolla-lobes fimbriate crested at the base, acute. 4. G. acuta. 
 
 Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate. 
 
 Calyx-lobes unequal; flowers mostly 4-parted. 5. G. propinqua. 
 
 Calyx-lobes equal; flowers 5-parted. 6. G. qiiinquefolia. 
 
 * * Corolla with membranous, toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; perennials. 
 Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate; seeds winged. 
 Anthers separate, or merely connivent. 
 
 Stems usually clustered; calyx lobes unequal; corolla narrowly funnelform. 
 
 7. G. affinis. 
 Stems mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes equal; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 
 
 8. G.puberula. 
 Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube. 
 
 Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling *he plaits. 
 
 Flowers 1-4; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as 
 
 the plaits. 9. G. parvifolia. 
 
 Flowers several or numerous; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much 
 
 longer than the plaits. 10. G. Saponaria. 
 
 Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. u. G, Andrewsii. 
 
732 FLORA. 
 
 Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so. 
 
 Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx. 
 
 Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits ; leaves broad, acuminate; seeds 
 
 winged. 12. G.flavida. 
 
 Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits; leaves narrow; seeds 
 
 winged. 13. G. linearis. 
 
 Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits; leaves broad; 
 
 seeds winged. 14. G. rubricaulis. 
 
 Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate; leaves obovate ; seeds wingless. 
 
 15. G. villosa. 
 Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate; leaves linear. 16. G. Porphyrio. 
 
 1. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. SWOLLEN GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2866.) 
 Stem terete, about 3 dm. high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem 
 ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2-5 cm. long; flowers few, soli- 
 tary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx inflated, ovoid, about 2 cm. 
 high; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse; ovary elliptic-oblong. Grand Rapids of Sas- 
 katchewan, between Cumberland House and Hudson Bay. 
 
 2. Gentiana crinita Froel. FRINGED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2867.) Stem 
 3-10 dm. high, the branches erect. Basal and lower leaves obovate, obtuse, the 
 upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the 
 apex, sessile with a rounded or subcordate base; flowers mostly 4-parted, about 
 5 cm. high, solitary at the ends of the usually elongated peduncles; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, acuminate; corolla bright blue, rarely white, narrowly campanulate, 
 its lobes obovate; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid. In moist 
 woods and meadows, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and Iowa. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Gentiana procera Holm. SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2868.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but smaller; stem 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower 
 leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long; 
 flowers 1-6, mostly 4 parted, about 3.5 cm. high; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; corolla narrowly ca.npanulate, its lobes spatulate-oblong. In wet places, 
 Newf. to Alaska, Anticosti, N. Y. Minn., S Dak. (G. serrata A. Gray, not Gun- 
 ner; G. detonsa Torrey, not Rottb.) Aug.-Oct. 
 
 4. Gentiana acuta Michx. NORTHERN GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2869.) Stem 
 1.5-5 dm. high- Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper 
 lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 
 sessile, 1-5 cm. long; flowers racemose-spicate, 1-1.6 cm. high; calyx-lobes lance- 
 olate; corolla tubular-campanulate, blue, its lobes lanceolate, acute; capsule sessile. 
 In moist or wet places, Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, Minn., south in the Rocky Mts. to 
 Ariz, and Mex. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. FOUR PARTED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 
 2870.) Stems slender, usually branched from the base, 5-18 cm. high. Basal 
 leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, oblong, or lanceolate, 1-4 cm long, 
 rounded at the slightly clasping base; flowers 1.5-2 cm. high; calyx 4-cleft, 2 of 
 the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, its lobes ovate- 
 lanceolate; capsule linear. Lab. to Alaska and Br. Col. Summer. 
 
 6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. STIFF GENTIAN. AGUE-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 2871.) Stem ridged, 0.5-5 dm. high* quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, 
 obtuse, those of the stem ovate, acute, clasping or rounded at the base, 3~7-nerved, 
 1-5 cm. long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends of the branches, or also axil- 
 lary; calyx one fourth to one-third the length of the corolla; coralla tubular-funnel- 
 form, blue, its lobes triangular, entire; capsule stipitate; seeds globose, wingless. 
 In dry or moist soil, Me. and Out. to Mich., Fla. and Mo. Aug^-Oct. 
 
 Gentiana quinquefolia occidentals (A. Gray) A. S. Hitchcock. Usually taller; 
 corolla more broadly funnelform; calyx-lobes foliaceous, reaching to the middle of the 
 corolla. Ohio to Minn., Tenn. and La. 
 
 7. Gentiana affinis Griseb. OBLONG- LEAVED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2872.) 
 Stems clustered from deep loots, minutely puberulent, simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate oblong, firm, indistinctly nerved. 1-4 cm. long, 
 the floral smaller; flowers 5 -parted, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, about 
 2.5 cm. high, not bracted under the calyx; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal; 
 corolla blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mucronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate 
 
GEN TIA NA CEA E t 733 
 
 appendages in the sinuses. In moist soil, Minn, to Br. Col., N. Mex. and Nev. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. Gentiana puberula Michx. DOWNY GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2873.) Stems 
 usually solitary, 2-4.5 dm. high, puberulent, or glabrous. Leaves firm, lanceo- 
 late, or the lower oblong, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, 2-8 cm. long; flowers 
 sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely solitary and terminal, 2-bracteolate 
 under the calyx, 3-5 cm. high ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, about as long as the 
 tube; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes 
 ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages. On 
 prairies, Ohio to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 9. Gentiana parvifolia(Chapm.). ELLIOTT'S GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2874.) Roots 
 a cluster of thick fibres; stems minutely rough-puberulent, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, thin, 2-5 cm. long, 3-nerved, or the 
 lower much smaller and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper 
 axils, about 5 cm. long, sessile; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer 
 than the tube; corolla blue, its lobes ovate, entire, 6-8 mm. long, about twice as 
 long as the fimbriate or toothed appendages; seeds oblong, broadly winged. In 
 moist soil, Va. to Fla. Sept.-Oct. [G. Elliottii Chapm., not Raf.] 
 
 10. Gentiana Saponaria L. SOAP- WORT GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2875.) Stem 
 glabrous, or minutely rough-puberulent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
 lanceolate or oblong, usually acute at both ends, 3-5 -nerved, 5-10 cm. long, the 
 lowest obovate and smaller; flowers 2.5-5 cm - high, * n sessile terminal and usually 
 also axillary clusters; calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue, its 
 lobes erect, obtuse, equalling or longer than the appendages; seeds broadly winged. 
 In wet soil, Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 11. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. CLOSED OR BLIND GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 
 2876.) Similar to the preceding, stout, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, simple. Leaves 
 ovate to lanceolate, 3-7-nerved. acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm> 
 high in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly I or 2 in the upper axils; calyx- 
 lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or occasion- 
 ally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes obsolete, the intervening appendages 
 very broad; seeds oblong, winged. In moist soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Ga. 
 and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 12. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. YELLOWISH GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2877.) 
 Stem stout, glabrous, simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, clasping or rounded at the base. 5-13 cm. long; 
 flowers in a sessile terminal cluster and sometimes I or 2 in the upper axils, 
 3-5 cm. high; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; corolla campanulate-funnelform, open, 
 greenish or yellowish white, its lobes ovate, twice as long as the erose- denticulate 
 appendages. In moist soil, Ont. to Va., Minn, and Ky. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 13. Gentiana linearis Froel. NARROW-LEAVED GENTIAN. J. F. f. 2878.) 
 Glabrous; stem slender, terete, simple, 1.5-5 dm. iiigh, leafy. Leaves linear or 
 linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-nerved, 3-8 cm. long; flowers 2.5-4.5 cm. 
 high in a terminal cluster of 1-5 and sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx- 
 lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes 
 erect, rounded, 2-4 mm. long, slightly longer than the entire or i-2-toothed 
 appendages. In bogs and on mountains, N. B. and Ont. to Md. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 14. Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. RED-STEMMED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2879.) 
 Glabrous; stem terete, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, rounded at the base, 5-8 cm. long, the lower narrower and obtuse; 
 flowers 3-3.5 cm. high in a sessile terminal cluster; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla 
 greenish blue or bright blue, club-shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish, much 
 longer than the i-2-toothed appendages. In wet soil, N. B. to N. Y., Ont. and 
 Minn. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 15. Gentiana villosa L. STRIPED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 2880.) Glabrousor 
 nearly so; stem simple, terete, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or the 
 upper acute, faintly 5 -nerved, 2-8 cm. long, the lower much smaller; flowers in a 
 terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the upper axils, nearly 5 cm. long; 
 calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube; corolla greenish white, striped 
 within, oblong funnelform, open, its lobes erect, much* longer than the oblique 
 
734 FLORA. 
 
 entire or i-2-toothed appendages. In shaded places, N. J. and Penn. to Fla. and 
 La. Sept. -Nov. [G. ochroleuca Froel.] 
 
 16. Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. ONE-FLOWERED GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 
 2881.) Glabrous; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, firm, 2-5 cm. long, 
 2-4 mm. wide, or the upper and Mower shorter; flowers short-peduncled, about 
 5 cm. high; calyx-lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnelform, bright 
 blue, sometimes brown-dotted within, its lobes ovate, spreading, 1-1.5 cm - l n g> 
 three times as long as the laciniate appendages, or more, seeds oblong, wingless. 
 In moist pine barrens, southern N. J. to Fla. Aug.-Oct.[6". 
 
 5. PLEUROGYNE Eschol. 
 
 Slender annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large flowers 
 in terminal racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the peduncles. Calyx 
 deeply 4-5 -parted; segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted; lobes ovate or 
 lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base. Sta- 
 mens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary i-celled; ovules numerous; style 
 none; stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2 valved. Seeds 
 small, numerous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.] About 7 
 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate; sepals linear. i. P. rotata. 
 
 Leaves spatulate or lanceolate; sepals ovate to lanceolate. 2. P. Carinthiaca. 
 
 1. Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Griseb. PLEUROGYNE. (I. F. f. 2882.) Stem 
 erect, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the basal spatulate or 
 oblong; sepals about the length of the lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate corolla-seg- 
 ments, which are 8-12 mm. long; capsule narrowly oblong. Greenland and Lab. 
 to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Pleurogyne Carinthiaca (Wulf.) Griseb. SMALLER PLEUROGYNE. (I. F. f. 
 2883.) Similar to the preceding, but mostly smaller and more slender, rarely over 
 1.5 dm. high, the stems or branches I few-flowered; leaves spatulate, ovate, 
 oblong, or lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long; sepals ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the 
 corolla-segments or at length equalling them, these 6-12 mm. long, ovate, and 
 acute; capules ovoid-oblong. Lab. and Quebec. The American plant was sep- 
 arated from the European by Dr. Gray as var. pusilla. 
 
 6. FRASERA Walt. 
 
 Perennial or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, 
 and rather large flowers in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-parted. 
 Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the bud, each bearing I or 2 
 fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube; fila- 
 ments sometimes united at the base; anthers versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled; 
 style distinct; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, com- 
 pressed, 2-valved, few-seeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly 
 winged. [In honor of John Fraser, a botanical collector.] Eight species, natives 
 of N. Am. 
 
 i. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO. (I. F. f. 2884.) 
 Stem 9-12 dm. high, stout. Leaves mostly verticillate in 4's, those of the stem 
 lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 7-15 cm. long, the basal ones spatulate or 
 oblanceolate, usually larger, the uppermost bract-like; inflorescence often 6 dm. 
 long; flowers slender-pedicelled, about 2.5 cm. broad; corolla yellowish white with 
 brown-purple dots, its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a circular long-fringed gland; 
 capsule much compressed, I-I.6 cm. high, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, 
 western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Ga. and Ky. June-Aug. 
 
 7. TETRAGONANTHUS S. G. Gmel. [HALENIA Borck.J 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-sized flowers in often pan- 
 icled cymes. Calyx deeply 4 cleft or 4 parted. Corolla campanulate, 4- 5 -cleft, 
 the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below. 
 Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers versatile. Ovary 
 I-celled, the placentae more or less intruded; ovules numerous; style short, or none; 
 stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds globose -ovoid, smooth. [Greek, allud- 
 
GENTIAN A CEAE. 73 5 
 
 ing to the 4-parted flowers.] About 30 species, natives of N. Am., S. Am. and 
 Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Tetragonanthus deflexus (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. SPURRED GENTIAN. 
 (I. F. f. 2885.) Annual; stem 1.5-5 dm. high- Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, 
 obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile. 3-5- 
 nerved, 2-5 cm. long, the uppermost smaller; calyx-segments acute or acuminate; 
 corolla purplish or white, about 8 mm. high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs de- 
 flexed or descending, one-fourth to one-half the length of the corolla; capsule 12- 
 14 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx. . In moist woods and thickets, Lab. 
 to Mass., N. Y., Mich, and the Ind. Terr. July-Ang. 
 
 Tetragonanthus deflexus Brentonianus (Griseb.) Britton. Low, 0.7-2 dm. high; 
 spurs shorter and thicker, perhaps specifically distinct. Newf. to Anticosti and Lab. 
 
 Tetragonanthus deflexus heteranthus ^Griseb.) Britton. Corollas spurless, or only 
 the earliest spur-bearing, the lower flowers mostly smaller than the upper. Newf. to 
 Me. \_Halenia heterantha Griseb.] 
 
 8. OBOLARIA L. 
 
 A low glabrous perennial herb, the lower leaves reduced to opposite scales, the 
 upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid. white or purplish 
 flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulate. 4-cleft, the 
 lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the 
 corolla. Ovary I -celled, with 4 internal placenta! projections; ovules numerous; 
 style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved or irregularly burst- 
 ing. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule. [Greek, obolus, 
 a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Obolaria Virginica L. PENNYWORT. (I. F. f. 2886.) Stems 7-15 cm. 
 high from a perennial root of thick fibres, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small ob- 
 tuse scales. Floral leaves broadly obovate -cuneate, obtuse, purplish, 8-12 mm. 
 long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils, in clusters of 1-4, and terminal; 
 corolla about i cm. long, cleft to about the middle, the lobes oblong, obtuse; 
 stamens included; capsule 5 mm. long. In rich woods and thickets, N. J. to Ga., 
 111. and Tex. April -May. 
 
 9. BARTONIA Muhl. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced 
 to minute opposite scales, or these sometimes alternate, and small white or yel- 
 lowish racemose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx 
 deeply 4-parted, the segments acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate, deeply 
 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of the 
 corolla. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded; ovules numerous; style short or 
 none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, acute, 2-valved. Seeds minute, 
 covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Ben- 
 jamin Smith Barton, 1766-1815, of Philadelphia.] 
 
 Corolla yellowish, 3-4 mm. long, its lobes oblong. i. B. Virginica. 
 
 Corolla purplish tinged, 4-5 mm. long, its lobes broadly oblong. 2. B. iodandra. 
 
 Corolla white, 6-8 mm. long, its lobes spatulate. 3. B. verna. 
 
 1. Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S.P. YELLOW BARTONIA. (I. F. f. 2887.) 
 Stem almost filiform, 1-4 dm. high, simple, or with few erect branches above, 
 5 -angled, yellowish green. Subulate scales 2-4 mm. long, appressed; flowers 
 mostly opposite, peduncled; peduncles ascending or erect, 4-12 mm. long; corolla 
 somewhat exceeding the calyx; stamens included; stigma 2 mm. long; ovary 4- 
 sided; capsule about 3 mm. long. In moist soil, Newf. to Fla., Mich, and La. 
 July-Sept. [B. lenella Willd.] 
 
 2. Bartonia todindra Robinson. PURPLISH BARTONIA. Stem 4-25 cm. 
 high, simple or alternately branched above the middle. Scales alternate, 2-3 mm. 
 long; pedicels mostly i-flowered; corolla distinctly purplish, about twice as long 
 as the calyx, its lobes obtusish, mucronate; stigma short, thick. In sphagnum, 
 Newf. to N. J. [B. Museri of 111. F!., in part.] 
 
 3. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl. WHITE BARTONIA. (I. F. f. 2888.) Stem 
 usually simple, o;5-4 dm. high, racemotely or corymbosely i- several-flowered. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Scales appressed, some of them commonly alternate; flowers solitary at the ends 
 of the elongated erect peduncles; peduncles sometimes 5 crn. long; corolla about 
 3 times the length of the calyx; ovary compressed; capsule about 5 mm. high. In 
 swamps, southern Va. to Fla. and La. March-May. 
 
 Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. 
 Buckbean Family. 
 
 Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate leaves, and 
 clustered regular perfect 'flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, per- 
 sistent. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate, at least 
 in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its 
 lobes; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent; pollen-grains 3-angled. 
 Ovary i -celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded. Fruit a capsule, or 
 indehiscent. Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate; swamp plant. i. Menyat\thes, 
 
 Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Limnanthemum. 
 
 i. MENYANTHES L. 
 
 A glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, long-petioled 3-foliolate basal 
 leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral scapes. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, 
 fimbriate or bearded within. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla; anthers sagit- 
 tate. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled ; style subulate ; stigma 
 2-lamellate. Capsule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds few, com- 
 pressed-globose, shining. [Greek, perhaps month-flower.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Menyanthes trifoliata L. BUCKBEAN. MARSH OR BEAN TREFOIL. 
 BOG-BEAN. (I. F. f. 2889.) Rootstocks thick, scaly, sometimes 3 dm. long. 
 Petioles sheathing at the base; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse, narrowed 
 to the sessile base, 3-8 cm. long; raceme 10-20- flowered; pedicels 6-25 mm. long, 
 bracteolate at the base; flowers 10-12 mm. long; calyx shorter than the white or 
 purplish corolla; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 8 mm. long. In bogs, Greenland to 
 Alaska, L. L, Penn., Neb. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 3. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin. 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves petioled- ovate or orbicular, 
 entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or white, umbellate 
 at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary. Calyx 5- 
 parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate valvate in the 
 bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 
 corolla; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i -celled; style short or none; stigma 
 2-lamellate. Capsule indehiscent or irregularly bursting. [Greek, pool-blossom.] 
 About 20 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Flowers accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers; native species. 
 
 Floating leaves 2-5 cm. long; flowers 6-12 mm. broad, yellow; seeds smooth. 
 
 1. L. lacunosum. 
 Floating leaves 5-15 cm. long; flowers 12-20 mm. broad, white; seeds rough. 
 
 2. L. aquaticum. 
 Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, 25 mm. broad, or 
 
 more; introduced species. 3. L. nymphaeoides. 
 
 i. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. FLOATING HEART. (I. F. 
 f. 2890.) Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short-petioled ; stems (stolons) 
 filiform, sometimes 3 m. long, bearing a short petioled floating leaf, an umbel of 
 flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers at its summit, or some of the floating leaves 
 on petioles as long as the stems; floating leaves ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath; 
 pedicels slender; tubers linear-conic. 1-2.5 cm. long; capsule covered by the con- 
 nivent calyx-segments. In ponds, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn, and La. July-Aug. 
 
 2 Limnanthemum aquaticum 'Walt.) Britton. LARGER FLOATING HEART- 
 (I. F. f. 2891.) Similar to the preceding but stouter and larger. Floating leaves 
 
APOCYNACEAE. 737 
 
 cordate-orbicular, thick, entire or repand, spongy, and with the petioles and stolons 
 densely covered with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate; tubers linear-oblong, 
 thicker; seeds rough; capsule longer than the calyx. In ponds, N. J. and Del. to 
 Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. [L. trachyspermum A. Gray.] 
 
 3. Limnanthenmm nymphaeoides (L.) Hoffm. & Link. WATER LILY 
 FLOATING HEART. (I. F. f. 2892.) Stems long, branched, the upper nodes 
 bearing a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the upper internodes very short 
 and their leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout, mostly longer than the ovate- 
 orbicular firm blades, which are 5-10 cm. broad; pedicels stout, becoming 7-15 cm. 
 long; corolla-segments short-fringed. Nat. in ponds, D. C. Native of Europe and 
 Asia. May-July. 
 
 Family 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. 
 Dogbane Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly 
 with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect 
 regular 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated 
 in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in the bud and 
 of ten. twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate 
 with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled ; pollen-grains 
 simple. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct 
 carpels, or i-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules anatro- 
 pous or amphitropous ; style simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit 
 usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged ; endosperm 
 fleshy ; embryo straight ; radicle terete, usually shorter than the coty- 
 ledons. About 130 genera and 1050 species, very widely distributed, 
 mostly in tropical regions. 
 
 Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. i. Amsonia. 
 Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs. 
 
 Flowers large, axillary, colitary. 2. Vinca. 
 Flowers small, cymose. 
 
 Erect or diffuse herbs ; corolla campanulate to urceolate. 3. Apocynum. 
 
 High-climbing vines ; corolla funnelform. 4. Trachelospermum. 
 
 i. AMSONIA Walt. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or 
 bluish flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the 
 segments acuminate. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat 
 dilated at the summit, villous within. Stamens included; anthers ovate or oblong. 
 Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style; ovules 
 in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. 
 Fruit of 2 erect cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds obliquely truncate at each 
 end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.] About 12 
 species, natives of N. Am. and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur 
 in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; pods divergent. i. A. Amsonia. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate ; pods ascending. 2. A. salicifolia. 
 
 1. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. BROAD-LEAVED AMSONIA. Glabrous 
 or nearly so, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, 
 narrowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; 
 petioles 4-8 mm. long; pedicels bracteolate at the base; calyx about 2 mm. long, 
 its segments subulate; corolla 12-18 mm. long, beaked by the convolute limb in the 
 bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the tube; follicles 5~ 10 cm - ' n R? about 
 4 mm. thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous; seeds papillose. In moist soil, N. J. 
 to Mo., Ky., Fla. and Tex. April-July. [A. Tabernaemontana Walt.] 
 
 2. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh. WILLOW. LEAVED AMSONIA. Similar to the 
 preceding, but the leaves much narrower, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 long, 10-20 mm. wide; pods ascending, stem often much stouter. Tenn. to Kans. 
 Fla. and La. April-June. 
 
 2. VINCA L. 
 
 Herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large solitary 
 axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acuminate. Corolla salverform, 
 the tube pubescent within, the lobes oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, 
 alternate with the 2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma 
 annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong- 
 cylindric, truncate at each end. [The Latin name.] About 12 species, one native 
 of tropical Am., occurring in Fla., the others of the Old World. 
 
 i. Vinca minor L. PERIWINKLE. MYRTLE. (I. F. f. 2894.) Perennial, 
 trailing, glabrous; stems 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, 
 shining, green both sides, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long; 
 flowers blue, 1.8-3 cm. broad; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; calyx-segments subulate- 
 lanceolate, glabrous; corolla-tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than 
 the obovate, nearly truncate lobes; anther-sacs with a broad connective. Escaped 
 f rom gardens, Ont. to Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Ga. Native of Europe, Feb. -May. 
 
 3. APOCYNUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in 
 jorymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla campanulate, the 
 tube bearing within 5 small triangular appendages alternate with the stamens, the 
 limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted en the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, con- 
 nivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 
 carpels; ovules numerous; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slen- 
 der, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, the apex tipped with a long coma. 
 [Greek, dogbane.] About 15 species, of the north temperate zone. 
 
 Corolla 5-9 mm. long, its lobes spreading or recurved. 
 
 Corolla not angled, pink, its tube narrowed in the throat, i. A. androsaemifolium. 
 Corolla 5-angled, white or faintly pink, its tube not narrowed in the throat. 
 Corolla campanulate, 6-7 mm. long. 2. A. medium. 
 
 Corolla urceolate to tubular, 4-6 mm. long. 
 
 Calyx-segments triangular-ovate, much shorter than the corolla-tube. 
 
 3. A. Milleri. 
 Calyx-segments lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube. 
 
 4. A. urceolifer. 
 Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, its lobes erect or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves and cymes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 
 Leaves petioled, mostly narrowed at the base. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as wide; flowers green 
 
 to whitish. 5. A. cannabinum. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as wide; flowers white. 
 
 6. A. album. 
 Leaves sessile or very nearly so, mostly cordate-clasping or obtuse at the base. 
 
 7. A. hypericifolium. 
 Whole plant, including Jhe cymes, densely soft-pubescent. 8. A. pubescens. 
 
 1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. SPREADING DOGBANE. HONEY- 
 BLOOM. (I. F. f. 2895.) Rootstock horizontal; stem 3-15 dm. high; branches 
 broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, mucronate, glabrous 
 above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles 
 4-8 mm. long; cymes loose, usually both terminal and axillary; pedicels 4-10 mm. 
 long, subulate-bracted at the base; flowers about 8 mm. broad; calyx- segments 
 shorter than the terete tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute, rounded; 
 follicles 10-17 cm - l n g> narrowed at the apex. In fields and thickets, Anticosti 
 to Br. Col., Ga. , Neb. and Ariz. June- July. 
 
 2. Apocynum medium Greene. INTERMEDIATE DOGBANE. Rootstock hori- 
 zontal; stem stout, 7-13 dm. high, the branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves 
 oblong to oval, mucronulate, ascending, 6-9 cm. long, somewhat pubescent beneath; 
 petioles 4-8 mm. long; cymes compact, all terminal; pedicels 3-5 mm. long: flowers 
 erect; calyx -segments about half as lon^as the 5-angled corolla-tube; corolla white, 
 
APOCYNACEAE. 739 
 
 or faintly pink, 6-7 mm. long, its segments acutish, spreading; pods 7-12 cm. long. 
 Fields and roadsides, Md. and D. C. June-Aug. [A. speciosum G. S. Miller.] 
 
 3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. MILLER'S DOGBANE. Slender, seldom over 
 10 dm. high, the branches widely spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 
 6-8 cm. long, mucronate, pubescent beneath; petioles 3-6 mm. long, pubescent; 
 cymes small, terminal, or also in the upper axils; pedicels 2-3 mm. long. Flowers 
 suberect; corolla pinkish, 5-6 mm. long, its rounded segments spreading; pods 
 about 9 cm. long. Dry soil, N. Y. to Md. June-July. [A. medittm G. S. Miller, 
 not Greene.] 
 
 4. Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller. URN -FLOWERED DOGBANE. Similar 
 to the preceding species, and about equally tall; flowers smaller; corolla 4-5 mm. 
 long, white, or merely tinged with pink, its segments pointed, spreading; calyx 
 about as long as the corolla-tube. Fields and roadsides, N. Y. to Md. and Mo. 
 June-July. 
 
 5. Apocynum cannabinum L. INDIAN HEMP. AMY-ROOT. (I. F. f. 2896.) 
 Root deep, vertical. Stem 10-17 dm. high, the branches erect or ascending. 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, mucronate, glabrous above, 
 sometimes pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles 2-15 mm. long, or some- 
 times none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments 
 nearly as long as the tube of the greenish white corolla; follicles 13-20 cm. long. 
 In fields and thickets, Anticosti to Br. Col., Fla. and Lower Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Apocynum album Greene. RIVER-BANK DOGBANE. Glabrous; leaves 
 smaller, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, or sometimes rounded at the base, 
 seldom over 7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, distinctly petioled. On river-shores and 
 similar situations, Me. and Ont. to Wise., Va. and Mo. June-July. 
 
 7. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. CLASPING LEAVED DOGBANE. (I. F. f. 
 2897.) Glabrous, often glaucous; stem 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending. 
 Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate to oval, 2-8 cm. long, cordate-clasping, rounded, 
 truncate, or the upper narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile, the primary 
 venation forming broad angles with the midvein; cymes many-flowered; pedicels 
 mostly not longer than the flowers, bracteolate; calyx-segments about the length of 
 the corolla-tube, lanceolate^ acute; follicles 5-9 cm. long. In dry soil, or along 
 streams, Ont. to Br. Col.; L. I., 111. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 8. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. VELVET DOGBANE. (I. F. f. 2898.) Whole 
 plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety-pubescent. Branches 
 ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the 
 base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface; petioles 24 mm. 
 long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceo- 
 late, acute; corolla apparently purple, its lobes erect; follicles 6-7 cm. long. Va. 
 to 111., Iowa and Mo. 
 
 4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire. 
 
 Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with oppo- 
 site entire leaves, and small flowers in compound cymes. Calyx small, deeply 
 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform. 
 the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above. Stamens included, or short- exserted; 
 anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma. Disk of 5 glandular 
 lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous; style slender, its apex thickened below 
 the narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds 
 linear, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is 
 not beaked.] About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and N. Am. 
 
 i. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. TRACHELOSPERMUM. 
 (I. F. f. 2899.) Stems I cm. in diameter or more. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or 
 lanceolate, acuminate or acute, 3-8 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; 
 flowers yellow or cream-color, 8-10 mm. long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spread- 
 ing, shorter than the tube; follicles 1.2-2.3 dm. long, scarcely 4 mm. thick. In 
 moist woods and along streams, Del. to Fla., Tex. and Mex., mostly near the 
 coast. June-Aug. 
 
74 FLORA. 
 
 Family 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl.* 
 
 Milkweed Family. 
 
 Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with esti- 
 pulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx infe- 
 rior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in 
 the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed 
 or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted 
 crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to 
 one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla*; filaments short, 
 stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their 
 bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, 
 or more or less united with each other; anther-sacs tipped with an in- 
 flexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, some- 
 times appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into waxy or granular 
 masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the 
 stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with the 
 anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at 
 the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each 
 carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds com- 
 pressed, usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm cartilagi- 
 nous ; embryo nearly as long as the seed ; cotyledons flat. About 220 
 genera and 1900 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Erect or decumbent herbs. 
 
 Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 i. Asclepias. 
 
 Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora. 
 
 Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel; leaves opposite 
 
 or alternate. 3. Acerates. 
 
 Twining vines. 
 
 Corolla-lobes erect; corona-lobes i -2-awned. 4. Gonolobus. 
 
 Corolla rotate. 
 
 Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous. 
 
 5. Cynanchum. 
 Anthers merely tipped; pollen-masses horizontal. 6. Vincetoxicum. 
 
 i. ASCLEPIAS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in urn- 
 bels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, 
 often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, 
 reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave 
 hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Filaments con- 
 nate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings 
 broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their 
 caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5 -angled or 5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, 
 acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to AEsculapius.] 
 About 85 species, mostly natives of the New World ; besides the following some 
 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Corolla and corona orange : leaves alternate or opposite. 
 
 Stem erect or ascending; leaves nearly all alternate. I. A. tuberosa. 
 
 Stems reclining ; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. 
 
 2. A. decumbens, 
 
 * * Corolla bright red or purple; leaves opposite. 
 Flowers 2-4 mm. broad ; corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear; hoods oblong, obtuse 3. A. lanceolata. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; hoods lanceolate. 4. A. rubra. 
 
 Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. A. purpurascens, 
 
 * Revised by Miss ANNA MURRAY VAIL. 
 
ASCLEPIADALEAE. 74 r 
 
 Flowers 4-6 mm. broad ; corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high. 
 
 Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 6. A. incarnata. 
 
 Plant pubescent; leaves oblong. 7. A. pulchra. 
 
 * * * Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate. 
 Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular. 
 Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above. 
 Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled. 
 
 Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods z-auriculate at the base. 
 
 8. A. Sullivantii. 
 
 Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate. 9. A. latifolia. 
 
 Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated. 
 
 Leaves cordate-clasping, wavy-margined. 10. A. amplexicaulis* 
 
 Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood. 
 
 ii. A. Meadii. 
 Leaves manifestly petioled. 
 
 Corolla greenish; umbels loose; pedicels drooping. 12. A. exaltata. 
 Corolla white ; umbels dense. 13. A. variegata. 
 
 Corolla pink ; some of the leaves verticillate in 4*5. 14. A. quadrifolia. 
 Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose. 
 Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes. 
 
 Corona-hoods obtuse, short. 15. A. Syriaca. 
 
 Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. 16. A. speciosa. 
 
 Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent. 
 Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 9-11 mm. long. 
 
 17. A. arenaria. 
 
 Leaves flat; corolla-segments 4-6 mm. long. 18. A. ovalifolia. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear. 
 
 Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 19. A. brachystephana. 
 
 Leaves thin,' slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy. 20. A. perennis. 
 
 Leaves mostly verticillate in 2's-6's, narrowly linear. 
 
 Hoods entire. 21. A. verticillata. 
 
 Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate. 22. A. galioides. 
 
 Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear. 23. A. pumila. 
 
 1. Asclepias tuberosa L. BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. (I. F. f. 
 2900.) Hirsute pubescent; stems stout above, very leafy, 3-6 dm. high, the milky 
 sap scanty. Leaves usually all alternate, lanceolate or oblong, sessile or short- 
 petioled, 5-15 cm. long; umbels cymose, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than 
 the leaves; pedicels pubescent; corolla-segments oblong, obtuse, about 6 mm. 
 long, greenish; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or rarely yellow, 2-3 times 
 as long as the stamens, slightly longer than the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels 
 decurved; follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 10-12 cm. long. In dry fields, 
 Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Tex. and Ariz. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Asclepias decumbens L. DECUMBENT BUTTERFLY-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 2901.) Hirsute-pubescent; stems 6-9 dm. long, the ends ascending or erect. 
 Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, narrowed and 
 often inequilateral at the base, 5-8 cm. long, the upper opposite, the lower com- 
 monly alternate, the uppermost very small; umbels racemose along the branches; 
 peduncles stout; pedicels slender, somewhat pubescent; corolla segments oblong, 
 acutish, about 6 mm. long; the hoods erect, oblong, orange, slightly longer than 
 the subulate horn; follicles more slender than in the preceding. In dry fields, Conn, 
 to 111., Ohio, N. Car. and Fla. June- Aug. 
 
 3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. FEW-FLOWERED MILKWEED. (L F. f. 2902.) 
 Nearly glabrous; stem usually simple, naked above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 opposite, distant, elongated, acuminate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 10-25 
 cm. long, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels 
 few-flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the. summit; peduncles about equalling the slender 
 puberulent pedicels; corolla- segments oblong, 911 mm. long, deep red; hoods obovate 
 or oblong, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers and longer 
 than the subulate incurved horn ; anther- wings notched at the base ; fruiting ped- 
 icels decurved; follicles erect, minutely puberulent, fusiform, about I dm. long. 
 In swamps, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mostly _near the coast. June-Aug. 
 
742 FLORA. 
 
 4. Asclepias rubra L. RED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2903.) Nearly glabrous; 
 stem usually simple, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, 
 rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 1-2 dm. long, 
 the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels 1-4, many -flowered; peduncles shorter 
 than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy; corolla purplish red, 
 or the hoocls orange-red, 6-9 mm. long; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly 
 straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, 
 about i dm. long. Moist soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 5. Asclepias purpurascens L. PURPLE MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2904.) Stem 
 stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually simple, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. 
 Leaves petioled, mucronulate, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 8- 
 20 cm. long, the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels many-flowered; peduncles 
 stout; pedicels slender, puberulent; corolla deep purple, its segments oblong, about 
 6 mm. long; hoods nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns 
 broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex; fruiting pedicels 
 deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect 10-13 cm. long. In dry fields and 
 thickets, Mass, to Va., Ont., Minn, and Kans. June-Aug. \A, amoena L. ?] 
 
 6. Asclepias incarnata L. SWAMP MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2905.) Stem 
 slender, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves acuminate, 8-15 cm. long, the 
 primary nerves not wide-spreading; umbels usually numerous, many-flowered; 
 pedicels pubescent; corolla red or rose-purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 
 4 mm. long; horns incurved, longer than the hoods, obtuse, pink or purplish; 
 anther- wings entire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruiting pedicels erect or 
 incurved; follicles erect, 5-9 cm. long, sparingly puberulent. In swamps, N. B. to 
 the N. W. Terr., Tenn., La. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. HAIRY MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2906.) Similar 
 to the preceding; stem stout, tomentose -pubescent, 6-10 dm. high, leafy to the top. 
 Leaves acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish, pubescent, at least on the veins 
 beneath, 7-13 cm. long; petioles usually short; flowers similar to those of A. incar- 
 nata, but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; peduncles and 
 pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; follicles erect, finely and 
 densely pubescent, 5-8 cm. long. In moist fields and swamps, Me. to Minn, and 
 Ga. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. SULLIVANT'S MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2907.) 
 Stem stout, 6-12 dm. high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, oblong or ovate- 
 oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or 
 slightly clasping at the base, 10-15 cm - l n &> the primary nerves very wide- 
 spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also in the upper axils, many-flowered; 
 peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-segments oval-oblong, 11-13 mm - l n g> 
 purplish; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, longer than the anthers and the subulate 
 incurved horn; follicles erect, glabrous, 8-10 cm. long, usually with blunt processes 
 near the apex. In moist soil, Ohio to Minn., Neb., Mo. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. BROAD-LEAVED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 .) Stem stout, usually simple, 3-7 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, 
 oval to orbicular, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and 
 cordate or subcordate at the base, 10-15 cm - l n S anc ^ nearly as wide, primary 
 nerves very wide spreading; umbels 2-4, many-flowered, short-peduncled in the 
 upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent; corolla-segments ovate, 
 acute, 9-13 mm. long, greenish; hoods about equalling the anthers, the horn pro- 
 jecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma; follicles erect on deflexed. 
 pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 5-8 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. thick. On dry plains, 
 Neb. to Colo., Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. BLUNT-LEAVED MILKWEED 
 (I. F. f. 2909.) Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glaucous; stem erect 01 
 ascending, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong or ovate oblong, obtuse and mucronu. 
 late, 8-13 cm. long; primary nerves wide-spreading; umbel many-flowered, rarely 
 with a second shorter-peduncled one at its ba^e; pedicels slender, downy, about 
 2.5 cm. long; corolla-segments oblong, greenish purple, about 9 mm. long; hoods 
 pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate 
 incurved horn; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 
 
A SCL EPIA D A CEA E. 743 
 
 10-15 cm. long. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Me. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and 
 Tex. May- Aug. [A. obtusi folia Michx.] 
 
 11. Asclepias Meadii Torr. MEAD'S MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2910.) Nearly 
 glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous; stem simple, or rarely branched 
 above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceo- 
 late or the lower oblong, the margins scabrous ; umbel several-flowered, borne on a 
 peduncle 8-15 cm. long; corolla-segments greenish yellow, ovate, acute, 6-9 mm. 
 long; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and 
 truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with'a small tooth 
 at each side on the inner infolded .margin; follicles erect on decurved pedicels, 
 puberulent, narrow, 10-12 cm. long. Dry soil, 111. to Iowa and Wise. June-Aug. 
 
 12. Asclepias exaltata (L.)Muhl. POKE OR TALL MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2911.) Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the 
 usually simple stem, 1-2 m. high. Leaves thin or membranous, oval, ovate or 
 oblong, acuminate at both ends, 10-23 cm - l n g> 3~ 10 cm - wide, the lower some- 
 times obovate, obtuse, shorter; peduncles 2.5-8 cm. long; umbels usually several; 
 pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, 2.5-5 cm. long, puberulent; corolla-seg- 
 ments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 6-9 mm. long; hoods white or pink, slightly- 
 shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit 
 truncate and entire or erose, with I or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner mar- 
 gins; follicles erect on the deflexed pedicels, downy, long-acuminate, 10-15 cm. 
 long. In thickets and woods, Me. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. June-Aug. 
 
 13. Asclepias variegata L. WHITE MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2912.) Stem 
 glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obovate, obtuse and cuspidate or 
 acutish, dark green above, pale beneath, 6-15 cm. long, the middle ones sometimes 
 verticillate in 4/3; petioles 6-25 mm. long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2 in 
 the upper axils, densely many-flowered; pedicels erect or ascending, usually 
 densely puberulent; corolla segments ovate or oval, about 6 mm. long, white, or 
 purple near the base; column purplish; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse, spreading, 
 longer than the anthers, about equalling the semi lunate horizontally pointed 
 horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 10-13 cm. long. In 
 dry woods and thickets, Conn, to 111., Fla., Ark. and La. June-July. 
 
 ' 14. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2913.) 
 Stem slender, simple, 3-6 dm. high, usually leafless below. Leaves thin, spar- 
 ingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or 
 acuminate, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse; umbels I 4, ter- 
 minal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender; corolla- lobes lanceolate- 
 oblong, 4-6 mm. long; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed above ihe 
 base, twice as long as the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles erect on the 
 erect fruiting pedicels, 8-13 cm. long, glabrous. Woods and thickets, Me. and 
 Ont. to Minn., N. Car. and Ark. May-July. 
 
 15. Asclepias Syriaca L. COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2914.) Stem stout, usually simple, 9-15 dm. high, finely pubescent at least above. 
 Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, 10- 
 23 cm. long, the primary nerves wide-spreading; petioles stout, 6-17 mm. long; 
 umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomentose, 3-9 cm. long; 
 pedicels 2.5-5 cm - l n gi corolla green-purple, its segments oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 
 mm. long; hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers 
 and the incurved horn; follicles 6-13 cm. long, ereot on recurved pedicels. In 
 fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., N. Car. and Kans. Leaves 
 rarely lanceolate. June-Aug. [A- Cor nut i Dec.] 
 
 16. Asclepias speciosa Torr. SHOWY MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2915.) White- 
 tomentose or canescent all over, or glabrate below, pale; stem simple, stout, 37 
 dm. high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, petioled, 8-20 cm. long; pedun- 
 cles 2.5-7 cm. long; umbels several or rarely solitary, many-flowered; pedicels 
 stout; corolla purple- green, its segments oblong or ovate-oblong, 913 mm. long, 
 tomentose on the outer face; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate, 11-15 
 mm. long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth below, the apex ligulate, 5-7 
 times as long as the anthers; horn short, inflexed; follicles erect or spreading on 
 
744 FLORA. 
 
 the recurved fruiting pedicels, 7-10 cm. long. In moist soil, Minn, to Br. Col. 
 Kans., Utah and Cal. May-July. 
 
 17. Asclepias arenaria Torr. SAND MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2916.) Densely 
 tomentose-canescent all over ; stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves obovate or oval, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, 
 truncate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 510 
 cm. long, the angle of the primary nervation broad; umbels densely many-flowered, 
 short-peduncled or sessile; corolla greenish white, its segments oval oblong; hoods 
 oblong, truncate at each end, oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a 
 broad tooth on each side within; horn semi-lunate with an abruptly incurved sub- 
 ulate apex; follicles puberulent, 5-10 cm. long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedi- 
 cels. On sand-bars and hills, Neb. and Colo, to Mex. and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 18. Asclepias ovalifdlia Dec. OVAL-LEAVED MILKWORT. (I. F. f. 2917.) 
 Finely tomentose all over; stem simple, usually slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves oval, ovate, oblong 'or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, short-petioled, the 
 upper surfaces becoming glabrate; umbels solitary or few, many-flowered; pedun- 
 cles short; corolla greenish-white or purplish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; 
 hoods oval-oblong, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bearing a large acute tooth 
 on each of the inner margins; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma; follicles 
 ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedicels, pubescent. In woods and on prairies, 
 111. to S. Dak., Manitoba and the N. W. Terr. June-July. 
 
 19. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. SHORT CROWNED MILKWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2918.) Puberulent when young, soon glabrate; stems clustered, often 
 branched, spreading or ascending, 15-25 cm. long. Leaves lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate, 5-8 cm. long, or the lowest shorter; umbels several, 
 terminal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels equalling or longer 
 than the peduncles; corolla greenish purple, its segments about 4 mm. long; hoods 
 ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly ex- 
 serted; follicles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedicels, downy or 
 hoary, acuminate. 5-9 cm. long. In dry soil, Kans. (according to B. B. Smyth), 
 Wyo. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 20. Asclepias perennis Walt. THIN-LEAVED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2919.) 
 Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slender, erect, sometimes slightly woody 
 at the base, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acumin- 
 ate or acute at both ends, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so ; umbels solitary, 
 or several and corymbose; peduncles 2.55 cm< ^ on 5 pedicels slender; flowers very 
 small, white ; corolla-segments oblong, 2-4 mm. long ; hoods oval, erect, entire, 
 about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn ; 
 follicles glabrous, erect on the erect fruiting pedicels; seeds 11-13 mm. long, very 
 thin, destitute of coma. On river-shores and in wet places, N. Car. to 111., Mo., 
 Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 21. Asclepias verticillata L. WHORLED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2920.) 
 Roots fascicled; stem slender, pubescent in lines at least above, very leafy, 3-8 dm. 
 high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verticillate in 3's~7's or some of them 
 alternate, glabrous or nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels usually 
 numerous, small; peduncles slender ; pedicels filiform; corolla greenish white, its 
 segments oblong, 3-4 mm. long; hoods white, oblong, entire, about equalling the 
 anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn ; follicles erect on the 
 erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, glabrous, 5-7 cm. long. Dry fields 
 and hills, Me. and Ont. to th'e N. W. Terr., Fla., Mex. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 22. Asclepias galioides H. B. K. BEDSTRAW MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 292oa.) 
 Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedicels. Stems erect, 3-5 dm. 
 high from a horizontal rootstock ; leaves erect or spreading, in whorls of 2-6, 
 narrowly linear, 5-8 cm. long, the margins revolute; peduncles longer than the 
 pedicels and shorter than the leaves; umbels 19-26 mm. in diameter; flowers 
 greenish-white; corolla-segments 4 mm. long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly 
 rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ventral margins slightly in- 
 volute, entire; horn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserted over the 
 anthers; anther- wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting 
 pedicels, attenuated, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so. Kans. to Colo., Ariz, 
 and Mex. May -July. 
 
ASCLEPIA DA CEA E. 745 
 
 23 Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Low MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2921.) 
 
 Stems 4-25 cm. high, tufted from a woody root. Leaves numerous, crowded, 
 sometimes obscurely whorled, filiform-linear, 2.5-5 cm - lon g< smooth or minutely 
 roughened, the margins revolute; umbels 2-several, short- peduncled, few- flowered; 
 pedicels filiform, puberulent, 6-9 mm. long; corolla greenish white, its segments 
 oblong, 3-4 mm. long; hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the anthers, 
 shorter than the slender incurved horn ; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, 
 narrowly spindle-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, finely puberulent. Dry plains, S. Dak. to 
 Ark., Colo, and N. Mex. July-Aug. 
 
 2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray. 
 
 Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with entire leaves, and rather large 
 flowers in terminal umbels. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spread- 
 ing. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the short corona-column, curved 
 upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper part, slightly longer than 
 the anthers; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate 
 with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious 
 membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the 
 middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles 
 ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascend- 
 ing on the decurved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. [Greek, gift of ^sculapius.J 
 Five or six species, natives of the southern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; umbels usually more than one, 
 
 corymbose. i- A - viridis. 
 
 Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate ; or linear, acuminate ; umbels solitary. 
 
 2. A. decumbens, 
 
 1. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gr. OBLONG-LEAVED MILKWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2922.) Stem erect, rather stout, simple, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather 
 thin, short- petioled, 6-13 mm. long; pedicels slender; corolla globose-ovoid in the 
 bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, oblong, obtuse or acute, 9-13 mm. 
 long, 2-3 times as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods ; anther- 
 wings narrow, scarcely angled above ; fruiting pedicels twice bent ; follicles 
 ascending, puberulent, 5-8 cm. long, sometimes with soft spinose projections. In 
 dry soil, 111. to Kans., Tex., S. Car. and Fla. May-July. 
 
 2. Asclepiodora decumbeas (Nutt.) A. Gray. DECUMBENT MILKWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 2923.) Stems decumbent or ascending, rather stout, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves 
 firm, glabrous above, puberulent, at least on the veins beneath, narrowed at the 
 base, 8-18 cm. long; umbel many-flowered; pedicels rather stout; corolla depressed- 
 globose in the bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, ovate or broadly oval, 
 somewhat longer than the hoods ; hoods purple, obtusely 3-lobed on the ventral 
 margins, about 6 mm. long, their tips incurved ; anther-wings broad, angled above; 
 follicles nearly erect on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 8-10 cm. long, puberulent, 
 at least when young, with or without soft projections. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., 
 Mex., Utah and N. Mex. April-June. 
 
 3. ACERATES Ell. 
 
 Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with thick leaves, and green or purplish 
 Sowers in short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the 
 segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5 -cleft, the segments valvate, 
 reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-concave or 
 somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one spe- 
 cies having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of 
 the anther-wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each 
 sac, oblong, pendulous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the 
 crown.] About 7 species, natives of N. Am. 
 Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary. 
 
 Leaves oval to linear; hoods entire at the apex. i. A. viridtflora. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angustifolia. 
 
 Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. 
 
 Plants glabrous, or nearly so; umbels usually several; leaves narrow. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Hoods obtuse, entire; column i mm. long; stem roughish, puberulent. 
 
 3. A. Floridana. 
 
 Hoods emarginate; column very short; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata. 
 
 Plant hirsute; umbel solitary, terminal; leaves ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa. 
 
 1. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. GREEN MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2924.) 
 Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascend- 
 ing, rather stiff, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or opposite, 
 thick, 2.5-8 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm - wide, short-petioled, the margins usually undu- 
 late; umbels several, or rarely solitary, densely many-flowered; pedicels very slen- 
 der, tomentose; flowers green; corolla segments narrowly oblong, 4-6 mm. long; 
 column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at 
 the base; mass of anthers longer than thick; anther- wings tapering below, semi, 
 rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, 5-10 cm. long. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, 
 Mass, to Out., the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 Acerates viridifl6ra Ivesii Britton. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 
 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide. Range of the type, often with it. 
 
 Acerates viridifl6ra lineiris A. Gray. Leaves elongated-linear; stem low; umbels 
 often solitary. Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., La. and N. Mex. 
 
 2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. NARROW-LEAVED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2925.) Stems mostly several together, erect, 3-6 dm. high, puberulent above, 
 glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, 5-13 cm. 
 long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath; umbels 
 io-15-flowered, usually numerous; pedicels puberulenti corolla-segments oblong, 
 greenish; hoods white, not exceeding the anthers, the acute middle tooth merely a 
 prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse latera) 
 ones; anther wings notched at about the middle; follicles slender, erect, about 8 cm. 
 long or more. On dry plains, Mo. to Neb., Colo, and Tex. 
 
 3. Acerates Floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. ' FLORIDA MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 2926.) Stem slender, simple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear or 
 rarely linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 5 20 cm. long, 
 3-13 cm. wide, commonly rough ciliolate on the margins and midrib; umbels 
 usually many-flowered; peduncles 6-20 mm. long; pedicels slender, hirsute; 
 corolla greenish -white, its segments narrowly oblong, about 4 mm. long; column 
 distinct; hoods oblong, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings narrowed to the 
 base; follicles densely puberulent, 10-13 cm. long. In moist soil, Ohio to southern 
 Ont., Minn., N. Car., Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. [A. longi folia Ell.] 
 
 4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. AURICLED MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2927.) 
 Stem often glaucous, sinuous above, usually stout, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves nar- 
 rowly linear, glabrous, short-petioled, 8-20 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, becoming 
 leathery, the rough margins not revolute; umbels commonly several, densely many- 
 flowered; peduncles 4-25 mm. long, pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent; flowers 
 greenish white, tinged with dull purple; corolla-segments oblong, 4-5 mm. long; 
 column distinct; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, truncate at the apex, 
 not exceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into broad 
 auricles; follicles 5-8 cm. long, curved. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and 
 N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. WOOLLY MILKWEED. (I. F. f. 2928.) 
 Stems erect, slender, simple, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves obtuse at the apex, nar- 
 rowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, 3-10 cm. long; umbel densely many- 
 flowered; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, 1.2-4 cm - l n R> pedicels slender, puber- 
 ulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its segments oblong, about 5 mm. long; column 
 none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the 
 infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings broadest 
 below the middle. On prairies, 111. to Minn, and Wyo. June-Aug. 
 
 4. GONOLOBUS Michx. 
 (AMPELANUS Raf.) 
 
 Perennial herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and 
 small whitish flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5 -parted, minutely glandular 
 
ASCLEPIADACEAE. 747 
 
 within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes 
 slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate 
 lobes, each apperidaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base 
 of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube; anthers terminated by an 
 inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. 
 Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, angled, acuminate. [Greek, 
 angle-pod.] Two species, natives ot America. 
 
 i. Gonolobus laevis Michx. SAND VINE. (I. F. f. 2929.) Stem sparingly 
 puberulent, at least above, high -climbing, slender. Leaves ova Je, gradually acu- 
 minate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 8-18 cm. long; cymes 
 usually numerous, rather densely flowered; peduncles stout, 6 mm. -5 cm. long; 
 flowers 4-6 mm. long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, about twice as long 
 as those of the calyx and slightly exceeding the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; 
 follicles erect on the ascending fruiting pedicels, 10-15 cm - l n g> glabrous when 
 mature. Along river-banks and in thickets, Penn. to 111., Kans., Fla. and Tex. 
 June- Aug. \Ampelanus albidus (Nutt.) Britton.] 
 
 5. CYNANCHUM L. [VINCETOXICUM Moench.] 
 
 Perennial vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate 
 or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flowers in axillary cymes. 
 Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 cleft, the seg- 
 ments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, 
 the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- 
 ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen- 
 masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, 
 glabrous. [Greek, dog-strangling, alluding to its poisonous qualities.] About 100 
 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, 2 native 
 species occur in the southeastern U. S. 
 
 i. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. BLACK SWALLOW-WORT. (I. F. f. 2930. ) 
 Twining, or at first erect, stem slightly puberulent, slender, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at 
 the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous, or puberulent beneath; 
 petioles 4-25 rnm. long; flowers purple, 5 mm. broad; crown fleshy, 5-lobed; follicles 
 on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 4 mm. long, glabrous. Waste places, 
 escaped from gardens, Mass, to Penn. and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. 
 
 Perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large flowers 
 in axillary umbel-like cymes or fascicles. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 
 5 glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the 
 segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup-shaped, adnate to 
 the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a 
 tube; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin 
 of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less transversely dehiscent. Pollen- 
 masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, 
 smooth, angled or tuberculate. [Greek, subduing poison.] About 75 species, natives 
 of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 Crown annular, lo-crenate; folicles angled, not warty. 
 
 Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. i. V. suberosum. 
 
 Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. 2. /'. gonocarpos* 
 
 Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers; follicles warty. 
 Flowers purple to dull yellow. 
 
 Corolla-segments oblong, 6-9 mm. long. 3. V. htrsutum. 
 
 Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 11-15 mm. long. 
 
 Crown merely crenulate. 4. V* obttquum* 
 
 Crown toothed or lobed. 
 
 Crown 5-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus. 
 
 5. V. Carolinen \ 
 Crown lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. 
 
 6. V. Shortii. 
 Flowers white. 7. V. Baldwintanum. 
 
748 FLORA. 
 
 1. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L.) Britton. COAST VINCETOXICUM. (I. F. 
 f. 2931). Stem slender, twining. Leaves thin, 5-13 cm. long, ovate or ovate- 
 oval, acute or abruptly acuminate, the basal sinus shallow, open; petioles 1-5 cm. 
 long; cymes commonly few-flowered; peduncles 6-25 mm. long; pedicels 13-25 
 mm. long, fleshy, nearly glabrous; corolla brown-purple, broadly conic in the bud, 
 its segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 
 6-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx; follicles glabrous, 3~5-angled, when 
 young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 10-15 cm ' l n g> 2 -5 cm - m diameter 
 or more. In thickets, Va. to Fla. May-July. 
 
 2. Vincetoxicum gpnocarpos Walt. LARGE-LEAVED ANGLE-POD. (I. F. f. 
 2932.) Stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 1-2 dm. long, 
 5-15 cm. wide, acuminate, the basal sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- 
 lapping; petioles 3-10 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; peduncles 3-8 cm. long; 
 pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so; corolla conic in the bud, its segments 
 lanceolate, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; follicles glabrous, similar to those oi the 
 preceding species but usually shorter. Along rivers and in moist thickets, Va. to 
 S. Car., Ind., Mo. and Tex ; May -July. 
 
 3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. HAIRY VINCETOXICUM. (I. F. 
 f. 2933.) Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate, downy, 5-10 cm. long, 
 3-7 cm. wide, the basal sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles 
 slender, pubescent; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes 
 longer; umbels few-several-flowered ; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, 
 ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 6-9 mm. long, minutely puber- 
 ulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown 
 fleshy, the margin lo-crenate; follicles lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, muricate, pu- 
 berulent ; seeds entire. In thickets, Md. to Fla. and Tenn. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. LARGE-FLOWERED VINCETOXI- 
 CUM. (I. F. f. 2934.) Stem puberulent, or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, 
 broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, 5-20 cm. long, 4-15 cm. wide; basal sinus 
 open or closed; petioles rather stout, pubescent, 2.5-10 cm. long; umbels slen- 
 der-peduncled, few-flowered; pedicels very slender, 2.5-5 cm - l n g? corolla nar- 
 rowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent with- 
 out, its segments elongated-linear, obtuse; crown fleshy, its margin lO-crenulate, 
 the intermediate crenulations sometimes 2-dentate; follicles ovoid-lanceolate, 5-8 
 cm. long, muricate. In thickets, Penn. to Ohio, Va. and Ky. July-Aug. 
 
 5. Vincetoxicum Carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. CAROLINA VINCETOXI- 
 CUM. (I. F. f. 2935.) Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short- 
 acuminate, 8-18 cm. long, 5-14 cm. wide, pubescent, at least beneath; basal sinus 
 narrow or closed; petioles hirsute; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; pedicels very slen- 
 der, 2.5 cm. long or more; corolla brown-purple, oblong-conic in the bud, puberu- 
 lent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5-6 times 
 longer than the hirsute calyx; crown scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate 
 longer 2 -cleft erect tooth in each sinus; follicles muricate. In thickets, Va. to 
 Mo., S. Car. and La. May-July. 
 
 6. Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. SHORT'S VINCETOXICUM. (I. F. 
 f. 2936.) Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, 
 broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, when old with a narrow or 
 closed basal sinus, 10-12 cm. long, 4-14 cm. wide; petioles stout, pubescent; ped- 
 uncles usually longer than the petioles; cymes several-flowered; pedicels 2.5 
 cm. long or more; corolla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes 
 linear, 11-15 mm. long; calyx hirsute; crown cup shaped, fleshy, as high as the 
 anthers, its margin about lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer, 
 emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest 
 or ridge below the summit; follicles warty. In thickets, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. 
 Flowers with the odor of the Strawberry-shrub. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum ^Sweet) Britton. BALDWIN'S VINCETOXI- 
 CUM. (I. F. f. 2937.) Stem pubescent or hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, 
 acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, 8-15 cm. long, or more; petioles hirsute, 
 2.5-5 cnl - l n g; peduncles usually longer than the pedicels; cymes several-many- 
 flowered; corolla white, or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatu- 
 late, 9-1 1 mm. long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or 
 
CON VOLVULA CEA . 749 
 
 obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair o. r -ery slender linear-subulate teeth of 
 more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma. Mo. and Ark. to Ga. 
 May-June. 
 
 Order 5. POLEMONIALES. 
 
 Mostly herbs ; rarely shrubs or trees. Corolla almost always gamo- 
 petalous, regular or irregular. Stamens adnate to the corolia-tube usu- 
 ally to the middle or beyond, as many as the corolla-lobes, or fewer and 
 alternate with them. Ovary i, superior, compound (in Boraginaceae 
 and Labiatae deeply 4 lobed around the style). 
 
 a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae). 
 Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as distinct nutlets at maturity. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style i, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining 
 vines. 
 
 Leaves normal. Fam. i. Convolvulaceae. 
 
 White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales. 
 
 Fam. 2. Cuscntaceae. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining. Fam. 3. Polemoniaceae. 
 Ovary i-celled (2-celled in Aama)', style i, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs not twining. 
 
 Fam. 4. Hydrophyllaceae. 
 
 Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (FfeKotropitim) ' carpels separating 
 as nutlets. Fam. 5. Boraginaceae. 
 
 b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2 lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus 
 of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae). 
 
 I. Carpels i-2-seeded. 
 Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into i-seeded nutlets. 
 
 Fam. 6. Verbenaceae, 
 Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into i-seeded nutlets. 
 
 Fam. 7. Labiatae. 
 
 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae). 
 
 \ Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is i-2-celled, 2-valved, circum- 
 scissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. 
 
 Placentae axile. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled. 
 
 Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule. 
 
 Fam. 8. Solanaceae. 
 
 Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum); fruit a 
 capsule. Fam. 9. Scrophulariaceae. 
 
 Ovary i-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes. 
 
 Fam. 10. Lentibulariaceae. 
 Placentas parietal. 
 
 Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green ; 
 ovary i-celled. Fam. n. Orobanchaceae. 
 
 Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled: seeds winged in our genera. 
 
 Fam. 12. Bignoniaceae. 
 Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule i-celled in our genus; seeds wingless. 
 
 Fam. 13. Martyniaceae. 
 \ * Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved 
 
 herbs; placentae axile. Fam. 14. Acanthaceae 
 
 3. Ovary and fruit i-celled with i erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate 
 flowers and reflexed fruits. Fam. 15. Phrymaceae. 
 
 Family i. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. 
 Morning-glory Family. 
 
 f Herbs or vines, some tropical species shpubs or trees, with alternate 
 Huipulate leaves, and regular" perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. 
 Calyx inferior. 5-pirtf>d or 5-divide^. nsuallv persistentTthe segments or 
 sepals imbricated, G>n>lla gamopet ilous, the limb ^-angled, 5-lobed or 
 
750 FLORA. 
 
 entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and 
 alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, trje/ filaments filiform, or 
 dilated at the base ; anthers 2^6elled, the sacs Ic5ngkudinally dehiscent. 
 Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules 
 in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, 
 entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the 
 ovary-divisions ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 
 2-4 distinct carpels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubes- 
 cent or glabrous; embryo plaited or crumpled ; cotyledons foliaceous ; 
 endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 40 genera and 
 900 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Ovary 2-divided, the carpels 2-ovuled ; creeping herbs. i. Dichondra. 
 
 Ovary entire, 2-4-celled ; style simple, cleft or divided. 
 Style 2-cleft or 2-divided. 
 
 Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 2. Breiveria. 
 
 Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 3. Evolvulus, 
 
 Style entire up to the stigma. 
 
 Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose. 
 
 Corolla salverform ; stamens and style exserted. 4. Quamoclit. 
 
 Corolla funnelform or campanulate; stamens and style included. 
 
 ^ 
 Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. " oT Convolvulus. 
 
 1. DICHONDRA Forst. 
 
 Prostrate or creeping slender herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform 
 petioled entire leaves, and small solitary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals 
 nearly equal. Corolla open- campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens shorter than 
 the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2- 
 celled; styles 2, simple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas c'api- 
 *ate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved or indehiscent i-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, 
 
 svo-grained, referring to the capsules.] About 5 species, natives of warm and 
 
 ropical regions. 
 
 i. Dkhondra Carolinensis Michx. CAROLINA DICHONDRA. (I. F. f. 
 2938, as/?, evohnilacea.} Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost filiform, 
 rooting at the nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply 
 cordate, 6-30 mm. in diameter, palmately veined; petiole often much longer than 
 the blade; flowers 2-4 mm. broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or 
 obovate, villous; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to 
 oblong; capsule 3 mm. high or less. In moist or wet places, Va. to Tex. and Mex., 
 near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and S. Am. 
 
 2. BREWERIA R. Br. 
 
 Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile 
 leaves, and 1-5 -flowered axillary peduncles. Corolla campanulate or funnelform- 
 campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included. 
 Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted; stigmas capitate. Capsule, 2-celled, 2- 
 4-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Named for Samuel Brewer, a correspondent of Dillen.] 
 About 30 species, widely distributed in warm- temperate and tropical regions. 
 Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear. 
 
 Corolla white ; filaments pubescent ; plant pubescent. i. B. humtstrata. 
 
 Corolla purple; filaments glabrous; plant silky-tomentose. 2. h. aquattca. 
 
 Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly linear. 3- B. * *ckertngii. 
 
 i. Breweria humistrata (Walt.) A. Gray. SOUTHERN BREWERIA. (I. F. f. 
 20.39.) Pubescent or puberulent; stems slender, 3-6 dm. long, simple, or with a 
 few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and 
 mucronulate or some of them emarginate, 1-2.5 cm - wide, 2-5 cm. long; pedun- 
 cles slender, longer than the leaves, 1-7- flowered, minutely bracted at the summit; 
 sepals oblone, 4-6 mm. long; corolla white, 12- 16 mm. long; filaments pubescent; 
 nrxmle ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx. In dry pine barrens, 
 Va. to Fla. and La, May-Aug. 
 
CON VOLV ULA CEA E. 751 
 
 2. Breweria aquatica (Walt.) A. Gray. WATER BREWEK.A. (I. F. f. 2940.) 
 Finely and densely silky-tomentose, the branches long and slender. Leaves 
 oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emargin- 
 ate, sometimes subcordate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide; peduncles i-3-flowered, 
 longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; sepals tomentose, oblong; 
 about 4 mm. long; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long: style 2-parted nearly to the base. In 
 wet soil, Mo. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. May- Aug. 
 
 3. Breweria Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. PICKERING'S BREWERIA. 
 (I. F. f. 2941.) Stem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, 3-6 dm. long. 
 Leaves puberulent or glabrous, narrowly linear, narrowed at the base, 2.5-6 cm. 
 long, 1-4 mm. wide; peduncles about as long as the leaves, with I or 2 linear 
 bracts at the summit; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, about 4 mm. long; 
 corolla white, about 2.5 cm. long; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent. In 
 dry pine barrens, N. J. to N. Car. ; 111. to La. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 3. EVOLVULUS L. 
 
 Mostly silky-pubescent or pilose herbs, with small leaves, and axillary smal 
 flowers. Sepals nearly equal. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or rotate, the 
 limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Filaments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. 
 Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each, division deeply 
 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform*. Capsule 2 -4-valved, 1-4- seeded. Seeds glabrous. 
 [Latin, unrolling.] About 85 species, of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
 following, some 7 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 I. E volvulus pilosus Nutt. EVOLVULUS. (I. F. f. 2942.) Perennial, silky- 
 pubescent or villous; stems 0.7-2.4 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, 
 lanceolate or spatulate, 6-18 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles 2- 
 bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, 2-4 mm. long; sepals acute or acuminate; 
 corolla funnelform-campanulate, purple or blue, 6-12 mm. broad; capsule 3-4 mm. 
 in diameter. On dry plains, Mo. to Kans., Mex. and Ariz. May -July. 
 
 4. QUAMOCLIT Moench. 
 
 Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled leaves, and peduncled axillary flowers. 
 Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salver- 
 form (scarlet in the following species), the tube longer than the spreading 5-lobed 
 limb. Stamens and style exserted; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 
 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney- 
 bean.] About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions; the following in N. Am. 
 
 Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. i. Q. Quamoclit. 
 
 Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. Q. coccinea. 
 
 1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. CYPRESS VINE. INDIAN PINK. 
 (I. F. f. 2943.) Annual, glabrous. Leaves ovate in outline, 5-18 cm. long, pinnately 
 parted into segments less than 2 mm. wide; peduncles slender, i-6-flowered; 
 pedicels thickening in fruit; sepals obtuse, usually mucronulate, 4-6 mm. long; 
 corolla 2.5-4 cm. long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes 
 ovate, acutish; ovary 4-celled; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about i cm. high, twice as 
 long as the sepals. In waste and cultivated ground, Va. to Fla.. Kans. and Tex. 
 Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Nat. from tropical Am. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. SMALL RED MORNING-GLORY. (I. 
 F. f. 2944.) Annual. Leaves ovate to orbicular, long-acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, 
 entire or angulate-lobed, slender-petioled; peduncles few-several-flowered; sepals 
 obtuse, about 4 mm. long, subulate-appendaged; corolla 2-4 cm. long, the limb 
 obscurely 5-lobed; ovary 4-celled; capsule globose, 4-valved, 6-8 mm. in diameter. 
 Along river-banks and in waste places, Penn. to Fla., Ohio, Kans., Tex. and Ariz. 
 Nat. from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid with the pre- 
 ceding is sometimes cultivated. July-Oct. 
 
 5. IPOMOEA L. 
 
 Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs, with large showy axillary flowers. 
 Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5 -angled or c;-lobed, the tube 
 
75 2 FLORA. 
 
 plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire, 2-4-celIed, 4-6 ovuled ; style filiform, 
 included; stigmas I or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septifragally 2-4- 
 valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 350 species, of wide distribu- 
 tion. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. 
 Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining. 
 
 Perennial from an enormous root ; corolla 5-8 cm. long. i. /. pandurata. 
 
 Annual ; roots fibrous; corolla 8-20 mm. long, white. 2. /. lacunosa. 
 
 Annual; corolla 2.5-4, cm. long, pink or purple. 3. 7. Carolina. 
 
 Leaves linear; stems ascending or erect; perennial. 4. /. leptophylla. 
 Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3; leaves cordate ; annuals. 
 
 Leaves entire ; corolla 5-7 cm. long. 5. I^$urj>urea. 
 
 Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla 2.5-4 cm - l n g 6. /. Keaeracea. 
 
 1. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. WILD POTATO VINE. (I. F. f. 2945.) 
 Glabrous or puberulent; stems 0.5-4 m. long. Leaves acuminate, 5-15 cm. 
 long, slender petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the 
 later ones rarely dentate or 3-lobed; peduncles 1-5 -flowered, much elongated in 
 fruit; sepals oblong, 12-16 mm. long, glabrous; corolla funnelform, white, or with 
 pinkish purple stripes in the throat, the limb 5-lobed; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, 
 2-4-seeded, the seeds woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides. In dry 
 soil, Ont. to Conn., Fla., Mich., Kans. and Tex. ^lay-Sept. 
 
 2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. SMALL-FLOWERED WHITE MORNING-GLORY. (I. 
 F. f. 2946.) Pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous; stem 0.5-3.5 m. long. Leaves 
 slender-petioled, acute or acuminate, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 5-10 cm. long, the 
 lobes acute; peduncles i-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; sepals oblong or 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliate, about i cm. long; corolla 
 funnelform, white, or the limb purple; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved. 
 In moist soil, Penn. to S. Car., 111., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Ipomoea Carolina (L.) Pursh. SMALL-FLOWERED PINK MORNING- 
 GLORY. (L F. f. 2947.) Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the leaves 
 usually more lobed; peduncles often longer than the leaves, i-3-flowered; sepals 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate; capsule glabrous 
 or pubescent. Kans. to Tex., east to S. Car. and Fla. [/. commutata R. & S.j 
 
 4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. BUSH MORNING-GLORY. (I. F. f. 2948.) 
 Perennial from an enormous root, glabrous; stems rather stout, 6-12 dm. long, 
 much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 5-8 cm. long, 2-6 mm. 
 wide; petioles very short; peduncles stout, nearly erect, usually shorter than the 
 leaves, i-4-fiowered; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long, or the outer shorter; 
 corolla funnelform, purple or pink, about 8 cm. long, the limb scarcely lobed; cap- 
 sule ovoid, acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2-celled; seeds pubescent. In dry soil, S. Dak. 
 to Wyo., Tex. and N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. MORNING-GLORY. (I. F. f. 2949.) Stem 
 retrorsely hairy, 1-3.5 m - l n g- Leaves acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. wide, slen- 
 der-petioled; peduncles i-5-flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent, 
 or hirsute near the base, 12-16 mm. long; corolla funnelform, blue, purple, pink, 
 variegated or white; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled); stigmas 3 (rarely 2); capsule 
 depressed- globose, about I cm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In waste 
 places, commonly escaped from gardens, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Neb. and Tex. 
 Adventive or nat. from trop. Am. July Oct. 
 
 6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. IVY-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY. (I. F. f. 
 2950.) Stem 6-15 dm. long, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in 
 outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, 5-13 cm. long, the lobes ovate, acuminate; 
 peduncles i-3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early 
 morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, 
 densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; corolla funnelform, 
 the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple; capsule depressed- 
 globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. In fields 
 and waste places, L. I. to Fla., Penn., S. Dak., Neb. and Mex, Nat. or adventive 
 from trop. Am. July-Oct. 
 
COM VOL V ULA CEA E. 753 
 
 6. CONVOLVULUS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs (the following species perennials with slender roots or rootstocks) with 
 trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. 
 Flowers axillary, large. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bract- 
 less or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the 
 limb plaited, 5 -angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla, included. Ovary i-2-celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, 
 oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose, i-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. 
 [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.] About 175 species, of wide distribution. 
 Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Calyx with 2 large bracts at the base, which enclose it. (Genus VOLVULUS Medic.) 
 Stems trailing or climbing. 
 
 Leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. i. C. septum. 
 
 Leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C. repens. 
 
 Stem erect or ascending; flowers white; bracts not cordate. 3. C, spithamaeus. 
 Calyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit. 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire, auriculate. 4. C. arvensts. 
 
 Canescent; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 5. C. incanus. 
 
 1. Convolvulus sepium L. HEDGE OR GREAT BINDWEED. RUTLAND 
 BEAUTY. (I. F. f. 2951.) Stems 1-3.5 m. long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangu- 
 lar in outline, hastate? 5-13 cm. long, acute or acuminate, the basal lobes divergent, 
 usually acute, angulate dentate or entire; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 5 cm. long; 
 bracts at the base of the flower large, ovate, cordate; stigmas oblong. In fields 
 and thickets, usually in moist soil, N. S. to N. Car., Mont., Utah and Kans. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June- Aug. The pink- flowered American plant (C. sepium 
 Amencanus Sims ; C. Americamts Greene) is, perhaps, specifically distinct from 
 the European. 
 
 Convolvulus Japonicus Thunb. , a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller pink 
 flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultivation 
 from N. H. to D. C. and Mo. - ^ ^ i/ / 
 
 2. Convolvulus repens L. TRAILING BINDWEED. (I. F. 2952.) Pubes- 
 cent or tomentose; stems 3-9 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 
 sagittate or cordate at the base, entire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not 
 at all divergent; peduncles i-flowered, equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers 
 white (sometimes pink?) about 5 cm. long; calyx enclosed by 2 ovate slightly 
 cordate bracts; stigmas oblong. In fields, Va. to Fla., Dak. and Tex. May- Aug. 
 
 3. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. UPRIGHT BINDWEED. (I. F. f. ^953.) 
 Pubescent or glabrate; stem erector ascending, or the summit sometimes feebly 
 twining, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oval, short-petioled or the uppermost sessile, 
 usually obtuse at both ends, 2-6 cm. long; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves; flowers white, nearly 5 cm. long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish 
 bracts which are narrowed at both ends; stigmas oblong, thick. In dry sandy or 
 rocky fields or on banks, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ky. May- Aug. 
 
 4". Convolvulus arvensis L. SMALL BINDWEED. (I. F. f. 2954.) Gla- 
 brous, or nearly so; stems slender, 3-8 dm. long. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate 
 or oblong, entire, sagittate or somewhat hastate, 2-5 cm. long, the basal lobes 
 spreading, acute; peduncles 1-4 flowered, shorter than the leaves, 1-3 bracted at 
 the summit; sepals oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. long; corolla pink or nearly white, 
 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; stigmas linear. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont, N. J., 
 Neb. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Convolvulus incanus Vahl. HOARY BINDWEED. (I. F. f. 2955.) Finely 
 ' and densely canescent, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, ovate to 
 linear in outline, 25 cm. long, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or 
 the lower pair of lobes reflexed, obtuse and mucronulate; peduncles i-2-flowered, 
 as long as or longer than the leaves sepals oblong, about 6 mm. long; corolla 
 white to rose-color; stigmas nairowly linear; capsule globose. In dry soil, Neb., 
 . and Ark. to Ariz., Mex. and Tex. April-Aug. 
 
'754 FLORA 
 
 Family 2. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. 
 
 Dodder Family. 
 
 White, red or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the 
 leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 
 5-oarted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla 
 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate 
 scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes 
 obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted in the throat 
 or sinuses above the scales ; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, 
 the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each 
 cavity; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below; stigmas 
 linear or capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly 
 bursting or indehiscent, 1-4 seeded. Seeds glabrous; embryo linear, 
 terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales, 
 endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons none. 
 
 I. CUSCUTA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs 
 and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the 
 plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The 
 subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. 
 Indications of a small amount of green coloring matter, possibly chlorophyll, have 
 been observed in some species. [Name from the Arabic.] About 100 species, of 
 wide distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern 
 and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 * Corolla-scales crenulate ; stigmas slender ; capsule circumscissile. 
 Scales crenulate above, not incurved. i. c. Epilinum 
 
 Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. 
 
 '* * Corolla-scales fringed ; stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent. 
 Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. 
 
 Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. 
 
 Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around; calyx lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis. 
 Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes; calyx-lobes acutish. 
 
 4. C. Polygonorum, 
 Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length 
 
 deciduous. 
 
 Tips of the corolla lobes incurved or inflexed. 
 
 Scales ovate, fringed all around ; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 
 
 5. C. indecora. 
 Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes; corolla capping the capsule. 
 
 6. C. Coryli. 
 Corolla lobes spreading or recurved. 
 
 Scales small, irregularly fringed; capsule depressed-globose. 
 
 7. C. Cephalanthi. 
 Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed. 
 
 Corolla 3 mm. long; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless. 
 
 8. C. Gronovii. 
 Flowers 4-6 mm. long; capsule oval, long-pointed. 
 
 9. C. rostrata. 
 Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. 
 
 Flowers cyrnose, pedicelled; scales short, bracts entire. 10. C. cusptdata. 
 
 Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters; bracts serrulate. 
 
 Bracts few, broad, appressed; styles as long as the ovary, n. C. compacta. 
 
 Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 
 
 12. C.paradoxa. 
 
 I. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. FLAX DODDER. (I. F. f. 2956.) Stems 
 yellow or red; flowers sessile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about 3 mm. long. 
 Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute; corolla short, becoming 
 urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less 
 
CUSCU TA CEA E. 755 
 
 than one-half the length of the tube, 2 cleft or emarginate, the crenulations not 
 extending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule circumscissile, the withering 
 corolla borne on its summit. On flax, N. S. to N. J. and Penn. Introduced from 
 Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Cuscuta tpituymum Murr. THYME DODDER. CLOVER DODDER. ;I. 
 F. f. 2957.) Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, 
 about 2 mm. long. Calyx 4-5-lobed, more than one half the length of the 
 cylindric corolla- tube, the lobes acute; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about 
 one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly 
 or quite to the base; stigmas filiform; capsule circumscissile, capped by the wither- 
 ing corolla. Usually on clover, Me. and Ont. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and S. Dak. 
 Introduced from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. FIELD DODDER. (I. F. f. 2958.) Plant 
 pale yellow; steins filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx 
 broad, 5-lobed, the. lobes obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes 
 acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, 
 densely fringed all around with short irregular processes; stamens not exserted; 
 style shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed globose, indehis- 
 cent. On various herbs and low shrubs, Mass, to the N. W. Terr., P'la., Tex., 
 Mex. and Cal. Also in S. Am. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Cuscuta Polygondrum Engelm. SMART-WEED DODDER. (I. F. f. 2959.) 
 Plant orange-yellow; stems rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense 
 clusters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute 'or acutish; lobes 
 of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, the scales usually obsolete, wanting. 
 or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower 
 portion of the filament; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate, capsule 
 globose. On Polygonunis and other herbs, Minn, and Wis. to Neb. and Ark. 
 Abo in Penn. and Del. Range probably more extensive. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. PRETTY DODDER. (I. F. f. 2960.) Stems 
 rather stout; flowers white, 3 mm. long, pedicelled in loose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, 
 lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute; corolla camp.uiulate, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, 
 minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube; scales ovate, erect, 
 irregularly fringed with short processes all around; stigmas capitate; capsule 
 oblong, acute. On various herbs and low shrubs, 111. to Neb., Fla., Tex., and 
 Mex. Also in the W. Indies and S. Am. June- Aug. 
 
 6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. HAZEL DODDER. (I. F. f. 2961.) Stems 
 coarse; flowers about 2 mm. long, pedicelled in cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the 
 lobes triangular or triangular-lanceolate, acutish; corolla campanulate, 4-5- 
 lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate, nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long 
 as the tube; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each 
 side; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, pointed. 
 On hazels and other shrubs or herbs, Conn, to Va., S. Dak. and Ark. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. BUTTON-BUSH DODDER. (I. F. f. 2962.) 
 Plant yellow; stems rather coarse; flowers about 2 mm. long, short-pedicelled, 
 clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla cylindric-campanulate, 
 its lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less; scales 
 about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro- 
 cesses; styles slender, about as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule 
 depressed-globose. 3 mm. in diameter. On shrubs and tall herbs, Penn. to Minn., 
 the N. \V. Terr., Tex. and Ariz. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. GRONOVIUS' DODDER. LOVE-VINE. (I. F. f. 
 2963.) Stems yellow to orange, slender, flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous 
 in dense cymes. Calyx riot bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the 
 corolla-tube ; corclla campanulate, the lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, nearly 
 as long as the tube, the scales narrow, thickly fringed about. the summit and 
 sparingly along the sides with long slander processes; styles slender; stigmas 
 capitate; capsule 3 mm. in diameter, enveloped in or capped by the withering 
 deciduous corolla. On herbs and low shrubs, N. S. to Manitoba, Fla. and Tex. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. BEAKED DODDER. (I. F. f. 2964.) Stems 
 coarse, yellowish white; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely 
 
75 6 FLORA. 
 
 cymose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-trianguJar, shorter than the corolla- tube; 
 corolla campanulate, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the 
 calyx-lobes; scales narrow, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the 
 sides with slender processes; styles slender; stigmas capitate. On herbs and 
 shrubs, Md. to S. Car. and Ga. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. CUSPIDATE DODDER. (I. F. f. 2965.) 
 Plant yellowish; steins slender; flowers about 3 mm. long in loose panicled cymes. 
 Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base; sepals 
 cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate; corolla nearly salverfonn, its lobes triangular- 
 lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading; scales narrow, usually less 
 than one-half as long as the tube, fringed with short irregular processes; styles 
 very slender; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit. 
 On coarse herbs, Neb. to Mo. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Cuscuta compacta Juss. COMPACT DODDER. (I. F. f. 2966.) Plant 
 yellowish white; stems rather stout; flowers about 4 mm. long in dense clusters. 
 Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) oval crenulate obtuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 rhombic- 
 orbicular appressed serrulate bracts; corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, its 5 
 (rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the tube, 
 the scales narrow, fringed with numerous long processes; styles slender; capsule 
 oblong, enveloped in or capped by the withering corolla. On shrubs, Ont. to N. Y., 
 Ala., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Cuscuta. paradoxa Raf. GLOMERATE DODDER. (I. F. f. 2967.) Plant 
 yellowish white; stems slender; flowers sessile, 3 mm. long, exceedingly numerous 
 in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx 
 of 5 concave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate 
 imbricated bracts with recurved tips ; corolla-tube oblong cylindric, its lobes 
 obtuse, persistent; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the 
 sides with long processes; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by 
 the withering corolla. On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to S. Dak., Neb 
 and Tex. July-Sept. \C. aphylla Raf.?] 
 
 Family 3. POLEMONIACEAE DC. 
 Phlox Family. 
 
 Herbs. Flowers perfect, clustered, regular, or nearly so. Caly^ 
 inferior, tubular or can panulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly im- 
 bricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-parted,the lobes contorted. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its 
 lobes; anthers versatile, 2 celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled ; ovules 2-00 in each cavity, amphitro- 
 pous; style filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly 'loculicidally 
 3-valved. Seeds sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage 
 and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo 
 straight; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior. About 10 genera and 200 
 species, most abundant in western Am. 
 
 Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. 
 
 Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire. I. Phlox. 
 Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate; leaves alternate or 
 
 opposite. 2. Gilia. 
 Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alternate. 
 Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped. 
 
 Stamens declined ; leaves pinnate. 3. Polemonium. 
 
 Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. 4. Collomia. 
 
 Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. 5. Naverretia. 
 
 i. PHLOX L. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual, herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the 
 upper ones alternate, and large flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles. 
 Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acu- 
 minate, mostly scarious-margined. Corolla salverform, the tube narrow, the limb 
 
POLEMON2A CEAE. 757 
 
 5'lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, 
 unequally inserted on the corolla tube. Ovary 3-celled; style usually slender; 
 ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved at length distending and rup- 
 turing the calyx-tube. Seeds ovoid, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. 
 [Greek, flame.] About 30 species, natives of N. Am. and Asia. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, some 24 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear. 
 
 Cymes panicled; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. 
 Calyx-teeth subulate. 
 
 Stem glabrous or puberulent; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 
 
 1. P. paniculata. 
 Stem villous, very glandular above; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. * 
 
 2. P. amplifolia. 
 Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acuminate. 
 
 3. P. maculata. 
 Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. 
 
 Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. 
 Plants glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute. 4. P. ovata. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 
 
 5. P. glaberrima. 
 Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous. 
 
 Stems erect or ascending; no prostrate sterile shoots. 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 
 
 6. P. pilosa. 
 Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. 
 
 7. P. amoena. 
 Stems ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. 
 
 Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 
 
 8. P. divaricata. 
 Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 
 
 9. P. reptans. 
 Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping; leaves narrow. 
 
 Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. 10. P. bifida. 
 
 Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. n. P. Stellaria. 
 
 Corolla-lobes rounded ; western. 12. P. Kelseyi. 
 Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low. 
 
 Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern. 
 
 Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate; plant not glandular. 13. P. subulata. 
 Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate; upper part of plant glandular. 
 
 14. P. Brittonii. 
 Densely tufted: flowers mostly solitary; western. 
 
 Leaves densely white-woolly, 2 mm. long; plant moss-like. 15. P. bryoides. 
 Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 4-12 mm. long. 
 
 Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 16. P. Hoodii. 
 
 Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 17. P. Douglasii. 
 
 1. Phlox paniculata L. GARDEN PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2968.) Stem glabrous 
 or puberulent, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong to oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-15 cm. long; flowers in compact paniculate 
 cy mules, the inflorescence often 3 dm. long; calyx-teeth more than one-half as long 
 as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, shorter 
 than its tube; capsule oval, obtuse. In woods and thickets, Penn. to P'la., 111., 
 Kans. and La. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Phlox amplifolia Britton, n. sp. LARGE-LEAVED PHLOX. Stem vil- 
 lous or glandular-villous, at least above, 6-12 dm. tall. Leaves large and broad, 
 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, roughish above, the upper sessile, the lower or some 
 of them narrowed, usually abruptly, into winged petioles, sometimes one-third the 
 length of the blade; flowers similar to those of the preceding; calyx glandular- 
 villous; corolla-tube glabrous. Tenn. to Mo. Aug.-Sept. Type fromKnoxCo., 
 Tenn. 
 
 3. Phlox maculata L. WILD SWEET-WILLIAM. (I. F. f. 2969.) Stem 
 glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with purple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lance- 
 olate or the upper ovate- lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-acuminate, sessile, 
 rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-12 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, the 
 compact cymules forming an elongated narrow panicle; calyx-teeth acute, or acu- 
 
FLORA. 
 
 minate, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla-lobes rounded, shorter than 
 the tube. In moist woods and along streams, Conn, to Fla., Minn, and Tenn. 
 Occasionally escaped from gardens further north. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Phiox ovata L. MOUNTAIN PHLOX. (I. P". f. 2970.) Stems simple, 
 ascending from a decumbent base, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves rather firm, the upper 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base, acute, 2-5 cm. 
 long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, narrowed into 
 slender petioles; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth one-third to one-half the 
 length of the tube; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire. In 
 woods, Penn. to N. Car. and Ala. May-Aug. 
 
 5. -Phlox glaberrima L. SMOOTH PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2971.) Stem simple. 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly I -nerved, acuminate, narrowed 
 at the base, 3-10 cm. long, sessile, or the lowest linear or oblong, obtusish, and 
 short-petioled; flowers short-pedicelled, the cy mules corymbed; calyx-teeth one- 
 third to one half the length of the tube; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obovate, 
 longer than the tube. In open woods and on prairies, Va. to Wis., Fla. and Ky. 
 May-July. 
 
 6. Phlox pilosa L. DOWNY PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2972.) Soft-downy or hairy, 
 often glandular; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spread- 
 ing, long-acuminate, 2-8 cm. long, sessile; cymules corymbed; flowers short- 
 pedicelled ; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the 
 tube; corolla-lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter 
 than the calyx. In dry soil, Ont. to Manitoba, N. J., Fla. , Kans. ; Ark. and Tex. 
 April-June. 
 
 7. Phlox amoena Sims. HAIRY PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2973.) Usually quite 
 hairy; stems 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, nearly erect, 1-4 cm. 
 long, the lowest much shorter; flowers nearly sessile in a dense cyme, which is 
 subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate; 
 corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, shorter than the glabrous tube. In dry 
 soil, Va. to Tenn., Fia. and Ga. April-June. 
 
 8. Phlox divaricata L. WILD BLUE PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2974.) Finely viscid- 
 pubescent; stems ascending or diffuse, with creeping or ascending leafy shoots. 
 Leaves of the sterile shoots obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, those of the flowering stems 
 lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute; flowers in open corymbed 
 cymules, faintly fragrant; calyx-teeth subulate, longer than the tube; corolla bluish, 
 its lobes not much longer than the tube; capsule oblong-globose. In moist woods, 
 Ont. to Minn., Penn., Fla., Kans., La. and Ark. April-June. 
 
 9. Phlox reptans Michx. CRAWLING PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2975.) Stems 
 slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots. Leaves of the sterile 
 shoots, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; flowering stems 1-2 dm. 
 high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate; flowers slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth 
 linear subulate; corolla pink, purple, or violet, its lobes rounded, about one-half 
 the length of the tube. In woods, Penn. to Ga. and Ky. April-June. 
 
 10. Phlox biftda Beck. CLEFT PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2976.) Puberulent or 
 pubescent; stems much branched, often 3 dm. long, the branches 1-2 dm. high. 
 Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, acute, those of flowering 
 branches much shorter; flowers slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate; 
 corolla pale purple, its lobes shorter than the tube, cuneate, 2-3 -cleft to about the 
 middle into obtuse diverging segments. In dry places, Irid. to Tenn. and Mich. 
 April -June. 
 
 11. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. CHICKWEED PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2977.) Gla- 
 brous or puberulent; stems, much branched, the branches 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear, or linear- lanceolate, sessile, acute, 2-5 cm. long; flowers slender-pedi- 
 celled; calyx- teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue or 
 nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed, nearly as long as the tube. On cliffs, 111. 
 and Ky. April-May. 
 
 12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. KELSEY'S PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2978.) Many- 
 stemmed from a woody root, the stems sometimes 2 dm. long, glabrous, or slightly 
 pubescent above. Leaves oblong, or linear-oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, 
 6-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, or the upper longer and narrower, rigid, the apex 
 spinose-mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate; flowers sessile, or short-peduncled 
 
P OL EM ON I A CEA E. 759 
 
 calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube, or longer; corolla-tube somewhat exceed- 
 ing the calyx, the limb about 16 mm. broad, blue or lilac. N. Dak. to Neb. and 
 Mont. May-June. 
 
 13. Phlox subulata L. GROUND OR Moss PINK. (I. F. f. 2979.) Pubes- 
 cent or becoming glabrate, forming mats, much branched, the branches 515 cm. 
 long. Leaves acute or acuminate, 8-20 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, spreading, cili- 
 ate, commonly fascicled at the nodes; flowers slender-pedicelled; calyx 8-9 mm. 
 long, its teeth subulate from a broader base, about as Ion gas the tube; corolla pink, 
 purple or white, its lobes shorter than the tube. In dry sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to 
 Fla., Mich, and Ky. Escaped from cultivation in N. Eng. April June. 
 
 14. Phlox Brittonii Small. BRITTON'S PHLOX. Similar to the preceding. 
 Leaves shorter and narrower; upper part of the plant glanduiar- pilose; calyx 5-7 
 mm. long; corolla white, the tube longer than the calyx, the lobes cuneate-obovate 
 with 2 pale magenta spots near the base. Mountain slopes, Va. and W. Va. to 
 N. Car. April May. 
 
 15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2980.) Depressed, moss- 
 like, densely branched from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 5-8 cm. 
 high. Leaves about 2 mm. long, closely imbricated in four ranks, copiously white- 
 woolly, triangular- lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded; flowers solitary 
 and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5 mm. long; tube of the corolla longer 
 than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire. On dry hills, western Neb. and 
 Wyo. May-July. 
 
 16. Phlox Hoodii Richards. HOOD'S PHLOX. (I. F. f . 2981.) Densely 
 tufted and branched from a woody root, 5-10 cm. high. Leaves imbricated, erect, 
 rigid, subulate, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, becoming glabrate, 4-12 
 mm. long; flowers sessile at the ends of the branches, about I cm. long; calyx-teeth 
 lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; corolla-lobes obovate, entire. 
 In dry sandy or rocky soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., western Neb. and Wyo. 
 May-July. 
 
 17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. DOUGLAS' PHLOX. (I. F. f. 2982.) Similar 
 to the preceding species; leaves less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually 
 fascicled at the nodes, 8-14 mm. long. Flowers sessile or short-pedicelled at the 
 ends of the branches 1-1.6 cm. long;' calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 
 about equalling the tube; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, 
 its lobes obovate, entire. Dry soil, Neb. and Mont, to Utah, Cal. and Br. Col. 
 May-July. 
 
 Phlox Douglusii andfcola (Nutt.) Britton. Leaves longer, 16-25 mm. long, less fas- 
 cicled at the nodes. Range of the type. Perhaps specifically distinct. 
 
 2. CILIA R. & P. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses usually scarious. Corolla funnelform, 
 tubular, campanulate or rarely salverform, 5-lobed. Stamens equally or unequally 
 inserted on the corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3- celled, at 
 length distending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous 
 when wetted, in some species emitting spiral thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip 
 Gil, a Spanish botanist.] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the fol- 
 lowing, some 48 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves entire. 
 
 Flowers paniculate. I. G. gracilis. 
 
 Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 6. G. spicata. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided, pinnatifid or palmatifid. 
 
 Leaves palmatifid into 5-7 rigid subulate segments. 2. G. caespitosa. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not rigid. 
 Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. 
 Corolla 2-5 cm. long; plants 3-12 dm. tall. 
 
 Flowers paniculate, white. 3. G. longiflora. 
 
 Flowers narrowly thyrsoid, red. 4. G. aggregata. 
 
 Corolla 6-10 mm. long, violet or blue. 5. G. pinnatifida* 
 
 Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate, purplish. 6. G. spicata. 
 
 Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads. 
 Flower-clusters leafy-bracted. 
 
?O FLORA. 
 
 Perennial ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 7. &'. congesta. 
 Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 8. G. pumila. 
 Clusters bractless ; corolla campanulate. 9. G. tricolor. 
 
 Flowers axillary and terminal, scattered. 10. G. acerosa. 
 
 1. Gilia gracilis Hook. ENTIRE-LEAVED GILIA. (I. F. .2983.) Annual, 
 pubescent, at length much branched, 5-15 cm. high, the branches ascending. Lower 
 and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, commonly opposite and nearly sessile, 
 the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> opposite or alternate; 
 cymes i-5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-subulate; corolla 8-12 mm. long, the tube 
 yellowish, narrow, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; 
 capsule oblong, obtuse; seeds mucilaginous when wet. In dry or moist soil, 
 western Neb., Colo, and N. Mex. to Br. Col. and Cal. April-Aug. 
 
 2. Gilia caespitosa (Nutt.) A. Nelson. TUFTED GILIA. SHARP-LEAVED 
 GILIA. Shrubby, densely tufted, rigid, usually much branched, 0.5-1.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves alternate, sessile, 5-7 mm. long, palmately divided into 3-5 subu- 
 late rigid awl-shaped segments, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, 
 sometimes densely imbricated; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, sessile at the 
 ends of the branches, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-lobes 4, subulate, as long as the tube, 
 or shorter; corolla white to yellowish, salverform, the tube longer than the calyx, 
 the limb 4-lobed; stamens 4; seeds not mucilaginous when wetted. In dry soil, 
 Neb. and Wyo. May-July. \_Gilia piingens caespitbsa (Nutt.) A. Gray.] 
 
 3. Gdia longiflora (Torr.) Don. WHITE-FLOWERED GILIA. (I. F. f. 2985.) 
 Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves all alternate, 
 sessile, 2-6 cm. long, pinna tely divided or the uppermost entire; flowers white, 
 paniculate, about 5 cm. long; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 
 salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, spread- 
 ing lobes; stamens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly 
 oblong; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry 
 soil, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. May-Sept. 
 
 Gilia riibra (L.) Heller (G. coronopifolia Pers.), a related species with less spread- 
 ing corolla-lobes, is commonly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens. 
 
 4. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. SCARLET GILIA. (I. F. f. 2986.) Bien- 
 nial, pubescent or puberulent; stem 6-12 dm. high. Leaves alternate, the basal 
 often tufted, mostly petioled, 2-8 cm. long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear 
 segments; inflorescence often 3 dm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so in small 
 peduncled clusters, scarlet or red; corolla tubular-funnelform, the tube 2-4 cm. 
 long, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or re- 
 curved lobes; ovules numerous; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads 
 when wetted. In dry soil, Neb. and Wyo. to Tex., Mex., Br. Col. and Cal 
 June-Aug. 
 
 5. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED GILIA. (I. F. f. 2987.) Bien- 
 nial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 1.5-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, 2-8 cm. long, the segments 
 linear-oblong, those of the stem alternate, the uppermost minute and entire; 
 flowers numerous, paniculate; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla 
 salverform, 6-10 mm. long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the 
 calyx and its obovate lobes; stamens exserted; seeds not mucilaginous when 
 wetted. In sandy soil, Neb. and Wyo. to N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Gilia spicata Nutt. SPICATE GILIA. (I. F. f. 2988.) Perennial, woolly - 
 tomentose; stems stout, simple, 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves alternate, narrowly 
 linear, entire, or pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 
 in an elongated narrow thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 8-12 mm. long; 
 tube of the corolla considerably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes; calyx-lobes 
 acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat of the corolla. In dry soil, 
 western Neb. and Kans. to Wyo. and Utah. May-Aug. 
 
 7. Gilia congesta Hook. ROUND-HEADED GILIA. (I. F. f. 2989.) Peren- 
 nial, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Leaves mostly 
 petioled, 1-5 cm. long, pinnately divided into 3-9 sharp-pointed segments, or the 
 uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 4-6 mm. long; calyx- 
 lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx; filaments equally 
 
PCLEMONIA CEAE. 761 
 
 inserted in or below the sinuses of ihe corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. In dry 
 soil. Neb. and Colo, to Gal., Mont. ;nd Ore. May- Aug. 
 
 8. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low GILIA. (I. F. f. 2990.) Annual, woolly at 
 least when young, 0.7-2 dm. high. Leaves thick, 1-2.5 mm - l n g> pinnately 
 divided into mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers 
 in dense cymes; corolla 6-8 mm. long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes; 
 calyx-lobes awn-like; stamens inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 
 5 or 6 in each cavity. In dry soil, Neb. to Tex., Nev. and N. Mex. April-June. 
 
 9. Gilia tricolor Benth. TRICOLORED GILIA. (I. F. f. 2991.) Annual, 
 viscid puberulent, at least above; stems 1.5-5 ^ m - high- Leaves slender-petioled, 
 or the upper sessile, 2 3-pinnately divided into acute segments; flowers short- 
 pedicelled, 10-14 mm - l n g> m simple cymes; calyx-lobes triangular- lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the 
 calyx, its tube yellowish, short, the throat brown-purple, the oval to orbicular lobes 
 lilac or violet; ovules several in the cavities; seeds mucilaginous and emitting 
 spiral threads when wetted. Escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Neb. 
 (according to Webber). Native of Cal. April -May. 
 
 10. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. NEEDLE-LEAVED GILIA. Perennial, 
 glandular-puberulent, 8-15 cm. high, bushy-branched. Leaves pinnately parted 
 into 3-7 acicular segments; pedicels slender, 2 cm. long or less; corolla nearly 
 rotate, 2 cm. in diameter, or less; filaments filiform; anthers oblong. Dry soil, 
 Kans. to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. \G. ri^idula acerosa A. Gray.] 
 
 3. POLEMONIUM L. 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and mostly 
 large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, campanulate, 5- 
 cleft, accrescent in fruit, the segments entire, erect, or connivent over the capsule. 
 Corolla tubular-campanulate or tubular-funnelform, rarely rotate, the limb 5-lobed. 
 Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined. Ovary ovoid; 
 ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds 
 mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. About 15 species, natives 
 of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in west- 
 ern N. Am. 
 
 Anthers exserted ; flowers 16-20 mm. broad ; stem erect. i. P. Van Bruntiae. 
 
 Anthers included ; flowers 10-12 mm. broad ; stem reclining. 2. P. reptans. 
 
 1. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. AMERICAN JACOB'S LADDER. (I. 
 F. f. 2992.) Rootstock stout, horizontal. Stems somewhat glandular-pubescent 
 above, 3-7.5 dm. high, leafy to the top; leaflets of the lower leaves 15-19, ovate 
 or lanceolate, acute, 1-4 cm. long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; 
 cymose clusters rather loosely 3 5-flowered; flowers bluish purple; corolla-lobes 
 rounded; calyx much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; ovules 3 or 4 in each 
 cavity. In swamps and along streams, Vt. and northern N. Y. to Md. May-July. 
 
 2. Polemonium reptans L. GREEK VALERIAN. (I. F. f. 2993 ) Glabrous 
 or very nearly so, usually not more than 3 dm. high; stems weak, at length reclin- 
 ing or diffuse, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate- 
 oblong, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; flowers blue; calyx 5-lobed; 
 ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. Woods, N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 4. COLLOMIA Nutt. 
 
 Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and capitate or cymose 
 flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses, accres- 
 cent in fruit, not distended nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its lobes entire, 
 erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revolute lobe. Corolla tubular- 
 funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally 
 inserted on the tube of the corolla, the filaments unequal. Seeds of most species 
 mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring 
 to the glutinous seeds when wetted.] About 10 species, natives of western Am. 
 Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western U. S. and Br. Col. 
 
7 2 FLORA. 
 
 i. Collomia linearis Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED COLLOMIA. (I. F. f. 2994.) 
 Annual, viscid-puberulent; btem 0.7-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong, 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, sessile, or the lower sl/ort- 
 petioled, 2-6 cm. long; flowers 10-15 mm - l n g? ni capitate leafy -bracted 
 clusters; calyx-lobes triangular lanceolate, acute; corolla light purple or nearly 
 white, the tube slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes 2-4 mm. long ; capsule 
 about as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minn., Neb., Br. Col., Ariz, 
 and Cal. Also in N. Y. and N. B. May-Aug. {Gilia linearis A. Gray.] 
 
 5. NAVARRETIA R. & P. 
 
 Annual herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and 
 small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, 
 the tube 5-angled, 5" c l en % not accrescent, not distended by the ripening capsule, 
 the sinuses scarious, the lobes spiny-tipped, often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel- 
 form or salverform, 5-lobed. Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat of 
 the corolla. Ovary 2-3 -celled. Capsule i-3-celled. Seeds mostly mucilaginous 
 and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish 
 physician.] About 24 species, natives of western Am. Besides the following, 
 some 22 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 i. Navarretia minima Nutt. SMALL NAVARRETIA. (I. F. . 2995.) De- 
 pressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem 2-8 cm. high. Leaves sessile, 1-2.5 cm - 
 long, i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform acicular segments; flowers about 4 mm. long, 
 white (?); calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube; the 
 sinuses more or less white-pubescent; calyx-tube about equalling the indehis- 
 cent i-6-seeded capsule. In dry soil, Neb. and S. Dak. to Wash, and Ariz. 
 Summer. \Gilia minima A. Gray.] 
 
 Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. 
 Water-leaf Family. 
 
 Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or bnsal, 
 rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid 
 cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply 
 cleft or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
 corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform ; anthers mostly 
 versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or 
 none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, 
 separate, or partly united ; stigmas small, terminal; ovules anatropous 
 or amphitropous. Capsule i-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved. 
 Seeds usually pitted, rugose or reticulated ; endosperm fleshy or cartilag- 
 inous; embryo small ; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 
 17 genera and 160 species, mostly natives of western N. Am. 
 
 Styles united below; ovary i-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate. 
 Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; placentae dilated. 
 
 Stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum. 
 
 Stamens not exserted. 
 
 Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Nemophila. 
 
 Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 
 
 3. Macrocalyx. 
 
 Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia. 
 
 Styles distinct to the base; ovary 2-celled; leaves entire. 5. Nama. 
 
 i. HYDROPHYLLUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided 
 leaves, and white, blue or purple flowers, in more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx 
 deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate. Corolla tubular-campanu- 
 late or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a linear append- 
 age witliin, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a. groove. 
 Stamens 5, exserted; filaments pilose below or at the base; anthers versatile. 
 Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent; placentae fleshy, dilated, free from the ovary-wall 
 except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules; styles united nearly to the 
 
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 763 
 
 summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, globose -obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, refer- 
 ling to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.] About 6 species, of N. Am. 
 Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatified or pinnately divided. 
 Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so. 
 
 Plant sparingly pubescent; leaf-segments acute. I. H. Virginicum. 
 
 Plant villous-hirsute; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum. 
 
 Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. JJ. appendiculatum t 
 
 Leaves palmately s-g-lobed. 4. H. Canadense. 
 
 1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L. VIRGINIA WATER- LEAF. (I. F. f. 2996.) 
 Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, rather weak, 
 3-9 dm. long. Lower and basal leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, pinnately divided into 
 5-7 acute or acutish sharply toothed or incised segments 2-5 cm. long, glabrous 
 or with few scattered hairs; upper leaves, short -petioled, smaller, with fewer seg- 
 ments; cymes slender-peduncled; flowers white to violet purple, short- pedicelled; 
 pedicels strigose- pubescent; calyx-segments hispid; corolla about 8 mm. long. 
 In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to S. Car., Kans. and Wash. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. LARGE-LEAVED WATER-LEAF. 
 (I. F. f. 2997.) Perennial, villous-hirsute; stem 6-9 dm. high. Lower leaves 2-3 
 dm.' long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7 -I 3 obtuse dentate segments 
 2-8 cm. long; upper leaves smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer segments; 
 cymes long-peduncled, very dense; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the 
 middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid; corolla 10-12 mm. long; anthers 
 oblong; capsule densely white-hispid, enclosed by the calyx. In rich woods, Ohio 
 to Ala., III. and Tenn. April-June. 
 
 3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Mtchx. APPENDAGED WATER-L.EAF. 
 (I. F. f. 2998.) Biennial, rough-hairy; stems weak, 3-6 dm. long, somewhat viscid 
 above. Lower and basal leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 irregularly 
 dentate or incised segments; upper leaves ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the 
 lobes acute and dentate; cymes loose, branched, the pedicels 8-20 mm. long; calyx 
 parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular- lanceolate, 
 acuminate; corolla violet or purple, 12-14 mm. long. In woods, Out. to N. Car., 
 Minn, and Kans. May-June. 
 
 4. Hydrophyllum Canadense L. BROAD-LEAVED WATER- LEAF. (I. F. f. 
 2999.) Perennial; stems glabrous or nearly so, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves nearly 
 orbicular, cordate, sparingly pubescent, at least above, 5-9 lobed, the lower often 
 3 dm. broad; upper leaves smaller; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate; cymes dense 
 or becoming loose; pedicels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, 
 its segments linear lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a 
 minute tooth in each sinus ; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish. In woods, 
 Mass, to N. Car., 111. and Ky. June-Aug. 
 
 3. NEMOPHILA Nutt. 
 
 Annual diffuse pubescent fragile herbs, with mostly pinnatifid or lobed leaves. 
 Flowers white, blue, or variegated, solitary, peduncled. Calyx with an appendage 
 in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, usually with 10 small 
 appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included. 
 Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydrophyllum ; styles partly 
 united. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4 in our species. [Greek, grove-loving.] 
 About 10 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 i. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. SMALL-FLOWERED NEMOPHILA. 
 (I. F. f. 3000.) Stems slender, 5-40 cm. long. Leaves membranous, petioled, 
 2-6 cm. long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique 
 obtuse 2-3 -dentate or -lobed segments, the upper alternate, the lowest opposite; 
 peduncles 8-25 mm. long, opposite the leaves; flowers white or blue, 3-4 mm. loner; 
 appendages of the calyx minute; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit; ovules 2 on each 
 placenta; corolla appendages obsolete or none; anthers oval; capsule about 3 mm. in 
 diameter, i-2-seeded. In woods, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 3. MACROCALYX Trew. [ELLISIA L.] 
 
 Annual hirsute or pubescent slender herbs, with pinnately divided or l-3-pin- 
 natifid leaves, and small white or bluish flowers. Calyx 5- lobed or 5-parted, 
 
764 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages. Corolla campanulate 
 or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 
 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 
 included. Ovary i -celled; styles united below; ovules 2 4 on each of the placen- 
 tae. [Greek, large calyx.] About 3 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 i. Macrocalyx Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. NYCTELEA. (I. F. f. 3001.) Spar- 
 ingly hirsute-pubescent; stem forked, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided, 
 petioled, 4-10 cm. long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower oppo- 
 site, the segments oblong or lanceolate; peduncles I flowered, opposite the leaves; 
 calyx in flower about 4 mm. long, about equalling the coiolla, enlarging, widely 
 spreading and becoming 15-30 mm. broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate; fruit at length pendulous; capsule globose. In moist soil, 
 N. J. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Va., Neb. and Kans. April-July. 
 
 4. PHACELIA Juss. 
 
 Mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate leaves, the lowest rarely 
 opposite, and blue, purple, violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or 
 racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. 
 Corolla-tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated 
 in the bud. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. 
 Ovary i -celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below. 
 Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. 
 [Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered flowers.] About 80 species, natives 
 of the New World. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Corolla-lobes entire. 
 
 Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. 
 
 Leaves entire. i. P. leucophylla. 
 
 Leaves crenate-dentate. 2. P. integrifolia, 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised. 
 Racemes loose; pedicels slender; ovules 2 on each placenta. 
 
 3. P. bipinnatifida. 
 
 Racemes dense; pedicels short; ovules numerous. 4. P. Franklinii. 
 
 Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none. 
 Filaments pubescent; calyx-lobes oblong. 
 
 Puberulent; flowers 8-10 mm. broad. 5. P. dubi'a. 
 
 Hirsute; flowers 12-14 rnm. broad. 6. P. hirsuta. 
 
 Filaments glabrous; calyx-lobes linear. 7. P. Covillei, 
 
 Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. 
 
 Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii. 
 
 Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P.fimbriata. 
 
 1. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. SILKY PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 3002.) Peren- 
 nial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky-pubescent. Stem 3-5 dm. high; 
 leaves lanceolate to oblong, 5-10 cm. long, the lower long-petioled; spike-like 
 branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2-8 cm. long; flowers sessile, numerous, 
 about 8 mm. high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, somewhat 
 shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla; corolla-appendages in pairs 
 between the filaments ; filaments exserted, glabrous or sparingly hairy ; ovules 2 on 
 each placenta. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Idaho and Neb. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. CRENATE-LEAVED PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 
 3003.) Annual or biennial; stem very leafy, 1.5-5 dm. high. Leaves finely 
 strigose-pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, "irregularly crenate-dentate, 
 obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 2-6 cm, long, petioled or the 
 uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 5-10 cm. 
 long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 8 mm. long; calyx-segments acute; 
 corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer than the calyx; filaments 
 glabrous, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta. In saline soil, Kans. and Colo, to 
 Mex. , Utah and Ariz. April-Sept. 
 
 3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. LOOSE FLOWERED PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 
 3004.) Biennial, hirsute-pubescent ; stem glandular-viscid above, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves slender petioled, 5-13 cm. long, pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid 
 
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 76$ 
 
 Into 3~7, dentate or incised segments, or these again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or 
 violet, 12-16 mm. broad, in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; 
 pedicels 8-20 mm. long, recurved in fruit; calyx- segments linear; appendages of 
 the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens; filaments pilose, 
 exserted. Moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Mo., south to Ala. April-June. 
 
 4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. FRANKLIN'S PHACELIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3005.) Annual, villous pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves 3-8 cm. 
 long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute segments; flowers 
 blue or nearly white, in scorpioid racemes; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, longer than the tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla; appendages of the 
 corolla free at the apex; filaments glabrous, or nearly so; styles united nearly to 
 the summit. Ont. and Minn, to Br. Col., Wyo. and Idaho. Summer. 
 
 5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. SMALL-FLOWERED PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 
 3006.) Annual, puberulent or glabrate, 1-3 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves 
 petioled, 2-5 cm. long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obtuse segments 
 or rarely merely dentate, or even entire; flowers light blue or white, racemose; 
 racemes 5- 15 -flowered; corolla rotate-campanulate; anthers slightly exserted; 
 capsule 6- 12-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending. In moist soil. Penn. to Ga., 
 Kans. and Tex. April- June. [/. parvi flora Pursh.] 
 
 6. Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. HAIRY" PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 3007.) Similar to 
 the preceding but usually stouter, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves pinnatifid into 5-9 
 usually entire segments, or the upper 3-5-lobed, or entire, sessile; racemes rather 
 dense; flowers blue; calyx segments hirsute; corolla rotate-campanulate; ovules 
 3 or 4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; capsule 4-8-seeded. In dry 
 soil, Va. to Ga,, Kans. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. COVILLE'S PHACELIA . (I. F. f. 3008.) 
 Similar to the uvo preceding species, pubescent; branches weak, 1.5-3 dm. long. 
 Leaf-segments 3-7, obtuse; racemes 1-5 -flowered; pedicels filiform, 1-3.5 cm - 
 long; calyx-segments linear; corolla tubular-campanulate, about 6 mm. long and 
 broad; anthers not exserted; capsule 3-4 mm. in diameter; fruiting pedicels 
 recurved. Along the Potomac River above Washington, and in 111. April-May. 
 
 8. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. PURSH'S PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 3009.) Annual, 
 pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves pinnately parted or 
 pinnatifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate segments; upper leaves sessile, with fewer 
 segments; racemes strongly i-sided, io-2O-flowered; pedicels 6-25 mm. long; calyx- 
 segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; corolla IO-I2 mm. broad, blue or white; 
 filaments slightly exceeding the corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta. In moist woods 
 or thickets, Penn. to Minn., N. Car., Ala. and Mo. April-June. 
 
 9. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. FRINGED OR MOUNTAIN PHACELIA. (I. F. f. 
 3010.) Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems 1.5-5 ^m. l n g- Basal and lower 
 leaves slender- petioled, pinnately divided into 5-9 obtuse segments; upper leaves 
 sessile, their segments acute; clusters loose, 3- 12 -flowered; pedicels 8-30 mm. 
 long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, white; calyx segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; 
 corolla rotate-campanulate; filaments pilose, about equalling the corolla; ovules 2 
 on each placenta. In woods, mountains of Va. to Ala. May-June. 
 
 5. NAMA L. [HYDROLEA L.] 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their 
 axils, and blue clustered flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base. Corolla 
 rotate-campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on 
 the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); ovules 
 numerous on fleshy adherent placentae; styles 2, rarely 3, distinct to the base; 
 stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. 
 [Greek, a stream, referring to the habitat.] About 15 species, natives of warm 
 and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate; flowers mostly in axillary clusters. 
 
 Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 i. N. affinis. 
 
 Villous, at least above, and on the calyx; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. guadrivalvis. 
 Leaves ovate ; flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous. 3. N. ovata. 
 
766 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 1. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. SMOOTH NAMA. (I. F. f. 3011.) 
 
 Glabrous or nearly so; stems 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled, 
 acute or acuminate at both ends, 5-13 cm. long; flowers 12-14 mm - broad, short- 
 pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axillary clusters; sepals about 
 equalling the corolla; capsule 4 mm. in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In wet 
 places, southern 111. to Mo., La. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. HAIRY NAMA. (I. F. f. 3012.) 
 Similar to the preceding, but pubescent, at least above, with spreading hairs; stem 
 ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or 
 sparingly pubescent, petioled, 5-13 cm. long; sepals about as long as the corolla; 
 capsule 4-6 mm. in diameter, about the length of the sepals. In wet soil, Va. to 
 Fla. and La. June -Aug. 
 
 3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. OVATE-LEAVED NAMA. (I. F. f. 3013.) Stem 
 3-9 dm. high, puberulent, or hirsute, at least above. Leaves ovate, rarely ovate- 
 lanceolate, puberulent, or glabrous, 2-7 cm. long, acute; flowers terminal, often 2.5 
 cm. broad, or more; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous, shorter than the 
 corolla, longer than the capsule. In wet soil, Ga. to Mo., La. and Tex. May- Sept. 
 
 Family 5. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. 
 Borage Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees. Leaves alternate, rarely 
 opposite or verticillate, estipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, 
 scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly blue, in one- 
 sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx 
 inferior, mostly 5-Iobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, rarely irregular. Stamens as 
 many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube 
 or throat; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk com- 
 monly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or 
 the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled 
 carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous 
 or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4 i-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded 
 carpels. Endosperm fleshy, copious, or none ; cotyledons mostly flat or 
 plano-convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide 
 distribution. 
 
 * Ovary entire or z-4-grooved; style terminal. i. Heliotropium. 
 * * Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. 
 Flowers regular. 
 
 Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. 
 
 Nutlets spreading; or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum. 
 
 Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 
 
 3. Lappula. 
 Nutlets unarmed. 
 
 Outlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases. 
 ?ruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous. 
 
 Corolla small, usually white; receptacle conic or elongated. 
 
 Annuals; calyx nearly closed in fruit; inflorescence naked or brao 
 teolate. 
 
 Lowest leaves mostly opposite; calyx persistent. 
 
 4. Allocarya. 
 Leaves all alternate ; calyx at length deciduous. 
 
 5. Cryptanthe. 
 Perennials or biennials; calyx-segments more or less spreading in 
 
 fruit ; inflorescence leafy. 6. Oreocarya. 
 
 Corolla tubular-funnelform, mostly blue; receptacle flat or convex. 
 Maritime; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. 7. Pneumaria. 
 Not maritime; nutlets wrinkled and dry when mature. 
 
 8. Mertensia. 
 Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. 9. Asperugo. \ 
 
i BORAGINACEAE. 767 
 
 Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases. 
 Scar of attachment small, flat. 
 
 Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading;. 
 Racemes not bracted ; corolla-tube short. 10. Myosotis. 
 
 Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. 
 
 ii. Ltthospermum. 
 
 Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. 12. Onosmodium, 
 
 Scar of attachment large, concave. 
 
 Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. 13. Symphytum. 
 
 Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. 14. Borago. 
 
 Flowers irregular. 
 
 Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. 15. Lycopsis. 
 
 Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. 16. Eclnum. 
 
 i. HELIOTROPIUM L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or white 
 flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx lobes or -segments lanceolate or 
 linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, 
 its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens included; fila- 
 ments short, or none. Stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 
 4 i -seeded nutlets, or into 2 2- seeded carpels. [Greek, sun-turning, i, e., turning 
 to or with the sun.] About 115 species, widely distributed. Besides the follow- 
 ing, some 9 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i-seeded nutlet. 
 Flowers in scorpioid spikes. 
 
 Plant rough-puberulent; leaves oval. I. ff, Europaeum. 
 
 Glabrous, fleshy; leaves linear or spatulate. 2. //. Curassavicum* 
 
 Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 3. H. tenellum, 
 
 Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels. 
 
 Style elongated ; flowers large, scattered, white. 4. H. convolvulaceum. 
 
 Style very short; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 5. H. Indicum. 
 
 1. Heliotropium Furopaeum L. EUROPEAN HELIOTROPE. (I. F. f. 3014.) 
 Annual, much branched, rough puberulent, 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves oval, 2-5 cm. 
 long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, slender- petioled ; flowers white, 2-4 mm. broad, 
 in dense i -sided, bractless spikes; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones com- 
 monly solitary; calyx-segments shorter than the corolla-tube; anthers distinct, 
 obtuse; stigma-tip long-conic; fruit depressed-globose, pubescent. In waste places, 
 N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. Adventive or nat. from Europe. June- Oct. 
 
 2. Heliotropium Curassavicum L. SEA-SIDE HELIOTROPE. (I. F. f. 3015.) 
 Annual (or southward perennial ?), fleshy, more or less glaucous, diffuse, the 
 branches 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves oblanceolate, linear, or spatulate. entire, in- 
 conspicuously veined, 2-5 cm. long. 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed into petioles, 
 or the upper sessile; scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers 
 about 4 mm. broad' calyx-segments acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or 
 changing to blue; stigma umbrella- shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit globose. On 
 sandy seashores, Va. to Tex. and Mex. 
 
 2a. Heliotropium spathulatum Rydb. Flowers much larger than in the 
 preceding species, the corolla 6-8 mm. broad ; stem stout, ascending ; leaves 
 broadly spatulate. Saline soil, N. D. to Wash., Iowa, Nebr. and Utah. 
 
 3. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt. ) Torn SLENDER HELIOTROPE. (I. F. f. 
 3016.) Annual, strigose-canescent; stem commonly leafless below, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves linear, entire, 1-4 cm. long, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the 
 lower petioled; flowers white, about 5 mm. long, bracted by I or 2 leaves; calyx- 
 segments unequal; corolla-tube canescent, its lobes entire; anthers obtuse; stigma 
 subulate-tipped; fruit depressed, strigose-pubescent. In dry soil, Ky. to Kans., 
 Ala., Tex. and N. Mex. April-Aug. 
 
 a. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray. BINDWEED HELIOTROPE. 
 (I. F. f. 3017.) Annual, strigose-canescent, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
 ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled. narrowed at the base, 1-4 cm. long; 
 fl>wers numerous, fragrant, short-ped uncled, mostly solitary and opposite the leaves; 
 calyx-segments acuminate, equal; corolla white, strigose, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 12 
 
?68 FLORA. 
 
 mm. broad, its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the angulate-lobed limb; 
 anthers inserted on the tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips; style 
 filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs; fruit 2-lobed, pubescent. In dry 
 sandy soil, Neb* to Tex., Utah and Mex July-Sept. 
 
 5. Heliotropium Indicum L. INDIAN HELIOTROPE. (I. F. f. 3018.) An- 
 nual, hirsute or hispid ; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or Oval, obtuse, rounded 
 or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, repand or undulate, margined-petioled; 
 flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless usually solitary 
 scorpioid spikes; calyx-segments acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; 
 style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous. In waste places, 
 N. Car. to 111., Fla. and Tex. Nat. from India. Also in ballast about the northern 
 seaports. May-Nov. 
 
 2. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 
 
 Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire 
 leaves, the basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, 
 more or less scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged in fruit. 
 Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scaled 
 opposite the imbricated rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short. Ovary 
 deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets oblique, attached laterally to the convex or conic recep' 
 tacle. covered with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.] About 75 
 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western 
 N. Am. 
 
 Stem leafy to the top; flowers reddish, purple or white; nutlets fiat. i. C. ojficinale. 
 Stem leafless above ; flowers blue; nutlets convex. 2. C. Virginicum. 
 
 i. Cynoglossum officinale L. HOUND'S-IONGUE. GIPSY FLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3019.) Biennial; stem stout, 4-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves oblong of 
 oblong-lanceolate, sometimes obtuse, 1.5-3 dm. long; upper leaves lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate, sessile; racemes much elongated in fruit: pedicels 6-12 mm. long; 
 calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate, acute; corolla about 8 mm. broad; fruit pyram- 
 idal, about I cm. broad, each of the 4 nutlets iorming a side of the pyramid, flat 
 on their upper faces, margined, splitting away at maturity, but hanging attached 
 to portions of the subulate style. In fields and waste places. Quebec and Out. to 
 Minn., Manitoba, N. Car. and Kans. May-Sept. 
 
 2 Cynoglossum Virginicum L. WILD COMFREY. (I. F. f. 3020.) Peren- 
 nial, hirsute; stem usually simple, leafless above, stout, 4-8 dm. high, Basal and 
 lower leaves oval or oblong, 1-3 dm. long, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; upper 
 leaves oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and clasping by a cordate base, acute; 
 racemes 2-6, bractless, long-peduncled; flowers about I cm. broad; calyx-segments 
 oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; fruit depressed, 8 mm. broad, the nutlets convex on the 
 upper face, not margined, separating and falling away at maturity. In woods, 
 N. B. to western Ont., Fla., La. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 3. LAPPULA Moench. [ECHINOSPERMUM SwJ\ 
 Rough -pubescent or canescent herbs, with alternate narrow entire leaves, and 
 
 small blue or white flowers, in terminal racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, 
 the segments narrow. Corolla salverform or funnel r orm, the tube very short, the 
 throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse, spreading, imbricated in the 1 ud. Sta- 
 mens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style short. Nutlets 4, lat- 
 erally attached to the receptacle, at length separating, the margins or backs armed 
 with stout barbed prickles, the sides usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminu- 
 tive of the Latin lappa, a bur.] About 40 species, mostly of the north temperate 
 zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western N. A. : 
 Racemes bracted ; fruiting pedicels not deflexed. 
 
 Prickles in two rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. i. L. Lapptda. 
 
 Prickles in one row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. Z. Texana, 
 Racemes bracted only at the base: fruiting pedicels deflexed. 
 
 Stem leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate; fruit globose. 3. L. Virginiana. 
 
 Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear: fruit pyramidal. 
 
 Flowers 6-10 mm. broad; fruit about 6mm. broad. 4. L. Jion'buncta. 
 
 Flowers 2-4 mm. broad; fruit about 4 mm, broad. 5. L. Americana. 
 
BORA GIN A CEA E. 
 
 1. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. EUROPEAN STICKSEED. BURSEED. (I. F. 
 f 3021.) Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high, the 
 branches erect. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatulate, sessile or the 
 lower narrowed into petioles, obtuse or obtusish, 1-4 cm. long; racemes more or 
 less i-sided; pedicels short, stout; calyx-segments lanceolate; corolla blue, about 
 2 mm. broad; fruit globose -oval, 3 mm. in diameter, the nutlets papillose on the 
 back, the margins with 2 rows of slender prickles. In waste places, N. S. to Br. 
 Col., N. J. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Lappula Texana (Scheele) Britton. HAIRY STICKSEED. (I. F. f. 
 3022.) Annual, similar to the preceding. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly 
 obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit; 
 flowers about 2 mm. broad; nutlets papillose-tuberculate on the back, the margins 
 armed with a row of flat, usually confluent bristles, or these united into a cup. In 
 dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Br. Col., Neb., Tex. and Ariz. April- 
 Aug. 
 
 3. Lappula Virginiana (L.) Greene. VIRGINIA STICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3023.) 
 Biennial, pubescent; stem 6-12 dm. high, the branches spreading. Basal leaves 
 (seldom present at flowering time) ovate to orbicular, cordate, long-petirled; stem 
 leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or acuminate, petioled, 0.7-2 dm. long, the upper- 
 most smaller, sessile; racemes slender, divergent; pedicels short, deflexed in Iruit; 
 corolla nearly white, about 2 mm. broad; fruit nearly 4 mm. in diameter; nutlet? 
 covered on the margins and usually also on the back by the slender flattened barbed 
 prickles, the backs commonly also more or less papillose. In dry woods and thick- 
 ets, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., Ala., La. and Kans. June-Sept. 
 
 4 Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. LARGE- FLOWERED STICKSEED. (I. F. 
 f. 3024.) Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent; stem stout, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, sessile, or the 
 lower narrowed into petioles; racemes erect or nearly so, densely flowered, many 
 of them in pairs; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, deflexed in fruit; flowers blue, 6-10 mm. 
 broad; fruit pyramidal, about 6 mm. broad; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate 
 on the back, the margins armed with a row of flat prickles. Western Ont. and 
 Minn, to Br. Col., N. Mex. and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Lappula Americana (A. Gray) Rydberg. NODDING STICKSEED. (I. F. f. 
 3025.) Annual, rough-puberulent; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 5-10 cm. long; racemes slender; pedi- 
 cels slender, 4-8 nun. long, deflexed in fruit; corolla white or bluish, about 2 mm. 
 broad; fruit pyramidal; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, rarely 
 with a few prickles on the keel, the margins armed with a row of fiat prickles. In 
 thickets, Manitoba and N. Dak. to Br. Col. May-Aug. 
 
 4. ALLOCARYA Greene. 
 
 Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often oppo- 
 site, and small flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the 
 summit, persistent. Calyx 5 -divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla 
 salverform, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; 
 style short. Nutlets crustaceous, attached at their base or below the middle to the 
 receptacle. [Greek, different nuts.] About 25 species, of western N. Am. 
 
 i. Ailocarya scopulorum Greene. MOUNTAIN ALLOCARYA. (I. F. f. 
 3026.) Pubescent, with scattered stiff appressed hairs, the slender spreading 
 branches 2-20 cm. long. Leaves 13.5 cm - l n g 2 ~3 mn "i. wide, sessile or short- 
 petioled; flowers about 2 mm. broad, distant, borne in most of the axils, short- 
 pedicelled; floral bracts similar to the leaves; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate; 
 nutlets reticulate on the back, lightly grooved on the ventral side. Western Neb. 
 to Mont., Wyo. and Colo. June-Sept. 
 
 5. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. 
 
 Low annual setose or hispid herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and 
 small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at 
 length deciduous, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent- in fruit. Corolla 
 small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbricated in 
 
770 FLORA. 
 
 the bud. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitellate. 
 Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, attached laterally to the conic or 
 elongated receptacle, the scar of attachment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, 
 hidden-flowered.] About 50 species, natives of Am., mostly of the western U. S. 
 
 Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. i. C. crassisepala^ 
 
 A.U four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri. 
 
 1. Cryptanthe crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene. THICK-SEPALED CRYPT- 
 ANTHE. (I. F. f. 3027.) Densely hispid, 7-15 cm. high. Leaves linear, or 
 linear-spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles; spikes 
 densely flowered; flowers about 4 mm. broad, sessile, bracteolate; fruiting calyx 
 6 mm. long, closing over the fruit, its segments linear, obtusish, their midribs much 
 thickened; fruit of 3 finely muricate nutlets, and I larger smooth and shining 
 nutlet about 2 mm. long. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., Kans., Tex. and 
 N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Cryptanthe Fendleri (A. Gray) Greene. FENDLER'S CRYPTANTHE. 
 (I. F. f. 3028.) Erect, hispid; stem 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves linear, or the lowest 
 linear-spatulate, 2-6 cm. long; spikes slender, bracteolate only at the base; flowers 
 sessile, 2-4 cm. broad; fruiting calyx nearly closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, 
 herbaceous; nutlets 4, all alike, brown, less than 2 mm. long. In dry soil, N. W. 
 Terr, to Wash., Neb. and Ariz. June-Aug. 
 
 6. OREOCARYA Greene. 
 
 Hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots, alternate or 
 basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid 
 flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted or 5 -divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less 
 spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla fuimelform or salverform, mostly crested 
 in the throat, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style mostly short. 
 Nutlets 4, laterally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or 
 winged. [Greek, mountain nut.] About 9 species, natives of western N. Am. and 
 Mex. 
 
 Inflorescence racemose-paniculate; nutlets smooth. i. O. stiffruticosa. 
 
 Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate; nutlets rough. 
 
 Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes. 
 
 Densely rough-hairy, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 2. O. glomerata. 
 
 Silvery appressed-pubescent, 0.7-1.5 dm. high. 3. O. sericea. 
 
 Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes. 
 
 4. O.fulvocanescens. 
 
 1. Oreocarya suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene. SHRUBBY OREOCARYA. (I. F. 
 f. 3029.) Perennial, rather stout, strigose-pubescent or somewhat hirsute, 1-3 dm. 
 high. Upper leaves linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, the lower oblanceolate, somewhat 
 longer; pedicels about 2 mm. long; calyx canescent and somewhat hispid; bract- 
 lets longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla 3-6 mm. broad; nutlets nearly 2 mm. 
 long, shining, closely fitting together, triangular, acute-margined. In dry soil, 
 western Neb. and Wyo. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene. CLUSTERED OREOCARYA. (I. F. 
 f. 3030.) Perennial or biennial; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves spatulate or the 
 upper lin.ear, obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, the basal commonly tufted; inflorescence of 
 thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral spike-like clusters mostly longer than the 
 subtending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla 6-10 mm. broad; fruit pyra- 
 midal, the nutlets triangular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose on the back. 
 In dry soil, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Neb., N. Mex. and Utah. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene. Low OREOCARYA. (I. F. f. 
 3031.) Perennial, low, tufted; stems 7-15 cm. high. Leaves linear-spatulate, 
 1-2.5 cm - lon ' imbricated on the short sterile shoots and at the bases of the flower, 
 ing stems; inflorescence usually short; calyx densely hispid; corolla 4-6 mm, 
 broad; style short; nutlets acutely margined, acute, papillose on the back. In dry 
 soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. and Utah. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Oreocarya. fulvocanescens (A. Gray) Greene. TAWNY OREOCARYA. 
 (I. F. f. 3032.) Perennial, similar to the preceding, but densely strigose or hirsute. 
 
BORAGINACEAE. 77 1 
 
 Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones 2-4 cm. long; 
 calyx densely setose with yellowish hairs, corolla about 4 mm. broad; style fili- 
 form; nutlets acutely margined, tuberculate on the back. In dry soil, western 
 Neb. (according to Webber); Wyo. to Nev. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 7. PNEUMARIA Hill. 
 
 A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous herb, with alternate entire leaves, and 
 small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy -bracted racemes. Calyx- 
 lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular- 
 campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, 
 slightly spreading. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, at- 
 tached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining, 
 acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature. A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. SEA LUNGWORT. SEA BUG LOSS. OYS- 
 TER PLANT. (I. F. f. 3033.) Pale green, the branches spreading or ascending, 
 0.7-4 dm. long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or oblong, 2-10 cm. long, the lower 
 and basal ones contracted into margined petioles; flcwers blue or nearly white, 
 about 6 mm. long, pedicelled; pedicels slender, 1-3.5 cm - ' on gl calyx shorter than 
 the corolla-tube; nutlets about as long as the calyx- lobes when matui-e. On sea- 
 beaches, L. I. (?); Mass, to Newf. and Greenland; Ore. to Alaska. Also on the 
 coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 
 
 8. MERTENSIA Roth. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large clustered blue purple or 
 white flowers. Calyx- lobes lanceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla 
 tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. 
 Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted ; anthers 
 obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when 
 mature, attached above their bases to 'the convex or nearly flat leceplacle. [In 
 honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist.] About 16 species, of the north- 
 ern hemisphere. Besides the following seme 9 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely 5-lobed. 
 
 i. M. Virginica. 
 Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed. 
 
 Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. panictilata. 
 
 Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolata. 
 
 1. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. VIRGINIA COWSLIP. (I. F. f. 3034.) 
 Glabrous; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, obtuse, 5-13 cm. 
 long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; 
 flowers blue-purple, showy, about 2.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, 
 obtusish; corolla-tube cylindric, a little expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed 
 plaited limb, pubescent at the base within; disk with two opposite linear lobes; fila- 
 ments filiform, much longer than the anthers. In lo\V meadows and along streams, 
 Ont. to N. J., S. Car., Minn., Neb. and Kans. March-May. 
 
 2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. TALL LUNGWORT. (I. F. f. 3035.) 
 Roughish-pubescent, dark green; stem 4-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, pinnately 
 veined, those of the stem 5-13 cm. long, the lower narrowed into slender petioles; 
 basal leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base; pedicels filiform, 8-20 mm. long; 
 flowers purple-blue, 12-14 mm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla-tube 
 about twice as long as the calyx and exceeding the 5-lcbed limb; filaments flattened, 
 slightly longer than the anthers; style filiform, usually somewhat exi-erted. In 
 woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, Mich., Neb., Colo, and Utah. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. LANCE-LEAVED LUNGWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3036.) Stem slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves papillose, indistinctly veined, 
 light green, the upper lanceolate, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, 
 the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 7-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined 
 peti< 1 . : flowers blue, 10-12 mm. long; pedicels 6 -14 mm. long; calyx-lobes lance- 
 olate, the tube longer than the calyx and longer than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the 
 
77 2 FLORA. 
 
 base within; filaments a little longer than the anthers; style filiform, scarcely ex.. 
 serted. In thickets, western Neb. to Manitoba, Wyo. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 9. ASPERUGO L. 
 
 An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the 
 uppermost sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedi- 
 celled and 1-3 together in the upper axils. Calyx campanula te, unequally 5 -cleft, 
 enlarged and folded together in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular- 
 campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the 
 corolla-tube; filaments short. Style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, 
 erect, granular-tuberculate, keeled, laterally attached above the middle to the 
 elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to the leaves.] A mono- 
 typic genus of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Asperugo procumbens L. GERMAN MADWORT. CATCHWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3037.) Steins slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or the lower 
 spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers short- 
 pedicelled, about 2 mm. broad, the pedicels recurved in fruit; fruiting calyx dry 
 and membranous, strongly veined, 8-12 mm. broad. In waste places and ballast, 
 N. Y. to D. C. and Minn. Adventive from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 10. MYOSOTIS L. 
 
 Low pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or 
 white flowers in elongated more or less i-sided racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes 
 narrow. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, 
 rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; 
 filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Style filiform. Nutlets erect, attached by 
 their bases to the receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse- 
 ear.] About 35 species of wide distribution. Besides the following, I or 2 
 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants. 
 
 Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 6-8 mm. broad. i. M. palustris. 
 Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. broad. 2. M. laxa. 
 
 Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips; annuals or biennials. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3 . M. arvensis. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. 
 Calyx-lobes equal. 
 
 Calyx closed after flowering; corolla yellow, changing to violet or blue. 
 
 4. M . versicolor. 
 
 Calyx open after flowering; corolla blue. 5. M. collina. 
 
 Calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla white. 
 
 Calyx not nodding in fruit, mostly less than 5 mm. long; seeds 1.5 mm. long. 
 
 6. M. Virginica. 
 Calyx nodding or spreading in fruit, 5-7 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long. 
 
 7. M, macrosperma. 
 
 1. Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. FORGET-ME-NOT. MOUSE-EAR SCORPION- 
 GRASS. (I. F. f. 3038.) Appressed-pubescent, with slender rootstocks or stolons; 
 stems decumbent, 1.5-5 dm - lon g- Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 2-8 cm. long; racemes loosely many-flowered; 
 pedicels longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute, spread- 
 ing in fruit, corolla blue with a yellow eye; nutlets angled and keeled on the inner 
 side. In brooks and marshes, N. S. to N. Y. and Tenn. Escaped from cultiva- 
 tion. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July. 
 
 2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. SMALLER FORGET-ME-NOT. (I. F. f. 3039.) Simi- 
 lar to th~ preceding. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; 
 racemes very loosely many flowered; pedicels spreading, much longer than the 
 fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes equal, ovate lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, 
 quite as long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye, its limb concave, about 
 4 mm. broad; nutlets convex on both the inner and outer sides. In wet muddy 
 places, Newf. to Ont., Va. and Tenn. Also in Europe. May-July. 
 
 j. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Lam. FIELD SCORPION-GRASS, OR MOUSE-EAR. 
 3040.) Hirsute-pubescent; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Basal and lower 
 
 3- M 
 [. F. f. 
 
BORA GIN A CEA E. 773 
 
 leaves oblanceolate, obtuse; stem leaves mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, nar- 
 rowed to the sessile base, 1-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes equal, erect, or connivent in 
 fruit, triangular-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue or white, 
 the limb concave, 2-3 mm. broad; nutlets convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled 
 on the inner. In fields, N. B. to Ont. and Minn., south to W. Va. Perhaps not 
 indigenous. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. YELLOW AND BLUE SCORPION- 
 GRASS. (I. F. f. 3041.) Annual, hirsute-pubescent, often branched above; stems 
 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or the lower spatulate 
 and narrowed into margined petioles; pedicels erect; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 
 erect or connivent in fruit, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla pale yellow 
 changing to violet or blue, its limb about 2 mm. broad; nutlets convex on the 
 cuter, slightly keeled on the inner side. In fields and along roadsides, southern 
 N. Y. to Del. Nat. from Europe. May-July. 
 
 5. Myosotis collina Hoftm. EARLY MYOSOTE. Similar to the two preced- 
 ing species, usually much branched from the base, rarely over 1.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong, or the lower spatulate, mostly obtuse; pedicels rarely over 2 mm. 
 long, the segments not closed over the fruit. Fields, Me. to Ont., Mass, and N. Y. 
 Adventive from Europe. May-June. 
 
 6. Myosotis Virginica (L.) B.S.P. SPRING SCORPION-GRASS. (I. F. f. 
 3042.) Hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 0.7-3 tlm - high, the branches erect. Leaves 
 oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 0.6-2.5 cm - lng, obtuse, or the lower spatulate 
 and narrowed into short petioles; racemes strict, dense; pedicels ascending or 
 erect, or slightly spreading at the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx 
 somewhat 2-iipped, unequally 5 -cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the 
 tube, connivent in fruit, very hispid; corolla limb 3 mm. broad or less; nutlets con- 
 vex on the back, slightly keeled and margined on the inner side. On dry hills 
 and banks, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Tex. April-June. [M. verna Nutt.j 
 
 7. Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. SOUTHERN SCORPION-GRASS. Similar 
 to M. Virginica, but usually larger, the slender branches ascending or spreading; 
 racemes with comparatively few and distant fruiting calyces; pedicels ascending 
 or recurved, about equalling the fruiting calyx. D. C. to Fia., Ky., Ark. and 
 Tex. April-May. 
 
 it. LITHOSPERMUM L. 
 
 Pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers in 
 leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calvx 5 -parted or 5 -cleft, the segments or lobes 
 narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed. naked, pubescent or crested in 
 the throat, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, 
 inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short. Stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. 
 Nutlet? 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining, or brown and wrinkled, at- 
 tached bv their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment not con- 
 cave. [Greek, stone seed, from the hard nutlets.] About 40 species, of the 
 northern hemisphere, a few in S. Am. and Africa. Besides the following, some 7 
 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant. 
 Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. i. L. arvense. 
 
 Nutlets white, smooth and phininsr; perennials. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute ; ni'tlets ovoid. 2. L.officinale. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium. 
 
 Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx ; leaves lanceolate; flowers dense, 
 
 4. L.pilosum. 
 
 Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense. 
 Corolla-lobes entire ; flowers all complete. 
 
 Hispid-pubescent: corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. Gmelini, 
 Hirsute, somewhat canescent: corolla tube not bearded at the base within. 
 
 6. L. canescens. 
 Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate; later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. linearifolinm. 
 
 i. LithosDermum arven^ L. BASTARD ALKANET. CORN GROMWELL. 
 (1. F. f. 304.3.) Appressed-pubescent, 1.5-5 *m. high.- Leaves bright green, 
 lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest short-petioled, mostly ap- 
 
774 FLORA. 
 
 pressed, narrowed at the base, indistinctly veined, 1-4 cm. long, the uppermost 
 smaller; flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about 6 mm. long; calyx-segments linear- 
 lanceolate, longer than or equalling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, puberulent 
 in the throat; nutlets glabrous, about 2 mm. high, convex on the back, keeled on 
 the inner side, one-third to one-half the length of the calyx-segments. In waste 
 places and fields, Quebec to Ont., Mich., Ga. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 2. Lithospermum officinale L. GROMWELL. (I. F. f. 3044.) Finely 
 puberulent; stem 6-12 dm. high, leafy. Leaves few-veined, sessile,' 3-10 cm. 
 long, the upper surface rough; flowers yellowish white, about 4 mm. long, sessile- 
 calyx-segments linear. lanceolate, about equalling the corolla-tube; corolla funnel- 
 form, crested in the throat; style about as long as the stamens; nutlets about 3 mm. 
 high, ovoid, obtuse, seldom all ripening. In fields and waste places, Ont. to 
 N. Y., west to Minn. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. AMERICAN GROMWELL. (I. F. f 
 3045.) Rough- puberulent; stem 6-9 dm. high, the branches long and slender. 
 Leaves pinnately veined, 5-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, or the uppermost smaller; 
 flowers yellowish white or pale yellow, 4-6 mm. long, few; calyx-segments linear- 
 lanceolate, about as long as the corolla; corolla funnelform. crested in the throat; 
 style shorter than the stamens; nutlets globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. In dry 
 thickets and fields, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Ark. May. 
 
 4. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. WOOLLY GROMWELL. (I. F. f. 3046.) 
 Perennial from thick roots, hirsute; stems usually clustered, very leafy, 2-4.5 ^ m - 
 high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, sessile, indis- 
 tinctly veined; flowers crowded in a terminal leafy thyrsus; calyx-segments densely 
 hirsute, shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube; corolla salverform, the throat 
 puberulent below each lobe; style longer than the filaments; nutlets ovoid, acute, 
 white, shining, about 4 mm. long. Western Neb. (according to Williams)- Mont! 
 to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col. and Cal. May-July. 
 
 15 Lithospermum Gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. HAIRY PUCCOON. 
 (I. F. f. 3047.) Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous; stems rather stout, 
 3-6 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, 5-8 cm. long, the lowest 
 commonly reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong; flowers 12-18 mm. 
 long, in short terminal leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear-lanceo- 
 late; corolla salverform; corolla-lobes rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded 
 at the base within by 10 hirsute teeth; nutlets white, shining, about 4 mm. high, 
 ovoid, much shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry woods, N. Y. to Fla., Minn., 
 Mont, Colo, and N. Mex. April-June. 
 
 6. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. HOARY PUCCOON. (I. F. f. 
 3048.) Perennial, hirsute, canes-cent at least when young; stems 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblong, linear oblong, or linear, sessile, 1-4. cm. long, the lowest 
 often reduced to appressed scales; flowers about 12 mm. long, sessile, numerous in 
 short Teafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate; corolla salver- 
 fo'-m, crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its tube glandular within; 
 nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, much shorter than the calyx-segments. In 
 dry soil, Ont. to N. J., Ala., the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Ariz. April-June. 
 
 7. Lithospermum linearifolium Golclie. NARROW-LEAVED PUCCOON. 
 (I. F. f. 3049.) Perennial by a deep root, strigose -pubescent and scabrous; stem 
 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear, sessile, acute or acutish, 1-5 cm. long; flowers of 
 two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes; corolla of the earlier ones salverform, about 
 2.5 cm. long, bright yellow, the tube 3-5 times as long as the linear-lanceolate 
 calyx segments, the lobes erose-denticulate, the throat crested; later flowers (some- 
 times all of them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, 
 their pedicels recurved in fruit; nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, 3-4 mm. 
 high, pitted, keeled on the inner side. In dry soil, Manitoba to 111., Kans., Tex., 
 Br. Col., Utah and Ariz. April-July. [L. angusti 'folium Michx., not Forsk.] 
 
 12. ONOSMODIUM Michx. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial stout hispid or hirsute herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined 
 leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogynous flowers, in 
 
BO KA GIN A CEA E. 775 
 
 terminal leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx ueeply 5 -parted. 
 Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the sinuses slightly 
 inflexed, the tube with a glandular lO-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5, 
 inserted on the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted; style filiform, 
 exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only I or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes spar- 
 ingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat recep- 
 tacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like onosma, or ass-smell.] 
 About 6 species, of N. Am. and Mex. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
 southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaves acute; stem hirsute. 
 
 Plant green; hairs long and shaggy; nutlets ovoid, 3 mm. long. i. O. Carol im'anutn* 
 Plant pale; hairs shorter and soft; nutlets ovoid-globose, 4 mm. long. 
 
 2. O. molle. 
 
 Leaves obtuse ; stem appressed-hispid. 3. O. Virginianum. 
 
 1. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. SHAGGY FALSE GROMWELL. 
 (I. F. f. 3050.) Spreading-hirsute with bristly hairs; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sessile, 5-9 ribbed, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 
 numerous and crowded; pedicels 2-4 mm. long in fruit; calyx-segments linear, 
 acute; corolla pubescent outside, about I cm. long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
 acute, about one-half as long as the tube; nutlets obtuse. In dry fields or thickets, 
 or on banks, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Kans., south to Ga. and Tex. 
 May-July. 
 
 2. Onosmodium molle Michx. SOFT-HAIRY FALSE GROMWELL. (I. F. f. 
 3051.) Similar to the preceding, but usually lower, 3-6 dm. high, canescent, at 
 least when young, the pubescence soft and shorter, that of the leaves appressed. 
 Leaves smaller, ovate-lanceolate; corolla-lobes usually less than one-half the 
 length of the tube; nutlets larger. On plains, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to 
 111., Kans., Tex. and Utah. May- July. 
 
 3. Onosmodium Virginianum (L.) DC. VIRGINIA FALSE GROMWELL. (I. 
 F. f. 3052.) Appressed-hispid with stiff hairs; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
 oblong, oval, or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, 2-8 cm. long, or the lower oblanceolate, 
 acutish and narrowed into petioles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; 
 corolla cylindric or nearly so, about 8 mm. long, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 
 nearly as long as the tube, strigose without; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, 
 2-3 mm. long. In thickets or on hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. 
 May-July. 
 
 13. SYMPHYTUM L. 
 
 Erect rough hairy perennial herbs, with mucilaginous roots, alternate entire 
 leaves, the uppermost tending to be opposite, the lower long-petioled. Flowers 
 yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal scorpioid racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. 
 Corolla tubular to campanulate, slightly dilated above, 5-lobed, the lobes short, the 
 throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla- 
 tube. Style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely ovoid, wrinkled, inserted by their 
 bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of the attachment broad, concave, dentate. 
 [Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing virtues.] About 15 species, of 
 the Old World. 
 
 Pilose-pubescent. i. S. offictnale. 
 
 Stem bristly-papillose. 2. S. asperimum. 
 
 1. Symphytum officinale L. COMFREY. HEALING-HERB. (I. F. f. 3053.) 
 Roots thick, deep; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate lanceolate, or 
 the lower ovate, pinnately veined, 0.7-2.5 dm. long, acute or acuminate; pedicels 
 4-8 mm. long; calyx segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, much 
 shorter than the corolla; corolla yellowish or purplish. 1-2 mm. long; nutlets brown, 
 shining, 4 mm. high. In waste places, Newf. to Minn., south to Md. Nat. or 
 adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Symphytum asperimum Sims. ROUGH COMFREY. Similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but the stem and branches very rough-bristly. Leaves ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, rough; calyx-segments subulate. In waste places, N. Y. and Mass. 
 Summer. Adventive from Europe. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 14. BORAGO L. 
 
 Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and 
 showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 
 5 -parted. Corolla rotate, the tube short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 
 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube; filaments 
 dilated below, narrowed above into a slender appendage; anthers linear, erect, and 
 connivent into a cone. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat 
 receptacle, the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, hurra, rough 
 hair, alluding to the foliage.] Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 4. Borago officinalis L. BORAGE. (I. F. f. 3054.) Stem 3-8 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong to obovate, 5-13 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, or the 
 upper smaller, ovate-lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; 
 pedicels 3-5 cm. long, spreading or recurving; calyx-segments lanceolate, nearly 
 erect in fruit; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, the cone of anthers darker, about 
 6 mm. long ; nutlets 4 mm. high. In waste places, escaped from gardens, N. S. to 
 Ont. and Penn. Native of Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 15. LYCOPSIS L. 
 
 Annual bristly-hispid herbs, with alternate leaves, and small blue or bluish 
 flowers, in leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5 -parted. 
 Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat un- 
 equally 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. 
 Stamens 5, included, on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at 
 each end. Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, 
 the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf-face.] About 4 species, natives of 
 the Old World. . 
 
 i. Lycopsis arvensis L. SMALL BUGLOSS. (I. F. f. 3055.) Stem 3-6 dm. 
 high, the branches becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, narrowly oblong or 
 the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the 
 lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much smaller and acute or acutish; flowers 
 4-6 mm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the curved 
 corolla-tube. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., Penn. and Va. Nat. 
 or adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 16. ECHIUM L. 
 
 Mostly bristly-hirsute herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large blue violet 
 or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the seg- 
 ments narrow. Corolla tubular-funnelform, the limb unequally 5-lobed, the lobes 
 rounded, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, un- 
 equal, at least the longer ones exserted; filaments dilated at the base; anthers ovate 
 or oblong. Style filiform, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, 
 attached by their bases to the flat receptacle. [Greek, a viper.] About 30 species, 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Echium vulgare L. VIPER'S BUGLOSS. BLUEWEED. (I. F. f. 3056.) 
 Bristly-hairy, biennial; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or 
 linear-lanceolate, entire, 5-15 cm. long, sessile, or the lower and basal ones nar- 
 rowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, varying to violet-purple, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
 long, numerous in short i sided spikes, forming a narrow thyrsus. In fields and 
 waste places, N. B. to Va., Ont. and Neb. Nat. from Europe. June-July. 
 
 Family 6. VERBENACEAE J. St.Hil. 
 
 Vervain Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticil- 
 late or rarely alternate leaves-, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regu- 
 lar flowers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, 
 mostly persistent, usually 4--5-lobed or 4~5-cleft. Corolla regular, or 
 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 
 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted 
 on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs 
 
VERBENA CEA E. 777 
 
 longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-io-celled), 
 composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous 
 ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries I ovule in each cavity; style terminal; 
 stigmas i or 2. Fruit dry, separating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a 
 drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely 
 fleshy; embryo straight. About 70 genera and 1200 species, of wic^e 
 geographic distribution. 
 
 Flowers in heads or spikes; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets; ours herbs. 
 
 Corolla-limb s-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. i. Verbena. 
 
 Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2 . Lippia. ' 
 
 Flowers in axillary cymes; shrubs; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicdrpa. 
 
 i. VERBENA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and 
 bracted flowers, in terminal spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, unequally 
 5 -toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb spreading. Connective of 
 the anthers unappendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; 
 ovule i in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes 
 stigmatic. Fruit mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4, i -seeded 
 linear or linear-oblong crustaceous nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb.] About 
 ico species, natives of Am., or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean 
 region. Besides the following, some 13 others occur in the southern and western 
 parts of N. Am. 
 
 flowers 4-10 mm. long-, in narrow spikes; anthers unappendaged. 
 Spikes filiform or slender; bracts shorter than the flowers. 
 Spikes filiform; fruit scattered; corolla usually white. 
 
 Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual; fruit short. 
 
 1. V. officinalis. 
 Leaves serrate (rarely incised); erect perennial; fruit oblong. 
 
 2. V. urticifolia. 
 Spikes slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue. 
 
 Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent; corolla 4-6 mm. long. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. 3. V. hastata. 
 
 Leaves linear to spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessile. 
 
 4. V. angustifolia. 
 Plants densely soft-pubescent; corolla 8-10 mm. long. 
 
 5. V. stricta. 
 Spikes thick, dense; bracts longer than the flowers. 6. V. bracteosa. 
 
 Flowers 14-25 mm. long, in short dense elongating spikes; connective of the longer 
 
 stamens appendaged. 
 Corolla-limb 12-20 mm. broad; bracts mostly shorter thau the calyx. 
 
 7. V. Canadensis. 
 Corolla-limb 8-10 mm. broad; bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx. 
 
 8. V. bipinnatifida. 
 
 1. Verbena officinalis L. EUROPEAN VERVAIN. HERB-OF-THE-CROSS. 
 BERBINE. (I. F. f. 3057.) Stem 4-sided, glabrous or nearly so, diffusely branched, 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower deeply incised or 1-2 pin- 
 natifid, ovate, oblong, or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, 
 the teeth acute; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes fili- 
 form, at length 10-13 cm. long; fruits less than 2 mm. high, scattered; bracts 
 ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish or white, the limb 2-4 mm. broad. In waste 
 and culivated ground, Me. to Fla. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. 
 from the Old World. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Verbena urticifolia L. WHITE OR NETTLE-LEAVED VERVAIN. (I. F. f. 
 3058.) Usually pubescent; stem strict, 4-sided, 9-15 dm. high, the branches up- 
 right. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, or the uppermost 
 sessile, serrate-dentate, thin, acute or acuminate. 313 cm. long; spikes filiform, 
 at length 1-1.5 dm. long; fruits oblong, about 2 mm. high; bracts ovate, acumi- 
 nate; corolla white or pale purple, its limb about 2 mm. broad. In fields and 
 waste places, N. B. to S. Dak., Kans., Fla. and Tex. Hybridizes with V. bract- 
 eosa, V. hastata and V. stricta. June-Sept. 
 
778 FLORA. 
 
 Verbena urticifolia rip&ria (Raf.) Britton. Leaves incised, sometimes 3-cleft near 
 the base; flowers blue. River-banks, N. J. to N. Car. 
 
 3. Verbena hastata L. BLUE VERVAIN. WILD HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3059.) 
 Perennial, roughish-puberulent; stem strict, 4-sided, 9-22 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate, serrate or incised-dentate 
 with acute teeth, 0.7-1.5 cm. long, the lower sometimes hastately 3-lobed at the 
 base; spikes panicled, slender, usually peduncled, 5-15 cm. long; fruits 2-3 mm. 
 high; bracts ovate, acuminate; corolla blue, its limb about 3 mm. broad. In moist 
 fields, meadows and in waste places, N. S. to Br. Col., Fla.. Neb. and N. Mex. 
 Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Sept. 
 
 Verbena hastkta pinnatffida (Lam.) Britton. Leaves deeply incised or pinnatifid. 
 Occasional in the range of the type. 
 
 4 Verbena angustifolia Michx. NARROW-LEAVED VERVAIN. (I. F. f. 
 3060.) Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubescent; stem slender, 4- sided above, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceolate, cuneate at the base, serrate 
 or serrulate, veiny, 3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spikes mostly solitary, slender, 
 dense, 5-13 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling 
 or shorter than the calyx; corolla purple or blue, about 6 mm. long. In dry fields, 
 Mass, to Fla. to Minn., Kans. and Ark. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. brac- 
 teosa. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Verbena stricta Vent. HOARY OR MULLEN-LEAVED VERVAIN. (I. F. f. 
 3061.) Perennial, soft-pubescent; stem obtusely 4-angled, strict, very leafy, 
 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, short-petioled, prominently veined, 
 incised-serrate or laciniate, 2- 10 cm. long; spikes mostly sessile, dense, becoming 
 1.5-3 dm. long in fruit; fruits 4-5 mm. high; bracts lanceolate-subulate, nearly a*s 
 long as the calyx; corolla purplish blue. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., S. Dak., 
 Wyo., Tenn., Tex. and N. Mex. Nat. as a weed further east. Hybridizes with 
 V. bracteosa. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. LARGE-BRACTED VERVAIN. (I. F. f. 3062.) 
 Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided, the branches decumbent or ascending, 
 slender, 1.5-4 dm. l n g' Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in outline, pinnately in- 
 cised or pinnatifid, 2-8 cm. long, the lobes mostly dentate; spikes sessile, stout, 
 becoming 1-1.5 dm. long in fruit; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, rather 
 rigid, the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish blue, about 4 mm. long. On 
 prairies and in waste places, Minn, and 111. to Ala. and Fla., Br. Col., Ariz, and 
 Cal. Hybridizes with V. Canadensis. May-Aug. 
 
 7. Verbena Canadensis (L.) Britton. LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. (I. F. f. 
 3063.) Perennial; stem slender, 2-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves 
 ovate in outline, petioled, 2-8 cm. long, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, 
 irregularly pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes dentate; spikes peduncled, 
 solitary at the ends of the branches, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit; bracts linear- 
 subulate; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 2-2.5 cm ' l n g> blue, purple, white 
 or in cultivation variegated; fruit 5-6 mm. high. In dry soil, 111. to Tenn., Fla., 
 Kans., Mex. and N. Mex. This and the next the source of many garden and 
 other hybrids. May-Aug. 
 
 8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. SMALL-FLOWERED VERBENA. (I. F. f. 
 3064.) Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or hispid; stems' erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in outline, deeply 
 i-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear-oblong lobes and segments; spikes solitary at 
 the ends of the branches, thick, dense, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit; calyx- 
 teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 12-18 mm. long, purple or lilac; fruit 3-4 mm. 
 high. On dry plains and prairies, S. Dak. to Tex., Chihuahua, Colo, and Ariz. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 a. LIPPIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, and small 
 bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campanulate or com- 
 pressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla tube cylindric, the limb 
 oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers ovate, not 
 appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules I in each cavity; 
 
LAST A TAE. 779 
 
 style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a membranous exocarp, 
 at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678- 
 1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most abundant in tropical Am. 
 Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Leaves spatulate, 2-8-toothed above ; peduncles little exceeding the leaves. 
 
 i. L. cuneifolia. 
 Leaves sharply serrate ; peduncles much longer than the leaves. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata. 
 
 Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodifloi a. 
 
 1. Lippia cuneifolia (Torr.) Steud. WEDGE-LEAVED FOG-FRUIT. (I. F. f. 
 3065.) Pale, minutely puberulent, or glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody 
 base; branches rigid, procumbent, somewhat zigzag. Leaves sessile, obscurely 
 veined, rigid, 2-4 cm. long, with 2-8 sharp teeth above the middle or rarely en- 
 tire, acutish; head becoming cylindric and 12-16 mm. long; bracts cuncatc, 
 abruptly acuminate; calyx-lobes 2-toothed or emarginate; corolla-tube longer than 
 the calyx; fruit oblong. On plains, S. Dak., Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. tind 
 Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. FOG-FRUIT. (I. F. f. 3066. ) Green, glabrous, 
 or sparingly pubescent with forked hairs; stems slender, procumbent or ascending, 
 sometimes rooting at the nodes, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or 
 oblong-lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled, acute or subacute, sharply 
 serrate to below the middle, 2-8 cm. long, 0.6-3 cm. wide; heads becoming cylin- 
 dric and about 12 mm. long in fruit; bracts acute; corolla pale blue, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx; fruit globose. In moist soil, N. J. to 111., Kans., Fla., Tex. 
 and Mex. Also in Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx SPATULATE-LEAVED FOG-FRUIT. (I. F. f. 
 3067.) Minutely and rather densely puberulent, creeping, or the branches ascend- 
 ing, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 1-6 cm. 
 long, 0.6-2.5 cm. wide, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a cuneate entire base, 
 sharply serrate above the middle; heads at length cylindric and 1-2.5 cm - l n g 
 corolla purple to white. In wet or moist soil, S. Car. to Mo.. Fla. and Tex. Also 
 in Cal.. Cent. Am. and the W. Indies. May-Sept. 
 
 3. CALLICARPA L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in 
 axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate. 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or trun- 
 cate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft (rarely 5 -cleft), the 
 lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary incom- 
 pletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous; style 
 slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than 
 the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.] About 35 species, 
 the following of southeastern N. Am., the others Asiatic, African and of tropical 
 Am. 
 
 i. Callicarpa Americana L. FRENCH MULBERRY. (I. F. f. 3068.) A 
 shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the twigs, petioles and young leaves stellate-scurfy, the 
 mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, and glandular- dotted. Twigs terete; leaves 
 thin, ovate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate, 7-15 cm. long; 
 cymes many-flowered, short-peduncled ; pedicels very short; calyx-teeth much 
 shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue, about 3 mm. long; fruit violet-blue, glo- 
 bose, 3 mm. in diameter. In moist thickets, Va. to Fla., Ala., Ark. and Tex. 
 June-July. 
 
 Family 7. LABIATAE B. Juss. 
 Mint Family. 
 
 Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), 
 mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. 
 Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, 
 usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed 
 (rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 
 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne 
 on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2, rarely 
 equal; filaments separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 
 2-celled, introrse, or confluently i-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. 
 Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each 
 lobe or division with i mostly anatropous ovule ; style arising from the 
 centre of the lobed or parted ovary, 2 lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 
 i seeded nutlets. Seed erect (transverse in Scutellaria)\ endosperm 
 scanty, or none; embryo mostly straight ; radicle short, inferior. About 
 1 60 genera and 3000 species, of wide distribution. The family is also 
 known as LAMIACEAE. 
 
 A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets laterally attached. 
 Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently i-lipped, or the other lip very short; stamens 
 
 exserted . 
 
 Upper lip of corolla short, truncate. i. Ajuga. 
 
 Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip. 
 
 2. Teucrium. 
 Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 
 
 Corolla-lobes spreading; stamens short-exserted. 3. Isanthus. 
 
 Corolla- lobes declined ; stamens long-exserted. 4. 'Irichostema. 
 
 B. Ovary 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets basally attached. 
 
 * Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 5. Scutellaria. 
 
 * * Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. 
 
 Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 6. Marrubium. 
 
 Stamens longer, not included in the corolla tube. 
 
 f Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lips unlike, the upper concave. 
 
 (a) Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
 
 Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior. 
 Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. 
 
 Tall erect herbs; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending. 
 
 7. A gas t ache. 
 Trailing herb ; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla. 
 
 8. Meehania. 
 Anther-sacs divergent. 
 
 Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5- toothed, not 2-lipped; plant erect. 
 
 9. Nepeta, 
 Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally 5-toothed. 
 
 Trailing herb; calyx unequally 5 toothed. 10. Glecoma. 
 
 Erect herbs; calyx 2-lipped. ' \\.Dracocepfialum. 
 Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior. 
 
 Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 12. Prunella. 
 Calyx 3-io-toothed, not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit. 
 Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved. 
 
 Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. 13. Physostegia. 
 
 Calyx 4-lobed. 14- Synandra. 
 Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly 5-io-nerved. 
 
 Style-branches very unequal. 15. Phlomis. 
 Style-branches equal, or nearly so. 
 
 Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. 16. Galeopsis. 
 
 Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent. 
 Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. 
 
 Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. 18. Lamium. 
 
 Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. 17. Leonurus. 
 Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. 
 
 Calyx with a spreading 5-toothed limb. 19. Ballota^ 
 Calyx-limb not spreading. 
 
 Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx; anther-sacs di- 
 vergent. 20. Stachys. 
 
 - ' Corolla-tube exserted; lower petioles very long ; anther- 
 sacs parallel. 21. Betonica. 
 (b) Anther-bearing stamens 2. 
 
 Connective of the anther very long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and a rudimentary 
 
 one, or none, at the other. 22, Salvia. 
 
LABIATAE. ?8l 
 
 Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent. 
 
 Calyx tubular, i5-nerved, equally 5-toothed. 23. Monarda. 
 
 Calyx ovoid-tubular, i3-nerved, 2-lipped. 24. Blephilia. 
 
 f f Corolla z-lipped, or regular; upper lip t when present, flat ', or only slightly concave. 
 (a) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes. 
 
 Corolla 2-lipped. 
 
 Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2. 25. Iledeoma. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
 
 Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted. 26. Melissa. 
 
 Corolla-tube straight. 
 
 Calyx lo-nerved, campanulate, about equally 5-toothed. 
 
 27. Satureia. 
 
 Calyx mostly 13 nerved, tubular, 2-lipped. 28. Clinopodium. 
 
 Stamens straight, often diverging. 
 
 Calyx i5-nerved. 29. Hyssopus. 
 
 Calyx io-i3-nerved. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
 Anther-sacs divergent. 
 
 Calyx equally 5-toothed; erect herbs. 30. Origanum. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped, creeping herbs. 32. l^hymus. 
 
 Anther-sacs parallel. 31. Koellia. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2. 33. Cunila. 
 
 Corolla regular, 4-s-lobed. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2; plants not aromatic. 34. Lycopus. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4? aromatic fragrant herbs. 35. Mentha. 
 
 (b) Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 2; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate; native. 
 
 36. Collinsonia. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate; introduced. 
 
 Flowers racemose. 37. Perilla. 
 
 Flowers densely spiked. 38. Elsholtzia. 
 
 I. AJUGA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather large verticillate-clustered flowers 
 in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. Calyx 10 -many-nerved, 5-toothed or 
 5-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lirnb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, 
 the lower spreading, with 2 small lateral lobes and a much larger emarginate or 
 2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer; anther- 
 sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticu- 
 late. [Greek, without a yoke; from the seeming absence of the upper lip of the 
 corolla. ] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 I. Ajuga reptans L. BUGLE. (I. F. f. 3069.) Perennial, producing slender 
 stolons; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. tall. Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the 
 apex, crenate or undulate, 2-8 cm. long, tapering into margined petioles; leaves 
 of the stem oblong or oblanceolate, smaller, sessile or nearly so, those of the stolons 
 mostly petioled; upper flower-clusters, often forming a short spike, the lower com- 
 monly distant and axillary; corolla blue or nearly white, about 12 mm. long. In 
 fields, Quebec and Me. to southern N. Y. Nat. from Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. TEUCRIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with rather small pink white or purplish flowers, in terminal 
 bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
 late, lo-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the limb irregularly 5-lobed, the 
 2 short upper lobes oblong, the lateral lobe declined, more or less united with the 
 upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 
 anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Nutlets 
 obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer.] Over 100 
 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern 
 U. S. 
 
 Leaves dentate or serrate ; flowers in terminal spikes. 
 
 Calyx canescent, it upper teeth obtuse. i. T. Canadense. 
 
 Calyx villous, its upper teeth acutish. 2. T. occidentale. 
 
 Leaves pinnately parted; floweis axillary, solitary. 3. 7\ laciniatunt. 
 
782 FLORA. 
 
 1. Teucrium Canadenst L. AMERICAN GERMANDER OR WOOD SAGE. 
 (I. F. f. 3070.) Perennial, pubescent or canescent; stem stiff, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves 
 lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, mostly narrowed at 
 the base, short-petioled, 3-13 cm. long; spike becoming 1.5-3 dm. long in fruit, 
 its lower bracts sometimes foliaceous; upper bracts commonly not longer than the 
 calyx; flowers 1-2 cm. long, short pedicelled; calyx about 6 mm. long in fruit, 
 its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute. In moist thickets or along marshes, N. E. 
 to Manitoba. Fla., Kans., Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. HAIRY GERMANDER. (I. F. f. 3071.) 
 Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate, sharply dentate, mostly rounded at the base, 
 usually slender-petioled, 2-9 cm. long; spikes becoming 0.7-2 dm. long in fruit; 
 bracts lanceolate-subulate or the lower sometimes larger; calyx and axis of the 
 spike villous-pubescent, the 3 upper calyx-teeth acute or acutish; corolla 8-12 mm. 
 long. In moist soil, Ont. to Penn., Br. Col., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Teucnum laciaiatum Torr. CUT-LEAVED GERMANDER. Diffusely 
 branched from a woody perennial root, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 3-7- 
 parted into linear segments; upper leaves about equalling the flowers; corolla 
 1-2 cm. long, blue or lilac. Plains, Kans. and Colo, to Tex. and Ariz. 
 
 3. ISANTHUS Michx. 
 
 An annual erect finely viscid -pubescent much-branched herb, with narrow 
 entire or few-toothed leaves, and small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx 
 broadly campanulate, lo-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate. 
 Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly 
 equally 5 -cleft into obovate somewhat spreading lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 incurved-ascending, not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the 
 longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4 lobed; style minutely 
 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose-reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the 
 corolla-lobes being nearly equal.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Isarr.hus brachiatus (L.) B.S P. FALSE PENNYROYAL. (I. F. f. 3072.) 
 Stem slender, much branched, 1.5-5 dm. ta ^ tne branches spreading. Leaves 
 oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, 
 3- nerved, short-petioled, 2-5 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; axillary cymes i-3-flowered; 
 pedicels very slender, some of them as long as the fruiting calyx; calyx lobes acute 
 or acuminate, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla 4-6 mm. long, the fruiting 
 calyx 6mm. long. In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec and Ontario to 
 Minn., Kans., Ga. and Tex. July-Sept. [7. cxrulcus Michx.] 
 
 4. TRICHOSTEMA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with 
 lanceolate oblong or linear entire or slighly repand leaves. Flowers small, or 
 middle-sized, pink, blue, purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense 
 cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes 
 ovate or lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb some- 
 what oblique and deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the 
 filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted ; anther-sacs divaricate, 
 more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the 
 summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen, referring to the 
 slender filaments.] About 8 species, natives of North America. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate; planl minutely viscid-pubescent. i. T, dichotomum, 
 
 Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. lineare. 
 
 i. Trichostema dichotomum L. BLUE CURLS. BASTARD PENNYROYAL. 
 (I. F. f. 3073.) Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent; stem slender, 1.5-5 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, narrowed into short 
 petioles, 2-8 cm. long; the upper gradually smaller; flowers paniculate, i2-i8mm. 
 long, borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteolate peduncles; calyx oblique, very unequally 
 5-lobed. the 3 upper lobes much longer and more united than the 2 lower ones; 
 corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly white, the limb longer than the tube; stamens 
 
LABIA TAE. 783 
 
 blue or violet. In dry fields, Me. to Fla., Penn., Ky. and Tex. The lateral flow- 
 ers become inverted by torsion of the pedicels. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED BLUE CURLS. (I. F. f. 
 3074.) Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so. Leaves linear, sessile 
 or short-petioled, 1-5 cm. long, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy 
 branches in their axils; flowers similar to those of the preceding, sometimes larger. 
 In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, R. I. to Ga. and La. July-Aug. 
 
 5. SCUTELLARIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in bracted mostly 
 secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx cam- 
 panulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protu- 
 berance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit. Corolla recurved-ascending, 
 dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, 
 entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and 
 somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, the margins mostly 
 recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper 
 lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate; anthers of 
 the lower pair of stamens i-celled, also ciliate. Nutlets papillose or tuberculate. 
 [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.] About 100 species oi 
 wide distribution. Besides the following, some 1 1 others occur in southern and 
 western N. Am. 
 
 * Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase. 
 Flowers 6-10 mm. long, in axillary and sometimes terminal racemes. 
 
 i. S. lateriflora. 
 Flowers 12-30 mm. long, in terminal often panicled racemes. 
 
 Plant glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves broad. 2. S. serrata. 
 
 Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose. 
 
 Leaves, all except the floral, crenate or dentate, broad. 
 
 Canescent, not glandular ; corolla canescent. 3. S. incar.a. 
 
 Densely glandular-pubescent; corolla puberulent. 4. S. cordtfoha. 
 
 Pubescent below, glandular above; corolla nearly glabrous. 
 
 5. S. pilosa. 
 
 Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. S. integrifolia. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes. 
 
 Annual, villous, branched from the base. 7. S. Drummondii. 
 
 Perennial from a thick woody root. 8. S. resinosa. 
 
 Fibrous-rooted ; perennial by rootstocks or stolons. 
 Flowers 4-8 mm. long. 
 
 Plant glabrous, or slightly pubescent. 9. S. parvula. 
 
 Plant densely pubescent all over. 10. S. campestris. 
 
 Flowers 16-26 mm. long. 
 
 Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. 
 
 ii. S. Brittonii. 
 
 Densely cinereous-pubescent, pale. 12. S. Bushii. 
 
 Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent. 
 
 Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. 13. S. saxatilis. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 
 
 14. S galericulata. 
 * Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase: flowers axillary. 
 
 15. S. nervosa. 
 
 1. Scutellaria lateriflora L. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3075.) Per- 
 ennial by slender stolons, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, 
 2-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate- oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender- 
 petioled, acute or acuminate, coarsely dentate- serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcor- 
 date at the base, 2-8 cm. long, the upper gradually smaller, the uppermost some- 
 times entire; racemes narrow, secund; corolla blue, varying to nearly white, its 
 lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube. In wet places, Newf. to Out., Br. 
 Col., Fla., N. Mex. and Wash. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. SHOWY SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3076.) Peren- 
 nial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled, 
 acute, crenate or dentate, 5-10 cm. long, the uppermost reduced to small bracts; 
 racemes almost always simple and terminal, the flowers opposite; corolla 2.5 cm. 
 
784 FLORA. 
 
 long, blue, minutely puberulent, its tube narrow, gradually expanded above into 
 the throat, its upper lip shorter than the lower. In woods, N. Y. and Penn. to 
 N. Car., III. and Ky. May-June. 
 
 3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. DOWNY SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3077.) Peren- 
 nial, finely and densely whitish downy, or the upper surfaces of the leaves gla- 
 brous; stem 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather firm, slender- 
 petioled, acute, crenate-dentate, 7-11 cm. long; racemes terminal, usually numer- 
 ous and panicled; corolla 18-20 mm. long: upper lip of the corolla slightly 
 longer than the lower. In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to 111., Kans., N. Car. 
 and Ala. Juue-Aug. 
 
 4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 
 3078.) Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high, often simple. 
 Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate-dentate all around, 5-10 cm. long, 
 all but the uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal, narrow; bracts ovate, 
 mostly entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; corolla puberulent, 2-2.5 cm. 
 long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its tube narrow, its throat moder- 
 ately dilated. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Fla., west to Wis., Kans. and Tex. 
 June-Aug. S. venosa Kearney (S. versicolor minor Chapm.; appears to differ from 
 this only in size. 
 
 5. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. HAIRY SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3079.) Peren- 
 nial; stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, 
 or the upper subacute, crenate, 2-8 cm. long; racemes terminal, sometimes also in 
 the upper axils; bracts oblong or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels; 
 corolla blue, 12-16 mm. long, its lower lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter 
 than the arched upper one. In dry sandy woods and thickets, N. Y. and Penn. to 
 Mich., Mo., Fla. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Scutellaria pi!6sa hirsuta (Short) A. Gray. Stouter, sometimes 9 dm. high, hirsute; 
 leaves larger, coarsely crenate. Va. and Ky. 
 
 6. Scutellaria integrifolia L. LARGER OR HYSSOP SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3080.) 
 Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, linear to 
 oblong, petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long, or the lower 
 ovate, lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and sometimes subcordate at the base, 
 often crenate-dentate or incised; racemes terminal; bracts linear-oblong, subacute, 
 longer than the pedicels; corolla blue or whitish underneath, 2-3 cm. long, its 
 large lips nearly equal. In fields, woods and thickets, Conn, and R. I. toW.Va., 
 Fla., La. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 7. Scutellaria Drummondii Benth. DRUMMOND'S SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 
 3081.) Villous-puberulent or pubescent, the branches 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves 
 ovate, oblong, or obovate, entire, or the lower sparingly crenulate, 8-25 mm. long, 
 the upper sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost gradually smaller; flowers soli- 
 tary in the axils, short-peduncled; corolla blue, or the tube nearly white, 8-10 mm. 
 long, pubescent, the lower lip violet, spotted, longer than the upper. Kans. (ac- 
 cording to Smyth), Tex. and Mex. April -June. 
 
 8. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. RESINOUS .SKULLCAP (I. F. f. 3082.) 
 Minutely canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous ; stems rigid, tufted, 
 ascending, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, sessile, or the lower 
 short-petioled, entire, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla 
 violet or nearly white, very pubescent, 12-18 mm. long, its tube narrow and lips 
 nearly equal. On dry plains, Neb. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 9. Scutellaria parvula Michx. SMALL SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3083.) 
 Glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, sometimes slightly glandular; steins 0.7-3 dm. 
 tall. Leaves ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly orbicular, entire and 
 sessile, or the lower sparingly dentate and petioled, 6-25 mm. long; flowers soli- 
 tary in the axils; corolla 4-8 mm. long, violet, pubescent. In moist sandy soil, 
 Quebec to Ont., S. Dak., N. J., Fla., Neb. and Tex. April-July. 
 
 10. Scutellaria campestris Britton. PRAIRIE SKULLCAP. (I. F, f. 3084.) 
 Pubescent; stems diffuse, or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, or the lower 
 almost orbicular, entire, or dentate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or 
 or truncate at the base, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile; flowers solitary 
 
LABI A TAE. 785 
 
 in the axils; corolla 6-iocm. long, violet or purple, pubescent. In dry sandy or 
 gravelly soil, N. Car. to 111., Iowa, Kans. and the Ind. Terr. April-July. 
 
 ii. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. BRITTON'S SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3085.) 
 Viscidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched from the base; stems 1-2 
 dm. high, leafy. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short- 
 petioled and slightly crenulate, obtuse, rather prominently veined on the lower sur- 
 face, 1-2.5 cm. long, the upper scarcely smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; 
 pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx; corolla pubescent, blue, 2-3 cm. long. Neb. 
 (according to Coulter); Colo, and Wyo. June-July. 
 
 12 Scutellaria Bushii Britton, n. sp. BUSH'S SKULLCAP. Erect, rather stiff, 
 1.5-2.5 dm. high, finely ashy-pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, firm, entire, 
 sessile, 2-3.5 cm - ' on g> 3~5 mm - wide, the veins prominent; flowers axillary, short- 
 pedunctecl, 2.5 cm. long; corolla pubescent. Rocky grounds, Shannon Co. r Mo. (B. 
 F. Bush, No. 54, June 3, 1890). 
 
 13. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. ROCK SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3086.) Per- 
 ennial by filiform stolons, glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem weak, ascending 
 or reclining, 1.5-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely cre- 
 nate, obtuse, cordate, 2-5 cm. long, or the lower nearly orbicular, and the upper 
 lanceolate, subacute and entire; flowers solitary in the upper axils, or clustered in 
 a terminal loose raceme; bracts longer than the pedicels; corolla light blue, very 
 nearly glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long. On moist banks and in thickets, Del. to Va., 
 Ohio and Tenn. May -July. 
 
 14 Scutellaria galericulata L. HOODED WILLOW-HERB. MARSH SKULL- 
 CAP. (I. F. f. 3087.) Perennial by filiform stolons, puberulent or pubescent; stem 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or 
 the upper sessile, acute, dentate or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the 
 base, 2-6 cm. long, the uppermost usually much smaller; flowers solitary in the 
 axils; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, puberulent, nearly or quite 
 2.5 cm. long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat. In swamps and 
 along streams, Newf. to Alaska, N. Car., Ohio, Neb., Ariz, and Wash. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 15. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. VEINED SKULLCAP. (I. F. f. 3088). Per- 
 ennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2-6 cm. high. 
 Leaves thin, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, crenate, often subcordate, 
 the middle ones larger, ovate, 2-5 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, coarsely dentate 
 or crenate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, commonly entire; flowers 
 solitary in the axils; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long, puberulent, the lower lip longer 
 than the concave upper one. In moist woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to 111., 
 N. Car., Tenn. and Mo. May-Aug. 
 
 6 MARRUBIUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and smalt white or purplish 
 flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10- nerved, regularly 5-10- 
 toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, spreading or recurved 
 in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its 
 broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the 
 posterior pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the 
 summit, the lobes short. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name Middle Latin, its meaning 
 uncertain.] About 40 species, of the Old World. 
 
 i. Marrubium vulgare L. WHITE HOARHOUND. (I. F. f. 3089.) Stem 
 stout, woolly. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 
 rugose-veined, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 25 cm. long, rough, whitish above; petioles 
 1-2.5 cm - l n g> usually exceeding the flowers; clusters many-flowered; flowers 
 whitish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate, glabrous above, woolly below. In waste 
 places, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Br. Col., N. Car., Tex. and Mex. Nat. from 
 Europe. 
 
 7. AGASTACHE Clayt. [LOPHANTHUS Benth.] 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with serrate, petioled leaves, and yellowish purplish 
 or blue flowers, verticiilate-clustered in thick bracted terminal spikes. Calyx nar- 
 rowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, Corolla 
 
786 FLORA. 
 
 strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip 
 spreading, 3-lobed; its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. 
 Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 
 2-celled, their sacs nearly parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many-spikes.] 
 About 4 species, natives of N. Am. Besides the following, I or 2 others occur in 
 the Western States. 
 
 Glabrous or very nearly so, stout; corolla greenish yellow. i. A. nepetoides. 
 
 Pubescent, stout; corolla purplish; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophuldriaefolia. 
 Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender; corolla blue; leaves pale beneath. 
 
 3. A. anethiodora. 
 
 1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. CATNEP GIANT-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3090.) Stem 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate or acute, 
 mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 5-15 cm. long; spikes 0.7-4.5 dm. long, usually 
 very dense; petioles of the lowest leaves often 5 cm. long; bracts ovate, acute or 
 acuminate; calyx-teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, sometimes 
 purplish; corolla greenish-yellow, about 8 mm. long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
 In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to S. Dak., Kans., Ga. and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. FIGWORT. GIANT- 
 HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3091.) Similar to the preceding, but commonly taller, the 
 stem, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves more or less pubescent. Bracts 
 broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, very 
 acute or sometimes acuminate, whitish or purplish; corolla purplish, 10-12 mm. 
 long, considerably exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Mass, to Wis., 
 Kans., N. Car. and Ky. Plant strong- scented. -July-Oct. 
 
 Agastache scrophulariaefolius m611is (Fernald) Britton. Stem and lower leaf 
 surfaces densely tomentose. Vt. and Conn, to Iowa. (Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius 
 mollis Fernald.) 
 
 3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton. FRAGRANT GIANT-HYSSOP. 
 (I. F. f. 3092.) Stem rather slender, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate or triangular- 
 ovate, firm, mostly short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, obtuse 
 or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, 5-9 cm. long, anise-scented; 
 spikes seldom 1.5 dm. long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth 
 ovate to lanceolate, acute, purple; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long, somewhat exceed- 
 ing the calyx. On prairies and plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 111., Neb. and 
 Colo. July-Sept. \_Lophanthus anisatus Benth.] 
 
 8. MEEHANIA Britton. 
 
 A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate 
 leaves, trailing leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted 
 spikes. Calyx campanulate, 15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth lanceolate, acute, 
 the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower. Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, 
 pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base, gradually widely ampliate into the 
 throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the lobes ovate, obtuse; lower 
 lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate, 
 broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, included, the upper pair longer than 
 the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Nutlets oblong, smooth. 
 [Named for Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, botanist and horticulturist.] A 
 monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. MEEHANIA. (I. F. f. 3093.) 
 Flowering stems 0.7-2 dm. high; stolons sometimes 6 dm. long. Leaves broadly 
 ovate or ovate-orbicular, thin, obtuse or subacute, crenate all around, sparingly 
 pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or nearly glabrous beneath, green 
 on both sides, 2-5 cm. long, the basal sinus broad; spikes 2-10 cm. long; bracts 
 ovate or oblong, acute, membranous, the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing 
 the calyx; bractlets small, lanceolate; calyx about I cm. long, puberulent, its longer 
 teeth about one-half the length of the tube; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, showy. In 
 rich moist woods and thickets, Penn. to Tenn. and N. Car. May-July. 
 
 9. NEPETA L. 
 
 Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue flowers in 
 verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, somewhat 
 
LABIA TAE. 
 
 oblique, 15-nerved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2-lipped, but the upper teeth usually 
 longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly 2-lipped; 
 upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. An- 
 thers 2-ceiied, the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, compressed, smooth. [AncienJ 
 Latin, name of catnep.] About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Nk, Nepeta Cataria L. CATMINT. CATNEP. NEP. (I. F. f. 3094.) Per- 
 ennial, densely tomentulose-canescent, pale green; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 ovate to oblong, petioled, acute, coarsely crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at the 
 base, 2-8 cm. long; flower-clusters spiked, the spikes 2-13 cm. long; bracts small; 
 bractlets subulate; calyx densely puberulent, the upper teeth about one-half the 
 length of the tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-dotted, puberulent 
 without, 10-12 mm. long, the broad middle lobe of its lower lip crenulate. In 
 waste places, N. B. and Quebec to S. Dak., Va. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
 July-Nov. 
 
 10. GLECOMA L. 
 
 Low creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate 
 leaves, and blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx 
 oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla- 
 tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or 
 emarginate; the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate. 
 Anther-sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek name for thyme, or 
 pennyroyal. ] About 6 species of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Glecoma hederacea L. GROUND IVY. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. (I. 
 F. f. 3095.) Perennial, pubescent, the creeping stems sometimes 4.5 dm. long. 
 Lower petioles commonly longer than the leaves; leaves 1-4 cm. in diameter; 
 clusters few-flowered, the flowers 1.4-2 cm. long, short-pedicelled; bractlets subu- 
 late, shorter than the calyx; calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acumi- 
 nate; corolla tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx; upper pair of stamens much 
 longer than the lower. In waste places, woods and thickets, Newf. to Minn., Ga. 
 and Kans. March-May. 
 
 it. DRACOCEPHALUM L. 
 
 Herbs, with blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters. 
 Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, 5-toothed, or 2-lipped with the 3 upper teeth more or less 
 United. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; 
 lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe sometimes 2-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, 
 the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.] About 35 
 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; clusters mostly terminal, dense. 
 
 i. D. parviflorum. 
 Corolla 2-3 times as long; as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. 2. D. Moldavica. 
 
 1. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. AMERICAN DRAGON HEAD. (I. F. 
 f. 3096.) Annual or biennial; stem 1.5-5 ^ m - high- Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or ob- 
 long, slender-petioled, serrate, or the lower incised, thin, 2-8 cm. long; clusters, 
 many-flowered, in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils; 
 bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-pointed teeth; upper tooth of the calyx 
 ovate-oblong, longer than the narrower lower and lateral ones, all acuminate; corolla 
 light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry gravelly or rocky soil, N. Y. 
 and Ont. to Minn., Alaska, and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and N. Mex. May- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. MOLDAVIAN DRAGON-HEAD. (I. F. f. 
 3097.) Annual, puberulent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 
 dentate or somewhat incised, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, clusters loose, few-flowered, 
 mostly axillary; bracts narrowly oblong, usually shorter than the calyx, deeply 
 pectinate with aristate teeth; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx slightly curved, the 2 
 lower teeth somewhat shorter than the 3 broader equal upper ones ; corolla 2-3 
 times as long as the calyx. In a canon near Spring View, Neb, Also in northern 
 Mex. Introduced from Europe. June-Aug, 
 
?88 FLORA. 
 
 12. PRUNELLA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small clustered purple or white 
 flowers, in deme bracted spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 
 lO-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 
 short teeth; lower lip 2- deft. Corolla-tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the 
 mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 
 3- lobed. Filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth 
 bearing the anther, the other sterile; antheis 2-celled, the sacs divergent or 
 divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled 
 Brunella, the pre-Linnaean lorm.j About 5 species, of wide geographic dis- 
 tnouaon. 
 
 Leaves entire or crenate. i. P. vulgaris. 
 
 Leaveo pinnatifid or deeply incised. 2. P. laciniata. 
 
 1. Prunella vulgaris L. SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL. (I. F. f. 3098.) Stem 
 slender, 0.5-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, 
 2-10 cm. long, the lowest commonly shorter and sometimes subcordate; spikes 
 terminal, sessile or short-peduncled, becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit, bracts 
 broadly ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, ciliate; corolla violet, purple or sometimes 
 white, 8-12 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx. In fields, woods and 
 waste places throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Nat. from Europe. May- 
 Get. 
 
 2. Prune'la laciniata L. CUT- LEAVED SELF-HEAL. (I. F. f. 3099.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but the stem leaves pinnatifid, lobed, or incised, the basal ones 
 often entire or merely crenulate. Vicinity of Washington, D. C. Adventive or 
 fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 13. PHYSOSTEGIA Benin. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect perennial glabrous or puberulcnt herbs, with large or middle-sized 
 bracted purple violet pink or white flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Calyx 
 membranous, swollen and remaining open in fruit, faintly reticulate- veined and 
 lo-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradu- 
 ally much enlarged upwaid, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave, rounded, 
 entire; lower lip spreading, 3 -lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Fila- 
 ments pubescent; anthers all alike. 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel, the margins 
 of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Nutlets ovoid triquetrous, 
 smooth. [Greek, bellows-covering, from the inflated fruiting calyx.] About 8 
 species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 Flowers 2.5 cm. long;, or more; leaves firm. 
 
 Spike dense, many-flowered; leaf-serrations very acute. I. P. Virginiana* 
 
 Spike loose, few-flowred; leaf-serrations blunt. 2. P. denticulala- 
 Flowers 1-1.5 cm - l n g; itf.ives thin. 
 
 Spike loose, 10-20 cm. long; leaves few and distant. 3. P. intermedia. 
 
 Spike dense; 2-10 cm. long; stem leafy. 4. P. parviflora. 
 
 1. Physostegia Virginiana (L.) Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. OBEDIENT 
 PLANT. LION'S HEART. (I. F. f. 3100.) Stem 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves lanceolate, 
 oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or serrulate, the upper 
 sessile 5-13 cm. long, the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; 
 spikes dense, becoming 1-2 dm. long in fruit; flowering calyx campanulate or 
 somewhat turbinate, its teeth ovate, acute; fruiting calyx oblong, 8- 10 mm. long, 
 the teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale purple or rose, often variegated 
 with white, temporarily remaining in whatever position it is placed. In moist soil, 
 Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Fla., La. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton. FEW-FLOWERED LION'S HEART. 
 (I. F. f. 3101.) Stem slender, simple, or little branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, crenulate, or entire, 2-8 cm. long, the lower 
 slender petioled; bracts hncerlate, little longer than the fruiting pedicels; flower- 
 ing calyx oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third as long as the tube; 
 fruiting calyx oblong, 6-8 mm. long; corolla rose-pink. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. 
 and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
LABI A TAE. 789 
 
 3. Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.) A. Gray. SLENDER LION'S HEART. 
 (I. F. f. 3102.) Stem slender, usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves remote, 
 narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate, repand-denticulate, sessile, or 
 the lowest petioled, 5-8 cm. long; spikes slender; lower bracts often nearly as long 
 as the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruiting calyx 
 broadly oval, 45 mm. long; corolla much dilated above. On prairies, western 
 Ky. (according to Gray^; La., Ark. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 4. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. PURPLE OR WESTERN LION'S HEART. 
 (I. F. f. 3103.) Stem usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate, or ovate lanceolate, acute, acuminate or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate 
 or dentate, sessile or the lowest petioled, 7-10 cm. long; spikes long; bracts ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the calyx; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 
 4-6 mm. long; corolla purple. In moist soil, Minn, to Neb., Br. Col. and Ore. 
 June- Aug. 
 
 14. SYNANDRA Nutt. 
 
 An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute herb, with long-petioled ovate cordate 
 crenate leaves, and large white flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted spike. Calyx 
 campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly veined, 
 the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower. Corolla much 
 longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped; 
 upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Filaments villous; anthers 
 glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of 
 stamens sterile and connate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled. [Greek, 
 stamens-together.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. SYNANDRA. (I. F. f. 3104.) Stem 
 weak, 3-8 dm. long, striate. Leaves thin, palmately veined, the blade 5-10 cm. 
 long, and commonly shorter than the petiole; floral leaves sessile, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers solitary in their axils; uppermost leaves 
 very small; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as the tube; corolla 2.5-4 cm. 
 long, the lower lip with purple lines. Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio and 
 111. to Va. and Term. May-June. [S. grandiflora Nutt.] 
 
 15. PHLOMIS L. 
 
 Tall oerennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-10- 
 nerved, the limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corona-tube usually with a woolly 
 ring within, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, arcned or some- 
 times keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-clefL Anterior pair of 
 stamens the longer and their filaments with hooked appendages at the base; anther- 
 sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid, glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, '\\ 
 allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some species.] About 50 species, of the Old 
 World. 
 
 i. Phlomis tuberosa L. JERUSALEM SAGE. (I. F. f. 3105.) Herbaceous 
 from a thick root; stem purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above, 9-18 dm. 
 tall. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute, coarsely 
 dentate, deeply cordate, strongly veined, 1-2.5 dm. long; upper leaves lanceolate, 
 short-petioled or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base ; clusters 
 densely many-flowered; bractlets subulate; calyx 10-12 mm. long, its teeth setaceous 
 with a broader base, spreading; corolla 2-2.5 cm - l n g> P a l e purple or white, 
 twice as long as the calyx, densely pubescent, and the margins of its upper lip 
 fringed with long hairs. In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Nat. 
 from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 16. GALEOPSIS L. 
 
 Erect annual herbs, with yellow red purple or mottled verticillate-clustered 
 flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal spikes. Calyx campanulate or 
 tubular-campanulate, 5-io-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. 
 Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip 
 erect, concave, entire ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcordate or 
 emarginate. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve 
 
790 FLORA. 
 
 ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Nutlets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, 
 weasel-like.] About 6 species, of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Plant puberulent ; leaves linear to lanceolate. x. G. Ladanum. 
 
 Plant hispid ; leaves ovate. 2. G. l^etrahit. 
 
 1. Galeopsis Ladanum L. RED HEMP-NETTLE. IRONWORT. (I. F. f. 3 106. ) 
 Puberulent; stem 1.5-5 dm. hig ft - Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, mostly 
 short-petioled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly entire, 2-5 cm. long; flower- 
 clusters mainly axillary; corolla 12- 16 mm. long, red or purple to white and varie- 
 gated. In waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J. Adventive or nat. from Europe. 
 July-Get. 
 
 2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. HEMP-NETTLE. HEMP DEAD NETTLE. (I. F. f. 
 3107.) A coarse rough-hairy herb, the stem 3-9 dm. high, swollen under the 
 joints. Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-petioled, acuminate, coarsely dentate, 
 5-13 cm. long ; flower-clusters axillary, or in a short leafy-bracted spike ; corolla 
 16-25 mm. long, pink or pale purple variegated with white. In waste places, 
 Newf. to Alaska, N. Car. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 17. LEONURUS L. 
 
 Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or 
 pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 
 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5 -toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. 
 Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 
 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Anthers 2-celled, the 
 sacs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.] About 10 spe- 
 cies, of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Lower leaves palmately 2-5-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. i. L, Cardiaca. 
 
 Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. 2. L. Sibiricus. 
 
 Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum. 
 
 I. Leonurus Cardiaca L. MOTHER WORT. (I. F. f. 3108.) Perennial, 
 puberulent"; stem 6-15 dm. tall, the branches straight and ascending. Leaves 
 slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, 5-10 cm. broad, the lobes acuminate, 
 incised or dentate; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft, or the 
 uppermost merely 3-toothed; flower-clusters exceeded by the petioles; corolla 
 pink$ purple or white, 6-10 mm. long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs 
 within, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip 
 mottled; anther-sacs parallel.. In waste places, N. S. to N. Car., S. Dak. and 
 Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. SIBERIAN MOTHERWORT OR LION'S-TAIL. (I. F. 
 f. 3109.) Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem 6-18 dm. high. Leaves long- 
 petioled, 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft and incised 
 segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute ; the uppermost linear or lanceolate ; 
 clusters dense, usually all axillary ; calyx campanulate, 6 mm. long, glabrous or 
 minutely puberulent; corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 8-12 mm. 
 long, its tube naked within; anther- sacs divergent. In waste and cultivated soil, 
 Penn. and Del. Nat. from eastern Asia. May-Sept 
 
 3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. HOARHOUND MOTHERWORT OR LION'S- 
 TAIL. (I. F. f. 3110.) Biennial, puberulent or pubescent; stem 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate oblong, 2-8 dm. long, the upper narrower; flower- 
 clusters axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate; corolla nearly white, glabrate, 
 about 8 mm. long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, naked within. In waste 
 places, N. J. (according to S. Watson) ; Penn. and Del. Nat. from Europe. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 18. LAMIUM L. 
 
 Mostly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate leaves, and 
 rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular- 
 campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or the upper ones longer. 
 Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually entire; lower lip spread, 
 ing, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at the base. Anthers 2-celled ; 
 
LABIATAE. 79 1 
 
 the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. [Greek, throat, from the ringent 
 corolla.] About 40 species, of the Old World. 
 
 Upper leaves sessile or clasping. i. L. amplextcaule. 
 Leaves all petioled. 
 
 Flowers red or purple. 
 
 Corolla 12-18 mm. long; leaves not blotched. 2. Z,. purpureum. 
 
 Corolla 20-25 nim. long; leaves commonly blotched. 3. L. maculatum. 
 
 Flowers white. 4. L. album. 
 
 1. Lamium amplexicaule L. HENBIT. (I. F. f. 3111.) Biennial or an- 
 nual, sparingly pubescent; steins weak, slender, ascending or decumbent, 1.5-5 dm. 
 long. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, coarsely crenate, 1-4 cm. wide, rounded at 
 the apex, the lower slender- petioled; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; 
 calyx pubescent, its teeth erect, nearly as long as the tube; corolla purplish or red, 
 12-16 mm. long, its tube very slender, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small. 
 In waste and cultivated ground, N. B. to Out., Br. Col., Fla. and Ark. Nat. from 
 Europe. Feb. -Oct. 
 
 2. Lamium purpureum L. RED DEAD NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3112.) Annual, 
 slightly pubescent, stems decumbent, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves crenate or creii- 
 ulate, the lower orbicular or broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, cordate 
 at the base, the upper ovate, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in axillary and- ter- 
 minal clusters; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purple-red, 
 rarely exceeding 12 mm. long, the lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to I or 2 
 short teeth. In waste and cultivated soil, R. I. to Penn. and D. C. Also in ballast 
 about the northern seaports. Nat. or adventive from Europe. April-Oct. 
 
 3 Lamium maculatum L. SPOTTED DEAD NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3113.) Peren- 
 nial, somewhat pubescent; stems 2-5 dm. long. Leaves crenate or incised- cre- 
 nate, usually blotched, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, truncate or cordate at the 
 base, 2-5 cm. long, or some of the lower ones much smaller and nearly orbicular; 
 clusters mainly axillary; corolla purple-red, its tube contracted near the base, 
 with a transverse ring of hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small. 
 Along roadsides, escaped from gardens, Me. to Va. Native of Europe and Asia. 
 May- Oct. 
 
 4 Lamium album L. WHITE DEAD NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3114.) Perennial, 
 pubescent; stems 3-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate or incised, acute 
 or acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base, 2-8 cm. long, or the lower shorter 
 and obtuse; clusters mostly axillary; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, its tube short, 
 stout, contracted near the base, with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lateral 
 lobes of its lower lip each with a slender tooth. In waste places, Ont. to Va. Nat. 
 or adventive from Europe. April-Oct. 
 
 19 BALLOTA L. 
 
 Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or 
 crenate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-fun- 
 nelform, lo-nerved, 5 -lO-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or connate into a 
 spreading limb. Corolla-tube provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb' 
 strongly 2 -lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate. Anther sacs divergent 
 at maturity. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name.] About 30 species, of 
 the Old World. 
 
 i. Ballota nigra L. BLACK OR FETID HOARHOUND. (T. F. f. 3115.) 
 Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented; stem 4-9 dm. high, its hairs 
 mostly reflexed. Leaves slender petioled, ovate, or the lower 'nearly orbicular, 
 coarsely dentate, thin, 2-5 cm. long, clusters several-flowered, dense; bractlets 
 subulate; calyx about 8 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, bristle-pointed, spreading 
 in fruit; corolla 12-18 mm. long, reddish purple to whitish, its upper lip pubescent 
 on both sides; nutlets shining. In waste places, Mass, to Penn. Nat. from 
 Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 20. STACHYS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, with purple yellow red or white flowers, loosely vertici Hate clustered 
 in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-10- 
 
79 2 FLORA. 
 
 nerved, 5 -toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our 
 species, its tube narrow, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, entire 
 or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral 
 ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled, the sacs mostly 
 divergent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Geeek, a spike, from the spicate inflores- 
 cence.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 12 
 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Leaves narrowed at the base, linear to lanceolate or oblong. 
 Stem glabrous ; leaves entire, or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves linear, 2-5 mm. wide. i. S, hyssopifolia. 
 
 Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 mm. wide. 2. S. Atlantica. 
 
 Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves serrate. 
 
 Leaves slightly pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate. 3. S. ambigua. 
 
 Whole plant densely clothed with stiff appressed hairs. 4. S. arenicola. 
 Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, lanceolate to ovate. 
 Stem glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube. 5. S. tenuifolia. 
 Calyx-teeth triangular, about one-fourth as long as the tube. 6. S. latidens. 
 Stem hirsute. 
 
 Leaves all very short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong. 7. S. palustris. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. 
 
 Plant dark green ; leaves firm ; petioles 6-36 mm. long. 
 
 8. S. aspera. 
 Plant light green ; leaves membranous ; petioles 1-5 cm. long. 
 
 9. S. cordata. 
 Leaves ovate, obtuse ; diffuse annual. 10. S. arvensts. 
 
 Whole plant densely white-villous ; introduced species. u. S. Germanica. 
 
 1. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. HYSSOP HEDGE NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3116.) 
 Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes; stem slen- 
 der, erect, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves linear, acute at both ends, short-petioled or sessile, 
 entire, or sparingly denticulate with low teeth, 2-5 cm. long, the uppermost reduced 
 to short bracts ; clusters forming an interrupted spike; fruiting calyx glabrous or 
 slightly hirsute, 6 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the 
 tube; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, light purple, glabrous. In fields and thickets, 
 Mass, to Fla., Mich, and Va. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Stachys Atlantica Britton, n. sp. COAST HEDGE NETTLE. Perennial, 
 glabrous, or with a few hairs at the nodes, weak, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
 mostly oblong and obtuse or obtusish, spreading, 2-5 cm. long, usually over 5 mm. 
 wide, remotely denticulate, the upper sometimes rounded at the base; corolla I cm. 
 lon^- fruiting calyx 5 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acuminate. In marshy 
 ground, L. A., to eastern Penn. Type from Southampton, L. I. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Stachys jinnua L. An annual Enrooean species with lanceolate to oblong leaves, at 
 least the lower crenate-dentate, a siender puberulent stem, and villous calyx, has been 
 found at one locality in Kansas, and in ballast about the seaports. 
 
 3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. DENSE- FLOWERED HEDGE NETTLE. 
 (I. F. f. 3117.) Perennial; stem retrorsely hispid, at least below, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or 
 acute, 4-20 mm. wide, 2-8 cm. long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal rather dense 
 spike, and usually also in the upper axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 5 mm. long, 
 its lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube. In moist soil, 
 Penn. to Ga., 111. 'and Ky. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Stachys arenicola Britton, n. sp. SAND HEDGE NETTLE. Perennial, 
 very densely pubescent, 5-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
 sessile, finely crenate-dentate, acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, the upper much smaller; 
 upper bracts little longer than the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate-acicular, about as 
 long as the tube; corolla about I cm. long. In sandy soil, southern N. Y. to 111. 
 and Mich. Type from New Dorp, Staten Island, N. Y. 
 
 5. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. SMOOTH HEDGE NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3118.) 
 Perennial; stem smooth, or slightly scabrous on the angles, slender, 3-8 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at 
 
LABI A TAE. 793 
 
 the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply dentate or denticulate, dark 
 green, 5-13 cm. long; clusters in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx 
 glabrous, or sparingly hirsute, 4 mm. long, its teeth one-half as long as the tube or 
 more; corolla 12-16 mm. long, pale red and purple. In moist fields and thickets, 
 N. Y. to 111., Kans., N. Car. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Stachys latidens Small. BROAD-TOOTHED HEDGE NETTLE. Simi- 
 lar to S. tenttifolia, glabrous, or very nearly so throughout. Leaves thin, all short - 
 petioled. crenate-dentate, the lower ovate to oval, obtusish, the upper lanceolate to 
 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long; spike interrupted; fruiting calyx 
 broadly campanulate, about 5 mm. long, its triangular sharp-pointed teeth I mm. 
 long, 1.5 mm. wide. White Top Mt., Va. (J. K. Small, 1892). 
 
 7. Stachys palustris L. HEDGE NETTLE. MARSH OR CLOWN'S WOUND- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 3119.) Perennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem strict, retrorse- 
 hispid on the angles, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, sessile, or very short-petioled, acuminate or acute, 5-13 cm. long; crenulate or 
 dentate; clusters forming an interrupted spike, sometimes also in the upper axils; 
 calyx pubescent, its teeth subulate; corolla purplish to pale red, purple spotted, 
 12-16 mm. long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 Mass., N. J., N. Y., Wise, and Minn. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Stachys aspera Michx. ROUGH HEDGE NETTLE OR WOUNDWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 3120.) Perennial, rough hairy ; stem 6-12 dm. high, commonly retrorse- 
 bispid on the angles. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, crenate- 
 dentate, acute or acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, the lower slender-petioled ; spike 
 mostly interrupted; clusters sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx about 6 mm. 
 long, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla red-purple, about 12 mm. 
 long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Ont. to N. E., Fla., Minn, and La. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 9. Stachys cordata Riddell. LIGHT-GREEN HEDGE NETTLE. (I. F. f. 
 3121.) Perennial, hirsute, pale green; stem slender, weak, 6-9 dm. long. Leaves 
 membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the 
 lowest obtuse, nearly all of them cordate at the base, dentate or crenate all around, 
 long-petioled, 7-15 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long as 
 the blades; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate; corolla purplish, pubescent or puber- 
 ulent, about I cm. long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to N. Car. and Tenn. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 10. Stachys arvensis L. CORN OR FIELD WOUNDWORT. (I. F. f. 3122.) 
 Annual, hirsute; stem slender, diffusely branched, 0.5-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate 
 or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, obtuse, crenate, cordate or the upper rounded 
 at the base, about 2.5 cm. long; lower petioles commonly as long as the blades; 
 clusters 4-6-flowered, in the upper axils and in short terminal spikes; calyx about 
 6 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purplish, 6-10 mm. long. In 
 waste places, Me., Mass., and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Nat. from 
 Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 11. Stachys Germanica L. DOWNY WOUNDWORT. MOUSE-EAR. (I. F. 
 f. 31220.) Annual; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, cre- 
 nate-dentate, villous, the lower rounded or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, 
 mostly obtuse, the upper narrowed at both ends ; clusters of flowers dense, borne in 
 most of the axils; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, 
 acuminate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long as the calyx. Roadsides 
 near Guelph, Ont. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 21. BETONICA L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Stachys. Ixywer leaves very long-peti- 
 oled. Verticils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5 -toothed, 
 5-io-nerved. Corolla purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 
 2-lipped; upper lip concave; lower 3 -cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in 
 Stachys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded 
 above. [The classical Latin name of Wood Betony.] Ten species, or more, na- 
 tives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 i. Betonica officinalis L. BETONY. WOOD BETONY. (L F. f. 3123.) Per- 
 ennial, deep green; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse. 
 
794 
 
 crenate, firm, cordate or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones very long 
 petioled, the blades 7-15 cm. long, the upper short- petioled or nearly sessile; spike 
 short, dense; bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acic- 
 ular; corolla-tube exserted. In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe 
 July-Sept. 
 
 22. SALVIA L. 
 
 Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, 
 racemed, or panicled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip en- 
 tire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; upper 
 lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3- cleft or 3-lobed. Anther- 
 bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary/; connective of the 
 anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, 
 its lower end dilated, capitate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. 
 Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin-, 
 salvus, safe, from its healing virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. 
 Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 small pairs on the stem. 
 
 Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand: upper corolla-lip short. i. S. lyrata. 
 
 Leaves crenulate; upper lip arched, longer than the lower. 2. .S 1 . pratensis. 
 
 Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. 
 Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate. 
 
 Corolla 2-3 cm. long, its tube exserted. 3. S. Pitcheri. ' 
 
 Corolla 8-12 mm. long, its tube not exserted. 4. S. lanceolata. 
 
 Leaves ovate, or broadly oval. 
 
 Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower. 
 
 Leaves merely crenate or crenulate ; fruiting calyx spreading. 
 
 5. S, urticifolia. 
 Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised ; fruiting calyx deflexed. 
 
 6. S. verbenaca. 
 Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower. 7. S, 
 
 1. Salyia lyrata L. LYRE-LEAVED SAGE. (I. F. f. 3124.) Perennial or 
 biennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem 3-9 dm. high, bearing several whorls of large 
 violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted, long -petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, thin. 
 0.7-2 dm. long; calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subulate, those of 
 the lower longer, aristulate; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the upper lip much smaller 
 than the lower; anther-sacs borne on both the upper and lower ends of the connect- 
 ive. In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, N. J. to P'la., 111., Ark. and Tex. 
 Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July. 
 
 2. Salvia pratensis L. MEADOW SAGE. (I. F. f. 3125.) Perennial, pubes- 
 cent or puberulent. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, 
 crenulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thick, rugose, 
 5 18 cm. long; spike elongated, interrupted; calyx campanulate, glandular-pubes- 
 cent, the teeth of the upper lip minute, those of the lower long, subulate; corolla 
 purple, minutely glandular; lower end of the connective with a small or imperfect 
 anther-sac. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. PITCHER'S SAGE. (I. F. f. 3126.) Perennial, 
 downy; stem 6-15 dm. high; branches nearly erect. Leaves linear or linear- 
 oblong, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short petioles, firm, 5-13 cm. long, 
 the uppermost reduced to small bracts; clusters in long spikes; calyx oblong-cam- 
 panulate, densely and finely woolly, about 6 mm. long, its upper lip entire, 
 obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth ; corolla blue, finely pubescent, its lower 
 lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed, longer than the concave upper one; lower ends of the 
 connectives destitute of anther-sacs. On dry plains, Mo., Kans. and Colo, to 
 Tex. Introduced into 111. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Salvia lanceolata Willd. LANCE-LEAVED SAGE. (I. F. f. 3127.) Annual, 
 puberulent or glabrous ; stem 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves petioled, mostly obtuse, 
 2-5 cm. long, the upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate bracts; flowers in ter- 
 minal spike-like racemes; pedicels shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx 
 4-6 mm. long, its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth ovate, mucio- 
 nate; corolla blue, its lower lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of 
 
LABIATAE. 795 
 
 the connectives dilated. On plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 5. Salvia urticifblia L. NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE. (I. F. f. 3128.) Peren- 
 nial; stem glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, irregularly 
 crenate-dentate, usually acute, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; clusters 
 in terminal interrupted spikes; bracts early deciduous; calyx oblong-campanulate, 
 about 6 mm. long, the upper lip minutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth 
 triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla puberulent, 12 -16 mm. long, blue and 
 White, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed. twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the 
 connectives dilated. In woods and thickets, Md. to Ky., Ga. and La. April- 
 June. 
 
 6. Salvia verbenaca L. WILD SAGE. WILD CLARY. (I. F. f. 3129.) Per- 
 ennial; stem glandular-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves coarsely and irregu- 
 larly incised- dentate or pinnatifid, the lower 0.7-2 dm. long, obtuse, cordate, 
 nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller; floral bracts broadly ovate, short; 
 clusters in terminal interrupted spikes; pedicels shorer than the calyx; calyx 
 6-8 mm. long, its upper lip recurved-spreading, witht 3 minute conn i vent teeth, 
 the lower one with 2 lanceolate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about 8 mm. long, 
 its upper lip scarcely longer than the lower: lower ends of the connectives dilated. 
 In waste places, Ohio to S. Car. and Ga. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Salvia Sclarea L. CLARY. CLEAR-EYE. SEE-BRIGHT. (I. F. f. 3130.) 
 Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem 6-n dm. high. Leaves broadly 
 ovate, rugose, cordate, irregularly dentate-crenate or denticulate, the lower long- 
 petioled, 1.5-2 dm. long, the upper small, short- petioled or sessile; clusters in 
 terminal spikes; bracts broad, ovate, acuminate, pink or white; calyx campanulate; 
 deflexed -spreading in fruit, 8-10 mm. long, its lips about equal, the teeth subulate, 
 acicular; corolla blue and white, about 2.5 cm. long; upper lip laterally compressed- 
 lower portions of the connectives dilated. In fields, Penn. to S. Car., escaped 
 from gardens. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 23 MONARDA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and white red purple 
 yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, terminal and sometimes 
 also axillary. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15 nerved, nearly or quite equally 5- 
 toothed, mostly villous in the throat. Corolla usually puberulent or glandular, the 
 limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
 lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending, 
 usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting; anthers 
 versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Nutlets 
 ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist.] 
 About 10 species, of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils). 
 Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender. 
 
 Corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long; bracts red. i. J/. didynta. 
 
 Corolla white, pink, or purple, 2-3 cm. long-. 
 
 Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, 2-2.5 cm - long. 
 
 2. M. C lino podia. 
 
 Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, 2.5-3 cm - long- 
 Pubescence spreading ; leaves thin. 
 
 Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish. 3. M.fistulosa, 
 
 Corolla and bracts deep purple or purple-red. 4. M, media. 
 Pubescence short, canescent ; leaves firm, pale. 5. M. scabra. 
 Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled. 6. M. Bradburiana. 
 
 Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal. 
 
 Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate ; corolla yellowish, mottled. 7. M. punctata. 
 Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate ; corolla white or purple, not mottled. 
 
 8. M. pectinata. 
 
 i. Monarda didyma L. OSWEGO TKA. AMERICAN BEE BALM. (I. F. f. 
 3131.) Perennial; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 petioled, dark green, usually with some villous pubescence beneath, acuminate, 
 sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long ; bracts commonly red ; calyx incurved, slightly 
 
79 6 FLORA. 
 
 hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diameter 
 of the tube; corolla sparingly puberulent. In moist soil, especially along streams, 
 N. B. (?) to Out., Mich, and Ga. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Monarda Clinopodia L. BASAL BALM. (I. F. f. 3132.) Perennial; 
 stem glabrous or slightly villous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, bright green, mostly slender-petioled, villous on the veins beneath and 
 puberulent above, acuminate, sharply serrate, 5-10 cm. long; bracts pale or white; 
 calyx curved, nearly glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat, its teeth 
 subulate, slightly spreading, about as long as the diameter of the tube ; corolla 
 yellowish pink, slightly pubescent. In woods and thickets, Ont. to Ga. and Ky. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 3. Monarda fistulosa L. WILD BERGAMOT. (I. F. f. 3133.) Perennial, 
 villous-pubescent or glabrate ; stem 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin but not membra- 
 nous, usually slender-petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, 3-10 cm. long; bracts whitish or purplish; calyx puberulent or glabrous, 
 densely villous in the throat, its subulate teeth rarely longer than the diameter of 
 the tube ; corolla yellowish-pink or purplish. On dry hills and in thickets, Me. 
 and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla. and La. June- Sept. 
 
 4. Monarda media Willd. PURPLE BERGAMOT. (I. F. f. 3134.) Perennial, 
 sparingly hairy or glabrate; stem stout, 6-n dm. high. Leaves dark green, ovate, 
 ovate- lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate, sharply 
 toothed, usually rounded at the base, 7-13 cm. long; bracts deep purple, very con- 
 spicuous; calyx curved, glabrous, or nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, its teeth 
 slightly spreading. In moist thickets, Me. to Ont.. Penn. and Va. June-Aug. 
 
 5. Monarda scabra Beck. PALE WILD BERGAMOT. (I. F. f. 3135.) Peren- 
 nial; stem slender, puberulent at least above, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves usually short- 
 petioled, acuminate or acute, serrate, cane scent or puberulent, rarely nearly 
 glabrous, 2-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide; bracts green or slightly pink; calyx 
 puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the throat, its short 
 subulate teeth nearly erect; corolla yellowish or pink, pubescent, sometimes gland- 
 ular. On prairies and plains, N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. to Mont., Neb., Mo. and 
 Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. BRADBURY'S MONARDA. (I. F. f. 3136.) 
 Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 bright green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or nearly so. or partly clasping by 
 the cordate or subcordate base, acuminate, serrate. 5-9 cm. long; bracts green or 
 purplish; calyx glabrous outside, hirsute within, narrowed at the throat, its teeth 
 long, bristle-pointed, divergent, longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pink 
 or nearly white, about 2.5 cm. long, its upper lip pubescent or puberulent, the 
 lower commonly purple-spotted. On dry hills or in thickets, 111. to Ala., Mo. and 
 Kans. May-July. 
 
 7. Monarda punctata L. HORSE-MINT. (I. F. f. 3137.) Perennial, usually 
 rather densely downy; stem usually branched, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrate, or nearly entire, usually acute at 
 both ends, petioled, 2-8 cm. long, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; 
 bracts white or purplish, acute; calyx puberulent, villous in the throat, its teeth 
 short, not longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla purple-spotted, about 
 2.5 cm. long, the stamens equalling or slightly surpassing its pubescent upper lip. 
 In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Fla., Wis., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 8. Monarda pectinata Nutt. LEMON MONARDA. (I. F. f. 3138.) Annual, 
 puberulent; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
 sharply serrate or serrulate, acute, narrowed at the base, 2-8 cm. long; bracts 
 white or purple, awned, the awns becoming recurved; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, 
 the throat densely villous, the teeth bristle pointed, barbed, divergent or spreading, 
 nearly half as long as the tube; corolla not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, 
 2-2.5 cm - l n &> stamens not exserted. On dry plains, Neb. and Colo, to Mo., 
 Tex. and Ariz. June-Sept. 
 
 Monarda clinopodioldes A. Gray, a related Texan species, with a slender stem, 
 green or greenish bracts, and hirsute calyx with erect broader teeth, is reported from 
 Kansas. 
 
LABI A TAE. 79? 
 
 24. BLEPHILIA Raf. 
 
 Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense 
 glomerules of purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal interrupted 
 spikes Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2 -lipped, the upper lip 
 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip sub- 
 ulate. Corolla glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower 
 lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing 
 (anterior) stamens 2, ascending; posterior stamens reduced to filiform staminodia, 
 or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base. 
 Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash, from the fringed calyx-teeth.] Two or 
 three species, natives of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Pubescence short; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong-, slightly serrate. i. B. ciliata. 
 
 Pubescence villous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate. 2. B. hirsuta. 
 
 1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. DOWNY BLEPHILIA. (I. F. f. 3139.) Stem 
 puberulent, or with some short-villous pubescence above, commonly simple, 
 3-6 dm. high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots ovate or oval, crenate- 
 denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, longer and narrower; 
 clusters in a terminal spike and in the uppermost axils; outer bracts ovate to lance- 
 olate, acuminate, usually purplish, ciliate; calyx hirsute, the teeth of the upper lip 
 about one third longer than those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent, 
 10-12 mm. long. In dry woods and thickets, Mass, to Mich., Wis., Ga. and Mo. 
 June- Aug. 
 
 2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Terr. HAIRY BLEPHILIA. (I. F. f. 3140.) 
 Stem villous-pubescent, usually branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 510 cm. long, or the lower shorter and 
 broader; clusters axillary, or in a short terminal spike; outer bracts lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its teeth 
 very villous, those of the upper lip much exceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, 
 pale purple, darker-spotted, 8-io mm. long. In woods and thickets, Vt. to Wis., 
 Kans., Ga. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 Blephilia hirsuta glabrita Fernald. Stem glabrous, or villous only above; head soli- 
 tary, or with one or two additional lower ones. Vt. 
 
 25. HEDEOMA Pers. 
 
 Aromatic and pungent herbs, with small leaves, and small blue .or purple 
 flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 
 tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth mostly contracted in fruit, 
 2-lipped, or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 
 Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 
 spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, their anthers 
 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, 
 or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.] 
 About 1 5 species, natives of Am. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in 
 the Southern States. 
 
 Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular; leaves serrate. i. H. pulegioides. 
 
 Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate; leaves entire. 
 
 Calyx-teeth all nearly equal: annual. 2. //. hispida. 
 
 Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper; perennial. 
 
 3. H. Drummondii. 
 
 1. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. (I. F. f. 
 3141.) Annual; stem slender, much branched, finely soft- pubescent, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly serrate, mostly obtuse, 
 glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, 1-4 cm. long, the upper smaller; clusters 
 few-flowered, rather loose; pedicels shorter than or equalling the calyx; calyx pu- 
 bescent, gibbous, oblong-ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth acute, not exceeding the 2 
 subulate hispid lower ones; corolla purple, about 6 mm. long; rudimentary stamens 
 manifest, rarely anther-bearing. In dry fields, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and 
 Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. ROUGH PENNYROYAL. (I. F; f. 3142.) Annual; 
 stem 0.7-2 dm. high, pubescent. Leaves linear, firm, sessile, or the lower short- 
 
79** FLORA. 
 
 petioled, hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, 1-2.5 cm - l n g, the lower 
 much shorter and smaller; clusters numerous, crowded; pedicels pubescent, shorter 
 than the calyx; bracts subulate, hispid; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth 
 subulate, upwardly curved in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2 lower 
 ones somewhat narrower and more hispid than the upper; corolla about 6 mm. 
 long, bluish-purple; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. On dry plains, 111. to 
 the N. W. Terr., La., Ark. and Colo. May- Aug. Also at Little Falls, N. Y. 
 
 3. Hedeoma Drummondii Benth. DRUMMOND'S PENNYROYAL. (I. F. f. 
 3143.) Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down nearly all over; stems 
 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong or linear, short- petioled or sessile, obtuse, 
 1-2 cm. long, the lowest shorter; clusters loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberu- 
 lent, about one-half as long as the calyx; calyx cylindric-oblong, hirsute, slightly 
 gibbous, its teeth subulate, upwardly curved and connivent in fruit; corolla purple, 
 8-12 mm. long; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, 
 to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. April- Aug. 
 
 26. MELISSA L. 
 
 Leafy herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish 
 axillary clustered flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit, 13 -nerved, 
 nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted. 
 Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, naked within, the limb 2-lipped; 
 upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Anthers 2 celled, their 
 sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bee.] About 4 species, of 
 Europe and western Asia. 
 
 i. Melissa officinalis L. GARDEN OR LEMON BALM. BEE-BALM. (I. F. f. 
 3144.) Perennial, pubescent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, petioled, mostly 
 obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate, 2.5-6 cm. long; pedicel shorter than the 
 calyx; calyx about 6 mm. long, the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those 
 of the upper; corolla white, 1-1.5 cm - l n g- I n waste places, thickets and woods, 
 Me. to Ga. and W. Va. Nat. from Europe. Plant lemon-scented. June-Aug. 
 
 27. SATUREIA L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled 
 in their axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. 
 Calyx campanulate, mostly lo-nerved, 5 -toothed, naked or rarely villous in the 
 throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the 
 lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Nut- 
 lets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin name.] About 18 species, the following 
 introduced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubtful affinity in Florida, the 
 others of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 i. Satureia hortensis L. SAVORY. SUMMER SAVORY. (I. F. f. 3145.) 
 Annual, puberulent; stems much branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear or 
 linear-oblong, short-petioled, acute, 1-4 cm. long; clusters 6-10 mm. in diameter, 
 terminal and in many of^the upper axils; calyx about equalling the corolla-tube, 
 somewhat pubescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, ciliate; corolla 
 little longer than the calyx; stamens scarcely exserted. In waste places, N. B. 
 and Ont. to Penn., west to Nev. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 28. CLINOPODIUM L. [CALAMINTHA Moench.] 
 
 Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large 
 flowers variously clustered. Calyx mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved, 
 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually expanded at 
 the throat, the tube straight, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emar- 
 ginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens somewhat connivent in pairs, the 
 longer mostly exserted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Nutlets 
 ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-caster.] About 50 
 species, of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the 
 southeastern U. S. and in Cal. 
 
LABI A TAE. 799 
 
 * Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. 
 
 1. C. vulgar e. 
 * * Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small. 
 
 Plants pubescent; introduced species. 
 
 Clusters peduncled; calyx not gibbous; upper leaves very small; perennials. 
 Leaves 0.6-2.5 cm. long; corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. 
 
 2. C. Nepeta. 
 Leaves 2-5 cm. long; corolla at least twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 3. C. Calamintha. 
 Clusters sessile; calyx very gibbous; plant leafy; annual. 4. C. Acinos. 
 
 Plants glabrous; native species. 
 
 Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire; corolla 8 mm. long. 5. C. glabrum. 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 12-14 mm - l n g 
 
 6. C. glabellum. 
 
 1. Clinopodium vulgare L. FIELD OR WILD BASIL. BASIL-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 3146.) Perennial by short stolons, hirsute; stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, petioled, entire, undulate or crenate-dentate, thin, 2-6 cm. long; 
 flowers in capitate clusters 2-3 cm. in diameter; bracts hirsute-ciliate, usually as 
 long as the calyx-tube; calyx pubescent, the setaceous teeth of its lower lip rather 
 longer than the broader ones of the upper; corolla purple, pink, or white, little 
 exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, N. S. to N. Car., Minn, and Mani- 
 toba, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Oct. 
 
 2. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. FIELD BALM. LESSER CALAMINT. 
 (I. F. f. 3147.) Villous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, crenulate 
 with few low teeth, the lower 1-2.5 cm - l n g'> flowers few in the numerous loose 
 cymes, forming an almost naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear; 
 calyx villous in the throat, about 3 mm. long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as 
 long as those of the upper; corolla light purple or almost white, about 8 mm. long. 
 In fields and waste places, Md. to S. Car., Ala., Ky. and Ark. Nat. from Europe. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 3. Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze. CALAMINT. CALAMINT BALM. 
 (I. F. f. 3148.) Perennial by creeping rootstocks, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves broadly 
 ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate- 
 dentate, 2-5 cm. long and nearly as wide ; inflorescence as in the preceding species, 
 but commonly more leafy; calyx villous in the throat, 4-6 mm. long; corolla pur- 
 plish, 12-14 mm. long. "Inclined to escape from cultivation in a few places" 
 (according to Gray). Native of Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze. BASIL THYME. BASIL BALM. (I. F. 
 f. 3149.) Stems branched from the base, very slender, 1.5-2 dm. high. Leaves 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends or the lower obtuse, crenulate 
 or entire, 8-16 mm. long; flowers about 6 together in the axils; bracts shorter than 
 the pedicels; calyx rough-hairy, longer than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, 
 its subulate teeth somewhat unequal; corolla purplish, 1^-2 times as long as the 
 calyx. In waste places, Ont. to Mass., N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Europe. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 5. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Low CALAMINT. (I. F. f. 3150.) 
 Perennial, stolon iferous, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves of the flower- 
 ing branches linear, entire, short-petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse, obscurely veined, 
 8-18 mm. long, the margins slightly revolute; lower leaves and those of the stolons 
 shorter and broader, distinctly petioled; flowers 1-4 in the axils; pedicels filiform, 
 mostly longer than the calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring 
 within, its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper; corolla purple. On rocks 
 and banks, N. Y. and Ont. to 111., Minn., Mo. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 6. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. SLENDER CALAMINT OR 
 BED'S-FOOT. (I. F. f. 3151.' Perennial, stoloniferous ; stems spreading or decum- 
 bent, at length freely branched, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves membranous, oblong, short- 
 petioled, obtuse or the uppermost subacute, narrowed to a cuneate base, serrate 
 with low t^th, 2-5 cm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, the lowest and those of the stolons 
 sometimes shorter; axils 2-5-flowered; pedicels commonly twice as long as the 
 calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth nearly 
 equal; corolla purplish. On river banks, Ky. and Tenn. Rare and local. May- 
 Tuly. 
 
8OO FLORA. 
 
 29. HYSSOPUS L. 
 
 A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, 
 entire leaves, and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper 
 axils, and forming elongated terminal spikes. Calyx tubular, 15 -nerved, about 
 equally 5 -toothed. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the 
 lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, 
 somewhat 3 -sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic herb.] A moriotypic 
 genus. 
 
 i. Hyssppus officinalis L. HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3152.) Stems usually several 
 together, strict, puberulent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or 
 nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse, puberulent or glabrate, 
 faintly veined, 3-5 cm. long, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches 
 in their axils; spike dense; outer bracts as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceo- 
 late, acute; corolla 8 10 mm. long. Along roadsides and in waste places, Ont. to 
 Me. and N. Car., and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 30. ORIGANUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with crenate-dentate or entire leaves, 
 and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx 
 villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, 
 the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer, spreading, 3-cleft. Sta- 
 mens didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Nutlets ovoid 
 or oblong, smooth. [Greek, mountain joy.] About 30 species, of the Old World. 
 
 i. Origanum vulgare L. WILD MARJORAM. ORGANY. (L F. f. 3153.) 
 Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous or hirsute; stem 3-8 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate, petioled, rounded or subcordate, crenate or entire, 2.5-4 cm. long, 
 often with smaller ones in their axils; flower-clusters often 5 cm. broad; bracts 
 purplish, ovate or oval, about equalling the 5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple 
 or nearly white, the upper lobe broad; all four stamens, or the two longer, ex- 
 serted. In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. J. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 31. KOELLIA Moench. [PYCNANTHEMUM Micbx.] 
 
 Perennial, mostly fragrant erect herbs, with small white or purple-dotted flow- 
 ers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glomerules or cymose clusters. 
 Calyx io-13-nerved, 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth some- 
 times united below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 
 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; 
 anther-sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened. [Named for J. 
 L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 14 species, 
 of N. Am. Besides the following, I occurs in California and I or 2 in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 * Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 
 Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. 
 
 2. K. Virginiana. 
 Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped. 
 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. I. K.flexuosa. 
 Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate. 
 Bracts appressed, erect ; clusters dense. 
 
 Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K, pilosa. 
 
 Puberulent or glabvate; leaves mostly denticulate. 
 
 4. K. verticillata. 
 
 Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodioides. 
 
 Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute; calyx-teeth awn-like. 
 
 6. K. hyssopifolia. 
 * * Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate. 
 
 Bracts appressed ; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed. 
 
 7. K. aristata. 
 
LABIATAE. 8OI 
 
 Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth subulate. 
 
 Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube. 8. K. incana. 
 
 Calyx- teeth as long as the tube. 9. K. pycnanthemoides. 
 
 Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. 
 
 Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth short. 10. K, albescens. 
 
 Bracts appressed; clusters dense. 
 
 Bracts canescent; leaves firm, acute. n. K. muttca. 
 
 Bracts ciliate or villous; leaves membrancus, acuminate. 
 
 12. K. montana. 
 
 1. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. NARROW-LEAVED MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
 (I. F. f. 3154.) Stem stiff, nearly glabrous, 4-8 dm. high. Leaves entire, glab- 
 rous or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, 2-5 cm. 
 long, 1-3 mm. wide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules 
 cymose, 6-10 mm. broad, canescent; bracts appressed, acuminate, or subulate- 
 tipped, not longer than the clusters; calyx cylindraceous, canescent, its teeth sub- 
 ulate and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than broad, about one-third 
 as long as the tube. In fields and thickets, Me. and N. H. to Fla., Ont, Kans., 
 Minn, and Tex. Little fragrant. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN-MINT. (I. F. f. 
 3155.) Stem strict, glabrous or pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, fragrant, short- petioled or sessile, firm, entire, acuminate, gla- 
 brous, or puberulent beneath, or the uppermost canescent, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, 8-12 mm. 
 in diameter, cymose, canescent; bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or sub- 
 ulate-tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx canescent, its teeth equal or nearly 
 so, acute, little longer than wide ; corolla pubescent, purple-spotted. In dry fields 
 and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. HAIRY MOUNTAIN-MINT. (I. F. f. 3156.) 
 Pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, short- petioled or sessile, entire or 
 sparingly denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, firm, acuminate, commonly 
 with short leafy shoots in their axils; glomerules cymose, villous or hirsute-canes- 
 cent, about 8 mm. in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or exceed- 
 ing the clusters; calyx narrow, canescent, its teeth equal, about 3 times as long as 
 wide and one-fourth to one-third the length of the tube; corolla pubescent. On 
 prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Ga., Kansl and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. TORREY'S MOUNTAIN-MINT. (I. F. 
 f. 3157.) Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- 
 late, short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate, 2-8 cm. long, 
 6-20 mm. wide, the uppermost sometimes canescent; clusters dense, canescent, 
 10-12 mm. broad, cymose and commonly also in the upper axils; bracts appressed, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or longer than the clusters; calyx canescent, its 
 teeth subulate or lance-subulate, 2-3 times as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third 
 as long as the tube; corolla pubescent. In dry fields and thickets, Vt. to R. I., 
 N. Y., Va., Pa. and Mo. The narrower- leaved forms are Koellia Torreyi 
 (Benth.) Kuntze, and are possibly distinct. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. BASIL MOUNTAIN -MiNT. 
 (I. F. f. 3158.) Pubescent or puberulent; stem 3-8 dm. high. Leaves rather thin, 
 short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide; 
 flower-clusters terminal and axillary; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped, 
 not exceeding the clusters; calyx canescent or glabrate, its teeth subulate, some- 
 times with a few long hairs, about one-fourth the length of the tube. In dry soil, 
 N. Y. and Penn. to Term. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britton. HYSSOP MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
 (I. F. f. 3159.) Puberulent or glabrate; stem slender, stiff, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, narrowed at 
 the base, entire or denticulate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, glabrous or minutely 
 canescent; flower-clusters dense, minutely canescent, cymose, and usually also in 
 the upper axils; bracts linear-oblong, terminated by an awn almost as long as the 
 body; calyx glabrous or nearly so, nerved, its teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long 
 as the tube. In dry soil. Va. to Fla. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. AWNED MOUNTAIN-MINT. (I. F. f. 
 3160.) Similar to the preceding; stem stiff, minutely canescent, 3-8 dm. high. 
 
802 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves ovate, or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short- petioled, sharply serrate, 
 serrulate, or the upper entire, acute, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm. 
 wide; bracts long-awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length of the 
 body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-pointed, one-third to one-half as 
 long as the tube. In dry pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. HOARY MOUNTAIN-MINT. (I. F. f. 3161.) 
 Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, petioled, acute, serrate or serrulate, white-canescent beneath, 3-8 cm. 
 long, or the uppermost smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides; clusters 
 loose, terminal and in the upper axils, canescent, bracts linear, or the outer 
 broader, canescent or slightly villous; calyx canescent, its teeth subulate, some, 
 what unequal. Dry thickets and hill-sides, Me. to Ont., Ohio and Fla. Aug-Oct. 
 
 9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN- 
 MINT. (I. F. f. 3162.) Stem pubescent nearly to the base, 6-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, serrate, 
 pubescent beneath, puberulent or glabrate above, 3-10 cm. long, the upper smaller 
 and white-canescent on both sides; clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal 
 and axillary, 2-5 cm. broad, the flowers often secund; bracts linear-oblong, acu- 
 minate or subulate-tipped; calyx -teeth very unequal, subulate, densely villous, the 
 longer about equalling the tube. In dry woods and on hills, Va. to Ga. and Tenn. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 10. Koellia albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze. WHITE-LEAVED MOUNTAIN. 
 MINT. (I. F. f. 3163.) Stem soft-pubescent nearly to the base, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, acute or subacuminate, serrate or nearly 
 entire, 2-6 cm. long, white-canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes- 
 cent on both sides; clusters terminal and axillary, densely canescent; bracts linear, 
 or the outer broader; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular, one-fifth to one- 
 fourth as long as the tube. In dry woods and thickets, Va. to Mo., Ark., Fla. and 
 Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Koellia nrntica (Michx.) Britton. SHORT-TOOTHED MOUNTAIN MINT. 
 (I. F. f. 3164.) Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
 short-petioled or sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex, rounded 
 or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate or serrulate, 3-8 cm. long, 
 the uppermost white-canescent on both sides, much smaller; flower-clusters capi- 
 tate, cymose, often also in the upper axils, pubescent or canescent, 8-14 mm. 
 broad; bracts lanceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent, its teeth 
 not much longer than wide, about one-fifth as long as the tube. In sandy soil, Me. 
 to Va. and Fla., west to Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. THIN-LEAVED MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
 (I. F. f. 3165.) Glabrous or nearly so, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves petioled, mem- 
 branous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
 sharply serrate, 5-13 cm. long, none canescent; flower -clusters terminal and in the 
 upper axils, 1-2.5 cm - Droa d; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 bearded more or less with long hairs; calyx tubular, its teeth triangular-subulate, 
 one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the tube. In woods, mountains of Va. to Ga., 
 Tenn. and Ala. July-Sept. 
 
 3*. TH^MUS L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, or low creeping shrubs, with small leaves, and small purple 
 flowers in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx ovoid, villous 
 in the throat, io-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect- spreading. 3-toothed, the 
 lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 
 erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, mostly exserted; anthers 
 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek 
 incense.] About 50 species, of the Old World. 
 
 I. Thymus Serpyllum L. WILD OR CREEPING THYME. MOTHER OF 
 THYME. (I. F. f. 3166.) Stems more or less pubescent in lines, slender, procum- 
 bent, tough, much branched, 1-3 dm. long, commonly forming dense mats. Leaves 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, obtuse, entire, glabrous, or ciliate, 4-10 mm, 
 long; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; calyx 2-lipped, the tube usually 
 
LABIA TAE. 803 
 
 pubescent and the teeth ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx. In thickets, woods, 
 and along roadsides, N. S. to Mass., N. Y., Penn. and N. Car. Nat. from Europe. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 33. CUNlLA L. 
 
 Perennial aromatic herbs, or low shrubs, with rather small purple or white 
 flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, io-13-nerved, villous in the throat, equally 5 -toothed. 
 Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower 
 spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the pos- 
 terior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther sacs parallel. Nutlets smooth; scar of 
 attachment basal and small. [Latin name of some plant.] About 15 species, 
 natives of Am. 
 
 i, Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. STONE MINT. AMERICAN DITTANY. 
 (I. F. f. 3167.) Stem slender, stiff, glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 2-5 dm. 
 high. Leaves ovate, sessile, or short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate, rounded, 
 truncate or subcordate at the base, 1-4 cm. long, densely punctate; flowers 
 10-12 mm. long, in terminal loose cymose clusters; corolla purple-pink; posterior 
 pair of stamens usually rudimentary. In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fia., 
 Ohio and Ga. Plant very aromatic. Aug. -Sept. [C. Mariana L.] 
 
 34. LYCOPUS L. 
 
 Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with small white or purple 
 flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, 
 regular or nearly so, 4-5 -toothed, not bearded in the throat. Corolla funnelform- 
 campanulate to cylindric, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes 
 broader and emarginate. Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimen- 
 tary, or altogether wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Nutlets truncate at the summit, 
 narrowed below, trigonous, smooth. [Greek, wolf- foot.] About 15 species, of the 
 north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 or 4 others occur in western 
 N. Am. 
 
 Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets. 
 
 Leaves mostly ovate, usually purple; base of stem not tuberous^ 
 
 i. L. Virginicus. 
 Leaves mostly lanceolate to oblong; base of stem tuberous. 
 
 Leaves mostly firm, sessile or nearly so. 2. L. communis. 
 
 Leaves membranous, slender-petioled. 3. L, membranaceus. 
 
 Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets. 
 Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 Leaves sessile. 4. L. sessilifolius. 
 
 Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. 5. L. rubellus. 
 
 Bracts lanceolate or subulate; corolla not twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 6. L. Americanus. 
 
 Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised) . 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 
 
 Leaves thin, narrowed at base. 7. L, lucidus. 
 
 Leaves firm, rounded at base. 8. L. asper. 
 
 Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. 9. L. Europaeus, 
 
 1. Lycopus Virginicus L. PURPLE BUGLE-WEED. Purplish, rarely green, 
 stouter than the following species and more puberulent, the stem obtusely angled, 
 not tuberous at the base, but the stolons bearing terminal tubers. Leaves ovate to 
 ovate-oblong, usually abruptly narrowed to both ends, acuminate, 6-15 cm. long, 
 coarsely toothed, often slender-petioled; clusters dense, subglobose; calyx cylindra- 
 ceous, the erect lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acutish; corolla 2 mm. long or 
 less, not twice the length of the calyx, narrowly tubular, the short subequal lobes 
 erect or nearly so; stamens and style included; sterile stamens evident; nutlets 
 1.5-2 mm. lonjr, transversely notched and strongly denticulate. In moist soil, 
 Conn, to Ala., Neb. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Lycopus communis Bicknell. COMMON BUGLE-WEED. (I. F. f. 
 3168, as L. Virgimcus.} Green, or sometimes purplish, roughish-puberulent, or the 
 leaves elabrate; stem tuberous at base, 1-8 dm. high, subacutely angled with 
 grooved sides; stolons rarely tuber-bearing. Leaves 2.5-8 cm. long, oblong, 
 narrowed to base and apex, serrate, very short-petioled; calyx campanulate, the 
 lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, obtusish; corolla 2-3 mn|. long, abruptly dilated at the 
 
804 FLORA. 
 
 throat, the lobes spreading; sterile stamens minute or obsolete; nutlets 1-1.5 mm 
 long, oblique at the top. In moist soil, Newf. to Br. Col., Va., Neb. and Ore. 
 Type from Van Cortlandt, N. Y. Aug-Sept. 
 
 3. Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell, n. sp. THIN-LEAVED BUGLE-WEED. 
 Puberulent to glabrate ; stem slender from a tuberous base ; stolons weakly devel- 
 oped, or wanting. Leaves very thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
 acuminate, narrowed into a slender petiole, coarsely toothed, 6-n cm. long; clus- 
 ters very small; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla 3-4 mm. long, with smaller and 
 less spreading lobes than in L. communis; nutlets 1.5 mm. long, or more, oblique at 
 the top. In wet woods, Me. to N. Y. and Mich. Type from Mt. Desert, Me. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. SESSILE-LEAVED WATER HOARHOUND. 
 (I. F. f. 3169.) Glabrous, or puberulent above, perennial by stolons and suckers; 
 stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong -lanceolate, sessile, acute 
 or acuminate, sharply serrate, somewhat narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
 bracts very small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid, nearly as long as 
 the tube; rudimentary posterior stamens oval. In wet soil, eastern Mass, to Fla. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 5. Lycopus rubellus Moench. STALKED WATER HOARHOUND. (I. F. f. 
 3170.) Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by long leafy stolons, 3-10 
 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acuminate, sharply 
 dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5-15 cm. long; bracts minute, acute or 
 acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, herbaceous, one-half as long as the 
 tube or more ; rudimentary stamens small, oval to oblong, or obsolete. In wet soil, 
 N. Y. to Fla., Ohio, Ark. and La. July-Oct. 
 
 6. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. CUT- LEAVED WATER HOARHOUND. (I. F. 
 f. 3171.) Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers; stem stiff, sharply angled, 
 1-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, acuminate, incised, 
 pinnatifid or the uppermost merely serrate, 3-10 cm. long; bracts subulate; calyx- 
 teeth triangular-subulate, cuspidate, rigid; corolla little exceeding the calyx, 
 dilated at the throat; rudimentary stamens thickened at their tips. In wet soil, 
 Newf. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex., Utah and Cal. June-Oct. 
 
 7. Lycopus lucidus Turcz. WESTERN WATER HOARHOUND. (I. F. f. 3172.) 
 Perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, strict, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute, sessile, or short-petioled, 5-15 cm. long, sharply serrate with 
 acute ascending teeth; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate; calyx-teeth 
 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla little longer than the 
 calyx; rudimentary stamens thickened at the tips. In wet soil, Neb. to Kans., 
 Br. Col., Cal. and Ariz. Also in Asia. The American plant perhaps distinct 
 from the 'Asiatic. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Lycopus asper Greene. ROUGH BUGLE-WEED. Stems simple, 3-6 dm. 
 high, obtusely angled, leafy. Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute, sessile, scarcely narrowed at the base, strongly and nearly equally serrate 
 with very sharp teeth, 4-6 cm. long, much longer than the internodes, conspicuously 
 veiny, rough on both surfaces; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; nutlets 
 very short, smooth. Minn, to the N. W. Terr. July-Aug. 
 
 o. Lycopus Europaeus L. WATER OR MARSH HOARHOUND. GIPSY- WORT. 
 GIPSY-HERB. (I. F. f. 3173.) Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suckers, 3-8 
 dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, short-petioled, or the 
 upper sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at the base, 2-8 cm. long, 
 bracts subulate-lanceolate; calyx-teeth subulate-spinulose; corolla scarcely longer 
 than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete. In waste places, N. Y. 
 to Va. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 35. MENTHA L. 
 
 Odorous herbs, with simple mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled purple 
 pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal spikes. Calyx lO-nerved, 
 regular, or slightly 2 -lipped, 5 -toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the 
 limb 4-cleft, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or 
 emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; 
 filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. 
 
LABIATAE. 805 
 
 [Name used by Theophrastus; from the nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, of the 
 north temperate zone. 
 
 * Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. 
 Plants glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves sessile, or nearly so. 
 
 i. M. s pic at a t 
 Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short; leaves petioled. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute. 2. M. piperita. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate. 3. M. citrata. 
 
 Plants villous, hirsute or cauescent, at least at the nodes. 
 Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. 4. M. longifolia. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath. 
 
 5. M. rotundifolia. 
 Spikes io-i2 mm. thick, dense, elongated or short. 
 
 Leaves sessile ; spikes 2-8 cm. long; plant canescent. 6. M. alopecvr aides. 
 
 Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile; spikes short. 
 
 Leaves simply serrate. 7. M. aquatica. 
 
 Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy. 8. M. crispa. 
 
 * * Whorls of flowers all axillary. 
 
 Leaves crenate-dentate ; calyx-teeth triangular, short. 9. M. arvensis. 
 
 Leaves sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth subulate. 
 
 Calyx-teeth ciliate, the tube glabrous; leaves ovate. 10. M.gentilis. 
 
 Calyx densely or sparsely pubescent all over. 
 
 Leaves ovate, pubescent on both sides; hairs of the stem reflexed. 
 
 ii. M. sativa. 
 Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, nearly or quite glabrous. 12. M. Canadensis. 
 
 1. Mentha spicata L. SPEARMINT. (I. F. f. 3174.) Perennial by leafy- 
 stolons ; stem erect, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, 
 sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the largest about 7 cm. long ; whorls of flow- 
 ers in spikes which become 5-10 cm. long in fruit, the one terminating the stem 
 surpassing the lateral ones ; bracts subulate -lanceolate, ciliate; calyx campanulate, 
 its teeth subulate, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla glabrous. In moist fields or 
 waste places, N. S. to Out., Minn., Utah, Fia. arid Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 2. Mentha piperita L. PEPPERMINT. (I. F. f. 3175.) Perennial by subter- 
 ranean suckers, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, dark green, acute, 
 sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, the 
 larger 3-8 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in spikes, which are obtuse, and become 
 28 cm. long in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the lateral ones ; 
 bracts lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx tubular- campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth 
 subulate, usually ciliate, one-half as long as the tube or more ; corolla glabrous. 
 In wet soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. BERGAMOT MINT. (I. F. f. 3176.) Perennial 
 by leafy stolons ; stem weak, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves 
 petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, 
 sharply serrate, the larger about 5 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in terminal short 
 obtuse spikes, and commonly also in the uppermost axils ; calyx glabrous, its teeth 
 subulate, one- half as long as the tube, or longer ; corolla glabrous. In wet soil, 
 Staten Island, N. Y. and^Ohio. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. HORSE MINT. (I. F. f. 3177.) Perennial 
 by suckers, canescent or puberulent, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
 lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, acute, sharply serrate, 
 2-8 cm. long ; whorls of flowers in narrow acute spikes, which become 5-13 cm. 
 long in fruit ; bracts lanceolate-subulate ; calyx tomentose or canescent, its teeth 
 subulate, one-half as long as the tube ; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Conn, 
 to Penn. and N. J. Nat. from Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 5. Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. ROUND-LEAVED MINT. (I. F. .3178.) 
 Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid, 
 3-8 dm. high. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or sessile and 
 somewhat clasping by the subcordate or rounded base, obtuse, crenate-serrate, 
 2-5 cm. long, rugose-reticulated beneath ; whorls of flowers in spikes which elon- 
 
806 FLORA. 
 
 gate to 5-10 cm. in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx-teeth setaceous, 
 usually about one-half as long as the tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, 
 Me. to N. Car., Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. WOOLLY MINT. (I. F. f. 3179.) Peren- 
 nial by suckers, white-woolly, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or 
 partly clasping by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse, sharply and rather 
 coarsely serrate, the iower 5-8 cm. long; spikes dense, stout, obtuse, 5-8 cm. long 
 in fruit; bracts lanceolate; calyx-teeth setaceous, one-half as long as the campan- 
 ulate tube, or more; corolla pubescent. Along roadsides, Conn, to N. Y., N. J , 
 Penn., and Mo. Nat. from Europe. July- Oct. 
 
 7. Mentha aquatica L. WATER MINT. FISH MINT. (I. F. f. 3180.) Per- 
 ennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely glabrate ; stem 3-8 dm. high, its 
 hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, acute, or the lower obtuse, rounded, 
 subcordate or rarely narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 3-8 cm. long 
 and nearly as wide ; whorls of flowers in dense short rounded spikes, and usually 
 also in the upper axils ; spikes seldom more than 2.5 cm. long in fruit ; bracts 
 lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or 
 triangular-lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as the nearly cylindric tube ; 
 corolla sparingly pubescent. In wet places, N. S. to Penn. and Ga. Nat. from 
 Europe. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. Mentha crispa L. CRISPED-LEAVED, CURLED OR CROSS MINT. (I. F. f. 
 3181.) Sparingly pilose-pubescent, at least at the nodes, petioles and veins of the 
 lower surfaces of the leaves ; stem rather weak, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves petioled, or 
 the uppermost sessile, ovate, mostly acute, rounded, truncate or subcordate at 
 the base, their margins crisped, or the uppermost merely serrate ; whorls of flow- 
 ers in thick rounded spikes, which become 2-4 cm. long in fruit ; calyx sparingly 
 pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more than one half as long as the cam- 
 panulate tube ; corolla glabrous. In swamps and roadside ditches, N. Y., N. J. 
 and Penn. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 9. Mentha arvensis L. CORN MINT. FIELD MINT. (I. F. f. 3182.) Per- 
 ennial by suckers, pubescent or glabrate ; stems 1.5-6 dm. high, slender. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled, acute or the lower obtuse, crenate-serrate, 
 mostly narrowed at the base, 2-6 cm. long, the upper not much smaller than the 
 lower ; whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling the petioles ; calyx 
 pubescent, campanulate, its teeth triangular, about as long as the width of their 
 base, acute or sometimes obtuse, one-third as long as the tube. In dry waste 
 places, N. B. to N. Y., N. J., Penn. and Fla. AlsoinCal. and Mex. Nat. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 o. Mentha gentilisL. CREEPING OR DOWNY WHORLED MINT. (I. F. f. 3183.) 
 Perennial by suckers ; stem puberulent with short reflexed hairs, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs, often 
 blotched, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, the larger 3-5 cm. long, the upper 
 sometimes much smaller than the lower ; whorls axillary ; pedicels glabrous ; calyx 
 campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the 
 tube ; corolla glabrous. In waste places and along streams, Me. to northern N. 
 Y., N. J. and Penn. Nat. from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 11. Mentha sativa L. MARSH WHORLED MINT. (I. F. f. 3184.) Perennial by 
 suckers ; stem ascending, usually widely branched, densely pubescent, 3-9 dm. 
 long. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, pubescent on both sides, acute at the apex, 
 mostly rounded at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 2-5 cm. long, the upper 
 sometimes much smaller ; whorls axillary, commonly surpassing the petioles ; calyx 
 campanulate, pubescent, its triangular-subulate teeth one-half as long as the tube. 
 In waste places, N. S. to Penn. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Mentha Canadensis L. AMERICAN WILD MINT. (I. F. f. 3185.) Per- 
 ennial by suckers ; stem more or less pubescent with spreading or scarcely reflexed 
 hairs, or glabrate, 1.5-8 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lance- 
 olate, slender-petioled, acute, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, narrowed to a 
 somewhat cuneate base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the larger 5-10 cm. long, 
 whorls axillary, often shorter than the petioles ; calyx oblong-campanulate, pubes- 
 cent, its teeth one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube. In moist soil, N. B. to 
 the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Va., Kans., N. Mex. and Nev. Variable. July-Oct. 
 
LABI A TAB. 807 
 
 36. COLLINSONIA L. 
 
 Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and 
 terminal loose panicled racemes of small yellowish mostly opposite flowers. Calyx 
 campanulate, short, lo-nerved, 2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the 
 throat ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla longer than the calyx, 
 obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or de- 
 clined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing like a lower lip. Anther- 
 bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before anthesis ; bases of the 
 filaments connected by a woolly ring ; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs at length par- 
 tially confluent. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for Peter Collinson, 1693- 
 1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.] Two or 3 species of 
 eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Collinsonia Canadensis L. HORSE-BALM. CITRONELLA. RICH- WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3186.) Stem 6-15 dm. high, glabrous, or glandular- pubescent above. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate -oblong, acuminate, the lower slender-petioled, 1.5-2.5 dm. 
 long, the upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all coarsely dentate ; terminal pani- 
 cles sometimes 3 dm. long ; pedicels ascending, 6-12 mm. long in fruit, subulate- 
 bracteolate at the base ; flowers lemon scented ; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the 
 lower lip much longer than those of the upper ; corolla light yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long; 
 fruiting calyx prominently ribbed, 6-8 mm. long. In moist woods, Me. and Ont. 
 to Wis., Fla. and Kans. Root large, thick, woody. July-Oct. 
 
 37. PERILLA Ard. 
 
 Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in 
 loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, lo-nerved, 5-cleft, nearly regular in 
 flower, enlarging, declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, 
 the lower 2-cleft, the throat not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, 
 the throat obliquely campanulate, the limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the 
 larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior pair shorter, erect, divergent ; 
 anthers 2 -celled. Nutlets globose, reticulated. [The native name in India.] One 
 or 2 species, natives of Asia. 
 
 i. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. PERILLA. (I. F. f. 3187.) Sparingly 
 pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
 dentate, 7-15 cm. long and nearly as wide ; racemes terminal and axillary, many- 
 flowered, 7-15 cm. long ; pedicels 3-6 mm. long in fruit ; calyx minute in flower, 
 much enlarged, gibbous at the base and densely pilose-pubescent in fruit ; corolla 
 purple or white, 3 mm. long, with a woolly ring within. . In waste places, escaped 
 from gardens, N. Y. to 111. Native of India. July-Oct. 
 
 Perilla frutescens Nankin^nsis (Lour.) Britton. Leaves crisped and incised. Es- 
 caped from gardens, N. J. to W. Va. 
 
 38. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. 
 
 Herbs, with thin leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in terminal 
 bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, ro-nerved, enlarging in fruit, not 
 bearded in the throat, 5 -toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little longer 
 than the calyx, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed ; upper lobe erect, 
 concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more 
 or less confluent. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Named in honor of J. S. Elsholtz, a 
 Prussian botanist.] About 20 species, natives of Asia. 
 
 i. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Kuntze. ELSHOLTZIA. (L F. f. 3188.) 
 Annual, glabrous or nearly so ; stems erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate-dentate, 2-8 cm. long ; 
 spikes dense, about 12 mm. thick ; flowers several in the axils of each of the 
 broadly ovate membranous reticulated mucronate bracts ; calyx hirsute, shorter 
 than the bract ; corolla 2 mm. long, pale purple. Notre Dame du Lac, Temis 
 couata Co., Quebec. Nat from Asia. July-Aug. 
 
808 FLORA. 
 
 Family 8. SOLANACEAE Pers. 
 Potato Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or 
 rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular 
 cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, 
 mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, 
 inserted on the tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except 
 in Petunia, where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; 
 anthers 2-celled, apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 
 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled); ovules numerous on the axile placentae, 
 anatropous or amphitropous ; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; 
 fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous; endosperm fleshy; cotyle- 
 dons semiterete. About 70 genera and 1600 species, most abundant in 
 tropical regions. 
 
 * Fruit a berry ; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate. 
 Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dihiscent. 
 Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated. 
 
 Fruiting calyx 5-angled and deeply s-parted ; ovary 3-5-celled. 
 
 i. Physalodes. 
 Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, lo-ribbed, often 5-io-angled, reticulated, 
 
 wholly enclosing the berry ; ovary 2-celled. 
 Corolla open-cam panulate, yellow or whitish, often with a dark center; 
 
 seeds with a thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis. 
 
 Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 
 
 3. Quincula. 
 Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely 
 
 veiny, open at the r .nouth. 
 Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 
 
 4. Leucophysalis. 
 
 Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple ; fruiting calyx not ex- 
 ceeding the berry. 5. Chamaesaracha. 
 
 Anthers connivent or slightly connate ; fruiting calyx not enlarged. 
 
 Anthers short or oblong, opening by terminal pores or short slits in our species. 
 
 6. Solanutn. 
 Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 
 
 7. Lycopersicon. 
 
 * * Fruit a nearly dry berry ; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes 
 imbricated. 8. Lycium. 
 
 * * * Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform. 
 Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid; corolla irregular. 
 
 9. HyoscyamtiSt 
 Capsule opening by valves. 
 
 Capsule generally prickly. 10. Datura. 
 
 Capsule not prickly. 
 
 Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. 
 
 ii. Nicotiana. 
 Flowers solitary ; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia. 
 
 i. PHYSALODES Boehm. [NICANDRA Adans.] 
 
 An annual erect glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate 
 or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the 
 axils. Calyx-segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at the base, strongly 
 reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 
 inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, dilated and pilose below; 
 anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style slender; stigma 3 -5 -lobed. Berry 
 globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis-like.] A monotypic 
 genus. 
 
 i. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton. APPLE-OF-PERU. (I. F. f. 3189.) 
 Stem angled, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate but blunt, nar- 
 
SOLANACEAE. 809 
 
 rowed at the base, 0.7-2 dm. long; petioles longer than the peduncles; flowers 
 2.5-3.5 cm. long and broad; corolla-limb almost entire; fruiting calyx 2.5-3.5 cm - 
 long and thick, its segments acute, their basal auricles acute or cuspidate; berry 
 about 12 mm. in diameter, loosely surrounded by the calyx. In waste places, 
 escaped from gardens, N. S. to Ont., south to Fla. Adventive from Peru. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 a. PHYSALIS L.* (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. 
 Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5. toothed, 
 in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5 -angled, or prominently IO- 
 ribbed and reticulate, wholly enclosing the pulpy berry. Corolla often with a 
 brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, 
 plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, opening 
 by longitudinal slits. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. 
 Seeds numerous, kidney- shaped, flattened. [Greek, bladder, referring to the 
 inflated calyx.] The number of recognized species is about 50; 34 occur in the 
 U.S. 
 
 * Annuals with branched fibrous roots. 
 
 t Plants more or less pubescent (except P. Barbadensis obscura). 
 
 Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the 
 base ; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube 
 or longer. 
 
 Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base; upper part repand 
 or subentire; fruiting calyx small and short; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 
 
 i. P. pubescens. 
 .^eaves cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base; stem stout, obtusely angled; 
 
 fruiting calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa. 
 
 Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand 
 dentate; stem tall, acutely angled; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 
 
 3. P. Barbadensis. 
 
 Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-io-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) trian- 
 gular, generally shorter than the tube. 4. P, Missouriensis. 
 t \ Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little pubeni- 
 
 lent when young; fruiting calyx obtusely 5-io-angled, not sunken at the base. 
 Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple. 
 
 Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx ; leaves sinuately toothed or 
 
 subentire. 5. p. pendula. 
 
 Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx; leaves sharply dentate. 
 
 6. P. angulata. 
 Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple center. 
 
 Peduncles short, scarcely as long as the flowers, which are 10-20 mm. in diameter: 
 
 calyx-lobes broadly triangular. 7. />. ixocarpa. 
 
 Peduncles longer than the flowers, which are 16-25 nun. in diameter; calvx-Jobes 
 lanceolate-triangular. 8. P. Philadelphia*. 
 
 * * Perennial by rootstocks and roots. 
 
 f Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pum.Ha of branched hairs). 
 Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and 
 
 short, if any. 
 Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8a. P. subglabrata. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. P. longtfolia. 
 
 Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves 
 
 broadly ovate, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. macrophysa. 
 
 Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; 
 
 in P. Virgimana sometimes a little viscid. 
 Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base ; leaves thick, 
 
 obovate or spatulate to rhomboid, subentire. 
 
 Leaves obovate or spatulate; hairs all simple. n. P. lanceofata, 
 
 Leaves broader, often rhomboid ; hairs on the lower surface branched. 
 
 12. P. putrnla. 
 Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken at the base; 
 
 leaves ovate to lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13. P. Virginiana. 
 Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat 
 jointed hairs. 
 
 * Contributed by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG K #i- 
 
8lO FLORA. 
 
 Leaves large ; blade generally over 5 cm. long and more or less cordate. 
 
 14. P. heterophylla. 
 Leaves less than 5 cm. long, round-ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the 
 
 base; calyx, peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 
 
 15. P. comata. 
 Leaves small. 2.5-4 cm - i n diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at 
 
 the base, not coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P. rotundata. 
 t t Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P. viscosa. 
 
 1. Physalis pubescens L. Low HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3190.) 
 Stem generally diffuse or spreading, often a little swollen at the nodes, villous- 
 pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thin, 2.5-6 cm. long, ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, slightly cordate, upward repand-denticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes 
 becoming nearly glabrous except along the veins; peduncles short; calyx-lobes 
 narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla 6-10 mm. in diameter, yellow with 
 dark center; anthers usually purplish; fruiting calyx membranous, 2-3 cm. long, 
 pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate, retuse at the base. In sandy soil, Fenn. to Fla. and 
 Cal. ; also in tropical Am. and India. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Physalis pruinosa L. TALL HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3191.) 
 Stout, generally erect, and more hairy than the preceding and the two. following 
 species; stem finely villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, 3-10 cm. long, finely 
 pubescent, ovate, cordate, and deeply sinuately toothed; calyx villous or viscid, 
 its lobes as long as the tube, narrow but not subulate-tipped; corolla 4-8 mm. 
 in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with purple; fruiting calyx reticulate, 2-3 
 cm. long, ovoid, cordate; berry yellow or green. In 'cultivated soil, Mass, to Iowa, 
 Mo. and Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. BARBADOES GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3192.) Stem stout, acutely 3~4-angled, pubescent or viscid; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 
 acute, or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; 
 peduncles short, but in fruit sometimes 2 cm. long; calyx generally densely viscid- 
 hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 5-10 mm. in diameter; anthers gen- 
 erally purplish; fruiting calyx longer than in the two preceding species, reticulate. 
 Sandy soil, N. Car., southern 111. and Mex., the W. Ind. and S. Am. July-Sept. 
 
 Physalis Barbadensis obscura (Michx.) Rydberg. Greener, perfectly glabrous, or 
 sometimes minutely pubescent. The distribution is about the same as that of the species. 
 
 4 Physalis Missouriensis Mack. & Bush. MISSOURI GROUND-CHERRY. (I. 
 F. f? 31930 Stem spreading, often zigzag, striate, or slightly angled, villous with 
 short hairs. Leaves 1-9 cm. long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse, or cordate 
 at the base, acute, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least on the veins; 
 peduncles in fruit 5-10 cm., reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx villous, 
 corolla 3-8 mm. in diameter, yellow, generally with a dark center; anthers gen- 
 erally yellow: fruiting calyx 1.4-2 cm. long, round-ovoid, nearly filled^ by the 
 berry, commonly rounded at the base. On rocky hillsides; Mo. and Kans. to 
 Ark. and Ind. Terr. July-Sept. This species has been confused with the tropi- 
 cal P. Lagasca R & S. 
 
 5. Physalis pendula Rydb. LANCE-LEAVED GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3194.1 Erect, generally 4-5 dm. high; stem angled, glabrous; leaves in the typical 
 form lanceolate; calyx cylindric-campanulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter 
 than the tube; peduncles filiform, about 2.5 cm. long, erect with nodding flower, 
 in fruit reflexed; corolla 6-8 mm. in diameter; campanulate, yellow, without a 
 dark spot; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about 2 cm. long, 
 ovoid, indistinctly lo-angled, purple-veined, nearly filled by the berry. 111. to 
 Tex., and Kans. (P. lanceifolia Rydh., in part, not Nees.) July-Sept. 
 
 6. Physa'is angulata L. CUT-LEAVED GROUND CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3195.) 
 Erect, 4-9 dm. high, glabrous; stem angled; leaves ovate, with cuneate base and 
 long-acuminate teeth; blades 5-6.5 cm. long, on slender petioles, thin, the veins 
 not prominent: peduncles slender. 2-3 cm. long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but 
 seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally 
 shorter than the tube; corolla 5-10 cm. in diameter; anthers purplish tinged; 
 fruiting calyx about 3 cm. long, ovoid, not prominently angled, at last nearly 
 
SOLANACEA& 8ll 
 
 filled by the yellow berry. In rich soil, Va. and N. Car. to 111., the Ind. Terr., 
 Tex., Cent. Am., Brazil and the W. Ind. Also in India. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Physalis ixocarpa Krot. TOMATILLO. MEXICAN GROUND-CHERRY. 
 STRAWBERRY TOMATO. (I. F. f. 3196.) At first erect, later widely spreading; 
 stem angled, glabrous, or the younger parts sparingly hairy, leaves from cordate 
 to ovate, with a cuneate base, sinuately dentate or entire, 2.5-6.5 cm. long; pedun-. 
 cles 2-5 mm. long; calyx sparingly hairy; its lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 
 bright yellow with purple throat, 1-2 cm. in diameter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, 
 obscurely lo-angled, often purple-veined, at last filled by the purple berry. 
 Native of Mex. Cultivated for its fruit and frequently escapes from cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 8. Physalis Philadelphia Lam. PHILADELPHIA GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3197.) Erect 715 dm. high; stem angled, dichotomously branched; blades ovate 
 to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and acuminate, entire or 
 repand-denticulate, 6-10 cm. long, often in pairs; peduncles slender, 1-2 crn. 
 long; calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate, lobes ovate- lanceolate or triangular, 
 sometimes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube; corolla yellow 
 or greenish yellow with purplish throat, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers tinged 
 with purple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat 10 angled and sunken at the base, at 
 last often filled with the large red or purple berry. R. I. to Ga., Ky. and Tex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 9. Physalis longifolia Nutt. LONG LEAVED GROUND CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3198.) 
 Perennial by a thick rootstock; stem in the common form, stout, 4-9 dm. high, 
 slightly angled. Leaves tapering into a petiole I -2 cm. long, subentire or repand; 
 peduncles 1-2 cm. long, in fruit often recurved; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes 
 triangular- lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 1-2 cm. in diameter, 
 yellow with a dark center; anthers tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about 
 3 cm. long; berry yellow, the lower portion and the stipe glutinous. In rich soil, 
 Iowa to Ark., Utah and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. LARGE-BLADDER GROUND CHERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 3199.) Perennial; root so.newhat fleshy; stem erect, 4-9 dm. high, 
 comparatively slender, angled. Leaves thin, 3-9 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the 
 upper acute or acuminate; petioles 2-4 cm. long; peduncles in fruit reflexed; 
 calyx smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceolate, generally a little 
 shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with a dark center, about 2 cm. in diameter; 
 anthers generally yellow, sometimes tinged with purple; fruiting calyx 3-4 cm. 
 long, indistinctly lo-angled; berry small, in the center of the calyx. In rich soil, 
 Tex. to Kans. and Ark. May-July. Rare. 
 
 11. Physalis lanceolata Michx. PRAIRIE GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3200.) 
 Rootstock apparently as a rule slender and creeping; stem 4-5 dm. high, first erect, 
 later spreading or diffuse, slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with flat hairs. 
 Leaves nearly always entire, rarely wavy, thickish, sparingly hairy with short 
 hairs; peduncles 1-2 cm. long, in fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate; 
 corolla dullish yellow with a brownish center, about 1.6 cm. in diameter; fruiting 
 calyx round-ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly lo-angled; berry yellow or 
 greenish yellow. On dry prairies, common west of the Missouri River, extending 
 eastward to III. and the Carolinas. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low GROUND- CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3201.) Peren- 
 nial by a slender rootstock, 4-9 dm. high; stem obscurely angled. Leaves broadly 
 ovate to oblong, acute at both ends, somewhat rhomboid, the lower often obtuse 
 and obovate; blades 5 10 cm. long, entire or seldom sinuate; peduncles in fruit 
 reflexed and 3-5 cm. long; calyx densely hirsute, its lobes triangular, generally a 
 little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with brown center, 1.5-2 cm. in diam- 
 eter; fruiting calyx 3-5 cm. long, indistinctly I O- angled. Plains, Mo. to Colo, 
 and Tex. July Sept. 
 
 13 Physalis Virginiana Mill. VIRGINIA GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3202. 
 Perennial; rootstock thick; stem 49 dm. high, erect, dichotomously branched, 
 somewhat angular, strigose hairy with flat hairs, in some forms nearly glabrous. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, 3-6 cm. long, generally sinuately 
 dentate; peduncles in fruit curved but scarcely reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular or 
 broadly lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube; corolla sulphur-yellow with pur- 
 
8l2 FLORA, 
 
 plish spots, 1.8-2.5 cm. in diameter; anthers yellow; berry reddish. Rich soil^ 
 especially in open places, N. Y. to Manitoba, Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 Physalis Virgini^na intermedia Rydberg. Leaves thin and subentire, gradually 
 tapering into winged petioles; pubescence in the young plant somewhat viscid. Ind. 
 to Ala. and Tex. 
 
 14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. CLAMMY GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3203.) Perennial by a creeping rootstock, 4-9 dm. tall, viscid and glandular, and 
 villous with long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaf blades often acute but very 
 rarely with an acumination, thick, sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire; 
 calyx long-villous, its lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 
 1.6-2 cm. in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center; anthers 
 mostly yellow; berry yellow. In rich soil, N. B. to Saskatch., Fia., Colo, and 
 Tex. 
 
 Physalis heterophylla ambfgua (A. Gray) Rydberg. Tall and generally upright, very 
 long-villous, scarcely at a:l viscid; flowers commonly larger; anthers mostly purplish. Vt. 
 to Iowa and Tenn. 
 
 Physalis heterophylla nyctagfnea (Dunal) Rydberg. Leaves usually dark green 
 and of a firm texture, more or less acuminate at the apex, often subentire, and pubes- 
 cent mainly on the veins of the lower surface. R. I. to Iowa and La. 
 
 Physalis Peruviina L. STRAWBERRY TOMATO. A native of South America; it is 
 cultivated for its fruit in all warm and temperate regions, and often escapes. It resem- 
 bles P. heterophylla, but differs in the leaves, which have a long distinct acumination, 
 and in the pubescence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. 
 
 15. Physalis comata Rydberg. HILLSIDE GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3204.) 
 Erect, 4-5 dm. high; pubescence fine and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and 
 upper branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs. Leaf-blades not over 
 5 cm. long, round ovate, scarcely at all cordate, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or 
 nearly entire; peduncles as long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla greenish 
 yellow, with brown center, 1.2-2 cm. in diameter. Fruiting calyx thin, round- 
 ovoid, somewhat lO-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Hillsides, Neb., Kaiis., 
 Colo, and Tex. 
 
 16. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. ROUND LEAVED GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3205.) Zigzag, generally dichotomously branched, from a perennial rootstock, 
 densely and finely viscid pubescent, usually more glandular than the preceding. 
 Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, 2.5-4.5 cm. in diameter, with small teeth; 
 petioles short, more or less winged; peduncles short; corolla 1.6 cm. in diameter, 
 greenish yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, 
 scarcely sunken at the base. Dry plains, S. Dak. to Tex. and N. Mex. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 17. Physalis viscosa L. STELLATE GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3206.) Per- 
 ennial by a creeping rootstock; stems creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes- 
 cence, or in age glabrate. Leaves elliptic, oval or Ovate, obtuse, thinnish, entire or 
 undulate, in the typical South American form often cordate at the base, but rarely 
 so in our plant; peduncles i-?-5 cm. long; calyx- lobes triangular, generally shorter 
 than the tube; corolla greenish yellow with a darker center, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; 
 fruiting calyx 2-3 cm. long, round-ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base; berry 
 orange or yellow. On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Va. and N. Car. to 
 the Argentine Republic. 
 
 Physalis Alkeke'ngi L. STRAWBERRY TOMATO. WINTER CHERRY. A native of 
 Europe and Asia, often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escapes from cultivation. 
 The flowers are whitish ; corolla-limb more distinctly 5-lobed; leaves broadly deltoid, 
 acute at both, ends, repand or angulately toothed. 
 
 3. QUINCULA Raf. 
 
 A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves 
 sinuate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles commonly in pairs from the 
 axils, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in 
 fruit inflated, sharply 5 -angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes conni- 
 vent Corolla pentagonal in outline, veiny. Anthers opening by longitudinal 
 
SOL AN A CEAE. 8 1 3 
 
 slits, seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick 
 margins. [Name "unexplained.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Quincula iobata (Torn) Raf. PURPLE-FLOWERED GROUND-CHERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 3207.) Perennial, spreading or prostrate; stem obtusely angled and 
 striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately 
 toothed, or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at the base, 
 thickish and veiny, tapering into margined petioles; peduncles 2-5 cm. long, in 
 fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla 2-3 cm. 
 in diameter; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about as wide as 
 long, sunken at the base. On high plains, Kans. to Cal. and Mex. May-Sept. 
 
 4. LEUCOPHY'SALIS Rydberg. 
 
 A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent 
 on the petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx cam- 
 panulate, 5-lobed, at first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to 
 the berry, thin, neither angled nor ribbed, faintly veiny. Corolla rotate, white, 
 sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the 
 limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and 
 slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits. Style and stigma as in 
 Phy ' sails. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white Phy salts.} 
 A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydberg. LARGE WHITE-FLOWERED 
 GROUND-CHERRY. (I. F. f. 3208.) Frect, 3 9 dm. high; stem more or less vil- 
 lous. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, ovate to lanceolate- ovate, generally acute and entire, 
 more or less villous and viscid; peduncles several from each axil, villous; calyx- 
 lobes lanceolate, equalling the tube; corolla 3-4 cm. in diameter, rotate; anthers 
 short, yellow, often tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the 
 berry. Vt. to Saskatch. and Minn. May-July. 
 
 5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray. 
 
 Perennials, the leaf- blade decurrent on the petiole. Peduncles solitary, or in 
 fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, in fruit somewhat 
 enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor 
 ribbed, and faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. 
 Corolla rotate, white or cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. 
 Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers 
 oblong, opening by longitudinal slits; style and stigma as in Phy sails. Seeds 
 kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-fa vose or punctate. [Ground- Saracha, the latter 
 a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine botanist.] An 
 American genus, of half a dozen species. 
 
 Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute. T. C. conioides. 
 
 Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx. 
 
 2. C. Coronopus. 
 
 1. Chamaesaracha conioides (Moricand) Britton. HAIRY CHAMAESAR- 
 ACHA. (I. F. f. 3209.) Much branched, at first upright, at length spreading, cine- 
 reous-puberulent with short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs, gen- 
 erally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and branched hairs, especially on 
 the calyx; leaves oblanceolate to obovate-rhombic, usually acutish, subentire to 
 pinnatifid; calyx-lobes triangular, generally acutish; corolla about 12 mm. in 
 diameter, white or ochroleucous, or sometimes violet-purplish; berry 5-8 mm. in 
 diameter. In dry clayey soil, Kans. to Cal. and Mex. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Chamaesaracha Coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray. SMOOTHISH CHAMAE- 
 SARACHA. (I. F. f. 3210.) Branched and diffuse; stem obtusely angled; pubes- 
 cence on the stem and leaves more or less roughish pruinose or stellate, often 
 scarcely any; on the calyx stellate or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo- 
 late, sinuately lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pinnatifid; calyx-lobes 
 triangular, acute; corolla white or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat 
 often protuberant; berry nearly while. In clayey soil, Kans. to Utah, Cal. and 
 Mex. May-Sept. ' ' 
 
8 14 FLORA. 
 
 6. SOLANUM L. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers 
 cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or rotate, 
 mostly 5 -toothed or 5 -cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5 -angled or 5-lobed, 
 the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments 
 short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a 
 cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a short introse 
 terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-celled; stigma 
 small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. 
 [Name, according to Wittstein, from so/amen, quk ing.] About goo species, of 
 wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the 
 southern and western U. S. 
 
 * Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly. 
 Plants green ; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate; flowers white. 
 
 Leaves repand or entire; ripe berries black. i. S. nigrum. 
 
 Leaves deeply pinnatifid; ripe berries green. 2. .S". triflorum. 
 
 Plant silvery stellate-canescent; flowers violet. 4. S. elaeagnifolium. 
 
 * * Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs. 
 
 .^erry not enclosed by the calyx; perennials. 
 
 Hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid. 3. S. Carolinense. 
 
 Densely silvery canescent; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire. 
 
 4. S. elaeagnifolium. 
 
 Pubescent; leaves ovate, s-7-lobed. 5. S. Torreyi. 
 
 Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. 
 
 Plant densely stellate-pubescent; corolla yellow. 6. S. rostratum. 
 
 Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs; corolla violet. 
 
 7. S. heterodoxum. 
 
 * * Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. 8. S. Dulcamara. 
 
 i.* Solanum iTgrum L. BLACK OR GARDEN NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 3211.) 
 Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, 3-8 dm. high. 
 Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, thin, acute, acumi- 
 nate or acutish at the apex; peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10- flowered; pedicels 
 6-14 mm. long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, much shorter 
 than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; filaments somewhat pubes- 
 cent; anthers obtuse; berries glabrous, globose, 8-IO mm. in diameter, on nodding 
 peduncles. In wi?te places or cultivated soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and 
 Tex. Widely distributed as a weed. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Solanum triflorum Nutt. CUT-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 3212:) 
 Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs, or glabrous, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves acute, petioled, 5-10 cm. long, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, entire or 
 dentate, the sinuses rounded; peduncles lateral, i-3-flowered; pedicels reflexed 
 in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base 
 of the berry; corolla 8-IO mm. broad; anthers obtuse; berries globose, glabrous, 
 alxxit 10 mm. in diameter. On prairies and in waste places, western Ont. to the 
 N. W. Terr., Kans. and Ariz. May-Oct. 
 
 3. Solanum Carolinense L. HORSE-NETTLE. (I. F. f. 3213.) Stellate- 
 pubescent with 4 8-rayed hairs; stem erect, branched, 3-12 dm. high, armed with 
 straight subulate yellow prickles. Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin- 
 natifid, 5-15 cm. long; flowers cymose-racemose; pedicels 6-14 mm. long, re- 
 curved in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half the length of the 
 corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; 
 anthers elongated; berries orange-yellow, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. In 
 dry fields and in waste places, Ont. to Mass., Fla., 111., Neb. and Tex. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. SILVER-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 
 3214.) Perennial, finely stellate pubescent, silvery-canescent all over; stem 3- 
 9 dm. high, armed with sharp prickles, or these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, 
 oblong, or linear, petioled. 2-IO cm. long, mostly obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; 
 flowers cymose, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; peduncles short and stout; calyx-lobes lanceo- 
 late or linear-lanceolate, acute; anthers linear; ovary white-tomentose; berries 
 
SOLA NA CEA E. 8 1 5 
 
 globose, yellow or darker, glabrous, 8-12 mm. in diameter. On dry plains and 
 prairies, Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Solatium Torreyi A. Gray. TORREY'S NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 3215.) 
 Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of 8-12-rayed hairs, more or less 
 armed with small subulate prickles. Leaves 7-15 cm. long, the lobes entire or 
 undulate, obtuse ; cymes branched, loosely several- flowered; flowers showy; calyx- 
 lobes ovate, abruptly long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla 
 violet, 2.5-4 cm. broad, its lobes ovate, acute; berry globose, glabrous, 2.5 cm. 01 
 more in diameter, yellow. On dry plains and prairies, Kans. to Tex. 
 
 6. Solatium rostratum Dunal. SAND BUR. BEAKED NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 
 3216.) Densely pubescent with 5-8-rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with 
 yellow subulate prickles, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline, irregu- 
 larly pinnately 5~7-lobed or i-2-pinnatifid, 5-13 cm. long, petioled, the lobes 
 obtuse; flowers racemose, about 2.5 cm. broad; racemes lateral; pedicels erect 
 both in flower and fruit; calyx densely prickly, wholly enclosing the berry; calyx- 
 lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla about 2.5 cm. broad, slightly irregular, its lobes 
 ovate, acute; stamens and style declined, the lowest stamen longer with an in- 
 curved beak; fruit 2 cm. in diameter or more. On prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. and 
 Mex. Occasional in waste places as a weed, Ont. to N. H., Mass, and N. J., ad- 
 ventive from the West. May-Sept. 
 
 7. Solanum heterodoxum Dunal. MELON-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. (I. F. f. 
 3217.) Glandular pubescent, or a few 4-5-rayed hairs on the leaves, copiously 
 armed with slender yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long; racemes lateral, several-flowered; 
 flowers 2.5-4 cm. broad; stamens and style declined; lowest anther violet, larger 
 than the four other yellow ones ; corolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acumi- 
 nate; fruit similar to that of the preceding. In dry soil, Kans. (according to 
 Smyth) to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Solanum Dulcamara L. NIGHTSHADE. BLUE BINDWEED. FELLONWORT. 
 BITTERSWEET. (I. F. f. 3218.) Perennial; stem climbing or straggling, some- 
 what woody below, 6-24 dm. long. Leaves petioled, ovate or hastate in outline. 
 5-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, entire, 3-lobed, or 3-divided, with the terminal 
 segment much the largest; cymes compound, lateral; pedicels slender j spreading 
 or drooping; flowers blue, purple, or white, 1-1.5 cm - broad; calyx-lobes short, 
 oblong, obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla deeply 5-cleft, its lobes 
 triangular-lanceolate, acuminate; berry oval or globose, red. In waste places or 
 in thickets, N. B. to Minn. N. J., Penn. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. May -Sept. 
 
 7- LYCOPERSICON Mill. 
 
 Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse herbs, with i-2-pinnately divided leaves, 
 and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite the 
 leaves. Calyx 5 -parted, or rarely 6 parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. 
 Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. 
 Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers 
 elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3- 
 celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or 
 pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, 
 wolf- peach.] About 4 species, of S. Am. 
 
 i. Lycoper.icon Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. TOMATO. LOVE-APPLE. 
 CHERRY TOMATO. (I. F. f. 3219.) Viscid pubescent, much branched, 3-9 dm. 
 high. Leaves petioled, 1.5-5 dm - lon g> the segments stalked, the larger 7-9, ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or again divided, with several or 
 numerous smaller ones interspersed; flowers 10-16 mm. broad; calyx-segments 
 about equalling the corolla; berry the well-known tomato or love-apple. Escaped 
 from cultivation, N. Y. and Penn. southward. June-Sept. [Z. esculentum Mill.] 
 
 8. LYC1UM L. 
 
 Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, com- 
 monly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, soli- 
 tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5 -lobed or -toothed, not enlarged 
 jjj fruit, persistent. Corolla tube short or slender, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) ; 
 
8l6 FLORA. 
 
 the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4); filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the 
 base; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stig- 
 ma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry globose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the coun- 
 try Lycia.] About 75 species, widely distributed. Besides the following, some 17 
 native species occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 i. Lycium vulgare(Ait. f.) Dunal. MATRIMONY VINE. BOX-THORN. (I. F. 
 f. 3220.) Glabrous, spiny or unarmed; stems slender, climbing or trailing, 2-8 
 m. long, the spines, when present, slender. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu- 
 late, narrowed into short petioles, firm, 1-4 cm. long; peduncles filiform, 1-2.5 cm - 
 long; calyx-lobes ovate, 3 mm. long; corolla funneliorm, purplish changing to 
 greenish, 8-12 mm. broad, its lobes ovate-oblong; stamens slightly exserted ; berry 
 oval, orange-red. In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ont. to 
 Conn., Va., Minn, and Kans. Introduced from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 9. HYOSCYAMUS L. 
 
 Erect viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs, with alternate mostly lobed or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the axils, the upper 
 in a spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft, striate, 
 enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnelform, the limb some- 
 what oblique, 5-cleft, the lobes unequal, spreading. Stamens declined, mostly 
 exserted; filaments filiform; anther sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; 
 style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circumscissile above the middle. 
 [Greek, hog-bean.] About 15 species, of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 i. Hyoscyamus niger L. BLACK HENBANE. HOG'S-BEAN. (I. F. f. 3221.) 
 Annual or biennial; stem stout, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or ob- 
 long in outline, 7-17 cm. long, acute or acuminate, sessile, or the upper clasping, 
 irregularly lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers short-pedicelled, 2.5-5 cm - broad; 
 calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla greenish yellow, strongly reticulated 
 with purple veins, its lobes ovate, obtusish; capsule globose-oblong, about i cm. 
 high. Waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 10. DATURA L. 
 
 Tall narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled 
 leaves, and large solitary erect shoit-peduncled white purple or violet flowers. 
 Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the follow- 
 ing species circumscissile near the base which is persistent and subtends the prickly 
 capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. 
 Stamens included or little exserted; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or 
 below the middle of the corolla tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled; style 
 filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4 valved from the top, or bursting 
 irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.J About 12 species, of wide distribu- 
 tion. The following are introduced weeds. 
 
 Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. 
 
 Stem green: flowers white; lower prickles of the fruit shorter, i. D. Stramonium. 
 
 Stern purple; flowers lavender or violet; prickles about equal. 2. D. 7 alula. 
 Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 3. D. McteL 
 
 1. Datura Stramonium L. STRAMONIUM. JAMESTOWN OR JIMSON-WEED. 
 THORN-APPLE. (I. F. f. 3222.) Annual, glabrous or the young parts sparingly 
 pubescent; stem stout, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, 
 mostly narrowed at the base, 0.7-2 dm. long, irregularly sinuate- lobed, the lobes 
 acute; flowers white, about i dm. high; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the 
 length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, densely prickly, about 5 cm. high. In fields 
 and waste places. N. S. to Fla., Minn, and Tex. Nat. from tropical regions, 
 probably from Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Datura Tatula L. PURPLE THORN-APPLE. PURPLE STRAMONIUM. 
 (I. F. f. 3223.) Similar to the preceding but usually a little more pubescent; 
 stem commonly more slender, purple; leaves almost like those of J). Stramonium, 
 but rather darker green or with a tinge of purple; flowers lavender colored or 
 violet, or the tube nearly white. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Minn., 
 N. Y., Fla. and Tex. Nat, from trop. Am. May-Sept. 
 
SOLANACEAE. 8 1? 
 
 3. Datura Metel L. ENTIRE-LEAVED THORN-APPLE, (i. F. f. 3224.) 
 Annual, finely glandular-pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, 
 inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1-2.5 dm. long; flowers white, 
 1.5-1.8 dm. high; calyx about one-half as long as the corolla; capsule globose or 
 ovoid- globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter. In waste 
 places, R. I. to Fla. Native of trop. Am. July-Sept. 
 
 xi. NICOTIANA L. 
 
 Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or slightly 
 undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in terminal 
 racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5 -cleft. Corolla-tube 
 usually longer than the limb, 5 lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted 
 on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther- sacs longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, 
 or sometimes 4-valved at the summit. Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John 
 Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de 
 Medici, about 1560.] About 50 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the 
 following, some 10 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Corolla 2.5 cm. long, the tube cylindric; calyx-lobes triangular. i. N. rustica. 
 
 Corolla 10-15 cm. long, the tube very slender; calyx-lobes linear. a. N. longiflora. 
 
 1. Nicotiana rustica L. WILD TOBACCO. (I. F. f. 3225.) Annual, 6-12 dm. 
 high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slender petioled, 0.5-2 dm. long; flowers 
 greenish yellow, panicle;!; pedicels 6-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes acute, shorter 
 than the tube; corolla-tube somewhat enlarged above, the lobes short, obtuse; 
 capsule glob >se, glabrous, about I cm. in diameter, 2-valved, longer than the 
 calyx. In fields and waste places, Ont. to Minn., N. Y. and Fla. Cultivated by 
 the Indians. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Nicotiana lo igiflora Cav. LONG-FLOWERED TOBACCO. (I. F. f. 3226.) 
 Annual, minutely rough-puberulent and viscid, 4-9 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 obtuse, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, tapering into slender winged petioles; stem leaves linear 
 or lanceolate, sessile; flowers short -pedicelled; calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow 
 lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla white or purplish, viscid, the tube slender, 
 2-3 mm. in diameter, expanding above, the lobes ovate lanceolate, acute; capsule 
 oblong. Near Harrisburg and Easton, Pa. Escaped from gardens. Native of 
 S. Am. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 12. PETUNIA Juss. 
 
 Viscid pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and white violet or purple flowers 
 (in cultivation sometimes variegated). Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5 parted. Corolla 
 funnelform or salverform, the limb plicate, spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 
 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla*; 4 of them didynamous. perfect, the fifth 
 smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers 2-lobed. Disk fleshy. Ovary 2 
 celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma 2 lamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [Petun, an Indian name 
 of tobacco.] About 12 species, of S. Am. 
 
 Corolla white, its tube cylindric. i. P, axillaris. 
 
 Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea. 
 
 1. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S. P. WHITE PETUNIA. (I. F. f. 3227.) Very 
 viscid, about 3 dm. high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed, 7-10 
 cm. long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short margined petioles; peduncles 
 slender, often longer than the leaves; calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla 
 white, its tube slightly enlarged above, 2.5-4 cm. long, 3-4 times as long as the 
 calyx, its limb abruptly spreading, the lobes rounded. In waste places, escaped 
 from gardens, N. Y. and Perm. Native of southern Brazil. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Petunia violacea Lindl. VIOLET PETUNIA. (I. F. f. 3228.) Similar to 
 the preceding, but usually lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate or obovate, 
 all but the uppermost petioled, mostly obtuse, 2.5-6 cm. long; peduncles slender; 
 Calyx-segments linear; corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate, 1.8-3 cm> lon g 
 
8)8 FLORA. 
 
 the limb less abruptly spreading, the lob ; subacute. In waste places, escaped 
 from gardens, N. Y. and Penn. Native :>f southern Brazil and Paraguay. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 Petunia parviflbra Juss., a prostrate pubescent annual, with small linear to spatulate 
 leaves, and a funnelfoi m corolla S-io mm. long, is abundant on ballast about the eastern 
 seaports. 
 
 Family 9. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. 
 Ftgwort Fat) lily. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipulate leaves, and perfect mostly 
 complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of S\n- 
 thyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4 5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or 
 sometimes split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or seg- 
 ments valvate, imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamcpetalous,' 
 the limb 2-lipped, or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or 
 ready equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; 
 anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal, or unequal, or sometimes confluent into 
 one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil i, entire or 2-lobed ; ovary su- 
 perior, 2-celled, or rarely i-celled; ovules anatropous or amphitropous, 
 on axile placentae; style slender, simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2- 
 lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or loculicidally de- 
 hiscent. Seeds mostly numerous; endospeim fleshy; embryo small, 
 straight or slightly curved; cotyledons -little broader than the radicle. 
 About 165 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed. 
 
 1. Anther-bearing stamens 5 ; corolla rotate ; leaves alternate. i. Verbascum. 
 
 2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. 
 
 * Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. 
 Corolla spurred at the base. 
 
 Leaves palmately 3~5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria. 
 
 Leaves pinnately veined. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. Kickxia. 
 
 Flowers in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria. 
 
 Corolla saccate or gibbous at the base. 5. Antirrhinum. 
 
 * * Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side. 
 
 t Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. 
 
 Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. Scrophularia. 
 
 Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter than the others. 
 Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat. 
 
 Sterile stamen shorter than the others; seeds winged. 7. Chelone. 
 
 Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. Pentstemon. 
 Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 
 
 9. Collinsia. 
 
 f f Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. 
 a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. 
 
 10. Pauloivnia. 
 b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed in upper 
 
 lip of corolla. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, j-angled, 5-toothed. n. Mimulus. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, not prismatic. 
 
 Calyx-segmehts equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 12. Conobea. 
 
 Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. 13. Monniera. 
 
 c. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. 
 Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present. 
 
 Sterile filaments short or none. 14. Gratiola. 
 
 Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 15. llvsanthes. 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 16. AJicranthemnm. 
 
 4, Stamens 4, ajl anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. 
 
SCROPHULARIA CEAE 819 
 
 e. Stamens 2 only; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or none. 
 Leaves alternate; flowers spicate: corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 18. Synthyris. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. 
 
 Corolla rotate; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 19. Veronica. 
 Corolla tubular- funnel form; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 20. Leptandral 
 f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelfcrm, 
 
 scarcely 2-lipped. 
 
 Leaves alternate : flowers in' i-sided racemes. 21. Digitalis. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. 
 
 Corolla salverform ; flowers in a long spike. 22. Buchnera. 
 
 Corolla campanulate or funnelform. 
 
 Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 23. Afzelia. 
 
 Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. 
 Anthers awned at the base; corolla yellow. 24. Dasystoma. 
 
 Anthers awnless; corolla purple, pink or rarely white. 25. Gerardia. 
 g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 Ovules several or numerous: capsule many-seeded. 
 
 Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its apex; leaves mostly alternate. 
 Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 26. Castilleja. 
 
 Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 27. Orthocarpus. 
 Anther-sacs similar and.paraliei; leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed. 28. Schwalbea. 
 
 Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split. 
 
 Upper lip of the corolla 2 lobed, its margins recurved; calyx 4-cleft. 
 
 29. Euphrasia. 
 Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved. 
 
 Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit; galea entire. 
 Calyx 4 toothed or 4-cleft; capsule straight. 
 
 Seeds spreading, numerous. 30. Bartsia. 
 
 Seeds pendulous, few. 31. Odontites. 
 
 Calyx split on the lower side or on both sides ; capsule oblique. 
 Galea prolonged into a filiform curved beak. 
 
 32. Elephantella. 
 
 Galea with a short beak or none. 33. Pedicularis. 
 
 Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 34. Rhinanthus. 
 
 Ovules only i or 2 in each cell of the ovary; capsule i-4-seeded; leaves opposite. 
 
 35. Melampyrum. 
 
 I. VERBASCUM L. 
 
 Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather 
 large flowers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 
 5-parted. Corolla flat rotate or slightly concave, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, 
 the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 
 corolla, unequal; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all 5. pilose; anther-sacs 
 confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and flattened at the summit. 
 Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose. 
 
 STlie Latin name of the great mullen; used by Pliny.] About 125 species, of the 
 Id World. 
 Plants densely woolly; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spikelike racemes. 
 
 Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. I. V. Thapsus. 
 
 Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2. V. phlomoides. 
 
 Leaves white-tomentose beneath ; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3. V. Lychnitis. 
 Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular; flowers racemose. . 4. V. Blattaria. 
 
 i. Verbascum Thapsus L. GREAT MULLEN. (I. F. f. 3229.) Simple or 
 with some erect branches, densely woolly with branched hairs, 6-25 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at the base, dentate or denticulate, 1-3 dm. 
 long, the basal ones margined-petioled; flowers yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, sessile, 
 numerous in dense elongated spikes; stamens unequal, the three upper shorter with 
 white hairy filaments and short anthers, the two lower glabrous or nearly so with 
 larger anthers; capsule about 6 mm. high. In fields and waste places, N. S. to S. 
 Dak., Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2 Verbascum phlomoides L. CLASPING-LEAVED MULLEN. (I. F. f. 3230.) 
 Stem usually simple, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, crenate, 
 crenulate, or entire, woolly-tomentose, sessile or somewhat clasping, or slightly de- 
 current on the stem, or the lower often petioled with truncate P r subcordate b^ses; 
 
820 FLORA. 
 
 flowers yellow, or cream-color, 2.5 cm. broad or more, usually in a tomentose 
 spike-like raceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the calyx; stamens as in V. 
 Thapsus. Eastern Mass. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Verbascum Lychnitis L. WHITE MULLEN. (I. E. f. 3231.) Stem an- 
 gled, branched above, 6-14 dm. high, densely covered with a white nearly stellate 
 pubescence. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, 5-17 cm. 
 long, the upper acute, sessile, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers 
 in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its branches, white or cream color, 
 10-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the 3 shorter filaments white; cap- 
 sule about 4 mm. high. In fields and waste places, Out. to N. J. and Penn. Re- 
 ported from Karis. Nat. from Europe. June- Sept. 
 
 4. Verbascum Blattaria L. MOTH MULLEN. (I. F. f. 3232.) Stem 
 terete, usually simple, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate, den- 
 tate, laciniate, or pinnatifid,- acute or acuminate, the upper truncate or cordate- 
 clasping at the base, the basal ones seldom present at flowering time; raceme 
 3-6 dm. long, loose; pedicels spreading, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> bracted at the base; 
 corolla yellow or white, about 2.5 cm. broad, with brown marks on the back; fila- 
 ments alt pilose with violet hairs; capsule depressed-globose, 6 mm. in diameter. 
 In fields and wr.ste places, Quebec to Fla., Minn, and "Kans. Nat. from Europe. 
 June -Nov. 
 
 2. CYMBALARIA Medic. 
 
 Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, pal- 
 mately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. 
 Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, short- spurred; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; 
 throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, 
 included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 ter- 
 minal 3 -toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the Greek for cymbal.] 
 About 9 species, of the Old World. 
 
 i. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. KENILWORTH OR COLISEUM IVY. 
 (I. F. f. 3233.) Glabrous; stem trailing, often rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. 
 Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-5 lobed, 0.6-2.5 cm - ^ n diameter, the lobes broad 
 and obtuse; flowers blue or lilac, 8-IO mm., long; peduncles slender, recurved, 
 shorter than the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; palate yellowish; cap- 
 sule globose; seeds rugose. Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, 
 N. Y., N. J. and Penn., and in seaport ballast. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Kl'CKXIA Dumort. 
 
 [ELATINOIDES Wettst.] 
 
 Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-peti- 
 oled leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5- 
 parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by che palate. 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule opening by I or 2 
 terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. About 
 25 species, natives of the Old World. [In honor of Johann Kickx, professor in 
 Ghent.] 
 
 Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base. i. E. spuria. 
 
 Leaves triangular, mostly hastate. 2. E. Elatine. 
 
 1. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. ROUND-LEAVED TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 32^4,) Annual, pubescent; steins prostrate, o. 7-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate-orbicu- 
 lar" entire, or sometimes dentate, mucronulate, cordate or rounded at the base, 
 0.62.5 cm. in diameter; petioles 2-4 mm. long; flowers small; peduncles filiform, 
 very pubescent, often much longer than the leaves; calyx-segments ovate, acute at 
 the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one- half as long as the corolla;, corolla 
 yellowish with a purple upper lip, the spur curved ; capsule subglobose. In waste 
 places and ballast, N. Y. to N. Car. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. \Elati~ 
 noides spuria Wettst. ] 
 
 2. Kickxia Elatine (L.) Dumort. SHARP-POINTED FLUELLIN OR TOAD-FLAX. 
 (I. 7 f 3235.) Annual, pubescent; stems prostrate, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 821 
 
 I -2.5 cm. long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate, truncate, or sub- 
 cordate at the base, the basal auricles divergent, acute; flowers about 6 mm. long; 
 peduncles filiform; calyx-segments narrowly lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, 
 purplish beneath, its spur slender, straight, declined; capsule subglobose. In 
 sandy waste places, Canada ; N. Y. to N. Car. and Ga. Nat. from Europe. June- 
 Sept. \Elatinoides Elaline Wettst.] 
 
 4. LINARIA Hill. 
 
 Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower and 
 those of sterile shoots opposite or verticillate, the flowers in terminal bracted 
 racemes or spikes or axillary. Calyx 5 -parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla 
 irregular, spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the 
 lower in the bud, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate 
 often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; 
 filaments and style filiform. Capsule opening by I or more mostly 3 -toothed pores 
 or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, angled or rugose. [Latin, linum, 
 flax, which some species resemble.] About 150 species, of wide distribution. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in southern Florida. The corolla, especially 
 the terminal one of the raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly 5-lobed, 
 and is then said to be in the Peloria state. 
 Flowers yellow, 1.5-3 cm - long- 
 Leaves linear; flowers 2.5-3 cm l n R> seeds winged. I. L. Linaria. 
 Leaves lanceolate; flowers 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds wingless. 2. L. genistaefolia. 
 Flowers blue to white, 6-12 mm. long. 
 
 Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. 3. L. Canaderisis. 
 
 Spur of corolla short, conic; European ad vent ive species. 4. L. repens. 
 
 1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. RANSTEAD. BUTTER-AND-EGGS. YELLOW 
 TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 3236.) Perennial, pale green; stems erect, leafy, glabrous, or 
 sparingly glandular-pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, entire, mostly al- 
 ternate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; flowers densely racemose, the palate orange- 
 colored; pedicels 4-8 mm. long, nearly erect; calyx-segments oblong, acutish; 
 spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower 
 lip shorter than the other two; capsule ovoid. In fields and waste places, N. S. to 
 Manitoba, Va. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. [L. vulgar is Mill.] 
 
 2. Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill. BROOM-LEAVED TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 3237.) Similar to the preceding but more glaucous, usually paniculately branched; 
 leaves sessile, 2.5-9 cm. long, 4-12 mm, wide, acute or acuminate; flowers 
 loosely racemose; pedicels short; spur of the corolla nearly as long as the tube. 
 Sparingly established on the northern part of N. Y. Island; station now nearly or 
 quite obliterated. Nat. or adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dumont. BLUE OR WILD TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 
 3238.) Biennial or annual, glabrous; flowering stems erect or ascending, very slen- 
 der, 1-8 dm. high; sterile shoots procumbent, leafy. Leaves linear or linear- 
 oblong, 8-30 mm. long, entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some of them, 
 usually opposite; flowers 6-8 mm. long, in slender racemes; pedicels appressed in 
 fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the cap- 
 sule; spur of the corolla as long as the tube or longer; palate a white convex 2- 
 ridged projection; seeds wingless. In dry soil, N. S. to Fla., Ore. and Cal. 
 Also in Cent, and S. Am. A dwarf form with no corolla is frequent. May-Sept. 
 
 4. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. PALE-BLUE TOAD-FLAX. (I. F. f. 3239.) 
 Glabrous, perennial by a creeping rootstock, 2-8 dm. high. Leaves linear, entire, 
 short-petioled or sessile, 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, narrowed to both ends, the 
 lower crowded, sometimes whorled; flowers in slender terminal racemes; pedicels 
 4-10 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear, acute; corolla nearly white, but striped 
 with blue or purple, about 12 mm. long; spur short, conic; capsule subglobose; 
 seeds wrinkled. Newf. and in ballast about the Atlantic seaports. Adventive 
 from Europe. Summer. 
 
 Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange (Linaria minor (L.) Desf), a low glandular 
 branched annual, with solitary, axillary, long-peduncled, very small flowers, the palate 
 not closing the throat of the corolla, the leaves linear, is reported from N. B. and 
 Out. Adventive from Europe. 
 
822 FLORA. 
 
 5. ANTIRRHINUM L. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, 
 and red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemes, or solitary in the 
 upper axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gib- 
 bous, or saccate, but not spurred, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower 
 spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the 
 throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style filiform. Capsule opening by 
 chink? or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, not winged. [Greek, nose- 
 like.j About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western N. Am. Besides the 
 following some 18 others inhabit the western U. S. 
 Flowers 2.5-4 cm - lon g calyx-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla. 
 
 i. A. ma jus. 
 Flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla. 2. A. Orontium. 
 
 1. Antirrhinum majus L. GREAT SNAPDRAGON. LION'S-MOUTH. (I. F. f. 
 3240.) Perennial, usually glandular-pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short -petioled, acute, glabrous, 
 2-8 cm. long; flowers racemose, purplish-red (of a variety of colors in cultivated 
 forms); pedicels rather stout, erect in fruit; calyx-segments obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; 
 capsule obliquely ovoid, 8-10 mm. high, opening by 2 pores just below the summit 
 or at length apically 2-valved, much longer than the calyx. In waste places, es- 
 caped from gardens in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Antirrhinum Orontium L. LESSER SNAPDRAGON. (I. F. f. 3241.) An- 
 nual, about 3 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear,, or the lower linear-spatulate, 
 almost sessile, narrowed at both ends, 2-5 cm. long; flowers solitary in the upper 
 axils, purple, 1-1.5 cm - l n g> peduncles shorter than the flowers; calyx- segments 
 linear, unequal, as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so as much to exceed the 
 pubescent capsule. In fields and waste places, Ont., N. Eng. and N. Y. Also on 
 Vancouver Island. Adventive from Europe. June -Aug. 
 
 6. SCROPHULARIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with mostly op- 
 posite leaves, and small purple greenish or yellow proterogynous flowers, in termi- 
 nal panicled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes 
 mostly obtuse. Corolla irregular, the tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor 
 spurred, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascend- 
 ing, the lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and 
 didynamous, declined; their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced 
 to a scale on the roof of the corolla-tube. Style filiform; stigma capitate or trun- 
 cate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named 
 for its repute as a remedy for scrofula.] About 120 species, of the northern hemis- 
 phere. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. i. S. Marylandica. 
 
 Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow. 2. S. leporella. 
 
 1. Scrophularia Marylandica L. MARYLAND FIGWORT, HEAL-ALL OR 
 PILEWORT. (I. F. f. 3242.) Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent 
 above; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved sides, 1-3 m. high. Leaves mem- 
 branous, slender-petioled, usually puberulent beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sharply serrate, 0.7-3 dm - lon g; flowers greenish purple, 6-8 mm. 
 long, numerous in the nearly leafless thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite; pedicels 
 8-25 mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length of the tube; 
 corolla brownish purple and shining within, little contracted at the throat, the two 
 lateral lobes slightly spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short, rounded; cap- 
 sule subglobose, with a slender tip. In woods and thickets, Me. to S. Dak., N. 
 Car., Ga. and Tenn. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. HARE FIGWORT. (I. F. f. 3243.) Stem 
 viscid-glandular above, sharply 4-angled with flat sides, 1-2.8 m. tall. Leaves 
 short-petioled, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, mostly narrowed at the base, gla- 
 brous on both sides when mature, usually incised-dentate, 5-25 cm. long; flowers 
 8-IO mm. long, in elongated narrow thyrses; bractlets mostly alternate; calyx. 
 
SCROPHULARiaCEAE. 
 
 Johes ovate; corolla contracted at the throat, green to purple and shining without, 
 dull within, the two lateral lobes erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly 
 oblong; capsule ovoid-conic. In woods and along roadsides^ Vt. to Conn., Minn., 
 Va. and Kans. May -July. 
 
 7. CH&LONE L. 
 
 Perennial, mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and 
 large white red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense spikes. Calyx 5- 
 parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, 
 the tube elongated, enlarged above, the Iimb2-lipped; upper lip concave, emargin- 
 ate or entire, exterior in the bud; lower lip spreading, w<*>Hy within, 3-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamouj, .he fifth sterile, 
 smaller; filaments slender, woolly ; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform ; stigma 
 small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, speticidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, com- 
 pressed, winged. [Greek, tortoise, the head of which the corolla resembles.] 
 Three species, of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Corolla white ; bracts not ciliolate. I. C. glabra. 
 
 Corolla red or rose-purple ; bracts ciliolate. 
 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 2. C. obliqua. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acuminate ; mountain plant. 3. C. Lyoni. 
 
 1. Chelone glabraL. SNAKE-HEAD. TURTLE-HEAD. (I. F. f. 3244.) Stem 
 obtusely 4-sided, simple or sometimes branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 sharply serrate with low appressed teeth, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, short-petioled, 7-15 cm. long, the principal veins about 10 on each side of 
 the midvein; flowers white or faintly pink, about 2.5 cm. long; calyx- segments 
 ovate-oblong, obtuse; capsule obtuse, about 12 mm. high, twice as long as the 
 calyx. In swamps and along streams, Newf. to Fla., Manitoba and Kans. Lower 
 leaves sometimes broadly oval. July Sept. 
 
 2. Chelone obliqua L. RED TURTLE-HEAD. (I. F. f. 3245.) Stem slender, 
 ascending, 3-6 dm. high, the branches mostly spreading or ascending. Leaves 
 oblong, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peti- 
 oled, sharply serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 5-15 cm. long; 
 petioles 4-12 mm. long; principal veins about 10 on each side; flowers red or rose- 
 purple, about 2.5 cm. long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and usually puber- 
 ulent; capsule similar to that of the preceding. In wet thickets and along streams, 
 Va. to 111. and Fla. July- Sept. 
 
 3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. LYON'S TURTLE-HEAD. (L F. f. 3246.) Stem 
 erect or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
 truncate or subcordate at the base, 7-18 cm. long, usually slender-petioled, sharply 
 serrate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on each side; flowers red or 
 rose-purple, about 2.5 cm. long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberu- 
 lent. In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Va. (?); N. Car. and Tenn. to 
 Ga. July-Sept. 
 
 8. PENTSTEMON Soland. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, mostly branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely 
 verticillate leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, and large, blue purple red 
 or white flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5 -parted, the 
 segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, more or less enlarged 
 above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
 eluded, 4 of them antheriferous and didynamous, the 5th sterile, as long as or 
 shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent or connivent. Style filiform; stigma 
 capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer* 
 ous, wingless. [Greek, five stamens.] About 100 species, of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 * More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels. 
 Corolla 2-3 cm. long; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate. 
 Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base. 
 Thyrsus open, panicle-like. 
 
 Corolla densely bearded in the throat ; pubescence villous. 
 
 i. P. hirsutus. 
 Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat ; pubescence canescent. 
 
 , a. P. canescen* 
 
824 FLORA. 
 
 Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like. 
 
 Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged ; sterile filament densely woolly. 
 
 3. P. cristatus, - 
 Corolla-tube gradually enlarged ; sterile filament slightly bearded. 
 
 4. P. albidns. 
 Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or calyx pubescent, or puberulent. 
 
 Thyrsus open, panicle-like. 
 
 Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate. 
 Calyx-segments merely acute. 
 
 Corolla white, abruptly enlarged, 2. 5-3 cm. long. 
 
 5. P. Digitalis. 
 Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged, 1.5-2 cm. long. 
 
 6. P. Pentstemon 
 Calyx-segments with long acuminate tips. 7. P. calycosus. 
 
 Stem leaves linear-lanceolate. 8. P, gracilis* 
 
 Thyrsus narrow, interrupted ; calyx viscid. 9. P. tubiflorus, 
 
 Corolla 5 cm. long, the tube much enlarged above; leaves dentate. 10. P. Cobaea. 
 
 ** Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular. 
 
 Stem leaves rounded, clasping ; flowers 5 cm. long. u. P, grandiflorus. 
 
 * Stem leaves acute or acuminate; flowers 1.8-3 cm l n g 
 
 Corolla 1.8-2 cm. long ; stem leaves lanceolate. 12. P. acuminatus. 
 
 Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm - l n ? stem leaves mostly oblong. 13. P. glaber. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; flowers densely thyrsoid. 
 
 Bracts lanceolate, small ; flowers 12-20 mm. long. 14. P. angustifolius. 
 
 Bracts ovate, acuminate, large : flowers 25 mm. long or more. 15. P, Haydeni. 
 
 1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. HAIRY BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3247.) Stem hairy nearly or quite to the base, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves puberu- 
 lent or glabrous, denticulate or the uppermost entire, the basal oblong or ovate, 
 obtutish, 5-12 cm. long, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, lanceolate, ses- 
 sile or slightly clasping; inflorescence thyrsoid, rather loose, glandular-pubescent; 
 pedicels mostly short; corolla purplish or violet, the tube gradually dilated above, 
 2-grooved on the lower side, about 2 cm. long, the throat nearly closed by the vil- 
 lous palate at the base of the lower lip; sterile filament densely bearded for about 
 one-half its length. In dry woods and thickets, Me. to Out., Manitoba, Fla., Minn, 
 and Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Pentstemon canescens Britton. GRAY BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 3248.) 
 Densely and finely canescent or puberulent, or the leaves sometimes nearly gla- 
 brous, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves denticulate, the lower and basal ones oval, obtuse, 
 narrowed into long margined petioles, the next I or 2 pairs contracted below the 
 middle and somewhat fiddle-shaped, 7-15 cm. long, the upper ovate or ovate, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; thyrsus elongated, open, glandular pubescent 
 leafy-bracted below; pedicels very short; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate; 
 corolla purple or nearly white, about 2.5 cm. long, slightly or not at all bearded ir, 
 the throat; sterile filament slightly hcarded for about one-third its length; capsule 
 ovoid, glabrous, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, western Va., W. Va., N. C. 
 and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 3. Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. CRESTED BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 3249.) 
 Puberulent below, glandular-villous and viscid above; stem leafy, 1.5-4.5 dm. 
 high. Leaves firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatu- 
 late, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or some- 
 what clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrsus dense, narrow, leafy-bracted; flowers 
 almost sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla about 2.5 cm. 
 long, red or purple, its lower lip villous within. On plains, Manitoba and the N. 
 W. Terr, to Neb. and Nev. May-July. 
 
 4. Pentstemon albidus Nutt. WHITE-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3250.) Stem puberulent below, densely glandular-pubescent above, 1.5-2.5 dm. 
 high. Basal and lower leave? spatulate or oblong, obtusish, mostly entire, the up- 
 per lanceolate or oblong, sessile, denticulate, acute or acuminate, 3-7 cm. long; 
 thyrsus narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted, interrupted; calyx-segments lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, viscid, one-half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla white or nearly 
 so, 1.5-2 cm. long, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. On dry 
 plains, S. Dak to Co'o., Neb. and Tex. June- Aug. 
 
SCROPttVLArtlACEAE. 825 
 
 5. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. FOXGLOVE BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3251.) Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, entire or repand, 5 I 7 cm - l n g narrowed 
 into margined petioles; upper leaves ovate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile 
 and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, sharply denticulate; 
 thyrsus many-flowered; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate; corolla 
 limb moderately 2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament bearded above. In 
 fields and thickets, Me. to 111., Kans., Va. and Ark. Escaped from cultivation in 
 its northeastern range. May -July. 
 
 6 Pentstemon Pentstemon (L.) Britton. SMOOTH BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3252.) Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence, 6-9 dm. high. 
 Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into mar- 
 gined petioles, denticulate; upper leaves sessile or slightly clasping, acute, oblong 
 or lanceolate, denticulate; thyrsus usually many-flowered; flowers nearly sessile; 
 calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, short; corolla purple or purplish, the throat wide 
 open, scarcely or not at all bearded; sterile filament thinly bearded for about one- 
 half its length, or more densely above. In woods and thickets, Penn. to Fla., Ky. 
 and La. May-July. % 
 
 7. Pentstemon calycosus Small. LONG-SEPALED BEARD-TONGUE. Gla- 
 brous except a few scattered hairs in the inflorescence and lines of puberulence on 
 the internodes, deep green. Leaves various, the basal spatulate, 5 I 5 cm - l n g 
 entire or undulate, with winged petioles; lower stem-leaves similar to the basal, 
 the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, finely repand or dis- 
 tinctly serrate, rounded at the base and clasping; calyx-segments with a lanceo- 
 late base and a slender tip, becoming I cm. long; corolla purple, 2.5-3 cm. long; 
 sterile filament sparingly bearded. On bluffs, Ky. to Mo. and Ala. May-June. 
 
 8. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. SLENDER BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 3253.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so up to the glandular-pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, 
 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, 
 or entire, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves sessile 
 linear-lanceolate or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate; thyrsu; 
 open, several-many-flowered; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-segments lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate; corolla purple, 1.8-2.5 cm - l n g> i ts ^be gradually enlarged 
 above, its throat wide open; sterile filament bearded for about one-half its length. 
 On moist prairies. Manitoba to Minn., Miss., the N.W. Terr, and Colo. May-July. 
 
 9. Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. FUNNELFORM BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3254.) Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and pedicels; stem 6-10 dm. 
 high, leafless above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, the basal 
 narrowed into broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, entire or 
 merely undulate; thyrsus narrow, interrupted, the clusters several-flowered; pedi- 
 cels 2-6 mm. long; calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, short, striate-nerved ; corolla 
 nearly funnelform, white or purplish, less than 2.5 cm. long, nearly as broad when 
 expanded, its tube gradually enlarged, the limb nearly equally five-lobed; sterile 
 filament short bearded above; capsule acute, alx>ut twice as long as the calyx. In 
 moist soil, Mo. and Kans. to Ark. May-July. 
 
 10. Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. COBAEA BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 3255.) 
 Densely and finely pubescent below, glandular-pubescent above, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong to ovate, firm, 7-13 cm. long, dentate, the lower mostly glabrous 
 and narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually 
 pubescent; thyrsus short; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 cm. long; 
 corolla purple, puberulent without, its tube narrow up to the top of the calyx, then 
 abruptly dilated, the lobes short, rounded; sterile filament sparingly bearded; 
 capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, reticulate- veined. On dry prairies, Mo. and Kans. 
 to Tex. May-July. 
 
 11. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. LARGE-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE. 
 (I. F. f. 3256.) Somewhat glaucous, stout, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves entire, obtuse, 
 the basal obovate, narrowed into broad petioles, those of the lower part of the stem 
 sessile, oblong or oval, 2.5-6 cm. long, the upper nearly orbicular, cordate-clasp- 
 ing, shjrter; thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicular, cordate; calyx- 
 segments lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; corolla lavender-blue, the tube dilated 
 above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2 lipped; sterile filament incurved, villous 
 
826 FLORA. 
 
 and capitate at the summit; capsule acute, 1.5-2 cm. high, three times as long as 
 the calyx. On prairies, 111. to Minn., S. Dak. and Kans. June- Aug. 
 
 12. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. SHARP-LEAVED BEARD-TONGUE. (I. 
 F. f. 3257.) Glaucous, strict, 1.5-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the 
 lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile 
 or clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long; thyrsus narrow, some- 
 times i-sided; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 4-6 cm. loru*; corolla blue, its tube 
 rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded along the 
 dilated summit; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In dry soil, N.W. Terr, 
 to Neb., Tex., Ore. and N. Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 13. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. LARGE SMOOTH BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3258.) Somewhat glaucous, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves entire, firm, the basal 
 and lower ones narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate; thyrsus narrow, elongated; pedicels 6-14 mm. long in fruit; calyx- 
 segments ovate lanceolate, scarious margined, abruptly acuminate, 6-8 mm. long; 
 corolla blue or purple, rather abruptly expanded above the calyx, the limb some- 
 what 2-lipped, the lobes rounded; sterile filament bearded at the slightly enlarged 
 sunjmit; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In 
 moist soil, S. Dak. to Neb., Ariz., Ore. and Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 14. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh. PALE-BLUEBEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3259.) Glaucous; stem slender, leafy, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves linear, or linear- 
 lanceolate, entire, the lower narrowed into petioles, obtusish, the upper sessile, 
 acute, 3-6.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; 
 bracts lanceolate, acuminate; pedicels very short; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla blue or nearly white, the tube gradually en- 
 larged, the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded at the summit. In 
 dry soil, Neb. to N. Dak. and Mont. May-July. 
 
 15. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. HAYDEN'S BEARD-TONGUE. (I. F. f. 
 3260.) Not glaucous or slightly so; stem decumbent, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear or elongated-lanceolate, entire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acumi- 
 nate, or the lowest obtusish. 5-13 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow, dense; 
 bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasping, acute, or acuminate; calyx- 
 segments lanceolate, striate-nerved, acuminate, 6-io mm. long; corolla blue, the 
 tube broadly dilated above the calyx, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; capsule acute, 
 twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Neb., Kans. and Wyo. 
 
 9. COLLINSIA Nutt. 
 
 Winter-annual herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue, pink, white 
 or variegated flowers, verticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 
 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, the tube short, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the 
 lobes erect or recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or 
 drooping, flat, the middle one conduplicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined 
 stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didynamous. Corolla with a gland on 
 the upper side of the tube near the base. Filaments filiform; anther-sacs conflu- 
 ent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
 septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate concave on the 
 inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831.] 
 About 15 species, of N. Am. 
 
 Corolla 10-16 mm. long, the throat shorter than the limb. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched, i. C. verna. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate; corolla-lobes obcordate. 2. C. violacea. 
 
 Corolla 4-6 mm. long, the throat longer than the limb. 3. C. parviflora. 
 
 i. Collinsia verna Nutt. BLUE-EYED MARY. (I. F. f. 3261.) Glabrous or 
 puberulent; stem weak, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves thin, opposite, the lower broadly 
 ovate or orbicular, obtuse, crenate or entire, slender-petioled ; middle leaves sessile 
 or cordate-clasping, ovate or oblong, obtuse, dentate, 2-5 cm. long, floral leaves 
 ovate to spatulate, mostly acute; upper whorls 4-6-flowered; corolla 12-16 mm. 
 long, its lower lip blue, the upper purple or nearly white; capsule globose, 5-6 mm. 
 in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Penn., 
 Ky. and the Ind. Terr. April-June. 
 
SCROPHVLA RIA CEAE. 827 
 
 2. Collinsia violacea Nutt. VIOLET COLLINSIA. (I. F. f. 3262.) Similar to 
 the preceding, stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
 Jate, rather thick, entire or denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite, 
 petioled, the middle similar, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, the floral linear or linear-lan- 
 ceolate; upper whorls 2-5-rlowered; corolla 10-12 mm. long, violet; capsule glo- 
 bose, about 4 mm. in diameter. Kans. and Ark. April-June. 
 
 3. Collinsia parvifloia Dougl. SMALL- FLOWERED COLLINSIA. (I. F. f. 
 3263.) Diffusely branched, very slender, 0.7-4 dm. long. Leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower 
 opposite, petioled, the floral sessile; upper whorls 2-6-flowered; corolla 4-6 mm. 
 long, about twice as long- as the calyx, blue or whitish; capsule globose, 2-3 mm. 
 in diameter. In moist places, Out. to Br. Col., Mich., Colo., Ariz, and Utah. 
 April-June. 
 
 10. PAULOWNIA Sieb & Zucc. 
 
 A large tree, with the aspect of Catalpa, with broad opposite petioled pubescent 
 leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5 cleft, the 
 lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes 
 spreading, somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs 
 divaricate. Style slender, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 
 acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers expand- 
 ing before the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar 
 Paul I.] A monotypic Japanese genus. 
 
 i. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. PAULOWNIA. (I. F. f. 3264.) 
 Leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-4 dm. long, long-petioled, canescent on both sides when 
 young, glabrate above when old; flowers about 6 cm. long, numerous in large erect 
 terminal panicles; pedicels stout, densely tomentose; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes thick, 
 tomentose; corolla slightly irregular, puberulent without; capsule 5 cm. high. 
 Escaped from cultivation N. Y. and N. J. to D. C. and Ga. May-July. 
 
 it. MIMULUS L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, pink, 
 violet, or yellow. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5 -toothed. Corolla irregular, its 
 tube cylindric with a pair of ridges on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped; 
 upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous; anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style 
 filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, en- 
 closed by the calyx. [Diminutive of mimus, a mimic actor.] About 30 species, 
 natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Corolla violet, or rarely white; eastern species. 
 
 Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. i. M. ringens. 
 
 Leaves petioled ; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus. 
 
 Corolla yellow ; western ; two species adventive in the East. 
 Plants glabrous or glabrate. 
 
 Erect ; branches spreading ; leaves ovate ; flowers 2.5 cm. long. 
 
 3. M. guttatus. 
 
 Diffuse; leaves nearly orbicular; flowers about 1.2 cm. long. 4. M. Jamesii. 
 Plant villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented. 5. M. moschatus. 
 
 1. Mimulus ringens L. SQUARE-STEMMED MONKEY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 3265.) Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks; stem erect, 4-sided or somewhat 4 wing- 
 ed, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or 
 acute, serrate, auriculate-clasping, or the lower merely sessile, 5-10 cm. long; 
 peduncles 2-5 cm. long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceo- 
 late-subulate; corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx, 
 the lower lip pulverulent within at the base; fruiting calyx oblong. 12-16 mm. long; 
 seeds oblong, minute, slightly reticulated. In swamps and along streams, N. S. to 
 Va., Tenn., Neb. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Mimulus alatus Soland. SHARP-WINGED MONKEY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3:66.) 
 Similar to the preceding, stem sharply 4 angled, the angles winged. Leaves ovate, 
 ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute or acuminate, dentate-serrate, narrowed at the 
 base, petioled, 5-13 cm. long; petioles 6-25 mm. long; peduncles stout; calyx-teeth 
 
828 FLORA. 
 
 short, broad, abruptly mucronulate ; seeds smooth. In swamps, Ont. to Conn., 111. 
 Ga., Kans. and Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Mimulus guttatus DC. YELLOW MONKEY-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3267 ) 
 Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves ovate to obovate, dentate or 
 denticulate, obtuse, 2-8 cm. long, the lower short-petioled, the upper smaller, ses- 
 sile or clasping; calyx oblique; corolla 2.5-5 cm - l n g tne lower lip bearded at the 
 base, often blotched with red or purple; fruiting calyx about 12 mm. long; seeds 
 longitudinally striate. In wet meadows, Norfolk, Conn, and southern N. Y. 
 Introduced from Cal. Summer. 
 
 4. Mimulus Jamesii T. & G. JAMES' MIMULUS. (I. F. f. 3268.) Perennial 
 by stolons, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 
 1.5-5 dm. long. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu- 
 late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordate, or rarely narrowed at the base, 
 palmately veined, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 6-25 mm. in diameter; 
 peduncles slender, longer than the calyx in fruit; calyx oblique, scarcely toothed. 
 6-8 mm. long at maturity; corolla 8-12 mm. long, the lower lip bearded at the base 
 within, the throat broad; seeds nearly smooth. In brooks and swamps, Ont. to 
 Neb., Mex., Mont, and Ariz. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. MUSK-FLOWER. MUSK-PLANT. (I. F. f. 
 3269.) Perennial, viscid; stems creeping and ascending, 1.5-3 dm. long. Lea.ves 
 ovate or oblong, short-petioled, denticulate, rounded or subcordaie at the base, 
 2-5 cm. long; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx; dowers 2.5 cm. long or 
 less; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 
 In wet places, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y. Adventivc from the Pacific Coast. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 12. CONOBEA Aubl. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and 
 small blue or white peduncled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 
 5 -parted, the segments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, 
 the limb 2-lipped; upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 
 4, didynamous, ascending, included ; filaments filiform ; anther-sacs parallel. 
 Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally dehiscent, 
 the valves entire or 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name.] 
 About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the 
 southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. CONOBEA. (I. F. f. 3270.) Annual, 
 finely viscid-pubescent, 1-2 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves petioled, 1-2.5 cm< 
 long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or linear-oblong obtuse segments; flowers 
 greenish white. 4-5 mm. long, about as long as their filiform peduncles; calyx- 
 segments linear-subulate, slightly shorter than the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid, 
 glabrous, about equalling the calyx. Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa, 
 Kans., Ky. and Tex. Introduced along the Delaware below Phila. June-Sept. 
 
 13. MONNIERA P. Br. [HERPESTIS Gaertn.] 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, and small peduncled flowers, mostly solitary in the 
 axils. Calyx 5 -parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla irregular or 
 nearly regular, the tube cylindric or campanulate, the limb 2-lipped or 5-lobed; 
 upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style 
 slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Seeds numerous. [Named for Louis Guil- 
 laume le Monnier, 1713-1799, professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi. Paris.] 
 About 60 species, of warm and tropical regions. In addition to the following, 2 
 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 Corolla almost regular, 5-lobed; leaves spatulate. i. M. Monniera. 
 
 Corolla manifestly 2-lipped ; leaves oblong to lanceolate or ovate. 
 
 Stem erect; leaves serrate, not clasping, black in drying. 2. M. acuminata. 
 
 Stem creeping or ascending ; leaves ovate, punctate, entire or crenulate, clasping. 
 
 3. M. Carolintan a. 
 Corolla almost regular ; leaves obovate or orbicular. 4. M. rotundifolia. 
 
 I. Monniera Monniera (L.) Britton. MONNIER'S HEDGE HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3271.) Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-5 dm. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEA& 
 
 long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 
 or sparingly denticulate, 6-20 mm. long; peduncles mainly in alternate axils, 
 2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, 
 about I cm. long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla obscurely 2-lipped; 
 stamens nearly equal; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the calyx. On shores 
 near the coast, Md. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Widely distributed in tropical regions 
 of both the Old World and the New. June-Oct. 
 
 2. Monniera acuminata (Walt.) Kuntze. PURPLE HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3272.) Perennial, glabrous; stem 3-6 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled or sessile, narrowed or cuneate at the 
 base, 2-5 cm. long, faintly veined; peduncles in alternate and opposite axils, in 
 fruit longer than the leaves, not bracteolate at the summit; flowers 10-12 mm. 
 long, purple; upper calyx-segment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2-lipped, the lower 
 lip longer than the upper; stamens approximate in pairs; capsule oblong, 4 valved, 
 6-8 mm. high. In wet soil. Md. and D. C. to Fla. and Tex. Plant blackening in 
 drying. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Monniera Caroliniana (Walt.) Kuntze. BLUE HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3273.) Perennial, pubescent, fleshy; stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the 
 lower nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves ovate to oval, clasping by a subcordate base, 
 obtuse, parallel-veined, punctate, entire; peduncles usually shorter than the calyx; 
 upper calyx-segment ovate, cordate ; flowers blue, 8-10 mm. long, ephemeral; 
 disk io-i2-toothed; stamens approximate in pairs. In wet pine barrens, N. J. to 
 Fla. and La. March-July. 
 
 4. Monniera rotundifblia Michx. ROUND-LEAVED HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3274.) Perennial by stolons, succulent, creeping and spreading, villous-pubescent, 
 3-6 dm. long. Leaves obovate or orbicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly 
 undulate, narrowed to a sessile or clasping base, 1-2.5 cm - broad, glabrous; pedun- 
 cles shorter than the leaves, longer than the flowers; flowers blue, 6-8 mm. long; 
 corolla scarcely 2-lipped, longer than the calyx; stamens approximate in pairs; 
 stigma 2-lobed ; disk obsolete ; capsule obtuse, 3 mm. high, at length 4-valved,' 
 shorter than the calyx. On muddy shores. 111. to S. Dak., Tenn. and Tex. Also 
 in Cal. June- Sept. 
 
 14. GRATIOLA L. 
 
 Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers soli- 
 tary in the axils. Peduncles 2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. 
 Calyx 5 -parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper 
 lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the an- 
 terior pair wanting, or rudimentary; filaments filiform; anther sacs distinct. 
 Style filiform; stigma dilated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds numer- 
 ous, striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed healing properties.] About 
 25 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in 
 southern and western N. Am. 
 
 Plants glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated. 
 Sterile filaments minute or none. 
 
 Glandular-puberulent ; flowers 8-10 mm. long ; capsule ovoid. 
 
 i. G. Virginiana. 
 
 Glabrous ; flowers 14 mm. long ; capsule globose. 2. G. sphaerocarpa. 
 
 Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurea, 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. G. viscosa. 
 
 Plant hirsute ; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 5. G. pilosa. 
 
 i. Gratiola Virgiuiana L. CLAMMY HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3275.) An- 
 nual; stem glandular, puberulent, at least above, 0.7-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong 
 or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, narrowed to both ends, denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, 
 glabrous or nearly so; peduncles slender, glandular; flowers 8-10 mm. long; bract- 
 lets as long as the calyx, or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yellowish 
 corolla-tube; limb of the corolla short, white; anther-sacs separated by a broad 
 connective; capsule broadly ovoid, 4 mm. high, as long as the calyx. In wet 
 places, Quebec to Br. Col., Mass., Fla., Tex. and Cal. May-Oct. 
 
830 FLORA. 
 
 2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. ROUND-FRUITED HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 
 3276.) Annual, glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, ses- 
 sile, dentate or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, narrowed at the base, 2-5 cm. long; 
 peduncles little or not at all longer than the calyx; bractlets about equalling the 
 calyx; calyx-lobes linear; calyx nearly one-half as long as the corolla; flowers 
 about 1.5 cm. long; corolla-tube yellow, the limb paler; capsule 6 mm. in diam- 
 eter. In wet places, N. J. to Fla., III., Tex. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. GOLDENPERT. GOLDEN HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. 
 f. 3277.) Annual, glandular-puberulent above, or glabrate, decumbent, creeping 
 or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm - l n S> sparingly den- 
 ticulate, scarcely narrowed to the sessile and somewhat clasping base; peduncles 
 filiform, in fruit equalling or longer than the calyx; corolla bright yellow, 12-14 
 mm. long, 3 times as long as the calyx; capsule globose-ovoid. In sandy wet 
 places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Gratiola viscosa Schwein. VISCID HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3278.) An, 
 nual; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent, slender, commonly simple, 1.5-5 dm. 
 long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate; sharply serrate, acute, ses- 
 sile, cordate-clasping, 1-2.5 cm. "long; peduncles slender; bractlets and calyx-seg, 
 ments foliaceous, one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or purplish corolla; 
 flowers 10-12 mm. long; capsule subglobose. shorter than the calyx. In brooks 
 and swamps, Del. to Ky. and Ga. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Gratiola pilosa Michx. HAIRY HEDGE-HYSSOP. (I. F. f. 3279.) Peren- 
 nial (?), hirsute; stems slender, erect, strict, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, sessile, rounded, truncate or subcordate at 
 the base, 12.5 cm. long; flowers nearly or quite sessile, about 8 mm. long; corolla 
 purplish or white, slightly longer than the calyx and bractlets; capsule oblong- 
 conic, acuminate, about the length of the calyx, or shorter. In dry soil, southern 
 N. J. to Ark. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 15. ILYSANTHES Raf. 
 
 Annual or biennial glabrous slender herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and 
 sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx 
 5 parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat expanded 
 above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread- 
 ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent; sterile stamens 2, 
 2-lobed, one of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style 
 slender: stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer- 
 ous, wrinkled. [Greek, mud- flower.] About 10 species, of wide distribution. Be- 
 sides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southeastern U. S. 
 
 Peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 
 
 1. /. dubia, 
 Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer. 
 
 2. /. attenuata. 
 
 1. Ilysanthes dubia <L.) Barnhart. LONG-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL. 
 (I. F. f. 3280.) At length diffusely branched, 0.7-2 dm. long. Leaves ovate, 
 ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base, remotely 
 denticulate or entire, thickish, 3-7-nerved, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> the upper ones com- 
 monly much smaller; peduncles slender; flower? 6-10 mm. long; calyx-segments 
 linear, about one-half the length of the coroli; capsule narrowly ovoid-oblong, 
 bluntish, 4-6 mm. high; seeds 2 mm. long, reddish, the ends usually truncate. In 
 wet places, N. E. to Fla., Ont., S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. 
 Lower leaves sometimes short-petioled. July-Sept. [/. gratiohides Benth.] 
 
 2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. SHORT-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL. 
 (I. F. f. 3281.) Erect or ascending, 0.7-4 dm. long, the branches spreading. 
 Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes obovate, 1-4 cm. long, thinnish, obtuse, ser- 
 rate with a few low teeth, 3-5-nerved, narrowed into short petioles, or sessile; calyx- 
 segments linear-subulate, as long as the capsule, or longer; corolla 4-12 mm. long; 
 capsule narrowly ovoid, about 4 mm. long, pointed; seeds slightly curved, 3-4111111. 
 long, yellowish brown, the ends usually rounded. In wet places, Me. and Ont. to 
 Wis., Ark., Fla., Mo. and Kans. May-Oct. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 831 
 
 16. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. 
 
 Creeping or ascending, small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obovate, 
 oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-peduncled 
 flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5 -parted. Corolla irregular, 
 the tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, 
 the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat dilated 
 or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, of slightly 
 divergent. Style short; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2 -celled by a membra- 
 nous partition or becoming i-celled. Seeds numerous, minute. [Greek, small 
 flower.] About 16 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. NUTTALL'S MICRAN- 
 THEMUM. (I. F. f. 3282.) Somewhat fleshy; stein filiform, creeping, the branches 
 ascending, 1-6 cm. high. Leaves obovate to oval, obtuse, 2-5 mm. long; flowers 
 about I mm. long, on peduncles of about the same length; calyx campanulate in 
 flower, obovoid in fruit, 4-lobed, usually split along one side; peduncles recurved 
 in fruit; upper lip of the corolla nearly obsolete; middle lobe of the lower lip longer 
 than the lateral ones; appendages at the bases of the stamens nearly as long as the 
 filaments; stigma of 2 subulate lobes; capsule obovoid-globose, I mm. in diameter, 
 as long as the calyx. In tidal mud, N. J. to Fla. Also in Cuba. Aug-Oct. 
 
 17. LIMOSELLA L. 
 
 Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs (or perennial 
 by stolons ?), with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled_entire 
 leaves, and filiform I -flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, 
 or purple. Calyx campanulate. 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanu- 
 late, the tube short, the limb 5 -cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, 
 scarcely exserted; filaments short; anther-sacs confluent. Style short; stigma cap- 
 itate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, I -celled above. Capsule globose or oblong, be- 
 coming i-celled, many- seeded. [Greek, mud-seated.] About 6 species, of wide 
 distribution. 
 
 Leaves expanded above into an oblong or linear-oblong blade. i. L. aquatica. 
 
 Leaves filiform-linear, with little or no distinction between blade and petiole. 
 
 2 L. tenuifolia. 
 
 1. Limosella aquatica L. MUDWEED. MUDWORT. (I. F. f. 3283.) 
 Leaves 2-13 cm. long, the blade obtuse, one-fourth or one-third as long as the 
 filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising from the base of the 
 plant or from nodes of the stem; corolla pink or white, about 2 mm. broad, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish. about the length of the 
 tube; stamens inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments somewhat longer than the 
 anthers; capsule obtuse, 3 mm. high, longer than the calyx. On muddy shores 
 and in brooks, Lab. and Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr., Colo, and Cal. Also in 
 Europe, Australia and S. Am. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. NARROW-LEAVED MUDWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3284.) Similar to the preceding but usually smaller, the leaves seldom over 4 cm. 
 high, linear- filiform, with no distinction between blade and petiole, or sometimes 
 slightly expanded toward the apex. In brackish mud, Lab. to N. J. Also in 
 Europe, Australia and S. Am. Summer. 
 
 18. SYNTHYRIS Benth. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, large petioled basal 
 leaves, those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessile, or clasping, bract-like. 
 Flowers small, pink or purple, in terminal dense spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5- 
 parted. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or wanting, the 
 lateral lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4), pos- 
 terior, inserted on the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, ex- 
 serted; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; style filiform; stigma 
 capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginate, many-seeded, loculicidally 
 dehiscent, its valves adhering to the axis of the placentae; seeds flat, oval, or or- 
 bicular. [Greek, doors closed, alluding to the capsule-valves] About 10 species, 
 
832 FLORA. I 
 
 of N. Am. and Europe. Our species have been erroneously referred to the Old 
 World genus Wulfenia. 
 
 Corolla present, usually 2-lobed. i. S. Bullii. 
 
 Corolla none. 2. 6". rubra, 
 
 1. Synthyris Bullii (Eaton) Barnhart. BULL'S SYNTHYRIS. (I. F. f. 3285.) 
 Pubescent, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, 
 truncate,- cordate or reniform at the base, crenulate, 5-13 cm. long, 5~7-nerved, 
 petioled; stem leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, sessile or slightly clasping, crenulate, 
 passing into the bracts of the dense spike; flowers greenish yellow, 4-6 mm. 
 long; corolla variously 2-4-lobed (commonly 2-lobed), somewhat longer than the 
 calyx, its lobes obtuse; spike much elongated in fruit; capsule emarginate. On 
 dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., Mich, and Iowa. May-July. [Witlfenia Houghtoni- 
 ana (Benth.) Greene.] 
 
 2. Synthyris rubra (Hook.) Benth. WESTERN SYNTHYRIS. (I. F. f. 3286.) 
 Similar to the preceding but seldom over 3 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate or 
 oblong, 3-8 cm. long, crenulate, petioled, indistinctly nerved; stem leaves ovate 
 or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 0.6-2.5 cm - l n g'. spike 5-13 cm. long in fruit, its 
 bracts purplish; corolla none; capsule little compressed, emarginate. In dry soil, 
 N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Br. Col. and Utah. May-June. [Wulfenia rubra 
 (Hook.) Greene. J 
 
 19 VERONICA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alternate, rarely 
 verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue, purple, pink or white flowers, racemose, 
 spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5 parted. Corolla rotate, 
 its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), the 
 lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, divergent; anthers obtuse, their 
 sacs confluent at the summit. Ovury -2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. 
 Capsule compressed, sometimes very flat, emarginate, obcordate, or 2-lobed, locu- 
 licidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. 
 [Named for St. Veronica.] About 200 species, of wide distribution. Besides the 
 following, 4 others occur in northwest Am. 
 
 * Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate. 
 
 Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy) ; brook or swamp plants. 
 Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate; capsule compressed. 
 Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping, serrulate or entire. 
 
 i. V, Anagallis-aquatica. 
 
 All the leaves petioled, serrate. 2. V. Americana. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3. V. scutellata. 
 
 Pubescent, dry soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate. 
 
 Leaves oval or obovate, petioled; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 
 
 4. V. officinalis. 
 Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer than the calyx. 
 
 5. V. Chamaedrys. 
 * * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils. 
 
 Flowers in terminal spikes. 
 
 Leaves all sessile; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 6. V. Wormskioldii. 
 
 'Lower leaves petioled; capsule orbicular, obcordate. 7. V. serpyllifolia. 
 
 Flowers solitary in most of the axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves. 
 
 Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emarginate. <S. V. peregrina. 
 
 Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate. " g~ l r . arvensis. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the axils ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or longer. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate. 
 
 Corolla not longer than the calyx ; capsule narrowly emarginate. 
 
 10. V. agrestis. 
 Corolla longer than the calyx; capsule broadly emarginate. 
 
 11. V. Byzantina. 
 Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3~5-lobed or crenate 12. V. hederaefolia. 
 
 i. Veronica Anagallis aquatica L. WATER SPEEDWELL. WATER PIM- 
 PERNEL. (I. F. f. 3287.) Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots; stem glabrous, or 
 glandular-puberulent above, often rooting at the lower nodes, 3-9 dm. high, 
 leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate. obtuse, serrulate, narrowed 
 into margined petioles, those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 
 
SCROPHULA R1A CEA E. 833 
 
 sessile and clasping'or the lowest short-petioled, 3-10 cm. long; racemes pedun- 
 cled, 5-13 cm. long; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 4 mm. broad; capsule com- 
 pressed, nearly orbicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, 3 mm. high; seeds flat. In brooks 
 and swamps, N. S. to Br. Col., N. C., Tenn., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Veronica Americana Schwein. AMERICAN BROOKLIME. (I. F. f. 3288.) 
 Similar to the preceding, glabrous; stem decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 
 1.5-9 dm. long. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, sharply 
 serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcordateat the base, 2-8 cm. long; racemes pedun- 
 cled, loose, sometimes 1.5 cm. long; flowers blue or nearly white, usually striped 
 with purple, 4 mm. broad; capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, emarginate, 
 3 niai. high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, Penn., Neb., 
 N. MJX. and Cal. April-Sept. 
 
 3. Veronica scutellata L. MARSH OR SKULLCAP SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 
 3289.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, rarely quite hairy, perennial by leafy 
 shoots or stolons; stems slender, decumbent, or ascending, commonly rooting at the 
 lower nodes, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and 
 slightly clasping, remotely denticulate, acute, 28 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; 
 racemes equalling or longer than the leaves; bractlets much shorter than the fili- 
 form spreading pedicels; flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad ;' capsule broader than high, 
 deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at the base, 4-5 mm. broad; seeds 
 flat. In swamps. Lab. to Br. Col., N. Y., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. May- Sept. 
 
 4. Veronica officinalis L. COMMON SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3290.) Peren- 
 nial by stolons, pubescent; stem ascending, 0.7-2.5 dm. high. Leaves oblong, 
 oval, or objvate, petioled, 1-5 cm. lo:ig, obtuse, serrate, narrowed into the peti- 
 oles; racemes spike-like, narrow, much longer than the leaves; subulate bractlets 
 and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers pale blue, 4-6 mm. broad; capsule 
 obovate-cuneate, compressed, broadly emarginate, 4 mm. high; seeds flat. In dry 
 fields and woods, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., N. Car. and Tenn. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. Appears, in most places, as if introduced. May-Aug. 
 
 Veronica longifolia L., an erect European species with lanceolate petioled acuminate 
 sharply serrate leaves, has been found in a meadow near Appalachin, N. Y. 
 
 5. Veronica Chatnaadrys L. GERMANDER SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3291.) 
 Perennial; stem ascending, slender, pubescent in two lines, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves 
 ovate, sessile, or nearly so, pubescent, truncate, rounded or cci'date at the base, 
 incised- dentate, obtuse. 1-3 cm. long; racemes peduncled, pubescent, loose, 5-15 cm. 
 long; pedicels filiform; flowers light blue, 6-8 mm. broad; capsule obcordate, 
 seeds numerous, flattish. In fields and waste places, N. S. and Quebec to N. Y. 
 and Penn. Nat. from Europe. May- July. 
 
 Veronica Teucrium L., also European, similar to V. Chamaedrys, but with oblong 
 to lanceolate crenate leaves, has been found in Ohio and Conn. 
 
 6 Veronica Wormskioldii R. & S. ALPINE SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 320-* 
 
 as V. alpina.} Perennial; stems slender, usually simple, 5-30 cm. high. Leave* 
 oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, 
 -2.5 cm. long; flowers in a short narrow raceme, light blue, 4-6 mm. broad; pedi- 
 '> .shorter than the calyx in flower, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or 
 siiV,\tly obovoid, moderately compressed, emarginate, 4-6 mm. high; seeds 
 numerous, flattish. Lab., mountains of Quebec and N. Eng. to Alaska, south in 
 the mountains to Colo, and Nev. Apparently distinct from V. alpina L. of Europe. 
 7. Veronica serpyllifolia L. THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3293.) 
 Perennial, puberulent or glabrous; stems slender, decumbent, the branches ascend- 
 ing or erect, 5-25 cm. high. Leaves opposite, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, 
 oblong, oval, or ovate, 6-12 mm. long, crenulate or entire; flowers in racemes; 
 pedicels usually shorter than the bractlets ; corolla pale blue with darker stripes, 
 sometimes white, about 4 mm. broad; capsule broader than high, broadly obcor- 
 date or emarginate, about 2 mm. long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat. In 
 fields and thickets, Lab. to Alaska, Ga. ; N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe, Asia 
 and S. Am. April-Aug. 
 
834 FLORA. 
 
 8. Veronica peregrina L. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL. NECKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3294.) Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent;" stem 0.7-3 dm. high. Leaves 
 oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 6-:o mm. long, the lowest opposite, 
 short-petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually denticulate, the 
 upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire, each with a short pcdicelled flower in its 
 axil; flowers nearly white, about 2 mm. broad; pedicels much shorter than the 
 calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, obcordate, usually a little shorter than the calyx, 
 2-3 mm. high, the seeds flat. In moist places, and common as a weed in culti- 
 vated soil, N. S. to Br. Col., Fla., Mex. and Cal. Also in Cent, and S. Am., and 
 as a weed in the Old World. May-CLt. 
 
 9 Veronica arvensis L. CORN OR WALL SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3295 ) 
 Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at length much branched and diffuse, 0.7-2.5 dm. 
 long. Lower leaves ovate or oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenu- 
 late, 4-12 mm. long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate, ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute or acutish, commonly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower 
 in its axil; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, 2 mm. 
 broad or less; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate, 2 mm. high. In fields, woods 
 and waste places and in cultivated soil, N. S. to Ont. and Wash., Fla., Kans. and 
 Tex. Also in Bermuda. Nat. from Europe. March -Sept. 
 
 10 Veronica agrestis L. FIELD OR GARDEN SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3296.) 
 Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or procumbent, very slender, 0.7-2 dm. long, 
 the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse at the 
 apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenate, short-petioled, or the 
 uppermost sessile, the lower opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender- 
 peduncled small blue flower in its axil; capsule broader than high, compressed, 
 narrowly emarginate, 4 mm. broad; seeds few, hollowed out on the inner side. In 
 fields and waste places, N. S. to N. J. and La. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 11. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S. P. BUXBAUM'S SPEEDWELL. 
 (I. F. f. 3297.) Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. long. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, crenate-dentate or somewhat incised, 
 8-25 mm. long, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender- 
 peduncled rather large blue flower in its axil; corolla 6-8 mm. broad; capsule 
 twice as broad as high, 6 mm. broad, with a wide and shallow emargination at 
 the summit; seeds few or several, hollowed out on the inner side. In waste 
 places, N. S. to N. Y. and Ohio. Adventive or nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 12. Veronica hederaefo ia L. IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. (I. F. f. 3298.) 
 Annual, pubescent; stems slender, diffusely branched. 0.7-4.5 dm. long. Leaves 
 orbicular or broader, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3~5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, 
 petioled, 0.6-2.5 cm - ^ n diameter, the lower opposite, the upper alternate and with 
 slender peduncled small blue flowers in their axils; corolla 4 mm. broad, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx; capsule little compressed, 2-lobed, broader than high, shorter 
 than the densely ciliate sepals, 2-4-seeded ; seeds excavated on the inner side. In 
 thickets, fields and waste places, N. Y., Penn. and N. J. to S. C. Nat. from 
 Europe. April- Oct. 
 
 20. LEPTANDRA Nutt 
 
 Tall, erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small 
 minutely bracted white or blue flowers, in dense peduncled spike-like racemes, 
 terminal, or in the upper axils. Calyx 4- parted, short. Corolla tubular, or 
 salverform, nearly regular, 4-lobed, the tube cylindric, longer than the lobes. 
 Stamens 2, exserted, inserted low down on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; 
 anthers obtuse. Style about as long as the stamens, stigma minute. Capsule nar- 
 rowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcordate, 4-valved at the 
 apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens, 
 referring to the filaments.] Two species, one native of eastern N. Am., the other 
 of northeastern Asia. 
 
 i. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. CULVER'S-ROOT. (I. F. f. 3299.) Stem 
 glabrous, or nearly so, simple, strict, 6-21 dm. high. Leaves verticillate in 3*5- 
 9*s or some of the upper ones opposite, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, short- 
 petioled, long-acuminate, sharply serrulate, narrowed at the base, glabrous both 
 sides, or pubescent beneath, 7-15 cm. long; racemes 7-23 cm. long, very dense, 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 835 
 
 the terminal one first developing; pedicels and bractlets about'as long as the calyx; 
 calyx -segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla tubular, white or bluish, 4 mm. 
 long; capsule 2-3 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In meadows, moist 
 woods and thickets, N. S. to Br. Col., Ala., Mo. and Kans. June-Sept. 
 
 21. DIGITALIS L. 
 
 Tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and large purple, yellowish or white flowers, 
 in long terminal commonly i-sided racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbri- 
 cated. Corolla declined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, 
 then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4~5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; 
 upper lip emarginate or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the 
 lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, mostly 
 included; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 
 ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digitate, the 
 finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble.] About 20 species, of Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
 i. Digitalis purpurea L. PURPLE FOXGLOVE. (I. F. f. 3300.) Usually 
 biennial, pubescent; stem stout, erect, 6-15 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, slender petioled, acute, narrowed at 
 the base, dentate; upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes 3 dm. long or 
 more, dense, I -sided; flowers purple, 3-5 cm. long, drooping; upper calyx-seg- 
 ment narrower than the four other foliaceous ones; corolla spotted within. "Cape 
 Breton Island, apparently nat. from Europe (according to Macoun) ; sparingly 
 escaped from cultivation. Also in the Northwest. June-Aug. 
 
 22. BUCHNERA L. 
 
 Erect, perennial or biennial, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, blackening in 
 drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather 
 ^rge, white, blue, or purple, in terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly dis- 
 tant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-iO-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its 
 tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb nearly equally 5 -cleft, spreading, the 
 lateral lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-sacs confluent 
 into I. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or 
 emarginate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. 
 [Named for J. G. Buchner.] About 30 species, of warm and temperate regions. 
 Besides the following, another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Buchnera Americana L. BLUE-HEARTS. (I. F. f. 3301.) Hispid and 
 rough ; stem slender, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves usually all opposite, prominently 
 veined, the lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very short petioles, 
 the middle ones oblong or oblong -lanceolate, dentate, sessile, the upper lanceolate 
 or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so ; spike peduncled, 1.5-2.5 dm. long in 
 fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly 2.5 cm. long; bractlets shorter than the 
 calyx ; calyx strigose; corolla purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse; capsule ovoid, 
 slightly oblique, 8 mm. high, a little longer than the calyx. In sandy or gravelly 
 soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Minn., Va., La., Kans. and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 23. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. [SEYMERIA Pursh.] 
 
 Erect branched herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower 1-2 pin- 
 nately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in terminal 
 bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla 
 slightly irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed, the 
 lower lobe exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal; filaments short, villous, 
 at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Capsule acute 
 and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named 
 for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical professor at Upsala.] About 10 species, 
 of N. Am., Mex. and Madagascar. Besides the following, 4 others inhabit the 
 southern U. S. 
 
 i. Afzeliamacrophlla(Nutt.)Kuntze. MULLEN FOXGLOVE. (L F. f. 3302.) 
 Annual (?), puberulent or glabrate; stem sparingly branched, or simple, 12-18 dm. 
 high. Lower leaves long-petioled, pinnately parted, 1.5-4 dm. long, their seg- 
 
8 3 6 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 ments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregularly incised, or pinnatifid; upper leaves 
 short-petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, entire, each with a 
 sessile flower in its axil; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, 
 acute, about as long as the tube; corolla light yellow. 2-3 times as long as the 
 calyx, woolly in the throat; style short, club-shaped; capsule globose-ovoid, 6-8 
 mm. high, twice as long as the calyx. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio 
 to Iowa, Neb., Ky. and Tex. Aug-Oct. 
 
 24. DASYSTOMA Raf. 
 
 Large herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite (rarely 
 whorled) or some alternate leaves, and showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly 
 leafy -bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, the 
 lobes longer than or equalling the tube. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or 
 campanulate-funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 
 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, villous or pubescent; filaments slen- 
 der; anthers all alike, their sacs distin -t, parallel, awned at the base. Style fili- 
 form. Capsule oblong, acute, loculi .,<! uly dehiscent, many-seeded, longer than 
 the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla.] About 8 
 species, of eastern N. Am. 
 Plants glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without; leaves finely divided; annuals or 
 
 biennials. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent above ; leaves pinnatifid. i. D. Pedicularia. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent throughout ; leaves 2-pinnatifid. 2. D. pectinata. 
 
 Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without; perennials. 
 Cinereous-puberulent. 
 
 Leaves entire, dentate, or some of the lower pinnatifid. 
 
 Leaves entire, undulate, or the lower pinnatifid, with entire lobes. 
 
 3. D.jZava. 
 Upper leaves, or most of them, serrate, the lower pinnatifid with 
 
 toothed lobes. 4. D. serrata. 
 
 Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 5. Z>. grandiflora. 
 
 Glabrous or very nearly so throughout. 
 
 Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. 6. D. laevigata. 
 
 Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 7. D. Virginica. 
 
 1. Dasystoma Pedicularia (L.) Benth. FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE. 
 (I. F. f. 3303.) Viscid above; stem much branched, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 sessile, or the lower petioled, pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually broadest 
 at the base, 2-8 cm. long, the segments incised-dentate; pedicels slender, ascending, 
 2-5 cm. long in fruit; calyx-lobes oblong, foliaceous, usually incised or pinnatifid, 
 6-8 mm. long; corolla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, the limb about 2.5 cm. broad; capsule 
 pubescent, 10-12 mm. long, its beak flat. In dry woods and thickets, Me. and 
 Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Dasystoma pectinata (Nutt. ) Benth. CUT-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE. 
 Similar to the preceding, but densely glandular-pubescent nearly to the base, and 
 the leaves 2-pinnatifid; calyx densely glandular- pubescent, its lobes pinnatifid. In 
 dry soil, Ga. to Ky., Mo., Fla. and Tenn. May -Sept. 
 
 3. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. (I. F. f. 3304.) 
 Downy, grayish; stem strict, simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 6-12 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, entire, or the lower 
 sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, short-petioled, the lobes 
 obtuse; the upper sessile, passing into the bracts of the raceme; pedicels stout, 
 usually shorter than the calyx even in fruit; calyx lobes lanceolate, entire, about as 
 long as the tube; corolla 3-5 cm - l n gr its tube much expanded above; capsule 
 16-20 mm. long, pubescent, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thick- 
 ets, Mass, to Ont., Wis., Ga. and Miss. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Dasystoma serrata (Torr.) Small. SERRATE FALSE FOXGLOVE. Puberu- 
 lent, similar to the preceding and the following species. Lower leaves pinnatifid, 
 their lobes serrate or incised; upper leaves small, serrate or entire. Calyx-teeth as 
 long as the tube, or longer. Mo. to Ark. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood. WESTERN FALSE FOXGLOVE. 
 (I. F. f. 3305.) Cinereous-puberulent and rough ish; stem much branched, leafy to 
 the top, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in 
 
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 83? 
 
 outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised. 5-10 cm. long; upper leaves smaller, ses- 
 sile; pedicels, even in fruit, shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 
 about as long as the tube; corolla 3-5 cm. long, its tube much expanded above. In 
 dry woods and thickets, Minn, and VVis. to Tenn., Kans. and Tex. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. ENTIRE-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE. (I. F. 
 f. 3306.) Glabrous or nearly so, not glaucous; stem simple, or sparingly branched, 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. 
 long, entire, .or the lowest dentate or incised; pedicels shorter than the calyx, or in 
 fruit longer; calyx- lobes ovate- lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla 
 2.5-4 cm. long, the limb fully as broad, the tube much expanded above; capsule 
 glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry thickets, Penn. to Mich., south to Ga. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 7. Dasystoma Virginica (L.) Britton. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. (I. F. 
 3307.) Glabrous and glaucous; stem usually branched, 9-18 dm. high. Leaves 
 usually all petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower i-_ -pinnatifid, 
 10-15 cm. long, the upper pinnatifid or deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or 
 oblong, acute; fruiting pedicels mostly longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about equalling the tube; corolla 3.5-5 cm. long, its 
 tube not widely expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In 
 dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn., Fla. and 111. July-Sept. 
 
 25. GERARDIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Erect herbs, some South American species shrubby, mainly with opposite and 
 sessile leaves. Flowers showy, usually large. Calyx campanulate, 5 toothed, or 
 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, or funnelform, the tube broad, 
 the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, included; filaments pubescent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or 
 mucronate at the base; style filiform. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many- 
 seeded. Seeds mostly angled. [Named for John Gerarde, surgeon and botanist, 
 author of the Herbal (1597), died 1612.] About 40 species, natives of America. 
 Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 * Flowers pedicelled; anthers all alike. 
 
 Pedicels in flower shorter them the calyx, or but 1-2 times as long. 
 Corolla 2-2.6 cm. Ion-;. 
 
 Calyx-tee'.h minute; root perennial. i. G. linifolia. 
 
 Calyx-teeth triangular, lanceolate or oblong, acute; annuals. 
 
 Leaves very scabrous, filiform; capsule oblong. 2. G. aspera. 
 
 Leaves slightly scabrous, linear; capsule globose. 3. G. purpurea. 
 
 Corolla 1-1,6 cm. long. 
 
 Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. 4. G. paupercula. 
 
 Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 5. G. maritima, 
 
 Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx. 
 
 Leaves linear, spreading or ascending; capsule globose. 
 Leaves 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, 1-4 cm. long. 
 
 Lobes of the corolla entire, or barely emarginate. 
 Corolla 12-20 mm. long, pink to purple. 
 
 Leaves linear, 2.5 mm. wide or less. 6. G. tenuifolia. 
 
 Leaves filiform-linear, less than i mm. wide. 7. G. Holmiana. 
 Corolla less than 10 mm. long, yellowish-pink. 8. G. viridis. 
 Lobes of the corolla all obcordate. 9. G. decemloba. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, 4-9 cm. long; pedicels ascending. 10. G. Besseyana. 
 Leaves subulate-spatulate, short, nearly erect; capsule oblong, n. G. Skinneriana. 
 
 * * Flowers sessile; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 12. G. auriculata. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 linear-segments. 13. G. densiflora. 
 
 i. Gerardia linifolia Nutt. FLAX-LEAVED GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3308.) 
 Glabrous, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 
 erect, the upper much smaller and subulate; pedicels erect, in flower equalling or 
 a little longer than the calyx, longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, truncate; corolla 
 purple, about 2.5 cm. long, narrower than that of the two following species, villous 
 within, the lobes ciliate; filaments and anthers densely villous; anther-sacs mucro- 
 nate at the base; capsule globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter, but little longer than the 
 calyx. In moist pine barrens, Del. to Fla. and Cuba. Aug.-Sept. 
 
838 FLORA. 
 
 2. Gerardia aspera Dougl. ROUGH PURPLE GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3309.) 
 Annual, 3-6 dm. high, hispidulous scabrous with stiff short whitish hairs, the 
 branches nearly erect. Leaves 2.5-4 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, erect or 
 ascending; pedicels equalling or becoming longer than the turbinate calyx; calyx- 
 teeth triangular-ovate or triangular- lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as 
 long as the tube; corolla deep purple, about 2.5 cm. long, nearly or quite glabrous 
 within, very pubescent without, the lobes ciliate; filaments villous; anthers obtuse 
 at the base; capsule oblong, 6-8 mm. high, considerably longer than the calyx. 
 On dry plains and prairies, Ind. to S. Dak., Kans., Mo. and Ark. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. Gerardia purpurea L. LARGE PURPLE GERARDIA. (I. Y. f. 3310.) Gla- 
 brous, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, usually widely spreading, 2. 5-4 cm. 
 long, about 2 mm. wide, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flow- 
 ers racemose on the branches, purple (rarely white), about 2.5 cm. long and broad; 
 pedicels shorter than or but little longer than the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth 
 triangular-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, one-third to one-half the length of the 
 tube; corolla much expanded above, the lobes ciliolate; anther-sacs mucronulate at 
 the base; filaments villous; capsule 4-6 mm. in diameter. In moist fields and 
 meadows, Me. and southern Out. to Fla., mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 4. Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. SMALL-FLOWERED GERARDIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3311.) Annual, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, the branches 
 nearly erect. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-2.5 cm - l n g? I ~ 2 n ' m - wide; pedicels 
 equalling the calyx, or longer in fruit; calyx campanulale, its teeth about one-half 
 the length of the tube, acute, or acuminate; corolla 1.2-2 cm. long, rose purple, its 
 limb about as broad, somewhat villous in the throat, the lobes ciiiate; stamens vil- 
 lous; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; capsule 6 mm. high. In bogs and low 
 meadows, Quebec to N. J., Manitoba and Wis. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Gerardia maritima Raf. SEA-SIDE OR SALT-MARSH GERARDIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3312.) Annual, fleshy, 1-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, 
 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, obtuse, spreading, the uppermost very small 
 and subulate; pedicels in flower shorter than or equalling the calyx, about twice as 
 long in fruit; calyx-teeth obtuse; corolla rose-purple, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous, the 
 limb about as broad; anther-sacs mucronu'ate at the base, capsule 4-6 mm. high. 
 In salt marshes, Me. to Fla. and La. July-Aug. 
 
 6. Gerardia tennifolia Vahl. SLENDER GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3313.) An- 
 nual, glabrous; stem slender, paniculately branched, 1.56 dm. high, the branches 
 spreading or ascending. Leaves linear, acute, 1-4 cm. long; pedicels mostly 
 equalling. or longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth short, pointed; 
 corolla light purple, spotted, rarely white, 12-2 cm. long, vertically compressed 
 when fully expanded, minutely puberulent, or glabrous; anther-sacs mucronate at 
 the base; capsule 4-5 mm. in diameter. In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to 
 Ga., 6nt., Kans. and La. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Gerardia tenuif61ia asperula A. Gray. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface, linear- 
 filiform ; corolla not compressed. On dry hills and banks, Ont. to Ind. and Mo. 
 
 7. Gerardia Holmiana Greene. HOLM'S GERARDIA. Slender, smooth or 
 nearly so, paniculately branched, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves filiform-linear, spreading, 
 about 2.5 cm. long, acute, minutely roughened; pedicels filiform, about as long as 
 the leaves, ascending; calyx campanulate, its teeth very short, acute; corolla rose- 
 purple, 1.5 cm. long, its lobes spreading, truncate or retuse, ciliate, its throat very 
 villous within. In dry sandy woods, Long Island to D. C. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 8. Gerardia viridis Small. SMALL-FLOWERED GERARDIA. Annual, drying 
 green. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, sharply angled; leaves mostly opposite, narrowly 
 linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute, revolute, sessile or nearly so; pedicels ascending, 8-15 
 mm. long; calyx becoming 4-5 mm. high, the tube turbinate or campanulate-turbi- 
 nate, the segments acute, about one-thirl as long as the tube; corolla yellowish- 
 pink, less than I cm. long, the lobes ciliate, truncate, or barely emarginate. In 
 sandy soil, Mo., Ark. and La. Summer and fall. 
 
 9. Gerardia decemloba Greene. TEN-LOBED GERARDIA. Slender, about 
 3 dm. high, with a few branches above the middle. Leaves setaceous, about I cm. 
 long, acute, roughish, the lower ascending, the upper spreading; pedicels about 
 l8 mm. long, ascending, rather stiff; calyx-tube veiny, the teeth short; corolla 
 
SCROPHULA R1A CEAE. 839 
 
 bright pink, about I cm. long, its lobes all spreading, obcordate. In grassy places, 
 Brookland, D. C. Oct. 
 
 10. Gerardia Besseyana Britton. BESSEY'S GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3314.) 
 Annual, strict, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending or nearly erect. Leaves 
 linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 'wide, scabrous, acute, ascending; pedicels ascend, 
 ing. longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth triangular-subulate, one- 
 third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long; capsule 
 globose, 4-6 mm. in diameter. On dry hills and prairies, Iowa to S. Dak., Colo., 
 La. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. SKINNER'S GERARDIA. (I. F. 3315.) 
 Annual, roughish; stem strict, striate. 1.5-4.5 dm. high, slender. Leaves ascend- 
 ing or commonly erect and appressed, 1-2.5 cm - l n g I mm - wide or less, the 
 uppermost minute; pedicels longer than the calyx, scarcely longer than the flowers, 
 2-4 times the length of the capsule; calyx-teeth minute; corolla light purple, 10- 
 12 mm. long and about as broad, its lobes ciliolate; capsule oblong, 4-6 mm. high. 
 In dry sandy woods and thickets, Mass, to Fla., Minn., Kans. and La. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 12. Gerardia auriculata Michx. AURICLED GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3316.) 
 Annual, scabrous, hirsute, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves acuminate, sessile, mostly 
 rounded and 2-lobed at the base, or entire, 2-5 cm. long, the basal lobes obtusish, 
 short; flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, purple, 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx 
 5 -cleft, its lobes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, as long as or longer than the 
 tube; corolla densely puberulent outside, glabrous within; filaments glabrous; 
 anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; anther-sacs obtuse 
 at the base; capsule oval-oblong, about 1.2 cm. high, a little shorter than the calyx. 
 In moist open soil, Penn. to Minn., N. Car. and Kans. Adventive at Woodbridge, 
 N. J. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Gerardia densiflora Benth. CUT-LEAVED GERARDIA. (I. F. f. 3317.) 
 Annual, scabrous and short-hispid, stiff, 38 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, 
 ovate in outline, ascending, about 2.5 cm. long, pinnately parted into 3-7 acute 
 rigid segments less than 2 mm. wide; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, rose-purple, sessile 
 in the upper axils; calyx 5 -cleft, its lobes linear, acuminate, ciliate, about as long 
 as the tube; corolla glabrous both outside and within; anthers of the shorter 
 stamens smaller than those of the longer; capsule about 6 mm. high, shorter than 
 the calyx. On dry prairies, Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 26. CASTILLEJA Mutis. 
 
 Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, with alternate leaves; flowers in 
 dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and larger than the 
 flowers. Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft at the summit on the upper 
 side, or also on the lower. Corolla very irregular, its tube not longer than the 
 calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, laterally compressed, 
 entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-sacs 
 unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one pendu- 
 lous from its apex. Style filiform. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. 
 Seeds reticulated. [Named for Castillejo, a Spanish botanist] About 50 species, 
 mostly of the New World. In addition to the following, about 40 others occur in 
 western N. Am. 
 
 * Plants villous-pubescent. 
 Bracts broad, dilated, lobed, or entire. 
 
 Stem leaves deeply and irregularly cleft into narrow segments. I. C. cocctnea. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or rarely with a few lobes. 2. C. indivisa. 
 
 Bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. 3. C. minor. 
 
 * * Plants glabrous, woolly at the summit, or cinereous-puberulent. 
 Glabrous, or tomentose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, mostly entire. 
 
 4. C. acutm'nata. 
 Cinereous-puberulent, pale; stem leaves cleft. 5. C. sessiliflora. 
 
 i. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. SCARLET PAINTED-CUP. (I. F. f. 3318.) 
 Annual or biennial; stem simple, or with few erect branches, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 sessile, parallel-veined, the basal oblong, obovate, or linear, tufted, mostly entire, 
 2-8 en., long, those of the stem 3-5-cleft into obtusish segments, the bracts broader 
 and shorter, 3 -5 -^bed or cleft, bright red or scarlet, conspicuous; flowers sessile, 
 
840 FLORA. 
 
 2-2.5 cm ' l n g usually not exceeding the bracts; calyx cleft above and below into 
 2 entire or retuse oblong obtuse lobes, sometimes scarlet; corolla greenish yellow, 
 its tube shorter than the calyx, its upper lip much longer than the lower; capsule 
 oblong, acute, 10-12 mm. long. In meadows and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Mani- 
 toba, N. Car., Kans. and Tex. Bracts and calyx rarely yellow. May -July. 
 
 2. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. ENTIRE-LEAVED PAINTED-CUP. (I. F. f. 
 3319.) Winter-annual; stem 2-4.5 ^ in ' high- Leaves sessile, parallel- veined, lin- 
 ear to linear lanceolate, 2.5-10 cm. long, entire, or rarely with 2-4 lateral lobes; 
 no tuft of basal leaves; bracts obovate to spatulate, bright red; flowers sessile, 2.5 
 cm. long or less, not longer than the bracts; calyx cleft as in the preceding species, 
 and corolla similar. In sandy soil, Kans. to Tex. Spring. 
 
 3. Castilleja minor A. Gray. SMALL- FLOWERED PAINTED-CUP. (I. F. f. 
 3320.) Annual, strict, simple, or with I or 2 erect branches, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 
 all linear-lanceolate and entire, parallel-veined, sessile, acuminate, 5-8 cm. long, 
 the bracts similar, smaller, red or red-tipped; narrow, equalling or longer than the 
 short-pedicelled flowers; calyx green, cleft on both sides to about the middle, the 
 lobes lanceolate, acute, entire, or 2-toothed; corolla yellow, 12 cm. long, its upper 
 lip much longer than the small lower one; capsule oblong, acute, 12-16 mm. long. 
 In moist soil, Neb. (according to Gray) to N. Mex., Nev. and Ariz. May-July. 
 
 4 Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng. LANCE-LEAVED PAINTED-CUP. 
 (I. P. f. 3321.) Perennial; stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 3-5 -nerved, 
 mostly entire, the lower linear, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute, 5-10 cm. 
 long; bracts oblong, oval or obovate, obtuse, yellowish, greenish- white or purple, as 
 long as the sessile flowers; calyx cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes 
 lanceolate, usually again 2-cleft; corolla 12-16 mm. long, its upper lip 2-4 times 
 as long as the lower; capsule oblong. In moist soil, Lab. to Alaska, the mountains 
 of N. Eng., Ont., Minn., Colo, and Br. Col. June- Aug. 
 
 5. Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. DOWNY PAINTED-CUP. (I. F. f. 3322.) 
 Perennial, cinereous-puberulent; stems stout, 1. 5-4 dm. high, densely leafy. Leaves 
 sessile, 2-5 cm. long, the lowest commonly linear, obtuse and entire, the others 
 laciniate into narrow segments; bracts green, similar to the upper leaves, shorter 
 than the sessile flowers; calyx deeper cleft on the lower side than on the upper, its 
 lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, 4 cm. long, the upper lip about 
 twice as long as the lower, the lobes of the latter linear; capsule oblong-lanceolate. 
 On prairies, Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., 111., Neb., Wyo. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 27. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. 
 
 Herbs, mostly with alternate leaves, and yellow white or purplish flowers, in 
 bracted spikes. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes split 
 down both sides. Corolla irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 
 little if any longer than the 3-lobed i-3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
 ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs dissimilar, the outer one affixed by \ts 
 middle, the inner pendulous from its upper end, ccmmonly smaller. Style filiform; 
 stigma entire. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds retic- 
 ulated. [Greek, erect-fruit.] About 30 species, natives of America, mostly of 
 the western U. S. 
 
 i Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. YELLOW ORTHOCARPUS. (I. F. f. 3323.) Annual, 
 rough-pubescent or puberulent; stem strict, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, densely leafy. 
 Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 3-cleft, 2-4 
 cm. long; sessile, long-acuminate; bracts of the dense spike broader and shorter 
 than the leaves, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers; flowers bright yel- 
 low, 8-IO mm. long; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; corolla about twice as 
 long as the calyx, puberulent without, its upper lip ovate, obtuse, about as long as 
 the saccate 3-toothed lower one; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. On dry 
 plains, Manitoba to Minn., Neb., Br. Col. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 38. SCHWALBEA L. 
 
 A perennial erect finely pubescent and minutely glandular leafy herb, with ses- 
 sile entire 3-nerved leaves, and rather large yellowish-purple flowers in a bracted 
 spike. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique, io-12-ribbed, 2-bracteolate at the base, 
 5-toothed, the upper tooth much the smallest, the 2 lower ones partly connate; 
 
SCROPHULA RIA CEA E. 84 1 
 
 corolla very irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, 
 concave, entire; lower lip somewhat shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didyna- 
 mous, ascending within the upper lip; anther-sacs equal. Style filiform. Cap- 
 sule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose reticulated testa. [Named 
 for C. G. Schwalbe, of Holland, who wrote (1719) on Farther India.] A mono- 
 typic genus. 
 
 i. Schwalbea Americana L. CHAFF-SEED. (I. F. f. 3324.) Stem strict, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, or ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, 
 2.5-4 cm. long, the upper gradually passing into the bracts of the rather loose 
 spike; flowers nearly sessile, 2.5-4 cm. long, longer than the bracts; bractlets at the 
 base of the calyx linear; corolla-tube slightly exceeding the lower lobes of the 
 calyx, these connate to near their apices ; capsule enclosed by the calyx. In wet 
 sandy soil, eastern Mass, to Fla. and La., near the coast. May-July. 
 
 29. EUPHRASIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Low herbs, parasitic on other plants, with opposite dentate or incised leaves, 
 and small flowers in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx not bracteolate, 4-cleft 
 (rarely 5 -cleft, with one of the lobes much smaller than the others). Corolla very 
 irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, its margins recurved; lower lip 
 larger, 3-lobed, spreading, its lobes emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 4, didyna- 
 mous. ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs equal, parallel, mucronate at the 
 base. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, longi- 
 tudinally ribbed. [Greek, delight.] About no species, of temperate and cold 
 regions. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern N. Am. 
 
 Bracts, and usually the leaves, glandular, at least beneath. 
 
 Spike short ; teeth of the bracts merely acute. I. E. latifolia. 
 
 Spike elongated, dense ; lower teeth of the bracts aristate. 2. E. Canadensis. 
 
 Neither bracts nor leaves glandular, but usually pubescent. 
 
 Spikes elongated; bracts sharply toothed; plant 10-25 cm - high. 
 
 3. E. Americana. 
 Spike short, capitate; bracts bluntly toothed; plant 2-5 cm. high. 
 
 4. E. Oahesii. 
 
 1. Euphrasia latifolia Pursh. GLANDULAR EYEBRIGHT. (I. F. f. 3325.) 
 Stem erect, simple, or with a few erect branches, pubescent with crisped hairs, 
 5-18 cm. high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5-toothed on each side, the 
 teeth sharp or blunt; spike 2-4 cm. long, the bracts broadly oval to orbicular, 
 cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, glandular-pubescent beneath or also on the 
 margins; calyx-teeth acute; corolla 6-8 mm. long, lilac, or variegated; capsule 
 oblong-elliptic, ciliate on the margins, and more or less pubescent or pilose, about 
 as long as the calyx. Greenland to Hudson Bay and Me. Also in Europe. 
 Summer. 
 
 2. Euphrasia Canadensis Townsend. SPINULOSE EYEBRIGHT. Branched 
 from near the base, 8-15 cm. high, the stem and branches with crisped hairs. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, the teeth of the upper aristate; bracts about 5-toothed; spike 
 3-7 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, aristate; corolla about 7 mm. long; 
 capsule truncate or emarginate, mucronate. Fields, Quebec to N. H. Summer. 
 
 3. Euphrasia Americana Wettst. HAIRY EYEBRIGHT. (I. F. f. 3326.) 
 Pubescent with crisped hairs; stem often at length much branched, 10-25 cm - high. 
 Leaves sessile, ovate to oval, 3-5 -toothed on each side; the teeth acute; bracts 
 dentate, pubescent, slightly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acu- 
 minate; corolla 6-8 mm. long, purplish or nearly white, its lobes emarginate; 
 capsule narrow, cuneate, 4-6 mm. high, about equalling the calyx. In fields and 
 on hills, Me. and N. B. to Newf. Summer. 
 
 4. Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. OAKES' EYEBRIGHT. (I. F..f. 3227.) Stem 
 erect or ascending, very slender or filiform, simple, 2-5 cm. high, somewhat 
 pubescent. Stem leaves 2 or 3 pairs. Bracts and leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 
 narrowed or nearly truncate at the base, 4-6 mm. long, obtuse, pubescent, with 
 2-5 blunt teeth on each side; spike short, capitate, only 6-10 mm. long, the bracts 
 densely imbricated; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short; corolla 2-3 mm. long, 
 purplish; capsule oblong-elliptic, ciliate, longer than the calyx. White Moun- 
 tains of N. H. 
 
842 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 30. BARTSIA L. 
 
 Herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite leaves, and 
 purple, pink, red or yellow flowers, in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed 
 or 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular, the tube straight or recurved, the limb 2- lipped; 
 upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didyna- 
 mous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs similar, parallel. Capsule locu- 
 licidally dehiscent, several-many-seeded. Seeds horizontal, striate, or ribbed. 
 [Named for John Bartsch, a Prussian botanist, died 1738.] About 6 species of the 
 northern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Bartsia alpina L. ALPINE BARTSIA. (I. F. f. 3328.) Perennial by short 
 rootstocks, pubescent, leafy, simple, or rarely with I or 2 short branches, 1-2.5 ^ in - 
 high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, 1-2.5 cm. long; 
 bracts similar, smaller, mostly shorter than the flowers; spike 25 cm. long; flow- 
 ers 1.5-2 cm. long, sometimes borne also in the upper axils; calyx 4-cleft; corolla 
 purple, its tube much longer than the calyx; anthers pubescent, at least on the 
 back; capsule ovoid-oblong, equalling or longer than the calyx. Lab. to Green- 
 land and the Arctic Sea. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 31. ODONTITES Gmel. 
 
 Annual herbs, half parasitic on the roots of other plants, with small opposite 
 leaves, and yellow or red flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-toothed. 
 Corolla with a narrow tube and a strongly 2-lipped limb, the upper lip concave, 
 entire, or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend, 
 ing; anther-sacs similar. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds lew, pendulous. 
 [Greek, referring to its supposed value as a cure for toothache. ] About 20 species, 
 mostly of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 I. Odontites Odontites (L.) Wettst. RED BARTSIA. RED EYEBRIGHT. 
 (I. F. f. 3329.) Appressed-pubescent, roughish, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high, the 
 branches erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, serrate with low distant teeth, 1-4 cm. long ; spikes becoming 
 5-13 cm. long in fruit, somewhat I -sided; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; 
 flowers numerous, 8-10 mm. long; corolla red or pink, its tube somewhat longer 
 than the calyx; anthers slightly pubescent; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. 
 In fields and waste places, Me. to N. S. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 32. ELEPHANTELLA Rydb. 
 
 Herbs, blackening in drying, with pinnately divided leaves and toothed seg- 
 ments, and flowers in terminal many-flowered spikes. Calyx obliquely campanu- 
 late, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, tube almost included in the calyx, the upper lip 
 strongly arcuate, produced into a long filiform upturned beak, enclosing the long 
 style, the throat with a tooth on each side; lower lip very broad, 3-lobed. Stamens 
 and capsule as in Pedicularis. Three or four sub-arctic or sub-alpine species of 
 the northern hemisphere. Another species is found in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 i. ElephantellaGroenlandica(Retz.) Rydb. LONG-BEAKED ELEPHANTELLA. 
 (I. F. f. 3330.) Perennial, glabrous; stem simple, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves alter- 
 nate, lanceolate in outline, acute or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pin- 
 nately divided into lanceolate crenulate or incised segments, the upper sessile, the 
 lower slender-petioled, 5-15 cm. long; spike very dense; calyx 5-toothed, nearly 
 as long as the corolla-tube, the teeth short, acutish; corolla red or purple, thegalea 
 decurved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the 
 corolla 5-6 mm. long; capsule obliquely ovate, about 6 mm. long. In wet soil, 
 Lab., Greenland and Hudson Bay to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., N. Mex. and Cal. 
 Summer. [Pedicularis Groenlandica Retz.] 
 
 33 PEDICULARIS L. 
 
 Herbs, with pinnately lobed cleft .or pinnatifid leaves, the flowers in terminal 
 spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes 
 also on the upper, or 2-5 -toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) 
 laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked; lower lip erect 
 or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one the smallest. 
 
SCROPHULA RIA CEAE. 843 
 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip; anthers approximate in 
 pairs, their sacs transverse, equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely mucronate at the base. 
 Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked, many-seeded, loculicidally dehis- 
 cent. Seeds reticulate, pitted, striate or ribbed. [Latin, pertaining to lice, long 
 supposed to breed lice in sheep that feed on these plants.] About 125 species, 
 mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, some 25 
 others inhabit western N. Am. 
 
 Beak of the galea conic, decurved, 2 mm. long. I. P. Lapponica. 
 
 Beak of the galea very short, or none. 
 
 Annuals or biennials ; stems leafy, freely branching ; northern. 
 
 Puberulent; upper leaves crenulate, lower pinnatifid. 2. P. euphrasioides. 
 
 Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves all pinnatifid. 3. /*. parvijiora. 
 
 Perennials; stems leafy, simple (rarely branched in No. 6). 
 
 Corolla yellow, or the galea red; plants 1.5-9 dm. high; eastern species. 
 Leaves pinnately lobed; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 4. P. lanceolata. 
 Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the calyx. 
 
 5. P. Canadensis. 
 Lower leaves pinnately divided ; capsule ovate. 6. P. Furbishtae. 
 
 Galea crimson or purple; plant 2.5-10 cm. high ; arctic. 7. P.Jiammea. 
 Perennial ; stem scapose, or i-leaved ; flowers capitate ; arctic. 8, P. capitata. 
 
 1. Pedicularis Lapponica L. LAPLAND PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 3331.) 
 Perennial, puberulent. leafy, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or short-petioled, 
 alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 
 1-4 cm. long, pinnately incised into numerous approximate oblong serrulate lobes; 
 flowers almost capitate, light yellow, 12-14 mm. long; calyx cleft on the lower 
 side, 2-toothed on the upper; galea erect, arched. In open places, Lab. and 
 Greenland to the Arctic Sea. Also in Arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 Pedicularis pedicellata Bunge, an Alaskan species is recorded by Bunge from Lab- 
 rador. It is distinguished from the above by its scapose stem, deeply pinnatifid leaves 
 and pedicellate lower flowers. 
 
 2. Pedicularis euphrasioides Steph. EYEBRIGHT PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 
 3332.) Puberulent, 1.5-4 dm. high, the branches ascending. Lower leaves 
 petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 5-10 cm. long, pinnatifid 
 into oblong obtuse crenate-dentate segments; upper leaves sessile, linear or linear- 
 oblong, smaller, crenulate; flowers in a short terminal spike and solitary in the upper 
 axils; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-3-toothed on the upper, shorter than the 
 corolla-tube; corolla yellow, or the galea purplish, about 12 mm. long; galea as 
 long as the tube, tipped with a very short truncate beak, minutely 2-toothed on 
 the lower side at the apex. Lab. to Greenland, the Arctic Sea, Alaska and Br. 
 Col. Also in northern Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. Pedicularis parvifldra J. E. Smith. PURPLE PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 
 3333.) Glabrous, or the petiole-bases ciliate, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 2-5 cm. 
 long, alternate, or some of them opposite, oblong-lajiceolate in outline, pinnatifid 
 into oblong crenate or incised segments; flowers in terminal rather loose spikes 
 and solitary in the upper axils, 14-16 mm. long; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes with an 
 incised crested border; corolla purple, its tube twice as long as the calyx, the lip 
 much shorter, the galea arched at the top, not beaked, blunt, bearing a pair of 
 minute teeth below its summit; capsule obliquely ovate, twice as long as the calyx. 
 Lab. to Alaska, Quebec, the N. W. Terr, and Ore. Summer. 
 
 Pedicularis palustris L., which differs from this in its larger flowers and apiculate 
 galea, is reported from Newf. and Lab. ; it is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. 
 
 4. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. SWAMP LOUSEWORT. (I. F. f. 3334.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves alternate and opposite, lanceolate, 
 or linear-lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, the upper 
 sessile, the lobes oblong, obtuse, short, crenate-dentate, the margins cartilaginous; 
 spikes short; calyx 2 -lobed, the lobes with foliaceous margins; corolla yellow, 
 1.5-2 cm. long, the galea arched, terminated by a very short truncate beak, the 
 lower lip erect-ascending; capsule ovate, little exceeding the calyx. In swamps, 
 Ont. to Conn., Va., Manitoba, Minn., Ohio, Mich, and Neb. (according to Wil- 
 liams). Aug.-Oct. 
 
844 FLORA. 
 
 5. Pedicularis Canadensis L. WOOD BETONY. LOUSEWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3335.) Pubescent, or glabrate below; stems commonly tufted, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, 
 simple. Leaves alternate or some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 7-13 cm. 
 long, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, pinnately parted into obtuse incised 
 or dentate lobes; spike 1-2 dm. long in fruit, the lower bracts usually foliaceous, 
 the others small; calyx cleft on the lower-side, 2-3-crenate on the upper, oblique; 
 corolla yellow, or reddish (rarely white) 1.5-2 cm. long, the tube much longer than 
 the calyx, the galea arched, incurved, minutely 2-toothed below the apex; capsule 
 oblique, 14-16 mm. long. In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to Manitoba, Fla., 
 Miss., Colo, and Northern Mex. April-June. 
 
 6. Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Miss FURBISH'S PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 
 3336.) Pubescent, at least above; stem strict, simple, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, alternate, or some of them opposite, the lower long-petioled, 1-1.5 dm. 
 long, pinnately divided into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the 
 upper sessile, pinnately parted or lobed; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes entire or dentate, 
 narrow, somewhat unequal; corolla yellow, 14-18 mm. long, the galea arched, 
 truncate, not beaked, 2-cuspidate at the apex. In swamps and along streams, Me. 
 and N. B. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Pedicularis flammea L. RED-TIPPED PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 3337.) 
 Glabrous or somewhat wooly; stem simple, 5-10 cm. high with several linear- 
 oblong, pinnately parted leaves. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 2.5-4 cm. 
 long, the uppermost sessile, the lobes ovate or oblong, incised-serrate; flowers about 
 12 mm. long, pedicelled in a short spike-like raceme, longer than the narrow bracts; 
 calyx 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate, acute, unequal; corolla-tube and the lower 
 lip greenish-yellow, the galea slightly arched, blunt, much longer than the lower 
 lip; capsule lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; fruiting 
 pedicels 6-10 mm. long. Lab. to Greenland and Alaska. Also in arctic and 
 alpine Europe. Summer. 
 
 8. Pedicularis capitata Adams. CAPITATE PEDICULARIS. (I. F. f. 3338.) 
 Stem scapose, leafless, or i-leaved, 2.5-13 cm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, pin- 
 nately divided, the segments ovate or oblong, incised; flowers several in a capitate 
 cluster, 2. 5-4 cm. long; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes foliaceous, incised or crenate; corolla 
 described as white; galea scarcely broadened above, slightly curved, obtuse, twice 
 as long as the lower lip; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx beaked on 
 the outer side near the summit. Hudson Bay to Alaska. Summer. 
 
 34. RHINANTHUS L. 
 
 Annual erect herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow, blue, violet, or variegated 
 flowers, in terminal I -sided leafy-bracted spikes, or solitary in the upper axils. 
 I'alyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranous and conspicuously veiny 
 in fruit. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) compressed, arched, 
 minutely 2-toothed below the entire apex, the lower lip 3-lobed, shorter, the lobes 
 spreading. Stamens 4, didyrtamous, ascending under the galea; anthers pilose, 
 the sacs obtuse at the base, transverse, distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicid- 
 ally dehiscent, several-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, winged. [Greek, nose- 
 flower, from the beaked corolla.] About 3 species, of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 i. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli L. RATTLE. RATTLE-BOX. YELLOW OR 
 PENNY RATTLE. (I. F. f. 3339.) Glabrous, or pubescent above; stem usually 
 branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 
 coarsely serrate -dentate, 2-5 cm. long; bracts broader, ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, 
 incised dentate, the teeth acuminate or subulate-tipped; flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. 
 long; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple spot on one or 
 both lips; fruiting calyx 8-12 mm. in diameter; capsule nearly as broad as the 
 calyx. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, Ore., Quebec, Conn., N. Y,. Ont. and in the 
 Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. ; on the Atlantic Coast from R. I. to N. B. Common in 
 northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 35. MELAMPYRUM L. 
 
 Annual herb n with opposite leaves, and small flowers solitary in the upper axils, 
 or in bractec 1 spikes. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat the longer. 
 
LENTIBULARIACEAE. 845 
 
 Corolla irregular, 2 -lipped, the tube gradu lly enlarged above, the upper lip com- 
 pressed, obtuse or emarginate with a groove behind the margins, or these recurved 
 or with a tooth on each side; lower lip 3-toothed, 2 grooved .beneath. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs distinct, parallel, obtuse 
 or mucronulate at the base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculicidally dehiscent, 2-4- 
 seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. [Greek, black wheat.] About 10 species, 
 of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in N. Am. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the floral 2-4-toothed at the base. 
 
 i. M. linear e. 
 Leaves ovate, all entire. 2. M. latifohum. 
 
 1. Melampyrum lineare Lam. NARROW-LEAVED COW-WHEAT. (I. F. f. 
 3340.) Puberulent; stem obscurely 4-sided above, at length widely branched, 
 1.5-5 dm. high- Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acuminate 
 or acute, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, the lower all entire, the upper floral ones ovate or 
 lanceolate, with 2-6 bristle-pointed teeth near the base; flowers short-peduncled, 
 8-12 mm. long; calyx about one-third the length of the corolla, its subulate teeth 
 longer than its tube; corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow; 
 capsule 8-10 mm. long, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, 
 N. S. to Br. Col., N. Car., Ky. and Minn. Variable. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. BROAD-LEAVED COW-WHEAT. (I. F. f. 
 3341.) Similar to the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, but the leaves all entire, short- 
 petioled, the lowest small, spatulate, obtuse, the middle ones lanceolate or ovate, 
 acuminate, narrowed at the base, 5-8 cm. long, the floral ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 shorter, acute, mostly rounded at the base; corolla purple, veiny. In dry woods, 
 Del. (according to Muhlenberg); Va. to Ga. and Tenn. June- Aug. 
 
 Family 10. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl.* 
 
 Bladderwort Family. 
 
 Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal 
 and tufted, or borne on branching stems, or reduced to minute scales. 
 Scapes erect. Flowers perfect, irregular, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx 
 inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect, con- 
 cave, or the sides plicate, entire, or 2-lobed, interior in the bud ; lower 
 lip larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into 
 the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath, Stamens 2 ; anther-sacs 
 confluent into i. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, i -celled; ovules 
 numerous; style short, or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, 
 irregularly bursting, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, 
 reticulated, or bristle-bearing; endosperm none. About 4 genera and 
 180 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Aquatic or bog plants ; foliage often dissected and bladder-bearing. i. Utricularia. 
 
 Terrestrial ; leaves basal, tufted, entire, 2. Pinguicula. 
 
 i. UTRICULARIA L. 
 
 Herbs, floating, or rooting in the mud, the aquatic species with stems usually 
 bearing finely divided leaves and covered with minute bladders; marsh species 
 with a few bladder-bearing leaves or rootlets under ground. Bladders contracted 
 at the mouth, closed by an operculum and furnished with a few projecting bristles. 
 Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of slender scapes, the pedicels 2-brac- 
 teolate. Calyx deeply 2-lobed, the lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla 2-lipped, the 
 upper lip usually erect and entire, the lower larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base 
 and with a prominent palate, commonly bearded in the throat. Capsule many- 
 seeded. [Latin, utriculus, a bag, or little bladder.] About 150 species, of wide 
 distribution. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 * Contributed by the late REV. THOMAS MORONG. 
 
846 FLORA. 
 
 * Scapes rooting in the mud; leaves entire; bladders usually few or none. 
 
 Scapes stout, strict, i-io-flowered; flowers yellow, 8-20 mm. broad. 
 
 Flowers 16-20 mm', broad; spur 12 mm. long. i. U. cornuta, 
 
 Flowers 8-10 mm. broad; spur 6 mm. long. 2. U.juncea, 
 
 Scape filiform, 2-bracted above; flower solitary, purple. 3. f7. resupinata. 
 
 Scape filiform, the raceme zig-zag; flowers i-io, yellow. 4. U. subulata. 
 
 Scape filiform; flowers minute, Cleistogamous. 5. U. deist ogatna* 
 
 * * Branches and finely divided leaves floating, or creeping on the mud, bladder- 
 bearing. 
 f Scape bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles. 6. U. inflata. 
 
 f t Scape leafless, or with a few minute scales. 
 
 Leaves verticillate; corolla purple. 7. U. purpurea, 
 
 Leaves crowded, 2-3-pinnately divided; corolla yellow, large. 8. U. vulgaris. 
 
 Leaves scattered, dichotomously divided. 
 
 Cleistogamous flowers among the leaves. 9. U. clandestina, 
 
 No Cleistogamous flowers. 
 
 Bladders mainly or entirely on leafless branches. 
 
 Leaf-segments linear, flat 10. U. intermedia. 
 
 Leaf-segments capillary. n. U.fibrosa. 
 
 Bladders among the leaves. 
 
 Flowers 2-8; spur usually reduced to a short protuberance. 
 
 12. U. minor. 
 Flowers 1-2; spur shorter than the lower lip, conic, gibbous. 
 
 13. U. gibba. 
 Flowers 1-3; spur oblong, as long as the lower lip. 14. U. biflora. 
 
 1. Utricularia cornuta Michx. HORNED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3342.) 
 Scape strict, 0.7-4 dm. high, with or without a few scattered scales, rooting in the 
 mud. Stems and branches root-like, sometimes with a few entire leaves and few 
 bladders, or several ; flowers 1-6, yellow, fragrant; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; lower 
 lip of the corolla large, somewhat galeate, the sides strongly reflexed, with a promi- 
 nent palate which projects inwardly and is pubescent at the throat; upper lip 
 smaller, obovate; spur acute, curved; seeds black, rugosely pitted. On borders 
 of ponds, or in bogs, Newf. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Utricularia juncea Vahl. RUSH BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3343.) Scape 
 strict, 1.5-4 dm. high, rooting in the mud, bearing few or several minute scales. 
 Flowers 3- 10, bright yellow; pedicels 2 mm. long, or less; lower lip of the corolla 
 obovate, pointed, mainly composed of the palate, the upper little smaller, obovate, 
 emarginate; spur linear-subulate, slightly curved, or straight. In bogs, Va. to 
 Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Also in the W. Ind. and S. Am. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. REVERSED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3344.) Scape 5-18 cm. high, 2-bracted near the flower, arising from creeping 
 rooting shoots which rise 2-5 cm. above the ground and bear a few branches and 
 bladders. Flower resting transversely upon the summit of the scape and so appear- 
 ing resupinate; corolla 6-10 mm. long, the limb deeply 2-parted, remote from the 
 conic spur. In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Me. to Fla., west to Mich. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 4. Utricularia subulata L. TINY OR ZIG-ZAG BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3345.) Scape 2.5-20 cm. high, the racemes zig-zag. Leaves few, entire, they 
 and the bladders seldom found; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, slender; corolla 4-6 mm. 
 broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper smaller, ovate; spur conic, appressed to the 
 lower lip and equalling it in length, or shorter. In wet, sandy soil, Mass, to Fla., 
 west to Tex., Mex. and Ark. Also in Cuba. March-Aug. 
 
 5. Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Britton. CLOSED BLADDERWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 3346.) Scape hair-like, 2-8 cm. high, i-2-flowered. Stems root-like, 
 sparse, sending a few minute simple shoots above ground; bladders minute, seldom 
 seen; flowers on short bracted pedicels ; corolla 1-2 mm. broad, strictly cleistoga- 
 mous, spurless, the lips nearly equal, the lower varying from purplish to yellow, 
 the upper white; seeds rugosely pitted; capsule globose. In wet soil, eastern 
 Mass, and in the pine-barrens of N. J. August. 
 
 6. Utricularia inflata Walt. SWOLLEN BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3347.) 
 Scapes stout, 0.7-5 dm. high, bearing a whorl of 5-9 leaves at about the middle. 
 Branches long, floating, crowded with dichotomously divided leaves and covered 
 
LENTIB ULARIA CEAE. 847 
 
 \pith bladders; leaves of the scape finely dissected, their petioles cylindric, inflated, 
 dilated upward; flowers 2-10, yellow, about 2 cm. broad; upper lip of the corolla 
 broadly ovate, obscurely lobed or crenate, the lower 3-lobed; spur conic, emargi- 
 nate, appressed to the lower lip and about one-half its length; capsule nodding in 
 fruit. In ponds, Canada (according to Pursh,; Me. to Fla. and Tex., near the 
 coast. March-Aug. 
 
 7. Utricularia purpurea Walt. PURPLE BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3348.) 
 Scape 2.5-15 cm. high, i-4-flowered. Branches floating, long, with numerous 
 dichotomous capillary leaves in verticils of 4's and 5's, and many large bladders; 
 corolla violet-purple, 6-16 mm. broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sac- 
 cate; upper lip truncate, emarginate; spur nearly conic, appressed to the lower 
 lip and one-half its length, or more. In ponds, Me. to Fla., near the coast; also in 
 Ind. May-Aug. 
 
 8. Utricularia vulgaris L. GREATER BLADDERWORT. HOODED WATER- 
 MILFOIL. POP-WEED. (I. F. f. 3349.) Scapes stout, 0.7-3.5 dm ni gh. Leaves 
 2-3-pinnately divided, usually crowded, the segments setaceous; branches floating, 
 sometimes 3 dm. long, the leaves sometimes 12-14 mm. long, with numerous blad- 
 ders; flowers 3-20, racemose, yellow; pedicels 8-16 mm. long, recurved in fruit; 
 corolla 12 mm. broad or more, the sides of the lips reflexed; palate prominent; 
 upper lip nearly entire, the lower slightly 3-lobed and longer than the conic some- 
 what curved spur. In brooks and ponds, Newf. to Fla., Br. Col. and Cal. Also in 
 Europe, Asia, Cuba and Mex. June-Aug. 
 
 9. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. HIDDEN-FRUITED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3350.) Scape slender, 5-13 cm. high, arising from long floating branches. Leaves 
 scattered, repeatedly forked, the divisions capillary, bearing numerous bladders. 
 Flowers of two kinds; those of the scape 3-5, complete, those among the leaves 
 cleistogamous, numerous, their pedicels reflexed in fruit; corolla of the upper com. 
 plete flowers yellow, spreading, 8-10 mm. broad when expanded, the lips nearly 
 equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed; spur shorter than the lower lip, 
 thick, obtuse, approximate to it. In shallow ponds, N. B. to N. J. July. 
 
 10. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3351.) Scape capillary, 5-25 cm. high. Branches floating, 5-15 cm. long; leaves 
 6-12 mm. long, more or less scattered, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, the seg- 
 ments 0.25 mm. wide or less, the margins bristly-serrulate. Bladders, with rare 
 exceptions, borne on leafless branches; flowers 1-5, yellow; corolla 12 mm. broad, 
 its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding the upper; spur conic, sub- 
 acute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is appressed. In shallow water, Cape 
 Breton to Br. Col., N. J., Minn, and Cal. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 11. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. FIBROUS BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3352.) 
 Scape slender, 0.7-3 dm. high- Leaves scattered, small or sometimes scarcely any, 
 bladders often on leafless branches, sometimes none; flowers 1-6, yellow; corolla 
 8-12 mm. broad, the lips nearly equal, broad, the upper undulate or 3-lobed, the 
 middle lobe striate; spur nearly linear, obtuse, ascending, nearly equalling or 
 sometimes exceeding the lower lip. In shallow ponds and swamps, L. I. to Fla. 
 and La. June-July. 
 
 12. Utricularia minor L. LESSER BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3353.) Scapes 
 slender, 0.5-1.8 dm. high. Branches floating, short; leaf- divisions few and seta- 
 ceous; bladders borne along the leaves, few, often none, the largest not over 2 mm. 
 long; flowers I 10, pale yellow, racemose; corolla 46 mm. broad, ringent, the 
 upper lip smaller than the lower; spur usually reduced to a blunt broad protuber- 
 ance, shorter than the lips; pedicels reflexed in fruit. In shallow ponds and in 
 bogs, Greenland and Lab. to Br. Col., N. J., Ark., Utah and Cal. Also in Europe. 
 June-July. 
 
 13. Utricularia. gribba L. HUMPED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3354.) Scapes 
 filiform, 2.5-13 cm. high, arising from sparingly leafy, floating or creeping 
 branches. Leaves root-like, in the mud or just above it, usually delicate, the divi- 
 sions often only I or 2, capillary; bladders few and minute, the largest about 
 I mm. long, or often none; flowers I or 2, yellow; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, its lips 
 rounded, broad, entire, or undulate, about equal; spur thick, conic, ascending, 
 gibbous at the base, obtuse, shorter than th^ 'ips. In shallow water, Ont to Me., 
 Web-, AU. and III July-Aug. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 14. Utricularia bifl&ra Lau.. TWO-FLOWERED BLADDERWORT. (I. F. f. 3355.) 
 
 Scapes filiform, 5-13 cm. high, arising from long floating branches. Leaves scat- 
 tered, their divisions few, finely capillary, often copiously bladder-bearing; flowers 
 1-3, yellow; corolla 8-12 mm. broad, the lips rounded, nearly equal; spur narrow- 
 ly oblong, blunt, curved upward, equalling the lower lip. In shallow water, 
 eastern Mass, and R. I. to 111., La. and Tex. 
 
 2. PINGUICULA L. 
 
 /vcaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots, naked I -flowered circinate scapes, and 
 basal tufted entire leaves, the upper surface covered, with a viscid secretion to which 
 insects adhere, and are captured by the involution of the sensitive leaf- margins. 
 Calyx 4-5-parted, or 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-parted, the upper 2-parted. Corolla 
 2 -lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3 -cleft; base of the corolla saccate and 
 contracted into a nectariferous spur. Capsule 2-valved or 4-valved. Seeds oblong, 
 wrinkled or reticulated. [Latin, pinguis, fat, the leaves seeming greasy to the 
 touch.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 4 others 
 are found in the southern U. S. 
 
 Scapes villous, 2-5 cm. high; leaves oval, 6-12 mm. long. i. P. villosa. 
 
 Scapes glabrous or minutely downy ; leaves ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long. 
 
 2. P. vulgaris. 
 
 1. Pinguicula villosa L. HAIRY BUTTERWORT. (I. F. f. 3356.) Scapes 
 slender. Leaves 3 or 4, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; petioles short, vil- 
 lous; corolla pale violet with a yellowish-striped throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2- 
 parted, the lower larger, 3-parted, the tube abruptly contracted into a straight linear 
 or oblong blunt spur 3-4 mm. long. Lab. and Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in 
 Greenland. Summer. 
 
 2. Pinguicula vulgaris L. BUTTERWORT. BOG OR MARGH VIOLET. (I. F. 
 f. 3357.) Scapes 5-15 cm. high. Leaves 3-7, greasy to the touch on the upper 
 surface, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, short-petioled, or sessile; corolla 
 violet-purple, 6-8 mm. broad, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the 
 tube gradually contracted into a nearly straight spur 4-8 mm. long; capsule glo- 
 bose-ovoid, longer than the calyx. On wet rocks or in gravelly rivulet beds, 
 Greenland to Alaska, Vt., N. Y., Minn, and Br. Col. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 Family n. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. 
 Broom-rapt Family. 
 
 Erect root-parasites, the leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales, 
 the flowers perfect, irregular (rarely cleistogamous,) sessile in terminal 
 bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the axils of the scales. 
 Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed, 4-5-cleft, or split nearly or 
 quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous, oblique, 
 the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the 
 tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudimentary one 
 occasionally present; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, the sacs paral- 
 lel, equal. Ovary superior, i-celled, the four placentae parietal; ovules 
 numerous, anatropous ; style slender; stigma discoid, 2-lobed, or some- 
 times 4-lobed. Capsule i-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, 
 wrinkled or striate ; embryo minute ; cotyledons scarcely differentiated. 
 About ii genera and 200 species of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers all complete and perfect. 
 Calyx 2-5-toothed. 
 
 Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels nor calyx, i. Thalesia, 
 Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides ; flowers bracted. 
 
 2. Orobanche. 
 Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the upper. 
 
 3. Conopholis. 
 Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile ; upper complete, mostly sterile, 4. Leptamnium, 
 
OROBA NCHA CEAE. 849 
 
 I. THALESIA Raf. [APHYLLON A. Gray.] 
 
 Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of 
 various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled flowers. Calyx campanu- 
 late or hemispheric, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla-tube elongated, curved, 
 the limb slightly 2-lipped. the upper lip erect- spreading, 2-lobed, the lower spread- 
 ing, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included; anther-sacs mucronate 
 at the base. Ovary ovoid; style slender, deciduous; stigma peltate, or transverse- 
 ly 2-lamellate. [Dedicated to Thales.] About 3 species, of N. Am. 
 
 Stem very short ; peduncles 1-4, erect ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 1. T. uniflora. 
 Stem erect, 5-13 cm. high; peduncles several; calyx-lobes broad, acute. 
 
 2. 7\ fasciculata. 
 
 1. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. PALE OR NAKED BROOM-RAPE. ONE- 
 FLOWERED BROOM-RAPE. CANCER-ROOT. (I. F. f. 3358.) Stem usually less 
 than 2.5 cm. long, nearly subterranean, bearing several ovate-oblong scales and 
 1-4 erect scape-like glandular-puberulent I- flowered peduncles, 7-20 cm. high. 
 Calyx campanulate, pubescent, glandular, 8-10 mm. high, less than one-half the 
 length of the corolla, its lobes as long as the tube or longer, lanceolate, acuminate; 
 corolla white or violet, puberulent without, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the tube about 3 
 times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval orobovate, obtuse; placentae nearly 
 equidistant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In woods and thickets, Newf. 
 to Br. Col., Va., Ohio, Tex. and Cal. April -June. 
 
 2. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. CLUSTERED OR YELLOW CANCER- 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 3359-) Stem densely glandular-pubescent, bearing several scales 
 and 3-15 naked i-flowered peduncles 2-8 cm. long. Calyx glandular, broadly 
 campanulate, 6-10 mm. high, about one-third the length of the corolla, its 
 lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the 
 tube; corolla nearly 2.5 cm. long, purplish yellow, puberulent without, the tube 
 3 times as long as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb more manifestly 
 2-lipped than in the preceding species; capsule ovoid to globose. In sandy soil, 
 Ind. to the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Neb., Ariz, and Cal. April-Aug. 
 
 Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton. Whole plant light yellow. Western 
 Neb. and Wyo. 
 
 a. OROBANCHE L. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scat- 
 tered scales, and spicate or racemose, bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. 
 Calyx split both above and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft 
 or rarely entire, or unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; 
 upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 
 included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base. Style slender, commonly 
 persistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, 
 entire, or laterally 2-lamellate. [Greek, Choke-vetch.] About 90 species, of the 
 Old World and western Am. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in western 
 N. Am. 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed; stems mostly branched. i. O. ramosa. 
 
 Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. 2. O. minor. 
 
 Calyx s-cleft; stem simple. 3. O. Ludoviciana. 
 
 1. Orobanche ramosa L. HEMP OR BRANCHED BROOM-RAPE. (I. F. f. 
 3360.) Plant yellowish; stem branched, or rarely simple, 0.7-4 dm. high, the 
 scales few and distant, 4-10 mm. long. Spike loosely many-flowered, denser 
 above than below, the lowest flowers short pedicelled; bracts usually 3, the longest 
 about equalling the calyx; calyx- teeth triangular-ovate, acute, or acuminate, about 
 as long as the tube; corolla 1-2 cm. long, the tube yellow, slightly constricted 
 above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the roots of hemp and tobacco, Ky. 
 Adventive or nat. from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. LESSER OR CLOVER BROOM-RAPE. HERB- 
 BANE. (I. F. f. 3361.) Plant yellowish brown; stem 1-5 dm. high; lower scales 
 numerous, ovate-oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered, 6-20 mm, long. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Spike dense, or the lower flowers separated, 0.7-2 dm. long; bracts lanceolate, 
 equalling or longer than the flowers; flowers 1-2 cm. long; calyx split both above 
 and below, each of the lateral segments 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate-subulate; 
 corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Para- 
 sitic on the roots of clover, N. J. to Va. Nat. from Europe. May-July. 
 
 3. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. LOUISIANA BROOM-RAPE. (I. F. f. 
 3362.) Stems stout, simple, viscid-puberulent, 1-3 dm. high, scaly. Flowers 
 12-16 mm. long, numerous in dense terminal spikes, i-2-bracted under the calyx; 
 calyx-lobes somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 2-lipped, pur, 
 plish, itf tube narrow, about twice as long as the limb; anthers woolly; capsule 
 ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx. In sandy soil, 111. to the N. W. Terr., 
 Tex., Ariz, and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. 
 
 An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light-brown herb, parasitic on the 
 roots of trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick 
 dense bracted spike, the bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Corolla strongly 
 2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip concave, nearly erect, emarginate, 
 the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted; anther-sacs bristly pubescent. 
 Placentae about equidistant; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate. Capsule 
 ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a scaly cone.] Two known species, one oi 
 eastern N. Am., the other Mexican. 
 
 i. Conopholis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. (I. F. f. 3363). 
 Plants 7-25 cm. high from a thickened base, light brown, usually clustered, covered 
 with stiff imbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate or ovate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, 
 the lowest much shorter; flowers about 12 mm. long, exceedingly numerous in the 
 dense spike which is 1-2 cm. thick; corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the 
 calyx; anthers sagittate; capsule ovoid-globose, 8-10 mm. high. In rich woods at 
 bases of trees, Canada?; Me. to Mich, and Fla. April-Aug. 
 
 4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. [EPIFAGUS Nutt.] 
 
 An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiff branching herb, 
 parasitic on the roots of the beech, with few small scattered scales, and sessile 
 dimorphous flowers, distantly spicate on the branches, the lower cleistogamous, 
 abundantly fertile, the upper complete but mostly sterile. Calyx short, 5 toothed. 
 Corolla of the upper flowers cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much 
 longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe concave, larger than the three lower 
 ones; stamens not exserted; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; style filiform, 
 2-lobed; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the base. Corolla of 
 the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit of the 
 ovary; style very short; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsule at length 2-valved 
 at the summit. [Greek referring to the small calyx.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.) Raf. BEECH-DROPS. (I. F. f. 3364.) 
 Plant 1.5-6 dm. high from a thick scaly base, the roots brittle, fibrous. Branches 
 straight, ascending; corolla of the upper flowers 8-10 mm. long, striped with 
 purple and white, the limb not spreading; stamens about as long as the corolla; 
 style slightly exserted; lower flowers 3 mm. long, the corolla resembling the 
 calyptraof a moss; capsule 6 mm. high, somewhat oblique and compressed, many- 
 seeded. In beech woods, N. B. to Fla., Ont., Mich., Mo. and La. Aug-Oct. 
 
 Family 12. BIGNONlACEAE Pers. 
 
 Trumpet-creeper Family. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with oppo- 
 site (rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered, 
 more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther- 
 be;iring stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the coroha and alternate 
 with its lobes; anthers 3-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, Disk 
 
BIGNONIACEAE. 851 
 
 Annular or cup-like. Ovary mostly 2-celled ; placentae parietal, or on 
 the partition-wall of the ovary ; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous; 
 style slender ; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat, 
 transverse, winged in our genera; endosperm none; cotyledons' broad 
 and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed ; radicle short, straight. About 60 gen- 
 era and 500 species of wide distribution in tropical regions, a few in the 
 temperate zones. 
 
 Leaves compound; anther-bearing stamens 4; our species vines. 
 
 Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. 
 
 1. Bignonia. 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 
 
 2. Tecoma. 
 Leaves simple; anther-bearing stamens mostly 2; trees. 3. Catalpa, 
 
 1. BIGNONIA L. 
 
 Woody vines, with opposite 2-3-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet usually 
 reduced to a tendril (some tropical species with decompound or even simple leaves), 
 and large flowers. Calyx campanulate, the limb undulate, truncate or slightly 
 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded above the calyx, the limb some- 
 what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, 
 included-; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, septifragally dehiscent, 
 the margins of the valves more or less thickened. Seeds in I or 2 rows on both 
 margins of the partition, winged, much broader than high, the wing entire, or 
 erose at the end. [Named after the Abbe Bignon, 1662-1743, librarian to Louis 
 XV.] About 150 species, natives of America. The following is the only one 
 known in the U. S. 
 
 i. Bignonia crucigera L. TENDRILLED TRUMPET-FLOWER. CROSS VINE. 
 (I."F. f. 3365.) Glabrous, climbing, the stems sometimes I dm. in diameter, exhib- 
 iting a cross in the transverse section. Leaves petioled, commonly with small 
 simple stipule like ones in their axils, 2-foliolate, terminated by a branched tendril; 
 leaflets stalked, oblong or ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at 
 the base, 7-17 cm. long; cymes numerous, short- peduncled, 2-5-flowered; pedi- 
 cels 2-5 cm. long; calyx membranous; corolla 5 cm. long, orange and puberulent 
 without, yellow within; capsule 13-17 cm. long, very flat, each valve longitudinally 
 I -nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly winged above and below. In 
 moist woods, Va. to Fla., La., Ohio and 111. April-June. 
 
 2. TECOMA Juss. 
 
 Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, or erect shrubs, with opposite pin- 
 nately compound or sometimes simple leaves, and large red or orange flowers, in 
 terminal corymbs, racemes, or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate, unequally 
 5 toothed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly campanu- 
 late, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther-bearing 
 stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs divergent, 
 glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsule elongated, loculicidally and septicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds in i, 2 or several rows on each side of the margins of the parti- 
 tion, winged, the wing translucent. [From the Aztec name Tecomaxochitl.] 
 About 80 species, of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Tacoma radicans (L.) DC. TRUMPET-FLOWER. TRUMPET-CREEPER. 
 (I. F. f, 3366.) Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 2-4 dm. long; 
 leaflets 7-11, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked, sharply serrate, reticulate-veined, 
 glabrous, or pubescent on the veins beneath, acute or acuminate, 3-7 cm. long; 
 flowers corymbose, short-pedicelled ; corymbs 2-g-flowered ; calyx coriaceous, 
 about 2.5 cm. long; corolla scarlet, 6-7 cm. long, the tube veined within, 3 times 
 as long as the limb; anther-sacs glabrous ; stigma spatulate; capsule stalked, 10-15 
 cm. long, 2 cm. in diameter, narrowed at both ends, little flattened, ridged above 
 and below by the margins of the valves; seeds in several rows on each surface of 
 the partition, broadly winged laterally, the wing eroded. In moist woods an.4 
 
852 FLORA. 
 
 thickets, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Tex., Kans. and 111. Escaped from cultivation 
 further north. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 i. CATALPA Scop. 
 
 Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple 
 petioled leaves, and large white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles, or corymbs. 
 Calyx closed in the bud, splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla- 
 tube oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their mar- 
 gins crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the 
 corolla; anther-sacs glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (stami- 
 nodia) 3, short (or occasionally 4 perfect didynamous stamens and I staminodium). 
 Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2 -celled; ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the 
 partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, 
 the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes. [The American Indian 
 name of the first species below.] About 7 species, the following in N. Am., 2 in 
 eastern Asia, 2 or 3 in the W. Ind. 
 
 Corolla thickly spotted within, 2.5-4 cm - l n g. the lower lobe entire, i. C. Catalpa. 
 Corolla little spotted, 5 cm. long, the lower lobe emarginate. 2. C. sptciosa. 
 
 1. Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. CANDLE-TREE. 
 BEAN-TREE. (I. F. f. 3367.) A tree, with thin flaky bark, the branches spread- 
 ing. Leaves strong-scented, broadly ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, 
 densely pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous above, obtuse at the base, 1.5-3 dm. 
 long, the lobes, when present, acuminate; petioles .stout, nearly as long as the 
 blade; flowers white, numerous, mottled with yellow and purple within, in large 
 terminal erect panicles; corolla-tube campanulate, the lower lobe entire; capsules 
 2.5-3.3 dm. long, 8-IO mm. thick, thin-walled, drooping. In woods in the Galf 
 States. Escaped from cultivation northward as far as Penn. and southern N. Y. 
 June-July. [C. bignonioides Walt.] 
 
 2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. CATAWBA TREE. LARGER INDIAN BEAN. 
 (I. F. f. 3368.) A tree, with thick rough bark, similar to the preceding. Leaves 
 not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate, commonly entire, long- acuminate; panicles 
 few-flowered; corolla faintly mottled within, the tube obconic, the limb only slight- 
 ly oblique, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick- walled, 2.5-5 dm. long, near- 
 ly 2 cm. in diameter. In woods, III. to Term., Mo. and Ark. May-June. 
 
 Family 13. MARTYNIACEAE Link. 
 
 Unicorn-plant Family. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and perfect ir- 
 regular flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4~5-cleft or 
 4-5 parted, or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 
 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile; 
 anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled, 
 with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces, or 2-4-celled 
 by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions ; ovules, anat- 
 ropous, style slender; stigma 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Seeis con* 
 pressed; endosperm none; embryo large ; cotyledons fleshy, flat ; ra 
 dicle short, straight. Three genera and 10 species, mainly tropical. 
 
 i. MARTYNIA L. 
 
 Coarse glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with long-petioled 
 leaves, and large flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx i-2-bracteolate at the 
 base, campanulate, inflated, deciduous. Corolla funnelform- campanulate. Anthers 
 gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary i -celled, the 2 parietal placentae in- 
 truded and expanded in the center of the cavity into broad surfaces bearing the 
 ovules in i or 2 rows, Fruit an incurved beaked locuUcidally 2-valved capsule, 
 
ACANTHACEAE. 853 
 
 the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also 
 above, 4-celled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. 
 [Named for John Marty n, 1693-1768, professor of botany at Cambridge, England.] 
 About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the 
 southwestern U. S. 
 
 I. Martynia Louisiana Mill. UNICORN-PLANT. ELEPHANT'S TRUNK. DOU- 
 BLE CLAW. (I. F. f. 3369.) Annual; stem stout, the branches prostrate or ascend, 
 ing, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, 
 cordate at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 0.7-3 dm. in diameter, the petiole 
 stout; calyx somewhat cleft on the lower side; racemes several- flowered; pedicels 
 slender; corolla whitish or yellowish, mottled with purple or yellow within, 35 cm. 
 long, the lobes obtuse; fruit curved, 1-1.5 dm. l n g> the beak longer than the 
 body, splitting into 2 elastically diverging segments, the endocarp crested on the 
 under side. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Me. to N. J. and N. Car. 
 Native from Iowa, 111. and Kans. southward. July-Sept. [J/. proboscidca Glox. j 
 
 Family 14. ACANTHACEAE J. St. HiL 
 
 Acanthus Family. 
 
 Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite 
 simple exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. 
 Calyx inferior, persistent, 4~5-parted or 4-$-cleft, the sepals or segments 
 imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped. 
 Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anther-sacs longitu- 
 dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2-10 
 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; style filiform, simple; 
 stigmas i or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. 
 Seeds not winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the 
 placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral 
 threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following genera 
 none; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 1800 
 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 
 
 Coroj] a convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. 
 
 Ovules 2 in each cavity ; capsule 2~4-?eeded. I. Calophanes, 
 
 Ovules 3-10 in each cavitv; capsule 6-2o-seeded. 2. Ruellia. 
 Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped: stamens 2. 
 
 Lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft; flowers bracted, not involucrate. 3. Dianthera. 
 
 Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed ; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedium. 
 
 x. CALOPHANES D. Don. 
 
 Perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones sometimes fascicled 
 in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, axillary bracted flowers. Calyx 
 deeply 5 -cleft, the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the tube slightly curved, 
 the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes rounded. Stamens in- 
 cluded; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Summit of the style recurved; stigma 
 simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base. 
 Seeds flat, orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, beautiful 
 appearance.] About 30 species, of wide distribution. Besides the following, 4 
 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Calophanes oblongifblia (Michx.) D. Don. CALOPHANES. (I. F. f. 3370.) 
 Rootstocks horizontal, slender. Stems slender below, pubescent or puberulent, ob- 
 tusely 4-angled, 1.5-4 dm. high. Leaves ascending or erect, oblong or oval, 
 rounded at the apex, short-petioled, or sessile, 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers commonly 
 solitary in the axils; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute, exceeding the oblong obtuse 
 bractlets; corolla blue, or mottled with purple, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, its tube enlarged 
 above; capsule oblong, about one-half the length of the calyx; anther-sacs mucronate- 
 aristate at the base. In sandy pine barrens, Va. to Fla. June-Sept 
 
854 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 a. RUELLIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or larely dentate 
 leaves and large flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in terminal 
 panicles. Calyx 5 -cleft, or 5 -parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelfonn or 
 salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading. 5- 
 lobed, the lobes obtuse. Anther-sacs not mucronate at the base. Apex of the style 
 recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club shaped. 
 Seeds compressed, ovate or orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. 
 [Named for I. De la Ruelle, 1474-1537. an early French herbalist.] About 200 
 species, mainly of tropical America. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in 
 the southern U. S. 
 
 Flowers sessile or nearly so. 
 
 Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule, i. R. strepens. 
 Calyx-segments filiform-linear, exceeding the capsule. 
 
 Leaves sessile or very short-petioled. 2. R. ctliosa. 
 
 Leaves slender-petioled. 3. R. parviflora. 
 
 Flowers peduncled ; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit. 4. R. pedunculata. 
 
 1. Ruellia strepens L. SMOOTH RUELLIA. (I. F. f. 3371.) Glabrate, or 
 somewhat pubescent; stem 4-sided, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, 
 petioled, acute or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long; flow- 
 ers solitary or several together in the axils; calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, 
 shorter than the corolla- tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate, 1.5-2. 5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. 
 wide; corolla blue, 3-5 cm. long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about as long 
 as the throat and limb; capsule club-shaped. In dry woods, Penn. to Wis., Fla. 
 and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Ruellia strepens micrdntha (Engelm. & Gray) Britton. Flowers mostly cleistoga- 
 mous ; leaves often narrower. Range of the type. 
 
 2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. HAIRY RUELLIA. (I. F. f. 3372.) Hirsute 
 or pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves hairy, ciliate, oblong, oval, or ovate, sessile or 
 short-petioled, obtuse or subacute, 3-7 cm. long; flowers clustered or solitary in 
 the axils, sometimes cleistogamous; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute, 2-2.5 cm. 
 long, 0.5 mm. wide; corolla blue, 3.5-5 cm. long, the tube equalling or longer 
 than the obconic throat and nearly regular limb; capsule shorter than the calyx, 
 In dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Fla., Mich., Kans. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Ruellia parviflora (Nees) Britton. SOUTHERN RUELLIA. Less pubescent 
 than the preceding, sometimes merely puberulent. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5-12 
 cm. long, acute, or the lower obtuse ; calyx-segments nearly filiform, ciliate. In 
 woods and thickets Md. to W.Va., Fla. and Tex. May -Aug. 
 
 4. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. STALKED RUELLIA. (I. F. f. 3373.) Finely 
 pubescent, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the larger 5-8 cm. long; peduncles 
 2-8 cm. long, with 2 leaf-like bracts at the summit which subtend a solitary flower, 
 or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled ones with pedicels similarly bracted; calyx- segments 
 awnlike, equalling the narrow corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla funnelform, 3-5 cm. 
 long; capsule about 2 cm. long, puberulent, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Mo. 
 to Ark. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 3. DIANTHERA L. 
 
 Herbs, mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and very irregular 
 flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted, the 
 segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or as- 
 cending, concave; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat 
 of the corolla, not exceeding the upper lip; anther-sacs slightly divergent, not 
 mucronate, separated by a rather broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the 
 ovary; style slender. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4- 
 seeded. Seeds flat, orbkutar or ovate, the placentae not separating from the walls 
 of the capsule. [Greek, double anthers.] About 100 species, mostly of tropical 
 Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
PHRYMACEAE. 855 
 
 Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong. I. D. Americana. 
 Flowers in loose spikes. 
 
 Flowers in pairs in the spikes. 2. D. ovata. 
 
 Flowers scattered singly along the spikes. 3. D. lanceolata. 
 
 1. Dianthera Americana L. DENSE-FLOWERED WATER WILLOW. (I. F. f. 
 3374.) Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, angled, slender, usually simple, 3-9 dm. 
 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 
 entire, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or sessile ; flowers violet, or nearly 
 white, capitate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary peduncles; bractlets linear- 
 subulate, shorter than the flowers; corolla 10-12 mm. long, its tube shorter than 
 the lips, the base of the lower lip rough and palate- like; capsule 12 mm. long, ex- 
 ceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length of the slightly compressed body. In 
 water and wet places, Ont. to Mich., Kans., Ga. and Tex. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Dianthera ovata Walt. LOOSE-FLOWERED WATER WILLOW. (I. F. f. 
 3375.) Perennial, glabrous; stem ascending or erect from a horizontal base, 1.5-5 
 dm. high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-petioled, or sessile, ovate, 
 oblong, oval to elliptic-obovate, 2-8 cm. long, 8-35 mm. wide; flowers in loose 
 slender-peduncled axillary spikes; peduncles shorter than or little exceeding the 
 leaves; calyx-segments narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts and bractlets; 
 corolla pale purple, 8-10 mm. long; capsule 10-12 mm. long. In wet soil, Va. 
 to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Dianthera lanceolaca v Chapm.) Small. NARROW-LEAVED WATER WIL- 
 LOW. Perennial, often minutely puberulent; stems erect or spreading, 1-3 dm. 
 long. Leaves linear to linear-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate. 3-10 cm. long, often 
 acuminate, undulate, sessile, or nearly so; spikes slender, 3-10 cm. long, the 
 flowers scattered singly and quite evenly along one side of the peduncle; calyx- 
 segments narrowly linear, 5-7 mm. long; corolla about I cm. long, the lips nearly 
 as long as the tube, which is saccate ut the b;ise; capsules about 1.5 cm. long, the 
 body as long as the stipe-like base or shorter. In swampy grounds, Mo. to Tenn., 
 Fla. and Tex. May-Aug. (D. ovata var. lanceolata Chapm.) 
 
 4. DIAPEDIUM Konig. [DICLIPTERA Juss ] 
 
 Herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and blue, red, or violet flowers, subtended by 
 involucres of 2-4 bracts, the inflorescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres 
 subtending i flower or several. Calyx 4-5 -cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. 
 Corolla -tube slender, slightly enlarged above; upper lip erect, concave, interior in 
 the bud; lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2; anther-sacs paral- 
 lel, sometimes unequal, separated by a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 
 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, 2-4-seeded. 
 Placentae separating elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, 
 nearly orbicular. About 60 species, of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
 following, 4 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh) Kuntze. DIAPEDIUM. (I. F. f. 3376.) 
 Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long- petioled, acuminate or acute, 
 7-15 cm. long; inflorescence paniculate, the involucres i-4-flowered, each of 2 
 oblong or obovate, opposite bracts; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pink or purple, the 
 lips about as long as the slender tube; upper lip 2-3-toothed, the lower entire; 
 capsule oblong, 4 6 mm. high, a little longer than the involucre, the valves slightly 
 divergent in dehiscence, the placentae curving upward and remaining attached to 
 their summits. In moist thickets, Kans. and Ind. Terr, to Tex., Fla. and N. Car. 
 July-Oct. 
 
 Family 15. PHRYMACEAE Schauer. 
 Lopseed Family. 
 
 An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite mem- 
 branous simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in 
 slender elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cIeft, 
 the teeth setaceous ; lower lip much shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subu- 
 
856 FLORA. 
 
 late. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, con- 
 cave, emarginate ; lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3-lobed, the lobes 
 obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, i-celled; 
 ovule i, orihotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx 
 reflexed in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, 
 closed and its teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute ; radicle 
 superior. Consists of the following : 
 
 I. PHRYMA L. 
 
 A monotypic genus of eastern N. Am., eastern and central Asia. 
 
 I. Phryma Leptostachya L. LOPSEED. (I. F. f. 3377.) Puberulent; stem 
 somewhat 4- sided, sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched above, the 
 branches slender, elongated, divergent. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, coarsely 
 dentate, 5-15 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly sessile; spikes 
 very narrow, 7-15 cm. long; flowers about 6 mm. long, mostly opposite, distant, 
 borne on very short minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon spreading, 
 the calyx, after flowering, abruptly reflexed against the axis of the spike. In 
 woods and thickets, Can. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. June- Aug. 
 
 Order 6. PLANTAGINALES. 
 
 Only the following family: 
 
 Family i. PLANT AGINACEAE Lindl.* 
 Plantain Family. 
 
 Herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate 
 leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate 
 in spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, peristent, 
 the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous, 
 mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only i in an Andean 
 genus), inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, 
 exserted or included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs logitudinally 
 dehiscent. Ovary sessile, superior, i-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. 
 Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules i-several 
 in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, cir- 
 cumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 
 i-several in each cavity of the fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons nar- 
 row; radicle short, mostly straight. Three genera and over 200 species, 
 of wide distribution. 
 
 Flowers in spikes or heads ; fruit a pyxis. i. Plantago. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among the 
 
 linear leaves" ; fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella* 
 
 i. PLANTAGO L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Leafy -stemmed, short-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, with opposite, alternate 
 or basal leaves, bearing axillary or terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or 
 purplish flowers (flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, 
 or two of them larger. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the 
 throat, the limb spreading in anthesis, erect, spreading or reflexed in fruit, 4-lobed 
 or 4-parted. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 
 i-several in each cavity. Fruit a membranous pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds 
 various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name.] Over 200 
 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 28 others 
 
 * Prepared with the assistance of Mr. E. L. MORRIS. 
 
PLANTAG1NACEAE. 857 
 
 occur in the western and southwestern parts of N. Am. Known as Plantain, Rib- 
 wort or Road -weed. 
 
 * Stem acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes. 
 Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis. 
 Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong. 
 
 Seeds several or many in each pyxis. 
 
 Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. I. P. major. 
 
 Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. a. P. Rugelii. 
 Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. 
 
 Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed. 
 
 Seeds excavated on the inner side. 3. P. lanceolata, 
 
 Seeds flat or but slightly concave on the inner side. 
 Capsule equalling or a little longer than the calyx. 
 
 Spike very dense ; leaves pubescent. 4. P. media. 
 
 Lower flowers scattered ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 
 
 5. P. eriopoda. 
 
 Capsule twice as long as the calyx. 6. P. sparsiflora. 
 
 Leaves, or some of them, cordate ; veins starting from the midrib. 
 
 7. P. cordata. 
 Leaves linear or filiform. 
 
 Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. 8. P. maritima. 
 
 Leaves not fleshy ; plants not maritime. 
 
 Spike densely tomentose ; bracts usually not longer than flowers. 
 
 9. P. Purshii. 
 Plant light green and villous ; bracts twice as long as the flowers. 
 
 10. P. spinulosa. 
 Plant dark green and pubescent ; bracts much longer than the flowers. 
 
 11. P. arts tat a. 
 Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis. 
 
 Leaves spatulate to obovate ; stamens 4. 12. P. Virginica. 
 
 Leaves linear-filiform ; stamens 2. 
 
 Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx. 13. P. elongata. 
 
 Capsule 8-2o-seeded, twice as long as the calyx. 14. P. heterophylla. 
 
 * * Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at the ends of axillary peduncles. 
 
 15. P. arenaria 
 
 1. Plantago major L. COMMON, OR GREATER PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3378.) 
 Perennial, glabrous or pubescent; rootstook short, thick, erect. Leaves long- 
 petioled, mostly ovate, entire, or coarsely dentate, 2.5-25 cm. long, 3-ii-ribbed; 
 scapes 0.5-9 dm. high; spike linear-cylindric, usually dense, commonly bkmt, 
 5-25 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; flowers perfect, proterogy nous ; sepals broadly 
 ovate to obovate, scarious margined, one-half to two-thirds as long as the obtuse 
 or subacute, 5-i6-seeded pyxis; stamens 4. In waste places, nearly throughout 
 N. Am. Nat. from Europe, or perhaps indigenous in the far North and on salt 
 meadows. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Plantago Rugelii Dec. RUGEL'S PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3379.) Similar 
 to the preceding, the spikes less dense, at least toward the base, usually long-at- 
 tenuate at the summit, sometimes I cm. thick. Sepals oblong, prominently keeled 
 on the back; pyxis 4-6 mm. long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much 
 below the middle and entirely within the calyx, 4-iO-seeded; corolla-lobes spread- 
 ing or reflexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. In fields, woods and waste 
 places, Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. Petioles commonly purple 
 at the base. Usually brighter green and with thinner leaves than P. major. 
 June-Sept. 
 
 3 Plantago lanceolata L. RIBWORT. RIB-GRASS. (I. F. f. 3380.) 
 Perennial or biennial, pubescent; rootstock short, erect, with tufts of brown hairs 
 at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the 
 scapes, entire, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed into petioles, 3-5 -ribbed, 
 5-30 cm. long; scapes slender, channelled, sometimes 7.5 dm. tall; spikes dense, 
 at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and l-io cm. long in fruit, 8-12 mm. 
 thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous ; sepals ovate, with a narrow green midrib 
 and broad scarious margins, the two lower ones commonly united; corolla glabrous; 
 filaments white; pyxis oblong, very obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx, 
 circumscissile at about the middle. In fields and waste places, N. B. to the N W. 
 Terr., Br. Col., Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. April-Nov. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 4. Plantago media L. HOARY PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3381.) Perennial, the 
 short rootstock clothed with brown hairs. Leaves spreading, ovate, oblong or el- 
 liptic, entire, or repand-dentate, densely canescent, 5-7-ribbed, narrowed into 
 margined petioles: scapes slender, much longer than the leaves, 3-6 dm. tall; 
 spikes dense, cylindric, 2-8 cm. long in fruit; flowers perfect; sepals all distinct, 
 oblong, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous; 
 stamens pink or purple; pyxis oblong, obtuse. 2-4-seeded, the seeds concave on the 
 face; stamens 4. In waste places, Me., R. I., Ont. and N. Y. Adventive from 
 Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 5. Plantago eriopoda Torr. SALINE PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3382.) Perennial, 
 succulent; rootstock usually covered with long brown hairs among the bases 
 of the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, entire, or 
 repand-dentate, acute, narrowed into petioles, 5-9-ribbed, 0.7-3 dm. I n g glabrous 
 or nearly so; scapes stout, pubescent, longer than the leaves, 1.5-4.5 dm. high; 
 spikes 2-13 cm. long, dense above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers perfect; 
 sepals distinct, oblong-obovate with broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its 
 lobes spreading or reflexed; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third longer than 
 the calyx, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile below the middle. In maritime or saline soil, 
 N. S. and Quebec to Minn., Cal. and the N. W. Terr. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Plantago sparsiflora Michx. SOUTHERN PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3383.) 
 Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate; scapes slender, sometimes 6 dm. tall. Leaves 
 thin, oblong-lanceolate, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 5-7-ribbed, acute or acuminate, entire, 
 narrowed into slightly margined petioles; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 3 dm. 
 long; flowers perfect; sepals oblong or oval, rather rigid, with narrow scarious 
 margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes not erect over the fruit; pyxis oblong, 5 mm. 
 long, 2-seeded, circumscissile below the middle; seeds convex on the back, slightly 
 concave on the face. In sandy dry soil, N. Car. to Fla. and in southern 111. 
 
 7. Plantago cordate Lam. HEART-LEAVED PLANTAIN. WATER PLANTAIN. 
 (I. F. f. 3384.) Perennial, glabrous, purple-green; rootstock short, stout. Leaves 
 broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, pinnately veined, entire or dentate, rounded, 
 abruptly narrowed, or cordate at the base, often 2.5 dm. long; petioles stout, 
 margined above; scapes longer than the leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 
 3 dm. long, with interrupted clusters; flowers perfect; sepals ovate to obovate, ob- 
 tuse, green; corolla-lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid-globose, obtuse, circumscissile at 
 or slightly below the middle, 1-4- seeded; seeds not excavated on the face. In 
 swamps and along streams, N. Y. to Ala., Mo. and La. March -July. 
 
 8. Plantago maritima L. SEA or SEASIDE PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3385.) An- 
 nual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; rootstock sometimes with tufts of whitish hairs 
 among the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear, glabrous, obscurely nerved, sessile, 
 or narrowed into short margined petioles, 5-25 cm. long, entire, or with a very few 
 small teeth, 2-5 mm. wide; scapes slender, more or less pubescent, longer than or 
 equalling the leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, 2.5-13 cm. long; flowers 
 perfect; sepals ovate-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled; co- 
 rolla pjubescent without, its lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-4-seeded, 
 circumscissile at about the middle, nearly twice as long as the calyx; seeds nearly 
 flat on the face. In salt marshes and on seashores, Lab. to N. J., and on the 
 Pacific Coast from Alaska to Cal. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 9. Plantago Purshii R. & S. PURSH'S PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3386.) Annual, 
 woolly or silky, pale green; scapes slender, 5-35 cm. tall. Leaves ascending, 
 linear, acute or acuminate, narrowed into margined petioles, 3-nerved, 3-8 mm. 
 wide, entire, or rarely with a few small teeth; spikes usually dense, cylindric, 
 obtuse, 2.5-13 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, exceedingly villous; bracts rigid, 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers perfect but heterogonous, 
 many of them cleistogamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined; corolla- 
 lobes broadly ovate, spreading; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, 
 little exceeding the calyx, 2-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds con- 
 vex on the back, deeply concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies, 111. and 
 western Ont. to Br. Col., Tex. and Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 10. Plantago spinulosa Dec. SPINULOSE PLANTAIN. Intermediate in 
 aspect between the preceding and the following species. Annual, pubescent, pale 
 
PLANT A GIN A CEAE. 859 
 
 green, scapes 5-10 cm. high. Leaves nearly linear, acuminate, entire, 3-ribbed, 
 3-6 mm. wide; spikes rather interrupted, cylindric, villous; bracts pubescent, 
 linear, rather spreading, two to five times as long as the flowers; sepals spatulate- 
 oblong, obtuse, scarious, with green midribs; corolla-lobes ovate, obtuse, reflexed; 
 pyxis equalling the calyx, oval, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long, circumscissile at the middle. 
 Assiniboia to Mont, and S. Dak., southward to Tex. 
 
 11. Plantago aristata Michx. LARGE-BRACTED PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3387.) 
 Annual, dark green, pubescent; scapes stout, erect, 7-30 cm. tall, exceeding the 
 leaves. Leaves linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed into slender peti- 
 oles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed 1-5 mm. wide; spikes very dense, cylin- 
 dric, 3-12 cm. long, pubescent; bracts puberulent, linear, elongated, ascending, 
 the lower often 10 times as long as the flowers; pyxis 2-seeded; the seeds concave 
 on the face. On dry plains and prairies, 111. to 'La. and Tex., S. Dak., Br. Col. 
 and N. Mex. Also widely adventive as a weed in the eastern States from Me. to 
 Ga. May-Oct. 
 
 12. Plantago Virginica L. DWARF or WHITE DWARF PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 
 3388.) Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous; scapes erect, 2.5-45 cm. high, 
 much longer than the leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate, thin, entire, or repand- 
 denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile, 3-5 -nerved; spikes 
 dense, or the lower flowers scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 6-8 mm. thick, 
 flowers imperfectly dioecious; corolla-lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent 
 on the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile spreading; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, 
 about as long as the calyx, 2-4-seeded. In dry soil, Conn, to Fla., 111., Mo., 
 Ariz, and Mex. March-July. 
 
 Plantago occidentals Decne. (P. Virginica var. longifolia A. Gray), of the South- 
 west, with larger leaves, longer spikes, and larger flowers may be specifically distinct. 
 It is reported from Missouri. 
 
 13. Plantago elongata Pursh. SLENDER PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3389.) An- 
 nual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 5-18 cm. high, longer than the linear-filiform, 
 mostly entire, blunt, obscurely i-nerved leaves. Leaves about i mm. wide; spikes 
 slender, linear, rather loosely flowered, 1-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; flowers im- 
 perfectly dioecious, or polygamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long as the 
 bract, scarious-margined; corolla- lobes of the more fertile plants becoming erect 
 over the pyxis; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, circumscissile at about the middle; 
 seeds nearly flat on both sides. In dry sandy soil, Conn, to N. Y., Va., La., 111., 
 S. Dak. and Tex. April-Aug. 
 
 14. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. MANY-SEEDED PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3390.) 
 Annual, similar to the preceding, but glabrous or slightly puberulent; scapes 5-25 
 cm. long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger about 4 mm. wide, entire 
 or often with distant small teeth or linear lobes; spikes loose, linear, 1-13 cm. long; 
 sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, mostly shorter than the bract; corolla- 
 lobes in the more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; pyxis oblong, sub- 
 acute, circumscissile rather below the middle; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely 
 concave on the face. In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., Tenn., Tex. and Cal. April- 
 July. 
 
 15. Plantago arenaria W. & K. SAND PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 3391.) Annual, 
 pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem commonly becoming much branched, leafy, 0.7-4 
 dm. high. Leaves opposite, orwhorled. narrowly linear, entire, sessile, 2-8 cm. long, 
 about 2 mm. wide; peduncles axillary, often umbellate at the ends of the branches, 
 slender; heads of flowers 1-2 cm. long, about I cm. thick: lower bracts acute or 
 acuminate; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla-lobes acute; capsule 2-seeded. Dayton, 
 Ohio. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. LITTORE'LLA L. 
 
 A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal leaves and monoecious 
 flowers, the staminate solitary or two together at the summits of slender scapes, the 
 pistillate sessile among the leaves. Sepals 4. Corolla of the staminate flowers 
 with a somewhat urceolate tube, and a spreading 4-lobed limb. Corolla of the 
 pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 3-4 toothed. Staminate flowers with 4 long-exserted 
 stamens, their filaments filiform, the anthers ovate. Pistillate flowers with a single 
 
86o FLORA. 
 
 ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent I-seeded nutlet 
 [Latin, shore.] A monotypic genus of Europe and N. Am. 
 
 i. Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers. PLANTAIN SHORE- WEED. SHORE-GRASS. 
 (I. F. f. 3392.) Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright green, 2-8 cm. 
 long, 1-2 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, mostly longer than the scapes of the 
 staminate flowers, which bear a small bract at about the middle; sepals lanceolate, 
 mostly obtuse, sometimes only 3 in the fertile flowers; stamens conspicuous, 8-12 
 mm. long; corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistillate flowers very small; nutlet about 
 2 mm. long. Borders of lakes and ponds, Me. and Vt. to N. S. and Ont. July- 
 Aug. [L. lacustris L.J 
 
 Order 7. RUBIALES. 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous. Anthers separate, the stamens as many as 
 the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaa of the 
 Capri foliaceae) or twice as many. Ovary compound, inferior, adnate to 
 the calyx-tube. Ovules i or more in each cavity of the ovary. Leaves 
 opposite or verticillate. 
 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 
 
 Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. i. Rubiaceae. 
 
 Leaves usually estipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 2. Caprifoliaccat. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herb with ternately divided leaves. 
 
 Fam. 3. Adoxaceae. 
 
 Family i. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. 
 Madder Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticil- 
 late, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimor- 
 phous, regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
 ovary, its limb various. Corolla funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, 
 or rotate, 4-5 lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and 
 alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary i-io-celled ; 
 style simple or lobed ; ovules i-oo in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, 
 or drupe. Seeds various; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous; endo- 
 sperm fleshv or horny (wanting in some exotic genera) ; cotyledons ovate, 
 cordate, or foliaceous. 
 
 About 355 genera and 5500 species of wide distribution. 
 
 * Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3), 
 Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; herbs. 
 
 Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate. i. Houstonta. 
 
 Capsule wholly adnate to the ovary; seeds minute, angular. 2. Oldenlandia. 
 Ovules i in each cavity of the ovary. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees ; flowers in dense globular heads. 3. Cephalanthus* 
 
 Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united. 4. Mitchella. 
 Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. 
 
 Capsule separating into 2 dehiscent carpels. 5. Spermacoce. 
 
 Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels. 6. Diodia. 
 
 ** Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7. 
 
 Corolla rotate; calyx-teeth minute or none. 7. Galium. 
 Corolla funnelform. 
 
 Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. Sherardia. 
 
 Flowers in panicles. 9. Asperula. 
 
 I. HOUSTONIA L. 
 
 Usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small blue 
 purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, 
 the lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate. 
 Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Style 
 slender ; ovules numerous; stigmas 2, linear. Capsule partly inferior, its summit 
 
RUBIACEAE. 86l 
 
 free from the calyx, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally 
 dehiscent above. Seeds peltate, concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or 
 roughened; endosperm horny; embryo club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. 
 William Houston, botanist and collector in South America, died 1733.] About 25 
 species, of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 * Plants 2.5-18 cm. high; peduncles i-flowered. 
 Peduncles filiform, 2.5-6 cm. long. 
 
 Erect; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles. i. //. coerulea. 
 
 Diffuse or spreading ; leaves nearly orbicular. 2. H. serpyllifolia, 
 
 Peduncles 0.6-3.5 cm l n > stouter. 
 
 Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule. 3. H. minor. 
 
 Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule. 4. H. minima. 
 
 ** Plants 10-45 cm - high; flowers cymose. 
 
 Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, 2 to 3 times as long as the capsule. 5. H. lanceolate 
 Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, scarcely longer than the capsule. 
 
 Leaves broad, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate. 6. H purpurea. 
 
 Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate. 7. H. ciliolata. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate. 8. H. longifolia. 
 
 Leaves filiform or narrowly linear. 
 
 Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled. 
 
 9. H. tenuifolia, 
 Flowers densely cymose on very short pedicels ; leaves usually fascicled. 
 
 10. H. angustifolia. 
 
 1. Houstonia coerulea L. BLUETS. INNOCENCE. (I. F. f. 3393.) Erect, 
 7-18 cm. high, glabrous, or nearly so, perennial by slender rootstocks, forming 
 dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about 12 mm. long, 
 sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile; 
 flowers solitary on filiform peduncles; corolla salverform, violet, blue, or white, with 
 a yellow center, 8-12 mm. broad, its tube slender and about the length of the lobes; 
 capsule didymous, compressed, about 4 mm. broad, broader than long, the upper 
 half free from the calyx and shorter than its lobes. In open grassy places, or on 
 wet rocks, N. S. to Quebec, Mich., Ga. and Ala. April-July, or producing a few 
 flowers through the summer. 
 
 2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. THYME-LEAVED BLUETS. (I. F. f. 
 3394.) Perennial; stems prostrate or diffuse, slender, glabrous, 1-2.5 dm. lng. 
 Leaves orbicular or broadly oval, abruptly petiole'd, 6-8 mm. long, somethnes hi- 
 spidulous, or those of the flowering stems narrower, distant ; corolla usually deep 
 blue, 8-12 mm. broad, its tube rather shorter than the lobes; capsule similar to that 
 of the preceding, but usually slightly larger, nearly as long as the calyx. Moun- 
 tains of Penn., Va. and W. Va. to S. Car. and Tenn. May. 
 
 3. Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britton. SMALL BLUETS. (I. F. f. 3395.) 
 Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched from the base, 2-15 cm. high. Ix>werand 
 basal leaves oval or ovate, 10-12 mm. long, narrowed into petioles, the upper nar- 
 rower and sessile; corolla violet-blue or purple, 6-8 mm. broad, its tube about equal- 
 ling the lobes; capsule compressed, didymous, 5-6 mm. broad, its upper part free 
 from the calyx. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Ark. and Tex. March-April. 
 
 4. Houstonia minima Beck. LEAST BLUETS. (I. F. f. 3396.) Annual, 
 spreading or diffuse, 2.5-6.5 cm. high, roughish. Lower and basal leaves oval or 
 ovate, the upper oblong, sessile; flowers 8-IO mm. broad; corolla violet or purple, 
 the tube longer than the lobes; capsule didymous, compressed, about 6 mm. broad, 
 its upper part free from the calyx. In dry soil, Mo. and 111. to Kans., Ark. and 
 Tex. March-April. 
 
 5. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Eritton. CALYCOSE HOUSTONIA. Gla- 
 brous, or pubescent, perennial, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceo- 
 late, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles. Corolla little ex- 
 ceeding the calyx; capsule about 3 mm. in diameter, much shorter than the lanceo- 
 late rigid calyx-lobes. N. C. to Ala., Ky., Tenn. and Mo. May-June. [H. pur- 
 purea calycosa A. Gray.] 
 
 6. Houstonia purpurea L. LARGE HOU?TONJA. (I. F. f. 3397.) Peren- 
 nial, tufted, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 1-4.5 dm. high- Leaves sessile, or 
 the lower ones short-petioled, 3~5-nerved, 1-5 cm. long, the margins often ciliate; 
 pedicels 2-8 mm. long; corolla purple or lilac, funnelform, 6-8 mm. long, the tube 
 
862 , FLORA. 
 
 at least twice as long as the lobes; capsule compressed- globose, 3 mm. broad, some. 
 what didymous, its upper half free, shorter than the subulate-linear calyx-lobes. 
 In open places, Md. to Ky., Ga. and Ala. May-Sept. 
 
 Houstonia purpurea pubescens Bnltun. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong- 
 lanceolate. Va. 
 
 7. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. FRINGED HOUSTONIA. (I. F. f. 3398.) 
 Perennial, tufted, 1-2 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, thick, I- 
 nerved, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, their margins conspicuously 
 ciliate; stem leaves oblong or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so; pedicels filiform, 
 2-8 mm. long; corolla fuimelform, lilac or pale purple, about 6 mm. long, the lobes 
 about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, obscurely didy- 
 mous, 3 mm wide, overtopped by the linear- lanceolate calyx-lobes. On rocks and 
 shores, Me (?), Out. to Mich., Perm., W. Va., Ky. and Ark. May-Aug. 
 
 8. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. LONG-LEAVED HOUSTONIA. (I. F. f. 3399.) 
 Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous, 1.2-2.5 dm. high- Basal leaves spatu- 
 late or oblanceolate, obtuse, not ciliate, short-petioled; stem leaves linear or linear- 
 oblong, i-nerved, 1-2.5 cm - l n g 2 ~5 mm - wide; corolla pale purple or nearly 
 white, 5-6 mm. long, its lobes about one-third the length oi the tube; capsule little 
 compressed, globose-ovoid, about 2 mm. in diameter, its upper half free and much 
 exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. In dry open places, Me. and Ont. to Mani- 
 toba, Ga. and Mo. May-Sept. 
 
 9. Housionia tenuifoha Nutt. SLENDER- LEAVED HOUSTONIA. (I. F. f. 
 3400.) Perennial, somewhat tufted, slender, branching, erect, glabrous, 1. 5 -3 dm. 
 high, sometimes pubescent btiuw. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate or oval, 
 obtuse, petioled, 8-12 mm. long; upper leaves narrowly linear or filiform, blunt, 
 1-3 cm. long, 13 mm. wide; pedicels filiform, 4-12 mm. long; corolla purple, 
 narrow, 46 mm. long, its lobes short; capsule compressed-globose, didynamous, 
 about 2 mm. in diameter, its upper half free and slightly exceeded by the subulate 
 caly* \obes. In dry soil, Va. to Ohio, N. Car. and Tenn. May-July. 
 
 10. Honstonia ang-tistifolia Michx. NARROW-LEAVED HOUSTONIA. (I. F. f. 
 3401.) Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually branched, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves linear, 1-3.5 cm - l n g 2 ~4 mm - wide, or the lowest narrowly spatu- 
 late, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on short axillary branches; 
 corolla white or purplish, between funnelform and salverform, about 4 mm. long, 
 its lobes shorter than the tube;' capsule compressed-obovoid, 3 mm. wide, its sum- 
 mit free and scarcely exceeded by the calyx-lobes. In dry open places, 111. to 
 Mo., Kans., Tex., Tenn. and P'la. May-July. 
 
 2. OLDENLANDIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white or pink flowers. Calyx-'tubc obo- 
 voidor subglobose, the limb 4- toothed. Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Sta- 
 mens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2 -celled; 
 ovuies numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed. Capsule small, ovoid, top- 
 shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx -tube, loculicidally dehiscent at 
 the summit. Seeds angular, not peltate; endosperm fleshy; embryo club-shaped. 
 [Named for H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist.] About 175 species, mostly of 
 tropical distribution. Besides the following 2 others occur in the Southern States 
 and i in N. Mex. 
 
 i. Oldenlandia uniflora L. CLUSTERED BLUETS. (1. F. f. 3402.) Annual, 
 weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-pubescent, diffuse or ascending; stems 
 2.5-35 cm. long. Leaves short petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3~5-nerved, 
 ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1-2.15 cm. long; 
 flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about 2 mm. broad, terminal and axillary, clus- 
 tered or solitary; calyx hirsute, hemispheric in fruit, the ovate or oval lobes erect 
 and nearly equalling the tube. In low grounds, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. Also in 
 Cuba. June-Sept. 
 
 3. CEPHALA'NTHUS L. 
 
 Shrubs, or sometimes small trees, with opposite or verticillate entire deciduous 
 leaves, and densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx- 
 tube obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla tubular-furmelform, with 
 
RUBIACEAE. 863 
 
 4 short lob**". Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; 
 anthers ouiong, 2 -cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each 
 cavity, pendulous; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyrami- 
 dal, i-2-seeded. Endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, 
 .head-flower.] About 7 species, natives of America and Asia. 
 
 i. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. BUTTON-BUSH. (I. F. f. 3403.) A shrub, 
 or rarely a small tree, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate 
 or oval, entire, acuminate or acute, 7-15 cm. long, 2-6.5 cm - wide; peduncles 
 28 cm. long; heads globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the receptacle pubescent; 
 flowers sessile, white, 8-12 mm. long; style about twice the length .of the corolla; 
 calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to 
 Ont., Wis., Neb., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba. June-Sept. 
 
 4. MITCHELLA L. 
 
 Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, 
 and white peduncled geminate dimorphous flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx- 
 tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 
 4-lobed, the lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the 
 lobes of the corolla and inserted on its throat; filaments short and style exserted, 
 or filaments exserted and style short. Ovary 4-celled; stigmas 4, short, filiform; 
 ovules i in each cavity, erect, anatropous. Fruit composed of 2 united drupes 
 usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect; cotyledons short, obtuse; em- 
 bryo minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent of Lin- 
 naeus in Virginia.] Two species, one N. American, the other Japanese. 
 
 i. Mitchella repens L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY. TWIN-BERRY. (I. F. f. 3404.) 
 Stems slender, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-3 dm. long, branching, glabrous, or slightly 
 pubescent. Leaves ovate- orbicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some- 
 what cordate at the base, 6-20 mm. long, dark green, shining; peduncles shorter 
 than the leaves, bearing 2 sessile flowers at the summit; corolla 10-12 mm. long; 
 drupes red (rarely white), broader than high. 4-8 mm. in diameter, persistent 
 through the winter, edible. In woods, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and Tex. 
 April-June, sometimes flowering a second time in the autumn. 
 
 6. SPERMACOCE L. 
 
 Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite stipulate leaves, and small white flowers, in 
 dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or obconic, its limb 
 4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules i in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate, 
 or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 dehiscent carpels, or one 
 dehiscent, the other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm 
 horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp 
 calyx teeth surmounting the carpels.] Two species, natives of America. 
 
 i. Spermacoce glabra Michx. SMOOTH BUTTON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3405.) 
 Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, 2.5-5 dm - lon g- Leaves lanceolate or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, 2-8 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, acute 
 at each end. the margins rough; corolla pubescent in the throat, about 3 mm. long, 
 scarcely exceeding the ovate-lanceolate acute calyx-teeth; stamens and style inclu- 
 ded; capsule obovoid, about 4 mm. long, glabrous; seeds black, punctate. On 
 river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ky. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Also 
 in tropical Am. June-Sept. 
 
 6. DIODIA L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire stipulate leaves, and small axillary 
 white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx-tube obconic or obovoid, the limb 2-4-lobed 
 (sometimes i-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the lobes. Corolla funnel- 
 form or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the throat of 
 the corolla; filaments slender: anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary 
 2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled); ovules i in each cavity; style filiform, simple, or 2-cleft; 
 stigmas 2. Fruit 2-celled, finally separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Seed 
 oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; cotyledons foliaceous; embryo 
 
864 FLORA. 
 
 straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are frequently found. ] About 
 35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the South- 
 ern States-. 
 
 Leaves linear- lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. i. D. tercs. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D, Virginiana. 
 
 1. Diodia teres Walt. ROUGH BUTTON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3406.) Rigid, 
 usually rough, much branched from near the base, the branches prostrate or ascend- 
 ing, 4-sided above, 1-7.5 dm. l n g- Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, very rough, 
 1-4 cm. long, acute, the margins revolute when dry; flowers lilac or purple, 
 4-6 mm. long, usually solitary in the axils; style entire; stigmas capitate; fruit 
 obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 4 mm. high, the usually 4 persistent calyx- 
 lobes ovate to lanceolate. In dry or sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., 111., Kans., Tex., 
 N. Mex. and Sonora. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Diodia Virginiana L. LARGER BUTTON- WEED. (I. F. f. 3407.) Hispid- 
 pubescent or glabrate, much branched from near the base, the branches procum- 
 bent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oval, narrowed at 
 the base, acute, or the lowest obtuse, 2-8 cm. long; flowers I or 2 in each axil, 
 about 12 mm. long, the corolla-tube very slender; fruit somewhat fleshy, but becom- 
 ing dry, hirsute or glabrous, oval, 68 mm. high, furrowed, crowned with the 2 
 or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist soil, southern N. J. to Fla., Ark. 
 and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 7. GALIUM L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate 
 leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, the 
 pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species dioe- 
 cious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla 
 rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers 
 exserted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules one in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas 
 capitate. Fruit didymous, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or sometimes only 
 I of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave on the face, o* 
 spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyleclons foliaceous, 
 [Greek, milk, from the use of G. veruni for curdling.] About 225 species, of wid( 
 distribution. Besides the following, about 27 others occur in southern and westeri 
 N. Am. The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticil! 
 being stipules. 
 
 * Fruit dry, smooth, hispid, or roughened. 
 \ Annuals (except Nos. i and 2). 
 
 1. Flowers yellow; leaves narrowly linear, i. G. verum. 
 
 2. Flowers white or greenish white. 
 
 a. Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo. 
 
 b. Fruit bristly, tubercled, granular or papillose (or smooth in No. 3). 
 Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled. 
 
 Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly. 
 
 Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, i mm. broad ; pedicels not recurved ; stem 
 
 very slender. 3. G. Parisiensc. 
 
 Fruit granular-tubercled, 3 mm. broad ; fruiting pedicels recurved ; stem stout. 
 
 4. G. tricorne. 
 Fruit densely bristly-hispid. 
 
 Cymes few-flowered; leaves 2-8 cm. long; fruit fully 4 mm. broad. 
 
 5. G. Aparine. 
 Cymes mostly several-flowered; leaves 1-2.5 cm - long* fruit smaller. 
 
 6. G. Vaillantii. 
 Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts ; fruit bristly. 
 
 7. G. virgatum. 
 
 ft Perennials. 
 1. Fruit bristly-hispid (or becoming glabrous in No. 12). 
 
 a. Leaves in 4's, i-nerved. 8. G. pilosum. 
 
 b. Leaves in 4*s, 3-nerved. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate ; flowers in open cymes.' 
 
 Upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 9. G. lanceolatum. 
 
RUB1ACEAE. 865 
 
 Upper leaves ovate, oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse. 
 
 "Corolla usually hirsute; plant mostly pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceo- 
 late. 10. G. circaezans. 
 Corolla glabrous; plant little pubescent; some leaves obovate. 
 
 ii. G. Kamtschaticum* 
 Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles. 12. G.boreale. 
 
 c. Leaves in 6's. 13. G. triflorum. 
 
 2. Fruit smooth and glabrous, or warty in No. 15. 
 
 a. Flowers brown-purple. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved; fruit smooth. 14. G. latifolium. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, i-nerved; fruit warty. 15. G. Arkansanum. 
 
 b. Flowers white, yellowish, or greenish. 
 Endosperm of seed annular in cross-section. 
 
 Corolla 4-parted, its lobes acute; stems smooth, or nearly so. 
 
 16. G. tinctorium, 
 Corolla mostly 3-parted, its lobes obtuse; stems minutely retrorse-hispid. 
 
 Pedicels slender, rough; leaves mostly in 4's. 17. G, trifidum. 
 
 Pedicels rather stout, smooth ; leaves mostly in 5*5 and 6's. 
 
 18. G. Claytoni. 
 Endosperm of seed lunate in cross-section. 
 
 Leaves obtuse. 19. G. palustre. 
 
 Leaves acute, or cuspidate. 
 
 Stem nearly or quite smooth. 20. G. concinnum. 
 
 Stem strongly retrorse-hispid. 21. G, asprellum. 
 
 * * Fruit fleshy, resembling a double berry. 22. G. hispidulum. 
 
 1. Galium verum L. YELLOW BEDSTRAW. LADY'S BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 
 3408.) Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erector ascending, 1.5-7.5 dm. 
 high. Stems smooth or minutely roughened; leaves in 6's or 8's, narrowly linear, 
 8-25 mm. long, about I mm. wide, rough on the margins, at length deflextd; 
 flowers yellow, the cymes in dense narrow panicles; fruit usually glabrous, less 
 *han 2 mm. broad. In waste places and fields, Ont. to Mass., N. Y. and N. J. 
 Adv. or nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Galium Mollugo L. WILD MADDER. WHITE, OR GREAT HEDGE BED- 
 STRAW. (I. F. f. 3409.) Glabrous or nearly so, diffusely branched, 3-9 dm. long; 
 leaves in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate or linear, cu-spidate, 12-30 mm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, sometimes roughish on the margins; flowers small, white, very numerous in 
 terminal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform; fruit smooth, glabrous, nearly 2 mm. 
 broad. In fields and waste places, Newf. to Vt., N. Y., Penn., N. J. and Del. 
 Adv. or nat. from Europe. May- Sept. 
 
 3. Galium Parisiense L. WALL BEDSTRAW. (L F. f. 3410.) Very slender, 
 much branched; stem rough on the angles, 1.5-3 dm. high- Leaves in verticils of 
 about 6 (4-7). linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, minutely scabrous on the mar- 
 gins and midrib, 4-8 mm. long; cymes several-flowered, on filiform peduncles; 
 flowers minute, greenish white; fruit glabrous, smooth or finely granular, less than 
 2 mm. wide. Roadsides, -Va. and Tenn. Adv. or nat. from Europe. June- Aug. 
 
 4. Galium tricorne Stokes. ROUGH-FRUITED CORN BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 
 3411.) Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, 1.5-3 ^m. hi^h, simple, or little 
 branched. Stem rough with reflexed prickles; leaves in 6's or 8's, linear or nar- 
 rowly obLiceolate, 2.5 cm. long or less. 3-4 mm. wide, rough on the margins and 
 midrib; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; pedicels thickened and curved 
 downward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (1-3-) flowered; fruit tuberculate or 
 granular, 8-IO mm. broad. In waste places or cultivated fields, eastward (accord- 
 ing to Gray^; Ont., and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Introduced from 
 Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 5. Galium Aparine L. CLEAVERS. GOOSEGRASS. CLEAVER WORT. (I. F. 
 f. 3412.) Weak, scrambling over bushes, 6-15 dm. long, the stems retrorsely his- 
 pid on the angles. Leaves in 6's or 8's, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate, 2.5-8 
 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the margins and midrib very rough; flowers in 1-3- 
 flowered cymes in the upper axils; peduncles 1-2.5 C111> l n &> fruiting pedicels 
 straight; fruit 4-6 mm. broad, densely covered with hooked bristles. In various 
 situations, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Mo. and Tex. Nat. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 6. Galium Vaillantii DC. LESSER GOOSEGRASS OR CLEAVERS. (I. F. f. 
 3413 as G, spurium.) Similar to the preceding species but, smaller, the stem equal- 
 
866 , . FLORA. 
 
 ly rough-angled. Leaves smaller, 2.5 cm. in length or less, linear-oblong or slight- 
 ly oblanceolate, cuspidate, rough on the margins and midrib; cymes 2-9-flowered; 
 fruit 2-3 mm. broad, usually less hispid. In low grounds, Ont. to Br. Col., south 
 in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and to Cal. Also in Europe. G. spurium L., of 
 Europe, appears to have uniformly smooth fruit. May- Aug. 
 
 7. Galium virgatum Nutt, SOUTHWESTERN BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3414.) 
 Annual, 1-3 dm. high, usually hispid, sometimes nearly glabrous; stem slender, 
 4-angled. Leaves in 4*3, oblong or linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, or 
 less; peduncles axillary, i-flowered, less than 2 mm. long, recurved in fruit; 
 flower white, subtended by 2 large oblong to lanceolate bracts which closely re- 
 semble the leaves; fruit about 2 mm. in diameter, covered with slender barbed 
 bristles. Tenn. and Mo. to Ark., La. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 8. Galium pilosum Ait. HAIRY BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3415.) Perennial, 
 hirsute-pubescent; stems ascending, branched, 3-7 dm. long. Leaves in 4's, oval 
 or oval-ovate, punctate, I -nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved at the base, mu- 
 cronulate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> 6-10 mm. wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles 
 axillary and terminal; cymes numerous, few- flowered; pedicels 2-12 mm. long, 
 flowers yellowish purple; fruit densely hispid, nearly 4 mm. in diameter. In dry 
 or sandy soil, Mass, to Ind., Kans., Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 Galium pilosum puncticulftsum (Michx.) T. & G. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves 
 smaller, ciliate. Southern N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 
 
 9. Galium lanceolatum Torr. TORREY'S WILD LIQUORICE. (I. F. f. 
 3416.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems minutely roughened, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves in 4's, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, 
 ciliate on the margins and nerves, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2.2 cm. wide, the lower 
 smaller and obtuse or obtusish ; cymes rather few- flowered, loose, widely branched ; 
 flowers sessile or nearly so; corolla glabrous, yellowish green to purple, its lobes 
 acuminate; fruit hispid with long hairs, 4-5 mm. broad. In dry woods, Quebec 
 and Ont. to Minn., N. J., Va., Penn. and Mich. June-Aug. 
 
 10. Galium circaezans Michx. WILD LIQUORICE. CROSS-CLEAVERS. (I. F. f. 
 3417.) Perennial, more or less pubescent, branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves in4*s, 
 oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or obtusish, 3-nerved, 1-3. 6 cm. long, 8-i6mm. 
 wide, usually somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, the lower smaller; cymes 
 divaricately branched; flowers sessile or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute with- 
 out, its lobes acute ; fruit hispid, similar to that of the preceding species, at length 
 deflexed. In woods, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Galium circaezans glabellum Britton. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; corolla 
 glabrous. N. Y. 
 
 11. Galium Kamtschaticum Steller. NORTHERN WILD LIQUORICE. (I. F. 
 f. 3418.) Similar to the preceding species, but weak, smaller; stems 1-4 dm. 
 long. Leaves in 4's, broadly oval, orbicular or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse, 
 mucronulate, 1-3.6 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, glabrate, or pubescent with short 
 scattered hairs on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath, sometimes ciliate; 
 flowers few, all on pedicels 4-12 mm. long; corolla glabrous, yellowish green, its 
 lobes acutish; fruit hispid, 4 mm. broad. In mountainous regions, Quebec, north- 
 ern N. E. and northern N. Y. Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. 
 
 12. Galium boreale L. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3419.) Erect, 
 perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, leafy, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves in 4's, lance- 
 olate or linear, 3-nerved, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the margins sometimes 
 ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, many -flowered, the flowers white in small com- 
 pact cymes; fruit hispid, at least when young, sometimes becoming glabrate when 
 mature, about 2 mm. broad. In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, 
 N. J., Penn., Mich., Mo., Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 May- Aug. 
 
 13. Galium triflorum Michx. SWEET-SCENTED OR FRAGRANT BEDSTRAW. 
 (I. F. f. 3420.) Perennial, diffuse, procumbent or ascending, glabrous or near- 
 ly so, shining, fragrant in drying, the stems and margins of the leaves sometimes 
 roughened. Leaves in 6's, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, I -nerved, cus- 
 pidate, narrowed at the base, 2. 5-9 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; peduncles slender, 
 often exceeding the leaves, 3 -flowered or branched into 3 pedicels which are 1-3- 
 flowered; flowers greenish; fruit 3-4 mm. broad, hispid with hooked hairs; seed 
 
RUB2ACEAE. 86; 
 
 almost spherical, the groove obsolete. In woods, N. S. to Alaska, Fla., La., the 
 Ind. Terr., Colo, and Cat. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. 
 
 14. Galium latifblium Michx. PURPLE BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3421.) 
 Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous, branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves in 4% 
 lanceolate, 3-nerved, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, the midrib some- 
 times pubescent beneath, the margins minutely roughened, the lower smaller and 
 sometimes opposite; peduncles slender, usually shorter than the leaves; flowers 
 purple; cymes loosely many- flowered, the pedicels slender, 4-12 mm. long, smooth 
 or nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy, 4 mm. broad, usually only one of the 
 carpels developing. In dry woods, Penn. to Tenn. and Ga. May-Aug. 
 
 15. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. ARKANSAS BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 
 3422.) Similar to the preceding, but usually lower, the leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none, the midrib 
 sometimes pubescent beneath, and the margins ciliate; fruiting pedicels roughish, 
 6-25 mm. long; flowers brown-purple, the .numerous cymes loosely several-many- 
 flowered; fruit glabrous, warty, somewhat fleshy, each carpel 2-3 mm. in diameter. 
 Southern Mo. and Ark. June-July. 
 
 16. Galium tinctorium L. STIFF MARSH BEDSTRAW. WILD MADDER. 
 (I. F. f. 3423.) Perennial; stem erect, 1.5-4 dm. high, rather stiff, branched al- 
 most to the base, the branches commonly solitary, strict; stem 4 angled, nearly 
 glabrous; leaves commonly in 4's, linear to lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> broadest 
 below the middle, obtuse, cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, I -nerved, the 
 margins and midrib roughish; flowers terminal, in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels 
 slender, not much divaricate in fruit; corolla white, 2-3.5 mm - broad, 4-parted, its 
 lobes oblong, acute; disk large; fruit smooth; seed spherical, hollow, annular in 
 cross- section. Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps, Can. to N. Car., 
 Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz. May-July. 
 
 Galium tinctorium filifolium Wiegand. More slender than the type and often more 
 diffuse; leaves almost filiform, 2 mm. wide or less, not broader below the middle, strong- 
 ly cellular-papillose; inflorescence more open; pedicels slender; bracts minute; flowers in 
 2's or 3's; corolla larger. Sandy places in swamps, Va. to Fla. 
 
 Galium tinct6rium L,abrad6ricum Wiegand. Low and strictly erect, 5-25 cm. high; 
 branches few, ascending, mostly from the upper nodes ; leaves small, 6-8 mm. long, linear, 
 reflexed; flowers large. In sphagnous bogs, Conn., N. Y. and Wis. to Lab. 
 
 17. Galium trifidum L. SMALL BEDSTRAW. SMALL CLEAVERS. (I. F. f. 
 3424.) Perennial, slender and weak; stem ascending, 4dm. long or less, much 
 branched and intertangled ; stem sharply 4-angled, rough; branches commonly in 
 2's; leaves in 4*5, linear-spatulate, 5-14 mm. long, obtuse, cuneate at the base, 
 I -nerved, dark green and dull, scarcely papillose, the margins and midrib retrorse- 
 scabrous; flowers small, on pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the 
 leaves, commonly two at each node, or three terminal; corolla very small, white. 
 0.5 m-n. long, trifid, its lobes broadly oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed 
 spherical and hollow, annular in cross -section. Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, 
 Me. to N. Y., Ohio, Neb., Colo, and northward. Summer. 
 
 18. Galium Claytoni Michx. CLAYTON'S BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 34^5.) 
 Perennial; stem diffuse when old, 1.5-6 dm. high; stem slender or sometimes quite 
 stout, sharply 4-angled, rough, the diffuse branches in 2's; leaves 8-16 mm. long, 
 commonly in 5*5 or 6's, linear-spatulate or spatulate-oblong, obtuse, cuneately nar- 
 rowed into a short petiole, rather firm in texture, scabrous on the margin and mid- 
 rib, dark green and dull above, discolored in drying: flowers in clusters of 2's or 
 3's, terminal, provided with I or 2 minute bracts; pedicels straight, in fruit strong- 
 ly divaricate, .glabrous and rather stout; corolla minute, white, 3-parted, the lobes 
 broadly oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow, annular in cross- 
 section. Swamps, Mass, and N. Y. to Fla.. Mich., Mo. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 19. Galium palustre L. MARSH BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3426.) Perennial; 
 stem erect, slender, about 4 dm. high; internodes very long; short branches mostly 
 in 2's. Stem 4-angled, smooth or roughish; leaves in 2's to 6's. linear-elliptic to 
 spatulate. cuneate at the base, obtuse, 6-16 mm. long, 2-4 mra. wide, the rather 
 firm margins and the midrib slightly scabrous; flowers numerous in terminal and 
 lateral cymes; bracteoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in flower ascending, 
 
868 FLORA. 
 
 3-5 mm. long, in fruit strongly divaricate; corolla white, 2-3.5 mm - bread, 4-parted, 
 the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed 
 grooved on the inner face, in cross-section lunate. In damp places, Newf. and 
 Quebec to Mass., Conn, and N. Y. Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 20. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray. SHINING BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 
 3427.) Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much branched, the angles of the 
 stem and edges of the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usually all in 6's, linear 
 or sometimes broader above the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed, or 
 minutely cuspidate, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, green in drying; peduncles 
 filiform ; pedicels short ; flowers minute, white, numerous in open cymes ; fruit 
 small, glabrous; endosperm deeply grooved. In dry woodlands, N. J. to Va., Minn., 
 Kans. and Ark. June-Aug. 
 
 21. Galium asprellum Michx. ROUGH BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3428.) Peren- 
 nial, weak, much branched and reclining on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem re- 
 trorsely hispid, 6-18 dm. long. Leaves in 6's or 5's, or those of the branches rare- 
 ly in 4's, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate, narrowed at the base, 
 8-1 6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, their margins and midribs rough ; cymes several- 
 many-flowered; flowers white; fruit smooth and glabrous, about 2 mm. broad; 
 endosperm with a shallow groove. In moist soil, Newf. to Ont., N. Car., 111., 
 Wis. and Neb. June-Aug. 
 
 22. Galium hispidulum Michx. COAST BEDSTRAW. (I. F. f. 3429.) 
 Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves in 4's, I -nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 6-20 mm. long, 3-8 mm. 
 wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying; flowers few. terminating the 
 branchlets, white; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit; 
 fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent,* about 4 mm. broad. In dry or sandy soil, south- 
 ern N. J. to Fla. and Ga. May-Aug. This species has been referred, on account 
 of its fleshy fruit, to the genus Relbunium Endl., but it lacks the characteristic 
 involucre of the typical species. 
 
 8. SHERARDIA L. 
 
 Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed 
 leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in involucrate heads. Calyx- 
 tube ovoid, its limb 4-6 lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 
 4~5-lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the 
 tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong, exserted. Ovary 2- 
 celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules I in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the 
 carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Wm. Sherard, 1659-1728, 
 patron of Dillenius.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Sherardia arvensis L. BLUE FIELD-MADDER. HERB SHERARD. SPUR- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 3430.) Tufted, roughish; stems numerous, prostrate, as- 
 cending, or decumbent, 0.7-2.5 dm. long. Leaves in 4's, 5's or 6's. the upper 
 linear or lanceolate, acute and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the margins, 6 16 
 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower often obovate, mucronate; flowers in slender- 
 peduncled involucrate heads, the involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, 
 sharp pointed; corolla-lobes spreading; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate 
 calyx-teeth. In waste places, Ont. and Mass. Also in Bermuda. Adv. from 
 Europe. June-July. 
 
 9. ASPE'RULA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial herbs, with 4- angled stems, verticillate leaves, and small white, pink 
 or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx-tube some- 
 what didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in- 
 serted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2- 
 celled: ovules I in each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous, the carpels 
 indehiscent. Seed adherent to the pericarp ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo curved. 
 [Latin diminutive of asper, rough, referring to the leaves.] About 80 species, 
 natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Asperula odorata L. SWEET WOODRUFF. (L F. f. 3431.) Stems erect, 
 slender, smooth. Leaves usually in 8's (6's-9*s), thin, oblong-lanceolate, mucron- 
 ate, I -nerved, roughish on the margins, 1-3.5 cm - l n g> tne lower smaller, ofteij 
 
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 869 
 
 obovate or oblanceolate ; peduncles slender; cymes several-flowered; flowers white 
 or pinkish, 3 mm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit hispid, about 2 mm. broad. 
 In waste places, New Brunswick, N. J. Fugitive from Europe. May -July. 
 
 Asperula arvdnsis L., another European species, with terminal capitate flowers and 
 linear obtuse leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten Island. 
 
 Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. 
 Honeysuckle Family. 
 
 Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and per- 
 fect, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx- 
 tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3~5-lobed. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 
 4), inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 
 versatile. Ovary inferior, i-6-celled ; style slender ; stigma capitate, or 
 2-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit; ovules anatropous. Fruit 
 a 1-6 celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular ; 
 seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, embryo usually small, placed 
 near the hilum ; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera 
 and 260 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Corolla rotate to urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style deeply 2-s-lobed; shrubs 
 
 or trees 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; drupe 3~5-seeded. i. Sambucus. 
 
 Leaves simple ; drupe i-seeded. 2. Viburnum. 
 
 Corolla tubular to campanulate, often 2-lipped ; style slender. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs ; leaves connate. 3. Triosteum. 
 
 Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. 
 
 4. Linnaea. 
 Shrubs or vines. 
 
 Fruit a few-seeded berry. 
 
 Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so. 5. Symphoricarpos. 
 
 Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate. 6. Lonicera. 
 Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 7. Diervilla. 
 
 i. SAMBUCUS L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate 
 leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound 
 depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5 -toothed or 3-5- 
 lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3~5-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
 serted at the base of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5- 
 celled; style short, 3-parted ; ovules I in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry- 
 like, containing 3-5, i-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo nearly as long 
 as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.] About 20 species, of wide geographic 
 distribution. In addition to the following, 3 or 4 others occur in" western N. Am. 
 Cyme convex; fruit purplish blac^. i. S. Canadensis. 
 
 Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad; fruit red. 2. S. pubens. 
 
 1. Sambucus Canadensis L. AMERICAN ELDER. SWEET ELDER. (I. F. 
 f. 3432.) A shrub, 1-3.5 m - high glabrous or nearly so, the stems but little woody, 
 the younger ones with large white pith. Leaflets 5-11, usually 7, ovate or oval, 
 acuminate or acute, short-stalked, glabrous above, sometimes slightly pubescent on 
 the veins beneath, 5-13 cm. long, sharply serrate, sometimes stipellate ; cymes 
 broader than high; flowers white, about 3 mm. broad ; drupe nearly 6 mm. in 
 diameter ; nutlets roughened. In moist soil, N. B. and N. S. to Fla., Manitoba, 
 Kans. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 2. Sambucus pubens Michx. RED-BERRIED ELDER. (I. F. f. 3433.) A 
 shrub, 0.6 4 m. high, the twigs and leaves commonly pubescent; stems woody, the 
 younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets 5-7. ovate-lanceolate or oval, acumin- 
 ate at the apex, often narrowed and usually inequilateral at the base, 5-13 cm. long, 
 not stipellate, sharply serrate ; cymes longer than broad ; flowers whitish, turning 
 
870 FLORA. 
 
 brown in drying ; drupe scarlet or red, 4-6 mm. in diameter ; nutlets minutely- 
 roughened. In rocky places, N. B. to Alaska, Br. Col., Ga., Colo, and Cal. Fruit 
 rarely white. April-May. 
 
 Sambucus pubens dissdcta Britton. Leaflets laciniate. Lake Superior and Penn. 
 . Sambucus nlgra laciniata (Mill.) DC., a cut-leaved variety of the related European 
 species has been found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped from cultivation. 
 
 2. VIBURNUM L. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, an<l 
 white or rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant 
 and neutral. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, 5 -toothed. Corolla ro- 
 tate or short-campanulate in our species, regular, 5 -lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on 
 the tube of the corolla; anthers oblong, exserted. Ovary i-3-celled; style short, 
 3-lobed or 3 -parted ; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or 
 globose, sometimes flattened, i-seeded. Seed compressed; endosperm fleshy; em- 
 bryo minute. [The ancient Latin name.] About 100 species, of wide distribution. 
 Besides the following, about 5 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red. 
 
 Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. i. V. alnifolium. 
 
 Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus. 
 
 * * None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in No. 3). 
 
 1. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed. 
 
 Cymes 1-2.5 cm - broad, the rays short; drupe red. 3. V. pauciflorum. 
 
 Cymes 3.5-6 cm. broad, the rays slender; drupe nearly black. 4. V. acerifolium. 
 
 2. Leaves pinnately veined. 
 
 a. Leaves coarsly dentate, the veins prominent beneath. 
 
 Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5. V. pubescens. 
 
 Petioles 0.6-4 cm. long. 
 
 Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6. V. dentatum. 
 Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate. 
 Drupe globose-ovoid; eastern and southern. 
 
 Veins of leaves not very prominent. 7. V. semitomentostnn. 
 
 Veins very prominent on the under surfaces of the leaves. 
 
 8. V. venosutn. 
 Drupe oblong, twice as long as thick; western. 9. V> molle. 
 
 b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent. 
 Cymes manifestly peduncled. 
 
 Peduncle shorter than the cyme ; leaves crenulate. 10. V. cassinoides. 
 
 Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme. li. V. nudum. 
 
 Cymes sessile, or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves slender-petioled, large. 
 
 Leaves prominently acuminate. 12.' V, Lentago. 
 
 Leaves obtuse, or merely acute. 
 
 Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so. 
 
 13. V.prunifolium. 
 Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose. 
 
 14. V. rufotomentosum. 
 Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, small. 15. V. obovatum 
 
 1. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WARFARING 
 TREE. (I. F. f. 3434.) A shrub, with smooth purplish bark, widely and irregu- 
 larly branching, the branches often procumbent, the youngest twigs scurfy. Leaves 
 orbicular, or very broadly ovate, short- acuminate or acute, usually cordate, finely 
 stellate-pubescent, or at length glabrous above, scurfy with stellate pubescence on 
 the veins beneath, finely serrate all around, 0.7-2 dm. broad, petioles 1-3 cm. long; 
 cymes sessile, 7-13 cm. broad, the exterior flowers usually about 2 cm. broad; 
 drupes red, becoming purple, ovoid-oblong, 10-12 mm. long; stone 3 -grooved on one 
 side, i -grooved on the other. In low woods, N. B. to N. Car., western N. Y. and 
 Mich. Leaves of shoots from cut stumps thin, ovate, coarsely toothed. May-June. 
 
 2. Viburnum Opulus L. CRANBERRY-TREE. WILD GUELDER-ROSE. 
 HIGH BUSH CRANBERRY. (I. F. f. 3435.) A shrub sometimes 4 m. high, with 
 smooth branches. Leaves broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, glabrous, 
 or with scattered hairs above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath, rather 
 deeply 3-lobed, rounded or truncate and 3-ribbed at the base, the lobes acuminate, 
 coarsely dentate; petioles 1-2.5 cm - Ion g; cymes peduncled, 7-10 cm. in diameter, 
 
CA PRIFOLIA CEA E. 87 1 
 
 the exterior flowers radiant, neutral ; drupes globose, or oval, 8-IO mm. in dia- 
 meter, red, very acid, translucent; stone orbicular, flat, not grooved. In low 
 grounds, N. B. to Br. Col., N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and Ore. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. June-July. 
 
 3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. FEW-FLOWERED CRANBERRY-TREE. 
 (I. F. f. 3436.) A straggling shrub, 6-18 dm. high, with twigs and petioles glab- 
 rous or nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long, 5 -ribbed, 
 truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes, 
 coarsely and unequally dentate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 
 3-8 cm. broad; cymes peduncled, short-rayed, 1-2.5 cm - broad ; flowers all per- 
 fect and small; drupes globose to ovoid, light red, acid, 8-10 mm. long; stone flat, 
 orbicular, scarcely grooved. In cold mountain woods, Newf. to Alaska, Me., N. 
 H., Vt., Penn., Colo, and Wash. June-July. 
 
 4. Viburnum acerifolium L. MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD. DOCKMAKIE. 
 (I. F. f. 3437.) A shrub, 1-2 m. high, with smooth gray branches, and somewhat 
 pubescent twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicular, or broader than long, cor- 
 date or truncate at the base, pubescent on both sides, or becoming glabrate, 5-13 
 cm. broad, mostly rather deeply 3-lobed. coarsely dentate, the lobes acute or acu- 
 minate; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; cymes long -peduncled, 38 cm. broad; flowers all 
 perfect, 4-6 mm. broad ; drupe nearly black, 6-8 mm. long, the stone lenticular, 
 faintly 2 -ridged on one side and 2-grooved on the other. In dry woods, N. B. to 
 N. Car., Out., Mich, and Minn. May -June. 
 
 5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.') Pursh. DOWNY-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD- 
 (I. F. f. 3438.) A shrub, 6-15 dm. high, with straight gray branches. Leaves ses- 
 sile, or with petioles less than 6 mm. long, ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate 
 at the base, acute or acuminate, coarsely dentate, 3-8 cm. long, densely velvety- 
 pubescent beneath, glabrous, or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate on 
 both surfaces ; cymes peduncled, 3-7 cm. broad, the flowers all perfect ; drupes 
 oval, nearly black, about 8 mm. long; stone slightly 2-grooved on both faces. In 
 rocky woods, Quebec and Ont. to Manitoba, Ga., 111., Iowa and Mich. June-July. 
 
 6. Viburnum dentatum L. ARROW-WOOD. (I. F. f. 3439.) A shrub with 
 glabrous gray branches, sometimes 5 m. high. Petioles 6-25 mm. long ; leaves 
 ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or 
 short-acuminate, prominently veined, coarsely dentate, 3-8 cm. broad, glabrous on 
 both sides, or pubescent with simple hairs in the axils of the veins beneath; cymes 
 long-peduncled, 5-8 cm. broad; drupe globose -ovoid, about 6 mm. in diameter, 
 blue, becoming nearly black; stone rather deeply grooved on one side, rounded on 
 the other. In moist soil, N. B. to Ont., Ga., Mich, and Minn. May-June. 
 
 7. Viburnum semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehder. (I. F. f. 3440.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, but the twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower 
 surfaces of the leaves more or less stellate-pubescent; petioles short and stouter; 
 leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate, commonly somewhat pubescent above; 
 drupe globose -ovoid, blue, 8 mm. in diameter, its stone similar to that of V. denta- 
 tum. S. Penn. ? ; Ky. to Fla. and Tex. {V. molle A. Gray not Michx.) 
 
 8. Viburnum vendsum Britton. COAST ARROW-WOOD. A shrub, 
 similar to the two preceding species. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves very 
 densely steliate-tomentose; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; blades broadly ovate to 
 orbicular, 5-10 cm. long, coarsely toothed, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs 
 on the upper surface; cymes 6-8 cm. broad; drupe orbicular or short-oval, about 7 
 mm. in diameter, the veins very prominent on the lower surfaces. E. Mass, to N. J. 
 Type collected by E. P. Bicknell on Nantucket Island. 
 
 9. Viburnum molle Michaux. SOFT-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD. (I. F. f. 
 3441.) A shrub about 4 m. high, the older twigs ash-gray, or length grayish 
 black, the bark exfoliating. Bud-scales acutish, ciliolate ; leaves broadly 
 ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate, cordate or truncate at the base, 8-13 
 cm. long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and bright green above, soft- pubescent and 
 p.iler beneath, some of the pubescence stellate; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long, channeled; 
 stipules linear-filiform; cymes peduncled, 4-7-rayed, glandular-puberulent; calyx- 
 teeth ciliate; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends, about I cm. long and 0. 5 cm. 
 broad, much flattened, with 2 grooves when dry. Bluffs, and rocky woods. Ky . , 
 Mo. and Iowa. ( V. Demetrionis Deane and Robinson. 
 
872 FLORA. 
 
 .10. Viburnum cassinoides L. WITHE-ROD. APPALACHIAN TEA. (I. F. 
 f. 3442.) A shrub, 0.6-4 m - high? with ascending gray branches, the twigs some- 
 what scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, thick, narrowed or sometimes 
 rounded at the base, acute, 2-8 cm. long, generally crenulate, glabrous or very near- 
 ly so; peduncle shorter than or equalling the cyme; drupe pink, becoming dark 
 blue, globose to ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; stone round or oval, flattened. In swamps 
 and wet soil, Newf. to Manitoba, N. J.. Ga. and Ala. June-July. 
 
 n. Viburnum nudum L. LARGER WITHE-ROD. (I. F. f. 3443.) Similar 
 to the preceding, but usually larger, sometimes 5 m. high. Leaves oval, oval- 
 lanceolate, or obovate, entire or obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes 2.2 
 dm. long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse, more prominently veined, some- 
 times scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle equalling or exceeding the cyme. In 
 twamps.Conn.to Fla., Ky. and La. Blooms a little later than the preceding species. 
 
 12. Viburnum Lentago L. NANNY-BERRY. SHEEP-BERRY. (I. F. f. 3444.) 
 A shrub, or often a small tree. Winter buds acuminate, glabrous; leaves slender- 
 petioled, ovate, mostly rounded at the base, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous on 
 both sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath, sharply serrulate ; petioles often 
 broadened and wavy-margined, 1.8-2.5 cm - l n g '> cyme several-rayed, 5-13 cm. 
 broad ; drupes oval, bluish-black with a bloom, 10-12 mm. long; stone very flat, 
 circular or oval. In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, N. J., Ga., Kans., Ind. and 
 Mo. Fruit sweet, edible. May. 
 
 13. Viburnum prunifolium L. BLACK HAW. STAG-BUSH. SLOE. (I. F. 
 f. 3445.) A shrub or small tree, similar to the preceding; but the winter buds 
 smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent. Leaves ovate or broadly oval, obtuse 
 or acutish, 2-8 cm. long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so; petioles rarely 
 margined; cyme several-rayed, 5-10 cm. broad; drupe oval, bluish black and glau- 
 cous, 8-10 mm. long; stone very flat on one side, slightly convex on the other, oval. 
 In dry soil, Conn, to S. Car., Mich., Kans. and Tex. April-June. Fruit ripe in 
 September, sweet and edible. 
 
 Viburnum prunifblium globbsum Nash. Drupe globose, about 6 mm. in diameter; 
 cymes smaller; flowers expanding; before the leaves. N. J. and Penn. 
 
 14. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. SOUTHERN BLACK HAW. (I. F. 
 f. 3446.) A small tree. Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse, finely and sharp- 
 ly serrate or serrulate, the veins brown tomentose beneath; petioles 6-16 mm. 
 long, winged, brown-tomentose; cymes large, the principal rays mostly 4; flowers 
 6-7 mm. broad; drupe oval, 10-14 mm. long, blue with a bloom; seed nearly orbic- 
 ular. In woods and thickets, Va. to 111., Mo., Fla. and Tex. April-May. 
 
 15. Viburnum pbovatum Walt. SMALL VIBURNUM. (I. F. f. 3447.) A 
 shrub, 0.6-2.5 m. high, the twigs, petioles and rays of the cyme slightly pubescent, 
 or at length glabrate. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or retuse, 
 short-petioled, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, or obscurely crenate toward the 
 apex, 1-4 cm. long; cymes 3-5 -rayed, 2-5 cm. broad; drupe oval, black, 6-8 mm. 
 long; stone lenticular, slightly furrowed on both sides. In swamps and along 
 streams, Va. (according to Gray) to Fla. April- May. 
 
 3. TRIO'STEUM L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or 
 sessile leaves narrowed below the middle. Flowers axillary, perfect, sessile, yel- 
 lowish, green or purplish^ 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes 
 elongated, persistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla- tube nar- 
 row or campanulate, gibbous at the base, the limb oblique, unequally lobed. 
 Stamens 5. inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short; anthers linear, in- 
 cluded. Ovary 3~5-celled; ovules I in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3~5-lobed. 
 Drupe coriaceous, orange or red, enclosing 2 or 3 (rarely 4-5) I- seeded nutlets. 
 Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets.] 
 Five known species, the following of eastern N. Am., two Japanese, one Hima- 
 layan. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish or dull red. 
 
 Leaves, or some of them, connate-perfoliate; fruit orange-yellow, i. T. perfoliatum. 
 
 Leaves narrowed to a sessile base; fruit orange-red. 2. T. aurantiacum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate ; flowers yellowish. 3. T. angustifolium. 
 
CA PXIFOL1A CEA E. 87 3 
 
 x. Triosteum perfoliatum L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN. Stem 
 erect, stout, finely glandular-pubescent, 6-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate to broadly 
 oval, 1-2.2 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the 
 base, soft-pubescent and rugose beneath, sometimes puberulent above, the margins 
 entire; bracts linear; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm - l n g> viscid-pubescent, about the 
 length of the calyx-lobes; filaments bearded; drupe 8-12 mm. long, obovoid to 
 globose, densely and finely pubescent In rich soil, Conn., to Minn., Ala., Ky. and 
 Kans. May-July. 
 
 2. Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell. SCARLET-FRUITED HORSE-GENTIAN. 
 (I. F. f. 3448, as T. perfoliatum.^ Stem 5-12 dm. tall, glandular-puberulent to 
 subhirsute; leaves thin, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, broadly ovate-oblong to oblong- lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, contracted below the middle into a narrow base, sometimes slight- 
 ly connate but never broadly perfoliate, minutely soft-pubescent beneath, thinly 
 appressed-hirsutulous to glabrate above; corolla dull red, 14-20 mm. long, with 
 larger, more spreading lobes than in T. perfoliatum, the stamens shorter and style 
 less exserted; calyx- lobes linear, obtuse, 10-20 mm. long; fruit 12-14 mm - l n g 
 larger and more obovoid -oblong than in T. perfoliatum, and bright orange-red in- 
 stead of orange -yellow. Quebec to Minn., Mass., N. Car., Ky. and Iowa. Type 
 from Van Cortlandt, N. Y. Similar to T. perfoliatum, but less finely pubescent and 
 less leafy, the larger leaves greener, thinner and not rugose; the flowers and fruit 
 markedly different. Flowers 2-3 weeks earlier than T. perfoliatum. 
 
 3. Triosteum angustifolium L. YELLOW OR NARROW-LEAVED HORSE- 
 GENTIAN. (I. F. f. 3449.) Stem slender, hirsute-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 7-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. 
 wide, rough-pubescent, tapering to the sessile base, or the lower smaller, obtuse 
 and spatulate; corolla yellowish, 12-14 mm. long; flowers commonly solitary in the 
 axils. In rich soil, Conn, and L. I., to N. J., Penn., Ala., 111. and La. May-Aug. 
 
 4. LINNAEA L. 
 
 Creeping, somewhat woody herbs, with opposite evergreen petioled obovate or 
 orbicular leaves, and perfect pink or purplish flowers borne in pairs at the summit 
 of elongated terminal peduncles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla 
 campanulate to funnelform, regular, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, in- 
 serted near the base of the corolla-tube, didynamous, included. Ovary 3-celled, 2 
 of the cavities with several abortive ovules, the other with I perfect pendulous ovule. 
 Fruit nearly globose, 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the other with a single oblong 
 seed. Endosperm fleshy; embryo cylindric. [Named by Gronovius for Linnaeus, 
 with whom the plant was a favorite.] About 4 species of the north temperate zone. 
 
 i. Linnaea Americana Forbes. AMERICAN TWIN-FLOWER. GROUND- 
 VINE. Branches slender, slightly pubescent, trailing, 1.5-6 dm. long; petioles 2-4 
 mm. long; leaves obscurely crenate, thick, 6-15 mm. wide, sometimes wider than 
 long; peduncles slender, erect, 2-bracted at the summit, 2-flowered (or rarely pro- 
 liferously 4- flowered); pedicels filiform, 6-20 mm. long, 2-bracteolate at the sum- 
 mit; flowers nodding, 8-12 mm. long, fragrant; corolla funnelform; calyx-segments 
 2 mm. long; ovary subtended by a pair of ovate glandular scales which are conni- 
 vent over the fruit or adnate to it. In cold woods, Newf. to Alaska, S. Dak., Colo. 
 Md., Penn., Mich., and Utah. The European and Asiatic Z. borealis has an al- 
 most campanulate corolla, and calyx-segments 3 mm. long. June-Aug. 
 
 5. 3YMPHORICARPOS Juss. 
 
 Shrubs, with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple leaves, and small, white or 
 pink, perfect flowers, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, 
 the limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or salverform, sometimes gibbous at 
 the base, 4-5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of 
 the cavities containing several abortive ovules, the other two each with a single 
 suspended ovule; style filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a 4-celled 2- 
 seeded berry. Seeds oblong ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo minute. [Greek, fruit 
 borne together, from the clustered berries.] About 10 species, of N. Am. and Mex, 
 
8/4 FLORA. 
 
 Fruit white ; style glabrous. 
 
 Stamens and style included ; clusters usually few-flowered. 
 
 Erect shrub; leaves 2.5-5 cm - l n S" clusters several-flowered. 
 
 i. S. racentosus. 
 
 Diffuse shrub; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; clusters i-2-flowered. 2. S. pauciflorus. 
 Stamens and style somewhat exserted; clusters many-flowered. 3. S.occidentalis. 
 Fruit red, style bearded. 4. S. Symphoricarpos, 
 
 1. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. SNOWBERRY. (I. F. f. 3451.) An 
 erect shrub, glabrous or nearly so. Petioles about 4 mm. long; leaves oval, obtuse 
 at each end, sometimes a little pubescent beneath, entire, undulate, or those of 
 young shoots sometimes dentate; axillary clusters few-flowered, the terminal one 
 mostly interruptedly spicate; corolla campanulate, about 6 mm. long, slightly gib- 
 bous at the base, bearded within; style glabrous; berry snow-white, globose, loose- 
 ly cellular, 6-10 mm. in diameter. In rocky places and on river shores, N. S. to 
 Br. Col., Penn., Ky., S. Dak. and in Cal. Commonly planted and sometimes es- 
 caped from cultivation. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. Low SNOWBERRY. 
 (I. F. f. 3452.) A low spreading diffusely branched shrub, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves broadly oval to orbiculate, entire, softly pubescent, especially along the 
 veins beneath; flowers 4-6 mm. long, solitary in the upper axils and 2 or 3 in the 
 terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within; berry oval when 
 young, becoming globose, white, 4-6 mm. in diameter. In rocky places, Ont. and 
 Vt. to N. Y., Penn., S. Dak., Br. Col., Neb. and Colo. June-July. 
 
 3. Symphoricarpos occidentals Hook. WOLFBERRY. (I. F. f. 3453.) 
 Similar to S. racemosus but stouter, with larger paler leaves 2-8 cm. long, more 
 or less pubescent beneath, entire, or often undulate-crenate; axillary clusters 
 spicate, many-flowered; corolla campanulate, 6 mm. long, lobed to beyond the 
 middle; berry nearly globular, white, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Mich, and Minn, to 
 Br. Col., Kans. and Colo. June-July. 
 
 4. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. CORAL-KERRY. (I. F. f. 
 3454.) A shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the branches, purplish, usually pubescent. 
 Petioles 2-4 mm. long; leaves oval or ovate, entire or undulate, mostly obtuse at 
 each end, glabrous or nearly so above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, 2-4 cm. 
 long; clusters dense, many-flowered, at length spicate, shorter than the leaves; co- 
 rolla campanulate, sparingly pubescent within, pinkish, about 4 mm. long; stamens 
 included; berry purplish red, ovoid-globose, 3-4 mm. long. Along rivers and in 
 rocky places, N. J. and Penn. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and Tex. Also 
 sparingly escaped from cultivation farther east. July. \S. vulgar is Michx.] 
 
 6. LONICERA L. 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs, with opposite mostly entire leaves; flowers spicate, 
 capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly 
 globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla often gibbous at the base, the limb 
 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the 
 corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous, pendulous; style slender, stigma 
 capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely i -celled, few-seeded. Seeds with 
 fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. [Named for Adam Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a 
 German botanist.] About 100 species, of the north temperate zone, a few in trop- 
 ical regions. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 * Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads, or interrupted spikes; upper leaves 
 
 connate-per foliate. 
 
 Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. 
 
 Corolla glabrous within. i. L. Caprifoliiim. 
 
 Corolla pubescent within. 
 
 Leaves pubescent, at least beneath ; corolla yellow. 
 
 Leaves pubescent on both sides, at least when young, ciliate ; corolla slightly 
 
 gibbous at base. 2. L. hirsuta. 
 
 Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; corolla tube strongly gibbous at 
 
 the base. 3. L. glaucescens. 
 
 Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. 
 Corolla greenish yellow, the tube somewhat gibbous. 
 
 Corolla-tube 6-10 mm. long; filaments hirsute at the base. 
 
 4. L. dioica. 
 
CA PK 1 FOLIA CEA E. 875 
 
 Corolla-tube 10-14 rnm. long; filaments nearly glabrous. 
 
 5. L. Sullivantii. 
 Corolla bright yellow or orange, its slender tube not gibbous. 
 
 6. L. flava. 
 Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 7. L. sempervirens. 
 
 * * Climbing vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles. 
 
 8. L, Japonica. 
 
 * * * Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles (Genus Xylosteum). 
 Bracts of the peduncle subulate, linear, minute, or none. 
 Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent, or ciliate. 
 
 Leaves pale or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate-veined. 
 
 Peduncles shorter than the flowers ; fruit blue ; leaves ciliate. 
 
 9. L. coerulea. 
 Peduncles equalling the flowers ; fruit red ; leaves not ciliate. 
 
 10. L. oblongifolia. 
 Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not strongly reticulate ; fruit red. 
 
 11. /,. Canadensis. 
 Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 12. L. Xylosteum. 
 
 Leaves cordate, glabrous. 13. L. lataiica. 
 
 Bracts of the peduncle broad, foliaceous. 14. L. involucrata. 
 
 1. Lonicera Caprifolium L. ITALIAN OR PERFOLIATE HONEYSUCKLE. 
 (I. F. f. 3455.) Climbing high, glabrous, somewhat glaucous. Upper pairs of 
 leaves connate-perfoliate, glaucous beneath, the others sessile or short-petioled, 
 oval or obovate, rounded at the base, entire; flowers in terminal capitate sessile 
 clusters; corolla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, purple without, the limb white within; upper 
 lip 4-lobed, the lower one narrow, reflexed; tube slightly curved, not gibbous; 
 stamens and style much exserted; berries red. Thickets, N. Y., N. J. and Penn. 
 to Mich., and in the Southern States. Nat. from Europe. May-June. 
 
 2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 3456.) Twin- 
 ing; branches hirsute-pubescent. Upper one or two pairs of leaves connate-per- 
 foliate, the others oval or ovate, short-petioled or sessile, softly pubescent beneath, 
 dark green and appressed-pubescent above, ciliate, obtuse or obtusish, 5-9 cm. long; 
 flowers verticillate in short terminal interrupted spikes; corolla about 2.5 cm. 
 long, viscid-pubescent without, orange-yellow, the tube slender, somewhat gibbous 
 at the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped, about as long as the tube; stamens and 
 style exserted; filaments hirsute below. In woodlands, Vt. and Ont. to Manitoba, 
 Penn., Ohio and Mich. June-July. 
 
 3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. DOUGLAS' HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 
 3457.) Similar to the preceding, the branches glabrous. Leaves glabrous above, 
 pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath, 39 cm. long, chartacequs-margined, not 
 ciliate, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate; flowers verticillate in a short 
 interrupted spike; corolla yellow, changing to reddish, pubescent or puberulent 
 without, pubescent within, 2.5 cm. long, or less, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the 
 tube; stamens nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; style hirsute; both exsert- 
 ed. Ont. to Saskatchewan, Penn., N. Car.. Ohio and Kans. May-June. 
 
 4. Lonicera dioica L. SMOOTH- LEAVED OR GLAUCOUS HONEYSUCKLE. 
 v (I. F. f. 3458.) Glabrous, twining or shrubby, 1-3 m. long. Leaves glaucous 
 
 beneath, 3-8 cm. long, the upper connate-perfofiate. oval, obtuse; the lower sessile 
 or short-petioled, narrower; flowers several in a terminal cluster, yellowish green 
 and tinged with purple, pubescent within, the tube gibbous at the base, scarcely 
 longer than the 2-lipped limb; stamens exserted with the style; berries red, 6-8 
 mm. in diameter. In rocky and usually dry situations, Quebec to Manitoba, N. 
 Car., Ohio and Mich. May-June. [L. glauca Hill.] 
 
 5. Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray. SULLIVANT'S HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. 
 3459.) Similar to the preceding, very glaucous. Leaves oval or obovate, glaucous 
 and commonly pubescent beneath, obtuse; flowers larger than those of the preced- 
 ing species, the tube slightly exceeding the limb, pale yellow; fruit yellow, 6 mm. 
 in diameter. In woodlands, Tenn., Ohio and western Out. (?) to Wis. and Mani- 
 toba. May-June. 
 
 6. Lonicera flva Sims. YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 3460.) Twin- 
 ing or trailing, glabrous. Leaves broadly oval, or elliptic, entire, obtuse, short- 
 petioled, or the upper sessile, green above, glaucous beneath, the pairs subtending 
 
876 FLORA. 
 
 flowers connate-perfoliate; flowers fragrant, in a terminal interrupted spike; cor- 
 olla 2.5-3.7 cm. long, the slender tube pubescent above within, the limb strongly 2- 
 lipped, about half as long as the tube; filaments and style glabrous, exserted; fruit 
 about 6 mm. in diameter. N. Car. to Ky., Ga. and Ala. April-May. 
 
 7. Lonicera sempervirens L. TRUMPET OR CORAL HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. 
 f. 3461.) Glabrous, high climbing, evergreen in the South. Leaves oval, ob- 
 tuse, 5-8 cm. long, or the lower ones smaller, narrower and acutish, the upper 
 pairs connate-perfoliate, all glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, 
 dark green above; flowers verticillate in terminal interrupted spikes; corolla scarlet 
 or yellow, 2-3.7 cm. long, glabrous, the tube narrow, slightly expanded above; 
 stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries scarlet, about 6 mm. in diameter. In 
 low grounds, or on hillsides, Conn, to Fla., Neb. and Tex. Escaped from cultiva- 
 tion farther north. April-Sept. 
 
 8. Lonicera Japonica Thumb. JAPANESE OR CHINESE HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. 
 f. 3462.) Pubescent, climbing or trailing. Leaves short- petioled, ovate, entire, 
 2.5-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous 
 above, pale and usually sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers leafy-bracted at the 
 base, white or pink, fading to yellow, pubescent without, the tube longer than 
 the strongly 2-lipped limb; stamens and style exserted; berries black, 6-8 mm. in 
 diameter. Freely escaped from cultivation, Conn, to Penn., 111., N. Car., Fla. and 
 W. Va. Nat. from eastern Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 9. Lonicera coerulea L. BLUE OR MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. 
 f. 3463.) Shrubby, 3-9 dm. high, the twigs sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves 
 oval or obovate, 2.5-4 cm. long, obtuse, thick, pale and pubescent beneath, glab- 
 rous above, at least when mature, ciliate ; flowers short-peduncled, subulate-bracted, 
 yellow, 12-16 mm. long; corolla-tube gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 
 its lobes oblong, equalling or slightly exceeding the tube; ovaries of the two flowers 
 becoming united and forming a bluish-black 2-eyed berry about 5 mm. in diame- 
 ter. In low grounds, Newf. to Alaska, R. I., Penn., Wis. and Cal. Also in 
 Europe and Asia. June. 
 
 10. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. SWAMP FLY- HONEYSUCKLE. 
 (I. F. f. 3464.) Leaves oval-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so when 
 mature, downy-pubescent when young; flowers in pairs on long slender peduncles; 
 corolla yellow, or purplish within, 16-18 mm. long, gibbous at the base, deeply 2- 
 lipped; bracts of the peduncle minute or none; ovaries remaining distinct, or be- 
 coming united, the berries red or crimson. In swamps, Quebec to Manitoba, Vt., 
 N. Y., Penn. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 11. Lonicera Canadensis Marsh. AMERICAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 
 3465.) Shrubby ,^9-15 dm. high, the twigs glabrous. Petioles 4-6 mm. long very 
 slender; leaves ovate or sometimes oval, acute or acutish, rounded or cordate at the 
 base, villous-pubescent beneath when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, but 
 the margins strongly ciliate; flowers about 16 mm. long; peduncles long-filiform; 
 bracts very small, subulate; corolla-limb nearly regular, its lobes short; berries 
 separate, ovoid, light red, about 6 mm. in diameter. In moist woods, N. S. to 
 Manitoba, Conn., Penn. and Mich. May. \L. ciliata Muhl.] 
 
 12. Lonicera Xylosteum L. FLY HONEYSUCKLE. (T. F. f. 3466.) A 
 shrub, 9-21 dm. high, the foliage densely appressed-pubescent when young. Leaves 
 ovate, oval, or obovate, entire, short petioled, rather pale green, obtuse, or the up- 
 per acute, persistently pubescent beneath, 2.5-8 cm. long; peduncles about as long 
 as the flowers, or longer; flowers yellowish white; bracts linear- subulate; berries 
 scarlet. Escaped from cult. R. I. and N. Y. Native of Eur. and Asia. May-June. 
 
 13. Lonicera Tatarica L. TARTARIAN BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 3467.) 
 A glabrous shrub, 1.5-3 m. high. Leaves ovate, rather thin, cordate, not ciliate; 
 flowers in pairs on slender axillary peduncles; corolla pink to white, 14-16 mm. 
 long, the tube gibbous at the base, the limb irregularly and deeply 5-lobed, some- 
 what '2-lipped; peduncles 2.5 cm. long; bracts linear, sometimes as long as the 
 corolla-tube; stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries separate, red. Escaped 
 from cultivation, Ont. and Vt. to N. Y.. N. J. and Ky. Native of Asia. May. 
 
 14. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. INVOLUCRED FLY-HONEY- 
 SUCKLE. (I. F. f. 3468.) A glabrate or pubescent shrub, 1-3 m. high. Leaves 
 Short-petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, pubes- 
 
ADOXACEA& ': 8/7 
 
 cent, at least when young; peduncles axillary, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3-flowered; bracts 
 ovate or oval, often cordate ; bractlets large, at length surrounding the fruit; 
 flowers yellow; corolla pubescent, funnelform, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; 
 berries separate, globose, or oval, nearly black, about 8 mm. in diameter. In 
 woodlands, Quebec to Ont., Mich., Alaska, Ariz., Utah and Cal. June-July. 
 
 7. DIERVILLA Moench. 
 
 Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and yellow cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx- 
 tube slender, narrowed below, the limb with 5 linear persistent lobes. Corolla nar 
 rowly funnellbrm, the tube slightly gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 5- 
 lobed. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous; style fili- 
 form; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at the 
 summit, septicidatly 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed-coat minutely reticulated; 
 endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the 
 plant to Tournefort.] Three species, the following and two in the mountains of the 
 Southern States. 
 
 i. Diervilla Diervilla (L.) MacM. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE. (I. F. f. 3469.) 
 A shrub, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so, with terete branches. Leaves 
 short- petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate, usually rounded at the base, 5-14 cm. 
 long, irregularly crenulate and often slightly ciliate; peduncles terminal, or in the 
 upper axils, slender, 1-5 flowered; flowers about 18 mm. long; corolla more or less 
 pubescent both without and within, 3 of its lobes somewhat united; capsule gla- 
 brous, slender, beaked. In dry or rocky woodlands, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
 N. Car. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 Family 3. ADOXACEAE Fritsch. 
 Moschatel Family. 
 
 Glabrous slender herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal 
 and opposite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in 
 terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, 
 the limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla rotate, regular 4-6-lobed. Stamens twice 
 as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted in pairs on its tube; fila- 
 ments short ; anthers peltate, i-celled. Ovary 3~5-celled ; style 3-5- 
 parted ; ovules i in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe with 
 3-5-nutlets. Endosperm cartilaginous. The family contains only the 
 following monotypic genus. 
 
 i. ADOXA L. 
 
 Characters of the family. [Greek, without glory, i.e., insignificant.] 
 i. Adoxa Moschatellina L. MUSK-ROOT. HOLLOW-ROOT. MOSCHATEL. 
 (I. F. f. 3470-) Stems simple, weak, erect, 7-15 cm. high, bearing a pair of oppo- 
 site ternate leaves usually above the middle. Basal leaves 1-4, long-petioled, ter- 
 nately compound, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or 3- 
 parted, the lobes obtuse and mucronulate; head 6-8 mm. in diameter, of 3 6 flowers; 
 corolla of the terminal flower 4~5-lobed, those of the others usually 5~6-lobed; 
 drupe green, bearing the persistent calyx-lobes above the middle. In shaded rocky 
 places, Arctic Am. to Iowa, Wis., S. Dak. and Colo. Also in Europe and Asia. 
 Odor musky. May. 
 
 Order 8. VALERIANALES. 
 
 Herbs, the corolla gamopetalous. Stamens mostly fewer than the 
 corolla-lobes; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, i-celled with i pendulous 
 ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled; 2 cavities empty. Fam. r. Val'riinaceae, 
 
 Qvary i-celled; flowers densely capitate, invplucrate, Fam, 3. 
 
8/8 FLORA. 
 
 Family i. VALERIANACEAE Batsch. 
 Valerian Family. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small flowers, in 
 corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 
 its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in 
 fruit. Corolla epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed? and 
 sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spreading, mostly 5- 
 lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
 Ovary inferior, i-3-celled, one of the cavities containing a single ana- 
 tropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit in dehiscent, dry, containing a 
 single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none; embryo straight ; 
 cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 275 species, of wide distribution. 
 Fruit i-celled ; persistent calyx lobes becoming awn-like ; tall herbs, i. Valeriana. 
 Fruit 3-celled; calyx lobes minute or none; low herbs. 2. Valerianella, 
 
 i. VALERIANA L. 
 
 Perennial strong-smelling herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose flowers 
 paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 plumose teeth, short and inrolled in 
 flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnelform 
 or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5- 
 lobed. Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. 
 Fruit compressed, i -nerved on the back, 3-nerved on the front. [Name Middle 
 Latin, from valere, to be strong.] About 185 species, mostly in the north temper- 
 ate zone and the Andes. Besides the following, 6 or 7 others occur in southern and 
 western N. Am. 
 
 Corolla-tube very slender, 1-2 cm. long;; basal leaves cordate. i. V. pauciflora. 
 Corolla-tube 2-6 mm. long; basal leaves not cordate. 
 
 Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate. 
 
 2. V. edulis. 
 Leaves thin, reticulate-veined, the segments dentate. 
 
 Lower leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. 
 
 Segments of middle stem-leaves 9-13, usually sinuate-dentate; corolla 3.5^5 
 
 mm. wide. 3. V. uliginosa. 
 
 Segments of middle stem-leaves 5-7, entire ; corolla 2.5-3 mm - wide. 
 
 4. V. septentrionalis. 
 All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent, especially at the nodes. 
 
 5. V. officinalis, 
 
 1. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN. (I. F. 
 f. 3471.) Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal. Stem glabrous, 3-9 dm. high, 
 often sending out runners; leaves thin, the basal ones slender-petioled, simple, or 
 sometimes with a pair of small segments on the petiole, broadly ovate, cordate, acute, 
 crenate or dentate; stem leaves pinnately 3~7-divided, the terminal segment larger 
 than the others; cymes terminal, clustered; corolla pink; bracts linear; fruit ob- 
 long or oblong-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, glabrous or puberulent; bristles of the 
 calyx at length elongated and plumose. In moist soil, Penn. to W. Va., 111., Ky. 
 and Mo. May-June. 
 
 2. Valeriana edulis Nutt. EDIBLE VALERIAN. TOBACCO-ROOT. (I. F. 
 f. 3472.) Erect, 3-12 dm. high, from a deep carrot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, 
 or nearly so, the young leaves commonly pubescent and the older ones ciliate, some- 
 times glabrous; basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 0.7-3 dm. l n g' obtuse, nar- 
 rowed into margined petioles, parallel veined, entire or with a few obtuse entire 
 lobes; stem leaves few, sessile, pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate segments; 
 flowers yellowish white, 4 mm. long, polygamo-dioecious, paniculate; bracts 
 lanceolate, short; fruit narrowly ovate, glabrous or nearly so, 4 mm. long, at length 
 exceeded by the plumose calyx-teeth. In wet open places, Ont. to Br. Col., Ohio, 
 Wis., Ariz, and N. Mex. May- Aug. 
 
 3. Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. WOOD OR SWAMP VALERIAN. (I. 
 F. f. 3473.) Erect, glabrous or nearly so, 3-7.5 dm. high. Rootstocks creeping or 
 ascending; basal leaves petioled, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few 
 
VALERIANACEAE. 879 
 
 obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 5-25 cm. long; stem leaves 3 or 4 pairs, petioled, 
 sparingly hairy when young, pinnately parted into 3-13 ovate to lanceolate, den- 
 tate or rarely entire segments; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; flowers pink or 
 nearly white, 6-8 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate; fruit ovate, glabrous, 4-5 
 mm. long. In wet soil, Me. to N. Y., Out. and Mich. May-Aug. \V. sylvatica 
 uliginosa T. & G. ; V. sylvatica Beck, not Banks.] 
 
 4,. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. NORTHERN VALERIAN. Erect, perfectly 
 glabrous throughout or the inflorescence minutely puberulent, 24 dm. high. Basal 
 leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 2-10 cm. long, entire; stem-leaves usually 3 
 pairs, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; segments "5-7, oval to linear -lanceolate, 
 entire or merely undulate on the margins; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, in 
 flower usually congested, flowers white, al)out 5 mm. long; fruit glabrous, 3-4 
 mm. long. In wet soil on hillsides, Newf., subarctic America to Br. Col. and 
 south in the Rockies to N. Mex. \V. sylvatica Banks; not F. W. Scmidt.] 
 
 5. Valeriana officinalis L. GARDEN VALERIAN. (I. F. f. 3474.) Erect, 
 6-15 dm. high. Leaves pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-veined lanceo- 
 late acute or acuminate segments, sharply dentate, or those of the upper leaves en- 
 tire, usually with some scattered hairs beneath; flowers pink or nearly white, about 
 4 mm. long; inflorescence of several rather compact corymbed cymes; bracts linear- 
 lanceolate ; fruit glabrous, ovate, about 3 mm. long. Escaped from gardens to road- 
 sides, N. Y. and N. J. Native of Europe and Asia. June -Aug. 
 
 2. VALERIANELLA Poll. 
 
 Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of 
 the stem sessile, often dentate, the flowers in compact or capitate cymes, in our 
 species corymbed or panicled. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. 
 Calyx-limb short or obsolete in flower, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the 
 base, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; style minutely 3-lobed at the sum- 
 mit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the 
 fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian.] About 50 species, of the northern 
 hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it. 
 
 Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick. i. V. Locusta* 
 
 Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. V. chenopodifolia. 
 Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved. 
 
 Groove of the fruit broad and shallow. 3. V. radiata. 
 
 Groove of the fruit narrow. 4. V. stenocarfa. 
 
 Fruit globose or saucer-shaped. 5. V. Woodsiana. 
 
 Corolla salverform, the slender tube much longer than the limb. 6. V. longiflora. 
 
 1. Valerianella Lociista (L.) Bettke. EUROPEAN CORN SALAD. (I. F. 
 347S-) Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 1.5-3 dm. high, usually repeated- 
 ly forked. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, rounded and obtuse at the apex, 
 3-5 cm. long, entire; upper stem leaves oblong lanceolate, usually dentate; ped- 
 uncles short; cymes 6-12 mm. broad, almost capitate; bracts linear or linear-ob- 
 long; corolla blue, about 2 mm. long; fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, 2 mm. 
 long, glabrous, depressed-orbicular in outline, the two empty cavities smaller than 
 the fertile one, which has a corky mass at its back. In waste places, N. Y., N. J. 
 and Penn. to Va. and La. Nat. from Europe. April-July. [ V. olitoria Poll.] 
 
 2. Valerianella chenopodiiolia (Pursh) DC. GOOSE-FOOT CORN SALAD. 
 (I. F. f. 3476.) Glabrous, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves entire, or the basal and lower 
 ones repand, spatulate, obtuse; upper stem leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. 
 long; cymes dense, 12-18 mm. broad, at length slender-peduncled; bracts lanceo- 
 late or oblong -lanceolate; corolla white, about 2 mm. long; fruit triangular-pyra- 
 midal, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the two empty 
 cavities narrower than the fertile one but about as deep. In moist soil, western 
 N. Y. to Va., Wis. and Ky. May-July. 
 
 3. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. BEAKED CORN SALAD. (I. F. f. 3477.) 
 Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves 
 spatulate, obtuse, entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate; cymes 8-12 mm. 
 broad, dense; bracts small, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, 2 mm. 
 long; fruit finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous, 2 mm. long, i mm. thick, the 
 
88O FLORA. 
 
 empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the beaked fertile one and separated 
 from each other by a broad shallow groove. In moist soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich., 
 Mo. and Tex. May -July. 
 
 4. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engehn.) Krok. NARROW-CELLED CORN 
 SALAD. (I. F. f. 3478.) Similar to the preceding. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slight- 
 ly smaller, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; sterile cavities not as thick as the ob- 
 long seed-bearing one, and separated from each other by a narrow groove. Kans. 
 and Mo. to Tex. March-June. 
 
 5. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. WOODS' CORN SALAD. 
 (I. F. f. 3479. ) Usually larger than any of the preceding species, sometimes 9 dm. 
 high, glabrous or nearly so. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire; up- 
 per leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, usually dentate; cymes 6-12 mm. broad, 
 few-flowered; bracts comparatively large, lanceolate; corolla white, about 2 mm. 
 long; fruit glabrous, nearly globular, about 2 mm. in diameter, the empty cavities 
 inflated, introrse with a depression or concavity between them, as broad as the 
 fertile one. In moist soil, N. Y., Penn. and Ohio to Tenn. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 Valerianella Woodsiana umbilicata (Sulliv.) A. Gray. Empty cells of the fruit 
 bladdery-inflated, curved together at the ends, forming a deep concavity. Same range. 
 
 Valerianella Woodsiana patellkria (Suliiv.) A. Gray. Empty cells divergent, the 
 fruit becoming saucer-shaped. Ohio and Penn. 
 
 6. Valerianella longiflora (T. & G.) Walp. LONG-FLOWERED CORN SALAD. 
 (I. F. f. 3480.) Glabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones 
 spatulate, 2.5-7 cm. long, those of the stem oblong or spatulate-oblong, smaller, 
 somewhat clasping; cymes dense, corymbed; corolla salverform, pink or purplish, 
 about 12 mm. long, the almost filiform tube 3 -4 times as long as the limb, the lobes 
 linear-oblong; bracts with small gland-tipped teeth; fruit broadly ovate or nearly 
 orbicular, the empty cavities divergent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one. 
 In moist rocky situations, Mo. and Ark. April -May. 
 
 Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. 
 
 Teasel Family. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect flowers 
 in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elon- 
 gated or globose receptacle, bracted and invohicellate. Calyx-tube ad- 
 nate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into 
 spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 
 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; fila- 
 ments distinct ; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, i-celled ; style filiform ; 
 stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral ; ovule i, anatropous. 
 Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed- 
 coat membranous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight. About 7 genera 
 and 140 species, of the Old World. 
 
 Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. I. Dipsacus 
 
 Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2. Scabiosa. 
 
 i. DI'PSACUS L. 
 
 Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs, with usually large 
 leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads in our 
 species. Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny point- 
 ed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed, with a somewhat spreading border. Limb of the calyx 
 cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 
 4. Stigma oblique or lateral. [Greek, to thirst, the leaves of some species hold- 
 ing water.] About 15 species, of the Old World. 
 
 Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. i. D. sylvestris. 
 
 Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fitllonum. 
 
 I. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. WILD TEASEL. (I. F. f. 3481.) Biennial, 
 stout, with numerous prickles, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high. 
 Leaves sessile, or the upper connate-perfoliate, lanceolate or oblong, the upper 
 acuminate and generally entire, the lower crenate or sometimes pinnatifid, often 
 3 dm. long; heads becoming cylindric, at length 7-10 cm. long; flowers lilac, 
 
CUCURBIT A CEAE. 88 1 
 
 8-12 mm. long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved upward, as long as the head 
 or longer; scales of the receptacle ovate, tipped with a straight subulate barbed 
 awn, usually exceeding the flowers. In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Va., west 
 to Mich. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Dipsacus fullonum L. FULLER'S TEASEL. (I. F. f. 3482.) Similar to 
 the preceding species. Leaves of the involucre, or some of them, shorter than the 
 heads, spreading or at length reflexed; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips, 
 about equalling the flowers, which are usually paler than in D. sylvestris. About 
 wool mills, Eastern and Middle States. Fugitive from Europe. 
 
 2. SCABIOSA L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue, pink, or white flowers in 
 peduncled involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. Scales of the 
 receptacle small, capillary, or none. Involucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins 4-toothed 
 or expanded. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft, oblique or 
 2- lipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene adnate to 
 the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as 
 a remedy for scaly eruptions. ] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid ; receptacle hairy, not scaly. i. S. arvensis. 
 
 Leaves entire, or toothed ; receptacle scaly. 2. S. australts. 
 
 1. Scabiosa arvensis L. FIELD SCABIOUS. (I. F. f. 3483.) Perennial, 
 pubescent, simple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves peti- 
 oled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pinnatifid, 0.7-2 dm. long; 
 upper leaves sessile, often deeply pinnatifid; heads long-peduncled, depressed- 
 globose, 2.5-3.7 cm. broad; flowers lilac-purple, about 12 mm. long; receptacle 
 depressed-hemispheric; achene angled, crowned with the 8 or 10 linear- subulate 
 calyx-teeth. In cultivated fields and waste places, Mass., Vt., N. Y. and Penn. 
 Adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Scabiosa australis Wulf. SOUTHERN SCABIOUS. (I. F. f. 3484-) Per- 
 ennial, puberulent, at least above, slender, 4-9 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceo- 
 late to oblong, mostly obtuse, 1-3 dm. long, the petiole often as long as the blade, 
 or longer; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, or toothed, 
 short-petioled, or the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of purple flowers 
 long-peduncled. rather less than 2.5 cm. in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit; bracts 
 of the involucre glabrous; receptacle scaly; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth. 
 Nat. from Europe in N. Y. and Mass. Summer. 
 
 Scabiosa succisa L., similar to the preceding species, but with globose fruiting 
 heads and hirsute involucre, is reported from Cape Breton Island. 
 
 Order 9. CAMPANULALES. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes 
 separate in Cucurbitaceae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer 
 in the Cucurbitaceae); anthers united except in Campanula and Specu- 
 larta of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnta of the 
 Compositae. Ovary inferior. 
 Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky. 
 
 Endosperm none; flowers monoecious or dioecious; our species vines. 
 
 Fam. i, Cucurbitaceae. 
 
 Enaosperm present, fleshy; flowers perfect. Fam. 2. Campanulaceae. 
 
 Flowers in involucrate heads. 
 
 Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 3. Cichori&ceae. 
 Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays; juice very rarely milky. 
 
 Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 4. Ambrosiaceae. 
 
 Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnict). 
 
 Fam. 5. Compositae. 
 
 Family I. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. 
 
 Gourd Family . 
 
 Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled, 
 generally palmately lobed or dissected, Flowers monoecious or digs- 
 
882 FLORA. 
 
 cious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed, the 
 lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, 
 separate, or united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 
 (sometimes i), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a i-celled 
 anther; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3- 
 celled ; style terminal, simple, or lobed ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 
 pepo, indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregu- 
 larly ; or sometimes dry and membranous. Seeds usually flat; endo- 
 sperm none. About 90 genera and 650 species, mainly of tropical regions. 
 Flowers large, yellow ; prostrate vine. i. Cucurbita. 
 
 Flowers small, white or greenish ; climbing vines. 
 
 Fruit glabrous ; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria. 
 
 Fruit prickly ; seeds i or few, erect or pendulous. 
 
 Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several- seeded. 
 
 Leaves 3~7-lobed ; anthers 3. 3. Micrampelis. 
 
 Leaves digitately compound ; anther i. 4. Cyclanthera^ 
 
 Fruit indehiscent, i-seeded. 5. Stcyos* 
 
 i. CUCURBITA L. 
 
 Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually 
 lobed leaves mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious flow- 
 ers. Calyx-tube campanulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to 
 about the middle, the lobes recurving. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the 
 anthers linear, more or less united, and no pistil. Pistillate flowers with i pistil; 
 ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentae; style short, thick; stigmas 3-5, 
 each 2-lobed. papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a thick rind, 
 many-seeded, indehiscent. [The Latin name of the gourd.] About 10 species, 
 natives of America, Asia, and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others occur 
 in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K. MISSOURI GOURD. (I. F. f. 3485.) 
 Stem stout, rough, hirsute. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles stout, very 
 rough; leaves ovate-triangular, thick, somewhat fleshy, cerdate or truncate at the 
 base, acute, 1-3 dm. long, usually slightly 3-5 -lobed, denticulate, rough above, 
 canescent beneath; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla 
 6-10 cm. long; pepo globose or globose -ovoid, 5-8 cm. in diameter, smooth, its 
 pulp fibrous and bitter. Dry soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex., west to southernCal. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 Cucurbita Pepo L., the PUMPKIN, is found occasionally in waste places. 
 
 Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the WATERMELON, is found escaped from cultivation 
 along river shores in Va. and W. Va. and in the Southern States. 
 
 3. MELOTHRIA L. 
 
 Slender vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, thin leaves, and small white 
 or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. 
 Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5 -parted. Stamens 
 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil want 
 ing or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with i pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below 
 the corolla; placentae 3; ovules numerous; style short; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit 
 small, berry-like, pulpy. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonia 
 Cretica.] About 64 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the 
 following 2 or 3 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Melothria pendula L. CREEPING CUCUMBER. (I. F. f. 3486.) Root 
 perennial. Stem slender, branched, glabrous, grooved; leaves nearly orbicular in 
 outline, finely pubescent or scabrous on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or 
 5-angled, denticulate or dentate ; tendrils puberulent; staminate flowers 4-7, race- 
 mose, borne on a peduncle 1-2.5 cm. long; fertile flowers solitary, slender-pedun- 
 cled: corolla greenish white, about 4 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, green, 8-12 mm. long. 
 In thickets. Penn. (Schweinitz, according to Cogniaux), Va. to Fla., Ind., Ky., 
 La. and Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. MICRAMPELIS Raf. [ECHINC-CYSTIS T. & G.] 
 
 Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, 
 and small white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-lobed, Corolla 
 
CAMPANULACEAE. 883 
 
 deeply 5-6-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anuiers more or less 
 coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity; style 
 very short; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit fleshy or dry at maturity, densely 
 spiny, I -2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity, dehiscent at the summit. 
 Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine.] About 25 species, natives of 
 America. Besides the following, about IO others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 i. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. WILD BALSAM APPLE. MOCK 
 APPLE. (I. F. f. 3487.) Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved, climbing to 
 a height of 4.5-7.5 m., sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Leaves thin, 
 roughish on both sides, deeply cordate, 3-7-lobed to about the middle, the lobes 
 triangular-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, remotely serrulate; staminate flowers 
 very numerous in narrow compound racemes; pistillate flowers solitary, or raiely 
 2 together; fruit ovoid, green, about 5 cm. long, armed with slender spines. Along 
 rivers, and in waste places, Me. to Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. 
 
 Climbing, mostly glabrous vines, with usually digitately compound leaves and 
 small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 
 rotate, deeply 5-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or panicled, the stamens 
 united into a central column; anther I, annular in our species. Pistillate flowers 
 solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, i-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity; 
 style short; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at 
 length irregularly dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle- anther.] About 40 
 species, natives of America. 
 
 i. Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G.) Arn. CUT-LEAVED CYCLANTHERA. 
 (I. F. f. 3488.) Annual; stem grooved and angular, glabrous, branching, climb- 
 ing to a height of 9-12 dm., or straggling. Leaves digitately 3-7 foliolate, the 
 leaflets oval or oblong, acute at each end, 15 cm. long, rough on both sides, den- 
 tate, or somewhat lobed; staminate flowers racemose, borne on a peduncle 1-5 cm. 
 long; pistillate flowers solitary, very short-peclnncled; fruit narrowed at the base, 
 slightly oblique, about 2.5 cm. long, armed with slender spines. Thickets, Kans. 
 to Tex., La. and northern Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 5. SICYOS L. 
 
 Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and 
 small white or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 
 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5 parted nearly to the base. Staminate 
 flowers corymbose or racemose, with 3 stamens, the filaments united into a short 
 column, the anthers coherent. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long- 
 peduncled clusters; ovary oblong or fusiform, i -celled; ovule i, pendulous; style 
 short, slender; stigmas usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. [Greek, a 
 cucumber or gourd.] About 35 species, of America and Australasia. Besides the 
 following, 2 others occur in the southwestern States. 
 
 i. S icy os angulatus L. ONE-SEEDED BUR-CUCUMBER. STAR CUCUMBER. 
 NIMBLE KATE. (I. F. f. 3489.) Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, 
 climbing to a height of 4.5-7.5 m., or trailing. Leaves nearly orbicular, rough on 
 both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at the base, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes 
 acute or acuminate, denticulate;' staminate flowers loosely corymbose or racemose, 
 borne on elongated peduncles; fertile flowers capitate, their peduncles shorter; 
 fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellowish, about 1.3 cm. long, pubescent, armed with 
 slender rough spines. Along river banks and in moist places. Quebec and Ont. to 
 Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and Tex. Nat. in eastern Europe. June- Sept. 
 
 Family 2. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. 
 
 Bell-flower Family. 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate 
 exstipulate simple leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and perfect 
 flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 
 5-parted, the lobes equal or slightly unequal, valvate or imbricate in the 
 bud, commonly persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, regular or irregular, 
 inserted at the line where the calyx becomes free from the ovary, its 
 
884 FLOXA. 
 
 tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular, or more 
 or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided into separate petals. Stamens 
 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla ; filaments 
 separate or connate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate, or united into 
 a ring or tube. Ovary 2~5-celled (rarely 6-io-celled), with the placentae 
 projecting from the axis, or i-celled with two parietal placentae ; style 
 simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed, pilose by a tuft or ring of hairs, or 
 glabrous; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds numer- 
 ous, small; embryo minute, straight; endosperm fleshy. About 6c 
 genera and 1500 species, of wide distribution. 
 
 Corolla regular, campanulate or rotate ; anthers separate. 
 Capsule opening by lateral pores or valves. 
 
 Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. i. Campanula., 
 
 Corolla rotate ; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. Specularia. 
 
 Capsule opening by terminal pores or valves. 3. Jasione. 
 
 Corolla irregular ; anthers connate around the style. 4. Lobelia. 
 
 i. CAMPANULA L. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers regular, 
 complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx-tube hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or 
 prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 3-4- 
 parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free 
 from the corolla; filaments usually dilated at the base. Ovary inferior, 3~5-celled; 
 stigma 3~5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the persistent 
 calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5 
 small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Dimin- 
 utive of the Latin campana. a bell.] About 250 species, natives of the northern 
 hemisphere. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in southern and western 
 N. Am. 
 
 * Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or panicled. 
 Flower solitary at the end of the stem; arctic and alpine plants. 
 
 Corolla 8-12 mm. long; capsule-openings near the summit. i. C. uniflora. 
 Corolla 12-25 mm. long; capsule-openings near the base. 2. C. rotttndifolia. 
 
 Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate. 
 Corolla 14-30 mm. long. 
 
 Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate. 2. C. rotundifolia. 
 Leaves all ovate to lanceolate; plants pubescent or scabrous. 
 
 Flowers pedicelled in i-sided racemes. 3. C. rapunculoides. 
 
 Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. 4. C. glomerata. 
 
 Corolla 4-12 mm. long. 
 
 Plant rough; style not exserted. 
 
 Flowers white, sometimes tinged with blue, 5-8 mm. long; leaves mostly 
 
 linear-lanceolate, crenulate. 5. C. aparinotdes. 
 
 Flowers blue, 10-12 mm. long ; leaves linear, denticulate with minute 
 
 callous teeth. 6. C. uliginosa. 
 
 Plant smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid; style long-exserted. 
 
 7. C. divaricata. 
 ** Corolla rotate; flowers spicate. 8. C. Americana. 
 
 1. Campanula uniflora L. ARCTIC HAREBELL OR BELLFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3490.) Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, i-flowered, 3-15 cm. high. 
 Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly den- 
 tate, 18-35 cm - l n g> or tne l wer an( l basal ones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed 
 into petioles; flower erect; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous or pubescent, shorter 
 than or equalling the lobes; corolla campanulate, 8-12 mm. long, blue; capsulr 
 cylindric or club-shaped, about 12 mm. long, erect, opening by valves near the 
 summit. Lab. and Arctic Am. to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo. 
 Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 
 
 2. Campanula rotundif Ai& L. HAREBELL. BLUE BELLS OF SCOTLAND. 
 (I. F. f. 3491.) Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect or 
 diffuse, often several from the same root, 1.5-9 dm. high. Basal leaves nearly 
 orbicular or broadly ovate, usually cordate, slender petioled, 6-25 mm. wide, d.en- 
 
CAMPANULACEAE. 88$ 
 
 tite or entire, often wanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, 
 iKiite, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short petioles and some- 
 what spa tulate; flowers, racemose (rarely solitary), drooping or spreading; calyx- 
 lobes subulate, spreading, longer than the short-turbinate tube; corolla blue, cam- 
 panulate; capsule obconic or ovoid, pendulous, ribbed, opening by short clefts 
 near the base. On moist rocks and in meadows, Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., 
 Neb. , Ariz, and Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. 
 
 2a. Campanula dubia D. C. NORTHERN BELL-FLOWER. Stems ascending, 
 1-3 dm. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent on the angles. Basal leaves reni- 
 form to ovate, long-petioled, those of the stem linear-lanceolate, wider than those 
 of the preceding species; flowers usually solitary, sometimes 2-4, erect, 2-2.5 cm - 
 long; calyx-lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. On wet rocks, mountains of Me. 
 and N. H. ; Que. to Lab. and Newf. (C- rotundifolia Langs dor fiana Britton, 
 not C. Langsdorfiana Fisch.) 
 
 3. Campanula rapunculoides L. CREEPING OR EUROPEAN BELLFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3492.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous or pubescent, sim- 
 ple or rarely branched, leafy, erect, rather stout, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves pubescent 
 or puberulent, crenate-denticulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
 the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, slender- 
 petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, smaller; flowers short-pedicelled, 
 drooping, 25-35 mm. long; corolla deeply 5-lobed, much longer than the linear 
 spreading calyx-lobes; capsule globose, nodding, about 8 mm. in diameter, open- 
 ing near the base. In fields and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., southern N. Y. 
 and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Campanula glomerata L. CLUSTERED BELLFLOWER. DANE'S BLOOD. 
 (I. F. f. 3493.) Perennial by short rootstocks; stem stout, simple, erect, pubescent, 
 leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate, the lower and basal 
 ones oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper 
 lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping, smaller; flowers about 25 
 mm. long, sessile, erect and spreading; corolla deeply 5-lobed; calyx-lobes lanceo- 
 late, acuminate; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about 6 mm. high, opening near 
 the base. In fields and along roadsides, eastern Mass. Nat. from Europe. June- Aug. 
 
 5. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. MARSH OR BEDSTRAW BELLFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3494.) Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak, reclining or dif- 
 fuse, rough with short retrorse bristles, leafy, paniculately branched, 1.5-6 dm. 
 long. Leaves lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, sparingly crenulate with low 
 teeth, or entire, rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both ends, 12-35 mm - 
 long, 2-6 mm. wide; flowers paniculate, 5-8 mm. long; corolla deeply 5-cleft, 
 its tube equalling or longer than the triangular-lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; cap- 
 sule subglobose, opening near the base. In grassy swamps, N. B. to the N. W. 
 Terr., south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. June- Aug. 
 
 6. Campanula uliginosa Rydb. n. sp. BLUE MARSH BELLFLOWER. Per- 
 ennial; similar to the preceding but branches less spreading; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
 retrorsely hispidulous on the angles. Leaves linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, 
 retrorsely hispidulous on the margins and midribs, acute, minutely denticulate with 
 callous teeth or entire; corolla blue with darker veins, cleft to below the middle 
 into lanceolate lobes; capsule subglobose, about 5 mm. long and nearly as broad, 
 opening near the base. In wet meadows, Me. and northern N. Y. to Minn, and 
 Iowa; type collected by B. C. Taylor at Chisago City, Minn. 
 
 7. Campanula divaricata Michx. PANICLED BELLFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3495.) 
 Perennial, glabrous but somewhat viscid; stem erect, paniculately branched, slent 
 der, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermos- 
 sometimes linear, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, 
 the upper sessile, the lower petioled, 5-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; flowers in 
 compound panicles, drooping; corolla light blue, about 6 mm. long; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, acute, often dentate; capsule turbinate, about 5 mm. long, opening near 
 the middle. On rocky banks, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Sept. 
 
 8. Campanula Americana L. TALL BELLFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3496.) Annual 
 or biennial, more or less pubescent; stem erect or nearly so, simple or rarely with a 
 few long branches, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, 
 
886 FLORA. 
 
 7-15 cm. long, the lowest sometimes cordate; flowers in a sometimes leafy spike, 
 which is often 3-6 dm. long; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; corolla 
 blue, or rarely white, about 25 mm. broad, deeply 5 -cleft; calyx-lobes linear-subu- 
 late, spreading; style declined and curved upward, long-exserted; capsule narrowly 
 turbinate, ribbed, erect, 8-10 mm. long, opening near the summit. In moist 
 thickets and woods, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla., Ky., Ark. and Kans. July-Sept 
 
 2. SPECULARIA Heist. 
 
 [LEGOUZIA Durand.] 
 
 Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem arid branches 
 long, slender. . Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper 
 panicled in some exotic species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the 
 later with a blue or purple nearly rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in 
 the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes 
 imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat; anthers separate, linear. Ovary 3-celled 
 (rarely 2- or 4-celled); ovules numerous; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule pris- 
 matic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid, 
 oblong, or lenticular. About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one 
 extending into South America. [Name derived from Speculum Veneris, the an- 
 cient name of the European Venus' Looking-glass.] The generic name Specularia 
 Heist., used by Fabricius in 1759, antedates Legouzia Durand, 1782. 
 Capsule narrowly oblong or turbinate. 
 
 Leaves sessile ; capsule-valves near the top. i. S. biflora. 
 
 Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule-valves at about the middle. 2. S. perfoliata. 
 
 Capsule linear-cylindric ; leaves sessile ; western. 3. S. leptocarpa. 
 
 1. Specularia biflora (R. & P.) A. Gray. SMALL VENUS' LOOKING-GLASS. 
 (I. F. f. 3497.) Glabrous, or nearly so; stem simple or branched, very slender, 
 roughish on the angles, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lan- 
 ceolate, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few teeth, or enti're, 
 8-20 mm. long, or the upper smaller; earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceo- 
 late calyx-lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-subulate, longer; cap- 
 sule oblong-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, opening by valves close under the calyx- 
 teeth. In dry soil, Va. to Mo., Kans., Fla. and Texas. Also in Cal. and S. Am. 
 April-July. 
 
 2. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. VENUS' LOOKING-GLASS. (I. F. 1 
 3498.) More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy, slender, sometimes prostrate, 
 retrorse-hispid on the angles, or nearly smooth, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular 
 or broadly ovate, crenate-dentate or sometimes entire, 625 mm. wide; flowers 
 solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, the later (upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) trian- 
 gular-lanceolate acuminate rigid calyx-lobes, and a rotate blue or violet corolla 1-2 
 cm. broad, the earlier ones with 3 or 4 shorter calyx-lobes longer than the rudimen- 
 tary corolla; capsule oblong, or narrowly turbinate, 4-6 mm. long; seeds lenticular. 
 In dry woods, Me. and Ont. to Br. Col., Fla., La., Mex., Utah and Ore. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt. ) A. Gray. WESTERN VENUS'LOOKING-GLASS. 
 (I. F. f. 3499.) Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, not clasping, acute at both ends, or the lowest 
 obtuse at the apex, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1-2.5 cm - l n g 2 ~4 m - wide; 
 flowers usually solitary in the axils, the later ones with 4 or 5 subulate calyx-lobes 
 and a rotate corolla 10-18 mm. broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter calyx-lobes and 
 rudimentary corolla; capsule 8-16 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, the upper at 
 length opening near the summit; seeds oblong. In dry soil, western Mo. to Mont, 
 and Tex. May -Aug. 
 
 3. JASIONE L. 
 
 Herbs, the flowers in terminal heads subtended by a many-leaved involucre. 
 Calyx tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-divided. Corolla at first 
 tubular, splitting later to the base into 5 linear or linear-oblanceolate segments. 
 Filaments subulate. Anthers united at the base, free above. Ovary inferior, 
 2-celled; stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, dehiscent by two terminal pores. 
 [Greek name of some medicinal plant.] Five species of central Europe and the 
 Mediterranean Region. 4t 
 
CAMPANULACEAE. 88? 
 
 I. Jasione monta'na L. SHEEP'S-BIT. Annual or biennial, with several stems 
 from a simple root. Stems 1.5-2.5 dm. high, branched above, leafy below; leaves 
 linear, rough- hairy, sessile; flowers in hemispherical heads; corolla blue, seldom 
 white or pink. In waste places, R. I. and Conn. Adventive from Europe. June- 
 Sept 
 
 4. LOBELIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves, and race- 
 mose spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted, red, yellow, blue, or white flowers. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube 
 straight, oblique, or incurved, divided to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our spe- 
 cies, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other 
 3 which are somewhat united. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, 
 at least above, 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tips, 3 of them usually 
 larger than the other 2. all united into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 
 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicid- 
 ally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish botanist.] 
 About 225 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 
 12 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 * Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue. 
 
 Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, all tufted at the base. i. L. Dortmanna, 
 
 Leaves flat, linear- oblong or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate. 
 
 2. L. paludosa 
 * * Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy. 
 
 i. Corolla-tube 10-25 mm. long. 
 
 Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white); corolla-tube 20-25 mm - long:- 3 L. cardinalis. 
 Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 10-15 mm. long. 
 Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate. 
 Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 
 
 Calyx-lobes hirsute; sinuses with large deflexed auricles. 
 
 4. L. syphilitica. 
 Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles. 
 
 5. L. amoena. 
 Leaves densely puberulent; calyx hirsute; auricles small. 6. L. puberula. 
 
 Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate. 7. L. glandulosa. 
 
 2. Corolla-tube only 4-8 mm. long. 
 Stems mostly simple ; flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. 
 
 Sinuses of the calyx without auricles. 8. L. spicata. 
 
 Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles. 9. Z,. leptostachys* 
 
 Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes. 
 
 Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate. 10. Z. inflata. 
 
 Stems slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider. 
 
 Pedicels mostly longer than flowers, 2-bracteolate near the middle. 
 
 ii. L. Kalmii* 
 Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base. 
 
 Corolla 5-7 mm. long ; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit. 12. L. Nuttallii. 
 Corolla 9-1 1 mm. long; calyx-tube turbinate. 13. L. Canbyi. 
 
 1. Lobelia Dortmanna L. WATER LOBELIA. WATER GLADIOLE. (I. F. f. 
 3500. ) Perennial, aquatic, glabrous thoughout, somewhat fleshy; roots numer- 
 ous, white, fibrous; stem slender, simple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 1.5-4.5 
 dm. high. Leaves all submersed, longitudinally divided by a partition, 2-5 cm- 
 long, about 4 mm. thick; flowers in a loose terminal raceme, blue, 12-16 mm. 
 long; pedicels filiform, shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx-lobes subulate 
 or lanceolate, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 6-8 mm. 
 long, its lower lip glabrous or nearly so. Borders of ponds, N. J. and Penn. to 
 N. S., N. B., the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. Also in Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. SWAMP LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3501.) Perennial, 
 aquatic, glabrous throughout; roots few and thick; stem nearly naked, slender, sim. 
 pie, or branched above, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves emersed, obtuse or acutish, those 
 of the stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 5-22 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, 
 narrowed into petioles; flowers pale blue, racemose, 10-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes 
 narrowly lanceolate, the sinuses commonly not at all appendaged-, corolla-tube 6-8 
 
888 FLORA. 
 
 mm. long, its lower lip pubescent at the base. In swamps and ponds, Del. to Fla. 
 
 and La., mostly near the coast. May -July. 
 
 3. Lobelia cardinalis L. CARDINAL-FLOWER. RED LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 
 3502.) Perennial by offsets; stem slightly pubescent, or glabrous, leafy, 6-13 dm. 
 ftigh. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, thin, glabrous or 
 sparingly pubescent, 5-15 cm. long, 6-35 mm. wide, acuminate or acute at both 
 ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; flowers race- 
 mose, commonly numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white), 25-37 mm. long; 
 bracts usually glandular; calyx-lobes linear, elongated, acute; larger anthers gla- 
 brous. In moist soil, N. B. to Fla.. the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Lobelia syphilitica L. GREAT LOBELIA. BLUE CARDINAL-FLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3503.) Perennial by short offsets; stem sparingly pubescent, rather stout, 
 very leafy, usually simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, green, 5-15 cm. long, 
 1-5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, repand-den- 
 ticulate, or irregularly crenate-dentate, sessile or the lower petioled; flowers 
 densely racemose, leafy-bracted; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or 
 ciliate; corolla bright blue, or occasionally white, 20-25 mm - l n g> tne lobes of its 
 larger lip oblong-oval, obtuse, glabrous; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, 
 Me. and Out. to S. Dak., Ga., La. and Kans. July-Oct. 
 
 Lobelia syphilitica Ludovicijina A. DC. Glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves thick, 
 pale green, oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower obtuse and spatulate; calyx- 
 lobes sparingly pubescent; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla acutish. Neb. to La. 
 
 5. Lobelia amoena Michx. SOUTHERN LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3504.) Nearly 
 glabrous throughout, perennial; stem simple, slender, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. 
 Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to oval, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower 
 petioled and mostly obtuse, 5-15 cm. long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, 
 smaller; flowers blue, racemose, nearly 25 mm. long; bracts narrow and small, or 
 the lower foliaceous, glandular; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, 
 elongated; corolla-tube 10-14 mm - l n g 3~4 mm - thick; larger anthers glabrous, 
 or puberulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla broadly ovate to oval, 
 obtuse, glabrous. In swamps, N. Car. to Fla.; probably within our area, though 
 not reported. July-Sept. 
 
 Lobelia amoena glandulff-ra A. Gray. Smaller; stem very slender; leaves 2-5 cm. 
 long, mostly obtuse, glandular-dentate; bracts small, very glandular; raceme somewhat 
 secund; sinuses of the calyx sometimes slightly auricled, the lobes commonly glandular. 
 Del. and Va. to Fla. and Ala. 
 
 6. Lobelia puberula Michx. DOWNY LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3505.) Peren- 
 nial, densely and finely puberulent all over, slightly viscid ; stem mostly simple, 
 leafy, 3 9 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, rather thick, the 
 lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute, denticulate or crenate-dentate, 
 the teeth often glandular; flowers blue, 16-20 mm. long, in long spike-like racemes: 
 lower bracts, or sometimes all of them, foliaceous. glandular; calyx hirsute or 
 pubescent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually with small short round- 
 ed auricles at the sinuses; corolla-tube about I cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, the lobes 
 of its larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous; larger anthers minutely bearded. In 
 moist sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 7. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. GLANDULAR LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3506.) 
 Perennial; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked above, simple, glabrous, or 
 sparingly pubescent, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves thick, glabrous, the lower petioled, 
 obtuse, often 17 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, the upper sessile, "acutish, shorter; 
 flowers racemose-spicate, secund, often few and distant, blue, nearly 25 mm. long; 
 bracts narrow, glandular; calyx tube often densely hirsute, its lobes subulate, the 
 sinuses not appendaged; corolla-tube 10-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, about twice 
 as long as the calyx-lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubescent within at the base, 
 its lobes ovate, acutish ; anthers all bearded at the tip. In swamps near the coast, 
 Va. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Lobelia spicata Lam. PALE SPIKED LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3507.) Peren- 
 nial or biennial, puberulent; stem strict, simple, leafy, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 thickish, pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the basal ones broadly 
 oblong, oval, or obovate, very ^btuse, narrowed into short petioles, 3-7 cm. long, 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 889 
 
 3-5 cm. wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate. obtuse, the upper- 
 most gradually smaller and acutish; flowers pale blue, 8-10 mm. long, race- 
 mose-spicate, bracts linear, entire; calyx-tube turbinate, usually glabrous, shorter 
 than its subulate spreading lobes; corolla-tube about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. thick. 
 In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, N. S. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 
 N. C., La. and Ark. June-Aug. 
 
 Lobelia spic&ta hirtella A. Gray. Rough or roughish; bracts and calyx-lobes hirsute 
 or ciliate. Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., south to Mich, and Kans. 
 
 Lobelia spic^ta parvifl6ra A. Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stem low, very slender; 
 flowers only about'C mm. long; calyx-lobes broadly subulate. In swamps, Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 9. Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. SPICKED LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3508.) Sim- 
 ilar to the preceding species; stem usually stouter, puberulent or glabrous, 6-12 
 dm. high. Basal leaves oval or obovate, obtuse; stem leaves spatulate, oblong, or 
 lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the upper- 
 most narrower and acute; bracts linear, glabrous; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes 
 linear-subulate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; flowers blue, 8-10 mm. long. 
 In dry soil, Va. to Ohio and 111., Ga. and Kans. June-Aug. 
 
 10. Lobelia inflata L. INDIAN TOBACCO. WILD TOBACCO. (I. F. f. 3509.) 
 Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid; stem leafy commonly paniculately 
 branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower 
 oval or obovate, obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, narrowed into short petioles, the upper 
 sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute; 
 flowers light blue, 4-6 mm. long, lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; calyx 
 glabrous or nearly so, its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla; capsule in- 
 flated, 6-8 mm. long, finely transversely veined between the ribs. In fields and 
 thickets, Lab. to the N. W! Terr., Ga., Neb., Ark. and Kans. July-Nov. 
 
 11. Lobelia Kalmii L. BROOK OR KALM'S LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3510.) 
 Perennial by short offsets, glabrous throughout, or sparingly pubescent below; 
 stem leafy, erect, slender, 15-25 cm. high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, 
 obtuse, short-petioled, sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 12-25 mm. long, 
 3-5 mm. wide; upper leaves sessile, linear, linear-oblong, or narrowly spatulate, 
 the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 8-10 mm. long; lower bracts linear-lanceo- 
 late, the upper subulate; pedicels nearly filiform; calyx-lobes lanceolate -subulate, 
 longer than the turbinate tube, the sinuses not appendaged; capsule wholly in- 
 ferior, not inflated, campanulute or subglobose, about 4 mm. long. On wet 
 banks, and in wet meadows, N. S. to N. J., west to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio 
 and Mich. July-Sept. 
 
 12 Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. NUTTALL'S LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3511.) An- 
 nual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughout, or puberulent below; stem weak, 
 usually reclining, very slender, loosely branched, at least when old, 3-9 dm. long. 
 Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtuse, mostly petioled, 12-25 mm< l n g slightly re- 
 pand, or entire; stem leaves distant, linear, linear-oblong, or slightly spatulate, entire 
 or sparingly glandular-denticulate; flowers pale blue, loosely racemose; bracts linear 
 or the upper subulate; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric 
 strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged; capsule depressed-globose, half- 
 inferior, about 2mm. long. Sandy soil, L. I. to Penn., Fla. and Ga. June-Sept. 
 
 13. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. CANBY'S LOBELIA. (I. F. f. 3512.) Annual, 
 slightly puberulent, usually glabrous; stem erect, slender, 6-9 dm. high. Stem 
 leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, the lower obtuse, 
 sometimes slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, narrower, entire; flowers 
 racemose, blue; lower bracts linear, the upper subulate; calyx-lobes linear-subu- 
 late, glandular-denticulate, equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly turbi- 
 nate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla; capsule oblong-turbinate, 
 4 mm. long, shorter than the calyx-tube. Swamps, N. J. to S. Car. July-Sept. 
 
 Family 3. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. 
 Chicory Family. 
 
 Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or 
 bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue, purple, or 
 
8QO FLORA. 
 
 white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the involucre in I to sev- 
 eral series. Receptacle of the head flat or flatfish, naked, scaly (paleaceous), 
 smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect, 
 Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple 
 or plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or 
 long tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers 
 connate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not 
 tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 12-sided. 
 Ovary i-celled; ovule I, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, of 2-lobed, the 
 lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; radicle 
 narrower than the cotyledons. About 65 genera and 1400 species, of wide geo- 
 graphic distribution. The family is also known as LIGULIFLORAE, and is often 
 regarded as a tribe of the COMPOSITAE. 
 
 * Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none (see No. 18). 
 Flowers blue or white ; pappus of blunt scales. i. Cichorium. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous. 
 
 Pappus none; achenes 2O-3o-nerved. 2. Lapsana. 
 
 Pappus none ; achenes 8-io-ribbed. 3. Serinea. 
 
 Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles. 
 
 4. Adopogon. 
 Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering ; pappus none. 
 
 5. Arnoseris. 
 * * Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles. 
 
 Receptacle chaffy. 6. Hypochaeris. 
 
 Receptacle naked. 
 
 Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; plants scapose, the leaves basal. 7. Leontodon. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; plants leafy-stemmed. 8. Picris. 
 
 Flowers pink. 9. Ptiloria. 
 
 Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 10. Tragopogon. 
 
 * * * Pappus of simple bristles (of soft white scales with or without bristles in No. 18.) 
 \ Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles; flowers yellow, 
 
 ii. Malacothrix. 
 ft Receptacle naked. 
 
 1 . Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. 
 
 Heads few- (6-15-) flowered, yellow; stem branching. 12. Chondrilla. 
 
 Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes. 13. Taraxacum. 
 
 2. Achenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit. 
 
 (a) Achenes flattened. 
 
 Achenes truncate, not beaked ; flowers yellow. 14. Sonchus. 
 
 Achenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked ; flowers blue or yellow. 15, Lactuca. 
 
 (b) Achenes cylindric, or prismatic. 
 Achenes terete, not narrowed at the base; flowers pink or purple. 
 
 16. Lygodesmia. 
 
 Achenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit ; flowers yellow. 
 Achenes slender-beaked. 
 
 Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. 
 
 Pappus of slender simple bristle*. 17. Agoseris. 
 
 Pappus of narrow soft scales, with or without some slender bristles. 
 
 18. Nothocalais. 
 
 Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous whit? ring at base. 19. Sitilias. 
 Achenes merely narrowed above, not beaked. 20. Crepis. 
 
 Achenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in two species of 
 Hieracium}. 
 
 Flowers yellow, orange, or red. 21. Hieracium. 
 
 Flowers white, cream-colored, or purple. 22. Nabalus. 
 
 i. CICHORIUM L. 
 
 Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and 
 branches usually very small and bract-like, and large heads of blue, purple, pink, or 
 white flowers, peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 
 2 series of herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and 
 subtending, or partly enclosing, the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or 
 slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate 
 
CICHORIA CEA E. 89 1 
 
 at the base. Style-branches slender, obtushish. Achenes 5 -angled or 5-ribbed, 
 truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt scales. [From the 
 Arabic name.] About 8 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 i. Cichorium Intybus L. CHICORY. WILD SUCCORY. BLUE SAILORS. 
 BUNK. (I. F. f. 3513.) Perennial from a long deep tap-root; stems slightly his- 
 pid, stiff, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves spreading on the ground, 
 runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into long peti- 
 oles ; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping 
 and auricled at the base; heads numerous, 2537 mm. broad, 1-4 together in ses- 
 sile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted branches ; inner bracts of the involu- 
 cre about 8. Roadsides, fields and waste places, N. S. to Minn., N. Car., Neb. 
 and Kans. The ground-up root is used as a substitute or adulterant for coffee. 
 July-Get. 
 
 Cichorium Intybus divaricatum DC. Some or all the heads on stout spreading 
 peduncles 2-10 cm. long. Frequent with the type. 
 
 z. LAPSANA L. 
 
 Annual erect branching herbs, with alternate dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and 
 small panicled slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cylin- 
 dric, its principal bracts in I series, nearly equal, with a few exterior small ones 
 at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. 
 Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovate-oblong, 
 2O-3O-nerved, somewhat flattened, narrowed below, rounded at the summit. Pap- 
 pus none. [Greek, lampsana, the name of a crucifer. ] About 9 species, natives 
 of the Old World. 
 
 i. Lapsana communis L. NIPPLEWORT. SUCCORY DOCK-CRESS. (I. F. f. 
 3514.) Stem paniculately branched, glabrous above, more or less hispid-pubes- 
 cent below, 3-10 dm. high. Lower leaves ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thin, 
 pubescent, or glabrate, petioled, 5-10 cm. long, often with 2-6 lobes on the peti- 
 ole, the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, acute, much smaller, mostly en- 
 tire; heads very numerous, 6-12 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cylindric, 4-6 mm. 
 high, of about 8 linear glaucous principal bracts and several very small outer ones. 
 Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Penn. Also on 
 the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 3. SERINIA Raf. 
 
 Low glaucescent branching annual herbs, with alternate clasping entire or 
 lobed leaves, or those of the stem sometimes appearing as if opposite, and few 
 small long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate, 
 its bracts about 8, equal, membranous, becoming concave after flowering. Recep- 
 tacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at 
 the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes obovoid, 8-io-ribbed, contracted at 
 the base, rounded at the summit. Pappus none, or a mere vestige. [Greek, 
 small chicory.] Three known species of the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntze. SERINIA. (I. F. f. 3515. 'I Gla- 
 brous throughout, or slightly glandular-pubescent along the ends of the peduncles, 
 branched from the base, 10-25 cm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, oblong- 
 lanceolate or spatulate in outline, acute or obtuse, entire, lobed or pinnatifid, 7-12 
 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; upper leaves mainly sessile, clasping, alternate, or appear- 
 ing as if opposite, usually entire, smaller; peduncles very slender, sometimes I dm. 
 long; heads 3-4 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, about the 
 length of the rays. In fields, Kans. to Tex., N. Car. and Fla. March-May. 
 
 4. ADOPOGON. Neck. [KRIGIA Schreb.] 
 
 Herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, basal or alternate leaves, and small or 
 middle-sized heads of yellow or orange flowers, solitary at the end of the scape or 
 its branches. Involucre campanulate, its herbaceous bracts in I or 2 series, with 
 no exterior shorter ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed 
 at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style branches slender, obtusish. 
 Achenes turbinate or oblong, i5-2O-ribbed, truncate. Pappus in i or 2 series, the 
 
892 FLORA, 
 
 outer of thin broad rounded scales, the inner of slender naked bristles, or these 
 sometimes wanting in the southwestern A. occidentale. [Greek, a pleasing beard.] 
 Five known species, natives of N. Am. 
 
 Stem i-leaved and branched above, bearing 2-6 heads. I. A. Virginicum. 
 
 Scape naked, monocephalous. 
 
 Head about 25 mm. broad; pappus-bristles 12-20; perennial. 2. A. Dandelion. 
 Head 6-14 mm. broad ; pappus-bristles 5-7; annuals. 
 
 Practs of the involucre 5-8, remaining erect, firm, keeled. 3. A. occidentale. 
 Bracts of the involucre 8-18, at length reflexed, thin. 4. A. Carolinianum> 
 
 1. Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. CYNTHIA. VIRGINIA GOATS- 
 BEARD. (I. F. f. 3516.) Perennial, glabrous and glaucous ; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
 i-leaved and branched above. Basal leaves tufted, runcinate, sinuate, denticu- 
 late, or entire, 5-17 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles; heads about 4 cm. 
 broad; involucre of 9-15 lanceolate nerveless bracts 6-8 mm. long; achenes nearly 
 oblong; pappus of 10-15 oblong scales and an equal or greater number of capil- 
 lary bristles ; flowers orange to reddish orange. In moist woods and meadows. Mass, 
 to southern Ont. and Manitoba, Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kans. May-Oct. 
 
 2. Adopogon Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. DWARF DANDELION OR GOATSBEARD. 
 (I. F. f. 3517.) Perennial, acaulescent, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; scape 
 15-45 cm. high, slender. Stolons filiform, bearing globose tubers; leaves all basal, 
 tuftd, linear-lanceolate to spatulate, entire, denticulate, sinuate, or pinnatifid, 
 narrowed at the base, 7~*5 cm - l n g> 410 mm. wide; head about 25 mm. broad; 
 involucre about I cm. high; pappus similar to that of the preceding species. In 
 moist soil, Md. to Fla., west to Kans. and Tex. April- June. 
 
 3. Adopogon occidentale (Nutt.) Kuntze. WESTERN DWARF DANDELION. 
 (I. F. f. 3518.) Annual, acaulescent; scapes tufted, 5-20 cm. high, usually glandular, 
 at least above, bearing a single head 10-20 mm. broad. Leaves basal, lanceolate 
 to obovate, entire to pinnatifid, mostly shorter than the scapes; involucre 4-6 mm. 
 high, its bracts 5-8, lanceolate, becoming ovate-lanceolate to ovate, firm and keeled 
 at maturity, remaining erect; pappus of 5 obovate scales and usually 5 alternating 
 bristles. Prairies, southern Mo. to Tex. 
 
 4. Adopogon Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. CAROLINIA DWARF DAN- 
 DELION. KRIGIA. (L F. f. 3519.) Annual, acaulescent; scapes usually several 
 from the same root, very slender, glabrous or hispidulous, monocephalous, 3-40 cm. 
 high. Leaves commonly all basal, tufted, spatulate, lanceolate or linear, pinnatifid, 
 sinuate, lobed, dentate or rarely entire, 3-15 cm. long, narrowed into margined 
 petioles; head 6-14 mm. broad; involucre of 9-18 linear-lanceolate bracts; pappus 
 usually of 5 round short scales and 5-10 long capillary bristles. In dry, sandy 
 soil, Me. to Orit., Mina., Fla. and Tex. April- Aug. 
 
 5. ARNOSERIS Gaertn. 
 
 A low annual scapose herb, glabrous, or nearly so, with tufted basal dentate or 
 nearly entire leaves. Scapes several or numerous, simple or branched, upwardly 
 thickened below the solitary heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its 
 bracts in I series, narrow, equal, thickened and keeled on the back after flower- 
 ing, rarely with a few outer minute ones. Receptacle flat, pitted, not chaffy. 
 Anthers sagittate. Style-branches obtuse. Achenes oval, 8-io-ribbed, narrowed 
 below, truncate, or with a denticulate margin. Pappus none. [Greek, lamb-suc- 
 cory.] A monotypic genus of western Europe. 
 
 i Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. LAMB SUCCORY. (I. F. f. 3520.) Scapes 
 slender, 7-30 cm. high, leafless, simple, or with 1-4 branches mostly above the 
 middle, gradually thickened and hollow upward. Leaves oblanceolate. obovate, or 
 oblong, 3-7 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, nar- 
 rowed into margined petioles; heads 16 mm. broad, or less; bracts of the involucre 
 linear lanceolate, acuminate, strongly keeled after flowering, 4-8 mm. long, curv- 
 ing over the achenes. Mount Desert Island, Me. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 6. HYPOCHAERIS L. 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched stems and mostly basal 
 tufted leaves, pinnatifid to entire, those of the scapes few, scale-like, very small, or 
 none. Heads mostly large, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong- 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 893 
 
 cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous, imbricated in several series, ap- 
 pressed, the outer smaller. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Anthers sagittate. Style- 
 branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong to linear, lo-ribbed, somewhat nar- 
 rowed below, contracted above into a long or short beak, or the outer truncate. 
 Pappus of i row of plumose bristles, sometimes- with some shorter simple ones. 
 [Greek, for pigs, which are fond of its roots.] About 50 species, natives of Europe, 
 Asia, and S. Am. 
 
 I. Hypochaeris radicata L. LONG-ROOTED CAT'S-EAR. GOSMORE. (I. F. f. 
 3521.) Perennial; stems several together, glabrous, slender, 3-6 dm. high, bracted, 
 or rarely simple, bearing a few scales. Leaves spreading on the ground, oblan- 
 ceolate to obovate in outline, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 5-15 cm. long, hirsute on 
 both sides ; involucre oblong-cylindric, about 25 mm. high, its bracts glabrous, or 
 sparingly pubescent; heads 25 mm. broad or more; achenes rough, all with very 
 slender beaks longer than the body; flowers longer than the involucre. In waste 
 places, L. I. to N. J. Also in Cal. and Wash. Adventive or nat. from Europe. 
 Native also of Asia. May -Oct. 
 
 Hypochaeris glabra L., the smooth Cat's-ear, a smaller species, with nearly or quite 
 glabrous leaves, flowers scarcely longer than the involucre, and the outer achenes trun- 
 cate, has been found as a waif in Me., and is nat. or adventive on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 7. LEONTODON L. 
 
 Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal mostly pinnatifid leaves, branched 
 and scaly, or simple and naked scapes, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary 
 at the end of the scape or of its branches. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its principal 
 bracts in I or 2 series, nearly equal, with several series of short outer ones. Re- 
 ceptacle flat, fimbrillate, villous, or somewhat honeycombed. Rays truncate and 
 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. 
 Achenes oblong or linear, finely striate, contracted or beaked at the summit. Pap- 
 pus of I or 2 series of plumose persistent brownish bristles, somewhat broadened at 
 the base, or the outer scale-like and simple. [Greek, lion's tooth.] About 45 
 species, natives of the Old World. 
 Plant nearly glabrous; scape commonly branched; pappus-bristles all plumose. 
 
 1. L. autumnale. 
 Plant somewhat hirsute; scape simple; outer pappus of outer achenes simple. 
 
 2. L. nudicaule. 
 
 1. Leontodon autumnale L. FALL DANDELION. AUTUMNAL HAWKBIT. 
 LION'S-TOOTH. (I. F. f. 3522.) Scape slender, usually branched and scaly, 
 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid into nar- 
 row lobes, or some of them coarsely dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acumi- 
 nate at the apex, short-petioled ; heads several, rarely solitary, about 25-30 mm. 
 broad: involucre oblong, glabrous or slightly pubescent. In fields and along road- 
 sides, Newf. and Ont. to N. J., Penn. and Ohio. Nat. from Europe. Native also 
 of Asia. June-Nov. 
 
 2. Leontodon nudicaule (L.) Porter. ROUGH OR HAIRY HAWKBIT. (L F. f. 
 3523.) Scape simple, slender, 1-3 dm. high, minutely scaly, or naked. Leaves 
 linear-oblong to narrowly spatulate, acute or obtuse, not acuminate, nearly entire, 
 coarsely sinuate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 5-12 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, 
 narrowed into petioles; head solitary at the end of the scape, 1-2 cm. broad; invo- 
 lucre canescent or pubescent; outer achenes with an outer pappus of simple nar- 
 row scales and an inner one of plumose bristles. In ballast and waste places about 
 the eastern seaports. Also at Seidersville, Penn., and on Vancouver Island. Ad- 
 ventive from Europe. June-Oct. 
 
 8. PICRIS L. 
 
 Erect hispid, mostly branching, leafy herbs, with alternate leaves (in our spe- 
 cies), and rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. 
 Involucre campanulate or cup-shaped, its principal bracts in one series, nearly 
 equal, with 2-3 series of small or large exterior spreading ones. , Receptacle flat, 
 short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at 
 the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear or oblong, somewhat incurved, 
 terete or angled, 5-io-ribbed and transversely wrinkled, narrowed at the base aa4 
 
894 FLORA. 
 
 summit, or beaked in some species. Pappus of I or 2 series of slender plumose 
 bristles. [Greek, bitter.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World, one per- 
 haps indigenous in Alaska. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts linear; achenes not beaked. i. P. hieraciotdes. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts ovate, foliaceous ; achenes short-beaked. 2. P. echtoides. 
 
 1. Picris hieracioides L. HAWKWEED PICRIS. (I. F. f. 3524.) Biennial, 
 more or less hispid, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, dentate, or nearly entire, the basal narrowed into petioles, acute, often 
 15 cm. long, those of the stem mostly sessile and smaller; heads numerous, 1-2.5 cm - 
 broad; involucre 8-12 mm. high, its outer bracts linear, subulate, spreading, the 
 inner linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus copious, nearly white. In waste 
 places, 111., Penn., N. J., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from 
 Europe. Nat. also of Asia. Very bitter. June- Sept. 
 
 2. Picris echioides L. BRISTLY OX-TONGUE. BUGLOSS AND BUGLOSS PIC- 
 RIS. (I. F. f. 3525.) Annual or biennial, branched, hispid; stem about 7 dm. 
 high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, repand-dentate, 5-15 cm. 
 long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves sessile and clasping, oblong or lanceo- 
 late, smaller, the uppermost mainly acute and entire; heads numerous, short-ped- 
 uncled, about 12 mm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, foliaceous, 
 ovate, acute, hispid-ciliate, the inner ones lanceolate, membranous. In waste 
 places, N. S. and Ont., and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. 
 
 9. PTILORIA Raf. [STEPHANOMERIA Nutt.] 
 
 Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous herbs, with erect, simple 
 or branched, usually rigid stems, alternate or basal, entire dentate or runcinate- 
 pinnatifid leaves, those of the stem and branches often reduced to subulate scales, 
 and small erect heads of pink flowers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the 
 branches, opening in the morning. Involucre cylindric or oblong, its principal 
 bracts few, equal, scarious-margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous 
 short exterior ones and sometimes a few of intermediate length. Receptacle flat, 
 naked. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong 
 or linear, terete or columnar, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at the summit, the ribs 
 smooth or rugose. Pappus of I series of rather rigid plumose bristles. [Greek, 
 referring to the feathery pappus.] About 16 species, natives of western and cen- 
 tral N. Am. 
 
 Pappus brownish, plumose except at the base. i. P. pauciflora, 
 
 Pappus white, plumose to the base. 2. P. ramosa. 
 
 1. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf. BROWN-PLUMED PTILORIA. (I. F. f. 
 3526.) Perennial; stem rather stout, striate, rigid, divergently branched, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Basal and lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid. 3-6 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, 
 the upper all short and narrowly linear or reduced to scales; heads somewhat 
 racemose-paniculate along the branches, usually about 5-flowered; involucre 
 8-10 mm. high; rays 2-4 mm. long; pappus brownish, plumose to near the base. 
 Plains, Neb. (?), Kans. and Wyo. to Tex. and Cal. Summer. 
 
 2. Ptiloria ramosa Rydb. WHITE-PLUMED PTILORIA. (I. F. f. 3527.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, but commonly lower, bushy -branched. Basal 
 leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, those of the stem linear, entire, or sometimes runcinate- 
 dentate, the uppermost reduced to small scales; heads numerous, usually solitary 
 at the ends of the branchlets; pappus bright white, very plumose to the base. 
 Plains and dry, rocky soil, western Neb. to Mont, and Colo. May-Aug. It has 
 been confused with P. tenuifolia (Torr.) Raf. 
 
 10. TRAGOPOGON L. 
 
 Biennial or perennial, erect, usually branched, somewhat succulent herbs, with 
 slender fleshy tap-roots, alternate entire linear -lanceolate long-acuminate leaves, 
 clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of yellow or purple flowers, 
 opening in the early morning, usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or 
 narrowly campanulate, its bracts in i series, nearly equal, acuminate, united at 
 the base. Rays truncate and 5. toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 895 
 
 Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, terete, or 5 -angled, 5-io-ribbed, termin- 
 ated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles in I series, 
 plumose, connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. [Greek, goats- 
 beard.] About 35 species, natives of the Old World. 
 
 Flowers yellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the rays. i. T. pratensis. 
 Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the rays. 2. T. porrifolius. 
 
 1. Tragopogon pratensis L. YELLOW GOAT'S-BEARD. MEADOW SALSIFY. 
 (I. F. f. 3528.) Stem branched, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves keeled, tapering from the 
 broad, more or less clasping base to a very long acuminate tip, the lower some- 
 times 25 cm. long and 25 mm. wide; peduncles thickened at the top; heads 3-6 cm. 
 broad ; bracts of the involucre about 8, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than or 
 equalling (rarely exceeding) the yellow rays; marginal achenes striate, smooth or 
 roughened. In fields and waste places, N. B. to N. J., Ont., Ohio and Manitoba. 
 Nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 
 
 2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. OYSTER PLANT. SALSIFY. PURPLE GOAT'S- 
 BEARD. (I. F. f. 3529.) Taller, sometimes 1.5 m. high. Peduncles very much 
 thickened and hollow for 3-7 cm. below the heads; heads 5-10 cm. broad, 
 very showy; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, usually much 
 longer than the purple rays; achenes sometimes 5 cm. long, the outer ones cov- 
 ered with scale-like tubercles, especially on the ribs below. In fields and waste 
 places, Ont. to N. J., N. Car., Minn, and Colo., mostly escaped from gardens, where 
 it is common. Native of Europe. June-Oct. 
 
 xi. MALACOTHRIX DC. 
 
 Annual or perennial, branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly 
 pinnatifid leaves, and long-peduncled panicled or solitary heads of yellow or rarely 
 white flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts in I or 2 series, equal 
 or nearly so, with several series of shorter exterior ones. Receptacle flat, naked 
 or bristly. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the 
 base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous, 10-15- ribbed, 
 4 or 5 of the ribs usually more prominent than the others, truncate, or margined 
 and 4-5-toothed at the summit. Pappus-bristles in 2 series, the inner naked or 
 minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the base and deciduous in a ring, the outer 
 few (1-8), more persistent, or all deciduous in our species. [Greek, soft-hair, in 
 allusion to the soft pappus.] About 15 species, natives of the western and south- 
 western U. S. and lower Cal. 
 
 i. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G. MALACOTHRIX. (I. F. f. 
 3530.) Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly glandular; stem branched, 
 15-30 cm. high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong or linear-oblong in outline, pin- 
 natifid and the lobes dentate with mupronate-pointed teeth, the basal ones 4-7 cm. 
 long, narrowed into short broad petioles, those of the stem smaller, sessile; heads 
 several or numerous, 16-25 mm. broad; principal bracts of the involucre linear, 
 acute, scarious-margined, the outer short, oblong; achenes linear-oblong, margined 
 at the summit by a 15-denticulate white border; pappus-bristles all deciduous. On 
 dry plains, western Neb. and Kans. to Cal. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 12. CHONDRILLA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with stiff divaricately branched stems, the basal leaves large and 
 mostly pinnatifid, those of the stem small, narrow, alternate, and few middle sized 
 heads of yellow flowers mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre 
 cylindric, several-flowered, its 'inner bracts in I or 2 series, nearly equal, with sev- 
 eral series of small or minute outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate 
 and 5 -toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slen- 
 der. Achenes oblong or linear. 4-5 -angled, many-ribbed, more or less spiny near 
 the summit, abruptly contracted into a beak. Pappus of copious soft white simple 
 bristles. [Greek, lump, from the gummy matter borne on the stems oi some spe- 
 cies.] About 1 8 species, of the Old World. 
 
 i. ChondrillajunceaL. GUM SUCCORY. (I. F. f. 3531.) Stem rush-like, 
 hirsute at the base, glabrous alcove, much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 runcinate-pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate or 
 
896 
 
 FLO HA. 
 
 entire, sessile, 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; heads terminal emu lateral on the 
 branches, short- peduncled or sessile, 8-12 mm. broad; involucre glabrous or nearly 
 so, about 8 mm. high, its inner bracts narrowly linear; achenes slightly shorter 
 than the filiform beak. In dry fields and waste places, Del. to Md. and Va. Nat. 
 from Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 13. TARAXACUM Hall. 
 
 Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate -dentate 
 leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or 3 together at 
 the ends of naked hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its inner bracts 
 in I series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base, the outer of several series of 
 shorter somewhat spreading ones, often reflexed at maturity. Receptacle flat, 
 naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the 
 base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4-5- 
 angled, 5-io-nerved, roughened or spinulose, at least above, tapering into a very 
 slender beak. Pappus of numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. 
 [Name of some wild succory, probably of Arabic or Persian origin.] About 20 
 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern S. Am. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts reflexed; achenes greenish brown, the beak 2-3 times their 
 
 length. I. T. 7^araxacunt. 
 Outer involucral bracts spreading or ascending. 
 
 Achenes greenish, the beak 2-3 times their length. 2. 7\ latilobum. 
 
 Achenes red, the beak not more than twice their length. 3. T. erythrospermum. 
 
 1. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L. ) Karst. DANDELION. BLOWBALL. (I. F. f. 
 3532.) Root thick, deep, often 2-3 dm. long, bitter. Leaves oblong to spatulate 
 in outline, usually pubescent, at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid or 
 sinuate-lobed, rather succulent, 7-25 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, narrowed into peti- 
 oles; scape erect. 5-45 cm. high; head 3-5 cm. broad; flowers 150-200; inner 
 bracts of the involucre linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not 
 glaucous, reflexed, all acute; achenes greenish-brown, fusiform, spinulose above. 
 In fields and waste places. Perhaps indigenous northward, southward naturalized 
 as a weed from Europe. Also in Asia and distributed as a weed in all civilized 
 parts of the world. Jan-Dec. 
 
 2. Taraxacum latilobum DC. MOUNTAIN DANDELION. Similar to the 
 preceding but scape lower, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves sinuately lobed with broadly 
 triangular lobes, but less deeply so than in T. Taraxaciim and rarely as far as half 
 way to the midrib, or often merely dentate or subentire ; heads smaller, about 3 cm. 
 wide; bracts fewer, the outer broadly ovate, appressed or merely spreading. In 
 moist places in subalpine or subarctic regions, Lab. to Br. Col., south in the moun- 
 tains to Colo, and Cal. (T. Taraxacum alpinwn Porter; not T. alpinum Koch 
 of Europe. ) 
 
 3. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. RED-SEEDED DANDELION. (I. F. 
 f- 3533-) Similar to the two preceding species, the leaves glabrous, very deeply 
 runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrower triangular-lanceolate usually 
 long-pointed segments; heads rarely more than 25 mm. broad, 70-90 flowered; 
 bracts of the involucre glaucous, the outer lanceolate, spreading or ascending, the 
 inner linear, longer, each usually with an appendage just below the tip; achenes 
 narrower, bright red, or red-brown, spinulose above; pappus dirty white. In fields 
 and woods, Me. toVt, southern N. Y. and Penn. Nat. from Europe? April-June. 
 
 14. SdNCHUS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-clasp- 
 ing, entire dentate lobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large or 
 middle-sized, peduncled corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Invo- 
 lucre ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened and more or less conic at 
 the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or membranous, imbricated in several 
 series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 
 5 --toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. 
 Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, iO-2O-ribbed, somewhat 
 
UCHORIACEAE. 897 
 
 narrowed ai the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious soft white simple capil- 
 lary bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes with I or 2 stouter ones 
 which fall separately. [The Greek name of the Sow-thistle.] About 45 species, 
 of the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Involucre glandular-pubescent ; heads nearly 25 mm. high. I. S. arvcnsis. 
 
 Involucre glabrous; heads 12-16 mm. high. 
 
 Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus. 
 
 Auricles rounded; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 3. S. asper. 
 
 1. Sonchus arvensis L. CORN SOW-THISTLE. MILK THISTLE. (I. F. f. 
 3534-) Perennial by deep roots and creeping rootstocks, glabrous; stem leafy 
 below, paniculately branched and nearly naked above, 6-12 dm. high. Lower and 
 basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate, narrowed into short petioles, 
 the upper pinnatifid or entire, lanceolate, clasping; heads several or numerous, 
 corymbose-paniculate, 3-5 cm. broad, bright yellow, very showy; bracts as also 
 the peduncles glandular-bristly; achenes oblong, with about 10 rugose longitudinal 
 ribs. In low grounds along salt meadows and streams, N. J. to Que. and at Great 
 Salt Lake, Utah, and in fields and along roadsides, Newf. to Minn. Nat. from 
 Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Sonchus oleraceus L. ANNUAL Sow -THISTLE. HARE'S LETTUCE. (I. F. 
 3535-) Annual, with fibrous roots; stem leafy below, nearly simple, 3-30 dm. 
 high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 10-25 cm - l n g> tne ter- 
 minal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins denticulate with 
 mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid, clasping by an auricled 
 or sagittate base; uppermost leaves often lanceolate and entire; heads several or 
 numerous, pale yellow, 18-30 mm. broad. In fields and waste places, a common 
 weed in most cultivated parts of N. Am. except the extreme north. Also in Cent, 
 and S. Am. Nat. from Europe. May Nov. 
 
 3. Sonchus asper (L.) All. SPINY or SHARP-FRINGED SOW-THISTLE. (I. F. f. 
 3536.) Annual, similar to the preceding species; leaves undivided, lobed or some- 
 times pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate to spir.ulo^e-denticulate, the lower and basal 
 ones obovate or spatulate, petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate, clasping by an 
 auricled base; heads several or numerous, 25 mm. broad or less; flowers pale yel- 
 low. In waste places throughout most of our area and in tropical and S. Am. 
 Widely distributed as a weed in nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Nat. 
 from Europe. May- Nov. 
 
 15. LACTUCA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Tall leafy herbs, with small panicled heads of yellow, white or blue flowers, 
 and alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, 
 the outer shorter, or of I or 2 series of principal nearly equal inner bracts, and 
 several rows of short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5- 
 toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches mostly 
 slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5 -ribbed on each face, narrowed 
 above or contracted into a narrow beak, which is somewhat expanded at the sum- 
 mit into a small disk bearing the copious soft capillary white or brown pappus- 
 bristles. [The ancient Latin name, from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.] 
 About 95 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 
 * Pappus bright white. 
 
 I. Leaves spiny-margined and often with spiny or hispid midribs; flowers yellow. 
 Heads 6-12-flowered ; involucre very narrow, 8-12 mm. high i. L. Scariola, 
 
 Heads 12 -20- flowered; involucre broader. 
 
 Involucre 16-18 mm. high; achene about as long as its beak. 2. /,. Ltidoriciana. 
 Involucre 8-12 mm. high; achene longer than its beak. 6. L. sagittifolia. 
 
 2 Leaves neither spiny-margined nor with spiny midribs (rarely spinulose in No. 4). 
 
 (a) Achenes very thin, flat, contracted into filiform or tapering beaks. 
 Outer involucral bracts abruptly shorter than the inner; heads 8-14 mm. high; flowers 
 
 yellow to red (blue in No. 5). 
 Leaves, or some of them, pinnatificf. 
 
 Plant glabrous throughout, 1-3 m. high. 3. /,. Canadensis. 
 
 Leaves, at least their midribs, hirsute. 
 
 Beak of the achene as long as its body; flowers yellow. 4. L. htrsuta. 
 Beak of the achene less than half as long as its body; flowers blue. 
 
 5. Z,. Morssii. 
 
898 ' FLORA. 
 
 Leaves entire or dentate, none of them pinnatifio. 
 Stem glabrous, or hirsute only toward the base. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; achene longer than the beak. 
 
 6. L. sagtttifolia. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate; achene about equalling the beak. 3. L. Canadensis. 
 Stem hirsute up into the branches of the inflorescence. 7. L. Sicelei. 
 
 Outer bracts gradually shorter; heads 16-20 mm. high; flowers blue. 8. L. pulchella. 
 
 (b) Achenes beakless or with short necks, thickish ; flowers blue. 
 Leaves oblong to ovate, acuminate, dentate. 9. L. villosa. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment commonly triangular. 10. L. FJortdana. 
 
 * * Pappus brown; flowers blue to white. ji. L. spicala. 
 
 1. Lacttica Scariola L. PRICKLY LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3537.) Biennial, 
 green and glaucous; stem stiff, leafy, usually paniculately branched, glabrous 
 throughout, or hirsute at the base, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping, the lowest some- 
 times 25 cm. lorg and 7 cm. wide, the upper much smaller; heads 4-8 mm. broad, 
 very numerous in an open panicle; involucre cyiindric, its outer bracts about one- 
 third the length of the inner; rays yellow; achenes obovate-oblong. about as long 
 as the filiform beak. In fields and waste places, Me. to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb., 
 Colo, and Kans. Nat. from Europe. Aug-Sept. 
 
 Lactuca saligna L., the WILLOW LETTUCE of Europe, similar to L, Sc-iriola t bi-t 
 with runcinate-pinnatifid lower leaves, either spinulose on the midvein or unarmed, has 
 been found in Ohio. 
 
 2. Lactuca Ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. WESTERN LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3538). 
 Biennial, glabrous throughout, leafy up to inflorescence, paniculately branched, 
 6-15 dm. high. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, acute or acutish, 5-10 cm. long, 
 auriculate-clasping, spinulose-denticulate to pinnatifid with spinulose segment; 
 heads 6-10 mm. broad, numerous in an open panicle; involucre cyiindric or 
 ovoid-cylindric, glabrous, its bracts successively shorter and broader, the lower 
 ones ovate; rays yellow; achenes oval to.obovate, flat. Plains and banks, Iowa, 
 Minn, and S. Dak. to Kans. and Tex. July Sept. 
 
 3 Lactuca Canadensis L. WILD OR TALL LETTUCE. WILD OPIUM. (I. F. 
 f, 3539-) Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem 
 leafy up to the inflorescence, 1-3 m. high, branching above into a narrow panicle. 
 Stem-leaves sessile or auriculate-clasping, 5-20 cm. long, the uppermost smaller, 
 often lanceolate, acuminate and entire, the basal often 3 dm. long, narrowed into 
 petioles; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad; involucre cyiindric; rays yellow; 
 achenes oval. In moist, open places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr, south to Ga., Ala., 
 La. and Ark. June-Nov. 
 
 Lactuca Canadensis mont^na Britton. Plant 3-12 dm. high ; leaves all lanceolate 
 and entire; bracts of the involucre purple or purplish. Mountains, Penn. and N. Y. 
 
 4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. HAIRY OR RED WOOD LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3540.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, but commonly smaller and less leafy; stem 
 3-18 dm. high, naked and paniculately branched above, usually hirsute, at least 
 below. Stem-leaves mostly sessile or auriculate-clasping, 7-17 cm. long, the 
 uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire, the basal petioled; midvein rarely 
 spinulose; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. broad; involucre glabrous, 10 i8mm. high; 
 outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays reddish-yellow or paler; achenes oblong- 
 oval, flat, about the length of the beak. In dry soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ala. and 
 Tex. July -Sept. 
 
 5. Lactuca Morssii Robinson. MORSS WILD LETTUCE. Similar to the pre- 
 ceding species; stem strict, leafy, 1-3 m. tall, somewhat hirsute at the base. Leaves 
 runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower sparingly hirsute beneath along the midrib and 
 cordate-clasping narrowed base, the upper glabrous; involucre shorter than in 
 L. hirsuta; rays blue; achenes oval lanceolate, 3 -ribbed on each face, 4-1; mm. 
 long, 3-4 times as long as the filiform beak. Along salt meadows. Me. and 
 eastern Mass, to N. Y. 
 
 6. Lactuca sagittifMia Ell. ARROW-LEAVED LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3541.) 
 Biennial; stem glabrous throughout, or hirsute below, leafy nearlv up to the 
 usually paniculate inflorescence. 6 18 dm. high. Leaves entire or denticulate, 
 the lower rarely pinnatifid, sometimes spinulose on the margins, those of the stem 
 
CICHORIA CEAE. 899 
 
 sessile or sagittate-clasping, 7-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, the basal and lower ones 
 petioled; heads commonly very numerous, 4-8 mm. broad; involucre cylindric, 
 10-14 mm. high, the outer bracts shorter than the inner; rays yellow or reddish. 
 In dry, open soil, N. B. and Ont. to Idaho, Ga. and Kans. July- Sept. 
 
 7. Lactuca Steelei Britton, n. sp. STEELE'S WILD LETTUCE. Stem and 
 branches hirsute. Leaves obovate to oval, the larger 2 dm. long and I dm. wide, 
 sessile, irregularly dentate, not lobed, hispid on the veins beneath, short-acumi- 
 nate; involucre about 12 mm. high; rays not seen; achenes oval, 3-ribbed, about 
 3 mm. long, the filiform beak slightly shorter; pappus bright white. Near Wash- 
 ington, D. C, E. S. Steele, July 10, 1897. 
 
 8. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. LARGE-FLOWERED BLUE LETTUCE. 
 (I. F. f. 3542.) Perennial, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem rather 
 slender, leafy up to the corymbose- paniculate inflorescence, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 
 those of the stem sessile or partly clasping, 5-20 cm. long, 4-35 mm. wide, the 
 lowest and basal ones sometimes petioled; heads mostly numerous. 12-20 mm. 
 broad; involucre well imbricated, 16-20 mm. high; achenes oblong-lanceolate, 
 flat, twice as long as their tapering beaks. In moist soil, western Ont. to the 
 N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Mich., Kans., N. Mex. and Cal. June-Sept. 
 
 9. Lactuca villdsajacq. HAIRY- VEINED BLUE LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3543.) An- 
 nual or biennial; stem glabrous, leafy up to the paniculate inflorescence, 6 18 dm. 
 high. Leaves acuminate, acutely dentate or the teeth mucronate-tipped, glabrous 
 above, pubescent with short, stiff hairs on the veins beneath, sessile and slightly 
 clasping at the base, or petioled. 10-15 cm< l n g> 3~6 cm. wide, the lowest some- 
 times lobed at the base; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad; involucre about I cm. 
 high, some or all of the bracts obtuse; achenes thick, oblong, little flattened, nar- 
 rowed above. In thickets, N. Y. to 111., south to Fla., Ga. and Ky. July-Sept. 
 
 10. Lactuca Floridana (L.) Gaertn, FALSE OR FLORIDA LETTUCE. (I. F. 
 f. 3544.) Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, rather stout, leafy up to the large, 
 paniculate inflorescence, 1-2 m. high. Leaves sessile or petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 
 glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the lateral segments lanceolate to 
 oval, acute, all usually dentate, or the leaves irregularly lobed ; heads numerous, 
 6-10 mm. broad; rays blue; involucre about 12 mm. high. In moist, open places, 
 southern N. Y. and Penn. to 111., Neb., Fla., La. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. TALL BLUE LETTUCE. (I. F. 
 f. 3545.) Annual or biennial; stem usually stout, glabrous, 1-3.5 m - high* leafy 
 up to the large, rather dense panicle. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or lobed, sharply 
 dentate with mucronate-pointed teeth, sessile, or the lower narrowed into margined 
 petioles, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, 12-30 cm. long, 
 5-15 cm. wide; heads very numerous, about 4 mm. broad; rays blue to nearly 
 white; achenes oblong, compressed, narrowed above into a short neck. In moist 
 soil, Newf. to Manitoba, south to N. Car., Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. July-Oct. 
 
 Lactuca spicita integrifblia (A. Gray) Britton. Leaves oblong, sharply denticulate, 
 undivided, or some of the lower ones pinnatifid. N. Car. to Mich. 
 
 16. LYGODESMIA D. Don. 
 
 Glabrous rigid branching herbs, with linear leaves, or the basal and lower ones 
 sometimes broader and pinnatifid, those of the stem very narrow and entire or 
 reduced to linear scales, and middle-sized 3-i2-flowered heads of pink or purple 
 flowers, solitary and erect at the ends of the stem and branches, or sometimes race- 
 mose. Involucre cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, 
 equal, slightly united at the base, with several very short outer ones. Receptacle 
 flat, naked. 'Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the 
 base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear, smooth or striate. Pappus of 
 copious somewhat unequal simple bristles. [Greek, twig-bundle, fr.om the numer- 
 ous branches.] About 6 species, natives of western and southern N. A. 
 Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; leaves linear or subulate, i. L. juncea. 
 Heads racemose along the branches ; leaves elongated-linear. 2. L. rostrata. 
 
 i. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don. RUSH-LIKE LYGODESMIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3546.) Perennial by a thick woody root; stems stiff, striate, much branched, 
 
900 FLORA. 
 
 20-45 cm. high, the branches erect. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, rigia, entire, 
 acute, or acuminate, 1-2.5 cm> l n g J ~3 mm - wide, the upper similar but smaller, 
 or reduced to subulate scales; heads 12-16 mm. broad, mostly 5-flowered; involucre 
 12-16 mm. high; achenes narrowly columnar or slightly tapering, truncate at the 
 summit, about 8-nerved or ribbed; pappus light brown. Plains, Minn, to Mont., 
 Mo., Kans. and N. Mex. June- Aug. 
 
 2. Lygodesmia rostra. a A. Gray. BEAKED LYGODESMIA. (I. F. f. 3547.) 
 Annual, less rigid; stem striate, leafy, paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves elongated-linear, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, the lower 7-17 cm. long, 
 2-3 mm. wide, the uppermost very small and subulate; heads numerous. 7-10- 
 flowered, about I cm. broad; involucre 10-14 mm. high; achenes narrowly fusi- 
 form, narrowed or somewhat beaked at the summit, 5-8-ribbed or -striate, 8-10 
 mm. long, longer than the whitish pappus. Kans. and Neb. to the N. W. Terr., 
 Colo, and Wyo. Aug.- Sept. 
 
 17. AGOSERIS Raf. 
 
 Herbs, mostly acaulescent, with tufted usually sessile basal leaves, and solitary 
 heads of yellow or rarely purple flowers at the end of a naked or bracted scape. 
 Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts imbricated in several rows, appressed, 
 or with spreading tips, membranous or herbaceous, not thickened after flowering, 
 the outer ones gradually shorter and broader. Receptacle flat, naked or foveolate. 
 Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style- 
 branches slender. Achenes oblong, obovate, or linear, lo-ribbed, not flattened, 
 beaked at the summit. Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles. [Greek, 
 head- or chief-succory.] About 25 species, natives of western and southern N. A. 
 and southern S. A. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western 
 parts of the U. S. 
 
 Head 3-5 cm. broad; achenes 10-12 mm. long. i. A. glauca. 
 
 Head 2.5 cm. broad or less; achenes about 6 mm. long. 2. A. parviflora. 
 
 1. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Greene. LARGE-FLOWERED AGOSERIS. (I. F. 
 f. 3548.) Perennial, pale or glaucous, glabrous throughout or a little woolly below. 
 Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 5-25 cm. long, 
 4-20 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes into 
 margined petioles; scapes stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, longer than the 
 leaves, oiten 4 dm. high; involucre oblong-campanulate, or broader in fruit, com- 
 monly quite glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate; achenes conspicuously 
 beaked; pappus of rather rigid scabrous or denticulate bristles. S. Dak. to the N. 
 W. Terr., Kans., Colo., and Utah. May-July. [ J^roximon g laucum Pursh.] 
 
 2. Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) Greene. SMALL- FLOWERED AGOSERIS. ( i. i . 
 f. 3549.) Perennial, glabrous throughout; scape slender, much longer than tl.e 
 leaves, 12-40 cm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 7-20 cm. 
 long, 2-5 mm. wide; involucre oblong-ovoid, becoming nearly hemispheric in 
 fruit, 12-16 mm. high, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate; achenes con- 
 spicuously beaked ; pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles. Plains, 
 western Neb. to Manitoba, Idaho and N. Mex. May-July.fT*. parviflorum Nutt ] 
 
 18. NOTHOCALAIS Greene. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with basal tufted narrow undulate or crisped, tomentose- mar- 
 gined leaves, arid large heads of yellow flowers solitary at the ends of simple 
 naked scapes. Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in 2-4 series, lanceolate, 
 acute, or acuminate, appressed, nearly equal, the margins hyaline. Receptacle 
 flat, alveolate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Antheis sagittate at the 
 base. Achenes fusiform, contracted or beaked at the summit, lo-ribbed or 10- 
 striate. Pappus of 10-30 white soft unequal narrow scabrous scales, with or with- 
 out some capillary bristles. [Greek, false Calais.] Three known species, of 
 western and central N. A. 
 
 I. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene. FALSE CALAIS. (I. F. f. 3550.) 
 Leaves linear, long-acuminate, thick, pubescent or glabrate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, somewhat conduplicate, their margins conspicuously white-tomentose and 
 crisped, or entire. Scape stout, tomentose, at least above, shorter than or equalling 
 
CICHORIA CEA E. 90 1 
 
 the leaves; head 3-5 cm. broad; involucre usually quite glabrous, nearly 25 mm. 
 high; achenes slightly contracted at the summit, about 6 mm. long; pappus of 
 40-50 unequal scales and bristles. In dry soil, on prairies and rocky hills, 111. 
 to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb. and Kans. April-June. 
 
 19. SITILIAS Raf. [PYRRHOPAPPUS DC.] 
 
 Perennial herbs (some species annual ?), with alternate or basal leaves, and mostly 
 large, solitary or few heads of yellow flowers, borne on long, usually bracted pedun- 
 cles. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its principal bracts in I series, nearly equal, 
 slightly united at the base, with several series of smaller outer ones. Rays truncate 
 and 5 -toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, 
 obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusiform, mostly 5 -ribbed, roughened or hirsute, 
 abruptly narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of numerous soft simple 
 brownish somewhat unequal bristles, surrounded at the base by a villous white 
 ring. [Name unexplained.] Six known species, of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Stem leafy, usually branched; plant glabrous, or nearly so. i. S. Caroliniana. 
 
 Scape naked, monocephalous; plant hirsute, or pubescent. 2. .S". grandiflora. 
 
 1. Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. LEAFY STEMMED FALSE DANDELION- 
 (I. F. f. 3551.) Glabrous or nearly so; stem leafy, usually branched, 6-15 dm- 
 high. Basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatirid, lobed, coarsely dentate 
 or some of them entire, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 7-20 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
 wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves sessile or partly clasping, the 
 upper usually lanceolate, entire and acuminate; heads i or several, 25-35 mm - 
 broad ; involucre commonly puberulent or pubescent, its outer bracts setaceous or 
 subulate, spreading, the inner corniculate at the apex. In dry fields, Del. to Fla., 
 Mo., La. and Tex. April-July. 
 
 2. Sitilias grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. ROUGH FALSE DANDELION. (I. 
 F. f. 3552.) Hirsute or pubescent. Root tuberous- thickened; leaves all basal, 
 oblong or spatulate in outline, deeply pinnatifid, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, 
 narrowed into margined petioles; scape naked or sometimes with a small leaf near 
 its base; head solitary, 3-5 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre small, short, 
 subulate, the inner ones obscurely corniculate at the tip. On prairies, Kans. to 
 Tex. April-June. 
 
 20. CREPIS L. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal, mostly toothed or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and small or middle-sized heads, usually paniculate or corymbose, of yel- 
 low or orange flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate or swollen at the base, its 
 principal bracts in I series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Recep- 
 tacle mostly flat, naked or short- fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the 
 apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes linear- 
 oblong. io-2O-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose, narrowed at the base and 
 apex, beakless in our species. Pappus copious, of very slender white bristles. 
 [Greek, sandal; application not explained.] About 180 species, of the northern 
 hemisphere. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in western N. Am. 
 Involucre glabrous. 
 
 Involucre cylindric; plant pubescent below; introduced. I. C. ptilchra. 
 
 Involucre campanulate; plant glaucous; native, western. 2. C. glauca. 
 
 Involucre pubescent, glandular, or canescent. 
 
 Foliage not canescent nor scurfy, sometimes hirsute. 
 
 Stem naked, or with i or 2 small leaves; western, native. 3. C. runcinata. 
 Stems leafy; introduced annuals or biennials. 
 
 Stem leaves narrow, revolute-margined, sessile, 4. C. tectorum. 
 
 Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, not revolute-margined. 
 
 Involucre 6-8 mm. high; achenes lo-striate. 5. C, vircns. 
 
 Involucre 8-12 mm. high; achenes i3-striate. 6. C. biennis. 
 
 Foliage cinereous, canescent. or scurfy, sometimes also hirsute. 
 
 Inner bracts of the involucre 5-8; flowers 5-8. 7. C. intermedia. 
 
 Inner bracts of the involucre 0-24; flowers 10-30. 8. C. occidentals. 
 
 i. Crepis pulchra L. SMALL-FLOWERED HAWKSBEARD. (I. F. f. 3553.) 
 
 Annual; stem 6-13 dm. high, leafy and pubescent below, mostly glabrous, naked 
 
 and paniculate ly branched above. Stem leaves oblong or oblong -lanceolate, den- 
 
902 FLORA. 
 
 tate, clasping by an auricled base or truncate, pubescent, 7-10 cm. long, acute or 
 obtuse; basal leaves runcinate, narrowed into petioles; heads very numerous, about 
 6 mm. broad, in a large naked panicle; involucre narrow, cylindric, glabrous, 
 about I cm. high, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acuminate, the outer ones very 
 short, ovate, appressed; achenes linear, faintly lO-nerved. Along railroad near 
 Culpepper, Va. Nat. or adventive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 2. Crepis glauca (Nutt.) T. & G. GLAUCOUS HAWKSBEARD. (I. F. f. 
 3554.) Perennial; scapose, or rarely with I or 2 leaves on the stem, 3-7 dm. 
 high, glabrous and glaucous throughout. Basal leaves spatulate, oblanecolate, or 
 obovate, gradually narrowed into margined petioles, entire, dentate, or pinnatitid, 
 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; heads not numerous, long-peduncled, 12-25 mm - 
 broad; peduncles glabrous; involucre campanulate, its principal bracts lanceolate, 
 acute, the outer ones very short, ovate, appressed; achenes oblong-cylindr.c, 
 strongly lo-ribbed. In moist and saline soil, Neb. to the N. W. Terr., Nev. and 
 Utah. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G. NAKED-STEMMED HAWKSBEARD. 
 (I. F. f. 3555-) Perennial, similar to the preceding species but not glaucous or 
 scarcely so, often pubescent below; stem leafless or with I or 2 small leave?, 
 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves spatulate, obovate, or oblong, obtuse or acute, entire, 
 repand, dentate, or rarely runcinate-pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide; 
 heads several, long-peduncled, nearly 25 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its 
 principal bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, outer ones short, lanceolate, appressed; 
 achenes linear-oblong, lo-ribbed. In moist soil, Iowa to Manitoba, west to Utah 
 and Mont. June-July. 
 
 4. Crepis tectorum L. NARROW-LEAVED HAWKSBEARD. (I. F. f. 3556.) 
 Annual; stem slender, puberulent or pubescent, leafy, branched, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves lanceolate, dentate, or runcinate-pinnatifid, 10-15 cm - l n g stem leaves 
 sessile, sometimes slightly sagittate at the base, linear, entire, dentate, or lobed; 
 heads numerous, corymbose, 12-20 mm. broad; involucre narrowly campanulate, 
 canescent or pubescent, 6-10 mm. high, its principal bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
 downy within, the exterior ones linear, spreading; achenes lo-ribbed, the ribs 
 minutely scabrous. In waste places and in ballast, N. J. to Conn., Out., Mich, 
 and Neb. June-July. 
 
 5. Crepis virens L. SMOOTH HAWKSBEARD. (I. F. f. 3557.) Annual; 
 stem corymbosely branched above, glabrous or somewhat hirsute below, 3-7 dm. 
 high. Basal leaves spatulate, pinnatifid, or dentate, sometimes 2 dm. long and 
 5 cm. wide, narrowed into petioles ; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, clasping by a 
 sagittate base, flat, the upper mostly very small ar*d usually entire; heads numer- 
 ous, 10-16 mm. broad, slender-pecluncied; involucre oblong, 6-8 mm. high, its 
 principal bracts lanceolate, glabrous within, the outer mostly appressed; achenes 
 lo-ribbed, smooth. In fields and waste places, Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Penn., 
 and in ballast about the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adventive from 
 Europe. Very variable. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Crepis biennis L. ROUGH HAWKSBEARD. (L F. f. 3558.) Biennial, or 
 sometimes annual; stem pubescent or hirsute, leafy, at least below, branched 
 above, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, usually hirsute, 5 I 5 cm. long, 
 oblong or spatulate, the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles and sometimes 
 merely dentate; heads several, subcorymbose, 2-4 cm. broad; involucre canescent 
 or pubescent, 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, downy within, 
 the outer ones linear-oblong or lanceolate, spreading; achenes oblong, 13 striate, 
 glabrous. In waste places, Vt., Penn., and in ballast about the seaports. Nat. or 
 adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Crepis intermedia A. Gray. SMALL-FLOWERED GRAY HAWKSBEARD. 
 (I. F. f. 3559.) Perennial, cinereous puberulent or scurfy; stem rather slender, 
 l-3-leaved, 3-6 dm. high, naked and branched above. Basal leaves lanceolate or 
 oblong-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, 10-15 cm - l n g; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile, less divided; heads sev- 
 eral, 12-18 mm. broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, its principal bracts 5-8, 
 lanceolate or linear-oblong, canescent, acutish, the outer ones few and short; 
 achenes oblong, strongly lo-ribbed. In dry soil, western Neb. and Colo, to Cal. 
 and Br. Col. May-Sept. 
 
CICHORIACEAE. 903 
 
 8. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. LARGE-FLOWERED GRAY HAWKSBEARD. 
 (I. F. f. 3560.) Perennial, scurfy and canescent, sometimes also hirsute; stem 
 rather stout, leafy, branched, 15-45 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong in 
 outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones 15-25 cm. 
 lung, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile and slightly clasping; heads few or 
 several, corymbose, stout-peduncled, about 25 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cam- 
 panulate, canescent, its principal bracts 9-24, linear, acute; achenes oblong, 
 sharply lO-ribbed, glabrous. Plains, western Neb. (according to Gray) and Colo, 
 to Cal., north to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col. May-July. 
 
 21. HIERACIUM L. 
 
 Perennial hispid scabrous glandular or glabrous herbs, with alternate or basal 
 leaves, and small middle sized or large, solitary corymbose or paniculate heads of 
 \thow orange or red flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or nearly hemis- 
 pheric, its principal bracts in 1-3 series, the outer either regularly and gradually 
 smaller or abruptly much smaller, none of them much thickened at the base after 
 flowering. Receptacle flat, naked or short-fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed 
 at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 
 oblong, columnar, or fusiform, not beaked, 10- 15-ribbed, terete or 4~5-angled. 
 Pappus copious, or 1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brown or brownish 
 bristles. [Greek, hawk.] Not fewer than 300 species, natives of the north tem- 
 perate zone and the Andes of S. Am. Besides the following, some 15 others occur 
 in western N. Am. 
 
 * Flowering stem leafless, or with 1-5 leaves; achenes columnar or oblong, truncate. 
 (a) Stem scapose, with a single head only ; introduced; principal bracts in i or 2 series. 
 
 i. H. Pilosella. 
 
 (b) Heads corymbose or paniculate ; principal bracts in 1-3 series. 
 Leaves coarsely dentate; introduced species. 
 
 Leaves cordate or subcordate. 2. H.murorunt. 
 
 Leaves narrowed at both ends. 3. H. vulgatum. 
 
 Leaves denticulate or entire. 
 
 Leaves mostly entire, spatulate to oblong ; heads corymbose ; introduced species ; 
 principal bracts of the involucre in 2-3 series. 
 
 Heads 16-25 mm - broad; flowers red or orange. 4. H. aurantiacum. 
 
 Heads 10-18 mm. broad ; flowers yellow. 
 
 Glaucous, slightly hispid. 5. H. praealtum. 
 
 Densely hirsute. 6. //. pratense. 
 
 Leaves, at least some of them, denticulate, mostly obovate or oval; heads corymbose- 
 paniculate; natives; principal bracts in i series. 
 
 Principal bracts of the involucre glabrous, or nearly so. 
 
 Stem glabrous, or nearly so ; leaves usually purple-veined. 
 
 7. H. vcnosum. 
 
 Stem pilose below ; leaves green. 8. H. Marianum. 
 
 Involucre and peduncles densely hirsute and glandular. 9. H. Greenii. 
 
 * * Flowering stem abundantly leafy, at least below, 
 (a) Principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series; heads corymbose. 
 Leaves sessile, not clasping; involucre glabrous. 10. //. umbellatum. 
 
 Leaves, at least the upper, clasping; involucre pubescent. u. H. Canadense. 
 
 (b) Principal bracts in i series; heads small, paniculate or racemose. 
 
 1. Achenes columnar at maturity, truncate. 
 Plant nearly or quite glabrous except towards the base; heads i5-2o-flowered. 
 
 12. H. paniculatum. 
 Plants scabrous or glandular ; heads i5-5o-flowered. 
 
 Peduncles stout, spreading. 13. H. scabrum. 
 
 Peduncles slender, ascending. 
 
 No tuft of basal leaves at flowering time. 8. //. Marianum. 
 
 Basal leaves present at flowering time. 14. H. Alleghaniense. 
 
 2. Achenes spindle-shaped, or with a tapering summit at maturity. 
 Leaves and lower part of the stem pilose, 15. H. Gronovii. 
 
 Leaves and stem densely clothed with very long brown hairs. 16. H. longipilum. 
 
 i. Hieracium Pilosella L. MOUSE-EAR HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3561.) Sto- 
 loniferous, pilose-pubescent throughout; stolons leafy, rooting, slender, 7-30 cm. 
 long. Scape slender, erect, 10-25 cm. high, leafless, with a single head; leaves 
 oblong or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed into petioles, 
 
Q04 FLORA. 
 
 often white-tomentose beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide; head 25 mm. broad 
 or more; flowers yellow; bracts linear, acuminate, pubescent, usually with I or 2 
 exterior ones. Dooryards and fields, Ont., N. Y., Penn. and Mich. Adventive 
 from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 , Hieracium Pilosella Peleteri&num Mer. Stolons shorter, thick; plant silky -pubes- 
 cent. Fields and roadsides, Prince Edward Island. Nat. from Europe. 
 
 2. Hieracium murorum L. WALL HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3562.) Stem 
 pubescent or glabrate, simple, or with I or 2 branches, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 thin, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, cordate or truncate at the base, or abruptly 
 narrowed into petioles, coarsely dentate or laciniate, at least near the base, 5-10 cm. 
 long, 3-5 cm. wide, the petioles villous; stem leaves I or 2 (sometimes none), short- 
 petioled or sessile; heads about 25 mm. broad; peduncles ascending, usually 
 glandular; involucre 8-10 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, glandular- 
 pubescent; pappus nearly white. Woodlands near Brooklyn, N. Y.; about Que- 
 bec. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 3. Hieracium yulgatum Fries. HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3563.) Similar to 
 the preceding species, sometimes taller and slightly glaucous; stem 2-5-leaved, 
 pubescent or glabrate. Basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely dentate or den- 
 ticulate, petioled, 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, stem leaves similar, short-petioled 
 or sessile; petioles more or less pubescent; peduncles mostly glandular, straight; 
 bracts linear, acuminate, mostly glandular. Lab. and Newf. to Quebec and in 
 southern N. Y. and N. J. Probably introduced. Also in Greenland, northern 
 Europe and Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Hieracium aurantiacum L. ORANGE or TAWNY HAWKWEED. GOLDEN 
 MOUSE-EAR HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3564.) Stolon iferous, or stolons wanting; stem 
 leafless or rarely with I or 2 small sessile leaves, hirsute, slender, 1.5-5 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves hirsute, tufted, spatulate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
 entire, or sometimes slightly denticulate, 5-12 cm. long, .5-2 cm. wide; heads 
 14-25 mm. broad; peduncles glandular-pubescent; involucre 8-10 mm. hign, its 
 bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute and sometimes glandular. In fields, 
 woods and along roadsides, N. B. and Ont. to N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Nat. from 
 Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Hieracium praealtum Vill. KING-DEVIL. (I. F. f. 3565.) Stolonifer- 
 ous or stolons wanting; stem glabrous, or somewhat hispid, glaucous, slender, 
 4-9 dm. high, bearing 1-3 leaves near the base. Basal leaves tufted, narrowly 
 oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate, entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed 
 below into margined petioies, hirsute with stiff hairs, 5-10 cm. long, 6-14 mm. 
 wide; heads 8-12 mm. broad; peduncles mostly short, pilose and glandular; in- 
 volucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, pilose and some- 
 what glandular. In fields, meadows and along roadsides, Me. and Ont. to N, Y. 
 Nat. from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Hieracium pratense Tausch. FIELD HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3566.) Stolon- 
 iferous, hirsute or pilose with long hairs, those of the stem blackish. Stem sea- 
 pose, simple, 3-6 dm. high, bearing I or 2 leaves below the middle; basal leaves 
 numerous, tufted, light green, oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 
 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, or to a sessile base, entire, or with few 
 distant minute glandular teeth; heads 2 cm. wide, or less; peduncles glandular and 
 often tomentose; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular 
 and pilose. Dongan Hills, Staten Island, N. Y. Nat. or adventive from Europe. 
 
 7. Hieracium venosum L. RATTLESNAKE-WEED. POOR ROBIN'S PLAN- 
 TAIN. (I. F. f. 3567.) Stems solitary or several from the same root, slender, 
 glabrous, or with a few hispid hairs, leafless or with 1-3 leaves, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves tufted, spreading on the ground, obovate, oval or oblorig-sparulate, 
 mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or petioled, 3-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. 
 wide, usually purple-veined, more or less hirsute, some or all of them glandular- 
 denticulate; heads 10-16 mm. broad, i5-4O-flowered, slender-peduncled; pedun- 
 cles glabrous, or slightly glandular; involucre about 6 mm. high. Dry woods and 
 thickets, Me. to Ont. and Manitoba south to Ga., Ky. and Neb. May Oct. 
 
 8. Hieracium Marianum Willd. MARYLAND HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3568.) 
 Stems usually solitary, slender, 3-9 dm. high, bearing 2-7 leaves. Basal leaves 
 
C1CHORIA CEA E. 905 
 
 obovate or oblong, ascending or erect, obtuse, narrowed at the base, sessile or peti- 
 oled, villous or hirsute, glandular-denticulate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, those 
 of the stem similar, smaller; heads 12-20 mm. broad, i5-4O-flowered, slender - 
 peduncled; peduncles more or less glandular and sometimes canescent ; involucre 
 about 8 mm. high, bracts linear-lai ceolate, acute, or acuminate, glabrous or nearly 
 so, with a few short outer ones. In dry woods and thickets. R. I. to southern N. 
 Y., Penn., Ky., Ala. and Fla. May-July. 
 
 9. Hieracium Greenii Porter and Britton. GREEN'S HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3569.) Stern glabrous up to the branches, rather slender, leafless or rarely with I 
 or 2 leaves, 4-7 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, ascending, spatulate, oblong, or 
 obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly petioled, glandular-denticulate or 
 entire, villous-pubescent or somewhat hispid. 10-17 cm - l n g? i~5 cm. wide; heads 
 3O-4o-flowered, slender-peduncled, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre 10 mm. high, 
 bracts linear, acute, densely pilose-glandular. In dry soil, mountains of Penn. to 
 Va. and W. Va. May-June. 
 
 10. Hieracium umbellatum L. NARROW-LEAVED HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3570.) Stem rather slender, glabrous or puberulent, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves lance- 
 olate or linear-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes 
 laciniate-dentate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base. 3-7 cm. long, 
 4-12 mm. wide, glabrous above, mostly somewhat pubescent beneath, the margins 
 commonly ciliolate; heads about 25 mm. broad; peduncles rather stout, canescent; 
 involucre 10-14 mm. high, the outer bracts spreading. Lower St. Lawrence 
 River to Out., Minn., Neb., Br. Col. and Ore. Also in northern Europe and Asia. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 11. Hieracium Canadense Michx. CANADA HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3571.) 
 Stem erect, firm, glabrate or pubescent, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves numerous, oblong- 
 lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, 
 sessile, and, at least the upper ones, clasping at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. 
 wide, serrate or incised, the margins sometimes ciliolate, glabrous or pubescent 
 beneath, the lowest somewhat spatulate and petioled; heads about 25 mm. broad; 
 involucre about 12 mm. high, outer bracts spreading. In dry woods and thickets, 
 N. S. to Out. and the N. W. Terr., south to N. J. and Mich. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Hieracium paniculatum L. PANICLED HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3572.) 
 Glabrous throughout, or somewhat pilose-pubescent below, stem paniculately 
 branched above, leafy, slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest 
 into petioles, denticulate or dentate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads 10-14 
 mm. broad; peduncles filiform, often drooping, glabrous or sometimes glandular; 
 involucre about 6 mm. high, glabrous or nearly so, bracts linear, acute, with a few 
 very small outer ones at the base. In dry woods, Me., Quebec and Ont. to Ga., 
 Ala. and Ky. July-Sept. 
 
 13. Hieracium scabrum Michx. ROUGH HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 3573.) 
 Stem stout, leafy, densely hirsute or hispid below and glandular-pubescent above, 
 strict, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves hirsute, obovate, oblong, or broadly spatulate, 
 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base or 
 the lowest into margined petioles, denticulate; heads 12-16 mm. broad; pedun- 
 cles stout, densely glandular; involucre 8-10 mm. high, glandular; bracts linear, 
 acute, with a few very small outer ones. In dry woods and clearings, N. S. to 
 Minn., Ga., Neb. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 14. Hieracium Alleghaniense Britton n. sp. ALLEGHANY HAWKWEED. 
 Stem rough-hairy below, glabrous or nearly so above, about 6.5 dm. tall. Lower 
 and middle stem-leaves oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. ' on g? 3 cm - wide or more, obtuse, 
 cuspidate, tapering into narrowly margined pubescent petioles, thin, pale and 
 pubescent along the midvein beneath, green above, with a few very distant minute 
 glandular teeth; upper leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to a 
 sessile base; inflorescense paniculate, its branches filiform, glandular; heads rather 
 numerous ; involucre about 7 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, sparingly glan- 
 dular, a little shorter than the brown pappus; young achenes truncate. Aurora, 
 Alleghany Mountains of W. Va., E. S. Steele, Aug. 29. 1898. 
 
 15. Hieracium Gronovii L. GRONOVIUS' HAWKWEED. HAIRY HAWKWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3574.) Stem stiff, mostly slender, leafy and villous or hirsute, sometimes 
 
906 FLORA. 
 
 nearly leafless, 3-9 cm. high. Leaves villous or hirsute, the basal and lower ones 
 obovate or spatulate, denticulate, or entire, obtuse, 5-15 cm. long, usually narrowed 
 into petioles; stem leaves mostly sessile, oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, the upper 
 gradually smaller; heads 10-18 mm. broad; peduncles glandular and canescent, 
 slender; involucre about 8 mm. high, somewhat canescent, bracts linear lance- 
 olate, acute, with several very small outer ones. In dry soil, Mass, to Ont., 111., 
 Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 16. Hieracium longipilum Torr. LONG-BEARDED HAWKWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3575.) Stem, at least its lower portion, and leaves densely covered with long 
 brown rather rigid bristly hairs 1-2.5 cm. long, arising from papillae. Stem very 
 leafy below, stiff, simple, 6-10 dm. high ; basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob- 
 long, obtuse, mostly entire, 8-16 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the 
 upper lanceolate or spatulate, mostly sessile; heads 16-20 mm. broad; peduncles 
 tomentose and glandular; involucre 8-10 mm. high, bracts linear-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, with several short subulate outer ones. Prairies and dry woods, Ont. to 
 Minn., 111., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 22. NABALUS Cass. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial, herbs with alternate, mostly petioled, dentate lobed or pinnatifid 
 leaves, or the upper auriculate and clasping, and numerous small heads of ligulate 
 white yellowish or purplish flowers in open or spike-like terminal panicles, or also 
 in axillary clusters, usually drooping. Involucre cylindric, usually narrow, its 
 principal bracts in I or 2 series, nearly equal, with a few smaller exterior ones at 
 the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5 -toothed at the summit. 
 Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or narrowly columnar, truncate, terete or 
 4-5 -angled, mostly lO-ribbed. Pappus of copious rather rigid simple white to red- 
 dish-brown bristles. [Modern Latin, from an Indian name for Rattlesnake-root.] 
 About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, another 
 occurs in northwestern Am. 
 
 * Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. 
 Heads 5-7 flowered; involucre very narrow, light green, 2 mm. thick ; pappus light 
 
 straw-color. i. N. altissimus. 
 
 Heads 8-16 flowered ; involucre broader, green, purple or glaucous, 3-6 mm. thick. 
 
 Leaves, or some of them, lobed, divided, or pinnatifid ; involucre about 3 mm. thick. 
 Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. N. albus, 
 
 Pappus straw-color or light brown. 
 Inflorescence paniculate. 
 
 Involucral bracts with some stiff hairs, obviously shorter than the pap- 
 pus; panicle-branches divergent. 3. N. serpenfai tus. 
 Involucral bracts glabrous, equalling the pappus ; panicle-branches 
 ascending, or erect. 4. N. trifoliolatus. 
 Inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate. 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed or divided ; northern. 5. N. nanus. 
 
 Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid : southern. 6. N. virgatus. 
 Leaves irregularly dentate or denticulate, oblong ; plant tall. 3. N. set pentarius. 
 Leaves entire or denticulate ; plant low, alpine ; involucre 5-6 mm. thick. 
 
 7. JV. Boottii. 
 
 * * Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubescent. 
 Inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid; heads 8-i6-flowered. 
 
 Leaves and stem rough-puberulent or scabrous. 8. N. asper. 
 
 Leaves and stem glabrous, glaucous. 9. N. racemosus. 
 
 Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; heads 2O-25-flowered. 10. N. crepidineus. 
 
 x. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. TALL WHITE LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3576.) 
 Glabrous, or sparingly hispidulous, not glaucous; stem slender, 1-2 in. high, green, 
 or sometimes purplish. Leaves thin, hastate, cordate, ovate, or the uppermost 
 lanceolate, entire, denticulate, dentate or palmately lobed or divided, most of them 
 long-petioled, the larger sometimes 15 cm. long; heads very numerous, in a nar- 
 row panicle, and often in axillary clusters, 5-7-flowered, pendulous, about 4 mm. 
 broad; inflorescence often narrow; involucre narrowly cylindric, 10-18 mm. long, 
 about 2 mm. thick, green, glabrous, its principal bracts about 5 ; flowers greenish 
 or yellowish white. In woods and thickets, Newf. to Manitoba, south to Ga. and 
 Tenn. July-Oct. [Prenanthes altissima L.) 
 
CICHO RIA CEA E. 907 
 
 2. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. WHITE LETTUCE. 
 (I. F. f. 3577.) Glabrous and glaucous; stem commonly purple, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves hastate, ovate, cordate, denticulate, dentate, lobed, or palmately divided, 
 or the upper lanceolate, entire; heads numerous, pendulous, about 6 mm. broad, 
 paniculate, or thyrsoid. and often in axillary clusters; involucre glabrous, or with 
 a few scattered hairs, glaucous, 10-14 mm. high, its principal bracts about 8, 
 purplish; flowers greenish or yellowish white, fragrant. In woods, Me. and Out. 
 to Manitoba, south to Ga. and Ky. Aug. -Sept. [Prenanthes alba L.] 
 
 ~. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH, 
 (I. F. f. 3578.) Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, green; stem stout or slender, 
 not glaucous, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves rather firm, similar to those of the preced- 
 ing species, equally variable in outline, often pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, or 
 p.\lmately divided; inflorescence paniculate, the branches divaricate, upcurved; 
 heads numerous, about 6 mm. broad, pendulous; involucre more or lebs bristly- 
 hispid, rarely glabrous, 10-14 mm. long, its principal bracts about 8, shorter than 
 die pappus; flowers whitish or cream-color, rarely yellow. In fields and thickets, 
 Ont. to southern N. Y., Fla., Ala. and Ky. July- Oct. 
 
 Nabalus serpent&rius integrifblius (Cass.) Britton. Leaves oblong to oval, irregu- 
 larly dentate, denticulate or entire. L. I. to N. Car. 
 
 4. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. TALL RATTLESNAKE- ROOT. (I. F. f. 3579.) 
 Glabrous throughout; stem usually stout, 10-27 dm. high. Leaves thinnish, the 
 lower long-petioled, usually 3-divided with the divisions stalked or sessile, the 
 upper short petioled or sessile, all commonly lobed or dentate, but the upper some- 
 times lanceolate, acuminate and entire; panicle-branches ascending, or nearly 
 erect; heads few in the clusters, drooping; involucre glabrous, 12 mm. long, its 
 principal bracts 6-8, equalling the pappus; flowers whitish or pale yellow. In 
 woods and thickets, Me. to Vt., Penn., Tenn. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 5. Nabalus nanus (Bigel.) DC. Low RATTLESNAKE-ROOT, or LION'S-FOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 3580.) Glabrous throughout; stem simple, erect, 1-4 dm. high. Basal 
 and lower leaves slender petioled, 3-divided, or sometimes broadly hastate, the 
 divisions variously lobed, toothed, or entire; upper leaves much smaller, entire, 
 toothed, or lobed, sessile, or short-petioled; inflorescence rarely with I or 2 short 
 ascending branches; involucre dark purple-brown or nearly black, glabrous, 
 8-12 mm. long, its inner bracts 6-8, slightly ciliate at the apex, about as long as 
 the pappus. Alpine summits of the Adirondacks and the mountains of N. Eng. ; 
 N. S. to Lab. and Newf. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 6. Nabalus virgatus (Michx.) DC. SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. DE 
 WITT'S SNAKEROOT. (I. F. f. 3581.) Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem strict, 
 mostly simple, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the basal 
 and lower ones sinuate-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, petioled, often 25 cm. long, 
 the lobes entire or dentate, distant; upper leaves all sessile, pinnately lobed, or the 
 uppermost entire, very small and bract-like; heads very numerous, pendulous, 
 about 4 mm. broad, in a narrow, simple or branched, terminal thyrsus, often uni- 
 lateral; involucre 10 mm. long, its principal bracts about 8; flowers white, or pink- 
 ish. In moist sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., near the coast. Sept-Oct. 
 
 7. Nabalus Boottii DC. BOOTT'S RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (I. F. f. 3582.) 
 Glabrous below, commonly pubescent above; stem simple, 1-3.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves thickish, the basal and lower ones ovate, hastate, or deltoid, petioled, 
 mostly obtuse, entire, or denticulate, 3-5 cm. long, the upper ovate or oblong, 
 usually entire, short-petioled or sessile, much smaller; heads erect, spreading, or 
 some of them pendulous, racemose or somewhat thyrsoid, 8-10 mm. broad; invo- 
 lucre campanulate-oblong, 8-14 mm. long, dark purplish green, its principal bracts 
 8-10, obtuse or obtusish; flowers whitish, odorous. Alpine summits of the moun- 
 tains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G. ROUGH WHITE-LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 3583. ) 
 Stem virgate, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, oval, oblong, or oblanceolate, those of 
 the stem all closely sessile, acute or acutish, dentate, denticulate, or the upper- 
 most entire, the lower sometimes clasping, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, the basal 
 tapering into winged petioles, commonly obtuse; heads numerous, erect, spread- 
 ing, or slightly drooping, 6-8 mm. broad, i2-i6-flowered, in a long narrow thyrsus; 
 
908 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 involucre oblong, 4-5 mm. thick. 10-14 mm. high, very hirsute, its piindpa 
 bracts 8-io; flowers light yellow; pappus straw-color. On dry prairies, Ohio t. 
 Minn, and Neb., south to Ky., La. and Kans. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 9. Nabalus racemosus (Michx.j DC. GLAUCOUS WHITE-LETTUCE. (I. F. f. 
 3584.) Stem virgate, striate, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thickish, glabrous and 
 glaucous, the lower and basal ones oval, oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, dentate 
 or denticulate, 1-2 cm. long, mostly obtuse, tapering into long margined petioles; 
 upper leaves sessile, smaller and partly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 
 denticulate or entire, mostly acute; heads numerous, erect, spreading, or slightly 
 drooping, 1 2-1 6- flowered, 4-6 mm. broad; involucre oblong-cylindric, hirsute, 
 10-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, longer than the hirsute peduncle, its principal 
 bracts 8- 10, with several small outer ones; flowers purplish. In moist open places, 
 N. B. and Anticosti to the N. W. Terr., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Mo. and 
 Colo. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Nabalus racembsus pinnati'fidus (A. Gray) Britton. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately 
 lobed. Hackensack marshes, N. J.; near Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 
 
 Prenanthes Main^nsis A. Gray, from northern Me., is probably a hybrid between A\ 
 racemosus and N. trtfoliolatus. 
 
 10. Nabalus crepidincus (Michx.) DC. CORYMBED RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 
 (I. F. f. 3585.) Stem glabrous or nearly so below, sometimes puberulent above, 
 stout, 1.5-2.7 m. high. Leaves thin, the basal and lower ones hastate, ovate, oblong, 
 or deltoid, sharply dentate, lobed, or incised, sometimes 25 cm. long, usually with 
 broadly winged petioles; the upper much smaller, sessile or short- petioled, nar- 
 rowed at the base, not clasping, ovate, deltoid, or lanceolate, acute; heads numer- 
 ous, pendulous, short-pedunclcd, 8-12 mm. broad; involucre oblong or oblong- 
 campanulate, hirsute, 10-15 mm. long, about 6 mm. thick, dark green or purplish, 
 its principal bracts 12-15; flowers cream-color; pappus brown. In fields and 
 thickets, western Penn. and N. Y. to Ky., Minn, and Kans. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Family 4. AMBROSlACEAE Reichenb. 
 Ragweed Family. 
 
 Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, 
 rarely shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small 
 heads of greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, 
 separate or united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and 
 nut-like or bur-like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in 
 separate heads. Receptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, 
 or this reduced to a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the i-celled 
 ovary, its limb none, or a mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers 
 with a funnelform tubular or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 
 5. separate, or their anthers merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, 
 with short inflexed appendages ; ovary rudimentary; summit of the style 
 often hairy or penicillate. Eight genera and about 55 species, mostly 
 natives of America. 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads ; involucre of a few rounded bracts. 
 
 i. Iva. 
 
 Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the Staminate mostly uppermost; in- 
 volucre of the pistillate heads bur-like or nut-like. 
 Involucral bracts of the Staminate heads united. 
 
 Involucre of the pistillate heads with several tubercles or prickles in a single 
 
 series. 2. Ambrosia. 
 
 Involucre of the pistillate heads with numerous prickles in several series. 
 
 3. Gaertneria. 
 
 Involucral bracts of the Staminate heads separate; involucre of pistillate heads an 
 oblong bur. 4. Xanthium. 
 
 i. IVA L. 
 
 Puberulent or scabrous herbs, with thick opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, 
 and small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or paniculate heads of 
 greenish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its bracts few, rounded. 
 
A MBROSIA CEA E. 909 
 
 Receptacle chaffy, the linear or spatulate chaff enveloping the flowers. Marginal 
 flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their ccrollas short, tubular or none. Disk-flowers 
 perfect, sterile, their corollas ftmnelform, 5-lobed, their styles undivided, dilated at 
 the apex. Anthers entire at the base, yellow, scarcely coherent with each other, 
 tipped with mucronate appendages. Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous. 
 Pappus none. [Nam.d alter Ajuga Iva, from its similar smell.] About 12 spe- 
 cies, natives of America. Besides the following, 6 others occur in the southern 
 and western U. S. 
 
 Meads spicate or racemose, solitary-axillary, each subtended by a linear or oblong leaf. 
 Heads solitary, pedicelled. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre 4-5; heads 3-5 mm. high. 
 
 Leaves serrate, oval or oblong ; eastern. i. I.frutescens. 
 
 Leaves entire or nearly so, obovate or oblong; western. 
 
 2. /. axillaris. 
 Bracts of the involucre 6-9 ; heads 6-8 mm. high ; southeastern. 
 
 3. I. imbricata. 
 Heads spicate; leaves dentate. 4. /. ciliata. 
 
 Heads spicate-paniculate, not subtended by leaves. 5. /. xanthiifolia. 
 
 1. Iva frutescens L. MARSH ELDER. HIGH-WATER SHRUB. (I. F. f. 3586.) 
 Perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, somewhat fleshy; stem minutely pubescent, or 
 sometimes glabrous below, 9-35 dm. high. Leaves oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, all the lower ones opposite, short-petioled, 3-nerved, acute or obtusish, serrate, 
 narrowed at the base, the lower 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upper smaller 
 and narrower, passing gradually into those of the racemose inflorescence, which are 
 much longer than the short-pedicelled heads ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its 
 bracts orbicular-obovate, separate; fertile flowers about 5, their corollas tubular. 
 Along salt marshes and on muddy seashores, N. H. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Iva axillaris Pursh. SMALL- FLOWERED MARSH ELDER. (I. F. f. 3587.) 
 Perennial by woody roots; stems herbaceous, ascending, glabrous or sparingly 
 pubescent, simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, entire or very nearly 
 so, obtuse, faintly 3 nerved, obovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, thick, 
 somewhat fleshy, glabrous or pubescent, the lower opposite, the upper alternate 
 and smaller, passing gradually into those of the inflorescence; heads mostly solitary 
 in the axils of the leaves, 4-6 mm. broad, short-peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, 
 about 3 mm. high, its bracts about 5, connate at the base; pistillate flowers 4 or 5, 
 their corollas tubular. In saline or alkaline soil, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., 
 N. Mex., Br. Col. and Cal. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Iva imbricata Walt. SEACOAST MARSH ELDER. (I. F. f. 3588.) Peren- 
 nial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so throughout, fleshy; stem 3-6 dm. high, 
 simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest alternate, sessile, oblong- 
 spatulate, or lanceolate, obtusish, mucronulate, entire, or rarely serrate, obscurely 
 3-nerved, the larger 3-5 cm. long. 6-10 mm. wide; heads short peduncled or nearly 
 sessile, the upper ones longer than their subtending leaves; involucre broadly cam- 
 panulate, its bracts 6-9, not united, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile flowers 
 2-4, their corollas tubular, the staminate ones much more numerous. On sandy 
 seashores, Va. and N. Car. to Fla. and La. July-Oct. 
 
 4. Iva ciliata Willd. ROUGH MARSH ELDER. (I. F. f. 3589.) Annual, 
 hispid- pubescent; stem simple, or branched, 6 20 dm. high. Leaves nearly all 
 opposite, ovate, petioled, scarcely fleshy, puberulent beneath, acuminate at the 
 apex, abruptly or gradually narrowed at the base, coarsely and irregularly dentate, 
 3 nerved, the lower 10-12 cm. long; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid, squar- 
 rose, much longer than the heads; heads about 2 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
 3-5, distinct or united below; hispid; fertile flowers 3-5, their corollas slender; 
 staminate flowers 10-15. ^ n m ist soil. 111. to Neb., La. and N. Mex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 5. Iva xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. BURWEED MARSH ELDER. (I. F. 
 f. 3590.) Annual; stem much branched, pubescent or puberulent above, glabrous 
 below, 1-2 m. high. Leaves nearly all opposite, broadly ovate, long-petioled, 
 acuminate at the apex, abruptly or gradually contracted at the base, coarsely and 
 irregularly dentate, pale and canescent or puberulent beneath, roughish above, 3- 
 ribbed; inflorescence spicate-paniculate. terminal and axillary, ample, naked; heads 
 sessile or minutely peduncled, less than 2 mm, broad; bracts of the involucre in 2 
 
9*0 FLORA. 
 
 series of 5, the outer ovate, the inner obovate or truncate, concave, subtending the 
 usually 5 achenes; corollas of the fertile flowers rudimentary or none; staminate 
 flowers 10-15, their corollas obconic. In moist soil, or waste places. Ont. toN. W. 
 Terr., south to Wis., Neb., N. Mcx. and Utah. July-Sept. 
 
 2. AMBROSIA L. 
 
 Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite, most- 
 ly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate ipicate 
 or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the 
 pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, I- flowered, usually armed with 
 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style-branches filiform; 
 achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate heads mostly 
 hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5 -12-lobed, open, many-flowered; receptacle nearly 
 flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla fuimelform, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely 
 coherent, mucronate-tipped; style undivided, penicillate at the summit. [The 
 jincient classical name.] About 12 species, mostly natives of America. Besides 
 the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Sterile heads sessile ; a lanceolate hispid lobe on inner border of involucre. 
 
 1. A. bidentata. 
 Sterile heads short -pedicelled; involucre depressed-hemispheric. 
 
 Leaves opposite, palmately 3~5-lobed, or undivided ; receptacle naked. 
 
 2. A. tn'fida. 
 Leaves opposite and alternate, i-2-pinnatif:d ; receptacle chaffy. 
 
 Annual ; leaves thin ; fruiting involucre spiny. 3. A. artemisicefolia. 
 
 Perennial; leaves thick ; fruiting involucie naked or tubercled. 
 
 4. A. psiloslacl:ya. 
 
 i. Ambrosia bidentata Michx. LANCE-LEAVED RAGWEED. (I. F. f. 3591.) 
 
 Annual, hirsute, usually much branched, very leafy. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, mainly alternate, sessile and somewhat cordate-clasping at the base, 
 acuminate at the apex, i-nerved, 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, usually with I or 2 
 sharp lobes at the base and a few minute sharp teeth above, or the upper ones 
 quite entire; spikes of staminate heads dense, their receptacles chaffy; fertile heads 
 solitary, or clustered, oblong, 4-angled, 6-8 mm. long, bearing 4 sharp spines. 
 Prairies, III. to Kans., La. aud Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 2 Ambrosia trifid i L. HORSE-CANE. BITTER-WEED. GREAT RAGWEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3592.) Annual, scabrous or hispid, or nearly glabrous, branched, 15 m. 
 high. L-ives all opposite, p^tioled, 3-nerved, deeply 3~5-lobed, the lobes lanceo- 
 late or ovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate; the upper sometimes ovate and 
 undivided; racemes of sterib heads 7-25 cm. long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 
 3-ribb2d on the outer side; fertile heads usually clustered in the axils of the upper 
 bract like leaves, turbinate to obovoid, 5-7-ribbed, conic-beaked, 6-8 mm. long, 
 each rib bearing a tubercle near the summit. In moist soil, Quebec to Fla. ? the 
 N. W. Terr., Neb., Colo, and Ark. July- Oct. 
 
 Ambrosia trifida integrifblia (Muhl.) T. & G. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 not Iobe4; plant usually lower. Frequent with the type. 
 
 O^S- 1 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. RAGWEED. ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG- 
 WEED. WILD TANSY. (I. F. f. 3593.) Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hir- 
 sute, paniculately branched, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, i-2-pinnatifid, petioled, 
 5-10 cm. long, the upper alternate, the lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent 
 beneath, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute; racemes of sterile heads 
 very numerous, 2-15 cm. long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate; fertile heads 
 obovoid or subglobose, mostly clustered, 34 mm. long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined 
 near the summit, sparingly pubescent. In dry soil, often a pernicious weed in 
 cultivated fields. N! S. to Fla., west to Br. Col. and Mex. Also in the W. Ind. 
 and S. Am., and introduced into Europe as a weed. July-Oct. 
 
 4. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. WESTERN RAGWEED. (I. F. f. 3594.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, but perennial by running roots, the leaves thick, 
 the pubescence strigose or hispid. Stems usually much branched, 6-12 dm. high, 
 rather stout; leaves 1-2 pinnatifid. 5-12 cm. lone, the lobes acutish; racemes of 
 gterile he^ds several or numerous, 5-15 cm. long, the involucres campanulate ? the 
 
AMBROSIACEAE. QI I 
 
 receptacles chaffy; fertile heads mostly solitary, ovoid or obovoid, reticulated, 
 short-pointed, unarmed, or with about 4 short tubercles, pubescent, 3-4 mm. long. 
 In moist open soil, 111. to the N. W. Terr., Tex., Mex. and Cal. July-Oct. 
 
 4. GAERTNERIA Med. [FRANSERIA Cav.] 
 
 Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, with the aspect of Ambrosias, sometimes 
 woody at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided leaves, and small monoe- 
 cious greenish heads of discoid flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, 
 the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of the pistillate 
 heads ovoid or globose, closed, i-4-celled, i-4-beaked, armed with several rows of 
 spines and forming a bur in fruit; corolla none or rudimentary; style deeply bifid, 
 its branches exserted ; stamens none; achenes obovoid. thick, solitary in the cells; 
 pappus none. Staminate heads sessile, or short -peduncled, their involucres broadlv 
 hemispheric, open, 5~i2-lobed; receptacle chaffy; corolla regular, the tube short, 
 the limb 5-lobed; style undivided; anthers scarcely coherent; mucronate-tipped. 
 [In honor of Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791, German botanist.] About 15 species, 
 natives of America. In addition to the following, some 8 others occur in the west- 
 ern and southwestern United States. 
 
 Plant hirsute; annual; spines of the fruiting involucre long, flat. i. G. acanthicarpa. 
 Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; spines short, conic; perennials. 
 
 Leaves bipinnatifid. 2. G. discolor. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal segment large. 3. G. fomentosa. 
 
 1. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. HOOKER'S GAERTNERIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3595-) Annual, erect or diffuse, paniculately branched, 3-6 dm. high; 
 stem hirsute or hispid. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, bipinnatifid, 5-10 
 cm. long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, once pinnatifid, or merely lobed; 
 racemes of sterile heads usually numerous, 3-7 cm. long; fruiting involucres clust- 
 ered in the axils, 6-8 mm. long, commonly I -flowered, armed with numerous long 
 flat straight spines. N. W. Terr, to Kans., Tex., Br. Col. and Cal. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.)Kuntze. WHITE-LEAVED GAERTNERIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3596.) Erect or ascending from perennial rootstocks, branched, about 3 dm. 
 high. Leaves nearly all bipinnatifid, petioled. densely white-tomentose beneath, 
 green and pubescent or glabrate above, 5-12 cm. long; sterile racemes narrow, 
 commonly solitary, 3-5 cm. long; fruiting involucres clustered in the axils, finely 
 canescent, about 4 mm. long, mostly 2-flowered, armed with short, sharp, conic 
 spines. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Wyo., Colo, and N. Mex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze. WOOLLY GAERTNERIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3597.) Erect from a deep perennial root, usually branched at the base, 3-9 dm. 
 high. Leaves pinnately lobed or divided, finely and densely tomentose on both 
 sides, or ashy above, the terminal segment lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acum- 
 inate, serrulate or entire, very much larger than the 2-6 rather distant narrow lat- 
 eral ones; sterile racemes solitary, 5-10 cm. long; fruiting involucres solitary, or 
 2-3 together in the upper axils, ovoid, finely canescent or glabrate, 2-flowered, 
 about 6 mm. long, armed with subulate-conic, very acute, sometimes curved spines. 
 On rich prairies and along rivers, western Neb., Kans. and Colo. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 4. XANTHIUM L. 
 
 Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate lobed 
 or dentate leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate 
 ones capitate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate axillary. Stam- 
 inate heads with a short involucre of I to 3 series of distinct bracts; receptacle 
 cylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular, 5 -toothed; anthers not coherent, mucronate at 
 the apex; filaments monadelphous; style slender, undivided. Pistillate heads of 
 an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with hooked spines, i-2-beaked, 
 2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene; corolla none; pap- 
 pus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted. [Greek, yellow, from its yielding 
 a yellow hair-dye.] About 15 species, of wide geographic distribution. 
 Leaves lanceolate, not cordate; axils bearing 3-divided spines, i. X. spinosum. 
 Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, or truncate ; axils not spiny. 
 
 Bur 12-20 mm. long, usually nearly glabrous ; beaks straight or nearly so. 
 
 2. X. glabratuni 
 
912 FLORA. 
 
 Bur 15-30 mm, long; beaks hooked or incurved. 
 
 Body of the bur oblong, twice as long as thick or more. 
 
 Bur and its spines merely puberulent and glandular or with a few hispid hairs. 
 Prickles very dense, slender ; leaves thin, sharply toothed. 
 
 3. X. Pennsylvanicum. 
 Prickles scattered, stout ; leaves firm, bluntly toothed. 
 
 4. X. Canadense. 
 Bur or its prickles very hispid. 
 
 Prickles as long as the diameter of the bur or longer. 
 
 5. X. speciosum. 
 Prickles not longer than the diameter of the bur. 
 
 Prickles slender, loosely hispid to about the middle. 
 
 6. X, commune. 
 
 Prickles stout, very densely long-hispid nearly to the strongly- 
 hooked tip. 7. X. Macounii. 
 
 Bouy of the bur oval to ovoid, not twice as long as thick. 
 
 Prickles of the bur dense ; pubescence of the bur and its prickles brown. 
 
 8. X. echinatum. 
 Prickles of the bur scattered; pubescence of the bur and its prickles yellow. 
 
 9. X. glanduliferum. 
 
 1. Xanytbium spinosum L. SPINY OR THORNY CLOTBUR OR BURWEED. 
 (I. F. f. "359$") Stem pubescent or puberulent, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lobed, or the upper 
 entire, narrowed at the base, short- petioled, white canescent beneath and on the 
 whitish veins of the upper surface, 5-12 cm. long; ripe fertile involucre (bur) 
 oblong-cylindric, 8 12 mm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, pubescent, armed with 
 short subulate rather inconspicuous beaks, and numerous glabrous prickles about 
 2 mm. long. In waste grounds, Out. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo. and Tex. Widely 
 distributed as a weed. Nat. from Europe or Asia. Aug. -Nov. 
 
 2. Xanthium glabratum (DC.) Britton. SMOOTHISH COCKLEBUR OR 
 BURWEED. (I. F. f. 3599.) Rough, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves slender-petioled, 
 broadly ovate to orbicular, 3- ribbed and cordate or cordate-reniform at the base, 
 the lower often 25 cm. wide, the margins dentate, or more or less 3-5 -lobed, both 
 surfaces roughish and green; bur oblong, glabrous or nearly so, !2-l8 cm. long, 
 about 6 mm. in diameter, its 2 sharp subulate 2-toothed beaks straight or nearly so, 
 equalling or slightly longer than the numerous, nearly glabrous or pubescent 
 prickles. In waste places, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Neb., south to Fla. and Mex. 
 [ X. macrocarpon, var. glabratum DC. ; X. pungens VVallr. ; has generally been 
 referred to the Old World X. strumarium L., which has smaller, puberulent burs, 
 with stouter shorter beaks.] Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. Xanthium Pennsylvanicum Wallr. PENNSYLVANIA CLOTBUR. Stem 
 comparatively slender, smooth below, roughish above, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
 long-petioled, sharply toothed and some of them 3~5-lobed, smoothish, or the upper 
 surface scabrate, glandular; burs clustered in the axils, 15-18 mm. long, about 
 one-third as thick, puberulent and resinous glandular, and commonly with a few 
 longer hairs; prickles very numerous, subulate, hooked, the longer ones nearly as 
 long as the diameter of the bur; beaks slender, but stouter than the prickles, in- 
 curved and hooked. D. C. to Penn., Ont. and Minn. 
 
 4. Xanthium Canadense Mill. AMERICAN COCKLEBUR. HEDGEHOG BUR- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 3600.) Similar to the preceding species. Leaves roughish and 
 thicker, bluntly toothed and lobed ; bur puberulent and glandular, oblong, 15-20 
 mm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the two stout beaks hooked or incurved at the 
 apex, longer than or equalling the scattered rather slender hooked prickles. 
 Northern N. Y. to Mass, and Quebec. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 5. Xanthium speciosum Kearney. GREAT CLOTBUR. Very stout, 1-1.5 
 m. high. Stem sharply angled above; lower petioles 10-15 cm - l n g; leaf-blades 
 broadly triangular-ovate, the larger 15-22 cm. wide, 3 5-lobed, dentate, scabrous 
 on both surfaces; burs commonly clustered, oblong to ovoid-oblong, 2.5 cm. long or 
 more, the stout beaks 10-12 mm. long, somewhat incurved, strongly hooked at the 
 apex, equalling or a little longer than the dense subulate uncinate prickles, which 
 are hispid to above the middle. Tenn. and Mo. to N. Dak., Kans. and Tex. 
 
 6. Xanthium commune Britton, n. sp. COMMON CLOTBUR. Stem rather 
 slender, 3-6 dm. high, roughish. Leaves broadly ovate, more or less lobed, sea- 
 
COMPOSITAE. 913 
 
 brous, especially above; burs commonly solitary in the axils, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. 
 long, half as thick, or less, the subulate-conic beaks slightly incurved, hooked at 
 the apex, about as long as the subulate uncinate prickles, which are hispid to 
 about the middle with brown hairs. Quebec to N. Y., Kans.. Mo. and Ariz. 
 Type collected by N. L. Britton at Westport, N. Y. 
 
 7. Xanthium Macounh Britton, n. sp. MACOUN'S CLOTBUR. Stem purplish 
 or purple- blotched, about 2.5 dm. high. Leaves slender petioled, triangular- 
 ovate, acute, irregularly dentate, firm, scabrous on both surfaces; burs mostly 2 in 
 each axil, oblong, the body about 2 cm. long and 8 mm. thick, the stout prickles 
 very densely hispid, excepting their strongly incurved, glabrous lips, shorter than 
 the stouter, hispid incurved beaks, and than the diameter of the bur. Goose 
 Island, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, J. M. Macoun, Aug. 16, 1884. Specimen in 
 the herbarium of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. 
 
 8. Xanthium echinatum Murr. BEACH CLOTBUR. Stem rough, purplish 
 or purple-blotched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, scabrous, with scattered short 
 papillose hairs, obtusely toothed and lobed, somewhat resinous-glandular beneath; 
 burs commonly clustered in the axils, ovoid to oval, 15-20 mm. long, 8-12 mm. 
 thick, glandular; prickles very dense, densely hispid from the base to the middle or 
 beyond, subulate, hooked, the longer about 5 mm. long, and about equalling the 
 stout hispid beaks. Sea, lake and river beaches, N. C. to Mass., Que., northern 
 N. Y. and Minn. (X, maculatum Raf. ; X. oviforrne Wallr., ex descr.) 
 
 9. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene. GLANDULAR CLOTBUR. Similar to 
 X. echinatum. Leaves very thick and scabrous with short stout papillae; burs 
 oval, 10-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, yellow, the prickles scattered, bristly-hispid 
 nearly to the hooked apex, scarcely as long as the conic-subulate short-bristly 
 beaks. Neb. to N. Dak. and Assiniboia. 
 
 Family 5. COMPOSITAE Adans. 
 
 Thistle Family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res- 
 inous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate 
 leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious 
 or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended 
 by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series. 
 Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending the flowers, smooth, 
 or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube completely adnate to 
 the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown- 
 like, or cup-like, or wanting. Coralla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, 
 the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded 
 into a ligule (ray); when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be 
 discoid; 13 when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disk. 
 Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their 
 anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, 
 sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often 
 rouirh or prickly. Ovary i-celled ; ovule i, anatropous; style of fertile 
 flowers 2-cleft ; stigmas marginal; style of sterile flowers commonly un- 
 divided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryo 
 straight; hypocotyl inferior. About 760 genera and not less than 10,000 
 species, of wide geographic distribution. In Kuknia, the anthers are 
 distinct, or nearly so. 
 
 * Anthers not tailed at the base ; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, 
 or not extending beyond the middle ; flowers all tubular and perfect, 
 
 never yellow ; rays none. 
 Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous ; receptacle naked. 
 
 Tribe i. VERNONIEAE. 
 
 Style branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE. 
 
 ** Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (ex- 
 cept in Inula, where they are large and yellow). 
 
 Tribe 4. INVLEAE. 
 
9 T 4 FLORA. 
 
 * * * Anthers not tailed at the br.se; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the per- 
 
 fect flowers extending to the summit; flowers tubular only, or tubular 
 and radiate, often yellow. 
 
 1. Receptacle naked (see also Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82 of Tribe 7.) 
 
 a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated. 
 Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. 
 
 Tribe 3. ASTEREAE. 
 
 Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. 
 
 b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all ; pappus of soft bristles. 
 
 Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. 
 
 2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82). 
 
 Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous; not scarious. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. 
 Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. 
 
 * * * * Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads 
 
 large; rays none. (In Centaurea often with, enlarged marginal flowers; 
 
 bracts imbricated. Tribe 9. CYNAREAE. 
 
 Tribe i. VERNONIEAE. 
 
 Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles ; 
 
 heads not glomerate. i. Vernonia. 
 
 Pappus a single series of bristles; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 
 
 2. Elephantopus, 
 
 Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE. 
 
 * Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. 
 Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves. 
 
 3. Sclerolepis. 
 Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 
 
 Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. Eupatorium. 
 
 Involucre of 4 bracts; twining herbaceous vines. 5. Willugbaeya. 
 
 * * Achenes 8-io-ribbed, or 8-io-striate. 
 
 i. Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter. 
 Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled or corymbed in our 
 species. 
 
 Pappus-bristles rough or serrate ; involucral bracts numerous. 6. ColeosantJius. 
 Pappus-bristles plumose ; involucral bracts few. 7. Kuhnia. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all ; heads spiked or racemed. 
 
 8. Lacinaria. 
 
 2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series ; all nearly equal. 
 
 9. Trilisa. 
 
 Tribe 3. ASTEREAE. 
 
 A. Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of Solidago), or wanting ; plants net 
 
 dioecious. 
 
 * Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. 
 Heads small, nor over 4 mm. high ; leaves narrowly linear, entire. 
 
 Perennial herbs, or shrubs; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gutierrezia. 
 
 Annual herb; disk-flowers sterile. n. Amphiachyris. 
 
 Heads large, showy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 
 
 12. Grindelia. 
 
 * * Pappus of either the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary 
 
 bristles, with or without an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales. 
 t Pappus, at least of the disk-flowers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and 
 
 an outer one of scales or short bristles ; heads large. 
 Achenes of the ray-flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles; 
 
 achenes of the disk-flowers flat. 13. Heterotheca. 
 
 Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chrysopsis. 
 
 t f Pappus ivholly of capillary bristles. 
 
 i. Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species): ravs none; leaves narrowly linear. 
 a. Perennial herbs: style-tips not exserted; eastern. 15. Chondrophora. 
 
 b. Shrubs; style-tips mostly exserted; western. 
 Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 
 
 16. Chrysothatnnus. 
 Involucral bracts cuspidate, flat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis. 
 
 2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species). 
 a. None of the leaves cordate; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer. 
 Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid. 
 
 Achenes glabrous ; pappus-bristles deciduous. 18. Prionopsis. 
 
 Achenes \vhJte-tornentose ; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Sideranthus, 
 
COMPOSITA E. 915 
 
 Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate. 
 
 Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire; low western undershrubs. 
 
 20. Stenotus. 
 Annual or perennial herbs: leaves not evergreen. 
 
 Pappuo-brisiies unequal ; heads loosely panicled ; annual. 
 
 21. Isopappus. 
 Pappus-bristles equal; heads variously clustered; perennial herbs. 
 
 Receptacle alveolate \ rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers. 
 
 22. Solidago. 
 Receptacle fimbrillate; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers; heads 
 
 corymbose-paniculate. 23. Euthamia. 
 
 b. Lower and basal leaves cordate; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene. 
 
 24. BrachycJiaeta. 
 
 B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species. 
 
 * Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous 
 
 capillary bristles 
 i. Receptacle conic. 
 Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 
 
 25. Aphanostephus. 
 Bracts of the involucre all about equal ; achenes flattened. 26. Bellis. 
 
 2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex. 
 Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled; perennial herbs 
 
 with large heads. 27. 7^oivnsendia. 
 
 Achenes fusiform, terete; annual herbs with small heads. 28. Chaetopappa. 
 
 Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins ; perennials. 
 
 29. Boltonia. 
 
 i. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles; sometimes with an outer series 
 
 of shorter ones. 
 
 a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series. 
 Bracts mostly in 2-5 series; teeth or lobes of the leaves not bristle-tipped. 
 
 Involucre narrow, its bracts firm ; rays few, white. 30. Sericocarpus. 
 
 Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin; rays usually numerous, white 
 to purple. 
 
 Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster. 
 
 Disk-flowers permanently white; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid. 
 
 32. Leucelene. 
 Involucre turbinate; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. 
 
 33. Brachyactis. 
 Bracts in many series; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in our species. 
 
 34. Machaeranthera. 
 b. Bracts of the involucre in only i or 2 series, very narrow ; heads mostly 
 
 long-peduncled. 
 
 Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Erigeron. 
 
 Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk; heads very small, panicled. 
 
 36. Leptilon* 
 
 2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter. 
 Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; rays white. 37. Doellingeria. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 38. lanactis. 
 
 C. Ray -flowers none; dioecious shrubs; pappus capillary. 39. Baccharis. 
 Tribe 4. INULEAE. 
 
 * Heads small, rays none; flowers white or whitish. 
 
 i. Receptacle chaffy. 
 
 Receptacle convex; pappus none. 4- Filago. 
 
 Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 
 
 41. Gifola. 
 a. Receptacle naked. 
 
 a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles. 
 Bracts of the involucre notscarious; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 
 
 42. Pluchea. 
 Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink; plants woolly. 
 
 Plants dioacious, or polygamo-dioecious. 
 
 Pappus-bristles of staminate flowers thickened above. 43. Antennaria* 
 Pappus-bristles not thickened; stem leafy, 44. Anaphalis* 
 
91 6 FLORA. 
 
 Plants not dioecious ; flowers all fertile. 45. Gnaphalium. 
 
 b. Pappus none; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath. 46. Adenocaulon. 
 
 * Heads large; ray-flowers yellow. 47- Inula. 
 
 Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. 
 
 A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. 
 
 Achenes thick, short, not flattened; pappus none. 
 
 Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts. 48. Polymnia. 
 
 Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts. 
 
 49. Melampodium. 
 Achenes flattened. 
 
 Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free. 50. Silpkium. 
 
 Ray-flowers in i series; achenes adnate to 2or 3 scales of the receptacle, falling away 
 with them. 
 
 Rays large, yellow. 
 
 Leaves opposite and basal. 51. Chrysogonum, 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns. 52. Berlandiera. 
 
 Pappus a persistent irregularly-cleft crown. 53. Engelmannia. 
 
 Rays small, the heads appearing discoid. 54. Parthenium. 
 
 B. Disk-flowers fertile. 
 * Ray flowers persistent upon the achenes. 
 
 Achenes compressed, or 3-angled; leaves entire. 55. Crassina. 
 
 Achenes short, thick; leaves toothed. 56. Heliopsis. 
 
 * Ray-flowers deciduous, or none. 
 
 f Pappus a cup) or crown, or of a few teeth, awns, or bristles. 
 I. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compressed (except in Ratibida and Ver- 
 
 besina) \ scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping. 
 Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristle-like; rays white, short. 
 
 57. Eclipta. 
 Scales of the receptacle broad, larger. 
 
 Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts. 58. Tetragonotheca. 
 
 Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts. 
 Receptacle conic, or columnar. 
 
 Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting; leaves opposite. 59. Spilanthes. 
 
 Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral; leaves mostly alternate. 
 Rays yellow. 
 
 Achenes 4-angled. 60. Rudbeckia. 
 
 Achenes compressed, winged. 61. Ratibida. 
 
 Rays rose-purple. 62. Brauneria. 
 
 Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 64 and 65;. 
 
 Low, fleshy seacoast shrubs. 63. Borrichia. 
 
 Tall herbs, not fleshy. 
 
 Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined. 
 
 64. Helianthus. 
 Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged. 
 
 65. Verbesina. 
 
 a. Achenes very flat; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly concave. 
 
 a. Bracts of the involucre all separate. 
 
 Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none. 66. Coreopsis. 
 
 Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. 
 
 67. Bid ens. 
 b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle. 
 
 68. Thelesperma. 
 
 1 1 Pappus of numerous scales. 
 
 Leaves opposite, toothed; ray-flowers fertile; rays small. 69. Galinsoga. 
 
 Leaves alternate, entire. 
 
 Rays large, neutral ; receptacle deeply honeycombed. 70. Actinospermun*, 
 
 Rays none; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid, 71. Marshallia, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 
 
 Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. 
 
 A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away with them, papery. 
 
 72. Psilostrophe. 
 
 B. Ray-flowers deciduous, or wanting. 
 * Plants not dotted with oil-glands. 
 
 a. Pappus none. 73. Flaveria. 
 
 b. Pappus present (in all our species), of separate scales or bristles. 
 
 i. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid; rays none; corolla-lobes of 
 
 disk- flowers ovate. 74- Hymenopappus. 
 
 Leaves entire; rays present, or none; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 
 
 75. Polypteris. 
 2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or 
 
 spreading. 
 Receptacle naked. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre appressed. 
 
 Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 76. Picradeniopsis. 
 
 Achenes 5-io-ribbed or 5-io-angled, top-shaped. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts separate. 77. l^etraneuris. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts connate at base. 78. Picradenia. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. 79. Helenium. 
 
 Receptacle with bristle-like chaff. 80. Galliardia. 
 
 * * Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre. 
 Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated. 
 Involucral bracts united at the base. 81. Boebera. 
 
 Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 82. Thymophylla. 
 
 Involucral bracts separate; style-branches of the disk-flowers very short. 
 
 83. Pectis. 
 
 Tribe 7. . ANTHEMIDEAE. 
 
 * Receptacle chaffy. 
 Achenes flattened ; involucre obovoid to campanulate ; heads small. 
 
 84. Achillea. 
 Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric ; heads large. 85. Anthemis. 
 
 * * Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy. 
 i. Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting-; rays large. 
 Receptacle flat to hemispheric ; bracts of the involucre in several series. 
 
 86. Chrysanthemum. 
 Receptacle conic to ovoid; bracts in few series; rays white or none. 
 
 87. Matricaria. 
 2. Ray-flowers none ; heads small. 
 
 Heads corymbed; pappus a short crown; flowers yellow. 88. Tanacetum. 
 
 Heads racemose, spicate or panicled; pappus none. 89. Artemisia. 
 
 Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. 
 
 Leaves all basal; heads on scapes. 
 
 Head solitary; flowers yellow ^ Tussilago. 
 
 Heads corymbed ; flowers white or purple. QI Petasites 
 
 Leaves opposite; rays yellow. ' Arnica 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 Flowers white, whitish or pinkish; rays none. 
 
 Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect. n-7 Erechtites 
 
 Flowers all perfect. 
 
 Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milky. 04 Mesadenia 
 
 Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer ones. 
 
 Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. g 
 
 Tribe 9. CYNAREAE. 
 
 * Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. 
 Receptacle densely bristly. 
 Filaments separate. 
 
 Involucral bracts hooked at the tip ; leaves not bristly. 07. Arctium 
 Involucral bracts not hooked; leaves bristly. 98. Carduus. 
 
918 FLORA. 
 
 Filaments united below. 99. Mariana. 
 
 Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 100. Onopordon. 
 
 * * Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. 
 Heads not subtended by bristly leaves; involucral bracts often bristly. 
 
 101. Centaurea. 
 Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 102. Cm'cus. 
 
 i. VERNONIA Schreb. 
 
 Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alter- 
 nate (very rarely opposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-panic- 
 ulate heads of purple, pink, or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, 
 campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several or many series. 
 Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, 
 not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole length. Achenes 
 8-io-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of numerous 
 roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout bris- 
 tles. [Named after William Vernon, English botanist.] About 475 species, of 
 wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in S. Am. Besides 
 the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 
 
 Bracts of the hemispheric involucre, or some of them, with subulate or filiform tips. 
 
 Involucre 6-10 mm. broad, its bracts shorter than the head. i. V. Noveboracensis. 
 Involucre 18-25 mm. broad, its bracts as long as the head. 2. V. crinita. 
 Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse or truncate. 
 Leaves lanceolate to oval, pinnately veined. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre with squarrose tips. 3. V. Baldwinii. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre appressed or their tips slightly spreading. 
 Leaves glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces. 
 
 Leaves thin, pale beneath, the lower oval, coarsely serrate. 
 
 4. V. glauca. 
 Leaves thin, green beneath, lanceolate, finely serrate. 
 
 5. V. gigantea. 
 Leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate. 6. V.fasciculata. 
 
 Leaves densely pubescent beneath, lanceolate. 
 
 Involucre 8-12 mm. high ; plant tomentose. 7. V. Drummondii. 
 
 Involucre 6-7 mm. high; plant pubescent. 8. V. interior. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear, i-nerved, 4-6 mm. wide, dentate. 9. V. marginata. 
 
 1. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L.) Willd. NEW YORK IRON-WEED. FLAT 
 TOP. (I. F. f. 3601.) Roughish-pubescent or glabrate, 9-27 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate, 7-25 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, acumi- 
 nate or acute at the apex; heads peduncled; involucre 20-30- flowered; bracts 
 brownish-purple, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with subulate spreading awns 
 usually of twice or three times their own length, or some of the lower linear subu- 
 late, the upper sometimes merely acute; flowers deep purple, rarely white; achenes 
 hispidulous on the ribs. In moist soil, Mass, to Minn., Ga. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 Vernonia Noveboracensis toment6sa (Walt.) Britton. Leaves densely puberulent 
 beneath, broader; involucre purple, some scales sometimes merely acute. In dry soil, 
 Va. to N. Car. 
 
 2. Vernonia crinita Raf. GREAT IRON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3602.) Stout, 
 glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, 25-35 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 
 finely denticulate, acuminate. 10-30 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads stout- 
 peduncled, the peduncles thickened above; involucre 50-70 flowered; bracts green, 
 or the upper reddish, very squarrose, all filiform-subulate from a broader base and 
 equalling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider below; achenes hispidulous on 
 the ribs. On prairies and along streams, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Vernonia Baldwinii Torn BALDWIN'S IRON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3603.) 
 Stout, 6-16 dm. high, finely and densely tomentose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 10-20 cm. 
 long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, scabrate above, densely tomentulose beneath; heads stout- 
 peduncled, 15 -30 -flowered; involucre hemispheric, 6-8 mm broad; bracts ovate, 
 the acute tips recurved or spreading. In dry soil, Mo. and Neb. to Tex. July- 
 Sept. 
 
COMPOS IT A E. 919 
 
 4. Vernonia glauca (L.) Britton. BROAD-LEAVED IRON-WEED. (I. F. fc 
 3604.) Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, the 
 lower broadly oval or slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, 10-17 
 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the upper narrower and more finely toothed ; inflorescence 
 loosely branched; heads 10-20- flowered; involucre canipanulate, 4-7 mm. broad; 
 bracts ovate, acute, or mucronate, or the upper ones obtuse; achenes minutely his- 
 pidulous. In woods, Penn. and Md. to Ohio, south to Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Vernonia maxima Small. TALL IRON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3605. ) Glabrous 
 or nearly so, 1.5-3 m. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sometimes broadly so, 
 usually long-acuminate, fineiy serrate, 1-3 dm. long, 14 cm. wide, usually gla- 
 brous on both surfaces; inflorescence at length loosely branched and open; involucre 
 campanulate, rounded at the base, 4-5 mm. broad, i5-3O-flcwered; bracts obtuse 
 or mucronate, more or less ciliate; achenes slightly hispidulous; pappus purple. 
 In moist soil, Penn. to Ala.., Mo.. Ky. and La. July-Sept. \V. gigantea 
 (Walt.) Britton, in part.] 
 
 Vernonia maxima pubescens E. L. Morris. Mostly over 3 m. tall, pubescent, 
 especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, the peduncles bracted below the heads. 
 
 6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. WESTERN IRON-WEED. (I. F. f. 3606.) 
 Glabrous, or puberulent above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 4-30 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so 
 on both surfaces; inflorescence usually compact; heads short-peduncled, or some 
 of them sessile; involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. broad, 20 30 flowered; bracts 
 ovate or oval, acute, ciliate, or sometimes pubescent; achenes glabrous, or a little 
 pubescent. In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minn, and N. Dak., south to Ky. 
 and Tex. July -Sept. 
 
 7. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw DRUMMOND'S IRON-WEED! (I. F. 
 f. 3607.) Stout, densely tomentose, 9-21 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly 
 oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, scabrous above, 
 densely pubescent beneath; heads short peduncled; involucre hemispheric or short- 
 cylindnc, 15-50 flowered; bracts purplish, ovate, acute, or mucronate, more or less 
 floccose-pubescent or ciliate; achenes glabrous. Prairies, 111. and Ky. to Mo., Ala. 
 and Tex. Autumn. 
 
 8. Vernonia interior Small. INLAND IRON-WEED. Stem 1-2 m. tall, leafy. 
 Leaves lanceolate to elliptic -lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, acuminate, finely and sharply 
 serrate; involucre 4-7 mm. high, its bracts pubescent, acute or acuminate, the 
 tips erect or slightly spreading; achenes pubescent; pappus purple. Prairies and 
 plains, Mo. to Kans. and Tex. Autumn. 
 
 9. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Britton. JAMES' IRON- WEED. (I. F. 
 f. 3608.) Glabrous or very nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves minutely denticulate, 
 i-nerved, firm, punctate, 5-12 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, acuminate; inflorescence 
 rather loose; involucre campanulate or turbinate, i5~3O-flowered, 8-12 mm. broad; 
 bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, to short-acuminate, purplish, somewhat 
 pubescent, appressed ; achenes nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Prairies, 
 Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex. Autumn. 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPUS L. 
 
 Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-veined 
 leaves, and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in 
 branching corymbs. Heads discoid, 2-5 flowered. Involucre compressed, oblong, 
 its chaffy bracts imbricated in about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of 
 the glomerules large, foliaceous. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regu- 
 lar, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner side. Achenes lO-ribbed, truncate. 
 Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in I or 2 rows. [Greek, ivory, 
 or Elephant's foot.] About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. 
 Besides the following another occurs in the southern U. S. 
 
 Stem and branches usually leafy. I. E. Carolinianus. 
 
 Stem scapiform, naked, or with i or 2 leaves. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 1.8-5 cm - wide; heads 8 mm. long. 
 
 2. E. nudatus. 
 Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-10 cm. wide ; heads 12 mm. long. 
 
 3. E. tomentost^. 
 
92O FLORA. 
 
 1. Elephantopus Carolinians Willd. CAROLINA ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. (I. F. 
 f. 3609.) Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate above, branched above, 3-9 dm. 
 high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin, the lower rather abruptly narrowed 
 into margined petioles, obtuse, creaate-dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the 
 upper smaller, narrower and sessile; glomerules, including the bracts, nearly 25 
 mm. broad; scales of the pappus lanceolate-subulate, gradually narrowed into a 
 long slender awn. In dry woods, southern N. J. and Penn. to P'la., Kans. and 
 Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. SMOOTHISH ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. (I. F. 
 f. 3610.) Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubescent, or glabrate, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, crenate or repand. 
 5-25 cm. long, the basal ones usually much larger than those of the stem and 
 branches, or these usually few and bract like; glomerules 12-18 mm. broad; scales 
 of the pappus ovate-triangular, abruptly narrowed into the awn. In sandy 
 woods, Del. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. Elephantopus tomentosus L. WOOLLY ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. TOBACCO- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 3611.) Erect, villous-pubescent, or sometimes glabrate, 3-6 dm. 
 high, the stem branching above, leafless or with I or 2 leaves Basal leaves 
 narrowed at the base, usually silky- pubescent beneath, crenate- dentate, 10-22 cm. 
 long; glomerules 2.5-4 cm. broad; scales of the pappus triangular-subulate, gradu- 
 ally narrowed into the awn. In moist soil, Va. to Fla., west to Ky., Ark. and 
 La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS Cass. 
 
 Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 
 2-4) discoid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly 
 campanulate or hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2 series. Receptacle 
 conic, naked. Corolla regular, its tube short, its limb campanulate. 5-lobed. 
 Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad 
 cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek, hard scale, referring to 
 the pappus ] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt.) Porter. SCLEROLEPIS. (I. F. f. 3612.) Per- 
 ennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base, erect or ascending, glabrous or slight- 
 ly pubescent, 3-6 dm. long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in 4's-6's, linear, 
 i -nerved, 8-25 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, or the submerged ones filiform; head 
 about I cm. broad ; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually puber- 
 ulent. In shallow ponds and streams, pine barrens of N. J. to Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 4. EUPATORIUM L. 
 
 Erect, perennial herbs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alternate, 
 often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white, 
 blue or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the 
 bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Receptacle naked. Corolla regular, its 
 tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, 
 appendiculate at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, 
 stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary 
 usually scabrous bristles arranged in i row. [Named for Mithridates Eupator, i.e., 
 of a noble father.] About 475 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Be- 
 sides the following, some 35 others occur in southern and western N. A. 
 
 * Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments. i. E. capillifolium. 
 
 * * Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3's-6's, or the upper opposite. 
 Leaves rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute. 2. E. maculatum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. 3. E. Rydbergi. 
 
 Leaves nearly glabrous ; inflorescence pyramidal. 
 
 Leaves sharply serrate. 4. E. purpureum. 
 
 Leaves crenate, the teeth apiculate. 5. E. trifoliatum. 
 
 * * * Leaves opposite (rarely in s^s), or the uppermost alternate. 
 
 t Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter. 
 
 i. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 6. E. serotinum. 
 3. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate. 
 a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate. 
 Lgaves narrowed at the base. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 92 1 
 
 Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 4-12 mm. wide. 7. E. leucolepis. 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 1-4 cm. wide. 8. E. album. 
 Bracts of the involucre obtuse. 
 
 Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse. 9. E. hyssopifolium. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, oval or oblong, usually serrate. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate. 10. E.Torreyanum 
 
 Leaves oblong to oval, sharply serrate, obtusish or acute, n. E. semiserratum. 
 Leaves lanceolate, sparingly dentate, long- acuminate. 12. E. altissimum. 
 
 Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base. 
 
 Plant glabrous; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. 13. E. sessilifoliunt. 
 
 Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, to lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 
 
 14. E. verbenaefolium. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, obtusish. 
 
 15. E. rotundifolium. 
 Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. 16. E. pubescens. 
 
 b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the base. 
 
 Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. 17. E. perfoliatum. 
 
 Leaves merely clasping ; involucral bracts obtuse. 18. E. resinosum. 
 
 \ t Involucral bracts in i or 2 series, all equal or nearly so. 
 Receptacle flat; flowers white. 
 
 Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, sharply dentate, acuminate. 19. E. ageratoides. 
 
 Leaves thickish, 25 cm. long, blunt-toothed, acute or obtusish. 
 
 20. E. aromaticum. 
 Receptacle conic ; flowers blue or violet. 21. E. coelestinum. 
 
 1. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. DOG-FENNEL. HOG-WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3613.) Erect, paniculately much branched, with the aspect of an Artemi- 
 sia, the stem finely pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or 
 nearly so, alternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous, 
 about 3 mm. high, short-peduncled, racemose-paniculate, 3-6 flowered; bracts of 
 the involucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly scarious-margined, gla- 
 brous; flowers greenish white. In fields, Va. to Fla. Also in the W. Ind. Sept. 
 
 2. Eupatorium maculatum L. SPOTTED JOE-PYE WEED. (I. F. f. 3614.) 
 Scabrous or pubescent, 6-18 dm. high. Stem usually striate, often rough and 
 spotted with purple; leaves thick, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, ver- 
 ticillate in 3's-5's, or the upper ones opposite; peduncles and outer scales of the in- 
 volucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil, N. Y. toKy., Minn., Br. 
 Col., Kans. and N. Mex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Eupatorium maculatum amoenum (Pursh) Britton. Leaves opposite, or in 3*5 or 4*5, 
 ovate or oblong ; heads smaller, fewer ; plant low. In dryer places, Va. to N. Y. and Me. 
 
 3. Eupatorium Rydbergi Britton. n. sp. RYDBERG'S JOE-PYE WEED. Stem 
 tall, pubescent, often densely so, at least above. Leaves verticillate in 3's-5's, 
 rather slender-petioled, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, scabrous above, finely densely pubescent and reticulate-veined beneath, 1-1.5 
 dm. long, 2-3.5 cm - wide; inflorescence depressed or subpyramidal; outer bracts 
 of the cylindric involucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil. Iowa 
 to Neb. and Colo. Type Rydberg, No. 1682, from South Fork of Dismal River, 
 Neb. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Eupatorium purpureum L. JOE PYE OR TRUMPET- WEED. (I. F. f. 3615.) 
 Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 1-3 cm. high. Stem green or purple, usually 
 smooth; leaves thin, verticillate in 3's-6's, ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, pet- 
 ioled, acuminate, serrate, sometimes incised, 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 cm. wide; heads 
 numerous; involucre cylindric, its bracts pink, oblong, obtuse, imbricated in 4 or 
 5 series, the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occasionally white. In moist 
 soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Eupatorium purpureum falcatum (Michx.) Britton. Leaves narrower, linear-lan- 
 ceolate, or linear-oblong, 12-30 mm. wide. With the type. 
 
 5. Eupatorium trifoliatum L. CRENATE-LEAVED JOE-PYE WEED. Stem 
 tall, stout, often purple, glabrous, or very nearly so. Leaves rather firm, lanceolate 
 to oblong-lanceolate, verticillate, acute or acuminate at the apex, 1.5-2 dm. long, 
 smooth and glabrous on both sides or very nearly so, crenate ; inflorescence ample, 
 
922 FLOKA. 
 
 its branches puberulent; bracts cf the cylindric involucre all obtuse, the outer short, 
 puberulent. In moist soil, N. Y. and N. J. to eastern Tenn. and Wis. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. LATE-FLOWERING THOROUGHWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 3616.) Much-branched, finely and densely pubescent, or glabrate below, 
 12-25 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, 5 -nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the 
 upper alternate; heads very numerous, the inflorescence broadly cymose; heads 
 7-15- flowered, 4-6 mm. high; involucre campanulate. its bracts pubescent, linear- 
 oblong, obtuse or truncate; flowers white. In moist soil, Md. to Fla., Iowa, Kans. 
 and Tex. Sept. -Nov. 
 
 7. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. WHITE-BRACTED THOROUGHWORT. 
 JUSTICE-WEED. (I. F. f. 3617.) Slender, puberulent, branched above, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, glaucous green, rough, thick, 
 blunt-pointed, sparingly serrate, or the upper entire, 3-7 cm. long. 4-10 mm. wide, 
 obscurely 3-nerved; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 6-8 mm. high, about 
 5 -flowered; bracts of the narrow involucre white, lanceolate, densely canescent, 
 the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist places, pine barrens of N. J. to Fla., 
 Ga. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 8. Eupatorium album L. WHITE THOROUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 3618.) 
 Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves obtuse, 
 obtusish or the upper acute at the apex, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, rather 
 thick, minutely scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath; inflorescence cy- 
 mose-paniculate; heads numerous, 8-iomm. long, 5~7-flowered; involucre narrow, 
 its bracts bright white, linear, cuspidate, the outer short and usually pubescent, the 
 inner much longer, glabrous and shining; flowers white. In sandy soil, L. I. to 
 Fla., west to La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Eupatorium album subvenosum A. Gray. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, acute, less coarsely 
 serrate, prominently 3-nerved at the base; bracts of the involucre greenish. Eastern 
 L. I. and N. J. 
 
 9. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. HYSSOP-LEAVED THOROUGHWORT. JUS- 
 TICE-WEED. (I. F. 3619.) Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely branched 
 above, bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite, and fascicled in the axils, 1-5 cm. 
 long, 2-4 mm. wide, firm, narrowed at the base, margins usually revolute; inflor- 
 escence densely cymose-paniculate; heads 6-8 mm. long, about 5-flowcred; involu- 
 cre campanulate, its- bracts linear or linear oblong, sometimes apiculate, puberulent; 
 flowers white. In dry fields, Mass, to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. A plant from 
 the coast of Maryland with very narrow leaves, closely approaches Eupatorium 
 lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida. 
 
 10. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. TORREY'S THOROUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3620.) Rootstock tuberous- thickened; stem usually densely puberulent, mostly 
 branched above, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves commonly with short leafy branches in 
 their axils, often drooping, acute, 2-7 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, usually distinctly 
 3-nerved, the upper and those of the branches much smaller, linear, entire; heads 
 about 6 rnm. high, generally 5-flowered; bracts of the campanulate involucre linear- 
 oblong, pubescent, or puberulent; flowers white. In dry soil, Penn. to N. Car., 
 Ky., Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Eupatorium semiserratuni DC. SMALL-FLOWERED THOROUGHWORT. 
 (I. F. f. 3621.) Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched above, 6-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves rather thin, short-petioled, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, 10-25 mm - 
 wide, 3-nerved, usually with short branches in their axils; heads 4-6 mm. high, 
 about 5-flowered; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-oblong, canescent; flow- 
 ers white. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 12. Eupatorium altissimum L, TALL THOROUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 3622.) 
 Densely and finely pubescent, corymbosely much-branched above, 12-25 dm. high. 
 Leaves tapering below into a short petiole, roughish, rather thick, some of them 
 entire, strongly 3-ribbed, 5-12 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide; heads about 5-flowered, 
 6-8 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, densely pubescent; flow- 
 ers white. In dry open places, Penn. to N. Car., Ala., S. Dak., Neb. and Tex. 
 Sept. -Oct. 
 
 13. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. UPLAND OR BASTARD BONESF.T. (I. F. f. 
 3623 ) Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above, branched near the summit, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 923 
 
 6-18 dm. high. Leaves closely sessile, thin, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
 1-3 mm. wide; heads 8-IO mm. high, about 5-flowered; involucre campanulate, 
 its bracts linear-oblong, the inner obtuse, the outer acutish; flowers white. In dry 
 woods, Mass, to Penn., 111. and Ala. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Eupatorium sessilifblium Brittonianum Porter. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, spar- 
 ingly and finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, the upper 2-5 cm. long, 
 12-18 mm. wide, pinnately veined, dark green; cymes dense, their branches puberulent. 
 Budd's Lake, N. J. 
 
 14. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. ROUGH OR VERVAIN THOROUGH- 
 WORT. (I. F. f. 3624.) Rough-pubescent, slender, 9-25 dm. high, branched at 
 the summit. Leaves obtuse or blunt-pointed, rounded at the base, more or less 
 crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the upper pairs distant and small; 
 heads 5-flowered, about 6 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear- 
 lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent; flowers white. In moist soil, Mass, to Penn., 
 south to Fla. and La. July -Sept. 
 
 Eupatorium verbenaefolium Saimdersii Porter. Leaves of the stem lanceolate or 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, not rounded at the base, strongly incised-dentate, with the teeth 
 mostly acute; those of the inflorescence smaller and entire. Collected in a sphagnum- 
 bog near Willow Grove, Montgomery Co., Penn., by Mr. C. F. Saunders, for whom it is 
 named, and later in Tinicum, Delaware Co., by Mr. B. H. Smith. 
 
 15. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. ROUND-LEAVED THOROUGHWORT. WILD 
 HOARHOUND. (I. F. f. 3625.) Rough -pubescent, branched at the summit, 3-6 
 dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, often as wide as long, acutish or obtuse, 
 truncate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate crenate, 2 -5 cm. long, ascend- 
 ing; heads about 5-flowered, 4-6 cm. high; involucre campanulate, its bracts 
 linear-oblong, acute, densely pubescent; flowers white. In dry soil, southern N. Y. 
 to Fla., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 16. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. HAIRY THOROUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 
 3626.) Puberulent or pubescent, branched above, usually taller than the preceding 
 species. Leaves often twice as long as wide, rounded or truncate at the base, 
 coarsely dentate with acute or acutish teeth, or the lower incised-dentate; heads 
 5-8-flowered, 4-6 mm. high; involucre campanulate, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 
 or 3 series, the outer shorter ; flowers white. In dry soil, N. H. and Mass, to 
 Penn., W. Va. and Fla. July-Sept. 
 
 17. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. COMMON THOROUGHWORT. BONESET. 
 INDIAN SAGE. (I. F. f. 3627.) Pubescent, stout, branched above, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3*3, divaricate, lanceolate, long-acuminate with a 
 slender apex, finely crenate-serrate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 1-2 dm. long, 
 2-4 cm. wide; heads crowded, io-i6-flowered, 4-6 mm. high; involucre campan- 
 ulate, its bracts lanceolate, pubescent; flowers white, rarely blue. In wet places, 
 N. B. to Man., Fla., Neb. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliitum trunc^tum (Muhl.) A. Gray. Leaves separated and truncate, 
 or somewhat rounded at the base. Occasional with the type. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum cune&tum (Engelm.) A. Gray. With leaves smaller, nar- 
 rowed and separated at the base, occurring in Ark. and Mo,, is regarded by collectors as a 
 hybrid with E. serotinum. 
 
 18. Eupatorium resinosum Torr. RESIN BONESET. (I. F. f. 3628.) Slen- 
 der, resinous-pubescent, 6-9 dm. high, branched at the summit, the inflorescence 
 comparatively small, 7-10 cm. broad. Leaves closely sessile, clasping, or slightly 
 connate perfoliate at the base, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, 
 715 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, roughish above, canescent beneath; heads 1015- 
 flowered; involucre campanulate, about 4 mm. high, its bracts oblong; flowers 
 white. In wet places, pine-barrens of N. J. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 19 Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. WHITE SNAKE-ROOT. WHITE SANICLE. 
 (I. F. f. 3629.) Glabrous or nearly so, much branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oppo- 
 site, thin, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, or abruptly narrowed into the 
 slender petiole, coarsely dentate or crenate, 2-7 cm. wide, 3-nerved and veiny 
 inflorescence rather loose, ample; heads 10-30- flowered; involucre narrowly carr. 
 panulate, about 4 mm. high; its bracts linear, acute or acuminate. In rich woods, 
 N. B. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Neb., the Ind. Terr, and La. July-Nov. 
 
FLORA. 
 
 ^ 2( ? f u ,P at rium aromaticum L. SMALLER WHITE SNAKE ROOT rr F f 
 3630.) Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at the summit .Tdnihh 
 
 ^Sf^^ 
 
 obtuse; flowers white. In dry soil, Mass"? to FlT' Aui Oct ' general1 ^ 
 
 2i. Eupatorium coelestinum L. MIST-FLOWER (I 'F f ,5*^ P T 
 cent or puberulent, branched. 7-0 dm hiirh T M w ' ?* 3& ^V' J ubes ' 
 obtuse or acute at the apex, t^ncate' at't b Sly S 7^' 
 
 5- WILLUGBAEYA Neck. [MIKANIA Willd ] 
 
 or 2 series. [Probably named in honor of Francis Willoughby g i6 1672 En/ 
 hsh naturalist, but the name spelled by Necker as above.] g About ito species of 
 Am. Besides the following another occurs in the southern U S 5 P ' 
 
 ^tty^^^^V-tsg&g- 
 
 6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. 
 
 iniHe 1 ? 3 r ShrUbS ' Wit ? dl ' & , COid heads f white > yellowish or pink flowers in 
 p.uucieb or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong its bract* 
 
 t S acle te ; a 1 u! b r Ca r d f V eVeral , SerieS ' ^e exterior ones successively smaller. Recep- 
 tacle naked. Corolla regular, 5 -lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base Stv 
 
 numeto 63 ng ^ btUSe " AChenCS IO ' striate or -^bed. Pappus a single row of 
 , ic; ,-3I 0l li r U n 1 ^ r serrate bustles. [Greek, sheath-flower. I About 60 ^necies 
 
 I ^ CoTeosa n W n ng S m6 * "^ OCCUr in the southern and western U. S 
 
 'ri^f^'i, ^ V f ' 3 6 33-) Erect, glabrous or puberulent. much branched 
 
 -9 dm high. Leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate. cordate at the base acumi 
 
 short pedu^cled^ ^n 7 Cre 1 nate - dent 1 ate ' S~ cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; heads 
 
 !3S3f^^ 
 
 ,o ^^^^^^'^^:^^ N ^ Kan,, N. Me, 
 
 7. KUHMIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves and 
 heads of white or purplish flowers in terminal cvmose ^^bi^eS 
 nate campanulate, its bracts striate, imbricated in several series the outer shorrer" 
 Corolla regular the tube slender, the limb 5 -lobed. Anthers obtuse and enHre "i 
 i^stria? ^P 7 r qU - te , Separate ' St ^ e - branch slender, obtusish Ach ei ,es 
 Dr Adam K^ *^JFv'? a * n *Z ^ plum SC bn ' Stles ' Darned foJ 
 N Am and Mex ' Phlladel P hia ' a P U K<* Linnaeus.] About sSpecies, of 
 
COMPOSITAE. 925 
 
 Puberulent; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire; heads loosely clustered, 8-10 mm. high. 
 
 Pubescent or tomentulose; leaves sharply serrate; he*ads densely clustered i2-iTmm' 
 hl n - 2. K.glutinosa. 
 
 1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. FALSE BONESET. (I. F. f. 3634.) Erect 
 puberulent and resinous, 3-9 dm. high, branched above. Leaves lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, the upper 
 sessile, the lower usually short-petioled; heads several or numerous, peduncled, 
 8-10 mm. high; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate' 
 acuminate, the inner much longer, linear, cuspidate; pappus tawny, or sometimes 
 nearly white. In dry soil, N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va. and Tex. Aug.-Sept 
 
 2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. PRAIRIE FALSE BONESET. (I. F. f. 3635.) Stouter 
 and often taller than tbe preceding species, corymbosely or paniculately branched 
 somewhat viscid. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually sharply 
 serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, 3-7 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide; or those of the 
 branches linear- lanceolate and entire; heads numerous, 12-16 mm. high, their 
 peduncles mostly short; inner bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate'- pan- 
 pus tawny or brown. In dry soil, 111. to S. Dak., Ala. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 8. LACINARIA Hill. [LIATRIS Schreb ] 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched 
 with alternate entire narrow i- 5 -nerved leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid 
 heads of rose purple or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric 
 its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat or slightly 
 convex, naked. Corolla regular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or c-cleft An 
 there obtuse at the base. Style branches elongated, obtuse or flattened at the apex 
 Achenes lo-nbbed, slender, tapering to the base. Pappus of I or 2 series of slender 
 barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the appearance of the heads 1 
 About 25 species of eastern and central N. Am. 
 
 * Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate 
 Involucre cylindric, or turbinate, i 5 -6o-flowered, its base rounded. 
 
 Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips. , L souarrosa 
 
 Bracts mucronate, closely appressed jr s y" a ^ rosa ' 
 
 Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanufate, 3 -6-flowered '' W****' 
 
 Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. , L e j ei r ans 
 
 Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate. 3< "***** 
 
 Bracts appressed ; pappus-bristles very plumose. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 mm. wide: spike usually leafy below. 4. L. fiunctata 
 
 Leaves less than 2 mm. wide; spike mostly naked. 5. L aridota 
 
 Tips of the bracts spreading; pappus-bristles barbellate. 6. L. pycnost'achya. 
 
 * * Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse, or acutish in No n 
 Bracts of the involucre very obtuse 
 
 Involucre hemispheric, 10-25 mm. broad, i 5 - 4 5-nowered ; heads peduncled. 
 Involucre oblong, 4-8 mm. broad, 5 -i5-flowered 7 ' L ' SCaHosa ' 
 
 Spike eZSld 1 nT'' br H CtS USUa f Uy n0t punctate ' heads mostlv ite- 
 1SK in ? ' v f r y dense ' often 3 dm. long. 8. L. spicata. 
 
 bpike short, exceedingly dense. n / *v-J 
 
 Involucre narrowed at base ; brarts usually very punctate; heads%duSed ' 
 
 Bracts of the involucre acutish, punctate; involucre oblong-campanuSate^ gramAt ^ oli ^ 
 
 ii. L. Smalm. 
 
 i. Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. SCALY BLAZING STAR, ri F f 16^6 ) 
 Usually stout 2-6 dm high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves narrowly lineal 
 fed, sparingly punctate, 7-15 cm . longj 2 _ 5 mm . wide; heads sessi , e J J 
 
 e^^^^^^^ 
 
 fc?.??SS^rs^ In dry L> 
 
 " 1 U w i ;^l, t " mMia (Lindl ' ) Porter ' Heads M-^; tips of the bracts 
 
926 FLORA. 
 
 2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze. CYLINDRIC BLAZING STAR. 
 (I. F. f. 3637.) Glabrous or nearly so, stout, 3-5 dm. high, sometimes branched 
 above. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 7-17 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide; heads several or numerous, peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbinate-cylin- 
 dric, 1-2.5 cm. high, 8-12 mm. thick; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 
 series, broadly oval, abruptly acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus very 
 plumose. In dry soil, western Out. to Minn, south to 111. and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Lacinaria elegans (Walt.) Kuntze. HANDSOME BLAZING STAR. (I. F. f. 
 3638.) Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear, very punctate, 3-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the upper much smaller than 
 the lower and soon reflexed ; heads 4-5-flowered, 12-14 mm - high* narrowly cam- 
 panulate, very numerous in a dense spike or raceme; bracts of the involucre in 2 
 or 3 series, the inner ones linear, with rose colored petaloid or sometimes white 
 tips; pappus very plumose; flowers purple. In dry soil, Va. to Fla., Ala. and 
 Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze. DOTTED BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. 
 (I. F. f. 3639.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 1.5-7.5 dm. high; rootstocl* 
 stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear, rigid, very punctate. 5-15 cm. long, 
 about 2 mm. wide, or the lower 4 mm., the upper gradually shorter, all erect or 
 ascending; heads 3-6-flowered, 12-16 mm. long, sessile, crowded into a dense 
 spike; spike commonly leafy below ; involucral bracts oblong, cuspidate or acuminate, 
 often ciliate on the margins, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; flowers purple. In dry 
 soil, Minn, and Manitoba to Mont., Mo., Tex., N. Mex. and Sonora. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 5. Lacinaria acid Jta (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze. SLENDER BUTTON-SNAKE, 
 ROOT. (I. F. f. 3640.) Similar to the preceding species, but usually glabrous through v 
 out. Stem 6 dm. high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, .5-1 mm. wide, 
 or the lower wider, slightly punctate, 2-10 cm. long, the upper gradually shorter 
 spike slender, naked, or sparingly leafy at the base; heads 3 -flowered, 12-18 mn 
 long; involucre narrowly oblong-campanulate, its bracts oblong to cvatc-lanceolatc 
 more or less punctate, abruptly or gradually acuminate, glabrous or sparingly cli- 
 ate; flowers purple. Prairies, Kans. and Mo. to Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. PRAIRIE OR HAIR\ VSUTTOIS- 
 SNAKEROOT. (I. F. f 3641.) Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glalvous below, 
 6-15 dm. high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed kelow the 
 middle into a slender margined petiole, acuminate at the apex, often 3 OtU. long and 
 I mm. wide, the upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate-, heads 8-12 
 mm. long, 3 6-flowered; involucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts obio^g, pubescent 
 and ciliate, with acute, slightly spreading, colored tips; flowers p.<ikpiC. On prai- 
 ries, 111. and Minn, to Neb., Ky., La., and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. LARGE BUTTON-SNAKEKC or. (I. F. f. 3642.) 
 Finely pubescent, at least above, 3-18 dm. high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, spat- 
 ulate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a margined petloU, uftcn 3 dm. long and 
 4 cm. wide; upper leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, *nucK smaller, all densely 
 punctate; heads hemispheric, on stout peduncles 4-50 rr.m. Icng, or sometimes ses 
 sile; bracts of the involucre imbricated ir. 5 or 6 ?enc, apatulate- linear, oblanceo 
 late or obovate, their tips dry and scarious, ofvei. colored; flowers bluish purple; 
 pappus barbellate. In dry soil, Me. to Fia., Jr.c., Manitoba, Neb. and Tex. Aug 
 Sept. 
 
 Lacinaria scaribsa squarru!6st (Michx.) SiTiall. Heads smaller, 10-14 rnm. broad 
 turbinate-hemispheric. Dry wends, Va. to /la. and Tex. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 8. Lacinaria soicata (L.) tfuntze. DENSE BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. GAT 
 FEATHER. DEVIL'S BI.T. (I. F. f. 3643.] Glabrous or nearly so, 6-18 dm. high. 
 Lower leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, usually blunt pointed, sometimes '<, 
 dm. long and I cm. wide, the upper linear or even subulate, somewhat or obscurely 
 punctate; spike generally oense, 1-4 dm. long; bracts appressed, oblong, obtusa 
 and scarious-ttiargined at the .apex, imbricated in 4-6 series; flowers blue-purple, 
 occasionally white, in moist soil, Mass, to Fla., Ont. , S. Dak., Ky., La. and Ark. 
 Aug.-Oct 
 
 Lacinaria spicata piimila (Lodd.) Porter. Low, stout, 3-6 dm. high. Lower leave 
 broader and shorter, obtuse; spike shorter; heads larger. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 927 
 
 9. Lacinaria Kansana Britton, n. sp. KANSAS BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. Very 
 leafy, glabrous, about 6 dm. high. Base of the stem clothed with the fibrous rem- 
 nants of old leaves, as in L. spicata; leaves similar to those of that species, linear, 
 blunt-tipped; heads confluent into a very dense spike 5-7 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. 
 thick, with numerous undeveloped ones in the axils of linear-subulate bracts below; 
 bracts of the oblong involucre oblong to oblong-spatulate, purple, rounded or obtuse; 
 pappus plumose. Dodge City, Kansas, on river bottoms, B. B. Smyth, No. 163, 
 1890. 
 
 10. Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze. LOOSE-FLOWERED BUTTON- 
 SXAKEROOT. (I. F. f. 3644.) Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves similar to those of the two preceding species, but more conspicuously punc- 
 tate, usually somewhat ciliate near the base and acute or acutish at the apex; bracts 
 distinctly punctate, appressed, rounded and scarcely margined at the apex, thick; 
 flowers purple ; pappus barbellate ; achenes hairy. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Ga. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Lacinaria graminifblia pi!6sa (Ait.) Britton. Leaves usually prominently ciliate; heads 
 larger, spicate, racemose, or even paniculate ; bracts of the involucre linear- oblong or spat- 
 ulate, narrowly scarious-margined. In sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. 
 
 11. Lacinaria Smallii Britton, n. sp. SMALL'S BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. 
 Similar to L. graminifo lia. Stem very slender, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves scattered, 
 linear, 4-10 mm. wide, acute, pubescent on the midvein beneath, very punctate; 
 heads scattered, sessile in the axils of the upper small leaves, the uppermost leaves 
 not larger than the involucral bracts; involucre oblong-campanulate, about 
 8-flowered, about i cm. high, its innermost bracts linear, acute or acutish, the out- 
 ermost obtusish, all punctate; flowers purple; pappus short-plumose. Iron Moun- 
 tain, Smyth Co., Va., at 2900 ft., J. K. Small, Aug. 8, 1892. 
 
 9. TRILISA Cass. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves; those oi 
 the stem sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, 
 discoid, of 5-10 purple or white flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose panicles. 
 Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely 
 shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, its Iimb5-lobed. 
 Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes nearly terete, lo-ribbed. Style- 
 branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of I or 2 series of elongated, barbed bristles. 
 [Anagram of Liatris.] Two known species. 
 
 Stem glabrous; heads corymbose- paniculate. i. T. odoratissima. 
 
 Stem viscid-pubescent ; heads thyrsoid-paniculate. 2. T. paniculata. 
 
 1. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. VANILLA-LEAF. VANILLA-PLANT. 
 (I. F. f. 3645.) Rather stout, glabrous, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, entire, or 
 sometimes dentate, the lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 10-25 cm - 
 long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, those of the stem gradually smaller, oblong, ovate, or oval, 
 the uppermost bract-like; heads corymbose-paniculate, about 6 mm. high; bracts 
 of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes glandular-pubescent. In pine-barrens, 
 Va. to Fla. and La. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt.) Cass. HAIRY TRILISA. (I. F. f. 3646.) Stem 
 viscid-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves entire, the basal ones lanceolate or nar- 
 rowly oblong, acute, or obtusish, 7-25 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm - wide > those of the stem 
 much smaller, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate; heads thyrsoid-paniculate, about 
 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes finely pubescent. 
 In pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Ga. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 10. GUTIERREZIA Lag. 
 
 Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with 
 linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow 
 flowers, corymbosely paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. 
 Disk-flowers regular, mostly perfect, or some of them only staminate, the corolla- 
 limb 5-lobed. Involucre ovoid or narrowly campanulate. its bracts -coriaceous, 
 imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, convex, or conic, commonly foveolate. 
 
928 FLORA. 
 
 Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their 
 appendages slender. Achenes terete, ribbed, or 5 -angled. Pappus of several 
 scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named 
 from Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.] About 20 species of western N. Am., 
 Mex. and western S. Am. Besides the following some 10 others occur in the south- 
 western U. S. 
 
 i. Gutierrezia Sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby. GUTIERREZIA. (I. F. f. 
 3647.) Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, 1-6 dm. high, the branches rigid, 
 ascending. Leaves linear, 1-3.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acute; heads oblong, 
 3-4 mm. high, few-flowered, usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the numerous 
 branches; rays 1-6, scarcely 2 mm. long; scales of the pappus linear-oblong, sub- 
 ulate or acuminate; achenes pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, Minn, and Manitoba 
 to western Neb., Tex. and Sonora, west to Nev., Ariz, and Cal. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 ii. AMPHIACHYRIS DC. 
 
 Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and 
 very numerous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or 
 clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts 
 coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. 
 Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile, or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete 
 or coroniform, that of the disk flowers of 5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat 
 united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek, chaff-around.] Two known 
 species, natives of the south-central U. S. 
 
 I. Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) NuU. AMPHIACHYRIS. (I. F. f. 
 3648.) Annual, slender, much brancheJ, 15-45 cm. kigh, the branches ascending. 
 Leaves linear, 12-35 mm - l n g> 2 ~4 mK1 - wide, acutish, the uppermost almost fili- 
 form; heads solitary at the ends of short branches, io-3O-flowered, about 4 mm. 
 high; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays 5-10. about as long as 
 the involucre; disk-flowers mostly staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of 
 5-8 subulate aristate scales, united into a short cup at the base. In dry soil, Mo. 
 and Kans. to Tex. ; adventive at Easton, Penn. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 12. GRINDELIA Willd. 
 
 Perennial or biennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate sessile 
 or clasping leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid 
 and radiate yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely want- 
 ing). Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many 
 series, usually subulate-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray- 
 flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse 
 and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages linear 
 or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed, glabrous, 4-5-ribbed. 
 Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H. Grindel, of 
 Riga, 1776-1836.] About 25 species, natives of western N. Am., Peru and Chili. 
 Besides the following, some 15 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 Leaves spatulate to oblong, obtuse or obtusish ; achenes truncate. i. G. squarrosa. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute ; achenes 2-toothed. 2. G. lanceolata. 
 
 i. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. BROAD-LEAVED GUM PLANT. 
 (I. F. f. 3649.) Glabrous, erect or ascending, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong or 
 oblong-spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at the base, sharply dentate, some- 
 times laciniate, 1-3.5 cm> l n g> 6-12 mm. wide; heads very glutinous; bracts of 
 the involucre linear-lanceolate, subulate -tipped, strongly squarrose; achenes trun- 
 cate, those of the outer flowers usually thicker than those of the inner; pappus of 
 2 or 3 awns. In dry soil, III. and Minn, to Manitoba, south to Mo., Tex., Nev. 
 and Mex. Adventive in southern N. J. June-Sept. 
 
 Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) A. Gray. Rays wanting. Mo. and westward with 
 the type. 
 
 3. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. NARROW-LEAVED GUM PLANT. (I. F. f. 
 3650.) Slender, erect, glabrous, about 6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, 
 acute at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base, spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or 
 
COMPOS I TAE. 929 
 
 the uppei entire, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; bracts of the involucre linear- 
 subulate, the inner erect, the outer spreading; pappus of I or 2 awns. In dry soil, 
 Tenn. to Kans.. LA. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 13. HETEROTHECA Cass. 
 
 Erect, hirsute or pubescent herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and. 
 rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, generally solitary at 
 the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its 
 bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. 
 Ray -flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. 
 Style-branches flat, their appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, 
 obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus 
 of the ray-flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles, that of the disk-flowers of 
 an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer row of shorter 
 stouter bristles or scales. [Greek, different-case, from the dissimilar achenes.] 
 Five or 6 species of the southern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Heterotheca subaxiliaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby. HETEROTHECA. 
 (I. F. f. 3651.) Biennial or sometimes annual, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower, 
 leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 5-7 cm. long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or 
 clasping, smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate; heads rather numerous, 12-18 
 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-1O mm. high, its bracts linear, or 
 slightly dilated above, the inner with scarious margins; rays 10-25; inner bristles 
 of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 4 mm. long. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., La., 
 Kans., Ariz, and Mex. July-Sept, \H. Lamarckii Cass.] 
 
 14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves, or the basal ones dentate, 
 and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (rays 
 wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends of the 
 branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in 
 several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, foveolate. Ray- flowers 
 pistillate. Disk flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk- and 
 ray-flowers, the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or 
 minute scales or bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate. Style- 
 branches narrow, somewhat flattened, their appendages linear or subulate. [Greek, 
 of golden aspect.] About 20 species, of N. Am. and Mex. Besides the following, 
 about 8 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined; achenes linear: involucre campanulate. 
 Pkmt 3-9 dm. high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 7-30 cm. long. - 
 
 1. C. graminifolia, 
 Plant 1-2.5 dm. high, woolly-pubescent; leaves rigid, 2-10 cm. long. 
 
 2. C.falcata. 
 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined; achenes obovate, or oval ; invo- 
 lucre hemispheric. 
 
 Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3. C. pitosa. 
 
 Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent. 
 
 Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate; eastern species. 4. C. Mariana. 
 Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches; western species. 
 Villous-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves acute. 5. C. camporum. 
 
 Leaves obtuse. 6. C. villosa. 
 
 Hirsute-pubescent. 
 
 Leaves linear, acutish, short. 7. C. stenophylla. 
 
 Leaves spatulate, obtuse. 8. C. hispida. 
 
 Pilose-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate. 9. C. Nuttallii. 
 
 i. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. GRASS-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3652.) Slender, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 3 -5 -nerved, shin- 
 ing, the basal ones 7-30 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the upper much smaller, and 
 the uppermost subulate and erect; heads several or numerous, about I cm. broad, 
 solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre campanulate. its bracts glabrate; 
 achenes linear-fusiform. In dry soil, Del. to Fla., Ohio and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
930 FLORA. 
 
 2. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. SICKLE-LEAVED GOLDEN ASTER. (I.F. 
 f. 3653.) Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, leafy to the top. Leaves 
 linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes slightly curved, 2-6 mm. wide, obscurely 
 parallel-nerved; heads rather few, 6-10 mm. broad, terminating the branches; in- 
 volucre campanulate, its bracts slightly pubescent; achenes linear. In sandy soil, 
 eastern Mass, to N. J. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Chrysopsis pilosa (Walt.) Britton. COTTONY GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3654.) Stout, 3-6 dm. high, branched above. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, 
 the lower and basal ones 2-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the uppermost much 
 smaller; heads usually about 2 cm. broad, terminating the branches, bright yellow; 
 involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely pubescent when young, becoming glabrate ; 
 achenes obovate. In pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Autumn. 
 
 4. Chrysopsis Mariana (L.) Nutt. MARYLAND GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3655.) Stout, 3-7 dm. high, loosely villous-pubescent with silky hairs when young, 
 at length nearly glabrous. Upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 
 sessile, 25 cm. long, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into a peti- 
 ole, generally obtuse, 5-10 cm. long and sometimes 25 mm. wide; heads commonly 
 numerous, 18-25 mm. broad, on glandular peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts glandular, acute, viscid-pubescent; achenes obovate. In dry soil, southern 
 N. Y. and Penn. to Fla. and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 5. Chrysopsis campoi urn Greene. PRAIRIE GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F. f. 3656.) 
 Stem erect, 3-7 dm. high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate to ob- 
 long-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low distant teeth, acute, sessile, or the lower nar- 
 rowed into petioles, appressed -pubescent with short hairs, ciliate, at least near the 
 base, 2-7 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; heads 2535 mm. broad, showy; involucre 
 nearly hemispheric, I cm. high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; outer 
 pappus -bristles subulate. On prairies, 111. and Ky. to Mo. July- Sept. 
 
 6. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. HAIRY GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F. f. 3657.) 
 Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ob- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the lowernarrowed 
 into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent with appressed hairs; heads rather few, 25 
 mm. broad or more; involucre hemispheric, 8-10 mm. high, its bracts linear-sub- 
 ulate, pubescent and often ciliate; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Minn, and 111. to 
 Ala., Manitoba, Br. Col. and Neb. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. STIFF-LEAVED GOLDEN AS- 
 TER. (I. F. f. 3658.) Low, slender, 15-25 cm. high. Leaves linear or slightly 
 broadened above, densely canescent and ciliate, acutish, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, the margins revolute in drying; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanu- 
 late, its bracts pubescent or the outer densely ciliate; heads few, 12-20 mm. broad. 
 In dry soil. Neb. to Ark. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 8. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. HISPID GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3659.) Lower than C. villosa, stem rarely over 3 dm. high* with spreading hir- 
 sute or hispid pubescence. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, 1 8-35 mm. 
 long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, often into petioles half as long as 
 the blade or more; heads smaller, often more numerous; involucre not over 8 mm. 
 high, its bracts lanceolate, hirsute. In dry soil, Manitoba to Idaho, Kans. and 
 Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 9. Chrysopsis Nuttallii Britton. NUTTALL'S GOLDEN ASTER. (I. F f. 
 3660.) Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glandular, 3-6 dm. high, 
 branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, 2.5-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads few, 15-25 mm. broad, 
 terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular- viscid; 
 achenes obovate. In dry soil, Kans. to La., Ark. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 15. CHONDROPHORA Raf. 
 
 Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate 
 discoid heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its bracts rigid 
 and glutinous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle fl.it, generally foveolate, 
 naked. Corolla regular, tubular, the limb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the 
 base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes oblong, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 931 
 
 somewhat compressed. 1-2 -ribbed on each side. Pappus of I or 2 series of 
 numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing.] One, or per- 
 haps two species, of eastern N. Am. 
 
 i. Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Britton. RAYLESS GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3661.) Glabrous, erect, simple, 37 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, 
 obtuse, or obtusish, 715 cm. long, 612 mm. wide, attenuate into a margined peti- 
 ole; stem leaves distant, small, linear or subulate; heads numerous, 4-6 mm. high, 
 crowded in a compound terminal corymbose cyme; involucre narrowly campanu- 
 late, acute at the base, its bracts coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated 
 in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the inner. In moist pine-barrens, 
 N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. [Bigelovia nudata DC.] 
 
 Chondrophora nudkta virgkta (Nutt.) Britton. Lower leaves linear, shorter, or the 
 basal ones linear-spatulate. Perhaps specifically distinct. With the type, southward, 
 not certainly known north of N. Car. 
 
 16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. 
 
 Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid 
 heads of yellow perfect flowers. Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered. Involucre oblong 
 to narrowly campanulate, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, imbri- 
 cated in several series, often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5 -toothed. 
 Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches exserted, their appendages subulate to 
 filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubescent. Pappus of copious capillary rough- 
 ened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush.] About 25 species, of western N. Am. 
 
 Heads about 12 mm. high; involucral bracts obtuse or mucronulate. i. C. nauseosus. 
 Heads 14-20 mm. high; involucral bracts^subulate-tipped. 2. C. Howardi. 
 
 1. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pursh) Britton. FETID RAYLESS GOLDEN- 
 ROD. (I. F. f. 3662.) Densely white-tomentose. at least when young, much 
 branched, very leafy, 3-12 dm. high, odorous. Leaves linear, or slightly spatu- 
 late, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; heads 10-15 mm. high, very numerous and 
 crowded in terminal compound corymbose cymes; rays none; involucre narrowly 
 campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts oblong or linear-oblong, acutish, puberu- 
 lent, imbricated in about 4 series; achenes linear; pappus-bristles soft, copious. 
 In sterile soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex., Br. Col. and S. Cal. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Chrysothamnus Howardi (Parry) Greene. HOWARD'S RAYLESS 
 GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3663.) Densely white-tomentose when young, glabrous or 
 nearly so when old, tufted, much branched, 1.5-2.5 dm. high. Leavec narrowly 
 linear, entire, 2-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; heads narrow, 5-flowered, more 
 or less glomerate, usually surpassed by the upper leaves; involucre slightly pubes- 
 cent, or glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, thin, acuminate or subulate-tipped; achenes 
 nearly linear, pubescent. In dry soil, western Neb., Colo, and Utah to N. Mex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 17. OONOPSIS Greene. 
 
 Perennial herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, 
 the stems leafy to the top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at 
 th^ end of the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, 
 imbricated in several series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer 
 spreading. Disk-flowers with a nearly cylindric 5 -toothed corolla. Stamens and 
 style included or scarcely exserted. Ray-flowers present or wanting, pistillate. 
 Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 
 Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring to the ovoid 
 involucre.] Four known species, natives of central N. Am. 
 
 I. Oonopsis Engelmanni (A. Gray) Greene. ENGELMANN'S OONOPSIS. 
 (I. F. f. 3664.) Perennial by a deep woody root, glabrous throughout; stems stiff, 
 about 2 dm. high, densely leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 18-35 mm - l n g> 
 less than 2 mm. wide, brittle when dry; heads clustered, or sometimes solitary at 
 the ends of the branches, about I cm. wide, sessile among the upper leaves; in- 
 volucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short- 
 acu:nintte or mucronate, appressed; ray-flowers none; achenes linear- oblong, nar- 
 rowed .it the base, many-striate. Western Kans. and Neb. Sept.-Oct. 
 
932 FLORA. AUn 
 
 18. PRIONOPSIS Nutt. 
 
 A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose. 
 dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre 
 broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 the outer more or less spreading. Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their 
 corollas 5 -toothed. Ray-flowers very numerous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, 
 those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk; pappus of a few deciduous 
 rigid unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling a saw, referring 
 to the leaf- margins.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. PRIONOPSIS. (I. F. f. 3665.) Stem erect, stout, 
 branched, very leafy, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, 
 obtuse, conspicuously veined, 2-7 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, sharply serrate with 
 bristle-pointed teeth; heads few, clustered, stalked or nearly sessile, 25-35 mm. 
 broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous; achenes of the ray- 
 flowers ellipsoid, those of the disk-flowers oblong, the central sterile; pappus-bristles 
 rigid, the inner ones rough or ciliate. On hillsides and river-banks, Mo. and Kans. 
 to Tex. Aug. -Sept. \Aplopappus ciliatus DC.] 
 
 19. SIDER^NTHUS Eraser. 
 
 LERIOCARPUM Nutt.] 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and many- 
 flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads 
 rarely without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated 
 in several series, the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, gen- 
 erally foveolate, naked. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. An- 
 thers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages 
 short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, obtuse, white -tomeritose. or canes- 
 cent, usually 8-io-nerved, Pappus of 1-3 series of numerous capillary persistent 
 more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, iron-flower.] About 15 species, of America. 
 Besides the following, about II others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 Rays none; leaves dentate. i. S. grindelioidcs, 
 Rays present. 
 
 Leaves dentate; annual. 2. S. rubiginosus. 
 Leaves pinnatifid; perennial. 
 
 Tomentose-canescent. 3. S. spinulosus. 
 
 Glabrous or slightly puberulent. 4. S. glaberrimus. 
 
 1. Sideranthus grindelioides(Nutt) Britton. RAYLESS SIDERANTHUS. (I. F. 
 f. 3666.) Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent; stems tufted, simple, 
 erect, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower 
 petioled, 1-2.5 cm. long, firm, spinulose-dentate; heads terminating the stem or 
 branches; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent, their tips 
 somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than the inner; achenes densely silky tomen- 
 tose. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., Neb., Utah and Ariz. July- Aug. 
 \Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. ] 
 
 2. Sideranthus rubiginosus (T. & G.) Britton. VISCID SIDERANTHUS. (I. 
 F. f. 3667.) Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, annual, branched near the sum- 
 mit, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short petioles, 
 oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. conspicuously dentate with distant awn-pointed 
 teeth, 3-6 cm. long. 4-12 mm. wide; heads several, cymose paniculate, 16-30 mm. 
 broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spreading tips; pap- 
 pus-bristles rigid, very unequal; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate, not com- 
 pressed. Neb. and Colo, to Tex. Autumn. 
 
 3. Sideranthus spinulosus (Nutt.) Sweet. CUT-LEAVED SIDERANTHUS. 
 (I. F. f. 3668.) Canescent, much branched at the base, perennial from thick 
 woody roots, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, linear to ovate in out- 
 line, 1-3.5 cm ' l n g> 2 ~5 mm - wide, the lobes with bristle-pointed teeth; heads 
 several or numerous (rarely solitary), 12-25 mm - broad; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts linear, acute, appressed; achenes pubescent, narrowed below; pappus soft 
 and capillary. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb. and Tex., Mont., Ariz, and Mex. 
 March-Sept. 
 
COMPOS i TAE. 933 
 
 4. Sidcranthus glaberrimus Rydb. NORTHERN SIDERANTHUS. Very similar 
 to the preceding species, but wholly glabrous, or a little puberulent, wholly desti- 
 tute of tomentum. S. Dak. to Wyo., Kans. and Oklahoma. 
 
 o. STENOTUS Nutt. 
 
 Low undershrubs, with coriaceous narrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or 
 leafy stems, and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. In- 
 volucre mostly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate 
 to lanceolate. Receptacle alveolate. Disk- flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 
 usually somewhat enlarged upward, deeply 5-toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. An- 
 thers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the style-branches short, lanceolate. 
 Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bristles. [Greek, narrow, 
 referring to the leaves.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 
 
 i. Stenotus armerioides Nutt. NARROW- LEAVED STENOTUS. (I. F. f. 
 3669.) Perennial, tufted from a branched woody caudex, glabrous throughout; 
 flowering stems slender, naked above, or quite leafless, 1-2 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 numerous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish, firm, 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 
 mm. wide, entire, narrowed below; stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, some- 
 times none; head commonly solitary, about 2.5 cm. broad; involucre campanulate, 
 8-12 mm. high, its bracts broadly oval, green, appressed, obtuse or retuse, scari- 
 ous-margined, rays 8-10. In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Neb. to Wyo., Utah 
 and N. Mex. June-July. [Aplopappus arm<.rioides A. Gray.] 
 
 ai. ISOPAPPUST. &G. 
 
 Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with 
 alternate linear to lanceolate i-nerved entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small 
 slender peduncled heads of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre cam- 
 panulate-cylindric, its appressed lanceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Re- 
 ceptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. 
 Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute. Achenes terete, narrowed 
 below, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of rough capillary bristles, nearly 
 equal in length. [Greek, equal pappus.] Two known species, of the southern 
 U. S. 
 
 i. Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt.) T. & G. ISOPAPPUS. (I. F. f. 3670.) 
 Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much branched, slender, rough -pubescent 
 or glandular, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the lowest linear- 
 spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, 2-7 
 cm. long, 26 mm. wide, the uppermost much smaller, subulate or bract- 
 like; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear- 
 lanceolate, subulate-tipped, pubescent. In dry soil, Kan. to Tex. east to Ga. and 
 Fla. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 22. SOLIDAGO L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, 
 with alternate simple, toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and 
 radiate yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or 
 cymose- corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanu- 
 late, its bracts '.rubricated in several series, the outer successively shorter. Recep- 
 tacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveolate. Ray-flowers in one 
 series, pistillate. Disk flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas tubular or narrowly 
 campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- 
 branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually 
 ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough neaily equal bristles in I or 2 series. 
 [Greek, to make whole.] About 100 species, mostly of N. Am., several in Europe, 
 a few in Mex. and S. Am. 
 
 A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or glabrate, 1-2.5 dm. long. i. S. squarrosa. 
 
 Leaves rough -ci Hate, 2-8 cm. long. 
 
 Leaves green. 2. S. petiolaris. 
 
 Leaves silvery. 3. S. Wardi. 
 
934 FLORA. 
 
 B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed. 
 
 * Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched 
 
 thyrsus. 
 
 I. Heads 4-6 mm. high, chiefly in axillary clusters; achenes pubescent. 
 Stem and branches terete; leaves lanceolate to oblong. 4. S. caesia. 
 
 Stem and branches grooved or angled. 
 
 Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles. 5. S.flextcautts. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, sessile. 6. S. Curtisii. 
 
 2. Heads 4-6 mm. high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus; achenes glabrous, or 
 
 nearly so. 
 
 Rays white; stem pubescent. 7. S. bicolor* 
 
 Rays yellow ; stem densely pubescent. 8. S. hispida. 
 
 Kays yellow; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. 
 
 Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire. 9. S. erecta. 
 Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate. 10. S. monticola. 
 
 3. Heads 10-12 mm. high; bracts elongated, acute; leaves ovate. 
 
 11. S. macrophylla. 
 
 * * Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, 
 
 or scarcely so. 
 
 i . Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. 
 Plants not glutinous. 
 
 High northern; leaves spatulate, glabrous. 44. S. multiradiata. 
 
 Eastern; stem minutely puberulent or glabrous; heads 5-6 mm. high. 
 
 12. S. puberula. 
 Western ; stem and leaves scabrous or rough-pubescent. 13. S. Lindheimeriana. 
 
 Involucre and upper leaves glutinous. 14. S. Randii. 
 
 2. Bracts of the involucre obtuse (or the inner acutish in No. 15.) 
 a. Upper leaves abruptly smaller than the lower, appressed. 15. S. stricta. 
 b. Leaves gradually smaller upward, spreading or ascending. 
 
 f Lower leaves large, oblong, or oval, acute or obtusish. 
 % At least the lowest leaves dentate; plants 6-18 dm. high. 
 Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate; branches of the thyrsus appressed. 
 
 1 6. S. uliginosa. 
 Lower leaves ovate or broadly oval; branches of the thyrsus ascending. 
 
 17. S. speciosa. 
 
 \ J Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 2-12 cm. long. 18. S. rtgidiuscula. 
 
 f f Basal leaves narrowly spatulate. 19. S. Purshii. 
 t f t Basal leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or broadly spatulate. 
 Plant 7-30 cm. high, on alpine summits: stem angular. 20. S. alpestris. 
 
 Plant 3-9 dm. high, not alpine; heads 6-8 mm. high. 21. S. Virgaurea. 
 
 * * * Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or re- 
 
 curved branches. 
 J Plant maritime; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 22. S. sempervircns. 
 
 \ % Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy. 
 I. Leaves pinnately veined, not triple-nerved. 
 
 a. Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. 23. S. odora. 
 (b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate. 
 t Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 2.5-5 cm - lon g, scabrous. 24. S. tortifolia. 
 f f Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 5-25 cm. long. 
 
 \ Stem densely pubescent ; leaves more or less so. 
 
 Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. 25. S. rugosa. 
 
 Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. 26. S.fistulosa. 
 
 \ \ Stem glabrous, or puberulent, or pubescent only above. 
 Leaves very scabrous on the upper surface, serrulate. 27. S. patula. 
 
 Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface (pubescent in forms of 
 No. 37.). 
 
 Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender. 
 
 Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate. 28. S. ulmifolia. 
 
 Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate. 29. S. Boottii. 
 Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending. 
 
 Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 30. S. Elhottn. 
 
 At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; heads about 4mm. high; 
 
 racemes short ; rays several. 31. S. neglecta. 
 
 Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about 4 mm. high: racemes few, 
 
 short; rays 1-3. 32. S. uniligtilata. 
 
 Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads 3-4 mm. high; racemes 
 
 numerous, slender. 33- s - juncea. 
 
 Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 5-7 mm. high ; 
 racemes numerous. 34- S. arguta. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 935 
 
 a. Leaves triple-nerved, t'.e., with a pair of lateral veins stronger than the others, these 
 
 often obscure in No. 41. 
 
 Stem glabrous ; bracts of the involucre obtuse. 
 Leaves and bracts of the involucre thin. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate. 
 
 35. S. rupestris. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. 36. .S 1 . serotina. 
 
 Leaves and bracts of the involucre thick, somewhat rigid. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; achenes glabrous. 
 
 37. S. Missouriensis* 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; achenes silky-pubescent. 
 
 38. S. Shortii. 
 Basal leaves oblanceolate; upper bract-like. 39. 6 1 . Gattingeri. 
 
 Stem pubescent or scabrous. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. 
 
 40. S. Canadensis. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong or ovate; the lower crenate. 
 
 Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish; lower leaves oblanceolate; heads 4 mm c 
 
 high. 4 1 - $ nemoralis. 
 
 Canescent and pale ; leaves oblong, or ovate; heads 6 mm. high. 
 
 42. S. moms. 
 
 Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. 43. S. radula. 
 Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 
 
 44. S. Drummondii. 
 
 * * * * Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat- 
 topped inflorescence. 
 
 Leaves ovate, oblong or oval, very rough on both sides. 45. S. rigida. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, oblauceolate ; high northern. 46. S. muitiradiata. 
 Leaves not oblanceolate nor spatulate. 
 
 Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. 47. S. Ohioensis. 
 
 Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire. 
 
 Stout ; leaves lanceolate, the basal 2-3 dm. long. 48. S. Riddellii. 
 Slender; leaves linear, the basal 10-12 cm. long. 49. S. Houghtoni. 
 
 1. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. STOUT RAGGED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3671.) 
 Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched, above, glabrous or puberulent, 6-15 dm. 
 high. Upper leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile; lower and basal 
 leaves obovate, oval, or broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, sharply dentate, often 
 narrowed into a margined petiole; heads 15 -25 -flowered, 8-10 mm. high, numerous 
 in a terminal narrow often leafy thyrsus sometimes 3 dm. in length; rays 10-15, 
 showy, 4-6 mm. long; tips of the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse, all 
 usually strongly recurved; achenes glabrous. In rocky soil, N. B. and Ont. south 
 to Va. and Ohio. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. DOWNY RAGGED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3672.) 
 Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent, 3-9 dm. high, simple or branched 
 above. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or 
 mueronate, entire or dentate, 1-7 cm. long, rough or ciliate on the margins; heads 
 6-8 mm. high, in a terminal narrow more or less compound thyrsus; involucral 
 bracts with green acute to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner appressed; 
 achenes glabrous or nearly so. In dry soil, 111. to Kans. and Tex., east to N. Car. 
 and Fla. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Solidago Wardii Britton, n. sp. WARD'S GOLDENROD. Stem puberulent, 
 4-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, entire or with a few teeth, rather 
 firm, 5-9 cm. long, pale and silvery shining on both sides, or only above, the margins 
 ciliate; thyrsus 1-2 dm. long, sometimes quite leafy; heads short-peduncled, about 
 8 mm. high, the bracts linear- lanceolate to linear-oblong, acute, distinctly squarrose, 
 canescent; rays large, bright yellow. Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and Ind. Terr. Sept.- 
 Oct. Type collected by L. F. Ward, in Clark Co., Kans., Oct. 2, 1897. 
 
 4. Solidago caesia L. BLUE-STEMMED OR WREATH GOLDENROD. WOOD- 
 LAND GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3673.) Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous, usually 
 bluish or purple, branched or simple, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves sessile, acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharply serrate; 512 cm. long, 6-30 
 mm. wide; heads. 4-6 mm. high, in axillary clusters or racemes, or occasionally 
 with some in a short terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre obtuse; achenes 
 
936 r - FLORA. 
 
 pubescent. In woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., Ark. aftd Tex, 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Solidago caesia axillaris (Pursh) A. Gray. Heads few, in dense short axillary clusters, 
 much exceeded by the long thm leaves; upper leaves often entire. JNi. S. to Ont. and N. J. 
 
 5. Solidago flexicaulis L. ZIG-ZAG OR BROAD-LEAVED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3674.) Stem glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
 ovate, acuminate at the apex, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous beneath, sharply 
 serrate, 5-17 cm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and 
 entire or nearly so; heads about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre obtuse to 
 acutish; achenes hirsute-pubescent. In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., west to S. Dak. 
 and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. CURTIS' GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3675.) 
 Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched, slender, 4-9 dm. high, 
 angled and grooved. Leaves thin, sometimes broader above the middle, long- 
 acuminate, narrowed below into an entire base, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
 8-25 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre few, obtuse. In mountain woods, Va. and W. Va. to Ga. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 7. Solidago bicolor L. WHITE GOLDENROD. SILVER-ROD. (I. F. f. 3676.) 
 Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubescent, or nearly glabrous, 1.5-12 dm. high, simple 
 or branched. Basal and lower leaves obovate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse, 
 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, narrowed into long margined petioles, dentate or 
 crenate-dentate, more or less pubescent; upper leaves smaller and narrower, oblong 
 or sometimes lanceolate, subsessile, often entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of 
 the involucre obtuse; rays white. In dry soil, N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn, 
 and Mo. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Solidago hispida Muhl. HAIRY GOLDENROD. (L F. f. 3677.) Stout, 
 stem densely pubescent or hirsute, simple, or sometimes branched, 4-9 dm. high. 
 Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, petioled, pubescent on both sides, usually den- 
 tate, 5-12 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; upper leaves oblong, sessile, acute, dentate 
 or entire, smaller, sessile; heads about 6 mm. high, crowded; involucral bracts 
 obtuse ; achenes with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous. In dry soil, N. S. to W. 
 Ont. and Minn., south to Penn. and Wis. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 9. Solidago erecta Pursh. SLENDER GOLDENROD. (I. F. f- 3678.) Stem 
 slender, 6-9 dm. high, simple or rarely branched. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous 
 on both sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower and basal ones broadly oblong or 
 oval, obtuse or obtusish, crenate-dentate, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceoiate, 
 acute, usually quite entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre obtuse. 
 In dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ga. and N. Car. Reported from Minn, and 
 S. Dak. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 10. Solidago monticola T. & G. MOUNTAIN GOLDENROD. (L F. f. 3679.) 
 Slender, glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. high. Stem-leaves ovate-oblong, or oblong- 
 lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sharply and sparingly serrate, or the upper entire, 
 2-15 cm. long. 8-35 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; basal 
 leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles; heads about 4 mm. high; 
 bracts of the involucre acutish or obtuse. In mountain woods, Penn. and Md. to 
 Ga. and Ala. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Solidago macrophylla Pursh. LARGE-LEAVED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3680.) Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, stout, 1.5-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 thin, ovate, acuminate, or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, or spar- 
 ingly pubescent beneath, 7-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, abruptly contracted into 
 margined petioles, or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads in a terminal 
 compact or loose thyrsus and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre linear, acute; rays 8-10, linear-oblong, conspicuous; achenes glabrous or 
 nearly so. In rocky woods. Catskill Mts., N. Y. to Lab. and Hudson Bay, west to 
 Lake Superior. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Solidago puberula Nutt. DOWNY GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3681.) Mi- 
 nutely puberulent, or glabrous, usually simple, rather slender, 4-9 dm. high, leafy. 
 Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate or entire. 3-5 cm. long, ses- 
 sile, or the lower pelioled; basal leaves and sometimes the lowest ones of the stem 
 spatulate, obtuse, sharply serrate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into margined petiolesj 
 
COMPOSITAE. 937 
 
 bracts of the involucre subulate; achenes glabrous; heads rarely a little secund. 
 In sandy soil, N. B. to northern N. Y., Fla. and Miss. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 13. bolidago Lindheimeriana Scheele. LINDHEIMER'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3682.) Scabrous, simple, 4-9 dm. high, leafy, rather stout and rigid. Leaves 
 oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or 
 rounded at the base, all entire, thickish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the low- 
 est petioled; heads about 6 mm. high in a terminal, often short thyrsus; bracts of 
 the involucre acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent; achenes nearly glabrous. 
 Southern Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and northern Mex. Aug. -Nov. 
 
 Solidago Bigel6vii A. Gray, another southwestern species, which is rougher than this 
 one, and with oval or oblong leaves obtuse or obtusish at both ends, is reported from 
 Kans. 
 
 14. Solidago Randii (Porter) Britton. RAND'S GOLDENROD. Stem stout, 
 often purple, glabrous, 3-7 dm. tall. Basal leaves spatulate, mostly obtuse, den- 
 tate or crenate- dentate, narrowed into margined petioles; stem-leaves spatulate to 
 lanceolate, the upper sessile, acute, entire; inflorescence and upper leaves dis- 
 tinctly glutinous, adhering to paper when drying; heads about 8mm. high; bracts 
 of the involucre acute, or the outer obtuse. Me. to northern N. Y. [S. Virgaurea 
 Randii Porter; S. Virgaurea Redfieldii Porter.] 
 
 15. Solidago stricta Ait. WAND-LIKE OR WILLOW-LEAF GOLDENROD. 
 (I. F. f. 3683.) Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple, 6-25 dm. high. 
 Basal and lowest stem-leaves oblong, or somewhat spatulate, with few lateral veins, 
 obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate, 4-20 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide, narrowed 
 into long petioles; upper stem-leaves narrowly oblong, spatulate or linear, the 
 uppermost very small and bract-like; heads about 6 mm. high in a dense simple, 
 or sometimes branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong; achenes 
 glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. In wet sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and 
 La. Also in Cuba. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 16. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. BOG GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3684.) Stem 
 glabrous, rather stout, simple, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, firm, more or less 
 ciliolate or scabrous on the margins, few-veined, acute or acuminate, the lower and 
 basal ones 10-22 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, more or less serrate and narrowed into 
 petioles, the upper smaller, mostly sessile and entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; bracts 
 of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. In swamps and bogs, 
 Nevvf. to northern N. J. and Penn. west to W. Ont, Minn, and Wis. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 17. Solidago speciosa Nutt. SHOWY OR NOBLE GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3685.) 
 Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough above, usually simple, 1-2 m. high. 
 Leaves glabrous, firm, the basal 1-2.5 ^ m - l n > 2-10 cm. wide, dentate or crenate, 
 pinnately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, long-petioled ; upper leaves smaller, 
 oblong or oval, acute at each end, crenate dentate, or entire, sessile or short-peti- 
 oled, rough -margined; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a large terminal thyrsus, the 
 branches of which are ascending and often leafy; bracts of the involucre oblong, 
 very obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich soil, N. S. to N. Car. west 
 
 .to Minn., Ky., Kans. and Ark. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Solidago speci6sa pallida Porter. Leaves ovate or oblong, coriaceous, prominently 
 veined, pale green : stems stout, tufted, 3-6 dm. high, densely pubescent above. On the 
 rocky summit of Mt. Mackay, W. Ont. 
 
 18. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. &G.) Porter. SLENDER SHOWY GOLDENROD. 
 (I. F. f. 3686.) Stem rather slender, usually glabrous below, rough-pubescent 
 above, simple, 6-12 dm. high. Basal leaves sometimes crenate, strongly cilio- 
 late on the margins, 2-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the lower 
 sometimes narrowed into petioles; heads similar to those of the preceding species; 
 thyrsus generally narrow, dense, simple or rarely branched. In dry soil, mostly 
 on prairies, Ohio to Ala., S. Dak., Neb., Kans. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 19. Solidago Ptirshii Porter. RIVER-BANK GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3687.) 
 Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple, usually somewhat glutinous, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. 
 Lower and basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, dentate, or crenate, 5-15 
 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, narrowed into slightly margined petioles; stem-leaves 
 sessile, lanceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or entire, mostly acute, 
 smaller; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of 
 
93^ FLORA. 
 
 the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish; achenes striate, pubescent. 
 On rocky river-banks, Newf. to northern N. Y., Vt. and Va. July-Sept. 
 
 20. Solidago alpestns Wald. & Kit. ALPINE GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3688.) 
 Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, often tufted. 7-30 cm. high, 
 ascending, or erect, angular. Basal leaves serrate, at least above the middle, ob- 
 tuse, or acute, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; stem-leaves oblanceolate, 
 spatulate, or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly distant; inflorescence a 
 short raceme or thyrsus, with clusters of heads in the axils of the leaves; heads 6-8 
 mm. high; bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes pubescent. Alpine 
 summits of the mountains of Me., N. H. and northern N. Y., mostly above timber 
 line. Also in Europe. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 31. Solidago Virgaurea L. EUROPEAN GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3689.; 
 Somewhat pubescent, at least above; stem usually simple, rather stout, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide, or less, obtuse or acute, mostly 
 dentate, narrowed into margined petioles; stem-leaves sessile, or the lower petioled, 
 oblong -lanceolate to spatulate, acute; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a narrow, dense or 
 interrupted, rarely branched thyrsus which is often 2 dm. long; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre obtuse or acute; achenes more or less pubescent. Me., N. H., Vt. and 
 northern N. Y., mostly at middle altitudes. Also in Europe. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Solidago Virgkurea Deanei Porter. Stem only 0.7-3 dm. high, often slender; thyrsus 
 short, 5-10 cm. long; heads 3-6 mm. high. Mountains, Me., Vt. and N. H. 
 
 Solidago Virgkurea Gillmani (A. Gray) Porter. Stout, 4-9 dm. high; thyrsus pan- 
 iculately branched; basal leaves very large, sometimes 25 cm. long, sharply semite. Sand 
 hills, southern shore of Lake Superior. Perhaps not referable to this species. 
 
 22. Solidago sempervirens L. SEA-SIDE GOLDENROD. SALT-MARSH GOLD- 
 ENROD. (I. F. f. 3690.) Stem stout, leafy, usually simple, 6-25 dm. high, gla- 
 brous, or slightly puberulent above. Leaves with 2-5 pairs of lateral veins, the 
 lower and basal ones oblong, spatulate or lanceolate, mostly obtuse, sometimes 3 
 dm. long, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute; heads, 6-10 mm. high; rays 8-10, showy; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre lanceolate, acute. On salt marshes, sea beaches, along tidal rivers and in 
 sandy soil near the sea, N. B. to Fla. and Mex. Also in Bermuda. Aug.-Dec. 
 
 23. Solidago odora Ait. SWEET OR ANISE-SCENTED GOLDENROD. BLUE 
 MOUNTAIN TEA. (L F. f. 3691.) Slender; stem simple, glabrous, or minutely 
 pubescent above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves punctate, anise-scented when bruised, 
 lanceolate, quite entire, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, ses- 
 sile, or the lower ones petioled; heads 4-5 mm. high, rays 3 or 4, 4-6 mm. long; 
 bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute. In dry soil, N. S. (?), Mass, to 
 Fla., west to N. Y., Ky. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 Solidago odora inodbra A. Gray. Leaves not punctate, scentless when bruised. 
 Probably a mere form. 
 
 24. Solidago tortifolia Ell. TWISTED- LEAF GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3692.) 
 Stem slender, rough-pubescent or puberulent, 6-9 dm. high, simple. Leaves often 
 twisted, scabrous, sessile, acute, 2.5-5 cm - l n g^ 3-6 mm. wide, obscurely veined" 
 but with a distinct midrib, the lower serrate, the upper entire; heads about 4 mm. 
 high; rays 3-5, short; bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. In dry 
 sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast. Autumn. 
 
 25. Solidago rugosa Mill. WRINKLE-LEAVED, OR TALL HAIRY GOLDENROD. 
 BITTER-WEED. (I. F. f. 3693.) Stem hirsute, usually stout, 3-22 dm. high, sim- 
 ple, or branched at the summit. Leaves rather thin, oval or oblong-lanceolate, acute 
 or acuminate (rarely obtusish) at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 
 2-IO cm. long, 835 mm. wide, sessile, or the lowest sometimes tapering into peti- 
 oles; heads 3-4 mm. high; panicle usually large and compound; bracts of the in- 
 volucre linear, obtuse or obtusish. Usually in dry soil, in fields and along road- 
 sides, Newf. to W. Ont., south to Fla. and Tex. July-Nov. 
 
 26. Solidago fistulosa Mill. PINE-BARREN GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3694.) 
 Stem rather stout, simple, or branched above, 1-2 m. high, hirsute. Leaves 
 numerous, sessile, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes lanceolate, thick, 
 rough or hirsute on the margins and midrib beneath, the upper small, obtuse or 
 obtusish, entire, the lower sparingly serrate, obtuse or acute, 3-10 cm. long, with a 
 
COMPOSITAE. 939 
 
 broad base; heads about 4 mm. high; rays 7-10, small; bracts of the involucre, at 
 least the outer, acute. In moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La, Aug. -Oct. 
 
 27. Solidago patula Muhl. ROUGH-LEAVED OR SPREADING GOLDENROD. 
 (I. F. f. 3695.) Stem stout, rather rigid, usually simple, 6-20 dm. high, strongly 
 angled, at least below. Leaves thick, glabrous beneath, rough above, the lower 
 and basal ones very large, 7-40 cm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, oval or elliptic, narrowed 
 into margined petioles, the upper smaller, oval or oblong, sessile, acute, finely 
 serrate, or the uppermost entire; heads 6-8 mm. high; rays small; bracts of the 
 involucre linear-oblong, obtuse. In swamps, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., 
 Mo. and Tex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 28. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ELM-LEAVED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3696.) 
 Stem slender, 6-12 dm. high, simple, or branched above, the arched branches 
 puberulent or pubescent. Leaves thin, oblong, acute, or acuminate at the apex 
 and base, pinnately veined, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the lower and basal 
 ones 7-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper 
 smaller, sessile; heads 4-6 mm. high; rays small, deep yellow; bracts of the in- 
 volucre oblong-lanceolate, obtusish. In woods and copses, Me. to Ga., west to 
 Minn., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 29 Solidago Boottii Hook. BOOTT'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3697.) Stem 
 slender, usually branched near the summit, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves firm, pin- 
 nately and finely reticulate-veined, the lower and basal ones ovate or oblong-lance- 
 olate, narrowed into margined, sometimes ciliate petioles, acuminate at the apex, 
 7-15 cm. long, the upper smaller, entire, or finely serrate, sessile; heads 4-6 mm. 
 high; rays few, small; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes 
 pubescent. In dry woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 30. Solidago Elliottii T. & G. ELLIOTT'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3698.) 
 Stem stout, 9-18 dm. high, simple, or branched at the inflorescence. Leaves 
 firm, acute or acuminate, sessile by a broad base, or sometimes narrowed below, 
 finely serrate, crenate-serrate. or the upper entire, rough on the margins, glabrous 
 on both sides, or puberulent on the veins beneath, 3-12 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide; 
 heads about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 6-12, 
 short; achenes pubescent. In swamps, N. H. and Mass, to N. Car. and Ga., 
 mainly near the coast. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 31. Solidago neglecta T. & G. SWAMP GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3699.) 
 Stem simple, rather stout, 6-8 dm. high. Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones 
 large, sometimes 3 dm. long, acute or obtusish, serrate or serrulate, tapering into 
 margined petioles, rough on the margins; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, acute, 
 sessile, serrate or nearly entire; heads 5-6 mm. high; rays 3-8, small; bracts of 
 the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or nearly so. In swamps, 
 N. B. to Wis., Md. and 111. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 32. Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter. FEW- RAYED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3700.) Stem simple, slender, 4-7 dm. high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the lower long-petioled, 
 10-22 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, the upper sessile, the uppermost very small and 
 erect; rays 1-4; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. 
 In swamps, Me. to N. Y. and N. J. Au ^.-Sept. 
 
 33. Solidagro juncea Ait. EARLY OR SHARP-TOOTHED GOLDENROD. YELLOW. 
 TOP. PLUME GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3701.) Stem rigid, rather stout, simple, or 
 branched at the inflorescence, 4-12 dm. high. Leaves firm, glabrous, acute or acu- 
 minate, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, the lower large, sometimes 3 dm. long 
 and 5 cm. wide, long-petioled; the upper smaller, sessile; rays 7-12, small; bracts 
 of the involucre oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; achenes glabrous or 
 sparingly pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and Manitoba, 
 N. Car. and Mo. June-No v. 
 
 Solidago juncea scabrella (T. & G.) A. Gray. Leaves rigid, scabrous, ciliate, pubes- 
 cent on the upper surface or also beneath. Ind. to Wis., Ky. and Mo. 
 
 Solidago juncea ramosa Porter and Britton. Much branched at the summit, the 
 branches slender, erect, slightly curved, the heads in short small racemes. Me. to west- 
 ern N. J., W. Va. and Ohio. 
 
 34. Solidago are:uta Ait. CUT-LEAVED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3702.) Stem 
 simple, rather 7 stout, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones broadly 
 
940 x FLORA. 
 
 ovate or oval, short-acuminate, 7-40 cm. long, 2-12 cm. wide, narrowed into 
 margined petioles, sharply and coarsely serrate; upper leaves sessile, ovate to 
 oblong, acute or acuminate, more or less serrate, smaller; rays 5-7, large; bracts 
 of the involucre oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rich woods, 
 Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south to Va. July-Oct. 
 
 35. Solidago rupestris Raf. ROCK GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3703.) Stem 
 slender. 6-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, 5-12 cm. long, 6-io mm. wide, acuminate 
 at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lowest petioled, glabrous; heads 
 small, 3 mm. high, secund on the short spreading branches of the small panicle; 
 rays 4-6, short; bracts of the involucre thin, linear; achenes small, nearly glabrous. 
 Rocky banks of streams, Penn. to D. C., W. Va., Tenn. and Ind. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 36. Solidago serotina Ait. LATE GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3704.) Stem 
 stout, 9-25 dm. high, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Leaves thin, sessile, or the 
 lowest petioled, glabrous on both sides but more or less rough-margined, 7-15 cm. 
 long, 4-25 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads 5-7 mm. 
 high; bracts of the involucre oblong, thin, obtuse; rays 7-15, rather large; achenes 
 finely pubescent. In moist soil, Ncvvf. to Br. Col., south to Ga., Tex., Nev. and 
 Ore. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Solidago serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray. Leaves hispid or pubescent on the lower 
 surface, at least on its prominent veins. With the type, at least in the East. 
 
 37. Solidago Missouriensis Nutt. MISSOURI GOLDENROD. (1 F. f. 3705.) 
 Stem rather slender, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves firm or thick, those of the stem ses- 
 sile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-10 cm. long, very rough- 
 margined, entire, or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest 
 ones larger, spatulate, petioled; heads 5-6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre 
 oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse, or the inner acute, thick; rays 6-13, short. On 
 dry prairies, Manitoba and Minn, to Tenn., Wash., Neb. and Tex. Autumn. 
 
 38. Solidago Shortii T. & G. SHORT'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3706.) Stem 
 slender, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves sessile (the lowest petioled ?), acute or acuminate at 
 the apex, glabrous on both sides, the larger 5-10 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, 
 sharply serrate with rather small and distant teeth, the upper gradually smaller, 
 sparingly serrate, or entire; heads about 6 mm. high; involucre narrowly campanu- 
 late, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-7. rather small. On rocks at the 
 Falls of the Ohio River and in northwestern Ark. July-Aug. 
 
 39. Solidago Gattmgeri Chapm. GATTINGER'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3707.) Stem slender, 6-9 dm. high, branched at the inflorescence. Leaves firm, 
 glabrous beneath, rough above, ciliolate, the lower and basal ones acutish, 7-15 cm. 
 long, 12-20 mm. wide, serrate with low distant teeth, narrowed into margined 
 petioles, entire, sessile; heads 4-5 mm. high; bracts of the involucre oblong, very 
 obtuse; rays 6-10; achenes puberulent, or glabrous below. In dry soil, Tenn. and 
 Mo. July-Aug. 
 
 40. Solidago Canadensis L. CANADA GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3708.) Stem 
 stout, puberulent-pubescent, or hirsute, 6 25 dm. high. Leaves acute at each end, 
 the lower ones sharply serrate and petioled. 7-15 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, the 
 upper smaller, entire, sessile; heads 3-4 mm. high, very numerous; bracts of the 
 involucre linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9-15; achenes glabrous or somewhat 
 pubescent. Usually in dry soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to 
 Fla. and Ariz. Aug. -Nov. 
 
 Solidago Canadensis proeera (Ait.) T. & G. Leaves less serrate, sometimes all 
 entire, cinereous-pubescent with short appressed hairs. With the type. 
 
 Solidago Canadensis glabrita Porter. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so 
 below, puberulent above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, smooth above, pubescent on the 
 veins beneath; panicles and heads smaller than in the type. Me. to northern N. Y. and 
 Penn. 
 
 Solidago Canaddnsis scabriuscula Porter. Leaves shorter, sparingly serrate or entire, 
 rough above, rugose beneath; heads mostly larger than in the type. N. Y. and Penn. 
 to Fla. and Tex. 
 
 Solidago 'Canadensis gilvocane*scens Rydberg. A foot high, or less, leafy, canes- 
 cent, yellowish; leaves remotely serrate above the middle, or entire; inflorescence dense; 
 heads smaller than in the type. Minn, to Mont, and Kans. 
 
 41. Solidago nemora'lis Ait. GRAY OR FIELD GOLDENROD. DYER'S 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 3709.) Slender. 1-6 dm. high, finely and densely pubescent. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 94- 
 
 Leaves thick, roughish; basal and the lower stem -leaves petioled, obscurely 
 triple-nerved, obtuse or acutish, crenate-dentate, 7-15 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide; 
 upper leaves gradually smaller, oblanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, 
 entire; heads 4-6 mm. high; panicle usually one-sided; bracts of the involucre 
 linear-oblong; rays 5-9; achenes pubescent. In dry soil, Quebec to the N. W. 
 Terr., Fla. and Tex. July-Nov. 
 
 Solidago nemoralis arenfcbla Burgess. Depressed, or prostrate, about 15 cm. hig;h> 
 inflorescence dense, flattened, composing most of the plant. Sand hills, Cape Cod to I I. 
 
 Solidago pulcherrima A. Nelson, is the western representative of this species, <=>.,.. 
 tending east into Kans. and Neb. It differs in its pale color and narrower basal leaves, 
 but I have not been able to separate it specifically. 
 
 42. Solidago mollis Bartl. VELVETY GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3710.) Stem 
 rigid, stout, low, canescent or slightly scabrous, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves pale, 
 canescent or rough, entire or dentate, strongly 3-nerved, oblong, ovate or oblanceo- 
 late, the lower petioled, 5-7 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, very obtuse, the upper ses- 
 sile, smaller; heads 4-6 mm. high, somewhat or scarcely secund on the short 
 branches of the erect, dense panicle; bracts of the involucre oblong; rays 5-9; 
 achenes pubescent. Dry plains, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Tex. andMex. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 43. Solidago Radula Nutt. WESTERN ROUGH GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3711.) 
 Stem rough-pubescent, rather slender. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, green, rough 
 on both sides, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, dentate-crenate, obtuse or acut- 
 ish, petioled, 7-20 cm. long, 12-40 mm. wide, obscurely 3-nerved, the upper small- 
 er, oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, sessile, distinctly 3-nerved; heads 4-6 mm. 
 high; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 3-7, very short; 
 achenes minutely pubescent. In dry soil, 111. to Mo., La. and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 44. Solidago Drummondii T. & G. DRUMMOXD'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3712.) Stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high, finely soft-pubescent. Leaves rather 
 thin, glabrous or nearly so above, finely, but sometimes sparingly pubescent, or 
 roughish beneath, sharply serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, 
 or the upper sessile, the larger 7-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; heads 4-5 mm. high; 
 bract-like upper leaves obtuse, or acute, entire; rays 4-6, conspicuous; bracts of the 
 involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; achenes pubescent. In rocky soil, 111. to La. 
 and Mo. Sept -Oct. 
 
 45. Solidago rigida L. STIFF OR HARD- LEAVED GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3713.) Stem stout, simple, or branched above, densely and finely rough-pubescent, 
 hoary, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thick, rigid, often obtuse, rough on both sides, the 
 upper sessile, clasping, and rounded or sometimes narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. 
 long, mostly .entire; lower and basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes 3 dm. long 
 and 7 cm. wide, entire or serrulate; heads 8-10 mm. high, many-flowered, in a 
 terminal dense corymbose cyme; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, 
 obtuse, the outer pubescent; rays 6-IO, large; achenes glabrous, 1015 -nerved. In 
 dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil, Out. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and 
 Colo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 46. Solidago multiradiata Ait. NORTHERN GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3714.) 
 Stein glabrous or somewhat pubescent above, rather slender, 1.5-4 dm. high. 
 Leaves firm, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, entire, or sparingly 
 serrate, obtuse, finely reticulate- veined, 7-12 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, the upper 
 smaller, narrower, sessile, entire; heads about 8 mm. high, usually few in a ter- 
 minal rather compact, corymbose cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute, glabrous; rays 8-15, prominent, linear; achenes pubescent. Lab. to 
 Br. Col., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. July- Aug. 
 
 47. Solidago Ohioensis Riddell. OHIO GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3715.) Very 
 smooth throughout; stem rather slender, simple, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves firm, the 
 basal and lower ones obtuse, long-petioled, serrulate toward the end, or some- 
 times entire, often 3 dm. long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire, gradually 
 smaller; heads 56 mm. high, numerous in a terminal compound cyme, 15-25- 
 flowered; rays 6-9,. small; bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre oblong, 
 obtuse, glabrous; achenes glabrous, 5 -nerved. In moist soil, western N. Y. to 111. 
 Aug. -Sept, 
 
94 2 FLORA. 
 
 48. Solidago Riddellii Frank. RIDDELL'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 3716.) 
 Stem stout, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves numerous, 
 thick, glabrous on both sides, entire, acute at each end, the lower and basal 01163 
 long-petioled, elongated, often 3 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, the upper smaller, simi- 
 lar, sessile and clasping at the base, conduplicate, somewhat falcate; heads 6 8 mm< 
 high, 2O-3O-flowered, very numerous in a dense corymbose cyme, involucre oblong, 
 campanulate, its bracts broadly oblong, obtuse; rays 7-9, narrow; achenes 5* 
 nerved, glabrous. On moist prairies, Ohio to Minn, and Mo. Also at Fortress 
 Monroe, Va. Aug-Sept. 
 
 49. Solidago Houghtonii T. & G. HOUGHTON'S GOLDENROD. (I. F. f. 
 3717.) Stem glabrous below, sparingly pubescent above, 36 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear, the basal and lower ones petioled, 4-8 mm. wide, 3-nerved, entire, acute at 
 each end, the upper sessile, slightly conduplicate, otherwise similar, the uppermost 
 small and bract-like; heads about 6 mm. high, few, in a small corymbose cyme, 
 2o-3O-flowered ; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse; achenes 
 glabrous, 4-5 -nerved. In swamps, north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, and 
 in Genesee Co., N. Y. Autumn. 
 
 23. EUTHAMIA Nutt. 
 
 Erect, paniculately branched herbs, perennial by -long rootstocks, with linear 
 or linear-lanceolate entire sessile 1-5 -nerved punctate leaves, and numerous small 
 heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, clustered in the large cymose, 
 convex or nearly flat-topped inflorescence. Bracts of the involucre obtuse, ap- 
 pressed, somewhat glutinous. Receptacle flattish, fimbrillate, or pilose. Ray- 
 flowers pistillate, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers, the rays small. 
 Disk-flowers perfect. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style branches with lanceolate 
 appendages. Achenes top-shaped or oblong, villous-pubescent. [Greek, referring 
 to the clustered heads.] Four known species, the following, and one of western 
 N. Am. 
 
 Leaves distinctly 3-5-nerved; ray-flowers 12-20. i. E. graminifolia. 
 
 Leaves i-nerved, or with a pair of indistinct lateral nerves ; ray-flowers 5-10. 
 
 Stem-leaves 4-6 mm. wide ; disk-flowers 3 or 4. 2. . leptocephala. 
 
 Leaves 1-4 mm. wide; disk-flowers 5 or 6. 3. E. Caroliniana. 
 
 1. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. BUSHY or FRAGRANT GOLDENROD. 
 (I. F. f. 3718.) Stem glabrous, sometimes slightly rough above, 6-12 dm. high. 
 Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-12 cm. 
 long, 4-8 mm. wide, minutely rough pubescent on the margins and nerves of the 
 lower surface; resinous dots few; heads 46 mm. high, sessile in capitate clusters 
 arranged in a flat-topped corymbose cyme; involucre ovoid-campanulate, its bracts 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly viscid; disk-flowers 8-12. In moist soil, fields 
 and roadsides, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Neb. and Kans. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Euthamia leptocephala (T. & G.) Greene. WESTERN BUSHY GOLDEN- 
 ROD. (I. F. f. 3719.) Stem much branched, smooth, 4-7 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, rough-margined, those 
 of the stem usually 57 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; heads 4-6 mm. high, rather nar- 
 rower than those of the preceding species, sessile in the clusters of the flat-topped 
 inflorescence; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong. In moist soil, Mo. to La. and 
 Tex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3 Euthamia Caroliniana (L.) Greene. SLENDER FRAGRANT GOLDENROD-. 
 (L F. f. 3720.) Resembles the preceding species but is smaller, glabrous, and 
 somewhat resinous, seldom over 4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acu- 
 minate, sessile, narrowed at the base, 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, punctate, often 
 with smaller ones clustered in the axils; heads about 3 mm. high, very numerous 
 and crowded in the dense corymbose cyme; involucre oblong-campanulate, its 
 bracts oblong. In dry sandy soil, eastern Mass, to III., Fla., La. and Tex., mainly 
 near the coast. Aug.-Oct. [Solidago tenuifolia Pursh.] 
 
 24. BRACHYCHAETA T. & G. 
 
 An erect, perennial herb, with the aspect of a Goldenrod. Leaves alternate, 
 the lower and basal ones lar^e, cordate, long petioled, the upper ovate, short* 
 
COMPOSITAE 943 
 
 petioled or sessile. Heads composed of both tubular and radiate flowers, in a ter- 
 minal narrow spike-like thyrsus. Involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts cori- 
 aceous, imbricated in few series, the outer successively smaller. Receptacle small, 
 naked. Rays small, yellow, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubu- 
 lar, somewhat expanded above, 5 -cleft. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. 
 Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes 8-io-ribbed. 
 Pappus a single row of scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. [Greek, short- 
 bristle, referring to the pappus.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Brachychaeta sphacelata (Raf.) Britton. FALSE GOLDENROD. (I. F. 
 f. 3721.) Stem pubescent, 6-12 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves broadly ovate, 
 cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 7-15 cm. long, 
 the slender petioles 7-22 cm. long; stem-leaves gradually smaller and shorter-peti- 
 oled, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads about 5 mm. high, racemose- 
 secund or densely clustered on the short branches of the narrow elongated terminal 
 thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish; rays 
 and disk-flowers each about 5. In dry woods, western Va. to Ind., south to N. Car. 
 and Ga. Aug.-Sept. \B. cor data T. & G.] 
 
 25. APHANOSTEPHUS DC. 
 
 Erect or ascending canescent branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather 
 large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches. 
 Involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear, scarious-margined, imbri- 
 cated in a few series, the outer smaller. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray- 
 flowers pistillate, white or purplish. Disk-flowers perfect, yellow, their corollas 
 tubular, the limb expanded above, 5 -dentate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the 
 base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes many- 
 ribbed. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Greek, faint-crown.] About 5 species, 
 of the southwestern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Aphanostephus skirrobasis (DC.) Trelease. APHANOSTEPHUS. (I. F. 
 f. 3722.) Erect, or diffusely branched, densely canescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Basal 
 and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, 2-10 cm. long, somewhat dentate, laciniate or 
 entire, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, oblong oroblance- 
 olate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller; heads 16-25 mm - broad, 6-10 mm. 
 high; rays numerous, narrow, entire. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. Also in Fla. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 26. BELLIS L. 
 
 Tufted herbs, with branching or scapose stems, alternate or basal leaves, and 
 rather large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, solitary at the ends of the 
 branches, or of the monocephalous scape. Involucre hemispheric or broadly cam- 
 panulate, its bracts herbaceous, imbricated in i or 2 series, nearly equal. Recep- 
 tacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers white or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers 
 yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular, the limb 4-5 -toothed.. Anthers obtuse and 
 entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, triangular. 
 Achenes flattened, nerved near the margins. Pappus none, or a ring of minute 
 bristles. [Latin, pretty.] About 9 species, of the northern hemisphere. Only the 
 following are known to occur in N. Am., but 2 others are found in Mex. 
 
 Stem branched, 15-40 cm. high; involucral bracts acute. i. B. integrifolia. 
 
 Scapes monocephalous, 3-17 cm. high; involucral bracts obtuse. 2. B. perennis. 
 
 1. Bellis integrifolia Michx. WESTERN DAISY. (I. F. f. 3723.) Slender, 
 diffusely branched, pubescent. Leaves thin, entire, obtuse, the lower and basal 
 ones spatulate, 2-7 cm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper smaller, 
 oblong, oblanceolate or linear; heads 12-30 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
 acute or acuminate, scarious-margined, glabrous or nearly so; rays usually violet, 
 oblong-linear. In moist soil, Ky. and Tenn. to Ark. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Bellis perennis L. EUROPEAN OR GARDEN DAISY. (I. F. f. 3724.) Per- 
 ennial, tufted. Leaves all basal, obovate, obtuse, slightly dentate, 2-5 cm. long, 
 narrowed into margined petioles, pubescent and ciliate; heads 12-25 mm - broad; 
 rays numerous, linear, white, pink, or purple; bracts of the involucre oblong, ob- 
 tuse, usually purple. In waste places, or occasionally spontaneous on lawns. 
 
944 FLORA. 
 
 Southern N. Y. and eastern Penn. to N. S. and Ont. Fugitive from Europe. Native 
 also of Asia. Nat. in Cal. and Br. Col. April-Nov. 
 
 77. TOWNSENDIA Hook. 
 
 Tufted scapose or branching herbs, with alternate entire linear or spatulate 
 leaves and large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric 
 or broadly campanulate ; bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Re- 
 ceptacle nearly flat. Ray-flowers pink or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, 
 mostly perfect, their corollas regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the 
 base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes of the disk- 
 flowers compressed, those of the rays commonly 3-angled. Pappus a single series 
 of rigid bristles or short scales. [Named for David Townsend, botanist of Phila- 
 delphia.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 
 
 Branching from the base ; heads terminal. i. T. grandiflora. 
 
 Acaulescent, or nearly so; heads sessile among the leaves. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, green, 2.5-5 mm - wide. 
 
 2. T, intermedia. 
 Leaves narrowly linear or nearly so, canescent, 1-2 mm. wide. 
 
 3. T. exscapa. 
 
 1. Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. LARGE-FLOWERED TOWNSENDIA. (I. F. 
 f. 3725.) Perennial from a long woody root, branching at the base and sometimes 
 also above, pubescent, or at length glabrate, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves linear or 
 linear-spatulate, 3-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, canescent; heads 3-4 cm. broad, soli- 
 tary at the ends of the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined, 
 lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate; rays violet or purple; pappus of the ray- 
 flowers a crown of short scales, that of the disk-flowers of rigid bristles longer than 
 the achene. In dry soil, Neb. to Wyo. and N. Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 2. Townsendia intermedia Rydb. n.sp. INTERMEDIATE TOWNSENDIA. 
 Acaulescent from a woody root but less branched than the next, 2-5 cm. high. 
 Leaves oblanceolate or rarely spatulate, mostly acute, green, finely strigose, or in age 
 glabrate; heads closely sessile, 1.5-3 cm. broad, surpassed by the leaves; involucre 
 broadly campanulate, its bracts broadly lanceolate, often tinged with purple, the 
 inner scarious-margined; rays rose-color or white; pappus as in the next. In dry 
 soil, Neb., Kans. and Colo. May-July. Type from TregoCo., Kans. 
 
 3. Townsendia exscapa (Richards) Porter. SILKY OR Low TOWNSENDIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3726.) Acaulescent, or nearly so, from a deep woody root, tufted, 2-3 cm. 
 high. Leaves all clustered at the base, narrowly linear or slightly broader up- 
 ward, 2-5 cm. long, permanently strigose-canescent; heads closely sessile, 2-4 cm. 
 broad, equalled or surpassed by the leaves; involucre broadly campanulate, its 
 bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner scarious-margined; rays white or purplish; pappus 
 of both ray and disk-flowers a row of rigid bristles, that of the rays shorter and 
 smaller. In dry soil, N. W. Terr, to Neb., Ariz, and N. Mex. April-July. 
 
 28. CHAETOPAPPA DC. 
 
 Annual slender much-branched herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and 
 small Ion g-ped uncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre nar- 
 rowly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in few 
 series, the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Ray -flowers in one 
 row, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, or the central ones staminate, their corollas 
 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, 
 their appendages short, obtuse. Achenes nearly terete, fusiform, or linear, 5-ribbed. 
 Pappus usually of 5 rigid awn-like scabrous bristles, alternating with as many short 
 scales or more. [Greek, bristle-pappus.] Two known species, natives of the central 
 and southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Chaetopappa asteroides DC. CHAETOPAPPA. (I. F. f. 3727.) Annual, 
 pubescent, erect, 5-30 cm. high, the branches filiform. Lower and basal leaves spatu- 
 late, obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long, petioled, the upper linear, much smaller and bract- 
 like, sessile; heads about 6 mm. broad; involucre about 4 mm. high, its bracts 
 scarious-margined, glabrous or nearly so; rays 5-12, raised on slender tubes; cen- 
 tral sterile flowers usually awnless; shorter scales of the pappus of the fertile flowers 
 hyaline, sometimes lacerate. Dry soil, Mo. to Tex. and northern Mex. April-July. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 945 
 
 if. POifTNIA L'Her. 
 
 Perennial glabrous herbs, with striate or angled stems, alternate entire sessile, 
 or clasping leaves, and numerous rather large heads of both tubular and radiate 
 flowers, paniculate, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric 
 or broadly campanulate, its bracts scarious- margined, imbricated in few series, 
 the outer slightly shorter. Receptacle convex or conic, foveolate. Ray-fiowers 
 pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas elongated, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse 
 and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceo- 
 late. Achenes flattened, obovate, their margins thickened or narrowly winged, 
 glabrous or nearly so. Pappus a series of short scales, usually with 2-4 slender 
 rigid bristles. [Named for James Bolton, an English botanist of the i8th cen- 
 tury.] As here limited, the genus consists of the 4 following species, with perhaps 
 a fifth in Oregon. 
 
 Disk about 4 mm. broad; leaves linear. I. B. diffusa. 
 
 Disk 6-12 mm. broad; leaves lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves narrowed at the base, sessile, not decurrent on the stem. 
 
 Involucre-bracts lanceolate, acute. 2. B. asteroides. 
 
 Involucre-bracts spatulate, obtuse, or mucronate. 3. B. latisquama. 
 
 Stem-leaves, and sometimes those of the branches, decurrent, sagittate. 
 
 4. B. decurrens. 
 
 1. Boltonia diffusa Ell. PANICLED BOLTONIA. (I. F. f. 3728.) Paniculately 
 much branched, 6-20 cm. high, the branches very slender or filiform. Leaves 
 acutish, the larger 3-5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, those of the branches very small and 
 subulate; heads about 4mm. high; rays usually white, 2-4 mm. long; involucre 
 broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or oblong -lanceolate, acutish or obtuse; 
 achenes obovate, narrowly winged; pappus of several short scales and 2 subulate 
 bristles shorter than the achene. In dry soil, southern 111. to Tex., east to S. Car. 
 and Fla. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 2. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. ASTER-LIKE BOLTONIA. (I. F. f. 3729.) 
 Rather stout, 6-24 dm. high, somewhat cymosely paniculate. Leaves lanceolate 
 to oblanceolate, sessile, 5-12 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, the upper linear-lanceolate, 
 smaller; rays white, pink or purple, 6-12 mm. long; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pappus of setose scales, 
 with or without 2-4 slender bristles nearly as long as the obovate or oval achene. 
 In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and La July-Sept. 
 
 3. Boltonia latisquama A. Gray. BROAD-SCALED BOLTONIA. (I. F. f. 3730.) 
 Similar to the preceding species and perhaps a variety or form of iL Leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acute, sessile; heads rather larger; rays blue-violet; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre oblong-spatulate, obtuse or mucronate; pappus of numerous small short broad 
 scales and 2 long bristles. Western Mo., eastern Kans. and Ark. Autumn. 
 
 4. Boltonia decurrens (T. & G.) Wood. CLASPING-LEAVED BOLTONIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3731.) Stout, 9-18 dm. high, branched above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate 
 or elongated lanceolate, mucronate at the apex, those of the stem decurrent and 
 sagittate at the base. 7-15 cm. long, 12-16 mm. wide, those of the branches 
 smaller and merely sessile or some of them also decurrent; heads 5-6 mm. high; 
 involucre hemispheric; rays about 6 mm. long, violet or purple; pappus of several 
 or numerous short scales and 2 very slender bristles. In wet prairies, 111. and Mo. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 30. SERICOCARPUS Nees. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and middle-sized heads of boih 
 tubular and radiate flowers, in terminal cymose panicles. Involucre ovoid, oblong, 
 or campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, with herbaceous or squarrose tips, imbricated 
 in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, foveolate. Ray-flowers 
 white, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yel- 
 lowish or purplish, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- 
 branches with lanceolate- subulate appendages. Achenes slightly compressed, 
 linear-oblong, i-nerved on each side, pubescent. Pappus of numerous capillary 
 scabrous bristles, the outer usually shorter. [Greek, silky fruit, referring to the, 
 achenes.] Four known species ? natives of N, Arn? 
 
946 FLORA. 
 
 Leaves entire, linear, spatulate, or obovate, rigid. 
 
 Glabrous, or nearly so; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. i. ,5". linifolius. 
 
 Puberulent or scabrous ; leaves obovate. 2. S. bifoliatus. 
 
 Leaves dentate, oblong, or obovate, thin. 3. S. aster aides. 
 
 1. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. NARROW-LEAVED WHITE-TOPPED 
 ASTER. (I. F. f. 3732.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem rather slen- 
 der, striate, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves spreading, faintly 3-nerved, thick, obtuse at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sessile, or the lowest 
 with short margined petioles, their margins scabrous; heads about 6-8 mm. high, 
 clustered in 2's-6's at the ends of the cymose branches; involucre oblong-campan- 
 ulac, its bracts oblong, obtuse, the outer with somewhat spreading or reflexed 
 green tips, the inner scarious and often lacerate or ciliate at the apex; rays 4 or 5, 
 8-IO mm. long; pappus white. In dry, usually sandy soil, Canada, Vt. to Ohio, 
 Ga. and La. June-Sept. [S. soKdagineus Nees.J 
 
 2. Sericocarpus bifoliatus (Walt.) Porter. ROUGH WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. 
 RATTLESNAKE MASTER. (I. F. f. 3733.) About 6 dm. high, the stem terete, or 
 slightly angled. Leaves sessile, obscurely veined, thick, obtuse, ascending or erect 
 by a twist at the base, 1-2.5 cm - l n g? 8-16 mm. wide, mucronulate, densely 
 appressed-puberulent on both sides, the upper mostly oblong, much smaller; -heads 
 8-10 mm. high, cymose-paniculate; involucre narrowly campanulate, its bracts 
 oblong or the inner linear, pubescent, their tips somewhat spreading; rays short; 
 pappus white. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and La., mainly near the coast. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 3. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P. TOOTHED WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3734.) Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightly angled, 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves pubescent or glabrous, ciliate, the basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, 
 dentate or rarely entire, 5-10 cm. long, 5-35 mm. wide, narrowed into margined 
 petioles; upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire or dentate, acute or ob- 
 tuse, smaller; heads 10-12 mm. high, densely clustered; involucre campanulate, 
 its bracts oblong, ciliate or pubescent, the outer with green reflexed tips; pappus 
 brown or white. In dry woods, Me. to Fla., Ohio, Ky. and Ala. July-Sept. 
 
 31, ASTER L.* (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and 
 corymbose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and 
 radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts vari- 
 ous, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. 
 Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, 
 blue, or violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed, 
 usually yellow and changing to red, brown, or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire 
 at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceolate or 
 ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticulate, usually 
 in I series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek, 
 star.] A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in N. Am. where, 
 in addition to the following, about 70 others occur beyond our limits. The species 
 are very variable, as is expressed in the large number of subspecies here admitted. 
 
 A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See No. 52.) 
 1. None of the stem-leaves cordate-clasping. 
 
 * Rays white, violet or rose. 
 
 Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed; plants not glandular. 
 
 f Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded; basal 
 
 leaves few and small, or commonly none (except in No. 6). 
 
 (a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so. 
 
 Heads 18 mm. broad or less, the disk turning crimson; leaves acute or short-acuminate, 
 chiefly crenate-serrate. i. A. carmesinus. 
 
 Heads 18 mm. broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown; leaves long- 
 acuminate, sharply serrate. 
 
 Heads 18-25 mm. broad ; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute. 
 
 2. A. divaricatus* 
 
 * Prepared with the assistance of Prof, EPWARD S, BURGESS, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 947 
 
 Heads 25 mm. broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate. 
 
 Involucral bracts mainly acute; teeth of leaves salient. 3. A. tenebrosus. 
 Involucral bracts, all but the lowe;ft, obtuse; leaves low-serrate, the teeth chiefly 
 appressed. 4. A. leptocaulis. 
 
 (b) Leaves thick, firm, rough, at least when dry. 
 
 Heads 12-16 mm. high; inflorescence forking. 5. A.furcatus. 
 
 Heads 8-10 mm. high ; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate. 
 
 Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath; inflorescence glomerate. 
 
 6. A. glomeratus. 
 Leaves long-acuminate, not pilose beneath ; inflorescence open-paniculate. 
 
 7. A. Clay t on i. 
 
 f f Involucre cylindric, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex ; basal leaves large, tufted. 
 Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. 
 
 8. A. curvescens. 
 Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 9. A. Schreberi. 
 
 Rays violet, usually 3-toothed ; plants glandular. 
 t Predominant glands large, capitate; leaves thick, coarse, heavy. 
 Sinus broad; glands chiefly on the inflorescence; plant usually harsh. 
 
 10. A. macrophyllus. 
 Sinus narrow; glands abundant on the leaves and stem; growing plant clammy. 
 
 11. A. roscidus. 
 \ \ Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin. 
 
 (a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped ; plants usually less than 8 dm. tall. 
 Sinus broad, shallow. 
 
 Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicu- 
 ous. 12. A. ianthinus. 
 Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised; some inflorescence-leaves conspicuous. 
 
 13. A. violaris. 
 Sinus rather deep and narrow; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate. 
 
 14. A. imiltiformis. 
 
 (b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 1.2-1.6 m. high; 
 
 broader leaves large, cordate, acute. 15. A. nobilis. 
 
 * * Rays blue or purple; plants not glandular. 
 
 t Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved ; rays 30-45. 
 
 16. A. anomalus. 
 \ t Bracts of the involucre appressed, or erect; rays 8-20. 
 
 (a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm. 
 
 Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above. 17. A. Shortii. 
 
 Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like. 18. A. azureus. 
 
 (b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin. 
 Heads 4-6 mm. high, numerous; bracts obtuse or obtusish. 
 
 Leaves rough; petioles not wing-margined; bracts appressed. 
 
 19. A. cordifolius. 
 Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined. 
 
 20. A. Lowrieanus. 
 
 Heads 8-10 mm. high, usually few ; bracts acute or acuminate. 21. A. Lindleyanus* 
 Heads 6-10 mm. high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate. 
 
 Stem densely and finely pubescent. 22. A. Drummondii. 
 Stem glabrous or nearly so ; bract-tips spreading. 
 
 Inflorescence racemose-paniculate. 23. A. sagittifolius. 
 
 Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate. 24. A. Saundersii. 
 
 2, Stem-leaves, or some of them, cordate-clasping; plant rough when dry. 
 
 25. A. undulatus. 
 
 B. Ko cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or 
 
 less cordate or anricled clasping bases. 
 
 i. Stem rough, or hirsute-pubescent. 
 
 * Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate. 
 
 Heads 2.5-5 cm - broad ; leaves sessile, strongly cordate- clasping. 
 
 f Stem rough ; leaves oblong to lanceolate; involucre turbinate. 
 Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 26. A. patens. 
 
 Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 27. A.phlogifolius. 
 
 t t Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate ; involucre hemispheric. 
 
 28. A. Novae-Angliae. 
 
 % Heads 1-2.5 cm - broad ; leaves but slightly clasping. 
 
 Involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular. 29. A. oblongifolius, 
 
 Involucre turbinate, its bracts hispidt 30, A, amethystinus. 
 
948 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 * * Leaves, at least the lower, serrate. 
 
 Stems usually pilose ; bracts very glandular. 31. A. major. 
 
 Stems hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous, or ciliate. 32. A. puniceus. 
 
 2. Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above (yillous informs of A J o. 33). 
 
 * Leaves sharply serrate. 
 Leaves tapering to the base. 
 
 Outer bracts of the involucre foliaceous. 33. A. tardiflorus 
 
 Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 32. A. puniceus. 
 
 Leaves oval to ovate, the lower often petioled. 34. A. patitlus, 
 
 Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base, 
 
 35- ^- pi'enanthoides. 
 Leaves strongly cordate-clasping; bracts green- tipped. 
 
 . 36. A. laevis, 
 
 * * Leaves entire, or very nearly so. 
 Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped. 
 
 f Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips. 
 
 Stem-leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate. 36. A. laevis. 
 
 Stem-leaves elongated-lanceolate to linear. 37. A. concinnus. 
 
 \ \ Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate; stem-leaves linear ot 
 
 narrowly lanceolate. 38. A, purpuratus. 
 
 % Involucre hemispheric. 
 t Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. 
 
 (a) Bracts in several series, unequal. 
 
 Bracts linear-subulate; leaves narrowly linear. 39. A. junceus. 
 
 Bracts lanceolate, linear, or spatulate; leaves lanceolate to linear. 
 
 Western dry-soil plant, 3-6 dm. tall; leaves 2. 5 7.5 cm long. 40. A. adscendens. 
 
 Eastern swamp plant, 6-15 dm. tall ; leaves 5-15 cm. long. 41. A. Xovi-Belgii, 
 
 (b) Bracts in only i or 2 series ; leaves linear to lanceolate. 
 
 42. A. longifolius. 
 f f Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous ; western. 
 
 43. A.foliaceus. 
 C. Leaves sessile, or pstided, not at all clasping, or scarcely so. 
 
 i. Leaves silKy, silvery or canescent ou botli sides, entire. 
 
 Heads corymbose-paniculate ; bracts oblong ; achenes glabrous. 44. A. sericeus. 
 Heads in a narrow raceme; bracts linear; achenes silky. 45. A. coucolor. 
 
 2. Leaves neither silky, silvery nor canescent, often toothed. 
 
 * Rays normally purple, blue, pink, or violet: not white. 
 Leaves bristly ciliate, linear, rigid; western species. 46. A. Fendleri. 
 
 Leaves not bristly ciliate. 
 
 f Tips of the involucral bracts strongly squarrose. 
 Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire ; heads 2.5 cm. broad. 
 
 47. A. grandiJJorus. 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong, at least the lower dentate. 
 
 Involucre hemispheric, or nearly so ; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre glandular. 48. A. spectabilis. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous. 49. A. sitrcnlosns. 
 
 Involucre turbinate; heads 12-18 mm. broad. 50. A. gracilis. 
 
 f f Tips of the involucral bracts appressed, or erect (except in forms of No. 52), 
 (a) Bracts of the involucre coriaceous or herbaceous, oblong, linear, lanceolate, 01 
 
 spatulate. 
 Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, obtuse. 
 
 Involucre hemispheric; leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; stem smooth. 
 
 51. A. Radula. 
 Involucre turbinate. 
 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, the lower dentate; stern rough. 52. A. Herveyi. 
 Leaves linear-oblong, entire, ciliolate. 53. A. turbinellus. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, acute. 
 
 Involucral bracts foliaceous; leaves oblong, very rough. 54. A. Nebraskensis. 
 Involucral bracts not foliaceous; leaves linear or the lower spatulate, not rough. 
 Pubescent ; inner involucral bracts abruptly acuminate or obtusish. 
 
 55. A. Pricea e. 
 Glabrous ; involucral bracts all narrowly linear, gradually acuminate. 
 
 56. A. Kentuckiensis. 
 Bracts of the involucre rigid, lanceolate, large, acute; leaves linear. 
 
 57. A. paludosus. 
 (b) Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, membranous, acute. 
 
 8. A, nemorafa, 
 
COMPOMTAE. 949 
 
 * * Rays mostly white or nearly so (often pink or purple in Nos. 59, 61, 63, 64, and 73). 
 
 Heads corymbose, 20-40 mm. broad. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate ; bracts linear-subulate. 
 
 59. A. acuminatus. 
 Leaves linear, entire or nearly so; bracts oblong, obtuse. 60. A. ptarmicoides. 
 
 Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 61. A. dumosus. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends. 62. A. Gravesii. 
 
 Heads paniculate, or racemose, 8-20 mm. broad 
 f Bracts of the involucre acute to obtusish; plants glabrous or pubescent. 
 
 (a) Heads paniculate, not in i-sided racemes. 
 Stem leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire. 
 Heads 16-20 mm. broad. 
 
 Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above. 
 
 Leaves firm, rotighish or rough; rays often bluish. 63. A. salicifolius. 
 Leaves thin, smoothish; rays chiefly white. 64. A. paniculatus. 
 
 Plant puberulent ail over. 65. A. Missouriensis. 
 
 Heads 12-16 mm. broad; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate. 66. A, Tradescanti. 
 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire. 
 
 Heads scattered, 12-18 mm. broad ; upper leaves linear. 67. A. Faxoni. 
 
 Heads numerous, 8-14 mm. broad; upper leaves subulate. 
 
 Paniculately branched, bushy. 68. A. ^ricoides. 
 
 Simple, or with ascending slender branches; northern. 69. A. Pringlei. 
 
 (b) Heads racemose and i-sided on the branches. 
 Stem-leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so. 
 
 Stem pubescent or glabrate. 70. A. lateriflorus. 
 
 Stem villous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 71. A. hirsuticaulis. 
 
 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire ; stem glabrate. 
 
 72. A, vimineus. 
 
 t f Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, obtuse; plants very rough. 
 Heads 6-8 mm. broad, very numerous, densely clustered. 
 
 Pubescence appressed; leaves nearly glabrous. 73. A. multiflorus* 
 
 Pubescence spreading; leaves pubescent and ciliate. 74. A. exiguus. 
 
 Heads 12-16 mm. broad, rather loosely clustered; western. 75. A. commutatus. 
 
 D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire ; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. 77 some- 
 times in non-saline situations). 
 
 Perennial; heads 12-25 mm. broad; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 
 
 76. A. tenuifolius. 
 Annuals ; heads 6-10 mm. broad ; involucral bracts linear-subulate. 
 
 Involucre campanulate; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays; rays about 4 mm. 
 
 long. 77- A. ex His. 
 
 Involucre cylindraceous; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays. 
 
 78. A. subulatus. 
 
 1. Aster carmesinus Burgess. CRIMSON-DISK ASTER. (I. F. .3735.) Stems 
 erect, delicate, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all peti- 
 oled, glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and basal ones somewhat 
 oval, rounded into a small deep sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-acuminate 
 at the apex, cre/iate-serrate, the upper ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper- 
 most short-elliptic; petioles slender ; inflorescence 12.5 cm. broad, or less ; rays 
 chiefly 6, white ; disk at first golden yellow, finally deep purplish crimson; florets 
 broadly bell-shaped; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green tip. On shaded 
 rocks in the lower Hudson valley. Sept. 
 
 2. Aster divaricatus L. WHITE WOOD ASTER. (I. F. f. 3737.) Stems 
 tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle, terete, 4-6 dm. high, glabrate at maturity. 
 Leaves thin, smoothish, slender-petioled, ovate, lanceolate, closely dentate with 
 sharp teeth, or the small basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to acuminate, the basal 
 sinus moderate; leaves of the inflorescence small, short, ovate and acute to orbicu- 
 lar, subentire; corymb broad, flattish, repeatedly forked, the slender branches 
 long, divergent ; heads 18-25 mm - broad ; rays chiefly 6-9, white ; disk turning 
 reddish brown; bracts of the involucre broad, ciliate, the rounded tip with an in- 
 conspicuous green spot. In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil, 
 Canada to Man., Ga. and Tenn. Variable; rays rarely rose-purple. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 Aster divaricatus cymulbsus Burgess. Smaller, bearing a single dense corymb about 
 I dm. broad, or several smaller ones ; the branches short, suberect; rays short, broad, 
 
950 FLORA. 
 
 chiefly 6-8 mm. long. In grassy openings in woods, often in dense patches, N. Eng. 
 and N. Y. to Va. 
 
 Aster divaricatus curtifolius Burgess. Stem erect, reddish, smooth, sometimes glau- 
 cous; leaves small, dull green, firm, ovate to orbicular, the sinus broad, rounded, the apex 
 obtuse or apiculate; inflorescence loose, flattish; disks turning purple; rays about i cm. 
 long; green tips of the involucral bracts conspicuous. In moist woods, N. Y. to Va. 
 
 Aster divaricatus deltoideus Burgess. Delicate, 4.5 dm. high or less; lower leaves 
 triangular, cordate with a broad sinus or subtruncate, the apex incurved-acuminate ; the 
 teeth large, sharp; petioles often all filiform; veins directed forward; heads nearly as in 
 the preceding variety. In moist shaded places, N. Eng. to N. Y., Va. and Tenn. 
 
 Aster divaricatus persiliens Burgess. Stems virgate, 7.5 dm. high, or less; leaves 
 extremely thin, firm, chiefly lanceolate-acuminate, long and narrow, the teeth very slen- 
 der, salient or recurved, the lowest ovate with a small narrow sinus ; disk maroon. In 
 deep shade, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. and Ky. 
 
 Aster divaricutus fontinalis Burgess. Plants solitary; basal leaves often numerous, 
 tufted, thin, smoothish, sharply serrate or dentate, 15 cm. long by n cm. broad, or 
 smaller, broadly oval, acute, the base subcordate or rounded; involucre turbinate, its bracts 
 with definite green tips. In springy places and grassy ditches in open sunny situations, 
 N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. 
 
 3. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. LONG-LEAVED WOOD ASTER. (I. F. f. 3736.) 
 Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves very thin and 
 smooth, slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed with remote acuminate 
 teeth, abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad, rounded, shal- 
 low, except in the lowest ones; leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire, 
 sessile, sometimes I dm. long; inflorescence broadly corymbose, heads about 8mm. 
 high, often 3 cm. broad; rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming purplish 
 brown, the florets funnelform with a long slender tube; outer bracts chiefly elon- 
 gated-triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtusish, the green tips lance- 
 linear. In moist dark woodlands, N. Y. to Va. Peculiar in its large dark leaves 
 with coarser teeth than in the preceding species. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 4. Aster leptocaulis Burgess, n.sp. SMOOTH-STEMMED ASTER. Stem 
 slender, smooth, 4 dm. high or more, the branches puberulent, erect-ascending, 
 leafy to the inflorescence. Stem-leaves lanceolate or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 
 the larger 1.5 dm. long, thin, slightly rough above, finely and densely pubescent 
 beneath, long-acuminate, sharply serrate nearly or quite to the base, the upper 
 sessile, or very nearly so, the lower petioled and cordate or subcordate at the base; 
 inflorescence corymbose, leafy; peduncles slender, 12.5 cm< l n g; involucre 
 turbinate-campanulate, about 8 mm. high, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, ciliate; 
 heads about 2.5 cm. broad. Milwaukee, Wis., collected by Dr. H. E. Hasse. 
 
 5. Aster furcatus Burgess. FORKING ASTER. (I. F. f. 3738.) Stem leafy, 
 4.5 dm. high, or less, loosely forked above. Leaves hispid above, hispidulous 
 beneath, firm, saliently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled, with a small 
 or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, often 12.5 cm. long by 6 cm. wide, the upper- 
 most elliptic-oblong, often 8.5 cm. long; heads few (5-20), slender-peduncled; 
 involucre with a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk turning brown, 
 the florets furmelform with rather broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes 
 pubescent, subangular, not constricted at the summit. In woods, especially on 
 shaded cliffs, 111. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 6 Aster glomeratus (Nees) Bernh. BERNHARDI'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3739.) 
 Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not large, mostly short-pilose beneath, 
 thickish, rough above; basal leaves present, these and the lower stem-leaves cor- 
 date with a deep narrow sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small; petioles 
 slender, ciliate; upper leaves much smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly 
 winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceolate, sessile, entire; inflorescence 
 compact, of many glomerate clusters, round-topped; heads about 8 mm. high; 
 bracts pubescent, obtuse, green, the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about 
 6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk turning brown. In moist thickets, 
 swamps, or ravines, N. Y. and Penn. July. 
 
 7. Aster Clayton! Burgess. CLAYTON'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3740.) Similar 
 to A. divaricatus; stems red, tough. Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, 
 rough, thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or dull, acuminate, the upper 
 sessile by a broad base, lanceolate-triangular, serrulate; inflorescence high, with 
 percurrent axis, the long suberect branches each bearing a small umbelliform clus- 
 
COMPOSTTA E. 95 * 
 
 ter of heads; peduncles filiform, as long as the heads, 6-8 mm. long; bracts pale; 
 rays short, narrow, chiefly 6, snow-white; disks at first golden yellow, finally 
 sienna brown; florets about 20; achenes densely short-hairy. In sunny or slightly 
 shaded, rocky places, N. Y. to the mountains of Va. Sept. 
 
 Aster Cteytoni crispicans Burgess. Basal leaves often not cordate, deeply incised 
 those of the stem long-acuminate or even caudate, sharply serrate with large acute close 
 teeth, some of which are suberect ; chief bracts of the involucre acute. On rocky banks, 
 solitary or in small clusters. Me. to N. Y. and N. J. 
 
 8. Aster curvescens Burgess. DOME-TOPPED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3741.) 
 
 Dark green, chiefly glabrous; stem pale green, striate, delicate, 4-6 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest stem-leaves with a broad 
 shallow sinus, abruptly incurved-acuminate; middle leaves ovate, short-petioled, 
 rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, often falcate; 
 leaves firm, smoothish, the teeth broad, curved; inflorescence small, convex, 
 7-12 cm. broad, its short filiform naked branches widely ascending; heads 
 8-10 mm. high; lower bracts short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform, 
 scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually glabrous; rays about 8, cream-white, 
 about 10 mm. long; disk becoming purple-brown; pappus early reddening; 
 achenes slender, glabrous. In loose moist shaded soil, N. Eng. and N. Y. to Va. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Aster curvescens umbeliiftirmis Burgess. Stem very smooth, deep red, robust, 
 straight, sometimes i m. tall; leaves apple-green, smooth when dry, sparingly toothed; 
 inflorescence symmetrically umbelliform, decompound; sinus of the lower leaves rather 
 deep and narrow. In grassy woods and thickets, Conn, to Va. July. 
 
 Aster curvescens oviformis Burgess. Stem about 7 dm. high, leafy ; leaves dull 
 green, not acuminate, very thin but rough, ovate, cordate with deep narrow sinus, 2 dm. 
 long by 12 cm. wide, or smaller ; some of the bracts broader and green-tipped ; inflores- 
 cence smaller and less branched. Range of the preceding. 
 
 9. Aster Schreberi Nees. SCHREBER'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3742.) Stem stout, 
 6-9 dm. high, with long internodes. Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, 
 dull green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender appressed bristles, pubescent 
 beneath on the veins, reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 17 cm. long by 
 12 cm. wide, the basal sinus, when well developed, rectangular, 5 cm. across and 
 2.5 cm. deep; upper leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal 
 wing, or sessile; lower petioles long, ciliate when young; inflorescence decom- 
 pound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 15-30 cm. broad; heads about I cm. high; 
 bracts greenish, mostly obtuse, ciliate; rays usually 10. In borders of woods, 
 and along fence rows in partial shade, N. Y. to Mich, and Va. July-Aug. 
 
 10. Aster macrophyllus L. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3743.) 
 Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish, angular, 6-9 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 forming large colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with a large irregular 
 sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved; upper stem-leaves 
 oblong with short broadly-winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, acute; inflor- 
 escence strigose and glandular, broadly corymbose, irregular; heads 10-12 mm. 
 high; peduncles rigid, thickish; rays about 16, 10-14 mm. long, chiefly lavender, 
 sometimes violet, rarely pale; bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, 
 the inner oblong, obtuse; disk turning reddish brown; florets short-lobed. In 
 moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada to Minn, and N. Car. Aug. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus velutinus Burgess. Smaller; leaves small, ovate-triangular, 
 slender-petioled, often truncate at the base, about 6 cm. long by 5 cm. wide, sometimes 
 none of them cordate ; glands fewer; pubescence subpilose or velvety ; bracts broad, flat, 
 green ; rays violet or blue. In grassy woods and thickets, especially in mountainous 
 regions, Me. to Minn, and W. Va. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus sejdnctus Burgess. Strigose-pubescent; glands numerous; leaves 
 apple-green above, pale beneath, chiefly cordate-orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, 
 thick, spongy, commonly minutely wrinkled : basal leaves few ; bracts narrow, obtuse ; 
 peduncles slender; inflorescence dense, convex, 1-2 dm. broad, not leafy ; rays lilac. In 
 open grassy places, Me. to Penn. and Wis. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus apricensis Burgess. Glabrate, deeply branched, the branches 
 numerous, often 45 cm. high ; rays short, pinkish lavender ; leaves broad, oval to ovate, 
 the teeth and sinus little developed ; petioles often expanded into a long wing, sometimes 
 
95 2 FLORA. 
 
 7 cm. long and i cm. wide ; uppermost leaves short-oblong with a narrowed sessile base. 
 In clearings and open gravelly or sandy places, N, Y. and Penn. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus biformis Burgess. Small, stocky, with 3 or 4 small oval closely 
 crenate spongy-thickened lower leaves with long slender petioles, the sinus deep, narrow, 
 the teeth triangular to semicircular ; stem-leaves crowded, much reduced, subentire, ovate- 
 oblong, subsessile ; inflorescence nearly naked, dense, convex, usually i dm. broad ; stri- 
 gose pubescence little developed ; rays lilac. In open grassy sunny situations, forming 
 small patches, Me. to Ont. and Lake Erie. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus pinguifblius Burgess. Stems stout, leafy, glabrous, about 6 
 dm. high ; basal and lower leaves large, forming extensive patches, deep green above, 
 very pale beneath, many of them appearing greasy, some roughening in drying ; petioles 
 fleshy, sometimes 23 cm. long; inflorescence broad, flat-topped; heads large ; rays laven- 
 der to almost white ; only the upper leaves sessile. Borders of woods, Conn, and L. I. 
 to Minn. 
 
 Aster macrophyllus excelsior Burgess. Stem robust, glabrous, often 12 dm. tall, 
 purple, or glaucous; leaves mostly very smooth, pale, numerous, narrower, cordate- 
 oblong to ovate-lanceolate, chiefly sessile ; rays deep lilac to violet. Along paths and 
 borders of rocky woods, Ont. and western N. Y. to Mich. 
 
 11. Aster roscidus Burgess. DEWY-LEAF ASTER. (I. F. f. 3744.) Clam- 
 my-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular when young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 
 9 dm. high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, coriaceous, cordate-quadrate, low- 
 serrate, the sinus deep, narrow; stem-leaves chiefly orbicular and not cordate, with 
 short broadly winged petioles, rarely slender-petioled ; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate tips; rays 14-16, broad, clear violet ; disks at 
 first golden yellow, soon turning red. In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, 
 Me. to Penn. and Mich., Aug. -Sept. 
 
 12. Aster ianthinus Burgess. VIOLET WOOD ASTER. (I. F. f. 3745.) 
 Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubescent. Stem erect, or decumbent, 6-9 
 dm. tall ; leaves thinnish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to oblong, 12 cm. 
 long, or less, abruptly acuminate, low-serrate or crenate, the sinus broad, open, 
 shallow ; inflorescence open, nearly naked; peduncles slender, divergent ; heads 
 large ; rays 10-13, l n g> very deep violet or sometimes pale, 8-12 mm. long, bracts 
 green-tipped, little pubescent. On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Me. 
 to Lake Erie and W. Va. July-Oct. 
 
 13. Aster violaris Burgess. VIOLET-LEAF ASTER. (I. F. f. 3746.) Caudex 
 thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green, minutely glandular. Stem slender, 
 erect, or assurgent, 6 dm. high, or less; basal and lower leaves broadly reniform, 
 abruptly acuminate or apiculate, often 7 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, their slender 
 petioles 15-20 cm. long, the sinus very broad and shallow; middle stem-leaves 
 similar, not cordate; the upper numerous, long-elliptic, chiefly with narrowed 
 bases, all thin, firm; rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, nearly level- 
 t.ppcd; I.eaJs 12 mm. high, or more; rays 12-15, pale violet, narrow. In shaded 
 moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among rocks, N. Y. from the Hudson to 
 Lake Erie. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 14. Aster multiformis Burgess. VARIOUS-LEAVED ASTER. (L F. f. 3747.) 
 Deep green, minutely glandular. Stem erect, slender, 3-6 dm. high, angular- 
 striate in drying. Basal leaves usually 2, large, cordate -oblong; stem-leaves very 
 thin, sharply serrate, rough above, minutely puberulent beneath, the lower ovate, 
 acuminate, usually with a narrow sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate, peti- 
 oled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence 
 small, its branches upwardly curved; heads about 14 mm. high, rays about 13, 
 rounded and retuse at the apex; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden by the 
 minutely strigose pubescence of the peduncles. In moist shaded places, Me. to 
 western N. Y., Penn. and Md. July- Aug. 
 
 15. Aster nobilis Burgess. STATELY ASTER. (I. F. f. 3748.) Tall, 
 minutely glandular above; stem shining, bright green, 12-15 dm. high- Leaves 
 thin, but firm, smooth in growth, roughened in drying, minutely puberulent 
 beneath, dark green, basal and lower leaves large, the blade often 22 cm. long 
 by 15 cm. wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply toothed, the sinus 
 deep, broad, or the lobes overlapping; stem-leaves similar, the upper oblong- 
 lanceolate, sessile; inflorescence irregularly cymose-paniculate ; bracts long, acute, 
 green; heads 12 mm. high, or less; rays 13-15, violet-blue or pale violet. In leaf- 
 mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug. " , 
 
COMPOSITAE. 953 
 
 16. Aster anomalus Engelm. MANY-RAYED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3749.) Stem 
 rough, rather stout, branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and 
 basal ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly repand, 
 rough-pubescent on both surfaces, acute or acuminate, 7-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. 
 wide, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves short- petioled or sessile, lanceolate, 
 oblong, or linear, much smaller; heads few, 8-12 mm. high, 25-30 mm. broad; 
 receptacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, hirsute, imbri- 
 cated in several series, their foliaceous tips spreading or reflexed; rays 30-45, 
 10-12 mm. long, bright violet blue; pappus whitish. On limestone cliffs, 111. to 
 Mo. and Ark. Sept. 
 
 17. Aster Shortii Hook. SHORT'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3750.) Stem roughish 
 or smooth, slender, paniculately branched above, 612 dm. high. Leaves thick 
 glabrous or nearly so above, finely and sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and 
 basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate, often 
 entire, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper leaves 
 lanceolate, entire, sessile or short- petioled, not cordate, those of the branches 
 small and bract-like; heads numerous, 10-14 mm. high; involucre broadly cam- 
 panulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent, imbricated, their green tips ap- 
 pressed; rays 10-15, linear, violet blue, 10-12 mm. long; pappus tawny. On 
 banks and along edges of woods, western Penn. to Va., Ga., 111. and Tenn. 
 Sept. -Oct. 
 
 1 8. Aster azureus Lindl. SKY-BLUE ASTER. (I. F. f. 3751.) Stem slender, 
 stiff, rough, branched above, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, 
 scabrous on both sides, the lower and basal ones cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or 
 lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 5-15 cm. long, with slender often pubes- 
 cent petioles; upper, leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or linear, those of 
 the branches reduced to small appressed bracts; heads numerous, 8-10 mm. high; 
 involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear-oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated, 
 their green tips appressed; rays, 10-20, bright blue, 6-8 mm. long; pappus tawny. 
 On prairies and along borders of woods, western N. Y. to Ga., Minn., Kans. and 
 Tex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 19. Aster cordifolius L. COMMON BLUE WOOD ASTER. (I. F. f. 3752.) 
 Stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, bushy, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
 rough, more or less pubescent, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower and basal 
 ones slender-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, 5-12 cm. long, the upper short- 
 petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate; heads very numerous, small. 4-6 mm. high, 
 12-18 mm. broad, handsome; involucre turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong- 
 linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed; rays 10-20, 6-8 mm. long, 
 violet or blue, sometimes pale (rarely white); pappus whitish. Woods and 
 thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. Sept. -Dec. 
 
 Aster cordifolius Furbishiae Fernald. Similar; stem and petioles densely villous, 
 the leaves somewhat so beneath. Northern Me. 
 
 Aster cordifolius polyc^phalus Porter. More robust and more branched than the 
 type, leaves smaller, often rough only when dry, the upper ones sessile, ovate; panicle 
 large; heads usually smaller, very numerous. Me. and Mass, to eastern Penn. and Va. 
 
 Aster cordifolius alvearius Burgess. Leaves thin, usually smoothish, cordate, tri- 
 angular-lanceolate, or broader; inflorescence dense, thyrsoid, not leafy, in form resemb- 
 ling that of the lilac; bracts linear, acute ; heads medium sized ; rays blue. On shaded 
 banks, Mass, to N. Car. and Tenn. 
 
 Aster cordifolius pedicell&tus Burgess. Stem leafy, often 12 dm. high; leaves thin, 
 the lower ovate, cordate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, or those of the branches elliptic and 
 subentire; inflorescence loosely pyramidal, often 6 dm. high and 4 dm. broad, its ultimate 
 branchlets long and often naked; heads large, 18 mm. broad or more, often 10 mm. 
 high; rays chiefly purple blue; bracts obtuse. In moist wood borders, Out. to Va. 
 and Ky. 
 
 20. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. LOWRIE'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3753.) Glab- 
 rous, or very nearly so, throughout; stem branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 thickish. firm, a little succulent, the basal slender- petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceo- 
 late, cordate, acute or obtusish, serrate. 5-15 cm. long, those of the stem ovate to 
 oblong, often cordate, contracted into winged petioles, the uppermost lanceolate; 
 heads usually not very numerous. 5-6 mm. high, loosely panicled; involucre tur- 
 binate, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, appressed ; rays light blue, 6-8 mm. long, but 
 
954 FLORA. 
 
 variable in length. In woods, Conn, and southern N. Y. to Penn., Iowa, N. Car, 
 and Ky. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 Aster Lowrieknus lancifolius Porter. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrate, only the 
 basal ones cordate. Southern N. Y. and Penn. to W. Va. and Ala. 
 
 Aster Lowrie&nus Bicknellii Porter. Leaves all lanceolate, all sharply serrate, or 
 the lowest incised, usually none of them cordate. Southern N. Y. and Penn. 
 
 21. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. LINDLEY'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3754.) Stem 
 usually stout, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 3-10 dm. high, branched above. 
 Leaves rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, especially on the veins, the 
 lower and basal ones cordate at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate. 5-10 cm. long, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves ovate, or lanceo- 
 late, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with margined petioles, those of the branches 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually not numerous, 8-10 mm. 
 high; involucre broadly turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceo- 
 late, acute, rather loosely imbricated, glabrous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 
 10-20, blue or violet, 6-10 mm. long; pappus nearly white. In open places, Lab. 
 to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Me. and Mich. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Aster Lindleyanus exfmius Burgess. Tall, sometimes 2 m. high; leaves thick, 
 usually rough and strigose-pubescent above, almost glabrous beneath ; inflorescence 
 widely branched, loosely paniculate, often over 6 dm. long; rays bluish purple; heads 
 nearly 2.5 cm. broad; bracts linear, abruptly acute. N. H. to Ohio and Va. 
 
 22. Aster Drummondii Lindl. DRUMMOND'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3755.) Stem 
 usually stout, finely and densely canescent, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves mostly thin, 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above, canescent beneath, the lower and 
 basal ones cordate, with slender naked petioles, sharply toothed, 5-10 cm. long, the 
 upper cordate or rounded at the base, usually on margined petioles, those of the 
 branches sessile and entire or nearly so, much smaller; heads 6-8 mm. high, rather 
 numerous on the racemose branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear, slightly 
 pubescent, acute or acuminate, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, blue, 6-8 mm. 
 long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio to 
 Minn., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 23. Aster sagittifolius Willd. ARROW-LEAVED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3756.) 
 Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, 6-15 dm. 
 high, paniculately branched at the inflorescence, the branches ascending. Leaves 
 thin, slightly roughened, or glabrous above, usually glabrate beneath, the lower 
 and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 
 7-15 cm. long, with slender naked or narrowly margined petioles; upper leaves 
 lanceolate, sessile, or on short and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire, 
 those of the branches very small; heads 5-8 mm. high, 16-20 mm. broad, numer- 
 ous, crowded, racemose; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-subulate, glabrous or 
 nearly so, their tips green and slightly spreading; rays 10-15, 1J g nt blue or purp- 
 lish, 6-8 mm. long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, N. B. toN. Dak., N. J., Ky. and 
 Kans. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Aster sagittifblius dissitifl&rus Burgess. Differs from the typical form of the species 
 in its broader looser pyramidal inflorescence, the somewhat larger and longer pedun- 
 cled heads, the leaves less serrate, often none cordate. N.Y. to Fla., Miss, and Okla- 
 homa. , 
 
 Aster sagittif61ius urophyllus (LindU Burgess. Leaves pilose beneath during growth, 
 persistently so on the veins rough, above, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower, or all of them, 
 cordate; stem often 15 dm. tall, the narrow inflorescence sometimes 9 dm. long; heads 
 about 6 mm. high; rays white. Grassy thickets and river-banks, N.Y. to Minn. 
 
 24. Aster Saun Jersii Burgess, n. sp. SAUNDERS' ASTER. Puberulent on 
 the branches of the inflorescence, otherwise glabrous, or the petioles sparingly 
 ciliate; stem 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves with narrowly margined or marginless 
 petioles, longer than the blades, the latter ovate, rather deeply cordate, serrate, 6- 
 IO cm. long; lower stem-leaves similar, but with margined petioles, often broadly 
 so, the uppermost lanceolate, chiefly entire, much smaller, partly clasping; heads 
 corymbose-paniculate 2.5 cm. broad or less; rays apparently purple; involucre 
 
COMPOSITAE. 955 
 
 about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate with acuminate green bracts. S. 
 Dak. and Iowa. Type from Roberts Co.. S. Dak. (De Alton Saunders, No. 8067.) 
 
 25. Aster undulatus L. WAVY-LEAF ASTER. SMALL FLEABANE. VARIOUS. 
 LEAVED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3757.) Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divaricately 
 branched above, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves usually thick, rough on both sides, 
 pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or acuminate, the lowest and 
 basal ones ovate, cordate, 5-12 cm. long, with naked or margined petioles; middle 
 ones ovate, lanceolate or oblong, with margined petioles dilated and clasping at the 
 base, the upper sessile or clasping, those of the branches small and subulate; heads 
 numerous, racemose and often secund on the spreading branches, about 8 mm. 
 high, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, 
 pubescent, acute or acutish, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, pale blue to 
 violet, 6-io mm. long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, N. B. and Ont., south toFla., 
 Ala. and Ark. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 Aster undutetus abruptif61ius Burgess. Tall, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves rougher, chiefly 
 short -ovate, sessile, entire and about 5 cm. long, 4 cm. broad; inflorescence pyramidal; 
 heads much darker, more crowded. N. Eng. to Va. 
 
 Aster undulatus loriformis Burgess. Predominant leaves greatly elongated, linear- 
 oblong to linear-lanceolate, often 15 cm. long, with the clasping base narrowed or broad- 
 ened, only a few of the lower ones contracted into winged petioles; plant little pubescent 
 at maturity. Eastern Mass, to Va. and Penn. 
 
 Aster undulktus torqu^tus Burgess. Leafy, 2-3.5 dm. high, dark green, short- 
 downy; leaves small, very short and broad, close together, entire, their bases clasping the 
 stem as a succession of collars, often i cm. in diameter; lowest leaves petioled; inflores- 
 cence much branched, paniculate. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Long Island. 
 
 Aster undulitus triangulkris Burgess. Tall, leafy, 1-2 m. high, pale; pubescence 
 slight; leaves hispid above, ovate-triangular, acuminate, chiefly 5-7 cm. long, 18 mm. 
 broad and sessile. N.Y. to S. Car. 
 
 26. Aster patens Ait. LATE PURPLE ASTER. (I. F. f. 3758.) Stem slen- 
 der, rough, 3-9 dm. high, divergently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong- 
 lanceolate, rough, pubescent, somewhat rigid, strongly cordate or auriculate-clasp- 
 ing at the broad base, entire, acute, or the lowest obtuse, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, those of 
 the branches much smaller and bract-like, the margins rough-ciliate; heads 25 mm. 
 broad or more, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, 
 its bracts linear-oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and somewhat glandular, im- 
 bricated, their green acute tips spreading; rays 20-30, purplish blue, or deep 
 violet, 8-12 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In dry, open places, 
 Mass, to northern N. Y., Minn., Kans., Fla., La. and Tex. Reported from Canada. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 27. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. THIN-LEAVED PURPLE ASTER. (I. F. f. 3759.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, usually taller. Leaves larger, lanceolate to ob- 
 long-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly auri- 
 culate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually narrowed 
 below the middle, sometimes 15 cm. long; heads usually numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, 
 panicled, or somewhat racemose on the branches; bracts of the involucre lance- 
 olate, glabrate, rather loose, with herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue. In 
 woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ohio, N. Car. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 28. Aster Novae-Angliae L. NEW ENGLAND ASTER. (I. F. f. 3760.) 
 Stem stout, hispid, pubescent, corymbosely branched above, 6-25 dm. high, very 
 leafy. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, entire, acute, pubescent, 5-12 'cm. long, 12-25 
 mm. wide, clasping the stem by an auriculate or broadly cordate base; heads 
 numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, clustered at the ends of the branches; involucre hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent 
 and more or less glandular- viscid; rays 40-50, linear, 10-16 mm. long, violet- 
 purple, rarely pink or red, or white; achenes pubescent; pappus reddish white. 
 In fields, and along swamps, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., south to S. Car., Mo., 
 Kans. and Colo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 29. Aster oblonorifolius Nutt. AROMATIC ASTER. (I. F. f. 3761.) Stem 
 much branched, hirsute-pubescent; 3-7 dm. high, the branches divaricate or 
 ascending. Leaves crowded, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a broad, 
 partly clasping base, usually rigid, entire, acute or mucronulate at the apex, rough 
 
956 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 or hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those of the stem 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 
 mm. wide, those of the branches gradually smaller; heads corymbose, nearly 25 
 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts much imbricated, glandular, aro- 
 matic, linear or linear- oblong, the acute green tips spreading; rays 2030, violet- 
 purple, rarely rose-pink, 6-10 mm. long; pappus light brown; achenes canescent. 
 On prairies and bluffs, central Penn. to Minn., Neb.,Va.,Tenn. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 30. Aster amethystinus Nutt. AMETHYST ASTER. (I. F. f. 3762.) Re- 
 sembles the preceding species, but is often taller, sometimes 15 dm. high. Leaves 
 often crowded, linear-lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on both sides, partly 
 clasping, sessile, acute, those of the stem 3-5 cm. long. 4-6 mm. wide; heads rather 
 numerous, racemose or corymbose, 1-2.5 cm. broad; involucre broadly turbinate, 
 its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid, not glandular, the acutish green tips 
 spreading; rays 20-30, blue- purple, about 6 mm. long; pappus brown; achenes 
 canescent. In moist soil, Mass, to southern N. Y., eastern Penn., 111. and Iowa. 
 Sept. -Oct. 
 
 31. Aster major (Hook.) Porter. GREAT NORTHERN ASTER. (I. F. f. 3763.) 
 Stem stout, leafy to the summit, usually densely pilose-pubescent with many-celled 
 hairs, rarely glabrate, branched above. 12-18 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
 lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate, sharply serrate with 
 low distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubescent above, villous-pubescent on 
 the veins beneath, 7-12 cm. long, 10-20 mm. wide; heads mostly solitary at the 
 ends of short branches, 3.5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbri- 
 cated, green, linear- subulate, densely glandular; rays 35-^5, purple, 10-14 mm. 
 long: achenes appressed-pubescent; pappus tawny. In mcist soil, western Ont. to 
 Dak., Ore. and Br. Col. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 32. Aster puniceus L. RED-STALK OR PURPLE-STEM ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3764.) Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or racemosely branched above, 
 hispid with rigid hairs, 9-25 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate, or 
 some of them entire, usually very rough above, pubescent on the midrib beneath, 
 7-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; heads generally numerous, 2-4 cm. broad; involu- 
 cre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or oblong, attenuate, imbricated in about 
 2 series, glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes 
 broadened; rays 20-40, violet purple or pale, 10-14 mm - l n g> showy; pappus 
 nearly white; achenes pubescent. In swamps, N. S. to western Ont. and Minn., 
 south to N. Car., Ohio and Mich. July -Nov. 
 
 Aster puniceus firmus (Nees) T. & G. Stem sparingly hispid, or glabrous, 6-15 dm. 
 high ; leaves sharply serrate. With the type. 
 
 Aster puniceus oligoc^phalus Fernald. Stem seldom over 7 dm. high, glabrate 
 below ; branches of the inflorescence short ; heads few or solitary, large, the outer invo- 
 lucral bracts commonly large and foliaceous. Newf. and Lab. to Ont., N. H. and north- 
 ern N. Y. 
 
 Aster puniceus compdctus Fernald. Stem very hispid ; leaves firm, large, the upper 
 mostly longer than the short branches of the inflorescence; heads compactly clustered, 
 large. Eastern Mass, to Penn. 
 
 Aster puniceus lucfdulus A. Gray. Stem nearly or quite glabrous; leaves crowded, 
 entire, or nearly so, thin, glabrous or slightly rough-pubescent. Quebec to N. Eng., 
 Ont. and Mich. 
 
 Aster punfceus CrlwfordJ Porter. Stems slender, in height 7.5-8 dm., somewhat 
 hispid; lower and middle leaves linear and lance-linear, acuminiate, 5-10 cm. long and 
 about 5 mm. broad, becoming revolute, scantily denticulate, very scabrous above, pub- 
 escent on the midribs beneath : the upper ones on the panicle much smaller and ovate. 
 Collected at Tullytown, Bucks County, Pa., by Mr. Joseph Crawford. 
 
 33. Aster tardiflorus L. NORTHEASTERN ASTER. (I. F. f. 3765.) Stem 
 glabrous, slightly pubescent above, or sometimes villous. corymbosely branched 
 near the summit. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate 
 with low teeth, or some of them entire, acuminate, narrowed into a clasping base, 
 glabrous or nearly so on both sides, roughish margined, 7-15 cm. long, 8-20 mm. 
 wide: heads about 25 mm. broad, not very numerous; involucre hemispheric, its 
 outer bracts broad and foliaceous, often 12 mm. long, acute, somewhat unequal; 
 rays 20-30, violet; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Along streams, 
 Mass, to Lab. Aug.-Oct. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 957 
 
 34. Aster patulus Lam. SPREADING ASTER. (I. F. f. 3766.) Pubescent, 
 or nearly glabrous; stem 3-12 dm. high. Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, sharply and irregularly serrate, rather thin, acute, acuminate, or blunt, the 
 lower 7-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper 
 sessile and somewhat clasping; heads numerous, panicled, about 25 mm. broad; 
 involucre campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, its bracts linear to linear lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, not foliaceous. loosely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 
 violet-purple or rarely white. N. B. to N. H. Sept. 
 
 35. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. CROOKED-STEM ASTER. (I. F. f. 3767.) 
 Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, flexuous, much branched, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate, sea- 
 brous above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, 7-15 cm. long, 18-35 mm - wide, acumi- 
 nate, abruptly narrowed below into a broad- margined entire petiole, the base 
 auriculate-clasping; heads usually numerous, 25 mm. broad or more; involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, green, spreading, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, 
 the outer shorter; rays 20-30, violet, 8-12 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes 
 pubescent. In moist soil, Mass, to Wis., south to W. Va., Ky. and Iowa. Aug.- 
 Oct. 
 
 Aster prenanthoides porrectifblius Porter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, much elon- 
 gated, sometimes 2 dm. long, gradually contracted into an entire clasping base. Penn. 
 
 36. Aster laevis L. SMOOTH ASTER. (I. F. f. 3768.) Stem usually stout, 
 glabrous often glaucous, 6-12 dm. high, branched or simple. Leaves thick, entire, 
 or serrate, glabrous, slightly rough- margined, the upper all sessile and strongly 
 cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, acute or obtusish, 2-10 
 cm. long, 8-50 mm. wide, the basal and lower gradually narrowed into winged peti- 
 oles, those of the branches often small and bract-like; heads usually numerous, 
 about 25 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts rigid, acute, appressed, 
 green-tipped, imbricated in several series ; rays 15-30, blue or violet ; pappus 
 tawny; achenes glabrous or nearly so. Usually in dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Penn., 
 La., the N. W. Terr, and Kans. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 Aster laevis amplif61ius Porter. Stout, somewhat fleshy; leaves broadly ovate, nar^ 
 rowed toward the base, strongly clasping. Mass, to eastern Penn., Minn, and Mo. 
 
 Aster laevis Potomacensis Burgess. Lower stem-leaves abruptly contracted into 
 winged petioles, sharply serrate; heads few, usually racemose; green tips of the bracts 
 broad, conspicuous. Md. and Va. 
 
 37. Aster concinnus Willd. NARROW-LEAVED SMOOTH ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3769.) Similar to narrow-leaved forms of Aster laevis, glabrous or sparingly 
 pubescent above; stem paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, 
 lanceolate to linear, entire, or sometimes serrulate, the upper sessile, somewhat 
 clasping, 27 cm. long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong, narrowed 
 into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely toothed; heads usually numerous, about 
 25 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herbaceous tips; rays 
 violet to purple. Conn, to Penn., Va., N. Car.(?) and Ark. 
 
 38 Aster pnrpuratus Nees. SOUTHERN SMOOTH ASTER. (I. F. f. 3770.) 
 Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched above, 4-12 dm. high, the branches some- 
 times puberulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, entire, the upper sessile and 
 clasping at the base, elongated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-12 cm. 
 long, 4-8 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, 
 those of the branches very small; heads rather few, loosely paniculate, 16-25 mrn - 
 broad; involucre campanulate to turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, linear, appressed, 
 green-tipped, acute, imbricated in several series; rays 5-10, blue or violet, 6-10 
 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. Va. and W. Va. to Ga. and Tex. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 39. Aster junceus Ait. RUSH ASTER. (I. F. f. 3771.) Stem very slender, 
 glabrous, or minutely pubescent above, simple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves firm, glabrous, narrowly linear, entire, or sometimes with a few distant 
 teeth, acute or acuminate, sessile by a broad clasping and often slightly cordate 
 base, 7-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide; heads paniculate, rather distant, about 25 
 mm. broad ; involucre hemispheric, about 6 mm. high, its bracts glabrous, linear- 
 subulate, very acute, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays violet to. 
 
958 _ FLORA. 
 
 nearly white, o-iO mm. long; pappus pale. In swamps and bogs, N. S. to the 
 N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio, Wis. and in the Rocky Mts. July-Sept. 
 
 40. Aster adscendens Lindl. WESTERN ASTER. (I. F. f. 3772.) Stem 
 slender, rigid, glabrous, or sparingly hirsute-pubescent, branched or simple, 1.5-6 
 dm. high. Leaves firm, entire, rough-margined, sometimes ciliolate, those of the 
 stem linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, 2-7 cm. long, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, sessile by a more or less clasping base ; basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into 
 short petioles ; heads not numerous, about 25 mm. broad ; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts imbricated in 3-5 series, oblong-linear or spatulate, their tips obtuse or 
 obtusish, slightly spreading, the inner often mucronulate ; pappus nearly white: 
 achenes pubescent. On prairies and moist banks, western Neb. to Wyo., Mont, 
 and the N. W. Terr., west to Colo., N. Mex. and Nev. July-Sept. 
 
 41. Aster Novi-Belgii L. NEW YORK ASTER. (I. F. f. 3773.) Stem slen- 
 der, usually much branched, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, firm, entire, or slightly 
 serrate, glabrous, or very nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, sessile and 
 more or less clasping at the base, 5-12 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, the lowest petioled; 
 heads corymbose-paniculate, usually numerous, 2-3 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
 spheric to campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, green, somewhat spreading, in 
 3-5 series, the outer shorter; rays 15-25, violet, 8-10 mm. long; pappus whitish; 
 achenes glabrous or nearly so. In swamps, Newf. to Me. and Ga., mainly near 
 the coast. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Astor N6vi-B<Slgii lit&reus A. Gray. Low and spreading, more or less fleshy, much 
 branched; leaves shorter, broader, thickish, acute, 3-6 cm. long; principal bracts of the 
 involucre obtuse, loose, spatulate. Along salt-marshes, Pr. Edw. Isl. and Quebec to Ga. 
 
 Aster Novi-Belgii elodes (T. & G.) A. Gray. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, often 
 elongated to 10-15 cm.; bracts of the involucre acute. In moist ground, southern N. Y. 
 to N. Car. 
 
 Aster Novi-Belgii Atlanticus Burgess. Leaves lanceolate, tapering from the middle 
 to an acuminate base and apex, sometimes 25 mm. wide ; heads usually fewer ; inflores- 
 cence racemose-corymbose. In shaded swamps, Mass, to N. Car. 
 
 Aster Novi-Belgii Bntt6nii Burgess. Leaves thick; heads shbrt-peduncled, racemose- 
 spicate toward the ends of the branches; green tips of the bracts short. Mass, to south- 
 eastern N. Y. and Va., near the coast. 
 
 42. Aster longifolius Lam. LONG-LEAVED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3774.) Stem gla- 
 brous, or somewhat pubescent, leafy, paniculately branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate to linear lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acuminate, narrowed into a 
 sessile clasping usually slightly cordate base, 7-20 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; 
 heads rather numerous, about 25 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, 8-10 mm. 
 high, its bracts glabrous, narrow, green, acute, imbricated in only I or 2 series, 
 nearly equal; rays numerous, about 8 mm. long, violet or pale purple; pappus 
 pale. In swamps and moist ground, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., south to northern 
 N. Eng., Ont. and Mont. Summer. 
 
 Aster longifblius villic&ulis A. Gray. Stem densely white-villous ; leaves narrowly 
 linear-lanceolate, the midrib villous beneath; heads fewer, long-peduncled; rays dark 
 violet. Northern Me. and N. B. 
 
 43. Aster foliaceus Lindl. LEAFY-BRACTED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3775.) Stem 
 usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines, 6-9 dm. high, branched above, the 
 branches ascending. Leaves rather thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, or with 
 a few small distant teeth, glabrous on both sides, very rough-margined, 5-10 cm. 
 long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the upper all strongly clasping at the base, the lowest peti- 
 oled; heads corymbose-paniculate, numerous, 25 mm. broad or more; involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts green, foliaceous, oblong, mucronate, the inner mostly 
 narrower and acute; rays about 30, violet, 8-10 mm. long; pappus nearly white; 
 achenes pubescent. Neb. to Mont, and Cal. August. 
 
 44. Aster sericeus Vent. WESTERN SILVERY OR SILKY ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3776.) Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched, stiff, glabrous, leafy, 
 3-6 dm. high. Stem-leaves sessile, with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, 
 1-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, with a dense silvery-white silky 
 pubescence on both sides; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into 
 margined petioles; heads numerous, about 35 mm. broad; involucre turbinate, its 
 
COMPOSITAE. 959 
 
 bracts oblong, or the inner lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their 
 tips green, acute, spreading; rays 15-25, violet-blue, 12-16 mm. long; pappus 
 tawny; achenes glabrous. In dry open soil, 111. to Minn, and Man., south toTenn., 
 Kans. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 45. Aster concolor L. EASTERN SILVERY ASTER. LILAC-FLOWERED ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3777.) Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above, 3-7 dm. high, leafy, 
 single, or with few erect branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, finely and 
 densely canescent on both sides, or the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mucronate, 
 4-5 cm. long; heads in an elongated narrow raceme resembling that of Lacin- 
 aria ; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, appressed, 
 canescent, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute, the outer shorter; 
 rays 10-15, lilac, 6-8 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes villous. In dry, sandy 
 soil, eastern Mass, and R. I. to Fla. and La., near the coast. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 46. Aster Fendleri A. Gray. FENDLER'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3778.) Stems 
 several or solitary from thick woody roots, rigid, hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves 
 linear, rigid, i-nerved, acute or acuminate, 16-30 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous 
 on both sides, but the margins bristly-ciliate; heads usually few and racemose, 
 1-2.5 cm - broad; involucre turbinate, its bracts glandular, linear-oblong, imbricated 
 in about 4 series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and obtuse; rays 10-15. y ilet, 
 6-10 mm. long. In dry soil on the plains, western Kans. to Colo, and N. Mex. 
 Aug.-Sept. 
 
 47. Aster grandiflorus L. LARGE-FLOWERED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3779.) 
 Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branched, hispid with short hairs, 3-7 dm. 
 high. Leaves oblong, linear, or somewhat spatulate, rigid, sessile by a broad, 
 sometimes slightly clasping base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, hispid, the larger 5 cm. 
 long and 8 mm. wide, t^ose of the branches very numerous, 410 mm. long; heads 
 about 5 cm. broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts very 
 squarrose and foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or linear-oblong, glan- 
 dular, the outer obtusish, the inner acute; rays very numerous, deep violet, nearly 
 25 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; pappus brownish; achenes ribbed, canescent. In dry 
 soil, Va., east of the mountains, to Fla. Sept. 
 
 48. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low SHOWY ASTER. SEASIDE PURPLE ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3780.) Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely branched above, puberulent, or 
 rough below, more or less glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves firm, thickish, 
 the basal and lower ones oval, acute or acutish, 7-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, 
 sparingly dentate with low teeth, narrowed at the base into slender petioles; upper 
 leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong; heads several or 
 numerous, about 35 mm. broad, corymbose, very showy; involucre nearly hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts linear-oblong or slightly spatulate, glandular, imbricated in 
 about 5 series, the green obtusish tips spreading; rays 15-30, bright violet, 12-20 
 mm. long; pappus whitish; achenes slightly pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Mass, 
 to Del., mostly near the coast. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 49. Aster surculosus Michx. CREEPING ASTER. (I. F. f. 3781.) Stem slen- 
 der, from elongated-filiform rootstocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, 25-45 cm. high, 
 corymbosely branched above. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower petioled, 
 5-7 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, rough-margined, slightly scabrous above, sparingly 
 dentate, the upper narrower, sessile, entire; heads few, or sometimes solitary, about 
 3 cm. broad ; involucre turbinate-hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in 
 about 5 series, ciliate, but scarcely glandular, their green tips spreading; rays 15- 
 30, violet; pappus whitish; achenes nearly glabrous. In sandy or gravelly soil, 
 N. Car. and Ga. Reported from N. J. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 50. Aster gracilis Nutt. SLENDER OR TUBE ASTER. (I. F. f. 3782.) Stem 
 slender, finely puberulent and scabrous, corymbosely branched above, 3-4 dm. high. 
 Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish, 5-7 cm. 
 long, 8-16 mm. wide, dentate, narrowed into slender petioles; upper leaves linear, 
 linear-oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, entire, sessile or a little clasping; 
 heads usually numerous, 1 2-20 mm. broad; involucre narrowly turbinate, its bracts 
 coriaceous, glabrous or very nearly so, imbricated in about 5 series, their tips green 
 and spreading, obtusish; rays 9-15, violet, 6-9 mm. long; pappus nearly white; 
 achenes minutely pubescent. In dry sandy soil, N. J. to Ky., Tenn. and N. Car. 
 Rootstock tuberous thickened. July-Sept. 
 
FLORA. L 
 
 51. Aster Radula Ait. Low ROUGH ASTER. FILE-BLADE ASTER. (I. F. 
 
 3783.) Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, corymbosely branched near the sum. 
 mit, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, strongly pinnately veined, 5-7 cm. long, 
 6-25 mm. wide; heads several, or sometimes numerous, 25-35 mm. broad; involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts oblong or oblong- spatula te, coriaceous, appressed-pubes- 
 cent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green obtuse tips appressed; rays 20-30, violet, 
 8-12 mm. long; achenes glabrous, striate; pappus nearly white. In swamps, Del. 
 and southern Penn. to Newf. July- Sept. 
 
 Aster Rddula biflbrus (Michx.) Porter. Lower, very slender; heads 1-3; leaves nar 
 rower, less serrate or entire; involucral bracts, or some of them, acute. Mountains ot 
 N. Eng. to Labr. and Newf. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 52. Aster Herveyi A. Gray. HERVEY'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3784.) Stem 
 roughish, at least above, slender, simple or corymbosely branched, rarely panicu- 
 late, 3-9 dm. high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves firm, rough above, 
 pubescent on the veins beneath, the basal and lower ones on slender naked 
 petioles, ovate, with low usually distant teeth, acute, narrowed, rounded or rarely 
 cordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide; upper leaves sessile, or nar- 
 rowed into winged petioles, smaller, entire or nearly so; heads 25-35 mm. broad; 
 involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts appressed, or sometimes spreading, 
 densely glandular, oblong or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate; rays 15-25, violet, 
 10-14 mm - l n g; achenes minutely pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white. In 
 dry soil, eastern Mass., Conn, and R. I. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 53. Aster turbinellus Lindl. PRAIRIE ASTER. (I. F. f. 3785.) Stem 
 slender, paniculately branched, glabrous below, puberulent above, 6-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves firm, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or acuminate, 
 5-7 cm. long, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper sessile, those of the 
 branches much smaller; heads about 25 mm. broad, mostly solitary at the ends of 
 the branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous, obtuse, appressed, 
 imbricated in 5 or 6 series, their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20, 6-iomm. 
 long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, especially on 
 prairies, 111. to Mo., Kans., La. and Ark. Sept-Oct. 
 
 54. Aster Nebraskensis Britton. NEBRASKA ASTER. (I. F. f. 3786.) 
 Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the base, simple, or with a few short 
 nearly erect branches, very leafy, 4-7 dm. tall. Leaves thick, rather rigid, ascend- 
 ing, lanceolate to oblong -lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate base, acute or acumi- 
 nate at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; very rough on both sides, the mid. 
 vein prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure; heads few, terminating short 
 leafy branchlets, 25-30 mm. broad ; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, 
 about 6 mm. high, its bracts green, oblong, acute, imbricated in several series, the 
 outer quite foliaceous; rays purple, about 12 mm. long. Lake shores, central Neb, 
 Sept. 
 
 55. Aster Priceae Britton, n. sp. Miss PRICE'S ASTER. Stem pubescent, 
 widely branched, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 
 entire, petioled, 3-7 cm. long, the petioles ciliate, broad; stem-leaves linear-lance- 
 olate, sessile, ciliate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, those of the branches similar but 
 smaller; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, the 
 outer gradually acuminate, green, the inner a little broader, abruptly acuminate, 
 acute or obtusish; heads about 2 5 cm. broad; rays bright purple or pink. Ky. 
 and N. C. Type collected by Sadie F. Price near Bowling Green, Ky. Oct. 
 Similar to A. ericoides pilosus but with pink or purple rays. 
 
 56. Aster Kentuckiensis Britton, n. sp. KENTUCKY ASTER. Glabrous, over 
 3 dm. high, the numerous branches diverging. Upper leaves all linear-subulate, 
 1.5 cm. long or less, ascending, sessile, revolute-margined ; heads solitary at the 
 ends of the branchlets, about 2.5 cm. broad; rays pink or purple; involucre about 
 8 mm. high, its linear-subulate bracts all gradually acuminate, much resembling 
 the upper leaves. Near Bowling Green, Ky., Sadie F. Price, Oct., 1898. 
 
 57. Aster paludosus. Ait. SOUTHERN SWAMP ASTER. (I. F. f. 3787.) 
 Stem roughish, or rough-pubescent, slender, simple, or somewhat branched above, 
 3-7 dm. high. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous, the margins rough or ciliate, rathei 
 
COMPOSITAE. 961 
 
 rigid, 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, mostly i-nerved, acute, the lower part com- 
 monly sheathing the stem; heads few or several, racemose or paniculate, 3.55 cm. 
 broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 
 5 series, foliaceous, ciliate, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong or spatu- 
 late; rays 20-30, deep violet, 10-14 mm. long, pappus tawny; achenes 8-io-nerved, 
 glabrous or nearly so. Swamps, Kans. and Mo. to Tex., N. C. and Fla. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 58. Aster nemoraiis Ait. BOG ASTER. (I. F. f. 3788.) Stem puberulent, 
 slender, simple, or corymbosely branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, 
 membranous, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent or 
 puberulent on both sides, dentate or entire, 2-5 cm. long. 3-8 mm. wide, margins 
 often re volute; heads several, or solitary, 25-35 mm - broad, the peduncles slender; 
 involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, 
 imbricated in alxmt 3 series; rays 15-25, light violet-purple to rose-pink; achenes 
 glandular-pubescent; pappus white. In sandy bogs, N. J. to northern N. Y., Ont., 
 Newf. and iiudson Bay. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Aster nemorilis Blakei Porter. Stems 3-7 dm. high, ascending, leafy from the 
 base; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, remotely and sharply 
 dentate, or nearly entire-, heads rather few, sometimes solitary. Me., N. H. and north- 
 ern N. Y. Forms; resemble the following species. 
 
 59. Aster aciiminatus Michx. WHORLED OR MOUNTAIN ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3789.) Stem pubescent or puberulent. zigzag, corymbosely branched, often leafless 
 below. 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acuminate at the apex, nar- 
 rowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile base, sharply and coarsely dentate, pinnately 
 veined, glabrous or puoescent above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 7-15 
 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, often approximate above, and appearing whorled; heads 
 several or numerous, 25-37 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts 
 subulate-linear, acuminate, the outer much shorter; rays 12-18. narrow. 1216 mm. 
 long, white or purplish; pappus soft, fine, nearly white; achenes pubescent. 
 Moist woods, Lab. to Ont., western I 1 *!. Y., and in the mountains to Ga. July-Oct. 
 
 60. Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. UPLAND WHITE ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3790.) Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually rough above, corymbosely branched 
 near the summit, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, entire, or 
 with a few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-margined or ciliate, sometimes sca- 
 brous, acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, the lowest and basal 
 ones 7-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm, wide, the upper smaller, those of the branches linear- 
 subulate; heads not numerous, 16-2 S mm. broad, terminating the branches of the 
 corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, appressed, nearly glabrous, green, imbricated in about 4 series; rays 10-20, 
 snow-white, 6-8 mm. long; pappus white; achenes glabrous. In dry or rocky 
 *>il, Mass., Vt. and Ont., to the N. W. Terr., 111., Mo. and Colo. July-Sept. 
 
 Aster ptarmicoides lutdscens (Hook.) A. Gray. Rays pale yellow, short; involucre 
 narrower. Northern 111, to the N. W. Terr. 
 
 61. Aster dumosus L. BUSHY ASTER. RICE BUTTON ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3791.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, paniculately much branched, 3-9 
 dm. high. Leaves firm, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, 
 or obtusish, 2-7 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, roughish-margined, often reflexed, those 
 of the branches very numerous, small and bract like, the basal ones spatulate, 
 dentate; heads 8-14 mm. broad, terminating the usually divergent slender branches 
 and branchlets, usually numerous; involucre broadly campanulute, its bracts linear- 
 subulate, obtuse or acutish, appressed. imbricated in about 4 series, green-tipped, 
 rays 15-30, white to pale violet, 4 mm. long, pappus white; achenes minutely 
 pubescent. Sandy soil, Me. to western N. Y., Ont., Fla., La. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Aster dum&sus coridifblius (Michx.) T. & G. More rigid and stouter; branchlets 
 elongated; bracts of the involucre coriaceous: leaves of the branches small and numer- 
 ous, very close, divergent. Pine-barrens, Martha's Vineyard to Fla. 
 
 Aster dumbsus strictior T. & G. Stem sparingly branched, the branches ascending, 
 terminated by rather larger heads ; leaves sessile by a broad ba^e, acuminate, mostly 
 quite entire. Swamps, Mass, to N. J., Penn. and Md. 
 
 62. Aster Gravesii Burgess, n.sp. GRAVES' ASTER. Glabrous; stem slender, 
 6 dm. high or more. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, firm, sessile, or the 
 
962 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 lower petioled. acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, roughish-margined, 
 the larger about 7.5 cm. long; branches very slender, recurved, bearing few or 
 solitary heads, clothed with leaves 1-2 cm. long, the uppermost leaves very small 
 and bract-like; involucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, greenish- 
 tipped; heads nearly 2.5 cm. broad, the rays purple. In dry woods, \Vaterford, 
 Conn., C. B. Graves. Sept. 
 
 63. Aster salicifolius Lam. WILLOW ASTER. (I. F. f. 3792.) Stem rather 
 slender, paniculately much branched, usually very leafy, 6-15 dm. high, glabrous, 
 or somewhat pubescent above. Leaves iirm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rough- 
 margined, acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile or slightly clasping at the 
 base, entire or sparingly dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, 5-10 cm. 
 long. 4-12 mm. wide, the lowest sometimes petioled, those of the branches grad- 
 ually smaller; heads numerous, 16-25 mm - broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its 
 bracts linear-oblong, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their green tips acute 
 or obtusish; rays numerous, violet, or violet-purple, or sometimes white, 6-8 mm. 
 long; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to 
 Mass, and Fla., west to Mont., Mo. and Tex. Intergrades wilh A. paniculatus. 
 Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Aster salicif61ius subdsper (Lindl.) A. Gray. Stem scabrous; leaves more or less so< 
 Ind. to Mo. and Tex. 
 
 Aster salicifolius stenoph^llus (Lindl.) Burgess. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, 
 small, those of the branches numerous and minute; bracts of the involucre linear-subu j 
 late. Southern N. Y. and eastern Penn. to Va. 
 
 64. Aster paniculatus Lam. TALL WHITE OR PANICLED ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3793.) Stem glabrous or nearly so, paniculately much branched, 6 25 dm. high. 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a ses- 
 sile or slightly clasping base, glabrous, usually thin, roughish-margined, those of 
 the stem sparingly serrate in the middle, or sometimes very nearly entire, 7-15 cm. 
 long, 6-12 mm. wide, the upper and those of the branches gradually smaller, heads 
 numerous, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high, it.' 
 bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, green tipped, 
 imbricated in 4 or 5 series; rays numerous, white, or faintly tinged with violet, 
 6-8 mm. long; pappus white or nearly so; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist 
 soil, N. B. to western Ont. and Mont., south to N. J., Va., Ky., La. and Kans. 
 Aug. Oct. 
 
 Aster paniculatus bellidifl&rus (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate 
 at both ends, entire, or remotely appressed serrate, chiefly locm. long and 7 cm. wide, of 
 less; heads numerous, rather densely clustered on the ascending branches of the large 
 panicle. In moist or wet soil, in open situations, N. B. to western Ont., N. Car., Mo, 
 and Kans. 
 
 Aster paniculatus simplex (Willd.) Burgess. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceo- 
 late, thin, long-acuminate at both ends, the larger often 2 dm. long and 25 mm. wide, 
 sparingly serrate with low teeth; inflorescence leafy, the heads less showy than in the pre- 
 ceding. In shaded moist places, Mass, to Ohio, Va. and Ky. 
 
 Aster paniculatus acutidens Burgess. Leaves oblong lanceolate, the larger often 
 15 cm. long by 3 cm. wide, very sharply serrate, at least above the middle; branches 
 often very short, sometimes elongated. Along streams and ditches, Conn, to Va., Ohio 
 and Kans. 
 
 Aster paniculatus cinerdscens Fernald. From Maine, is described as cinerous-hir- 
 sute, a character otherwise unknown in this species. 
 
 65. Aster Missouriensis Britton. MISSOURI ASTER. (I. F. f. 3794.) Stem 
 densely puberulent or pubescent, at least above, much branched, 6 dm. high or 
 more. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to oblai ceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply 
 serrate above the middle, gradually tapering to an entire sessile or slightly clasping 
 base, or the lower petioled, puberulent above, finely pubescent beneath, the larger 
 7-10 cm. long, the upper much smaller, entire; heads 12-16 mm.-broad, panicled, 
 short-peduncled. or terminating short leafy branch lets, sometimes somewhat 
 secund; involucre 4-6 mm. high, its linear acute bracts well imbricated, ciliate or 
 pubescent; rays white. In moist soil. Kans. and Mo. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 66. Aster Trade~canti L. TKADKSCANT'S ASTER. MICHAELMAS DAISY. 
 (I. F. f. 3795.) Stem slender, paniculately branched. 6-15 dm. high, the branches 
 usually ascending and often pubescent in lines. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or 
 
COMPOSITAE. 963 
 
 lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, 7-15 cm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, 
 glabrous or nearly so on both sides, commonly thin, sharply serrate in the middle 
 with low teeth, or sometimes entire; heads very numerous, racemose but not 
 secund on the branches, 10-16 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric to broadly tur- 
 binate, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated 
 in 4 or 5 series; rays white or nearly so. numerous, 4-6 mm. long; pappus white; 
 achenes minutely pubescent. In fields and swamps, Ont. to Va., west to the N. W. 
 Terr., 111. and Minn. Extends to Fla. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 67. Aster Faxoni Porter. FAXON'S ASTER. (I. F. f. 3796.) Glabrous 
 throughout; stem paniculately or corymbosely branched, rather stout, 6-15 dm. 
 high. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed 
 to a sessile base, or the lower into margined petioles, entire or nearly so, firm, 
 5-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, those of the branches gradually smaller; basal 
 leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, dentate; heads not very numerous, 12-18 mm. 
 broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 8 mm. high, its bracts linear- lanceolate, 
 acute or subulate, green-tipped or green on the back, imbricated in about 3 series, 
 the outer shorter; rays bright white, 6-8 mm. long, numerous; pappus white; 
 achenes minutely pubescent. On moist cliffs, Vt. and Mass, to Perm., west to 
 Wis.(?), south to N. Car. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 68. Aster ericoides L. WHITE HEATH ASTER. FROST-WEED ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3797.) Stem glabrous or very nearly so. paniculately branched, usually 
 bushy, 3-9 dm. high, the branches racemose, and the branchlets often somewhat 
 secund. Leaves firm or rigid, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, dentate, narrowed 
 into margined petioles, glabrous or ciliate; stem-leaves narrowly linear, acute, en- 
 tire, 2-7 cm. long. 2-6 mm. wide, those of the branches linear-subulate, numerous; 
 heads usually very numerous, 8-12 mm. broad; involucre campanulate to hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts coriaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or 
 acuminate, green-tipped, imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, white, or tinged 
 with rose; pappus white; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to 
 Fla., west to Wis. and Ky. Sept.-Dec. 
 
 Aster ericoides pi!6sus (Willd.) Porter. Stem, branches and often the leaves villous- 
 hirsute or hispid ; leaves linear-lanceolate. W. Ont. to Penn. and Ga., west to Minn, and 
 Mo. 
 
 Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G. Densely villous-hirsute; stem-leaves lanceolate 
 or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide. Ind. to N. Car. and Ga. 
 
 Aster ericoides depauperktus Porter. Glabrous, very slender, 15-30 cm. high; stem- 
 leaves and those of the branches linear or subulate. S. Penn. and W. Va. 
 
 Aster ericoides Rdndi Britton. Low, stout, glabrous, seldom over 3 dm. high, corym- 
 bosely or somewhat racemosely branched above, often bushy; stem-leaves elongated, 
 sometimes 6 mm. wide; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, entire; heads numerous, larger 
 than in the type, sometimes over 25 mm. broad; rays white to violet; bracts of the in- 
 volucre greener than in the type. Perhaps a distinct species. Mt. Desert Island, Me. 
 
 Aster ericoides parviceps Burgess. More or less pilose ; stem strict, erect, about 3 
 dm. high, usually bushy, branched above, the branches mostly short; leaves narrowly 
 linear, ascending, with short leafy branches in their axils ; heads numerous, crowded, 
 6-8 mm. broad, somewhat secund; involucre 1-4 mm^ high; leaves of the branches reduced 
 to small scales. Prairies, 111. and Mo. 
 
 69. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray.) Britton. PRINGLE'S ASTER. (IF. f. 3798.) 
 Stem very slender, glabrous, simple, or with few or numerous slender ascending 
 branches, not bushy, 1.5-6 dm. high. Basal leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblan ceo- 
 late, 5-15 cm. long, 412 mm. wide, entire, or slightly toothed, ciliate and some- 
 times a little pubescent, at least on the slender petioles, which are often as long as 
 the blades; stem-leaves narrowly linear, those of the branches small and subulate; 
 heads as large as those oiA. ericoides, or commonly smaller, usually fewer, solitary 
 at the ends of the branches and branchlets; bracts of the campanulate involucre 
 with short green tips; rays white. On banks, especially in rocky places, Me. to 
 Mass., Vt. and Wis. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 70. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. STARVED ASTER. CALICO ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3799.) Stem puberulent or nearly glabrous, slender, divergently branched, 
 3-15 dm. high. Basal leaves ovate, slender-petioled; stem-leaves broadly lanceo- 
 late or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate, 5-12 cm. long, 12-25 mm - 
 wide, those of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-oblong; heads 6-iomm. broad, 
 
9 6 4 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 racemosely unilateral on the branches, short-peduncleil or sessile, usually numerous 
 and crowded; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, imbri- 
 cated in about 4 series, their short green tips appressed or slightly spreading; rays 
 numerous, short, white or pale purple; disk-flowers purple; pappus white; achenes 
 minutely pubescent. In dry or moist soil, N. S. to western Ont., south to N. Car., 
 La. and Tex. Called in Maryland Rosemary. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Aster lateriflbrus glomerellus (T. & G.) Burgess. Chiefly unbranched, with thehabr 
 of Solidago caesia ; leaves hispidulous above, oblong-lanceolate, dull green, the teeth very 
 sharp and straight ; heads glomerate in the axils, often somewhat spicate toward the sum- 
 mit of the plant, sometimes also on short branches. In deep woods, N. Y. to Va. 
 
 Aster lateriflbrus thyrs6ideus (A. Gray) Sheldon. Ashy-pubescent; leaves ovate to 
 lanceolate; branches ascending, rather stiff, mostly short; heads usually densely thyrsoid- 
 paniculate, less markedly secund than in the type. Me. to N. Y., Ont. and 111. 
 
 Aster lateriflorus grandis Porter. Taller and larger-leaved than the type, the branches 
 spreading; leaves lanceolate, sometimes 15 cm. long and nearly 25 mm. wide; heads mostly 
 larger, rather loosely paniculate. In shaded places, southern N. Y. to Ky. and 111. 
 
 Aster lateriflorus p^ndulus (Ait.) Burgess. Leaves linear-elliptic, conspicuously 
 drooping, remotely appressed-serrulate, often with narrowly margined petioles, rough ish 
 when dry; branches long, slender, often pendulous; heads long-peduncled; rays and 
 bracts often purple-tinged. In thickets, N. Y. to Va. 
 
 Aster Iaterifl6rus horizonUlis (Desf .) Burgess. Branches long, slender, widely spread- 
 ing; leaves firm, those of the branches very small, mostly entire; heads very numerous; 
 rays rather large. Southern N. Y. to Va. 
 
 71. Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. HAIRY-STEMMED ASTER. (I. F. f. 3800.) 
 Stem slender, erect, 4-9 dm. high, pubescent, nearly or quite to the base, the usually 
 short branches spreading or ascending. Leaves thin, glabrous above, usually pubes- 
 cent on the midvein beneath, serrate with a few appressed teeth, or entire, linear- 
 lanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes 15 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, sessile, or the basal 
 ones spatulate and petioled ; heads more or less secund on the branches, densely or 
 loosely clustered, often also solitary or few in the lower axils; bracts of the involucre 
 in 3 or 4 series, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or acute; rays white, about 4 mm. 
 long. In woods and thickets, Me. to N. Y., Penn. and Ky. 
 
 72. Aster vimineus Lam. SMALL WHITE ASTER'. (I. F. f. 3801.) Gla- 
 brous or nearly so; stem slender, divergently branched, 6-15 dm. high. Stem- 
 leaves linear- lanceolate, entire, or with a few low teeth, 7-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. 
 wide, acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, those of the branches much smaller; 
 heads very numerous, 6-IO mm. broad, 4-6 mm. high, generally densely racemose - 
 secund, short-peduncled; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear, acute or 
 acutish, green-tipped, appressed; rays numerous, about 4 mm. long, white; pappus 
 white; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist soil, Ont. to Mass.. Fla., Minn., 
 Kans. and Ark. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 Aster vimfneus foliolfcsus (Ait.) A. Gray. Branches ascending, very leafy; heads 
 paniculate, scarcely secund, less densely clustered. Mass, to Va., III. and Mo. 
 
 Aster vimfneus Columbiinus Britton. Minutely pubescent, 6-12 dm. high, the slender 
 branches ascending; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, those of the stem deflexed; heads 
 about 25 mm. broad; rays red-purple. Perhaps a distinct species. D. C. to N. Y. 
 
 Aster vimfneus saxatilis Fernald. Low, 1.5-6 dm. high, the leaf y-bi act eate branches 
 bearing few or solitary heads, 1-1.5 cm - broad; stem-leaves sometimes slightly clasping at 
 the base. Shores and banks, Me., Vt. and Quebec. Perhaps not properly referred to 
 this species. 
 
 73. Aster multifldrus Ait. DENSE-FLOWERED ASTER. WHITE W T REATH 
 ASTER. (I. F. f. 3802.) Stem strict, much branched and bushy, grayish-strigose, 
 3-20 dm. high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves rigid, linear or 
 linear-oblong, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, 
 strigose or glabrate, those of the stem 1-2.5 cm. long, those of the branches very 
 small and crowded; heads 6-8 mm. broad, densely crowded, nearly sessile; 
 involucre turbinate, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts coriaceous, pubescent, in 3 or 4 
 series, their short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading; rays IO-2O, white, 
 3-4 mm. long; pappus brownish white; achenes puberulent. In dry open places, 
 Me. and Ont. to S. Dak., Ga., Tex., Ariz, and Mex. Aug.-Nov. 
 
 74. Aster exiguus (Fernald) Rydb. CILIATE-LEAVED ASTER. Stem much 
 branched and bushy, 3-10 dm. high, rough-pubescent with short divaricate hairs; 
 
COMPOSITAE. ' 965 
 
 branches spreading, often secund ; leaves as in the preceding, but more pubescent, 
 with spreading hairs, ciliate; heads as in the preceding, but usually on shorter 
 branchlets; bracts broader with a thick, broad, oval or obovate green portion, 
 hispid and ciliate. On prairies, plains and other open places, Vt. and Pa. to 
 Wash., Tex. and Ariz. Rare in the East. Aug. -Nov. - [A. ciliatus Muhl., not 
 Walt; A. multiflorus var. exiguus Fernald.] 
 
 75. Aster commutatus Torr. & Gray. WHITE PRAIRIE ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3803.) Similar to the two preceding species, except in the inflorescence, the stem 
 rough-pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous, 4-7 dm. high, with ascending or 
 divergent branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile or slightly 
 clasping at the base, those of the stem 2-7 cm. long; heads larger than those of A. 
 multiflorus, 12-16 mm. broad ; involucre 6-8 mm. high, its bracts squarrose-tipped 
 and sometimes foliaceous; rays 20-30, about 6 mm. long. On prairies and along 
 rivers, N. W. Terr, to western Neb., Tex., Ore., Utah and N. Mex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 76. Aster tenuifoiius L. PERENNIAL SALT-MARSH ASTER. (I. F. f. 3804.) 
 Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous, striate, at least when dry, sparingly 
 and loosely branched, 3-6 dm. high. Stem-leaves linear, entire, acute, sessile or 
 partly clasping at the base, the lowest lanceolate-linear, 5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. 
 wide, those of the branches minute, bract-like, appressed; heads rather few. 12- 
 25 mm. broad, terminating the branches; involucre turbinate, about 8 mm. high, 
 its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mucronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, 
 appressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer shorter; rays numerous, longer 
 than the pappus, pale purple or nearly white; pappus tawny; achenes hispid-pubes- 
 cent, 5-nerved. In salt marshes, coast of Mass, to Fla. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 77. Aster exilis Ell. SLIM ASTER. (I. F. f. 3805.) Annual, glabrous, fleshy; 
 stem slender, usually much branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves 
 linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, 2-5 m:ii. wide, entire, sessile, acute or 
 acuminate, or the lowest narrowly oblong, 6-8 mm. wide and petioled, those of the 
 branches subulate; heads numerous, panicled, about I cm. broad ; involucre cam- 
 panulate, about 6 mm. high, its bracts linear-subulate, appressed, imbricated in 3 
 or 4 series; rays purplish, abaut 4 mm. long, mostly fewer than the disk flowers, 
 longer than the pappus; ac!ien;s soinewvat pubescent. In moist or wet soil, 
 especially in saline situations, Kins, to Tex., S. Car. and Fla. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 78. Aster subulatus Michx. ANNUAL SALT-MARSH ASTER. (I. F. f. 3806.) 
 Annual, glabrous and fleshy ; ste.n paniculately branched, flexuous above, 3-18 dm. 
 high, slightly angled, sometimes 25 mm. in diameter at the base, but usually 
 s nailer. Stem-leaves Linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile by a broad or slightly 
 clasping base, 5-25 cm. lon, 2-16 mm. wide, those of the branches very small 
 and subulate; heads numerous, 6-IO mm. broad; involucre campanulate, or at 
 length hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear-subulate, green, imbricated in 
 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly 
 white pappus, more numerous than the disk flowers; achenes compressed, minutely 
 pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla. Aug.-Nov. 
 
 32. LEUCELENE Greene. 
 
 Low perennial herbs, with much branched leafy stems, sessile, rather rigid, 
 narrow entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, 
 solitary at the ends of the numerous slender branchlets. Involucre turbinate. its 
 bracts well imbricated. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnel- 
 form, 5 -toothed. Ray -flowers numerous, white, or drying red to rose, pistillate. 
 Style appendages acutish. Achenes elongated, flattened, hispidulous. Pappus a 
 single series of slender rou^h white bristles [Greek, referring to the white disk.] 
 One species, or more, native of the southwestern States and Mexico. 
 
 I. Leucelena ericoldes iTorr. ) Greene. ROSK HEATH ASTER. (I. F. f. 
 3807.) Stems tufted from deep woody roots, corymbosely much branched, 
 7-30 cm. high, hispid or scabrous, the branches erect or diffuse. Leaves hispid- 
 ciliate, erect, or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronulate, the lower and basal 
 ones spatulate, 6-12 mm. long, tapering into short petioles, the upper sessile, linear 
 or linear-spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 10-16 mm. broad; bracts lan- 
 ceolate, appressed, scarious margined, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, rays 12-15, 
 
966 
 
 FLORA, 
 
 white to rose, 4-8 mm. long. In dry soil, western Neb. to Kans., Tex. and Mex., 
 west to Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. 
 
 Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire 
 leaves, and small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate 
 purplish flowers. Involucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few, perfect, 
 their narrow corollas 4-5 -toothed; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or 
 more, and more numerous than the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays 
 very short, or none. Achenes 2 3-nerved, slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus 
 a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek, short rays.] About 5 species, 
 natives of western N. Am. and northern Asia. 
 
 i. Brachyactis angustus (Lindl.) Britton. RAYLESS ASTER. (I, F. f. 
 3808.) Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least above, 1.5-6 dm. high, striate, 
 at least when dry. Leaves linear, fleshy, ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, ses- 
 sile by a rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatulate; heads 8-12 mm. 
 broad; involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 4-6 mm. high, its bracts linear 
 or linear-oblong, somewhat foliaceous, green, acute or obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 
 series, glabrous or slightly ciliate, nearly equal; rays none or rudimentary; pappus 
 soft and copious. In wet saline soil, or .sometimes in waste places, Minn, to the 
 N. W. Terr., Utah and Colo. Found also about Chicago. July-Sept. 
 
 34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees. 
 
 Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leafy stems, alternate, 
 mostly serrate or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and 
 large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of 
 imbricated canescent or glandular bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or 
 appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli usually toothed or lacerate. Ray- 
 flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate. Disk flowers perfect, their 
 corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown; anthers exserted, 
 appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to lanceo- 
 late. Achenes turbinate. narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numerous stiff 
 rough unequal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther.] About 15 species, natives of west- 
 ern N. Am. 
 
 Annual or biennial; leaves pinnatifid. I. j/. tanacetifoha. 
 
 Perennial or biennial ; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessiliflora. 
 
 1. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H. B. K.) Nees. TANSY ASTER. DAG- 
 GER-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3809.) Annual or biennial; stem glandular-pubescent, 
 often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and bushy, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ses- 
 sile or short petioled, pubescent, the lowest 27 cm. long, 2-3-pinnatifid, their 
 lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucronate, the upper pinnatifid, those of the 
 branches sometimes entire : heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 3-5 cm. broad; 
 involucre hemispheric, 8-12 mm. high, its bracts linear, glandular, imbricated in 
 5-7 series; rays 15-25, 10-16 mm. long, achenes villous. In dry soil, Neb. to Tex. 
 and Mex., west to Cal. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora (Nutt.) Greene. VISCID ASTER. (I. F. 
 f. 3810.) Stem usually stout, finely rough-pubescent or canescent, branched, and 
 viscid-glandular above, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest 
 spatulate, sessile, sharply incised-dentate, the larger 2-7 cm. long, the teeth bristle- 
 tipped; heads numerous, racemose, or corymbose above. 25-37 mm. broad, the 
 lower often nearly sessile; involucre broadly turbinate or hemispheric, 8-12 mm. 
 high, its bracts acute, imbricated in 6-IO series; rays 8-12 mm. lonq; achenes 
 narrow, appressed-pubescent. In dry soil, central and western Neb. July-Oct. 
 
 35. ERIGERON L. 
 
 Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, 
 paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubu- 
 lar) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts .arrow, nearly 
 equal, imbricated in but I or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly flat, usually 
 naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple, pistillate. Disk- 
 
COMPOSITAE. 9 6 7 
 
 flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-Iobed. Anthers obtuse and 
 entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their appendages short, 
 mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles 
 fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in I series, or often an additional outer 
 shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus. ] A genus of 
 some 130 species, of wide distribution. In addition to the following, about 60 ' 
 others occur in southern and western N. Am. 
 
 * Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk. 
 t Stem 2-25 cm. high, simple, leafy ; head solitary; involucre woolly. 
 
 i. E. uniflorus. 
 1 1 Stem 1-9 dm. high, leafy, usually branched; involucre hirsute or glabrous. 
 
 i. Roots perennial, thick and woody. 
 
 Heads 25-50 mm. broad ; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate. 
 Rays violet or purple; stem-leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong. 
 
 Stem-leaves linear lanceolate, the upper much smaller. 2. E. asper 
 Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. 3. E. subtrinervis. 
 Rays mostly white; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. E. caespitosus. 
 
 Heads 12-25 mm - broad; leaves linear. 
 
 Plants hirsute or canescent; pappus double; western species. 
 
 Stem hirsute; achenes pubescent; flowers white. 5. E. pumilus. 
 
 Stem appressed -canescent; achenes glabrous; flowers purple or white. 
 
 6. E. can us. 
 
 Plant nearly glabrous; pappus simple; northern. 7. E. hyssopifolius. 
 
 2. Perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons. 
 
 8. E.flagellaris. 
 
 3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous; plants often perennial by offsets. 
 Heads 25-37 mm. broad, few; stem simple ; eastern. 9. E. pulchellus. 
 
 Heads 12-25 mm. broad, numerous; stem branched. 
 Rays 100-150, narrow, mostly purple or violet. 
 
 Pappus simple; plant erect, corymbosely branched. 10. E, Philadelphicus. 
 
 Pappus double; plant diffusely branched, western. n. E. divcrgens. 
 
 Rays much less numerous, purplish or white. 
 
 Plants 1.5-3 dm. high, diffuse, western; pappus simple. 12. E. Bellidiastrum. 
 Plants 3-10 dm. high, erect, corymbosely branched; pappus double. 
 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 13. E. annuus. 
 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire. 
 
 14. E. ramosus. 
 f f t Stem leafless or nearly so ; heads 12 mm. broad, corymbose. 
 
 15. E. vernus. 
 
 * * Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of 
 
 rays. 16. E. acris. 
 
 1. Erigeron uniflorus L. ARCTIC ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3811.) Perennial 
 by short branching rootstocks; stems slender, single or tufted, more or less pubes- 
 cent, simple, erect. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long; 
 stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire; head solitary, pedun- 
 cled, 12-25 mm. broad; rays about 100, purple or purplish, 4-8 mm. long; bracts 
 linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously woolly ; pappus simple. Lab. and arctic Am. 
 to Alaska. Rocky Mts. specimens referred to this species belong to E. simplex. 
 Also in Europe. Summer. 
 
 2. Erigeron asper Nutt. ROUGH ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3812.) Stem sim- 
 ple, or branched above, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute, 1.5-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 
 5-10 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem-leaves 
 oblong-lanceolute or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads 
 several or solitary, slender peduncled, 2-5 cm. broad; bracts linear, acute, hirsute 
 or pubescent; rays 100-150, very narrow, violet, purple, or nearly white, 8-14 mm. 
 long; pappus double, the outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner. In 
 dry soil, Minn, to Neb., west to the N. W. Terr., Utah and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydberg. THREE-NERVED FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 
 3813.) Similar to the preceding species, finely pubescent. Stems leafy to the 
 inflorescence; leaves entire, thin, the basal and lower ones oblanceolate to oblong, 
 obtuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or some- 
 what clasping, acute, rather distinctly 3-nerved; heads 25-37 mm. broad, corym- 
 bose, or rarely solitary; rays numerous, blue to pink; pappus double, the outer 
 bristles very short. S. Dak. to Neb. and Utah. 
 
968 _C"* FLORA* 
 
 4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. TUFTED ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3814.) btems 
 tufted, canescent, simple, or branched above, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves canescent 
 or pubescent, entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate or 
 spatulate, 2-7 cm. long; heads solitary or several, short-peduncled, 25-37 mm. 
 broad; bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, canescent; rays 40-60, 6-12 mm. 
 long, white or pinkish; pappus double, the outer series of bristles very short. In 
 dry soil, Manitoba and the N. W. Terr, to Neb., N. Mex. and Cal. June -Aug. 
 
 5. Erigeron pumil us Nutt. Low ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3815.) Stems tufted, 
 slender, simple, or branched, 1-2.5 dm. high. Leaves entire, hirsute, the lower 
 and basal ones narrowly spatulate or linear, petioled, 2-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide; stem-leaves linear; heads 12-20 mm. broad, short-peduncled; bracts linear, 
 acute, hirsute; rays 50-80, white, 6-8 mm. long, at length deflexed; pappus 
 double, the outer row of bristles short and more or less intermixed with the inner; 
 achenes pubescent. Dry plains, S. Dak. to N. W. Terr., western Kans., Br. Col. 
 and Utah. May-Sept. 
 
 6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. HOARY ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3816.) Stems 
 slender, erect, tufted, 15^25 cm. high, simple, or branched above. Leaves nar- 
 row, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones narrowly spatulate, petioled, 5-10 
 cm. long, the upper linear, sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2- 
 4, 12-15 mm - broad; bracts linear, acute, densely canescent; rays 40-50, purple 
 or white, 4-6 mm. long; pappus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicu- 
 ous. In dry soil, S. Dak. to western Neb., Wyo., Colo, and N. Mex. June- Aug. 
 
 7. Erigeron hyssopifoliusMichx. HYSSOP LEAVED ERIGERON. (I. F. f. 3817.) 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tuited or single, very slender, simple or 
 branched, glabrous or very nearly so, 10-35 cm. high. Leaves narrow, thin, the 
 basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, 2-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
 wide, the upper linear or linear-oblong, acute, heads solitary or several, slender- 
 peduncled. 10-15 mm. broad; bracts linear- lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; rays 
 20-30, white or purplish, 4-6 mm. long; pappus simple. On moist cliffs, Newf. to 
 Vt., the N. W. Terr, and Lake Superior. July- Aug. 
 
 8. Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray. RUNNING FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3818.) 
 Appressed-pubescent, sometimes densely so. Stem slender, branched, the branches 
 elongated; leaves entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, obtuse or 
 acute, 2-5 cm. long, narrowed into long petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear- 
 spatulate, much smaller; peduncles solitary, elongated; heads about 25 mm. broad 
 and 6 mm. high; rays very numerous, white to pink; pappus double, the outer 
 series of subulate bristles. In moist soil, S. Dak. to Colo., Utah, Tex. and N. Mex. 
 May-July. 
 
 9. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. ROBIN'S OR POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. (I. 
 F. f. 3819.) Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous pubescent; stems simple, 
 slender, 2.5-6 dm. high. Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obovate, somewhat 
 cuneate at the base, narrowed into short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex, 2- 
 7 cm long, 1-5 cm. wide, dentate or serrate; stem-leaves sessile, partly clasping, 
 oblong, lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute, entire, or sparingly serrate; heads 1-6, 
 slender-peduncled, bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays numerous, violet or 
 purplish, 8-14 mm. long; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus simple. On hills and 
 banks, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and La. April-June. 
 
 10. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE. SKEVISH. 
 (I. F. f. 3820.) Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubescent or sometimes 
 nearly glabrous; stems slender, mostly branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and 
 lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 2-7 cm. long, narrowed into 
 short petioles; upper stem-leaves clasping and often cordate at the base ; heads 
 several or numerous, corymbose-paniculate, 10-25 mm - broad, slender-peduncled; 
 bracts linear, usually scarious-margined; achenes puberulent. In fields and woods, 
 throughout N. Am., except the extreme north, but locally rare. April-Aug. 
 
 11. Erigeron divergens T. & G. SPREADING FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3821.) 
 Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 15-37 cm. high, densely cinereous- 
 pubescent or hirsute. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or 
 obtuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, 2-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, 
 the upper sessile, linear or narrowly spatulate, usually acute, gradually smaller; 
 beads 16-25 mm> broad; bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent; rays about 100, 
 
COMPOS! TA E. 969 
 
 purplish, violet or nearly white, 4-8 mm. long; pappus double, the short outer 
 row of bristles subulate. In moist soil, Mont, to Neb., Tex., Mex., Wash, and 
 Cal. April-Sept. 
 
 12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. WESTERN DAISY FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 
 3822.) Annual, much branched, cinereous-pubescent throughout. Leaves entire, 
 linear- spatulate, the lower and basal petioled, 2-4 cm. long, the upper sessile and 
 smaller; heads several, or numerous, 10-16 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, 
 about 4 mm. high, its bracts linear, hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, white or purplish, 
 about 4 mm. long; pappus a single series of capillary bristles. In moist soil, Neb. 
 and Kans. to Tex. May-July. 
 
 13 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. SWEET SCABIOUS. DAISY FLEABANE. (I. 
 F. f. 3823.) Annual, sparingly pubescent, with spreading hairs; stem erect, 
 corymbosely branched. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lance- 
 olate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, 
 the upper sessile or short-petioled. lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate; heads 
 rather numerous, 10-14 nim. broad; bracts somewhat hispid; rays 4070, linear, 
 white, or commonly tinged with purple, 4-8 mm. long; pappus double, the inner a 
 series of slender fragile deciduous bristles, often wanting in the ray-flowers, the 
 outer a persistent series of short, partly united, slender scales. In fields, N. S. to 
 the N. W. Terr., south to Va., Ky., Kans. and Mo. Nat. in Europe. May-Nov. 
 
 14. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. DAISY FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3824.) 
 Resembles the preceding species, but is usually lower and the pubescence more 
 appressed. Stem- leaves linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate, nearly all of them 
 entire; basal and lowest spatulate or oblong, usually serrate; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre glabrous or nearly so; pappus similar to that of the preceding; rays white, 
 or sometimes purplish, occasionally minute or wanting. In fields, N. S. to the 
 N. W. Terr., south to Fla., La. and Tex. May-Nov. 
 
 Erigeron ramosus Beyrfchii (F. & M.) Smith & Pound. Stem more slender; leaves 
 narrower ; heads smaller ; pubescence minute. Ga. to Neb. and Tex. 
 
 15. Erigeron vernus (L.) T. & G. EARLY FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3825.) 
 
 Perennial by stolons and offsets; stem slender, simple or branched above, glabrous, 
 or the branches pubescent, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves mainly in a basal rosette, 
 glabrous, obovate, oval or spa', ulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 5-10 cm. 
 long, narrowed into margine.l petioles; stem-leaves mostly reduced to subulate- 
 lanceolate scales; heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about I cm. broad; 
 rays 20-30, white or pink, 4 6 mm. long; pappus simple; achenes usually 4- 
 nerved. In marshes and moist soil, Va. to Fla. and La. April-May. 
 
 16. Erigeron acris L. Bl UE OR BITTER FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3826.) Bien- 
 nial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent, slender, simple, or branched above, 1.5- 
 4.5 dm. high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the basal and lower ones 
 spatulate, mostly obtuse, 2-7 cm, long, petioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or 
 oblanceolate, obtuse or acutisl;, sessile, shorter; heads several or numerous, race- 
 mose or paniculate, peduncled, 10-12 mm. broad; bracts linear, hirsute; rays 
 numerous, purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish pappus; tubular 
 pistillate flowers numerous ; pappus simple or nearly so, copious. Lab. to Br. Col., 
 south in the' Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 Erigeron icris Droebachi&nus (O F. Mueller) Blytt. Usually taller and less pubes- 
 cent, or glabrate; involucre nearly glabrous. N. B. to western Ont., Alaska, Br. Col. and 
 Colo. Also in Europe. 
 
 Erigeron &cris dt^bilis A. Gray. Slightly pilose-pubescent, very slender; heads few. 
 Range of the last. 
 
 36. LEPTILON Raf. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads of 
 white flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk or none. 
 Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle 
 naked. Ray-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed 
 or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, 
 their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple fragile 
 bristles in i series. [Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, 
 
970 FLORA. 
 
 natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the 
 southwestern U. S. and one is nat. from Asia on the southern Atlantic and Pacific 
 coasts. 
 
 Lower leaves spatulate, toothed; rays white. i. L, Canadense. 
 
 Leaves all linear or subulate, entire; rays purplish. 2. L. divaricatum. 
 
 1. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. HORSE-WEED. CANADA FLEABANE. 
 (I. F. f. 3827.) Stem hispid-pubescent, or glabrate, 7-30 dm. high, the larger 
 plants paniculately much branched. Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the basal 
 and lower spatulate, petioled, incised, dentate or entire, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or 
 acutish, those of the stem linear and mainly entire; heads usually very numerous; 
 about 4 mm. broad; involucre, 2-3 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate; 
 rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. 
 In fields and waste places, a common weed throughout N. Am., except the extreme 
 north. Widely distributed as a weed in the Old World and in S. Am. June Nov. 
 
 2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low HORSE-\VEED. PURPLE 
 HORSE-WEED. (I. F. f. 3828.) Stem diffusely much branched, 7-30 cm. high, pubes- 
 cent or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire, 8-25 mm. long, about I mm. 
 wide, the uppermost minute; heads numerous, about 4mm. broad; involucre 2 mm. 
 high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes. 
 In sandy soil, especially along rivers, Ind. to Minn., S. Dak., Tenn., La., Neb. 
 and Tex. June-Oct. 
 
 37. DOELLINGERIA Nees. 
 
 Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper 
 large, mostly entire, acute or acuminate in our species. Basal leaves none. 
 Heads corymbose; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 
 several series, appressed, thin, sometimes scarious-margined, their tips not herba- 
 ceous nor foliaceous. Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not very 
 numerous. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a sler.der tube abruptly expanded 
 into a campanulate 5-lobed limb, white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse 
 at the base; style- appendages ovate to subulate (rarely obtuse). Achenes obovoid. 
 Pappus double, the outer series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner of 
 long capillary bristles, some or all cf which have thickened tips. [In honor of 
 Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer.] About 4 species, natives of eastern N. Am. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to ovate ; heads mostly numerous. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. i. D. umbellata. 
 
 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. 2. D. humilts. 
 
 Leaves, at least the lower, obovate ; heads commonly few. 3. D. infirma. 
 
 1. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. TALL FLAT-TOP WHITE ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3879.) Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corymbosely branched 
 at the summit, 6-25 dm. high. Leaves glabrous above, usually pubescent on the 
 veins beneath, membranous, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or the upper- 
 most sessile, hispid-margined, those of the stem 12-15 cm - lon g> l ~ 2 '5 cm - wide; 
 heads 12-25 mm. broad, in terminal compound corymbs; involucre 3-4 mm. high, 
 its bracts lanceolate, usually pubescent or ciliate, acutish or obtuse; rays 10-15, 
 white; style-appendages ovate, acute; achenes nerved, slightly pubescent. In moist 
 soil, Newf. to Ga., west to the N. W. Terr., Mich, and Ark. July-Oct. 
 
 Doellingeria umbellita pabens (A. Gray) Britton. Under leaf-surfaces pubescent. 
 Mich, to the N. W. Terr. 
 
 2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britton. BROAD LEAVED FLAT-TOP WHITE 
 ASTER. (I. F. f. 3830.) Similar to the preceding species, usually lower, seldom 
 over 12 dm. high. Stem striate, corymbosely branched above, glabrous, or some- 
 what pubescent. Leaves rather firm, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, nar. 
 rowed, or sometimes rounded at the base, rough -margined, those of the stem 2-7 
 cm. long, 12-50 mm. wide, inflorescence as in D. umbellata ; achenes somewhat 
 pubescent. In moist soil, southern N. J. and Penn. to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene. CORNEL-LEAVED ASTER. (I. F. 
 f. 3831.) Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above, sparingly branched at the 
 summit, terete, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves entire, hispid -margined, glabrous above, 
 
COMPOSITA E. 97 1 
 
 sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, the lower usually sessile, the upper larger, 
 oblong- lanceolate, acute, 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide; heads few, about 25 mm. 
 broad, in a divergently branched terminal corymbose cluster; involucre 4-6 mm. 
 high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly pubescent; rays 8-15, white; 
 style appendages subulate; achenes nerved, glabrous. In dry, usually rocky soil 
 Mass, to N. Y., Penn. and Tenn. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 38. IONACTIS Greene. 
 
 Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow entire I -nerved 
 leaves, and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminat- 
 ing the stem and branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, im- 
 bricated in several series, appressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers nor 
 mally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a campanula-. 
 limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner series of long capillary bristto 
 the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays. ] Three known species, of N. Am. 
 
 I. lonactis linariifoWs (L.) Greene. STIFF OR SAVORY-LEAVED ASTER. 
 (I. F. f. 3832.) Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy, corym- 
 bosely branched above, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or spatulate, spreading, 
 i-nerved, rigid, entire, rough, usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, 18-35 
 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, sessile, those of the branches much smaller and some- 
 what appressed; heads several, terminating the branchlets, about 25 mm. broad; 
 involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on the back, 
 the inner obtuse, the outer usually acute; rays 10-15, violet, rarely white, 8-10 
 mm. long; pappus tawny; achenes silky. In dry or rocky soil, Newf. to Quebec 
 and Fla., west to Minn., Mo. and Tex. July-Oct. \_Aster linariifolius L.] 
 
 39. BACCHARIS L. 
 
 Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose 
 heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbri- 
 cated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly fove- 
 olate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 
 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow or sub- 
 ulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudi- 
 mentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less com- 
 pressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the sterile 
 flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.] 
 About 275 species, all American, most abundant in S. Am. Besides the following, 
 some 18 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 Shrubs; pappus of fertile flowers in i or 2 series. 
 
 Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 
 
 i. B. salicina. 
 
 Leaves deltoid-obovate, cuneate, spatulate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. 
 Heads in numerous terminal clusters. 2. B. halimifolia. 
 
 Heads clustered in the axils of the leaves. 3. B. glomeruliflora. 
 
 Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. 
 
 4. B. neglect a. 
 Herbaceous from a woody base ; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 
 
 5. B. Wrightii. 
 
 1. Baccharis salicina T. & G. WILLOW BACCHARIS. (I. F. f. 3833.) A 
 glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branches ascending. 
 Leaves firm, more or less conspicuously 3-nerved. narrowed into a cuneate subses- 
 sile base, 2-4 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-7, the 
 involucre of both sterile and fertile ones campanulate. $-6 mm. hi^h, its bracts 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute: pappus usually but a single series of 
 nearly white capillary bristles. Western Kans. and Colo, to Tex. May-July. 
 
 2. Baccharis halimifolia L. GROUNDSEL-TREE OR -TUTSH. PENCIL-TREE 
 (I. F. f. 3834.) A branching glabrous shrub, 1-3 dm. hiVh. the branchlets angled, 
 sometimes minutely scurfy. Leaves thick, those of the stem and larger branches 
 2-7 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, those of the branchlets oblanceolate. short- petioled or 
 sessile, entire, or few toothed toward the apex; heads in terminal peduncled clus* 
 ters of 1-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young, the bracts of the 
 
97 2 FLORA, 
 
 involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of the pistillate 
 heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; fertile pappus bright white, 6-8 n-ai. long, of 
 1-2 series of capillary bristles, much exceeding the involucre. Along salt marshes 
 and tidal rivers, extending beyond saline influence, Mass, to Fla. and Tex. The 
 white pappus is very conspicuous in autumn. Sept. -Nov. 
 
 3. Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. AXILLARY-FLOWERED BACCHARIS. 
 Similar to the preceding species but brighter green, the leaves often spatulate; 
 heads in small sessile or short-peduncled clusters in the upper axils; involucral 
 bracts obtuse. In swamps, Va. to Fla., near the coast. Sept. -Dec. 
 
 4. Baccharis neglecta Britton. LINEAR-LEAVED BACCHARIS. (I. F. f. 
 3835.) A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutinous shrub, i m. high or 
 more, the branches paniculate, slender, ascending. Leaves faintly 3-nerved, grad- 
 ually attenuate into a nearly sessile base, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; heads in 
 short-peduncled clusters; involucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 4 mm. 
 high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acu- 
 minate; pappus of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary dull-white bristles. 
 Neb. to Tex. and northern Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 5. Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray. WRIGHT'S BACCHARIS. (I. F. f. 3836.) 
 Much branched, glabrous, not glutinous, 3-9 dm. high, the branches straight, 
 nearly erect, slender, striate. Leaves linear, sessile, i-nerved, entire, 6-25 mm. 
 long, 1-2 mm. wide; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 10-12 mm. broad; 
 involucre of the sterile heads hemispheric, about 6 mm. high, that of the fertile 
 ones somewhat campanulate and longer; bracts of both involucres lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, with scarious margins and a green back; pappus tawny or purplish, 
 copious. W. Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Ariz, and Chihuahua. April-July. 
 
 40. FILAGO L. 
 
 White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clus- 
 tered heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and 
 scarious. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an 
 achene. Outer flowers of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corol- 
 las filiform, minutely 2-4-deritate. Central flowers lew, perfect, mainly sterile, 
 their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles 
 acuminate. Achenes compressed or terete. Pappus none. [Latin, filum, a 
 thread.] About 12 species, natives of both the New W( rid and the Old. In addi- 
 tion to the following, 3 others occur in the western U. S. 
 
 I. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. FILAGO. (I. F. f. 3837.) Stem simple, 
 or branched at the base, very leafy, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, 
 sessile, ascending or appressed, 8-16 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; heads in a sessile 
 leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by I or several slender, nearly leafless 
 branches, each terminated by a similar cluster, or these again proliferous; heads 
 oblong or fusiform; receptacle convex; chaff of the central sterile flowers woolly- 
 tipped, that of the fertile flowers scarious, mostly glabrous. In dry sotf, Tex. to 
 Kans. and S. Dak., west to Colo, and N. Mex. April-July. 
 
 4 i. GI'FOLA Cass. 
 
 White-woolly herbs, closelv resembling those of the preceding genus, with alter- 
 nnte entire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy 
 brnrts. the clusters proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, 
 imbricated in several series, the outer usually tornentose. Receptacle subulate, 
 cvlindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy scale near its base enclosing an achene. 
 Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform corollas and no pappus, or the 
 pappus a few rudimentary bristles; inner flowers also pistillate and fertile, but 
 with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central (uppermost) flowers few, per- 
 fect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagit- 
 tate at the base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of Filago. \ 
 About 10 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. 
 
 i Gifola Germanica (L.) Dumort. CUDWEED. COTTON ROSE. HERBA 
 IMPIA. (I. F. f. 3838.) Annual, erect, cottony, 1-4.5 dm - hl 'g h simple, or 
 branched at the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or slightly 
 
COMPOSITAE. 973 
 
 spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 6-25 mm. long , atem terminated 
 by a sessile dense cluster of heads, usually subtended by several leafy branches 
 terminated by similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 10-30 in 
 each cluster, many-flowered; involucre ovoid, light yellow, its bracts mainly acute. 
 In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Penn. and N. Car. May-Sept. 
 
 42. PLUCHEA Cass. 
 
 Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate 
 dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. 
 Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herba- 
 ceous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of the 
 head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flow- 
 ers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, 
 the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 
 4-5 angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the 
 Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm and 
 temperate regions. 
 
 Perennial: leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. I. P.foetida. 
 
 Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. 
 
 Leaves short-petioled ; heads about 6 mm. high; involucral bracts densely puber- 
 ulent. 2. P. camphorata. 
 
 Leaves long-petioled; heads 4-5 mrn. high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate. 
 
 3. P. petiolata. 
 
 1. Pluchea foetida (L.) B.S.P. VISCID MARSH FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3839.) 
 
 Stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid, 
 4-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply denticulate, 
 pubescent or puberulent, 510 cm. long, 14 cm. wide, reticulate-veiny ; clusters 
 of heads compact, leafy-bracted ; involucre 5-6 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, 
 acute, viscid-puberulent. In swamps, southern N. J. to Fla. and Tex., mainly near 
 the coast. Also in the W. Ind. July- Sept. {Pluchea bifrons DC.] 
 
 2. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. SPICY OR SALT-MARSH FLEABANE. (I F. f. 
 3840. ) Stem usually branched, finely viscid-puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 6-9 
 dm. high, somewhat channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, puberulent or 
 glabrous, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the upper sessile 
 but not clasping, 7-20 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, serrate or denticulate, not conspicu- 
 ously reticulate-veined; bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 
 acute; flowers purplish; achenes pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla., 
 Tex. and Mex. Also in the \V. Ind. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. INLAND MARSH FLEABANE. (I. F. f. 3841.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, usually taller, 7-12 dm. high, the 
 stem stout, rather strongly channeled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, thin, 10-25 
 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, mostly acuminate at the apex, cuneate narrowed at the 
 base, irregularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 15-25 mm. long; achenes 
 short-pubescent. In moist soil, often in woods, Va. to Fla., 111., Mo. and the Ind. 
 Terr. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 43. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial woolly dioecious or polygamo-dicecious herbs, with alternate and 
 basal leaves, and small discoid many-flowered heads, glomerate, racemose, solitary, 
 or corymbose. Involucre oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated 
 in several series, the outer shorter, usually woolly. Receptacle convex, or nearly 
 flat, foveolate, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a truncate or minutely dentate 
 corolla, usually undivided style and scanty pappus of club-shaped smooth or 
 minutely barbed bristles. Pistillate or perfect flowers with tubular mostly 5 -toothed 
 corollas, 2-cleft style, and copious pappus of capillary naked bristles, slightly 
 united at the base. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed. [Latin, in 
 allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antennae. ] About 
 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern S. Am. In addition 
 to the following, about a dozen, others occur in the western parts of N. Am., and 
 one or more in the Southern States. 
 
974 FLORA. 
 
 Several species and subspecies additional to those here recognized have been 
 recently described, but I am unable at present to characterize them so that they 
 may be distinguished from the following. 
 
 * Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips, 
 f Plant not stoloniferous ; basal leaves oblanceolate. 
 
 i. A, Carpathica, 
 
 1 1 Plants stoloniferous ; growing in patches. 
 
 J Involucral bracts white, greenish brown, or yellowish; plants not arctic. 
 Basal leaves small, 0.7-2 cm. long, i-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved. 
 
 Basal leaves bright green and glabrous above from the first, or slightly woolly when 
 
 unfolding. 2. A. Canaden^is. 
 
 Basal leaves dull and more or less persistently woolly on the upper surface. 
 Basal leaves spatulate, usually abruptly mucronulate. 
 
 Inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads obtuse or acutish; western. 
 
 3. A. aprica. 
 Inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads acuminate ; eastern. 
 
 4. A. neodioica. 
 Basal leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or obtuse. 
 
 Stem of fertile plant slender, 2-3 dm. high ; basal leaves mostly oblanceolate. 
 
 5. A. neglect a. 
 Stems stout, 0.5-1.5 dm. high ; basal leaves obovate. 6. A. campestris. 
 
 Basal leaves persistently appressed silvery-pubescent on both surfaces, very small. 
 
 7. A. microphylla, 
 
 Basal leaves large, 2-12 cm. long, distinctly 3-nerved, sometimes 5-nerved, the lateral 
 nerves also often prominent. 
 
 Plants not glandular; leaves dull and woolly on the upper surface, at least when 
 young. 
 
 Involucre of the fertile plants 6-8 mm. high. 
 
 Basal leaf-blades obovate to spatulate-obovate. 8. A. plantaginifolia. 
 
 Basal leaves with nearly orbicular or rhombic-obovate large blades. 
 
 9. A. calophylla. 
 Involucre 8-10.5 mm. high. 
 
 Bracts of the fertile involucre linear to linear-lanceolate, the inner long-acu- 
 minate. io. A.fallax. 
 Bracts of the fertile involucre oblong to lanceolate, the inner merely acute. 
 
 11. A. Farwellii. 
 Plants glandular, at least above. 
 
 Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons glabrous and bright green on the 
 upper surface from the first, or slightly woolly when unfolding. 
 
 12. A, Parlinii, 
 Leaves all dull and more or less persistently woolly on the upper surface. 
 
 13. A. ambigens. 
 \ \ Involucral bracts dark greenish brown, acute. 
 
 14. A, alpina. 
 
 * * Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers not dilated, barbellate ; plant 2-3 cm. high, 
 tufted ; head solitary. 15. A. dimorpha. 
 
 1. Antennaria Carpathica (Wahl.) Hook. CARPATHIAN EVERLASTING. 
 (I. F. f. 3842.) Plant floccose woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem 5-25 cm. 
 nigh, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base into short petioles, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stem-leaves 
 linear, acute or acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller ; heads in a terminal 
 subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 5-6 mm. broad; involucre 4-6 mm. high, 
 woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple, the inner ones of the fertile heads 
 mostly acutish, those of the sterile heads mainly obtuse. In dry soil, Lab. and 
 Anticosti to Hudson Bay. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Antennaria Canadensis Greene. CANADIAN CAT'S-FOOT. Scape 2-3.5 
 dm. high, slender. Basal leaves and those of the ends of stolons spatulate to ob- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, I cm. wide or less, gradually 
 tapering from above the middle to a long narrow base, i-nerved or with two faint 
 lateral nerves, bright green and glabrous above, lanate beneath; stolons short, 
 leafy, assurgent; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, distant, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; inflo- 
 rescence capitate to racemose-corymbose; fertile involucre about Q mm. high, its 
 outer bracts oblong, obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acute to attenuate, Quebec and 
 N. B, to Vt. and Mass, May-June, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 975 
 
 3. Antennaria aprica Greene. ROCKY MOUNTAIN CUDWEED. (I. F. f. 3844 
 is A. dioica.) Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, forming broad patches. 
 Flowering stems 6-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, rather abruptly 
 larrowed from above the middle, .white-canescent on both sides, or sometimes green 
 ibove, 8-30 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; stem-leaves linear to spatulate, sessile; 
 leads 6-8 mm. broad in a terminal capitate or corymbose cluster; involucre 8-10 
 mm. high, the bracts of the fertile heads oblong, white or pink, all obtuse, or the 
 inner ones acute; those of the sterile heads oval or elliptical, obtuse; achenes gla- 
 brous, or minutely glandular. Manitoba to Br. Col., Neb. and Ariz. May- Aug. 
 Plants previously referred to the European A. dioicu are now divided among several 
 species. 
 
 4. Antennaria neodioica Greene. SMALLER CAT'S-FOOT. (I. F. f. 3845.) 
 Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which are leafy throughout. Stem of fertile 
 plants slender, about 3 dm. high; stolons mostly short; basal leaves about 2.5 cm. 
 long, 6-10 mm. wide, narrowly to broadly spatulate, i-nerved, or indistinctly 
 3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath, dull and often glabrate above, abruptly nar- 
 rowed from above the middle, distinctly apiculate; stem-leaves linear, acute; heads 
 loosely corymbose, 6-8 mm. broad; outermost bracts of the involucre obtuse, the 
 rest lanceolate, acute or acuminate, greenish yellow or brownish below, with white 
 tips; achenes obtusely 4-angled, granular-papillose; staminate plant lower, 7-20 cm. 
 high; heads more densely clustered; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse. In 
 dry shaded places, Quebec to Vt., Va. and S. Dak. April-July. 
 
 5. Antennaria neglecta Greene. FIELD CAT'S-FOOT. (I. F. f. 3846.) Sto- 
 loniferous, the stolons -mostly long and slender. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obo- 
 vate oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, gradually tapering to a sessile base, white- 
 tomentose beneath, dull and glabrate above, i-nerved, or with two faint additional 
 lateral nerves; stem-leaves linear; fertile plant 2-4 dm. high; heads 6-8 mm. 
 broad, capitate, corymbose, or racemose; bracts brownish, with white tips, lance- 
 olate, acute, acuminate, or the outer blunt; sterile plant 1-2 dm. high, the heads 
 densely clustered, the bracts oblong, obtuse. In fields and pastures, Me. to N. Y., 
 Va. and Wis. April-June. 
 
 6. Antennaria campestris Rydb. PRAIRIE CAT'S-FOOT. (I. F. f. 3847.) 
 Stolons short, leafy; flowering stems of both fertile and sterile plants 5-15 cm. 
 high; basal leaves obovate-cuneate, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 
 I-nerved, or indistinctly 3 nerved; stem-leaves small, linear; heads 6-8 mm. broad, 
 in subcapitate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lanceolate, greenish below, 
 brownish at the middle, the apex white, acute or acuminate; bracts of sterile heads 
 elliptic, obtuse. On dry prairies, Neb., Kans. and S. Dak. to Saskatchewan. 
 May-June. 
 
 7. Antennaria microphylla Rydb. SMALL-LEAVED CAT'S FOOT. Stem 
 slender, 2-3 dm. high. Stolons short, not over 5 cm. long; basal leaves and those 
 of the ends of the stolons spatulate, obtuse, or apiculate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long. 2-4 mm. 
 wide, narrowed from above the middle; stem-leaves linear-oblong, or the leaves 
 linear-spatulate, often longer than the basal ones; heads corymbose, rather numer- 
 ous; involucre 5-7 mm. high; bracts of the fertile heads linear-oblong, acute or 
 acutish, those of the sterile obtuse. In dry soil, Alberta and Saskatchewan to 
 Mont., Neb. and Colo. July- Aug. 
 
 8. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLAST- 
 ING. MOUSE-EAR EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3848. ) Floccose-woolly, stoloniferous. 
 forming broad patches. Flowering stems of fertile plant 1.5-3.5 dm. high; basal 
 leaves obovate to broadly oval, obtuse, sometimes apiculate, distinctly 3 ribbed, 
 petioled, becoming glabrate and dull green above, silvery beneath, 4-7 cm. long, 
 1-3 cm. wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate; heads in corymbose or 
 subcapitate clusters, 8-10 mm. broad; involucre 6-8 mm. high, its bracts greenish 
 white, lanceolate, acute or acutish; achenes minutely glandular; sterile plant 
 smaller, 7-20 cm. high; basal leaves somewhat smaller; stem-leaves mostly linear; 
 heads smaller, 6-8 mm. broad; bracts oblong, obtuse. In dry soil, especially in 
 open woods, Lab. (?), Ont. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. April-June. 
 
 9. Antennaria calophylla Greene. BROAD LEAVED CAT'S-FOOT. Stolons 
 stout, sometimes I dm. long, their leaves mostly in a tuft at the end, broadly ovate 
 to ol*)vate, 8-IO cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, obtuse, apiculate. narrowed abruptly into 
 
9/6 FLORA. 
 
 the long, very narrow base which is about as long as the expanded portion, 
 strongly 3-nerved, and usually with an additional pair of lateral nerves, densely 
 tomentose beneath, dull green and loosely floccose above; pistillate heads rather 
 numerous, corymbose; involucre about 7 mm. .high, its bracts linear to linear- 
 lanceolate, brown below, the inner acuminate; stem of staminate plant 1-1.5 dm. 
 high, the heads small, glomerate. 111. and Mo. to La. The basal leaves of a plant 
 evidently closely related to this were collected by Mr. Bicknell at New York and 
 by Mr. Pollard at Washington. 
 
 10. Antennaria fallax Greene. TALL CAT'S-FOOT. Stolons rather stout, 
 often I dm. long, leafy. Scape of fertile plant 3.5-4.5 dm. tall, stoutish; basal 
 leaves oval to obovate, 6-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, contracted 
 gradually into a narrow base about as long as the expanded portion, dull green and 
 loosely floccose, or at length glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath; 
 stem- leaves lanceolate, rather distant, acuminate, 2.5-5 cm - l n g; heads capitate 
 to corymbose; involucre 8-10 mm. high, its inner bracts attenuate-acuminate, the 
 outer oblong, obtuse; staminate plant very much smaller. In dry soil, Me. to D. C., 
 Wis. and Kans. April-May. 
 
 11. Antennaria Farwellii Greene. FARWELL'S CAT'S-FOOT. Closely resem- 
 bling the preceding species, sometimes lower. Stolons rather stout, leafy; basal 
 leaves spatulate to obovate-spatulate, obtuse, the expanded portion usually larger 
 than the gradually narrowed base, dull green and floccose or becoming glabrous 
 above, strongly 3 nerved, 4-8 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide or less; heads capitate to 
 subcorymbose ; involucre 8-10.5 mm. high, its inner bracts acute, obtusish, or a 
 few of them acuminate. Me. to Mich. May-June. 
 
 12. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald. PARLIN'S CAT'S FOOT. More or less 
 glandular-pubescent; stems of fertile plant 3-4.5 dm. tall. Leaves bright green 
 and devoid of tomentum on the upper surface from the time of unfolding, or very 
 slightly floccose when very young, the basal ones obovate or spatulate to elliptic, 
 obtuse or acutish, gradually contracted into a narrow base about as long as the ex- 
 panded part, 5-8.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm - wide; stem-leaves lanceolate or ( the lower 
 narrowly oblong; heads corymbose; involucre about 8 mm. high, its bracts all 
 lanceolate-acuminate or the outer ones linear-oblong and obtusish. Me. and Vt. to 
 N. J. and D. C. May-June, 
 
 13. Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald. INTERMEDIATE CAT'S-FOOT. 
 Similar to A. fallax, and perhaps only a glandular form of that plant. Stem not 
 so tall, its leaves rather closer together, usually glandular only above; basal leaves 
 sometimes not over 2.5 cm. long; inner involucral bracts of the fertile heads acumi- 
 nate. Me. to D. C. 
 
 14. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. ALPINE EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3843.) 
 Surculose by short stolons; stems floccose woolly, 3-10 cm. high. Basal leaves usu- 
 ally numerous, spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on both sides, or 
 glabrate and green above, 8-25 mm. long; stem- leaves linear and small, few; 
 heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat corymbose cluster, rarely soli- 
 tary, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre about 5 mm. high, the bracts of the fertile heads 
 dark brownish green, the inner ones acute or acuminate; those of the sterile heads 
 lighter, brownish, broader and obtuse; achenes glandular. Lab. and arctic Am. to 
 Alaska. The Rocky Mountain plant referred to this species is A. media Greene. 
 
 15. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G. Low EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 
 3849.) Tufted from a thick woody often branched caudex, 3-4 cm. high. Leaves 
 all in a basal cluster, spatulate, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides, obtuse 
 or acutish, 1-2.5 cm - l n g> 2 ~4 mm - wide, narrowed into short petioles; heads of 
 staminate flowers about 6 mm. broad and high, solitary and sessile among the 
 leaves, or raised on a very short sparingly leafy stem, with obtuse or obtusish 
 brownish involucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers longer, their inner bracts lin- 
 ear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the staminate flowers slender, scarcely thick- 
 ened, but barbellate at the tips, that of the pistillate flowers of fine and smooth bris- 
 tles. Dry soil, Neb. to Utah and Cal., north to Mont, and Br. Col. April-June. 
 
 44. ANAPHALIS DC. 
 
 Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our spe- 
 cies, alternate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flow- 
 
COMPOSITAE. 977 
 
 ers. Involucre oblong to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several 
 series, mostly white, the outer shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. 
 Staminate flowers with a slender or filiform corolla, an undivided style, and a pap- 
 pus of slender bristles, not thickened at the summit, or scarcely so; anthers tailed 
 at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla, 2-cleft style, and 
 a copious pappus of capillary separate bristles. Achenes oblong. [Greek name 
 of some similar plant.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. 
 Only the following and one other in N. Am. 
 
 i. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. PEARLY OR LARGE- 
 FLOWERED EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3850.) Stem floccose-woolly, corymbosely 
 branched at the summit, leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed 
 to a sessile base, revolute, green, but more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath 
 7-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually obtuse; cor- 
 ymb compound, 5-20 cm. broad; heads very numerous, short- peduncled or sessile, 
 about 6 mm. high, 8 mm. broad when expanded; involucre campanulate, its bracts 
 ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly white, mostly glabrous; pappus- 
 bristles of the fertile flowers distinct and falling away separately. Dry soil, Newf. 
 to Alaska, N. Car., Kans. and Cal. Also in northern Asia. 
 
 45. GNAPHALIUM L. 
 
 Woolly branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pistillate and 
 perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or heads. Receptacle flat, 
 convex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Pistillate flowers in several series, 
 their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, 
 tubular, few, their corollas 5 -toothed or 5 lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the 
 auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed, not 
 ribbed. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles, sometimes thickened above, 
 cohering at the base, or separately deciduous. [Greek, referring to the wool.] 
 About 120 species, widely distributed. 
 
 Tall, erect ; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate; pappus-bristles distinct. 
 
 Leaves sessile; plant not viscid. i. G. obtusifolium, 
 
 Leaves sessile; plant glandular-viscid. 2. G. Helleri. 
 
 Leav-es decurrent ; plant glandular-viscid. 3. G. decurrens. 
 
 7.ow, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate; pappus-bristles distinct. 
 
 Floccose-woolly; involucral bracts yellowish, or white. 4. G.palustre. 
 
 Appressed-woolly ; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G. uliginosurn. 
 
 Tufted low mountain herbs; heads few; bracts brown; pappus-bristles distinct. 
 
 6. G. supinum. 
 
 Slender, simple ; heads spicate ; pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring. 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate-spatulate, acute ; heads about 6 mm. high; northeastern. 
 Bracts da i k brown ; stem-leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G. A'orvegicum, 
 
 Bracts brownish tipped ; stem-leaves linear. 8. G. sylvaticum. 
 
 Leaves spatulate, obtuse or obtusish ; heads 4-5 mm. high; eastern and southern. 
 
 9. G. purpureum. 
 
 1. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. SWEET OR WHITE BALSAM. SWEET OR 
 FRAGRANT LIFE EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3851.) Annual or winter-annual, fra- 
 grant; stem erect, simple, or branched above, tomentose, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate and commonly 
 dark green above, 2-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the margins undulate; heads 
 numerous, about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre white, or tinged with brown, 
 oblong, thin and scarious, obtuse, the outer woolly at the base; achenes glabrous. 
 In dry, mostly open places, N. S. to Fla., Manitoba, Kans. and Tex. Leaves of 
 winter rosettes oblong. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Gnaphalium Helleri Britton. HELLER'S EVERLASTING. (I. F. f. 3852.) 
 Similar to the preceding species, 4-6 dm. high, the stem and branches densely 
 glandular- pubescent, not tomentose. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, sessile, acuminate 
 at both ends, green and hispidulous above, white-tomentose beneath, the larger 
 about 5 cm. long and i cm. wide, the uppermost much smaller and narrower; heads 
 very numerous, about 5 mm. broad ; involucre oblong, or becoming campanulate, 
 6 mm. high, its bracts bright white, tomentose, the outer oblong, the inner linear- 
 oblong, all obtuse ; acheues glabrous. In fields, Va. to Ky. and Ga. Sept.-Oct 
 
FLORA. 
 
 3. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. CLAMMY EVERLASTING. WINGED CUD- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 3853.) Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, 
 fragrant; stem very leafy, glandular-viscid, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
 broadly linear, acutish at the apex, densely white- woolly beneath, glabrate or 
 loosely woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 
 4-6 mm. wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatulate; heads about 6 mm. 
 high; bracts of the involucre white or brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lance- 
 olate and acute, the outer woolly at the base; achenes glabrous. In open, moist or 
 dry places, N. S. to Penn.. west to western Ont., Mich, and Br. Col., south in 
 the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. WESTERN MARSH CUDWEED. (I. F. f. 3854. ) 
 Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely but loosely floccose- woolly all 
 over, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate, 
 obtuse or acutish, 12-25 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads about 4 mm. high, sev- 
 eral together in leafy-bracted glomerules; involucre more or less woolly, its bracts 
 linear or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow. In moist wet soil, N. W. Terr, 
 to western Neb. and N. Mex., west to Br. Col. and Cal. May-Aug. 
 
 5. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low OR MARSH CUDWEED. WARTWORT. 
 MOUSE-EAR. (I. F. f. 3855.) Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or the 
 stems sometimes erect or ascending. 5-20 cm. high. Leaves sessile, spatulate- 
 linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all 
 obtuse or obtusish, generally mucroiiulate, 2-4 cm. long; heads about 4 mm. high, 
 numerous in dense leafy-bracted terminal glomerules; bracts of the involucre ob- 
 long or oblong-lanceolate, the outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly, 
 the inner acute. In damp soil, Newf. to Va. west to western Ont., Minn, and 
 Ind. Apparently nat. from Europe, where it is common. Occurs also in the far 
 Northwest, where it is probably indigenous. July-Sept. 
 
 6. Gnaphalium supinum L. DWARF CUDWEED. (I. F. f. 3856.) Peren- 
 nial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems simple, 2-8 cm. high. Leaves mainly 
 basal, linear, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile, 12-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 
 heads few or several, capitate or short- spicate, about 6 mm. high; flowers yellow- 
 ish; bracts of the involucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute. 
 Alpine summits of the mountains of Me. and N. H. ; Lab. and Greenland, and in 
 Europe and Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 7. Gnaphalium Norvegicum Gunner. NORWEGIAN CUDWEED. (I. F. f. 
 3857.) Perennial; stem simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate, 
 elongated, acute, narrowed at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and glabrate 
 above, 7-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones petioled; heads 
 about 6 mm. high, the lowest often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper 
 axils; bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong, dark brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous 
 or slightly woolly, obtuse; achenes hispidulous. Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec, north 
 to Greenland and arctic Am. Also in Europe. July-Aug. 
 
 8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. WOOD CUDWEED. CHAFEWEED. OWL'S 
 CROWN. GOLDEN MOTHERWORT. (I. F. f. 3858.) Perennial; stem slender, 
 simple, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves linear, acute, 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 
 or the lowest linear-spatulate, woolly beneath, glabrous or glabrate above; heads 
 about 6 mm. high; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, 
 yellowish or greenish with a brown spot at or just below the apex; achenes hispid- 
 ulous. N. H., N. B. and Cape Breton Island, perhaps introduced from Europe. 
 Widely distributed in Europe and northern Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 o.. Gnaphalium purpureum L. PURPLISH CUDWEED. (I. F. f. 3859.) An* 
 nual or biennial, simple and erect, or branched from the base and the branches 
 ascending, 5-6 dm. high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear, mostly ob- 
 tuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usually green and glabrous or nearly so above 
 when old, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles. 3-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; 
 heads 4-5 mm. high; bracts of the involucre yellowish brown or purplish, lance, 
 olate-oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly at the base; achenes roughish. Ii\ 
 dry sandy soil, eastern Me. to Fla., west to Penn., W. Va., Ky., Kans., Tex. and 
 Mex. Also on the Pacific Coast and in S. Am. May-Sept, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 979 
 
 46. ADENOCAULON Hook. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, 
 and panicled small heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, composed of 
 a few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 
 4-5-lobed. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, 
 the style undivided; anthers slightly sagittate at the base. Pappus none. Achenes 
 obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly nerved, glandular above, longer than the 
 bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem.] About 3 species, natives of N. 
 Am., Japan, the Himalayas and Chiie. Only the following in N. Am. 
 
 i. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. ADENOCAULON. (I. F. f. 3860.) Stem 
 floccose- woolly, or at length glabrous, 3-9 dm. high, leafless and mostly panicu- 
 lately branched above. Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or 
 acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely repand-toothed or lobed, 
 thin, green and glabrous above, densely and persistently white-woolly beneath, 5- 
 15 cm. long and broad, with slender narrowly margined petioles; heads numerous, 
 very slender-peduncled, small; bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, 
 reflexed in fruit, at length deciduous; achenes 6-8 mm. long, I mm. thick, the 
 upper part beset with nail-shaped glands. In moist woods, northern Mich, and 
 Lake Superior to Br. Col. and Cal. May -July. 
 
 47. INULA L. 
 
 Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, 
 and large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemis- 
 pheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foli- 
 aceous. Receptacle flat or convex, areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray- flowers 
 pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 
 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style-branches of 
 the disk- flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed; pappus of capillary rough 
 bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name. ] About 90 species, natives of 
 Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 i. Inula Helenium L. ELECAMPANE. HORSEHEAL. (I. F. f. 3861.) Stems 
 tufted from large thick roots, simple or rarely somewhat branched, 6 18 dm. high, 
 densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely 
 pubescent beneath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each end, long-petioled, 
 2.5-5 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide; stem-leaves sessile, or cordate-clasping at the base, 
 acute at the apex, smaller; heads solitary, or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 5-10 
 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 25 mm. high, its outer bracts ovate, 
 foliaceous, pubescent; rays numerous, linear; achenes glabrous, 4-sided. Along 
 roadsides and in fields, N. S. to Out. and Minn., south to N. Car. and Mo. Nat. 
 from Europe. 
 
 48. POLYMNIA L. 
 
 Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous lobed 
 or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose-paniculate 
 heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays sometimes 
 obsolete. Involucre hemispheric or broader, of about 5 large outer bracts, and 
 more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, 
 fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules elongated, minute or 
 none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the receptacle, perfect, ster- 
 ile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed at the base. Pappus 
 none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhymnia.] 
 About 10 species, natives of America. Only the following and one other species 
 are known in N. Am. 
 
 Rays commonly 12-25 mm. long-, yellow; achenes strongly striate. i. P. Uvedalia. 
 Rays commonly minute and whitish, or none ; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. Canadensis, 
 
 i. Polymnia Uvedalia L. YELLOW OR LARGE-FLOWERED LEAF-CUP. (I. F. f. 
 3862.) Rough -pubescent, stout, branched, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate 
 or deltoid, 3-nervcd, abruptly contracted above the base, minutely ciliate, more or 
 less pubescent on, both sides, angulate-lobed, the lower often 3 dm. long and broad, 
 
980 FLORA. 
 
 petioled, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping; heads few, 4-7 cm. broad; rays 
 10-15, linear-oblong, bright yellow; exterior bracts of the cup-like involucre ovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 8-20 mm. long ; achenes slightly oblique and laterally com- 
 pressed, nearly 6 mm. long. In rich woods, N. Y. to Ind. and Mich., Fla., Mo. 
 and Tex. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Polymnia Canadensis L. SMALL-FLOWERED LEAF-CUP. (I. F. f. 3863.) 
 Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves deltoid- 
 ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled, deeply angulate-lobed and the 
 lobes dentate, or the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 1-2.5 dm. long, the upper ones some- 
 times ovate and entire or merely denticulate; heads few, 8-12 mm. broad; outer 
 bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 4-6 mm. long; 
 achenes 3-angled, obovoid, obcompressed, 3-ribbed. In damp, rich shaded places, 
 western Ont. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 Polymnia Canadensis radi&ta A. Gray. Ligules larger, sometimes 12 mm. long, 
 3-lobed, nearly white. Occasional in the range of the type. 
 
 49. MELAMPODIUM L. 
 
 Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and ter- 
 minal peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our 
 species. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5 outer ones broad, 
 often connate at the base, the inner hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding 
 the pistillate fertile ray flowers. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers 
 in i series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, 
 their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5-toothed limb, the anthers entire at 
 the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid, more or less incurved. Pappus 
 none. [Greek, black foot, without significance.] About 25 species, natives of 
 the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the 
 southwestern U. S. 
 
 i. Melampodium leucanthum T. & G. PALE MELAMPODIUM. (I. F. f. 
 3864 as M. cinercum.} Perennial, canescent, 1-3 cm. high, the branches slender. 
 Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile, entire, undulate or sinu- 
 ate, 3-5 cm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads 16-28 mm. 
 broad; peduncles slender, 2-7 cm. long ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or 
 oval, obtuse, united below ; rays 5-9, cuneate-oblong, white; inner bracts turbinate 
 or terete, hooded, muricate, the hood wider than the body. In dry soil, Kans. to 
 Colo., Ariz., Tex. and Mex. June-Oct. 
 
 50, SILPHIUM L. 
 
 Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, and large corymbose or paniculate 
 (rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. In- 
 volucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle 
 flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 
 or 3 series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect 
 but sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers min- 
 utely 2-toothed or entire at the base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened, 2-winged, 
 notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of 2 awns confluent with the wings of the 
 achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice.] About 25 species, of N. Am. 
 
 Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate. 
 
 Leaves, or their petiole-bases, con nate-per foliate ; stem square. 
 
 1. S. perfoliatum. 
 Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled. 
 
 Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate; cauline sessile. 
 
 2. S. integrifolium 
 Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3's or 4*5, petioled. 
 
 3. S. trifoliatum. 
 Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate. 
 
 Involucral bracts ovate to orbicular, mostly obtuse, glabrous or puberulent. 
 
 4. S. Asteriscus. 
 Involucral bracts triangular to lanceolate, acute, hirsute or pubescent. 
 
 5. S. Gatesii. 
 Leaves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large. 6. S. laciniatum. 
 
 Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above ; leaves basal, large. 7. S, terebinthinaceum, 
 
COMPOS I TA E. 98 1 
 
 1. Silphiura pcrfoliatura L. CUP-PLANT. INDIAN-CUP. (I. F. f. 3865.) 
 Stem square, glabrous, or rarely somewhat hispid, branched above, or some- 
 times simple, 12.4 m * high. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, opposite, the lower 
 abruptly contracted into margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous on both sides, 
 or pubescent beneath, coarsely angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the larger 12- 
 25 mm. long, 8-16 mm. wide ; heads commonly numerous, 5-7 cm. broad; rays 
 20-30, about 25 mm. long and 4 mm. wide; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its 
 outer bracts broad, ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect; achenes obovate, emargin- 
 ate, sometimes 2-toothed. In moist soil, southern Ont. to S. Dak., south to Ga., 
 Neb. and La. Naturalized near N. Y. City. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Silphium integrifolium Michx. ENTIRE-LEAVED ROSIN-WEED. (I. F. 
 f. 3866.) Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, corymbosely branched above, 
 0.6-1.5 m - hig n - Leaves ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, den- 
 ticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent or glabrous beneath, 7-12 cm. 
 long, 3-5 cm. wide ; heads usually numerous, 2-5 cm. broad; involucre nearly 
 hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading, ciliolate 
 or pubescent; rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 8-10 mm. long, deeply emar- 
 ginate. On prairies, Ohio to Minn., La., Neb., Ark. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Silphium trifoliatum L. WHORLED ROSIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 3867.) Stem 
 
 C 1 tbrous, sometimes glaucous, corymbosely branched at the summit, 1-2 m. high, 
 aves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, rough or roughish above, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, entire or den- 
 ticulate, 7-17 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; heads several or numerous, 4-5 cm. broad; 
 involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous, or 
 slightly pubescent, ciliolate; rays 15-20; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 
 emarginate, sharply 2-toothed. In woods, Penn. to Ohio, Va. and Ala. July- 
 Get. 
 
 4. Silphium Asteriscus L. STARRY ROSIN-WEED. (I. F. f. 3868.) Stem 
 0.6-1.2 m. high, usually purple. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute 
 or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the lower narrowed into short petioles, 
 dentate, or the upper entire, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide; heads commonly few, 
 3-5 cm. broad; rays 12-15; involucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, orbic- 
 ular, ovate or oblong, obtuse; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 2-toothed. 
 In dry soil, Md. to Tenn. and Mo., south to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 
 
 5. Silphium Gatesii Mohr. GATES' ROSIN- WEED. Stems 0.6-1.5 m - tall > 
 hispid, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves alternate, broadly linear to 
 oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 514 cm. long, acute, remotely serrate, rough- 
 pubescent, the lower ones short-petioled ; heads showy; involucre campanulate, 
 barely I cm. high, the bracts mainly triangular to lanceolate, hirsute or pubescent, 
 the outer acute or short- acuminate; ray-flowers several, the ligules yellow, 12-20 
 mm. long; achenes suborbicular or broader than high, the teeth when present 
 separated by a broad sinus. In dry soil, Mo. to Tenn. and Ala. May-Aug. 
 
 6. Silphium laciniatum L. COMPASS-PLANT. PILOT- WEED. (I. F. f. 3869.) 
 Rough or hispid, very resinous; stem 2-5 m. high; basal leaves pinnatifid or 
 bipinnatifid, long-petioled, 3 dm. long or more, the lobes oblong or lanceolate ; stem- 
 leaves alternate, vertical, their edges tending to point north and south, sessile, or the 
 lower short-petioled, the upper cordate-clasping at the base; heads 5-12 cm. broad, 
 the peduncles bracted at the base ; rays 20-30, 25-35 mm. long ; involucre nearly 
 hemispheric, its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, very squarrose ; achenes 
 oval, about 12 mm. long, the wing broader above than below, notched at the apex, 
 awnless. On prairies, Ohio to S. Dak., Ala., La., Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 7. Silphium terebinthinaceumjacq. PRAIRIE DOCK. (I. F. f. 3870.) Stem 
 glabrous or nearly so, branched and scaly above, 1-3 m. high. Leaves coriaceous, 
 ovate, mostly long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, rough on both 
 sides, often 3 dm. long and 15 cm. wide, sharply dentate ; heads numerous, 
 4-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts obovate-oblong, erect, glabrous 
 or minutely pubescent ; rays 12-20 ; achenes obovate, narrowly winged, slightly 
 2-toothed and emarginate at the apex. On prairies and in dry woods, southern 
 Ont. and Ohio to Minn., Iowa and La. July-Sept. 
 
 Silphium terebinthiniceum pinnatifidum (Ell.) A. Gray. Leaves laciniate or pin- 
 natifid. Ohio to Tenn. and Ga. 
 
982 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 51. CHRYSOGONUM L. 
 
 Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and slender. 
 peduncled axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate 
 yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, 
 obovate or spatulate, foliaceous, the inner oval, firm, each subtending a pistillate 
 ray-flower. Receptacle chaffy, each scale subtending and partly enclosing a per- 
 feet but. sterile tubular flower with a 5 -toothed corolla. Anthers nearly entire at 
 the base. Achenes obovate. compressed, their margins acute, not winged, i-nerved 
 on the back, i-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half-cup-shaped crown. 
 [Greek, golden-knee.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 l. Chrysogonum Virgimanum L. CHRYSOGONUM. (I. F. f. 3871.) Peren- 
 nial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent or hirsute throughout, branched from the 
 base, or at first acaulescent, 730 cm. high. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or 
 acutish at the apex, the upper sometimes subcordate at the base, crenate-dentate, 
 rather thin, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - v/ide, peduncles 3-10 cm. long ; heads 2.5-4 
 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre obtuse ; rays about 5, 8-14 mm. long. 
 In dry soil, southern Penn. to FJa. April-July. 
 
 Chrysogonum Virgini&num dentatum A. Gray. Leaves dentate, the teeth and acutish 
 apex mucronulate ; outer bracts of the, involucre acuce. High Island, Potomac River, 
 near Washington. 
 
 52. BERLANDIERA DC. 
 
 Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, 
 peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre depressed- 
 hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly 
 oblong, the second series broader, oval or obovate, the inner membranous, similar, 
 reticulated when mature, subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. 
 Receptacle nearly flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 
 5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular, sterile, their corollas 5- 
 toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of the tubular 
 flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, I -ribbed 
 on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. 
 [Named after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico.] 
 About 5 species, natives of the southern U. S. and Mex. 
 
 Stem leafy ; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate. i. B. Texana. 
 
 Plant acaulescent, or nearly so ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. lyrata. 
 
 1. Berlandiera Texana DC. TEXAN BERLANDIERA. (I. F. f. 3872.) 
 Hirsute- pubescent throughout ; stem erect, branched above, or simple, 6-9 dm. 
 high, leafy. Leaves acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 
 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled ; heads few or 
 several, 3-4 cm. broad, in a terminal corymbose- cymose cluster ; inner bracts of the 
 involucre twice as large as the outer. In dry soil, Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and 
 La. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. LYRE-LEAVED BERLANDIERA. (I. F. f. 3873.) 
 Finely whitish-canescent; scapes or peduncles slender, 7-20 cm. long, bearing a 
 solitary head, or rarely 2. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled. the terminal 
 segment usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones very small, all obtuse, 
 mostly crenate, sometimes becoming green and glabrate above; head about 25 mm. 
 broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader than the outer, orbicular, or 
 wider than long. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. 
 
 53. ENGELM ANNIA T. & G. 
 
 Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender- 
 peduncled rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo- 
 lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, 
 hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or obovate, concave, appressed, subtending the ray- 
 flowers. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending and partly enclosing the disk- 
 flowers. Rays 8-10, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers about as many, tubular, per- 
 fect, sterile, the corolla 5 -toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate at the base. Style 
 
COMPOSITAE. 983 
 
 of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, 
 i-ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for 
 Dr. Geo. Engelmann, botanist, of St. Louis.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Engeimanniapinnaddda T. &G. ENGELMANNIA. (I. F. f. 3874.) Stem 
 usually branched above, 3-9 dm. high. Basal leaves slender-pctioied, 1-2 dm. 
 long, their lobes lanceolate or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish; upper 
 leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the uppermost sometimes entire, or with a pair 
 of basal lobes; heads usually numerous, about 25 mm. broad; outer bracts of the 
 involucre somewhat in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at the base. 
 In dry soil, Kans. to La., Ariz, and N. Mex. May-Aug. 
 
 54. PARTHENIUM L. 
 
 Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, 
 and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or 
 yellow flowtrs. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbri- 
 cated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or 
 conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, surrounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers- 
 about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or obcordate. Disk- 
 flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5 -toothed, the style undivided. Anthers 
 entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined, 
 bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, 
 virgin.] About 10 species, natives of N. Am., Mex., the W. Ind. and northern S. 
 Am. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern 
 U. S. 
 
 Leaf-bases not auricled. 
 
 Stem minutely pubescent, or glabrous below ; rootstocks thickened. 
 
 1. P. integrifolium. 
 Stem pilose or hispid ; rootstocks slender, creeping, forming runners. 
 
 2. P. repens. 
 Upper leaves with sessile auricled bases. 3. P. auriculatum, 
 
 1. Parthenium integrifolium L. AMERICAN FEVER-FEW. PRAIRIE DOCK. 
 (I. F. f. 3875.) Stem stout, striate, corymbosely branched above, 3-12 dm. high. 
 Rootstocks tuberous-thickened; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acu- 
 minate, crenate-dentate or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous and roughish on 
 both sides, the lower and basal ones petioled, often 3dm. long and 12 cm. wide, the 
 upper 'Smaller, sessile and partly clasping; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 
 6 mm. high, its bracts firm, the outer oblong, densely appressed -pubescent, the 
 inner broader, glabrous, or ciliate on the margins; rays white or whitish. In dry 
 soil, Md. to Minn., Ga., Mo. and Tex. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Parthenium repens Eggert. CREEPING OR HAIRY PARTHENIUM. (I. F. 
 f. 3876. ) Similar to P. integrifolium, but lower, seldom over 6 dm. high. Root- 
 stocks slender, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid with spreading hairs; leaves 
 hispid on both s'des, irregularly crenate, sometimes lyrate at the base, the teeth 
 rounded and obtuse ; heads fewer, slightly larger, in a smaller looser corymb; 
 outer bracts of the involucre proportionately broader. Mo. and Kans. April-July.' 
 
 3. Parthenium auriculatum Britton. AURICLFD PARTHENIUM. (I.F.f. 3875^.) 
 Rootstock an oval erect tuber twice as long as thick; stem villous-pubescent, 4-7 
 dm. high. Leaves rough above, villous, especially on the veins beneath, oval, 
 ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnat- 
 ifid at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled with petiole as long as the 
 blade, or longer, the upper with a sessile clasping auricled base, or with margined 
 clasping petioles ; inflorescence densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomentose; 
 bracts of the involucre densely canescent. Near Clarksville, Va.; Alleghany Mts. 
 
 55. CRASSJftJA Scepin. [ZINNIA L.] 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or 
 sparingly serrate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle sized heads 
 of both tubular and radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow or variegated, 
 persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla cylindraceous. its 
 lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, 
 
984 FLORA. 
 
 firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer gradually shorter. Re- 
 ceptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending and enwrapping the disk- 
 flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendaged. Achenes of the ray-flowers 
 somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth. 
 [In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the l6th century.] About 12 spe- 
 cies, natives of the U. S. and Mex. 
 
 i. Crassina grandiflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. PRAIRIE ZINNIA. (I. F. f. 3877.) 
 Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much branched, rough, 1-1.5 dm. high. 
 Leaves rather rigid, linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 1-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide 
 or less, connate at the base, acute or acutish, crowded ; heads numerous, pedun- 
 cled, terminating the branches, 20-35 mm - broad ; rays 4 or 5, broad, yellow 
 rounded or emarginate, their achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns ; involucre 
 campanulate-cylindric, 6-S mm. high ; style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate. 
 In dry soil, Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and Ariz. June-Sept. 
 
 56. HELIOPSIS Pers. 
 
 Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3-ribbed 
 leaves, and large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate 
 yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong 
 or lanceolate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the 
 chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spread- 
 ing, the tube very short, commonly persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, 
 the tube short, the limb elongated, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed 
 at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute appendages. Achenes 
 thick, obtusely 3~4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4 teeth, or 
 a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like.] About 6 species, natives of America. 
 Besides the following, two others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaves smooth, or nearly so ; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth. i. H. hclianthoides. 
 Leaves rough ; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. //. scabra, 
 
 1. Heliopsis helianthoides(L.)B.S.P. OX-EYE. FALSE SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3878.) Stem glabrous, branched above, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves opposite, or 
 rarely in 3*5, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the apex, usually 
 abruptly narrowed at the base, sharply and nearly equally dentate, 7-15 cm. 
 long, 2.5-6 cm. wide ; heads long-peduncled, somewhat corymbose, 3.5-6 cm. 
 broad ; rays 18-25 mm. long; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, 
 obtuse or acutish; achenes glabrous, the summit truncate. In open places', Ont. 
 to Fla., west to 111. and Ky. July-Sept. [Heliopsis latvis Pers. j 
 
 2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. ROUGH OX-EYE. (I. F. f. 3879.) Similar to 
 the preceding species, but stem rough, at least above, simple or branched, 6-12 dm. 
 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply dentate, 
 firm, 5-12 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed at the base, short petioled; 
 heads few, or solitary, long-peduncled, 5-6 cm. broad ; rays usually 25 mm. long, 
 or more ; bracts of the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong ; achenes pubes- 
 cent on the margins when young. Usually in dry soil, Me. to N. Y., N. J., 111., 
 Br. Col., Kans. and Ark. June-Sept. 
 
 57. ECLIPTA L. 
 
 Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
 small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. 
 Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 
 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the 
 chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk- 
 flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. 
 Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed atthe base. Style-branches of the disk- 
 flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, 
 those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. [Greek, 
 wanting, referring to the absence of pappus.] About 4 species, mostly of tropical 
 distribution. 
 
 i. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. ECLIPTA. (I. F. f. 3880.) Annual, rough 
 with appressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, 
 
CQMPOSITAE. 985 
 
 oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate or entire, 
 narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, 2-12 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide ; 
 heads commonly numerous, 6-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled ; 
 rays short, nearly white ; anthers brown ; achenes 4-toothed, or at length truncate. 
 Along streams, and in waste places, southern N. Y. to 111. and Neb., south to Fla., 
 Tex. and Mex. Naturalized from tropical Am. and widely distributed in warm 
 regions as a weed. July-Oct. 
 
 58. TETRAGONOTHECA L. 
 
 Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite sessile or connate-per- 
 foliate, broad dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate 
 yellow flowers. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and 
 foliaceous, inserted in I series ; inner bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate 
 ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff concave, enwrapping the perfect 
 fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of which are slender and 5-toothed. Anthers 
 entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid, 
 tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the sum- 
 mit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled case, referring to 
 the involucre. ] Three known species, of the southern U. S. and northern Mex. 
 
 I. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. TETRAGONOTHECA. (I. F. f. 3881.) 
 Viscidly pubescent; stem branched or simple, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate, ovate- 
 oblong, or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely and unequally dentate, acute at the 
 apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or connate-perfoliate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. 
 wide; heads usually few, 3-7.5 cm. broad; principal bracts broadly ovate, acute; 
 rays 6-10. strongly nerved, 2-3- toothed; achenes 4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus 
 none. In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala. May-June. Sometimes flowering again 
 in the autumn. 
 
 59. SPILANTHES Jacq. 
 
 Annual branching herbs, or some species perennial, with opposite, usually 
 toothed leaves and rather small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, termi- 
 nal, or in the upper axils, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre campanu- 
 late, its bracts in about 2 series, herbaceous, loosely appressed. Receptacle con- 
 vex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff embracing the disk-achenes and at length falling 
 away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, 
 perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4-5-cleft limb. Anthers truncate 
 at the base. Style -branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes penicillate at the 
 summit. Ray -achenes 3 sided, or compressed, those of the disk- flowers compressed, 
 margined. Pappus of 1-3 awas, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not signifi- 
 cant.] About 30 species, of warm and tropical regions. 
 
 I. Spilatithes repens (Walt.) Michx. SPILANTHES. (I. F. f. 3882.) Peren- 
 nial, usually rooting at the lower nodes; stem slender, spreading or ascending, 2-6 
 dm. long. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute, acuminate, or the lower ob- 
 tuse, coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, 3-7 cm. long; heads solitary at the ends of 
 the stem and branches, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong to oblong- 
 lanceolate; rays 8-12, yellow; receptacle narrowly conic; achenes oblong, most of 
 them roughened when mature and hispidulous. In moist or wet soil, Mo. to Tex., 
 east to S. Car. and Fla. June-Sept. 
 
 60. RUDBECKIA L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid 
 herbs, with alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-peduncled 
 heads of tubular (mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. Involucre hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic or convex, with chaffy 
 concave scales subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral, 
 the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-lobed. 
 Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base. Style-branches tipped with 
 hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex. Pappus 
 coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Glaus Rudbeck, 
 1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist.] About 27 species, of N. Am. and 
 
FLORA. 
 
 Mex. In addition to the following, some 25 others occur in the southern and west- 
 ern U. S. 
 
 * Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping ; achenes 4-angled. 
 
 Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit ; lower leaves entire or lobed. 
 Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided. 
 
 Plant more or less hirsute; leaves thin; chaff awned. i. R. triloba. 
 
 Plant scabrous ; leaves thick ; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex. 
 
 2. R. subtomentosa* 
 Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3 divided. 
 
 Plants hispid ; chaff acute or acutish, hirsute at summit; style-tips subulate. 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate, ovate to oblong; involucre shorter than the rays. 
 Upper stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or nearly so. 
 
 3. R. hirta. 
 Upper stem-leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly toothed. 
 
 4. R. monticola. 
 Stem-leaves oval to obovate ; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as 
 
 the rays. 5. R. Brittonii. 
 
 Plants pubescent, hirsute or glabrate; style-tips obtuse. 
 Leaves denticulate or entire; rays 1.8-2.5 cm. long. 
 
 Stem-leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate ; disk 10-16 mm. broad, 
 subglobose. 
 
 Basal leaves oval, acute or acutish, sparingly pubescent. 
 
 6. R.fulgida. 
 Basal leaves narrowly oblong, obtuse, hirsute. 
 
 7. R. Missouriensts. 
 Basal leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, cordate, obtuse, slightly 
 
 pubescent. 8. R. palustris. 
 
 Stem-leaves obovate or spatulate ; disk 8-10 mm. broad, depressed. 
 
 9. R.spathulata. 
 Leaves dentate or laciniate ; rays about 3.5 cm. long. 
 
 Stem-leaves elongated-lanceolate. 10. R. speciosa. 
 
 Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate. n. R. Sullivantti. 
 
 Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinnately divided or 
 
 pinnatifid. 12. R. laciniata. 
 
 * * Stem-leaves cordate-clasping; achenes nearly terete, striate. 13. R. amplexicaulis. 
 
 1. Rudbeckia triloba L. THIN LEAVED CONE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3883.) 
 Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely glabrate, branched, 6-15 dm. high. 
 Leaves rough on both sides, bright green, the basal and lower ones petioled, the 
 lobes lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; upper leaves ovate, ovate- 
 lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate or acute, narrowed to a sessile base or into 
 short margined petioles, serrate or entire, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide; heads 
 nearly 5 cm. broad, corymbed; bracts of the involucre linear, acute, pubescent, 
 soon reflexed; rays 8-12, yellow, or the base orange or brownish purple; disk dark 
 purple, ovoid, about 12 mm. broad; pappus a minute crown. In moist soil, N. J. 
 to Ga., west to Mich., Kans. and La. June-Oct. 
 
 2. Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh. SWEET CONE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3884.) 
 Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scabrous; stem branched above, 6-18 
 dm. high. Leaves thick, the lower ones petioled, 7-12 cm. long, the lobes oblong 
 or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate; upper leaves, or some of them, lanceo- 
 late or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so; heads numerous, 5- 7 cm. broad; rays 
 1520, yellow, or with a darker base; disk subglobose, rounded, purple, 1216 mm. 
 broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet- 
 scented; pappus a short crenate crown. On prairies and along rivers, 111. to La., 
 Kans. and Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Rudbeckia hirta L. BLACK-EYED SUSAN. YELLOW DAISY. (I. F. f. 
 3885.) Biennial or sometimes annual; stems simple or sparingly branched, often 
 tufted, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth, or entire, the 
 lower and basal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3~5-nerved, 5-17 cm. long, 1-5 cm. 
 wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish; heads commonly few or solitary, 
 5-10 cm. broad; rays 10-20, orange, rarely darker at the base; bracts of the 
 involucre very hirsute, spreading or reflexed; disk globose-ovoid, purple-brown; 
 pappus none. In fields, Quebec to western Ont. and the N. W. Terr., south to 
 Fla., Colo, and Tex. Widely distributed in the east as a weed. May-Sept. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 987 
 
 4. Rudbeckia monticola Small. MOUNTAIN CONE-FLOWER. Perennial by 
 a woody root; stem hirsute, simple or with long, slender branches, 4-7 dm. high. 
 Leaves thin, rough-pubescent on both sides, the basal and lower ones with oval to 
 oblong, obtuse or obtusish blades tapering into margined petioles, the upper ovate 
 to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute to acuminate, 6-12 cm. long, sessile and partly 
 clasping, or narrowed into broad clasping petioles; heads very long-peduncled, 
 8-10 cm. broad; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate to linear, half as long as the 
 rays, or less. Mountainous regions, W. Va. to Tenri., N. Car., Ala. and Ga. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 5. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. BRITTON'S CONE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3886.) 
 Stem stout, erect, 4-7 dm. high, simple, grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves 
 serrate or crenate-serrate, strigose- pubescent, the basal ones ovate to ovate-lanceo- 
 late, 7-10 cm. long, obtuse, long-petioled ; stem-leaves often with a lateral lobe, 
 the petioles wing-margined; uppermost leaves often ovate-lanceolate, sessile, cor- 
 date; bracts of the involucre often 25 mm. long or more; head 5-7 cm. broad; 
 rays about 12, 2-lobed; style-tips slender, acute. In woods, mountains of Penn. to 
 Va. and Tenn. May-July. 
 
 6. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ORANGE CONE- FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3887.) Per- 
 ennial; stem hirsute or strigose-pubescent, slender, sparingly branched or simple, 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves firm, more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the 
 basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 5-10 cm. long, 3-nerved, nar- 
 rowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile, or slightly clasping at the base; 
 heads few, 2-4 cm. broad ; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, 6-16 mm. 
 long; rays 10-15, linear, bright yellow, or with an orange base; disk brown- 
 purple ; chaff of the receptacle linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, or nearly so at the 
 summit; pappus a minute crown. In dry soil, N. J. and Penn, to Ga., west to 
 Mo. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 7. Rudbeckia Missouriensis Engelm. MISSOURI CONE-FLOWER. Stem 
 more or less hirsute, 4-7 dm. high, simple or branched. -Leaves firm, entire, 
 or with an occasional minute callous tooth, the basal ones narrowly oblong, acutish 
 or obtuse, 6-20 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, 3-nerved, hirsute, narrowed into peti- 
 oles, those of the stem sessile or the lower petioled. linear-lanceolate to linear, 
 acute or obtusish; heads 7-9 cm. broad; rays mostly 12-14, 2-3-toothed; involu- 
 cral bracts oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, much shorter than the rays ; disk 
 hemispheric, purple -brown; chaff pointed; style- tips obtuse; pappus a very short 
 crown. Missouri and Arkansas. 
 
 8. Rudbeckia palustris Eggert. SWAMP CONE-FLOWER. Perennial; stem 
 grooved, smooth and glabrous, or nearly so, branched, 4-9 dm. high, the branches 
 slender, erect. Leaves rather thin, the basal ones with broadly ovate to orbicular 
 blades 5-8 cm. long, palmately veined, remotely denticulate, cordate or obtuse at 
 the base, their slender pubescent petioles 10-15 cm. long; stem-leaves ovate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at 
 the base, 3-5 -nerved, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; peduncles long, slender, 
 pubescent; heads 3 cm. wide or more; involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, appressed- 
 pubescent, half the length of the rays or less. In wet soil, Ky. to Tenn. and Mo. 
 
 9. Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. SPATULATE-LEAVED OR FLAT-HEADED 
 CONE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3888.) Perennial; stem slender, simple, or little branched, 
 finely strigose-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves appressed-pubescent on both 
 sides, the lower 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, the basal ones sometimes nearly 
 orbicular, obtuse or obtusish, denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles; heads 
 few, or solitary, 2.5-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre short, at length reflexed; 
 disk depressed-globose or ovoid, about I cm. broad; rays 8-12, oblong, yellow, 
 mostly orange at the base; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; pappus a short-toothed 
 crown. In dry woods, Va. to Tenn. and Fla. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 10. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. SHOWY CONE-FLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 3889.) Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem branched above, 312 dm. 
 high. Leaves firm, slender-petioled, 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, dentate with 
 low teeth, acute or sometimes acuminate, 3-5 -nerved; stem-leaves sessile or partly 
 clasping, or narrowed into broad margined petioles, laciniate or sharply serrate, 
 lanceolate, acuminate, often 15 cm. long, the uppermost smaller and sometimes 
 entire; heads several, 5-7 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 
 
FLORA. 
 
 acute; rays 12-20, bright yellow, usually orange at the base; disk depressed- 
 globose, 10-16 mm. broad, brown-purple; chaff of the receptacle acute, ciliate or 
 naked; florets 5.5-6.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. high; pappus a short crown. 
 In moist soil, N. J. to Mich., south to Ala. and Ark. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 11. Rudbeckia Sullivantii Boynton & Beadle. SULLIVANT'S CONE-FLOWER. 
 Perennial, 5-12 dm. high. Stem-leaves ovate to ovate -lanceolate, the lower 15-20 
 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, their petioles 3-7 cm. long, the blade coarsely and irreg- 
 ularly serrate, more or less pubescent; heads several, 5-9 cm. broad; rays 10-15; 
 chaff acute, smooth or nearly so; florets 6.5-7.5 mm> l n g> achenes 3-4 mm. high. 
 Ohio and Michigan. 
 
 12. Rudbeckia laciniata L. TALL OR GREEN-HEADED CONE-FLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3890.) Perennial; much branched, glabrous, or nearly so, 1-3.5 mm - 
 high. Leaves rather thin, minutely pubescent on the margins and upper surface, 
 broad, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, often 3 dm. wide, the segments 
 variously toothed and lobed; stem-leaves shorter-petioled, 3~5-parted or divided, 
 the upper ones much smaller, 3- lobed, dentate or entire; heads several or numer- 
 ous. 6-10 cm. broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of the involucre 
 unequal; chaff of the receptacle truncate and canescent at the apex; pappus a 
 short crown. In moist thickets, Quebec to Manitoba and Mont., south to Fla., 
 Kans. and N. Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 Rudbeckia laciniata humilis A. Gray. Simple or branched, glabrous or nearly so, 
 3-6 dm. high some or all of the basal leaves orbicular and undivided ; heads 4-6 cm. broad; 
 disk globoee o- ovoid. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga., mostly in the mountains. 
 
 13. Rudbeckia amplexicanlis Vahl. CLASPING LEAVED CONE-FLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3891.) Annual; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; stem branched, 
 grooved, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves entire, or sparingly 
 toothed, i-ribbed, reticulate-veined, the lower oblong to spatulate, sessile, the 
 tipper ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute ; heads solitary at the ends of the 
 branches, long-peduncled, about 5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre few, lance- 
 olate, acuminate; rays yellow, or sometimes brown at the base; disk ovoid- oblong, 
 often becoming 25 mm. high; achenes striate and transversely wrinkled, obliquely 
 attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff at length deciduous; pappus none. In 
 wet soil, Kans. and Mo. to La. and Tex. June -Aug. 
 
 61 RATIBIDA Raf. [LEPACHYS Raf.] 
 
 Mostly perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and 
 long-peduncled terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray 
 or yellow, becoming brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or 
 spreading. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong, or cylindric. 
 Receptacle columnar to subulate, the concave chaff subtending or enveloping the 
 disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent. Ray-flowers neutral. Disk- 
 flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube. Achenes short, flat- 
 tened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff. Pappus 
 with i or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained.] About 4 species, of N. Am. 
 
 Style-tips lanceolate-subulate ; leaf-segments lanceolate ; rays 25-75 mm. long. 
 
 1. R.pinnata. 
 Style-tips short, blunt ; leaf-segments linear ; rays 6-30 mm. long. 
 
 Disk cylindric, at length 2.5 cm. long or more; rays mostly equalling it, or longer. 
 
 2. R. columnaris. 
 Disk globose to short-oval, about i cm. high; rays mostly short. 3. R. Tagetes. 
 
 i. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. GRAY- HEADED CONE-FLOWER. 
 (LF.f.3892.) Perennial; rough and strigose-pubescent throughout; stem branched 
 or simple, 9-15 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 3-7 divided, the basal ones sometimes 
 2.5 dm. long, petioled, the segments cleft or entire, acute or acuminate; upper leaves 
 sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly small and entire; bracts of the in- 
 volucre linear or linear-oblong, short, reflexed; rays 4-10, bright yellow, drooping; 
 disk oblong, gray or becoming brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick; 
 the inner margin of achenes produced into a short tooth. On dry prairies, western 
 N. Y. to Fla., west to S. Dak., Neb. and La. June-Sept. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 989 
 
 2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don. LONG-HEADED OR PRAIRIE CONE- 
 FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3893.) Perennial, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem slen- 
 der, usually branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided into acute or 
 obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline short- petioled or sessile, 5-10 
 cm. long, the basal ones sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender-petioied; 
 bracts of the involucre short, linear-lanceolate or subulate, reflexed, rays 4-10, yel- 
 low, brown at the base, or brown all over, drooping; pappus of I or 2 subulate 
 teeth usually with several short intermediate scales. On dry prairies, N. W. Terr, 
 to Minn., Tenn., Neb., Tex. and Ariz. May- Aug. 
 
 3. Ratibida Tagetes (James) Barnhart. SHORT-RAYED CONE-FLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3894.) Perennial, rough-canescent ; stem 3-4 cm. high, usually much 
 branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately divided into 3-7 mostly entire segments; 
 peduncles terminal, 15 cm. long; heads 25 mm. broad, or less; bracts of the re- 
 ceptacle narrow, deflexed; rays few, mostly shorter than the globose to short-oval 
 disk; pappus of I or 2 subulate deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth. 
 On dry plains and rocky hills, Kans. to Tex., Chihuahua, N. Mex. and Ariz. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 62. BRAUNERIA Neck. [ECHINACEA Moench.] 
 
 Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, with thick black roots, thick rough 
 alternate or opposite 3~5-nerved entire or dentate undivided leaves, and large long- 
 peduncled heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish red or 
 white, the disk green or purple, at length ovoidjor 'conic. Involucre depressed-hem- 
 ispheric, its bracts lanceolate, spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. 
 Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate and cuspidate. Ray-flowers neutral, or 
 with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. 
 Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named 
 for Jacob Brauner, a German botanist of the i8th century.] Fire known species, 
 natives of N. Am. 
 
 Rays purple to white. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dentate. i. B. furpurea. 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, entire. 
 
 Rays purplish to white, 2-3 cm. long, spreading. 2. B. angustifolia. 
 
 Rays rose-purple, 3-7 cm. long, narrow, drooping. 3. B. pallida. 
 
 Rays yellow to red. 4. B. atrorubens. 
 
 1. Brauneria purpurea(L.) Bntton. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. BLACK SAMP- 
 SON. RED SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3895.) Stem glabrous or sparingly hispid, 
 usually stout, 6-15 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioied, ovate 
 mostly 5 -nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rarely 
 cordate at the base, commonly sharply dentate, 7-20 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide ; 
 petioles mostly winged at the summit ; uppermost leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so, often entire ; rays 12-20, purple, crimson, 
 or rarely pale, 4-7 cm. long, spreading or drooping. In moist, rich soil, Va. to 
 Ala., west to 111., Ky. and La. July-Oct. 
 
 2. Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. NARROW- LEAVED PURPLE CONE- 
 FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3896 as B. pallida.') Stem hispid, slender, often simple, 3-6 
 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute and 
 about equally narrowed at each end, strongly 3-nerved and sometimes with an 
 additional pair of marginal less distinct nerves, entire, 7-20 cm. long, 8-25 mm. 
 wide, the lower and basal ones slender-petioied, the upper short-petioled or 
 sessile; rays short, 2-3 cm., spreading, or rarely deflexed, often pale. In dry soil, 
 especially on prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr.. Wyo. and Tex. June-Oct. 
 
 3. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton. PALE PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. Simi- 
 lar to the preceding species, but usually taller, sometimes I m. high. Stem- leaves 
 elongated-lanceolate, entire; rays narrow and elongated, drooping, 4-7 cm. long, 
 3-6 mm. wide, rose-purple or sometimes nearly white. In dry soil, 111. to Mich., 
 Ark., Ala., La. and Tex. May-July. 
 
 4. Brauneria atrorubens (Nutt.) Boynton & Beadle. RED CONE-FLOWER. 
 Glabrous, or with a few scattered stiff hairs; stem stout, simple, 6-7.5 dm. ta ^' 
 Leaves elongated-lanceolate, entire, strongly 3-nerved, the lower 1.5-2 dm. long, 
 the petioles often as long as the blades, 1.2-2 cm. wide, the upper sessile, all 
 
99 FLORA. 
 
 rough-ciliate on the margins and with some appressed hairs on both surfaces; 
 peduncle long, stout; rays 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, narrowed below, droop- 
 ing, "very dark red" according to Nuttall, apparently yellow in Missouri speci- 
 mens. Ark. and Mo. 
 
 63. BORRl'CHIA Adans. 
 
 Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the seacoast, with opposite 
 entire or denticulate, cuneate, oblong, spatulate or obovate, i-3-nervrd leaves, and 
 terminal large long peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. 
 Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the 
 inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, 
 subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Di^k- 
 flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-tocthed, the style- branches elongated, hispid. 
 Anthers dark colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the 
 ray-flowers 3 sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate 
 crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species, natives 
 of America. In addition to the following, another occurs in South Fla. 
 
 I. Borrichia fru.escens (L.) DC. SKA OX-EYE. (I. F. f. 3897.) Finely 
 canescent, even when old; stems terete, sparingly branched, 3-12 dm. high. 
 Leaves mostly erect or ascending, spatulate or obovate, fleshy, tapering to the 
 sessile base, somewhat connate, 3-7 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide ; heads solitary or 
 few, about 25 mm. broad ; rays iq-25, rather short ; exterior bracts of the in- 
 volucre ovate and somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of the recep- 
 tacle cuspidate. Seacoast, Va. to Fia. and Tex. Also on the coasts of Mex. and 
 W. Ind. April- Oct. 
 
 64. HELIANTHUS L. 
 
 trect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate 
 simple leaves, and large .peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular 
 and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown or purple. Involucre 
 hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, 
 convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flc wers. Ray-flowers neutral 
 (in our species), the rays spreading, mostly entire. Dii-k flowers perfect, fertile, 
 the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5 lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 
 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 
 thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4- angled, pappus of 2 scales 
 or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun- 
 flower.] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, 
 about 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 * Disk purple, purplish or brcwn ; receptacle flat or convex. 
 
 1. Leaves mostly alternate, the lower opposite. 
 Leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate; perennials. 
 
 Stem rough: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; eastern. i. //. angusti/olius. 
 
 Stem glabrous ; leaves elongated-linear; western. 2. H. orgyalis. 
 
 Leaves broad, ovate ; annuals. 
 
 Leaves dentate; bracts ovate, acuminate, ciliate, hispid. 3. //. annnus. 
 Leaves entire or nearly so ; bracts lanceolate, canescent. 4. //. petiolaris. 
 
 2. Leavs mostly opposite, the upper alternate. 
 
 Leaves hispid, abruptly contracted into \vinged petioles. 5. //. atrorubens. 
 
 Leaves gradually narrowed into petiole?. 
 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate : involucral bracts acuminate. 6. //. scaberrimus. 
 
 Stem-leaves rhombic-ovate to lanceolate ; involucral bracts acute. 
 
 7. H. subrhomboidcus. 
 * * Disk yellow or yellowish; receptacle convex or conic. 
 
 t Leaves nearly all basal or near the base oj the stem; upper b^-act-hke. 
 
 8. //. accident alis. 
 
 t f Stems leafy ; leaves alternate or opposite. 
 I. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide. 
 . Leaves glabrous on both sides ; heads 2.5-4 cm. broad. 
 
 9. H. laevigatus. 
 b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface. 
 
 Heads 1-3.5 cm. broad , leaves thin , stem glabrous. 10. //. microcephalus. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 991 
 
 Heads 3.5-8 cm. broad ; leaves firm, many of them often alternate. 
 
 Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid, at least above ; leaves sessile or nearly so. 
 Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath, flat. 
 
 Leaves mostly alternate, narrowed at the base. n. H. giganteus. 
 Leaves all but the uppermost opposite, obtuse at base. 
 
 12. H. ambiguus, 
 Leaves very scabrous on both sides. 
 
 Leaves elongated-lanceolate, conduplicate, pinnately veined. 
 
 Plant 1-4 m. high ; heads numerous ; leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 13. H, M aximiliani . 
 Plant 4-7 dm. high; heads i or 2; leaves all but the upper opposite. 
 
 14. //. Daiyi. 
 Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved. 
 
 Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base. 
 
 15. H. subtubcrosus. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at the base. 
 
 16. H. Rydbergi, 
 
 Stem glabrous ; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 19. H. divaricatus. 
 
 Stem glabrous; leaves petioled. 
 
 Stem glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, firm. 17. H. grosseserratus. 
 
 Stem not glaucous ; leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, thin. 
 
 18. H. Kellermani. 
 a. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong. 
 
 a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so. 
 
 Stem glabrous ; leaves divaricate. 19. H. divaricatus. 
 
 Stem hirsute or hispid ; leaves ascending. 
 
 Leaves cordate-clasping at the base. 20. H. mollis, 
 
 Leaves narrowed from below the middle. 21. H. doronicoides. 
 
 b. Leaves manifestly petioled. 
 Stem puberulent or glabrous. 
 
 Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. 
 
 Leaves regularly serrate. " 22. H. decapetalus. 
 
 Leaves irregularly serrate-laciniate. 23. H. scrophulariifolius. 
 
 Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. 24. H, tracheliifolius. 
 Bracts of the involucre about equalling the disk. 25. H. strumosus. 
 
 Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. 
 
 Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. 26. H. hirsutus. 
 Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed. 27. H. laetiflorus 
 Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading. 
 
 Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. 28. H. tomentosus. 
 
 Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath. 29. H. tuberosus. 
 
 1. Helianthus angustifblius L. NARROW-LEAVED OR SWAMP SUNFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3898.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem branched above, or simple, 
 slender, often hirsute below, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile, slightly 
 scabrous, rarely somewhat canescent beneath, 5-17 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the 
 margins revolute when dry; heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; 
 involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely 
 squarrose, pubescent; receptacle slightly convex; chaff entire or 3 -toothed; rays 
 12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually of 2 short awns. In swamps, 
 Long Island, N. Y.. to Fla , Ky. and Tex., mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 2. Helianthus orgy-alls DC. LINEAR-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3899.) 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem branched near the summit, very leafy to 
 the top, 2-3 m. high. Leaves sessiie, entire, remotely dentate and short-petioled, 
 rough with mucronate- tipped papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate, 
 1-4 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; heads usually numerous, about 5 cm. broad, termi- 
 nating slender branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate 
 to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate; receptacle convex, its chaff entire, or 
 toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, 2-4-awned. 
 On dry plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 3. Helianthus annuus L. COMMON SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3900. ) Stem his- 
 pid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 1-2 m. high, or in cultivated forms some- 
 times 4.5 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, 3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, 
 acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath, the lower 
 cordate at the base, 7-30 cm. long; heads in the wild plant 7-15 cm. broad; invo- 
 
99 2 FLORA. 
 
 lucre depressed, its bracts ovate or oblong, usually long-acuminate or aristate; 
 chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft; achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent, or 
 nearly glabrous. On prairies, etc., Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Mo. and Tex. 
 Much larger in cultivation ; an occasional escape in the east. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. PRAIRIE SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3901.) 
 Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller and with smaller heads; stem 
 strigose-hispid or hirsute, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate- 
 lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually paler beneath than above, 3-7 cm. long, 
 entire, or denticulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; 
 heads 4-7 cm. broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts not hispid-ciliate, 
 acute, or short-acuminate; achenes villous-pubescent, at least when young. On 
 dry prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr, and Ore., south to Mo., Tex. and Ariz. 
 Found rarely in waste places farther east. June-Sept. 
 
 Helianthus petioliris c^nus Britton. Leaves ovate, white-canescent beneath. Neb. 
 to Tex. and N. Alex. 
 
 Helianthus petiol&ris patens (Lehm.) Rydb. Heads larger, Ion g-ped uncled, the 
 peduncles fleshy toward the top ; leaves large, long-petioled. Neb. and Mo. 
 
 5. Helianthus atrorubens L. HAIRY WOOD SUNFLOWER. PURPLE-DISK 
 SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3902.) Perennial; stems hirsute below, often minutely 
 pubescent above, branched at the summit, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves hirsute on both 
 sides, or canescent beneath, mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, dentate 
 or crenate-dentate, 10-25 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide; heads not numerous, slender- 
 peduncled, about 5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong to obovate, 
 obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; receptacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or 3-toothed; 
 rays 10-20; achenes obovate, truncate, finely pubescent, about 4 mm. long; pap- 
 pus usually of 2 lanceolate awns. In dry woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ohio, Minn., 
 Mo., Ark. and La. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 6. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. STIFF SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3903.) Per- 
 ennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid or scabrate, 5-25 dm. high. Leaves 
 thick, coriaceous, serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides. 15 cm. long, 
 5-17 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate- 
 oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled ; 
 heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, 
 acute, ciliate; receptacle- convex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow; achenes 
 more or less pubescent, obkmg-obovate ; pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout 
 awns. Prairies, Minn, to 111., Ga. and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 7. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. RHOMBIC-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. 
 Stem simple, sparingly hirsute, usually tinged with red. Leaves opposite, firm, 
 very scabrous, 3-nerved, slightly serrate, the basal ones broadly ovate to obovate- 
 spatulate, those of the stem rhomboid-ovate to rhomboid-lanceolate, short-petioled, 
 5-10 cm. long, the uppermost very small; heads 1-3, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter; bracts 
 of the involucre oblong, acutish, densely white-ciliate. Plains, S. Dak. to Sas- 
 katch., Neb. and Mont. July-Sept. 
 
 8. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. FEW-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 3904.) Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous, slen- 
 der, mostly simple, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves mainly basal, firm, ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3~5-nerved, ser- 
 rulate or entire, mostly scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with slender petioles ; 
 heads several or solitary, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lance- 
 olate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, generally ciliate, appressed; recep- 
 tacle convex, its chaff acute; rays 12-15; achenes truncate and pubescent at the 
 summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., south 
 to Fla. and Mo. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 Helianthus occidentalis Dowelli&nus (Curtis) T. & G. Leaves broader and more 
 numerous, smooth or nearly so on both sides. D. C. to N. Car. and Ga. 
 
 9. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. SMOOTH SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3905.) 
 
 Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or little branched, glabrous, or some- 
 what glaucous, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, glabrous, lance- 
 olate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acumi- 
 nate, narrowed at the base, 7-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, the margins sometimes 
 
COMPGSITAE. 993 
 
 roughish; heads few or solitary; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5- 10; 
 chaff linear; achenes slightly pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate or 
 ovate awns, with or without 2 intermediate scales. In dry soil, mountains of Va. 
 and N. Car. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 10. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. SMALL WOOD SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3906.) Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or rarely simple, 1-2 m. high. 
 Leaves thin or thinnish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceolate, or the lower 
 ovate lanceolate, rough above, canescent or puberulent beneath, long -acuminate at 
 the apex, narrowed at the base, serrulate, or the lower serrate, 7-17 cm. long, 1-4 
 cm. wide; heads commonly several or numerous, borne on slender, sometimes 
 roughish peduncles; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute or 
 acuminate, ciliolite, the tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the receptacle 
 oblong, entire, -or 3-toothed; rays 5-10; disk yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; 
 pappus usually of 2 subulate awns. In moist woods and along streams, Penn. to 
 Ga., west to Ohio, Mo. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 11. Helianthus giganteus L. TALL OR GIANT SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 
 3907.) Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks; stems hispid or scabrous, 
 at least above, 13.5 in - h^S n> Leaves sessile or short-petioled, firm, serrate or 
 denticulate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm - 
 wide; heads usually several, mostly long-peduncled, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts squarrose, lanceolate-subulate, hirsute or ciliate, commonly as 
 long as the diameter of the disk; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear, acute; 
 achenes oblong, glabrous; rays 10-10; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In swamps 
 and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. 
 Stem commonly purple. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 12. Helianthus atnbiguus (T. & G.) Britton. AMBIGUOUS SUNFLOWER. 
 Stem slender, rough-hispid above, 5-8 dm. high, simple or little branched. Leaves 
 thin, lanceolate, sharply serrate, long-acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, finely rough- 
 pubescent on both sides, broadest just above the obtuse or subacute base, the upper 
 sessile, the lower short-petioled; heads few, 7-8 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
 lanceolate, acuminate, densely ciliate. In moist soil, L. I. and Ga. July-Sept. 
 [//. giganteus ambiguus T. & G. ] 
 
 13. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. MAXIMILIAN'S SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3908.) Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened rootstocks; stems stout, scabrous 
 or hispid below, 1-4 m. high. Leaves folding in drying, rigid, acuminate or 
 acute at both ends, denticulate or entire, 7-17 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; heads few 
 or numerous, 5-7 cm. broad, on stout densely rough-pubescent peduncles; involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, densely strigose-pubescent, 
 often 18 mm. long; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent above; achenes 
 linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so; pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns. On 
 dry prairies, Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr., Neb. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 14. Helianthus Dalyi Britton. JUDGE DALY'S SUNFLOWER. Perennial by a 
 fusiform tuber, 3-4 cm. long. Stem slender, simple, roughish, appressed-pubes- 
 cent, about 6 dm. high; leaves firm, conduplicate, drooping, finely rough pubes- 
 cent on both sides, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, distantly serrate 
 with low teeth, the larger about I dm. long and 1.4 cm. wide, all opposite or the 
 uppermost alternate; heads usually solitary and long-peduncled, rarely 2, about 
 8 cm. broad; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate with long subulate tips; rays 
 acute; pappus 2 subulate awns; chaff of the receptacle pubescent at the acute apex. 
 Sag Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 15. Helianthub subtuberosus Bnurgeau. INDIAN POTATO. Fleshy roots thick 
 and edible. Leaves thick, more or less serrate, all or all but the upper distinctly 
 petioled. sometimes all opposite, 6-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, mostly 
 narrowed at the base, the petioles ciliate; heads not very numerous; bracts of the 
 involucre lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent and white-ciliate, about 1.5 cm. 
 long; rays 3-4 cm. long. Mich, and Minn, to the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and Mont. 
 Aug. -Sept. [//. giganteus subtuberosus Britton. | 
 
 1 6. Helianthus Rydbergi Britton, n. sp. RYDBERG'S SUNFLOWER. Peren- 
 nial by a narrowly fusiform tuberous root with several stout branches. Stem 0.7- 
 1.5 m, high, somewhat branched near the summit; leaves ovate- lanceolate or the 
 
994 FLORA. 
 
 upper ones lanceolate, thick, pale green, scabrous on both sides, 3-nerved, sparingly 
 serrate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into short petioles, 
 the larger about I dm. long and 3 cm. wide; heads several, stout-peduncled, 8-9 
 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, long-ciliate. Sand hill 
 region of central Neb.; type, Rydberg No. 1767, from Middle Loup River, 
 Hooker Co. 
 
 17. Helianthus grosseserratus Martens. SAW-TOOTH SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 t. 3909.) Perennial by fleshy roots and slender rootstocks; stems glabrous, 
 glaucous, branched above, 2-3 m. high, the branches usually strigose-pubescent; 
 leaves long -lanceolate, slender-petioled, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, 
 sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the uppermost entire, rough above, densely 
 puberulent or canescent beneath, 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm - wide; heads several or 
 numerous, 4-7 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squarrose, narrowly 
 lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at the summit, acute, 
 often 3-toothed; disk yellowish; rays 10-20, deep yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; 
 pappus of 2 lanceolate awns. In open places, eastern L. I. to Penn., S. Dak., Mo. 
 and Tex. May contain more than one species as here characterized. 
 
 18. Helianthus Kellermani Britton. n. sp. KELLERMAN'S SUNFLOWER. Stem 
 2-3 m. high, very smooth, much branched above, the branches slender. Leaves 
 narrowly elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, drooping, rather thin, distantly 
 serrate with very small teeth, long-acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base 
 into short petioles or the upper sessile, scabrate and sparingly pubescent on both 
 surfaces, pinnately veined, the lower about 2 dm. long and 1.5 cm. wide; branches 
 of the inflorescence pubescent; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, about 1.5 
 cm. long, and 1.5 mm. wide at the base, ciliate, long-acuminate; rays golden- 
 yellow, 3-4 cm. long; chaff of the receptacle linear. Columbus, Ohio. W. A. 
 Keller man, Sept. 5, 1898. 
 
 19. Helianthus divaricatus L. ROUGH OR WOODLAND SUNFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3910.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous throughout, or pu- 
 bescent at the summit, slender, 6-20 dm. high. Leaves usually all opposite, di- 
 varicate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or denticulate, 3-nerved, 
 rough above, pubescent beneath, gradually long- acuminate, 7-20 cm. long, 6-36 mm. 
 wide ; heads few or solitary, about 25 mm. broad, borne on strigose-pubescent 
 peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, stri- 
 gose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading; rays 8-15; chaff of the receptacle apicu- 
 late; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short subulate awns. In dry woodlands, Me. 
 and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 20. Helianthus mSllis Lam. HAIRY SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3911.) Perennial, 
 stem stout, simple, or sparingly branched above, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves pinnately 
 veined, 3-nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper alternate, acute or 
 acuminate, scabrous or cinereous pubescent above, densely and finely pubescent 
 beneath, serrulate, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide; heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. 
 broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous- 
 canescent, somewhat spreading; rays 15-25; chaff canescent at the summit; ma- 
 ture achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales. In dry barren soil, 
 Ohio to Ga., west to Iowa, Kans., and Tex.; also on L. I. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 21. Hslianthus doronicoides Lam. OBLONG-LEAVED SUNFLOWER. (L F. 
 f. 3912.) Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems stout, rough, or finely rough- 
 pubescent, branched above, 1-2 m. high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, 
 thick, ascending, serrate or serrulate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rough on 
 both sides, or finely pubescent beneath, somewhat 3-nerved, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 
 cm. wide; heads commonly numerous, 6-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its 
 bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or hirsute, somewhat spreading; rays 
 12-20, 8-12 mm. wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, 
 Ohio to Mich., Mo. and Ark. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 22. Helianthus decapetalus L. THIN-LEAVED OR WILD SUNFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3913.) Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened rootstocks; stem 
 slender, glabrous or nearly so, branched above, 3-15 dm. high; branches puberu- 
 lent. Leaves 7-20 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the upper 
 commonly alternate, roughish above, finely but often sparingly pubescent beneath, 
 acuminate, the rounded or truncate base decurrent on the petiole; heads numer- 
 
COMPOSITAE. 995 
 
 ous, 5-7 cm. oroad; involucre hemispheric ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 hirsute, ciliate, spreading, often longer than the disk; rays 8-15, light yellow; chaff 
 entire or 3-toothed, pubescent at the apex; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate 
 awns. In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Ky. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 23. Helianthus scrophulariifolius Britton, n. sp. FIGWORT SUNFLOWER. 
 Root 3 dm. long, or more, slender. Stem simple, glabrous, and smooth, striate, 
 about I m. high. Leaves rather thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 
 roughish on both sides, 3-nerved, sharply, deeply, and very irregularly toothed, 
 the apex long-acuminate, the base rather gradually narrowed into a ciliate margined 
 petiole 2-4 cm. long, or the uppermost leaves nearly sessile; heads few, on slen- 
 der scabrous peduncles, 6-8 cm. broad; in volucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, about equalling the disk, not conspicuously ciliate. Hillside thicket north- 
 west of Woodlawn, N. Y. City, E. P. Bicknell. 
 
 24. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. THROATWORT SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3914.) Similar to the following species, but the stem usually roughish-pubescent. 
 Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved near the base, green both sides, 
 but darker above, generally rougher on the upper surface, the lower ones sharply 
 serrate; branches and peduncles scabrous; heads several, 6-8 cm. broad; bracts 
 of the hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, ciliate and puberu- 
 lent, sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times the length of the disk. In dry soil, Penn. 
 and Ohio to Wis. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 25. Helianthus struraosus L. PALE-LEAVED WOOD SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3915.) Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous-thickened rootstocks; stem 
 glaibous below, sometimes glaucous, 1-2 m. high, branched above, the branches 
 usually pubescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not membranous, rough 
 above, pale and somewhat puberulent or canescent beneath, acuminate, contracted 
 much below the middle and decurrent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base, 7-20 
 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, mostly opposite, the upper often alternate; heads com- 
 monly several, 6-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; rays 5-15; chaff pubescent; achenes nearly 
 glabrous. In dry woods and on banks, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 Helianthus strum6sus macroph^llus (Willd.) Britton. Leaves finely and densely 
 canescent beneath. Mass, to Penn., Iowa and Miss. 
 
 26. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. STIFF-HAIRED SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3916.) 
 Perennial; stem usually branched, stout, rigid, 6-12 cm. high. Leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, thick, very rough above, 
 rough-pubescent beneath, 3-nerved, serrate or serrulate, 7-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm> 
 wide, nearly all opposite; heads usually several, 5-7 cm. broad; involucre hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly puber- 
 ulent, erect or but slightly spreading, equalling or shorter than the disk ; rays 12-15 > 
 chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit; achenes oval, rounded at the summit, 
 glabrous; pappus of I or 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Penn. and Ohio to Wis., 
 south to W. Va., Ga., Kans. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 Helianthus hirsutus trachyph^llus T. & G. Leaves thick, very rough on both sfdes ; 
 i heads larger; involucral bracts more spreading. Neb. to Ark. 
 
 27. Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. SHOWY SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3917.) 
 
 Perennial; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, 1-2.8 m. high. Leaves oval- lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, 3-nerved, rough on both sides, long-acuminate at 
 the apex, serrate or serrulate, 10-25 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, the upper often alter- 
 nate; heads usually several, 5-10 cm. broad, mostly short-peduncled; bracts of 
 the hemispheric involucre ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, imbricated in only 
 2 or 3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or but little spreading, 
 shorter than or equalling the disk; rays 15-25, showy; chaff of the receptacle en- 
 tire, or sometimes 3-toothed. On prairies and barrens, Penn. and Ohio to Minn. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 28. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. WOOLLY SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3918.) 
 Perennial ; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especially above, branched, 1-3 m. 
 high. Leaves rather thin, ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly alternate, 3 -ribbed 
 
99 6 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 above the base, gradually or abruptly contracted into margined petioles, rough 
 above, sparingly serrate, the lower often 3 dm. long and I dm. wide; heads com- 
 monly several or numerous, 7-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts 
 imbricated in many series, densely hirsute and ciliate, usually longer than the 
 disk; chaff of the receptacle and lobes of the disk-corollas pubescent; pappus of 2 
 subulate awns. In dry soil, Va. to Ga. and Ala. Reported from 111. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 29. Helianthus tuberosus L. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. EARTH APPLE. 
 (I. . f. 3919.) Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks bearing tubers ; stems 
 branched above, 2-3.5 m - high- Leaves ovate or ovate oblong, firm, 3-nerved 
 near the base, narrowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 
 acuminate at the apex, rather long-petioled, serrate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, 
 the upper alternate, the lower opposite; heads several or numerous, 5-8 cm. broad; 
 involucre hemispheric; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle acute and pubescent at 
 the summit; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 
 south to Ga., Kans. and Ark. Often occurs along roadsides in the east, a relic of 
 cultivation by the aborigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers. Sept.- 
 Oct 
 
 Helianthus tuber6su subcandscens A. Gray. Lower; leaves densely white canes- 
 cent beneath. Prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Mo. 
 
 65. VERBESINA L. 
 
 Pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with leaves often 
 decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or solitary heads of both tubu- 
 lar and radiaie yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucre 
 campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle chaffy, 
 the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Disk- 
 flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb, usually 
 longer than the tube. Style branches of the disk flowers with acute papillose 
 appendages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3 sided, their margins 
 winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 
 intermediate scales. [Name altered from Verbena.] A large genus, variously 
 restricted by authors, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, 
 about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 
 
 Involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. broad ; heads small, numerous. 
 
 Leaves alternate; rays white. i. V. Virginica. 
 
 Leaves opposite; rays yellow. 2. V. occidentalis. 
 Involucre hemispheric, 12-20 mm. broad ; heads few, large. 
 
 Leaves ovate, sessile, serrate. 3. V. helianthoides. 
 
 Leaves deltoid, petioled, coarsely dentate. 4. V. encelioides. 
 
 Involucre of a few, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose. 5. V. alternifolia. 
 
 1. Verbesina Virginica L. SMALL WHITE OR VIRGINIA CROWNBEARD. 
 (L . f. 3920.) Perennial; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged, 1-2 m. 
 high. Leaves usually thin, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canescent or gla- 
 brate beneath, acute or acuminate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, contracted at the 
 base into winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, smaller, often entire; 
 heads corymbose-paniculate, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate, erect, 
 obtuse, pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate; achenes minutely pubes- 
 cent, winged or wingless. In dry soil, Penn. to Va., 111. and Kans., south to Fla. 
 and Tex. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 2. Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. SMALL YELLOW CROWNBEARD. (I. F. 
 f. 3921.) Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above, usually much branched, 
 narrowly 4-winged, 1-2 dm. high, the branches also winged and pubescent. Leaves 
 thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, minutely rough -pubescent on both sides, or gla- 
 brate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or contracted below into slender petioles, 
 serrate, 1025 cm * ^ on S> 2 ~^ cm - wide; heads 12-25 mm - broad, corymbose; bracts 
 lanceolate, obtuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubescent; rays 1-5, usu- 
 ally pistillate, rarely none; achenes wingless. In dry thickets and on hillsides, 
 Md. and southern Penn. to 111., Fla. and Ga. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 3. Verbesina helianthoides Michx. SUNFLOWER CROWNBEARD. (I. F. 
 f. 3922.) Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usually simple, 6-12 dm. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 997 
 
 high. Leaves acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, rough 
 or appressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or canescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 
 2-4 cm. wide, all alternate, or the lower opposite; heads solitary or few, 5-7 cm. 
 broad; bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed; rays 8-15, pistillate or 
 neutral, linear- oblong, yellow; achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged. 
 On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Ga.. Iowa, Kans. and Tex. June-July. 
 
 4. Vcrbesina encelioides t^Cav.) A. Gray. GOLDEN CROWNBEARD. (I. F. 
 3923.) Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 
 thin, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate; acute or blunt at the apex, green and minutely 
 pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath, all alternate, or the lowest 
 opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which are often 
 provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads 3-5 cm. broad; involucre 
 hemispheric, about 12 mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12-15, 
 bright golden yellow, 3-toothed; achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged, 
 pubescent; those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless. In moist soil, 
 Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. Also in Fla., and widely distributed in warm 
 regions as a weed. Summer. 
 
 5. Verbe.ina alternifolia (L.) Britton. ACTINOMERIS. (I. F. f. 3924.) 
 Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, narrowly winged, or wingless, simple or 
 branched near the summit, leafy, 1.2-3 m - high- Leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire, rough or roughish on both sides, 
 gradually narrowed to the sessile base, or the lower short-petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 
 1-7 cm. wiJe, sessile, short-petioled, alternate, or the lower opposite and slender- 
 petioled; heads numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, corymbose-paniculate; rays 2-10, yellow; 
 achenes broadly winged or nearly wingless, sparingly pubescent. In rich soil, N. J. 
 to western N. Y., Iowa, Fla., Kans. and La. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 66. COREOPSIS L. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and large long-peduncled 
 heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown at the base, or 
 brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct 
 series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and 
 shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff flat or 
 concave. Ray- flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with 
 slender tube and broader 5-toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. 
 Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong. Pappus of 2 short teeth; or a mere coroniform 
 border, or none. [Greek, bug-like, referring to the achenes.] About 50 species, 
 natives of America, S. Africa and Australasia. In addition to the following, some 
 10 others occur in the southern and western U. S. 
 
 * Rays pink, or occasionally white; leaves linear, entire. 
 
 i. C. rosca. 
 
 * * Rays yellow with a brown base, or brown; lower leaves pinnately divided. 
 Lobes of the lower leaves oblong or oval ; achenes winged. 2. C. cardaminefolta. 
 
 Leaf-lobes all linear-lanceolate ; achenes wingless. 3. C. tinctoria, 
 
 * * * Rays yellow throughout. 
 i. Leaves sessile, rigid, palmately 3-lobed below the middle. 
 
 4. C. palmata. 
 
 2. Leaves sessile, some or all 3-divided to the base, appearing verticillate. 
 Leaf-segments oblong or lanceolate, entire. 5. C. major. 
 
 Leaf-segments i-2-pinnately parted. 
 
 Divisions of the segments linear-lanceolate. 6. C. delphinifolia. 
 
 Divisions of the segments very narrowly linear. 7. C. verticillata. 
 
 3. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, entire, or the lower 3~5-lobed ; achenes often with a 
 
 callus at each end on the inner side. 
 Glabrous or nearly so ; stem-leaves lanceolate ; achenes winged. 
 
 8. C. lanceolata. 
 Plants hirsute, hispid or pubescent, at least below. 
 
 Plant leafy, 6-12 dm. high ; stem-leaves oblong to ovate, acutish. 
 
 9. C. pubescens. 
 Leaves few ; plants 3-6 dm. high ; stem-leaves mostly obtuse. 
 
 Achenes broadly winged; basal leaves oblong. 10. C. crassifolia. 
 
 Achenes narrowly winged ; basal leaves nearly orbicular. 
 
 ii. C. auricvlata. 
 

 
 99 8 FLORA. 
 
 4. Leaves, or most of them, i-2-parted into linear segments; rays lobed. 
 
 12. C. grandiflon 
 5. Leaves petioled, all but the upper pinnately 3~s-divided; rays entire. 
 
 13. C. tripteris. 
 
 1. Coreopsis roseaNutt. SMALL ROSE OR PINK TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3925.) 
 
 Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems at length much branched, slender, strict, 
 glabrous, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves opposite, glabrous, obscurely I -nerved, 3-6 cm. 
 long, 1-3 cm. wide, sessile, or the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled, several 
 or numerous, 12-25 mm. broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, oblong to obovate, slightly 
 3 toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate, 
 oblong, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones; style-tips truncate; 
 achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged, slightly ribbed on the inner face; 
 pappus a very short truncate crown. In open swamps, eastern Mass, to Ga., near 
 the coast. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Coreopsis cardaminefolia (DC.) T. & G. CRESS-LEAVED TICKSEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3926.) Annual; stem glabrous, branched, 3-8 dm. high. Basal leaves 
 petioled, 5-10 cm. long; stem-leaves distant, sessile or nearly so, pinnately parted 
 into linear segments, or the uppermost entire; heads 16-25 mm. broad, slender- 
 peduncled; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the lanceolate obtus- 
 ish outer ones; rays 4-8, 3 toothed; achenes oval, 2-3 mm. long, winged, smooth, 
 or slightly papillose; pappus of 2 minute awns, or none. In moist soil, Kans. to 
 N. Mex., La. and northern Mex. May-Get. 
 
 3. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. GARDEN TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3927.) Annual; 
 stem glabrous, branched, 3-10 dm. high; heads slender-peduncled, 20-25 mm - 
 broad, or in cultivation much broader; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts 
 brown, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious-margined, 3-5 times as long as 
 the obtuse outer ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, yellow with a brown base or brown all 
 over; style-tips truncate; achenes linear or linear-oblong, about 2 m. long; pappus 
 a mere border, or hone. In moist soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb., 
 La. and Ariz. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places eastward. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 4. Coreopsis'palmata Nutt. STIFF TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3928.) Perennial, 
 stems rigid, glabrous, simple or little branched, very leafy, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 sessile, 5-7 cm. long, the uppermost entire, thick, rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, 
 obtusish, entire, or with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough; heads few or soli- 
 tary, short-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts somewhat 
 united at the base, those of the outer series narrower and nearly as long as the 
 inner ones; rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, mostly 3-toothed; achenes 
 oblong, narrowly winged, slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none. On 
 dry prairies and in thickets, 111. to La., west to Minn., Manitoba, Neb. and Tex. 
 June-July. 
 
 5. Coreopsis major Walt.- WOOD, OR GREATER TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3929.) 
 Perennial; stem pubescent, branched above, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves more or less 
 pubescent, or glabrous, divided into 3, segments 5-10 cm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, 
 which appear as if in verticils of 6; the upper and lower leaves (rarely all of them) 
 undivided and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-5 cm. 
 broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre all united at the base, the outer ones 
 linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or shorter than the broader inner ones, all pubes- 
 cent; rays 6-10, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes oblong to elliptic, winged, 
 1-4 cm. long ; pappus of 2 short deciduous teeth. In dry sandy woods, Va. and 
 N. Car. to Fla. and Miss. July-Aug. 
 
 Coreopsis mijor Ofcmleri (Ell.) Britton. Plant glabrous throughout; leaf-segments 
 often narrower. Va. and W. Va. to Ga. 
 
 6. Coreopsis delphinifblia Lam. LARKSPUR TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3930.) 
 Perennial, stem glabrous, branched above, rather slender, 3-9 dm. high. Segments 
 3-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; heads several or numerous, 4-6 cm. broad; involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than or 
 equalling, the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, entire; disk brown; achenes 
 
COMPOSITAE. 999 
 
 oblong to oval, narrowed at the base, narrowly winged; pappus of 2 short teeth. 
 In dry woods, Va., N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Aug. -Sept. 
 
 7. Coreopsis verticillata L. WHORLED TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3931.) Peren- 
 nial; stem stiff, much branched, slender, leafy, 3-6 dm. high. Heads numerous, 
 3-4 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, or short- cylindric in fruit, glabrous, its 
 outer bracts linear, obtuse, commonly somewhat shorter and much narrower than 
 the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, spatulate-oblong, obtuse; disk dull yellow; 
 achenes oblong, narrowly winged, 4 mm. long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry 
 soil, western Ont. to northern Mich., Md., N. Car., Ky., Neb. and Ark. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 8. Coreopsis lanceolata L. LANCE-LEAVED TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3932.) 
 Perennial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, the lower and basal 
 ones slender-petioled, spatulate or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 5-15 cm. long, 
 entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse entire lobes; heads few or solitary on elongated 
 slender peduncles. 4-6 cm. broad, showy; peduncles often 3 dm. long; involucre 
 depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous or ciliate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as long; rays 6-10, cuneate, 3-7- 
 lobed; achenes oblong, about 2 mm. long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry or 
 moist soil, western Ont. to Va.. Fla., La. and Mo. May-Aug. 
 
 9. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. STAR TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3933.) Perennial; 
 stem leafy, little branched, or simple, erect. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, 
 entire, or some of them 3~5-lobed or divided, the basal and lower ones slender- 
 petioled, obovate oval, obtuse, the upper short- petioled or sessile, 5-7 cm. long; 
 heads few, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, long-peduncled; involucre depressed-hemispheric, 
 glabrous, star-like, its lanceolate obtuse or acute outer bracts nearly as long as but 
 much narrower than the ovate inner ones; rays 8-10, cuneate, lobed at the apex; 
 achenes similar to those of the preceding species or broader. In dry woods, Va. 
 to 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 10. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. THICK-LEAVED OR HAIRY TICKSEED. 
 (I. F. f. 3934.) Perennial; stem ascending, little branched, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves 
 rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, 4-7 
 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide; stem-leaves few, short petioled or sessile, obtuse or 
 acutish. narrower; heads few, 3-5 cm. broad, borne on slender, puberulent 
 peduncles of ten 3 dm. long, similar to those of C. fanceolata, as are the rays, 
 involucral bracts and achenes. Dry soil, 111. to La., east to S. Car. and Fla. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 11. Coreopsis auriculata L. RUNNING OR LOBED TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 
 3935-) Perennial; stolon iferous; stems weak, very slender, decumbent or ascend- 
 ing, 1.5-4 dm. long, little branched, or simple. Leaves thin, entire or pinnately 
 3-5-lobedor 3-5-divided, the terminal segment entire and much' larger than the 
 lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pubescent, with slender pubescent 
 petioles; stem- leaves few, petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads 2-4 cm. broad, 
 slender-peduncled; outer bracts of the involucre oblong, narrower than the mostly 
 ovate and acute inner ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, about 4- toothed, yellow; achenes 
 oval, the wings involute and thick. In woods, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. and La. 
 May-Aug. 
 
 12. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. LARGE-FLOWERED TICKSEED. (I. F. 
 3936.) Perennial (or sometimes annual ?); stem glabrous, usually branched above, 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves, or most of them, i-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire 
 and slender-petioled; segments of the lower stem-leaves oblong, obtuse, the termi- 
 nal one larger than the lateral; segments of most of the stem-leaves linear or even 
 filiform; petioles ciliate; heads commonly several, 3-5 cm. broad, long peduncled; 
 outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, narrower and mostly shorter than the oval 
 or ovate-lanceolate inner ones; rays 6-10, achenes oblong, broadly winged when 
 mature, the projections on the inner face usually large ; pappus of 2 short scales. 
 In moist soil, Kans. and Mo. to Tex. , east to Ga. May-Aug. 
 
 13. Coreopsis tripteris L. TALL TICKSEED. (I. F. f. 3937.) Perennial; 
 stem glabrous, much branched above, 12-25 dm. high- Leaves petioled. glabrous, 
 or very nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceolate entire acute rough-mar- 
 gined segments, which are 5-12 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide and pinnately veined ; 
 uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-4 cm. 
 
1000 FLORA. 
 
 broad; outer bracts of the invoiucre linear, obtusish, much narrower than the ovate- 
 oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6-io, yellow, obtuse, achenes oblong 
 to obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate; pappus none. In moist woods and 
 thickets, Penn. to Wis., Kans., Va., Fla. and La. July-Oct. 
 
 67. BIDENS L. (See Appendix.) 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite, serrate, lobed, divided or dissected 
 leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and 
 radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre campanulate or 
 hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the base; the outer 
 often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, 
 chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral, mostly 
 entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 
 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches with 
 short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, ob- 
 long, or linear. Pappus of 26 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly 
 barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 spe- 
 cies of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur 
 in the southern and western U. S. 
 Plants terrestrial, erect ; leaves simple, or divided. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely lobed (pinnately divided in B. connata 
 pinnata. 
 
 Rays present, large and conspicuous, twice as long; as the disk or longer. 
 Heads usually erect ; rays oval ; leaves lanceolate, many-toothed. 
 
 1. B. laevis. 
 Heads nodding ; rays linear-oblong; leaves narrowly lanceolate, fine toothed. 
 
 2. B. elegans. 
 Rays small, not more than twice as long as the disk, sometimes very short of 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Heads nodding after flowering. 3. B. cernua. 
 
 Heads persistently erect. 
 
 Pappus-awns downwardly barbed. 
 
 Involucral bracts not foliaceous; stem purple; 
 
 flowers orange. 4. B. connata. 
 
 Involucral bracts foliaceous ; stem straw-color ; flowers greenish 
 yellow. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts erect or nearly so ; lower leaves petioled. 
 
 5. B. comosa, 
 Outer involucral bracts spreading; leaves sessile. 
 
 6. B. acuta. 
 Pappus-awns upwardly barbed. 7. B. bidentoides. 
 
 Leaves, some or all of them, pinnately i-3-parted or dissected. 
 Rays rudimentary, none, or very short. 
 
 Achenes flat ; leaves, some or all of them, i-3-divided. 
 Outer involucral bracts, 4-8 ; aclienes nearly black. 
 
 Achenes 4-4.5 mm. long ; awns very short ; outer bracts 4. 
 
 8. B. discoidea. 
 Achenes 6 mm. long ; awns half as long as the achene ; outer 
 
 bracts 6-8. 9. B. frondosa. 
 
 Outer involucral bracts 10-16 ; achenes brown. 10. B. vulgata. 
 Achenes linear ; leaves dissected. n. B. bipinnata. 
 
 Rays large and conspicuous. 
 
 Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate ; pappus of 2 short teeth. 
 
 12. B. corona fa. 
 Achenes ciliate ; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns. 
 
 Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate. 13. B. trichosperma. 
 
 Achenes obovate, very flat. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre glabrous or ciliate, short. 
 
 14. B. aristosa. 
 Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner. 
 
 15. B. involucrata. 
 Plant aquatic ; submersed leaves filiformly dissected. 16. B. Beckii. 
 
 I. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. LARGER OR SMOOTH BUR-MARIGOLD. BROOK 
 SUNFLOWER. (I. F. f. 3938.) Annual; glabrous throughout; stems branched, 
 erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed 
 to the sometimes connate-perfoliate base, 7-20 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads 
 
CO M POSIT A E. IOC I 
 
 numerous, short-peduncled, erect, 4-6 cm. fer^ad; rays very showy, golden yellow; 
 involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or spatulate, equalling or 
 exceeding the broader, ovate or oblong, membranous inner ones; rays 8-IO, oval to 
 oblong, obtuse; achenes cuneate, truncate, 2 mm. long, retrorsely hispid on the 
 margins; pappus of 2-5 (usually 2), rigid downwardly barbed awns. In swamps 
 and wet meadows, Mass, to N. Car. and western N. Y. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 2. Bidens ele^ans Greene. NARROW-RAYED BUR-MARIGOLD. Glabrous; 
 stem slender, sparingly branched, terete, red -purple. Leaves narrowly lanceo- 
 late, 6-8 cm. long, with few short salient teeth ; heads nodding, on long slender 
 peduncles; outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; rays 68, about 3 
 times as long as the involucre; outer achenes 4-awned, the inner 3-awned; awns 
 and margins of the achenes retrorsely barbed. Southeastern Va. 
 
 3. Bidens cernua L. SMALLER OR NODDING BUR-MARIGOLD. (I. F. 
 f. 3939.) Annual; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect, branched, 5-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves sessile and commonly somewhat connate-perfoliate at the base, glabrous, 
 acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide; heads numerous, globose, short-pedun- 
 cled, 1-2.5 cm - broad, nodding after or during flowering; rays 6-10, short (6-12 
 mm.), or none; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate, 
 often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the broad, yellowish-margined mem- 
 branous inner ones; achenes cuneate, about 4 mm. long, retrorsely hispid on the 
 margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4) downwardly barbed awns. In wet soil, N. S. 
 to Hudson Bay and Br. Col., south to N. Car., Mo. and Cal. Also in Europe and 
 Asia. July-Oct. It has recently been proposed by Professor E. L. Greene to 
 separate this into several species, and Mr. Wiegand has suggested two subspecies. 
 
 4. Bidens connata Muhl. PURPLE-STEMMED SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS. (I. F. 
 f. 3940.) Annual; glabrous throughout; stem erect, usually much branched, 1.5- 
 25 dm. high. Leaves petioled, thin, apex acuminate, base tapering, blade 5-12 cm. 
 long, 6-25 mm. wide, decurrent on the petiole, the lower sometimes with a pair of 
 lateral basal lobes; heads several or numerous, peduncled, 1-4 cm. broad; involu- 
 cre campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts ciliate or naked, somewhat exceed- 
 ing the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays none, or 15 and inconspicuous; stamens 
 often exserted; achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled, or nearly glabrous, 
 often keeled, the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs, or both; pappus-awns 
 3 or 4; corolla 5 -toothed. In swamps or moist soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south 
 to Del., Ga., Ky. and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 Bidens connata pinnata S. Wats. Leaves pinnately divided into 4-6 pairs of acute, 
 entire to incised segments. Minn. 
 
 5. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. LEAFY-BRACTED TICKSEED. (I. F. 
 f. 3941. ) Annual, glabrous; stem erect, branched, 1.5-10 dm. high. Leaves short- 
 petioled, with mostly smaller teeth than in B. connata, tapering to each end, the 
 petioles broadly margined ; heads several or numerous, I cm. broad or more ; outer 
 bracts of the involucre spatulate or lanceolate, foliaceous, often toothed, 2-4 times 
 as long as the head; corollas mostly 4-lobed, stamens and style included ; achenes 
 larger, 7-11 mm. long, evenly cuneate, very flat, retrorsely hairy; pappus-awns 
 commonly 3, downwardly barbed. In wet soil, southern N. Y. and Mass, to 111. 
 Aug.-Oct. 
 
 6. Bidens acuta (Wiegand) Britton. PRAIRIE BEGGAR-TICKS. Similar to 
 B. comosa. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a narrowed base, 
 4-8 cm. long, sharply serrate, the margins sparingly ciliate ; involucre broader 
 than high, 1.5-3 cm - broad; outer bracts foliaceous, ciliate, acutish, longer than 
 the achenes, spreading; inner bracts narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acute; achenes 
 cuneate, sparingly retrorsely hairy; awns 3, retrorsely barbed, the longer more 
 than half as long as the achene. In wet soil, Kans. and Mo. Aug.-Sept. [B. 
 comosa acuta Wiegand ; B. riparia Greene. ] 
 
 7. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. SWAMP BEGGAR - TICKS. (I. F. 
 f. 3942.) Closely resembles B. connata, glabrous throughout; stem branched. 3-12 
 dm. high. Leaves petioled, or the upper sessile and entire, acuminate at the apex, 
 narrowed at the base; involucre narrowly or becoming somewhat broadly campan- 
 ulate, its outer bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much exceeding the 
 Oblong inner ones; rays none, or rarely present and veiy short; achenes linear- 
 
1002 
 
 
 cuneate, 8-10 mm. long, their sides and the 2 slender pappus-awns (rarely with 
 a short intiermediate awns) upwardly barbed or hispid. Muddy shores, Penn., 
 N. J., Del. and Md. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 8. Bidens discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. SMALL BEGGAR-TICKS. (I. F. f. 3943.) 
 Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect. 5-18 dm. high. Leaves membranous, 
 very slender-petioled, all the lower ones divided into 3 lanceolate or oblong-lance- 
 olate, dentate, acuminate segments which are 2-7 cm. long ; uppermost leaves 
 commonly rhombic-lanceolate and undivided; heads usually numerous, slender- 
 peduncled, 5-10 mm. broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its outer 
 bracts mostly foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing the inner ones; rays 
 apparently always wanting ; achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose, about 
 4 mm. long; pappus of 2 short, upwardly hispid, rarely downwardly barbed awns. 
 In swamps and wet places, Conn, to Va., Ohio, Mich., La. and Tex. July- Sept. 
 
 9. Bidens frondosa L. BLACK BEGGAR-TICKS. Annual ; stem erect, 
 branched, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 5-10 dm. high. Leaves - slender- 
 petioled, pinnately 3-5 -divided, or the uppermost undivided, the segments lanceo- 
 late or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the 
 base, usually slightly pubescent beneath, stalked, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; 
 heads usually numerous, slender-peduncled, 9-15 mm. broad; involucre campan- 
 ulate, becoming hemispheric, its outer bracts foliaceous, often exceeding the oblong 
 inner ones; achenes flat, cuneate, nearly black, the margins upwardly hairy; the 
 two slender awns downwardly barbed, or sometimes upwardly hispid. In moist 
 soil, often a weed in fields, N. B, to Fla., Neb. and Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 10. Bidens vulgata Greene. TALL BEGGAR-TICKS. (I. F. f. 3944, as B. fron- 
 dosa.} Taller, sometimes 3 m. high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves pinnately 3-5. 
 divided, the veins straight and prominent; heads larger, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, stout- 
 peduncled; outer involucral bracts linear to linear-spatulate, ciliate, the inner mostly 
 ovate or narrowly triangular, pubescent at the apex; ray-flowers usually present, 
 pale yellow; achenes very flat, 7-9 mm. long, 45 mm. wide, br< wn or greenish 
 brown; the margins downwardly barbed above, upwardly hairy belt w; awns 2, half 
 as long as the achene or more, downwardly barbed. In moist soii, Ont. to N. Car., 
 Br. Col., Mo. and Cal. 
 
 Bidens vulg&ta pubdrula (Wiegand) Greene. Crisp-pubescent above, ^sp^cially on 
 the involucre; inner bracts pubescent on the back. Wis. to Saskatch., Io\va, Neb. and 
 Mo. 
 
 11. Bidens bipinnata L. SPANISH NEEDLES. (I. F. f. 3945.) Annual; stem 
 quadrangular, erect, freely branched, rather slender, 3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, 
 acuminate, petioled, I-3-pinnately dissected into ovate or oblong, toothed or iobed 
 segments; lower leaves often 2 cm. long; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled, 
 4-8 mm. broad; involucre narrow, its outer bracts linear, ascending, nearly a? 
 long as the broader erect inner ones; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none; 
 achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent, narrowed upward into a beak, ib-iS 
 mm. long, the outer ones commonly shorter and thicker than the inner; pappus oi 
 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed, slightly spreading awns, much shorter than 
 the achene. In various situations, often a weed in cultivated fields, R. I. to Fla., 
 west to Ohio, Neb. and Ariz. Also in Mex. and tropical Am., and introduced as a 
 weed into southern Europe and Asia. July-Oct. 
 
 12. Bidens coronata (L.) Fisch. SOUTHERN TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER. (I. F. 
 f. 3946.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem branched, 3-9 dm. high. 
 Lower leaves petioled, 7-12 cm. long, 3-divided, the terminal segment lanceolate, 
 acute or acuminate, serrate, much larger than the serrate or entire lateral ones; 
 upper leaves much smaller. 3-parted, 3-lobed or undivided, sessile or short-petioled, 
 entire or serrate; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; involucre 
 hemispheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling or slightly exceeding 
 the broader inner ones; rays 6-10, obtuse; achenes broadly cuneate, 2-4 mm. long; 
 pappus of 2 chaffy, divergent, somewhat laciniate teeth, rarely with 2 shorter inter- 
 mediate ones. In wet places, Va. to Fla. and Ala. July- Sept. 
 
 13. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. TALL TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER. 
 (I. F. f. 3947.) Annual or biennial, glabrous; stem tall, obscurely quadrangular, 
 aauch branched, 6-15 dm. high. Lower leaves petioled, 1-2 cm. long, pinnately 
 
COMPOSITAE. IO03 
 
 divided into 5-7 lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, incised or nearly entire, 
 sessile or short-stalked segments; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, 3 lobed, 3- 
 divided, or entire and linear-lanceolate; heads numerous, 4-6 cm. broad, long- 
 peduncled ; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear or spatulate, sometimes 
 ciliate, about the length of the broader inner ones; rays 6-19, obtuse, golden yellow, 
 14-25 mm. long; achenes 6-8 mm. long; pappus of 2 upwardly hispid teeth or short 
 awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Mass, to Ga,, 111. and Ky. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britton. Segments of the leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, serrate or entire; achenes sometimes smaller. In bogs, 111., Ind., Minn., Iowa 
 and southern Ont. A similar form occurs in southern N. J. 
 
 14. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton. WESTERN TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER- 
 (I. F. f. 3948.) Annual or biennial; stem much branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 
 thin, slender-petioled, pubescent beneath, the lower ones pinnately 5~7-divided, 
 7-15 cm. long, the segments lanceolate, serrate, incised or pinnatitid, acuminate, 
 narrowed at the base; upper leaves less divided, lanceolate, or merely lobed, sessile 
 or short- petioled ; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 2-5 cm. broad; outer bracts 
 of the hemispheric involucre linear or spatulate; rays 6-g, obtuse; achenes upwardly 
 ciliate and strigose-pubescent; pappus of 2 slender upwardly or downwardly barbed 
 awns, nearly as long as the achene, rarely wanting. In swamps and wet prairies, 
 Del. to Mich., La. and Mo. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 15. Bidens involucrita (Nutt.) Britton. LONG-BRACTED TICKSEED- SUN- 
 FLOWER. (I. F. f. 3949.) Similar to the two preceding species, minutely pubes- 
 cent, 3-9 dm. high, much branched. Segments of the leaves narrower, linear- 
 lanceolate, incised or pinnatifid, long-acuminate; heads numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, 
 on slender, usually hispid peduncles ; outer bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate; rays orange at the base; achenes flat, ciliate and strigose; 
 pappus of 2 short teeth. In swamps, 111. to Kans., Ark. and Tex. July Sept. 
 
 16. Bidens Beckii Torr. WATER MARIGOLD. (I. F. f. 3950.) Perennial, 
 aquatic; stems simple, or little branched, 6-25 dm. long. Submersed leaves sessile, 
 3-5 cm. long; emersed leaves few. sessile, opposite, or sometimes in 3*5, lanceolate 
 or oblong, acute, serrate or laciniate, 1-4 cm. long; heads solitary or few, short- 
 peduncled, 2.5-3.5 cm< broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oval or oblong, ob- 
 tusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner; rays 6-io, obovate, 
 or oblong, obtuse, golden yellow; achenes nearly terete, each end truncate; pappus 
 of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly barbed above, smooth below, divergent, 12-25 
 mm. long. In ponds and streams, Quebec to N. J., west to Manitoba and Mo. 
 Aug-Sept. Emersed leaves sometimes wanting. This and a northwestern species 
 constitute the recently-described genus Megalodonta Greene. 
 
 68. THELESPERMA Less. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or finely dissected leaves, 
 and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays wanting. 
 Involucre of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer short, narrow and somewhat 
 spreading, the inner united into a cup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle 
 flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious chaff subtending the disk-flowers and 
 achenes. Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays yellow, entire or toothed. 
 Disk -flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and 5-toothed limb. 
 Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tips acute. Achenes, some or all of 
 them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wing- 
 less. Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, 
 nipple-seed.] About 7 species, natives of the south central U. S., Mex. and south- 
 ern S. Am. 
 
 Rays large ; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene. 
 
 Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear ; annual or biennial. 
 
 i. T. trifidum. 
 
 Leaves rigid, their segments linear ; perennial. 2. T. intermedium. 
 
 Rays inconspicuous, or none ; awns longer than the width of the achene. 
 
 3. T. gracile. 
 
 i. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Britton. FINE-LEAVED THELESPERMA. 
 (L F. f. 3951.) Stem branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves numerous, 4-5 cm. long, 
 
1004 FLORA. 
 
 bipinnately divided; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre about 
 8, subulate-linear, equalling or more than half as long as the inner, which are 
 united not higher than the middle; rays 6-IO, somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed; disk 
 purple or brown; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or slightly curved, the outer 
 ones strongly papillose. In dry soil, Neb. to Tex. June-Aug. 
 
 2. Thelesperma intermedium Rydb. INTERMEDIATE THELESPERMA. 
 (I. F. f. 3952.) Perennial from a deep woody root; stem rigid, usually much 
 branched, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves usually numerous, 4-5 dm. long, less compound 
 than those of the preceding species; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate-subu- 
 late, usually much shorter than the inner ones, which are united to about the 
 middle; rays and achenes similar to those of the preceding. In dry soil, Wyo., 
 Colo, and Neb. June-Aug. It has been confused with the southwestern T. ambi- 
 guum, which is less leafy and has a slender rootstock. 
 
 3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray. RAYLESS THELESPERMA. (I. F. 
 f. 3953.) Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, 3-9 dm. high, the branches nearly 
 erect. Leaves rigid, erect or ascending, 5-7 cm. long, pinnately or bipinnately 
 divided into linear segments, or the upper linear and entire ; heads 1.2-2 cm. 
 broad; rays usually none, sometimes present and 4-6 mm. long; outer bracts of 
 the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, very much shorter than the 
 inner ones which are united to the middle or beyond; disk yellow, or brownish; 
 outer achenes slightly papillose. On dry plains, Neb. and Wyo. to Tex., northern 
 Mex. and Ariz. May -Aug. 
 
 69. GALINSOGA R. & P. 
 
 Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled leaves, and small 
 >eduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper 
 .ixils. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, 
 obtuse, membranous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or 
 elongated, its thin chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistil- 
 late, fertile, the rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 
 5 -toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with 
 acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones flat. Pappus of the disk- 
 flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray- flowers of 
 several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galin- 
 soga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.] About 5 species, natives 
 of tropical and warm temperate America. 
 
 i. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. GALINSOGA. (I. F. f. 3954.) Slightly 
 appressed-pubescent, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid -ovate, 3-nerved, 
 2-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate, the lower 
 slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite 
 entire; heads usually numerous, 4-6 mm. broad, slender-peduncled ; bracts of the 
 involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer shorter; pappus of the disk flowers 
 4-16, oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish scales, shorter than the finely pubes- 
 cent obpyramidal acliene. In door-yards and waste places, eastern Mass, to Ore., 
 N. Car., Kans. and Mex. Nat. from tropical Am. June-Nov. 
 
 Galinsoga parviflbra hlspida DC. Pubescence more abundant, especially above, 
 spreading ; pappus of the disk-flowers attenuate, bristle-tipped. In waste places, R. I. 
 to Penn., N. Car. and Wis. 
 
 70. ACTINOSPERMUM Ell. 
 
 Erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate leaves, and large terminal 
 heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, or those of the disk purplish. 
 Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or 
 with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, 
 chaffy, the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending 
 the disk-flowers. Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the 
 corolla 5 -toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches with truncate 
 subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky- villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly 
 "qual scales. [Greek ray-seed.] Two known species, natives of the south- 
 istern U. S. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1005 
 
 r. rxctmospermum uniflorum (Nutt.) Barnhart. ONE-HEADED ACTING- 
 
 SPERMUM. (I. F. f. 3955-) Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect 
 branches, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves thick, spatuiate- linear or the upper linear, ses- 
 sile, erect or ascending, 2-5 cm. long, the lower 4-6 mm. wide; heads long, 
 peduncled, solitary, 5-6 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, 
 thick, their tips at length spreading; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4- toothed at the 
 truncate apex; disk 16-25 mrr ' broad; chaff of the receptacle cuneate, truncate, 
 very cartilaginous, more or less united laterally, the summit eroded; achenes 
 obconic; pappus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene. In wet pine- 
 barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 
 71. MARSHALLIA Schreb. 
 
 Perennial, often tufted, nearly glabrous herbs, with basal or alternate, entire 
 leaves, and large long -peduncled discoid heads of purple, pink or white, glandular- 
 pubescent flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in I 
 or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow,, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length 
 conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct. Rays none. Flowers all perfect 
 and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or 5 -parted campanulate limb and 
 a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches long, 
 truncate. Achenes turbinate, 5 -ribbed and 5 -angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or 
 acuminate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humph- 
 rey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, botanical author.] About 8 species, of the 
 southern and central U. S. 
 
 Leaves ovate or oval, or oval-lanceolate, 3~5-nerved ; corolla-tube swollen at the throat. 
 
 Stem-leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. i. M. trinervia. 
 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 2. M. grandiflora 
 Leaves linear, or the basal spatuiate, thick ; corolla-tube not swollen at the throat. 
 
 3. M. caespitosa. 
 
 1. Marshallia trinervia (Walt.) Porter. BROAD-LEAVED MARSHALLIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3956.) Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the middle, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 
 5-7 cm. long, 18-35 mm - wide; heads 1-2 cm. broad; corolla purplish; bracts 
 of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of the receptacle subulate- 
 filiform; pappus-scales lanceolate-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes 
 glabrous when mature. In dry soil, Va. to Ala. and Miss. May-June. 
 
 2. Marshallia grandiflora Beadle & Boynton. LARGE-FLOWERED MAR- 
 SHALLIA. Similar to the preceding species, leafy to above the middle. Lower 
 and basal leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into petioles often as long as 
 the blade, obtuse or obtusish ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile ; florets slightly 
 larger than those of M. trinen'ia, 1.5-2 cm. long; achenes larger, 4-5 mm. long, 
 pubescent. In moist soil, Penn. to W. Va. and N. Car. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. NARROW- LEAVED MARSHALLIA. (I. F. f. 
 3957.) Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes sparingly branched, leafy 
 either only near the base or to beyond the middle, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves near the 
 base usually much longer and linear, sometimes I dm. long and 6 mm. wide, the 
 upper ones linear, acutish, shorter; head about 25 mm. broad, borne on a pedun- 
 cle often 2.5 dm. long; corollas pale rose or white; bracts of the involucre linear- 
 lanceolate, acute or acutish; chaff of the receptacle linear, or slightly dilated 
 above ; achenes villous on the angles ; scales of the pappus ovate, acutish, equalling 
 or longer than the achene. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex. May-June. 
 
 72. PSILOSTROPHE DC. 
 
 Branched woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old, with alternate leaves, 
 and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corymbose, or 
 clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous, its 4-10 bracts in 
 i series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivant, 
 commonly with 1-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. 
 Rays broad, becoming papery and whitish, persistent, 5-7-nerved. 2-3-toothed, 
 pistillate. Receptacle small, naked. Disk flowers perfect, fertile,' their corollas 
 with a short proper tube and elongated cylindraceous limb, ^-toothed, the teeth 
 
1006 FLORA. 
 
 glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the 
 disk-flowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nerveless acute 
 scales, glabrous or villous. Four species, natives of the southwestern U. S. and 
 northern Mex. 
 
 i. Psilostrophe villosa Rydb. NORTHERN PSILOSTROPHE. (I. F. 
 
 .3958.) Perennial, branched, 1.5-6 dm. high, loosely white-woolly. Basal and 
 lower leaves oblanceolate, entire, dentate or rarely piimatifid, mostly obtuse, 5-10 
 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, oblanceolate or spatulate, 
 entire; heads several together in the clusters, 8-10 mm. broad, short-peduncled, or 
 subsessile; rays few, lemon yellow, 4 mm. long, commonly wider, with 2 or 3 
 broad teeth or lobes at the summit; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; pap- 
 pus scales linear-lanceolate, glabrous, shorter than the disk corollas. In dry sandy 
 soil, Kans. to Tex. and Ariz. June-Sept. It has been confused with P. Tagetinae 
 with orange persistent rays 5-10 mm. long. 
 
 73. FLAVERIA Juss. 
 
 Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light green', mostly annual herbs, with oppo- 
 site sessile leaves, and small, i-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely 
 cymose-capitate heads of tubular, 01 both tubular and radiate, yellow or yellowish 
 flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 
 I or 2 additional small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flower 
 commonly one, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, 
 fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the 
 disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or linear-oblong, 8-iO-ribbed. Pappus none. 
 [Latin, flavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.] About 7 species, natives of 
 America. In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the southern U. S. 
 
 i. Flaveiia campestris Johnston. NARROW. LEAVED FLAVERIA. (I. F. 
 .'3959.) Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, erect, 3-6 dm. high, little branched. 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved, acuminate or acute at 
 the apex, sessile by a broad and somewhat clasping base. 3-6 cm. long, 4-8 mm. 
 wide; heads about 6 mm. high, closely sessile in terminal glomerules or these 
 pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre usually of 3 oblong-lanceolate bracts, 
 2-5 flowered; ray equalling or longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, 
 glabrous, about 3 mm. long. In alkaline soil, Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Mex. and 
 N. Mex. Aug. -Oct. 
 
 74. HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. 
 
 Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostl^ 
 pinnatifid or dissected leaves, and small or rather large discoid heads of white or 
 yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12, 
 in I or 2 series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins 
 and apices scarious. Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk- flowers all 
 perfect and fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and reflexed or spreading cam 
 panulate 5 lobe d limbs, the lobes ovate. Anthers entire at the base. Style- 
 branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, 4-5- 
 angled, the faces usually prominently i-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse 
 scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus.] About 8 
 species, natives of N. Am. and Mex. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. i. H. Carolinensis. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre obovate or oblong;, green with whitish or yellow tips. 
 Achenes puberulent or sparingly pubescent on the angles. 
 
 Colored portion of the bracts broad, whitish to sulphur-yellow; corolla whitish. 
 Segments of the leaves, at least of the lower, oblong or broadly linear. 
 
 2. //. sulphureus. 
 
 Segments of all the leaves narrowly linear. 3. H. corymbosus. 
 
 Colored portion of the bracts narrow, yellow ; corolla yellow. 
 
 4. //. flavescens. 
 Achenes densely villous or hirsute. 
 
 Pappus over i mm. long, equalling the corolla-tube or nearly so, not hidden by 
 
 the hairs of the achenes; heads numerous. 5. H. tenuifolius. 
 
 Pappus less then i mm. long:, shorter than the corolla-tube and hidden by the 
 hairs of the achenes ; heads few. 6. H, filifolius. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1007 
 
 1. Hymenopappus Carplinensis (Lam.) Porter. WHITE-BRACTED HYMENO- 
 PAPPUS. (I. F. f. 3960.) Biennial ; stem leafy below, corymbosely branched and 
 nearly naked above, 6-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 1-1.5 ^ m - l n g 
 l-2-pinnately parted or deeply pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or obtusish 
 lobes, more or less white-tomentose beneath; heads commonly numerous, corym- 
 bose, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of involucre broadly ovate or oval, thin, bright white; 
 corolla lobes about as long as the throat, white; achenes puberulent or pubescent; 
 pappus of very small nerveless scales, shorter than the width of the top of the 
 achene. In dry sandy soil, III. to Tex., S. Car. and Fla. March-June. 
 
 2. Hymenopappus sulphureus Rydb. SULPHUR-BRACTED HYMENOPAPPUS. 
 Biennial; stem more or less permanently white-tomentose, branched above, 3-6 
 dm. high. Lower leaves pinnately divided into oblong or linear toothed often ob- 
 tuse lobes, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above; upper leaves twice pinnate 
 with narrower lobes; heads corymbose, about I cm. broad; bracts obovate, their 
 tips light sulphur or almost white; corolla whitish; its lobes as long as the throat; 
 achenes puberulent, short-hairy on the angles; pappus scales obovate, shorter than 
 the width of the achene. Prairies, Kans. to Tex. Apr. -July. [Type from Riley 
 Co., Kans., J. B. Norton, No. 285.] 
 
 3. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. CORYMBED, OR SMOOTH WHITE 
 HYMENOPAPPUS. (I. F. f. 3961.) Biennial; stem glabrous or nearly so, corym- 
 bosely branched and nearly naked above, 36 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves 
 petioled, i-2-pinnately parted into linear or nearly filiform, acute or acutish glabrous 
 lobes, or somewhat tomentose beneath; upper leaves few, much smaller and less 
 divided; heads corymbose, numerous, 8-12 dm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
 obovate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white; corolla white, its lobes 
 about as long as the throat; achenes puberulent; pappus-scales small, nerveless, 
 shorter than the width of the achene. On dry prairies, Neb. to Tex. Summer. 
 
 4. Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray. WOOLLY YELLOW HYMENOPAP- 
 PUS. (I. F. f. 3963.) Biennial; stem densely white- woolly, at least when young, 
 3-7 dm. high, leafy, branched above. Leaves 1-3 -pinnately parted or divided into 
 linear segments; heads numerous, usually larger than those of the following spe- 
 cies; involucral bracts obovate to ovate with greenish -white margins; corolla yel- 
 low or yellowish, the lobes about equalling the throat; achenes sparingly short- 
 villous ; pappus-scales spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube. In sandy 
 soil, Kans. to Tex., Ariz, and northern Mex. 
 
 5. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. WOOLLY WHITE HYMENOPAPPUS. 
 (I. F. f. 3962.) Biennial; stem lightly tomentose, or at length glabrate, 3-6 dm. 
 high, slender, leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower 
 and basal leaves petioled, 1-3 -pinnately parted into linear or filiform lobes, woolly- 
 pubescent beneath, at least when young; heads numerous, corymbose, 8-12 mm. 
 broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose; corolla 
 white, its lobes slightly shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous-pubescent; 
 pappus of several oblong to ovate ribbed or nerved scales, which are about as long 
 as the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 6. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low TUFTED HYMENOPAPPUS. (I. F. 
 f. 3964.) Perennial from a deep woody root; stems usually tufted, woolly when 
 young, sometimes glabrate when old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked 
 or nearly so above, 1.5-4.5 dm. high. Leaves tomentose when young, the lower 
 and basal ones petioled, i-3-pinnately parted or pinnatifid into narrowly linear, 
 somewhat rigid lobes; heads commonly few, 12-25 mm broad; bracts of the 
 involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips whitish ; corolla yellow 
 or yellowish, its lobes much shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous; pap- 
 pus-scales costate, short. On prairies and in dry rocky soil, N. W. Terr, to S. Dak., 
 Neb. and Ariz. June-Sept. 
 
 75- POLYPTERIS Nutt. 
 
 Erect rough, glandular or cinereous herbs, with alternate, mostly entire leaves, 
 or the lower opposite, and corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate 
 pink or purple flowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, its bracts in I or 2 
 series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, 
 appresssd, usually colored. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when 
 
1008 FLORA. 
 
 present, pistillate, fertile, the rays 3 -cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, thei* 
 corollas with slender tubes and deeply 5-parted campanulate limbs. Style- branches 
 filiform, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or obpyramidal, 
 quadrangular. Pappus of 8-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer 
 achenes often much shorter than that of the inner. [Greek, many- winged.] About 
 6 species, natives of the southern and south-central U. S. and Mex. 
 
 Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed ; leaves lanceolate. i. P, Hookeriana,. 
 
 Rays none ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 2. /* callosa. 
 
 1. Polypteris Hookeriana (T. & G.) A. Gray. HOOKER'S POLYPTERIS. 
 (I. F. f. 3965.) Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and viscid above, 
 3-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, 
 rough on both sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slender-petioled, 
 tj-io cm. long, 6-IO mm. wide; bracts of the involucre 10 16, linear- lanceolate or 
 spatulate, glandular-hispid, the inner with purplish tips; ray-flowers 8-10; achenes 
 about 8 mm. long and I mm. thick; pappus-scales of the disk-flowers 6-8, lanceo- 
 late, awned, those of the ray-flowers as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter. In dry 
 soil,' Neb. to Tex. and Mex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Polypteris callosa (Nutt.) A. Gray. RAYLESS POLYPTERIS. (I. F. 
 f. 3966.) Annual; glandular, at least above; stem slender, paniculately branched, 
 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, entire, short-petioled, mostly 
 alternate; bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or narrowly oblong, her- 
 baceous, pubescent, about 6 mm. long; corollas purple, deeply 5-parted; achenes 
 narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or glabrous, nearly as long as the involucre; 
 pappus-scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded or retuse, or sometimes minute, 
 or none. In dry soil, Mo. to Tex. and N. Mex. June- Oct. 
 
 76. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb. 
 [BAHIA Nutt., not Lag.] 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, more or less woolly, with opposite or alternate leaves, and 
 small or rather large corymbose or solitary heads, of both tubular and radiate 
 yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in I or 2 series 
 herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked, 
 foveolate. Ray-flowers in I series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, 
 their corollas with campanulate or cylindric 5 -cleft limb. Anthers entire or emar- 
 ginate at the base. Style-tips mostly truncate and obtuse. Achenes quadrangu- 
 lar; linear or oblong. Pappus of several nerveless or costate scales, rarely none. 
 [Name referring to resemblance of this genus to Picradenia.~\ 
 
 i. Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. FALSE BAHIA. (I. F. f. 3967.) 
 Perennial, herbaceous; stem densely cinereous, much branched, 1-3 dm. high, very 
 leafy. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 1-4 cm. long, palmately 2-5- 
 parted into linear, obtuse or obtusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both 
 sides; heads short-peduncled, 12-18 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, or becom- 
 ing hemispheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose; rays 5-7, short; 
 achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate 
 scales with thickened bases. On plains, S. Dak., Neb. and Mont, to Kans. and 
 N. Mex. June-Sept. [Bahia oppositifolia Nutt.] 
 
 77. TETRANEURIS Greene. 
 
 Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic herbs, 
 with alternate or basal, often punctate entire leaves, and small or rather large, 
 peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, or rays rarely want- 
 ing. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 
 2-3 series, appressed. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate 
 and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 
 with 4-5-toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Style- 
 branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-io-ribbed 
 or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate acuminate or trun- 
 cate scales. [Greek, four- nerved.] About 20 species, natives of western N. Am. 
 and Mex. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the western U. S, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 
 
 Annual, or perhaps biennial, with a branching stem. I. 7*. linearifolia. 
 
 Cespitose scapigerous perennials with all the leaves basal. 
 
 Branches of the caudex comparatively slender and elongated; leaves narrowly linear, 
 the blade much narrower than the dilated base. 
 
 Bases of the leaves and involucre sparingly silky-villous. 2. T. stenophylla* 
 
 Bases of the leaves conspicuously arachnoid hairy; involucre densely villous. 
 
 3. T. fastigiata . 
 
 Branches of the caudex very short and thick ; leaves from linear to spatulate, but 
 the blade not much narrower than the base if at all. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre acutish, densely silky; leaves decidedly silky. 
 
 Leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 4-7 cm. long. 4. 7'. simplex. 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 2-4 cm. long. 5. 7\ acaulis. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre rounded, obtuse, sparingly silky; leaves nearly glabrous. 
 
 6. 7'. herbacea. 
 
 1. Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hook.) Greene. FINE-LEAVED TETRANEURIS* 
 (I. F. f. 3968.) Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually diffusely branched' 
 finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at the base, slender, 15-35 cm - high- Stem- 
 leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; basal leaves spatulate' 
 often villous, much broader, obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; heads 
 numerous, slender-peduncled, 12-16 mm. broad; involucre broadly campanulate, 
 its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent, imbricated in about 2 series; receptacle conic; 
 rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubescent; pappus of 5 or 6 ovate awned scales. In 
 dry soil, Kans. to La., Tex. and N. Mex. May-Sept. \Picradenia linearifolia 
 (Hook.) Britton. 
 
 2. Tetraneuris stenophylla Rydb. NARROW-LEAVED TETRANEURIS. Per- 
 ennial with a branched caudex; branches often 58 cm. long, upper portion covered 
 with the scarious bases of old leaves; bases of the leaves dilated, sparingly silky- 
 villous; blades narrowly linear, 3-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous, conspicu- 
 ously punctate; scape 6-IO cm. high, minutely strigose; involucre 10-13 mm - 
 wide; bracts oval or oblong-acutish; rays about 10 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. In 
 dry soil, Kans. to Colo, and Mex. \Actinellaglabra T. & G., not Nutt.; Picra- 
 denia scaposa Britton, 111., FL, in part.] 
 
 3. Tetraneuris fastigiata Greene. FASTIGIATE TETRANEURIS. Like the 
 preceding, but leaves still narrower, about I mm. wide, the bases conspicuously 
 arachnoid villous; involucre about 8 mm. wide; bracts ovate, densely villous. Only 
 known from the imperfect type material from dry hills near Coolidge, Kans. 
 
 4. Tetraneuris simplex A. Nelson. SIMPLE TETRANEURIS. Cespitose per- 
 ennial; caudex with very short thick erect branches ; scapes few, I -2 dm. high, silky- 
 strigose; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, silky but less so than in the next, 4-7 
 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; involucre 15-18 mm. wide, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute, densely silky-villous; rays about I cm. long. On dry hills, Black Hills of 
 S. Dak., western Neb., Wyo. and Mont. June-July. 
 
 5. Tetraneuris acaulis (Nutt.) Greene. STEMLESS TETRANEURIS. (I. F. f. 
 3970.) Similar to the preceding species, perennial by thick roots and a stout 
 branched caudex; scapes tufted, densely silky or tomentose, 5-15 cm. high. Leaves 
 all borne on the ends of the branches of the caudex, spatulate, entire, obtuse or 
 obtusish, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, densely silky or villous; heads 18-35 mm - 
 broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely villous; rays 10-15; pappus of 5 
 or 6 ovate or oblong awned scales. In dry or rocky soil, N. W. Terr, to Mont., 
 Neb., Ariz, and N. Mex. May- Aug. [Picradenia acaulis (Nutt.) Britton.] 
 
 6. Tetraneuris herbacea Greene. GREEN TETRANEURIS. Perennial, with a 
 rather simple caudex; scape stout, 10-15 cm. high, strigose-silky; leaves narrowly 
 oblanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, at first sparingly long-silky, soon gla- 
 brous and green; involucre about 16 mm. wide, its bracts oblong, rounded, obtuse, 
 sparingly silky; rays 15 mm. or more long, 20-25 in number. Hills, Ohio and 111. 
 May-June. 
 
 78. PICRADENIA Hook. 
 
 Branched, more or less pubescent plants with alternate, pinnately divided leaves 
 with linear segments and peduncled radiate heads with yellow flowers. Involucre 
 hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, the outer ones united at the base. Receptacle 
 convex or conic, naked- Ray- flowers pistillate anol fertile, usually 3-toothed.. 
 
1010 FLORA. 
 
 Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. 
 Achenes turbinate, pubescent. Pappus scales acuminate or awned. [Greek, bitter 
 glands.] 
 
 i. Picradenia odorata(DC.) Britton. FRAGRANT PICRADENIA. LIMONILLO. 
 (I. F. f. 3971.) Annual; stem much branched, puberulent, sparingly hirsute or 
 glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, leafy. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, 1-3 parted into filiform 
 entire somewhat pubescent segments about I mm. wide; heads commonly numer- 
 ous, I2-2O mm. broad. Involucre campanulate, puberulent, its outer bracts 6-9, 
 lanceolate, keeled, acute, united at the base; rays 7-10, cuneate; pappus-scales 
 lanceolate, acuminate. In dry soil, Kans. to Tex., Mex. and Cal. April- July. 
 
 79. HELENIUM L. 
 
 Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter 
 entire or dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, 
 yellow or brownish-yellow flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad 
 and short, its bracts in I or 2 series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. 
 Receptacle convex, tub-globose or oblong, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fer- 
 tile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5 lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their 
 corollas 4-5-toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anthers 2-toothed or sagittate 
 at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at the apex. 
 Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acuminate or 
 aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenusor Helena.] About 
 24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, 
 some 18 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 
 Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate rays fertile, disk yellow. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so. i. H. autumnale. 
 
 Leaves grayish, scabrous, puberulent. 2. H. montanum, 
 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral; disk purple. 
 
 3. H. nudtflorum. 
 Leaves all linear-filiform, entire; rays fertile. 4. H. tenuifolium. 
 
 1. Helenium autumnale L. FALSE OR SWAMP SUNFLOWER. SNEEZEWEED- 
 YFLLOW-STAR. OX-EYE. (I. F. f. 3972.) Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous* 
 rather stout, narrowly winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves, corymbosely 
 branched above, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves firm, acuminate or acute at apex, nar- 
 rowed to the sessile base, pinnately few-veined, 512 cm. long, .55 cm. wide, bright 
 green; heads numerous, 35 cm. broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles; bracts 
 of the flattish involucre densely canescent, linear-lanceolate; rays 10-18, drooping, 
 bright yellow, 3-cleft; achenes pubescent on the angles; pappus-scales ovate, acu- 
 ninate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. In swamps and wet meadows, Que. to 
 
 Conn., Fla., S. Dak., Kans. and Ala. Aug.-Qct. 
 
 2. Helenium montanum Nutt. WESTERN SNEEZEWEED. Like the last but 
 lower, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves narrower with smaller and closer teeth, grayish, 
 scabrous on both sides, especially beneath; stem also very scabrous; rays short, 
 about 8 mm. long, reflexed; bracts lanceolate. Meadows, Manitoba to Br. Col., 
 south to Miss, and Ariz. July-Sept. [//. autumnale pubescens Britton.] 
 
 3. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. PURFLE-HEAD SNEEZEWEED. (I. F. f. 3973.) 
 Perennial; stem mostly slender, puberulent at least above, corymbosely branched, 
 V9 dm. high, narrowly winged by the decurrent leaf bases. Stem-leaves 4-7 cm. 
 ong, 4-12 mm. wide, sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, dentate, 
 apering into margined petioles; heads 3-4 cm. broad, on slender or short puberulent 
 
 peduncles; rays 10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow, yellow with a brown 
 base, or brown throughout, 3-toothed; pappus-scales ovate, aristate. In moist soil, 
 Kans. to 111., Tex., east to N. Car. and P'la. Also near Philadelphia. June-Oct. 
 
 4. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. FINE-LEAVED SNEEZEWEED. (I. F. f. 3974.) 
 Annual; glabrous or minutely pubescent above; stem slender, very leafy and 
 usually much branched, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, often fascicled, 1-4 cm. long, 
 I mm. or less wide; heads several or numerous, corymbose, 18-30 mm. broad, borne 
 on slender or filiform peduncles; bracts of the involucre few, linear or subulate, 
 sometimes pubescent, soon reflexed; rays 4-8, at length drooping; achenes villous; 
 pappus-scales ovate, tipped with slender awns. In moist soil, S. E. Va. to Fla. ? 
 Mo., Kans., Ark- and Tex, Aug.-Oct. 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1 1 1 
 
 80. GAILLARDIA Foug. 
 
 Branching or scapose, pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and large 
 peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre 
 depressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips 
 spreading or reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly 
 naked. Rays cuneate, yellow, purple, or parti -colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 
 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes 
 and 5-toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with jointed hairs. Anthers minutely 
 sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped with filiform or short 
 appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at the base. 
 Pappus of 6-12 i-nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M. 
 Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist.] About 12 species, natives of the 
 U. S. and Mex., I in southern S. Am. 
 
 Stem leafy; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages. 
 
 Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short; southern. i. G. lanceolata. 
 
 Fimbrillae subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes. 
 
 Rays yellow; fimbrillae exceeding the achenes. 2. G. aristata. 
 
 Rays purple, or red at base; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 
 
 3. G. pulchella. 
 Leaves basal; style-tips with short naked appendages; rays none, or few. 
 
 4. G. suavis. 
 
 1. Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. SWEET GAILLARDIA. (I. F. f. 3975.) 
 Annual, or perhaps perennial; stem puberulent with jointed hairs, or cinereous, 
 usually branched, 4-9 dm. high, the branches straight, nearly erect. Stem-leaves 
 sessile, spatulate or linear, entire or sparingly serrate, puberulent ciliolate, acute 
 or obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed to the base, 3-7 cm. long, 4-8 
 mm. wide; basal leaves broader, very obtuse, sometimes short-petioled; heads 3-5 
 cm. broad, long-peduncled; flowers sweet-scented; bracts of the involucre about 
 equalling the violet disk; rays 8-12, yellow or reddish with darker veins, rarely 
 none; achenes villous at the base, or to beyond the middle; awns of the pappus 
 slender. In dry woods, Kans. to Tex., east to S. Car. and F.a. May-Sept. 
 
 2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. GREAT-FLOWERED GAILLARDIA. (I. F. 
 f- 3976.) Perennial; stem simple, or little branched, hirsute, or densely pubescent 
 with jointed hairs, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves firm, densely and finely pubescent, the 
 lower and basal ones petioled, oblong or spatulate, laciniate, .pinnatifid or entire, 
 mostly obtuse, 5-12 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, or slightly 
 spatulate, smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid; heads 4-10 cm. broadj 
 long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; achenes 
 villous, at least at the base. On plains and prairies, Minn, to the JN". W. Terr., Br. 
 Col., Kans., Colo, and N. Mex. Leaves sometimes all basal. May-Sept. 
 
 3. Gaillardia pulchella Foug. SHOWY GAILLARDIA. (I. F. f. 3977.) An- 
 nual; diffusely branched at the base, the branches ascending, 15-35 cm ' high* or 
 larger in cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent with jointed hairs. Leaves 
 lanceolate, oblong, or the lower spatulate, 3-7 cm. long, entire, dentate or sinuate- 
 pinnatifid, all but the lowest sessile; heads 3-7 cm. broad, long-peduncled, bracts 
 of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or pubescent: achenes more or less 
 villous, or glabrous. In dry soil, Neb. and Kans. to La., Mex. and Ariz. May- 
 Sept. 
 
 4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. Rusby. RAYLESS GAILLARDIA. 
 (I. F. f. 3978.) Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a few near the 
 base of the slender pubescent scape, spatulate or obovate in outline, 5-15 cm. long, 
 pinnatifid, dentate, or some of them entire; scape 3-6 dm. high, monocephalous; 
 head about 25 mm. broad, with the odor of heliotrope, globose in fruit; rays none, 
 or short and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral; bracts of the involucre 
 oblong or lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete; 
 achenes densely villous; pappus-scales broad, their awns very slender. Ill dry 
 rocky soil, Kans. to Tex. April-June* \Q. simplex Scuede.J 
 
1 01 2 FLORA. 
 
 81. BOEBERA Willd. 
 [DvsdoiA Lag., not Cav.] 
 
 Erect or diffuse, branching, mostly annual, strong-scented more or less glandu- 
 lar herbs, with opposite or alternate, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small 
 peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, 
 campanulate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in I series, united into a cup, usually 
 with a few small additional outer ones. Receptacle flat, pubescent, or covered 
 with short bristles. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk flowers perfect, 
 their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2 -toothed at the base. St} le- 
 br.oiches of the disk-flowers elongated, hirsute, sometimes apiculate. Achenes 
 narrowly obpyramidal, 3~5-angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, parted to 
 beyond the middle into numerous capillary, rather stiff, bristle-like segments. 
 [Named for J. von Boeber, a Russian botanist.] 
 
 i. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. FETID MARIGOLD. FALSE DOG- 
 FENNEL. (I. F. f. 3979.) Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent, gland- 
 dotted, much branched, 15-45 cm. high, the branches diffuse or erect. Leaves 
 opposite, sessile, or short- petioled, 1-4 cm. long, pinnately parted into linear or 
 slightly spatulate, sharply serrate or incised segments; heads numerous, short - 
 peduncled, 6-IO mm. broad; involucre campanulate, of 8 10 appressed, oblong, 
 >btuse, green or purplish, glabrous or ciliate bracts, with several narrow shorter 
 outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the disk; receptacle and achenes 
 pubescent. Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minn, and Neb., south to La., 
 Mex. and Ariz. Occasionally found as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and 
 Middle States; and in Ont. July-Oct. \Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchc. 
 
 82. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted 
 foliage arid involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular 
 and radiate, mostly yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts 
 united into a cup, sometimes with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fim- 
 brillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. 
 Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes striate. Pappus of several or numer- 
 ous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the following species.] 
 About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur 
 in the western parts of the U. S. 
 
 I. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) Greene. THYME- LEAF. (I. F. f. 3980.) 
 Annual, glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, much branched; the leaves and involucre with 
 large oval oil-glands. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite sessile or nearly 
 so, very deeply parted into 5-9 linear filiform, mostly entire, blunt segments; 
 heads numerous, corymbose, 12-20 mm. broad, terminating the branches; invo- 
 lucre about 6 mm. high, its bracts acute; rays about 12, 5-6 mm. long; pappus of 
 6-8 erose trnncate scales, somewhat longer than the thickness of the achene. 
 Kans. and Colo, to Tex. June-Sept. 
 
 83. PECTIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland- 
 dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and 
 small usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre 
 cylindric, oblong or campanulate, its bracts in I series, narrow, keeled, distinct. 
 Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. 
 Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with expanded, somewhat irregularly 5 -cleft 
 limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, 
 obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or numerous 
 scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional ones. 
 [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the pappus.] About 50 species, natives of the 
 warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the 
 southern and western U. S. 
 
 I. Pectis angustifdlia Torr. LEMON-SCENTED PECTIS. (I. F. f. 3981.) 
 Annual, much branched, 1-3 dm. high, the branches, diffuse or ascending. Leaves 
 
COMPOS1TAE. 1013 
 
 narrowly linear, sessile, obtusish, 1-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, often ciliate 
 with a few bristles near the base; heads several or numerous, short-peduncled, 
 about 6 mm. broad; involucre short-cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts 
 about 8, linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes; rays few, 3-toothed, or 
 entire; pappus a crown of 4-6 somewhat united short scales, with or without 2 
 slender short awns. In dry soil, Neb. and Colo, to Mex. and Ariz. Plant with the 
 odor of lemons. May-Oct. 
 
 84. ACHILLEA* L. 
 
 Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect, leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid or 
 serrate alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate flowei s. corym- 
 bose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate, its 
 bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly 
 flat, or convex, chaffy, the membranous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray- 
 flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk- flowers perfect, fertile, 
 their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style 
 branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly com- 
 pressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles. ] About 75 species, natives of the 
 northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the following, several 
 others occur in northwestern N. Am. 
 
 Leaves serrate. i. A. Ptarmica. 
 
 Leaves finely dissected. 
 
 Involucre broadly campanulate ; bracts fuscous-margined ; rays 10-20. 
 
 2. A. boreatis. 
 Involucre oblong; bracts scarcely fuscous-margined; rays 5-10. 
 
 Rays 3-6 mm. broad ; plant villous ; achenes broadly margined. 
 
 3. A. lanulosa. 
 
 Rays 2-3 mm. broad ; plant sparsely villous or glabrate ; achenes scarcely mar- 
 gined. 4. A. Millefolium. 
 
 1. Achillea Ptarmica L. SNEEZEWORT. WHITE TANSY. (I. F. f. 3982.) 
 Perennial by horizontal or creeping rootstocks ; stem glabrous, or slightly pubes- 
 cent, nearly or quite simple, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, ses- 
 sile txr.d slightly clasping at the base, acute at the apex, regularly and closely serrate, 
 so.netimes pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads not 
 very numerous, 10-18 mm. broad; peduncles puberulent; bracts ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose; rays 5-15, white, rather large. In moist 
 soil, Newf. to Quebec, Mass, and Mich. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Achillea borealis Bong. NORTHERN YARROW. Perennial, 2-4 dm. 
 high; stem more or less lanate. Leaves bipinnate, with numerous crowded 
 segments, sparingly lanate; corymb dense; heads 4-8 mm. high; involucral bracts 
 somewhat scariouswith broad fuscous margins; rays large, white or pink, 3-5 mm. 
 broad; achenes prominently winged. Lab. to Alaska, south in the mountains of 
 the Pacific Coast to Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 3. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. WESTERN YARROW. Perennial, 3-5 dm. high; 
 stem lanate. Leaves finely bipinnatifid, with approximate segments; cyme rather 
 dense in age, becoming flat-topped; involucral bracts stramineous, with greenish 
 keel and brown margins ; achenes elliptical, broadly margined. Plains and 
 mountains, S. Dak. to Br. Col., south to Mex. and Kans. Also introduced further 
 east. June-Sept. 
 
 4. Achillea Mlllefolium L. YARROW. MILFOIL. (I. F. f. 3983.) Peren- 
 nial from horizontal rootstocks; flowering stems sparsely pubescent, or nearly gla- 
 brous, simple, or corymbosely branched above, 3-6 dm. high. Basal leaves and 
 those of the numerous short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes 25 cm. 
 long and I cm. wide, those of the stem sessile, all somewhat pubescent or nearly 
 glabrous; heads numerous, 46 mm. broad, in terminal compound dense, some- 
 what convex corymbs; involucre ovoid, its bracts oblong, stramineous with greenish 
 keel, obtusish, pubescent; rays 4-6, white, or often pink or purple. In various 
 situations in the east occurring as a naturalized weed. Native of Europe and 
 Asia. June-Nov. 
 
 Achillea ligustica All., a native of Europe, has been collected in N. Y. and Mass. 
 It differs from A. Millefolium in the open loose panicle and broad and short leaf -seg- 
 ments. 
 
1014 FLORA, 
 
 85. ANTHEMIS L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and 
 usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the 
 branches. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious- 
 margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, 
 chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray- 
 flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white 
 or yellow, entire or 2-3 -toothed. Disk -flowers perfect, fertile, yellow, their corol- 
 las with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of 
 the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate. Pappus 
 none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile.] About 60 
 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 
 Rays white. 
 
 Rays neutral ; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid. i. A. Cotula. 
 Rays pistillate ; plants pubescent. 
 
 Annual ; chaff of the receptacle acute. 2. A, arvensis. 
 
 Perennial; chaff of the receptacle obtuse. 3. A. nobilis. 
 
 Rays yellow ; plant pubescent, or tomentose. 4. A. ttnctoria. 
 
 1. Anthemis Cotula L. MAYWEED. DOG'S, OR FETID CAMOMILE. DILL- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 3984.) Annual, glandular and with a fetid odor and acrid taste, 
 much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves mostly sessile, 3-5 cm. long, finely 1-3- 
 pinnately dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute lobes; heads commonly 
 numerous, about 25 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse or obtusish, 
 usually somewhat tomentose; rays 10-18, mostly 3 toothed; receptacle convex, 
 becoming oblong, its chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers; achenes 10- 
 ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate; pappus none. In fields, waste places and 
 along roadsides, all over N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from Europe. 
 June-Nov. 
 
 2. Anthemis arvensis L. CORN OR FIELD CAMOMILE. (I. F. f. 3985.) 
 Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem finely pubescent, usually much 
 branched, about 3 dm. high, the branches decumbent or ascending. Leaves sessile. 
 3 -9 cm. long, 1-2 pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided 
 than those of the preceding species and with broader segments; heads commonly 
 numerous, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, usually some- 
 what pubescent, with broad scarious margins; rays 10-18, mostly 2-toothed; chaff 
 of the obtuse receptacle lanceolate; achenes oblong, obtusely 4 angled; pappus a 
 mere border. In fields and waste places, N. S. to Va., west to Mich., Mo., and on 
 the Pacific coast. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Anthemis nobilis L. GARDEN, SCOTCH, WHITE OR Low CAMOMILE. 
 (I. F. f. 3986.) Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, 
 the branches procumbent. Leaves numerous, 3-5 cm. long, finely and compactly 
 dissected into nearly filiform lobes and segments; heads about 25 mm. broad; bracts 
 of the involucre obtuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad; rays 12-18, 
 2-3-toothed; chaff of the conic receptacle broad, membranous; achenes oblong, 
 obtusely 3- angled; pappus none. Sparingly escaped from gardens, R. L to Del. 
 and Mich. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug. 
 
 4. Anthemis tinctoria L. YELLOW OR OX-EYE CAMOMILE. (I. F.f. 3987.) 
 Perennial; stem erect, branched, 3-9 dm. high, with nearly erect branches. Leaves 
 sessile, 3-7 cm. long, pinnately divided, the oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow 
 acute lobes; heads few or several, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, 
 obtuse, densely tomentose; rays 20-30, pistillate, usually 2-toothed; chaff of the 
 nearly hemispheric receptacle lanceolat ? acuminate, rather rigid; achenes 4-angled, 
 somewhat compressed ; pappus a crc.-w-i-ake border. In fields and waste places, 
 Me. to N. J., and locally escaped fro/a g/irdesis. Adventive from Europe. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 86. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. 
 
 Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate dentate 
 incised or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of both tubular 
 and radiate flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, 
 
COMPOSITAE. IOI5 
 
 its bracts appre^d, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle 
 flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white, 
 yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corol- 
 las with terete or 2-winged tubes and 4-5 -cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire 
 at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 
 angled or terete, 5-10 ribbed, those of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled. Pappus 
 none or a scaly cup. [Greek, golden-flower.] About 100 species, of wide distribu- 
 tion in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 2 others occur in north- 
 western arctic America. Our species have white ray -flowers. 
 
 Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. 
 
 Stem-leaves linear-spatulate, pinnately incised; weed. i. C. Leucanthemum. 
 
 Stem-leaves cuneate-spatulate, toothed or lobed above; arctic. 2. C. arcticum. 
 Heads numerous, small, corymbose; plants escaped from gardens. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, segments incised. 3. C. Parthenium. 
 
 Leaves oblong, serrate. 4. C. Balsamita. 
 
 1. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. WHITE-WEED. WHITE OR OX-EYE 
 DAISY. (I. F. f. 3988.) Perennial; stem glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, sim- 
 ple or little branched, 3-9 dm. high, often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Basal 
 leaves obovate, oblong, or spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised, narrowed into 
 long slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly sessile and partly clasping, 37 cm. long, 
 the uppermost very small and nearly entire; heads 3-5 cm. broad, on long naked 
 peduncles; rays 20-30, white, spreading, slightly 2-3-toothed; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly glabrous, with scarious margins and a brown 
 line within the margins; pappus none. In pastures, meadows and waste places, 
 common as a weed. Nat. from Europe. Rays rarely short and tubular. Disk 
 bright yellow. May-Nov. 
 
 2. Chrysanthemum arcticum L. ARCTIC DAISY. (I. F. f. 3989.) Similar 
 to the preceding species, but somewhat fleshy, lower, seldom over 3 dm. high. 
 Leaves cuneate-spatulate, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, crenate or cleft at the apex, narrowed 
 into a long tapering entire base, or the lower into slender petioles, slightly clasping 
 at the base, the uppermost few. small, linear and nearly entire; heads solitary or 
 few, long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; rays 20-30, white; bracts of the involucre 
 oblong, obtuse, brown or with broad brown scarious margins, usually pubescent; 
 pappus none. Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 3. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L.) Pers. COMMON FEVERFEW. FEATH- 
 ERFEW. (I. F. f. 3990.) Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrate, much branched, 
 3-7 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower often 15 cm. long, petioled, or the upper 
 sessile, pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments; heads 
 numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts of the depressed 
 involucre lanceolate, rather rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute or acutish; rays 10-20, 
 white, oval or obovate, spreading, mostly toothed, long-persistent; pappus a short 
 toothed crown. In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to N. J., and locally in the inte- 
 rior, mostly escaped from gardens. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Chrysanthemum BalsamitaL. COSTMARY. COST. ALECOST. ALECOAST. 
 (I. F. f. 3991.) Perennial, puberulent or canescent; stem much branched, 6-12 
 dm. high. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, those of the stem mostly sessile, and often with a 
 pair of lateral lobes at the base; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 
 10-15 mm ' broad, or when rayless only 6 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre nar- 
 row, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15, white, spreading; pappus a short crown. 
 Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to Ont. and N. S. Native of the Old World. 
 Summer. 
 
 87. MATRICARIA L. 
 
 Mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus, with alter- 
 nate leaves, dissected into filiform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and pe- 
 duncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. 
 Involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer 
 shorter. Receptacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, 
 white, pistillate and fertile. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, their corollas 
 4-5 -toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk- 
 
FLORA. 
 
 flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3-5 -ribbed. Pappus none, or a coroniform 
 border. [Latin, matrix, from its medicinal virtues.] About 20 species, natives 
 of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. 
 
 Rays present, white. 
 
 Achenes obpyramida!, strongly 3-ribbed. 
 
 Plant tall, much branched; bracts of the involucre green, i. M. inodora. 
 Plant low, nearly simple, arctic; bracts dark brown or black. 
 
 2. M. grandiflora. 
 
 Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3~5-ribbed. 3, M. Chamomilla, 
 
 Rays none; achenes oblong, faintly nerved. 4. M. matricarioides. 
 
 1. Matrioaria inodora L. SCENTLESS CAMOMILE. CORN MAYWEED. (I. F.f. 
 3992.) Annual; stem glabrous, or very nearly so throughout 3-6 dm. high. 
 Leaves numerous, sessile, 2-3 pinnately dissected into filiform lobes, the rachis 
 somewhat dilated at the base. Heads several or numerous, terminating the 
 branches, 1.5-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green 
 with brown scarious margins; receptacle hemispheric or ovoid; pappus a short 
 entire or 4- toothed crown. In fields and waste places, Newf. to N. J., and locally 
 in the interior. Nat. or adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 
 
 2. Matricaria grandiflora (Hook.) Britton. ARCTIC CAMOMILE. (I. F. f. 
 3993.) Perennial; stem usually simple and monocephalous, glabrous, 1-3 dm. 
 high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest short- petioled, I -2-pinnately disseeted, 3-7 cm. 
 long. Head not very long-peduncled, 3-5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre ovate 
 or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, 
 scarious margins; receptacle hemispheric when mature. Coast of Hudson Bay to 
 Alaska. Reported from Lake Huron. Summer. 
 
 3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. WILD OR GERMAN CAMOMILE. (I. F. f. 
 3994.) Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves aromatic, finely 
 2 3-pinnately dissected into numerous linear lobes; heads numerous, 16-25 mrn - 
 broad, slender- peduncled at the ends of the branches; bracts of the involucre 
 oblong, obtuse, green, or with brownish margins; receptacle ovoid, becoming conic 
 and hollow; pappus none. In waste places and on ballast, southern N. Y. to Penn.. 
 Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Summer. 
 
 4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. RAYLESS CAMOMILE. (I. F. 
 3995-) Annual, glabrous; stem very leafy, at length much branched, 15-45 
 cm. high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes; heads numer- 
 ous, 6-8 mm. broad, peduncled; bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, green with 
 broad white scarious margins, much shorter than the ovoid yellow disk; receptacle 
 conic; pappus an obscure crown, sometimes produced into 2 coriaceous oblique 
 auricles. In waste places, in ballast and along railroads, Mont, to Mo., Me. and 
 M.isf Adventive from the Pacific coast. May -Aug. [M. discoidea DC.] 
 
 88. TANACETUM L. 
 
 Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, 1-3 -pin- 
 nately dissected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular 
 flowers, or with rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre 
 hemispheric, depressed, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several 
 series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, 
 their corollas 2~5-toothed or lobed, sometimes produced into short rays. Disk-flowers 
 perfect, fertile, the corollas 5 -toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, their 
 tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes 
 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From 
 tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality.] About 35 species, 
 natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 6 others occur in western 
 and northwestern N. Am. 
 
 Glabrous, or nearly so; heads numerous, 6-10 mm. broad. I. T, vulgare. 
 
 Villous-pubescent; heads few, 12-16 mm, broad. 2. T. Huronense, 
 
 i. Tanacetum vulgare L. TANSY. (I. F. f. 3996.) Stem stout, usually 
 simple up to the inflorescence, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves pinnately divided into linear- 
 oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the lobes acute, usually serrate; lower seg- 
 ments of the leaves oftens mailer than the others; basal leaves often i dm. lon^: heads 
 
COM POSIT A . IOI7 
 
 rather short-peduncled ; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubescent or ciliate; receptacle flat; flowers 
 yellow; marginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed limbs; pappus a short 
 crown. Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gardens, N. S. and Out. to S. Dak., 
 south to N. Car., Mo. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 Tanacetum vulgire crispum DC. Leaf-segments more incised and crisped. Occa- 
 sional, in similar situations; in some places more plentiful than the type. 
 
 2. Tanacetum Huronense Nutt. LAKE HURON TANSY. (I. F. f. 3997.) 
 Villous-pubescent throughout, at least when young, less so when mature, 3-6 dm. 
 high. Leaves 2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised, acute, the lower 
 segments commonly smaller than the others; heads 1-8, on very stout pubescent 
 peduncles; involucre depressed-hemispheric ; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed 
 limbs, often expanded into short rays; pappus a short crown. In moist soil, N. B. 
 10 Hudson Bay, Me., Lake Superior, Alaska and Ore. July-Sept. 
 
 89. ARTEMISIA L. 
 
 Odorous herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small discoid, racemose, 
 spicate, glomerate or paniculate heads of greenish or yellowish flowers. Involucre 
 ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series, the outer 
 gradually shorter. Receptacle naked or pubescent, not chaffy. Central flowers 
 perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undivided styles, sometimes 
 perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches; marginal flowers usually pistillate 
 and fertile, their corollas 2-3-toothed; or flowers all perfect and fertile in some 
 species. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appen- 
 dages. Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, 
 usually bearing a large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, 
 wife of Mausolus.] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and 
 southern S. Am. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in western N. Am. 
 
 * Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile. 
 
 a. Biennial or perennial herbs. 
 Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes. 
 
 Heads very numerous, 2 mm. broad; leaves mostly glabrous. 
 
 i. A. caudafa. 
 Heads 4 mm. broad, in narrow panicles; leaves silky-pubescent. 
 
 Heads few; involucre brown, mostly pubescent. 2. A. borealis. 
 
 Heads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous. 3. A. Canadensis. 
 
 Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3-cleft or pinnately divided. 
 
 Leaves glabrous. 4. A. dracunculoide*. 
 
 Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5. A. glauca. 
 
 b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent ; heads small and numerous. 
 
 6. A.filifolia. 
 
 * * Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile. . 
 
 a. Receptacle villous-pubescent. 
 
 Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short. 7. A.frigida. 
 
 Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong; introduced. 8. A. Absinthium. 
 
 b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. 
 Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomentose. 
 
 Heads about 4 mm. broad, numerous in panicled racemes ; perennial. 
 
 9. A. Abrotanum. 
 Heads about 2 mm. broad, paniculate or spicate; annuals. 
 
 Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided; heads paniculate. 10. A. annua. 
 Leaves pinnately divided; segments pinnatifid; heads in leafy spikes. 
 
 11. A. biennis. 
 Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid or dissected. 
 
 Heads 6-8 mm. broad; racemose-glomerate; sea-beach plant. 
 
 12. A. Stcllcriana. 
 Heads 2-4 mm. broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose. 
 
 Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised. 
 
 13. A. vulgaris* 
 
 Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. 14. A. Pontica. 
 
 Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments. 
 
 15. A, Kansant* 
 
I0l8 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, serrate, somewhat lobed, or entire, not 
 piniiatifid. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above. 16. A. serrata. 
 
 Leaves linear, oblong or lanceolate, entire or lobed. 
 
 Leaves elongated, at length glabrous above. 17. A. longifolia. 
 
 Leaves shorter, oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate, tomentose both sides. 
 Heads 4 mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. broad; leaves entire or some of the lower 
 
 toothed, white-tomemose on both sides. 18. A. gnaphalodes. 
 
 Heads 3 mm. high, 2-2.5 mm. broad; leaves, except the upper ones, 
 
 deeply 3-7 lobed, greener above. 19. A. Ludoviciana. 
 
 Leaves cuneate, i cm. long, 3-toothed at the apex. 20. A. Bigclovii* 
 
 * * * Flowers all perfect and fertile; far western species. 
 
 Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. ax. A. tridentata. 
 
 Leaves linear, entire. 22. A. cana. 
 
 1. Artemisia caudata Michx. TALL OR WILD WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 3998.) 
 Root biennial (sometimes perennial?); stems slender, glabrous, tufted, strict, very 
 leafy, 0.6-2 m. high, at length paniculately branched; branches glabrous, or rarely 
 slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves and those of sterile shoots 
 slender-petioled, sometimes a little pubescent, 7-15 cm. long, 2-3-pinnatelj 
 divided into lobes about I mm. wide; the uppermost entire and short; heads short 
 peduncled, mostly nodding; bracts of the ovoid-campanulate involucre ovate, or 
 the inner elliptic, glabrous; receptacle hemispheric, naked; central flowers sterile. 
 In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, Quebec to Fla. 7 Manitoba, Neb. and 
 Tex. July-Sept. 
 
 2. Artemisia borealis Pall. NORTHERN WORMWOOD. (I. F f. 3999.) 
 Perennial, 12-35 cm. high, densely silky-pubescent all over. Leaves less divided, 
 the basal and lower ones petioled, 2-6 cm. long, the upper sessile, linear and entire 
 or 3-parted; heads about 4 mm. wide in a dense, terminal, rarely branched thyrsus; 
 involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish, pilose-pubescent or 
 nearly glabrous; receptacle convex, naked; disk-flowers sterile. Me. (according 
 to Fernald); Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic Am. to Alaska, south to 
 Colo. Also in northern Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 3. Artemisia Canadensis Michx. CANADA WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4000.) 
 Root perennial (or sometimes biennial); stem pubescent or glabrous, strict, 3-6 
 dm. high, the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubescent, but some- 
 times sparingly so, the basal and lower ones petioled, 5-8 cm. long, 2-pinnately 
 divided into lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Artemisia caudata; 
 upper leaves sessile, less divided; heads short-peduncled, mostly spreading or 
 erect, in small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite simple terminal 
 raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or oval; receptacle hemispheric; central 
 flowers sterile. In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Me. and Vt., west to Minn., 
 Manitoba, the Canadian Pacific Coast, south to Ariz, and Neb. July-Aug. 
 
 4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. LINEAR-LEAVED WORMWOOD. (I. F. 
 f. 4001.) Perennial, glabrous; stem somewhat woody, usually much branched, 6-12 
 dm. high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves 3-9 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acute, 
 entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-cleft or even more divided; heads 
 very numerous, 2-3 mm. broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-panicu- 
 late; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green, scarious- 
 margined; receptacle hemispheric, naked. Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to 
 the N. W. Terr., Br. Col., Neb., Tex. and Cal. July-Nov/ 
 
 5. Artemisia glauca Pall. SILKY WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4002.) Perennial, 
 similar to the preceding species; stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little 
 branched, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent, or glabrous below. 
 Leaves linear, 1-6 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, entire, obtuse or obtusish, or thfl 
 lower or sometimes nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes 2-4 cm. long; pan- 
 icle narrow, branched, its branches nearly erect; heads drooping, sessile, very 
 numerous, scarcely more than 3 mm. long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scari- 
 ous-margined, obtuse; receptacle naked. Minn, and Manitoba to the N. W. Terr. 
 
 6. Artemisia filifolia Torn SILVERY WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4003.) Stem 
 branched. 3-6 dm. high, the rigid branches nearly erect. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, 
 nearly all 3-parted into filiform entire segments less than I mm. wide, or the upper- 
 most undivided; heads exceedingly numerous, about I mm. broad, racemose, 
 
COMPOSiTAE. 1019 
 
 paniculate, very short-peduncled, 3-5-flowered; involucre oblong, its bracts densely 
 canescent; receptacle small, naked or slightly fimbrillate; central 1-3 flowers 
 sterile. On dry plains, S. Dak. to Utah, south to Tex., Mex. and N. Mex. July- 
 Get. 
 
 7. Artemisia frigida Willd. PASTURE SAGE-PRUSH. WORMWOOD SAGE. 
 (I. F. f. 4004.) Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky-canescent all over; stem 
 2.5-5 dm. high. Leaves 1-4 cm. long, ternately or 5-nately divided into numerous 
 short, acutish, mostly entire lobes less than I mm. wide, the lower and basal ones 
 petioled, and often with a pair of entire or 3-cleft divisions near the base of the 
 petiole, the upper sessile and less divided; heads rather numerous, racemose or 
 racemose-paniculate, short-peduncled, nodding, about 4 mm. broad; involucre hemi- 
 spheric, its bracts oblong, canescent or tomentose. On dry plains and in rocky soil, 
 Minn, to the Yukon, Idaho, Neb., Tex. and N. Mex. July-Oct. 
 
 8. Artemisia Absinthium L. COMMON WORMWOOD. ABSINTH. (I. F. f. 
 4005.) Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves 
 5-12 cm. long, l-3-pinna.ely divided, the lower long-petioled, the upper short- 
 petioled or sessile, tlis uppermost commonly linear and entire; heads numerous, 
 yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping, short-peduncled, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre 
 hemispheric, its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scarious-margined; 
 receptacle pilose-pubescent; central flowers fertile, the marginal ones fertile or 
 sterile. In waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Mass., western Ont., Mont, 
 and N. C. Nat. or adventive from Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 9. Artemisia Abrotanum L. SOUTHERNWOOD. (I. F. f. 4006.) Perennial, 
 somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or glabrous, much branched, 6-12 dm. high, 
 the branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 
 1-7 cm. long, i-3-pinnately parted into linear, obtuse, entire lobes about I mm. 
 wide, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest petioled; heads several- 
 flowered, yellow, very numerous, nodding, 4-5 mm. broad; involucre nearly hemis- 
 pheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lanceolate, acute, the inner ones obovate. In waste 
 places, Mass, to N. C., Ont., and Neb. Adventive from Europe. 
 
 Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with glabrous involucre, is stated by 
 Dr. Gray to have escaped from gardens at Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 10. Artemisia annua L. ANNUAL WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4007.) Annual, 
 glabrous throughout, much branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves 5-15 cm. long; lobes 
 very narrow, short, obtuse; lower and basal leaves slender -petioled, the upper 
 sessile and less divided, but none of them entire; heads very numerous, drooping, 
 borne on very slender peduncles of about their own length or less; involucre hemis- 
 pheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate to oblong. In waste places Ont. to D. C., 
 Tenn., Ark. and Kans.; a bad weed in some places. Adventive or nat. from Asia. 
 Summer. 
 
 11. Artemisia biennis Willd. BIENNIAL WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4008.) 
 Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very leafy, usually branched, 3-12 
 dm. high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves 2-8 cm. long; lobes linear or linear- 
 oblong, acutish, serrate or incised; lowest leaves petioled, the uppermost less divided 
 or rarely quite entire; heads not drooping, sessile and exceedingly numerous ii axil- 
 lary crowded glomerules; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts green, scarious- 
 margined. Native in the N. W. Terr, and the northwestern U. S., now widely 
 distributed as a weed from Manitoba to N. S., south to Kans., Ky. and Penn. 
 Aug.-Oct 
 
 12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. BEACH WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 4009.) 
 Perennial, densely white-tomentose; stem branched, 3-5 dm. high, bushy, the 
 branches ascending. Leaves obovate to spatulate, 3-10 cm. long, pinnatifid into 
 oblong obtuse entire or few-toothed lobes, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all 
 densely tomentose beneath, but becoming green and glabrous above when old; 
 heads not drooping; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts tomentose, Janceolate 
 or oblong -lanceolate. Sandy sea-beaches, Me. and Mass, to N. J. Cultivated in 
 gardens along the coast. Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the coast 
 of Sweden. July-Aug. 
 
 13. Artemisia vulgaris L. COMMON MUGWORT. (L F. f. 4010.) Perennial; 
 stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves 3-12 cm. 
 
I02O FLORA. 
 
 long, deeply pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid, 
 toothed or entire lobes, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous 
 above, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the uppermost sometimes linear and 
 entire; heads numerous, erect, about 4 mm. broad, in panicled simple or compound 
 spikes; involucre oblong campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined; 
 tomentose or g'abrous. In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mich., N. C. and Penn. 
 Nat. from Eur /pe. Native also of Asia. July-Oct. 
 
 14. Arte nisia Pontica L. ROMAN OR HUNGARIAN WORMWOOD. (I. F. f. 
 4011.) Per nnial; stem branched, glabrous or canescent, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves 
 3-6 cm. lo; g, 2-3 pinnately dissected into short narrow lobes less than 2 mm. wide, 
 canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the lower petioled and the petioles 
 somewhat clasping or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and entire; 
 heads numerous, 2-4 mm. broad, drooping, slender-peduncled; involucre hemi- 
 spheric, canescent, its bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, the outer short, lanceolate. 
 Railway embankment near Tumble Station, Hunterdon Co., N. J, ; mountain-side 
 near Lily Lake, Luzerne Co., Pa. Fugitive or adventive from central Europe. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 15. Artemisia Kansna Britton. KANSAS MUGWORT. (I. F. f. 4012.) 
 Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much branched, the branches strict, 
 bearing very numerous small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves nu- 
 merous, crowded, the lower pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear revolute- 
 margined segments I mm. wide or less, greenish above; upper leaves mostly 
 narrowly linear and entire; heads oblong-oval, sessile, or very short-peduncled, 
 erect, or somewhat spreading, 3 mm. long; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate- 
 lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute. Plains, western Kans. 
 
 16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. SAW-LEAF MUGWORT. (I. F. f. 4013.) 
 Perennial; stem stout, tomentose or becoming glabrous, much branched, 1.5-3 m - 
 high. Leaves lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long. 6-25 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose 
 beneath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest petioled; 
 heads very numerous, greenish, erect, about 3 mm. broad, sessile or short-peduncled 
 in panicled spikes or racemes; involucre canescent, its bracts oblong, obtuse, or 
 the outer ones lanceolate. Prairies, 111. to Minn, and S. Dak. Introduced on the 
 Mohawk River, near Schenectady, N. Y. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. LONG-LEAVED MUGWORT. (I. F. f. 4014.) 
 Perennial; stem densely white-tomentose, branched, 6-15 dm. high. Leaves linear 
 or linear-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, acuminate, tapering to a 
 sessile base, or the lower petioled, densely white-tomentose on both sides, or 
 becoming green and glabrate above; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate. 
 about 4 mm. broad; involucre tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse. In dry rockj 
 soil, western Neb. to Minn., Mont, and the N. W. Terr. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 18. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. PRAIRIE, WESTERN OR CUD-WEED 
 MUGWORT. (I. F. f. 4015.) Perennial, similar to the preceding species; stem 
 white-tomentose, usually much branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or 
 oblong, 3-7 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, 
 white-tomentose on both sides, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed 
 into short petioles; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, above 3 mm. bread, 
 involucre oblong, tomentose. On prairies and dry banks, western Ont. and 111. to 
 Br. Col., south to Mo., Tex., Ariz., Mex. and Cal. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 19. Artemisia Ludoviciana Nutt. LOBED CUD-WEED. Perennial, ascending 
 or erect, lower than the preceding, 3-5 dm. high, branched; stem somewhat 
 tomentose. Leaves oblanceolate or somewhat cuneate in outline, 2-5 cm. long, 
 densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose but greener above, deeply 3-7-lobed 
 with lanceolate lobes, or the upper entire; heads very small and numerous, somewhat 
 nodding; involucre oblong-campanulate, tomentose, but less so than in the pre- 
 ceding. Prairies and mountain-sides, Mo. to Col. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 20. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. BIGELOW'S SAGE-BUSH. (I. F. f. 4016.) 
 Perennial, shrubby, silvery-canescent throughout, 2-4 dm. high, much branched, 
 the branches erect. Leaves narrowly cuneate. or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or 3-5- 
 io >thed at the apex, 10-18 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; heads very numerous, 
 about 2 mm. broad, densely glomerate-spicate in a narrow virgate panicle, 2-5- 
 flowered, I or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others perfect and fertile; invo- 
 
COMPOSITAE. I O2 1 
 
 lucre short-oblong, canescent or tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse. Kans. (ac 
 cording to Smyth), and Colo, to Ariz. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 21. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. COMMON SAGE-BUSH. SAGE-BRUSH. 
 SAGE-WOOD. MOUNTAIN SAGE. (I. F. f. 4017.) Shrubby, silvery-canescent; 
 stem much branched, 3-35 dm. high. Leaves narrowly cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, 
 2-6 mm. wide, sessile, 3-7-toothed at the truncate apex; heads very numerous, 
 5-8-flowered, about 3 mm. broad, sessile, or very nearly so, in large dense panicles; 
 involucre oblong, tomentose, its inner bracts oblong, the outer short, ovate, all ob- 
 tuse or obtusish. On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Neb. to Colo., Utah and 
 Cal., north to Mont, and Br. Col. July-Sept. 
 
 22. Artemisia cana Pursh. HOARY SAGE-BUSH. (I. F. f. 4018.) Shrubby, 
 densely white-canescent; stem much branched, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves linear, 
 linear-oblong or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute at both ends, 3-5 cm. long, 
 3-6 mm. wide, usually quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes; heads 
 numerous, about 3 mm. broad, glomerate or sometimes solitary in the axils of the 
 leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus at the summit, 5-9 flowered; involucre 
 oblong, canescent, its inner bracts oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, usually with 1-3 
 shorter outer ones. Plains, Neb. and Colo, to N. Dak. and the N. W. Terr. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 89. TUSSILAGO L. 
 
 An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial root- 
 stocks, broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large soli- 
 tary, monoecious heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit 
 of a scaly scape, appearing before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanu- 
 late to cylindric, its principal bracts in a single series, equal, with or without a 
 few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray-flowers in several series, 
 pistillate, fertile. Disk- flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla 5 -cleft, the style undi. 
 vided and obtuse. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-iO-ribbed. Pappus 
 copious, of numerous slender roughish bristles, that of the sterile flowers shorter 
 than that of the fertile. [Latin, tussis, cough, for which the plant was a reputed 
 remedy.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Tussilago FarfaraL. COLTSFOOT. COUGHWORT. (I. F. f. 4019.) Scape 
 slender, 7-45 cm. high, bearing a solitary large head at the summit. Leaves 
 nearly orbicular, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed and dentate, 716 
 cm. broad, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose beneath; head 
 about 25 mm. broad; involucre campanulate; rays bright yellow, numerous, linear, 
 pistillate, fertile. In moist soil, along roadsides, etc., N. S. and N. B. to Mass., 
 N. Y. and Minn. Nat. from Europe. April-June. 
 
 90. PETASITES Gaertn. 
 
 Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad basal petioled leaves, 
 and scaly scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular 
 and radiate, white or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre 
 campanulate to cylindric, its bracts in I series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly 
 so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate flowers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or 
 sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing most of the head; perfect but sterile 
 flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undivided. Anthers entire or 
 minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus of numerous 
 capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat, referring to 
 the broad leaves of these plants.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate 
 and subarctic zones. 
 
 Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate ; natives ; northern. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, y-n-cleft nearly to the base. I. P. palmata. 
 
 Leaves hastate- reniform, sinuate-lobed or toothed. 2. P.frigida. 
 
 Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate. 3. P. sagittata. 
 
 Flowers all rayless, purple ; introduced. 4. P. Petasites. 
 
 i. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. PALMATE-LEAF SWEET COLTSFOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 4020.) Scape very scaly, stout, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 7-30 cm. broad, 
 green and glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least when young, 
 
1022 FLORA.\ 
 
 sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat 
 cuneate, sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious, corymbose or racemose- 
 corymbose, numerous, 7-12 mm. broad; flowers nearly white, fragrant. In 
 swamps and along streams, Newf. to Alaska and Br. Col., south to Mass., N. Y., 
 Wis. and Cal. April-June. 
 
 2. Petasites frigida (L.) Fries. ARCTIC SWEET COLTSFOOT. (I. F. f. 4021.) 
 Scape very scaly, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, irregularly and angulately 
 lobed and incised, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose be- 
 neath, the lobes entire or few-toothed ; heads usually fewer and larger than those 
 of the preceding species ; involucre short-campanulate; flowers nearly white, fra- 
 grant. Lake Winnipeg to the Arctic Sea, west to Alaska and the mountains of Br. 
 Col. Also in northern Europe and Asia. June Aug. 
 
 3. Petasites sagittata (Pursh) A. Gray. ARROW-LEAF SWEET COLTSFOOT. 
 (I. F. f. 4022.) Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence similar to those of the 
 two preceding species. Leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white- 
 tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, 1-3 dm. long, their margins sinuate- 
 denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed; involucre campanulate; flowers nearly white. 
 In wet ground, Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minn., Br. Col., S. Dak. and Colo. 
 May-June. 
 
 4. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst. BUTTER-BUR. BUTTERFLY-DOCK. (I. 
 F. f. 4023.). Scape very scaly, 15-45 cm. high. Leaves orbicular or hastate-reni- 
 form, often 3 dm. broad when mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand- 
 denticulate all around, persistently white-tomentose beneath, green and mostly 
 glabrous above; heads 8-12 mm. broad, mostly dioecious, in a dense raceme, the 
 staminate ones smaller than the pistillate. In cultivated and waste ground, Pa. 
 Nat. from Europe. Native a(sc o. northern Asia. April. 
 
 93. ARNICA L. 
 
 Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely 
 alternate, and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow 
 flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its 
 bracts in I or 2 series, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle flat, naked, fimbrillate 
 or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, entire, or 2-3. 
 toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5 -lobed, the style with slender 
 branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2-auriculate at the base. Achenes linear, 
 5- lo-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or barbellate 
 rigid slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica.] About 30 
 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 20 others 
 occur in the western parts of North America. 
 
 Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. I. A. acaulis. 
 Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate-ovate, pe.tioled. 
 
 Basal leaves cordate-ovate. 2. A. cordifolia. 
 Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole* 
 
 Stem-leaves 3-5 pairs, the upper somewhat smaller. 3. A. lanceolata. 
 
 Stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, the upper much smaller. 4. A. alpina. 
 
 1. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S. P. LEOPARD'S BANK. (I. F. f. 4024.) Gland- 
 ular-hirsute; stem 3-9 dm. high, bearing several slender- peduncled heads at the 
 summit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, obtuse, narrowed to a sessile base, 
 denticulate or entire, 5-12 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide; stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, and 
 some alternate, very small ones above; heads 25-35 mm. broad; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays 12-15, commonlv 3 toothed at the 
 truncate apex; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature. 
 In low woods, Del. and southern Pen.i. to Fla. April-May. 
 
 2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. HEART- LEAF ARNICA. (I. F. f 4025.) Hirsute, 
 or pubescent; stem simple, or sparingly branched, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and 
 lower leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate at the base, 
 dentate, 3-7 cm. long, with slender sometimes margined petioles; stem- leaves 1-3 
 pairs, ovate to oblong, sessile or short-petioled, much smaller; heads 1-8, 5-7 cm. 
 broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, 12-20 mm. long; rays 12- 16, 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1023 
 
 toothed at the apex; achenes hirsute-pubescent, or glabrous at the base. Western 
 Neb. to S. Dak., the N, W. Terr., Nev. and Br. Col. May-July. 
 
 ;: Arnica lance olta Nutt. NORTHERN ARNICA. (I. F. f. 4026.) Sparingly 
 villous-pubescent; stem simple, or little branched, 3-7 dm. high, bearing 1-6 
 heads at the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, dentate or entire, acute 
 or obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, the lower and basal ones narrowed into 
 petioles, the upper sessile, and usually somewhat connate by a broad or narrowed 
 base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usually with some alternate small ones on the 
 branches; heads 2-5 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre acute; rays 10-15, 3-toothed: 
 achenes hirsute-pubescent. Mountains of northern N. Y., N. H. and Me. to N. B., 
 west to Lake Superior. June-Aug. It has been confused with the grayish 
 pubescent A. Chamissonis of the west. 
 
 4. Arnica alpina (L.) Olin. MOUNTAIN TOBACCO. ARCTIC ARNICA. (I. F. 
 f. 4027.) Similar to the preceding species, but smaller and more slender, 15-35 
 cm. high, villous or pubescent. Stem simple, usually bearing but a single head; 
 leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish, entire or dentic 
 ulate, 3-nerved, the basal ones petioled, those of the stem 1-3 pairs, sessile or 
 short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper pair usually much smaller than the 
 lower ones; heads about 5 cm. broad; rays 10-15, toothed; achenes hirsute or 
 glabrate. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea. Also in northern Europe. 
 May-Sept 
 
 93- ERECHTITES Raf. 
 
 Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) 
 rather large discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate 
 at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its 
 principal bracts in I series, linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. 
 Receptacle concave, naked. Marginal flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, 
 their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4- toothed. Central flowers perfect, fertile; corolla 
 narrowly tubular, the limb 4-5 -toothed, the style-branches elongated, truncate or 
 obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes linear- 
 oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious caspillary soft smooth white bristles. 
 [Ancient name of some groundsel.] About 12 species, natives of America and 
 Australasia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America. 
 
 i. Ercchtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. FIRE-WEED. PILEWORT. (I. F. f. 
 4028.) Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hirsute; stem striate, succulent, usually 
 branched, 3-25 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate 
 and often deeply incised, 5-20 cm. long, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping, 
 mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles ; heads 12-20 mm. long, 
 alxmt 6 mm. in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the base before 
 flowering, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious margins; pap- 
 pus bright white. In woodlands, thickets and waste places, Newf. to Fla., west to 
 the N. W. Terr., Neb., Kans. and La. Also in Mex. and S. Am. July-Sept 
 
 94. MESADENIA Raf. 
 
 Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and nu- 
 merous, rather small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish 
 flowers, all tubular and perfect. Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre 
 cylindric or nearly so, its principal bracts 5, in I series, equal, usually with a few 
 short outer ones. Receptacle fl.it, not chaffy, with a fleshy projection in the center. 
 Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes usually with a mid-nerve. 
 Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong, glabrous. Pappus of 
 copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the central projection of the 
 receptacle.] About 12 species, natives of North and Central America. Besides 
 the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 
 
 Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate. 
 
 Leaves green both sides, annulate-dentate. I. M. reniformis. 
 
 Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. 2. M. atriplicifolia, 
 
 Leaves thick, green both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. 3. M. tuberosa. 
 
1024 FLORA. 
 
 1. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN. WILD 
 COLLARD. (I. F. f. 4029.) Glabrous ; stem angled and grooved, 1-3 m. high. 
 Leaves green both sides, the basal and lower reniform, long-petioled, sometimes 
 6 dm. wide, the upper ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the base, the upper- 
 most small and oblong; heads numerous, mostly 5-flowered, about 5 mm. broad, in 
 large compound corymbs; involucre 6-8 mm. high. In woods, N. J. and Penn. to 
 Minn., south to N. C. and Tenn. July-Sept. \_Cacalia reniformis Muhl. | 
 
 2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN. (I. F. f. 
 4030.) Stem terete, glabrous, glaucous, 9-18 dm. high. Leaves thin, the lower and 
 basal ones slender- petioled, sometimes 15 cm. wide, the upper reniform, fan-shaped, 
 or triangular with a nearly truncate base, the uppermost commonly small, lanceo- 
 late or oblong and entire; heads very numerous, about 3 mm. broad, in large loose 
 compound corymbs, involucre 6-8 mm. high. In woods, W. Ont. to Minn., south 
 to Fla., Mo. and Kans. July-Sept. [Cacalia atriplicifolia L.] 
 
 3. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN. 
 (L F. f. 4031.) Glabrous and green throughout; stem angled, stout, 6-18 dm. 
 high. Leaves strongly 5 -9- nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate, or ovate- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire, but sometimes rapand, long peti- 
 oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate, 1-2 dm. long. 2-7 cm. wide; up- 
 per leaves ovate to oblong or cuneate. obovate, sessile or short-petioled, much smaller; 
 heads very numerous in a compound corymb, mostly 5-flowered, about 4 mm. broad; 
 involucre 6-8 mm. high. On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and W. Ont. to 
 Minn., Ala., La., Ark. and Kans. June-Aug. [Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.] 
 
 95. SYNOSMA Raf. 
 
 A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so. with triangular or hastate, 
 alternate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, 
 corymbose or corymbose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. 
 Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with 
 some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Flowers perfect; corolla 5- 
 lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very numerous white soft 
 capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite.] A mono- 
 typic genus of eastern North America. 
 
 i. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. SWEET-SCENTED INDIAN PLANTAIN. 
 (I. F. f. 4032.) Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem striate, 1-1.5 m - 
 high, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves triangular-lanceolate or hastate, sharply 
 and irregularly serrate, acuminate, 1-2.5 dm. l n g> 5 -I 5 cm - wide at the base, 
 the auricles sometimes with I or 2 lobes on the lower side; petioles margined, or 
 those of the basal leaves naked and slender; uppermost leaves sometimes merely 
 lanceolate and sessile; heads 4-6 mm. broad in a usually large and compound 
 corymb; involucre 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear, acute; heads 20-30- 
 flowered. In woods, Conn, and N. J. to 111. and Minn., south to Fla., W. Va. 
 and Ky. Aug. -Oct. [Cacalia suaveolens L.J 
 
 96. SENECIO L. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), 
 with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered 
 heads, of both tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. 
 Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its principal bracts in I series, distinct, or 
 united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly 
 convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed. Rays, when present, pistillate, fer- 
 tile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5-toothed or 5- 
 lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagittate. Style- 
 branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete, or 
 those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-io-ribbed, papillose, or 
 canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. 
 Pappus of numerous slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. 
 [Latin, senex, an old man, referring to the hoary character of some species, or to 
 the white pappus.] An immense genus of probably at least 1000 species, of very 
 wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, some 70 others occur 
 
COMPOS JTAE. IO25 
 
 in the southern and western parts of North America. Our species known as 
 Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. 
 
 * Heads conspicuously radiate (except in forms of Nos. 9, 10 and 16). 
 
 (a) Heads solitary or few, 12-25 mm. high ; northern species. 
 
 Stout; leaves 1-2 dm. long; heads 4-5 cm. broad. i. S* Pseudo-Arnica. 
 
 Low; leaves 3-5 cm. long; heads 2-3 cm. broad. 2. S.frigidus. 
 
 (b) Heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly smaller. 
 f At least the lowest leaves entire or dentate, not pinnatifid (or sometimes pinnatifid 
 
 in Nos. 7 and 14). 
 J None of the loaves cordate. 
 Heads 10-14 mm. high; plants 3-15 dm. tall; northwestern species. 
 
 Involucral bracts acuminate; leaves mostly entire. 3. S. integerrimus. 
 
 Bracts acute or obtuse, mostly black-tipped; leaves denticulate. 
 
 4. S. alt iapiculatus. 
 Heads 6-10 mm. high; plants 1.5-7 dm. tall. 
 
 Leaves and stems persistently more or less tomentose or woolly. 
 
 Achenes glabrous. 5. S. Purshianus. 
 
 Achenes hispidulous or glandular. 
 
 Basal leaves long-pttioled, crenate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid; plants 
 tall. 
 
 Basal leaves crenate-dentate; eastern. 6. S. tomentosus. 
 
 Stem-leaves, and often also the basal, pinnatifid; western. 
 
 7. S. Plattensis. 
 
 Basal leaves short-petioled, much tufted, oval, few-toothed or entire; plant 
 low. 8. S. antennatiifoiius. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stem often woolly, especially below. 
 Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or oval; achenes glabrous. 
 
 Basal leaves obovate or suborbicular, crenate or dentate; involucral bracts 
 
 4-5 mm. long. 9. S. obovatus. 
 
 Basal leaves ovate to oval; involucral bracts 6-iomm. long. 
 
 Rays usually wanting, northern species. 10. S. discoid fits. 
 
 Rays large and conspicuous. n. S. Crawfordi. 
 
 Basal leaves oblong; achenes glabrous or hispidulous. 
 
 Heads few or several, 6-8 mm. high; basal leaves 2-7 cm. long. 
 
 12. S. Balsamitae. 
 Heads numerous, 4-5 mm. high; basal leaves 7-15 cm. long. 
 
 13. S. Sma/h'i. 
 Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3-toothed at apex. 
 
 14. S. compactus. 
 \ J Basal leaves cordate or subcordate; plants mostly glabrous. 
 
 Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 15. S. Robbinsii. 
 
 Basal leaves orbicular or ovate-oval. 16. S. aureus. 
 
 tt Leaves narrowly linear, entire. 17. S. spartioides, 
 
 fit Leaves all pinnatifid or coarsely sinuate-dentate; plants glabrous, or somewhat 
 
 woolly when young. 
 
 Leaves sinuate-dentate, lanceolate; heads 8-10 mm. high. 19. S. palustris. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 Segments narrowly linear, entire. 18. S. Fremontii. 
 
 Segments not linear. 
 
 Leaves pinnately divided; segments dentate; heads 4-6 mm. high. 
 
 20. S. lobatus. 
 Leaves 2-pinnatifid; heads 6 mm. high; introduced species. 
 
 21. S. Jacobaea. 
 * * Heads discoid, the rays none, or minute; introduced species. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid; plants glabrous or puberulent; achenes canescent. 
 Heads 6-8 mm. high; involucre naked, or nearly so at the base. 
 
 22. S. sylvaticus. 
 Heads 8-12 mm. high; involucre with several short outer bracts. 
 
 23. 6". vulgaris. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid ; plant viscid-pubescent; achenes glabrous. 24. S. viscosus. 
 Basal leaves obovate, orbicular, or spatulate, merely dentate. 
 
 Nos. 9, 10 and 16. 
 
 i. Senecio Pseudo- Arnica Less. SEA-BEACH SENECIO. (I. F. f. 4033.) 
 Perennial, somewhat fleshy; stem stout- mostly simple, very leafy, 1.5-9 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong-obovate, or the lower spatulate, acute or obtuse at the apex, densely 
 tomentose beneath, at least when young, repand-dentate or denticulate, narrowed 
 to a sessile and partly clasping base, or the lowest into margined petioles; heads 
 stuut-peduncled, nc.irly 25 mm. high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts 
 
1026 FLORA. 
 
 lanceolate, acuminate, mostly tomentose, commonly with several subulate spread- 
 ing ones at the base; rays 12-15, linear, conspicuous; disk- corollas 5 lobed; 
 achenes glabrous; pappus dull. On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Me., 
 N. B. and the lower St. Lawrence to Lab. and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska 
 and northern Asia. July-Aug. 
 
 2. Senecio frigidus Less. ARCTIC SENECIO. (I. F. f. 4034.) Perennial, 
 more or less tomentose, or becoming glabrous when old; stem slender, 1.5-3 dm. 
 high, bearing a solitary head i rarely 2 or 3). Basal and lower leaves spatulate or 
 obovate, petioled, obtuse, repand-deatate or entire; stem-leaves oblong to linear- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile, mostly entire, smaller; involucre broadly cam- 
 panulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 
 I2-2O mm. long, 3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base; achenes gla- 
 brous or sparingly pubescent. Lab. and arctic Am. to Alaska. Also in north- 
 eastern Asia. Summer. 
 
 3. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. ENTIRE-LEAVED GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4035.) 
 Perennial, more or less woolly when young, glabrous or nearly so when old. 
 Leaves entire, or sparingly denticulate, somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones 
 oval or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, peti- 
 oled, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small; heads nu- 
 merous, corymbose, long-peduncled, 12-20 mm. broad; involucre nearly cylindric, 
 its principal bracts linear, green, usually with a few subulate outer ones ; rays 8-12, 
 linear-oblong; achenes nearly glabrous. Minn, and Manitoba to Wyo. and Br. 
 Col. June-July. 
 
 4. Senecio atriapiculatus Rydb. BLACK-TIPPED GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4036 
 as S. higens.) Similar to the preceding species, more or less woolly when young, 
 soon glabrous; stem stout, 3-9 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves oblong, oval, 
 or slightly spatulate, obtuse or acute, denticulate or dentate, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 
 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and 
 bract-like; heads several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, 12-20 
 mm. broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; rays 
 IO 12, oblong-linear; achenes glabrous. In moist soil, the N. W. Terr, to Minn., 
 Iowa and Neb., west toBr. Col. and Cal. Jui.e Aug. This has been confused with 
 the smaller arctic S. lugens Richardson. 
 
 5. Senecio Purshianus Nutt. PURSH'S GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4037 as 
 S. camis.) Perennial, densely and persistently white-tomentose to the inflores- 
 cence; stems slender, usually tufted, 1-2 dm. high. Basal and lower leaves spatu- 
 late or oval, entire, very obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves 
 oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile, smaller, entire; heads several 
 or numerous, 10-15 mm ' broad, usually slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate, 
 or at first short- cylindric, about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute 
 sparingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no exterior smaller ones; rays 8-12; 
 achenes glabrous, at least below. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minn, and Neb., west 
 to Br. Col. and Utah. May-Aug. It has been confused with the larger S. canus 
 of the Rockies. 
 
 6. Senecio tomentosus Michx. WOOLLY RAGWEED. ASHWORT. (I. F. 
 f. 4038. ) Perennial, more or less densely and persistently tomentose or woolly-canes- 
 cent; stems rather stout, solitary, or sometimes tufted, 3-7 dm. high. Basal and 
 lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely spatulate, erect, very obtuse, 5-15 
 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, narrowed or truncate at the base; stem-leaves few and dis- 
 tant, small, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, crenate or rarely laciniate; heads mostly 
 long-peduncled, 16-20 mm. broad; involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, 
 its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, at length glabrate; rays 10-15; 
 achenes hispidulous, at least on the angles. In moist soil, southern N. J. to Fla., 
 west to La. April-June. 
 
 7. Senecio Plattensis Nutt. PRAIRIE RAGWORT. (I. F. f. 4039.) Peren- 
 nial; similar to the preceding species, usually smaller-leaved, lower and less tomen- 
 tose, or becoming glabrate in age, seldom over 4 dm. high. Bas.il leaves oval, 
 ovate or oblong, some or all of them more or less pinnatifid, with the terminal 
 segment much larger than the lateral ones, crenulate cr dentate, long petioled ; 
 heads several Or numerous, compactly or loosely corymbose, conspicuously radiate. 
 III. to S. Dak., Wyo., Colo, and Ind, Terr. April-June. \ 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1027 
 
 8. Senecio antennariifolius Britton. CAT'S-PAW RAGWORT. (I. F. f. 4040.) 
 Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems slender, 2-4.5 dm - ni gh loosely 
 white-woolly. Leaves nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatulate, 
 angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a petiole as long as 
 the blade or longer, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally glabrous 
 above, 2-4 cm. long; stem-leaves small, spatulate, laciniate, or the upper nar- 
 rowly linear and entire; heads slender-peduncled, rather less than 25 mm. broad; 
 rays golden yellow, showy; involucre 6 mm. high, white- woolly; achenes glandu- 
 lar-pubescent. White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., on a loose slate hillside; Blue 
 Ridge, Va. i 
 
 9. Senecio obovatus Muhl. ROUND-LEAF SQUAW- WEED. (I. F. f. 4041.) 
 Perennial ; stems commonly several from the same root, glabrous, or a little woolly 
 at the base, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves rather thick, the basal ones very obtuse and 
 rounded at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm - wide, often purplish; usually with 
 short, margined petioles, or the earliest sessile; stem-leaves commonly few and ses- 
 sile, spatulate to oblong, often incised or pinnatifid; headr several, corymbose, 
 12-16 mm. broad, about 6mm. high, slender-peduncled; inv> "ucre nearly cylin- 
 dric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acute; rays 8-12, usually 
 conspicuous. In moist soil and on banks, N. S. to Fla., west to Ont., Mich., Ky. 
 and Mo. April-June. 
 
 Senecio obovitus elong&tus (Pursh) Britton. Stem slender, weak ; leaves, or some of 
 them, with tufts of wool in their axils ; heads few, rayless or short-rayed, often long- 
 peduncled. On moist shaded banks, eastern Penn. 
 
 Senecio obovatus rotundus Britton. Basal leaves orbicular, broadly oval, or ovate- 
 orbicular, rather abruptly narrowed into the petiole, the larger 6-7 cm. broad. On wet 
 banks, or rocks, Ky. to Mo. and the Ind. Terr. 
 
 10. Senecio discoideus (Hook) Britton. NORTHERN SQUAW- WEED. (I. F. 
 f. 4042.) Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool in the axils of the 
 lower leaves; stem rather stout, 3-6 dm. tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, 
 thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the blade; stem- 
 leaves few, small, more or less laciniate; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 
 corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear. 6-10 mm. long; rays usually 
 very short, or none. In moist places, Mich, to the N. W. Terr, and Alaska. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 11. Senecio Crawfordii Britton. CRAWFORD'S SQUAW-WEED. Perennial, 
 with slender thread-like roots, glabrous, or with sparse woolly pubescence below. 
 Stem slender, about 4 dm. high; leaves thick, firm, the basal ones erect, the larger 
 2-2.5 dm. l n g> tne blades oval, oblong, or some of them narrowly obovate, mostly 
 not more than one-half as long as the slender petioles, sharply and nearly equally 
 serrate from the apex to the entire cuneate base, or the lower teeth somewhat 
 larger than the upper; stem-leaves lanceolate or narrower, mostly acuminate, 
 incised-serrate, clasping, the upper sessile, the lower petioled, the uppermost very 
 small; heads 3-7; peduncles 1.5-10 cm. long, slender, bracted, rarely forked; 
 involucre 7-9 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 mm. wide, 
 shorter than the white barbellate pappus; rays 8-10 mm. long; achenes 
 linear, striate, 2.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick. Tullytown, Pa. 
 
 12. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. BALSAM GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4043.) 
 Perennial, often tufted; stems slender, 2.5-5 dm. high* woolly at the base and in 
 the axils of the lower leaves. Basal leaves slender-petioled, very obtuse, nar- 
 rowed at the base, mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. 
 wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or 
 woolly, or glabrous throughout; lower stem-leaves petioled, laciniate or pinnatifid, 
 the upper sessile, very small; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 12-20 mm. 
 broad; rays 8-12. In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to N. Car., west to Wash., Br. 
 Col., Tex. and Neb. May-July. 
 
 Senecio Balsamitae paup^rculus (Michx.) Fernald. Lower; heads few, sometimes 
 only one. Me. to Lab. Apparently merely a reduced form of the type. 
 
 Senecio Balsamitae prae!6ngus Greenman. Tall; lower leaves long-petioled, 1.5-6 
 cm. long, 10-12 mm. broad; stem-leaves large, sometimes 2 cm. wide, deeply pinnatifid 
 with usually rounded lobes; achenes hispidulous. Vt. and Mont, to N. Y. and Penn. 
 
1028 FLORA. 
 
 13. Senecio Smallii Britton. SMALL'S SQUAW. WEED. (I. F. f. 4044.) 
 Similar to the preceding species but taller, growing in large clumps. Stem 
 4-7 dm. high, slender, densely and persistently floccose- woolly at the base and in 
 the lower axils, or finally glabrate; basal leaves elongated-oblong or linear-oblong, 
 obtuse or acute, loug-petioled, crenate-dentate, at first tomentose, at length nearly 
 glabrous; stem-leaves several, deeply pinnatifid, or the lower lyrate; heads very 
 numerous, 8-10 mm. broad, slender-peduncled, forming large corymbs; rays 8-IO. 
 In meadows and thickets, Va. andN. Car. to Ga. and Ala. May-June. 
 
 14. Senecio compactus (A. Gray) Rydb. WESTERN SQUAW-WEED. 
 (I. F. f. 4045.) Perennial; stem usually tul'te d, low, rather stout, 15-30 cm. 
 high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or glabrous. Basal leaves linear- 
 
 t cuneate, entire, or 3-toothed at the apex, 2-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, thick, 
 slender-petioled, the petioles com.i.only woolly-margined; lower stem leaves often 
 much larger and broader, usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to 
 the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads several, 16-20 mm. broad, 
 short-peduncled in a compact corymb; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous. On dry 
 plains, Neb. and Colo, to Tex. May-June. 
 
 15. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. ROBBINS' SQUAW- WEED. (I. F. f. 4046 ) 
 Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stems slender, 3-7 dm. high. 
 Basal leaves long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, cordate, sub- 
 cordate or truncate at the base, usually thin, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, sharply 
 dentate; heads several or numerous, slender- peduncled in an open corymb, 
 i6-;o mm. broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous. In swamps and mountain mead- 
 ows, northern N. H., Me., Vt. and N. Y., and on the summit of Roan Mountain, 
 N. Car. June-Sept. 
 
 1 6. Senecio aureus L. GOLDEN RAGWORT. LIFE-ROOT. SWAMP SQUAW- 
 WEED. (I. F. f. 4047.) Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stems 
 rather slender, solitary or tufted, 3-7 dm. high. Basal leaves cordate-ovate, 
 cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate, very obtuse and rounded, often 
 purplish, 2-15 cm. long, with long slender petioles; lower stem-leaves lanceolate 
 or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate, somewhat auriculate and clasp- 
 ing; heads several, 16-20 mm. broad, 8 10 mm. high, slender-peduncled in an 
 open corymb; rays 812, golden yellow; achenes glabrous. In swamps and wet 
 meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Ont., Mo. and Tex. May- July. 
 
 Senecio aureus pauciflbrus (Pursh) Britton. Glabrous or with a little wool in the 
 axils of the lower leaves ; stem rather stout, 15-30 cm. high; basal leaves ovate to orbicu- 
 lar, about i cm. broad, cordate or subcordate at the base, crenate; stem-leaves few, pin- 
 natifid; heads i-io, short-peduncled, rather large, apparently always rayless; bracts very 
 narrow, acuminate, tinged with purple. Newf. to the Canadian Rocky Mts. and Wyo. 
 
 Senecio aureus gracilis( Pursh) Britton. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, the lowest axils 
 sometimes woolly. Basal leaves smaller than those of the type, cordate or subcordate; 
 heads numerous, rather small; rays conspicuous. In wet soil, R. I. to Mich., S. Dak., 
 Va. and Mo. 
 
 17. Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray. LINEAR-LEAVED SENECIO. Like 
 the next in habit, but slender from a woody base, glabrous; leaves entire, narrowly 
 linear, 5-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; heads numerous; involucre about I cm. 
 high, 6-8 mm. broad, almost cylindraceous; rays about 7, golden yellow. Dry 
 plains. Neb. to Wyo., south to Tex. and Ariz. July-Sept. [S. Douglasii A. Gray 
 in part.] 
 
 1 8. Senecio Fremontii (T. & G.) Rydb. NARROW-LOBED SENECIO. (I. F. 
 f. 4048 as S. Douglasii.} Woody at the base, usually branched, sometimes shrubby, 
 glabrous or nearly so, leafy, 3-18 dm. high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest petioled, 
 thick, 3-7 cm. long, pinnately parted into 3-9 linear or filiform entire segments, 
 or the upper entire; heads corymbose at the ends of the branches, 1-2 cm. broad, 
 slender-peduncled; involucre cylindric or becoming campanulate, 1015 mm - high, 
 its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some subulate exterior ones; 
 rays 8-15, achenes canescent. Plains, in dry soil, Neb. to Tex. and Mex. June- 
 Sept. [S. filifolius var. Fremontii, T. & G. ; S. Riddellii T. & G. ; S. Douglasii 
 A. Gray, in part. ] 
 
 19. Senecio palustris (L.) Hook. MARSH FLEAWORT. PALE RAGWORT. 
 MARSH GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4049.) Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrate; 
 
L'OMPOSITAE. IO29 
 
 stem hollow, 15-60 cm. high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, entire, den- 
 tate, or laciuiate, acute or obtuse, 5-18 cm. long, 6-30 mm. wide, or the upper 
 linear-lanceolate and small, those of the stem sessile and somewhat auriculate- 
 clasping, the basal petioled; heads numerous, 12-25 mm - broad, mostly short- 
 peduncled in a large, rather dense, terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becom- 
 ing campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, more or less pubescent, 
 with no shorter outer ones; rays 15-20, pale yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus 
 white, elongated, at length twice the length of the involucre. In swamps, Iowa 
 and Wis. to Manitoba and arctic Am., west to Alaska. Reported from Lab. Also 
 in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 
 
 20. SeueciolobatusPers. BUTTERWEED. CRESS-LEAVED GROUNDSEL. (I. F. 
 f. 4050.) Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly when young, fleshy and 
 tender; stem hollow, simple or branched, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 5-25 cm. long, 
 the segments orbicular, oblong, obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire 
 or lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the others; lower and basal 
 leaves slender-petioled; heads numerous, 14-20 mm. broad, slender-peduncled in 
 terminal corymbs; involucre nearly cylindric, 5 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, 
 usually with no smaller outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely hispidulous on 
 some of the angles. In swamps, Mo. and southern 111. to N. Car., N. Mex., Mex. 
 and Fla. April-Sept. 
 
 21. Senecio Jacobaea L. TANSY RAGWORT. STAGGERWORT. (I. F. 
 f. 4051.) Perennial by short thick rootstocks, somewhat woolly, or glabrous; 
 stems stout, simple, or branched above, 6-12 dm. high, very leafy. Leaves 5-20 
 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate, dentate or 
 incised; heads very numerous, 12-16 mm. broad, short-peduncled in large com- 
 pact corymbs; involucre narrowly campanulate, about 5 mm. high, its bracts linear- 
 lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with black; rays 12-15; achenes of the disk- 
 flowers pubescent, those of the rays glabrous. In waste places, N. S., N. B. and 
 Ont., and in ballast about N. Y. and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 22. Senecio sylvaticus L. WOOD GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4052.) Annual; 
 stem usually much branched, 3-7 dm. high, leafy. Leaves oblong or lanceolate in 
 outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, lobed or entire, or the 
 uppermost leaves linear and merely dentate; heads several or numerous in the 
 corymbs, slender-peduncled. about 4 mm. broad; involucre usually swollen at the 
 base; rays none, or very short and recurved; achenes canescent. In waste places, 
 N. S. and Pr. Edw. Isl. to Me. Also on the coasts of Cal. and Br. Col. Nat. or 
 adventive from Europe. April- Sept. 
 
 23. Senecio vulgaris L. COMMON GROUNDSEL. (I. F. f. 4053.) Annual; 
 stem hollow, usually much branched, 1.5-3.5 dm. high* Leaves 5-15 cm. long, 
 the lower spatulate in outline, petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at the 
 base, more deeply lobed or incised, their segments oblong, dentate; heads several 
 or numerous in the corymbs, nearly 6 mm. broad; bracts of the involucre linear, 
 often blackish-tipped; rays none; achenes slightly canescent. In cultivated ground 
 and waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Va., west to Mich, and S. Dak. Also 
 on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. April-Oct. 
 
 24. Senecio viscosus L. FETID OR Viscous GROUNDSEL. (L F. f. 4054.) 
 Annual, strong-scented; stem usually much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves 1-2- 
 pinnatifid, 4-7 cm. long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the segments 
 oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised; lower leaves petioled; heads few in the cor- 
 ymbs, 6-8 mm. broad, mostly slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, 8-IO 
 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with 1-3 shorter outer ones; rays com- 
 monly about 20, very short, recurved and inconspicuous; pappus about one-third 
 longer than the involucre. In waste places and on ballast near the coast, N. B. to 
 N. Car. July-Sept. 
 
 97. ARCTIUM L. 
 
 Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad 
 alternate petioled leaves, and rather large heads of purple or white perfect tubular 
 flowers, racemose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the branches. Involucre 
 subglobose, its bracts rigid, lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, 
 
1030 FLORA. 
 
 imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 
 5-cleft limbs. Filaments glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes ob- 
 long, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate. Pappus of numerous 
 short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre.] About 6 species, 
 natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Bracts densely cottony ; heads corymbose. i. A. tomentosum* 
 
 Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly. 
 
 Involucre 25 mm. broad or more; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers. 
 
 2. A. Lappa. 
 Involucre 12-20 mm. broad ; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 
 
 3. A. minus. 
 
 1. Arctium tomentosum (Lam.) Schk. WOOLLY OR COTTONY BURDOCK. 
 (I. F. f. 4055.) Similar to the following species. Heads 16-20 mm. broad, corym- 
 bose at the ends of the branches, mostly long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre 
 densely cottony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter than the flowers. In 
 waste places, N. B. to Mass, and southern N. Y. Adventive from Europe. July- 
 Aug. 
 
 2. Arctium Lappa L. GREAT BUR, BURDOCK, OR CLOTBUR. (I. F. f. 4056.) 
 Stem much branched, 12-27 dm. high. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and 
 tomentose-canescent beneath, obtuse, entire, repand or dentate, mostly cordate, 
 the lower often 4.5 dm. long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed; heads clustered or 
 subcorymbose, sometimes long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre 
 glabrous or nearly so, their spines all spreading; corolla-tube longer than the limb. 
 In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to southern N. Y., and locally in the interior. 
 Nat. from Europe. July-Oct. 
 
 3. Arctium minus Schk. COMMON BURDOCK. (I. F. f. 4057 ) Smaller 
 than the preceding species, seldom over 15 dm. high. Leaves similar, the lower 
 deeply cordate; petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed; heads numerous, racemose 
 on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile; bracts of the involucre glabrous or 
 slightly cottony, the spines of the outer ones spreading, those of the inner erect and 
 shorter than the flowers; corolla-tube about as long as the limb. In waste places, 
 common throughout our area. Nat. from Europe. July-Nov. 
 
 98. CARDUUS L. 
 
 Erect, branched or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alter- 
 nate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, some- 
 times decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of 
 purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. 
 Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-tipped or unarmed, imbricated in 
 many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla tube slender, the limb 
 deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagittate at the 
 base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong, 
 compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several 
 series of slender, plumose, minutely serrulate, or simple bristles, connate at the 
 base. [The ancient Latin name of these plants.] About 250 species, widely dis- 
 tributed in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 35 others occur 
 in the southern and western parts of N. Am. 
 
 * Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose. (Plumed Thistles.) 
 t Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed. 
 
 i. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath (tomentose on 
 
 both sides in No. 3). 
 All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles ; naturalized weed. 
 
 i. C. lanceolatus. 
 
 Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate; native species. 
 Branches leafy up to the heads ; involucral bracts firm or rigid. 
 
 Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. 2. C. altissimus. 
 
 Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or 'linear segments. 
 
 Leaves tomentose on both sides, strongly spiny ; stem white-tomentose. 
 
 3. C. Flodmanii. 
 Leaves glabrate above, weakly spiny; stem green, glabrous. 
 
 4. C. discolor. 
 Heads naked-peduncled, 25 mm. high; involucral bracts thin. 5. C. Virginianus, 
 
COMPOSITAE. IO3I 
 
 a. Leaves tomentose on oth sides, or becoming glabrous above; western. 
 Leaves pinnately parted; segments linear, entire or lobed. 6. C. Pitcheri. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments. 
 Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length. 
 
 Leaf-lobes triangular; flowers pink or purple. 7. C. undulatus. 
 
 Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong ; flowers cream-color. 
 
 8. C. Plattensis. 
 
 Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length. 9. C. ochrocentrus. 
 
 Leaves entire or undulate; outer pappus-bristles barbellate. 10. C. Nebraskensis. 
 
 3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. 
 
 Leaf-lobes acute; bracts of the involucre faintly nerved. n. C. odoratus. 
 
 Leaf-lobes blunt ; bracts with a prominent glutinous midnerve. 12. C. Hillii, 
 
 f f Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so. 
 Heads large, few, 3-10 cm. broad ; flowers all perfect and fertile. 
 
 Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves ; flowers usually yellow. 
 
 13. C. spinosissimus. 
 Heads peduncled, naked, or with i or 2 bracts at the base; flowers purple. 
 
 14. C. muticus. 
 Heads small, numerous, 2.5 cm. broad or less; flowers imperfect, dicecious. 
 
 15. C. arvensis. 
 * * Pappus-bristles simple, or minutely serrulate. (Plumeless Thistles.) 
 
 Head solitary, nodding; bracts of the involucre lanceolate. 16. C. nutans. 
 
 Heads clustered, erect or ascending; bracts linear 17. C. crispus. 
 
 1. Carduus lanceolatus L. COMMON BUR OR SPEAR THISTLE. (I. F. 
 f. 4058.) Biennial; stem stout, branched, more or less tomentose, 11.5 m> high, 
 leafy to the heads. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 
 7-15 cm. long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and branches, the 
 lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with stout prickles, the margins and decurrent 
 bases bristly, the lower surface brown-tomentose and midnerve pilose especially 
 when young; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, 4-5 cm. broad, 
 4-5 cm. high; bracts of the involucre cottony, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; 
 flowers dark purple. In fields and waste places, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., 
 Neb. and Kans. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. 
 
 2. Carduus altissimus L. TALL OR ROADSIDE THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4059.) 
 Biennial or perennial; roots often thickened; stem pubescent, or tomentose, stout, 
 branched, leafy to the heads, 1-3 m. high. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, sessile, or slightly clasping, sparingly pubescent above, densely white-tomen- 
 tose beneath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinulose-margined, entire, 
 dentate with bristle-pointed teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid, the lowest some- 
 times 2 dm. long, narrowed into margined petioles, the uppermost linear or lanceo- 
 late, much smaller; heads about 5 cm. broad, 4-5 cm. high, mostly solitary at the 
 ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 firm, with a dark, slightly glandular spot at the apex, tipped with short prickles; 
 flowers light purple. In fields and thickets, Mass, to S. Dak., Fla., Neb. and Tex. 
 Aug. -Sept. 
 
 3. Carduus Flodmanii Rydb. FLODMAN'S THISTLE. Stem rather slender, 
 .5-1 m. high, more or less white cottony. Leaves deeply divided into linear-oblong 
 01 lanceolate, acute segments, floccose but green above, white-tomentose beneath; 
 head campanulate, 3-4 cm. broad; bracts like those of the preceding but nar- 
 rower; flowers rose or reddish purple. In river-bottoms and meadows, Neb. to 
 Mont, and Wyo. July-Sept. 
 
 4. Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt, FIELD THISTLE. (L F. f. 4060.) Simi- 
 lar to Cardnus altissimus, but lower and more leafy, seldom over 2 m. high. 
 Leaves deeply pinnatifid into linear, linear-lanceolate, or falcate, prickly-toothed 
 segments, white-tomentose beneath, sessile, the basal ones sometimes 3 dm. long; 
 heads 4-5 cm. broad, about 4 cm. high, usually involucrate by the upper leaves, 
 mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre coriaceous, 
 ovate, slightly woolly, tipped with, slender bristles, which are longer than those of 
 C. altissimus ; flowers light purple or pink, rarely white. In fields and along 
 roadsides, Quebec and Ont. to Ga., S. Dak., Neb. and Mo. July-Nov. 
 
 5. Carduus Virginianus L. VIRGINIA THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4061.) Biennial; 
 stem slender, naked or scaly above, pubescent or somewhat tomentose, simple or 
 branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest slightly 
 
1032 FLORA. 
 
 spatulate, sessile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, spinulose-margined, entire, 
 lobed or pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the lower sometimes 2 dm. 
 long and 5 cm. wide, narrowed into margined petioles, all pubescent or gla- 
 brate above, and densely white-tomentose beneath; heads long peduncled; outer 
 bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with 
 weak short bristles; flowers purple. In dry woods and thickets, Va. to Ky., Ohio, 
 Fla. and Tex. April-Sept. 
 
 6. Carduus Pitched (Torr.) Porter. PITCHER'S THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4062.) 
 Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout; stem stout, leafy up to the 
 heads, usually branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, or slightly 
 decurrent, with sparingly prickly segments 4-6 mm. wide, with revolute margins; 
 basal leaves often 3 dm. long; heads solitary or several and racemose-spicate at 
 the ends of the branches, about 4 cm. broad; outer bracts of the involucre ovate- 
 lanceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate, glutinous on the back, tipped 
 with short spreading bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or some- 
 times tipped with weak prickles; flowers cream color. Shores of Lakes Michigan, 
 Huron and Superior. June-Aug. 
 
 7. Carduus undulatus Nutt. WAVY- LEAVED THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4063.) 
 Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomentose throughout, or the upper sur- 
 faces of the leaves at length green and glabrous; stem stout, leafy, usually 
 branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
 acute, sessile or decurrent, or the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid; 
 heads about 5 cm. broad, and nearly as high, solitary at the ends of the branches; 
 outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, glutinous on the back, 
 tipped with short spreading prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate. On 
 plains and prairies, Lake Huron to the N. W. Terr, and Br. Col., south to Kans., 
 N. Mex. and Ore. June-Sept. 
 
 Carduus undulktus megac^phalus (A. Gray) Porter. Heads larger than in the 
 type, 5-7 dm. broad. Minn, to Idaho and Ariz. 
 
 8. Carduus Plattensis Rydb. PRAIRIE THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4064.) 
 Perennial or biennial, the root thick and deep. Stem stout, simple, or little 
 branched, 4-7 dm. tall, densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. white- 
 tomentose beneath, green, loosely tomentose, or glabrate above, the lower 12-17 
 cm. long, the lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped and margined ; 
 heads few, about 5 cm. high and broad; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, firm, dark, tipped with short weak spreading prickles, the inner 
 linear- lanceolate, unarmed, tipped with scarious rtflexed erose appendages; pap- 
 pus of outer flowers merely barbellate. Sand hills, Neb. and S. Dak. May-July. 
 
 9. Carduus ochrocentrus (A. Gray) Greene. YELLOW-SPINED THISTLE. 
 (I. F. f. 4065.) Similar to Carduus undulatus, but commonly taller and more 
 leafy, often 2 m. high, equally white-tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate in out- 
 line, usually very deeply pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate, serrate or entire 
 segments, armed with numerous long yellow prickles; lower leaves often 15-20 
 cm. long; heads about 5 cm. broad. 4-5 cm. high, solitary at the ends of the 
 branches; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tipped with stout yellow prickles 
 of nearly or quite their own length, the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acumi- 
 nate; flowers purple (rarely white ?). On plains, Neb. to Tex., Nev. and Ariz. 
 May-Sept. 
 
 10. Carduus Nebraskensis Britton. NEBRASKA THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4066.) 
 Stem densely white-woolly, apparently over 3 dm. high. Leaves linear-oblong to 
 lanceolate, white-woolly beneath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, irregu- 
 larly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 7-15 cm. long, 5-25 mm. wide, the 
 margins prickly; heads solitary, or few. short- peduncled, about 4 cm. high; outer 
 bracts of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner narrower, with rerlexed 
 acute scarious appendages; pappus-bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer 
 barbellate. Scott's Bluff, western Neb. and Wyo. July-Aug. 
 
 11. Carduus odoratus (Muhl.) Porter. PASTURE THISTLE. FRAGRANT 
 THISTLE. (I. P\ f. 4067.) Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent; stem stout, 
 simple or branched, leafy, 3-10 dm. high. Roots thick, branched, solid; stem- 
 leaves sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, 7-17 cm. 
 
COMPOS1TAE. 1033 
 
 long, 3-5 cm. wide, pinnatifid into triangular acute dentate prickly lobes; basal 
 leaves petioled ; heads solitary, terminal, 5-7 cm. broad, about 5 cm. high, often 
 involucrate by the upper leaves; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate -lanceolate, with a 
 slight glutinous strip on the back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose, tipped with 
 slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acuminate; flowers purple, rarely white, 
 fragrant. In fields, Me. to Penn. and Del. July-Sept. 
 
 12. Carduus Hillii (Canby) Porter. HILL'S THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4068.) Bien- 
 nial (?), low, villous-pubescent or somewhat woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched, 
 3-6 dm. high. Root perpendicular, fusiform, slender and hollow above, enlarged 
 below, 2.3 dm. long; leaf-lobes dentate, spinulose or with some rather stout prickles, 
 upper leaves oblong, sessile and clasping, the lower spatulate-oblong, narrowed at 
 the base or the lower petioled and 5 cm. long; heads 1.5-2 dm. broad, 5-7 cm. 
 high ; outer bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped with short bristles, 
 the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers purple. In fields, western 
 Ont. to Minn., south to Penn., 111. and Iowa. June-July. 
 
 13. Carduus spinosissimus Walt. YELLOW THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4069.) Bien- 
 nial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young, but becoming glabrate; stem 
 branched, leafy, 6-10 dm. high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in 
 outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short-petioled and somewhat spatu- 
 late, pinnatifid into triangular or broader spinulose-margined and prickle-tipped, 
 entire or dentate lobes; heads 5-10 cm. broad, 4-6 cm. high; bracts of the invo- 
 lucre narrowly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate. long-acuminate; flowers yellowish, 
 or occasionally purple. In moist or dry sandy soil, Me. to Penn. , Fla. and Tex. 
 May-Aug. , or earlier in the South. 
 
 14. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. SWAMP THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4070.) 
 Biennial; stem woolly or villous when young, becoming glabrate, slender, striate, 
 leafy, paniculately branched above, 1-2. 5m. high. Leaves densely white-tomen- 
 tose beneath when young, sometimes becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply pin- 
 natifid into lanceolate or oblong, entire, lobed or dentate, spiny segments usually 
 tipped with slender prickles; basal leaves petioled, 1-2 dm. long, those of the stem 
 sessile and smaller; heads about 4 cm. broad and high; outer bracts viscid, ap- 
 pressed, more or less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear- lanceolate, 
 acute, all unarmed. In swamps and moist soil, Newf. to Fla., N. W. Terr, and 
 Tex. July-Oct. 
 
 Carduus muticus subpinnatifidus Rritton. Leaves lobed, not deeply pinnatifid, 
 green, and nearly glabrous on both sides. N. J. to W. Va. 
 
 15. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. CANADA THISTLE. CREEPING THISTLE. 
 (I. F. f. 4071.) Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches, nearly gla- 
 brous; stems striate, 3-10 dm. high, branched above. Leaves sessile and slightly 
 clasping, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate deeply pinnatifid into very prickly, lobed 
 or dentate segments; basal leaves sometimes petioled, 1220 cm. long; heads nu- 
 merous, corymbose, purple or white; staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; 
 pistillate heads oblong-campanulate, corollas shorter, the long pappus conspicuous; 
 outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points; 
 inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated. In fields and waste places, 
 Newf. to Va., S. Dak., Mont, and Kans. In many places a pernicious weed. 
 Nat. from Europe. June-Sep. 
 
 1 6. Carduus nutans L. MUSK THISTLE. PLUMELESS THISTLE. (I. F. 
 f. 4072.) Biennial, branched, sparingly tomentose, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceo- 
 late in outline, deeply pinnatifid, acuminate, 7-15 dm. long, the lobes triangular, 
 very prickly; heads long-peduncled, 4-6 cm. broad, purple, rarely white, fragrant; 
 bracts of the involucre in many series, long-acuminate, the prominent midnerve 
 prolonged into a prickle, or the inner nerveless and awned; pappus-bristles 20-25 
 mm. long. In waste places, Penn. and N. J. to N. B., and in ballast about the 
 seaports. Nat. or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Oct. 
 
 17. Carduus crispus L. CURLED THISTLE. WELTED THISTLE. (I. F. 
 f. 4073.) Biennial, somewhat tomentose; stem much branched, densely prickly, 
 6-12 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, with undulate and ciliate-spiny mar- 
 gins, all sinuate-pinnatifid into broad, 3 lobed, toothed segments, the teeth prickle, 
 pointed; heads several, usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches, 25 mm. 
 
1034 FLORA. 
 
 broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-peduncled, or some of them rarely 
 solitary and slender-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre very numerous, linear, the 
 outer prickle-tipped and rigid, the inner thinner and merely acuminate. In waste 
 places, N. B. and N. S., and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from 
 Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 
 
 99. MARIANA Hill. 
 
 Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large al- 
 ternate clasping, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, white-blotched leaves, and large dis- 
 coid heads of purple tubular flowers, solitary at the end of the stem or branches. 
 Involucre broad, subglobose, its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, the lower 
 ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad triangular summit, the middle ones similar 
 but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines, the inner lanceolate, acuminate. 
 Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and 
 deeply 5. cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sagittate at 
 the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, 
 surmounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, barbel- 
 late or scabrous. A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region. 
 
 i. Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. MILK THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4074.) Stem 
 striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little branched, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, prickly, strongly clasping, the lower often 3 dm. long and 15 cm. wide, 
 the upper much smaller, scarcely lobed, acute; heads about 6 cm. broad; spines 
 of the middle involucral bracts often 4 cm. long; pappus bristles white, barbellate. 
 Escaped from gardens near Kingston, Ontario; in ballast about the eastern seaports, 
 and on the Pacific Coast from Br. Col. to southern Cal., where it is naturalized. 
 June-Aug. \Silybum Marianum Gaertn.] 
 
 100. ONOPORDON L. 
 
 Coarse, branching, or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems 
 winged by the decurrent bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, 
 and large discoid heads of purple, violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends 
 of the branches. Involucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, 
 all tipped with long spines in our species, the inner narrower than the outer. Re- 
 ceptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb 
 expanded and deeply 5 -cleft. Filaments pilose. Anthers sagittate at the base. 
 Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angled or compressed, smooth or corrugated . Pappus- 
 bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. 
 [Greek, Asses' Thistle, the ancient name.] About 12 species, natives of the Old 
 World. 
 
 i. Onopordon Acanthium L. COTTON THISTLE. SCOTCH THISTLE. (I. 
 F. f. 4075.) Biennial, white-tomentose all over; stem usually much branched, 
 leafy, 1-3 m. high. Leaves oblong, lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, the 
 lower often 3 dm. long; heads 4-5 cm. broad, about 4 cm. high, solitary at the 
 ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serru- 
 late, tipped with long, stout, spreading spines; flowers pale purple; achenes slightly 
 corrugated; pappus -bristles brownish, longer than the achene. In waste places, 
 N. S. and Ont. toN. J. and Mich. Nat. from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- 
 Sept. 
 
 101. CENTAUREA L. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire, dentate, incised or pinnatifid 
 leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of tubular purple-violet, white or rarely 
 yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, 
 appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal 
 flowers usually neutral and larger than the central ones, which are perfect and fer- 
 tile, or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Corolla tube slender, the 
 limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5 -lobed, the segments sometimes appearing like 
 rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, ob- 
 tuse. Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth 
 and shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk 
 with an elevated margin. Pappus of several series of brisMes or scales, rarely 
 
COMPOSITAE. 1035 
 
 none. [Greek, of the Centaurs, who ~*ere said to use it in healing.] About 350 
 species, mostly natives of the Old World. Besides the following, 2 others, intro- 
 duced species, occur on the Pacific Coast, and are rarely found in ballast about the 
 eastern seaports. 
 
 Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny. 
 
 Heads 4 cm. broad or less; achenes laterally attached; introduced species. 
 
 Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. i. C. Cyanus. 
 
 Perennials ; pappus obsolete, or short. 
 
 Flowers all perfect; marginal ones scarcely enlarged. 2. C. nigra t 
 
 Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. 3. C. Jacea. 
 Heads 5-10 cm. broad; achenes obliquely attached; native western species. 
 
 4. C. Americana. 
 Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout, nearly simple spines. 5. C. Calcitrapa. 
 
 1. Centaurea Cyanus L. BLUE-BOTTLE. CORN BLUE-BOTTLE. CORN- 
 FLOWER. (I. F. f. 4076.) Annual, woolly or tomentose, at least when young;, stem 
 leafy, slender, branched, 37 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear or 
 linear-lanceolate, mucronate, 7-15 cm. long, the basal and lower ones inostly den- 
 tate or pinnatifid, the upper or sometimes all of them, entire; heads on long naked 
 peduncles; involucre campanulate, its bracts greenish yellow or with darker tips 
 and margins, appressed; flowers blue or purplish, varying to white, the marginal 
 ones neutral with large radiant corolla-limbs; achenes slightly compressed, or 4- 
 angled; pappus bristles unequal, nearly as long as the achene. In waste places, 
 escaped from gardens, and in ballast, Quebec to N. Y., Va., S. Dak. and Kans. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 2. Centaurea nigra L. BLACK KNAPWEED. HORSE-KNOPS. HARDHEADS. 
 CENTAURY. (I. F. f. 4077.) Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff, branched, 
 3-6 dm. high. Lower and basal leaves ^patulate or oblong, acutish, entire den- 
 ticulate, dentate or lobed, not pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, narrowed into long peti- 
 oles; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or nearly 
 so; heads rarely 2.5 cm. broad, bi acted by the small, uppermost leaves; involucre 
 globose, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, closely imbricated, tipped with 
 brown fimbriate appendages, or the uppermost merely lacerate; flowers rose-purple; 
 achenes slightly 4-sided; pappus none, or a ring of minute scales. In waste places 
 and fields, Newf. to Ont. and N. J. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 3. Centaurea Jacea L. BROWN OR RAYED KNAPWEED. (I. F. f. 4078.) 
 Perennial, similar to the preceding species. Leaves entire or denticulate, rarely 
 lobed; heads 2.54 cm. broad; involucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely im- 
 bricated, brown or with brown bracts, the outer ones with fimbriate appendages, 
 the middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly so; achenes obscurely 4-sided; 
 pappus none, or a minute crown. In waste places, N. Y. to Conn, and Vt. and in 
 ballast about eastern seaports. Also in Br. Col. Fugitive from Europe. June- 
 Sept. 
 
 4. Centaurea Americana Nutt. AMERICAN STAR THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4079.) 
 Annual, roughish; stem stout, simple, or little branched, 6-18 dm. high. Leaves 
 entire or denticulate, the lower and basal ones spatulate or oblong, 5-12 cm. long, 
 narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate; heads 
 solitary at the ends of the leafy stem or branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its 
 bracts ovate or lanceolate with conspicuously pectinate appendages; flowers pink or 
 purple, the marginal ones with enlarged and radiant corolla-limbs; achenes some- 
 what compressed; pappus of copious unequal bristles longer than the achene. Dry 
 plains, Mo. and Ark. to La., Mex. and Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 5. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. STAR THISTLE. (I. F. f. 4080.) Annual, 
 pubescent or glabrous, green; stem much branched, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves 1-2- 
 pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate to linear, serrulate -pinulose, dentate or entire 
 mostly acute lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the lower and basal 
 short-petioled, 1-2 dm. long, the uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of 
 the sessile heads, which are about 25 mm. broad; involucre ovoid, its outer bracts 
 ovate-oblong, spiny ; flowers purple, none of them radiant; achenes compressed or 
 obscurely 4- sided; pappus none. In waste places and ballast, Mass, to N. Y., N. J. 
 and Va. Also in Br. Col. Adventive or nat. from Europe. June-Oct. 
 
1036 FLORA. 
 
 102. carious L. 
 
 An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, the lobes 
 or teeth spiny, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the 
 ends of the branches, subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre im- 
 bricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pin 
 nately branched spines. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally 
 attached, the horny margin lo-toothed at the summit; pappus of 2 series of awns, 
 the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther-appendages elongated, united 
 to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles.] A monotypic 
 genus of the Old World. 
 
 I. Cnicus benedictus L. BLESSED THISTLE. OUR LADY'S THISTLE. (L 
 F. f. 4081.) Hirsute or pubescent, much branched, seldom over 7 dm. high. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, rather thin, reticulate-veined, 7-15 cm. long, 
 the upper clasping, the basal and lower ones narrowed at the base and petioled; 
 heads about 25 mm. broad, subtended by several large lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 
 leaves; bristles of the receptacle soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alternating 
 with the inner. In waste places, N. S. to Md , Penn. and Ala. and on the Pacific 
 Coast. AdventivH from southern Europe. May-Aug. 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE 
 COMPOSITAE.* 
 
 (AMBROSIACEAE, CICHORIACEAE, CARDUACEAE.) 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 DR. KARL M. WIEGAND. 
 
 PAG 
 
 A Flowers of the head all ligulate Family CICHORIACEAE 898 
 
 b Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none. 
 
 c Flowers, blue or white Cichorium 890 
 
 cc Flowers yellow. 
 
 d Pappus of scales, often with bristles also. 
 e Achenes truncate, i5~20-ribbed; involucre in 1-2 series. 
 
 Adopogon (Krigia) 891 
 ee Achenes contracted into a beak, lo-ribbed; involucre in 2-4 series. 
 
 Nothocalais (Troximori) 900 
 dd Pappus none. 
 
 e Achenes 2o~30-nerved Lapsana 891 
 
 ee Achenes 8-io-nerved or ribbed. 
 
 / Scapose plants Arnoseris 892 
 
 // Leafy-stemmed plants Serinia 891 
 
 bb Pappus of bristles. 
 c Bristles plumose, at least some of them. 
 
 d Receptacle chaffy Hypochaeris 892 
 
 dd Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 e Leaves linear, grass-like, cauline Tragopogon 894 
 
 ee Leaves not grass-like; plants often scapose. 
 
 / Flowers pink or purple Ptiloria 894 
 
 // Flowers yellow. 
 
 g Plants scapose Leontodon 893 
 
 gg Plants leafy-stemmed Picris 893 
 
 cc Bristles simple. 
 d Achenes with spiny processes near the summit. 
 
 e Stem branching, leafy; heads small Chondrilla 895 
 
 ee Stem scapose; heads large, solitary Taraxacum 896 
 
 dd Achenes smooth or merely papillose. 
 e Achenes flattened. 
 
 / Achenes truncate at the summit Sonchus 896 
 
 // Achenes narrowed into a beak or neck Lactuca 897 
 
 ee Achenes not distinctly flattened. 
 / Flowers white, cream-colored, or purple. 
 
 g Leaves mostly linear or scale-like, often nearly wanting . Lygodesmia 899 
 gg Leaves broad, ovate to triangular or oblong . Nabalus (Prenanthes) 906 
 // Flowers yellow, orange, or flame-red. 
 g Achenes truncate or merely narrowed at the summit. 
 h Pappus bright white. 
 
 * The names in parentheses are those used in Gray's Manual for the corresponding 
 genera, wholly or in part. 
 
 1037 
 
1038 ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 * Pappus in 2 series, the inner coherent at the base and deciduous 
 
 in a ring Malacothrix 895 
 
 U Pappus simple Crepis 901 
 
 hh Pappus tawny or brown. 
 i Involucre narrowly cylindrical, few-flowered; bracts 10 or fewer. 
 
 Nabalus (Prenanthes) 906 
 ii Involucre campanulate, many -flowered; bracts more than 10. 
 
 Hieracium 903 
 gg Achenes slender-beaked. 
 h Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at the base. 
 
 Sitilias (Pyrrhopappus) 901 
 hh Pappus naked at the base. 
 
 * Pappus entirely of bristles Agoseris 900 
 
 ii Pappus of both scales and bristles Nothocalais (Troximon) 900 
 
 A A Flowers of the head all, or all but the marginal, not ligulate. 
 b INVOLUCRE OF PISTILLATE FLOWERS CLOSED AND 
 WOODY; FLOWERS GREENISH; MONOECIOUS; HEADS 
 
 UNISEXUAL Family AMBROSIACEAE 908 
 
 c Involucral bracts of tht staminate heads separate; pistillate heads form- 
 ing an oblong bur Xanthium 911 
 
 cc Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united. 
 d Pistillate involucres naked or with a single series of tubercles 
 
 or prickles Ambrosia 910 
 
 dd Pistillate involucres with numerous prickles in several series. 
 
 Gacrtneria, 911 
 
 bb INVOLUCRE NOT CLOSED AND WOODY. .Family COMPOSITAE 913 
 c HEADS DISCOID. 
 d Pappus composed of awns. 
 e Involucral bracts with pinnate spines; inner pappus awns fimbriate. 
 
 Cnicus (in Centaur ea} 1036 
 ee Involucral bracts naked; pappus awns not fimbriate. 
 
 / Bracts of the involucre distinct or nearly so Bidens 1000 
 
 // Bracts of the inner involucre united to the middle . . Thelesperma 1003 
 dd Pappus composed of scales. 
 
 e Involucral bracts hooked at the tip Arctium 1029 
 
 ee Involucral bracts naked. 
 
 / Receptacle chaffy Marshall-la 1005 
 
 // Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 g Heads white or yellow Hymenopappus 1006 
 
 gg Heads pink or purple. 
 
 h Aquatic herbs Sclerolepis 920 
 
 hh Terrestrial herbs. 
 
 * Heads glomerate, the glomerules also with an involucre. 
 
 Elephantopus 919 
 ii Heads separate, not glomerate. 
 
 7* Pappus scales awned at tip; leaves mostly basal. . . .Gaillardia ion 
 //' Pappus scales rounded or retuse; leaves cauline. . . .Polypteris 1007 
 ddd Pappus none or a mere crown. 
 e Corolla large, deeply -lobed; flowers pink, purple, or white, showy. 
 
 Centaur ea 1034 
 
 ee Corolla small, dentate; flowers yellow or yellowish white. 
 / Receptacle chaffy. 
 
 g White-woolly herbs Filago (Evax) 972 
 
 gg Puberulent or scabrous uerbs. 
 
 h Heads 8-15 mm. broad; leaves very large, 1-3 dm. broad, deltoid- 
 ovate, irregularly lobed Polymnia 979 
 
 hh Heads 2-6 mm. broad; leaves linear, ovate, or spatulate . . Iva 908 
 // Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 g Receptacle conic. Matricaria 1015 
 
 gg Receptacle flat or convex. 
 h Heads corymbose; pappus a short crown. 
 
 i Leaves serrate Chrysanthemum 1014 
 
 ii Leaves i-3-pinnately dissected or divided Tanacetum 1016 
 
 hh Heads paniculate-racemose or spicate; pappus none. 
 
 i Leaves deltoid, undivided Adenocaulon 979 
 
 ii Leaves lanceolate, linear or pinnatifid Artemisia 1017 
 
 dddd Pappus capillary. 
 
 e Receptacle chaffy; white-woolly herbs Gifola (Filago) 972 
 
 ee Receptacle not chaffy, sometimes bristly. 
 
 / Involucral bracts white -scarious, in several series; white-woolly herbs. 
 g Basal leaves larger than, and differing from, the cauline; dioecious 
 
 herbs Antennaria 973 
 
 gg Basal leaves nearly similar to the cauiine or wanting. 
 h Involucre papery-white, spreading; plants dioecious . . . .Anaphalis 976 
 hh Involucre appressed, yellow, whitish, purple, or brown; plants not 
 
 dioecious. 
 i Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered; bright yellow; corolla large. 
 
 Chrysothamnus (Bigelovia) 931 
 ii Heads broader, many-flowered, not bright yellow; corollas small. 
 
 Gnaph a Hum 977 
 // Involucral bracts not scarious, or only at the tip, or if entirely so 
 
 plant not white-woolly. 
 g Flowers yellow or yellowish -cream color. 
 h Involucral bracts in one series, often with minute ones at the base. 
 
 * Flowers cream -color Erechthites 1023 
 
 ii Flowers bright yellow Senecio' 1024 
 
 hh Involucral bracts imbricated in several series. 
 i Leaves spiny or spinulose-dentate. 
 
 j Heads 3-10 cm. broad Carduus (Cnicus) 1030 
 
 jj Heads 12-30 mm. broad Sideranthus (in Aplopappus) 932 
 
 ii Leaves not spiny. 
 / Shrubby at least at the base. 
 
 k Dioecious; glabrous or glutinous Baccharis 971 
 
 kk Flowers perfect; plants white-woolly when young. 
 
 Chrysothamnus (in Bigelovia) 931 
 jj Herbaceous. 
 
 k Involucre glutinous; eastern Chondrophora (in Bigelovia} 930 
 
 kk Involucre not glutinous; western Oonopsis (in Bigelovia} 931 
 
 gg Flowers purple, violet, or white. 
 h Involucral bracts in i series, often with minute bracts at the base. 
 
 i Climbing plants Willugbaeya (Mikania) 924 
 
 ii Not climbing. 
 
 j Leaves all basal Petasites 1021 
 
 jj Leaves cauline. 
 k Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually toward 
 
 the base Erechthites 1023 
 
 kk Leaves oval, reniform or hastate-lanceolate. 
 
 / Involucre of about 5 bracts Mesadenia (in Cacalid) 1023 
 
 // Involucre of about 12 bracts Synosma (in Cacalia) 1024 
 
 hh Involucral bracts in 2 -many series. 
 
 * Foliage spiny. 
 
 j Receptacle densely bristly. 
 
 k Filaments separate Carduus (Cnicus} 1030 
 
 kk Filaments united below Mariana (Silybum) 1034 
 
 jj Receptacle not bristly Onopordon 1034 
 
 ii Foliage not spiny. 
 
 j Shrubby plants; dioecious. ......................... Baccharis 971 
 
 7; Herbs j not dioecious. 
 
IO4O ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE. 
 
 k Receptacle densely brist '; corolla deeply lobed; involucral 
 
 bracts fimbriate or dentate Centaurea 1034 
 
 kk Receptacle naked; corolla dentate. 
 / Bracts of involucre in 2 series, outer shorter; leaves large; heads 
 
 in involucrate glomerules Elephantopus 919 
 
 // Bracts in 2-3-series, all nearly equal. 
 m Flowers 4-30 in the head. 
 
 n Achenes lo-ribbed Trilisa 927 
 
 nn Achenes, 5-angled Eupatorium 920 
 
 mm Flowers 50-100; achenes 2~3-nerved. . Brachyactis (in Aster) 966 
 /// Bracts of involucre in several series, outer shorter. 
 m Involucral bracts strongly striate-nerved; heads paniculate or 
 
 corymbose. 
 n Pappus-bristles rough or serrate; involucral bracts numerous. 
 
 Coleosanthus (Brickelli:i) 924 
 
 nn Pappus-bristles plumose; involucral bracts few. .Kuhnia 924 
 mm Involucral bracts faintly if at all striate. 
 
 n Heads spiked or racemose Lacinaria (Liatris) 925 
 
 nn Heads corymbose. 
 
 o Anthers tailed at the base Pluchea 973 
 
 oo Anthers not tailed. 
 
 p Pappus single Eupatorium 920 
 
 pp Pappus double Vernonia 918 
 
 cc HEADS WITH RAY AND DISK-FLOWERS. 
 d Pappus composed of awns; rays yellow, white, or purple. 
 e Receptacle not chaffy. 
 
 / Heads 6 mm. broad Chaetopappa 944 
 
 ' // Heads 20-35 mm - broad Grindelia 928 
 
 ee Receptacle chaffy. 
 / Involucral bracts of 2 distinct sorts. 
 
 g Bracts all separate or nearly so .Bidens 1000 
 
 gg Bracts of the inner series united to about the middle . Thelesperma 1003 
 // Involucral bracts of one sort, the outer merely shorter. 
 
 g Receptacle convex or low-conical Verbesina 996 
 
 gg Receptacle narrow-conical or cylindrical. 
 
 h Rays 4 or 5, broad, persistent Crassina 983 
 
 hh Rays 8-12, deciduous Spilanthes 985 
 
 dd Pappus composed of scales. 
 e Receptacle chaffy. 
 / Rays white or nearly so, pistillate. 
 
 g Leaves opposite Galinsoga 1004 
 
 gg Leaves alternate Parthenium 983 
 
 // Rays bright yellow, neutral. 
 
 g Involucral bracts of 2 distinct sorts Coreopsis 997 
 
 gg Involucral bracts of i sort, the outer merely shorter. 
 h Leaves punctate, spatulate-linear. . ..Actinospermum (Baldwinia) 1004 
 
 hh Leaves not punctate Helianthus 990 
 
 ee Receptacle not chaffy. 
 / Rays purple, violet, or white. 
 
 g Rays nearly entire, elliptical Boltonia 945 
 
 gg Rays cuneate, 3-lobed, or cleft. 
 h Involucral bracts petal-like, colored, scarious at the tip. .Polypteris 1007 
 
 hh Involucral bracts not as above Gaillardia ion 
 
 // Rays yellow. 
 
 g Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucres. 
 h Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk- 
 flowers elongated. 
 
 * Bracts united only at the base Boebera (Dysodia) 1012 
 
 ii Bracts united high up into a cup ,.,,,... Thymophylla 1912 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA Of COMPOSITAE. 104! 
 
 PAGB 
 
 hh Involucral bracts separate; style-branches of the disk-flowers 
 
 very short Pectis 1012 
 
 gg Plants not dotted with oil-glands. 
 h Rays rounded and nearly or quite entire at the apex. 
 i Perennial herbs or shrubs; disk-flowers all or nearly all fertile. 
 
 Gutierrezia 927 
 
 ii Annual herbs; disk-flowers sterile Amphiachyris 928 
 
 hh Rays truncate and coarsely toothed or lobed at the apex. 
 
 * Involucral bracts spreading or reflexed. 
 
 ; Receptacle usually bristly Gaillardia ion 
 
 ;;' Receptacle naked Helenium 1010 
 
 ii Involucral bracts appressed or erect. 
 j Rays persistent; achenes linear, striate. 
 
 P silo strophe 1005 
 jj Rays deciduous. 
 
 k Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong Picradeniopsis 1008 
 
 kk Achenes 5-io-ribbed or 5-io-angled, top-shaped. 
 / Outer involucre bracts separate. 
 
 Tetraneuris (Actinella t Picradenia) 1008 
 // Outer involucre bracts connate at the base. 
 
 Picradenia (Actinella) 1009 
 ddd Pappus none or a mere crown. 
 e Receptacle not chaffy. 
 / Rays yellow. 
 
 g Leaves pinnately divided or compound Tanacetum 1016 
 
 gg Leaves serrate or entire Flaveria 1006 
 
 // Rays white or purple. 
 
 g Rays narrow-linear, numerous, 30 or more; leaves not divided. 
 h Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 
 
 Aphanostephus 943 
 
 hh Outer bracts all about equal; achenes flattened Bettis 943 
 
 gg Rays broader, fewer than 30; leaves frequently divided. 
 h Receptacle flat or convex; involucral bracts in several series. 
 
 Chrysanthemum 1014 
 
 hh Receptacle ovoid-conic; bracts in few series Matricaria 1015 
 
 ee Receptacle chaffy. 
 / Rays white or purple. 
 g Involucral bracts of 2 sorts. 
 h Inner bracts hooded, embracing the ray -achenes . . . .Melampodium 980 
 
 hh Inner bracts flat, not embracing the ray-achenes Coreopsis 997 
 
 gg Involucral bracts similar. 
 
 h Heads very large, 5-15-011. broad Brauneria (Echinacea) 989 
 
 hh Heads smaller, 4 cm. broad or less. 
 
 * Leaves opposite Eclipta 984 
 
 it Leaves alternate. 
 
 j Achenes flattened; heads small Achillea 1013 
 
 jj Achenes terete; heads large Anthemis 1014 
 
 // Rays yellow. 
 Ray-flowers neutral. 
 
 h Involucral bracts of 2 sorts Coreopsis 997 
 
 hh Involucral bracts similar, the outer often shorter. 
 
 i Achenes 4-angled Rudbeckia 985 
 
 ii Achenes compressed, winged Ratibida (Lepachys) 988 
 
 gg Ray-flowers pistillate. 
 h Achenes flattened. 
 
 i Rays in 2-3 series; achenes falling free Silphium 980 
 
 ii Rays in i series; achenes attached to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle. 
 
 j Leaves opposite and basal Chrysogonum 982 
 
 jj Leaves alternate. 
 k Pappus none or qf 2 caducous awns- .;'*- Berlandiera 982 
 
1042 ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 kk Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown Engelmannia 982 
 
 h At least the disk achenes not flattened. 
 
 i Disk-flowers sterile; leaves very large and thin Polymnia 979 
 
 ii Disk-flowers fertile; leaves smaller. 
 j Involucre of 4 large somewhat united outer bracts, and 6-15 
 
 smaller inner ones Tetragonotheca 985 
 
 jj Involucre of many ordinary bracts. 
 
 k Fleshy seacoast plants; leaves spatulate, entire Borrichia 990 
 
 kk Inland plants. 
 
 / Leaves pinnately dissected Anthemis 1014 
 
 II Leaves ovate, serrate Heliopsis 984 
 
 dddd Pappus capillary; receptacle not chaffy. 
 e Rays yellow. 
 / Involucral bracts in one series, rarely in two. 
 
 g Leaves opposite Arnica 1022 
 
 gg Leaves alternate or basal. 
 
 h Head solitary on a bracted scape, appearing before the large orbicu- 
 lar leaves Tussilago 1021 
 
 hh Heads solitary or numerous, appearing with or after the leaves. 
 
 Senecio 1024 
 // Involucral bracts in 3-several series. 
 
 g Lower and basal leaves cordate Brachychaeta 942 
 
 gg None of the leaves cordate. 
 h Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid. 
 i Achenes glabrous; pappus-bristles deciduous. 
 
 Prionopsis (in Aplopappus) 932* 
 ii Achenes white- tomentose; pappus-bristles persistent. 
 
 Sideranthus (in Aplopappus) 932 
 hh Leaves entire or toothed, not bristly-serrate. 
 i Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire; low western under- 
 
 shrub Stenotus 933 
 
 ii Leaves not evergreen. 
 
 / Pappus double, the inner long, the outer of short scales or bristles. 
 k Achenes of disk flattened; ray-pappus obsolete. . . .Heterdtheca 929 
 kk Achenes of both disk and ray flattened; ray -pappus present. 
 
 Chrysopsis 929 
 // Pappus single. 
 
 k Heads very large, 5-10 cm. broad Inula 979 
 
 kk Heads small, 0.5-2 cm. broad. 
 / Annuals; heads very loosely paniculate on long, slender pedicels. 
 
 Isopappus (in Aplopappus) 933 
 // Perennials. 
 m Receptacles simply alveolate; rays few; panicles mostly 
 
 dense Solidago 933 
 
 mm Receptacle fimbrillate; rays several or many; inflorescence 
 
 more open, corymbose Euthamia (in Solidago} 942 
 
 ee Rays violet, purple, or white. 
 / Pappus-bristles very rigid and coarse. 
 g Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled; 
 
 perennial herbs with large heads Townsendia 944 
 
 gg Achenes fusiform, terete; annual herbs with small heads. 
 
 Chaetopappa 944 
 ggg Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins; 
 
 perennials Boltonia 945 
 
 gggg Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, not winged. 
 
 Machaeranthera (in Aster) 966 
 // Pappus-bristles soft and fine. 
 
 g Involucral bracts in many series; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle- 
 tipped Machaeranthera 966 
 
 gg Involucral bracts in *-? series, very narrow, 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE* 1 043 
 
 PAGE 
 
 h Leaves very large, reniform or orbicular, basal Petasites 1021 
 
 hh Leaves smaller, cauline, and basal. 
 i Heads 6-35 mm. broad; rays mostly longer than the diameter of 
 
 the disk Erigeron 966 
 
 ii Heads 4 mm. broad; rays not longer than diameter of disk. 
 
 Leptilon (in Erigeron) 969 
 ggg Involucral bracts in 3-5 series. 
 h Involucral bracts firm; rays few, white; leaves spatulate, linear, or 
 
 obovate, nearly or quite entire Sericocarpus 945 
 
 hh Involucral bracts membranous. 
 
 i Pappus distinctly double; inner bristles long, outer shorter. 
 j Leaves lanceolate, ovate or obovate; rays white. 
 
 Doellingeria (in Aster) 970 
 
 jj Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet lonactls (in Aster) 971 
 
 U Pappus single. 
 
 j Disk-flowers turning red r purple, or brown Aster 946 
 
 jj Disk-flowers permanently white; leaves subulate-spatulate, 
 
 crowded, rigid Leucelene 965 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE 
 FAMILY GRAMINE/E, 
 
 INCLUDING GENERA CULTIVATED WITHIN THE 
 RANGE OF THIS WORK. 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 KARL M. WIEGAND. 
 
 NOTE. The scales borne on the primary axis of the spikelet are termed 
 glumes; the one on each secondary axis is termed the palet. The two lowest 
 glumes, termed empty glumes, inclose no flowers and frequently differ from the 
 other glumes. Rarely there are more than two empty glumes, sometimes one, 
 or none at all. 
 
 Make a careful dissection of the spikelet before using the key. Count the 
 nerves by transmitted light if possible. 
 
 e.g. = spk. means, at least one empty glume equal in length to the spikelet 
 or longer, e.g. < spk. means, both empty glumes shorter than the spikelet. 
 
 The names in parenthesis represent genera in cultivation only. 
 
 a An ivory-like ovoid capsule at base of each fl. cluster, from an orifice in the 
 
 top of which the stam. spikelets project (Coix.) 
 
 aa No such ivory-like capsule. 
 
 b Pist. spikes axillary, grown together forming a cob, the whole inclosed in a 
 leafy involucre; stam. inf. terminal; stout leafy grasses with broad leaves. 
 
 (ZEA.) 
 
 bb Inflorescence not as above. 
 
 c Glumes or glume-like involucre bearing on the surface hooked or straight 
 spines or prickles. 
 
 d With hooked prickles. . . . NAZIA. 
 
 dd With straight or slightly curved spines. 
 e One recurved spine from middle of glume; spike dense, one-sided. 
 
 CAMPULOSUS. 
 
 ee Several spines on the globular involucre CENCHRUS. 
 
 cc Glumes not spiny nor prickly. 
 
 d Spikelets in distinctly one-sided spikes or spike-like panicles. 
 e Spikelets laterally compressed; glumes keeled. 
 f Some of the glumes long-pointed or awned, or 3-toothed. 
 g Spikelets 3- or more-fld., in panicles or spikes; glumes 5 or more; e.g.<spk. 
 h Spikelets regularly imbricated in 2 rows on one side of axis of solitary 
 
 or digitate spikes DACTYLOCTENIUM. 
 
 hh Spikelets fascicled at apex of stiff branches of the interrupted, spike- 
 like or open, one-sided panicle DACTYLIS. 
 
 gg Spikelets i-2-fld., often with some rudimentary modified fls.; in true 
 
 spikes only; normal glumes 3 or 4. 
 h Normal glumes 4; spikes somewhat whorled; fl. gl. much broader 
 
 than e.g., usually with subapical awn; e.g. < spk CHLORIS. 
 
 hh Normal glumes 3; sometimes also abnormal ones besides. 
 
 1045 
 
1046 ANALYTICAL KEY 
 
 i Rudiment of 4th or 5th glume present; e.g. = spk. 
 j Spikes dense; lateral teeth of fl. gl. awn-pointed or awned . BoUTELOUA. 
 jj Spikes very slender, interrupted; lateral teeth of fl. gl. minute, not 
 
 awn-pointed GYMNOPOGON. 
 
 (Atheropogon sometimes has secund spikes.) 
 ii Rudiment of 4th glume absent. 
 j Spikes very slender, almost filiform; spikelets distant; e.g.<spk. 
 
 SCHEDONARDUS. 
 
 jj Spikes more dense; spikelets overlapping; e.g. = spk SPARTINA. 
 
 ff None of the glumes long-pointed or awned, nor distinctly 3-toothed. 
 g Spikelets almost circular, i.e. very broad, strongly imbricated; e.g. = spk. 
 
 BECKMANNIA. 
 gg Spikelets narrower; glumes narrow; e.g.<spk. 
 
 h Spikelets i -fld. ; spikes digitate C APRIOLA. 
 
 hh Spikelets 2- or more-fld.; spikes racemose. 
 
 * Spikes filiform, alternately fld LEPTOCHLOA. 
 
 ii Spikes dense : ELUSINE. 
 
 ee Spikelets not laterally compressed; glumes rounded. 
 f Glumes or some of them awn-pointed or awned; e.g. = spk. or none. 
 g Leaves setaceous; well-developed glumes only i; spikelets distant, in 
 
 solitary true spike NARDUS. 
 
 gg Leaves broad; glumes more than i; one glume indurated; spikelets in 
 spikes or spike-like panicles, which are racemose. 
 
 h Glumes 3 ERIOCHLOA. 
 
 hh Glumes 4. 
 
 i First glume awned; creeping grasses (OPLISMENUS.) 
 
 ii First glume usually awnless; glumes coarsely hairy; erect grasses. 
 
 ECHINOCHLOA. 
 ff Glumes not awn-pointed. 
 
 g Peculiar extensively creeping grasses with monoecious inf., only the stam. 
 secund, pist. very different, clustered in the upper sheaths; e.g.<spk. 
 
 in stam. spk ... BULBILIS. 
 
 gg Ordinary grasses with hermaphrodite inf., all spikelets alike; one glume 
 
 indurated. 
 h Glumes 4. 
 
 i Second glume shorter than spk.. 3-nerved SYNTHERISMA. 
 
 ii Second glume equaling the spk., or nearly so; 5-nerved. .BRACHIARIA. 
 hh Glumes 3; e.g. = spk. 
 
 * First glume 3-nerved, 2d 7-nerved SYNTHERISMA. 
 
 ii First and 2d glume 3~5-nerved. 
 
 j Back of indurated glume turned toward rachis PASPALUM. 
 
 jj Back of indurated glume turned away from rachis ANASTROPHUS. 
 
 dd Spikelets not in distinctly i -sided spikes. 
 
 e Hairs or bristles forming a tuft or whorl at base of fl. gl., or on the rachis, 
 or on sterile pedicels, or forming an involucre around the spikelet: hairs 
 on the fl. gls., if present, are abruptly different (shorter or appressed) 
 and do not grade gradually over into the others. 
 
 (The pedicels of the ordinary spikelets are very villous in Lamarckia.) 
 f Glumes 4, the 3d gl. with stamens only or empty, and usually of thinner 
 texture than the 4th gl.; spikelets surrounded by an involucre of bristles 
 or hairs. 
 g Involucre of rigid barbed persistent bristles; e.g.= or <spk. 
 
 CHJSTOCHLOA. 
 gg Involucre of unequal softer bristles or hairs which are often plumose; 
 
 4th gl. scarcely coriaceous; e.g. = spk (PENNISETUM.) 
 
 ff Glumes similar in texture or else the 3d firmer than the ist and 2d or the 
 
 outer gls. firmer. 
 
 g Spikelets in pairs or threes, all but one often sterile and reduced; hairs 
 outside of empty gls.; fl. gl. of perfect spikelet long-awned except some- 
 times in Sorghum; ist e.g. larger than 2d and =spk. 
 
TO THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY GRAMINE&. 1047 
 
 h Both spikelets of the cluster perfect, one longer pediceled than the 
 
 other; large ornamental grasses. 
 i Axis of spike continuous; panicle somewhat fan-shaped. (MISCANTHUS.) 
 
 ii Axis of spike articulate; panicle denser ERIANTHUS. 
 
 hh Spikelets of the cluster unlike, one or two sterile and more slender or 
 
 much reduced (often to a mere pedicel). 
 i Clusters of spikelets in irregular panicles. 
 
 j Lateral spikelets reduced to mere plumose pedicels, two with each 
 fertile spikelet, all sessile at apex of a long common pedicel. 
 
 SORGHASTRUM. 
 
 jj Lateral spikelets with glumes; ultimate branches of inf. dichotomously 
 sympodial, two branches at base of each fertile spikelet, one bearing 
 a sterile spikelet, the other a continuation of the inf., terminal 
 
 spikelet with two sterile ones . SORGHUM. 
 
 ii Clusters of spikelets in false spikes. 
 
 j Spikes in pairs or digitate; rachilla-internodes and pedicels opaque. 
 
 ANDROPOGON. 
 jj Spikes panicled; rachilla-internodes and pedicels thickened on margins, 
 
 intervening portion thin and translucent AMPHILOPHIS. 
 
 gg Spikelets not in small definite clusters as above; ist e.g. smaller than or 
 
 equaling the 2d (rarely slightly longer in Calama grostis) . 
 h Spikelets i-fld. or with rudiment of 2d fl. 
 
 i Empty glumes shorter than the fl. gls., nearly equal REDFIELDIA. 
 
 ii Empty glumes as long as or longer than the fl. gls., or if shorter then 
 
 very unequal. 
 
 j Flowering glume awned; e.g. = spk. 
 k Fl. gl. with a terminal awn. 
 / Awn twisted, very long; fl. gl. 4 mm. or more long, firmer than 
 
 empty gls STIPA. 
 
 // Awn straight; fl. gl. less than 4 mm. long, about as firm as empty 
 
 glumes MUHLENBERGIA. 
 
 kk Fl. gl awned on back; rachilla extending beyond the palet; empty 
 
 gls. nearly equal ' CALAMAGROSTIS. 
 
 kkk Fl. gls. awned between 2 teeth; spikelets spiked on slender branches 
 
 of inflorescence GYMNOPOGON. 
 
 jj Flowering glume not awned. 
 
 k A small tuft of hair on either side of base of fl. gl., each borne on a 
 minute scale representing the very udimentary 3d and 4th glumes; 
 
 e.g. = spk PHALARIS. 
 
 kk Hairs at base of fl. gl. in a ring, not borne as above. 
 
 / Panicle dense, spike-like; e.g. = spk AMMOPHILA. 
 
 // Panicle open; e.g.= or <spk CALAMOVILFA. 
 
 hh Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 
 
 i Very tall reed-like grasses (1.5-6 m. high); e.g.<spk. 
 [/ Leaves 8-50 mm. broad, evenly distri uted up the culm (see also 
 
 Arundo) PHRAGMITES. 
 
 jj Leaves very long and narrow, recurved, densely clustered at base of 
 
 stems (GYNERIUM.) 
 
 ii Lower ordinary grasses. 
 j Flowering glume with a dorsal awn. 
 
 k Spikelets more than 7 mm. long; e.g.= or <spk AVENA. 
 
 kk Spikelets 7 mm. or less long. 
 
 / Fl. gl. acutely 2-toothed at apex; e.g.<spk TRISETUM. 
 
 // Fl. glume blunt or bluntly 2-lobed at apex; e.g. = or <spk. 
 
 DESCHAMPSIA. 
 
 jj Flowering glume awnless or 3-toothed or mucronate. 
 k Fl. glume 3-toothed, broad, shorter than empty glunies; sheaths 
 
 villous at summit; ligule a ring of hairs; e.g. = spk SIEGLINGIA. 
 
 kk Fl. glume not 3-toothed, broad or narrow. 
 / Ligule a ring of hairs; e.g.<spk. 
 
1048 ANALYTICAL KEY 
 
 m Panicle contracted; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, y-n-fld.; fl. glumes 
 
 broad and rounded RHOMBOLYTRIUM. 
 
 mm Panicle diffuse; spikelets 6mm. long, i-3-fld.; fl. gls. narrow, 
 
 acute REDFIELDIA. 
 
 // Ligule scale-like. 
 
 m Fl. glume rounded; rachis glabrous; e.g. = spk SCOLOCHLOA. 
 
 mm Fl. glume keeled. 
 
 n Rachis hirsute; e.g.<spk GRAPHEPHORUM. 
 
 n;i Rachis glabrous; e.g. = spk DUPONTIA. 
 
 (See also Poa ) 
 ee Hairs or bristles at base of flowering glumes, if present, grading over into 
 
 those on the flowering glumes. 
 / Spikelets in little clusters (of 2-5) of two very distinct sorts, one sterile of 
 
 many glumes usually concealing the few-fld. fertile; e.g. < spk. 
 g Glumes of both kinds of spikelets obtuse; fertile spikelets i-fld. 
 
 (LAMARCKIA.) 
 
 gg Glumes of the very flat sterile spikelets pointed or awned; fertile 2-3-fld. 
 
 CYNOSURUS. 
 
 jff Spikelets not conspicuously dimorphic; or if so then the fertile and sterile 
 not in the same little clusters, or the sterile with few glumes (4 or less) 
 or rudimentary. 
 g Blade articulated with the sheath and eventually deciduous at this point; 
 
 branched plants with large lanceolate leaves; e.g. < spk. 
 h Internodes not flattened; sheaths persistent. 
 
 i Stamens 3; empty glumes 2, short ARUNDINARIA. 
 
 ii Stamens 6; empty glumes 2-6, gradually increasing in size upward. 
 
 (BAM BUS A.) 
 
 hh Internodes flattened at least on one side; sheaths soon deciduous; 
 stamens 3; the 1-2 spikelets surrounded by a large leaf at the 
 
 base (PHYLLOSTACHYS.) 
 
 gg Leaves not articulated with the sheath, though sometimes with a dif- 
 ferent-colored zone at this point. 
 
 h Flower-bearing glumes rugose with transverse and longitudinal cellular 
 reticulations; palet similar, i -nerved; two much shorter empty glumes, 
 
 and still two more fold-like ones at the base (ORYZA.) 
 
 hh Flower-bearing glumes and spikelets not as above. 
 i Empty glumes at base of spikelet strongly transversely wrinkled or 
 pitted, thick and coriaceous; spikelets imbedded in the thickened 
 
 rachis and very closely appressed; e.g. = spk MANISURUS. 
 
 ii Empty glumes at base of spikelet not strongly transversely wrinkled 
 
 nor pitted as above. 
 j Rachis of spike-like inf. very thick ; pist. spikelets at its base and imbedded 
 
 in it; stam. spikelets above, not imbedded; e.g. = spk TRIPSACUM. 
 
 jj Rachis slender and spikelets often paniculate. 
 
 k Spikelets in pairs at each node of the spike-like branches of the in- 
 florescence, one longer pediceled than the other; fl. gl. and rachis 
 with long silky spreading hairs; e. gls. three; fl. gl. awned; e.g.= 
 
 spk .' ERIANTHUS. 
 
 kk Spikelets 2-3 at each node of the simple spike-like inf., 5 mm. or 
 
 more long. (See also kkk.) 
 I Empty glumes at base of spikelet absent or minute and awn-like; 
 
 spike very open with spreading long-awned spikelets HYSTRIX. 
 
 // Empty glumes present; spikelets usually ascending and approximate; 
 
 e.g.= or <spk. 
 
 m Spikelets i-fld., or with a mere rudiment of a second; lateral spike- 
 lets usually imperfect HORDEUM. 
 
 mm Spikelets, at least most of them, 2- or more-fld., all usually similar. 
 n Rachis of spike easily breaking up at maturity; western . SITANION. 
 
 nn Rachis not breaking up into joints ELYMUS. 
 
 kkk Spikelets solitary at each joint of the spike, or panicled. 
 
TO THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY GRAM1NEJE. 104$ 
 
 / Empty glumes of pist. fls. indurated, with 3 green terminal ligulate 
 lobes; extensively creeping grasses with pist. spikelets clustered in 
 
 upper sheaths; e.g. = spk BULBILIS. 
 
 // Empty glumes and habit not as above. 
 
 m Very tall corn-like grasses (2-10 m. high), with rather short and 
 very broad, evenly distributed, spreading leaves; fl. gls. very long- 
 silky-hairy; e.g. = spk = (ARUNDO.) 
 
 mm Habit not as above. 
 
 n Flowering glumes narrowed into a 3-branched awn; e.g. = spk. 
 
 ARISTIDA. 
 nn Flowering glumes awnless or with a simple awn (which may be 
 
 borne between two awn-pointed teeth). 
 o Flowering glumes, at least one of them, bearing an awn on back, 
 
 or between the terminal teeth, or strongly 3-toothed. 
 p Awn borne on the back below the apex or apical notch; e.g.= 
 
 spk. except in Avena, Trisetum, and Bromus. 
 q Glumes 3. 
 
 r Panicle spike-like, very dense. 
 
 s Empty glumes densely covered with woolly hairs . . (LAGURUS.) 
 ss Empty glumes not densely woolly, sometimes villous. 
 
 t Empty glumes not awned ALOPECURUS. 
 
 // Empty glumes awned POLYPOGON. 
 
 rr Panicle open, branches long and slender. 
 
 s Apex of fl. glume bifid APERA. 
 
 55 Apex of fl. glume entire AGROSTIS. 
 
 qq Glumes 4 or more, the 3d sometimes sterile. 
 r One of the two flowers awnless, one flower staminate only. 
 s Plant glabrous, awn on lower flower only, long bent and 
 
 twisted ARRHENATHERUM. 
 
 ss Plant soft-velvety; awn on upper flower only, usually hooked. 
 
 HOLCUS. 
 
 rr At least two, usually all, of the flowers with awns. 
 s Rachilla produced beyond the insertion of the upper flower; 
 stigmas terminal. 
 
 / Spikelets more than 7 mm. long AVENA. 
 
 tt Spikelets 7 mm. long or less .TRISETUM. 
 
 ss Rachilla not produced beyond the insertion of the upper 
 
 flower. 
 / Spike lets many-flowered; fl. gl. about 6-8 mm. long; stigmas 
 
 inserted below apex of ovary BROMUS. 
 
 tt Spikelets 2-fld.; fl. gls. nearly glabrous AIRA. 
 
 /// Spikelets essentially 3-fld., but the two lower fls. staminate 
 or sterile; fl. glumes ciliate or silky, fragrant-aromatic 
 grasses. 
 
 u Fifth glume very acute, 3d and 4th staminate. . . SAVASTANA. 
 
 uu Fifth glume obtuse, 3d and 4th empty.. . ANTHOXANTHUM. 
 
 PP Awn borne between two terminal teeth, or the apex 3-toothed. 
 
 q Spikelets nearly sessile in the axils of the clustered rigid apical 
 
 foliage leaves, low erect or prostrate grasses; w r estern; 
 
 e.g. < spk MUNROA. 
 
 qq Spikelets in ordinary spikes or panicles. 
 
 r Spikelets i-fld. (glumes 3), or with a rudiment of a second. 
 5 Inflorescence spicate. 
 
 t Spikelets reflexed; e.g.<spk ATHEROPOGON. 
 
 tt Spikelets ascending; e.g. = spk GYMNOPOGON 
 
 ss Inflorescence paniculate; e.g. = spk CINNA. 
 
 rr Spikelets 2-many-fld. (glumes 4 or more). 
 
 5 Spikelets regularly spiked; e.g. <spk TRITICUM. 
 
 55 Spikelets paniculate. 
 
 (Tricholana, with very long silky glumes, rarely has awns.) 
 
I05O ANALtilLAL KEY 
 
 t Empty glumes nearly or quite equaling the spikelet. 
 
 u Fl. gl. with long bent awn; spk. 2-fld DANTHONIA. 
 
 uu Fl. gl. 3-toothed; spk. 3-5 -fld. . " SIEGLINGIA. 
 
 // Empty glumes much shorter than the spikelet. 
 
 Fl. glume 5~9-nerved. BROMUS. 
 
 uu Fl. glume i-3-nerved, margin and nerves pilose. 
 v Internodes in the spikelets long (| length of glume); 
 
 callus long-pointed pilose TRIPLASIS. 
 
 w Internodes very short; callus short. 
 
 iv Spikelets irregularly paniculate TRICUSPIS. 
 
 ww Spikelets distantly spicate on branches of the open 
 
 inflorescence DIPLACHNE. 
 
 00 Flowering glume awnless, or sometimes narrowed into a terminal 
 
 cusp or awn, the latter not borne between two teeth. 
 p Glume i (empty glumes absent); spikelets flattened laterally, 
 i -fld. 
 
 (See also Muhlenbergia and Brachyelytrum.') 
 q Lowest glume awned, at least in the pist. spikelets; spikelets 
 
 unisexual, monoecious. 
 r Pistillate spikelets ovate, borne at the apex of each branch of 
 
 the panicle ZIZANIOPSIS. 
 
 rr Pistillate spikelets linear, borne on the upper branches of 
 
 the panicle ZIZANIA. 
 
 qq Lowest glume not awned; spikelets hermaphrodite. 
 
 HOMALOCENCHRUS. 
 
 PP Glumes 2 (ist empty glume absent) Abnormal conditions 
 
 in Muhlenberg^a, Brachyelytrum, and Phippsia. 
 ppp Glumes more than 2. 
 
 q Glumes 5, the 3d and 4th reduced to minute, often hairy 
 scales; outer glumes large and keeled, equaling the spikelet. 
 
 PHALARIS. 
 
 qq Glumes 3; spikelets i -fld. (See also qqq.} 
 r Fl. gl. awned at tip (awn in one genus soon deciduous). 
 s Awn twisted; glume 4 mm. or more long; e.g. = spk. . STIPA. 
 ss Awn straight; glume short or long. 
 
 / Fl. gl. broad, oval or elliptical, much firmer than empty glume; 
 e.g. -spk. 
 
 u Fl. gl. short-hairy or glabrous ORYZOPSIS. 
 
 uu Fl. gl. silky, hairs longer than spikelet ERIOCOMA. 
 
 U Fl. gl. narrow, elliptical to linear, not conspicuously firmer 
 
 than empty glumes. 
 u Leaves 6-18 mm. wide; e. gls. very minute. 
 
 BRACHYELYTRUM. 
 
 uu Leaves less than 6 mm. wide; e. gls. long or short. 
 v Fl. gl. 3-nerved; grain inclosed by glume . MUHLENBERGIA. 
 
 w Fl. gl. i-nerved; grain and seed free SPOROBOLIS. 
 
 rr Fl. gl. awnless. 
 s Fl. gls. distinctly coriaceous and firmer than the empty glumes; 
 
 e.g. = spk. 
 t Sheaths papillose-hirsute; both aerial and subterranean 
 
 spikelets present AMPHICARPON. 
 
 // Sheaths glabrous; no subterranean spikelets MILIUM. 
 
 ss FJ. gls. not distinctly different in texture from the empty 
 
 glumes. 
 
 t Spikelets truly spiked, alternately arranged, appressed, acute; 
 plant decumbent, much branched; e.g. = spk.. .LEPTURUS. 
 // Spikelets paniculate, panicle contracted or open. 
 u Empty glumes cuspidately awn-pointed, equaling the spike- 
 let; panicle very densely spike-like; e.g. = spk. .PHLEUM. 
 uu Empty glumes gradually acute, or obtuse. 
 
TO THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY GRAMINE&. 10$ I 
 
 v Empty glumes minute; low arctic grasses with dense in- 
 florescence PHIPPSTA. 
 
 w Empty glumes one-half length of fl. glumes or more. 
 w Spikelets very densely spicate; upper sheaths inflated. 
 
 HELEOCHLOA. 
 
 ww Spikelets interruptedly spicate or open-paniculate. 
 ot Third glume shorter than the 2d, rarely equaling it, 
 
 hyaline AGROSTIS. 
 
 XX Third glume equaling 2d or longer, membranous, not 
 
 hyaline. 
 . y Arctic grasses; 3d glume obtuse, hispid on keel. 
 
 ARCT AGROSTIS. 
 yy Not arctic; 3d glume acute or obtuse, not distinctly 
 
 hispid on keel. 
 z Rootstock densely scaly; 3d gl. usually 3-nerved; 
 
 grain inclosed by glume MUHLENBERGIA. 
 
 22 No densely scaly rootstocks; 3d glume usually 
 
 i -nerved; grain and seed free SPOROBOLIS. 
 
 qqq Glumes four or more, only the ist and zd occasionally very 
 
 dissimilar from other in size. 
 r Glumes 4, but the 3d glume empty or containing stamens only, 
 
 membranous; the 4th coriaceous; e.g. = spk. 
 S Second glume much enlarged, saccate at base; panicle con- 
 tracted SACCIOLEPIS. 
 
 ss Second glume not enlarged' nor saccate. 
 / Empty glume densely covered with long silky hairs which 
 
 equal or exceed the spikelet (TRICHOL,ENA ; ) 
 
 tt Empty glume not long-silky PANICUM. 
 
 rr Glumes 4 or more, all similar in texture, or the lower two 
 
 firmer. 
 
 S Very large grasses 2-6 m. high, with the very long rigid re- 
 curved leaves densely clustered at base; not hardy north; 
 
 e.g. < spk (GYNERIUM.) 
 
 SS Smaller grasses not as above (Uniola 25 dm. tall, but leaves 
 
 ordinary). 
 
 t Spikelets truly spicate, turned with their edges toward the 
 axis and the empty glume in the axil regularly absent; 
 
 e.g. = or < spk LOLIUM. 
 
 tt Spikelets paniculate, or if spicate then the side turned toward 
 
 the axis and both empty glumes present. 
 Fl. glumes i-3-nerved. 
 
 V First empty glume linear, acute, second broad oblanceolate 
 or obovate, truncate or abruptly acute; e.g. < spk. 
 
 EATONIA. 
 
 W Empty glumes not very dissimilar except in size. 
 w Lateral nerves of fl. glumes pilose; e.g.<spk. TRICUSPIS. 
 ww Lateral nerves glabrous. 
 
 x Spikelets alternate and distant, in a true spike, lanceo- 
 late acute; fl. glume i -nerved; e.g. = spk. 
 
 LEPTURUS. 
 
 xx Spikelets paniculate; e.g.<spk. 
 y Flowering glumes keeled. 
 2 Inflorescence contracted; spikelets very flat, 2-c;-fld. 
 
 KOELERIA. 
 
 22 Inflorescence open; spikelets 2-;?5-fld.ERAGROSTis. 
 yy Flowering glumes rounded on the back. 
 2 Panicle narrow, more or less contracted. 
 2 1 Fl. glume coriaceous when mature; seed beaked. 
 
 KORYCARPUS. 
 
IO52 ANALYTICAL KEY 
 
 2 1 z 1 Fl. glume membranous; seed not beaked. 
 
 MOLINIA. 
 
 20 Panicle open : CATABROSA. 
 
 uu Fl. glumes 5-many-nerved; e.g.<spk. (excepting in Savas- 
 
 tana}. 
 v Palet with the keels winged or appendaged; fl. glumes 
 
 broad, truncate or erose at apex PLEUROPOGON. 
 
 w Palet without wings or appendages. 
 w Fl. glumes more or less strongly compressed and keeled. 
 x Empty basal glumes 3-6; spikelets very flat and broad, 
 
 ovate-oval, 15-35 mm - l n g UNIOLA. 
 
 xx Empty glumes only two. 
 
 y Ligule a ring of hairs; spikelets dioecious. .DISTICHLIS. 
 yy Ligule scale-like. 
 
 2 Spikelets regularly spiked; fl. gls. awned. . (SECALE.) 
 zz Spikelets in an open or dense panicle. 
 2 l Empty glumes equaling or exceeding the spikelet. 
 
 SAVASTANA. 
 
 z'z 1 Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet. 
 z 2 Glumes short-awned, 5-6 mm. long; spikelets 
 fascicled at ends of stiff rays of interrupted spike- 
 like or open panicle; green or purple. DACTYLIS. 
 Z 2 z 2 Glumes awnless. 
 
 z 3 Silvery shining condensed panicle; no cobwebby 
 hairs on keel of thin fl. glumes; spikelets 
 
 2-5-fld KOELERIA. 
 
 2 s z 3 Not silvery shining; panicle rarely condensed. 
 z 4 Hairs at base of y-nerved fl. glume glandular. 
 
 DEMAZERIA. 
 
 z*z 4 Hairs at base of 5-nerved fl. glume cobwebby. 
 
 POA. 
 (Some species of Bromus have glumes slightly 
 
 keeled.) 
 
 ww Fl. glumes rounded on the back. 
 x Spikelets regularly spiked, one spikelet at each node, 
 
 placed with its side to the axis. 
 
 y Fl. glume deciduous at maturity and with a distinct 
 callus which is limited by a furrow at the base. 
 
 AGROPYRUM. 
 
 yy Fl. glume persistent at maturity and without a callus. 
 
 (TRITICUM.) 
 
 xx Spikelets paniculate. 
 
 y Spikelets abruptly nodding on the pedicel ; empty glume 
 not much shorter than the spikelet; uppermost 
 
 glumes empty MELICA. 
 
 (See also Avena saliva, awnless varieties.) 
 yy Spikelets not abruptly nodding, 
 z Palet exceeding the lanceolate, acute fl. glumes. 
 
 PANICULARIA. 
 
 zz Palet shorter than the fl. glumes. 
 z 1 Nerves of the fl. glumes not converging above and 
 usually not reaching the scarious blunt or truncate 
 apex. 
 
 z 2 Fl. glumes cordate at the apex, margin very 
 broadly scarious, outline nearly orbicular. 
 
 BRIZA. 
 
 Z 2 2 2 Fl. glumes not cordate at the base. 
 z 3 Fl. glumes plainly 5~7-nerved; style present. 
 
 PANICULARIA. 
 
TO THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY GRAMINEsE. 1 053 
 2 3 s 3 Fl. glumes obscurely 5 -nerved; style wanting. 
 
 .PUCCINELLIA. 
 
 z'z 1 Nerves of the fl. gumes converging above, almost 
 or quite reaching the usually acute, often awned 
 apex. 
 
 z 2 Stigmas subapical on ovary; nerves of fl. glum 
 5-9 BROMUS. 
 
 Z 2 z 2 Style apical; nerves of fl. glume 5. . . .FESTUCA. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE following appendix contains descriptions of additional species 
 found within* the area covered by this Manual, and of species made known 
 from investigation, during the two years that the first edition of this 
 book was in press and during the three years since it was published. 
 Several species proposed by various students have not been admitted, as 
 they appear to require further investigation before their status can be 
 satisfactorily established. A few corrections are also noted. 
 
 P. 24, add: 
 
 za. Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. ROCK CLUB-MOSS. Pros- 
 trate portion of stems short, abundantly rooting, curving upward, then 
 dichotomously branching 1-3 times to form a rather dense tuft (4-10 cm. 
 high) of vertical stems, densely clothed with spreading or reflexed leaves; 
 leaves (7-9 mm. X i mm.) very slightly broadened above the middle and 
 similarly contracted toward the base, those between the strobilar regions 
 shorter (6-7 mm.), broadest at the base but very gradually tapering, entire 
 or very minutely denticulate; sporangia compressed-reniform; sporophylls 
 minutely denticulate above the middle or entire, acuminate (4-5 mm. X 
 I mm. wide at base) ; plant often gemmiparous. Differs from L. lucidulum 
 in its nearly linear entire leaves and smaller size, and from L. Selago\n 
 the bases of its leaves, which are flattened. On sandstone rocks, Wis., 
 Ind. and Ala. 
 
 P. 25, add: 
 
 3a. Lycopodium Chapmanii Underw. CHAPMAN'S CLUB-MOSS. Stems 
 prostrate and frequently rooting or slightly arching and rooting toward 
 the end, 18-40 cm. long, simple or occasionally pinnately branching, thick 
 (about 3 mm. in diameter) ; leaves 6-7 mm. long by 2 mm. broad, thick, 
 rigid, lanceolate-acuminate, upwardly curving, the margin irregularly 
 toothed, the teeth often compound below the middle of the leaf; peduncles 
 10-25 cm. long, slender, leafy with more or less appressed subulate- 
 toothed leaves below and similar entire leaves above; strobiles about 3 
 mm. in diameter and 1.8-7 cm - long; sporophylls I mm. X 5-6 mm. with 
 a broad base, suddenly contracted above into a narrow subulate apex, 
 usually more or less toothed near the base; sporangia subglobose. Dif- 
 fers from L. inundatum by its much thicker stems, toothed leaves, tall 
 peduncles, and long narrow strobiles. Mass, to Fla. and La., mostly near 
 the coast. 
 
 P. 26, at end of description of Lycopodium complanatum, strike out the 
 last sentence commencing with " Forms with ", and add: 
 
 12. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. CREEPING CHRISTMAS-GREEN. 
 Rhizomes extensively creeping 2-4 cm. below the surface of the ground, 
 white, terete, their whorled or loosely spirally arranged leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate to broadly ovate; the terminal branchlets regularly producing 
 innovations the second and sometimes the third season, the older foliage 
 branches ultimately spreading and becoming lax; leaves of the primary 
 
 1055 
 
1056 APPENDIX. 
 
 axis in 6-8 rows, from ovate through lanceolate-acute to acuminate, those 
 of the subterminal and terminal branchlets in four rows, glaucous, bluish 
 green, acuminate, appressed, those of the under row differing scarcely at 
 all from those of the other three rows, the leaves of the lateral rows some- 
 what incurved underneath; peduncles terete, glaucous, 50-60 mm. long to 
 the first forking, usually twice forked, the second 8-18 mm. distant from 
 the first, spreading and curving upward; strobiles two, three or usually 
 four, 20-28 mm. long, the sporophylls broadly depressed-ovate, truncate 
 at the base, the lateral margins variously toothed, suddenly contracted 
 into a subulate scarious tip; sporangium reniform, opening by a transverse 
 slit along the top; spores ripening early in August. (L. Chamaecyparissus 
 A. Br.) Differs from L. complanatum, with which it has been confused, 
 in its subterranean habit, its uniform leaves, its method of branching, and 
 in its distant clusters of strobiles. Me. to Ga. and Minn. 
 
 P. 28, after Isoetes lacustris, insert: 
 
 i a. Isoetes heter6spora A. A. Eaton. Submerged with a bilobed 
 trunk. Leaves 50-75, 5-8 cm. long, stiffly erect, tapering to a sharp 
 point, without stomata; sporange spotted with dark cells, co.vered one- 
 third to two- thirds by the velum; macrospores 540-675 / in diameter 
 or even much more densely covered with thick jagged convoluted 
 crests, often reticulate-honeycombed below; microspores about 35X27;*, 
 dark brown, papillose. In ponds, Mt. Desert Island, Me. 
 
 After Isoetes Tuckermani, insert: 
 
 2a. Isoetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton. Submerged with a bilobed 
 trunk. Leaves 10-20, 67.5 cm. long, blunt at the apex, without 
 stomata; sporange unspotted, covered one- third by the velum; macro- 
 spores 486-590 fi in diameter, polished, covered with bold vermiform, 
 subconfluent and somewhat reticulated ridges, becoming naked near 
 the equator; microspores 31-44 /* m diameter, distinctly verrucose. 
 St. Francis, Moosehead and Rangeley lakes, Me. 
 
 After Isoetes echinospora Braunii, insert: 
 
 3a. Isoetes Harveyi A. A. Eaton. Submereged, the trunk 2-lobed 
 or occasionally 3-lobed. Leaves 50-140, without stomata, short, 5-6 
 cm., very stout and fleshy, strongly recurved, with an abrupt sharp 
 point, purple-bronze or reddish in drying; sporange small, unspotted, 
 covered one-fourth to one-third with the velum; macrospores 526-648 fi 
 in diameter or rarely larger, with irregular parallel thickish crests above, 
 and reticulate-honeycombed below; microspores 35-40 /* long by 22-30 /* 
 broad, rough. Pushaw Pond, Oldtown, and Long Pond, Mt. Desert, Me. 
 
 P. 29, after Isoetes Canaddnsis, insert: 
 
 8a. Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton. Dioecious or polygamous with 
 submerged or emersed leaves. Leaves 50-75, 12-15 cm. long, erect, 
 sharp-pointed, dark green, with abundant stomata and four bast bundles; 
 sporange oval, cinnamon -colored from the abundant vermiform cells, 
 with only the margins covered by the velum; macrospores small, 351- 
 405 IL in diameter, the upper faces flat, covered with short truncate 
 mostly single columns; microspores rare. Mud flats near outlet of 
 Tyler Pond, Goshen, and gravelly tidal shore, Selden's Cove, Lyme, Conn. 
 
 P. 33, after Pinus rigida, add: 
 
 ii. Pinus serdtina Michx. BLACK PINE. POND PINE. A tree, 
 sometimes 25 m. high, and with a trunk 9 dm. thick, the bark flaky. 
 Leaves in 3*3, glaucous, 15-25 cm. long, the sheaths about 1.5 cm. 
 long; cones lateral, ovoid to globose-ovoid, 4-6 cm. long; scales 
 thickened at the apex, bearing a minute prickle; wing of the seed nearly 
 2 cm. long. In swamps, "S. 6, Va. to Fla. Mar.-April. 
 
APPENDIX, 1057 
 
 P. 37, after Juniperus Virgianina, insert: 
 
 3a. Juniperus scopulorum Sargent. WESTERN RED CEDAR. A tree, 
 resembling the eastern Red Cedar, but with larger fruit, 7-8 mm. in diam- 
 eter, which ripens at the close of the second season and usually contains 
 two seeds. Alberta to W. Tex., Br. Col., Ore., Nev. and Ariz. 
 
 P. 40, before Sparganium simplex, insert: 
 
 2a. Sparganium Americanum iMutt. SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED. Sim- 
 ilar to 5. androcladum, but the stem simple, the lower heads of the inflores- 
 cence merely peduncled. Leaves drying green, the upper with more or 
 less sac-like bases and broad hyaline-scarious margins; nutlets slightly 
 angled, each gradually narrowed into a stout conspicuous style. In low 
 grounds or ponds, Ont. to Br. Col., Penn. and the Ind. Terr. Summer. 
 
 P. 40, after Sparganium minimum, add : 
 
 5. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. NORTHERN BUR-REED. Stem 2-3 
 dm. high; leaves shorter and narrower than those of 5\ minimum, 1-3 
 mm. wide; inflorescence 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate heads i or 2, sessile, 
 or the lower one short-peduncled; ripe fruiting heads 5-10 mm. in diam- 
 eter; nutlets oblong, obscurely triangular at the summit; stipe very short, 
 stigma oval, oblique, minute, sessile, or nearly so. Lab. and Hudson 
 Bay. Also in northern Europe. Summer. 
 
 P. 49. Additional species and subspecies of Potamogeton have been de- 
 scribed by Arthur Bennett in recent papers published in the " Journal of 
 Botany." 
 
 P. 68, after Erianthus brevibarbis Michx., insert: 
 
 4a. Erianthus contortus Ell. TWISTED-AWNED PLUME-GRASS. Culms 
 1-2 m. tall, the summit and panicle-axis glabrous, or nearly so; leaves 
 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-20 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 d m - long, 3-5 cm. wide; 
 spikelets crowded, exceeding the basal hairs and about one-half again as 
 long as the internodes, the outer scales 7-7.5 mm. long, the fourth scale 
 2-toothed at the apex, the awn 1.5-2 cm. long, the included portion often 
 a little spiral at the base, the remainder loosely spiral. In pine woods, 
 Del. to Fla. and Miss. Sept. and Oct. Differs from E. brevibarbis in hav- 
 ing the spikelets smaller and the exserted portion of the awn loosely spiral. 
 
 P. 70, after Andropogon Virginicus L., insert: 
 
 4a. Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell. FOUR-SPIKED BEARD-GRASS. Culms 
 tufted, 8-15 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely villous, with 
 dark hairs; leaves 4 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower ones villous 
 on both surfaces toward the base; spathes usually 3-4 cm. long, extending 
 beyond the racemes; racemes usually in fours, 3-4 cm. long; sessile spike- 
 let 3-4 mm. long, the awn straight, 1.5-2 cm. long. In dry or moist soil, 
 Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla. and Ala. Sept. and Oct. 
 Differs from A. Virginicus in having the sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
 densely villous all over, and the racemes usually in fours. 
 
 P. 73, after Paspalum laeve Michx., insert: 
 
 5a. Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte. NARROW-LEAVED PASPALUM. 
 Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall; sheaths compressed, glabrous; leaves long, 
 the larger 2-4 dm. long, less than I cm. wide, glabrous, or the upper sur- 
 face sometimes sparingly hairy near the base; racemes 3-5, spreading, 
 usually o-io cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 3-3.5 mm. long and about 
 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous. In fields, D. C. to Fla., La., Kans. and Mo. 
 June-Sept. Differs from P. laeve in having the leaves elongated and in 1 
 the more numerous racemes. 
 
1058 APPENDIX. 
 
 5b. Paspalum australe Nash. SOUTHERN PASPALUM. Culms tufted, 
 47 dm. tall; sheaths usually hirsute only on the margins; leaves erect, 
 short, commonly 1.5 dm. long or less, 510 mm. wide, strongly ribbed, 
 rather thick, firm, glabrous beneath or nearly so, hirsute above; racemes 
 2-5, finally spreading, usually 5 cm. long or less; spikelets singly dis- 
 posed, oval, 2.7-3 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide, glabrous. On 
 grassy flats and banks, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Aug. and Sept. Differs from 
 P. laeve and P. angustifolium by its hairy sheaths, and from the latter also 
 by its short leaves. Type collected by Dr. J. K. Small, at Stone Mt., Ga., 
 Aug. 1-6, 1895. 
 
 P. 73, after Paspalum circulate Nash, insert: 
 
 6a. Paspalum Boscianum Fluegge. Bosc's PASPALUM. Culms 5-12 
 dm. long, compressed, finally branched, often decumbent at the base and 
 rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths compressed, glabrous, or the basal 
 ones papillose-hirsute; leaves 4-30 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, hairy above 
 near the base; racemes 2-13, spreading or ascending, 4-9 cm. long, the 
 rachis broadly winged; spikelets in pairs, and often so crowded as to ap- 
 pear in 4 rows, frequently reddish brown, broadly obovate, 2-2.3 mm. 
 long, 1.5-1.8 mm. broad, the flowering scale deep brown at maturity. In 
 meadows and moist places, Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla. 
 and Miss. Aug.-Oct. Differs from P. laeve and its relatives in having 
 the spikelets in pairs and the flowering scale a deep seal-brown at ma- 
 turity. 
 
 P. 74, after Paspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte, insert: 
 na. Paspalum Kentuckidnse Nash. KENTUCKY PASPALUM. Culms 
 tufted, 25 dm. tall, slender; sheaths ciliate on the overlapping margin, 
 otherwise glabrous; leaves erect, lanceolate, 6 cm. long or less, 4-10 mm. 
 wide, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate on the margin with hairs less than 
 I mm. long; racemes single or in pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets about 1.6 
 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, glabrous. In dry soil, Ky. and Tenn. 
 June-Aug. The upper surfaces of the leaves in this species are glabrous., 
 while in P. longipedunculatum they are pubescent; the marginal leaf-hairs 
 in this are but i mm. long, about one-half the length of those in P. longi- 
 pedunculatum. Type collected near Poor Fork P. O., Ky., by T. H. 
 Kearney, Jr., Aug. 1893. 
 
 P. 83, after Panicum amarum, insert: 
 
 loa. Panicum amaroides Scribn. & Merr. SOLITARY SEA-BEACH 
 PANICUM. A low grass with long rootstocks, from which at rather 
 distant intervals culms arise singly, glaucous foliage, and a slender 
 narrow panicle which bears but few spikelets. Culms 3-8 dm. tall; 
 sheaths overlapping; blades thick and leathery, involute, at least at 
 the apex, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, less than i cm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long, 
 the branches appressed; spikelets 5-6 mm. long, commonly broad 
 and stout, the first scale much exceeding one-half the length of the 
 spikelet, or often equalling it or nearly so, the second and third scales 
 about equal, all the scales acute. In sands along the coast, Ct. to Fla. 
 and Miss. Aug. Oct. Differs from P. amarum Ell. by its rootstocks, 
 nearly simple panicle, and larger spikelets. 
 
 P. 84, after Panicum angustifolium, insert: 
 
 2ia. Panicum Btishii Nash. BUSH'S PANICUM. A tufted nearly 
 glabrous perennial. Culms about 3 dm. tall, finally much branched; 
 leaves about 3 ; blades erect, linear, acuminate, very rough on the margins, 
 ciliate at the base with a few very long hairs, the larger primary 
 blades 8 10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle much exserted, 6-7 cm. 
 long, its branches ascending; spikelets 2.5 mm. long and about 1.2 mm 
 
APPENDIX. 1059 
 
 wide, obovoid, glabrous. In dry ground, Mo. June and July. Related 
 to P. angustifohum Ell., but has glabrous leaves and spikelets, the latter 
 also differing in shape. 
 
 P. 84, before No. 17, insert: 
 
 i6a. Panicum perlongum Nash. ELONGATED PANIC-GRASS. A tufted 
 pubescent perennial. Culms 2-4 dm. tall, simple; sheaths hirsute with 
 long ascending hairs; leaves elongated, linear, erect, papillose-hispid be- 
 neath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper one commonly 8-14 cm. long; panicle 
 much exserted, generally extending beyond the apex of the upper leaf, 
 4-6 cm. long, its branches erect or nearly so; spikelets about 3.25 mm. 
 long and 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, pubescent with a few scattered long hairs. 
 On prairies and in dry soil, 111. to S. Dak. and the Ind. Terr. May -Aug. 
 Differs from P. Enslini in having larger spikelets which are nearly gla- 
 brous. 
 
 P. 84, afte Panicum Bicknellii Nash, insert: 
 
 i8a. Panicum ciliatum Ell. CILIATE PANIC-GRASS. Culms tufted, 1-2.5 
 dm. tall, simple, glabrous, the axis of the panicle and its branches hirsute; 
 sheaths glabrous; leaves spreading or ascending, glabrous on both sur- 
 faces, conspicuously ciliate on the margin, usually 2-6 cm. long and 5-10 
 mm. wide; panicle 3-5 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 1.8-2 
 mm. long and about I mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with short spreading 
 hairs. In sandy soil, Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla. and 
 Miss. May-July. The short and broad strongly ciliate leaves distinguish 
 this from P. Bicknellii Nash, and the glabrous sheaths separate it readily 
 from P. laxiflorum Lam. 
 
 P. 85, before No. 24, insert: 
 
 233. Panicum Yadkinense Ashe. YADKIN PANIC-GRASS. A glabrous 
 perennial. Culms single, 8-10 dm. tall, finally somewhat branched; 
 sheaths white-spotted; leaves ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, the pri- 
 mary ones 8-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; panicle 8-12 cm. long, its 
 branches long, ascending; spikelets about 2.3 mm. long and I mm. wide, 
 elliptic, acute, glabrous. In dry or sandy soil, Md. to Ga. June-Sept. 
 Differs from Panicum dichotomum L. in its taller culms, and larger leaves 
 and spikelets. 
 
 No. 24, read "lucidum Ashe" instead of " sphagnicola Nash"; length 
 of spikelets should be 1.5-2 mm.; omit in line 7 the words "or sparsely 
 pubescent ". 
 
 After Panicum Eatoni Nash, insert: 
 
 273. Panicum octonodum J. G. Smith. EIGHT-JOINTED PANIC-GRASS. 
 Glabrous. Culms erect, 7-n dm. tall, finally branched; leaves erect, firm, 
 4-1 1 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, lanceolate; panicle 9-13 cm. long, oblong, 
 dense, 2-4 cm. wide, its branches erect or nearly so; spikelets 1.3 mm. 
 long and about 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous, oval or nearly globular. In wet 
 places, N. J. to Ala. and Tex. May-Aug. Differs from Panicum Eatoni 
 in its smaller, nearly globular glabrous spikelets. 
 
 P. 85, after Panicum Eatoni, insert: 
 
 270. Panicum paucfpilum Nash. FEW-HAIRED PANICUM. A tufted 
 nearly glabrous perennial. Culms 6-10 dm. tall; leaves 5-8; sheaths 
 with the exterior margin ciliate toward the summit; blades erect or 
 ascending, thickish, sometimes minutely puberulent on the lower sur- 
 face, the lower and larger primary ones 6-9 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; 
 panicle 5-10 cm. long, rather dense, its branches erect- ascending or 
 erect; spikelets numerous, about 1.4 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, 
 oval, pubescent with spreading hairs. In wet soil, southern N. J. to Fla. 
 and Miss. July and Aug. 
 
1060 APPENDIX. 
 
 270. Panicum leucbthrix Nash. GRAY-HAIRED PANICUM. A villous 
 densely tufted perennial. Culms 3-6 dm. tall; primary leaves 3-5; 
 blades erect, rather firm, lanceolate, densely and softly pubescent on 
 the lower surface with short spreading hairs, glabrous above, 3-5 cm. 
 long, 46 mm. wide; primary panicle usually 3-5 cm. long, broadly 
 ovoid, its branches ascending; spikelets about 1.2 mm. long and about 
 0.6 mm. wide, oval, pubescent. In usually dry sandy soil, southern 
 N. J. to Fla. and Tex. July and Aug. 
 
 After Panicum boreale, insert: 
 
 28a. Panicum Clutei Nash. CLUTE'S PANICUM. A tufted nearly 
 glabrous perennial. Culms rather stout, 6-8 dm. tall, at length branched; 
 leaves 4 or 5; sheaths rather loose, minutely pubescent at the apex; 
 blades firm, ascending, lanceolate, smooth on both surfaces, rough 
 on the margins, the lower and larger 7-14 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide; 
 panicle considerably exserted, broadly ovoid, 6-10 cm. long; spikelets 
 oval, acutish, about 2.3 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide, densely pubescent 
 with short hairs. In the pine-barrens of southern N. J. July. Differs 
 from P. boreale Nash by its stouter habit and larger spikelets. 
 
 P. 86, No. 35, read " unciphyllum Trin." instead of " pubescens Lam.", 
 and as a synonym add " P. pubescens A. Gray, not Lam." 
 
 After No. 35, insert: 
 
 35a. Panicum Tennesseense Ashe. TENNESSEE PANIC-GRASS. Culms 
 tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and ascending, papillose-hirsute with 
 long spreading hairs; leaves ascending, lanceolate, the lower surface softly 
 and densely pubescent with short hairs, the upper surface with scattered 
 long hairs, the primary leaves 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the 
 branches much shorter and spreading and with the upper surface nearly 
 glabrous; panicle 7-10 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets 1.7-2 
 mm. long, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or obovoid, strongly pubescent with 
 long spreading hairs. In woods, N. Y. and 111. to Tenn. and Fla. July- 
 Sept. Differs from P. unciphyllum Trin. in its lighter color, usually weak 
 culms, and the glabrous upper surface of the leaves. 
 
 P. 87, No. 38, read " scoparium Lam." instead of " viscidum Ell.", and 
 refer the latter to synonymy, to which add also " P. pubescens Lam." 
 
 After No. 38, insert: 
 
 38a. Panicum scabriusculum Ell. ROUGHISH PANIC-GRASS. Culms gla- 
 brous or pubescent, 8-14 dm. long, erect, finally branched; sheaths gla- 
 brous or pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 
 1-2 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches spreading 
 or ascending; spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm- long and i mm. 
 broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, the nerves of the flowering scale 
 very prominent. In swampy places and ponds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 
 May-Aug. Differs from P. scoparium Lam. in its longer and narrower 
 glabrous leaves and glabrous spikelets. 
 
 P. 87, after Panicum Addisbnii, insert: 
 
 39a. Panicum psamm&philum Nash. SAND PANICUM. A tufted 
 perennial. Culms 24 dm. tall, appressed-hirsute below, finally much 
 branched; leaves of the main culm 3-5; sheaths appressed-pubescent ; 
 blades erect or nearly so, thick, firm, serrulate on the margins, puberu- 
 lent beneath, occasionally with a few long scattered hairs on the upper 
 surface, the primary blades 2-? cm. long and 2-5 mm. wide; primary 
 panicle usually 2-3 cm. long, at feast its axis puberulent ; spikelets broadly 
 obovate, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. wid, obtuse, densely pubescent 
 with spreading hairs. In sandy soil along the coast, Mass, to N. J. 
 June to Aug. Differs from P. Addisonii Nash by its much smaller 
 spikelets. 
 
APPENDIX. 1 06 1 
 
 After Panicum Commonsianum, insert : 
 
 4<>a. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. A tufted pubescent perennial. 
 Culms 3-8 dm. tall, rather slender, pubescent with ascending hairs; 
 leaves about 4; sheaths strongly papillose, ascending stiff hairs arising 
 from the papillae; blades ascending, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. 
 wide, glabrous on the upper surface, the lower surface more or less pubes- 
 cent with scattered spreading hairs; panicle barely exserted, 5-8 cm. 
 long, its branches ascending; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long and about 
 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent. In dry soil, Penn. and Del. July 
 and Aug. Differs from P. Commonsianum Ashe in the barely exserted 
 panicle, the broader leaf-blades, and the papillose sheaths with spreading 
 shorter hairs. 
 
 After Panicum Scribnerianum Nash, insert: 
 
 43a. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. Culms tufted, erect, 3-8 dm. tall, 
 villous, finally fasciculately branched; sheaths, at least the lower ones and 
 those of the branches, papillose-hispid, ciliate on the margin; leaves erect 
 or ascending, 5-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, lanceolate, softly and densely 
 pubescent on the lower surface, the upper surface glabrous or nearly so; 
 primary panicle 6-8 cm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets about 3.5 
 mm. long and 1.7 mm. wide, oval, pubescent. In dry soil, Va. to Ga. and 
 Miss. June-Sept. Differs from P. Scribnerianum Nash by its usually 
 fewer spikelets and the softly pubescent lower surface of the leaves. 
 
 43b. Panicum Ravenelii Scribn. & Mer. RAVENEL'S PANIC-GRASS. Culms 
 tufted, erect, 4-6 dm. tall, finally branched, papillose-hirsute below with 
 ascending hairs, the pubescence above softer; sheaths densely papillose- 
 hirsute with ascending hairs; leaves erect or ascending, glabrous above, 
 densely and softly pubescent beneath, broadly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 
 cm. wide, cordate at the clasping base; panicle 8-10 cm. long, its branches 
 ascending; spikelets about 4 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, obovoid, pubes- 
 cent with rather weak hairs. In woods, D. C. to Fla. and La. July-Sept. 
 (P. scoparium Ell., not Lam.) Differs from P. Scribnerianum in its broader 
 leaves with the lower surface softly pubescent, and from P. oligosanthes in 
 its larger leaves and more numerous spikelets. 
 
 P. 88, after Panicum Porterianum Nash, insert: 
 
 5ia. Panicum pubifolium Nash. HAIRY-LEAVED PANIC-GRASS. A tufted 
 softly pubescent perennial. Culms 3-7 dm. tall, the nodes densely barbed; 
 sheaths densely pubescent and ciliate on the margins; leaves spreading or 
 ascending, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, cordate at the rounded clasping base, 
 pubescent on both surfaces with short spreading hairs, the upper primary 
 leaves 7-11 cm. long and 2-3 cm. broad, the lower smaller; primary pan- 
 icle usually but little exserted, 7-11 cm. long, its axis, as well as the 
 branches, densely pubescent with short soft spreading hairs; spikelets 
 4-5 mm. long and about 1.6 mm. broad, narrowly obovoid, the scales dis- 
 tant, strongly pubescent with long spreading hairs. In rocky woods, 
 N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and Miss. June-Sept. Differs from Panicum 
 Porterianum Nash in having the whole plant softly pubescent, especially 
 the lower surface of the leaves and the panicle. 
 
 P. 88, after Panicum clandestinum, add: 
 
 53. Panicum decoloratum Nash. DISCOLORED PANICUM. A more 
 or less purplish tufted perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Culms 46 dm. 
 tall, finally branched, the nodes barbed; leaves 5 or 6; sheaths loosely 
 embracing the culm, the lower and basal ones papillose-hirsute between 
 the nerves, the upper ones ciliate on the external margin; blades erect 
 or ascending, variously colored with black-purple, broadly lanceolate, 
 cordate-clasping at the base, 7-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, very rough 
 on the margins; panicle usually included at the base; spikelets 2.7 mm. 
 long and 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, sparingly pubescent. In sandy soil, 
 Penn. May and June. Differs from its nearest relative, P. clandes- 
 
1062 APPENDIX. 
 
 tinum L., in the softer pubescence, naked leaf-margins, and smaller 
 spikelets. 
 
 P. 90, before Chaetochloa occidentals Nash, insert: 
 
 aa. Chaetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. PERENNIAL FOXTAIL-GRASS. 
 Perennial. Culms tufted, 3-7 dm. tall, from rootstocks, slender, com- 
 pressed, rough below the raceme; sheaths glabrous, compressed; leaves 
 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the upper surface often with a few long hairs 
 at the base; racemes dense, spikelike, 2-5 cm. long, nearly i cm. in diam- 
 eter, exclusive of the bristles, the rachis pubescent; bristles 5-10 mm. long; 
 spikelets ovoid, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale acute, striate, 
 finely transverse-rugose. In moist soil, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; and in Kans. 
 and Mo. Also in Tropical America. June-Aug. Differs from C. glauca in 
 having the bristles green or purplish instead of tawny yellow, and in being 
 perennial instead of annual. From C. versicolor Bicknell it is distinguished 
 by the S-7-nerved second scale of the spikelet. 
 
 P. 90, after Cenchrus tribuloides L v insert: 
 
 la. Cenchrus macrocephalus (Doell) Scribn. LARGE BUR-GRASS. Culms 
 at first erect or ascending, finally falling prostrate, becoming branched 
 and forming mats, 3-6 dm. long; sheaths very loose, glabrous, com- 
 pressed; leaves flat or complanate, smooth and glabrous, i dm. long or less, 
 4-8 mm. wide; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long; involucres 5-12, 6-8 mm. 
 broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines usually 5-8 mm. long, 
 the spikelets not exserted beyond the involucre. Along the seashore, 
 N. J. to Miss. July-Sept. Differs from C. tribuloides L. in having the in- 
 volucres much larger; in that species they are usually less than 5 mm. 
 broad. 
 
 P. 95, after Aristida gracilis Ell., insert: 
 
 xoa. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. INTERMEDIATE ARISTIDA. 
 Culms slender, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous or sparsely 
 hirsute; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, erect, involute; panicle 
 2-4 dm. long, slender, its branches appressed; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 
 the empty scales manifestly awned, about equal, the flowering scale 
 strongly hispidulous above the middle, equalling or exceeding the empty 
 scales, the awns spreading, the middle one 15-25 mm. long, the lateral ones 
 shorter. In sandy soil, la. to Miss, and Tex. July-Sept. Intermediate be- 
 tween A. gracilis and A. purpurascens, having the large spikelets of the 
 latter, and more the habit of the former. 
 
 P. 105, before Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood, insert: 
 xa. Sporobolus canovirens Nash. SOUTHERN RUSH-GRASS. Culms erect, 
 3-10 dm. tall; leaves 2.5 dm. long, or less, 1-3 mm. wide, attenuate and 
 filiform above; panicle 5-13 cm. long; spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales 
 acuminate, the empty ones unequal, the flowering scale appressed-pubes- 
 cent below with long hairs, about equalling or a little exceeded by the 
 acute palet. In dry sandy soil, Tenn. to Mo., Kans., Miss, and Tex. 
 July-Sept. Resembles S. asper, but the spikelets are smaller, and the 
 palet much shorter relatively, equalling or but little exceeding the flower- 
 ing scale. 
 
 P. 130, after Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees, insert: 
 
 la. Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash. HAIRY ERAGROSTIS. Culms 
 densely tufted, rather stout, 7-13 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, 
 strongly papillose-hispid, each with a tuft of hairs at the apex; leaves flat, 
 the lower ones 4-6 dm. long, less than I cm. wide; panicle 5-8 dm. long, 
 diffuse, its branches finally widely spreading; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-4 
 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long. In dry fields, thickets 
 
APPENDIX. 1063 
 
 and woodlands, Va. (according to T. H. Kearney, Jr.) to Fla., the Ind. 
 Terr, and Tex. Aug. and Sept. Differs from E. capillaris in its stouter 
 and taller culms, strongly papillose-hispid sheaths, and elongated leaves. 
 
 P. 131, after Eragfostis secundiflora Presl, insert: 
 
 i2a. Eragrostis capitata (Nutt.) Nash. Culms branching and creeping, 
 rooting at the nodes, which send up branches 6-10 cm. long; sheaths, at least 
 those on the branches, pubescent; leaves spreading or ascending, 1-3 cm. 
 long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat, lanceolate, pubescent; panicle 2-3 cm. long, 
 nearly or quite as broad, oval; spikelets crowded, clustered, 12-30- 
 flowered, 6-14 mm. long. (Poa capitata Nutt.) In sandy, usually wet soil, 
 Ark. and La. to Neb., N. Mex. and Tex. Also in Mexico. June-Aug. 
 Differs most prominently from E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. by its longer 
 pubescent flowering scales. 
 
 P. 132, in Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray, third line, omit the 
 words "sometimes pubescent"; add: 
 
 ia. Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Mer. HAIRY EATONIA. A tufted per- 
 ennial, with the sheaths, back of the ligule and lower part of the culm 
 softly and densely pubescent. Culms 3-8 dm. tall; leaves 5-18. cm. long, 
 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous, or often softly pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long; 
 spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long. In dry soil, Conn, to Penn., Ga. and Tex. 
 May-Aug. Differs from E. obtusata in having the sheaths, and often 
 also the leaves and culms, softly pubescent. 
 
 After Eatonia nitida (Spreng.) Nash, insert: 
 
 3a. Eatonia glabra Nash. SMOOTH EATONIA. Clums densely tufted, 
 slender, 3-7 dm. tall; sheaths glabrous; leaves rough, flat, 2-7 cm. long, 
 1.5-3 mm - wide; panicle 7-15 cm. long, slender, nodding at the sum- 
 mit; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. In woods, southern N. Y. to Term. May- 
 July. The glabrous sheaths and leaves separate this from E. nitida. Type 
 collected in Madison Co., Tenn., by S. M, Bain, Apr. 1893, No. 507. 
 
 P. 135, after Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P., insert: 
 
 ia. Uniola longifolia Scribn. HAIRY-SHEATHED UNIOLA. Culms tufted, 
 8-12 dm. tall; sheaths, at least the lower ones, densely hirsute; leaves flat, 
 3 dm. long or less, narrowed at both ends, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle 2-4.5 
 dm. long, its branches short and appressed, or the lower ones sometimes 
 long and ascending; spikelets 3-4-flowered, usually about 6 mm. long, the 
 flowering scales about 5 mm. long. In dry, usually sandy soil, Tenn. to 
 Fla. and La. Aug. and Sept. Distinguished by its larger size and strongly 
 hirsute sheaths. 
 
 P. 156, in Elymus striatus Willd., sixth line, omit the words " rough, 
 hispid or"; add: 
 
 ia. Elymus Arkansanus Scribn. & Ball. ARKANSAS WILD RYE. Culms 
 slender, erect, 6-9 dm. tall; sheaths ciliate on the margin; leaves 1-2 dm. 
 long, 4-8 mm. wide, erect or ascending, auricled at the base, rough on the 
 lower surface, the upper surface finely and densely pubescent; spike long- 
 exserted, nodding, 6-9 cm. long; spikelets 2 at each node, 2-flowered; 
 empty scales linear-subulate, hispidulous and 2-3-nerved above, 8-10 mm. 
 long and bearing a straight awn 1-2 cm. long; flowering scales minutely 
 hispidulous, about 7 mm. long, ending in a straight awn 2-4 cm. long. In 
 woods, la. to Ark. and Mo. July. Differs from E. striatus in having the 
 empty and flowering scales merely hispidulous. 
 
 P. 157, after Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn. & Sm., insert: 
 
 3a. Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball. SOUTHERN WILD RYE. Culms 
 
 stout, erect, 9-15 dm. tall; sheaths rough-hairy; leaves ascending, 2-3 dm. 
 
 long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, very rough on the lower surface, rough or rough- 
 
1064 APPENDIX. 
 
 hairy above; spike 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 2 at each node, 4-5-flowered; 
 empty scales diverging, thickened, coriaceous and somewhat curved at 
 the base, usually rough-hairy, about 1.5 cm. long, bearing an awn oi 
 about the same length; flowering scales 8-10 mm. long, hirsute, termi- 
 nated by a straight awn 2.5-3 cm - long. In moist woods and thickets, 
 N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Mo. July and Aug. Intermediate be- 
 tween E. hirsutighmiis and E. Canadensis; separated from the former by 
 its stouter spike and longer scales and awns, and from the latter by the 
 thickened and hirsute empty scales. 
 
 3b. Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. SMOOTH-FLOWERED 
 WILD RYE. Culms erect, stout, 5-10 dm. tall; sheaths loose, smooth or 
 rough-hairy; leaves numerous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, erect or as- 
 cending, somewhat roughened on the lower surface, rough and sometimes 
 a little hairy on the upper surface; spike stout, erect or nodding, 1-1.5 dm. 
 long, sometimes glaucous; spikelets 2 or 3 at each node, 3-5-flowered; 
 empty scales thickened, strongly 3-5-nerved, hispidulous on the nerves, 
 11-15 mm. long, bearing an awn about 2 cm. long; flowering scales 9-12 
 mm. long, minutely hispidulous, terminated by a straight slender awn 2-3 
 cm. long. In low rich woods or thickets, Penn. to Tenn. and Ga., west to 
 N. Mex. July and Aug. Related to E. hirsutiglumis, but distinguished by 
 its merely hispidulous, not hirsute, flowering scales. 
 
 In Eiymus Canadensis L., line 6, omit the words " nearly smooth to "; 
 add: 
 
 4a. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. SHORT-SPIKED WILD RYE. 
 Culms stout, 3-10 dm. tall, erect; sheaths glabrous; leaws 1-2 dm. long, 
 6-10 mm. wide, ascending, smooth or a little rough below, finely hispidu- 
 lous above; spike rather dense, 8-16 cm. long, much exserted; spikelets 2 
 at each node, 3-5-flowered; empty scales hispidulous, 8-10 mm. long, 
 bearing a straight awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; flowering scales smooth or mi- 
 nutely hispidulous, 11-13 mm. long, 5-nerved, the nerves next the mid- 
 nerve often shortly excurrent, terminated by a straight or sometimes 
 diverging awn 2-4 cm. long. In moist open or shaded places, Mich, and 
 S. Dak. to N. Mex. and Tex. Also in Mexico. June-Aug. Distinguished 
 from E. Canadensis by its smaller size and merely hispidulous, not hirsute, 
 flowering scales. 
 
 P. 161, Cyperus microdontus, read for range, Va. and N. C., and add: 
 5a. Cyperus Gatesii Torr. GATES'S CYPERUS. Annual; bright green. 
 Leaves 0.5-4 mm. wide; scapes tufted, 1-4 dm. high, often longer than the 
 leaves; bracts of the involucre surpassing the 3-8-rayed umbel; rays of the 
 umbel 1-5 cm. long; spikelets linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, 
 acute; scales oblong-lanceolate, shining, striate; achene oblong, abruptly 
 apiculate. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. May-Sept. Differs from 
 C. microdontus in the oblong, not ovate, scales, the 3-8-rayed, not capitate, 
 umbel, and the abruptly apiculate achene. 
 
 P. 162. Cyperus Schweinitzii, strike Kans. from range and add: 
 pa. Cyperus Bushii Britton. BUSH'S CYPERUS. Perennial by tuber- 
 like corms. Leaves 3-4 rnm. wide, smooth; scapes smooth, 3-6 dm. high, 
 longer than the leaves; longer involucral bracts much exceeding the 
 umbel; umbel capitate, or with 1-5 rays; spikelets loosely capitate, flat, 
 linear, acute, 8-16 mm. long; scales firm, shining, oblong, mucronate, 
 strongly about n-nerved; achene oblong, 3-angled, nearly twice as long 
 as thick, apiculate, two-thirds as long as the scale. In sandy soil, Minn. 
 to Wis., Neb. and the Ind. Terr. July-Sept. Type collected by B. F. 
 Bush at Arkansas, Ind. Terr. 
 
 P. 169, Eleocharis ovata, ranges southward only to Mass, and Mich.; 
 add: 
 
APPENDIX. 1065 
 
 8a. Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. BLUNT SPIKE-RUSH. Differs from 
 Eleocharis ovata in the pale scales of the spike and in the tubercle, which is 
 nearly or quite as broad and about one-third as high as the achene. In 
 wet soil, N. S. to Fla., Br. Col., Kans. and Texas. 
 
 P. 170, before Eleocharis acicularis, insert: 
 
 loa. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. SMALL'S SPIKE-RUSH. Perennial; 
 alms rather stout, about 6 dm. high and 2-3 mm. thick. Summit of the 
 basal sheath oblique; spikelet cylindric, acute, about 1.5 cm. long, about 
 as thick as the culm; scales narrowly lanceolate-oblong, acuminate; 
 achene dark brown, obovate, turgid-lenticular, somewhat Jiining, 
 1.5 mm. long, rounded at the top; tubercle bulb-like, constricted at the 
 base, one- fourth as long as the achene and about one-half as wide; bristles 
 about as long as the achene and tubercle. Valley of the Susquehanna 
 River, Pa. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 P. 171, after Eleocharis intermedia, insert: 
 
 2ia. Eleocharis Macounii Fernald. MACOUN'S SPIKE-RUSH. Annual, 
 similar to E. intermedia, but with stouter culms, longer, narrower, elliptic- 
 lanceolate, densely flowered spikelets about I cm. long. Scales dark 
 brown; achene compressed-trigonous, obovate, light brown, shining, 
 tubercle deltoid-conic, about half as long as the achene; bristles down- 
 wardly barbed, about as long as the achene and tubercle. Borders of 
 marshes, North Wakefield, Quebec. 
 
 P. 178, after Scirpus validus, insert: 
 
 i5a. Scirpus heterochaetus Chase. UNEQUAL-BRISTLED BULRUSH. Simi- 
 lar to S. validus, but more slender, though about as tall. Umbel com- 
 pound, of 9-17 ovoid-oblong acute spikelets 8-12 mm. long; scales reddish 
 brown, ovate-oblong, emarginate, glabrous, the excurrent midvein sca- 
 brous; style 3-cleft; bristles 2-4, usually 2, unequal, fragile shorter 
 than the achene, retrorsely barbed; achene obovate, trigonous, 2.5-3 
 mm. long. Lakes and ponds, Vt. to N. Y., 111., Minn., Nebr. and Ore. 
 
 P. 179, after Scirpus robustus, insert: 
 
 iga. Scirpus Fernaldi Bicknell. FERNALD'S BULRUSH. Slender, 
 rather pale green, the sharply three-angled culms 4-8 dm. high; leaves 2-6 
 mm. wide, slenderly attenuate, the longer ones often surpassing the culms; 
 primary involucral leaf erect, mostly 1.5-2 dm. long; spikes rather pale, 
 short-ovate or finally broadly ovate, 1-1.5 cm - long, 1-3 in a sessile cluster 
 or stipitate, and 1-5 borne on slender, stiffly flexuous or crinkled, wiry, 
 diverging peduncles 2-7 cm. long; scales finely close-puberulent, the lower 
 ones often somewhat spreading, becoming bifid and finally lacerate, the 
 midvein excurrent in a recurved awn 3-12 mm. long; achene yellowish 
 brown and shining, broadly truncated, obovoid-cuneate, 2.5-3 mm. long 
 and broad, almost equally trigonous or slightly depressed-trigonous with 
 rounded angles or the dorsal swelling more or less umbonate, short- 
 mucronulate; bristles fugacious, shorter than or equal to the achene. 
 Mt Desert, Me., shore of Somes Sound with S. paludosus, Aug. 20, 1898. 
 
 *gb. Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson. Low MARSH BULRUSH. Similar to 
 S. robustus Pursh, but lower and more slender, with shorter, narrower 
 leaves and more densely clustered, sessile, mostly ovate or ovate-oblong, 
 dark brown spikes; culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff and often very slender, 
 usually growing in close colonies, the leaves 1-4 mm. wide. Resembles 
 S. interior Britton, of the prairie region, but the spikes are much 
 darker, the achenes more truncate-obovate and more bluntly angled. 
 From Can. and New Eng. to N. J. and at alkaline inland stations, flower- 
 ing from 2-4 weeks earlier than S. robustus. 
 
1066 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 24, for " Scirpus microcarpus Presl ", read " Scirpus rubrotinctus 
 Fernald." .S. microcarpus occurs only on the Pacific slope. 
 
 P. 1 80, at end of Scirpus, add: 
 
 30. Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. BLACKISH WOOL-GRASS. Similar to S, 
 cyperinus L., 5". Eriophorum Michx., but the culm slender, about 1.5 mm. 
 thick at the top, the bases of the involucral leaves black or nearly so; 
 inflorescence loose and ample with the spikelets pedicelled, or these in a 
 subcapitate cluster; scales greenish black; bristles light brown or olive- 
 brown. In wet places, Newf. to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Conn., Penn. 
 and Iowa. 
 
 For "Scirpus cyperinus Eriophorum" read "Scirpus Eriophorum 
 Michx." The plant proves to be specifically distinct from S. cyperir.us and 
 from the foregoing. 
 
 P. 1 86, after Rynchospora gracile"nta, insert: 
 
 xoa. Rynchospora Smallii Britton. SMALL'S BEAKED-RUSH. Culms 
 rather stout, 1.4 m. high or less, tufted. Leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide; 
 spikelets numerous in several rather loose clusters, 34 mm. long, fusi- 
 form, their scales brown; bristles upwardly barbed, as long as the achene 
 and tubercle; achene narrowly obovate, brown, smooth, shining, 1.5 mm. 
 long, the smooth tubercle about one-half as long. Bogs and damp 
 hillsides, Pa. and N. C. July-Aug. 
 
 P. 1 88, after Scleria pauciflora, insert: 
 
 Scleria ciliata Michx. HAIRY NUT-RUSH. Resembles Scleria pauciflora, 
 but is usually stouter, 3-6 dm. high, pubescent; bracts of the flower-clus- 
 ters ciliate; achenes subglobose to globose-ovoid, 3 mm. long, acute, 
 roughened by short ridges or projections; hypogynium a narrow obtusely 
 3-angled border supporting 3 tubercles, these often 2-lobed. In pine 
 lands, Va. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. Also in the W. I. June-Sept. 
 
 P. 189, before Uncinia, insert: 
 
 2. Kobresia elachycarpa Fernald. Tufted; culms compressed, wiry, 
 5.5 dm. high or less, rough toward the top. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, flat, 
 much shorter than the culms; spike 1-2.5 cm - l n g; spikelets 2-7, 
 staminate, androgynous, or pistillate; scale ovate; glume ovate, connate 
 at base, emarginate; stigmas 2, elongated; stamens 2; achene oblong, 
 truncate, nerveless, about 1.5 mm. long. Me. June-July. 
 
 P. 223, after Carex interior capillacea, insert: 
 
 i76a. Carex seorsa E. C. Howe. HOWE'S SEDGE. Loosely tufted; culms 
 weak, 6.5 dm. high or less. Leaves pale green, soft, 14-4 mm. wide, 
 shorter than the culms; spikes 2 to 6, subglobose to oblong, 6-20- 
 flowered, remote, or the upper approximate, 3 . 5-7 mm. long, the lowest 
 one often subtended by a filiform tract, the uppermost with many stam- 
 inate flowers at its base; scales membranous, ovate, acute, much shorter 
 than the perigynia; perigynia ovate elliptic, widest near the middle, 
 strongly nerved, tapering to both ends, substipitate, with a very short 
 and smooth beak. In wet woods and swamps, Mass, to S. N. Y. and 
 Del. May-June. 
 
 P. 226, before Carex scoparia, insert: 
 
 iQ2a. Carex Crawfordii Fernald. CRAWFORD NOTCH SEDGE. Culms 
 slender, tufted or solitary, 1-3 dm. tall, rough above. Leaves 2.5 mm. 
 wide or less, often exceeding the culms; spikes oblong or ovoid, bluntish, 
 greenish brown, clustered in an oblong head, the lower one often sub- 
 tended by a filiform bract which sometimes surpasses the head; peri- 
 gynia narrowly lanceolate, firm, about 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or 
 less. Newf. to Assiniboia, Mass., N. Y., and Mich. June-Sept. 
 
APPENDIX. 1067 
 
 P. 227, after Carex leporina, insert: 
 
 i94a. Carex Orone'nsis Fernald. ORONO SEDGE. Loosely caespitose, 
 I m. high or less, the slender culms erect, rough above. Leaves 2.5-4 
 mm. wide, shorter than the culms; spikes 3-9, oval to obovoid, 5-10 mm. 
 long, ascending, dark brown, acutish, clustered in an oblong-cylindric 
 spike; scales scarious-margined, ovate, acutish, about equalling the 
 perigynia; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, narrowly 
 winged above. Woods, thickets, and fields, Orono, Me. June-July. 
 
 P. 227, after Carex adusta, insert: 
 
 ip6a. Carex aenea Fernald. WIRY SEDGE. Culms wiry, smooth, 
 12 dm. high or less, tufted, much longer than the leaves, the top nod- 
 ding. Leaves flat, 24 mm. wide; spikes obovoid, light brown, the 
 upper close together, the lower separated; perigynia ascending, len- 
 ticular, ovate, 45 mm. long, about one-half as wide as long, brown, 
 the inner face nerveless or few-nerved toward the base. Newf. to 
 Alberta, Mass., N. Y. and Mich. June-Aug. 
 
 P. 228, after Carex tenera in visa, insert: 
 
 20oa. Carex suberdcta (Olney) Britton. PRAIRIE SEDGE. Culms 
 tufted, slender but stiff, erect, 6-9 dm. high, longer than the leaves, 
 rough above. Leaves flat, 2-3.5 mm - wide; spikes 2-6, clustered at 
 the top of the culm, ovoid or oblong, acutish, 7-10 mm. long, ferru- 
 ginous; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, appressed, 
 shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovate, about 5 mm. long and 
 one-half as wide as long, appressed or closely ascending, broadly winged, 
 rather abruptly narrowed into the sharp beak (C. tenera var. suberecta 
 Olney; C. foenea var. ferruginea A. Gray, not C. ferruginea Scop.). Ohio 
 to Mich., 111. and Iowa. 
 
 P. 229, after Arisaema triphyllum, insert: 
 
 i a. Arisaema Stewardsonii Britton. STEWARDSON BROWN'S INDIAN 
 TURNIP. Dark green, 3-6 dm. high. Leaf-segments 3, lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, thin, narrowed at the base, shining on both sides, 4-20 cm. long; 
 spathe about as long as its peduncle, strongly fluted, green with white 
 stripes, the dilated part acuminate; spadix slender, blunt; fruits 8-10 mm. 
 in diameter. In wet woods, growing among Sphagnum, Penn. to Vt. 
 Differs from related species by its fluted spathe and shining leaves. 
 Type from Tannersville, Penn., collected by Stewardson Brown, E. P. 
 Bicknell and N. L. Britton, July 4th, 1901. 
 
 P. 236, after Xyris Caroliniana, insert: 
 
 4a. Xyris Congdoni Small, n. sp. CONGDON'S YELLOW-EYED GRASS. 
 Scapes relatively stout, 4-6.5 dm. tall. Leaves linear from a broad 
 base which is sometimes over i cm. wide, the longer ones nearly as 
 long as the scapes; head oval or nearly so, 11-16 mm. long; bracts 
 erose at the top, the larger ones 6-8 mm. long; lateral sepals 6-7 mm. 
 long, the broad keel crested above the middle. Differs from X. Caro- 
 liniana in the greater size of the plant, the broader greatly elongated 
 leaves, the more numerous bracts of the head, and the longer lateral 
 sepals. Low grounds, Mass to N. J., near the coast. Type from South 
 Kingston, R. I. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 P. 237, after Eriocaulon septangulare, insert: 
 
 la. Eriocaulon Parkeri Robinson. PARKER'S PIPE-WORT. Tufted, 
 nearly glabrous, 6-n cm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. wide 
 at the base, 3-6 cm. long, 7~9-fenestrate-nerved ; scapes erect, sub- 
 rigid; heads 3-4 mm. in diameter, campanulate at the base in fruit 
 (ellipsoid in E. septangulare) \ flowers erect (the outer ones spreading in 
 
1068 APPENDIX. 
 
 E. septangulare) ; perianth-segments nearly glabrous. In tidal mud 
 near Camden, N. J. Sept.-Oct. 
 
 P. 248, after Juncus tenuis, insert: 
 
 na. Juncus interior Wiegand. INLAND RUSH. Plants 5-10 dm. tall, 
 light green. Leaves basal; blades about one-third the length of the scape, 
 1-1.25 mm. wide, sometimes involute; scapes grooved; inflorescence 3-10 
 cm. long, many-flowered, the branches ascending; flowers scattered, rather 
 distant; perianth straw-colored, 3-4 mm. long; sepals and petals nearly 
 equal, lanceolate-subulate, slenderly acute or acuminate, appressed or 
 erect; stamens 6, one-half as long as the perianth; anthers much shorter 
 than the filaments; capsule oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong, about as long 
 as the perianth, obtuse or barely apiculate; seeds oblong, 0.35-0.50 mm. 
 long. In dry woods or on prairies, 111. to Wyo., Tenn., Miss, and Ariz. 
 Spring and early summer. Differs from J. secundus in the longer bracts 
 of the inflorescence, the larger perianth, the flowers scarcely or not at all 
 secund. 
 
 nb. Juncus Dudley! Wiegand. DUDLEY'S RUSH. Plants 3-10 dm. tall, 
 pale green. Leaves basal; blades about one-half the length of the scape, or 
 less, very narrowly linear, flat, frequently somewhat involute; scapes 
 tufted, often relatively stout, but wiry, striate-grooved; inflorescence 2-5 
 cm. high, or rarely slightly larger, usually rather congested, considerably 
 exceeded by its bract, few-flowered; perianth green or pale straw-colored, 
 4-5 mm. long; sepals and petals firm, nearly equal, lanceolate-subulate, 
 acute, more or less spreading, scarious-margined; anthers slightly shorter 
 than the filaments; capsules ovoid-oval, shorter than the perianth, some- 
 what apiculate; seeds oblong, 0.37-0.45 mm. long, apiculate at each end. 
 In damp soil and open places, Me. to Ont., Saskatchewan, Wash., Conn., 
 Tenn. and Mex. Spring and summer. Differs from J. tenuis by the 
 yellow-brown cartilaginous margins of the leaf-sheaths. 
 
 P. 248, after Juncus Vaseyi, insert: 
 
 I3a. Juncus Orondnsis Fernald. ORONO RUSH. Perennial, tufted, 
 similar to /. Vaseyi, but the inflorescence elongated and much shorter 
 than the filiform lower bract, which is sometimes 9 cm. long; branches 
 of the inflorescence nearly erect, the flowers secund; perianth 4-5 mm. 
 long; stamens 6, half as long as the perianth, the anthers as long as 
 the filaments; capsule oblong, triquetrous, shorter than the perianth; 
 seeds larger than those of /. Vaseyi, about i5-ribbed, i mm. long, 
 short-tailed. In swamps, Me. 
 
 P. 252, before Juncus megac^phalus, insert: 
 
 34a. Juncus validus Coville. STURDY RUSH. Stout, i m. high or 
 less, the compressed stem i-3-leaved. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. 
 wide, compressed, the septa complete; inflorescence 3.5 dm. long or less, 
 its branches stiff, spreading; heads several or numerous, globose, 12 
 15 mm. in diameter; perianth 4-5 mm. long, its parts subulate, about 
 twice as long as the 3 stamens; capsule subulate, often falcate, i-celled, 
 exceeding the perianth, beakless, dehiscent to the base; seeds broadly 
 oval, reticulate in about 20 longitudinal rows. In sandy soil, Mo. to 
 Miss, and Texas. 
 
 P. 254, after Juncoides campestre, adu: 
 
 8. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small. BULBOUS WOOD-RUSH. Base 
 of the plant accompanied by bulblets. Foliage almost glabrous or some- 
 what webby on the leaf-margins and at the tops of the sheaths; stems 1-4 
 dm. tall; inflorescence umbel-like, the peduncles very unequal at maturity; 
 sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, brown- 
 ish, acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hyaline at the apex; capsule 
 
IP FEND IX. 1069 
 
 broadly obovoid, or globose-obovoid, often nearly as thick as long, sur- 
 passing the sepals or sometimes about equalling them. [Luzula campestris 
 var. buibosa Wood.] In woods, thickets and open sandy places, Va. to 
 Kans., Ga. and Tex. Spring. 
 
 P. 263, after Allium vineale, add : 
 
 6a. Allium carinatum L. KEELED GARLIC. Similar to A. vineale. BuPj 
 ovoid, its coats membranous; stem terete, leafy to about the middle, 2.5 
 dm. tall or less; leaves linear, channeled below, flat toward the apex, 2-3 
 mm. wide, prominently 3~5-nerved; bracts of the umbel 2, narrowly linear, 
 one much longer than the other; umbel erect, bearing either bulbs or cap- 
 sules; pedicels filiform, 2-4 cm. long, filaments simple, not toothed. 
 Bucks Co., Penn. Fugitive from Europe. 
 
 P. 263, after Allium Nuttallii, insert: 
 
 pa. Allium H^lleri Small. HELLER'S WILD ONION. Bulbs ovoid, 
 usually two together, fibrous-coated. Scape 2 dm. high or less, equalling 
 or longer than the leaves; leaves basal, linear, about 2 mm. wide; bracts 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels slender, 815 mm. long; peri- 
 anth white or rose, 6-7 mm. long, its segments oblong-lanceolate to 
 elliptic, obtuse; bases of the filaments broadened; capsule crestless, 
 much shorter than the perianth. Dry soil, Neb. to Kans. and Texas. 
 April-June. 
 
 P. 266, insert: 
 
 7 a. TULIPA L. 
 
 Bulbous herbs with erect leaf-bearing stems and large solitary (rarely 
 2) erect flowers. Perianth campanulate, the segments distinct, erect or 
 erect-spreading, deciduous, usually with a spot at the base, but without a 
 nectar-gland; stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; anthers 
 erect, basifixed; ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous; 
 capsule oblong or globose; seeds numerous, flat. [Ancient name.] Fifty 
 species or more, natives of Europe and Asia. 
 
 x. Tulipa sylvestris L. WILD TULIP. Bulb ovoid, 2.5 cm. long or 
 less; stem about 3 dm. high, with 1-3 linear-lanceolate acuminate leaves; 
 flower yellow, 7-9 cm. broad; inner perianth-segments rather broader 
 than the outer, acute; filaments pubescent at the base. In meadows, Bucks 
 Co., Penn. Adventive from Europe. 
 
 P. 274, after Trillium viride, insert: 
 
 2a. Trillium viride*scens Nutt. Stem 4-6 dm. tall, slender, usually pu- 
 bescent at the top; leaves ovate, orbicular-ovate or broadly elliptic, 1015 
 cm. long, acuminate, sometimes abruptly so, 5-nerved, sessile ; flower sessile ; 
 sepals linear-lanceolate or almost linear, 4-5 cm. long, acute, green; 
 petals conspicuously narrow, the claw-like base linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, 
 greenish, the blade narrowly linear-lanceolate or nearly linear, fully twice 
 as long as the claw-like base, pale purple; filaments 2.5-5 mm. long; 
 anthers 12-15 mm. long; stigmas 6-8 mm. long, straight, or recurved only 
 near the tip. On hillsides and rich woods, Kans. and Ark. Spring. Dif- 
 fers from T. viride in its acuminate leaves and pale purple narrower petals. 
 
 P. 283, after Iris Caroliniana, insert: 
 
 3a. Iris folibsa Mackenzie & Bush. LEAFY BLUE FLAG. Stems 
 rather stout, 6 10 dm. tall, flexuous. Leaves broadly linear, green, not 
 glaucous, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, often 6 dm. long, exceeding the flowers, 
 which are thus partly hidden among them; flowers about 3, their pedicels 
 2-3 cm. long; perianth-segments bluish, spreading, crestless, about 
 6 cm. long; capsule strongly 6-angled. Meadows and borders of low 
 woods, Mo. June. 
 
10/0 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 294, after Limnorchis hyperborea, insert: 
 
 za. Limnorchis major (Lange) Rydb. LARGE GREEN ORCHID. 
 Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, 5-30 cm. 
 long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; spike dense, 5-15 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, the 
 lower slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers 12-14 mm - long; upper 
 sepal broadly ovate, obtuse, 5 mm. long, the lateral ones ovate-lanceo- 
 late, obtuse, spreading; petals lanceolate, acute, oblique, a little shorter 
 than the sepals; lip 5-6 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; spur almost 
 equalling or somewhat exceeding the lip, distinctly clavate and curved. 
 Greenland to N. Y. and Wis. May-Aug. 
 
 P. 294, after Limnorchis fragrans, add: 
 
 6. Limnorchis graminifolia Rydb. GRASS-LEAVED ORCHID. Very 
 slender, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 5-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. 
 wide; spike short; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; flowers 
 white, 12-15 mm. long; upper sepal ovate, 4 mm. long, the lateral ones 
 lanceolate, slightly shorter than the upper one; lip lanceolate, obtuse 
 dilated near the base, but not rhombic; spur one- third to one-half longer 
 than the lip, clavate toward the apex, acute. Alaska; Riviere du Loup, 
 Canada. 
 
 P. 294, add the genus: 
 
 7a. PIPERIA Rydb. 
 
 Somewhat leafy-stemmed plants, but the leaves usually near the base 
 and withering at or before anthesis, the stem-leaves reduced and bract- 
 like. Tubers spherical or ellipsoid; flowers greenish or white; sepals 
 and petals i -nerved or very obscurely 3-nerved; upper sepal ovate or 
 lanceolate, erect, the lateral ones spreading, linear to lanceolate, their 
 bases united with the claw of the lip; upper petals free, lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, oblique, but not cordate; blade of the lip linear-lan- 
 ceolate to ovate, obtuse, truncate or hastate at the base, concave but 
 with a longitudinal low ridge in the middle produced by the undulation 
 of the lip, the claw united with the bases of the lower sepals, bordered 
 with an erect margin which connects the lip with the column; anther- 
 cells unusually large for the size of the flower, parallel, opening nearly 
 laterally; stigma a small beak in the angle between the anther-cells; 
 ovary sessile, ellipsoid in fruit. About 10 species, natives of North 
 America. [In honor of Professor C. V. Piper.] 
 
 i. Piperia Unalasch&isis (Spreng.) Rydb. ALASKA PIPERIA. Stem 
 strict, slender, 3-5 dm. high, leafy only near the base; basal leaves 
 oblanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. l n g - 8 ~3 cm - wide; stem-leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late to lanceolate, attenuate, 0.5-1 cm. long; spike long and lax, 1-3 
 dm. long; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, one-half to two-thirds 
 as long as the flowers; flowers greenish, distinctly in spirals, 8-10 mm. 
 long; petals and sepals 2-4 mm. long; upper sepal ovate, acutish, the 
 lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, obtusish; petals purplish green, somewhat 
 fleshy, lanceolate, oblique at the base; lip oblong, obtuse, slightly 
 hastately lobed near the base; spur filiform or slightly clavate, a little 
 exceeding the lip, but shorter than the ovary. In damp woods from 
 southern Alaska and Alberta to Cal. and Colo., and on Jupiter River, 
 Anticosti. 
 
 P. 300, after Gyrostachys crnua, insert: 
 
 43. Gyrostachys parviflora (Chapm.) Small. SMALL-FLOWERED 
 LADIES' TRESSES. Stem 2^4 dm. tall, leafy below, minutely pubescent 
 above; blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves broadly linear tc 
 linear-oblong, 4-16 cm. long; spike compact, elongating in age, the 
 bracts not surpassing the flowers; perianth white; lateral sepals lanceo- 
 late, sometimes broadly so, with the base often dilated, about 5 mm, 
 
APPENDIX. 1071 
 
 long; petals broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, about as long as the 
 sepals; lip ovate or oblong-ovate, about 5 mm. long, the callosities 
 somewhat incurved. In woods and swamps, Ohio, Ala. and La. Oct. 
 
 P. 313, after Salix lucida, insert: 
 
 4a. Salix serissima (Bailey) Fernald. LATE-FRUITING WILLOW. A 
 Tub sometimes 4 m. high, with glabrous brown shining twigs. Leaves 
 lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm - wide, finely 
 glandular-serrate, acute or acuminate, firm, dark green and shining 
 above with a light green midrib, pale green and dull beneath, glabrous; 
 petioles 12 mm. long or less, bearing large glands at the apex; aments 
 borne at the ends of short leafy branches, the rachis, peduncles, and 
 scales densely white-pilose, the staminate oblong, 2 cm. long or less; 
 pistillate aments loosely flowered, becoming 4 cm. long or less; capsules 
 glabrous, shining, larger than those of 5. Lucida, ripening from August 
 to October. In bogs and wet meadows, Mass, to Ont., Minn., N. J., 
 Ohio, and Ky. May-June. 
 
 P. 316, after Salix interior, insert: 
 
 2ia. Salix Wheeled (Rowlee) Ryd.b. WHEELER'S WILLOW. A 
 low shrub, related to 5. interior, but in habit and pubescence more 
 resembling the western 5. argophylla Nutt. Young twigs appressed- 
 silky with white hairs, becoming glabrous toward the end of the first 
 season; bark of older twigs grayish brown; leaves linear-lanceolate 
 to oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm - wide, 
 sessile, rather strongly veined, densely white-silky on both sides, evenly 
 denticulate, rather abruptly short-acuminate; aments borne at the ends 
 of short leafy branches, shorter and denser than those of S. interior, 
 clustered; bracts oblong, light brown, villous; capsule pubescent. Sandy 
 beaches, N. B. to Mich., N. Y. and 111. June-July. (5. interior Wheel- 
 eri Rowlee.) 
 
 P. 328, after Betula populifolia, insert: 
 
 la. Betula coeriilea Blanchard. BLUE BIRCH. Similar to B. populi- 
 folia, but larger and stouter, the white bark freely separating in thin 
 sheets. Foliage bluish green; young shoots warty; leaves ovate, or 
 sometimes deltoid-ovate, long-petioled, irregularly sharply serrate, 
 truncate to broadly cuneate at the base, the apex gradually acuminate 
 to long- acuminate, both surfaces glabrous when mature; ripe pistillate 
 aments stalked, cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 1-3.5 crn - l n g; bracts 
 densely puberulent, their lateral lobes larger than the middle one; nut 
 narrower than its wings. Woods, Vermont. May. 
 
 P. 328, after Betula nigra, insert: 
 
 4a. Betula Sandbergi Britton. SANDBERG'S BIRCH. Young twigs 
 loosely pubescent, green, becoming brown. Leaves rhombic-ovate, 
 acute, rather evenly serrate, dark green and strongly netted-veined 
 on the upper side, light green, very glandular and slightly pubescent 
 on the veins beneath, 6 cm. long or less, cuneate at the base; petioles 
 glabrous, 1.5 cm. long or less; staminate catkins 6 cm. long or more; 
 strobiles slender-stalked, cylindric, 2-2.5 cm - l n g> about 6 mm. thick, 
 their scales about 4 mm. long, pubescent, 3-lobed at the apex, the mid- 
 dle lobe a little longer than the blunt ascending lateral ones, all the 
 lobes blunt; nut oval to obovate, 1.5 mm. long, rather narrower than 
 its wings. Swamps, Hennepin County, Minn., and Saskatchewan. 
 
 P. 329, after Betula lutea, insert: 
 
 5a. Betula Alleghanie*nsis Britton. SOUTHERN YELLOW BIRCH. 
 Resembling B. lenta and B. lutea. Bark either close and furrowed, or 
 peeling off in thin yellowish-gray layers; young twigs long-pubescent, 
 becoming brown and shiny; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually 
 
10/2 APPENDIX. 
 
 gradually acuminate, 12 cm. long or less, rather coarsely and sharply 
 serrate, mostly cordate at the base but sometimes rounded, dark green 
 and glabrous above, yellow- green and more or less pubescent on the 
 veins beneath when mature; petioles pubescent, about i cm. long; 
 staminate catkins 6 cm. long or more, their scales broadly ovate and 
 obtusish; strobiles oblong-cylindric, 2-3 cm. long, very short-stalked 
 or sessile, their scales 4-6 mm. long, pubescent, nearly or quite as wide 
 as long, 3-lobed above the middle, the wedge-shaped part below the 
 lobes short, the margins ciliate; nut narrowly obovate to oblong, 2-3 mm. 
 long, mostly narrower than its wings. Mass, to Que. and Mich., south 
 to southern N. Y., Penn., and in the mountains to Ga. 
 
 P. 330, after Alnus Alnobetula, insert: 
 
 la. Alnus mdllis Fernald. HAIRY GREEN ALDER. Similar to A. 
 Alnobetula, but more pubescent, especially on the young twigs and the 
 under leaf- surf aces, which are often quite densely hairy. Leaves finely 
 unequally serrate, 10 cm. long or less; fruiting pistillate aments, aver- 
 aging larger, 1.2-2 cm. long; nut oblong, its thin wing about as broad 
 as the body. Rocky places and swampy soil, Newf. to Man., Mass., 
 N. Y. and Mich. May-June. 
 
 ib. Alnus Mitchelliina M. A. Curtis. MITCHELL'S ALDER. Resem- 
 bles A. mollis, but the young twigs are glabrate, or only sparingly 
 pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, blunt or short- 
 pointed at the apex, rounded or often quite deeply cordate at the base, 
 the veins of the under side quite densely pubescent, otherwise glabrous 
 or with a few scattered hairs; staminate aments stout; ripe pistillate 
 aments as large as those of A. mollis, or larger, much larger than those 
 of A. Alnobetula. High mountains of Va., N. C., and Eastern Tenn. 
 May. 
 
 P. 330, after Alnus inckna, insert: 
 
 2a. Alnus Noveborace"nsis Britton. NEW YORK ALDER. A shrub 
 or small tree, sometimes 8 m. tall, with a trunk 1.5 dm. thick. 
 Young twigs and petioles densely pubescent; leaves oblong to obovate, 
 acute at both ends, 12 cm. long or less, sharply irregularly serrate, very 
 densely pubescent on the prominent veins beneath, otherwise glabrous 
 or nearly so, dark green above, paler green but not at all glaucous on 
 the under side; ripe pistillate aments numerous, oblong, 1.5 cm. long, 
 very short-stalked; nut oval, about one-half longer than wide, nar- 
 rowly margined. Woods and thickets near the coast, southeastern N. Y. 
 Type from Grant City, Staten Island. 
 
 P. 339, after Celtis occidentalis, insert: 
 
 la. Celtis canina Raf. DOG HACKBERRY. Taller than C. occiden- 
 talis, the trunk sometimes nearly a meter thick. Leaves broadly lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, light green, 8-16 cm. long, thin, attenuate- 
 acuminate, smooth on the upper surface when mature, pubescent be- 
 neath, at least on the veins; petioles slender, 2 cm. long or less, about half 
 as long as the fruiting peduncles; drupe oblong to globular, purple, 
 about i cm. long. In rich soil, N. Y. to 111., S. Dak., Pa. and Mo. 
 April-May. 
 
 P. 339, after Celtis crassifolia, insert: 
 
 2a. Celtis Georgiana Small. GEORGIA HACKBERRY. A shrub or small 
 tree, with pinnately arranged branches, the young twigs puberulent. 
 Leaves small, mostly less than 5 cm. v long, short-petioled, obliquely ovate, 
 subcordate, acute or short-acuminate, sharply few-toothed or some of 
 them entire, firm, rough or roughish above, prominently reticulate- 
 
APPENDIX. 1073 
 
 veined beneath; peduncles short, 2-8 mm. long, mostly not longer than 
 the diameter of the globose fruit. In rocky places, Penn. to Fla., Mo. 
 and Ala. April. 
 
 P. 339, after Celtis Mississippie*nsis, add: 
 
 4. Celtis reticulata Torn NET-VEINED HACKBERRY. A small tree. 
 Leaves thick and coriaceous, strongly reticulate- veined beneath, the 
 veins impressed in the upper surface; blades 7 cm. long or less, bright 
 green, and either very rough or nearly smooth, above, ovate, acute, serrate 
 or entire; drupe red, globular, 8-12 mm. in diameter. Along streams, 
 Kans. to Texas, Colo, and Cal. 
 
 P. 341, after Humulus Lupulus, add: 
 
 IE. Humulus Japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. JAPANESE HOP. A twining 
 vine, similar to the Common Hop, the leaves deeply pedately 5-7-cleft. 
 Pistillate aments few-flowered, their bracts and bractlets deltoid, acu- 
 minate, hispid-pubescent at least on the margins, not glandular. In waste 
 ground, Conn, to D.C. Introduced from Japan. Aug. Sept. 
 
 P. 364, after Polygonum Rayi, insert: 
 
 24a. Polygonum Fowled. Robinson. FOWLER'S KNOTWEED. Similar 
 to P. Rayi in habit, but pale green. Leaves elliptic or oblong, often 
 narrowly so, 1.5-3 cm. long, mostly obtuse; flowers solitary or 2 together; 
 calyx deeply 5-parted, whitish or reddish, the lobes oblong; achene 
 narrowly ovoid, 4 mm. long, the narrow tip exserted. Differs from 
 P. Rayi chiefly in the more obtuse leaves, which do not become black in 
 drying, the oblong calyx-lobes, and the smaller, more gradually narrowed 
 achene. Sandy shores. N. B., Anticosti and Me. Aug. and Sept. 
 
 P. 364, after Polygonum exse*rtum, insert: 
 
 26a. Polygonum leptocarpum Robinson. NARROW-FRUITED KNOT- 
 WEED. Resembling P. ramossissimum prolificum in habit but more 
 slender; stem about 3 dm. tall, profusely branched, the branchlets 
 angled. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, at least mainly so, pale green, 
 the upper ones 6-8 mm. long; ocrese 3 mm. long or longer on the lower 
 part of the stem; calyx 2 mm. long, 4 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, rounded 
 at the apex, the margins pale or sometimes reddish; stamens 4 or 5; 
 achene 3-angled, lanceolate in outline, about 2.8 mm. long, brownish, 
 nearly or quite twice as long as the calyx. Kans. Sept. and Oct. 
 
 P. 369, after Chenopodium glaucum, insert: 
 
 2a. Chenopodium vulvaria L. STINKING GOOSEFOOT. Annual, much- 
 branched, white-mealy, the branches procumbent, 3 dm. long, or more; 
 leaves ovate, entire, 2.5 cm. long, or less, the slender petioles about as long 
 as the blades; flowers in dense short axillary and terminal branched or 
 simple spikes mostly shorter than the leaves; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
 obtusish. In waste places and ballast, Ont. to Del. July-Sept. 
 
 P. 383, before Allionia B6dini, insert: 
 
 4a. Allionia bracteata Rydb. BRACTED UMBRELLA-WORT Stems 
 12 dm. high or less, glabrous below, viscid-pubescent above, erect or 
 ascending. Leaves of the stem linear to linear-oblong or linear-lanceo- 
 late, 3-9 cm. long, those of the branchlets small, less than i cm. long, 
 viscid-pubescent; inflorescence of numerous panicled involucres; invo- 
 lucres 1014 mm. wide, their lobes obtuse; perianth white or pale, 
 about 10 mm. broad; fruit oblong-obovate, about 5 mm. long, 8-ribbed, 
 apiculate, constricted near the base. Jn dry soil, Mo, July-Aug. 
 
10/4 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 384, after Sesuvium maritimum, add : 
 
 la. Sesuvium sessile Pers. WESTERN SEA PURSLANE. Much-branched, 
 glabrous, similar to S. maritimum, the stems often copiously verrucose; 
 pedicels 1-3 mm. long, or none; stamens numerous; flowers and capsules 
 slightly larger than in 5\ maritimum. On beaches, shores and in saline 
 soil, W. Kans. and Colo, to Tex., Cal. and Mex. Also in S. Am. May- 
 Nov. 
 
 P. 385, strike "Minn." from range of Talinum teretifolium and insert: 
 la. Talinum rugospermum Holzinger. ROUGH-SEEDED TALINUM. Sim- 
 ilar to T. teretifolium and confused with that species. Stamens 12-25; 
 filaments very slender, red; anthers nearly circular in outline, yellow; 
 style 3-cleft nearly one-third its length into linear stigmatic lobes; seeds 
 pale, roughened. T. teretifolium differs in having short, blunt style-lobes, 
 oblong anthers, and smooth black seeds. In dry soil, Ind. to Wis. and 
 Minn. 
 
 P. 387, after Portulaca retiisa, insert: 
 
 2a. Portulaca negle"cta Mackenzie and Bush. STOUT PURSLANE. Stems 
 long, thick, erect or ascending, bright reddish purple; leaves large, 
 1-5 cm. long, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse; flowers 6-12 mm. 
 broad, pale yellow; petals deeply 2-cleft; style 3~4-parted; stamens 
 1 2-1 8; seeds blackish, tuberculate. Forming large patches, single plants 
 sometimes a meter or more across in rich soil. Mo. 
 
 P. 395, after Alsine pubera, insert: 
 
 5a. Alsine Tennessee"nsis (C. Mohr) Small. TENNESSEE CHICK- 
 WEED. Similar to A. pubera, the stem and branches pubescent in lines. 
 Leaves oval, oblong, or the lower subcrbicular, the upper short-petioled, 
 the lower often with petioles as long as the blades; flowers long-pedi- 
 celled; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, i cm. long, the outer ones ciliate 
 with long hairs; petals cleft to below the middle, about as long as the 
 sepals; capsule 4-5 mm. long; seeds rough. In woods and thickets, 
 W. Va., Ky., Tenn. and Ala. April-June. 
 
 P. 400, after Arenaria serpyllifdlia, insert: 
 
 la. Arenaria Iept6clados Guss. SLENDER THYME-LEAVED SAND- 
 WORT. Usually more slender than A. serpyllifolia, the leaves smaller, 
 ovate to lanceolate, the bracts of the inflorescence very small; flowers 
 only about half as large; capsule oblong, papery (ovoid or flask-shaped 
 and coriaceous in A. serpyllifolia}. Waste places, Me. and Vt. to Va., 
 and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Europe. May-Aug. 
 
 P. 404, after Paronychia Jamesii deprdssa, insert: 
 
 33. Paronychia diffusa A. Nelson. SPREADING WHITLOW-WORT. 
 Low, densely tufted, less than i dm. high, the branches prostrate or 
 ascending. Inflorescence rather loose, the bracts shorter than the 
 flowers or equalling them (in P. Jamesii depressa, best regarded as a 
 species, P. depressa Nutt., the inflorescence is compact and the bracts 
 longer than the flowers). Dry soil, S. D. to Neb., Kans., Wyo. and 
 Colo. June-Aug. 
 
 P. 417, after Delphinium albescens, insert: 
 
 4a. Delphinium Treleasei Bush. TRELEASE'S LARKSPUR. Roots fasci- 
 cled; stem erect, 6-12 dm. tall, glabrous, slightly glaucous, few-leaved; 
 basal leaves long-petioled, deeply palmatifid into linear segments 1.5-3 
 mm. wide; raceme often 3 dm. long or more, loose, the lower pedicels 
 sometimes branched; pedicels very slender, ascending, the lower 5-10 cm. 
 
APPENDIX. 10/5 
 
 long, the upper shorter; flowers blue; sepals and spur about equal in 
 length, puberulent; spur straight, nearly 2 cm. long; sepals narrowly 
 ovate; bractlets borne somewhat below the calyx; lower petal yellow- 
 bearded; follicles 3, erect, slightly pubescent. In barrens, Mo. May- 
 June. 
 
 P. 431, after Thalictrum dioicum, insert: 
 
 3a. Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. WESTERN MEADOW-RUE. Root- 
 stock slender. Stem glabrous, i m. high, or less, bearing 3-6 leaves; 
 leaves glaucous beneath and sometimes minutely glandular, the upper 
 short-petioled; leaflets thin, reniform to oboyate, their lobes few, rounded; 
 flowers dioecious or polygamo-dicecious, in panicles 1.5-3 dm- high; 
 achenes 6-7 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flattened, 2-edged, strongly 3-ribbed 
 on each side, the ribs somewhat branching; persistent style filiform, half 
 as long as the achene, or more; filaments yellowish-green to purplish, 
 slightly clavate. Me., New Brunswick, and northern N. Y; Manitoba 
 and Mont, to the Pacific Coast. May-July. 
 
 P. 431, after Thalictrum coriaceum, insert: 
 
 4a. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small. COHOSH-LIKE MEADOW-RUE. 
 Tall, dioecious, 1.5 m. high or less, glabrous; stems slender, somewhat 
 glaucous. Leaves 3~4-ternate; leaflets deep green above, orbicular or 
 often broader than long, pale beneath and strongly veined, 4-9 cm. 
 broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes blunt or apiculate; panicle large; pedicels 
 filiform but stiff, 8-25 mm. long; achenes oblong, 4-6 mm. long, stalked, 
 sharply ridged; filaments nearly filiform; sepals of the staminate flowers 
 4.5-5.5 mm. long. Slopes and river-banks, Md. to Va., Ky., and Term. 
 May. 
 
 P. 442, after Capnoides montanum, insert: 
 
 5a. Capnoides campdstre Britton, n. sp. PRAIRIE CORYDALIS. 
 (I. F. f. 1678, as C. curvisiliquiim.) Slender, pale green or somewhat 
 glaucous, 3 dm. high or less. Leaves very finely dissected; flowers 
 narrowly racemose, the pedicels 2-3 mm. long; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 
 longer than the pedicels; corolla yellow, 13-16 mm. long, the nearly 
 straight blunt spur 45 mm. long; pods 2 cm. long or less, about 2 mm. 
 broad, torulose when ripe, and ascending or upcurved; seeds shining, 
 reticulated, sharp-margined. In fields and woods, 111. to Nebr., Ark. 
 and Texas. April-May. Type from Benton Co., Ark. 
 
 P. 446, after Lcpidium ap^talum, insert: 
 
 $a. Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson. MUCH-BRANCHED PEPPER- 
 GRASS. Biennial, branched from the base upward, finely puberulent. 
 Basal leaves oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed, the petiole 
 about as long as the blade; lower stem-leaves oblanceolate, few- toothed 
 on the margin, 3-toothed at the apex, the upper ones linear, entire; 
 racemes very numerous, dense, mostly short; sepals i mm. long; petals 
 white, spatulate, about 0.5 mm. long; pods broadly ovate to oval, 3 m. 
 long, notched; fruiting pedicels about 3 mm. long; cotyledons incum- 
 bent Dry soil, along railroad, Kearney, Nebr., Wyo. and Colo. 
 June-Aug. 
 
 P. 456, after Dentaria laciniata, insert: 
 
 i a. Dentaria furcata Small. NARROW-LEAVED TOOTH-WORT. Dif- 
 fers from D. laciniata, of which it may be a form, by its narrowly linear 
 leaf-segments, which vary from entire to coarsely toothed. In moist 
 woods, Ohio to Iowa, Ark., Tenn. and Ala. March-May. Specimens 
 from the Eastern and Middle States resemble this very closely. 
 
10/6 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 456, after Dentaria maxima, insert: 
 
 $a. Dentaria incisifolia Eames. CUT-LEAVED TOOTH-WORT. Much 
 resembles D. maxima, the rootstock similar, with fusiform joints. Stem- 
 leaves 2, opposite or nearly so, similar to the long-petioled basal ones; 
 leaf-divisions sessile (stalked in D. maxima}, incised-dentate; pedicels 
 
 3 cm. long or less; petals about 2.5 times as long as the sepals (about 
 twice as long in D. maxima}. Sherman, Conn. \_D. incisa Barnes, not 
 Small.] 
 
 Dentaria anomala Eames, from Plain ville, Conn., growing with D. diphylla and D. 
 lacintata, may be a hybrid of these two species. 
 
 P. 457, after Physaria didymocarpa, add: 
 
 2. Physaria brassicoides Rydb. CABBAGE BLADDER-POD. Root 
 thick and deep, the tufted leaves forming a large rosette often i dm. in 
 diameter and resembling a small head of cabbage. Basal leaves sinuate- 
 dentate, long-petioled, the blades obovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse, 
 the petioles margined; flowering stems ascending, about i dm. high, 
 their leaves small, spatulate; fruit nearly obcordate, acute at the base, 
 deeply lobed above, grooved, 8 10 mm. long, densely stellate- canescent; 
 style about 5 mm. long. Rocky places, western Nebr. and N. Dak. 
 June. 
 
 P. 465, before Erysimum asperum, insert: 
 
 3a. Erysimum repandum L. REPAND-LEAVED ERYSIMUM. Annual 
 or biennial, 2-4 dm. high, more or less rough-pubescent. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, the lower ones sinuate-pinnatifid or repand, short-petioled, the 
 upper repand-dentate or entire; pedicels short, stout; flowers about 
 
 4 mm. high, yellow; stigma slightly 2 -lobed; pods narrowly linear, as- 
 cending, obtusely quadrangular, 3-7 cm. long; style short. In waste 
 places, Ohio, Mo. and Ariz. Adventive from Europe. May-July. 
 
 P. 482, after Heuchera villosa, insert: 
 
 Heuchera macrorhiza Small. BIG-ROOTED HEUCHERA. Similar to H. 
 villosa, but stouter, the rootstock thicker and woody; pubescence of the 
 stem and petioles denser; leaf-lobes shorter and broader, their margins 
 copiously villous-ciliate; pedicels more villous than the turbinate calyx; 
 capsule longer, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks, Tenn. and Ky. 
 
 P. 513, after Rosa seti^era, insert: 
 
 la. Rosa bracteita Wendl. EVERGREEN ROSE. A shrub with dark 
 green evergreen leaves, the stems and branches diffuse or spreading, 
 6 m. long or less, armed with recurved prickles. Leaflets 5-11, obovate 
 to oval, 1-2 cm. long, often cuneate at the base, retuse, truncate or 
 apiculate at the apex, serrate, shining above; flowers few together or 
 solitary; sepals acuminate, reflexed when old, persistent on the fruit; 
 petals white to yellow, retuse or notched at the apex; styles distinct; 
 fruit 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. In x>ods and waste places, Va. to Fla., 
 Tenn. and Miss. Nat. from China. April-June. 
 
 P. 518. Additional species of Crataegus have been described by Mr. 
 W. W. Ashe in "Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society" and 
 in " Bulletin of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station," and 
 by Mr. C. D. Beadle and Prof. C. S. Sargent in the "Botanical Gazette," 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 P. 518, after Amelanchier oligoca'rpa, insert: 
 
 7. Amelanchier arguta Nutt. Low JUNEBERRY. A shrub, 1.3 m. 
 high or less, the leaves glabrous, at least when mature, the caducous 
 Stipules long-hairy. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, sharply serrulate 
 
APPENDIX. 1077 
 
 6 cm. long or less, acute or acutish at both ends; racemes i-3-flowered; 
 pedicels 2 cm. long or less; petals 5-6 mm. long: pome subgiobose or 
 somewhat longer than thick, about 8 mm. in diameter. In swamps, 
 Vt. and Mass, to Mich. May. 
 
 P. 553, after Astragalus Robbinsii, insert: 
 
 22a. Astragalus Jesupi (Eggleston & Sheldon) Britton. JESUP'S MILK 
 VETCH. Similar to A. Robbinsii, but with larger, darker purple flowers, 
 the pod longer, acuminate, somewhat triangular in section, with a dorsal 
 groove, and a stipe equalling or longer than the calyx. In rocky places, 
 Me., N. H., Vt. (A. Robbinsii Jesupi Egg. and Sheld.) 
 
 P. 555, after Orophaca caespitdsa, inser : 
 
 IE. Orophaca argoph/lla (Nutt.) Rydb. SILVERY MILK-VETCH. 
 Resembles O. caespitpsa, but with relatively broader and shorter leaflets, 
 the whole plant silvery-cottony. Stipules scarious; corolla smaller 
 than in O. caespitosa, pubescent outside ((glabrous in O. caespitosd); 
 calyx-tube a little longer than its teeth (more than twice as long as the 
 teeth in O. caespitosa). Dry soil, Neb. to Wyo. May-July. (Phaca 
 argophylla Nutt.; Astragalus kyalinus M. E. Jones.) 
 
 P. 563, after Lespedeza Nuttallii, insert: 
 
 3a. Lespedeza Brittonii Bicknell. BRITTON'S BUSH-CLOVER. Light 
 green and densely cinereous-pubescent, especially above, the upper sur- 
 face of the leaves glabrate; stems ascending, 0.5-1 m. long, wand-like, 
 bearing short flowering branches and reduced leaves above, often longer 
 branched about the middle; leaves short-petioled; petioles 2-10 mm. long; 
 leaflets oblong, rounded or contracted at base and apex, 20-45 mm. long, 
 8-20 mm. wide; terminal flower-clusters short-spicate on slender pedun- 
 cles 2-5 cm. long; lower peduncles short and few-flowered, or bearing 
 clustered cleisto^amous flowers; coralla pinkish-purple, much surpassing 
 the attenuate calyx-lobes, 6-8 mm. long; pod ovate or ovate-oblong, 4.5- 
 6.5 mm. long, acute, canescent or short-pubescent, twice the length of the 
 calyx-lobes or less. Dry soil, Bronxville, N. Y. City. Also eastern Mass, 
 and N. J. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 3b. Lespedeza acuticarpa Mackenzie & Bush. Erect-ascending; 
 stems finely pubescent to glabrate, 5-6 dm. long, slender. Leaflets 
 oblong to oblong-elliptic, glabrate above, densely appressed-pubescent 
 beneath, 8-30 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish, mucronulate; 
 racemes peduncled, few-flowered, much longer than the subtending 
 leaves; pedicels 2-14 mm. long; flowers purplish, 6-8 mm. long; calyx- 
 teeth subulate, about 3 mm. long; pod ovate-oval, 6 mm. long, short- 
 stipitate, sparingly pubescent, very acute. Mo. and Ark. 
 
 3C. Lespedeza Manniana Mackenzie & Bush. Erect, somewhat 
 branched, the slender branches pubescent, ascending. Leaflets oblong, 
 1-4 cm. long; 412 mm. wide, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, 
 narrowed or subcuneate at the base, sparingly appressed-pubescent 
 above, densely so beneath; peduncles much longer than the leaves, 
 several-flowered; calyx about 8 mm. long, the subulate teeth 5-6 mm. 
 long, equalling or a little longer than the purplish corolla and the oval 
 acute pod. Dry open soil, Kans. and Mo. Aug. 
 
 P. 564, before Lespedeza Stuvei, insert: 
 
 4a. Lespedeza prairea (Mackenzie & Bush) Britton. Resembling 
 L. violacea, but smaller. Leaflets oval to oblong or obovate, obtuse 
 or often retuse at the apex, mucronulate, narrowed at the base, 6-18 mm. 
 long, 4-9 mm. wide; peduncles very slender, longer than the leaves, 
 
I0;8 APPENDIX. 
 
 2 6-flowered; pedicels very short; corolla purplish, 6-8 mm. long; 
 calyx much shorter than the corolla and the broadly oval acute pod. 
 In dry soil, Mo., Kans., Ind. Terr, and Ark. 
 
 P. 564, after Lespedeza Virgmica, insert: 
 
 7a. Lespedeza simulata Mackenzie & Bush. Similar to L. Vir- 
 ginica, 9 dm. tall or less, erect or nearly so, the stem pubescent to nearly 
 glabrous. Leaflets linear-oblong to linear-elliptic, 3 cm. long or less, 
 4-10 mm. wide, appressed pubescent on both sides, strongly so beneath; 
 flower-clusters dense, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla 
 purple, 6-8 mm. long; calyx 5-6 mm. long, its linear acuminate lobes 
 twice as long as the tube; pod oval, acute, scarcely exceeding the calyx- 
 lobes. In dry soil, S. Penn., Mo. and Ind. Terr. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 P. 564, before Lespedeza angustifolia, insert: 
 
 ga. Lespedeza velutina Bicknell. VELVETY BUSH-CLOVER. With the 
 habit and appearance of L. capitata, but densely soft-velvety all over, with 
 somewhat cinereous pubescence, the younger parts velvety-canescent, 0.5- 
 1.2 mm. high, often bushy-branched above; leaves crowded, ascending, the 
 petioles 3-7 mm. long; leaflets oblong, narrowed to the base, rounded at 
 the apex, 25-40 mm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, velvety on both surfaces, 
 tomentose-ciliate; inflorescence very dense, of crowded short clusters; 
 corolla 7-8.5 mm. long, about equalling the calyx-lobes, the 'standard pure 
 white, with purplish-streaked centre; pod narrowly rhomboid-oblong, 
 narrowed to each end, 5-6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, canescently pubescent, 
 much shorter than the calyx-lobes. Low thicket near Woodlawn, N. Y. 
 City. Also in eastern Mass. Sept. 
 
 P. 580, after Kallstroemia maxima, add: 
 
 2. Kallstroemia hirsutissima Vail. HIRSUTE CALTROP. Stout, hir- 
 sute, paler green than K. maxima, usually much branched. Sepals 
 linear- subulate, bristly-hirsute, 3.545. mm. long; fruit 6-8 mm. long, 
 the stout persistent style about the same length. Plains and prairies, 
 Kans. to Colo., Texas, N. Mex. and Mex. 
 
 P. 607, after Acer rubrum, insert: 
 
 2a. Acsr Carolinianum Walt. SOUTHERN RED MAPLE. Similar to 
 Acer rubrum, but the leaves dark green above, pale beneath, the con- 
 trast between the colors of the two surfaces being quite striking; leaves, 
 or many of them, 3-lobed, obovate, mostly narrowed at the base. The 
 bark is lighter gray than that of A. rubrum. Moist soil, E. Penn. and 
 N. J. to Fla., Texas and Mo. [A. rubrum tridens A. Wood.] 
 
 P. 617 after Tilia heterophylla, add: 
 
 4. Tilia Michauxii Nutt. MICHAUX'S LINDEN. A large forest tree, 
 sometimes 30 m. tall, with furrowed bark. Leaves firm in texture, 
 7-22 cm. long, acuminate, serrate, whitish-pubescent beneath, dark 
 green and glabrous above, the base usually very oblique. Floral bracts 
 spatulate, attenuate downward and decurrent in the peduncle to 
 within 13 cm. of its base (in T. heterophylla decurrent on the peduncle 
 to its base or very near it, and there rather abruptly narrowed) ; 
 staminodia spatulate; fruit oval or globular, 7-11 mm. long. In woods, 
 Pa. and Ohio to Ky., Ga. and Ala. June-July. 
 
 P. 622, after Hibiscus Moscheutos, insert: 
 
 la. Hibiscus oculirdseus Britton. CRIMSON-EYE ROSE-MALLOW. Simi- 
 lar to H. Moscheutos, attaining the same height, and leaves nearly idea- 
 
APPENDIX. 10/9 
 
 tical. Corolla white with a lark crimson center; capsule ovoid-conic, 
 long-pointed (globose-ovoid 'n H. Moscheutos); calyx-segments tri- 
 angular-lanceolate, nearly tvv__e as long as broad (in H. Moscheutos 
 triangular-ovate). N. J. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 P. 623, after Hibiscus lasiocarpus, insert: 
 
 2a. Hibiscus incinus Wendl. VELVETY ROSE-MALLOW. Erect, 
 1-2 m. tall, perennial. Leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, velvety- 
 pubescent on both sides, 1.5 dm. long or less, acuminate at the apex, 
 obtuse or subcordate at the base, serrate-dentate, long-petioled, very 
 pale green beneath, darker above; bracts linear, 2 cm. long or less, 
 velvety, not ciliate, shorter than the calyx; calyx velvety, its ovate 
 or ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes equalling the tube or shorter; petals 
 white, yellowish or pink, blotched at the base, 8 10 cm. long; capsule 
 ovoid, rather shorter than the calyx, hispid. In swamps, Md. to Fla. 
 and Ala. June-Aug. 
 
 P. 627, before Hypericum sphaerocarpum, insert: 
 
 6a. Hypericum Bisselln Robinson. BISSELL'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT. 
 Perennial, 4-5 dm. high, erect, glabrous. Stems leafy, nearly or quite 
 simple; leaves oblong, erect or ascending, sessile, 2-3.5 cm - l n g> 3~5 mm. 
 wide, i-nerved; cyme about 8 cm. wide, many-flowered; bracts ovate, 
 acute, 10 mm. long or less; pedicels 4 mm. long or less; flowers about 
 1.5 cm. wide; sepals very unequal, the larger ones broadly ovate, 1.3 cm. 
 long; stamens numerous, not separable into phalanxes as they are in 
 H. adpressum; capsule i-celled, ovoid, pointed, 7 mm. long, the 3 pla- 
 centae not intruded. Southington, Conn. July-Aug. 
 
 P. 631, before Helianthemum CanacUmse, insert: 
 
 la. Helianthemum propinquum Bicknell, n. sp. INTERMEDIATE 
 FROSTWEED. Somewhat intermediate between H. Canadense and 
 H. majus, but lower than either and growing in close masses, many stems 
 rising separately along subterranean rootstocks. Plant pale bluish- 
 green and hoary-canescent ; stems erect, at flowering time only 10-20 
 cm. high; branches ascending, firm, closely leafy, finally crowded with 
 apetalous flowers in axillary glomerules; leaves linear to narrowly 
 oblanceolate, abruptly obtuse to subacute, tapering into petioles 2-5 mm. 
 long, densely canescent beneath, the larger stem-leaves 3 cm. long and 
 7 mm. wide; petaliferous flowers 2-6, terminal, becoming loosely race- 
 mose and slender-pedicelled, finally much surpassed by the branches; 
 calyx densely hoary- tomentulose, 5-8 mm. high; capsules of the apeta- 
 lous flowers ovoid or obovoid, 23 mm. high. Southwestern Long 
 Island in sandy soil, beginning to flower with H. Canadense. Type 
 from Valley Stream, L. I. 
 
 P. 635, before Viola Brittoniana, insert: 
 
 la. Viola Mulfordae Pollard. Miss MULFORD'S VIOLET. Finely 
 pubescent, the short thick rootstock erect or nearly so. Leaf -blades 
 oblong to ovate in outline, pinnately lobed, 8 cm. long or less, longer 
 than the petioles, the lateral lobes lanceolate, acute, the terminal lobe 
 much larger, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, crenate; scapes shorter than 
 the leaves, or at first exceeding them; flowers violet-purple, nearly 
 2 cm. broad; sepals narrowly lanceolate, ciliate; petals obovate, bearded; 
 cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. Dry, sandy soil, Hempstead 
 Plains, L. I. May. 
 
I08o APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 635, after Viola Brittoniana, insert: 
 
 2a. ,Viola notabilis Bicknell. ELEGANT VIOLET. Deep green and 
 nearly glabrous. Leaves with some minute mostly marginal pubes- 
 cence, long-petioled, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, openly cordate to 
 nearly truncate at base, obtuse or rounded at apex, bearing below the 
 middle several oblong, obtuse lobes cut about half-way to the midrib 
 or less, the basal lobe broader and obtusely dentate or lobed; peduncles 
 often much surpassing the leaves, becoming 20-33 cm - high; flowers 
 very large, deep purple, the petals 8-15 mm. wide; sepals lanceolate, 
 mostly apiculate-obtuse, ciliolate; cleistogamous flowers narrowly 
 lanceolate-acuminate, on erect peduncles sometimes surpassing the 
 leaves, their sepals produced backward into long auricles. South- 
 western Long Island in low grounds. May. Type from Woodmere, L. I. 
 
 P. 637, after Viola cucullata, insert: 
 
 133. Viola lavenduiacea Bicknell. LAVENDER VIOLET. Light 
 green and essentially glabrous; petioles .slender, becoming 15-23 cm. 
 long; blades with some minute scattered hairs on upper surface, oval 
 or ovate and obtuse to deltoid-ovate and acute, not cordate, obscurely 
 crenate or crenate-dentate, 2.5-7 cm - l n g> 2 ~5 cm - wide; peduncles 
 surpassing the leaves, 10-30 cm. long; flowers pale lilac-blue, the petals 
 sharply dark-lined, only the lateral pair bearded, the lower one short; 
 sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtusely purplish- apiculate ; 
 cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles; mature capsule not seen. 
 Boggy meadows, southwestern Long Island. May. Type from Wood- 
 mere, L. I. 
 
 P. 637, after Viola marginata, insert: 
 
 i8a. Viola pectinata Bicknell. PECTINATE VIOLET. Dark green 
 and nearly glabrous; petioles slender, 10-30 cm. long, often pur- 
 plish, the blades with some minute hispidulous pubescence, mostly 
 widely deltoid, with truncate often decurrent base, abruptly acuminate, 
 4-6 cm. long, 6-1 o cm. wide, below the middle closely cut-pectinate 
 with numerous linear entire lobes or sometimes sharp-dentate, dentate 
 or crenate above; peduncles equalling the leaves or shorter; flowers 
 deep purple or paler, the petals often undulate-dentate; sepals nar- 
 rowly lanceolate, tapering acute, with posterior dentate auricles; cleis- 
 togamous flowers small, sharply acuminate, on slender erect peduncles; 
 eansules oval to oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long. Near the borders of 
 salt marshes, southwestern Long Island. May-June. Type from 
 \Voodmere, L. I. 
 
 P. 638, for " Viola alsophila Greene " read " Viola LeConteana Don ", 
 the older name. 
 
 P. 640, after Viola Rafin&jquii, add: 
 
 44. Viola arv&isis Murr. EUROPEAN FIELD PANSY. Similar to 
 V. Rafinesquii, but usually stouter, the stipule-segments fewer. Flowers 
 rather larger; petals pale yellow or the upper ones sometimes lavender- 
 tinged, scarcely if at all longer than the narrowly lanceolate sepals (in 
 V. Rafinesquii manifestly longer than the sepals). In fields and waste 
 places, Newf. to Mass, and Penn. May-Aug. 
 
 P. 640. Additional species of Viola have been described by Prof. E. L. 
 Greene in " Pittonia." 
 
 P. 657, after Onagra binnis, insert: 
 
 20. Onagra argillicola Mackenzie. NARROW-LEAVED EVENING PRIM- 
 ROSE. Stems finely puberulent, 1.5 m. high or less, several from the 
 
APPENDIX. IOS[ 
 
 same root. Leaves of the first year oblanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5 cm. 
 wide or less, acute, sinuate, tapering into long petioles; stem-leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, 6-8 cm. long, 7 mm. wide or less, acute, remotely sinuate, 
 glabrous or slightly puberulent; calyx- tube very slender, 3-4 cm. long, 
 glabrous; petals bright yellow, obcordate, crenulate, 3-4 cm. long; 
 capsules glabrous, gradually tapering upward from the base, often 
 curved, 2-3 cm. long. In loose rocky soil, Va. and W. Va. July-Sept. 
 
 P. 659, after Anogra pallida, add: 
 
 4. Anogra latifdlia Rydb. CANESCENT EVENING PRIMROSE. Much 
 branched, 6 dm. high or less, the branches stout ascending, canescent. 
 Leaves oblong to lanceolate, thick, acute, 9 cm. long or less, 1-3 cm. 
 wide, mostly sinuate-dentate, canescent on both sides; flowers white, 
 turning pink, 5 cm. wide or less; capsules divergent or upwardly curved. 
 In dry soil, Nebr. to Kans., Utah and Wyo. June-Aug. 
 
 P. 660, after Kneiffiia linearis, insert: 
 
 4a. Kneiffia prate*nsis Small. WESTERN SUNDROPS. Stems erect or 
 nearly so, n dm. high or less, hirsute, simple or sparingly branched. 
 Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 3-11 cm. long, sinuate, acute, 
 hirsute; calyx more or less hirsute, its segments lanceolate, somewhat 
 shorter than the tube; petals 2-3.5 cm - l n g; capsules club-shaped, 
 1.5-2 cm. long, hirsute, the narrowly winged body much longer than 
 its stout stalk. In wet places, Ohio to 111., Mo. and Ark. May-July. 
 
 P. 662, after Galpinsia. Hartwegi, add: 
 
 2. Galpinsia lavendulaefdlia (T. & G.) Small. LAVENDER-LEAVED 
 PRIMROSE. Low, pale, finely pubescent; stems tufted, 1.5 dm. long 
 or less. Leaves numerous, usually crowded, linear to linear- spatulate, 
 mostly entire, acute- or the lower obtuse, 1-4 cm. long; calyx finely 
 pubescent, the tube gradually dilated above, its lobes 11.5 cm - l n g 
 acute; petals 2 cm. long or less; capsules 22.5 cm - l n g- Plains and 
 prairies, Nebr. to Wyo., Texas and Ariz. May-Aug. 
 
 3. Galpinsia interior Small. OBLONG-LEAVED PRIMROSE. Hirsute- 
 pubescent or tomentose; stems somewhat tufted, 23 dm. high, erect 
 or ascending. Leaves mostly oblong, entire, 2.5 cm. long or less, sessile 
 and partly clasping; calyx hirsute, at least near the base, its lobes 11.5 cm - 
 long, acuminate; petals 1.5-2.5 cm. long; capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. 
 Pla.ns, Nebr. and Kans. to Texas. June Aug. 
 
 P. 662, after Meriolix serrulata spinulosa, add: 
 
 2. Meriolix intermedia Rydb. CANESCENT PRIMROSE. Similar to 
 M. se:rulata, but commonly larger, usually finely canescent. Leaves 
 linear to spatulate, firm, 4-7 cm. long; flowers larger, the petals 2-2.5 
 cm. long; capsules 22.5 cm - l n g- -Dry soil, Minn, and Man. to Kans. 
 and Texas. June-July. 
 
 P. 663, after Gaura coccinea, insert: 
 
 2a. Gaura glabra Lehm. SMOOTH GAURA. Differs from G. coc- 
 cinea in its glabrous shining stem, the leaves also glabrous or very spar- 
 ingly pubescent. In dry soil, S. Dak. to Mont., Nebr., Wyo., Colo, and 
 N. Mex. May-July. 
 
 P. 663, after Gaura bie"nnis, insert: 
 
 3a. Gaura Pitcheri (T. & G.) Small. PITCHER'S GAURA. Resembles 
 G. biennis, but is stouter, taller, often much branched. Stem puberu- 
 lent or canescent, not villous; leaves thicker; fruit 6-10 mm. long, 
 puberulent. In dry soil, Iowa to Nebr. and Ark. July-Sept. 
 
1082 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 668, at bottom, add : 
 
 3. ECHINOPANAX Dec. & PI. 
 
 A densely prickly shrub, with palmately lobed leaves and racemed or 
 panicled umbels of small greenish-white flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete; 
 petals 5, valvate; stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate; 
 ovary 2-3-celled; styles 2; stigma terminal; fruit laterally compressed. 
 (Greek, prickly Panax.} A monotypic genus of northwestern North 
 America and northeastern Asia. 
 
 i. Echinopanax horridum (J. E. Smith) Dec. & PI. DEVIL'S CLUB. 
 Stems erect from a decumbent base, 1-4 m. high, densely prickly, leafy 
 above; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1.5-6 dm. broad, cordate at the 
 base with a rather narrow sinus, 3-7-lobed, with scattered prickles on 
 both sides and puberulent beneath, the lobes acute, sharply irregularly 
 serrate; inflorescence wooly, terminal, 1-3 dm. long; peduncles subtended 
 by a narrow laciniate bract; pedicels filiform; stamens about twice as long 
 as the ovate petals; fruit 4-5 mm. long, scarlet. In rocky places, Isle 
 Royale, Lake Superior (according to W. A. Wheeler); Mont, to Ore. and 
 Alaska. June. 
 
 P. 671, after Hydrocotyle verticillata, add: 
 
 3a. Hydrocotyle australis C. & R. SOUTHERN MARSH-PENNYWORT. Like 
 H. verticillata, the inflorescence proliferous; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit 
 about 2 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, rounded at the base. In wet soil, Va. 
 to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Differs from H. verticillata in the longer 
 pedicels, and from H. Canbyi in the unnotched fruit. 
 
 P. 673, before Sanicula Canadensis, insert: 
 
 2a. Sanicula Smallii Bicknell. SMALL'S SNAKEROOT. Stem 25-40 cm. 
 tall, usually simple, widely 2-forked above; leaves slender-petioled, sub- 
 coriaceous, dull green, paler beneath, 3-divided, the lateral segments cleft 
 or parted; divisions obovat,e or broadly rhomboid, mostly obtuse, dentate- 
 serrate with aculeate teeth, often incised, 4-8 cm. long; stem-leaves 3-4, 
 the opposite upper pair subsessile and 3-cleft; rays of umbel 2-6, spread- 
 ing; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; sepals finally spreading, linear, cuspidate; 
 anthers little exserted; petals yellowish or greenish, obovate, shorter than 
 the sepals; fruits 3-6, closely sessile, subglobose, 5-6 mm. long, the 
 bristles slender; styles slender, spreading, about the length of the calyx- 
 segments; oil-tubes 5. Rich or rocky woods, N. C. to Fla., Ga., Mo. 
 and Miss. May-June. 
 
 P. 674, after Chaerophyllum Teinturie"ri, add: 
 
 3. Chaerophyllum Texanum Coult & Rose. TEXAN CHERVIL. Gla- 
 brous; stems erect, 3-7 dm. high. Leaves finely divided, the ultimate 
 segments acutish; rays of the umbel several, each 10-17 -flowered; 
 fruits glabrous, short-pedicelled or sessile, beakless but narrowed above, 
 the strong ribs much broader than the intervals between them. Moist 
 places, Mo. and Kans. to Texas. Mar. May. 
 
 P. 677, after Musineon divaricatum, insert: 
 
 la. Musineon Hdokeri (T. & G.) Nutt. HOOKER'S MUSINEON. 
 Similar to M. divaricatum, but scabrous all over. Fruit scabrous, 
 smaller, 2-3 mm. long, the ribs prominent; oil- tubes mostly solitary 
 in the intervals, often with smaller accessory ones. Plains, S. D. and 
 Nebr. to Assin., Mont, and Colo. June-July. (M. trachyspermum 
 Nutt.) 
 
APPENDIX. 1083 
 
 P. 678, for " Apium leptophyllum " read " Apium Ammi (L.) Urban ", 
 
 the older name. 
 
 P. 679, after Cicuta maculata, insert: 
 
 la. Cicuta Curtissii C. & R. CURTISS' WATER HEMLOCK. Similar to 
 Cicuta maculata, but with thicker ovate-lanceolate leaf-segments, the veins 
 prominent beneath; fruit orbicular, about 2 mm. long, constricted at tht 
 commissure. In wet soil, Va. and Ky. to Fla. and La. June-Aug. 
 
 ib. Cicuta occidentals Greene. WESTERN WATER HEMLOCK. Similar 
 to Cicuta maculata, the oval to oblong fruit constricted at the commissure, 
 the ribs all projecting about equally, while in C. maculata the fruit is not 
 constricted at the commissure, and the lateral ribs are much the largest; 
 veins prominent on the lower surface of the leaflets. In wet soil, S. Dak. 
 and Neb. to Idaho and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 P. 685, for " Cymopterus montanus T. & G." read " Phellopterus mon- 
 tanus Nutt." The genus Phellopterus Nutt. differs from Cymopterus Nutt., 
 as shown by Coulter and Rose. 
 
 P. 686, before SPERMOLEPIS, Raf., insert the genus: 
 
 42a. PSEUDOTAENIDIA Mackenzie. 
 
 An erect glabrous and glaucous perennial with stout rootstocks. 
 Leaves ternately decompound, almost identical with those of Taenidia 
 integerrima. Umbels compound. Involucre and involucels none, or 
 rarely of i or 2 bractlets. Calyx-teeth short. Fruit glabrous, oval or 
 obovate, strongly flattened dorsally, the dorsal and intermediate ribs 
 filiform, much narrower than the intervals, the lateral ribs thick, broadly 
 winged ; oil- tubes i or 2 in the intervals ; stylopodium very short or none. 
 [Greek, false Taenidia.] A monotypic genus. 
 
 i. Pseudotaenidia montana Mackenzie. Plant 4-8 dm. high, the 
 stems striate. Leaf-blades 2~3-ternate, the segments entire, mucro- 
 nate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 6-20 mm. 
 wide, strongly veined beneath; petioles dilated and sheathing at the 
 base; peduncles 6-20 cm. long; rays of the umbels 8-12, varying from 
 i to 3 cm. long; rays of the umbellets 3-7 mm. long; fruit 5-6 mm. 
 long, 4 mm. wide. Mountains of Va. and W. Va. 
 
 P. 687. Substitute for genus 44. PEUCEDANUM L., the name LOMA- 
 TIUM Raf. As shown by Coulter and Rose, the Old World Peucedanums 
 are generically distinct from the North American plants which have been 
 so called. Our species, according to these authors, are as follows: 
 
 1. Peucedanum nudicaule = Lomatium orientale C. & R. 
 
 2. Peucedanum foeniculaceum = Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) C. 
 & R. 
 
 3. Peucedanum Kingri is referred to Cynomarathrum Nuttallii (A. Gray) 
 C. & R. 
 
 4. Peucedanum villosum =: Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
 
 P. 690, after Cornus Am&mum, insert: 
 
 5a, Cornus obliqua Raf. PURPUS' CORNEL. Similar to C. Amo- 
 mum, the leaves usually narrower, mostly ovate-lanceolate, narrowed 
 or cuneate at the base, papillose on the under side, and appearing glau- 
 cous, the veins fewer (usually 4 or 5 pairs); flowers rather smaller; fruit 
 light blue. Moist soil, Que. to Alberta, Conn., Ky., Mo. and Kans. 
 (C. Purpusi Koehne.) 
 
1084 APPEKDTX. 
 
 P. 690, after Cornus asperifblia, insert: 
 
 6a. Cornus Priceae Small. Miss PRICE'S CORNEL. A shrub, 2 m. 
 high or less, the young twigs red, finely pubescent. Leaves ovate to 
 ovate-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or nar- 
 rowed at the base, roughish-puberulent above, paler and softly pubes- 
 cent beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long, pubescent; fruit white, subglobose, 
 only about 3 mm. in diameter, the stem a little longer than thick, faintly 
 ribbed. River-banks, Ky. and Tenn. May-June. 
 
 P. 703, after Leucothoe racemdsa, add: 
 
 5. Leucothoe elongata Small. LONG SWAMP LEUCOTHOE. A 
 shrub, similar to L. racemosa in size, habit, and foliage, the racemes 
 longer, 1-2 dm. long; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; sepals narrower, linear- 
 lanceolate, about half as long as the corolla, longer than the capsule 
 (in L. racemosa one-quarter to one-third as long as the corolla, and not 
 longer than the capsule). Swamps, S, E. Va. to Fla. April-May. 
 
 P. 704, after Xolisma ligtistrina, add: 
 
 2. Xoltsma foliosiflbra (Michx.) Small. Similar to X. ligustrina, 
 but leaves thicker, and usually more pubescent, somewhat shining on the 
 upper surface; panicles leafy-bracted ; sepals ovate; corolla 2-3 mm. in 
 diameter. In wet soil, Va. to Fla. and La. Apr.-June. 
 
 P. 708, after Polycodium stammeum, add: 
 
 2. Polycodium negle"ctum Small. SMOOTH DEERBERRY. A shrub, 
 1-1.5 m. high, differing from P. staminewn in having leaves and in- 
 florescence glabrous. Woods and thickets, Va. to Fla., Ky., Kans. and 
 La. 
 
 3. Polycodium candicans (C. Mohr) Small. GLAUCOUS DEERBERRY. 
 A shrub, 2 m. high or less, differing from P. stamineum in having the 
 leaves white-glaucous beneath and the fruit glaucous, and from P. neg- 
 lectum in having finely pubescent leaves and inflorescence. Woods 
 and thickets, N. Y. and Pa. to Ohio, Ga. and Ala. April-May. 
 
 P. 708, after Batodendron arbbreum, add: 
 
 2. Batodandron andrachnefdrme Small. MISSOURI FARKLEBERRY. 
 A much-branched shrub, the twigs finely pubescent. Leaves oval, 
 1-2 cm. long, serrulate, obtuse, strongly reticulate-veined on both sides, 
 dark green and shining above, pale, dull, and pubescent beneath; flowers 
 solitary in the axils of the leaves, on short pedicels only 2-6 mm. long; 
 corolla globular-campanalate, its lobes only about one-fourth as long 
 as the tube. On bluffs, Mo. and Ark. May-June. 
 
 P. 710, after Vaccinium atrocdccum, insert: 
 
 7a. Vaccinium simufttum Small. SERRULATE-LEAVED BLUEBERRY. 
 A shrub, 3 m. high or less. Leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7 
 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex and usually acute at 
 the base, bright green and glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the 
 veins beneath, the margins serrulate; corolla urn-shaped, 3.5-4.5 mm. 
 long; berries globular, about 7 mm. in diameter, glaucous. In moist 
 woods and thickets, N. Y. to Va., Ga. and Ala., mostly in the mountains. 
 May-June. 
 
 P. 719, aftsr Dodecatheon Me*adia Fre*nchii, add: 
 
 2. Dodecatheon brachycarpa Small. SHORT-FRUITED SHOOTING- 
 STAR. Similar to D. Meadia, the corolla pink-purple. Filaments united 
 at the base into a very short tube, this much shorter than in D. Meadia; 
 capsule ovoid, i cm. long, little longer than the calyx (that of D. Meadia 
 narrowly ovoid or oblong, 1.21.5 cm. long and much longer than the 
 calyx). In fields, Md. to Mo., Ala. and Ark. May-June. 
 
APPENDIX. 1085 
 
 P. 725, after Fraxinus Pennsylvania, insert: 
 
 4a. Fraxinus Michauxii Britton. MICHAUX'S ASH. A large tree, 
 with rough and fissured bark, the young twigs either velvety-pubes- 
 cent or giabrate. Leaflets 5-9, long-stalked, oblong-lanceolate, thick, 
 entire, 13 cm. long or less, dark green above, paler and more or less 
 pubescent beneath; samaras broadly spatulate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 8-10 
 mm. wide, the thick obtuse or notched wing as long as or longer than 
 the nearly terete body and decurrent on its sides to or above the mid- 
 dle. In swamps S. N. Y. to N. C. Type specimen from a wild tree 
 in the New York Botanical Garden. [F. tomentosa Michx. f. Arb. For. 3: 
 pi. p, but not as to the description there given, which applies to F. 
 Pennsylvania.} 
 
 P. 733, after Gentiana parvifblia, insert: 
 
 pa. Gentiana latifdlia (Chapm.) Britton. CHAPMAN'S GENTIAN. 
 Stem puberulent, 3-5 dm. tall. Leaves oblong to elliptic, narrowed at 
 both ends, acute, 2-8 cm. long, ciliolate; flowers several in a terminal 
 cluster, sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx- tube glabrous, its 
 lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, spreading, about as long as the tube, 
 ciliolate; corolla rose-purple, funnelform, 4-5 cm. long, its lobes ovate, 
 acute, "much longer than the 2 -cleft but otherwise nearly entire plaits; 
 seeds broadly winged. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Oct.-Nov. 
 
 P. 733, after Gentiana Saponaria, insert: 
 
 loa. Gentiana de"cora Pollard. MOUNTAIN GENTIAN. Stems finely 
 puberulent, 5 dm. high or less. Leaves thin, ciliolate, oblong to oblong- 
 elliptic, 5-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, sessile, or the lowest much 
 smaller and obtuse; flowers usually several in a terminal cluster, some- 
 times also solitary in the upper axils; calyx 1.5 cm. long or less, its 
 lobes subulate, spreading, shorter than the pubescent tube; corolla 
 purple, 2.5-3 cm. long, its ovate lobes much longer than the cleft plaits; 
 seeds winged. In mountain woods, Va. to Ga. Sept. -Oct. 
 
 P. 735, after Bartonia Virginica, insert: 
 
 xa. Bartonia lanceolata Small. SHARP-PETALLED BARTONIA. Re- 
 sembling B. Virginica, but with the branches spreading or upwardly 
 curved; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire (in B. Vir- 
 ginica oblong, abruptly tipped, more or less erose). Moist soil, N. Y. 
 to Fla. and Ark. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 P. 743, before Asclepias Meadii, insert: 
 
 loa. Asclepias intermedia Vail. INTERMEDIATE MILKWEED. Stems 
 erect, glabrous, purplish, not glaucous, 3 dm. high or more; 
 leaves oblong-elliptic, yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and 
 minutely pubescent beneath, 8-14 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, obtuse, or 
 the upper ones subcordate at the base, obtuse and apiculate at 'the 
 apex, the margins undulate: petioles 1-3 mm. long; umbels terminal, 
 2 or more, short-peduncled, i6-24-flowered; peduncles minutely and 
 sparingly pubescent, 2-8 cm. long; pedicels 2.5-3 cm. long, slender, 
 minutely pubescent; corolla green-purple, its segments oblong-lanceo- 
 late, 6-8 mm. long; hoods erect, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-6 mm. 
 long, pinkish purple with a darker red or purplish stripe down the back, 
 the lateral margins incurved, each with an erect tooth somewhat above 
 the middle; horn slender, the tips incurved and meeting over the anthers, . 
 free from about the middle of the hood. Lawrence, Long Island. Ap- 
 pears to be intermediate between Asclepias Syriaca and A. amplexicaulis 
 and may be a hybrid. 
 
1086 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 743, after Asclepias Syriaca, insert: 
 
 i$a. Asclepias Kansana Vail, n. sp. KANSAS MILKWEED. Stems 
 erect, stout, canescently-tomentose, 2 dm. high or more. Leaves short- 
 petioled, the basal ones broadly oblong-ovate, truncate and rounded at 
 the base, obtuse and mucronulate or emarginate at the apex, the upper 
 ones elliptical-oblong, the lower ones 13-16 cm. long; minutely tomentose 
 or becoming glabrate above, densely canescently-tomentose beneath, 
 the midvein very broad and conspicuous, the primary veins wide-spread- 
 ing; umbels seve al, axillary, peduncled, many-flowered; peduncle 
 3-7 cm. long; pedicles 2-3 cm. long, tomentose; corolla-segments 
 oblong, 7-8 mm. long, tomentose outtide; hoods oblong, about 4 mm. 
 long, diverging at the obtu e apex, the lateral margins infolded with a 
 broad obtuse tooth on each side at about the middle, the tips of which 
 meet under the exserted incurving horn horn falcate, affixed near the 
 base of the hood, and incu vmg over the edge of the anthers; follicles 
 erect, on recurved pedicels, 8-10 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide, obtuse, 
 densely white- tomentose, echinate with numerous soft spinose processes 
 that vary in 1 ngth from 3-10 mm.; seeds 8 mm. long. Kansas. Type 
 from Fort Riley. 
 
 P. 749, at end of Asclepiadaceae, add: 
 
 7. PERIPLOCA L. 
 
 Woody twining plants with entire opposite leaves and middle-sized 
 flowers in umbels. Calyx 5-parted, glandular within; corolla deeply 5- 
 parted, the segments obtuse, dextrorsely rotate, villous on the inner sur- 
 face; corona adnate to the base of the corolla, with 10 broad or 5 slender 
 elongated, entire or lobed scales or appendages; filaments short, free, 
 conniving at the short appendiculate apex; pollen granulose, loosely 
 aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell; follicles slender, glabrous, 
 generally united at the apex; seeds comose. (Greek, twining.) 
 
 i. Periploca Graeca L. Glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, paler be- 
 neath; umbels cymose; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-seg- 
 ments dull brownish or greenish, with a darker line down the middle and 
 a whitish spot at the base within; appendages of the corona slender, ligu- 
 late, 2-toothed at the apex. A handsome woody climber of the Old 
 World, escaped from cultivation, Mass, to Kans. Native of Syria and 
 the Grecian .Islands. Called SILK VINE. 
 
 P. 753, after Convolvulus sepium, insert: 
 
 i. Convolvulus fraternifldrus Mackenzie and Bush. TWO-FLOWERED 
 BINDWEED. Stem i m. long or more, glabrous or sparingly hairy. 
 Leaves hastate, 6-10 cm. long, dark green, rather thick, finely pubes- 
 cent on both sides, the basal auricles divergent, entire or with one or 
 two teeth; axils or most of them two-flowered, the peduncle of one of 
 the flowers longer than the petiole, the other shorter; bracts 2.5-3 cm. 
 long; corolla 6 or 7 cm. long, white. Prairies, Mo. July-Aug. 
 
 P. 763, after Hydrophyllum Virginicum, insert: 
 
 xa. Hydrophyllum patens Britton. PURPLE WATER-LEAF. Similar 
 to H. Virginicum in habit and foliage, the petioles more strongly ciliate. 
 Calyx-segments at flowering time appressed to the corolla (spreading 
 in H. Virginicum}', corolla purple, its segments with spreading tips 
 (erect in H. Virginicum). Minn. June. 
 
 P 775, after Onosmodium m611e, insert: 
 
 2a. Onosmodium subset6sum Mackenzie & Bush. SMOOTHISH 
 FALSE GROMWELL. Leaves, branches, and upper part of the stem 
 appressed-strigose, the lower part of the stern smooth or with scattered 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 stiff hairs. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 8 cm. long or less, 
 dark green above, paler and with the veins conspicuous beneath, acute 
 or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; pedicels 1-6 mm. long, 
 calyx-segments linear, obtuse; corolla greenish- white, 8-18 mm. long, 
 its triangular acute lobes much shorter than the tube; nutlets 2-3 mm. 
 long. Dry soil, Mo. and Ark. May-June. 
 
 P. 778, Verbena Canade*nsis, strike out range, "Mex. and N. Mex.," 
 and add: 
 
 7a. Verbena Drumm6ndii (Lindl ) Baxter. DRUMMOND'S VER- 
 BENA. Perennial, hirsute, the branches 2-4 dm. long. Leaves pinnat- 
 ifid or bipinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly acute 
 segments; calyx about 10 mm. long, longer than the bract, its lobes 
 setaceous; corolla- tube about twice as long as the calyx, its limb n to 
 15 mm. wide; nutlets 3-3.5 mm. long, Differs from V. bipinnatifida in 
 the larger corolla with a longer tube. Prairies and fields, Va. to Kans., 
 La., Texas and N. Mex. March-July. 
 
 P. 781, after Ajuga reptans, add: 
 
 2. Ajuga Genevensis L. ERECT BUGLE. Similar to the Creeping Bugle, 
 but devoid of runners, and the whole plant pubescent with long hairs. 
 Basal Leaves tufted; flowering stems solitary or several, 1.5-3 dm. high. 
 In lawns and waste places, Penn. to N. Y., Me. and Conn. May-June. 
 Adventive from Europe. 
 
 P. 782, after Teucrium occidentale, insert: 
 
 2a. Teucrium littorale Bicknell. COAST GERMANDER. Pale and canes- 
 cent, 3-5 dm. high, erect or assurgent, often with ascending branches; 
 leaves thickish and rugose-veiny, narrowly oblong or sometimes broadei, 
 narrowed into the petiole, closely fine-serrate or becoming unequally 
 dentate-serrate, 6-n cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide; petioles 5-10 mm. long; 
 spikes narrow, often interrupted; bracts about the length of the calyx; 
 calyx small, 4-5 mm. high, becoming somewhat gibbous-urceolate, the 
 teeth short, the upper ones obtuse; corolla pale pink, about 15 mm. long, 
 loosely pilose without. On or near the coast, Me. to Fla. July-Aug. 
 
 2b. Teucrium roseum Bicknell. MAINE GERMANDER. Rather stout and 
 deep green, 3-7 dm. high, the stem soft-pubescent or downwardly villous; 
 leaves broadly oblong or oblong-ovate, cuneate at base, acute or acuminate 
 at apex, irregularly dentate-serrate or somewhat cut-serrat.e, hoary- 
 tomentose beneath, softly pilose-pubescent above, 6-9 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 
 cm. wide, the slender petioles hoary-pubescent, 10-15 mm. long; inflores- 
 cence hoary-villous; calyx often purplish, 5-7 mm. long, the upper tooth 
 acute, the lateral ones obtuse, the lower pair but little longer, triangular- 
 subulate; pedicels very short; bracts usually longer than the calyx, ciliate- 
 f ringed; corolla rose-purple, somewhat smaller than in T. littorale and less 
 exserted, more or less pilose-bearded. Coast of Me. and Mass. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 2C. Teucrium boreale Bicknell. NORTHERN GERMANDER. Erect or as- 
 cending, rather slender, often widely branched from the base, 3-8 dm. tall, 
 or more; stem loosely pubescent with recurved hairs to glabrate; inflores- 
 cence somewhat yillous-pubescent, scarcely if at all glandular; spikes 
 short, or the terminal one elongated and somewhat flexuous; leaves thin 
 or membranous, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3.5 
 cm. wide, acute, serrate to dentate-serrate, .above minutely hispidulous- 
 puberwlent, beneath thinly tomentulose, or sometimes glabrate through- 
 out; petioles of the main leaves becoming 1-2 cm. long; bracts mostly 
 shorter than the calyx, ciliate; calvx thin, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, the 
 suhequal teeth short and broad, the lateral pair very obtuse; corolla pur- 
 pilsh-pink, 12-15 mm. long, about three times the length of the calyx, 
 
1088 APPENDIX. 
 
 loosely short-pubescent and dotted with minute glands, the terminal lobe 
 broad. N. H. to northern N. Y. Aug. 
 
 2d. Teucrium menthifolium Bicknell. MINT-LEAVED GERMANDER. Hir- 
 sute-pubescent with recurved hairs to nearly glabrous except the inflores- 
 cence, smaller and less branched than T. occidentale, the denser spikes 
 shorter, with the bracts often elongated and foliacepus, the pubescence 
 not viscid nor glandular; leaves firm, pale green, minutely pubescent to 
 glabrate above, white-veiny and thinly tomentulose beneath, lanceolate or 
 narrowly oblong, narrowed at the base, 5-9 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute 
 or acuminate, sharply serrate; calyx 5-6 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, 
 the teeth shorter and less rigid than in T. occidentale, the lateral obtuse, 
 the lower pair only slightly longer; corolla pink, short, sometimes not 
 twice the length of the calyx, thinly pubescent and glandular, the terminal 
 lobe small, often not broader than the lateral ones. Central Mich. 
 
 P. 782, after Teucrium laciniatum, add: 
 
 30. Teucrium Bbtrys L. Annual, pubescent, branched, 3-4 dm. high. 
 Leaves bipinnatifid, or the upper ones pinnately parted, the basal long- 
 petioled; flowers purple, verticillate in all the upper axils, the whorls 
 2-6-flowered; pedicels equalling the calyx or shorter; calyx gibbous 
 at the base, 5-toothed, the teeth triangular, acute. Adv. from Europe 
 at Great Barrington, Mass. 
 
 P. 783, after Scutellaria lateriflbra, insert: 
 
 la. Scutellaria Churchilliana Fernald. CHURCHILL'S SKULLCAP. In- 
 termediate in aspect between S. lateriflora and 5. galericulata. Leaves 
 thin, ovate, acuminate, long-petioled ; bracts of the racemes similar to 
 the leaves but smaller, as long as the flowers or longer; corolla i i .5 cm. 
 long, blue-violet, pilose, the lower lip somewhat longer than the upper. 
 In wet soil, Me. Aug.-Sept. 
 
 P. 788, after Physostegia Virginiana, insert: 
 
 la. Physostegia Digitalis Small. FOXGLOVE; LION'S-HEART. Stems 
 stout, erect, 7-12 dm., tall, sharply angled. Leaves oblong-elliptic to 
 oblong-obovate ; the lower 12.5 dm. l n g 7 cm - wide or less, acute or 
 acutish, repand-dentate above the middle or entire, sessile or part?y 
 clasping, the upper much smaller, narrower, and entire; racemes simple 
 or branched, puberulent; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. 
 long; floWers very nearly sessile in dense spike-like racemes; calyx 
 8-10 mm. long, its tube cylindric-turbinate, its teeth lanceolate, acu- 
 minate or acute, about half as long as the tube; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, 
 the lower lip spreading, its middle lobe marginate, about twice as 
 large as the lateral ones. Moist soil, Mo. to La. and Texas. 
 
 P. 793, after Stachys palustris, insert: 
 
 7a. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw. NUTTALL'S HEDGE NETTLE. Peren- 
 nial, hirsute to the base; stems erect, simple, rather stout, 4-11 dm. 
 tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 12 cm. long or less, 
 acute or acuminate, serrate-dentate all around, rounded, truncate or 
 subcordate at the base; petioles only 5-10 mm. long; spike interrupted, 
 i 'dm. long or longer; calyx hirsute, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, half as long as the tube; corolla purple, about i cm. long, 
 its tube saccate near the middle, longer than the calyx, the upper lip 
 concave, hairy, the lower lip* drooping, as long as the tube. Mountain 
 slopes, Va. , N. C. , and Tenn. June-Aug. 
 
 7b. Sta~hys sopul&rum Greene. ROCKY MOUNTAIN HEDGE NETTLE. 
 Stem simple or branched 3-6 dm. high, softly hirsute. Leaves very 
 short-petioled or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, the lower mostly obtuse, 
 
APPENDIX. loZg 
 
 the upper often acute, finely pubescent, rounded or truncate at the 
 base, rather finely crenate-dentate all around, 7 cm. long or less; calyx- 
 teeth lanceolate, subulate, a little shorter than the tube; corolla pink 
 to red-purple, 10-12 mm. long, pubescent. Meadows and moist soil, 
 N. Dak. to Alberta, Wash., Wyom. and N. Mex. June-Sept. 
 
 P. 796, after Monarda scabra, insert: 
 
 SSL. Monarda mollis L. CANESCENT WILD BERGAMOT. Similar to M. 
 fistulosa and M. scabra, differing from the former in its canescent, not 
 spreading pubescence, and from the latter in its longer-petioled leaves 
 mostly narrowed at the base. In dry soil, N. E. to Ga., S. Dak., Kans. 
 and Tex. Summer. 
 
 P. 796, after Monarda pectinate, add: 
 
 9. Monarda temraristata (A. Gray) Small. LONG-AWNED MONARDA. 
 Annual, 6 d.n. high or less, simple or branched, puberulent. Leaves 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, petioled, mostly narrowed at the 
 base, the apex acute; bracts green or purplish, lanceolate or linear- 
 lanceolate, gradually tapering into a long terminal bristle; calyx- tube 
 7 or 8 m.n. long, puberulent, its setaceous teeth spreading, sparingly 
 ciliate; corolla about 2 cm. long; nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. In dry 
 soil, Kans. to Texas, Ariz, and northern Mex. May Aug. 
 
 10. Monarda disprsa Small. OBLONG-BRACTED MONARDA. Similar 
 to the preceding species, 2-8 dm. high, usually branched. Leaves 
 oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, serrate, petioled; bracts, at least 
 the lower ones, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into the 
 long terminal bristles, usually purple above; calyx-tube 8 or 9 mm. long, 
 puberulent, the setaceous teeth sparingly ciliate, spreading; corolla 
 about 2.5 cm. long. In dry soil, Kans. and Mo. to Texas and Mex. Nat. 
 in Tenn., Ga., and Fla. May Aug. 
 
 P. 811, after Physalls Philade*lphica, insert: 
 
 8a. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. GLABRATE GROUND- 
 CHERRY. Perennial, 6 d*n. high or less, nearly glabrous throughout. 
 Leaves ovate, sinuate-dentate, very oblique at the base, similar to those 
 of P. Philadclphica; corolla yellow with a dark center, about 2 cm. 
 broad; anthers purplish; fruiting calyx sunken at the base, acuminate. 
 Fields and river bottoms, Out. to Term., Neb. and Colo. June-Sept. 
 
 P. 822, after Scrophularla Mary land 1 ca, insert: 
 
 la. Scrophularia neg!e"cta Rydb. HAIRY FIGWORT. Stems minutely 
 pubescent, 2 m. tall or less. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, serrate, rather densely pubescent beneath; calyx-lobes ovate to 
 oblong-ovate, obtuse; corolla larger than that of S. Mcrylandica, about 
 9 mm. long; capsules also larger, 6 mm. long or more. Woods and 
 thickets, Tenn. to Mo., Kans. and Ark. Aug. Oct. 
 
 P. 823, after Scrophularia leporella, add: 
 
 3. Scrophularia occ.dentelis (Rydb.) Bicknell. WESTERN FIG- 
 WORT. Similar to S. leporella, but the upper lip of the corolla much 
 shorter than the tube (as long as the tube in S. leporella} , and the short 
 ascending branches of the panicle densely gland'ular: leaves, at least 
 the lower ones, hastate-incised at the base; capsules larger than those 
 of 5. leporella. Thickets and moist soil, S. Dak. to Kans., the Ind. Terr., 
 Wash, and Cal. June-Aug. 
 
I OQO APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 824, after Pentstemon can6scens, insert: 
 
 2a. Pentstemon pallidus Small. PALE BEARD-TONGUE. Stem canes- 
 cent-puberulent to the base, 9 dm. tall or less. Basal leaves broadly 
 oval, oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly so, narrowed into petioles; 
 lower stem-leaves mostly spatulate, the others oblong to narrowly lanceo- 
 late, acute or acuminate, sessile or somewhat clasping, usually remotely 
 dentate; panicle narrow, its branches erect- ascending; calyx-segments 
 ovate, acute; corolla pale purple or nearly white, 2-2.5 cm - l n ' the 
 tube gradually dilated upward, the throat sparingly bearded; s'.trilc 
 filament bearded with short hairs; capsules 5-6 mm. long, longe 1 " than 
 the calyx. In sandy soil, Conn, and N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and the Ind. 
 Terr. June- July. 
 
 P. 833, after Veronica Americana, insert: 
 
 2a. Veronica Beccabunfa L. EUROPEAN BROOKLIME. Similar to 
 V. Americana, the leaves petioled, but low-serrate and obtuse. City of 
 Quebec; ballast grounds at Brooklyn, N. Y., and Weehawken, N J. 
 Nat. or adv. from Europe. 
 
 P. 838, after Gerardia purpurea, insert: 
 
 3a. Gerardia fasciculata Ell. FASCICLE-LEAVED GERARDIA. Similar 
 to G. purpurea, often larger, sometimes 12 dm. high, puberulent or 
 slightly hispidulous. Leaves linear, usually less than 2 mm. wide, very 
 rough, the larger with fascicles of smaller ones in their axils; pedicels 
 shorter than the calyx; calyx- tube campanulate, 2.5-3.5 mm - l n g. 
 the lobes very small, acute; corolla rose-purple, 2-3 cm. long; capsule 
 about 5 mm. in diameter. In moist soil, Va. to Fla. and Texas. Aug.- 
 Sept. 
 
 P. 838, after Gerardia Holmiana, insert: 
 
 7a. Gerardia Gattingeri Small. GATTINGER'S GERARDIA. Stems 
 wiry, smooth, 5 dm, high or less, the branches very long and slender. 
 Leaves almost filiform, 1.5-3 cm. long, smooth or roughish, mostly 
 without smaller ones in their axils; pedicels filiform, 1-2.5 cm - l n ; 
 calyx-tube campanulate, 2.5-33.5 mm. long, the acute teeth i mm. lon^ 
 or less; corolla rose-purple, about i cm. long, its lobes rounded; cap- 
 sule longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Tenn. to Mo., Ala. and Texas. 
 July-Sept. 
 
 P. 841, after Euphrasia Canade*nsis, insert: 
 
 2a. Euphrasia hirte'lla Jordan. HAIRY EYEBRIGHT. Stem slender, 
 pubescent, simple or branched, 1.8 dm. high or less. Leaves glandular- 
 pubescent and also bearing simple hairs, ovate-oblong; bracts ovate, 
 glandular-pubescent, sharply 5-8-toothed on each side; inflorescence 
 becoming elongated; calyx very pubescent, about 5 mm. long in fruit, 
 its teeth acute; corolla about 7 mm. long, purplish. N. Mich, to Hudson 
 Bay, Minn, and the northern Rocky Mountains. Also in Europe. 
 
 P. 841, after Euphrasia Americana, insert: 
 
 3a. Euphrasia Randii Robinson. RAND'S EYEBRIGHT. Stem often 
 much branched and decumbent, or at first erect, sometimes 6 dm. long, 
 pubescent, the inflorescence short, or much elongated. Leaves mostly 
 ovate-orbicular, 7-15 mm. long, subcordate, ciliate, more or less pubes- 
 cent above, setulose on the veins beneath, several-toothed, the teeth 
 obtuse or acutish; flowers borne in most of the axils; calyx pubescent, 
 3.5 mm. long in flower, becoming longer in fruit, its teeth triangular- 
 lanceolate, acute, straight; corolla 34 mm. long, cream-colored to 
 Sirple; capsule elliptic-oblong, obcordate, ciliate above. Newf. to 
 e. July-Aug. 
 
APPENDIX. 1091 
 
 P. 841, after Euphrasia Oakesii, add: 
 
 5. Euphrasia Williamsii Robinson. WILLIAMS' EYEBRIGHT. Stem 
 slender, simple, erect, 310 cm. high, pubescent with crisped white 
 hairs. Leaves 5-8 mm. long, ciliolate near the margin, otherwise gla- 
 brous, the lower ovate-oblong, about 7 -toothed, the upper obovate to 
 flabelliform or suborbicular, crowded; flowers in a terminal dense leafy 
 spike, the bracts with 7 or 9 acutish teeth; calyx 4 mm. long, its teeth 
 lanceolate; corolla brownish purple with a yellow eye, about 4 mm. 
 long; capsule elliptic, obcordate, ciliate above. Mt. Washington, N. H. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 P. 857, after Plantago major, insert: 
 
 la. Plantago halophila Bicknell. SALT-MARSH PLANTAIN. Very 
 similar to P. major, often diminutive, but sometimes as large. More or 
 less hirsutulous-tomentulose throughout, dull green, the spikes and scapes 
 often bright purplish; leaves thick, undulate, often prostrate in a stiff 
 rosette or ascending, the blades usually but not always longer than the 
 petioles; scapes stiff and slender, commonly upcurved-assurgent, the 
 naked lower part mostly longer than the leaves and often 2-4 times the 
 length of the narrow spikes; bracts thinner and less concave than in 
 P. major, mostly rather shorter and more ovate and acute; pyxis relatively 
 narrower than in P. major, circumscissile mostly within the tips of the 
 sepals and somewhat below the middle, lid longer and less conic than in 
 P. major. Salt marshes and shores, Me. to N. J. Type from Van Cort- 
 landt, N. Y. City, flowering in July, about two weeks later than P. major. 
 
 P. 859. Strike out note on Plantago occidentalis, and substitute: 
 I2a. Plantago rhodospe"rma Decne. RED-SEEDED PLANTAIN. An- 
 nual or biennial, densely pubescent; scapes erect or decumbent, 
 2.5-20 cm. long, usually much longer than the leaves. Leaves and 
 spikes similar to those of P. Virginica; flowers dioecious; bracts and 
 calyx-lobes acuminate; capsules oblong, about 3 mm. long; seeds dark 
 red (golden yellow in P. Virginica}. Sandy soil, Mo. to La., Tex. and 
 Ariz. April-July. 
 
 P. 865, after Galium Mollugo, inse t: 
 
 2a. Galium er^ctum Huds. UPRIGHT BEDSTRAW. Resembles G. 
 Mollugo, but has larger white flowers on ascending pedicels (pedicels 
 divergent in G. Mollugo} ; branches erect or ascending. In fields, N. S. 
 to N. J. Adv. from Europe. May-Sept. 
 
 P. 868, after Galium aspre*llum insert: 
 
 2ia. Galium sylv&tic'im L WOOD BEDSTRAW. Perennial, 5-8 dm. 
 high, erect. Stem obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 
 not rough; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, obtuse or acute, those 
 of the stem whorled, in 6's or 8's, 3-4 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, those 
 of the branches fewer in the whorls or often opposite; panicle usually 
 large, the pedicels filiform, nodding before flowering, erect-spreading 
 in fruit; flowers white; lobes of the corolla apiculate; fruit glabrous. 
 Me. and Vt. Nat. from Continental Europe. June-July. 
 
 P. 869, after Asperula odorata, add: 
 
 2. Asperula galioides M. Bieb. BEDSTRAW ASPERULA. Leaves linear, 
 rigid, usually in 8's, involute-margined, mucronate, subterete, 3 cm. 
 long or less, 1-2 mm. wide; stems erect or ascending, glabrous or pubes- 
 cent below, paniculately branched; fruit smooth. Southington, Conn. 
 Adventive from Europe. 
 
 P. 885, after Campanula rapunculoides, insert: 
 
 3a. Campanula Trachfelium L. NETTLE-LEAVED BELL-FLOWER. Peren- 
 nial, rough-hirsute, 58 dm. tall. Basal leaves broadly ovate, deeply 
 
IOQ2 APPENDIX. 
 
 cordate, acute, coarsely doubly toothed, the slender petiole longer than 
 the blade; stem-leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed, 
 acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the upper sessile, 
 the lower petioled ; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the upper axils ; 
 calyx hirsute, its broadly lanceolate lobes nearly half as long as the 
 corolla; capsules nodding, dehiscent at the base. Vicinity of Mon- 
 treal, Quebec. Nat. from Europe. July-Sept. 
 
 P. 888, before Lobelia pubeYula, insert: 
 
 5a. Lobelia elongata Small. LONG-LEAVED LOBELIA. Perennial, 
 glabrous or nearly so throughout, simple, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves linear 
 to linear- oblong, 10 cm. long or less, acute, serrate with gland-tipped 
 teeth, sessile or short-petioled, erect or ascending; raceme 1-3 dm. long, 
 the flowers secund; bracts linear to lanceolate, glandular-serrate, the 
 lower ones sometimes longer than the flowers; sepals elongated-linear 
 to linear-setaceous, entire, often as long as the deep blue corolla; cap- 
 sules 6-8 mm. broad. In swamps, Del. to Va., Fla. and La. 
 
 P. 898. Read for range of Lactuca Scariola, " in waste places, N. J. 
 to W. Va., Idaho and Mont., and in ballast about the eastern seaports; not 
 common." 
 
 Before Lactuca Ludoviciana, insert: 
 
 la. Lactuca virosa L. STRONG-SCENTED LETTUCE. Similar to the 
 Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca Scariola} and confused with it. Leaves oblong 
 to oblanceolate, finely irregularly denticulate, rarely slightly sinuate; 
 achenes dark-colored. L. Scariola has sinuate-pinnatifid leaves and pale 
 achenes. A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, Me. to 
 N. Dak., Ga., Kans. 
 
 P. 907, before Nabalus trifoliolatus, insert: 
 
 3a. Nabalus cylindricus Small. MOUNTAIN RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 
 Stem 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous. Leaves triangular or triangular-ovate, 
 10 cm. long or less, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed or 3 -cleft, sinuately 
 toothed, truncate or cordate at the base, the lower ones long-petioled ; 
 panicle narrow, long, contracted, the heads in clusters in the upper axils; 
 involucre about 10 mm. long, the principal bracts linear-lanceolate, bear- 
 ing a few scattered hairs, slightly shorter than the light brown pappus. 
 Mountains of Ky., Tenn. and N. C. Sept. 
 
 P. 939. after Solidago ulmifdlia, insert: 
 
 28a. Solidago microphy'lla Engelm. SMALL-LEAVED GOLDENROD. 
 Stem smooth, 8-13 dm. tall. Leaves numerous, somewhat pubescent, 
 rough above, firm, the basal ones spatulate or oblanceolate, 6-n cm. 
 long, shallowly toothed, the upper elliptic to oblong, serrate or entire; 
 heads numerous, 5-7 mm. high, the involucre 4-4 .5 mm. high, 2 mm. 
 thick, its bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; achenes pubescent. 
 In dry soil, Kans. to Ark. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 P. 940, after Solidago arguta, insert: 
 
 34a. Solidago Vaseyi Heller. VASEY'S GOLDENROD. Similar to S. 
 arguta, the basal leaves larger and relatively broader; heads larger, the 
 involucre 5-6 mm. high, 3-4 mm. thick; achenes finely pubescent. 
 Mountain woods, Va. to Ky!, Ga. and Ala. Aug.-Oct. 
 
 P. 941, after Solidago nemoralis, insert: 
 
 4ia. Solidago longipetiolata Mackenzie & Bush. LONG-PETIOLED 
 GOLDENROD. Resembles 5. nemoralis, but grayish green. Leaves firm 
 in texture, usually with fascicles of smaller ones in their axils, 3 -nerved, 
 the basal and lower ones long-petioled; heads rather larger than those 
 of S. nemoralis; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, thick; achenes 
 pubescent. Dry soil, Mich, to Wyo., Mo. and Tex. 
 
APPENDIX. IO93 
 
 P. 941, after Solidago rigida, insert: 
 
 45a. Solidago corymbbsa Ell. CORYMBOSE GOLDENROD. Resembles 
 S. rigida, differing in the smoother leaves and stem, the upper leaves 
 lanceolate and acute, those of S. rigida being ovate or ovate-lanceolate 
 and obtuse or obtusish; heads somewhat smaller than those of 5. rigida 
 and mostly fewer-flowered. In dry soil, Ohio to Tenn., Ga. and Ala. 
 Aug.-Oct. 
 
 P. 946. Additional species of Aster have been described by Prof. E. 
 S. Burgess in Dr. Small's "Flora of the Southeastern United States." 
 
 P. 976, after Antennaria ambigens, insert: 
 
 i3a. Antennaria Brainerdii Fernald. BRAINERD'S CAT'S-FOOT. 
 Stolons short, assurgent; stems slender, 2-3 dm. tall, the upper part 
 bearing glandular hairs intermixed with the floccose pubescence. Basal 
 leaves 5 cm. long or less, obovate, apiculate, tapering into a petiole about 
 as long as the blade, dull and more or less woolly above, or becoming 
 glabrous, rather strongly 3-nerved; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; 
 heads corymbose, short-peduncled ; involucre 6 to 8 mm. high, its outer 
 bracts oblong, obtuse, yellowish brown, the inner white or white- tipped, 
 acuminate. Woods and meadows, Me. and Vt. May-June. 
 
 P. 987, before Rudbeckia speci6sa, insert: 
 
 ga. Rudbeckia grandifldra C. C. Gmelin. LARGE-FLOWERED CONE- 
 FLOWER. Perennial, rough- hispid, or scabrous; stem stout, strongly 
 striate, 5 to 10 dm. tall. Leaves ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 
 rather thick, varying from sharply toothed to entire, strongly 3 5-ribbed, 
 narrowed at both ends, the lower 1-2 dm. long, with long pubescent 
 petioles; heads few, large; bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate, 
 densely hispid; rays 20 or fewer, 3.5 cm. long or less, yellow, drooping; 
 disk 1.5-2 cm. thick; chaff of the receptacle canescent or pubescent at 
 the tip; style-branches obtuse; pappus toothed. In dry soil, Mo. 
 (perhaps introduced) ; Ark. to La. and Tex. June Aug. 
 
 P. 988, after Rudbeckia Sullivantii, insert: 
 
 na. Rudbeckia umbrdsa Boynton & Beadle. WOODLAND CONE- 
 FLOWER. Perennial; stem r m. higher less, striate, loosely pubescent, 
 branched above. Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, acute, 
 5-8 cm. long, cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely dentate, the 
 upper smaller, short-petioled, ovate to lanceolate, often entire; heads 
 several, 4-6 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, 
 1-1.5 cm. long; rays 8-12, yellow or orange-yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long; 
 disk subglobose ; chaff of the receptacle densely ciliate at the apex ; style- 
 tips obtuse; pappus coroniform. Woodlands, Ky., Tenn. and Ga. 
 July-Aug. 
 
 P. i oo i, after Bidens combsa, insert: 
 
 53. Bidens Esttoni Fernald. EATON'S BEGGAR-TICKS. Related to 
 B. comosa and to B. connata. Leaves lanceolate, coarsely serrate, petioled, 
 5-15 cm. long; heads cylindric to obovoid, longer than thick; outer 
 bracts of the involucre 3 to 5, exceeding the disk; inner bracts about 
 5, oblong, obtuse or mucronate, striate; ray-flowers none; corollas 4-lobed, 
 pale yellow; achenes 7-9 mm. long, narrowly oblanceolate ; awns 2-4, 
 either upwardly or downwardly barbed, half as long as the achene or 
 less. Brackish shores, E. Mass. Sept. 
 
 P. 1022, insert the genus 
 
 HAPLOESTHES A. Gray. 
 
 A low glabrous somewhat fleshy and woody bushy-branched perennial, 
 with very narrowly linear opposite leaves, often with fascicles of similar 
 
IOQ4 APPENDIX. 
 
 ones in their axils, and numerous small cymose heads of yellow tubular 
 and ligulate flowers. Ray-flowers few, the rays short; disk-corollas 
 numerous, 5 -toothed. Involucre campanulate, of 4 or 5 broadly oval 
 bracts, the outer ones overlapping the inner; receptacle nearly flat. 
 Achenes glabrous, striate, linear., terete; pappus a single series of rough 
 and rather stiff whitish bristles. [Greek, referring to the few-bracted 
 involucre.] A monotypic genus of southwestern United States. 
 
 i. Haploe"sthes Gre*ggii A. Gray. GREGG'S HAPLOESTHES. Plant 
 6 dm. high or less, tne branches erect or ascending. Leaves entire, 
 2-5 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, sessile, the lower pairs connate- 
 clasping at the base; involucre 2.5-3.5 mm. high, the outer bracts 
 acutish, the inner blunt; rays mostly shorter than the involucre; achenes 
 2 mm. long, about as long as the pappus. Saline and gypsum soil, Kans. 
 and S. Col. to Texas and adjacent Mexico. April-Sept. 
 
 P. 1035, after Centaurea Calcitrapa, add: 
 
 6. Centaurea Melite"nsis L. Annual, 1.3 m. high or less, gray-pubes- 
 cent or slightly woolly, much branched. Basal leaves lyrate, some- 
 times 1.5 dm. long, their petioles margined, their lobes obtuse; lower 
 stem-leaves few-lobed or entire, the upper narrowly lanceolate, entire, 
 acute, 2 cm. long or less; heads sessile or nearly so, the involucre 1-1.5 cm - 
 thick, its principal bracts tipped with a slender spine 6-12 mm. long, 
 which bears several spinules at its base; corollas yellow, none of them 
 enlarged; pappus-scales unequal. Waste and cultivated grounds, Ga. 
 to Mo., Ariz., Cal. and Ore., and in ballast about eastern seaports. Nat. 
 from Eu. April-Sept. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS 
 
 Acaufescent. With stem subterranean, 
 or nearly so. 
 
 Accnmbent. Cotyledons with margins 
 folded against the hypocotyl. 
 
 Achene. A dry one-seeded indehiscent 
 fruit with the pericarp tightly fitting 
 around the seed. 
 
 Acicular. Needle-shaped. 
 
 Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the 
 apex. 
 
 Acute. Sharp pointed. 
 
 Adnate. An organ adhering to a con- 
 tiguous differing one; an anther at- 
 tached longitudinally to the end of the 
 filament. 
 
 Adventive. Not indigenous, but appar- 
 ently becoming naturalized. 
 
 Albumen. See Endosperm. 
 
 Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or 
 odor. 
 
 Alternate. Not opposite; with a single 
 leaf at each node. 
 
 Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely 
 pitted. 
 
 Ament. A spike of imperfect flowers 
 subtended by scarious bracts, as in 
 the willows. 
 
 Amphibious. At times inhabiting the 
 water. 
 
 Amphitropous. Term applied to the 
 partly inverted ovule. 
 
 Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or 
 other axis. 
 
 Anastomosing. Connecting so as to form 
 a well defined network. 
 
 Anatropous. Applied to an inverted 
 ovule with the micropyle very near 
 the hilum. 
 
 Androgynous. Flower-clusters having 
 staminate and pistillate flowers. 
 
 Angiospermous. Pertaining to the An- 
 giospermae; bearing seeds within a 
 pericarp. 
 
 Anther. The part of the stamen which 
 
 contains the pollen. 
 
 \ntherid. The male organ of repro- 
 duction in Pteridophyta and Bryo- 
 phyta. 
 
 Anthesis. Period of flowering. 
 
 Apetalous. Without a corolla. 
 
 Apical. At the top,or referring to the top. 
 
 Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip. 
 I Appressed. Lying against another or- 
 gan. 
 i Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or shape. 
 
 Archegone. The female reproductive 
 organ in Pteridophyta and Bryo- 
 | phyta. 
 
 Areolate. Reticulated. 
 
 Areolation. The system of meshes in 
 a network of veins. 
 
 Areole. A mesh in a network of veins. 
 
 Aril. A fleshy organ growing about 
 the hilum. 
 
 Ariilate. Provided with an aril. 
 
 Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle. 
 
 Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate. 
 
 Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, 
 or upcurved. 
 
 Asexttal. Without sex. 
 
 Assurgent. See Ascending. 
 
 Auricled. (Auriculate}. With basal, 
 ear- like lobes. 
 
 Awn. A slender bristle-like organ:- - 
 
 Axil. The point on a stem immediately 
 above the base of a leaf. 
 
 Axile. In the axis of an organ. 
 
 Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to, an 
 axil. 
 
 Baccate. Berry-like. 
 
 Barbellate. Furnished with minute 
 barbs. 
 
 Basifixed. 
 
 Berry. A 
 pulpy. 
 
 Bilabiate. With two lips. 
 
 Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. 
 
 Blade. The flat expanded part of a leaf. 
 
 Bract. A leaf, usually small, subtend- 
 ing a flower or flower-cluster, or a 
 sporange. 
 
 Bracteate. With bracts. 
 
 Bracteolate. Having bractlets. 
 
 Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne on 
 a pedicel, or immediately beneath a 
 flower; sometimes applied to minute 
 bracts. 
 
 Attached by the base, 
 fruit with pericarp wholly 
 
1096 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL 
 
 Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usu- 
 ally subterranean. 
 
 Bulblet. A small bulb, especially those 
 borne on leaves, or in their axils. 
 
 Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing 
 bulbs. 
 
 Caducous. Falling away very soon 
 after development. 
 
 Caespitose. Growing in tufts. 
 
 Callosity. A small, hard protuberance. 
 
 Callus. An extension of the inner scale 
 of a grass spikelet; a protuberance. 
 
 Calyx. The outer of two series of floral 
 leaves. 
 
 Campanulate. Bell-shaped. 
 
 Campy lotropous. Term applied to the 
 curved ovule. 
 
 Cancellate. Reticulated, with the mesh- 
 es sunken. 
 
 Canescent. With gray or hoary fine 
 pubescence. 
 
 Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudin- 
 ally grooved. 
 
 Capitate. Arranged in a head ; knob- 
 like. 
 
 Capsular. Pertaining to or like a cap- 
 sule. 
 
 Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or 
 more, usually dehiscent by valves or 
 teeth. 
 
 Carinate. Keeled ; with a longitudinal 
 ridge. 
 
 Carpel. The modified leaf forming 
 the ovary, or a part of a compound 
 ovary. 
 
 Caruncle. An appendage to a seed at 
 the hilum. 
 
 Carunculate. With a caruncle. 
 
 Caryopsis. The grain ; fruit of grasses, 
 with a thin pericarp adherent to the 
 seed. 
 
 Caudate. With a slender tail- like ap- 
 pendage. 
 
 Caudejc. The persistent base of peren- 
 nial herbs, usually only the part above 
 ground. 
 
 Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in the 
 Orchid and Milkweed families. 
 
 Cauline. Pertaining to the stem. 
 
 Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovary. 
 
 Chaff. Thin dry scales. 
 
 Chalaza. The base of the ovule. 
 
 Chartaceous. Papery in texture. 
 
 Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter of 
 plants. 
 
 ChloropJiyllous. Containing chloro- 
 phyll. 
 
 Ctliate. Provided with marginal hairs. 
 
 Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. 
 
 Cilium. A hair. 
 
 Cinereous. Ashy; ashy-colored. 
 
 Cirdnnate. Coiled downward from the 
 apex. 
 
 Circumscissile. Transversely dehiscent, 
 the top falling away as a lid. 
 
 Clavate. Club-shaped. 
 
 CleistogaiHous. Flowers which do not 
 open, but are pollinated from their 
 own anthers. 
 
 Cleft. Cut about halfway to the mid- 
 vein. 
 
 Clinandrium. Cavity between the an- 
 ther-sacs in orchids. 
 
 Cochleate. Like a snail shell. 
 
 Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of 
 some seeds. 
 
 Commissure. The contiguous surfaces 
 of two carpels. 
 
 Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise. 
 
 Confluent. Blended together. 
 
 Connate. Similar organs more or less 
 united. 
 
 Connective. The end of the filament, 
 between the anther-sacs. 
 
 Connivent. Converging. 
 
 Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up 
 longitudinally. 
 
 Coralloid. Resembling coral. 
 
 Cordate. Heart-shaped. 
 
 Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. 
 
 Corm. A swollen, fleshy base of a stem. 
 
 Corolla. The inner of two series of 
 floral leaves. 
 
 Corona; Crown. An appendage of the 
 corolla ; a crown-like margin at the 
 top of an organ. 
 
 Coroniform. Crown-like. 
 
 Corymb. A convex or flat-topped flower- 
 cluster of the racemose type, with 
 pedicels of rays arising from different 
 points on the axis. 
 
 Corymbose. Borne in corymbs ; corymb- 
 like. 
 
 Costate. Ribbed. 
 
 Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of the 
 embryo. 
 
 Crenate. Scalloped ; with rounded 
 teeth. 
 
 Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate. 
 
 Crustaceous. Hard and brittle. 
 
 Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a 
 hood. 
 
 Culm. The stem of grasses and sedges. 
 
 Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Cusp. A sharp stiff point. 
 
 Cuspidate. Sharp pointed; ending in a 
 cusp. 
 
 Cyme. A convex or flat flower-cluster 
 of the determinate type, the central 
 flowers first unfolding. 
 
 Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme- 
 like. 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 1097 
 
 Deciduous. Falling away at the close 
 of the growing period. 
 
 Decompound. More than once divided. 
 
 Decumbent. Stems or branches in an 
 inclined position, but the end ascend- 
 ing. 
 
 Decurrent. Applied to the prolongation 
 of an organ, or part of an organ run- 
 ning along the sides of another. 
 
 De flexed. Turned abruptly downward. 
 
 Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, 
 anther-sac or sporange to emit the 
 contents. 
 
 Dehiscent. Opening to emit the con- 
 tents. 
 
 Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the. 
 Greek letter delta. 
 
 Dentate. Toothed, especially with out- 
 wardly projecting teeth. 
 
 Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. 
 
 Depauperate. Impoverished, small. 
 
 Depressed. Vertically flattened. 
 
 Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the 
 right. 
 
 Diadelphous. Stamens united into two 
 sets, 
 
 Diandrous. Having two stamens. 
 
 D'.chotomous. Forking regularly into 
 two nearly equal branches or seg- 
 ments. 
 
 Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons. 
 
 Didytnous. Twin-like; of two nearly 
 equal segments. 
 
 Diffuse. Loosely spreading. 
 
 Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers 
 spread. 
 
 Dimorphous. Of two forms. 
 
 Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers 
 or antherids on one plant, and pistil- 
 late flowers or archegones on another 
 of the same species. 
 
 f)iscoid. Heads of Compositae com- 
 posed only of tubular flowers ; rayless ; 
 like a disk. 
 
 Disk. An enlargement or prolongation 
 of the receptacle of a flower around 
 the base of the pistil; the head of 
 tubular flowers in Compositae. 
 
 Dissected. Divided into many segments 
 or lobes. 
 
 Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an 
 ovary or fruit. 
 
 Distichous. Arranged in two rows. 
 
 Distinct. Separate from each other ; 
 evident. 
 
 Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle. 
 
 Divided. Cleft to the base or to the 
 mid-nerve. 
 
 Dorsal. On the back, pertaining to the 
 back. 
 
 Drupaceous. Drupe-like. 
 
 Drupe. A simple fruify usually inde- 
 hiscent, with fleshy exocarp and bony 
 endocarp. 
 
 Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe. 
 
 Echinate. Prickly. 
 
 Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in sec- 
 tion. 
 
 Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse; 
 oval. 
 
 Emarginate. Notched at the apex. 
 
 Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the 
 seed. 
 
 Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the 
 flowering plants, contained in the 
 ovule. 
 
 Endocarp. The inner layer of the peri- 
 carp. 
 
 Endogenous. Forming new tissue with- 
 in. 
 
 Endosperm. The substance surrounding 
 the embryo of a seed; albumen. 
 
 Ensiform. Shaped like a broadsword. 
 
 Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or 
 teeth. 
 
 Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day 
 or less. 
 
 Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the 
 upper part of the ovary. 
 
 Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, 
 but not parasitic. 
 
 Eqtdtant. Folded around each other; 
 straddling. 
 
 Erose. Irregularly margined, as if 
 gnawed. 
 
 Evanescent. Early disappearing. 
 
 Evergreen. Bearing green leaves 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Excurrent. With a tip projecting be- 
 yond the main part of the organ. 
 
 Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. 
 
 Exocarp, The outer layer of the peri- 
 carp. 
 
 Exogenous. Forming new tissue out- 
 side the older. 
 
 Exserled. Prolonged past surrounding 
 organs. 
 
 Exstipulate. Without stipules. 
 
 Extrorse. Facing upward. 
 
 Falcate. Scythe-shaped. 
 
 Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing 
 starch. 
 
 Fascicle. A dense cluster. 
 
 Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters. 
 
 Fastigiate. Stems or branches which 
 are nearly erect and close together. 
 
 Fenestrate. With window-like mark- 
 ings. 
 
 Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing 
 seed. 
 
 Fertilization. The mingling of the con- 
 tents of a male and female cell. 
 
1098 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust. 
 
 Fetid. Ill-smelling. 
 
 Fibrillose, With fibres or fibre-like or- 
 gans. 
 
 Filament. The stalk of an anther; the 
 two forming the stamen. 
 
 Filamentous. Composed of thread-like 
 structures; thread-like. 
 
 Filiform. Thread-like. 
 
 Fimbriate. With fringed edges. 
 
 Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed. 
 
 Fistular. Hollow and cylindric. 
 
 Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged 
 like the sticks of a fan. 
 
 Flaccid. Lax; weak. 
 
 Flexuous. Alternately bent in different 
 directions. 
 
 Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-like 
 hairs. 
 
 Fcliaceous. Similar to leaves. 
 
 Foliolate. Wifh separate leaflets. 
 
 Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along 
 one suture. 
 
 Follicular. Similar to a follicle. 
 
 Foveate. Foveolate. More or less 
 pitted. 
 
 Free. Separate from other organs; not 
 adnate. 
 
 Frond. The leaves of ferns. 
 
 Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less 
 shrub-like. 
 
 Fugacious. Falling soon after develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Fugitive. Plants not native, but occur- 
 ring here and there, without direct 
 evidence of becoming established. 
 
 Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or 
 seed. 
 
 Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. 
 
 Galta. A hood-like part of a perianth 
 or corolla. 
 
 Galeate. With a galea. 
 
 Gametophyte. The sexual generation of 
 plants. 
 
 Gamopetalous. With petals more or less 
 united. . '.,. 
 
 Gemma. A bud-like propagative or- 
 gan. 
 
 Gibbous. 
 side. 
 
 Glabrate. Nearly without hairs. 
 
 Glabrous. Devoid of hairs. 
 
 Gladiate. Like a sword-blade. 
 
 Gland. A secreting cell, or group of 
 cells. 
 
 Glandular. With glands, or gland- 
 like. 
 
 Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish 
 or white bloom; bluish-hoary. 
 
 Globose. Spherical or nearly so. 
 
 Glomerate. In a compact cluster. 
 
 Enlarged or swollen on one 
 
 Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme. 
 
 Glumaceous. Resembling glumes. 
 
 Glume. The scaly bracts of the spikelets 
 of grasses and sedges. 
 
 Granulose. Composed of grains. 
 
 Gregarious. Growing in groups or colo- 
 nies. 
 
 Gynobase. A prolongation or enlarge- 
 ment of the receptacle supporting the 
 ovary. 
 
 Habit. General aspect. 
 
 Habitat. A plant's natural place of 
 growth. 
 
 Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagit- 
 tate ; but with the basal lobes diverg- 
 ing. 
 
 ' Haustoria. The specialized roots cf 
 parasites. 
 
 Head. A dense round cluster of sessile 
 of nearly sessile flowers. 
 
 Herbaceous. Leaf- like in texture and 
 color, pertaining to an herb. 
 
 Hilum. The scar or area of attachment 
 of a seed or ovule. 
 
 Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff hairs. 
 
 Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs. 
 
 Hispidulous. Diminutive of hispid. 
 
 Hyaline. Thin and translucent. 
 
 Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of the 
 embryo; also termed radicle. 
 
 Hypogynium. Organ supporting the 
 ovary in some sedges. 
 
 Hypogynous. Borne at the base of the 
 ovary, or below. 
 
 Imbricated. Overlapping. 
 
 Imperfect. Flowers with either stamens 
 or pistils, not with both. 
 
 Incised. Cut into sharp lobes. 
 
 Included. Not projecting beyond stir-- 
 rounding parts. 
 
 Incumbent. With the back against the 
 hypocotyl. 
 
 Indehiscent. Not opening. 
 
 Indusium. The membrane covering a 
 sorus. 
 
 Inequilateral. Unequal sided. 
 
 Inferior. Relating to an organ which 
 arises or is situated below another. 
 
 Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward. 
 
 Inflorescence. The flowering part of 
 plants; its mode of arrangement. 
 
 Integument. A coat or protecting layer. 
 
 Internode. Portion of a stem or branch 
 between two successive nodes. 
 
 Introrse. Facing inward. 
 
 Involucil. A secondary involucre. 
 
 Involucrate. With an involucre, or like 
 one. 
 
 Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtend- 
 ing a flower or flower-cluster. f 
 
 Involute. Rolled inward)/. ^-. . 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Irregular. A flower in which one or 
 more of the organs of the same series 
 are unlike. 
 Labiate. Provided with a lip-like organ; 
 
 belonging to the family Labiatae. 
 Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or 
 
 segments. 
 Lanceolate. Considerably longer than 
 
 broad, tapering upward from the 
 
 middle or below; lance- shaped. 
 Latex. The milky sap of certain plants. 
 Leajlet. One of the divisions of a com- 
 pound leaf. 
 Legume. A simple dry fruit dehiscent 
 
 along both sutures. 
 Lenticular. Lens-shaped. 
 Ligulate. Provided with or resembling 
 
 a ligule. 
 Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the 
 
 rays in Compositae. 
 Limb. The expanded part of a petal, 
 
 sepal, or gamopetalous corolla. 
 Linear. Elongated and narrow with 
 
 sides nearly parallel. 
 Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines. 
 Lobed. Divided to about the middle. 
 Lament. A jointed legume, usually 
 
 constricted between the seeds. 
 Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which 
 
 split longitudinally. 
 
 Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales sub- 
 tending the flower in grasses. 
 Lunate. Crescent- shaped. 
 Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal 
 
 lobe or segment considerably larger 
 
 than the others. 
 Macrosporange. Sporange containing 
 
 macrospores. 
 Macrospore. The larger of two kinds of 
 
 spores borne by a plant, usually giving 
 
 rise to a female prothallium. 
 Marcescent. Withering but remaining 
 
 attached. 
 Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or 
 
 medulla. 
 Mericarp. One of the carpels of the 
 
 Umbelliferae. 
 Mesocarp. The middle layer of a 
 
 pericarp. 
 Micro pyle. Orifice of the ovule, and 
 
 corresponding point on the seed. 
 Murosporange. Sporange containing 
 
 microspores. 
 Microspore. The smaller of two kinds 
 
 of spores borne by a plant, usually 
 
 giving rise to a male prothallium; 
 
 pollen-grain. 
 Midvein (Midrib}. The central vein or 
 
 rib of a leaf or other organ. 
 Monadelphous. Stamens united by their 
 
 filaments. 
 
 Moniliform. Like a string of beads. 
 Monoecious. Bearing stamens and pis- 
 tils on the same plant, but in different 
 flowers. 
 
 Monstrous. Unusual or deformed. 
 Mucronate. With a short sharp abrupt 
 
 tip. 
 
 Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucronate. 
 Muricate. Roughened with short hard 
 
 processes. 
 
 Muticous. Pointless, or blunt. 
 Naked. Lacking organs or parts which' 
 are normally present in related spe- 
 cies or genera. 
 
 Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to 
 the region, but so firmly established 
 as to have become part of the flora. 
 
 Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ. 
 
 Node. The junction of two internodes 
 of a stem or branch, often hard or 
 swollen, at which a leaf or leaves are 
 usually borne. 
 
 Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints; 
 knotty. 
 
 Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose. 
 
 Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit 
 with a hard or bony pericarp. 
 
 Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. 
 
 Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. 
 
 Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate. 
 
 Oblong. Longer than broad, with the 
 sides nearly parallel, or somewhat 
 curving. 
 
 Obovate. Inversely ovate. 
 
 Obovoid. Inversely ovoid. 
 
 Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudiment- 
 ary, or vestigial. 
 
 Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded. 
 
 Ochreae. The sheathing united stipules 
 of Polygonaceae. 
 
 Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending 
 flowers in the Polygonaceae. 
 
 Ochroleucous. Yellowish white. 
 
 Ob'sphere. The cell of the archegone 
 which is fertilized by spermatozoids. 
 
 Operculate. With an operculum. 
 
 Operculum. A lid. 
 
 Orbicular. Approximately circular in 
 outline. 
 
 Orthotropoos. Term applied to the 
 straight ovule, having the hilum at 
 one end and the micropyle at the 
 other. 
 
 Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the 
 pistil. 
 
 Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal 
 section of a hen's egg. 
 
 Ovoid. Shaped like a hen's egg. 
 
 Ovule. The macrosporange of flower- 
 ing plants, becoming the seed on 
 maturing. 
 
I 10O 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 Palate. The projection from the lower 
 lip of two-lipped personate corollas. 
 
 Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing or 
 subtending the flower in grasses. 
 
 Palmate. Diverging radiately like the 
 fingers. 
 
 Panicle. A compound flower-cluster of 
 the racemose type, or cluster of spo- 
 ranges. 
 
 Paniculate. Borne in paniclts or re- 
 sembling a panicle. 
 
 Papilionaceous. Term applied to the 
 irregular flower of the Pea Family. 
 
 Papillose. With minute blunt projec- 
 tions. 
 
 Pappus. The bristles, awns, teeth, etc., 
 surmounting the achene in the Chic- 
 ory and Thistle Families. 
 
 Parasitic. Growing upon other plants 
 and absorbing their juices. 
 
 Parietal. Borne along the wall of the 
 ovary, or pertaining to it. 
 
 Parted. Deeply cleft. 
 
 Pectinate. Comb like. 
 
 Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flower- 
 cluster, or of a sporange. 
 
 Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a flower- 
 cluster, or a sporocarp. 
 
 Pedunculate. With a peduncle. 
 
 Peltate. Shield shaped; a flat organ 
 with a stalk on its lower surface. 
 
 Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or hair- 
 like branches. 
 
 Perfect. Flowers with both stamens and 
 pistils. 
 
 Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem 
 as to appear as if pierced by it. 
 
 Perianth. The modified floral leaves 
 (sepals or petals), regarded collec- 
 tively. 
 
 Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or seed- 
 vessel. 
 
 Perigynium. The utricle enclosing the 
 ovary or achene in the genus Carex. 
 
 Perigynous. Borne on the perianth, 
 around the ovary. 
 
 Peripheral. Pertaining to the peri- 
 phery. 
 
 Persistent. Organs remaining attached 
 to those bearing them after the grow 
 ing period. 
 
 Petal. One of the leaves of the cor- 
 olla. 
 
 Petaloid. Similar to petals; petal-like. 
 
 Petiolate. With a petiole. 
 
 Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. 
 
 Petiole. The stalk of the leaf. 
 
 Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or rachis. 
 
 Pilose. With long soft hairs. 
 
 Pinna. A primary division of a pin- 
 nately compound leaf. 
 
 Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets 
 
 or segments along a common axis. 
 Pinnatijid. Pinnately cleft to the 
 
 middle or beyond. 
 Pinnule. A division of a pinna. 
 Pistil. The central organ of a flower 
 
 containing the macrosporanges 
 
 (ovules). 
 Pistillate. With pistils; and usually 
 
 employed in the sense of without sta- 
 mens. 
 
 Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface. 
 Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a fan. 
 Plumose. Resembling a plume or 
 
 feather. 
 Plumule. The rudimentary terminal 
 
 bud of the embryo. 
 
 Pollen. Pollen grain. See Microspore. 
 Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the Or- 
 chid and Milkweed Families. 
 Polygamous. Bearing both perfect and 
 
 imperfect flowers. 
 
 Polypetalous. With separate petals. 
 Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple 
 
 Family. 
 Procumbent. Trailing or lying on the 
 
 ground. 
 
 Prophylla. Bractlets. 
 Prothallium. The sexual generation of 
 
 Pteridophyta. 
 
 Puberulent. With very short hairs. 
 Pubescent. With hairs. 
 Punctate. With translucent dots or 
 
 pits. 
 
 Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip. 
 Pyriform. Pear-shaped. 
 Raceme. An elongated determinate 
 
 newer cluster with each flower pedi- 
 
 celled. 
 Racemose. In racemes, or resembling a 
 
 raceme. 
 Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet in 
 
 grasses. 
 Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, 
 
 or of a spike or raceme. 
 Radiant. W T ith the marginal flowers 
 
 enlarged and ray-like. 
 Radiate. With ray- flowers; radiating. 
 Radicle. The rudimentary stem of the 
 
 embryo; hypocotyl. 
 Radicular. Pertaining to the radicle or 
 
 hypocotyl. 
 Raphe ( Rhaphe). The ridge connecting 
 
 the hi him and chalaza of an anatro- 
 
 pous or amphitropous ovule; the ridge 
 
 on the sporocarp of Marsilea. 
 Ray. One of the peduncles or branches 
 
 of an umbel; the flat marginal flowers 
 
 in Compositae. 
 Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk, 
 
 bearinr he floral organs; or, in Com- 
 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 IIOI 
 
 positae, bearing the flowers; also, in 
 some ferns, an axis bearing sporanges. 
 
 Recurved. Curved backward. 
 
 Reflexed. Bent backward abruptly. 
 
 Regular. Having the members of each 
 part alike in size and shape. 
 
 Rent form. Kidney-shaped. 
 
 Repand. With a somewhat wavy margin. 
 
 Reticulate. Arranged as a network. 
 
 Retrose. Turned backward or down- 
 ward. 
 
 Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end. 
 
 Revolute. Rolled backward. 
 
 Rhachis. See Rachis. 
 
 Rhizome. See Rootstock. 
 
 Root stock. A subterranean stem, or part 
 of one. 
 
 Ringent. The gaping mouth of a two- 
 lipped corolla. 
 
 Rostellum. Beak of the style in Orchids. 
 
 Rostrate. With a beak. 
 
 Rosulate. Like a rosette. 
 
 Rotate. With a flat round corollalimb. 
 
 Rugose. Wrinkled. 
 
 Runcinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or in 
 cised, the lobes or segments turned 
 backward. 
 
 Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities of 
 anthers. 
 
 Saccate. With a pouch or sac. 
 
 Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with 
 the lobes turned downward. 
 
 Samara. A simple indehiscent winged 
 fruit. 
 
 Saprophyte. A plant which grows on 
 dead organic matter. 
 
 Scabrous. Rough. 
 
 Scale. A minute, rudimentary or vesti- 
 gial leaf. 
 
 Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless stem 
 or peduncle, arising from a subterra- 
 nean part of a plant, bearing a flower 
 or flower cluster. 
 
 Scapose. Having scapes, or resembling 
 a scape. 
 
 Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, 
 not green. 
 
 Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, or in 
 the beginning of growth, unrolling in 
 expanding. 
 
 Secund. Borne along one side of an axis. 
 
 Segment. A division of a leaf or fruit. 
 
 Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx. 
 
 Septate. Provided with partitions. 
 
 Septicidal. A capsule winch splits 
 longitudinally into and through its 
 dissepiments. 
 
 Serrate. With teeth projecting forward. 
 
 Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; ser- 
 rate with small teeth. 
 
 Sessile. Without a stalk. 
 
 Setaceous. Bristle-like. 
 
 Setose. Bristly. 
 
 Silicle. A silique much longer than wide. 
 
 Silique. An elongated two-valved cap- 
 
 sular fruit, with two parietal placentae, 
 
 usually dehiscent. 
 
 Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins. 
 Sinuous. In form like the path of a 
 
 snake. 
 Sinus. The space between the lobes of 
 
 a leaf. 
 Sorus (Sori). A group or cluster of 
 
 sporanges. 
 Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a 
 
 spadix. 
 
 Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers. 
 Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe. 
 Spathe. A bract, usually more or less 
 
 concave, subtending a spadix. 
 Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula; spoon- 
 shaped. 
 Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the 
 
 antherid, for the fertilization of the 
 
 oosphere. 
 Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a 
 
 spike. 
 Spike. An elongated flower-cluster or 
 
 cluster of sporanges, with sessile or 
 
 nearly sessile flowers or sporanges. 
 Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; espe- 
 cially applied to flower-clusters of 
 
 grasses and sedges. 
 Spinose. With spines, or similar to 
 
 spines. 
 
 Spinule. A small sharp projection. 
 Spinulose. With small sharp processes 
 
 or spines. 
 
 Sporange. A sac containing spores. 
 Spore. An asexual vegetative cell. 
 Sporocarp. Organ containing sporanges 
 
 or sori. 
 Sporophyte. The asexual generation of 
 
 plants. 
 Spreading. Diverging nearly at right 
 
 angles; nearly prostrate. 
 Spur. A hollow projection from a 
 
 floral organ. 
 
 Squarrose. With spreading or project- 
 ing parts. 
 Stamen. The organ of a flower which 
 
 bears the microspores (pollen-grains). 
 Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or 
 
 other organ in the position of a stamen. 
 Standard. The upper, usually broad, 
 
 petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 
 Stellate. Star-like. 
 Sterigmata. The projections from twigs, 
 
 l>earing the leaves, in some genera of 
 
 Pinaceae. 
 
 S erile. Without spores, or without seed. 
 Stigma. The summit or side of the 
 
1 1 02 
 
 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. 
 
 pistil to which pollen-grains become 
 attached. 
 
 Stipe. The stalk of an organ. 
 
 Slipitate. Provided with a stipe. 
 
 Stipules. Appendages to the base of a 
 petiole, often adnate to it. 
 
 Stipulate. With stipules. 
 
 Stolon. A basal branch rooting at the 
 nodes. 
 
 Stolonifcrous. Producing or bearing 
 stolons. 
 
 Stoma {Stomata). The transpiring ori- 
 fices in the epidermis of plants. 
 
 Strict. Straight and erect. 
 
 Strigose. With appressed or ascending 
 stiff hairs. 
 
 Strophiole. An appendage to a seed at 
 the hilum. 
 
 Strophiolate. With a strophiole. 
 
 Style. The narrow top of the ovary. 
 
 Stylopodium. The expanded base of a 
 style. 
 
 Subacnte. Somewhat acute. 
 
 Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped. 
 
 Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery in 
 texture. 
 
 Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped. 
 
 Subligneous. Somewhat woody in tex- 
 ture. 
 
 Subterete. Nearly terete. 
 
 Subulate. Awl-shaped. 
 
 Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly ver- 
 satile. 
 
 Succulent. Soft and juicy. 
 
 Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally. 
 
 Superior. Applied to the ovary when 
 free from the calyx; or to a calyx ad- 
 nate to an ovary. 
 
 Suture. A line of splitting or opening. 
 
 Symmetrical. Applied to a flower with 
 its parts of equal numbers. 
 
 Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggregate 
 fruit. 
 
 Tendril. A slender coiling organ. 
 
 Terete. Circular in cross section. 
 
 7"ernate. Divided into three segments, 
 or arranged in threes. 
 
 Tetradynamous. With four long sta- 
 mens and two shorter ones. 
 
 Thallus. A usually flat vegetative organ. 
 
 Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus. 
 
 Thyrsus. A compact panicle. 
 
 Tomentose. Covered with tomentum. 
 
 Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomentose. 
 
 Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like 
 hairs. 
 
 Torsion. Twisting of an organ. 
 
 Tortuous. Twisted or bent. 
 
 Tracheae. The canals or ducts in woody 
 tissue. 
 
 Trachaids. Wood-cells, 
 
 Triandrous. With three stamens. 
 
 Tricarpous. Composed of three carpels. 
 
 Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens oi 
 three different lengths or kinds; in 
 three forms. 
 
 Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides 
 channeled. 
 
 Truncate. Terminated by a nearly 
 straight edge or surface. 
 
 Tuber. A thick short underground 
 branch or part of a branch. 
 
 Tubercle. The persistent base of the 
 style in some Cyperaceae; a small 
 tuber. 
 
 Tuberculate. With rounded projections. 
 
 Turbinate. Top-shaped. 
 
 Uliginous. Inhabiting mud. 
 
 Umbel. A determinate, usually convex 
 flower-cluster, with all the pedicels 
 arising from the same point. 
 
 Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resemb- 
 ling an umbel. 
 
 Umbellet. A secondary umbel. 
 
 Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel. 
 
 Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a 
 hook. 
 
 Unditlate. With wavy margins. 
 
 Urceolate. Urn-shaped. 
 
 Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one- 
 seeded fruit with a loose pericarp. 
 
 Valvate. Meeting by the margins in 
 the bud, not overlapping; dehiscent 
 by valves. 
 
 Vascular. Relating to ducts or vessels. 
 
 Vein. One of the branches of the 
 woody portion of leaves or other or- 
 gans. 
 
 Veinlet. A branch of a vein. 
 
 Velum. A fold of the inner side of the 
 leaf -base in Isoetes. 
 
 Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine 
 pubescence. 
 
 Venation. The arrangement of veins. 
 
 Vernation. The arrangement of leaves 
 in the bud. 
 
 Versatile. An anther attached at or 
 near its middle to the filament. 
 
 Verticil. See Whorl. 
 
 Verticillate. With three or more leaves 
 or branches at a node ; whorled. 
 
 Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige or 
 remnant. 
 
 Villous. With long soft hairs, not 
 matted together. 
 
 Virgate. Wand- like. 
 
 Whorl. A group of three similar or- 
 gans or more, radiating from a node. 
 Verticil. 
 
 Whorled. See Verticillate. 
 
 Winged. With a thin expansion or ex- 
 pansions. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur. 
 
 A. Br. Braun, Alexander. 
 Adans. Adanson, Michel. 
 Ait. Aiton, William. 
 
 Ait. f. Alton, William Townsend. 
 
 All. Allioni, Carlo. 
 
 Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan. 
 
 Andr. Andrews, Henry C. 
 
 Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Luki- 
 anowicz. 
 
 Angs. Angstrom, Johan. 
 
 Ard. Arduino, Luigi. 
 
 Am. Arnott, George Arnold Walker. 
 
 Aschers. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich 
 August. 
 
 Aubl. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christo- 
 phore Fusee. 
 
 Attst. Austin, Coe Finch, 
 
 Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. 
 
 Bald. Baldwin, William. 
 
 Baill. Baillon, Henri. 
 
 Bartl. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. 
 
 Bart. Barton, William P. C. 
 
 Bartr. Bartram, John. 
 
 Beatw. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. 
 F.J. 
 
 Benth. Bentham, George. 
 
 Benth. 6 Hook. Bentham, George, 
 and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 
 
 Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von. 
 
 Bernh. Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. 
 
 Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. 
 
 Bieb. Beiberstein, F. A. M. von. 
 
 Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob. 
 
 Bisch. Bischoff , Gottlieb Wilhelm. 
 
 Biv. Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio. 
 
 Boeckl. Boeckeler, Otto. 
 
 Boehm. Bpehmer, Georg Rudolf. 
 
 Boiss. Boissier, Edmond. 
 
 Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Bal- 
 thazar. 
 
 Brack. Brackinridge, William D. 
 
 Brew. Brewer, William Henry. 
 
 B. S. P. Britton, N. L.; Sterns, 
 Emerson Alexander; Poggenburg, 
 Justus. 
 
 Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar. 
 
 Buck. Buchenau, Franz. 
 
 Buckl. Buckley, Samuel Botsford. 
 
 Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich Au- 
 gust Ludwig von. 
 Carr. Carriere, Elie Abel, 
 Casp. Caspary, Robert. 
 Cass. Cassini, Henri. 
 Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. 
 Celak. Celakowsky, Ladislav. 
 Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente. 
 Charh. Chamisso, Adalbert von. 
 C. &> S., Cham, d^ Sch. Chamisso 
 
 and Sehlechtendahl. 
 Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Went- 
 
 worth. 
 
 Chois. Choisy, Jacques Denis. 
 Clairv. Clairville, Joseph Philippe de. 
 Clayt. Clayton, John. 
 Cogn. Cogniaux, Alfred. 
 Coult. (Dips.) Coulter, Thomas. 
 Coult. Coulter, John Merle. 
 C. & K. Coulter, J. M. and Rose, 
 
 Joseph Nelson. 
 
 Darl. Darlington, William. 
 Davenp. Davenport, George Edward. 
 DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. 
 A. DC. De; Candolle, Alphcnse. 
 Dec. Decaisne, Joseph. 
 Desf. Desfontaine, Rene Louiche. 
 Desr. Desroussoux, 
 Pesv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. 
 Dicks. Dickson, James. 
 Dietr. Dietrich, David Nathanael 
 
 Friedrich. 
 
 Dill. Dillen, John Jacob. 
 Dougl. Douglas, David. 
 Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai. 
 Dryand. Dryander, Jonas. 
 Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre. 
 Dumort. Dumortier, Barth6lemy 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Eat. Eaton, Amos. 
 Eat. &> Wr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, 
 
 John. 
 
 Eberm. Ebennaier, Karl Heinrich. 
 Ehrh. Ehrhart, Friedrich. 
 Ell. Elliott, Stephen. 
 Endl. Endlicher, Stephen Ladislaus. 
 Engelm. Engelmann, George. 
 Esch. Escholtz, Johann Friedricb 
 Fabr. Fabricius. Philipp Konrad 
 1103 
 
I 1 04 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Fisch. Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Lud- 
 
 wig von. 
 
 F. &>M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A. 
 Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. 
 Forsk. Forskal, Pehr. 
 Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold and 
 
 George. 
 Fresen. Fresenius, Johann Baptist 
 
 Georg Wolfgang. 
 FroeL Froelich, Joseph Aloys. 
 Gaert. Gaertner, Joseph. 
 Gaertn. f. Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. 
 Gal. Galeotti, Henri. 
 Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. 
 Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas. 
 Gill. Gillies, John. 
 Ging. Gingins de Lassaraz, Frederic 
 
 Charles Jean. 
 
 Glox. Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. 
 Gtnel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.. 
 Gmel. J. F. Gmelin, Johann Fried- 
 
 rich. 
 
 Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel. 
 Gren. 6 Godr. Grenier, Charles, and 
 
 Godron, D. A. 
 
 Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye. 
 Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf 
 
 August. 
 
 Gronov. Gronovius, Jan Frederik. 
 Guss. Gussone, Giovanni. 
 Hack. Hackel, Eduard. 
 Hall. Haller, Albert von. 
 Hamilt. Hamilton, William. 
 Hartm. Hartman, Carl Johann. 
 Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl. 
 Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl. 
 Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy. 
 HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander 
 
 von ; Bonpland, Aime and Kunth, 
 
 Carl Siegesmund. 
 Hegelm. Hegelmaier, Friedrich. 
 Hell. Hellenius, Carl Niclas. 
 Heist. Heister, Lorenz. 
 Herb, Herbert, William. 
 Hitch. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. 
 Hochst. Hochstetter, Christian Fried- 
 rich. 
 
 Hoffm. Hoffman, Georg Franz. 
 Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Cen- 
 
 turius. 
 
 Holl. Hollick, Arthur. 
 Hook. Hooker, William Jackson. 
 H. & A. Hooker, W. J., and Arnott, 
 
 George A. Walker. 
 Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 
 Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken. 
 Huds. Hudson, William. 
 Irm. Irmisch, Thilo. 
 Jacq. Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph. 
 Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. 
 A- Juss. Jussieu, Adrien de. 
 
 Karst. Karsten, H. 
 
 Kl. Klotsch, Johann Friedrich. 
 
 Kuehl. Kiihlwein. 
 
 L. Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von 
 Linne. 
 
 L. f. Linn6, Carl von (the son). 
 
 LHer. L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles 
 Louis. 
 
 Laest. Laestadius, Lars Levi. 
 
 Lag. Lagasca, Mariano. 
 
 Lam. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine 
 Pierre Monnet. 
 
 Lamb. Lambert, Ay liner Bourke. 
 
 Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C. 
 
 Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl Friederich von. 
 
 Lehm. Lehmann, Johann Georg Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 Le Peyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe. 
 
 Lepeh. Lepechin, Iwan, 
 
 Lesp. 6 Tkev. Lespinasse, G., and 
 Theveneau, A. 
 
 Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich. 
 
 Lestib. Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph. 
 
 Light/. Lightfoot, John. 
 
 Lilj. Liljeblad, Samuel. 
 
 Lindl. Lindley. John. 
 
 Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad. 
 
 Loefl. Loefling, Pehr. 
 
 Lois. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Jean 
 Louis Auguste. 
 
 Loud. Loudon, Johri Claudius. 
 
 Lour. Loureiro, Juan. 
 
 MacM. MacMillan, Conway. 
 
 Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey. 
 
 Mars. Marsson, Theodor. 
 
 Mart, Martens, Martin. 
 
 Mart. 6 Gal. Martens, Martin, and 
 Galeotti, Henri. 
 
 Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann. 
 
 Med. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir. 
 
 Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich. 
 
 Mer. Merat, Francois Victor. 
 
 Mert. 6- Koch, or M. 6- K. Mertens, 
 Franz Karl, and Koch, Wilhelm 
 Daniel Joseph. j^r. \ 
 
 Mett. Mettenius, George Heinrich. 
 
 Mey. Meyer, Ernst Heinrich Fried- 
 rich. 
 
 Michx. Michaux, Andre. 
 
 Michx. f. Michaux, Franois Andre. 
 
 Mill. Miller, Philip. 
 
 Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic. 
 
 Mitch. Mitchell, John. 
 
 Mont. Montagne, Jean Franois Ca- 
 mille. 
 
 Moric. Moricand, Moise ^tienne. 
 
 Moq. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. 
 
 Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau. 
 
 Muench. Muenchhausen. Otto von. 
 
 Muhl. Miihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig. 
 
 Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. I 1 05 
 
 Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de. 
 
 Nestl. Nestler, Christian Gottfried. 
 
 Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas. 
 
 Ort. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez. 
 
 Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon. 
 
 ParL Parlatore, Filippo. 
 
 P. Br. Browne, Patrick. 
 
 Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik. 
 
 Planch. ' Planchon, Jules Emile. 
 
 Poir. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. 
 
 Poll. Pollich, Johann Adam. 
 
 Pourr. Pourret, Pierre Andre. 
 
 R. Br. Brown, Robert. 
 
 Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constan- 
 tino Samuel. 
 
 Redf. & Rand. Redfield, John H,, 
 and Rand, Edward S. 
 
 Reichenb. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gott- 
 lieb Ludwig. 
 
 Retz. Retzius, Anders Johan. 
 
 Richards. Richardson, John. 
 
 Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob. 
 
 R. 6- S. Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, 
 Joseph August. 
 
 Roem. &> Us 1. Roemer, J. J., and 
 Usteri, Paulus. 
 
 Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm 
 Gottlieb. 
 
 Rottb. Rottboell, Christen Fries. 
 
 Roxb. Roxburgh, William. 
 
 R. 6 /". Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and 
 Pavon, Josef. 
 
 Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J. 
 
 Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel. 
 
 St. Mil. St. Hilaire, August de. 
 
 Sahsb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony. 
 
 Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 
 
 Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P. 
 
 Sav. Savi, Gaetano. 
 
 Schk. Schkuhr, Christian. 
 
 Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich 
 Franz Leon hard von. 
 
 Schleich. Schleicher, J. C. 
 
 Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. 
 
 Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. 
 
 Schreb. Schreber, Johann Christian 
 Daniel von. 
 
 Schult. Schultes, Joseph August. 
 
 Sck. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl 
 Heinrich. 
 
 Schum. Schumacher, Christian Fried- 
 rich. 
 
 Schwein. Schweinitz,Lewis David von. 
 
 Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton. 
 
 Scribn. Scribner, Frank Lamson. 
 
 Scribn. 6 Ryd. Scribner, F. L., and 
 Rydberg, P. A. 
 
 Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles. 
 
 Seub. Seubert, Moritz. 
 
 Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P. 
 
 Shxttlw. Shuttleworth, Robert 
 
 Sibth. Sibthorp, John. 
 
 Sfe6. 6 Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz 
 
 von, and Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard. 
 Soland. Solander. Daniel. 
 Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt. 
 Steud. Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb. 
 Stev. Steven, Christian. 
 Sudw. Sudworth, George B. 
 Sw. Swartz, Olof. 
 S. Wats. Watson, Sereno. 
 Thuill. Thuillier, Jean Louis. 
 Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Peter. 
 Thurb. Thurber, George. 
 Torr. Torrey, John. 
 Torr. & Schw. Torrey, J., and 
 
 Schweinitz, L. D. 
 Torr. 6 Hook. Torrey, John, and 
 
 Hooker, William Jackson. 
 Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. 
 Tratt. Trattinnick, Leopold. 
 Trel. Trelease, William. 
 Traut. Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph. 
 Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard. 
 Trin & Rupr. Trinius, Karl, and 
 
 Ruprecht, F. J. 
 
 Tucker m. Tuckerman, Edward. 
 Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus. 
 Underw. Underwood, Lucien Marcus. 
 Vaill. VaiUant, Sebastien. 
 Veil. Velloso, Jose Marianno de Con- 
 
 Vent. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. 
 Vill. Villars, Dominique. 
 Wahl. Wahlenberg, Georg. 
 Wahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr FriedricK 
 W. &* K. Waldstein, Franz Adam 
 
 von, and Kitalbal, Paul. 
 Wallr. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wil- 
 
 helm. 
 
 Walp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. 
 Walt. Walter, Thomas. 
 Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam 
 
 Julius von. 
 Wats. & Coult. Watson, Sereno, and 
 
 Coulter, John Merle. 
 Web. Weber, Friedrich. 
 Wedd. Weddell, H. A. 
 Weinm. Weinmann. 
 Wender. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm 
 
 Franz. 
 
 Wettst. Wettstein, R. von. 
 Wigg. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich. 
 Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. 
 Wimm. Wimmer, Friedrich. 
 Wisliz. Wislizenus, A. 
 With. Withering, William. 
 Wolfg. Wolfgang. 
 Woodv. Woodville, William. 
 Wormsk. Wormskiold, M. von. 
 Wr. Wright, John. 
 Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier. 
 

 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 [Classes, Orders, Families and Tribes in SMALL CAPITALS; genera in 
 roman; synonyms in italics.] 
 
 Abama, 255 
 Abies, 34 
 Abronia, 383 
 Abutilon, 621 
 Acacia, 527 
 Acalypha, 588 
 
 ACANTHACEAE, 853 
 
 Acer, 607, 1068 
 
 ACERACEAE, 607 
 
 Acerates, 745 
 Achillea, 1013 
 Achroanthes, 303 
 Acnida, 379 
 Aconitum, 417 
 Acorus, 231 
 Actaea, 414 
 Actinospermum, 1004 
 Acuan, 527 
 Adelia, 725 
 Adenocaulon, 979 
 Adiantum, 7 
 Adicea, 343 
 Adlurma, 441 
 Adonis, 431 
 Adopogon, 891 
 Adoxa, 877 
 ADOXACEAE, 877 
 AEgopodium, 680 
 AEschynomene, 558 
 AEsculus, 609 
 AEthusa, 682 
 Afzelia, 835 
 Agastache, 785 
 Agave, 280 
 Agoseris, 900 
 Agrimonia, 511 
 Agropyron, 153 
 Agrostemma, 388 
 AGROSTIDEAE, 63 
 Agrostis, 109 
 Ailanthus, 582 
 Aira, 115 
 AIZOACEAE, 383 
 Ajuga, 781, 1076 
 Alchemilla, 510 
 Aletris, 268 
 Alisma, 54 
 Alisma, 54 
 ALISMACEAE, 53 
 Alliaria, 447 
 Allionia, 382, 1063 
 Allium, 262, 1058 
 Allocarya, 769 
 Alnus, 329, 1062 
 Alopecurus, 102 
 Alsine, 394, 1064 
 Althaea, 618 
 
 Alyssum, 466 
 Alyssum 466 
 AMARANTHACEAE, 377 
 Amaranthus, 377 
 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 278 
 Ambrosia, 910 
 AMBROSIACEAE, 908 
 Amelanchier, 517, 1066 
 Amianthium, 257 
 Ammannia, 648 
 Ammodenia, 402 
 Ammophila, 114 
 Ammoselinum, 678 
 Amorpha, 545 
 Ampelanus, 746 
 Ampelopsis, 615 
 Amphiachyris, 928 
 Amphicarpa, 569 
 Amphicarpon, 75 
 Amphilophis, 71 
 Amsonia, 737 
 Amygdalus, 526 
 ANACARDIACEX,^, 599 
 Anagallis, 718 
 Anaphalis, 976 
 Anastrophus, 75 
 Anchistea, 10 
 Andrachne, 586 
 Andromeda, 703 
 Andropogon, 68, 1046 
 Andropogon, 71 
 ANDROPOGONEAE, 62 
 Androsace, 714 
 Androstephium, 264 
 Anemone, 418 
 Anemonella, 420 
 Anethum, 683 
 Angelica, 684 
 ANGIOSPERMAE, 38 
 Anogra, 658, 1071 
 ANONACEAE, 410 
 Antennaria, 973, 1083 
 ANTHEMIDEAE, 917 
 Anthemis, 1014 
 Anthoxanthum, 92 
 Anthriscus, 674 
 Antirrhinum, 822 
 Anychia, 404 
 Apera, 115 
 Aphanostephus, 943 
 Aphyllon, 849 
 Apiastrum, 676 
 Apios, 569 
 Apium, 677, 1072 
 Apium, 678 
 Aplectrum, 304 
 Aplopappus, 932, 933 
 
 APOCYNACEAE, 737 
 Apocynum, 738 
 Aquilegia, 415 
 Arabis, 463 
 ARACEAE, 229 
 Aragallus, 555 
 A RALES, 228 
 Aralia, 667 
 ARALIACEAE, 667 
 Arceuthobium, 344 
 Archentora, 686 
 Archichlamideae, 306 
 Arctagrostis, 108 
 Arctium, 1029 
 Arctostaphylos, 706 
 Arenaria, 400, 1064 
 Arenaria, 402 
 Arethusa, 298 
 Argemone, 439 
 Argentina, 502 
 Arisaema, 229, 1057 
 Aristida, 93, 1052 
 Aristolochia, 349 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 347 
 ARISTOLOCHIALES, 346 
 Armeria, Tig 
 Arnica, 1022 
 Arnoseris, 892 
 Aronia, 516 
 Arrhenatherum, 118 
 Artemisia, 1017 
 Aruncus, 492 
 Arundinaria, 158 
 Asarum, 348 
 
 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 740 
 
 Asclepias, 740, 1075, 1076 
 Asclepiodora, 745 
 Ascyrum, 625 
 Asimina, 410 
 Asparagus, 270 
 Asperugo, 772 
 Asperula, 868, 1081 
 Aspidium, 14 
 Asplenium, 10 
 Asprella, 158 
 Aster, 946, 1083 
 Aster, 071 
 
 ASTEREAE, 914 
 
 Astilbe, 477 
 Astragalus, 550, 1067 
 Astragalus, 555, 1067 
 Atamasco, 279 
 Atheropogon, 123 
 Atragene, 422 
 Atriplex, 372 
 Avena, 117 
 AVENEAE, 64 
 
 IIO7 
 
no8 
 
 INDEX OF LA TIN NAMES. 
 
 Azalea, 698 
 Azolla, 21 
 
 Calamagrostis, in 
 Calamintha, 798 
 
 Chimaphila, 694 
 Chimonanthus, 435 
 
 Baccharis, 971 
 
 Calamovilfa, 114 
 
 Chiogenes, 711 
 
 Bahia, 1008 
 
 Calceolaria, 640 
 
 Chionanthus, 726 
 
 Balanops, 322 
 
 Calla, 230 
 
 CHLORIDEAE, 64 
 
 Balanopsidaceae, 322 
 BALANOPSI DALES, 322 
 
 Callicarpa, 779 
 Callirrhoe, 619 
 
 Chloris, 121 
 Chondrilla, 895 
 
 Ballota, 791 
 
 CALLITRICHACEAE, 596 
 
 Chondrophora, 930 
 
 BALSAMINACEAE, 610 
 
 Callitriche, 596 
 
 CHORIPETALAE, 306 
 
 BAMBUSEAE, 67 
 
 Calluna, 706 
 
 Chrosperma, 257 
 
 Baptisia, 535 
 
 Calochortus, 267 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 1014 
 
 Barbarea, 451 
 Bartonia, 73S. i75 
 
 Calophanes, 853 
 Calopogon, 298 
 
 Chrysogonum, 982 
 Chrysopogon, 71 
 
 Bartsia, 842 
 
 Caltha, 412 
 
 Chrysopsis, 929 
 
 Batodendron, 78, 1074 
 
 CALYCANTHACEAE, 435 
 
 Chrysosplenium, 483 
 
 Batrachium, 428 
 
 Calycanthus, 435 
 
 Chrysothamnus, 931 
 
 Beckmannia, 123 
 
 Calycocarpum, 434 
 
 CICHORIACEAE, 889 
 
 Bellis, 943 
 
 Calypso, 304 
 
 Cichorium, 890 
 
 Benzoin, 436 
 
 Camassia, 267 
 
 Cicuta, 679, 1073 
 
 BERBERIDACEAE, 432 
 
 Camelina, 459 
 
 Cimicifuga, 415 
 
 Berberis, 432 
 
 Cammarum, 413 
 
 Cinna, 108 
 
 Berchemia, 611 
 
 Campanula, 884, 1081 
 
 Circaea, 663 
 
 Bergia, 630 
 
 CAMPANULACEAE, 883 
 
 Cissus, 615 
 
 Berlandiera, 982 
 
 CAMPANULALES, 881 
 
 ClSTACEAE, 630 
 
 Berteroa, 466 
 
 Camptosorus, 13 
 
 Citrullus, 882 
 
 Berula, 681 
 
 Campulosus, 121 
 
 Cladium, 186 
 
 Betonica, 793 
 
 Cannabis, 341 
 
 Cladothrix, 380 
 
 Betula, 327, 1061 
 
 Capnoides, 441, 1065 
 
 Cladrastis, 534 
 
 BETULACEAE, 326 
 
 CAPPARIDACEAE, 467 
 
 Claytonia, 385 
 
 Bicuculla, 440 
 
 CAPRI FOLIACEAE, 869 
 
 Clematis, 420 
 
 Bidens, 1000, 1083 
 
 Capriola, 119 
 
 Clematis, 423 
 
 Bifora, 676 
 Bigelovia, 931 
 
 Capsella, 459 
 Cardamine, 453 
 
 Cleome, 467 
 Cleomella, 468 
 
 Bignonia, 851 
 
 Cardiospermum, 610 
 
 Clethra, 692 
 
 BlGNONIACEAE, 850 
 
 Carduus, 1030 
 
 CLETHRACEAE, 693 
 
 Billia, 608 
 
 Carex, 189, 1056 
 
 Clinopodium, 798 
 
 Blephariglottis, 295 
 
 Carpinus, 326 
 
 Clintonia, 270 
 
 Blephilia, 797 
 Blitum, 371 
 
 Carum, 679 
 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 387 
 
 ClitorSa, 568 
 Cnicus, 1036 
 
 Boebera, 1012 
 
 Cassandra, 704 
 
 Cocculus, 434 
 
 Boehmeria, 343 
 
 Cassia, 529 
 
 Cochlearia, 447 
 
 Boltonia, 945 
 
 Cassiope, 702 
 
 Coeloglossum, 292 
 
 BORAGINACEAE, 766 
 
 Castalia, 407 
 
 Coelopleurum, 683 
 
 Borago, 776 
 
 Castanea, 331 
 
 Coleosanthus, 924 
 
 Borrichia, 990 
 
 Castilleja, 839 
 
 Collinsia, 826 
 
 Botrychium, 2, 1037 
 
 CASUARINALES, 307 
 
 Collinsonia, 807 
 
 Bouteloua, 123 
 
 Catabrosa, 133 
 
 Collomia, 761 
 
 Boufeloua, 123 
 
 Catalpa, 852 
 
 Colutea, 550 
 
 Boykinia, 480 
 
 Caucalis, 675 
 
 Comandra, 345 
 
 Brachiaria, 77 
 Brachyactis, 966 
 
 Caulophyllum, 433 
 Ceanothus, 613 
 
 Comarum, 501 
 Commelina, 239 
 
 Brachychaeta, 942 
 
 Cebatha, 434 
 
 COMMELINACEAE, 239 
 
 Brachyelytrum, 101 
 Bradburya, 568 
 
 CELASTRACEAE, 605 
 Celastrus, 606 
 
 COMPOSITAE, 913 
 
 Comptonia, 321 
 
 Bradleya, 548 
 
 Celtis, 339, 1062 
 
 Conioselinum, 684 
 
 Brasenia, 406 
 
 Cenchrus, 90 1052 
 
 Conium, 676 
 
 Brassica, 449 
 
 Centaurea, 1034, 1084 
 
 Conobea, 828 
 
 Brauneria, 989 
 
 Centella, 672 
 
 Conopholis, 850 
 
 Breweria, 750 
 
 Centrosema, 568 
 
 Connngia, 467 
 
 Brickellia, 924 
 
 Centunculus, 718 
 
 Convallarja, 273 
 
 Briza, 135 
 
 Cephalanthus, 862 
 
 CONVALLTRIACEAE, 269 
 
 BROMELIACEAE, 238 
 
 Cerastium, 397 
 
 CONVOLVULACEAE, 749 
 
 Bromus, 148 
 
 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 408 
 
 Convolvulus, 753, 1076 
 
 Broussonetia, 340 
 
 Ceratophyllum, 408 
 
 Convolvulus, 753 
 
 Brvmnichia, 367 
 
 Cercis, 529 
 
 Cooperia, 279 
 
 Buchloe, 12? 
 
 Cercocarpus, 509 
 
 Coptis, 413 
 
 Buchnera, 835 
 Bulbilis, 125 
 
 Chaerophyllum, 674, 1072 
 Chaetochloa, 89, 1052 
 
 Corallorhiza, 305 
 Corema, 598 
 
 Bumelia, 720 
 Bupleurum, 677 
 Burmannia, 289 
 
 Chaetopappa, 944 
 Chamaecistus, 700 
 Chamaecyparis, 36 
 
 Coreopsis, 997 
 Corispermum, 374 
 
 CORNACEAE, 689 
 
 BURMANNIACEAE, 289 
 
 Bursa, 459 
 
 Chamaedaphne, 704 
 Chamaelirium, 256 
 
 Cornus, 689, 1073, 1074 
 Coronilla, 557 
 
 Butneria, 435 
 
 Chamaenerion, 655 
 
 Coronopus, 446 
 
 BUXACEAE, 598 
 
 Chamaesaracha, 813 
 
 Corydalis, 441 
 
 Cabomba, 406 
 
 Cheilanthes, 9 
 
 Corylus, 327 
 
 Cacalia, 1024 
 
 Chelidonium, 440 
 
 Cotinus, 601 
 
 CACTACEAE, 643 
 
 Chelone, 823 
 
 Cotoneaster, 522 
 
 Cactus, 644 
 
 CHENOPODIACEAE, 368 
 
 Tracca, 548 
 
 CAESALPINIACEAE, 528 
 
 CHENOPODIALES, 367 
 
 "rantzia, 68 a 
 
 Cakile, 448 
 
 Chenopodium, 368, 1063 
 
 "rassina, 983 
 
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 IIOQ 
 
 CRASSULACEAE, 473 
 
 DlPSACEAE, 880 
 
 Erythronium, 266 
 
 Crataegus, 518, 1066 
 
 Dipsacus, 880 
 
 Eulophus, 680 
 
 Crepis, 901 
 Cristatella, 468 
 
 Dirca, 646 
 Discopk-ura, 681 
 
 Euonymus, 605 
 
 EUPATORIEAE, 914 
 
 Crotalaria, 536 
 
 Disporum, 272 
 
 Eupatorium, 920 
 
 Croton, 586 
 
 Distichlis, 135 
 
 Euphorbia, 590 
 
 Crotonopsis, 587 
 
 Ditaxis, 587 
 
 EUPHORBIACEAE, 585 
 
 CRUCI FERAE, 443 
 Cryptanthe, 769 
 Cryptogramma, 8 
 
 Dodecatheon, 719, 1074 
 Doellingeria, 970 
 Dolicholus, 570 
 
 Euphrasia, 841 1080, io8x 
 Eurotia, 374 
 Eustoma, 731 
 
 Cryptotaenia, 679 
 Cuoelium, 640 
 
 Dondia, 376 
 Draba, 460 
 
 Euthamia, 942 
 Evolvulus, 751 
 
 Cucurbita, 882 
 
 CUCURBITACEAE, 88l 
 
 Dracocephalum, 787 
 Drosera, 470 
 
 FAGACEAE, 330 
 FAGALES, 326 
 
 Cunila, 803 
 
 DROSERACEAE, 470 
 
 Fagopyrum, 357 
 
 Cuphea, 650 
 
 DRUPACEAE, 523 
 
 Fagus, 331 
 
 Luscuta, 754 
 
 Dryas, 509 
 
 ralcata, 569 
 
 CUSCUTACEAE, 754 
 
 Drymocallis, 499 
 
 Festuca, 145 
 
 CYCADALES, 30 
 
 Dryopteris, 14 
 
 FESTUCEAE, 65 
 
 CYCLANTHACEAE, 228 
 
 Duchesnea, 501 
 
 Ficaria, 429 
 
 Cyclanthera, 883 
 
 Dulichium, 166 
 
 Filago, 972 
 
 Cycloloma, 372 
 Cymbalaria, 820 
 
 Dupatya, 237 
 Dupontia, 142 
 
 FlLICALES, I 
 
 Filix, 17 
 
 Cymopterus, 685, 1073 
 Cynanchum, 747 
 
 Dysodia, 1012 
 Eatonia, 132, 1053 
 
 Fimbristylis, 173 
 Flaveria, 1006 
 
 CYNAREAE, 917 
 
 EBENACEAE, 721 
 
 Floerkea, 599 
 
 Cynoctonum, 727 
 
 EBENALES, 720 
 
 Foeniculum, 682 
 
 Cynodon, 119 
 
 Echinacea, 989 
 
 Forestiera, 725 
 
 Cynoglossum, 768 
 Cynomarathrum, 1073 
 Cynosciadium, 682 
 
 Echinocactus, 643 
 Echinocereus, 643 
 Echinochloa, 78 
 
 Fothergilla, 489 
 Fragaria, 500 
 Franseria, 911 
 
 Cynosurus, 136 
 
 Echinodorus, 54 
 
 Frasera, 734 
 
 CYPERACEAE, 158 
 Cypcru*. 150, 1054 
 
 Echinodorus, 54 
 Echinopanax, 1072 
 
 Fraxinus, 724, 1075 
 Fritillaria, 266 
 
 Cypripedium, 290 
 
 Echinospernum, 768 
 
 Froelichia, 380 
 
 Cyrilla, 602 
 
 Echium, 776 
 
 Fuirena, 182 
 
 CYRILLACEAE, 602 
 
 Eclipta, 984 
 
 Fumaria, 442 
 
 Cyrtorhyncha, 430 
 
 ELAEAGNACEAE, 646 
 
 FUMARIACEAE, 438 
 
 Cystopteris, 17 
 Cytisus, 537 
 
 Elaeagnus, 647 
 ELATINACEAE, 629 
 
 Gaertneria, 911 
 
 Gaillardia, 1011 
 
 Dactylis, 136 
 
 Elatine, 629 
 
 Galactia, 570 
 
 F :y'octenium, 124 
 
 Elatinoidcs, 820 
 
 Galax, 713 
 
 Li-La, 545 
 
 Eleocharis, 167, 1054 
 
 GALEGEAE, 533 
 
 Daiibarda; 499 
 
 Elephantella, 842 
 
 Galeopsis, 789 
 
 Danthonia, 118 
 
 Elephantopus, 919 
 
 Galeorchis, 292 
 
 Daphne, 646 
 
 Eleusine, 124 
 
 Galinsoga, 1004 
 
 Dasiphora, 499 
 Dasystoma, 836 
 
 Ellisia, 763 
 Elodea, 60, 629 
 
 Galium, 864, 1081 
 Galpinsia, 662, 1071 
 
 Datura, 816 
 
 Elsholtzia, 807 
 
 GAMOPETALAE, 691 
 
 Daucus, 688 
 
 Elymus, 156, 1053 
 
 Gaultheria, 705 
 
 Decodon, 649 
 
 Elyna, 188 
 
 Gaura, 662, 1071 
 
 Decumaria, 484 
 
 EMFETRACEAE, 598 
 
 Gaurella, 661 
 
 Delphinium, 416, 1064 
 Dendrium, 700 
 Dennstaedtia, 19 
 
 Empetrum, 598 
 Engelmannia, 982 
 Eptfagus, 850 
 
 Gaylussacia, 707 
 Gelsemium, 726 
 Gemmingia, 284 
 
 Dentaria, 455, 1065, 1066 
 Deringa, 679 
 
 Epigaea, 705 
 Epilobium, 655 
 
 Genista, 537 
 GENISTEAE, 532 
 
 Deschampsia, 116 
 Desmanthus, 527 
 Destnodium, 559 
 Dianthera, 854 
 
 Epipactis, 299 
 EQUISETACEAE, 21 
 EQUISETALES, 21 
 Equisetum, 21 
 
 Gentiana, 731, 1075 
 GENTIANACEAE, 728 
 GENTIANALES, 723 
 GERANIACEAE, 573 
 
 Dianthus, 394 
 Diapedium, 855 
 
 Eragrostis, 129, io$a 
 Eranthis, 413 
 
 GERANIALES, 572 
 Geranium, 573 
 
 Diapensia, 712 
 
 Erechtites, 1023 
 
 Gerardia, 837, 1080 
 
 DIAPENSIACEAE, 712 
 Dicentra, 440 
 
 Erianthus 67, 1047 
 ERICACEAE, 696 
 
 Geum, 507 
 Geum, 509 
 
 Dichondra, 750 
 
 ERICALES, 691 
 
 s~*. r .* J^* 
 
 uiiola, 972 
 
 Dichromena, 172 
 
 Erigenia, 676 
 
 Gilia, 759 
 
 Dicksonia, 19 
 
 Erigeron, 966 
 
 Gillenia, 493 
 
 Dicliptera, 855 
 
 DlCOTYLEDONES, 306 
 
 Eriocarpum 932 
 ERIOCAULACEAE, 236 
 
 Ginkgo, 37 
 (jlaucium, 440 
 
 Didiplis, 648 
 Diervilla, 877 
 
 Eriocaulon, 237, 1057 
 Eriochloa, 76 
 
 Glaux, 718 
 Glecoma, 787 
 
 Digitalis, 835 
 
 Eriocoma, 98 
 
 Gleditsia, 530 
 
 Diodia, 863 
 Dioscorea, 281 
 
 Eriogonum, 351 
 Eriophorum, 180 
 
 Glyceria, 142 
 Glycyrrhiza, 557 
 
 DlOSCOREACEAE, 28l 
 
 Diospyros, 721 
 
 Erodium, 575 
 Ervum, 567 
 
 Gnaphalium, 977 
 GNETALES, 30 
 
 Diphylleia, 433 
 
 Eryngium, 673 
 
 Gonolobus, 746 
 
 Diplachne, 128 
 
 Erysimum, 465, 1066 
 
 Goodyera, 302 
 
 Diplotaxis, 450 
 
 Erythraea, 728 
 
 Gordonia, 624 
 
1 1 10 
 
 INDEX OF LA TIN NAMES. 
 
 G RAM IN ALES, 6l 
 
 GRAMINEAE, 61 
 
 Hypochaeris, 892 
 Hypopitys, 696 
 
 LEITNERIALES, 321 
 Lemna, 232 
 
 Graphephorum, 143 
 
 Hypoxis, 280 
 
 LEMNACEAE, 232 
 
 Gratiola, 829 
 Grindelia, 928 
 
 Hyssopus, 800 
 Hystrix, 158 
 
 LENTIBULACEAE, 845 
 Leontodon, 893 
 
 GROSSULARIACEAE, 486 
 
 Ilex, 603 
 
 Leonurus, 790 
 
 Gutierrezia, 927 
 
 ILICACEAE, 602 
 
 Lepachys, 988 
 
 Gymnandeniopsis, 293 
 Gymnocladus, 531 
 
 Ilicioides, 604 
 Ilysanthes, 830 
 
 Lepargyraea, 647 
 Lepidium, 445, 1065 
 
 Gymnopogon, 122 
 
 Impatiens, 611 
 
 Leptamnium, 850 
 
 GYMNOSPERMAE, 30 
 Gypsophila, 393 
 Gyrostachys 299, 1060 
 
 Imperatoria, 687 
 Indigofera, 548 
 Inula, 979 
 
 Leptandra, 834 
 Leptilon, 969 
 Leptocaulis, 686 
 
 Gyrotheca, 278 
 
 INULEAE, 915 
 
 Leptochloa, 124 
 
 Habenaria, 293-296 
 
 lodanthus, 451 
 
 Leptorchis, 303 
 
 HAEMODORACEAE, 278 
 
 lonactis, 971 
 
 Lepturus, 152 
 
 Haknia, 734 
 
 lonidium, 640 
 
 Lespedeza, 562, 1067, 1068 
 
 Halesia, 722 
 
 Ipomoea, 751 
 
 Lesquerella, 457 
 
 Halophila, 59 
 
 Iresine, 381 
 
 Leucelene, 965 
 
 HALORAGIDACEAE, 664 
 
 IRIDACEAE, 281 
 
 Leucocrinum, 261 
 
 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 488 
 
 Iris, 282, 1059 
 
 Leucophysalis, 813 
 
 Hamamelis, 489 
 Hartmannia, 660 
 
 Isanthus, 782 
 Isnardia, 652 
 
 Leucothoe, 702, 1074 
 Levisticum, 685 
 
 Haploesthes, 1083 
 
 ISOETACEAE, 27 
 
 Liatris, 925 
 
 Hedeoma, 797 
 
 Isoetes, 27, 1046 
 
 Ligusticum, 683 
 
 HEDYSAREAE, 533 
 
 Isopappus, 933 
 
 Ligusticum, 685 : .,'T. ! . 
 
 Hedysarum, 557 
 
 Isopyrum, 413 
 
 Ligustrurn, 726 
 
 HELENIEAE, 917 
 
 Isotria, 297 
 
 Lilaeopsis, 682 
 
 Helenium, toio 
 
 Itea, 485 . 
 
 LILIACEAE, 260 
 
 Heleochloa, 101 
 
 ITEACEAE, 485 
 
 Li LI ALES, 244 
 
 Helianthemum, 630, 1069 
 
 Iva, 908 
 
 Lilium, 264 
 
 HELIANTHEAE", 916 
 Helianthium, 54 
 Helianthus, 990 
 
 Tasione, 886 
 Tatropha, 589 
 Teffersonia, 433 
 
 LlMNANTHACEAE, 599 
 
 Limnanthemum, 736 
 Limnobium, 60 
 
 Heliopsis, 984 
 
 JUGLANDACEAE, 322 
 
 Limnorchis, 293, 1060 
 
 Heliotropium, 767 
 
 JUGLANDALES, 322 
 
 Limodorum, 298 
 
 Helleborus, 413 
 
 Juglans, 323 
 
 Limonium, 719 
 
 Helonias, 256 
 
 JUNCACEAE, 244 
 
 Limosella, 831 
 
 Hemerocallis, 261 
 
 Juncoides, 253, 1058 
 
 LINACEAE, 578 
 
 Hemicarpha, 183 
 
 juncus, 244, 1058 
 
 Linaria, 821 
 
 Hepatica, 419 
 
 Juniperus, 36, 1047 
 
 Linaria, 821 
 
 Heracleum, 688 
 
 Jussiaea, 654 
 
 Linnaea, 873 
 
 Herpestis, 828 
 
 Kallstroemia, 580, 1068 
 
 Linum, 578 
 
 Hesperis, 466 
 Heteranthera, 243 
 
 Kalmia, 701 
 Kickxia, 820 
 
 Liparis, 303 
 Lipocarpha, 183 
 
 Heterotheca, 929 
 
 Kneiffia, 659, 1071 
 
 Lippia, 778 
 
 Heuchera, 481, 1066 
 
 Kobresia, 188, 1056 
 
 Liquidambar, 489 -- ' 
 
 Hexalectris, 306 
 
 Kochia, 374 
 
 Liriodendron, 410 
 
 Hexastylis, 347 
 
 Koeleria, 132 
 
 Listera, 301 
 
 Hibiscus, 622, 1068, 1069 
 
 Koellia, 800 
 
 Lithospermum, 773 
 
 Hicoria, 323 
 
 Koniga, 466 
 
 Littorella, 859 ' 
 
 Hieracium, 903 
 
 Korycarpus, 134 
 
 LOASACEAE, 641 
 
 HierochloS, 93 
 
 Kosteletzkya, 622 
 
 Lobelia, 887, 1082 
 
 HlPPOCASTANACEAE, 608 
 
 Krameria, 531 
 
 Loeflingia, 403 
 
 Hippuris, 665 
 Hoffmanseggia, 530 
 
 KRAMERIACEAE, 531 
 Kraunhia, 549 
 
 LOGANIACEAE, 726 
 
 Loisekuria, 700 
 
 Holcus, 115 
 
 Krigia, 891 
 
 Lolium, 152 
 
 Holosteum, 398 
 
 Kuhnia, 924 
 
 Lomatium, 1073 
 
 Homalobus, 554 
 
 Kuhnistera, 546 
 
 Lonicera, 874 
 
 Homalocenchrus, 91 
 
 Kyllinga, 166 
 
 Lophanthus, 786 
 
 HORDEAE, 66 
 
 LABIATAE, 779 
 
 Lophiola, 281 
 
 Hordeum, 154 
 
 Lachnocaulon, 238 
 
 Lophotocarpus, 55 
 
 Hottonia, 715 
 
 Lacinaria, 925 
 
 LORANTHACEAE, 344 
 
 Houstonia, 860 
 
 Lactuca 89.7, 1082 
 
 Lorinseria, 10 
 
 Hudsonia, 631 
 
 Lamiaceae, 780 
 
 LOTEAE, 533 
 
 Humulus, 341, 1063 
 
 Lamium, 790 
 
 Lotus, 541 
 
 Hutchinsia, 458 
 Hydrangea, 484 
 HYDRANG-EACEAE, 484 
 
 Laportea, 342 
 Lappula, 768 
 Lapsana, 891 
 
 Ludwigia, 653 
 Ludwigiantha, 653 
 Lunaria, 456 
 
 Hydrastis, 412 
 
 Larix, 33 
 
 Lupinus, 536 
 
 Hydrocotyle, 671, 1072 
 Hydrocotyle, 672 
 Hydroka, 765 . 
 HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 762 
 Hydrophyllutn 762, 1075 
 Hymenocallis, 280 
 
 Lathyrus, 567 
 LAURACEAE, 435 
 Lavauxia, 661 
 Leavenworthia, 457 
 Lechea, 631, 
 Ledum, 697 
 
 Luzula, 253 
 Lychnis, 391 
 Lycium, 815 
 Lycopersicon, 815 
 LYCOPODIACEAE, 24 
 LYCOPODIALES, 23 
 
 Hymenopappus, 1006 
 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE, 5 
 
 LeeTsia, 91 
 Legouzia, 886 
 
 Lycopodium, 24, 1045 
 Lycopsis, 776 
 
 Hyoscyamus, 816 
 
 Leiophyllum, 700 
 
 Lycopus, 803 
 
 HYPERICACEAE, 624 
 Hypericum, 624, 1069 
 
 Leitneria, 322 
 LEITNERIACEAE, 322 
 
 Lygodesmia, 899 
 Lygodiunv 5 
 
JNDLX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 II II 
 
 Lysias, 294 ' 
 Lysiella, 295 
 
 MONOTROPACEAE, 695 
 
 Monotropsis, 696 
 
 Osmorrhiza, 675 
 Osmunda, 4 
 
 Lysimachia, 715 
 
 Montia, 386 
 
 OSMUNDACEAE, 4 
 
 LYTHRACEAE, 648 
 
 MORACEAE, 339 
 
 Ostrya, 327 
 
 Lythrum, 649 
 
 Morongia, 528 
 
 OXALIDACEAE, 575 
 
 Machaeranthera, 966 
 
 Morus, 340 
 
 Oxalis, 575 
 
 Madura, 340 
 
 Muhlenbergia, 99 
 
 Oxybaphus, 382 
 
 Macounastrum, 351 
 
 Munroa, 125 
 
 Oxycoccus, 711 
 
 Macrocalyx, 763 
 
 Muscari, 268 
 
 Oxydendrum, 705 
 
 Magnolia, 409 
 MAGNOLIACEAE, 409 
 
 Musineon, 677, 1072 
 Myagrum, 448 
 
 Oxygraphis, 430 
 Oxypolis, 686 
 
 Matanthemum, 271 
 
 Myosotis, 772 
 
 Oxyria, 357 
 
 Mairania, 706 
 
 Myosurus, 423 
 
 Pachylophus, 660 
 
 Malacothrix, 895 
 Malapoenna, 436 
 Malus, 516 - 
 
 Myrica, 321 
 MYRICACEAE, 320 
 MYRICALES, 320 
 
 Pachysandra, 599 
 Pachystima, 606 
 Paepalanthus 237 
 
 Malva, 618 
 
 Myriophyllum, 665 
 
 PALMACEAE, 228 
 
 MALVACEAE, 617 
 
 MYRTALES, 647 
 
 Panax, 668 
 
 MALVALES, 616 
 
 Nabalns, 906, 1082 
 
 PANDANALES, 38 
 
 Malvastrum, 620 
 
 NAIADACEAE, 40 
 
 PANICEAE, 62 
 
 Manisuris, 68 
 
 NAIADALES, 40 
 
 Panicularia, 142 
 
 MARANTACEAE, 288 
 
 Naias, 50 
 
 Panicum, 78 1049 
 
 Mariana, 1034 
 
 Nama, 765 
 
 Panicum,- 77 78 
 
 Marrubium, 785 
 
 Napaea, 619 
 
 Papaver, 438 
 
 Marshallia, 1005 
 
 Narcissus, 279 
 
 PAPAVERACEAE, 437 
 
 Marsilea, 20 
 
 Nardus, 151 
 
 PAPAVERALES, 437 
 
 MARSILEACEAE, 20 
 
 Northed/urn, 255 
 
 PAPILIONACEAE, 532 
 
 Martynia, 852 
 MARTYNIACEAE, 852 
 Mateuccia, 19 
 
 Nasturtium, 451, 453 
 Naumbergia, 717 
 Navarretia, 762 
 
 Pardanthus, 284 
 PARIETALES, 623 
 Parietaria, 343 
 
 Matricaria, 1015 
 
 Nazia, 71 
 
 Parnassia, 476 
 
 Mayaca, 235 
 
 Nelumbo, 408 
 
 PARNASSIACEAE, 475 
 
 MAYACACEAE, 234 
 MAYDEAE, 62 
 
 Nemastylis, 284 
 Nemophila, 763 
 
 Paronychia, 404, 1065 
 Parosek, 545 
 
 Medeola, 273 
 
 Nepeta, 786 
 
 Parsonsia, 650 
 
 Medicago, 538 
 
 Nesaea, 649 
 
 Parthenium, 983 
 
 Meehania, 786 
 
 Neslia, 459 
 
 Parthenocissus, 616 
 
 Megapterium, 661 
 
 Nestronia, 346 
 
 Paspalum, 72, 1048 
 
 Meibomia, 559 
 Melampodium, 980 
 
 Nicandra, 808 
 Nicotiana, 817 
 
 Paspalum, 75 
 Passiflora, 641 
 
 Melampyrum, 844 
 
 Nothocalais, 900 
 
 PASSIFLORACEAE, 641 
 
 MELANTHACEAE, 254 
 
 Notholaena, 7 
 
 Pastinaca, 688 
 
 Melanthium, 258 
 
 Nothoscordum, 264 
 
 Paulownia, 827 
 
 MELASTOMACEAE, 650 
 
 Nuphar, 406 
 
 Pectis. 1012 
 
 Melica, 133 
 
 NYCTAGINACEAE, 382 ^j 
 
 Pedicularis, 842 
 
 Melilotus, 538 
 
 Nymphaea, 406 
 
 Pedicularis, 842 
 
 Melissa, 798 
 
 NYMPHAEACEAE, 406 
 
 Pellaea, 8 
 
 Melothria, 882 
 
 Nyssa, 691 
 
 Peltandra, 230 
 
 MENISPERMACEAE, 434 
 
 Obolaria, 735 
 
 PENTHORACEAE, 475 
 
 Menispermum, 434 
 
 Odontites, 842 
 
 Penthorum, 475 
 
 Mentha, 804 
 Mentzelia, 641 
 
 OEnanthe, 682 
 OEnothera, 658 
 
 Pentstemon, 823, io8t 
 Peramium, 302 
 
 MENYANTHACEAE, 736 
 
 Oldenlandia, 862 
 
 Perilla, 807 
 
 Menyanthes, 736 
 
 OLEACEAE, 723 
 
 Periploca, 1077 
 
 Menziesia, 700 
 
 Onagra, 657, 1070 
 
 Persea, 435 
 
 Meriolix, 662, 1071 
 
 ONAGRACEAE, 651 
 
 Perularia, 292 
 
 Mertensia, 771 
 
 Onoclea, 19 
 
 Petalostemon, 546 
 
 Mesadenia, 1023 
 
 Ononis, 539 
 
 Petasites, 1021 
 
 Micrampelis, 882 
 
 Onopordon, 1034 
 
 Petroselinum, 678 
 
 Micranthemum, 831 
 
 Onosmodium, 774, 1076 
 
 Petunia, 817 
 
 Microstylis , 303 
 Mikama, 924 
 Milium, 98 
 
 Oonopsis, 931 
 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, i 
 Ophioglossum, i 
 
 Peucedanum, 687 
 Peucedanum, 1074 
 Phaca, 553 
 
 MIMOSACEAE, 527 
 
 Opulaster, 491 
 
 Phacelia, 764 
 
 Mimulus, 827 
 
 Opuntia, 644 . 
 
 PHALARIDEAE, 63 
 
 Mitchella, 863 
 
 OPUNTIALES, 642 
 
 Phalaris, 92 
 
 Mitella, 483 
 
 ORCHIDACEAE, 289 
 
 PHASEOLEAE, 533 
 
 Mitreola, 727 
 
 ORCHIDALES, 288 
 
 Phaseolus, 571 
 
 Modiola, 622 
 
 Orchis, 291 
 
 Phegopteris, 16 
 
 Moehringia, 402 
 Moenchia, 399 
 
 Orchis, 292 
 Oreocarya, 770 
 
 Phelloptevus 1073 
 Philadelphus, 485 
 
 Mohrodendron, 722 
 
 Origanum, 800 
 
 Philotria, 60 
 
 Molinia, 128 
 Mollugo, 384 
 
 Ornithogalurri, 267 
 OROBANCHACEAE, 848 
 
 Phippsia, 103 
 Phleum, 102 
 
 Monarda, 795, 1079 
 
 Orobanche, 849 
 
 Phlomis, 789 
 
 Moneses, 694 
 
 Orontium, 231 
 
 Phlox, 756 
 
 Monniera, 828 
 
 Orophaca, 555, 1067 
 
 Phoradendron, 345 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONES, 38 
 
 Orthocarpus, 840 
 
 Phragmites, 125 
 
 Monolepis, 372 
 Monopetalae, 691 
 Mouotropa, 696 
 
 ORYZEAE, 63 
 Oryzopsis, 97 
 Oryzopsis, 98 -. ^ 
 
 Phryma, 856 
 PHRYMACEAE, 855 
 Phyllanthus, 585 
 
III2 
 
 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 Phyllitis, 13 
 Phyllodoce, 702 
 Physalis, 809, 1080 
 Physalpdes, 808 
 Physaria, 457, 1067 
 Physostegia, 788 
 Phytolacca, 381 
 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 381 
 Picea, 33 
 Picradenia, 1009 
 Picradeniopsis, 1008 
 Picris, 893 
 Pieris, 703 
 Pilea 343 
 Pimpinella, 680 
 Pimpinella, 680 
 
 PlNACEAE, 30 
 
 FINALES, 30 
 Pinguicula, 848 
 Pinus, 31, 1046 
 
 PlPERALES, 307 
 
 Piper ia, 1060 
 Planera, 338 
 PLANTAGINACEAE, 856 
 PLANTAGINALES, 856 
 Plantago, 856, 1081 
 PLATANACEAE, 490 
 Platanus, 490 
 Pleurogyne, 734 
 Pleuropogon, 134 
 Pluchea, 973 
 PLUMBAGINACEAE, 719 
 Pneumaria, 771 
 Poa, 136 
 
 PODALYRIEAE, 532 
 
 Podophyllum, 433 
 
 PODOSTEMACEAE, 472 
 
 Podostemon, 472 
 Pogonia, 297 
 Pogonia, 297, 298 
 Polanisia, 468 
 
 POLEMONIACEAE, 756 
 POLEMONIALES, 749 
 
 Polemonium, 761 
 Polycodium, 708, 1074 
 Polygala, 582 
 
 POLYGALACEAE, 582 
 POLYGONACEAE, 350 
 POLYGONALES, 350 
 
 Polygonatum, 273 
 Pofygonella, 366 
 P-1yr>num, 358, 1063 
 1'olyrrnia, 979 
 
 1 ^-iPODIACEAE, 6 
 
 Polypodium, 7 
 Polypogon, 107 
 Polypremum, 727 
 Polypteris, 1007 
 Polystichum, 13 
 Polytaenia, 685 
 
 POMACEAE, 514 
 
 Pontederia, 242 
 
 PONTEDERIACEAE, 242 
 
 Populus, 308 
 Porteranthus, 493 
 Portulaca, 386, 1064 
 
 PORTULACACEAE, 384 
 
 Potamogeton, 41, 1047 
 Potentilla, 502 
 Potentilla, 499, 502 
 Prenanthes, 906, 907 
 Primula, 714 
 PRIMULACEAE, 713 
 PRIMULALES, 713 
 PRINCIPES, 228 
 Prionopsis, 932 
 Proserpinaca, 665 
 Prosopis, 528 
 PROTEACEAE, 344 
 PROTEALES, 344 
 Prunella, 788 
 
 Prunus, 523 
 Pseudotaemdia, 1073 
 Psilocarya, 172 
 Psilostrophe, 1005 
 Psoralea, 542 
 
 PSORALEAE, 533 
 
 Ptelea, 581 
 PTERIDOPHYTA, i 
 Pteris, 8 
 Pterosppra, 695 
 Ptilimnium, 681 
 Ptiloria, 894 
 Puccinellia, 145 
 Pulsatilla, 420 
 Pycnanthemum, 800 
 Pyrola, 693 
 PYROLACEAE, 692 
 Pyrularia, 346 
 Pyrus, 515 
 Pyxidanthera, 712 
 Ouamasia, 267 
 Ouamoclit, 751 
 Quercus, 332 
 Ouincula, 812 
 KANALES, 405 
 RANUNCULACEAE, 411 
 Ranunculus, 423 
 Ranunculus, 429, 430 
 Raphanus, 450 
 Rapistrum, 460 
 Ratibida, 988 
 Razoumofskya, 344 
 Redfieldia, 128 
 Reseda, 469 
 RESEDACEAE, 469 
 RHAMNACEAE, 611 
 RHAMNALES, 611 
 Rhamnus, 612 
 Rhexia, 651 
 Rhinanthus, 844 
 Rhododendron, 699 
 Rhodora, 699 
 Rhombolytrum, 129 
 Rhus, 600 
 Rhus, 602 
 Rhynchosia, 570 
 Ribes, 486 
 Ricinus, 589 
 Robinia, 549 
 Roripa, 451 
 Rosa 512, 1066 
 ROSACEAE, 490 
 
 ROSALES, 471 
 
 Rotala, 649 
 Rottbocllia, 68 
 Roubieva, 371 
 
 RUBIACEAE, 860 
 RUBIALES, 860 
 
 Rubus, 493 
 Rudbeckia, 985, 1083 
 Ruellia, 854 
 Rumex, 354 
 Ruppia, 49 
 
 RUTACEAE, 581 
 
 Rynchospora, 183, 1056 
 Sabbatia, 729 
 Sacciolepis, 89 
 Sagina, 399 
 Sagittaria, 56 
 Sagittaria, 55 
 SALICACEAE, 307 
 SALICALES, 307 
 Salicornia, 375 
 Salix 310, 1061 
 Salomonia, 273 
 Salsola, 376 
 Salvia, 794 
 Salvinia, 20 
 SALVINIACEAE, 20 
 SALVINIALES, 19 
 Sambucus, 869 
 
 Samolus, 715 
 Sanguinaria, 439 
 Sanguisorba, 512 
 Sanicula, 673, 1072 
 SANTALACEAE, 345 
 SANTALALES, 344 
 SAPINDACEAE, 609 
 SAPINDALES, 597 
 Sapindus, 610 
 Saponaria, 393 
 SAPOTACEAE, 720 
 Sarcobatus, 375 
 Sarothra, 628 
 Sarracenia, 470 
 SARRACENIACEAE, 470 
 SARRACENIALES, 469 
 Sassafras, 436 
 Satureia, 798 
 SAURURACEAE, 307 
 Saururus, 307 
 Savastana, 93 
 Saxifraga, 477 
 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 476 
 Scabiosa, 881 
 Scandix, 674 
 Schedonnardus, 122 
 Scheuchzeria, 53 
 
 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, $2 
 
 Schizaea, 5 
 
 SCHIZAEACEAE, 5 
 
 Schrankia, 528 
 Schwalbea, 840 
 Schweinitzia, 696 
 Scirpus, 174, 1055 
 
 SCITAMINALES, 288 
 
 Scleranthus, 405 
 Selena, 187, 1056 
 Sclerolepis, 920 
 Scolochloa, 142 
 Scolopendrium, 13 
 Scrophttlaria, 822, 1079 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 8l8 
 
 Scutellaria, 783, 1078 
 Sedum, 473 
 Selaginella, 26 
 SELAGINELLACEAE, 26 
 Selenia, 456 
 Sempervivum, 475 
 Senecio, 1024 
 SENECIONEAE, 917 
 Sericocarpus, 945 
 Serinia, 891 
 Sesban, 550 
 Sesuvium, 384, 1064 
 Setaria, 89 
 Seymeria, 835 
 Shepherdia, 647 
 Sherardia, 868 
 Sibbaldia, 500 
 Sibbaldiopsis, 499 
 Sicyos, 883 
 Sida, 620 
 Sideranthus, 932 
 Sieglingia, 126 
 Sieglingia, 126, 129 
 Sieversia, 508 
 Silene, 388 
 Silphium, 980 
 Silybum, 1035 
 
 SlMARUBACEAE, 582 
 
 Simmpndsia, 599 
 Sinapis, 449 
 Sisymbrium, 448 
 Sysymbriuin, 447, 462 
 Sisyrinchium, 284 
 Sitanion, 155 
 Sitilias, 901 
 Sium, 680 
 SMILACEAE, 275 
 Smilacina, 271 
 Smilax, 275 
 
IND&X OF LATIN NAMES. 
 
 IH3 
 
 SOLANACEAE, &>8 
 
 Tanacetum, 1016 
 
 Ulmus, 337 
 
 Solanum, 814 
 
 Taraxacum, 896 
 
 UMBELLALES, 667 
 
 Solea, 640 
 
 TAXACEAE, 37 
 
 UMBELLI FERAE, 669 
 
 Solidago, 933, 1082, 1083 
 
 Taxodium, 35 
 
 Uncinia, 189 
 
 Sonchus, 896 
 
 Taxus, 37 
 
 Unifolium, 271 
 
 Sophia, 462 
 
 Tecoma, 851 
 
 Uniola, 134, 1053 
 
 Sophora, 534 
 
 SOPHOREAE, 532 
 
 Tephrosia, 548 
 Tetragonanthus, 734 
 
 Urtica, 342 
 URTICACEAE, 341 
 
 Sorbaria, 493 
 
 Tetragonotheca, 985 
 
 URTICALES, 337 
 
 Sorbus, 515 
 
 Tetraneuris, 1008 
 
 Urticastrum, 342 
 
 Sorghastrum, 71 
 
 Tetranthera, 436 
 
 Utricularia, 845 
 
 Sorghum, 71 
 
 Teucrium, 781, 1077, 1078 
 
 Uvularia, 260 
 
 SPARGANIACEAE, 39 
 
 Thalesia, 849 
 
 Vaccaria, 393 
 
 Sparganium, 39, 1047 
 
 Thalia, 288 
 
 VACCINIACEAE, 707 
 
 Spartina, 120 
 
 Thalictrum, 430, 1065 
 
 Vaccinium, 709, 1074 
 
 Spathyema, 231 
 
 Thaspium, 683 
 
 Vaccinium, 708 
 
 Specularia, 886 
 
 THEACEAE, 623 
 
 Vagnera, 271 
 
 Spergula, 402 
 
 Thelesperma, 1003 
 
 Valeriana, 878 
 
 Spergularia, 403 
 Spermacoce, 863 
 
 Thelypodium, 444 
 Thermopsis, 534 
 
 VALERIANACEAE, 878 
 VALERIANALES, 877 
 
 SPERMATOPHYTA, 30 
 
 Therofon, 480 
 
 Valerianella, 879 
 
 Spermolepis, 686 
 
 Thlaspi, 446 
 
 Vallisneria, 60 
 
 Sphaeralcea, 621 
 
 Thuja, 35 
 
 VALLISNERIACEAE, 59 
 
 Spiesia, 555 
 
 THYMELEACEAE, 645 
 
 Veratrum, 259 
 
 Spigelia, 727 
 
 THYMELEALES, 645 
 
 Verbascum, 819 
 
 Spilanthes, 985 
 
 Thymophylla, 1012 
 
 Verbena, 777, 1077 
 
 Spiraea, 492 
 
 Thymus, 802 
 
 VERBENACEAE, 776 
 
 Spiraea, 492, 493, 510 
 Spiranthes, 299 
 
 Tiarella, 480 
 Tilia, 616, 1068 
 
 Verbesina, 996 
 Vernonia, 918 
 
 Spirodela, 232 
 
 TILIACEAE, 616 
 
 VERNONIEAE, 914 
 
 Sporobolus, 104, 1052 
 Stachys, 791, 1078 
 
 Tillaea, 473 
 Tillandsia, 238 
 
 Veronica, 832, 1080 
 Viburnum, 870 
 
 Stanleya, 444 
 
 Tipularia, 304 
 
 Vicia, 565 
 
 Staphylea, 606 
 
 Tissa, 403 
 
 VICIEAE, 533 
 
 STAPHYLEACEAE, 606 
 
 Tofieldia, 255 
 
 Vigna, 572 
 
 Statice, 719 
 
 Todlis, 675 
 
 Vinca, 738 
 
 Steironema, 716 
 
 Townsendia, 944 
 
 Vincetoxicum, 747 
 
 Stellaria, 394 
 
 Toxylon, 340 
 
 Vincetoxicunt, 747 
 
 Stenanthium, 257 
 
 Trachelospermum, 739 
 
 Viola, 633, 1069, 1070 
 
 Stenophragma, 463 
 
 Tradescantia, 240 
 
 VlOLACEAE, 633 
 
 Stenophyllus, 173 
 
 Tragia, 588 
 
 Viscaria, 388 
 
 Stenosiphon, 663 
 
 Tragopogon, 894 
 
 VlTACEAE, 613 
 
 Stenotus, 933 
 
 Trapa, 664 
 
 Vitis, 613 
 
 Stephanomaria, 894 
 
 TRAPACEAE, 664 
 
 Vitis-Idaea, 708 
 
 Stillingia, 589 
 Stipa, 96 
 
 Trautvetteria, 423 
 Triadenum, 629 
 
 Waldsteinia, 506 
 Washingtonia, 675 
 
 Streptopus, 272 
 
 Tribulus, 580 
 
 Willugbaeya, 924 
 
 Strophostyles, 571 
 
 Trichomanes, 5 
 
 Wolffia, 233 
 
 Struthiopteris, 19 
 
 Trichostema, 782 
 
 Wolffiella, 234 
 
 Stuartia, 624 
 
 Tricuspis, 126 
 
 Woodsia, 17 
 
 Stylophorum, 440 
 
 Trientalis, 717 
 
 Woodwardia, 10 
 
 Stylosanthes, 558 
 
 TRIPOLI EAE, 533 
 
 Wulfenia, 832 
 
 STYRACEAE, 722 
 
 Trifolium, 539 
 
 Xanthium, 911 
 
 Styrax, 722 
 Suaeda, 376 
 
 Triglochin, 52 
 Trilisa, 927 
 
 Xanthorrhiza, 414 
 Xanthoxylum, 581 
 
 Subularia, 445 
 
 Trillium, 274, 1059 
 
 Xerophyllum, 256 
 
 Sullivantia, 480 
 
 Triosteum, 872 
 
 Xolisma, 704, 1074 
 
 Sympetalae, 691 
 
 Triphora, 298 
 
 XYRIDACEAE, 235 
 
 Symphoricarpos, 873 
 
 Triplasis, 127 
 
 XYRIDALES, 234 
 
 Symphytum, 775 
 
 Tripsacum, 67 
 
 Xyris, 235, 1057 
 
 SYMPLOCACEAE, 721 
 
 Trisetum, 117 
 
 Yucca, 269 
 
 Symplocarpus, 231 
 
 Trollius, 412 
 
 Zannichellia, 50 
 
 Symplocos, 722 
 Synandra, 789 
 
 Troximon 900 
 Tsuga, 34 
 
 Zephyranthes, 279 
 Zinnia, 983 
 
 SYNANTHAE, 228 
 
 Tulipa, 1059 
 
 Zizania, 91 
 
 Syndesmon, 420 
 
 Tunica, 393 
 
 Zizaniopsis, 91 
 
 Synosma, 1024 
 
 Tussilago, 1021 
 
 Zizia, 678 
 
 Syntherisma, 76 
 
 Typha, 38 
 
 Zornia, 558 
 
 Synthyris, 831 
 
 TYPHACEAE, 38 
 
 Zostera, 51 
 
 Syringa, 724 
 
 Ulex, 537 
 
 ZOYSIEAE, 62 
 
 Taenidia, 680 
 
 ULMACEAE, 337 
 
 Zygadenus, 257 
 
 Talinum, 385, 1064 
 
 Ulmaria, 510 
 
 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 580 
 
ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Abele, 308 
 Absinth, 1019 
 
 Aspen, 310 
 Asphodel, 255 
 Aster, 949 
 
 Bed's-foot, 799 
 Bed-straw, 865, io8l 
 Bee-balm, 798 
 
 A.C3.C13., 549 4* 
 ACANTHUS FAMILY, 853 
 Aconite, 413 
 
 Golden, 929 
 Heath, 965 
 
 BEECH FAMILY, 330 
 Beech, 326, 331 
 
 Actinomeris, 997 
 Adam-and-Eve, 305 
 
 Rayless, 966 
 Savory-leaved, 971 
 
 Beech-drops, 850 
 Carolina, 696 
 
 Adder's-mouth, 303 
 ADDE'S-TONGUE FAMILY, I 
 Adder's-tongue, 2, 266 
 Agrimony, 511 
 Ague -weed, 732 
 AILANTHUS FAMILY, 582 
 
 Stiff, 971 
 Tansy, 966 
 Viscid, 966 
 White Flat-top, 970 
 White-topped, 946 
 Wood, 949, 952, 953 
 
 False, 696 
 Beetle-weed, 713 
 Bee-tree, 617 
 Beggar-ticks, 1001, 1083 
 BELLFLOWER FAMILY, 883 
 Bellflower, 884, 1081 
 
 Ailanthus 582 
 
 Avens, 507 
 
 Bellwort, 260 
 
 Alder, 330, 1062 
 
 Mountain, 508, 509 
 
 Benjamin-bush, 437 
 
 Black, 604 
 Dwarf, 612 
 
 Purple, 509 
 Awlwort, Water, 445 
 
 Bennet, 680 
 Bent-grass, 109, in, 115 
 
 White, 692 
 
 Axeseed, 557 
 
 Berbine, 777 
 
 Alecoast, Alecos*, 1015 
 Alexanders, 679 
 
 Axewort, 557 
 Azalea, Alpine, 701 
 
 Bergamot, 796, 1079 
 Bermuda-grass, 119 
 
 Alfalfa, 538 
 
 Trailing, 701 
 
 Berry, Silver, 647 
 
 Alfilaria, 575 
 
 Bahia, False, 1008 
 
 Besom, 706 
 
 Alkanet, Bastard, 773 
 
 Bald Cypress, 35 
 
 Betony, 793 
 
 Alleluia, 576 
 
 Bald-rush, 172 
 
 Wood, 793, 844 
 
 Alligator-tree, 489 
 
 Balm, Basil, 796, 799 
 
 Bilberry, 709 
 
 Aloe, False, 280 
 
 Bee, American, 795 
 
 Bilsted, 489 
 
 Althaea, Shrubby, 623 
 
 Calamint, 799 
 
 Bindweed, 365, 753, 1076 
 
 Alum-root, 482, 573 
 
 Field, 799 
 
 Blue, 815 
 
 Alyssum, 466 
 
 Garden, 798 
 
 BIRCH FAMILY, 326 
 
 AMARANTH FAMILY, 377 
 Amaranth, 378, 379 
 
 Lemon, 798 
 Balm-of-Gilead, 309 
 
 Birch, 328, 1061 
 Bird's-nest, Giant, 695 
 
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 278 
 
 Balsam, 977 
 
 BIRTHWORT FAMILY, 347 
 
 Amy-root, 739 
 Andromeda, Privet, 704 
 
 Baneberry, 414 
 BARBERRY FAMILY, 432 
 
 Birthwort, 349 
 Bishop-weed, 681 
 
 Anemone, 418 
 
 Barberry, 432 
 
 Bistort, 359 
 
 False Rue, 414 
 
 Barley, 155 
 
 Bitter-bloom, 730 
 
 Angelica, Sea-coast, 683 
 
 Barnyard-grass, 78 
 
 Bitter-cress, 454 
 
 Angelico, 683 
 
 Bartsia, Red, 842 
 
 Bitter-herb, 729 
 
 Angle-pod, 748 
 
 Basil, Field, 799 
 
 Bitter-nut, 324 
 
 APPLE FAMILY, 514 
 
 Wild, 799 
 
 Bitter-sweet, 815 
 
 Apple, 516 
 Balsam, 883 
 
 Basilweed, 799 
 Bass-wood, 617 
 
 Climbing, 606 
 Shrubby, 606 
 
 Crab, 516 
 Earth, 996 
 
 Bay, Loblolly, 624 
 Red, 436 
 
 Bitter-weed, 910 
 Blackberry, 496, 498 
 
 May, 433 
 
 Rose, 699 
 
 Black-cap, 406 
 
 Mock, 883 
 
 Swamp, 436 
 
 Black-eyed Susan, 986 
 
 Prairie, 544 
 
 Sweet, 409 
 
 Black-grass, 248 
 
 Apple of Peru, 808 
 
 Tan, 624 
 
 Black Sampson, 989 
 
 Arbor-vitae, 36 
 
 BAYBERRY FAMILY, 320 
 
 Black-thorn, 525 
 
 Arbutus, Trailing, 705 
 
 Bayberry, 321 
 
 BLADDER-NUT FAMILY, 606 
 
 Ark, Noah's, 291 
 
 Bayonet, Spanish, 269 
 
 Bladder-nut, 606 
 
 Arrow-arum, 230 
 ARROW-GRASS FAMILY, 52 
 
 Beaked-parsley, 674 
 Beaked-rush, 184, 1056 
 
 Bladder-pod, 457, 458, 1066 
 BLADDERWORT FAMILY, 845 
 
 Arrow-grass, 52 
 
 Bean, Black-eyed, 572 
 
 Bladderwort, 846 
 
 Arrow-head, 57, 58 
 ARROW-ROOT FAMILY, 288 
 
 China, 572 
 Indian, 852 
 
 Blazing Star, 257, 925 
 Bleeding-heart, Wild, 441 
 
 ARUM FAMILY, 229 
 
 Wild, 571 
 
 Elite, 372, 376 
 
 Arrow-wood, 871 
 
 Bean-tree, 852 
 
 Blood-leaf, 381 
 
 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 996 
 
 Bear-berry, 706 
 
 Blood-root, 439 
 
 Arum, Water, 230 
 
 Bear-grass, 269, 1038 
 
 Bloodwort, 720 
 
 Ash, 724, 1075 
 
 Beard, Goat's, 477 
 
 BLOODWORT FAMILY, 278 
 
 Mountain, 515 
 
 Beard-grass, 69, 71, 108 
 
 Plcomfell, 542 
 
 Prickly, 581 
 
 Beard-tongue, 824, 1080 
 
 Blowball, 806 
 
 Sea, 581 
 
 Beauty, Rutland, 753 
 
 Blue Bells of Scotland, 884 
 
 Ashwort, 1026 
 
 Spring, 385 
 
 Blueberry, 710, 1074 
 
 UI5 
 
1 116 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Blue-bottle, 1035 
 
 Bush, Hobble, 870 
 
 Chervil, 674, 1072 
 
 Blue-curls, 782 
 
 Juba's, 381 
 
 Chess, 149, 150, 151 
 
 Blue-eyed Mary, 826 
 
 Strawberry, 605 
 
 Chestnut, 331 
 
 Blue-grass, 139, 141 
 Blue-hearts, 835 
 Blue-tangle, 707 
 
 Bush-clover, 563, 1067, 1068 
 Bush-cranberry, 870 
 Bush-honeysuckle, 876 
 
 Chickweed, 386, 395, 397, 398, 
 405, 1064 
 CHICORY FAMILY, 889 
 
 Blue-weed, 776 
 
 Butter-and-eggs, 821 
 
 Chicory, 891 
 
 Bluets, 861 
 
 Butter-bur, 1022 
 
 China-tree, Wild, 610 
 
 Clustered, 862 
 
 Buttercup, 424, 430 
 
 Chinquapin, 332 
 
 Bog-asphodel, 256 
 
 Butterfly-dock, 1022 
 
 Chittam-wood, 602 
 
 Bog-bean, 736 
 
 -pea, 568, 569 
 
 Choke-berry, 517 
 
 Boneset, 922, 923 
 Climbing, 924 
 
 -weed, 741 
 Butternut, 323 
 
 Christmas-green, 1037 
 Cinquefoil, 499, 500, 501, 503 
 
 False, 925 
 
 Butterweed, 1029 
 
 Citronella, 807 
 
 BORAGE FAMILY, 766 
 
 Butterwort, 848 
 
 Clammy-weed, 468 
 
 Borage, 776 
 
 Button, Bachelor's, 583 
 
 Clary, 795 
 
 Bouncing-bet, 393 
 
 Button-ball, 490 
 
 Claytonia, 386 
 
 Bouteloua, 123 
 Bower, Virgin's, 421, 423 
 
 -bush, 863 
 Button-snakeroot, 926 
 
 Cleareye, 795 
 Clearweed, 343 
 
 Bowman's-root, 493 
 
 Button-weed, 863 
 
 Cleavers, 865, 867 
 
 Box FAMILY, 598 
 
 Button-wood, 490 
 
 Cleever-wort, 865 
 
 Box-thorn, 816 
 
 Cabbage Skunk, 231 
 
 Cliff-brake, 8 
 
 Brake, 8 
 
 CACTUS FAMILY, 643 
 
 Climath, 601 
 
 Bramble, 495 
 
 Cactus, 645 
 
 Clot-bur, 912, 1030 
 
 Bread-root, 544 
 Breeches. Dutchman's, 440 
 
 Simpson s, 643 
 Calais, False, 900 
 
 Cloud-berry, 495 
 Clover, 540 
 
 Brier, Wild, 514 
 
 Calamint, 799 
 
 Hop, 538 
 
 Brome, 151 
 
 Calamus-root, 231 
 
 f J *^~, 
 Japan, 563 
 
 Brome-grass, 149, 151 
 Brooklime, 833, 1080 
 
 Calico-bush, 701 
 Calopogon, 298 
 
 Club, Devil's, 1049 
 Hercules', 668 
 
 Brookweed, 715 
 
 CALTROP FAMILY, 580 
 
 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY, 24 
 
 Broom, 537 
 
 Caltrop, 580 1068 
 
 Club-mosses, 24, 1045 
 
 Base, 537 
 
 Camomile, 1014, 1016 
 
 Club-rush, 176 
 
 Indigo, 535 
 
 Campion, 388, 389, 392 
 
 Cockle, 388 
 
 Yellow, 535 
 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY, 848 
 
 Canary-grass, 92 
 Cancer-root, 849 
 
 Cockle-bur, 912 
 Cock's-head, 552 
 
 Broom-rape, 849 
 
 Candle-tree, 852 
 
 Cockspur-grass, 78 
 
 Brush, Bottle, 665 
 
 Cane, 158 
 
 Cohosh, Black, 415 
 
 BUCK-BEAN FAMILY, 736 
 
 Canker-root, 719 
 
 Blue, 433 
 
 Buck-bean, 736 
 
 Cap, Bishop's, 483 
 
 Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 531 
 
 Buckberry, 708 
 
 Soldier's, 440 
 
 Colic-root, 269 
 
 BUCKEYE FAMILY, 608 
 
 CAPER FAMILY, 467 
 
 Collard, 1024 
 
 Buckeye, 609 
 
 Caraway, 679 
 
 Collinsia, 827 
 
 BUCK-THORN FAMILY, 611 
 
 Cardinal-flower, 888 
 
 Coltsfoot, 1021 
 
 Buck-thorn, 525, 612, 721 
 
 Carnation-grass, 212 
 
 Sweet, 1021 
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 350 
 
 Carpet, Water, 483 
 
 Columbine, 416 
 
 Buckwheat, 358, 365 
 
 CARPET-WEED FAMILY, 383 
 
 Columbo, Amer., 734 
 
 False, 365 
 
 Carpet-weed, 384 
 
 Comfrey, 775 
 
 Buffalo-berry, 647 
 
 Carrion-flower, 276 
 
 Wild, 768 
 
 -grass, 125 
 
 CARROT FAMILY, 669 
 
 Compass-plant, 981 
 
 -nut, 346 
 
 Carrot, 688 
 
 Cone-flower, 986, 988, 989, 
 
 Bugbane, Amer., 415, 423 
 
 Carvies, 679 
 
 1083 
 
 Bugle, 781, 1077 
 
 Cassandra, Dwarf, 705 
 
 CONIFERS, 30 
 
 Bugle-weed, 803 
 
 Cassena, 603 
 
 Coolwort, 480 
 
 Bugloss, 894 
 
 Castor-bean, 589 
 
 Coral-berry, 874 
 
 Sea, 771 
 
 Catbrier, 277 
 
 Coral-root, 305, 306 
 
 Small, 776 
 
 Catchfly, 389 
 
 Cord-grass, 120 
 
 Viper's, 776 
 
 Catch-weed, 772 
 
 CORK-WOOD FAMILY, 322 
 
 Bug-seed, 375 
 
 Cat-gut, 548 
 
 Cork-wood, 322 
 
 Bulrush, 177 1055 
 
 Cat-mint, 787 
 
 Corn, Squirrel, 441 
 
 Bunchberry, 689 
 
 Catnep, 787 
 
 Corn-flower, 1035 
 
 Bunk, 891 
 
 CAT-TAIL FAMILY, 38 
 
 Cornel, 689, 1073, 1074 
 
 BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY, 254 
 
 Cat-tail, 39 
 
 Corydalis, 441, 1065 
 
 Bunch-flower, 259 
 
 Cat's-ear, 893 
 
 Cost, 1015 
 
 Bur, Great, 1030 
 
 -foot, 974, 975, 1083 
 
 Costmary, 1015 
 
 Sand, 815 
 Bur-chervil, 674 
 
 Cedar, 36, 37, 1047 
 Celandine, 440 
 
 Cotton-grass, 181 
 Cottonwood, 309 
 
 Bur-cucumber, 883 
 
 Lesser, 430 
 
 Couch-grass, 154 
 
 Bur-grass, 1042 
 
 Celery, 677 
 
 Coughwort, 1021 
 
 Bur-head, 54 
 Bur Marigold, 1000 
 Bur-nut, 580 
 
 Centaury, 728, 1035 
 Cereus, 643 
 Chafe-weed, 978 
 
 Cowbane, 686 
 Cowberry, 501 
 Cow-grass, 540 
 
 BUR-REED FAMILY, 39 
 
 Chaff-seed, 841 
 
 -herb, 394 
 
 Bur-reed 39 1047 
 
 Chaff-weed, 718 
 
 -parsnip, 688 
 
 Burdock, 1038 
 
 Chain-fern, 10 
 
 -wheat, 845 
 
 Sea, 912 
 
 Charlock, 450 
 
 Cowslip, American, 719 
 
 BURMANNIA FAMILY, 289 
 
 Cheat, 150 
 
 Virginia, 771 
 
 Burnet, 512 
 
 Checkerberry, 705 
 
 Crab-grass, 77, 124 
 
 Burseed, 769 
 
 Cheeses, 618 
 
 Cranberry, 711 
 
 Burweed, 912 
 
 Cherry, 525 
 
 Mountain, 708 
 
 Bush, Burning, 605 
 
 Winter, 812 
 
 Cranberry-tree, 870, 8,71 
 
ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Ill/ 
 
 Crane's-bill, 573 
 Crazy-weed, 551,. 55$ 
 Creeper, Virginia, 610 
 
 Dropseed-grass, 100, 106 
 DUCKWEED FAMILY, 232 
 Duckweed, 232, 234 
 
 Flax, 578 
 Mountain, 584 
 Wild, 578 
 
 Cress, 445, 451, 452, 453, 455 
 
 Dyer's-weed, 940 
 
 Fleabane, 967, 970 
 
 Alpine, 455 
 
 Dye-weed, 537 
 
 Marsh, 973 
 
 Mouse-ear, 463 
 
 Ear, Hare's, 677 
 
 Small, 955 
 
 Swine's, 446 
 
 EBONY FAMILY, 721 
 
 Fleawort, Marsh, 1028 
 
 Cross, St. Andrew's, 625 
 
 Eel-grass, 51, 60 
 
 Fleur-de-lis, 283 
 
 Cross-cleavers, 866 
 
 Egriot, 525 
 
 Flixweed, 462 
 
 Cross Vine, 851 
 
 Elder, 869 
 
 Flower, Cuckoo, 392 
 
 Cross, Widow's, 474 
 
 Box, 608 
 
 Gipsy, 768 
 
 Crosswort, 716 
 
 Marsh, 909 
 
 Flower-of-an-hour, 623 
 
 CROWBERRY FAMILY, 598 
 
 Poison, 601 
 
 Flower, Moccasin, 291 
 
 Crowberry, 598 
 
 Wild, 668 
 
 Pasque, 420 
 
 Broom, 598 
 CROWFOOT FAMILY, 411 
 
 Elecampane, 979 
 FJephant's-foot, 920 
 
 Side-saddle, 470 
 Fly-honeysuckle, 876 
 
 Crowfoot, 426, 428, 429 
 
 -trunk, 853 
 
 Fly-poison, 257 
 
 Seaside, 430 
 
 Elk-wood, 409 
 
 Fog-fruit, 779 
 
 Crownbeard, 996 
 Cuckoo-flower, 454 
 
 ELM FAMILY, 337 
 Elm, 338 
 
 Forget-me-not, 772 
 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY, 38* 
 
 Cucumber, Creeping, 882 
 Star, 883 
 
 Eryngo, 673 
 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY, 
 
 Foxglove, 835 
 False, 836 
 
 Cucumber-root, 274 
 
 651 
 
 Mullen, 835 
 
 -tree, 409, 410 
 Cudweed, 972, 975, 978, 1020 
 
 Evening-primrose, 657, 1070 
 Everlasting, 974, 977 
 
 Fox-grape, 614, 615 
 -tail, 103 
 
 Culver's-root, 834 
 Cuphea, Clammy, 650 
 Cup-plant, 981 
 
 Large-flowered, 977 
 Life, 977 
 Pearly, 977 
 
 Fringe-tree, 726 
 Frog's-bit, 61 
 Frost-weed, 630, 1069 
 
 Cupseed, 434 
 
 Eye, Pheasant's, 432 
 
 Frostwort, 631 
 
 Curly-grass, 5 
 
 Eyebright, 841, 842, 1080, 
 
 Fumitory, 442 
 
 Currant, 488 
 
 1081 
 
 Climbing, 441 
 
 Cushion, Ladies', 720 
 
 False-flax, 459 
 
 Hedge, 442 
 
 CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY, 410 
 
 False Mermaid, 599 
 
 Furze, 537 
 
 Cut-grass, 91 
 
 FALSE MERMAID FAMILY, 
 
 Galaxy, 713 
 
 Cynthia, 892 
 
 599 
 
 Gale, Sweet, 321 
 
 Cypress, Bald, 35 
 
 False-oat, 117 
 
 Gall-of-the-earth, 907 
 
 CYRILLA FAMILY, 602 
 
 Fame-flower, 385 
 
 Gama-grass, 67 
 
 Daffodil, 279 
 
 Farkleberry, 708, 1074 
 
 Garget, 381 
 
 Dagger-flower, 966 
 
 Feather, Prince's, 363 
 
 Garlic, 263, 1059 
 
 Daisy, 943, 1015 
 
 Featherfew, 1015 
 
 False, 264 
 
 Michaelmas, 962 
 
 Featherfoil, 715 
 
 Gay-wings, 585 
 
 Yellow, 986 
 
 Fellonwort, 815 
 
 Gean, 525 
 
 Dandelion, 896 
 
 Fennel, 682 
 
 GENTIAN FAMILY, 728 
 
 Dwarf, 892 
 
 Water, 597 
 
 Gentian, 732, 1075 
 
 Fall, 893 
 
 FERN FAMILY, 6 
 
 Spurred, 735 
 
 False, 901 
 
 Fern, Bristle, 5 
 
 GERANIUM FAMILY, 573 
 
 Danes' Blood, 885 
 
 Brittle, 13 
 
 Geranium, 371 
 
 Dangleberry, 707 
 Darnel, 152 
 
 Christmas, 14 
 Cinnamon, 4 
 
 Germander, 782, 1077, 1078 
 Giant Hyssop, 786 
 
 Date Plum, 721 
 Day-flower, 239 
 
 Clayton's, 4 
 Climbing, 6 
 
 Gill-over-the-ground, 787 
 Ginger, Wild, 348 
 
 Deerberry, 708, 1074 
 
 Hartford, 6 
 
 GINSENG FAMILY, 667 
 
 Deer-grass, 651 
 
 Maiden-hair, 8 
 
 Ginseng, 668 
 
 Dewberry, 497, 498 
 Devil's-club, 1072 
 
 Male, 15 
 Ostrich, 19 
 
 Gipsy-herb, 804 
 Gipsywort, 804 
 
 Dew-cup, 510 
 
 Royal, 4 
 
 Gladiole, Water, 887 
 
 Dew-plant, 471 
 
 Sensitive, 19 
 
 Glasswort, 375 
 
 DIAPENSIA FAMILY, 712 
 
 Shield, 14 
 
 Globe-flower, 413 
 
 Dillweed, 683, 1014 
 
 Sweet, 321 
 
 Globe-mallow, 621 
 
 Ditch-moss, 60 
 
 Venus-hair, 7 
 
 Goat's-beard, 493, 892, 895 
 
 Dittany, Amer., 803 
 
 Ferns and fern-allies, i 
 
 Gold-of-pleasure, 459 
 
 Dock, 355 
 
 Fescue-grass, 146 
 
 Golden-club, 231 
 
 Prairie, 981, 983 
 
 Fetter-bush, 704 
 
 Goldenpert, 830 
 
 Dock-cress, Succory, 891 
 
 Feverfew, American, 983 
 
 Goldenrod, 935, 942, 1082, 
 
 Dockmakie, 871 
 
 Common, 1015 
 
 1083 
 
 DODDER FAMILY, 754 
 
 Fever-wort, 873 
 
 False, 943 
 
 Dodder, 754 
 DOGBANE FAMILY, 737 
 Dogbane, 738 
 Dogberry, 486 
 
 Field-madder, 868 
 Fig, Indian, 644 
 FIGWORT FAMILY, 818 
 Figwort, 822, 1079 
 
 Rayless, 931 
 Golden-seal, 412 
 Gold-thread, 413 
 Good King Henry, 371 
 
 Dog-fennel, 921 
 
 Finger-grass, 76 
 
 GOOSEBERRY FAMILY, 486 
 
 False, 1012 
 
 Fiorin, 109 
 
 Gooseberry, 486 
 
 DOGWOOD FAMILY, 689 
 
 Fir, 34 
 
 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY, 368 
 
 Dogwood, 690 
 
 Fire-weed, 1023 
 
 Goosefoot. 369, 371, 1063 
 
 Door-weed, 363 
 
 Five-finger, 506 
 
 Goose-grass, 145, 865 
 
 Double-claw, 853 
 Dragon, Green, 229 
 
 Flag, 282 
 Blue, 282, 1059 
 
 Goose-tansy, 502 
 Gorse, 537 
 
 Dragon-head, 787 
 
 Red-brown, 283 
 
 Gosmore, 893 
 
 False, 788 
 
 Sweet, 231 
 
 GOURD FAMILY, 881 
 
 Dragon-root, 229 
 Dropseed, 106 
 
 Yellow, 283 
 FLAX FAMILY, 578 
 
 Gourd, Missouri, 882 
 Gout-weed, -wort, 680 
 
ni8 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Grama-grass, 123 
 
 Gromwell, 773 
 
 Hobble-bush, 870 
 
 GRAPE FAMILY, 613 
 
 False, 775, 1076 
 
 Hog's-bean, 816 
 
 Grape, 614 
 False, 616 
 
 Ground-cherry, 810,813,1078 
 Ground-hemlock, 37 
 
 Hogweed, 910, 921 
 Hogwort, 586 
 
 Grape-hyacinth, 268 
 GRASS FAMILY, 61 
 
 Ground-nut, 569, 668 
 Ground-pine, 25 
 
 Hollow-root, 877 
 HOLLY FAMILY, 602 
 
 Grass. Barnyard, 78 
 
 Ground-vine, 873 
 
 Holly, 603 
 
 Beard 69 71 108 1047 
 Bent, 109, 115 
 
 Groundsel, 1026, 1027, 1029 
 Groundsel-bush, 971 
 
 Mountain, 604 
 Holly-fern, 13 
 
 Blue, 139 
 
 -tree, 971 
 
 Wild, 604 
 
 Black-oat, 97 
 
 Guelder-rose, Wild, 870 
 
 Hollyhock, 618 
 
 Blue-eyed, 285 
 Blue-joint, 112 
 
 Gum, Cotton, 691 
 Red, 489 
 
 Holy-grass, 93 
 Honesty, 456 
 
 Bottle-brush, 158 
 
 Sour, 691 
 
 Honewort, 679 
 
 Brome, 148 
 Buffalo, 125 
 
 Star-leaved, 489 
 Sweet, 489 
 
 Honey-bloom, 738 
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, 869 
 
 Bur, 90, 1052 
 
 Tupelo, 691 
 
 Honeysuckle, 875 
 
 Canary, 92 
 Catch-fly, 92 
 
 Gum-plant, 928 
 Gypsophyll, 393 
 
 Bush, 877 
 Ground, 542 
 
 Cat's-tail, 102 
 
 Hackberry, 339, 1062 
 
 Swamp, 698 
 
 Cockspur, 78 
 
 Hackmatack, 33 
 
 Wild, 698 
 
 Cord, 120 
 Couch, 154 
 
 Hair-grass, 101, no, 115, 116 
 Harbinger of Spring, 676 
 
 Honey-sweet, 510 
 Hop, 341, 1063 
 
 Crab, 77, 124 
 
 Hardgrass, 152 
 
 Hop-clover, 539 
 
 Cut, 91 
 
 Hardhack, 492 
 
 -hornbeam, 327 
 
 Dog's-tail, 136 
 Dog's-tooth, 119 
 
 Hardheads, 1035 
 Harebell, 884 
 
 Hop-tree, 581 
 -trefoil, 540 
 
 Drop-seed, 100, 106 
 
 Hare's-ear, 467 
 
 Hornbeam, 326 
 
 Egyptian, 124 
 
 Hart's-tongue, 13 
 
 HORNWORT FAMILY, 408 
 
 Faitour's, 595 
 
 Haw, 519, 521 
 
 Hornwort, 409 
 
 Fescue, 146 
 
 Black, 872 
 
 Horse-balm, 807 
 
 Finger, 76 
 
 Hawkbit, 893 
 
 Horse-brier, 277 
 
 Fiorin, 109 
 
 Hawk's-beard, 901 
 
 -cane, 910 
 
 Fowl, Meadow-, 139 
 
 Hawkweed, 903 
 
 Horse-chestnut, 609 
 
 Fox-tail, 89, 90, 1052 
 Gama, 67 
 
 Mouse-ear, 904 
 Hawthorn, 520 
 
 Horsefly-weed, 535 
 Horse-gentian, 873 
 
 Goose, 145 
 
 Hazel-nut, 327 
 
 Horse-heal, 979 
 
 Hedgehog, 90 
 
 Heal-all, 788, 822 
 
 -knops, 1035 
 
 Holy, 03 
 
 Healing-herb, 775 
 
 Horse-mint, 796 
 
 T-r * J -'V 
 
 Hungarian, 90 
 
 Heart, Floating, 736 
 
 Horse-nettle, 814 * 
 
 Indian, 71 
 
 Lion's, 788, 1078 
 
 Horse-radish, 453 
 
 Johnson, 71 
 Joint, 73 
 
 Heartease, 640 
 Heart-seed, 610 
 
 Horse-sugar, 722 
 HORSE-TAIL FAMILY, 21 
 
 June, 139 
 Kentucky Blue, 139 
 Manna, 143 
 
 HEATH FAMILY, 696 
 Heath, Mountain, 702 
 Heathberry, 598 
 
 Horse-tails, 21 
 Horse-weed, 970 
 Hound's-tongue, 768 
 
 Meadow-fescue 
 
 Heather, 706 
 
 House-leek, 475 
 
 Mesquite, 123 
 
 Beach, False, 631 
 
 HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY, 707 
 
 Millet, 98 
 
 Heather-grass, 126 
 
 Huckleberry, 707, 710 
 
 Munro's, 123 
 Oat, 118 
 Orchard, 136 
 
 Hedge-garlic, 447 
 Hedgehog-thistle, 643 
 Hedge-hyssop, 828, 829 
 
 Hunger-weed, 428 
 Hyacinth, Wild, 267 
 HYDRANGEA FAMILY, 484 
 
 Pigeon, 89 
 Plume, 67, 1047 
 
 Hedge-parsley, 675 
 Heliotrope, 767 
 
 Hyssop, 800 
 Wild, 778 
 
 Prickle, 72 
 Quake, Quaking, 136 
 Rye, 152 
 
 Hellebore, 259, 413 
 Helleborine, 299 
 Hemlock, 34, 37, 686 
 
 Indian-cup, 981 
 [NDIAN-PIPE FAMILY, 695 
 fndian-root, 668 
 
 Salt-meadow, 120 
 
 Poison, 676 
 
 Indigo, Wild, 535 
 
 Seneca, 93 
 
 Water, 679, 1073 
 
 Bastard, 545 
 
 Smut, 106 
 
 Hemlock-parsley, 684 
 
 Blue False, 535 
 
 Soft, 115 
 
 Hemp, 341 
 
 False, 545 
 
 Spear, 138 
 
 Indian, 739 
 
 [ndigo-plant, 548 
 
 Squirrel-tail, 155 
 Sweet Vernal, 92 
 Terrell, 156 
 
 Nettle, 790 
 lempweed, Climbing, 924 
 lenbane, Black, 816 
 
 [nkberry, 603 
 [nnocence, 861 
 [pecac, American, 493 
 
 Texas Blue, 141 
 
 rlenbit, 791 
 
 Wild, 594 
 
 Toothache" 121 
 
 rlerb-bane, 849 
 
 ^RIS FAMILY, 281 
 
 Vanilla, 93 
 
 -Gerard, 680 
 
 [ris, Dwarf, 283, 284 
 
 Velvet, 115 
 
 lerb-of-the-cross, 777 
 
 "ron-weed, 918 
 
 Wheat, 153 
 
 Herb-Robert, 573 
 
 >on-wood, 327 
 
 White, 91 
 
 -Sherard, 868 
 
 Southern, 602 
 
 Wrack, 51 
 
 -Sophia, 462 
 
 "ronwort, 790 
 
 Yard, 124 
 
 lerba Impia, 972 
 
 sabella-wood, 436 
 
 Grass-of-Parnassus, 476 
 GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAM- 
 
 lerd-grass, 102, 109 
 leron's-bill, 575 
 
 "vray, 152 
 "vy, American, 616 
 
 ILY, 475 
 
 lickory, 324, 325 
 
 Coliseum, 820 
 
 Grass-pink, 298 
 
 Hoarhound, Black, 791 
 
 Ground, 787 
 
 Grass-poly, 649 
 
 Fetid, 791 
 
 Kenilworth, 820 
 
 Grease-wood, 376 
 
 Marsh, 804 
 
 Poison, 601 
 
 Green-brier, 276 
 
 Water, 804 923 
 
 ack-in-the-pulpit, 229 
 
 Green-weed, 537 
 
 White, 785 
 
 amestown-weed, 816 
 
 J 
 
ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 1119 
 
 essamine, Yellow,- 727 
 
 EWEL-WEED FAMILY, 6lO 
 
 imson-weed, 816 
 oe Pye Weed, 921 
 ohnson-grass, 71 
 oint-grass, 73, 112 
 oint-weed, 367, 665 
 udas-tree, 529 
 June-grass, 139 
 June-berry, 517, 1066 
 Juniper, 36 
 Ketmia, Bladder, 623 
 King-devil, 904 
 
 -nut, 324 
 
 Kinnikinnik, 690, 706 
 Knapweed, 1035 
 Knawel. 405 
 Knight's-spur," 416 
 Knot-berry, 495 
 Knot-grass, 363, 405 
 Knotweed, 363, 366, 1063 
 KRAMERIA FAMILY, 531 
 Ladder, Jacob's, 761 
 Lady's-comb, 675 
 Lamb-kill, 701 
 Larch, 33 
 Lark-heel, 416 
 Larkspur, 416, 1064 
 LAUREL FAMILY, 435 
 Laurel, 701 
 
 Great, 699 
 
 Ground, 705 
 
 Lady, 646 
 
 Spurge, 646 
 Lead-plant, 545 
 Leaf, Velvet, 621 
 Leaf-cup, 979 
 Leather-flower, 422 
 
 -leaf, 705 
 Leather-wood, 646 
 
 Southern, 602 
 Leek, Wild, 262 
 Leopard's-bane, 1022 
 Lettuce, 386, 898, 1082 
 
 Blue, 899 
 
 Hare's, 897 
 
 White, 906 
 Licorice, Wild, 866 
 Life-root, 1028 
 Lilac, 724 
 LILY FAMILY, 260 
 Lily, 265 
 
 Atamasco, 279 
 
 Blackberry, 284 
 
 Day, 261 
 
 Mariposa, 267 
 
 Pond, 407 
 
 Water, 407 
 
 LlLY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAM- 
 ILY, 269 
 
 Lily-of-the-valley, 273 
 
 False, 271 
 Limonillo, 1010 
 LINDEN FAMILY, 616 
 Linden, 617, 1068 
 Ling, 706 
 Linseed, 578 
 Lion's-foot, 907 
 
 -heart, 788, 1078 
 
 -mouth, 822 
 
 -tail, 790 
 Lip-fern, 9 
 Liquorice, 557 
 Live-forever, 474 
 Liver-leaf, 420 
 LIZARD'S TAIL FAMILY, 307 
 Lizard's-tail, 307 
 LOASA FAMILY, 641 
 Loco-vetch, 556 
 Loco-weed, 551, 556 
 Locust, 531, 549 
 
 Locust-tree, 549 
 LOGANIA FAMILY, 726 
 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 648 
 Loosestrife, 649, 715, 717 
 
 Swamp, 649 
 LOPSEED FAMILY, 855 
 Lopseed, 856 
 Lotus, 408 
 Lousewort, 843 
 Lovage, 685 
 
 Scotch, 683 
 Love-apple, 815 
 Lover, Mountain, 606 
 Love-vine, 755 
 Lucerne, 538 
 Lungwort, 771 
 
 Sea, 771 
 Lupine, 536 
 Lychnis, 392 
 Lyme-grass, 157 
 MADDER FAMILY, 860 
 Madder, Wild, 865, 867 
 Madwort, German, 772 
 MAGNOLIA FAMILY, 409 
 Mahaleb, 526 
 Mahonia, Trailing, 432 
 MALLOW FAMILY, 617 
 Mallow, 618 
 
 Bristly-fruited, 622 
 
 False, 620 
 
 Glade, 620 
 
 Indian, 621 
 
 Virginia, 621 
 Mandrake, Wild, 433 
 Manna-grass, 143 
 Mantle, Lady's, 510 
 MAPLE FAMILY, 607 
 Maple, 607, 1068 
 Maram, 114 
 Mare's-tail, 665 
 Marigold, Fetid, 1012 
 
 Water, 1003 
 Marjoram, 800 
 Marl-grass, 540 
 Marsh-grass, 120, 121 
 
 -mallow, 618 
 
 -marigold, 412 
 
 -pennywort, 671, 1072 . 
 Marshlocks, Purple, 501 
 Masterwort, 688 
 Mat-grass, 151 
 Mat-rush, 178 
 Mat-weed, 114 
 May-cherry, 517 
 Mayflower, 705 
 MAYACA FAMILY, 234 
 Mayaca, 235 
 Mayweed, 1014 
 
 Corn, 1016 
 Mazard, 525 
 MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY, 
 
 650 
 Meadow-beauty, 651 
 
 -gowan, 412 
 
 Meadow-grass, 138, 139, 140, 
 141, 144, 145 
 
 Meadow-parsnip, 678, 684 
 Meadow-queen, 510 
 Meadow-rue, 431, 1065 
 Meadow-sweet, 492, 510 
 Medic, 538 
 Melic-grass, 133 
 Melilot, 539 
 
 Mercury, Three-seeded, 588 
 Mermaid-weed, 665 
 Mesquite, 123, 528 
 Mesquite-grass, 123 
 MEZEREON FAMILY, 645 
 Mezereon, 646 
 MIGNONETTE FAMILY, 469 
 Mignonette, 469 
 
 Milfoil, 1013 
 
 Milk-vetch, 551, 554, 1067 
 MILKWEED FAMILY, 740 
 Milkweed, 741, 745, 746, 
 1075, 1076 
 
 MILKWORT FAMILY, 582 
 Milkwort, 583, 744 
 
 Sea, 718 
 Millet, 76, 82, 90 
 
 -grass, 98 
 
 MIMOSA FAMILY, 527 
 Mimosa, 527 
 MINT FAMILY, 779 
 Mint, 805 
 
 Stone, 803 
 Mist-flower, 924 
 MISTLETOE FAMILY, 344 
 Mistletoe, 344, 345 
 Mitrewort, 483, 727 
 
 False, 480 
 Mocker-nut, 325 
 Moneywort, 716 
 
 Prairie, 717 
 Monkey-flower, 827 
 Monk's-hood, 417 
 MOONSEED FAMILY, 434 
 Moonseed, 434 
 Moonwort, 3 
 Moor, 706 
 Moorwort, 703 
 Moose-wood, 608, 646 
 MORNING-GLORY FAMILY, 
 
 Morning-glory, 751, 752 
 MOSCHATEL FAMILY, 877 
 Moschatel, 877 
 Moss, Florida, 239 
 
 Flowering, 712 
 
 Long, 239 
 Moss-plant, 702 
 Mother-of-thyme, 802 
 Motherwort, 790 
 
 Golden, 978 
 Mountain-mint, 801 
 Mountain Rice, 97 
 Mouse-ear, 772, 793, 978 
 Mouse-tail, 423 
 Mud-plantain, 243 
 
 -purslane, 629 
 
 -weed, or -wort, 831 
 Mugwort, 1019 
 MULBERRY FAMILY, 339 
 Mulberry, 340 
 
 French, 779 
 Mullen, 819 
 Musk-flower, 828 
 
 -plant, 828 
 
 -root, 877 
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY, 443 
 Mustard, 449, 465, 4^7 
 
 Ball, 459 
 
 Garlic, 447 
 
 Hedge, 448 
 
 Tower, 465 
 
 White, 449 
 Myosote, 773 
 Myrtle, 738 
 
 Sand, 700 
 Nailwort, 404 
 Nanny-berry, 872 
 Nard, 151 
 Navew, Wild, 450 
 Neckweed, 834 
 Needle, Adam's, 269 
 Nep, 787 
 
 NETTLE FAMILY, 341 
 Nettle, 342, 343 
 
 Dead, 790, 791 
 
 Hedge, 792, 1078 
 
 Spurge, 589 
 Nettle-tree, 339 
 
 749 
 
II2O 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Nightshade, 814 . 
 
 Pencil-tree, 971 
 
 Pogonia, 297, 298 
 
 Enchanter's, 664 
 
 Penny-cress, 447 
 
 POKE-WEED FAMILY, 381 
 
 Nimble Kate, 883 
 
 Pennyroyal, 797 
 
 Poke, 381 
 
 Will, 100 
 
 Bastard, 782 
 
 Poke, Indian, 259 
 
 Ninebark, 492 
 
 False, 782 
 
 Polypody, 7 
 
 Nipple-wort, 891 
 
 Pennywort, 735 
 
 Pomme Blanche, 544 
 
 Nondo, 683 
 
 Pepper, Water, 362 
 
 Pondweed, 42 
 
 Nonesuch, 538 
 
 Pepperbush, Sweet, 692 
 
 Poplar, 308, 309 
 
 Nut-grass, 163 
 
 Pepper-grass, 445, 1065 
 
 Yellow, 410 
 
 Nut-rush, 187, 1056 
 
 Pepperidge, 691 
 
 POPPY FAMILY, 437 
 
 Nyctelea, 764 
 
 Peppermint, 805 
 
 Poppy, 438 
 
 Oak, 333, 371 
 
 Pepper-root, 455 
 
 Celandine, 440 
 
 Poison, 601 
 Oak-fern, 17 
 Oat, 118 
 Sea, or Seaside, 135 
 Water, 91 
 Oat-grass, 97, 118, 119 
 Oats, Sea, 135 
 
 -vine, 615 
 -wood, 581 
 Periwinkle, 738 
 Persicaria, 360 
 Persimmon, 721 
 PHLOX FAMILY, 756 
 Phlox, 757 
 
 Prickly, 439 
 Sea, 440 
 Yellow Horned, 440 
 Poppy-mallow, 619 
 Pop-weed, 847 
 Porcupine-grass, 97 
 Portulaca, 387 
 
 Oil-nut, 346 
 OLEASTER FAMILY, 646 
 OLIVE FAMILY, 723 
 Onion, 263 
 
 Yellow, 466 
 Physic, Indian, 493 
 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY, 242 
 Pickerel-weed, 243 
 
 POTATO FAMILY, 808 
 Potato, Indian, 993 
 Poverty-grass, 94 
 Powder-horn, 397 
 
 Wild, 263, 1059 
 Opium, Wild, 898 
 Orache, 373 
 
 Pigeon-berry, 381 
 Pigmy-weed, 473 
 Pig-nut, 325 
 
 Prairie-clover, 547 
 Prickle-grass, 72 
 Pride-of-Ohio, 719 
 
 Orange-grass, 628 
 
 Pig-weed, 378 
 
 Prim, 726 
 
 Osage, 340 
 
 Pilewort, 822, 1023 
 
 PRIMROSE FAMILY, 713 
 
 Orange, Mock, 485 
 
 Pilot-weed, 981 
 
 Primrose, 661, 714 
 
 ORCHID FAMILY, 289 
 
 Pimpernel, 680, 718 
 
 Evening, 657, 1070, 1071 
 
 Orchis, 292, 293, 294, 295, 
 
 False, 718, 830 
 
 Lavender-leaved, 1071 
 
 1060 
 
 Water, 715, 832 
 
 Scapose, 660 
 
 Bog, 294, 295 
 
 PINE FAMILY, 30 
 
 Showy, 660 
 
 Crane-fly, 304 
 
 Pine, 31, 1046 
 
 Primrose-willow, 654 
 
 Fen, 304 
 
 Ground, 25 
 
 Privet, 726 
 
 Wood, 293 
 
 Prince's, 695 
 
 Puccoon, 774 
 
 Organy, 800 
 ORPINE FAMILY, 473 
 
 Running, 25 
 PINE-APPLE FAMILY, 238 
 
 Pumpkin, 882 
 Purse, Shepherd's, 459 * 
 
 Orpine, 474 
 
 Pine-drops, 695 
 
 PURSLANE FAMILY, 384 
 
 Oryzopsis, 98 
 Owl's Crown, 978 
 
 -sap, 696 
 -weed, 628 
 
 Purslane, 384, 386, 387, 1064 
 Marsh, 652 
 
 Ox-eye, 984 
 
 PINK FAMILY, 387 
 
 Milk, 592 
 
 Ox-eye, Sea, 990 
 Ox-tongue, Bristly, 894 
 
 Pink, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394 
 Carolina, 727 
 
 Sea, 1064 
 Water, 649 
 
 Oxytrope, 555 
 Painted Cup, 839 
 Palma Christi, 589 
 
 Ground, 759 
 Indian, 727, 751 
 Marsh, 730 
 
 Pussley, 386 
 Putty-root, 305 
 Pyracanth, 522 
 
 Palms, 288 
 
 Moss, 759 
 
 Pyxie, 712 
 
 Panic-grass, 1049 
 Panicum, 77, 78 
 
 Sea, 720, 730 
 Swamp, 256, 698 
 
 Quake-grass, 136 
 Quaker Lady, 492 
 
 Pansy, 640 
 Papaw, North Amer., 410 
 
 Pinkster-flower, 698 
 Pinweed, 632 
 
 Quaking-grass, 136 
 Quarters, Lamb's, 369 
 
 Parsley, 678, 687 
 
 Pipe, Dutchman's, 350 
 
 Queen-of-the-prairie, 510-" 
 
 Fool's 682 
 
 Indian, 696 
 
 Queen's-delight, 590 
 
 Marsh, 678 
 
 Pipe-vine, 350 
 
 Queen-root, 590 
 
 Sea, 683 
 Parsley-piert, 510 
 Parsnip, Wild, 688 
 Partridge-berry, 863 
 
 PIPEWORT FAMILY, 236 
 Pipewort, 237, 238, 1057 
 Pipsissewa, 695 
 PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY, 470 
 
 Quercitron, 334 
 QUILLWORT FAMILY, 27 
 Quillworts, 27 
 Quitch-grass, 154 
 
 PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY, 
 
 Pitcher-plant, 470 
 
 Rabbit-berry, 647 
 
 641 
 Passion-flower, 641 
 
 Pitch-pine, 33 
 PLANE-TREE FAMILY, 490 
 
 -foot, 540 
 Radish, Garden, 451 
 
 -vine, 641 
 
 Plane-tree, 490 
 
 Wild, 450 
 
 PEA FAMILY, 532 
 
 Planer-tree, 338 
 
 RAGWEED FAMILY, 908 
 
 Pea, 567 
 
 Plant, Castor-oil, 589 
 
 Ragweed, 910 
 
 Cow, 572 
 
 Obedient, 788 
 
 Woolly, 1026 
 
 Marsh, 567 
 
 Oyster, 771, 895 
 
 Ragwort, 1026, 1028, 1029 
 
 Milk, 70 
 Partridge, 529 
 
 PLANTAIN FAMILY, 856 
 Plantain, 857, 1081 . V 
 
 Ranstead, 821 
 Raspberry, 495 
 
 Sensitive, 529 
 
 Indian, 1024 V- 
 
 Rattle, 844 
 
 Pea-nut, 559 
 Hog, or Wild, 569 
 Peach, 526 
 
 Poor Robin's, 904, 968 /0 ] 
 Rattlesnake, 302 
 Robin's, 968 
 
 Rattle-box, 536, 654, 844 
 Rattlesnake-grass, 143 
 -master, 673 
 
 "Pear. S*S 
 
 Water, 54 
 
 -root, 907, 908 
 
 Choke, 515 
 
 Pleurisy-root, 741 
 
 -weed, 904 
 
 Prickly, 644 
 
 PLUM FAM.ILY, 523 
 
 Rattlesnake-root, 907, io8a 
 
 Pearlwort, 399 
 Pear-thorn, 522 
 
 Plum, 524 
 Ground, 551 
 
 Ray-grass, 152 
 Red-bud, 529 
 
 Pecan, 324 
 
 PLUMBAGO FAMILY, 719 
 
 Red-root, 278, 613 
 
 Pellitory, 343 
 Pencil-flower, 558 
 
 Plum-grape, 614 
 . Plume-grass, 67, 1047 
 
 Red-top, 109, 126, 139 
 Reed, 91, 126 
 
ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 1121 
 
 Reed-grass, 112, 114, 120 
 
 Saw-grass, 187 
 
 Spice-bush, 437 
 
 \Vood, 108 
 
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 476 
 
 Pond, 436 
 
 Rib-grass, -wort, 857 
 Rice, Indian, 91 
 
 Saxifrage, 478, 480 
 Golden, 483 
 
 Spider-flower, 468 
 SPIDERWORT FAMILY, 239 
 
 Jungle, 78 
 Mountain, 97 
 Rice, Wild, 91 
 
 Scabious, 881 
 Sweet, 969 
 Scoke, 381 
 
 Spiderwort, 241 
 Spike-grass, 135 
 Spikenard, 668 
 
 Richweed, 343, 807 
 RIVER-WEED FAMILY, 472 
 
 Scorpion-grass, 773 
 Scouring-rush, 23 
 
 Wild, 271 
 Spike-rush, 168, 1055 
 
 River-weed, 472 
 
 Scurvy-grass, 447 
 
 Spindle-tree, 605 
 
 Robin, Ragged, 392 
 Red, 573 
 
 Scutch-grass, 119 
 Sea-blite, 376 
 
 Spiraea, 492, 493 
 Spleenwort, 10 
 
 Rockbrake, 8 
 
 Sea-lavender, 719 
 
 Spruce, 33 
 
 Rock-cress, 448, 463, 465 
 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY, 630 
 
 SEDGE FAMILY, 158 
 Sedge, 190, 1056 
 
 SPURGE FAMILY, 585 
 Spurge, 591 
 
 Rocket, 450 
 
 Coast, 179 
 
 Mountain, 599 
 
 Dame's, 467 
 
 See-bright, 795 
 
 Spurry, 402, 403 
 
 Dyer's, 409 
 False, 451 
 
 Seed-bearing plants, 30 
 Seed-box, 654 
 
 Spurwort, 868 
 Squaw-root, 850 
 
 Purple, 451 
 
 Self-heal, 788 
 
 Squaw-weed, 1027, 1028 
 
 Sea, American, 448 
 
 SENNA FAMILY, 528 
 
 STAFF-TREE FAMILY, 605 
 
 Root, Musquash, 679 
 
 Senna, 529 
 
 Stag-bush, 872 
 
 ROSE FAMILY, 490 
 
 Sensitive-brier, 528 
 
 Stagger-bush, 704 
 
 Rose, 388, 513, 1066 
 
 -plant, 529 
 
 -wort, 1029 
 
 Cotton, 972 
 
 Serpentary, 349 
 
 Star-flower, 718 
 
 Holy, 703 
 
 Service-berry, 517 
 
 Star-grass, 243, 269, 280 
 
 Mallow, 622, 1068, 1069 
 
 Shad-bush, 517 
 
 Star-of-Bethlehem, 268 
 
 Musk, 619 
 
 Shag-bark, 324 
 
 Starwort, 395, 401 
 
 Rose-mallow, 622 
 Rosemary, Marsh, 719 
 
 Sheep-berry, 872 
 Sheep-laurel, 701 
 
 Steeple-bush, 492 
 Stickseed, 769 
 
 Wild, 703 
 Rose-of-Sharon, 623 
 Rose-pink, 730 
 
 Sheep's-bit, 887 
 Shepherd's-needle, 675 
 Shield-fern, 14 
 
 Stitchwort, 396 
 Stonecrop, 474, 475 
 STORAX FAMILY, 723 
 
 Roseroot, 474 
 
 Shin-leaf, 693 
 
 Storax, 723 
 
 Rosewort, 474 
 
 Shoe-strings, 545 
 
 Stork's-bill, 575" 
 
 Resin-weed, 981 
 Rue-anemone, 420 
 RUE FAMILY, 581 
 
 Shooting Star, 719, 1074 
 Shore-grass, -weed, 860 
 Shrub, High-water, 909 
 
 Stramonium, 816 
 Strawberry, 500 
 Barren, 506 
 
 Rue, Goat's, 548 
 
 Sickle-pod, 464 
 
 Dry, 506 
 
 Running-pine, 25 
 RUSH FAMILY, 244 
 
 Silk-weed, 743 
 Silver-leaf, 6ll 
 
 T 1 ^ 
 
 Indian, 501 
 Yellow, 501 
 
 Rush 246, 1058 
 
 -rod, 936 
 
 STRAWBERRY-SHRUB J?A 
 
 Chair-maker's, 177 
 
 -weed, 502 
 
 ILY, 435 
 
 Horned, 184 
 Rushes, Scouring, 21 
 Rush-grass, 104, 1052 
 
 Skevish, 968 
 Skull-cap, 783, 1078 
 Skunk-bush, 601 
 
 Strawberry-shrub, 435 
 Succory, Gum, 895 
 Lamb, 892 
 
 Rye, Wild, 156, 1053 
 
 Slipper, Ladies', 291 
 
 Wild, 891 
 
 Rye-grass, 152 
 Sage, 374, 794 
 Indjan, 923 
 Jerusalem, 789 
 
 Sloe, 525, 872 
 Small-reed, in 
 Smartweed, 362 
 SMILAX FAMILY, 275 
 
 Sugar-berry, 339 
 Sugar-pear, 517 
 Sugar-tree, 607 
 SUMAC FAMILY, 599 
 
 Wood, 782 
 
 Smoke-tree, 602 
 
 Sumac, 600 
 
 Wormwood, 1019 
 Sage-brush, 1021 
 
 Smut-grass, 106 
 Snake-head, 823 
 
 SUNDEW FAMILY, 470 
 Sundew, 471 
 
 Pasture, 1019 
 Sage-bush, 1020 
 
 Snake-mouth, 297 
 Snake-root, 349, 415, 544, 672, 
 
 Sundrops, 659, 1071 
 Sunflower, 991 
 
 Sailors, Blue, 891 
 St. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY, 
 
 1072 
 Button, 673 
 
 Brook, 1000 
 False, 984, 1010 
 
 624 
 
 Seneca, 584 
 
 Red, 98cT 
 
 St. John's-wort, 626, 1060 
 Marsh, 629 
 St. Peter's Wort, 625 
 Salad, Corn, 879 
 Salmon-berrv 40? 
 Salsify, 895 
 Saltwort, 377 
 Black, 7 iS 
 
 White, 923 
 Snap-dragon, 822 
 Sneezeweed, 1010 
 Sneezewort, 1013 
 Snowberry, 874 
 Creeping, 711 
 SOAPBERRY FAMILY, 609 
 Soapberry, 610 
 
 Swamp, 1010 
 Sun-plant, 387 
 Supple-Jack, 612 
 Swallow-wort, 747 
 Sweating-weed, 623 
 Sweet-brier, 514 
 Sweet-cicely, 675 
 Sweet-clover, 539 
 
 Sand-grass, 127 
 
 Soapwort, 393 
 
 SWEET-LEAF FAMILY, 721 
 
 -parsley, 678 
 -reed, 114 
 
 Sofi-grass, irs 
 Sorrel, 354 
 
 Sweet-leaf, 722 
 Sweet William, 394 
 
 -star, 218 
 SANDALWOOD FAMILY, 345 
 Sandwort,4oo 402,403, 1064 
 Sanicle, 672 
 
 l\rt_. ' 
 
 Ax untain, 357 
 Sor'-fl-tree, 705 
 Sour-wood, 705 
 Southernwood, 1019 
 
 Wild, 757 
 Syringa, 485 
 Tacamahac, 309 
 Tamarack, 33 
 
 White, 923, 924 
 SAPODILLA FAMILY, 720 
 Sarsaparilla, 668 
 Satin-flower, 456 
 Satin-pod, 456 
 Savin, 37 
 Savory, 798 
 
 Sow-thistle, 897 
 Spanish Needles, 1002 
 Spear-grass, 138, 139, 140, 
 141. 145 
 Spearmint, 805 
 ^pearwort, .435 
 Speedwell, 8^a 
 
 Trngleberry, 707 
 Tansy, 1016 
 White, 1013 
 Wild. ;o2, 910 
 Tansy Mustard, 462 
 TAPE-CRASS FAMILY, 59 
 Tape-grass, 60 
 
I 122 
 
 ENGLISH INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Tar-weed, 650 
 
 Tulip-tree, 410 
 
 Water-plantain, 54 
 
 Tare, 566 
 
 Tumble-weed, 81, 378 
 
 -shield, 406 
 
 TEA FAMILY, 623 
 Tea, Appalachian, 872 
 
 Tupelo, 691 
 Turkey-beard, 256 
 
 WATER-STARWORT FAMILY. 
 506 
 
 Blue Mountain, 938 
 
 Turnip, 450 
 
 Water-starwort, 596 
 
 Labrador, 697 
 
 Indian, 229, 1057 
 
 -target, 406 
 
 Tea, Mexican, 371 
 New Jersey, 613 
 
 Prairie, 544 
 Turtle-head, 823 
 
 -thyme, 60 
 -weed, 60 
 
 Oswego, 795 
 
 Twayblade, 301, 303 
 
 WATERWORT FAMILY, 629 
 
 Tear-thumb, 366 
 
 Twig-rush, 186 
 
 Waterwort, 629 
 
 TEASEL FAMILY, 880 
 Teasel, 880 
 Terrell-grass, 156 
 
 Twin-berry, 863 
 -flower, 873 
 -leaf, 433 
 
 Waxberry, 321 
 Wax-myrtle, 321 
 Wax-weed, 60, 650 
 
 Thimble-berry, 496 
 
 Twisted Stalk, 272 
 
 Wax-work, 606 
 
 Thin-grass, no 
 THISTLE FAMILY, 913 
 Thistle, 377, 1031 
 Blessed, 1036 
 Cotton, 1034 
 
 Umbrella-leaf, 433 
 Umbrella-tree, 409 
 Umbrella-wort, 382, 1063 
 UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY, 852 
 Unicorn-plant, 853 
 
 Wayfaring Tree, 870 
 Weather-glass, 718 
 Weed, Tumble, 81 
 Wheat-grass, 153 
 Whin, 537 
 
 Milk, 897, 1034 
 Our Lady's, 1036 
 
 VALERIAN FAMILY, 878 
 Valerian, 878 
 
 WHITE-ALDER FAMILY, 692 
 White-lettuce, 907 
 
 Scotch, 1034 
 
 Greek, 761 
 
 White-man's-weed, 1015 
 
 Star, 1035 
 
 Vanilla-grass, 93 
 
 White-weed, 1015 
 
 Thorn, 519 
 
 -leaf, 927 
 
 White-wood, 410, 617 
 
 Evergreen, 522 
 Fire, 522 
 
 -plant, 927 
 Velvef-grass, 115 
 
 Whitlow-grass, 460 
 Whitlow-wort, 404, 1064 
 
 Thorn-apple, 816 
 Thoroughwax, 677 
 
 Venus'-comb, 675 
 Venus'-looking-glass, 886 
 
 Whorl-grass, 133 
 Whortleberry, 709 
 
 Thoroughwort, 922 
 
 Verbena, 778, 1077 
 
 Wild-rye, 157 
 
 Large-flowered, 924 
 
 Vernal-grass, 92 
 
 Will, Nimble, 100 
 
 Thread-foot, 472 
 
 VERVAIN FAMILY, 776 
 
 WILLOW FAMILY, 307 
 
 Three-square, 177 
 
 Vervain, 777 
 
 Willow, 312, 1061 
 
 Thrift, 720 
 
 Vetch, 565 
 
 Water, 855 
 
 Thumb, Lady's, 361 
 
 Joint, 558 
 
 Willow Herb, 649, 655 
 
 Thyme, 802 
 Basil, 799 
 Thyme-leaf, 1012 
 
 Milk, 551, 554, 555, 1048 
 Vetchhng, 567 
 Vine, Alleghany, 441 
 
 Hooded, 785 
 Night, 657 
 Wind-flower, 419 
 
 Tickseed, 998 
 
 Balloon, 610 
 
 Windlestraw, 115 
 
 Tickseed Sunflower, 1002 
 
 Bean, 571 
 
 Winterberry, 603, 604 
 
 Tick-trefoil, 560 
 
 Cypress, 751 
 
 WlNTERGREEN FAMILY, 6p2 
 
 Timothy, 102 
 
 Matrimony, 816 
 
 Wintergreen, 693 
 
 Toad-flax, 820, 821 
 
 Pea, 565 
 
 Chickweed, 718 
 
 Bastard, 345 
 
 Potato, 752 
 
 Creeping, 705 
 
 Tobacco, 817 
 
 Sand, 747 
 
 Flowering, 585 
 
 Indian, 889 
 
 Wild, 614 
 
 Spotted, 695 
 
 Mountain, 1023 
 
 VIOLET FAMILY, 633 
 
 Spring, 705 
 
 Wild, 889 
 
 Violet, 6^55, 1069, 1070 
 
 Wirebent, 151 
 
 Tobacco-root, 878 
 
 Bog, 848 
 
 Wire-grass, 106, 124, 141 
 
 -weed, 920 
 Tomatillo, 811 
 
 Dame's, 467 
 Green, 640 
 
 Wistaria, 549 
 Witch-grass, 81 
 
 Tomato, 815 
 
 Marsh, 848 
 
 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY, 488 
 
 Cherry, 815 
 Strawberry, 812 
 Toothache-grass, 121 
 
 Nodding, 640 
 Virginia Willow, 485 
 VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY, 
 
 Witch-hazel, 489 
 Withe-rod, 872 
 Woad-waxen, 537 
 
 -tree, 581 
 
 485 
 
 Wolfberry, 874 
 
 Tooth wort, 4ss, 1064 
 Top-flat, 918 
 
 Wahoo, 338, 605 
 Wake-robin, 274 
 
 Wolf's-bane, Trailing, 418 
 Wood-lettuce, 898 
 
 Torch-pine, 33 
 Touch-me-not, 6n 
 
 Walking-fern, 13 
 Wall-flower, Western, 465 
 
 Woodruff, Sweet, 868 
 
 Wood-rush 253,1058 
 
 Tread-softly, 589 
 
 Wall-pepper, 474 
 
 WOOD-SORREL FAMILY, 575 
 
 Tree, Ague, 436 
 
 WALNUT FAMILY, 322 
 
 Wood-sorrel, 576 
 
 Angelica, 668 
 
 Walnut, 323 
 
 Wool-grass, 180, 1056 
 
 Catawba, 852 
 
 Wart-cress, 446 
 
 Worm-seed, 371 
 
 Lime, 617 
 
 -weed, 595 
 
 Wormwood, 1018 
 
 Spikenard, 668 
 
 -wort, 978 
 
 Roman, 910 
 
 Silver-bell, 722 
 
 Water-caltrop, 664 
 
 Woundwort, 793 
 
 Snowdrop, 722 
 
 -chestnut, 664 
 
 YAM FAMILY, 281 
 
 Tree-of-heaven, 582 
 Trefoil, Bean, 736 
 
 -cress, 452, 453, 455 
 -crowfoot, 425, 429 
 
 Yam-root, Wild, 281 
 Yard-grass, 124 
 
 Bird's-foot, 542 
 
 -hemp, 380 
 
 Yarrow, 1013 
 
 Marsh, 736 
 
 WATER-LEAF FAMILY, 762 
 
 Yaupon, 603 
 
 Shrubby, 581 
 
 Water-leaf, 763, 1075 
 
 Yellow-cress, 452, 453 
 
 Tresses, Ladies', 299, 1060 
 
 WATER-LILY FAMILY, 406 
 
 YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAM- 
 
 TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY, 
 
 Watermelon, 882 
 
 ILY, 235 
 
 850 
 
 WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY, 664 
 
 Yellow-eyed Grass, 235, 1057 
 
 Trumpet-creeper, 851 
 
 Water-milfoil, 666 
 
 Yellow Root, 414 
 
 Trumpet-flower, 851 
 
 Hooded, 847 
 
 Yellow-top, 939 
 
 Trumpet-leaf, 470 
 
 WATER-NUT FAMILY, 664 
 
 Yellow-weed, 469 
 
 Trumpet-weed, 921 
 
 Waternut, Swimming, 664 
 
 Yellow-wood, 534 
 
 Trumpets, 470 
 
 Water-parsnip, 681 
 
 Yew, 37 
 
 Tulip, 1059, : 7 
 
 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY^ 
 
 Zinnia, Prairie, 984 
 
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